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.0868

vol. 9-11
1BR6/89

THK

JOURNAL.

OF THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIETY OF NATDEAL HISTORY.

VOL. IX.

1886=87

Publishing Committee:
GEO. W. HARPER. WM. HUBBELL FISHER.

TRUMAN H. ALDRICH. THOS. FRENCH, Jr.
DAVIS L. JAMES.

published by

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

No. 1 08 Broadway.

1887.

CONTENTS— VOL. IX.*

Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley. Polyporei, concluded.

By A. P. Morgan i

Proceedings of the Society, 8, 36, 37, 65, 76, 78, 129, 133,

i35> 225, 226, 230.

Rules for Sections 9

Catalogue of the Unionidae of the Mississippi Valley. By

George W. Harper lo

Remarks on Some Fossils of the Cincinnati Group. By Chas.

L. Faber 14

Clarification of the Public Water Supply of Cincinnati. By

C. R. Stuntz 20

Constitution and By-laws of the Cincinnati Society of Natural

History 38

Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, etc., in the Collection of

the Cincinnati Society of Natural History —

Mammalia 47

A ves 52

Report of the Custodian 68

Report of the Librarian 73

Microscopical Exhibition 77

Annual Address of the President. 81

Geology of Cincinnati, By Prof. Joseph F. James 84

Lantern Slides. By E. J. Carpenter 96

Note on a Recent Synonym in the Palaeontology of Cincinnati.

By Prof. Joseph F. James 103

The Tertiary Fauna of Newton and Wautubbee, Miss. By

Otto Meyer and T. H. Aldrich 104

The Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure

of the Mound Builders. By J. Ralston Skinner ..115,142,231
Geology and Topography of Cincinnati. By Prof. Joseph F.

James 136

* Vote.— Librarians and others binding this volume will please repage the second
number. The folios in this t.ible and in the index refer to the corrected paging.

Contents Vol. IX.

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds ;

By Mr. Charles Dury 163, 192

Bv Mr. William Hubbell Fisher 167, 204

By Mr. R. H. Warder 179

By Dr. F. W. Langdon iSi, 220

By Prof. Joseph F. James 219

Protozoa of the Cincinnati Group. By Prof J. F. James. . . . 244
Remarks on a Variety of Nostoc Pruniforme. By George B.

Twitchell 253

Observations on Photographic Appliances and Their Uses.

By L. M. Petitdidier 256

Zoological Miscellany 261

Additions to the Library 267

Index

the: journal

OK THE

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

VOL. IX. CINCINNATI, APRIL, 1886. No. i.

(The following article, read by title at the December meeting
of the Society, was omitted from the January number of the Journal
for lack of space.)

THE MYCOLOGIC FLORA OF THE MIAMI VALLEY.
By a. p. Morgan.

[Polyporp:!. — Concluded.]

Genus III. TRAMETES, Fr.

Pores subrotund, obtuse, entire, often unequal in depth, sunk
into the substance of the pileus ; the trama, hence, contiguous and
similar with the substance of the pileus.

Fungi lignatile.

a. Pores small or minute. '

I. T. scuTELLATA, Schw. Pileus corky, dimidiate and sub-
ungulate, or more commonly suborbicular, and attached by the
apex, white then brown and blackish. Hymenium concave, white-
pulverulent, with a somewhat elevated sterile margin ; pores long,
punctiform, with very thick obtuse dissepiments.

On stumps and old dry trunks, the scutellate form especially
on the underside of rails in fences ; common. Scarcely exceeding
an inch in breadth, and usually about half an inch. The dimidiate
pileus becomes rugged and uneven, and changes to brown and
blackish, retaining, however, the white margin ; sometimes con-
centric furrows and folds are found upon it. There are all stages
between the dmiidiate and the scutellate forms. The pores aver-
age about .22 mm m diameter, but the dissepiments, which are
always included in the average, are as broad as the pores. This is
the T. Ohiensis, Berk.

2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

2. T. RIGIDA, B.and Mont. Pileus corky, undulate, by far
the greater part resupinate ; the margin short, acute, subzonate,
tavvny-brovvn. Pores medium, round, equal, obtuse, whitish.

In woods, on the lower side of old trunks*; not uncommon.
Often all resupinate and effused for a foot or more, the narrow
margin seldom projecting half an inch. The pores are long, round
and very regular, measuring about .33 mm. It is an elegant
species.

3. T. SKRiALis, Fr. Pileus stup[)eo-corky, effuso-reflexed,
seriately elongated, narrow, confluent, rugose and serobiculate,
with appressed hairs, brownish-yellow, the margin white. Pores
obtuse, minute, unequal, white.

On the underside of an old trunk ; no doubt rare. Mostly
resupinate, and confluent to the extent of a foot or more, the mar-
gin reflexed scarcely half an inch. Perennial, and the first year
all white, but these older specimens are cinereous and brownish.
Readily distinguished from T. rigida by its minute, unequal j^ores.
My specimens are two years old.

b. Pores large., unequal.

4. T. SEPiUM, Berk. Pileus coriaceous, normally subtriquet-
rous and porrect behind, finely tomentose, pale wood-color, with
darker zones. Pores very large, subflexuous, pallid : the dissepi-
ments rather thin, but entire.

On trunks and branches in woods, but more especially on the
dry rails and boards in fences. Pileus about half an inch in width,
but often effuso-reflexed, and laterally confluent to the extent of
several inches, also sometimes wholly resupinate. The context is
thin and coriaceous. The largest pores at first are subrotund, with
rather thick dissepiments, but these at length become thin and
flexuous ; they measure about .7 mm. in diameter. It is the Dae-
daka sepiuiii. Berk, of Lea's Catalogue : but it may be well to say
that the genus Treiiieies was not at that time established.

5. T. PAi.LiDO-FULVA, Berk. Pileus corky-coriaceous, rather
thin, subimbricate, azonate, minutely pubescent, tawny. Pores at
first subrotund, unequal, obtuse ; at length becoming lacerate and
elongated, the dissepiments often sublamellate

In woods on trunks, especially of Sugar Maple. Pileus 1-2
inches in breadth, and projecting as much as an inch. Often con-
fluent, and much imbricate or effused and resupinate. An elegant
resupinate form, with a thin edge, and a wide, sterile border grows

IJie Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley. 3

on the bark of the White Ash ; it resembles the following species,
except in color ; it may be the Polyporus cervinus of Persoon. This
may be the same as the Leiizites vialis, Peck, which grows so
abundantly on the Oak railroad ties, but they differ greatly in
color.

6. T. MOLLIS, Smfdt. Resupinate, determinate, woody-pallid,
at length brownish ; the margin at length revolute ; and the under-
side pubescent, umber. Pores ample, unecpial and lacerate.

On the bark of the dead branches of Sugar Maple, in the tops
of fallen trees. Discrete and separable from the matrix, although
wholly resupinate, but the margin free all around and often involute
and clothed on the under side with spongy down. Pores very
large .42 mm, subrotund and elongated, flexuous. From an inch or
two in length or breadth, elongated to several inches or even a
foot. A very elegant species. My specimens are gray becoming
brownish, umber on the underside; they answer A^ell to the descrip-
tion of P. cervinus in Berkley's Outlines.

Genus IV. D.^DALEA, Pers. ■

Pores firm, when fully grown sinuous and labyrinthi form ; in
other respects wholly like Trametes.

a. Pileus corky.

I. D. AMBIGUA, Berk. White. Pileus corky, horizontal, ex-
planate, reniform, subsessile, azonate, finely pubescent, becoming
glabrous. Pores from round to linear and labyrinthiform, the dis-
sepiments always obtuse and never lamellate.

On old trunks of Sugar Maple ; common. It begins its growth
in Spring as round white nodules ; specimens gathered in Summer
are often thick and convex or gibbous; it finishes its growth along
in Autumn, when it has become flattened out, depressed above and
with a thin margin. I have indeed, however, specimens two years
old in which tlie growth of the first year is wholly inclosed by that
of the second year. There is sometimes a distinct round stipe as
much as half an inch in length and oblique to the pileus, but more
commonly the pileus is sessile by a somewhat circular base. When
fresh and growing it is of a rich cream color, with a soft velvety
feeling and a pleasant fragrance ; the color of the mature specimens
is well described by BtrVoiey a.?, dealbatiis, whitewashed; while older-
weathered specimens become wood colored and brownish. The
surface is usually quite smooth and even, not at all zonate, but

4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

sometimes there are one or two concentric furrows toward the mar-
gin; I have specmiens that are tuberculose and others that are very
rugged and uneven. It varies greatly too in size ; I have perfect
specimens from one to seven inches in diameter, though it is com-
monly 3-5 inches in width.

1 have diagnosed the species as appears to me the typical form
in this region, retaining Mr. Berkeley's name as exceedingly appro-
priate I consider Trametes lactea^ Berk, and of course T. incana,
Berk, to be the same thing with the pores all subrotund. Fries
evidently had a Trametoid form when he changed the name to
Trametes affibigiia. (Nov. Symb. p. 96.) 1 think \.\\a.t D. glaberrifna,
B. & C. and Lenzites glaberritna, B. & C. are not specifically diflerent;
and so far as description goes Trametes elegans, Fr. and T centra/is,
Fr. must be very closely related species. I have no doubt that
when this elegant fungus is well known, it will be found to have
appeared under many different names.

2. D. AUREA, Fr. Golden-yellow. Pileus corky-coriaceous,
gibbous, velvety, subzonate, uniform in color; the substance yel-
low. Hymenium from porose, narrowly sinuate and labyrinthi-
form, yellow.

Upon trunks of oak; rare. Pileus triquetraus, about 2 inches
in breadth, the margin tumid. It is said to vary considerably in
its color and in the hairiness of the surface.

3. I). coNFRAGOSA, Bolt. Pileus corky, a little convex, subzo-
nate, uniform in color, reddish-brown, wood-color within. Pores
from subrotund and flexuous to narrowly labyrinthiform and
lacerate, cinereous-pruinose then reddish-brown.

On the dead branches of standing trees of Cratcegus to/iieiitosa,
rarely on other wood. This is another protean fungus which ap- ,
pears under many different names. See Peck, 30th Report p. 7 1 .
The form commonly met with here is the Lenzites Cratcegi, Berk,
of Lea's Catalogue. It grows attached by the apex to the under-
side of the branches with the orbicular hymenium downward;
occasionally I find it dimidiate on the trunk. The pileus varies
from I j4 to 3 inches in diameter; it is brown-zonate and concen-
trically furrowed and often radiately rugulose or sulcate. The
pores at first are essentially trametoid; they become oblong and
flexuous at maturity, and lenzitoid only in old and weathered
specimens. The form, Trametes rubesa'ns, A. & S., with linear
straight pores is rarely met with on branches in wet woods.

TJie Mycologic Flora of tJie Miami Valley. 5

B. Fileiis coj'iaceous.

4. D. UNicoLOR, Bull. Pileus coriaceous, villose-strigose, cin-
ereous, with zones of the same color. Pores labyrinthiform, flexu-
ous, intricate, acute, at length lacerate-dentate.

In woods on trunks^ot' all sorts; common. Pileus 2-3 inches
in breadth and projecting an inch or more, usually more or less
connate and imbricate; older specimens become gray and yellow-
ish with more marked zones and concentric furrows and ridges.
The pores are whitish-cinereous or sometimes brownish; they are
soon broken up into irregular plates and teeth. I occasionally
meet with specimens extensively effused and nearly resupinate.

Genus V. FAVOLUS, Fr.

Hymenium reticulate cellulose or alveolate. Alveoli radiating,
formed of densely anastomosing lamellte ; elongated. Spores
white. Fungi epixylous.

I. F. Canadensis, Klotsch. Pileus . fleshy-tough, thin,
reniform, fibrillose-scaly and tawny, becoming pale and glab-
rous. Stipe eccentric or lateral, very short or obsolete. Alveoli
angular, elongated, whitish; the dissepiments becoming thin, rigid
and dentate. Spores oblong, .012x007 '^'^^

In woods on fallen branches, especially of Hickory, common.
Pileus 1-2 1^ inches in breadth, sessile or with a very short stipe.
Specimens with an eccentric stipe resemble Folyporus leutus, Berk.,
but the pores are much larger than those of this species. This is
undoubtedly the Folyporus Boucheatius, Kl. of Lea's Catalogue,
as is confirmed in the Notices of Berkeley under No. 44; but Fries,
in the Novae Symbolae, seems to indicate that these American
forms are not his species, and certainly the description in the Epi-
crisis does not apply to our plant. Specimens from New England
gathered by me are glabrous, or scantily fibrillose, and may be the
F. Alutaceus, B. and Mont. ; they are, no doubt, what is meant
by Folyporus Boucheanus^ var peponiiius, B. and C, in the Notices
of N. A. Fungi, under No. 44. The original description of
Klotsch was based upon a single specimen in the herbarium of
Hooker, and it applies remarkably well to our plants, except that
the pileus is sometimes lobed as in F\ Alutaceus, B. and Mont.

Genus VI. MERULIUS, Haller.
Hymenophore formed out of a mucedinous interwoven mycel-
ium, covered by a soft-waxy contiguous hymenium ; the surface of

6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the latter reticulate with obtuse folds, incompletely porous, at
length gyrose and obsoletely dentate. Fungi epixylous.

a. Pile us sessile, dimidiate.

1. M. RUBELLUS, Peck. Pilei sessile, confluent and imbri-
cated, repand, thin, convex, somewhat tenacious, subtomentose,
glabrate, red becoming pale. Hymenium. whitish or reddish ; the
folds much branched, porose-anastomosing. Spores while, ellip-
tic, .004-005 mm. long.

In woods on old trunks and branches; not uncommon. Pileus
i~3 inches in breadth, or confluently several inches. This is a
very beautiful species, never resupinate or effuso-reflexed as the
following ones, but always sessile and more or less confluent and
imbricated; the color varies from flesh-color to deep red, fading
out with age ; the hymenium is commonly an elegant cream-color,
but sometimes it is pure white, and occasionally it is tinged with
red. This is most likely the M. iiicaniatiis, Schw. , of Lea's Cata-
logue, but specimens compared with those of this species in
Schweinitz's herbarium were declared to be different ; furthermore,
in the N. A. Fungi, Schweinitz insists that his species is incorrectly
referred to Merulius, and is a Cantharellus.

b. Pileus effuso-reflexed, with a determinate border.

2. M. TREMELLosus, Schrad. Resupinate; then free or re-
flexed, fleshy-tremellose, tomentose. white, the margin dentate ra-
diate. Folds porose, various in form, reddish. Spores white, a
little curved, .004-. 005 mm. long.

In woods on old trunks and branches; common. Substance
cartilaginous-gelatinous , the younger fungus all resupinate, orbicu-
lar, pallid, with a radiate and free border ; at length becoming
reflexed sometimes to the extent of an inch, and much confluent
and even imbricated; in drying, the color changes to alutaceous,
and that of the hymenium to brownish.

3. M. CORIUM, Fr. Resupinate-effused, soft, subpapyraceous ;
the border at length free, reflexed, villous underneath, white. Hv-
menium reticulate porose, flesh-color or pale alutaceous.

In woods on bark of Sugar Maple ; rare. My specimens are
an inch or more in breadtli and 3-5 inches long, with a very narrow
reflexed border ; at first they were nearly white, but in drying have
taken on a fleshy tint. In the Handbook of British Fungi, the
spores are said to be vivid orange, oval, .006 mm. long.

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley. 7

c. Resiipinate-effused, with a byssine border.

4. M. HiMANTioiDES, Fr. Effused, bombycine, very soft,
fibrous-silky underneath ; the border byssine. Folds porose, then
gyrose ; dirty yellowish, then subolivaceous.

On rotten wood of Beech; rare. The whole of a silken text-
ure, loosely adherent and variable in form; the margin loosely
tomentose. The folds at length poriform, crisp, flexuous; the color
gray, violaceous, olivaceous, dirty yellow, etc.

5. M. MOLLUSCus, Fr. Effused, thin, soft, membranaceous;
the margin byssine white. Folds porose-gyrose, flesh color.

On rotten wood of Sugar Maple; rare. Extensively effused
for several feet along the side and underneath a rotten log, form-
ing a soft loosely adhering membrane, the color fleshy or creamy-
white. The dried specimens are orange or brownish and the folds
in some places shrunken into ridges and tubercles.

6. M. poRiNoiDEs, Fr. Crustaceous-adnate, thin; the border
byssine, white. Folds poriform, distant, dirty yellow.

On rotten wood of Oak; rare. Effused to the extent of 2 or
3 inches, crustaceous, thin, persistent; younger specimens are all
villous and white; the pores are round or linear and flexuous.

Genus VII. POROTHELIUM, Fr,

The fungus composed wholly of the interwoven mycelium,
resupinate-expanded and submembranaceous; from which project
papillae at first distinct, soon porose-opened, at length elongated
and tubular.

I. P. FiMBRiATUM, Pcrs. Effuscd, membranaceous, tena-
cious, white; the border with a fringe of terete laciniae. Warts of
the pores hemispheric, superficial, at first and on the border dis-
tinct, afterward confluent in the middle.

On the lower side of logs and wood of all sorts; common.
A very elegant fungus. Widely effused and membranaceous, with
a white fringed margin. The mass of the pores becomes crowded
and confluent, while only the marginal ones remain distant and
distinct; yet the hymenium never looks like that of a Polyporiis.

Genus VIII. SOLENIA, Hoffm.

Receptacle none, tubules membranaceous, subcylindric, dis-
crete and free from each other; the mouth connivent.

I. S. FAscicuLATA, Pers. Gregarious, subfasciculate, clavate-
cylindric, somewhat silky, white.

8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

On old bark of Beech; rare. Tubules in my specimens 1-2
mm. long, crowded and somewhat fasciculate; in its younger state
granuliform, soon annuliform, at length becoming cylindric and
enlarged u])ward ; externally silky with appressed hairs.

2. S. OCHRACEA, Hoffm. Scattered, clavate-cylindric, tomen-
tose, ochraceous, white within.

On rotten wood of Maple; rare. Tubules less than a mill-
meter in length, about .6 mm. in my specimens, and covered with
short rigid hairs ; they do not seem scattered to the naked eye,
but the lens shows that they are not crowded. The species is
closely related to S. anoinala, Pers. but the tubules of the latter
rest upon a distinct floccose subiculum, while the mycelium of
the former is scarcely apparent.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY.

Meeting ov January 5, 1886.
President Harper in the chair and seventeen members
present.

The following names were proposed for membership.-

Miss Fanny Field, Miss Elsie C. Field,

Miss M. C. Collins, Miss Helen L. Herron,

Dr. W. W. Dawson, J. E. Bruce,

Howard Barney.

The following were elected regular members :
Rev. H. D. Waller, John H. Warder,

Geo. W. Eger, Dr. W. K. Boylan,

Joseph Nichols, Dr. B. M. Ricketts,

T. B. Collier, Miss Anna M. Brown,

S. vS. Baissler, Warner Galway.

Mr. William Beer then read, by invitation, a paper of Roman
Remains in Britain. He spoke especially of the Roman Wall,
which extended from New Castle-on-Tyne across England to Car-
lisle on the western coast, describing the aspect of the country and
the appearance of the Wall together with the manner in which it
was built and its purpose.

The committee on Rules for Sections made a report, and the
following rules were adopted :

Proceedings of the Society. g

Rules for the organization of Sections in the Society of Nat-
ural History :

Rule I. Sections may be organized by the request of five
members, addressed to the Curator of any department designated
by Section 6, Article II., of the By Laws. The Curator shall
then give general notice of a meeting for organization, either at a
general meeting of the Society or by written notice to all the mem-
bers. No person not a member of the Society shall be permitted
to join the Sections.

Rule II. Officers of Sections, except the chairman, may be
elected by Sections. The Curator of the department under which
a Section is organized must be ex offlcio chairman, as prescribed by
the By-Laws.

The time of meetings and such rules as may be necessary for
their government may be adopted by Sections, provided such
rules shall not conflict with the Constitution and By-Laws of the
Society, and shall be subject to revision by the Society, to whom
said rules shall be submitted for approval.

Rule III. Sections may assess their members for such ex-
penses as may be directly incurred by the Section, but they shall
not incur any indebtedness unless there is money in the hands of
its treasurer to cover the same ; and the Society shall not become
liable for any expenditures that may be made, unless an appropri-
ation shall have been allowed by the Executive Board. On the
dissolution of a Section, any balance of money in its treasury of
property it may have acquired shall be transferred to the Society.

Rule IV. Papers read before Sections intended for publica-
tion in the Journal of the Society, shall be presented to the Soci-
ety either by title or by abstract, when they may, or may not, be
referred to the publishing committee, as are papers in regular
course.

Rule V. Chairmen of Sections shall make a report of the
transactions of their Sections at each annual meeting of the Society
in April.

The report of Committee on Revision of Constitution was read
and received and laid over ibr consideration at the next meeting.

The following paper was read and referred to the Publication
Committee :

lO

Cincinnati Society of Natural Ilistoy.

CATAIXXIUK OF THE UNIONIIXK OF THE MISSISSH'PI

VALLEY,
I!v (;k(). \V. Hari'KR, a. M.

Piiiicii):il of CinciiiiKiti Woodward High School.

The following catalogue is intended to include cnily tliose si)c-
cies of bivalve shells which are found in the Mississippi river or
some of its numerous tributaries. As this region embraces a wide
scope of country it is possible that some of the species which ought
to appear may have been overlooked. The effort has been made
to eliminate all synonyms, which fact Avill explain the omission of
some names familiar to collectors. Many of these shells have a
wider range than indicated in this catalogue.

For range and synonomy see catalogue of R. Ellsworth Call,
published by the Des Moines Academy of Sciences. Vlany of the
shells marked from Tennessee were collected by Prof. A. G. ^^'etn-
erby and myself, part in East Tennessee in the Powell and Clinch
rivers and others in Duck and Elk rivers of Middle Tennessee. As
these rivers are tributaries of the Tennessee, modified forms of all
these species are undoubtedly found throughout the course of the
Tennessee river.

Most of those marked from Ohio have been collected from the
Ohio river, the two Miami rivers, Mill Creek and the Miami Canal,
and within a radius of not more than twenty miles from the city.
Shells not numbeied are desired in exchange for those numbered.

FAMH.Y UNIONID.L.

(FlivER Mussels.)

Genus Unio.
Unio abacus. Ha Id... Ten n.
" aberti, Conrad, . Ark.
" acuens. Lea, ..Tenn.
" ajsopus. Green, . .()... 15

" afifinis, Lea, La. 16

" alatus. Say, O. 17

" amcenus, Lea. .Tenn. 18
" andcrsohensis, Lea, "
" anodontoides. Lea, O.
" ai)])ressus, Lea,Tenn.,
Ala

Unio apiculatus, Say, . .T,a.

" approximus. Lea, "

" arkansensis, " Ark.

" arquatus, Conrad, Lid.

" arctatus, " Ala.

" argenteus. Lea, Tenn.

" arca;formis, " "

" atrocostatus, " Ala.

Unio barnesianus. Lea, Tenn
" bellulus, " "

Catalogue of the Uuwnida;

23 Unic

bigbyensis, Lea
biangulatus, "
biemarginatus "

Tenn

26 "

bo};kinianus, "

Ala.

( 1

bourn ianus, "

0.

28 ''

brevidens, "
brevis, "

Tenn.

,1 Un

00

34

39

40

41
42

43

45
46

47

48
49

54

57 "

58 "

59 "

io camelopardilis, Lea,

Tenn.

capsieformis, Lea, "
caperatus, '• "

capax, Green, . . 111.
calignosus. Lea, .Ark.
callosus, " O.

cam})todon. Say, O.,

.Tenn.

chattanooga^nsis, Lea,

Tenn.

cincinnatiensis,Lea,0,
circulus. Lea, O.,

... Tenn.

circumactus, Lea, "
clinchensis, " "
clavus, Lam , O.,

^Tenn.

clarkianus. Lea, "
ccelatus, Conrad, "
coccineus, Lea, O., "
cornutus, Barnes, O.,

I'enn.

cooperianus, Lea, O.
conradianus. Lea,

Tenn.

compressimus. Lea, "
conasaugaensis, " "
copei, " La.

cor, conrad, Tenn

crassidens, Lam., O.,

Tenn.

creperus, Lea, "

crudus, " '•

cumberlandianus. Lea,

.Tenn.

cuneolus. Lea, "

cylindricus, Say, O.,

I enn.

of the Mississippi Valhy. 1 1

Uniudactylus, Lea, Tenn.
" declivis, Say, ....Ala.
" depygis, Conrad, ....

Tenn.

" deviatus, Auth., "
-■'.., difficilis. Lea, . . . .Ga.
" dispansus, " , . 'i'enn.

68 " dorfeuillianus. Lea,

O., Tenn.

69 " dolabelloides, Lea,Ky.

70 " donaciformis, " 0.

71 " dromas. Lea, . .Tenn.

73 Unio ebenus, Lea, O.,

Tenn.

74 " edgarianus. Lea, "

75 " elegans, Lea, . O.,

Tenn.

76 " ellipsis. Lea, O.

77 " estabrookianus. Lea,

.. . . Tenn.

79 Unio fabalis. Lea, O . Tenn.

80 " fassinans, " "
" fatuus, " "

82 " flavidus, " "

"■ florentinus" Ala.

84 " foliatus. Hild., . . .O.,

Tenn.

85 " foremanianus, Lea,..

Ala.

" forsheyi. Lea, "

87 " fragosus, Conrad, O.

88 " fucatus, Lea,.. . . Ala.,

Fla.

" fulgidus, Lea, . . .La.

91 Unio gibbosus, Barnes, O.,
Tenn.

" gibber, Lea, "

93 " glans, Lea, O., Tenn.

" glaber, " "

" glandaceus. Lea, A\a.

" globatus, Lea, ..Tenn.

97 " gracilis, Barnes, O.,

. . .Tenn,

98 " graniferus. Lea, . . .0.
" grandidens, " Ark.

12

Cincinnati Society of Natural Historyr

Unio habetatus, Conrad, Mo.

" haleanus, Lea. . Miss.

" holstonensis, Lea,. . . .

Tenn.

105 Unio intermedins, Conrad,

Tenn.

" interruptus, Lea, "

107 " iris, Lea, . .0., Tenn.

108 " irroratus. Lea, O., Tenn

109 " jonesii, Lea, ...Tenn.
" Kirtlandianus, Lea, O.

112 Unio Iffivissimus, Lea, O.,

Tenn.

113 " lacrymosus. Lea. ,.0.
" lamarkianus, " Ark.
" lawi, " Ala.

116 " leseurianus, "Tenn.

117 " lenticularis, " ().,

Tenn.

, " lenior. Lea, "

" lesleyi, " " '

120 " ligamentinus, Lam.,

.0., Tenn.

" lindsleyi, Say, "

" linguaiformis. Lea, "

123 " luteolus. Lam O.

" lyonii, Lea, ... .Tenn.

Unio maculatus, Conrad. . .

., Tenn.

" msestus. Lea, "

128 " metanever, Raf . . .0.
" menkianus, Lea, Tenn.
" meredidiii, " "

131 " multiradiatus, Lea,0.,

Tenn.

132 " multiplicatus. Lea, O.
" muhlfieldianus, Lea. .

Tenn,

" mundus. Lea Ala.

Unio neglectus, Lea. . . Ala.

" nitens, Lea.... Tenn.

" notatus, Lea,. . .Tenn.

139 " mix, " Ala.

141 Unio obliquus. Lea. , . .C).,
Tenn.

145

Unio obscurus, Lea, Tenn.
" obuncus, " "

" occidentalis, Conrad,

Ark.

" orbiculatus, Hild...().

" oviformis^ Conrad. .. .

Tenn.

157

158
159

16]
[62

148 Unio parvus, Barnes. . . .0.
" pattinoides, Lea, Tenn.

150 " perdix, " "

151 " personatus, Say, ..O.

152 " perplexus, Lea....O.
" perplicatus, Conrad..

Miss.

" perpurpureus, Lea....

'I'enn.

" petrinus, Gould.. Tex.
" phillipsii, Conrad. . O.

phaseolus, Hild. . .(.).,

Tenn.

pilaris, Lea O.

pictus, " Tenn.

pileus, " O.

plenus, " C)., I'enn.

])licatus, " O., Tenn.
" planicostatus. Lea....

Tenn.

" planior. Lea. . "

'' popenoi, Call. ...Kas.
" powellii, Lea. . . . Ark.

167 " propinquus, Lea. Ga. ,

Tenn.

168 " pressus. Lea O.

169 " pulcher, ■" Tenn.

170 " punctatus, Lea, "

171 " purpuratus. Lam. Ark.

172 " pustulosus, Lea. . .()..

Tenn.

" pudicus, Lea, "

" puniceous, Hald. "

175 " pustulatus, Lea....O.

176 " pyramidatus, " "

177 " pybasii, " Tenn.

180 Uniorangianus, Lea ...O.

" radiosus, " Tenn.

" ravenelianus, " La.
183" " rectus, Lam. O., Tenn.

Catalogue of the UiiionidcB of the Mississippi Valley. 1 3

184 Unio retusus,Lam O.

" reevianus, Lea. . ..La.

" regularis, " Tenn.

" rotundatus, Lam. La.
188 " rubiginosus, Lea. ..().

191 Uniosayii, Tap O.

" satur, Lea La.

193 " schoolcraftii, Lea. .0.

" scitulus. " Ala.

195 " securus, ''' O.

" simus, Lea Tenn.

197 " sowerbianus, Lea, "

198 " solidus, " O.

199 " spha^ricus, " Ala.
" sparsus, " Tenn.
" sparus, " '•

*■' spatulatus, " Iowa.
" slewartsonii, " Tenn,
" stonensis, " "

205 " subrotundus, " O.,

Tenn.

206 " subtentus, Say, "

207 " sulcatus. Lea O.

208 " subrostatus. Say, La.,

111.

" subcroceus, Conrad..

Ark.

" symmetricus. Lea, La.

213 Unio tetralasmus, Say 111.

214 " tenuissinuis, Lea..C).,

Tenn.

" tellicoensis, Lea, "

" tener,

" tennesseensis, " "

'' tesserulas " "

219 " texasensis. Lea, I. T.

" thorntonii, " Ala.
221 " triangularis, Barnes..

O.j.Tenn.

2 ■2 2 " trigonus. Lea ...111.

" trapezoides. Lea. Ala.

'' troostii, Lea. .. .Tenn.

225 " tuberculatus, Barnes..

()., Tenn.

" tuscumbiensis. Lea,"

Unio tuberosus. Lea Tenn.

" tumesceiis, " "

" turgidulus, " "

" turgidus, " La.

232 Unioundulatus, Barnes, O.

233 " validus. Lea. ...Tenn.

234 "■ varicosus, " O.
" vanuxemii " Tenn.

236 " verrucosus, Barnes...

O., Tenn.

237 " ventricosus, Barnes, O.
" venustus. Lea. . . .Mo.
" virescens, " Tenn.

240 " wardii, "^ Iowa.

241 " zeiglerianus, " Tenn.

Genus Anodonta.

Anodonta argentea, Lea. . . .

Tenn.

" bealii, Lea Tex.

244 " corpulenta, Cooper, 111.

245 " danielsii, Lea.... Neb.
" dejecta, Lewis. .. .Ark,
" demigrata. Lea.. Tenn.

248 " edentula. Say O.

249 " ferussaciana. Lea. . .0.

250 " footiana, Lea...W. N.

York

251 " grandis. Say.... Minn.

252 " harpethensis,Lea/renn.

253 " imbecillis. Say O.

" opaca, Lea Ark.

255 " ovata, " Miss.

256 " pavonia, " O.

257 " plana, " O.
" pepiniana, Lea.....O.
" plicata, Hald Ky.

260 " salmonia. Lea O.

261 " sLiborbiculatus, Say, 111.
'' tetragonia. Lea.... La.
'^ virens, " ''■

Genus Margaritana.

265 Margaritana calceola, Lea
O., Tenn.

" carreyana. Lea, "

14

Cincimiati Society of Natural History.

267 Margaritana coini)lanata,

Barnes ,,...().

26S '■'• confragosa, Say 111.

269 " dchiscens, '•' O./lenn.

270 "• falnila, Lea, "'

'' hildrethiana. Lea ..Ind.
holstonia, *' Tenn.
margarilifera, Linn. Nev.

272
273. u

274 Margaritana mavginata, Say

. . .1^. . , . , ^ ().

275 '' minor. Lea Tcnn.

276 '' monodonta, Say. ...,.().
" (juadrata, Lea . . ..Tenn,

278'' raveneliana, Lea. .N. C.
279 '^ rugosa, Barnes ().

The following donations were announced. From S. S Scoville,
one Salamander ; from Mrs. Dr. Llazard, one Circum-Polar Map ;
from Hon. ('has. E. Brown " Memoirs of National Academy of
Sciences" Vol. in. part i, and "Statistics and Technology of the
Precious Metals ;" from Signal Service officer, " Monthly Wea-
ther Review," October, 1885 ; from Director of Bureau of Ethnol
ogy, " Third Annual Report, for i88r-'82.'"

Meeting of February 2, 1886.
Presideni' HARPERin the chair and fourteen members present.

The following papers were read by title and referred to the
Publishing Committee.

REMARKS ON SOME FOSSILS OF THE CLNCINNATI

GROUP.

By Chas. L. Farer.

Genus Plumulites, Barrande; Turrilepis Woodward.

The fossils to which the above names were given, were for many
years supposed to belong to the familyChitonidas, and were so referred
and described by M. L. de Koninck (Bull, de I'Acad. Royal des
Sci.,1857), but in the Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 1865, p. 486,
Mr. Woodward refers then to the Cirripedia, under the generic
name of Turi-ilcpis,'t\\tvQ proposed, giving very clear reasons for
considering them as Cirripedes and not Chitons.

Li the supplementary volume of the Crustacea of the Silurian
System de La I'ohemia, the author (Barrande) describes several
species under the generic name of /Y//w/////('.s-, not recognizing Wood-
ward's genus, as its characters were not defined or described by the
author. The general form of the body appears to have been elong-
ate-ovate, or elliptical, a. id is composed of four or more ranges of

Remarks on Some Fossils of the Cine inn ati Group. i 5

imbricating plates of a somewhat triangular form, the whole some-
what resembling in appearance and character a loosely-arranged
jiine cone.

Several detached plates of a fossil found in the rocks of the
Cincinnati Croup have been figured and described under the name
of PliimiilUcs Jaiiicsi, Hall and Whitfield. No perfect specimen
was known at the time these plates were described. The author,
however, having come into the possession of what seems to be a
perfect specimen, and believing it to belong, to another genus than
PliiiiiiiHtcs, has given it a new generic name with the following

characters.

LEPIDOCOLEUS n. g.

Specimen sword shape, triangular in section having three un-
erpial sides, composed of two long rows of overlapping plates,
making a complete circumference. Ending of the upper extremity
rather sharp, at the base (?) or lower extremity having a very
short, rapid curvature towards the ventral side of the specimen.
The up])er row of i)lates has a very strong ridge or elevation near
the side where the two long rows of plates are joined the dorsal side,
which is nearly straight. The opposite long row of plates is
flat, and has a rapid, short curvature upon the edge of the straight
or dorsal side of the specimen, so as to meet the upper, or ridged
row of plates, and joined with it in zig-zag manner of overlapping
tiling, at one of the angles; and both meet each other like a knife
edge at the second angle or ventral side. At this side or angle
the specimen had the power of opening above the basal curvature,
to the upper extremity, while the third angle forms the ridge or
elevation of the upper long row of plates or ridged row of platest

'Hie plates of both rows have the same form in outline, but
reverse to each other,and have the same markings as in PhimuUtes.
The i)lates have one long side from the apex, and a very short
side which slants more rapidly than the other side, being almost
straight down from the apex; they round off rather sharp on the
long side, are broad on the short side and very characteristic in
having scollops upon the long side

LEPIDOCOLEUS JAIMESI, (Hall & Whitfield) Faber.

Plate I, figures A. to F. — Magnified about 50 dia.
Specimen sword shape; triangular in transverse section, hav-
ing three unequal sides, composed of two long rows of overlapping
plates. The ridged row has fifteen overlapping plates, as shown in

1 6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

figure A, Plate I, tiie plates varying Init little in form and size.
This ridge begins at the liasal curvature and continues upon the
edge of the dorsal side until the fourth plate, where it begins to
leave the edge, and more so in the fifth; and in the sixth plate
begins to take its regular course upon the specimen, approaching
nearer the edge towards the upper extremity; it has a position uj)-
on the specimen about one-fourth of the entire width from the
dorsal or straight side. The ridge is low in the basal curvature,
and is highest in the center, still being very strong at the upper ex-
tremity. The plates in the basal curvature are so arranged as to
make a very rapid, short curvature, forming a semi-circle and end-
ing bluntly. (This may have been a point of attachment.) In the
center the plates are the widest and gradually decrease in width
towards the upper extremity, thus forming a long curvature from
the fifth plate to upper extremity.

As the ridge has the position above mentioned, it thus leaves
a very short rapid slope on the dorsal side, and a long slope on the
other or ventral side, this slope being about three times as long as
the other, with a general depression in the center of the slope.
Each plate having a rather marked depression beginning at the
ridge and top and slo])ing to the end of each plate. This depres-
sion has a position to the ridge of about thirty degrees, being strong
in the central plates and very faint or wanting towards the upper
extremity. I consider Plate No. I of Hall and Whitfield's J'liii/iiil-
itcs Jai/iesi, figured in Ohio Pal. Vol. II., as one of these plates
broken away from the ridge. The authors have thus been misled
in describing it as triangular in form, and this form is very charac
teristic of the plates in the genus Plinniilitcs or Turrilcpis. Fig. D,
Plate I, is an entire plate of this series, which has a position above
the basal curvature, and if it were one of the basal curvature
plates, it would have the slope towards the dorsal side, curved
more towards the under part of the ridge, which, as before stated,
causes the ridge to be on the edge of the basal curvature. This
can be seen in figure A, plates i, 2 and 3, having the slope entirely
under the ridge ; and in ])late 4 this slope begins to show, and
more so in the fifth, and in the sixth plate the slope shows its full
length.

The opposite long row of plates or flat row, has fourteen to
fifteen overlapping plates, as shown in Figure B, with a very strong
general depression in the center of the specimen, above the basal
curvature to the upper extremity. This row of plates makes a

Remarks on Some Fossils of the Cincinnati Group. 1 7

very rapid and short curvature upon the edge of the specimen, on
the dorsal side, so as to meet the ridged row of plates, and joining
with it in zigzag manner of overlapping tiling, as seen in figure C,
Avhich is a dorsal view. This small curvature of the flat row of
plates has a flat extension beyond it, as seen in figure C and E.
Upon this extension the small slope of the ridged row of plates
rests, with its edge against this small curvature. Thus these two
rows lie in zigzag manner over each other, thereby making a very
firm holding. This small extension exists even in the basal curva-
ture.

I consider Figure 2. of Hall and Whitfieki's Pluiiiulitcs jamesi,
as one of this flat row of plates, wi'rh this small extension broken
away, but still leaving the curvature, and also broken away from
this general depression shown in my Figure B, in the center of
the specimen. Figure E shows these characters well, but the reader
must not imagine that these can be seen in one view, as these are
curved in under the plate so as to meet the other row, the curva-
ture representing the space between the first and second line drawn
from the apex of the plate, while the small extension represents the
space between the second line and the edge of the ])late. The flat
row is more characteristic in having scallops than the ridged row.
These two rows meet each other at the ventral side like a knife
edge. Here it undoubtedly had the power of opening.

The plates of these rows bear the same markings as Plumulites^
but differ greatly in form. These plates, L. jainesi, are the same in
form, but being reverse to each other in the roundings of the lower
extremity of the plates, as seen in figure E and D.

Figure F is a dorso-ventral section of the specimen, showing
the three unequal sides.

The specimen figured by Mr.' S. A. Miller I consider as the
ridged row of plates, the ridge which separated the plates being
broken But as this specimen was not seen, I can not be positive,
also I do not consider the figure as very exact.

The beautiful specimea here described Avas collected by Mr.
Charles Wessels, in the Cincinnati Group about 150 feet above low
water mark in the Ohio River at Cincinnati, and is now in the
Author's collection.

CyCLOCYSTOIDES NITIDUS, 710V Sp.
Plate I. Figure i.

This specimen has a complete ring, composed of twenty-four
marginal plates, which are somewhat elongate. The specimen is a

1 8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

little pressed together and somewhat weatherworn ; interior de-
stroyed. Measures seven ;///;/. in diameter.

Collected by Mr. Geo. Ashman, in the Cincinnati Group
near Transit Ohio, about 400 feet above Low water mark in the
Ohio River.

CVRTOCERAS TENUISEPTUM, nOV Sp.

Plate I. Figs. 3 a-b-c.

Specimen medium size, with slight curvature and tapering
very slightly. Composed of twenty thin septa, equal in width and
rather circular in section. Siphuncle small and dorsal. Specimen
is thirty two tniii. in length, and measures in section seventeen //////.
in its greater, and fifteen mm. in its lesser diameter.

3a is a dorsal view of a larger specimen of the same species,
having five septa and a body- chamber showing the sinus. The
body chamber is 27 //////. in lergth, and measures in section 23 ww.
in its greater, and 20 mm. in its lesser diameter. This specimen
has a thick shell, but shows no external markings. It also shows
that a coral had begun its growth in the body-chamber and ex
tended somewhat beyond it. This species has about seventeen
septa to an inch. 3a is a remarkable specimen, as it is the only
one figured and known to me of this group with a complete body-
chamber.

Collected by the author in the Cincinnati Group near Waynes-
ville, O., and at Versailles, Ind.

In the 35th Report of the N. Y. State Museum, Mr. C. D.
Walcott describes two species under the genus of Merocrinus. As
a specimen which I have proves to belong to this genus, and is
the same species which Mr. Ulrich has described and figured in
Vol. II., Plate 7, figure 14 of this Journal as Dettdrocrinus ciirtis,
with a question as to the genus, I therefore figure the specimen to
give a better idea of it and place it under the genus Merocrinu.s.
Below is the description of the genus as given by Mr. Walcott :

"MEROCRINUS.— Waixott.

"General appearance of the body not unlike that of some
species of Hcterocriuus and Deudrocrinus.

"Underbasals pentangular, low and broad in the typical spe-
cies. Basals hexagonal; radials pentagonal. Brachials six to seven
in each ray, the upper plate pentagonal and supporting the free
divisions of the arms above. In the right posterior ray there is a

Remarks on Some Fossils of the Cincinnati Group. 19

bifurcating plate resting on the radial below and supporting above
on its right sloping side the true brachial series of the arm, and on
the left a row of quadrangular plates, vertically arranged. This
series of plates resemble the brachial plates, except that they are
more elongate. They undoubtedly formed the posterian side of
an anal tube, corresponding in this respect to the same series of
plates in the genus locrinits. Arms bifurcating frequently, gradu-
ally tapering. Pinnulae unknown.

"The arrangement of the plates forming the calyx is similar to
that in Dendrocrinus, except that the regularity of the radial series
of plates is not broken by the interposition of the anal plates. In
this respect Merocriniis is allied to locri/iiis, and also in the position
of the plates supporting the anal tube. It differs from locrimis in
having a well-developed ring of underbasals, and also in the gen-
eral appearance of the entire body."

Merocrinus CURTIS, (Ulrich.) Faber.

Plate I. Figure 2. •

Body short, broad, increasing very little in width to the base
of the arms. Underbasals very short, more than twice as wide as
high. Basals rather obscurely hexagonal, with a width equal to
one and a half times the length. Radials a little larger than the
basals, a little wider than high, and pentagonal. The first right
postero-lateral plate above the radial is pentagonal, and supports
the brachial plates on its right slojnng side, and on the left the
posterior plates of the anal tube. The brachial plates are quad-
rangular and twice as wide as high. The first bifurcation of the
postero lateral ray occurs on the sixth plate above the bifurcating
plate below, and the other rays bifurcate on the sixth plate above
the radial ring of plates. One of these rays supports three arms at
this bifurcation, but this is undoubtedly abnormal. The posterior
plates of the anal tube are a little longer than wide, and about one
half as wide as the brachials, and are very convex on the outer-
side, and rise from the left sloping side of the second radial.

Column round, composed of thin joints, nearly smooth, in-
creasing in size downward.

So far, this is the only specimen found besides the one of Mr.
Ulrich. Its rarity is well known to local collectors.

Collected by the Author in the lower part of the Cincinnati
Group, about forty feet above low water mark at Ludlow, Ky.

20 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Description of Plate I :

Figure A. Lcpidocokiis ;a)/iesi^ showing the ridged row oj
plates and basal curvature.

B. The same specimen, showing the flat row of plates and
central depression.

C. The same specimen, dorsal view, showing zigzag manner
of joining of the two rows, and also the height of the ridge.

D. Plate of the ridged row.

E. Plate of the flat row.

F. Dorso-ventral section, showing unequal sides of specimen.
Figure i. Cyclocystoides nitidits, nov. sp.

Fig, 2. Merocriuiis ciirtis, Ulrich.

Fig. 3*^^. Cyrtoceias teniiiseptiiiii, nov. sp. showing body-
chamber.

T^b. Smaller specimen, with twenty septa.

y. Section of 3a.

Fig. ^a. Longitudinal section of Goiiiphoceras powersi.^ James
/. Showing septa and remains of siphuncle.

\b. Transverse section, showing position and approximate
size of siphuncle. {For description of this species with figure, see
this Journal, Vol. VIII., p. 255.)

CLARIFICATION OF THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY OF
CINCINNATI.*

By C. R. Stuntz,

Professor of Chemistry, Woodwar<H Higli School, Cincinnati.

This paper embodies the following points :

ist. A brief synopsis of the available material published per-
taining to the chemical clarification of water.

2nd. A record of the experiments that were deemed neces-
sary to determine whether the public water supply of Cincinnati
can be practically and economically clarified by chemical agents.

3rd. General deductions from the tests, and some compari-
sons of the water clarified by precipitation with that clarified by a
combination of precipitation and filtration.

■•■■This paper is a report prepared by Prof. Stuntz, for the Board of Public
Works of Cincinnati. It was given in substance as a lecture before this So-
ciety on January 29, then read, by invitation, (by title) at the Society meeting
on February 2.— [Note by Editor.]

VOL.IX. Plate I.

.**•%.

*i»»«»#

3fe-

/4'^K'

A

' -' .' J :

Si'5-

^.

c /^

Clarification of the Piiblic Water Supply of Cijicinnati. 2 1

Synopsis of Published Material.

The published work in reference to the separation of finely
comminuted matter from water that holds it in suspension is for
the greater part contained in papers treating on dynamical Geology,
and has been developed in the investigation of the causes which have
produced the varied and extensive formations resulting from Sedi-
mentation.

T. Sterry Hunt' has shown that the mud held in suspension
in the water of the Mississippi River is completely precipitated out,
and the water becomes clear in from twelve to eighteen hours by
the action of Sea Water, Common Salt, Epsom Salt, Alum, or Sul-
phuric Acid.

Brewer-, after many experiments with various precipitants
upon water mixed with clay, both as found naturally in turl)id
streams or artificially prepared by himself with different kinds of
clay, arrives at the hypothesis that the clay held most tenaciously
suspended in water is combined with it in the colloid form. He
leaves the reader to make the deduction natural to the case, that
the action of a precipitant in clarifying the water is to break up the
colloid molecules that hold the solids in suspension, which then
fall out by gravity.

D. Waldie^, on investigating the water supply of Calcutta,
with reference to the use of the water of the Hoogly River, reports
that certain salts have the power of coagulating the clay held in
suspension in turbid river water. The most prominent of these are
the Salts of Alumina and Ferric Oxide. It may also be accom-
plished by alkalies, alkaline earths, and also by the acids, Nitric
Acid, Muriatic Acid, Acetic Acid and Sulphuric Acid.

Waldie's Table*.
The following table is given by Waldie, showing the relative
weights of the substances named recjuired to produce the same re-
sults in precipitation :

Common Salt 4680

.Caustic Potash 560

Bicarbonate of Soda 672

Acetic Acid 360

1. Society of Nat. Hist. Report, Boston, Mass., February. 1S74.

2. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, U. ii. A., 1SS3; and American
Journal ol Science, January, 1SS5.

3. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal IT. 1S73.

4. Chemical News II. 1S73.

22 Cincinjiati Society of Natural History.

Sulphuric Acid 196

Calcium Cloride 222

Magnesium Chloride 182

Nitric Acid 189

Barium Chloride 208

Bicarbonate of Lime 100

Calcium Sulphate 136

Bicarbonate of Magnesia 84

Magnesium Sulphate 75.5

Copper Sulphate 31"

Ferrous Sulphate 22

Ferrous Bi-sulphate 17

Alum 7

Aluminium Chloride 4

Ferric Chloride 2

4
92
48
74

Al.UM.

The Chinese, ' according to Sherard Osborne, use alum for
the purpose of ]jurifying the water of the Peiho at Tien-tsin, and,
as shown by their traditions, they have used it for centuries on the
waters of that and other interior rivers of China.

This substance so long known is still in the front rank of
practical agents used for the clarification of liquids containing sus-
pended impurities. It is used in many industries. The manufac-
turer of Common Salt who works ferruginous brines, after separat-
ing peroxide of iron by boiling, finds alum both the cheapest and
most efficient agent for clarifying the salt water.

It is used by the chemist, the pharmacist, the brewer, the
manufacturer of effervescent beverages, and many others who re-
cpiire clear water and* whose supply comes from turbid streams.

Aleumenoids.

Liquids may be separated from suspended solids by the action
of abuminous substances. This is ]jractically done in the indus-
trial way by dissolving the albumenoid in the im])ure li(|uid, and
then coagulating the mass by the action of heat or an astringent
mineral.

Syru])s are mixed with the all)umen of eggs, blood and milk
in the cold and then heated to l)oiling. 'I'he heat coagulates the
albumen about the solids and the ascending steam carries the

I. Water analysis. Wuaklyn's Purification of \\'atcr, and American Journal of
Science, January, 18S5.— Brewer.

Clmification of the Public Water Supply of Cincinnati. 23

whole to the top in a frothy mass which is removed liy skimming.

The clarification of wines is produced by solution of pure
albumen or of dried blood, with the addition in some cases of
ground gypsum. The natural ingredients of the wine slowly co-
agulates the albumen which falls out carrying with it the solid im-
purities.

Ferruginous Brines are readily settled by milk, eggs or blood,
the astringent oxide of iron and other minerals, acting as coagulat-
ing material, while the heavy oxide of iron quickly carries the
whole to the bottom.

A. B. C. PROCESS FOR CLARIFYIMG SKWAGE' .

Treat the Sewage collected in a quiet basin with a mixture of
Animal Charcoal, Blood and Clay. Then follow with a solution
of Per-chloride of Iron. The process will be hastened by the
addition of Alum.

Recipes for the Clarification of Potable Water.

1. By Crookes^ for precipitating the unhealthy water of the
Gold Coast, Africa:

Calcium Permanganate (Ca MugOg) , . . i

Aluminic Sulphate (Ala3So4i8H20) 10

Fire Clay 3°

2. From Hager^* for Turbid Water.

0.5 Gramme, of Aluminic Sulphate (Al33So^i8H20) to a
Litre of muddy water.

3. From Hager* Antiseptic:

Aluminic Subsulphate, (3Al23So^2Al20y3H20). Teaspoon-
ful in 5 Litres of water.

4. From Hager*, for Impure Turbid Water:
Aluminic Sulphate, (AI23SO4I8H2O) 5 Grammes.

Dissolve in 100 c.c. of water and use for the clarification of
1000 Litres of turbid water. Follow by a solution of Permanga-
nate of Potassa, containing from 4 to 5 Grammes of the KMnO^
to a Litre until it is no longer decolorized.

In soft water the Aluminic Sulphate may be reduced up to 3.1
to the 100 c.c. for 1000 Litres of water.

1. Chemical News, T, i86S.

2. Chemical News, L iS6S.

3. Pharmaceutische Praxis, I S. 201 and 262.
4 & 5. Pharmaceutische Praxis I, 262. 3S7.

24 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Process for Making Hard Water Soft.
ist. Clai'k's', for water temporarily hard :

Add milk of lime equivalent to the carbonic acid that holds
metallic carbonates in solution and mix thorou^^hly.

Holland Process.^

Calcined Soda (NaaCOg) 3 Grammes.

Soluble Glass. Dry. (Soda) i

TO Grammes of the mixture in 100 c.c. to soften 100 Litres of
hard water.

Process of Clarifcation.

'I'he i)ractical processes for the clarification of a pul)lic water
su])ply seem to be limited to four :

]st. Subsiding the water in basins.

2nd. Subsiding in basins after treatment with a precipitant.

3rd. Filtration.

4th. Filtration after treatment with a precipitant.

The first is the one in general use. In this the water standing
in basins of large surface and comparative little depth has its whole
body subjected more or less to the action of sunlight and to the
oxidizing action of the atmosphere. The all)uminous substances,
which exist in some cpiantity in all surface waters, and which
greatly increase the tenacity with which clay and other solids ad-
here to water, are oxidized to mineral matter and fall out together
with the solids.

'I'his is Nature's method for the clarification and jnirification
of water, and it is remarkably exemplified in the high degree of
purity of all the great lakes of fresh water, and also in the rapid
self-purification of all bodies of water of considerable size exposed
to air and sunlight when the amount of organic matter is not ex-
cessive.

Subsiding the water in basins after treatment with a precipitant
is also an imitation of a process of Nature.

The exceedingly rapid purification of running streams is clearly
the result of the oxidizing effect of the air, rendered more complete
by the currents, rapids and eddies that stir the waters, and by
l)ringing all parts in succession to the surface, perfectly aerate the
whole mass. This effect is further augmented in streams flowing
in natural beds in the earth by the mineral substances which are

1. See Water Analysis. — Wauklyn.

2. Phar. Praxis.

Clatification of the Public Water Supply of Cincinnati. 25

dissolved in the water or swept into the currents in the solid state.
All of these act as precipitants of the organic matter in the water.

This effect is strikingly ai)parent in the bright and sparkling
water produced in streams of small size when they are fed by the
waters of chalybeate springs.

It is apparent in the rapid purification of all streams which are
the receptacles of sewage. The Oder River, wliich receives the
sewage of Breslau, practically i)urifies itself in fourteen kilometers
flow below the city. '

The waters of the Ohio River, after receiving the drainage of
an immense agricultural district and all of the sewage of tlie cit-
ies and towns on its banks and tributaries, comes to us in a purer
condition, so far as chemical analysis can now show, than that of
the water of the wells and springs on its banks and adjacent u})-
lands.

The process of purification by fdtration, attended with the
action of coagulating material, is likewise in imitation of natural
processes. The surface water, contaminated with foul organic
matter, the detritus of vegetables and animal remains, when it sinks
into the ground comes in contact with the saline ingredients of the
soil, and its slimy albuminous matters are coagulated near the sur-
face, and as it sinks further through the earth, partly by oxidation,
partly by subsidation and straining, out, the impurities are left in
the rocky interstices, and the water, clarified and pure, issues in
the generous spring or the sparkling well.

Tests of Precipitants Used in Subsiding Potatble Water.

In the following tests, the sample of turbid water operated
upon was in each case one Liter, contained in a wide-mouthed
glass bottle with a glass stopper. The water stood in a column
about seven inches high and three inches in diameter.

The precipitants were all dropped from the same Mohr's
Burette.

The effect of the precipitants was observed by placing from
six to eleven bottles in a row, and adding to the second the mini-
mum amount estimated to produce an effect, and then adding to
the remainder amounts increasing in an arithmetical ratio. The
effects were then recorded at different times.

It was determined that the hardness of the water of the vari-
ous samples would sufficiently show the chemical action.

I. Dr. Franz Hulwa. Bicdermanus, Cent. BlaU, fur AgrigiUtur Chemic. 13-1.

26

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The hardness is expressed in metric degrees, or the nunil)er
of parts by height of Carbonate of Lime, or its ecjuivalent in loo.-
ooo parts by weight of water.

Metric degrees muUipUed by o. 7;=:(irains in an Imp. (ial.
" " " 0.583= " a U. S. "

Since potable water is also used in industries in which Iron is
injurious, in those series in which Iron Salts are the precipitants,
this element was determined in the clarified water.

The amount of Iron was lound l)y color titration with Potassic
Sulphocyanide.

Tabulated Tests of Waier Clarified by Precipitaiion.

Series i, Canal Water. At Sycamore Street, Nov. 29, 1884.
Precipitant, Perchloride of Iron Solution. Sp. Gravity 1.74.
I Drop=o.o3o G.

S

1
Q.
6
2;

Effect in Given Time.

IIardn's

Iron.

m

6

At Once.

)i. hi".

3 hr's.

24 hr's.

4S hr's. 72 hr's

Ca CO3

in
100,000

36.1

Ft.

in
1,000.000

0

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow [Yellow

0.7

I

I

Rd Yel

Rd Yel

RdYel

RdYel

Co'gl'giOpTnt

3
4

5
6

2

3
4

5
6

" c

S

>• Oh
OJ

Co'gl'g
Cle'r 'g

4 4

Co'gltg
Cle'r 'g

Bright

4 4

Co'gl'g
Bright

Clear

Bright

4 4

Bright

37-6
38.4
40.9

0.6
0.6

0.7

7
8

7
8

" c

5

44

44

44

42.8

1-5

9
10

9
10

R'd Bn

Cle'r' g
R'dBn

Clear
Fl'c'lar

B'n Fir

Clear

Series 2. Hydrant Water. Deceml)er 18, 1884.
Precipitant, Subsulphate of Iron Solution. Sp. Gravity
1. 418.

I Drop=.o53 G.

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

II-5

I

RdYel

RdYel

RdYel

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

OpTnt

s

4 i

4 i

Co'gl'g

Clear

Bright

Bright

12.0

s

( (

( .

Clear'g

Bright

4 4

"

14.8

7

< 4

"

Clear

(4

( 4

4 4

17-5

9

<(

<(

RdYel

RdYel

Co'gl'g

Fl'culr

Clarification of the Public Water Supply of Cincinnati. 27

Series 3. Hydrant Water. December 18, 1884.
Precipitant, Ferric Chloride Sol. Sp. Gravity 1.345.
I Drop=o.o22 G.

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

ri-5

2

RdYel

RdYel

RdYel

Op'l'nt

Op'l'nt

Op'l'nt

12. 1

4

( i

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

Bright

Bright

Bright

^Z-Z

6

( i

( i

( (

"

1 1

( i

15-1

8

i i

i i

Red'sh

"

a

( i

10

' '

RdYel

RdYel

RdYel

Clear

Red'sh

Series 4. Hydrant Water.

Precipitant, Hg SO 4. Did not clarify — Water Acid.

Series 5. Hydrant Water. December 26, 1884. (Not satis-
factory.)

Precipitant, Fe SO 4, and Hg SO; to strong Acidity,
o.oi G. Fe SO^ to the c.c.

oc.c.

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

^c.c.

( I

i i

I i

Op'l'nt

Op'ln't

fee.

I i

i i

Co'gl'g

Clear

Clear

-|c.c.

i i

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

1. (

|c.c.

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

Clear

"

i I

fee.

«'

( i

( (

i i

( i

i i

Series 6. Hydrant Water. December 28, 1884.
Precipitant, Alum. (Ammonia.)

I c.c. of the Solution contained 0.066 G. (H^ N)^ Alg 4*S0^
24H2O.

oc.c-

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow Yellow

Yellow

9.9

Ic.c

( (

( (

Co'gl'glOp'l'nt

Op'l'nt

^c.c

( i

( I

Clear'gl Clear

Clear

ic.c.

li

i i

Co'gl'g

Flocky "

"

|c.c.

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

Bright

Bright

Bright

10.7

fee.

( i

( (

i i

( (

i i

II. 4

Series 7. January 5 corrorborates Series 6.

28

Cincinnati Society of Natural History

Series 8. Hydrant Water. January lo, 1S85.

Precipitant Muriatic Acid.

I Drop=^o.o27 G. of H CI.

Impracticable for Potable Water — water acid.

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

8.9

I

1. i.

(. (.

Op'l'nt

Clear'g

18. 1

2

i (

Clear'g

Bright

Bright

3

Co'gl'g

"

"

"

4

( i

Bright

"

( I

5

Clear'g

"

i i

i i

Series 9. Hydrant Water. January 10, 1885.
Precipitant Aluminic Sulphate, (AI23SO4I8H2O).
I Drop=o.oio G. of the Crystalline Salt.

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

9.9

I

' '

"

Op'l'nt

Op'ln't

Op'l'nt

3

( i

Co'gl'g

Flocky

Bright

Bright

5

i i

Flocky

"

"

"

7

Co'gl'g

( i

Bright

i i

1 (

10. 2

9

( i

I i

i i

i i

i i

10.5

Series 10. Hydrant Water. January 10, 1885.
Precipitant Magnesian Lime, )^c.c.=o. i G. Mg O. Ca O.
Impracticable. All the samples have a lime taste.

oc.c.

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

l-c.c.

1. 1

i i

Co'gl'g

Op'l'nt

Op'l'nt

fee.

"

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

"

< i

|c.c.

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

((

Clear

Clear

|c.c.

"

( I

( i

( (

i i

fee.

' '

"

( (

i i

i i

Series 11. Substantially Series 10, repeated.

Series 12. Hydrant Water. January 17, 1885.
Precipitant Ferric Chloride Sol. Specific Gravity 1.74
I Drop=o.o3o G. of Solution.

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yel low

Yellow

9.6

2

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

Clear'g

Op'l'nt

Op'l'nt

4

i I

Clear

Bright

Bright

Bright

10.2

6

Clear'g

i i

( i

I i

"

12.2

8

B'nRd

Red'sh

Clear

Clear

( (

10

li u

i (

((

li

a

Clarification of the Public Water Supply of Cincinnati. 29

Series 13 substantially repeats series 12.
Series 14. Hydrant Water. January 24, 1885.
Precipitant Ferric Sub-sulphate Solution. Sp. G. i.-
I Drop=.o53G.

0

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

9-3

1.4

6

2

( (

"

Co'gl'g

Opn'nt

Op'l'nt

9.9

0-5

7

4

< 1.

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

Bright

Bright

12.0

0-5

8

6

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

i i

i i

1 i

0-3

q

8

YelRd

Co'grg

4 (

Clear

"

0.8

10

10

"

YelRd

YelRd

Flocky

Clear

1-5

Series 15. Hydrant Water. January 24, 1885.
Precipitant Ferric Sulphate Solution. Sp. G. 1.3
I Drop=o.o4o G.

0

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

9-3

1.4

I

2

( (

Op'l'nt

Op'l'nt

2

S

Co'gl'g

Omit-

Bright

Bright

II. 9

0-3

,S

8

Clear'g

ted Sun-

' (

< .

14 5

4

II

Co'gl'g

day.

Clear

i i

5

14

( (

Clear'g

"

Series 16. Hydrant Water. January 24, 1885.
Precipitant Ferric Chloride Solution. Sp. G. 1.3 10
I Dro])=o.o45 G.

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

2

4
6

"

!.(,

Op'l'nt

Op'l'nt

a

8

u

u

a

10

u

a

i.1.

u

0

0

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

9-3

I

2

( i

Omit'd

Op'l'nt

Op'l'nt

2

4

Co'gl'g

< i

Bright

Bright

II. 2

3

6

Clear'g

i i

( I

(1

12.6

4

8

i I

I i

Clear

u

5

10

Co'gl'g

i (.

Clear'g

Clear

Series 17. Hydrant Water.

Precipitant Dyalyzed Iron.

Useless.

30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Variation of Hydrant Watkr in Hardness.

Dec. 1 8. Rain after very dry weather. , . 11.5 Degrees.

'' 28. River at flood — over 45 ft 9.9 "

Jan. 24. River purified by freezing and

snow 9.3 "

Maximum variation 2.2 "

The Water of the Ohio River may vary in hardness up to 2.2
metric degrees.

Precipitant.

The available precipitants for the clarification of Potable
Water as determined by this investigation, are highly concentrated
solutions of the following compounds:

I. Aluminic Chloride Al2Clg(not examined)

Aluminic Sulphate Al23So^i8H20.

Alum (Ammonia) (H4N)oAl24So4 24H20.

Ferric Chloride FeaClg

Ferric Sulphate FcgSSo^

Ferric Sub-sulphate. . . Fe^O sSo^

Aluminic Sulphate. (Series 9.)

50 to 100 parts by weight of Aluminic Sulphate will clarify
1,000,000 parts by weight of hydrant water in about 48 hours with
an increase of hardness of from ^-^ to i metric degree.

Alum (Ammonia). (Series 6.)

100 to 150 parts by weight of Alum will clarify 1,000,000 parts
by weight of hydrant water in about 24 to 48 hours with an in-
crease in hardness of from i to 2 metric degrees.

Note on Aluminic Precipitants.

The Aluminic Solids set free when Aluminum Salts are used
to clarify water, are so light that the precipitant remains floating in
the water for a long time after treatment, and when settled slight
agitation muddies the water.

These compounds must therefore be followed by filtration for
the successful clarification of circulating water.

Clarification of the Public Water Supply of Cincinnati. 3 1

Ferric Chloride. (Series 12.)

150 to 200 parts by weight of Ferric Chloride Solution, Sp.G.
1.74 will clarify 1,000,000 parts by weight of Hydrant Water in
from 24 to 48 hours with an increase in hardness of from yi to 2
Metric degrees.

Series 16.

200 to 250 parts are required of solution, Sp. G. 1.31 and the
increase in hardness is from i to 3 degrees.

The weaker the solution the greater the hardness imparted.

Ferric Fer Sulphate. (Series 15.)

200 to 300 parts by weight of solution of Ferric Fer Sulphate
Sp. G. 1.3 1 will clarify 1,000,000 parts by weight of Hydrant
Water with an increase of hardness of from 2 to 5 Metric degrees.

Ferric Sub-sulphate. (Series 2 & 14.)

150 to 250 parts by weight of Ferric Sub-sulphate will clarify
1,000,000 parts by weight of Hydrant Water in from 24 to 48
hours with an increase in hardness of from i to 3 Metric degrees.

Canal Water. (Series i.)

100 to 200 parts by weight of Per-chloride of Iron Solution,
Specific Gravity 1.74 will clarify 1,000,000 parts by weight of
Canal Water in 24 to 48 hours with an increase in hardness of 2 to
3 Metric degrees.

The clarified water will contain less Iron than the turbid canal
water. It will be sparkling and bright and have a degree of hard-
ness of from 38 to 40 Metric degrees.

It can not be used for drinking or culinary purposes, but would
be available for general cleansing purposes, such as street sprink-
ling, washing pavements and flushing gutters. If used for cleans-
ing with the help of soap, it should be softened when clarified ;
otherwise it would destroy four times as much soap as the river
water.

Effect of the Iron Salts on the Clarified Water.

(Series 14, 15 and i.)
The turbid water clarified by the minimum quantity of Iron
Salts necessary, contained less Iron than was in it before treatment.

32 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Soap and Alkalies will not i)recii)ilate from the clarified water
a perceptable (|uantity of Iron without large concentration.

Gknkkal Dhductions.

These experiments tend to confirm the theory of Muspratt, '
that the clarification of water by alum is accomplished by the double
decomposition of that Salt and the soluble bicarbonates, forming
Aluminic Hydrate, Carbonic Acid and an amount of Sulphates of
alkaline earths equivalent to the alum.

The action of other Salts of Alumina, and also of the Salts of
Ferric O.xide, is probably entirely analogous, but when highly con-
centrated solutions of the Iron per-salts are used as precipitants,
( )xyhydrates of Iron are formed of considerable weight, which fall
out (|uickly.

When Sulphate of Ferric Oxide is used, the chemical clarifica-
tion of the river water introduces into it no substance that was not
there before. The entire chemical change in the water consists in
the transformation of a few parts in a hundred thousand of the
bicarbonates of lime and magnesia into the corresponding Sul-
phates, and the Sulphates thus introduced fall much below what
exists in the palatable and highly relished hard water of the Lime-
stone regions of the Ohio Valley.

So far as I know, the Per-Sulphates of Iron have not, previous
to this investigation, been used for the precipitation of impurities
in water.

Of the above Precipitants, the only one that seems available
for use without filtration is the Subsulphate of Iron.

1. Its use is not followed by an unpleasant taste.

2. It does not introduce Iron into the clarified water.

3. The increase of hardness from its use need not exceed
the natural variation of the water in hardness.

4. It introduces no new chemicals.

5. It will clarify the water without filtration.

6. It can be produced at a cost comparable with that of alum.

In view of these points, it was thought best to prepare a sam-
ple of the Salt and another series of tests to arrive at the probable
cost, and also the effect on sewage impurities in the water.

I. Muspnitrs Chemistry — \\. Water

Claiificatioii of the Public Watcy Supply of Cinciiniaii. 33

Dissolved in the least amount of water. Slightly Acid — hot.
I. 18.7 (r. of Copperas, Est.' cost in lbs. $.140

2. Added 1.5
3- " '-3

Sul. Acid, 66 B.
Pot. Chlorate^

18. 7 X -6= II. 2 lbs. Fe, () 5 SO^ "

.025
•195

I II). " " " " .032

There were 15 c.c. of the Solution, Sp. G. 1.64

100 Drops=2.5c. c. r Drop=: 025 c.c.

■°i\5* Xi i.2=Solid Salt in i Drop—. 0187, or i Drop in a Diter
is 18.7 lbs in 1,000,000 lbs. of water.

Series 18. Hydrant Water. March 26, 1885. Highly col-
ored from Broken Pipes.

Precipitant Sub-sulphate of Iron Sol. Sp. G. 1.64.

I Drop=o.o4i G., and contains 0.0187 of Fe^ O5 SO4.

0.
2
Q

Effect in Given Time.

Harne's

Ikon.

!fi

\

1

CaCOa

Fe

0

0

At Once.

I hr.

3 hr. iS hr.

in

in

Z

7,

0

100,000

1,000.000

0

Yel Bn

Yel Bn

Yel Bn

Yel Bn

0.66

0-73

I

I

Yel Rd

Yel Bn

Cogl'g'Bright

9-63

0.15

2

2

T3

Co'gl'g

Clear'g

>i

10.40

0. 1 1

3

3

C^

u

Clear

u

11.82

0. 14

4

4

'qj

'■'•

i.

•'

5

.s

>

ii

Ci

a

6

6

it,

Co'gl'g

RdFl's

7

7 <D

8 Q

'

'

8

4t I U

u

Effect of Clarification- on the Sewage.
Supplementary table to Series 18.

u

tj <u

^'^~

73

15
c

c p

0 ~
t- 0

5 "o

_0

-0

0

<

<

< <

a w

0>t/3

U

C3

0

Stuntz.

0.6967

1.4098

16.00

II. 80

4.20

9.66

1885.

Mch. 26

a

I

u

0.7130

0.8390

12.85

8.25

4.60

9-63

I. These estimates are from Figures given me by manufacturers, for large quan-
tities.

z. Crouch's Method — Stille and Maisch — Feri Subsulphate.

34

Cincinnati Society of Natural History
Sample ok Ohio River AV^atkr,

2 Leeds. I o.oi 15
3|Stuntz. [0.0070

0.0240 16.20
0.01561 15.80

9.00
11.40

7.20
4.66

0.805
1-33

6.4
8-3

18S2

March

18S0

Nov. I

Deductions.

Since i Drop (Table, Series 18.) clarifies i Liter of water
in i<S hours, we have the Minimum Cost of the clarification of
1,000,000 Gallons of Water as follows :

i8.7X3.2X7.48=$4-i6.

To this must be added the cost of dissolving the materials and
running the solution into the water.

There will be introduced into the reservoir something over 200
jjounds of solids for each million gallons'of water.

Effect on the Sewage.
(Supplementary Table to Series 18.)

It will be seen that the water of Series 18 is river water con-
taining a large amount of Sewage. (Compare samples o and 1
with 2 and 3.)

Taking the Albuminoid Ammonia as data for the amount of
Sewage, we find it reduced in the clarified water from 1.4098 to
0.8390 parts in the 100,000, over 40 per cent.

This sample and the samples of clarified canal water will serve
to illustrate the general fact that, clear water is not necessarily
pure water.

Water Clarified by Filtration After Precipiiation
Bv Alum.

The following experiments were made on water clarified b\- the
process of the Hyatt P'ilter Company, of Newark, N. J.

The specimens were collected from the pipes of their filters in
the Gibson House and in the building of the Commercial Gazette in
Cincinnati.

The filters of this company are funnel shaped tanks of boiler
iron, constructed so that the water led into the bottom of the tank
under considerable pressure, rises several feet through a compact
mixture of sand and finely crushed coke, which separates the solids
held in suspension. The water on its way to the tank comes in

Clarification of the Public Water Supply of Cincinnati. 3 5

contact with a solid cylinder of Alum, coated on the sides with
wax, to prevent its too rapid solution, and the dissolved Alum
coagulates the suspended matter and causes it to combine in masses
that are retained in the pores of the filter.

At intervals of about twenty-four hours the mass of sand and
coke is released, and the pressure under which the filter operates
causes it to rise with a boiling motion into the upper part of the
tank, where the friction of the sand in boiling separates the mud
deposited, and the force of the current carries it off through an
overflow. The cleansed filtering material is then permitted to fall
into the bottom of the tank and is ready for a second operation.

Tabulated Tests of Water from the Hyatt Filters.

Nn

DATE.

.SS5.

location.

Hardness, Metric Degrees.

CaCo3 in 100,000 p'ts of

water by Nveight.

Appear-
ance.

Taste.

Hardn'ss
of sample

Hardness of
River Water Gain

I

2

3
4

January 5
February 6

" 13
" 16

Gibs'n H'se
Com.Gaz'te

17.9
10.4
15.6
12.

9.8
9.6
9.6
9.6

8.1

.8

6 0

2.4

Bright
FtOpTt
B't Op'l't

Clear

.Sl't Astr't
Pl'tAstr't

Slight
Pleas' nt

Note.

Samples 2 and 4 were collected immediately after putting in new
cylinders of Alum before the water had attained perfect clarifica
tion.

Deductions.

The Hyatt Filter in the four samples tested increased the hard-
ness of the water on an average 4.3 Metric Degrees. This aver-
age is probably somewhat lower than the rate at the time of the
experiments. (See note Alum.) It can be made to produce very
bright and sparkling water and if the Alum used is the minimum
necessary, this result may be reached without increasing the hard-
ness more than two or three Metric Degrees.

The water required daily to wash the filter is e&timated at 100
gallons or about 3,000 gallons per month. The water passing
through the meter per month is 500,000 gallons. 5|{|goff=-oo6
or /„ per cent. The Alum used is about 5 pounds daily or about
300 pomids to clarify 1,000,000 gallons of water-

36 Cmcinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

The following were proposed for membership :

Dr. E. Williams, Mrs. Dr. E. Williams,

J. O. Shiras, Allen Collier,

Chas. L. Mills, L. M. Petididier,

W. Snowdon Smith, Dr. David DeBeck,

Geo. E. Card, Dr. .Sheridan C. Heighway.

The following were elected to regular membership :
Dr. Erank Hunter, John E. Bruce,

Miss Elsie Field, Miss Fannie Field,

Miss M. C. Collins, Miss Helen M. Herron,

Howard Barney, Dr. W. VV. Dawson.

The Constitution, as amended and reported by the Committee
on Revision, was read, section by section, and, with amendments,
adopted. As by the rules it must be adopted by a two-thirds' vote
at two consecutive meetings before its final adoption, the second
reading was deferred till the March meeting, when the consideration
of the By-Laws was also in order. As amended and adopted, it
is printed at the end of this number of the Journ.al.

The Donations for the month were announced as follows :
From S. S. Bassler, "Constitution of Meteorological Society," and
"Weather Bulletin" for December i, 1869; from D. L. James,
Seeds of Mcnispernniin Canadensc, and "American Journal of For-
estry," Vol. 1.; from U. P. James, Burrow of Carpenter Bee;
from Dr. O. D, Norton, Tooth of Elephant ; from Jos. E. James,
five pamphkts, viz. : "Affinities of Dioiice,'' "Cephalopoda of
Cincinnati Group," "Progress of Vegetation m Ohio Valley,"
"Revision of Genus Clematis," and "Remarks on Fossil Fungus,
etc."; from T, H. Aldrich, "Notes on Tertiary Fossils in Ala-
bama and Mississippi"; from the Publisher, "Hoosier Naturalist,"
Vol. L, No. 5; from the Smithsonian Institution Bulletins, Nos.
23, 28, 29 of U. S. National Museum, "Check List of Publica-
tions," and Nos. 39, 40 of Vol. VHL, "Proceedings of U. S.
National Museum"; from Ward & Howell, Catalogues of "Casts
of Fossils," "Mammals, Birds, etc.," "Comparative Osteology,"
"Rocks of New York System," "Minerals," and "Natural Science
Bulletin," Vols. L, H. and HL, No. i ; from Cincinnati Public
Library, "Finding List of Books"; from John B. Clunet, Portrait
of Chas. Bodman; from John H. Warder, Specimen of Albutite ;
from John Fulton, Johnstown, Penn., through J. H. Warder, Spec-

Proceedings of the Society. 37

imens of Iron Ore, Coal, etc., from Cambria Iron Co. ; from Chief
Signal Officer, "Monthly Weather Review," November, 1885 ;
from University of Vermont, "Catalogue of University" ; from C.
L. Faber, Three Photographs of Fossils, {Pliuniilites and Ptilodic-
tya): from W. J. Hoffman, pamphlet, viz. : "Reid's Account of
the Indians of Los Angeles Co., Cal." ; from Dr. J. S. Newberry,
"Notes on Geology and Botany of N. P. R. R." ; from Director
of U. S. Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of United States
for i883-'84.

Meeting of March 2, 1886.
President Harper in the chair and thirteen members present.
The Custodian announced that through Dr. O. D. Norton the
Society had secured the collection of the late Prof. Edw. S.Wayne,
donated by Mrs. Wayne. He also announced the formation of a
section of Botany, and called attention to a collection of plants
lately purchased from Mr. C. G. Pringle.

Miss Emma Frick and Mr, Geo. Peck were proposed for active
membership.

The following were duly elected active members :
David DeBeck, M. D., S. C. Heighway, M. D.,
Geo. F. Card, Wm, Snowdon Smith,

L. M. Petitididier, Chas. L. Mills,

Allen Collier, J. O. Shiras,

E. Williams, M. D., Mrs. E. Williams.

In accordance with the recommendation of the Executive
Board, Prof. Edward. Orton was elected an honorary member of
the Society.

Extracts FRO]\r Minutes of the Society.

December ist, 1885.

" Prof. Jos. F. James then moved that a committee on revision
of the Constitution be appointed to report at the next meeting."

"The motion was carried and the following Conmittee ap-
pointed at the suggestion of members: Geo. W. Harper, Jos. F.
James, J. R. Skinner, Wm. H. Fisher. Dr. W. A. Dun.

January 5th, 18S6.

"The report of the Committee on the revision of the Constitu-
tion was received and read."

"It was then laid over to the next meeting for discussion and
adoption."

38 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

February 2, 1886.
"The report of the Committee on Constitution was then taken
up and Dr. Dun moved that the Constitution be taken up section
by section."

March 2nd, 1886.
"The Constitution as revised and as read in the minutes of the
the preceding meeting was then called up and upon motion duly
seconded was adopted by a rising vote of 10 yeas to i nay,— chair-
man not voting."

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

— OF THE —

CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

(As revised and adoplfd March .'iid, iSS6.)

Article I.

The Society shall be called the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History.

Article II.

Its object shall be to investigate Natural History ; to carry on
observations which tend to increase the sum of Scientific Knowl-
edge ; to establish a Public Museum and a Scientific Library ; and
to provide for the diffusion of Science.

Article III.

It shall consist of the following classes of members : First,
Active members. Second, Section members. ■ Third, Life mem-
bers. Fourth, Corresponding members. Fifth, Honorary mem-
bers.

Article IV.

Section i. Any person shall be eligible as an active member
of the Society. All classes of memljers, except Section members,
shall be elected by ballot, after having been nominated at a preced-
ing meeting. The affirmative votes of three-fourths of the members
present shall be necessary to a choice.

Constitution and By-Laws of the Society. 39

Sfxtion 2. Any person not an active member paying five (5)
dollars per annum into the Treasury of the Society, may become
a Section meml)er by election to the Section and complying with
the recjuirements of the Section.

Section 3. Any person contributing fifty dollars at one time
to the funds of the Society, shall become a Life member, free from
assessment, on being elected in the same manner as an Active
member.

Section 4. Any Active member who has not been in arrears
for the term of twenty (20) years, becomes a Life member without
further payment. Any Active member who has not been in arrears
for a term of ten years, may become a Life member on the payment
of twenty-five (25) dollars, and be exempt from further assessment.

Section 5. The nomination of Corresponding and Honorary
members shall proceed from the Executive Board.

Article V.

Active and Life members only shall be entitled to vote or hold
office. Section members shall be entitled to attend the meetings
of the Society, to attend and take part in the discussions only of
the Sections to which they may belong, enjoy the privileges of the
Section, but they shall not be entitled to vote or hold office in
either the Society or any of the Sections, or to receive the Journal
of the Society.

Ar'iicle VI.

Section i. The officers of the Society shall be, a President,
two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, a Librarian, Cura-
tors, and four (4) members elected at large for the Executive Board,
and two Trustees, as provided for in Section 3 of this Article.
They shall be elected annually, at the meeting in April, and shall
hold office for the term of one year, or until their successors are
duly elected.

Section 2. The President, two Vice-Presidents, Secretary
and Treasurer, and the four (4) members elected at large for the
Executive Board, shall together constitute a PJoard for the manage-
ment of the concerns of the Society not otherwise provided for in
this Constitution, and be called the Executive Board. Five (5)
members of this Board shall be a quorum, for the transaction of
business.

40 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Skctiox 3. Two Trustees shall be elected at the next annual
meeting, one of whom shall hold office for the term of one year,
and the other for two years. And thereafter there shall be elected
annually one Trustee, who shall hold his office for two years. And
these two Trustees, together with the Treasurer of the Society,
shall be intrusted with, and have charge of, all funded property of
the Society, with power to sell and re-invest according to their
judgment. Bonds shall be retjuired of these Trustees in such
sums aiid with such sureties as may be satisfactory to the Execu-
tive Board. But the Treasurer shall not be re(iuired to give bond
both as Treasurer and Trustee.

Sk.ction 4. In ca.se of a vacancy by resignation, remoxal or
death, in any of the offices provided for by Section i of this Article,
the office or offices so vacated shall be filled by the Society at its
next regular meeting, notice having first been given of such
vacancy.

Articlk VII.

(Officers shall be chosen by ballot and a majority of voles shall
be necessary to a choice.

AkTICl,K VIII.

By laws for the more jjarticular regulation of the Society shall
from time to time be made.

Articlf. IX.

This Constitulion may be altered or amended in any of the
preceding articles by a vote to that effect of three-fourths of the
members ])resent at any two consecutive meetings of the Society,
the members having first been duly notified by the Secretary of
any proposed alteration, but the article which immediately follows
shall be unalterable.

Ari'iclk X.

The consent of every member shall be necessary to a dissolu-
tion of the Society. In case of a dissolution the property of the
Society shall not be distributed among the members of the Society,
but donors may claim and receive such donations as they may have
made to the Museum, and the remainder shall be given to some
public institution, on such conditions as may be then agreed on,
and the faithful performance of such conditions shall be secured by
bonds, with sufficient penalties for the non-fulfillment thereof.

Cotistitiition and By-Laws of tJic Society. 41

BYLAWS.

Article i. — jiembkrs.

Sectkin I. Nominations for active membership shall be made
in writing by three members, at least one month previous to the
time of election. Such nominations shall be referred to a Com-
mittee, consisting of the President, Secretary and Treasurer, who
shall report upon the same before balloting. Every person elected
an active member shall within six (6) months from the date of elec-
tion pay into the Treasury an initiation fee of five (5) dollars, ex-
cepting ladies, who shall be required to pay three (3) dollars, and
subscribe an obligation promising to conform to the Constitution and
By-laws of the Society; and until these conditions are fulfilled said
person shall possess none of the rights of membership nor shall said
name be borne upon the roll of members. Any person elected a
life member shall pay into the Treasury of the Society the sum of
fifty (50) dollars within six (6) months after election, subject to ex-
emption or reduction, according to the provisions of Section 4,
Article III of this Constitution.

Section 2. Corresponding members shall consist of persons
residing at a distance from the city, who may be interested in the
study of natural history, or desirous of promoting the interests of
the Society. Honorary members may be selected from persons
eminent for their attainments in science, on whom the Society may
wish to confer a compliment of respect: neither shall be required
to pay an initiation fee or make any contribution.

Section 3. No person whose application for membership has
been rejected, shall be again proposed within one year of the date
of said rejection.

Section 4. Any member may withdraw from the Society by
presenting his written resignation, and paying all arrearages due
from him. Members who shall be in arrears for the dues of one
year shall not be entitled to vote, hold office or to receive any of
the publications of the Society until such arrearages are fully paid :
and if not paid within one year thereafter, membership shall be
forfeited.

Section 5. Members may be expelled from the Society by a
vote of three-fourths of the members present at a regular meeting,
written charges having been preferred, a copy of which shall be
furnished the accused at least one month previous to such vote, and
the accused shall have opportunity to be heard thereon.

42 Cincinnati Society of Natural Hisioiy.

Article II. — officf.rs and thkir duties.

Skction \. The President shall preside at the meetings of the
Society, and of the Executive Board, and perform such other duties
as usually pertain to the office.

Sf.ci ION 2. The Vice-Presidents shall perform the duties of
the President in his absence, in the order of seniority in oflice.

Section 3. The Secretary shall record and preserve correct
minutes of the proceedings of the Society, and the Executive Board,
in books to be kept for that purpose; shall have the charge of all
records belonging to the Society; shall notify members of their
election, and committees of their appointmert; shall call si)ecial
meetings, when directed by the President; and shall notify all ac-
tive members of all meetings, and officers of all matters which shall
occur at any meeting requiring their action. He shall also conduct
the correspondence of the Society, and shall keep a record thereof,
shall keep the common seal, acknowledge all donations, and re-
ceive and read to the Society all communications addressed to it.

Section 4. The Treasurer shall have charge of all money or
other property of the Society, excepting the Museum and its con-
tents, and excepting also such property as may be placed by the So-
ciety or the Executive Board in the hands of the Trustees; shall
collect all fees and assessments, and receive all donations in money
which may be made to it; shall pay all accounts against the Society
when the same shall be approved by a vote of the Executive Board;
shall keep a correct account of all receipts and expenditures, in
books- belonging to the Society; and shall at each annual meeting,
and at other times when recjuired by the Executive Board, make a
detailed report of the same. He shall notify members, who are in
arrears, of their indebtedness to the Society, and shall repbrt all
delinquencies to the Executive Board annually.

Section 5. The Librarian shall have charge of the books be-
longing to the Society, or deposited for its use, and of the publica-
tions of the Society}'; he shall observe and enforce such regulations
as the Executive Board shall from time to time make for the use of
the books. He shall have charge of the distribution, sale and ex-
change of the jiublications of the Society, under the direction of
the Executive Board.

Section 6. The Curators shall be cx-fficio Chairmen of the
Sections, in their respective branches of Science. There shall be
one Curator for each of the following-named branches : Geology,

Constitution and By-Laws of the Society. 43

Entomology, Botany, Zoology, Osteology, Anthropology, Pho-
tography, Meteorology, Microscopy, Physics and Chemistry. The
Curators of Geology and Zoology shall have the power to appoint
sub-curators in their respective departments.

Section 7. The Executive Board shall control all expendi-
tures of money, make rules for the use of the Library and Museum,
and determine the duties of the Curators ; and they shall have power
to employ a Custodian and prescribe his duties, provided such Cus-
todian shall not be employed for any term which shall interfere
with his discharge at any time by the Board, and shall elect an-
nually a committee of five (5) members of the Society, to be called
the Publishing Committee. 'I'he Executive Board shall have full
power to act for the interests of the Society in any way not incon-
sistent with the Constitution and By-Laws. They shall annually
report to the Society the condition of the Museum and Library ;
and they shall elect annually a committee of three {3) active mem-
bers of the Society to be called the Lecture Committee.

Article IIL — assessments.

Section i. Active members shall be subject to an annual
assessment of five (5) dollars, excepting ladies, who shall be sub-
ject to an assessment of three (3) dollars, payable on the first Tues-
day of each year, but no assessment shall be required of any
member during the six months succeeding election.

Section 2. The President and Treasurer together shall be
empowered to exempt {sub sileiitio) a member from assessment,
when, from peculiar circumstances, they may deem it for the in-
terest of the Society so to do.

Article IV. — library.

Section i. All members of the Society, except Section
members, shall have access to, or take such books from the Library
as shall be set apart for circulation. The Executive Board may,
by special vote, extend the use of such books to others than mem-
bers, specifying the conditions under which they may be taken.

Section 2. The rules and regulations of the Executive Board,
for the use of the Library, shall be printed and exposed in the
Library Rooms, and a digest of them affixed to the volumes them-
selves. 1

. 44 Cincmnati Society of Natural History.

ArTICI.E V. MUSKUiM.

Section i. All members, and the' public generally, shall
have access to the Museum, at such times as the Executive
Board shall determine.

Section 2. No specimen shall be removed from the Museum,
except by order of the Society, or for the purpose of illustrating
the proceedings, and in either case the Curator shall take a receipt
for the same.

Article VI. — committees.

Section i. The Committee on Publication shall, from time
to time, cause to be published, and superintend the publication, of
such papers read to the Society, and such portions of the record
of the proceedings as may seem to them calculated to promote
the interests of science, so far as the funds appropriated by the
Executive Board shall permit. But all papers, before being
printed, shall first be read before the Society, either in full, l)y
abstract, or by title. Active and Life members and invited guests
only shall be privileged to read papers before the Society.

Section 2. The Committee on Lectures shall make arrange-
ments for series or courses of Lectures.

Sections 3. The President shall, at every annual meeting,
appoint a committee of three, whose duty it shall be to audit the
accounts of the receipts and expenditures of the Society.

Article VII. — sections and receptions.

Section i. For the purpose of facilitating and encouraging
special investigation in the several branches of Natural Science,
the members may organize Sections under the chairmanship of
the Curator of the special branch for which the Section is organ-
ized, upon the following conditions :

First. Such Sections must be composed only of members of
the Society.

Second. They must comply with all the provisions of the -
Constitution of the Society.

Third. They may organize under a constitution and by-laws
of their own, and elect their officers, except the chairman, who is
elected by the Society.

Fourth. Being an educational institution, the Society pro-
hibits any section from engaging in any thing for money jjrofit.

Constitution and By-Laivs of tJie Society. 45

Section 2. Receptions for the members and invited guests
may be given under the auspices of the Society.

Article VIII — meetings.

vSection I. The regular meetings of the Society shall be held
on the first Tuesday of each month. Those held in April, July,
October and January shall be for the transaction of business.
Those held in May, June, August, September, November, Decem-
ber, February and March shall be for scientific purposes. The
April meeting shall be known as the Annual Meeting, at which
the President shall deliver an address, the officers shall read their
reports, and the officers of the Society shall be elected.

Section 2. Nine (9) members shall be a quorum for the
transaction of business.

Section 3. The order of proceeding at business meetings
shall be as follows :

1. Reading of Minutes of preceding business meeting.

2. Candidates for membership to be proposed.

3. Election of members.

4. Reading the Minutes of the Executive Board.

5. Business arising from the reading of Minutes of the Ex-
ecutive Board.

6. Unfinished bitsiness.

7. New business.

8. Scientific communications,

9. Donations.
10. Adjournment.

The order of proceeding at scientific meetings shall be as fol-
lows :

1. Reading of Minutes of preceding scientific meeting. •

2. Written communications.

3. Verbal communications.

4. Candidates for membership to be proposed.

5. Election of members.

6. Miscellaneous business.

7. Donations.

8. Adjournment.

46 Chicinnati Society of Natural History.

Article IX. — amkndmk.xts.

Section i, All propositions to amend these By-Laws shall
be in writing, and shall not be acted upon until the next regular
meeting, when a majority vote of the meml)ers present shall be
sufficient to adopt.

The following were the donations for the month of March :
From J. E. Bruce, six copies "Statistics of Ohio," 1884; from
Kansas Historical Society, "Celebration of Quarter Centennial of
Settlement of Kansas" ; from Americas Symmes, "Symmes' Theory
of Concentric Spheres"; from Bureau of Education, "Circulars
of Information, Nos. 3 and 4, 1885"; from Chief Signal Officer.
"Monthly Weather Review," December, 1885; from Cincinnati
Asbestos Company, six samples Asbestos and nine specimens felt-
ing and packing; from Alfred Stoehr, Specimens of Litchi Nuts ;
from U. P. James, Specimen of Sandstone from Indiana ; from
John H. Warder, Tin Ore from Virginia ; from James Ridge,
Photograph of Skull ; from Director of U. S. Geological Survey,
"Bulletins, Nos. 15-23,'' of Survey ; from James E. Shoenberger,
Specimen of Four-legged Chick ; from John F. FoUett, Vol. III.
of "U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of Territories, under F. V.
Hayden" ; from C. H. Walker, three Specimens of Tracks from
the Connecticut Valley, lot of Minerals fr5m various localities,
Bamboo Fan, Carved Gourd Bowl, Cocoanut Fibre Cap, Cocoanut
Ladle from Central America, Bark of Secpioia, Chinese Napkin,
etc.

Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 47

CATALOGUE OF THE MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES,
BATRACHIANS AND FISHES

JN THK COI.LFXTION OF THP:

CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Compiled by Joseph F. James, Custodian.

The following as Part III. of the general Catalogue of the
Collection of the Society, embraces the mounted Mammals and
Birds, the Bird-skins, the Reptiles, the Batrachians and the Fishes.
The Bird-skins are indicated by the work "skin" after the name.
The Reptiles, Batrachians and Fishes are, unless otherwise noted,
in alcohol. The numbers appended to the names are those of the
general Catalogue of the Collections — the Accession I^ist, as it is
called. Such notes are added to some specimens as are thought
to be of interest or value, and these are more copious in the Cata-
logue of Fishes than in the other cases, partly because less is gen-
erally known of them, and })artly because the material was at hand
in a convenient form.

Class I. — Mammalia.

Order i. Primates. (Monkeys.)

Family Simiidae.
(Old World Monkeys.)
Cercocebus collaris. Collared Mangabey. No. 2724.
Cercocebus fuliginusus. Is. Geof. Sooty Mangabey. 2579,
2580.

Cercopithecus callitrichus, Is. Geof. Green Monkey. 2505,

2577-

Cercopithecus mona. Mona Monkey. 2510, 25 11.

Cercopithecus rubra. Patas Monkey. 2512.

Cynocephalus annubis, F. Cuv. Annubis Baboon. 2573,
2574, 2576, 2578, 2588, 2589, 2590.

Cynocephalus babouin, Desm. Yellow Baboon. 2586.

Cynocephalus mormon, Linn. Mandrill. 2571, 2725.

Cynocephalus sphinx, Linn. Guinea Baboon. 2587.

Macacus erythrgeus, Schreb. Rhesus Monkey. 2507, 2584.

48 Cincinnati Society of Natnral History.

Macacus cynomolgus, Linn. Maca(]ue Monkey. 2581,2582.
Macacus nemestrinus, Linn. Pig-tailed Monkey. 2591.
Macacus niger. I'.lack Ape. 2515.
Macacus radiatus, Shaw. Bonnet Monkey. 2583.
Semnopithecus entellus. Lntellus Monkey. 2728.

Family Cebidai.
(New World Monkeys.)

Ateles, sp. Spider Monkey. 45S8.

Cebus capuchinus, Geof. Weeper Capuchin. 2508, 2509.

Cebus fatuellus, Brown Capuchin. 2727.

Cebus hypoleucus, Humb. White-throated Capuchin. 3443'

Hapale jackus White-eared Marmoset. 2513.

Hapale pencellata. Black-eared Marmoset. 2514.

Family Lemuridae.

(The Lemurs.)

Lemur brunneus. Black-headed Lemur. 2726.

Order 2. 'Carnivora.
(The Flesh Eaters.)

F'amily Felidae.
(The Cats.)

Felis leo, Linn. Lion. (Lioness and 2 cubs, 2519. Young
lion, 2520.

Felis onca, Linn. Jaguar, 2527, 2528.

Lyn.x Canadensis, Raf. Canada Lynx, 3417.

Family Viverridio.
(The Viverras.)
Genetta vulgaris. Lees. Genet. 3712.
Paradoxurus typus, Cuv. Bush Cat. 3711.
Viverra civetta. Civet Cat. 3705

Family Mustelidte.
(The Weasels.)

Lutra Canadensis, Sabine. (Jtter. 2532, 2533,

Mustek Americana, Turton. Pine Marten. 3698, 3699.

Putorius ermineus, Cuv. Weasel. 3719.

Putorius foetidus, var. fura. Ferret. 3723.

Putorius vison, Capper. Mink. 3829.

Catalogue of the Mammals, Birch, Reptiles, ete. 49

Family Melinidae.
(The Badgers )

Meles taxus. Badger. 3423, 3424.

Mephitis mephitica, Baird. Skunk. 2530, 2531.

Taxidea Americana, Baird. American Badger. 2529.

Family Canids.
(The Dogs.)
Canis lupus, Luin. Gray Wolf. 2517. White Wolf. 2518.
Urocyon cinereo-argentatus, Coues. Grey Fox. 2521, 2522.
Vulpes vulgaris. Red Fox. 2523. (with two young) 2524.

Family .Ursidae.
(The Bears.)

' Ursus Americanus, L. Black Bear. 2525.

Ursus horribilis. Grizzley Bear (2 cubs). 2534.

These two cubs were born in the Zoological garden in this
city, and were three days old when they died. Mr. Chas. Dury,
in Volume IV of this Journal, p. 68, describes and figures one of
the young of another litter similar to these. The two specimens
above noted are 10^ and wY^ inches long, respectively, and the
eyes are tightly closed. In describing the specimen illustrated, Mr.
Dury says, "The body was of a dusky flesh tint, thickly covered
with short, stiff hair, of a dirty white color, with a broad dorsal line
of ash colored hairs, from the occiput to the tail. The face was
rich flesh color. The nose was reddish pink, as were also the ears.
The soles of the feet were bright, carmine red."

Ursus Malayanus. Malay Sun Bear. 2526.

Family Procyonidse.
(The Raccoons.)
Procyon lotor, Storer. Raccoon, (2 specs) 3701. Albinio,
3702.

Procyon nasua. Nose Bear. 3703, 3704.

Order 3. Pinnipedia.
(The Seals.)

Phoca vitulina, L. Hair Seal. 3633.

Zalophus Californianus, Allen. . California Sea Lion. 3700.

50 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Order 4. Ungulata,
(The Hoofed Mammals.)

Family Perissodactyla.
(The Solid Hoofed Mammah.)
Asinus (Equus) Burchelli. Burchell's Zebra. 4625.

Family Artiodactyla.
(The Split Hoofed Mammals.)
Antilocapra Americana, Ord. Prong-horn Antelope. 3736.
Axis (Cervus) maculatus. Axis Deer. 3737.
Cervus porcinus. Hog Deer. 3738. (Fawn — 24 hours old.)
Ovis tragelaphus. Aoudad. 3735.
Sus plicrpes, Gray. Japanese Masked Hog. 4620.

Order 5. Cheiroptera.
(The Bals.)

Family Vespertilionidai.

(The Ordinary Bats.)

Atalapha cinereus, Coues. Hoary Bat. 3710.

Vespertilio fuscus, Beauv. Carolina or Dusky Bat. 3708,

3709-

Order 6. Insectivora.
(The Insect Eaters.)

Family Erinaceidfe.
(The Hedge Hogs.)
Erinaceus Europoeus- Hedge Hog. 2730.

Family Soricidce.

(The Shrews.)

Blarina brevicauda, Bd. Mole Shrew. 3734.

Order"]. Rodentia.
(The Gnawers.)

Family Sciuridae.

(The S(iuirrcls.j

Cynomys ludovicianus. Prairie Dog. 3732.

(Four Specimens.)
Arctomys monax, Gmel. Woodchuck. 3721.

(Two Specimens.)
European Marmot. 3722.

Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 5 i

Family CastoridjE.
(The Beavers.)
Castor fiber, Linn. Beaver. 3726, 3727.

Family Saccomydas.
(The Pouched Gophers.)
Geomys bursarius, Ricli. Pocket Gopher. 3730.

Family Muridse.
(The Mice.)
Arvicola pinetorum, LeC. Pine Mouse. 3733.
Fiber zibethicus, Cuv. Muskrat. 3713.

Family Hystricidte.
(The Porcupines.)
Erethizon dorsatum. Canada Porcupine. 3416.
Hystrix cristata. African Porcupine. 3720.
Sphingurus mexicanus, Shaw. Mexican Tree Porcupine.
3718..

Family Caviidae.

(The ('avys.)

Dasyprocta isthmica. Central American Agouti. 4315.
Dasyprocta punctata. Punctated Agouti. 2729. •

Family Octodontidae.
(The Hares.)

Lepus Americanus, Erxl. North American Hare. 3725.
Lepus campestris. Prairie Hare. 3724.

Order 8. Edentata.

(The Edentates. j

Family Dasypodidse.

(The Armadillos.)
Dasypus sex-cinctus. Six-Banded Armadillo. 3706.

Order 9. Marsupialia.
(The Pouched Mammals.}

Family Didelphyidae.
(The Opossums.)

Didelphys quica. Quica Opossum. 2731.

Didelphys Virginiana, Shaw. Virginia Opossum. 4619, 4618.

(Albino.)

52 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Family Macropodidee.
(The Kangaroos.)
Halmaturus, Sp.(?) Kangaroo. 4622, 4623.
Macropus giganteus. Great Kangaroo. 4625.

Family PhascolomyidtC.

(The Wombats.) ^

Phascolomys latifrons. Hairy-nosed Wombat. 4621.

Family Monotremata.
(The Monotremes.)

Ornithorhynchus paradoxus. Duck billed Platypus (2 skins)
4616, 4617.

Besides the two skins above noted, the Society has a skeleton
of this curious animal, which recent investigation proves to bean
oviparous mammal. It is becoming rarer every year.

Class II. — Aves.

(Birds.) *

Order i. Passeres.
(Passerine Birds or Perchers.)

Family Turdidte.
(The Thruslies.)

Galeosco])tes carolinensis, Caban. Cat Bird. (In case).

Harporhynchus rufus, Caban. Brown Thrasher. 4096.

Hylocichla alicia^. Gray Cheeked Thrush. (Skin.)

Hylocichla fuscescens, Baird. Wilson's Thrush. 4094.

Hylocichla mustelina, Baird. Wood Thrush. (In case.

Hylocichla unalashkm, var pallasi, Ridgw. Hermit Thrush.
(Skin.)

Hylochichla ustulata, var Swainsoni, Ridgw. Olive Backed
Thrush. 4093.

Merula migratoria, Sw. & Rich. Robin. (In case.)

Mimus polyglottus, Boie. Mocking Bird. (Skin.)

One of the skins of this species was taken at Madisonville, O,
about 12 miles from the city, but was no doubt an escaped cage
bird.

Turdus merula, L. English Robin. 4095.

Family Cinclidit3.
(The Water Ouzels.)
Cinclus Mexicanus, Swains. American Water Ouzel. (Skin.)

Catalogue oj the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 53

Family Saxicolida;.
(The Stone Chats.)
Sialia sialis, Halde. Blue Bird. 4097.
Sialia arctica, Swains. Rocky Mountain Blue Bird. (Skin.)

Family Sylviidse.
(The Sylvias )

Regulus calendula, Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. (Skin.)
Regulus satrapa, Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet. 4098.
Polioptila cgerulea, Sel. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. (Skin.)

Family Paridae.

(The Titmice.)

Lophophanes bicolor, Bon. Tufted Titmouse. (Skin.)

Parus atricapillus, Linn. Black-capped Chickadee. (Skin.)

Parus Carolinensis, Aud. Carolina Chickadee. (Skin.)

Family Sittidge. •

(The Nuthatches.)
Sitta Carolinensis, Gmel. White-bellied Nuthatch. 4099.
Sitta Canadensis, Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. (Skin.)

Family Certhiidas.

(The Creepers.)

Certhia familiaris, var. rufa, Ridgw. Brown Creeper. 4100.
Family Troglodytidte.

(The Wrens.)
Anorthura troglodytes, var hyemalis, Coues. Winter Wren.

(Skin.)

Cistothorus stellaris, Caban. Short-billed Marsh Wren. (Skin.)
Telmatodytes palustris, Baird. Long-billed Marsh Wren.

(Skin.)

Thryothorus ludovicianus, Bon. Carolina Wren. (Skin.)
Troglodytes aedon, Veill. House Wren. (Skin.)

Family MotacillidcS.
(The Wagtails.)
Anthus ludovicianus, Licht. American Titlark. (Skin.)
Neocorys spraguei, Scl. Sprague's Titlark. (Skin.)

Family Minotiltidae.
(Warblers.)
Dendroeca ^Estiva, Baird. Summer Yellow Bird. 4106.
Dendroeca audubonii, Baird. Audubon's Warbler. (Skin.)

54 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Dendrceca c^erulea, Baird. Cerulean Warbler. 4107.
Dendroeca caslanea, Baird. Bay-breasted Warbler. (Skin.)
Dendroeca csrulescens, Baird. Black-throated Blue Wart)ler.

4108.

Dendrceca coronata, Gray. Yellow-rump Warbler. (vSkin.)
Dendroeca discolor, Baird. Prairie Warbler. (Skin.)
Dendrceca dominica, Baird. Yellow-throated Warbler. 4110.
Dendrceca dominira, var all)ilora, Baird. '\\'hite-l)rowed

Yellow-throated Warbler. (Skin.)

Dendroeca maculosa, Baird. Black and Yellow Warbler.

4109.

Dendroeca palmarum, Baird. Red-poll Warbler. (Skin.)

Dendroeca pennsylvanica, Baird. Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Skin.)

Dendroeca striata, Baird. Black-poll Warbler. (Skin.) '

Dendroeca virens, .Baird. Black throated Green Warbler.
(Skin.)

Helminthojjhaga celata, Baird. Orange-crowned Warbler.
(Skin.)

Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis, Langdon. Cincinnati War-
bler. (Skin.)

This is the only specimen of this yet taken. It was shot near
Cincinnati, by Dr. F. W. Langdon, and described and figured
by him in this Journal, Vol. III., p. i [9.

Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Baird. Golden-winged War.
bier. (Skin.)

Helminthophaga peregrina, Baird. Tennessee Warbler. 4104.

Helminthophaga pinus, Baird. Blue-winged Yellow War-
bler. 4105.

Helminthophaga ruficapilla. Baird. Nashville AVarbler.
(Skin.)

Helmitherus Nermivorus, Bon. Worm-eating Warbler. 4103.

Icteria virens, Baird. Yellow-breasted Chat. 41 13.

Icteria virens, var longicauda. Coues. Long-tailed Chat.
(Skin.)

Geothlypis trichas. Caban. Maryland Yellow Throat. 41 12.

Geothly|)is Philadelphia, Baird. Mourning Warbler. (Skin. )

Mniotilta varia, Y'iell. Black and White Creeper. 4102.

Oporonis agilis, Baird. Connecticut Warbler. (Skin. )

Oporonis formosa, Baird. Kentucky Warbler. (Skin.)

Catalogue of tJw Mauiiiials, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 55

Parula Americana, pjon. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.

(Skin.)

Perissoglossa tigrina, Baird. Cape May Warbler. (Skin.)
Protonotaria citrea, Baird. Prothonotary Warbler. (Skin.)
Setophaga ruticilla, Swains. American Redstart. 4114.
Siurus motacilla, Coues. Large-billed Water Thrush. (Skin.)
Siurus auricapillus, Swains. Golden-crowned Thrush. 41 11.
•Siurus n^vius, Coues. Small-billed Water 'J'hrush. (Skin.)
Wilsonia mitrata, Bon. Hooded Warbler. (In case.)
Wilsonia canadensis, Coues. Canadian Fly-catching Warbler.

(Skin.)

VVilsonia pusilla, Bon. Black-capped Yellow Warbler.

(Skin.)

Family Vireonidas.
(Tlie Vireos.)
Lanivireo flavifrons, Baird. Yellow-throated Vireo. 4123.
Lanivireo solitarius, Baird. Blue-headed Vireo. (Skin.)
Vireo BelHi, Aud. Bell's Vireo. (Skin )
Vireosylvia gilva, Cass. Warbling Vireo. (Skin.)
Vireosylvia Philadelphica, Cass. Philadelphia Vireo. (Skin.)
Vireosylvia oblivacea, Bon. Red-eyed Vireo. 4129.

Family Laniidaj.

(The Shrikes.)

Lanius borealis, Viell. Great Northern Shrike. (Skin )
Lanius ludovicianus, Linn. Loggerheaded Shrike. (Skin.)
Lanius ludovicianus, var excubitorides, Coues. White-rumped
Shrike. 4124.

Family Ampelidse.
'The Chatterers.)

Ampelis cedrorum, Baird. Cedar Wax-wing. 4122.
Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Northern Wax-wing. (In case.)

Family Hirundinidse.

(The Swallows.)
Hirundo erythrogastra, Bodd. Barn Swallow. 4120.
Petrochelidon lunifrons, Laur. Cliff Swallow. 4121.
Progne subis, Baird. Purple Martin. (Skin.)
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Baird. Rough-winged Swallow.
(Skin.)

Tachycineta bicolor, Caban. White-bellied Swallow. (Skin.)
Tachycineta thalassina, Caban. Violet-green Swallow. (Skin.)

56 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Family Tanagridae.
(The Tanagers.)

Pyrangra testiva, Viell, Summer Red Bird. 4116,4117,
4119.

Pyranga rubra, Viell. Scarlet Tanager. 4118.

Family Fringillidae.
(The Finches.)
yEgiothus linaria, Caban. Common Red-poll. 4128.
Ammodromus candacutus, Swains. Sharp-tailed Finch.

(Skin.)

Astragalinus tristis, Cab. American Gold Finch. (Skin.)
Astragalinus Lawrenceii, Bon. Lawrence's Gold Finch.

(Skin.)

Cardinalis Virginianus, Bon. Cardinal Grosbeak. 4134.
Cardinalis, Sp. South American Cardinal. 4135.
Carpodacus purpureus, Baird. Purple Finch. 4125, 4126.
Centrophanes Lapponicus, Caban. Lapland Longspur.

(Skin.)

Centrophanes pictus, Caban. Smith's Longspur. (Skin.)
Chondestes grammica, Bon. Lark Finch. (Skin.)
Chrysomitris pinus, Bon. Pine Gold Finch. (Skin.)
Coturniculus passerinus, Bon. Yellow-winged Sparrow.

(Skin.)

Calamospiza bicolor, Boss. Lark Bunting. (Skin.)
Guiraca caerulea, Swains. Blue Grosbeak. (Skin.)
Hesperiphona vespertina, Bon. Evening Grosbeak. 4139.

4140.

Junco hymalis, Scl. Black Snowbird. (Skin.)

Leucosticte tephrocotis, Swains. Gray-crowned Rosy Finch.

(Skin.)

Melospiza fasciata, Scott. Song Sparrow. 413 1.
Melospiza Lincolni, Baird. Lincoln's Finch. (Skin.)
Melospiza palustris, Baird. Swamp Sparrow. (Skin.)
Loxia curvirostra, var Americana, Coues. American Cross-
bill. 4127.

Loxia leucoptera, Gmel. White-winged Cross-bill. (Skin.)
Passerina ciris, Gray. Painted Bunting : Nonpareil. 4133.
Passerina amoena, Gray. Lazuli Bunting. (Skin.)
Passerina cyanea, Gray. Indigo Bunting. (In case.)

Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc, 57

Passerculus sandwichensis, var Savannah. Ridgw. Savan-
nah Sparrow. (Skin.)

Passerella iliaca, Sw. Fox colored Sparrow. (Skin.)
Peucaea cassini, Baird. Cassin's Sparrow. (Skin.)
Pinicola enucleator, Viell. Pine Grosbeak. 4141,4142.
Pipilo chlorurns, Baird. Green tailed Towhee. (Skin.)
Pipilo erythropdialmus, Viell. Chewink : Towhee. 4136,

4137- ■' wp ,

Pipilo maculatus, var megalonyx, Coues. Spurred lowhee.

(Skin.)

Plectrophanes nivalis, Meyer. Snow Bunting. (Incase.)

Pooecetes gramineus, Baird. Grass Finch. 4130.

Rhynchophanes Maccowni, Baird. McCown's Longspur.

(Skin.)

Spiza Americana, Bon. Black-throated Bunting. 4132.

Spizella domestica, Coues. Chipping Sparrow. (Incase.)

Spizella montana, Ridgw. Tree Sparrow, 4150.

Spizella pusilla, Bon. Field Sparrow. (Skin.)

Zamelodia ludoviciana, Coues. Rose-breasted Grosbeck.

4138.

Zonotiichia albicollis, Bon. White-throated Sparrow. (In

case.)

Zonotrichia lencophrys, Swains. White-crowned Sparrow.

(In case.)

Family Icteridae.
(The Orioles.)
.■\gel3eus phoeniceus, Viell. Swamp Blackbird. 4144,
Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Swains. Bobolink. (Skin.)
Icterus galbula, Coues. Baltmiore Oriole. 4145-
Icterus spurius, Bon. Orchard Oriole. (In case.)
Molothrus ater. Gray. Cow Bird. 4143-
Quiscalus purpureus. Leicht. Purple Grackle. (Skin.)
Ouiscalus purpureus, var .F:neus, Ridgw. Bronzed Grackle.

4147, 4148.

Quiscalus major, Viell. Boat-tailed Grackle. (Skin.)
Scolecophagus ferrugineus, Swains. Rusty Blackbird. 4146.
Sturnella magna, Swains. Meadow Lark. (In case.)
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, Baird. Yellow-headed Black-
bird. (Skin.)

58 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Family Sturnidae.
Acridotheus, Sp. Mino Bird. 3783.
Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. European Starling. 4115.

Family Corvidae.
(The Crows and Jays.)
Corvus frugivorus, Bartr. Common Crow. 4149.
Cyanocitta cristata, Strickl. Blue Jay. (Incase.)
Pica rustica, var Hudsonica, Baird. Black-billed Magpie.
(Skin.)

Family Alaudidae.

(The Larks.)

Fremophila alpestris, Boie. Shore Lark. 4101.

Family Pittidae.
The Pittas.;
Brachyurus cuciillatus. Hooded Pitta. 3782.

Family Tyrannidaj.
(The Flycatchers.)
Contopus borealis, Baird. Olive-sided Flycatcher. (Skin.)

Contopus virens, Caban. Wood Pewee. 4151.
Epidonax acadius, Baird. Acadian Flycatcher. (Skin.
Epidonax fiaviventris, Baird. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

(Skin.)

Epidonax minimus, Baird. Least Flycatcher. (Skin.)
Epidonax pusillus, var Traillii, Baird. Traill's Flycatcher.

(Skin.)

Milvulus forficatus, Swains. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. (Skin.)
Myiarchus crinitus, Caban. Great Crested Flycatcher.

(Skin.)

Sayornis fuscus, Baird. Phoebe Bird; Pewee. (Skin.)

Sayornis nigricans, Bon. Black Pewee. (Skin.)

Tyrannus Carolinensis. Tenim. King Bird; Bee Martin.

(In Case.)

Tyrannus verticalis, Say. Western King Bird. (Skin)
Tyrannus vociferans, Swains. Cassin's King Bird. (Skin.)

Order 2. Picarise.
( Picarian Birds.)

Family Trochilids.
(The Humming Hirds. )
Trochilus colubris, Linn. Ruby-throated Humming Bird.
4152-

Catalogue of the Maniuials, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 59

Calypte anniK, Gould. Anna's Humming Bird. (Skin.)
Selasphorus rufus, Aud, Rufous Humming Bird. (Skin.)

Family Cypselidse.

(The Swifts.)
Chaetura pelagica, Baird. Chimney Swift. (Skin.)

Family Caprimulgidae.
(The Goat Suckers.)
Antrostomus Carolinensis, Gould. Chuck Will's Widow.
(Skin.)

Caprimulgus vociferus, Bon. Whip-poor-will; Night Jar.
4630.

Chordeiles popetue, Baird. Nighthawk. (Skin )
Phalaenoptilus Nuttalli, Ridgw. Poor-will. Skin.)

Family Picidae.
(The Woodpeckers.

Centurus Carolinus, Bon. Red-bellied Woodpecker. (Skin.)

Colaptes auratus, Swains. Yellow-shafted Flicker. 4156.

Colaptes auratus, var. Mexicanus, Ridgw. Red shafted Flicker.
(Skin.)

Hylotomus pileatus, Baird. Pileated Woodpecker, 4153.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Swains. Red-headed Wood-
pecker. (Skin.)

Picas pubesceus, Linn. Downy Woodpecker. 4154.

Sphyrapicus varius, Baird. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

4155-

Family Alcedinidae.
(The Kingfishers.)
Ceryle alcyon, Boie. Belted Kingfisher. 4396.

Family Cuculidae.
(The Cuckoos.)
Coccyzus Americanus, Bon. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Baird. Black-billed Cuckoo.
(Skin.)

Geococcyx Californianus, Baird. Road-runner ; Chaparral
Cock. 2700.

Order 3. Psittaci.
(The Parrots.)

Family Psittacidae.
Conurus Carolinensis, Kuhl. Carolina Parakeet. (Skin.)

6o Cindmiati Society of Natiwal Histoiy.

Conurus leucotis. Brazilian Parrot. 4157.

Conurus sp. Parrot. 4159

Melopsittacus undulatus. Grass or Shell Parokeet. 4160.

Rose-throated Parrot. 4626.

Family Rhamphastidae.

(The Toucbns.)

Ramphastos carinatus. South American Toucan. 3697.

Order 4. Raptores.
(Birds of Prey.'l

Family Strigidae.
(The Owls.)

Aluco flammeus, var Americanus, Ridgw. American Barn
Owl. (Skin.)

Asio acciptrinus, Newton. Short-eared Owl.

Bubo Virginianus, Bon. Great-horned Owl. 3425, (young)
3449, 4168, (adults).

Glaucidiura gnoma, VVagl. California Pigmy Owl. 4167.

Scops asio, Bon. Little Screech Owl. (Skin.)

Strix nebulosa, Forst. Barred Owl. 4629.

Speotyto cunicularia, var. hypoga^a, Ridgw. Burrowing Owl.

(Skin.)

Family Falconidae.
(The Falcons.)
.Accipiter Cooperi, Bon. Cooper's Hawk. 4627.
Accipiter fuscus, Bon. Sharp-shinned Hawk. (Skin.)
.•Esalon columbarius, Kaup. Pigeon Hawk. (Skin.)
Aquila chrysaetus, var. Canadensis, Ridgw. Golden Eagle.

4164.

Buteo Cooperi, Cass. Cooper's Hen Hawk. (Skin.)
Buteo lineatus, Jard. Red-shouldered Hawk. 4166.
Buteo Pennsylvanicus, Bon. Broad-winged Hawk. (Skin.)
Buteo Swainsoni, Bon. Swainson's Hawk. (Skin.)
Circus hudsonius, Viell. Marsh Hawk. 4165.
Elanus glaucus, Coues. White-tailed Kite. (Skin.)
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Savig. Bald Eagle. 41 61.

(Adult.) 4162, 4163, (Young).

Family Cathartidae.
(New World Vultures.)
Cathartes aura, Illig. Turkey Buzzard. (Skin.)
Catharista atrata. Less. Black Vultures : Carrion Crow.

(Skin.)

Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 6\

Hierofalco Mexicanus, var polyagrus, Ridgw. Prairie Hawk.

(Skin.)

Pandion Halia^etus, var Carolinensis. Ridgw. Osprey: Fish

Hawk. 3739.

Tinnunculus sparverius, Viell. Sparrow Hawk. (Skin.)

Order 5. ColumbfE.

(The Doves. )
Family Columbida;.
(The Doves.)
Ectopistes migratoria, Swains. Passenger Pigeon. 4304,

4305-

Order 6. GallinsE.

(The Gallinaceous Birds.)

Family Tetraonidae.

(The Grouse, j

Bonasa umbellus, Steph. Ruffled Grouse. (Skin )

Cupidonia cupido, Baird. Prairie Hen.

Lagopus albus, Aud. Willow Ptarmigan. (Skin.)

Pedioecetes phasianellus, var Columbianus. Coues. Common

Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Family Phasianidte.
(The Pheasants.)

Euplocomus nycthemerus, Silver Pheasant. 4301-
Phasianus colchichus, English Pheasant. 4302.
Family Perdicidse.
(The Partridges.)

CaUipepla squamata, Gray. Scaled Quail.
Lophortyx Californica, Bon. California Quail.
Lophortyx Gambeli, Nutt. Gambel's Quail. (Skin.;
Oreortyx picta Baird. Mountain Quail. (Skin.)
Oreortyx picta, var plumifera, Ridgw. Plumed Quail.
Ortyx Virginiana, Bon. Bob-white : American Quail.

Order 7. Herodiones.
(The Herons and Starks.)

Family Ardeidse.

(Tiie Herons. )

Ardea Herodias, Linn. Great Blue Heron. 3747. 3748.
Ardetta exilis, Gray. Least Bittern. 3757.
Botaurus lentiginosus, Steph. American Bittern. 3752, 3753.
Bittorides vires cens, Bon. Green Heron. (Skin.)
Florida cserulea, Baird. Little Blue Heron. 3751.
Herodias alba, var egretta, Ridgw. American Egret. 3749,

375°-

62 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Nyctlardea grisea, var n?evia, Allen. Black-crowned Night
Heron. 3754. •

Family Ibididae.
(The Ibises.)
Endocinus ruber, Wagl. Scarlet Ibis. 3418.

OrihrZ. Limicolas.
I The Shore Birds.)

Family Strepsilidae.

(The Turnstones.)
Slrepsila.s interpres, Illig. Turnstone. (Skin).

Family Charadriidae.
(The Plovers.)
yEgialitis scniipalmata, Caban. Semipalmated Plover. (Skin.)
Charadrius duminicus, var fulvus, Ridgvv. Pacific Golden
Plover. (Skin.)

Oxyechus vociferus, Reich. Killdeer. (Skin.)
Squatarola helvetica, Cuv. Black-bellied Plover. (Skin.)

Family Scolopacidixi.
(The Snipe.;
/\.ctodromas fuscicollis, Ridgw. Bonaparte's Sandpiper. (Skin.)
Actodromas maculata. Coues. Pectoral Sandpiper. 3774.

3775-

Actochromas minutilla, Bon. Least Sandpiper. 3778.

Calidris arenaria, Illig. Sanderling. (Skin.)

Ereunetes pusillus, Cass. Semipalmated Sandpiper. (Skin.)

Gallinago media, var Wilsoni, Ridgw. Wilson's Snipe.

(Skin.)

Limosa fedoa, Ord. Marbled Godwit. 4309.
Micropalama himantopus, Baird. Stilt Sandpiper. (Skin.)
Macrorhamphus griseus, Leach. Gray Snipe : Red-breasted

Snipe. 3779.

Numenius borealis, Lath. Eskimo Curlew. 3780,

Pelidna alpina, var Americana, Cass. Red-Backed Sandpiper.
(Skin.)

Philohela minor, (}ray. American Woodcock. (Skin.)

Rhyacophilus solitarius, Cass. Solitary Sandpiper.

Symphemia semipalmata, Hard. Willet. 3776, 3777.

Totanus flavipes, Viell. Yellow Legs 4314.

Totanus melanoleucus, Viell. Greater Yellow Legs: Telltale.
(Skin.)

Tringa canutus, Linn. Robin Snipe : Knot. (Skin.)

Tringoides macularius, Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. (Skin.)

Family Phalaropodida;.
(The Phalaropes.)
Phalaropus fulicarius, Ban. Red Phalarope. (Skin.)

Catalogue of the Mammals, Binh, Reptiles, cte. 63

Family RecurvirostridLC.
(The Avocets.)
Recurvirostra Americana, Gmel. American Avocet. (Skin.)

Order 9. Alectorides.
(The Cranes and Rails )

Family Rallida^.

(The Rails.)

Fulica Americana, Gmel. American Coot. 3784.
Gallinula galeata, Bon. Florida Gallinule. 4308.
Porzana Carolina, Baird. Sora Rail. 3773.
Porzana noveboracensis, Baird. Fittle Yellow Rail. 3771,

3772-

Rallus elegans. And. Red-breasted Rail. 377c.
Rallus Virginianu.s, Linn. Virginian Rail. 3769.

Family AramidcT.

(The Limpkins.)

Aramus pictus, Coues. The Limpkin. (Skin.)
Family Gruidge.

(The Cranes.)

Grus^Americana, Temm. Whooping Crane. 3419.
Grus Canadensis, Temm. Sandhill Crane. 3746.

Order 10. Lamellirostres.
(The Anserine Birds.)

Family Anatidae.
(The Ducks.)
Anas boscas, Linn. Mallard. (Skin.)
Anas obscura, Gmel. Black Duck. (Skin.)
Aix sponsa, Boie. Wood-duck; Summer Duck. 3767, 376S.
Anser albifrons, var Gambeli, Coues. American White-fronted
Goose. 3666.

Aythya Americana, Bon. Red-head Duck. 431 t.

Bernicla brenta, Steph. Brant. 3758.

Carinia moschata. Muscovy Duck. 3740.

Clangula albeola, Steph. Butter Ball; Bufifiehead. 3763,

3764- • . .

Clangula glaucium, var. Americana, Ridgw. American Gold-

eneye. 3766.

Dafila acuta, Bon. Pintail Duck. 4303.

Erismatura rubida, Bon. Ruddy Duck. 4312.

Fuhx affinis, Baird. Little Blackhead. (Skin.)

Fulix collaris, Baird. Ring-billed" Blackhead Duck. 4310.

Lophodytes cucuUatus, Reich. Hooded Sheldrake. 4307.

Mareca Americana, Steph. Baldpate. 3759, 3760, 3761.

Mergus merganser, var Americanus, Ridgw. American Shel-
drake. (Skin.)

Mergus serrator, Linn. Red-breasted Sheldrake. 3762.

Nettion Carolinensis, Baird. Green-winged Teal. 3765.

64 Cinciwiati Society of Natural History.

Olor atrata. Black Swan, (Australia). 3744, 3745-
Olor cygnus, Bon. European Swan. 3742 (voung), 3743
(adult).

Querquedula discors, Steph. Blue winged Teal. 4313.
Spatula rly|)eata, Boie. Shoveller Duck. 3741.

Family Pelecanidfie.
(The Pelican.s.)
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Gmel. American White Pelican.
(Skin.)

Order II. Steganoi)odes.
(The Totipalmate Birds.)

Family Phalacrocoracidpp.

(The Cormorants.)

Phalacrocorax dilophus, Nutt. Double crested Cormorant. 3696
Phalacrocorax dilophus, var Floridanus, Ridgw. Florida Cor-
morant. (Skin.)

Family Plotidae.
(The Darters.)
Plotus anhinga, Linn. Snake Bird. 3756.

Order 12. Longipennes.
(The Long-winged Swimmers.)

Family Laridae.
(The Gulls.)
Hydrochelidon lariformis, var Surinamensis, Ridgw. Black
Tern. (Skin.)

Larus argentatus, var. Smithsonianus, Cones. American Her-
ring Gull. 3631.

Sterna antillarum, Coues. Least Tern. (Skin.)
Sterna macrura, Naum. Arctic Tern. (Skin.)

Family Procellariidae.

(The Petrels.)

Cymochorea leucorrhoa, Coues. Leach's Petrel. (Skin.)

Order 13. Pygopodes.
(The Divers.)

Family Podicipidae.

(The Grebes.)

Dytes auritus, Ridgw. Eared Grebe.
Podilymbus podiceps, Lawr. Thick-billed Grebe.

F'amily Colymbidae.
(The Loons.)
Colymbus torquatus, Brunn. Loon. 2569, 3630.
Family Alcidae.

(The Auks.)
Fratercula corniculata, Gray. Horned Puffin. (Skin.)
Lomvia troile, var Californica, Coues. California Guillemot.
(Skin.)

Ptycorhamphus /Vleuticus, Brandt. Cassin's Auk. (Skin.)

TO BE CONCLUDED.

TPHB JOURNAL

OF THE

Qncinnati Society of Natural [jistory.

VOL. IX. CINCINNATI, JUNE 1886. No. 2.

PROCEEDINGS CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL

HISTORY.

Annual Meetini;, April 6, 1886.

In absence of the President and Vice Presidents the meeting
was called to order by the Secretary, and Mr. Chas. Dury elected
chairman pro lem.

Twenty-six members present. The minutes of the previous
business meeting for January were read and approved.

The following j)ersons were proposed for membership :
Alfred Gaither, H. C. Powers, Miss Mary Magurk, Miss Ellen
M. Patrick, Miss Mary L. Stettinius, Lawrence Poland, Mrs. A.
T. Keckeler, Miss Lily HoUingshead, Dr. E. W. Walker.

Miss Emma Frick and Mr. Geo. Peck were elected active
members.

The minutes of the Executive Board for December, January
and February were then read.

The reports of the officers were called for and submitted as
follows :

The Secretary reported that the usual monthly meetings had
been held on the first Tuesday of each month, with an average of
attendance for the year of 14.6.

Twenty-one papers were submitted, nearly all of which were
published in the Journal. Eighty members had been elected, a
larger number than in any previous year of the history of the So-
ciety. The roll of members now numbers 157 names. He also
submitted a list of the life members of the Society.

In the absence of the Treasurer, Mr. S. E. Wright, his report

2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

was read l)y the Custodian. 'I'lie receipts for tiie year were re-
ported as follows :

Balance on hand April, 1885 $646 30

Income from all sources 3, 262 14

Total $3,908 44

EXPENDrrURES.

General expenses, salaries, publishing Journal, etc... $2,851 15

Attorney's fees and i)remiums paid 186 22

Balance on hand 871 07

Total $3, 908 44

Increase of available funds $224.07. Surplus of receipts over
expenditures by the Executive Hoard $410.99.
The number of members fully paid up (as per list submitted) 116

Members in arrears, one year 10

" " two years 9

Resigned during the year 5

Died (Dr. W. D. Clendenin) 1

Tlie Treasurer also submitted a list of members, with the
standing of each one upon his books.

Messrs. O. D. Norton, R. H. Warder and W. H. Fisher
were appointed a committee to audit the report of the Treasurer.

The Curator of Pala:;ontology, Mr. Chas. L. Faber, reported
that the collection now contains about 2,000 species, 450 of which
belong to the Cincinnati group. He also made suggestions look-
ing to a better disj^lay of the collection and requested changes in
the cases of the palajonlotogical room.

Mrs. M. C. Morehead, Curator of Conchology, reported a
considerable addition to the de[)artment since the previous annual
meeting. Several valuable exchanges had been effected, a com-
|)lete catalogue of the species in the collection prepared and
printed. The purchase of 400 species of Florida shells from Henry
Hemphill had been ordered. Donations of money for this pur
chase had been made by Messrs. T. H. Aldrich, Geo. ^V. Harper,
J. R. Skinner, Rev. Raphael Benjamin, Chas. L. Faber, U. P.
James and Mrs. M. C. Morehead, amounting to ^30.00, and the
Executive Board had paid the additional $20.00 to make up the
price of the collection. The Curator also called for more room
tor the display of specimens.

Mr. Geo. S. Huntington reported additions to the Depart-
ment of Entomology as follows : Burrow of Carpenter Bee, Web

Proceedings of the Society. 3

of Tinea Zese, Wood with Sclolythus burrows. The cabinet had been
thoroughly inspected and disinfected. The Custodian's Catalogue
of the 300 species of Calsoptera had been printed.

The Curator of Botany. Miss Nettie Fillmore, in her report
said : "The first work of the year was the papering and general
refitting of the room devoted to this department. The two new
cabinets ordered last year were moved into their places, and in
them the Custodian has arranged the Herbaniam of the Society.
A card catalogue of this has been commenced. The 400 speci-
mens of Mexican plants recently purchased are not yet fully ar-
ranged." "Among the donations are 128 species of grasses from the
Department of Agriculture ; seeds, section of Bamboo, {\\\q. specimen
of cork, and a large lot of botanical plates and books from Prof.
E. S. Wayne's collection.'' A section had been organized and
meetings would be held regularly till June 12th. After the sum-
mer vacation the section expected to resume work in September.

The collections of the Department of Onithology and Manu-
nalogy were reported to be in good condition by Mr. Chas. Dury.
The additions during the year were fourteen birds and one mam-
mal.

Dr. D. S. Young, Curator of Icthyology, reported no addi-
tions during the year, but the collections in good condition,
though unfavorabl}^located for observation,

Mr. R. H. WOTder reported that the Department of Anthro-
pology had received some specimens of interest. Earthenware
from E. vS. Wayne's collection, specimens of mound builder relics,
and implements from tlie shores of Lake Zurich, Switzerland,
from Dr. W. A. Dun. The Curator also suggested that the Exe-
cutive Board consider the advisability of appropriating a few hun-
dred dollars for the exploration of mounds.

The Report of Dr. O. D. Norton, Curator of Comparative
Anatomy, showed additions to the collections by purchase from
the estate of the late Dr. Geo. Bowler ; skeletons of Giraffe,
Horse, Lion, Leopard, Tapir, and other osteological specimens of
value. The report also stated that skeletons of all the domestic
animals were desired for the collection.

Dr. Walter A. Dun, Curator of Meteorology, reported that
through the kindness of Serg. P. T. Jenkins, the Signal Service
Observer at Cincinnati, and Gen. Hazen, the Chief Signal Service
Officer, the Society now receives the " Daily Weather Map'' and
"Daily Weather Bulletin, 7 a. m." A large "Symbol Map" had

4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

also been donated to the Society. A section was organized under
Mr. E. S. Comings, who had "felt constrained to resign." The
section hoped to arrange for the distributicni of forecasts and
weather signals among members, and have tliem displayed in
various parts of the city.

Mr. Geo. Bullock, on l)chalf of the Photographic Section, re-
ported verbally that the section had forty-four members enrolled ;
that they had expended about $575.00 in fitting up the rooms
assigned to them ; that they met on the first and third Thursday of
the month in the evening, from November to May, and in the af-
ternoon during the summer season. The members of the Society
at large were invited to attend the meetings of the section.

The Custodian and Librarian, Prof. Jas. F. James, then read
his reports, as follows :

REPORT OF THE CUSTODIAN.

Cincinnati, April 6, 1886.

Mr. President and Mcnil>ers of tlic Cincinnati Society of Natural
History :

In accordance with the usual custom your Custodian begs to
present his report of the work accomjflished during the year just
closed, and to offer such suggestions as may be of service to the
Board of Officers during the coming year.

The curators of the various departments will, I presume, ac-
quaint the Society with the additions made during the year and
the conditions of the collections under their charge, so that it
remains for me to accjuaint the members with the means and
method of providing for the numerous accessions and the general
character of the proceedings during the year. The accession book,
in which is entered before being put in the cases the si)ecimens
received, was alluded to in my last annual report. * This has been
continued as far as practicable during the past year, and although
it does not yet include all the specimens in the collection, nor
even all those received in the year, yet it has now reached No.
4,800, excluding 3,000 numbered and catalogued plants, and
about 1,800 numbered and catalogued shells. The same plan is
expected to be continued during the coming year, and it is hoped

*See tliis Journal, \'III., p.. 7C'.

Proceedings of the Society. 5

that this time next year all the sj^ecimens of the collections will be
catalogued, and the additions constantly be posted to date.

As a part of the work of cataloguing it has fallen upon me to
arrange for publication in the Journal of this Society a catalogue
of the whole collection. Few have an idea of the amount of work
this entails, but partial results can be seen in the last volume of
the Journal, where in the April number is a catalogue of the
Mollusca belonging to the Society, in the July number one of the
Coleoptera, and in the October and January numbers one of the
Library. The publication of the Mollusca and Library catalogues
has been of great benefit to the Society's collection. By means of
the former have been added more than 400 species of shells
(received in exchange), and by the latter at least fifty volumes of
valuable scientific books. Extra numbers of these catalogues were
printed and can be obtained at a small price from the Librarian.

The removal of a number of flat cases, which had l)een left in
the building on deposit, created a hiatus which has not yet been
filled. The consequence was that two cases of shells and two of
Lidian remains had to be packed out of sight, and these are now
inaccessible. I would urge upon the Executive Board of the
Society the necessity of securing other cases to take the place of
those claimed by the owner, in order that the collection may be
adequately displayed. In this connection I will call attention to
the cases of drawers, which, upon the urgent plea of the former
Curator of Palasontology and the Custodian, were procured during
last summer. These cases, made after a plan submitted by myself,
are of stained poplar lumber, are each twenty-eight inches high,
outside measure, with a base raising them above the floor, twenty-
two inches in width, and the same in depth. Each case contains
six drawers, each one three inches deep, inside measure, and with
a lock for securing the specimens from molestation. These cases
have been filled with fossils, and answer the purpose for which
they were made admirably, and as they are high enough from the
floor to admit of a flat glass case being put upon them, th^y utilize
space which would l)e otherwise lost. I would suggest that other
cases be modeled upon these, and the bulk of the fossils and shells
be herein placed, having of course a sufficient number in flat cases
for an attractive display.

The want of case room for specimens has become most urgent.
Those devoted to minerals are already overflowing, and yet there
are several hundred requiring room. I do not find that the sug-

6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

t^estions of the last Curator of Mineralogy have been acted upon
during the ])ast year, though I think the Society would have done
well to see that a collection of typical rocks^ minerals and petro-
logical specimens, such as ripple marks, mud cracks, rain drop
impressions, and so on, was arranged for display. This depart-
ment, too, should be made of jjractical use. Examples of the
\arious forms of granite, S)'enite and gneiss, might have enabled
the paid inspectors of our coming granite pavements to perform
their wo'-k with something like intelligence.

Since my last report the room devoted to Uotan}- has l)een
htted up, as your C'urator of IJotany will inform you, and three
rooms on the first Ooor in the rear of the building have been given
up to the Photographic Section and admirably arranged, of this
the Curator of Photography can inform you, as it has been done
under his supervision and that of the Secretary of the Section, Mr.
E. J. Carpenter.

Two valuable donations have been received during the year
which deserve special mention. One of these is a collection of
fifty paintings of Fungi of North America, painted by Mrs. A. P.
Morgan. They are in oil, and are accurate scientifirally, and
beautiful artistically. They have been framed, and now decorate
the walls of our building. The other donation was one of thirty-
eight photographs of Western scenery received from the United
States Geological Survey. These represent views in Colorado,
Utah, New Mexico and the Yellowstone region, and would be
ornamental if framed and hung upon our walls, as they should be.

The collections have been viewed by numbers of citizens and
strangers, and have been used to a certain extent by the schools,
but not so freely as in previous years, because, perhaps, the
teachers have not taken the pains to come with the scholars. But
on two occasions during the year there was an especially large
number of visitors and guests of the Society. One of these occa-
sions was the celebration of the birthday of Louis Agassiz on May
28th. On this occasion Dr. James A. Henshall read by invitation
a eulogy on Agassiz which was afterward printed in full in the
Journal of the Society.* At the conclusion of the reading of this
paper and of a poem by Mrs. R. Murdoch Hollingshead, the
company spent a ])leasant hour in examining the objects exhibited
under -i number of microscopes loaned by the Society members
and others.

*Vol. \'ni.. p. I2g, July, 1SS5.

Proceedings of the Society. 7

The other occasion was on December 15th, when invitation
cards were issued for a microscopical exhibition in the Society
lecture room. Some seventy-eight microscopes were on the tables,
and many interesting objects were shown. Among them was a
living Hydra, exhibited by Mr. Geo. B. TAvitchell, the circulation
of blood in a frog by Ur. Walter A. Dun, section cutting by Dr.
Allen, of Glendale, and many others. The company gathered
together expressed themselves highly gratified, and the Society
can be sure that receptions and exhibitions of this kind are of
great importance in keeping it before the public, as well as
enabling the citizens to know of the existence of our institution.

The feature of the past year, however, which has been most
prominent in the work, has been the series of lectures given under
the Society's auspices. The first course given was one on Prac-
tical Analytical Botany, for the benefit of the teachers of the
public schools especially. This course began April i8th and con-
tinued every Saturday morning from 10 to 11 o'clock until June
20th. The average attendance was twenty, and as the accommo-
dations were limited to twenty-five, it can be seen the lectures
were appreciated. They were given by your Custodian, and were
devoted to the explanation of the manner of analysis of between
forty and fifty flowers.

The second course was also for the benefit of public school
teachers, and was on Physiology and Hygiene, and given by Dr.
Walter A. Dun. Some sixty- five tickets were issued to applicants,
and the first few lectures were attended by from thirty to forty
teachers. At the end of the course, however, enthusiasm slack-
ened, and from twelve to fifteen was the average number. The
course began on October 3rd and lasted till Deceml)er 12th, ten
lectures in all, one Saturday being omitted. These lectures were
illustrated by blackboard sketches, experiments and microsco])ic
specimens.

The third and last series was the regular Popular Scientific
course, which has attracted much attention and become a neces-
sary part of the winter programme of the Society. The arrange-
ments were made for this course by the middle of December by
the Lecture Committee, and on Friday, January 8th, the first one
was delivered. They followed at intervals of one week and the
course was concluded on the 19th of March. The following were
the subjects and the lecturers :

8 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoty.

" Hudson's Bay and Its Territory.". .Mr. Wm. Huhkell Fisher.

" Ants and their Habits." Prof. A. D. Morrill.

" Science in Schools." Rev. Geo. M. Maxwell.

" Clarification of Water." Prof. C. R. Stuntz.

" Geology of Natural Gas." Prof. Edward Ortc^n.

" Atmospheric Electricity." Mr. E. S. Comings.

"Our World a Type of Other Planets.". Prof. Geo. W. Harper.

"Astronomical Review." Prof. R. W. McFarland.

"An Australian Fern-tree Forest." .... Rev. Raphael Benjamin.

" Nebulae and Star Clusters." Mr. Wm. H. Knight.

"Experiments in Electricity and Magnetism."

Mr. Geo. F. Card.

Such was the interest taken in these lectures that on most
occasions there was standing room only to be had. The lecture
room was not large enough to hold the audiences. On two occa-
sions, viz: "The Geology of Natural Gas" and "Experiments
in Electricity," there seemed to be so much interest manifested
that College Hall was secured, and on both nights the hall was
filled with an interested audience. The good which these evening
lectures has done the Society is not to be estimated, for while no
one can tell the indirect advantage, the direct good to the Society
has on many occasions been j)lainly manifested.

The difficulty experienced in seating the audiences gathered
in our own lecture room has forced upon the attention of the
members a fact which has long been patent to a few, namely, the
necessity for a larger room. The present room is large enough
for a comfortable reading, reception and library room, but it is
totally inadecjuate for lectures of a popular scientific nature.
Were it three times as large there would be little difficulty in
filling it at our evening lectures; and although the matter was
spoken of at some meetings last year and nothing was done, it
behooves the members of the Society and of the new Executive
Board as our managers, to take immediate steps toward an
enlargement of our building. We have still some unoccujjied
ground, and it has been estimated that at a sum not to exceed
seven or eight thousand dollars an addition could be made to our
present quarters which would give room for the increase of our
museum, and give us a good sized lecture hall, room sufficient for
several years to come. There is already in the hands of the
Treasurer a nucleus for a building fund, and if some of the
wealthy men of our city would give but a fraction of what has

Proceedings of the Society. ^ 9

been and is being put into the Cincinnati Museum we would be in
position to make ourselves much more useful than heretofore.
This is the greatest need now of the Society, and the watchword
and rallying cry of members and officers should be
"A new building and more room."
All of which is res[)ectfully submitted,

Jos. F. James, Custodian.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.

Cincinnati, April 6, 1886.

All-. President and iMc/nt'crs of tlic Cincinnati Society of Natural
History :

Your Librarian takes the opportunity at this the annual
meeting of the Society to accjuaint the members with the condition
of the library at the close of the year just passed, and he takes
great pleasure in presenting a favorable report.

During the year a catalogue of the books and pam])hlets in
the library has been printed in the Journal, occupying fifty-one
pages, and showing a total number of nearly 2,800 volumes and
pamphlets on the shelves. Some of the last are bound, and some
await collation and arrangement into volumes. Besides the
printed catalogue, the card catalogue has been kept posted up to
date, so that with very littletrouble it can be ascertained whether a
volume wanted is in the library or not.

The additions during the year ending December 31, 1885,
were 415 volumes and pamphlets. Many of these have been
received in exchange for the Journal of the Society, through
donations were liberal. A full list of the additions was printed in
the Journal for January, 1886.

The exchange list of the Society has assumed considerable
proportions. There are now 114 on the list, and of these ninteen
have been added .since the last annual meeting. From the list
appended to this report it can be seen that the Journal is sent to
nearly all parts of the world. Most of the societies in the country
that publish proceedings are on the list, as well as many periodi-
cals of a scientific nature. The number of subscribers is neces-
sarily small, there being at present only nine.

There have been about 120 copies distributed to members
during the past year, but owing to the increase of membership this

lo Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

number will probably be greater during the year to come, as 500
copies are printed of each number, there still remain about 250 for
further distribution or sale.

Besides the additions made to the library by the exchange of
the Journal, considerable additions have resulted from the
exchange of duplicates of various books which have been received,
and this will probably be a source of considerable increase in the
future. Of various periodicals and pamphlets accumulated, 115
volumes have been bound and placed on the shelves. This rapid
increase will soon crowd the shelves and make more room a neces-
sity, but at present there is still space at command.

The use of the library has been limited, but it is hoped that
the members of the Society will soon come to realize the value of
the library as one of reference and consult its books and pamphlets
more frequently.

(Then follows a list of the exchanges of the Society.)
Respectfully submitted,

Jos. F. Jamp:s, Librarian.

The Society then elected officers for the year as follows :

President, Dr. Walter A. Dun.

First Vice President, Wni. Hubbell Fisher.

Second Vice President, J. Ralston Skinner.

Secretary, Davis L. James.

Treasurer, S. E. Wright.

Trustees, one year, Julius Dexter.

two years, Reuben H. Warder.
Librarian, Joseph F. James.

Members at large for the Executive Board :

T. H. Kelley, Wm. H. Knight,

Rev. Raphael Benjamin, Dr. O. D. Norton.

Curators —

Cxeology, J. W. Hall, Jr.

Entomology, Geo. S. Huntington.

Conchology, Mrs. M. C. Morehead.

Botany, Miss Nettie Fillmore.

Zoology. Chas. Dury.

Osteology, Dr. O. D. Norton.

Anthropology, Geo. W. Harper.

Photography, George Bullock.

Proceedings of the Society. 1 1

Meteorology, L. M. Prince.

Microscopy, Geo. B. Twitchell.

Physics and Chemistry, Prof. Thos. French, Jr.

The Secretary was instructed to convey to Gen. W. B.
Hazen and Serg Jenkins, of the Signal Service, the thanks of the
Society for kind assistance in procuring for the Society the Daily
Weather Bulletin and Symbol Map.

Mr. R. H. Warder moved that " a committee be appointed to
take such action as may be necessary to create public sentiment
against the use of skins of our song birds for millinery and orna-
mental purposes."

Messrs. R. H. Warder, Wm. H. Fisher and Chas. Dury were
appointed a committee with power to act.

The President, Dr. Dun, (who had taken the chair) said that
a committee had been appointed to report upon the granite to be
used in paving the city streets, and that there would be a special
meeting of the Society to receive and discuss this report at an
early date.

Mr. Aldrich said that Mr. Thornton Hinkle had prepared a
paper on various kinds of pavements for the Literary Club, and
moved that Mr. Hinkle be invited to be present at the discussion.

Mrs. Jos. F. James, Secretary of the Botanical Section,
invited all members interested in Botany to attend a meeting of
the section Ajjril lo, 1886, at 2 p. m.

Dr. Dun said that the special meeting spoken of above would
be held April i6th.

Adjourned.

Donations were received as follows : From J. A. Townley,
cone of Pinus Lambertiana, cones of Sequoia gigantea ; from
Am. Ornithologist's Union, two pamphlets; from Director United
States Geological Survey, Fifth Annual Report; from Chas. L.
Faber, three species fossils, two cases of drawers, three flat cases,
one stand; from W. A. Dun, M. D., sj^ecimens Swiss Lake
dweller remains, mound-builder skull, arrow points and gorget
from Ohio; from United States Fish Commission Bulletin, Nos. i,
2 and 3 ; from Dr. O. D. Norton nine specimens marbles ; from
Signal Service Officer Monthly Weather Review, January, 1886;
from J. A. Lintner, Second Annual Report New York State Ento-
mofogist; from the Bureau of Education Report of Commissioner,
1883-4; from the estate of E. S. Wayne, about 100 volumes, books,

12 Cincinimti Society of Natural History.

300 botanical plates, 300 species minerals, 50 specimens fossils, a
lot of unbound magazines; from Division of Entomology, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 11; from Dr. (). D. Norton
Eaton's Botany North America; from Robt. Ridgeway Stejneger's
Explorations of Commander Islands and Kamtschatka ; from
James W. Queen & Co. Microscopical Bulletin No. 6 ; from I. C.
Reeve Abbreviations in the Geological Record; from Department
of Agriculture, per Geo. Vasey, 128 species American Grasses.

Special Mketing Tuesday, April 16, 1886.

Dr. Dun presided, and Prof. Geo. VV. Harper read a rei)ort
upon "Granite used for paving in the city streets." The paper
was followed by an interesting discussion, in which the invited
guests of the Society took part. The ])roceedings of the meeting
were fully reported with an exhaustive abstract of the i)a])er in the
daily ])a])ers of the next morning.

Scientific Meeting, Tuesday, May 4, 1886.

Vice President Fisher in the chair. Fifteen members present.

The minutes of the meeting for March were read and
approved,

Mr. Fisher called attention to the omission of the words "of
April" in Section I,, Article 3, of the printed copy of the revised
constitution .

Prof. Jos. F. James read a papei on the " Geology of Cin-
cinnati."

Dr. Dun, the President, now took the chair.

Prof. Harper, the retiring President, then read his annual
address.

The following persons were nominated for active member-
ship : Miss M. Therese Davis, Miss Katharine M. lAipton, Mr.
and Mrs. R. F. Leaman, Mr. Wm. Gibson, Miss Mary Osborn,
M. D., Miss Ida Murdoch, Mr. Chas. Goepper.

Meml)ers were elected as follows : Miss Ellen M. Patrick,
Miss Mary E. Magurk, Miss Mary Stettinius, Miss Lily Hollings-
head, Mrs. A. T. Keckeler, Lawrence Poland, Alfred Gaither,
H. C. Powers, Dr. E. W. Walker.

The Custodian announced that a case of minerals showing
granites and their constituents had been prepared for exhil)ition in
the Chamber of Commerce.

Proceedings of the Society. 13

Mr. W. H. Fisher reported verbally on behalf of the Auditing
Committee. (The report in writing was afterwards filed with the
Secretary).

President Dun said that a class would be organized at an
early day to study the weather under Mr. S. S. Bassler.

The Botanical Section showed a collection of native and
hardy exotic plants in blossom, in all about eighty species.

Members were invited to attend a meeting of the Photo-
graphic Section on Thursday, May 6th, at 3 p. m., to examine a
series of lantern slides.

Adjourned.

Donations were announced as follows : From Chief Signal
Service, Weather Review, February, 1886; from Geo. J.
Hinde, one pamphlet ; from P. Herbert Carpenter, Review of
Fossil Crinoids; from J. F. Judge, M. D., collection of shells,
fossils, etc.; from A. P. Morgan, species ofPolyporei of Miami
Valley to illustrate articles published in the Society's Journal ;
from Paul Mohr, sixteen (16) specimens marbles ; from John H.
Warder, specimen Bessemer Steel, two specimens artificial
graphite.

MICROSCOPICAL EXFIIBITION.

On the 30th of April a public microscopical exhibition was
given at the rooms of the Society. Some twenty microscopes were
exhibited by Messrs. F. Spaeth, M. A. Spencer &Co., Crocker &:
Co., and Dr. Marsh, as wellas by members of the Society.

The objects to be seen covered almost the entire field of
microscopical research. Micro organisms of disease were ex-
hibited by Drs. Ricketts and Caldwell. Diatoms by H. C.
Fithian and Dr. J. H. Hunt. Living pond life in the shape of a
hydra by Dr. Hunt, and fresh water alg?e by Geo. B. Twitchell.

Dr. Taft exhibited a section of a cat's jaw, which aside from
its value for study in histology, was a remarkable specimen of
skillful work in preparation. The circulation of the blood
in a frog's foot could be seen through Dr. Dun's microscope.
Prof. James demonstrated the microscopic structure of the higher
plants. In the way of accessary apparatus a new microtome
exhibited by Dr. Allen, proved of great interest to all working
microscopists present.

14 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

TuKSDAY Evening, May 25, 1886.

A special meeting was held under the direction of the Lecture
Committee to receive reports of the Committee on " Destruction
of Native and Song Birds." Messrs. Chas. Dury, R. H. Warder
and Wni. Hubbell Fisher read papers on the subject.*

Tuesday, y//;/^ I, 1886.

President Dun in the chair. Twenty members present.

The minutes of the preceding meeting for May were read and
approved.

Dr. F. W. Langdon read a paper on " The Destruction of
our Native Birds."

Mr. Chas. Dury exhibited a specimen of a hybrid duck — a
cross between the Mallard and Pin-tail.

Mr. Dury also read several notes upon the disa])pearance and
growing variety of wild pigeons, cormorants, (piail and birds gen-
erally. He did not agree with Dr. Langdon's conclusions, and
thought that the Doctor had underestimated the destruction of
birds for millinery purposes. The disappearance of the wild
pigeon was directly due to man and not to the scarcity of food or
the destruction of forests.

Dr. Langdon said that his paper was chiefly written to
protest against what seemed to him an undue exaggeration of the
influence of man in destroying song birds. The growth of cities
drives birds away from only small localities. That the United
States will ever be without song birds -is too much to say. Man is
not the principal factor in nature. Species have appeared and
disappeared long before he appeared upon the field of action.
The work of the paleontologist shows that many have become
extinct through wholly natural causes. These causes still operate,
and man can change them but little, if at all. The ivory-bill wood
pecker, cited by Mr. Dury, was always a rare bird. It had dis-
appeared from our locality, but man was not directly responsible
for its extinction. A law higher than man governs the destruction
of species. The offer of |ioo,ooo could not extirpate the English
sparrow in the State of Ohio.

Prof. J. F. James said that the inhabitants of foreign countries
were deserving of consideration as in the matter of destruction of

*Abstr:icls of these papers, and Uiat of Dr. Langdon, read June ist, will appear in
another place in the JoUKNAL.

Proceedings of the Society. 1 5

bird life for ornament. The whole world is interested. The fact
that tropical birds are more commonly used for ornament did not
change our obligation to desist from encouraging the destruction of
birds from whatsoever a source the supply of ornaments may be
derived.

Mr. y. R. Skinner asked if there was any perce[)tible decrease
in the numbers of robins, warblers and thrushes.

Mr. Dury said he thought there had been no decrease ; that
they had increased in numbers in some localities, as far as he had
observed.

Dr. Langdon said he had heard two wood thrushes in song in
Avondale but a short distance from Main avenue.

Dr. Dun said he was glad to hear from Dr. Langdon.
Every question had two sides, and it is well to consider them.
The mortality of man in our city is as great as that in the bird
world, according to the figures given by Dr. Langdon. Fish have
been saved from extinction by the fostering care of the State
through its fish commission. Cannot similar work be done for the
birds.

The following papers were read by title: "On the Making
of Lantern Slides," l)y E. J. Carpenter, read originally before the
Photographic Section, and now presented to the Society. "The
Tertiary Fauna of Newton and Wautubbee, Miss.," by Otto
Meyer and T. H. Aldrich.

Prof. J. F. James read a short paper on " Recent Synomyms
in the Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group."

Messrs. H. P. Piper and Harry W. Brown were nominated
for active membership. The Executive Board proposed the name
of Prof. R. W. McFarland for honorary membership.

The following persons were elected for active members :
Wm. Gibson, Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Leaman, Miss Mary E.
Osborn, M. D., Miss Ida Murdoch, Miss Katharine M. Lupton,
Mr. Chas. Goepper, Miss M. Therese Davis.

The resignation of Thos. French, Jr., Curator of Chemistry
and Physics, was received and accepted.

A specimen from Idaho, said to be an "Agate plant," was
referred to Mr. Geo. B. Twitchell, Curator of Microscopy, for
report.

A communication addressed to the President from V. Lieu-
tamd, offering to sell to the Society an ancient inscribed stone, was
received and referred to the Executive Board.

1 6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The report of the Curator of Mineralogy was read and
accepted.

By motion, duly seconded and carried, 1 )r. () I). Norton
was made a committee of one to present the thanks of the Society
to Mrs. E. W. Wayne for the generous gift to its museum of her
late husband"'s collection of minerals and natural history speci-
mens.

The Society then adjourned.

The donations for the month were as follows ; From E. O.
Ulrich, contributions to Am. Paleontology, vol. i, May, 1886;
from the Division of Entomology of the Department of Agricul-
ture, Bulletins Nos. 8 and 11; from Yale College, Report of
Observatory, 1884-85; from Chief Signal Officer, Weather Review,
March, 1886; from Smithsonian Institution, Report 1884; from
Carlos Shepard, skull from mound on Big Miami; from U. P.
James, stem of Aralia spinosa; from Jacob S. Burnet, specimen of
Bilostoma grandis; from Mrs. U. P. James, larvai of beetles;
from Mrs. M. Cassily, three specimens coccoons Cecropia Moth ;
from John C. Branner, 'M. D., pamphlet on Glaciation of Wyom-
ing and Lackawanna Valleys; from E. D. Cope, three pamphlets;
from United States Geological Survey, Bulletins Nos. 24, 25 and
26; from Chas. E. A. Ryder, wasp's nest from Buenos Ayres ;
from Dr. O. D. Norton, accretion from sparks in sawing steel;
from Zoological Garden, one Lop-eared Rabbit, one Barred Owl,
one Black Howling Monkey.

Annual Address. ij

ANNUAL ADDRESS

BY PROF. Giio. w. HARPER. (Read May 4, 1886.)

The large increase in the membership of the Society during
the past year, the many and valuable additions to our library and
museum, and the present healthy condition of our finances, are
not only evidences of present prosperity, but are omens of good in
the future. This flourishing condition of our Society should be a
source of gratification not only to every member, but to every
lover of science in our city, but we must not forget that this sub-
stantial growth brings with it increased responsibility.

Within the near future several questions must be settled,
questions of great interest not only to our city but to the cause of
science in general. Prominent among these questions is, the
future location for this Society. Large and valuable private col-
lections are awaiting the decision of this (question. Our rooms
are already over-crowded, and many valuable specimens are rele-
gated to dark corners where they can not be seen to advantage.
It is true that the present building might be enlarged so as to cover
the entire lot, but the relief would be but temporary, for in a very
few years we would need additional room.

It is quite plain that at an early day we will be compelled to
remove from our present location, and any move is likely to be a
permanent one. Hence the question, where ? should be carefully
considered and wisely settled.

The great cost of a suitable lot and the question of cleanliness
are two insuperable objections to any location within the limits of
the lower levels of our city. If, then, we must go to the hill tops,
there are only two localities eligible — Burnet Woods and Eden
Park, In both a site could be selected high and isolated, so as to
avoid a large percentage of the dust and smoke, so detrimental to
fine collections, within the heart of our city.

Between these two locations the preference should be given to
Eden Park, as it will soon be very accessible, having two cable
lines connecting it with the center of the city, and because there is
already located there a museum of art, and this would become
doubly attractive' if it were a museum of science as well as of art.
In other cities where the great mistake has been made of organ-
izing separate museums of science and art, the two institutions
have become rivals for public favor to the detriment of both.

1 8 Cinciiniati Society of Natural History.

The directors of the West Museum have already accepted in
in trust a large and valuable collection of ancient Peruvian
pottery.

The extensive collection of minerals, fossils and archeology
belonging to Paul Mohr, Esq., will be displayed in the same
building.

Mr. Cleneay's numismatic cabinet, together with his unriv-
aled collection in archeology, will no doubt take the same direc-
tion. By this action of the trustees in furnishing room in their'
fire-proof building for these valuable collections in science, they
have already laid the foundations of a great museum of the arts
and sciences, which will either overshadow or absorb all kindred
institutions in our city. If the Mechanics' Institute, the State
Archeological Association, the Historical Society of Ohio, the Nat-
ural History Society of this city, and all similar institutions, while
maintaining their separate organizations, were to concentrate in
one building, or cluster of buildings, with a common hall fur
assembly purposes, they would each and all better conserve the
purposes for which they were founded.

Great libraries and museums permeate with their healthful in-
fluence all grades of society. They not only attract the passing
stranger but they invite permanent residents among the better class
of educated and refined people, and particularly special students
of science, who naturally seek homes in places where the largest
facilities are afforded for study.

In a great commercial and manufacturing city comi)eting
sharply with rival cities for the trade of a wide extent of territory,
it becomes necessary that our citizens be thoroughly posted in re-
gard to the great and live questions of the day, and what can con-
duce to this end better than these great i)ublic institutions.

Nearly all valuable discoveries and inventions were first
thought out and formulated in the busy brain of some scientist and
then handed over to a practical man who never could have origi-
nated them, but who is quick to discern their practical bearing
and to push them in the marts of the world for all they are worth.
It is only when the enthusiast in science and the practical man of
the world go hand in hand that there is real substantial progress.

Our University can never become a seat of learning in the
true sense without these necessary adjuncts of the higher educa-
tion. Time was when our lovers of art were compelled to live in
exile in order to draw inspiration from the great art collections of

Annual Address. i^

Europe, while our scientists in like manner made long pilgrimages
to the great museums of Paris, of Berlin, and London, but now
our home collections are exciting an interest even on the other
side of the oc^an.

The large and unrivaled collections made in the Bad Lands
of Dacotah by Prof. Marsh for the Yale College, and the remark-
able work done by Louis Agassiz and his co-laborers for the
Harvard College Museum are weli-known.

The growth of the American Museum, established in Central
Park, New York, a few years ago, has perhaps been the most re-
markable. The City of New York has so far expended over half
a miUion towards the building, which is only about one-eighth of
the intended cost when completed. This museum is maintained
by a private society. It has already received the following dona-
tions, namely a conchological collection, numbering 50,000 speci-
mens, and valued at 10,000 dollars, with a library on conchology
numbermg 10,000 volumes, the gift of Miss Catharine Wolfe. The
Maxmilian and other collections, containing 4,000 mounted speci-
mens of mammals, birds, etc. Collection of North American
birds, 2,500 specimens, lepidoptera 10,000, beetles and insects
4,000, and over 7,000 specimens of minerals. Add to these Dr.
Davis' prehistoric collection, numbering many thousands of speci-
mens, and Prof. James Hall's large collection, containing many
valuable types of silurian fossils, described by him and others,
which was purchased for $6,500, and presented to this same
museum. The above are only a part of the many donations made
to this museum since its foundation.

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has also
grown enormously within the past few years. Among its many
valuable acquisitions is the collection of Crania, numbering over
1,300 specimens, begun by the late Dr. S. G. Morton, and said to
be the finest in the world.

There seems to be no good reason why the Queen City of the
West should not have a great museum of the sciences as well as of
the arts. The enterprise and generosity of our citizens in the past
is an assurance that all the money needed to accomplish this ob-
ject will be furnished as soon as our Society has proven itself com-
petent and worthy of such a trust.

^0 Cincinnati Society of Natiiral Histojy.

THE GEOLOGY OF CINCINNATI

By Prof. Joskph F. James,

Custodian of Cincinnati Society Natural History.

(Read May 4, 1886.)

The City of Cincinnati occui)ies one of the most interesting
geological positions on the North American Continent. y\s has
been truly expressed, the hills of Cincinnati are counted as classi-
cal ground by geologists of all lands, and "Sir Chas. Lyell said,
after visiting the hills and looking over the collections that had
been made of their treasures, that there was no other locality
known in the world where so large a number and so large a va-
riety of well preserved Lower Silurian forms could be so easily
procured."*

But beside the fossil treasures which exert so potent an influ-
ence over the minds of collectors, there are other matters of great
interest connected with the ground upon which the city stands,
and by which it is surrounded. Few attempts have been made to
study the surface geology of the vicinity. The chapters in the
Ohio Geological Surveyf contain about all that has been written
on the subject, so that it is by no means exhausted. To elucidate
some of the problems relating to the geology and topography of
Cincinnati and its vicinity is the object of the jn-esent paper.

That subject of much controversy among geologists, viz :
whether the rocks as exposed in our neighborhood should be
known as the Hudson River and Utica slate, or as the Cincinnati
Group, will detain us but a short time. Prof. James Hall, as the
leader among Eastern geologists, insists that the rocks are of the
same age as the Hudson River Group, and should be so called.
Dana follows him, as, in fact, do most of the Eastern geologists.
But Newberry, Orton, Meek and Worthen, four geologists who
have given much attention to the exposure in Southwestern Ohio,
insist that the rocks are not equivalent to either the Hudson River
or the Utica slate ; but that there is a commingling of Trenton,
Hudson River, Utica Slate, and some peculiar fossils found in
none of these which entitle the exposure to a distinct name, and
so they call it the Cincinnati Group. It seems well chosen and

*C)hio Geol., I., p. 3S5.

fVoI. I., chaps. 4, 13, 14 niid vol. 11., parts of chap. 70.

Geology of Cincinnati. 2 1

worthily applied ; for, although rocks of the same age are found
in othe"- states and other localities in Ohio than about Cincinnati,
yet it is here that they are best exposed ; here where most of the
work has been done, and the name of Cincinnati Croup will be
adopted in this paper.*

But leaving this to be discussed by others, let us proceed with
the subject in hand. No matter what name may be given to the
particular group, no one is prepared to deny that it belongs to that
great series of sedimentary strata known as the Lower Silurian.
Rocks having the same general characters, and often with the
same varieties of animal life, are exposed to the east as far as
Waynesville, to the north as far as Dayton, and on the west to
Madison, Indiana, reappearing in places in Illinois, \yhile to the
south it extends to near Frankfort, Kentucky, reappearing at
Nashville, Tennessee.

Like all other fossil-bearing rocks, those of the Cincinnati
Group are sedimentary in their origin, and were originally de-
rived from the wearing away of lands either near or remote. In
the present instance, all the sediment was derived from high
mountains which existed far north of Lake Erie, forming part of
the ancient. Archean Continent. At this time there stretched a
deep sea ove> the earth south of the 45 deg. of north latitude, and
upon the floor of this ocean the sediment from the Canadian
mountains was deposited in immense sheets, aggregating more
than six thousand feet, and filled with a most wonderful profusion
of animal remains.

The period of time required for the deposition of this sedi-
ment was immense, and is not to be readily calculated. But the
time at last came when certain elevatory forces began to act, and
there was at last raised above the sea level an island, extending
from somewhere near the center of western Ohio, south to the
center of Kentucky, while near the same time large tracts ap-
peared above the water in northern and eastern New York, in
Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, and small outlyers in Missouri,
Arkansas and Tennessee.

*It may be well to state that some years ago (See this Journal, vol. i, p. 193I cer-
tain of the geologists and collectors of Cincinnati presented a report to this Society rec-
ommending that the term, "Cincinnati Group," be discarded in favor of that of "Hud-
son River Group." But since that time some of these gentlemen have reconsidered
their action, and now recognize the term "Cincinnati" as more appropriate. It may be
said that the majority of Western geologists recognize the term "Cincinnati," while
the majority of Eastern geologists adhere to "Hudson River" and "Utica Slate."

22 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The elevation of the land, in this vicinity at least, was very
gradual, so much so that no distortions or flexures of any conse-
quence were produced in the strata, and they rose above the sur-
face in almost perfect horizontality, with the exception of a slight
dip to east, west and north. In our vicinity there appears to be
evidence of depression as well as elevation. At intervals both
forces have acted. Well defined sea beaches are found at at least
two horizons in this locality. One of these is at about low water
in the Ohio river, and the other one at between 300 and 400 feet
higher. The lower one of these beaches is characterized by a cer-
tain peculiarly waved structure of the rocks, and also by various
mud cracks, tracks and markings which could only have been
made and preserved near the margin of an ocean, or on absolutely
exposed surfaces of land. Prof. Orton describes the appearance of
the rock presented at low water mark on the Kentucky side of the
Ohio river at Ludlow excellently, and I can testify that his de-
scription is accurate, as I have seen it many times. He says :*
" The rocks exhibiting this (waved) structure are the most compact
beds of the fossiliferous limestone. The bottom of the waved
layer is generally even, and beneath it is always an even bed ot
shale. Its upper surface is diversified, as its name suggests, with
ridges and furrows. The interval between the ridges varies, but
in many instances it is about four feet. The greatest thickness of
the ridge is six or seven inches, while the stone is reduced to one
or two inches, at the bottom of the furrow, and sometimes it en-
tirely disappears. The waved layers are overlain by shale in every
instance. They are often continuous for a considerable extent,
and in some cases the axes of the ridges and furrows have a uni-
form direction. This direction is south of east in the vicinity of
Cincinnati, but in traversing the series, these axes are found to
bear in various directions."

The shore line as here considered must, of course, have been
formed at an earlier period than that at which the strata above
were laid down. And during this deposition the former shore
line must have been underwater, and then it was that three or
four hundred feet of rock were formed. Part of this time must
have been a i)eri()d of subsidence, at the end of which there came
an upheaval, and the second shore line was formed. This beach
lies between three hundred and fifty and four hundred feet above

*Ohio Geol., I., p. 377.

Geology of Cincinnati. 23

the first one, and is characterized by certain impressions of ani-
mal remains, worm tracks, and marks made by running water
over exposed surfaces of mud. These are tolerably constant at a
horizon which corresponds in a general way in various parts of the
group, such as Obanyon Creek in Clermont County, and in ex-
posures, near Lebanon, in Warren County.

All the beds which make up the deposits about the city are
by no means equally rich in fossil remains. Sometimes a thick
stratum is found which is absolutely barren of life; and again
another will be found where remains are extremely abundant.
What are known as the Eden shales, amounting to nearly two hun-
dred feet in thickness, seem, in places, to be barren of life, al-
though in spots fossils are found in abundance. It has been gen-
erally agreed that the bedded rocks of this vicinity were laid down
in a deep sea. Now Darwin has shown that thick beds of sedi-
ment are seldom deposited except over an area of subsidence, and
that it is during this ])eriod of sinking that the greatest number of
species of animals are preserved. If, therefore, the theory that
the epoch of the second shore line was followed by a time during
which the land was gradually subsiding, then there should be some
record of it preserved in the increased number of species and
specimens of fossil remains. The facts known confirm this theory,
as will now be shown.

From two tables of species given by Prof. Orton in Ohio
Geology, vol. I., pp. 398—399, it would appear that fossils are
much more abundant above the three hundred foot horizon than
below it. This horizon in fact seems to be the beginning of the
appearance of many forms unknown in the strata below, and the
remains are much more abundant in number of specimens also. It
is stated that beds are met with in the upper part of the group,
sometimes five and six feet thick made up entirely of the valves of
brachiopod shells. ''The free valves," says Prof. Orton,* "can
be gathered as perfect in form as sea shells on a modern beach,
often retaining the visceral and muscular impressions with the
greatest distinctness." Still another proof of the subsidence, and
that, too, at a slow rate, is the occurrence at about four hundred
feet above low water of about one hundred feet of rock which are
almost entirely made up of almost microscopic univalve shells.

These facts show that the period of the second shore line
must have been followed by a second epoch of depression, and

*Ohio Geol. I., p. 3S2.

24 Cincituiati Society of Natural History.

during this epoch probably a thousand feet of sediment were de-
posited ; for, aUhough but httle remains of it now, we must re-
member that the land has been exposed for countless ages to the
degrading and denuding agents of air and water, so that at the
close of this final period of subsidence came the last one of eleva-
tion, and the land rose above the surface of the water until it
stood one thousand, and perhaj)s fifteen hundred feet above the
level of the surrounding sea.

It is noteworthy that the beds of barren shales are found just
below the level of the second beach, and the inference is that they
were deposited at a period when the sea bottom was stationary, and
that it was at the close of this period that the land appeared above
the sea level. Finally, Prof. Orton says, that the Cincinnati axis
underwent oscillations of level, and the facts above given tend to
show plainly this was the case.

Having now discussed tlie aspect and geological position of
the rocks found in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati, and hav-
ing seen them raised finally in perfect horizontality above the
ocean level, let us examine the agencies which have been in
action so long as to change in a wonderful manner the whole ap-
pearance of the surface since the time when it emerged as a long
ridge with gently sloping sides above the waters.

No sooner is an area of land exposed to the atmosphere than
denudation begins. I'here is an immediate tendency to degrade
the summit to the level of the sea, and so actively is the work
carried on that it is simply a question of time how soon even, a
high mountain range is reduced to the ocean level. The
newly elevated island of Cincinnati was no exception to the gen-
eral rule, and although it was not extensive enough to possess any
large rivers, the ordinary aerial agencies of air and water would be
sufficient to accomplish a great deal in a long period of time. A
little furrow in a sloping bank, made by a rivulet, soon becomes
by the addition of other rivulets a rapid torrent, and gradually in-
creases'in size, volume and power. It sweeps more and more
sediment down its sloping channel, and at last casts its burden
into the "ocean to be there spread out in even sheets upon the
ocean floor far from land.

No more striking example of the erosive power of water
acting through long periods of time can be seen than in our
Western territories in the great Colorado River Basin. Here the

Geology of Cincinnati. 25

river has excavated a channel through solid rock for hundreds of
miles to a depth of from 500 to 7,000 feet. In places, over 10,000
feet of solid strata have been removed over an area of more than
five hundred scpiare miles, and all this in an arid region where the
rain fall is limited in amount. The region, once an extensive
plateau, is now cut up into innumerable canyons and valleys,
ramifying in all directions like the veins in a leaf. In a moun-
tamous country the corrading powers of water are correspondingly
greater, and what was once a smooth mountain side will in time
be cut up into ravines innumerable. Capt. Button in his inter-
esting account of the Hawaiian Volcanoes* pictures what will re-
sult in the course of thousands of years were the forces now in
action to continue their work. "As in every other mountainous
country," says he, " the ravines would grow wider, their sloping
sides would be gradually pared away, and the rocks reduced by
secular decay to sand and soil. The silt would be carried off by
the running streams to the ocean, and the remnants of the sloping
platforms between the ravines would grow narrower until at length
they were reduced to knife edges, and would still continue to
dwindle in size." Again, he says :t "Whenever a great valley
or gorge is eroded in a large mountain mass, the head of the
valley forms an amphitheater, or series of amphitheaters, with
abrupt or precipitous ravines immediately beneath the peak. In
general terms, as we follow such a ravine from the plains below
upward toward the summit, the grade of its bed becomes steeper
tQ the very last. Again, where two or more mountain gorges de-
scending on different sides ^f the cone reach far up toward the
summit so that their upper portions are separated only by a narrow
divide, then this divide will always be sharp and well preserved
through all stages of erosion."

To give a {q\\ examples of the wearing powers of water in a
short time, I will quote a paragraph from Dana.| '' Lyell
mentions the case of the Simeto, in Sicily. In two and a half
centuries it had excavated a channel fifty to several hundred feet
deep, and in some parts forty to fifty feet wide, although the rock
is a hard solid basalt. He also describes a gorge made in a deep
bed of decomposed rock, three and a half miles west of Milledge-
ville, Georgia, that was at first a mud crack a yard deep in which

*FifthAnr.uaI Report of U. S. Geol. Sur,, p. 213.
f Ibid, p. 207.
JManual of Geology, p 647.

26 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the rains found a chance to make a rill, but which, in twenty
years, was 300 yards long, 20 to 180 feet wide, and 55 feet deep.
And Liais describes a similar gorge, of twice the length, in Brazil,
made in forty years."

Many other instances of the wearing away of the rocks by
water might be given, but these will suffice to show that during the
long periods of time that have elapsed since the Cincinnati island
was first elevated above the water, there has been ample oppor-
tunity for extensive denudation, and it is no wonder that the face
of the country is vastly altered. Let us now proceed to examine
the situation of the city, and see if we can trace the history of the
present conditions.

Such an investigation is beset with many difficulties. Not the
least of these are the changes which have been wrought by the
gradual growth of the city, and the encroachment upon the high
ground which partly surrounds it. Laying out streets and build-
ing lots ; leveling elevations, and filling valleys, tend to greatly
change the aspect of the country. So that what was once rolling
land becomes level ; what was once the bed of a raging torrent or
a gently murmuring brook, becomes a covered drain; what was
once an abrupt height becomes a gentle gradient ; and what was
once a level plateau becomes marked by the innumerable excava-
tions made in the process of quarrying stone. All these changes
must be considered in a study of this sort, although some few re-
minders are often left to guide us to a correct view of what was
once.

Cincinnati proper occupies an extensive plain or bottom land
extending in a semi-circle, with the Ohio river on the south, and a
series of elevations on the north known commonly as Mt. Adams,
Walnut Hills, Clifton Heights and Roe's Hill. At the western side
of the city is the extensive valley of Mill Creek, a valley several
miles wide, and extending many miles to the north and northeast.
Beyond Mill Creek is another elevated ridge, at the south end of
which is situated the suburb of Price Hill. South of the Ohio
river lie Covington and Newport, divided by the Licking river,
and occupying part of the same extensive plain upon which Cin-
cinnati is built. These two cities are encompassed on the south
by a range of highland extending in a semi-circle, similar to the
range on the north side of the river.

In what is now the main business part of the city, the plain
has two terraces. One of these finds its level approximately

Geology of Cincinnati. , 27

where Pearl street is laid out, and the other follows in its general
direction Fourth street. Both these levels decline toward the
west and northwest, and finally melt away into Mill Creek valley.
Low water mark of the Ohio river is 432 feet above tide water at
Albany ; the Pearl street level between Broadway and Vine is
about seventy feet higher, or 500 feet above tide water, and the
Fourth street level is about forty feet higher.

Tell a citizen of Cincinnati that there are no hills in or about
his city, and he will laugh at you ; tell the same to a resident of
Clifton, Walnut Hills, Mt. Auburn, or any of the so-called " hill-
top " suburbs, and he may call you crazy. For they would con-
sider it an absurdity to be told this when they must, nearly every
day of their lives, be hauled up inclined planes, and carried by
cable roads, or horses, 300 feet or more above the level of Fourth
street. Yet to say that there is not a hill in or about Cincinnati,
or even in Hamilton County, would be but telling the strict truth.
There are elevations, but no true hills, for a hill is a mass of earth
raised above the general level of the surrounding country. If
Mount Auburn towered above Walnut Hills as high as it stands
above Fourth street, and from its top one could command a view
of the country far and wide, then indeed it would be a true hill.
But such is well known not to be the case, and a study of our
city's surroundings will reveal the real state of affairs and show its
"hill-top" resorts to be the remnants of a once extensive level or
nearly level plateau.

If we go to Eden Park and stand awhile on the brow of the
hill beneath the shelter house, and look down upon Gilbert avenue,
we note several things. Back of us are ledges of rock projecting
from the bank, below us are other ledges of the same character.
If we turn our eyes to the westward, across the deep valley of
Deer Creek, on a level with where we stand we see another bank,
out of which also project rocky ledges of the same character as
those near us. Turning our gaze gradually to the north and
thence to the east, we perceive one, two, three, four, similar per-
pendicular banks, out of which project the same kind of ledges.
All these are evidently on a level, and it takes but a short time to
conclude that all the ledges were once united, and formed a con-
tinous floor from where we stand across Deer Creek valley to Mt.
Auburn, and up to the northward. In imagination we see the
valley filled with limestone rock piled ledge upon ledge and form-
ing a level plateau stretching away as far as the eye can see.

28 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

If we go now to the east end of Eden Park, on the steep bluff
overlooking the river, we find the same rocky ledges. All along
the bank, farther than we can see, it is the same, and could we
look into the Kentucky banks just opposite, the same layers would
be found. But before being perfectly sure of what we suspect to
have been the case, let us journey to west of Clifton Heights, in
the neighborhood of the great quarries. Here, better than any-
were else, can be seen the evenness and regularity of these rocky
ledges. Great quantities of earth have been removed and great
holes have been cut into the solid limestone. Hundreds and
thousands of perch of stone have been carted away to form foun-
dation walls for innumerable buildings. If now we walk west-
ward we find the ledge continues under our feet, and we finally
pause on the brink of the precipitous bank overlooking Mill
Creek. Looking again westward, the same ledges crop out of the
bank. Not a doubt can now remain that there once stretched an
extensive plateau from the Kentucky shore back of Dayton across
what is now the Ohio valley, through Eden Park, over Deer
Creek valley, through Mt. Auburn, Clifton Heights, and across
Mill Creek valley to the opposite bank and far beyond. The
various valleys and ravines are seen to have been excavated in
this plateau, and the diversified aspect of the country is due to the
erosive powers of water, acting through immense periods of time.
There is one other force which has at one time had something to
do with altering the appearance of the country hereabouts, and
that is moving ice. When during the glacial era a large part of
the North American continent was covered with an immense mass
of ice, in places five, six, ten thousand feet thick, it was a power-
ful erosive agent. For it swept over the surface of the land, plow-
ing it out here, filling it up there, overtopping hills, or sweeping
round projecting or insurmountable points.

At the close of this period the whole face of the country bore
a very different aspect from what it had previously borne. In
places immense piles of debris remained, forming banks many
miles long, and many feet high. When these were in the beds of
former streams, it became necessary for the stream thus barred out
to seek a new channel, and it varied from its former course more
or less, in accordance with the amount of material left in its bed.
Many streams were compelled to form entirely new channels, but
others had to carve new courses only in places here and there.
The Ohio river seems to be one of those placed in the latter cate-

Geology of Cincinnati. 29

gory, for in many places its valley is too wide and too deep to
have been excavated by the volume of water now flowing at ordi-
nary stages. In fact there seems little doubt but that the Ohio
flows in a channel which was cut long previous to the glacial
period. This old channel has been largely filled up, and the river
now flows from thirty five to forty feet above its ancient bed.
This seems to be conclusively proven by the discovery at that
depth below the present surface of the ground of an extensive bed
of carbonaceous material consisting of stumps of trees, leaves,
seeds, and other vegetable remains. This layer doubtless once
formed a sort of bottom land, and the material overlying it must
be referred to a later epoch and one which seems contemporan-
eous with the period of the glaciers.

This superposed material, forming in main the terrace upon
which the city stands, is composed, according to Prof. Orton,*
" Of distinctly stratified gravel and sand of varying degrees of
fineness and purity. The gravel stones are all water-worn. In
weight they seldom reach ten pounds. The upper tributaries of
the Ohio supply the materials in part, but a much larger propor-
tion in the vicinity of Cincinnati is derived from the limestone
rocks of Western Ohio and the crystalline beds of Canada." "The
leading facts in the structure of the terraces show that their history
is not to be explained by the present conditions of the continent.
They must have been formed under water at a time when the face
of the country held a lower level than it does now by one hundred
or more feet."

The gravel and sand of the terraces varies greatly in different
quarters. In some places, as has been revealed in excavations in
different quarters of the city, it is coarse and mostly composed of
large pebbles mixed with a small quantity of clay and sand.
Fourth street, Broadway, and many other streets are on gravelly
foundations. Again, the gravel is replaced by fine sand, as for
example on West Eighth street, near Mound, Vine, near Fifteenth,
and others ; while in still other places the subsoil is a heavy, stiff
clay, very close and fine grained and exceedingly difficult to work.
One pocket, as it seems to be of this material, is in the vicinity of
Pike and Pearl streets. It goes by the name of " Springfield clay."
It is this clay, so Prof. Orton states, which was used in paving the
floor of Eden Park Reservoir. These various deposits, sometimes
extremely local, show varying conditions existed ; in one place a

*Ohio Geol., 1., p. 431.

30 Cincinnati Society of Nat7iral History.

rapid flow of water, in another a slow and gentle movement, and
in still others eddying currents which deposited the sediment in
compact beds.

If the course of the Ohio river was different at one time from
what it is now, the question arises, where was this previous
channel? Several facts seem to point to the conclusion that in
the vicinity of our city, in fact on the very site of the city itself,
there was once spread out a sheet of water which assumed almost
the aspect of a lake. The whole of the ground where are now
standing the cities of Cincinnati, Covington and Newport, was
doubtless once covered with a sheet of water whose boundaries
were the Kentucky highlands on the south, the range of high-
lands west of Mill Creek valley on the west, and the rocks which
form the base of "Indian Hill" on the east. The outlet of this
sheet of water, or this lake, was not its present one, namely, past
the mouth of Mill Creek, but up what is now Mill Creek valley on
one side, and up the Little Miami valley and an ancient channel
between Red Bank and Plainville on the other side, of what then
formed an island, and which is now occupied by the suburbs of
Mt. Lookout, Walnut Hills, Mt. Auburn, Avondale and Clifton.
These ancient channels extended northward on the east and west
of the island, and united near where Ludlow Grove now is, and
thence together held their way northward to Hamilton. There
they turned to the west and south, and reached the Ohio river
valley as it is now, somewhere near Lawrenceburg, Indiana, by
following the course now used by the Big Miarjii. In those
ancient days a barrier of land stretched in as yet an unbroken line
from Price Hill across to the Kentucky side, and this compelled
the water to find an outlet by the ways we have mentioned.

It is supposed that during the glacial period, the end of an
immense glacier extended south as far as the Ohio river, and at
Cincinnati so completely blocked the channel as to compel the
river to seek a more southern course. But at the close of the ice
age, and when the glacier had melted, the river attempted to
return to its former channels. Finding, however, its old bed
filled with sand and gravel, the debris of the retiied ice field, and
finding, perhaps, also that the former impassible barrier had lost
some of its height, it beat against it, gradually wore it away, and
cut for itself a new channel from the mouth of Mill Creek to Law-
renceburg.

Geology of Cincinnati. 3^

It is said that the City of Louisville stands upon part of a
filled up channel of the Ohio river, and what are now the falls of
the Ohio are the remains of the heavy bedded rocks cut through
by the stream in its efforts to form a new channel. It is likely
that the same is the case with Cincinnati. The city proper stands
upon part of this filled up channel or lake bed, and the new
channel of the river has cut far enough into the rocks to sweep
away all obstructions and permit free passage to the stream. The
remains of the barrier are found in the beds exposed near Ludlow,
Kentucky, and above the Cincinnati Southern Railway Bridge
(C. N. O, & T. P. R. R.), as well as in what is known as
" McCullum's Riffle,' a conspicuous bar in low water, a few miles
below the city. No doubt that at the period when the barrier
stretched unbrokenly across from Price Hill to Ludlow, and
when the two previous outlets of the lake were filled with sand
and gravel, the water formed a rapid for miles over this barrier.
Constant attrition has worn it away, and now it has completely dis-
appeared from the channel, and forms no obstruction to naviga-
tion such as is found at the present day at Louisville.

We have thus far traced the geological history of Cincinnati
and tried to explain the reasons for its present aspect, but as yet
nothing has been said of the minute topography of the city's
suburbs. As, however, this paper has already reached a consid-
erable length, the second portion of our subject must be left for
another period, when I hope to have collected material to show
just how the land is drained, and to point out several as yet un-
noted facts in the surface geology.

[t(j be concluded.]

32 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

LANTERN SLIDES.

By E. J. Carpenter.

(Read at meeting of the Photographic Section May 6, 1886.)

There is probably no other way in wnich a photographer can
so satisfactorily show the results of his work as by projecting the
views on the screen by means of the so-called magic lantern, and I
find in my own experience that many who do not care for or appre-
ciate the best results presented in the form of silver prints on paper
are pleased and interested by the same views when shown on the
screen. This is no doubt mainly due to the increased size of the
pictures, which gives them a reality so vivid that it is not difficult
to imagine that the spectator might, if so inclined, step out into
the scene presented before him, and I have known children to
voluntarily speak to friends whom they recognized, and whose
presence seemed so real when presented in this manner.

Fortunately, the production of pictures for use with the lan-
tern is now one of the easiest and simplest of photographic opera-
tions. Any negative that will make a passable silver print may
be used, and in addition many are available, which by reason of
various imperfections cannot be used at all for ordinary printing.
The operation is, briefly, to make a transparent positive on glass
of the proper size, usually 3^x4 inches.

The tests of a first rate lantern slide are as follows : The
image must be clear and brilliant, having contrast without harsh-
ness. The highest lights should be clear glass without a trace of
silver deposit; and the deepest shadows should be sufficiently
transparent to permit all detail to be seen. When the plate is laid
on a white printed sheet the type should be legible through the
shadows, and the lights should show no deposit.

The easiest method of making positives is to print by contact
in the pressure frame just as is done in silver printing, but for this
purpose it is necessary that the negatives should be of the proper
size, which is not usually the case unless they happen to have been
made specially for the purpose. I have often made contact posi-
tives, but only where I wished to use a small portion of a larger
negative, or when the slides were to be made by copying photo-
graphs or engravings. In the latter case a small negative is made
of the copy, usually on a 4x5 plate, which size is large enough
to enable one to properly adjust the plate on which the positive is
to be made.

Lantern Slides. 33

If the negative to be copied is larger than the required posi-
tive, recourse is had to the camera. The negative is set up in a
frame, and the camera is placed facing it in such a manner that
the ground glass is parallel to and opposite the center of the nega-
tive. It is then moved back or forward until the image of the
negative is of the proper size when focused. The operation of
focusing is one requiring the greatest care, and is also one which
does not, I am afraid, receive the attention its importance de- .
mands. Very few people have eyesight sufficiently sharp to en-
able them to perform this operation without the aid of a magnify-
ing glass, and to those who think they have I would suggest to try
the experiment of examining carefully with an ordinary hand mi-
croscope any lantern slides made without the use of such a glass to
focus the image. The result will probably surprise them, as I will
confess it did me when I compared in this way Iwo sets of slides
made from the same negatives, one lot made by using the glass to
focus, and the other by unassisted, but rather more than usually
keen, eyes. Among the most common faults of the various slides
submitted for criticism has been this of poor focussing when mak-
ing the copy. When it is remembered that the operation of once
focussing will suffice for probably all the positives to be made dur-
ing an afternoon or a day, it will be seen that the little time re-
quired to do it perfectly is well spent.

The best apparatus and the easiest to use for reducing nega-
tives and making slides is the co|)ying camera, a good specimen of
which belongs to this Society. Before making the exposure, if an
ordinary camera be used, it is necessary to cover over the space
between the lens and the negative to be copied, so as to prevent
any light from reaching the lens that does not pass through the
negative. If this is not done a brilliant positive will not be ob-
tained, because a certain amount of this extraneous light will be
distributed over the sensitive plate, and cause a veiling of the high
lights, which ought to be perfectly clear.

If a portrait lens be used in the copying camera, and this
form of lens gives most satisfactory results, it will be necessary to
stop it down considerably, though even then it will be found that
the exposures are shorter than with any of the various view or
group lenses. As most lantern slides are made in the winter
season when the light is weak, and clouds, smoke, etc., still
further impair its activity, it is a matter of some importance to
have a quick-working lens.

34 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The duration of exposure depends on so many conditrons that
the requirements of each plate must be determined on its own
merits. Fewer mistakes in exposure will be made if before begin-
ning operations the negatives be carefully looked over and sorted,
putting together those which nearest approach each other in den-
sity, and which therefore will require approximately the same ex-
posure. Negatives which require special treatment should also be
put aside and handled together, as experience gained by dealing
with one may be of great service in operating with the next. It
frequently happens that a negative otherwise good may have a
very thin foreground or a faulty sky, which may be corrected liy
shading the thin portion during the exposure. For this purpose a
piece of opaque paper or thin board may be used, but it must be
kept in motion so as to prevent the appearance of shading lines in
the copy. Many negatives too thin to print may be made to yield
excellent positives on glass by shading them with ground glass or
tissue paper, and giving a scant exposure, followed by slow, care
ful development.

The copying camera should be jjomted toward a clear sky,
or toward a part which is evenly covered with clouds. No in-
tervening trees nor buildings should appear on the ground glass of
the camera when it is examined with the negative removed from
the frame. If any such image can be seen, no matter how indis-
tinctly, it will appear as a dark spot on the finished positive, and
as the cause will not be suspected, it may result in the loss of
much time and many plates.

For work at night, the negative may be lighted, by one or
more lamps with reflectors, but great care is required to secure an
even illumination. With the best of the artificial lights which are
ordinarily within reach, however, a much longer exposure will be
required than for daylight work.

Until quite recently all the best lantern slides were made by
the wet-plate process, in fact there were no gelatine dry plates
manufactured on which a more than passable lantern slide could
be made. At present there are several makers who produce plates
on which it is easy to make lantern slides of excellent (juality,
which arc only with difficulty to be distinguished from the best
wet-plate work. The latter, however, maintains its position as the
standard, on account of its perfect purity in the lights, its trans-

, Lantern Slides. 35

parency in the shadows, and the fineness of the silver deposit com-
posing the image.

The wet-plate process requires perhaps a little more care and
experience to attain success, but it is quite simple, being briefly as
follows : The first requisite for making any kind of photographic
plates is to have the glass perfectly clean. This is accomplished
by putting it in any of half a dozen acid or alkaline solutions
easily prepared for the purpose, and leaving it there several hours,
after which it is removed, scrubbed, and rinsed well in several
changes of water. Then follows the abluminizing which consists
of flowing over the plate, after the final rinsing, a dilute solution
made by shaking up a teaspoonful of white of egg with 8 oz.
water and filtering it. The best way is to clean and albuminize a
quantity of plates, storing them for use, as they will keep indefin-
itely. The sensitizing bath is made by dissolving pure nitrate of
silver in distilled water, a proper strength being from 35 to 40
grains to the ounce. In the solution is dissolved iodide potassium,
one grain to each 8 oz., after which it is acidified by adding nitric
acid (c. p.) in the proportion of about i minim, of the concentrated
acid to 16 ozs. of the bath, which must afterwards be filtered care-
fully before using. The bath may be kept in a bottle, and poured
into a flat glass pan when required for use. To prepare a plate
for exposure, dust it carefully, and coat it with collodion by pour-
ing on it a pool near the center, and then by tilting the plate, low-
ering the corners consecutively, allow the collodion to flow evenly
over it, and drain back into the bottle. Any good collodion will
answer. I have found that a mixture, equal parts, of Anthony's
"New Negative" and "Copying" collodions gives very fine re-
sults. After the collodion has set. the plate is placed in the sen-
sitizing bath, where it is allowed to remain until on its being lifted
out the solution flows evenly from the surface, without the greasy
appearance which it will have if taken out too soon, From two
to five minutes is required for sensitizing. The operation is short-
ened by keeping the bath in motion. As soon as ready the plate
is taken out of the bath, drained and placed in the dark slide,
after which the exposure should be made as promptly as possiqle.

The usual developer is a solution of protosulphate of iron, made
as follows: Sulph. iron 2 oz., acetic acid 2 to 4 oz., water 40
ozs. Care must be taken to cover the plate with a single sweep
of the developer, because if it is allowed to flow unevenly streaks

36 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

will appear in the film. The image should appear in a couple of
seconds, and the development should be complete in from ten to
twenty seconds. The plate is then rinsed under the tap, and fixed
in a strong solution of hypo-sulphite of soda, after which it is
washed for twenty minutes, and then hung on a rack or dried by
heat. A better developer is Lea's Sugar Developer, made as
follows: In 32 oz. of hot water dissolve 7 oz. of protosul])hate of
iron, and add 6 oz. white sugar and 2\ oz. acetic acid, which
makes the stock. For use take : Stock 7^ oz., acet. acid No. 8.
4 oz., water 18 oz., filter. Add more acetic acid if there is any
sign of fogging.

The collodion film is very delicate, and must at no time be
touched, or it will be scratched and spoiled. After fixing the
plates may be toned in various ways. I prefer a weak solution of
chlor. gold, about i gr. to 30 oz. water. This is flowed over the
plate several times, and requires only a minute or two to act.
Bichloride of mercury is often used, and gives a rich purple tone,
but I have found that plates thus toned fade considerably in the
course of a year or so.

This may seem like a difficult process to those who have been
accustomed to the gelatine dry plates, but after the bath has been
made and a (juantity of plates have been cleaned and abluminized
the process is very rapid. I would advise those who try it to pro-
vide half a dozen finger stalls of thin rubber, as by using them tlie
silver stains, otherwise inevitable, will be avoided. Excellent dry
plates for lantern slides are made by washing and drying collodion
bath plates after putting them in a weak solution of acetic acid
and flowing over them a strong infusion of coffee. They are de-
veloped with pyrogallic acid and nitrate of silver, and give results
of the highest equality. They are generally used for printing by
contact, as in the camera they are very slow.

I have used but two brands of commercial dry plates success
fully for lantern slides— the Anthony Transparency plates and Car-
bett's Gelatino-albumen. With careful handling these plates give
about equally good results, and both almost equal to the best to be
obtained by the wet-plate process. Each has, however, its own
peculiar advantages and faults. I have thought that the Anthony
plates are a little more easily controlled in case of over-exposure,
and the Anthony developer is simpler, as it may be made very
quickly from saturated solutions of iron and oxalate. The i)rinci-

.' ~ Lantern Slides. • 37

])al objection to the plates is that the glass varies much in thick-
ness, and is often marred by blebs and scratches, faults due solely
to carelessness in its selection.

The glass of the Carbatt plates is aUout perfect, being thin,
clear and uniform. The emulsion requires only about one-half as
!ong an exposure as Anthony's, and when the exposure is just
right developes beautifully, but in cases of over-ex])osure it is not
so easily controlled. The best results are always obtained by
using the maker's formula for developer, and as this one is some-
what complicated it is not quite so readily prepared, particularly
if, as sometimes happens, only one or two slides are wanted.

An excellent plan when a number of lantern slides are to be
made is for two men to work together, one to remain in the
dark room to develope plates, and the other to make the exposures.
By comparing results the proper exposure for the different nega-
tives is readily determined, and in consequence fewer plates are
spoiled. The worker outside readily notices changes in the inten-
sity of the light which would escape the attention of one who
spent much time in the dark room.

Two men can in this way accomplish far more than if they
work independently, and are certain to learn more rapidly, for
each will notice some matter of importance that would have es-
caped the attention of the other. I have found that for this
method of working it is well to develope in large trays, about 7x9,
and to have at least two developers, strong and weak. Four or
more positives may be developed at once, and the work proceeds
as rapidly as the exposurers can be made.

Exposures for lantern jjictures must be full, in order that de-
tail may be developed in the high lights before the shadows be-
come too dense.

Nothing can be done to save an under-exposed positive, but
it must be remembered that only those are under-timed which
refuse to develop uniformly when placed in the normal de-
veloper.

Generally the most satisfoctory results are attained by trying
to expose so that the positive will develop in a solution contain-
ing about one-half the normal quantity of iron, and which has also
a small quantity of the restraining bromide. If this plan is adopted
a plate which refuses to develop properly in the weaker solution
is pretty certain to come out when put into the stronger. If plates

38 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

are much over-timed it is difficult to manage them, and probably
the best plan is to lay them aside and make another exposure. In
fact, after one has some experience in making slides, this will be
found the best remedy for a faulty plate of any kind. It is so easy
to make a good one that it hardly pays to waste time over one
which has come to grief.

A much stronger light is permissible for developing lantern
slides than for ordinary negative work, as owing to the comparative
slowness of the plates, even a tolerably strong orange light is safe.
This, of course, adds much to the comfort of the operator, and
enables him to proceed more rapidly.

Scrupulous neatness in all photographic work is always well
repaid in the results, but in none more so than in the making of
these, probably the finest and best ot all photographic productions.

Recent Synonym in the Paleontology of Cincinnati Group, 39

NOTE ON A RECENT SYNONYM IN THE PAL.*:ON
TOLOGY OF THE CINCINNATI GROUP.

By Prof. Jos. F. Jamfs.
• (Read June i, 1886.)

Zai^d-^r/z/^? ;«^/;///('ra, Ulrich, vs. Stromatopor A SUBCYLINDRICA James.

The first number of "Contributions to American Palaeon-
tology," May, 1886, by Mr. E. O. Ulrich, contains descriptions
and remarks upon twenty-six species of fossils from the Devonian
and Silurian formations of Indiana and Kentucky. These species
are distributed among the Bryozoa (sixteen species), Brachiopoda
(two species). Gasteropoda (four species), Anthozoa (two species),
Hydroida (?) (one species), and Foraminfera (one species). Only
one of these species is from the Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
and as we are especially interested in this one, a few remarks may
be in order.

The species is named Labccliia Diontifcra, and belongs to that
much-disputed class of fossils known as the Stromatoporoids.
Whether it belongs to the class under which Mr. Ulrich has placed
it (Hydroida?), or to another group is not a question for discus-
sion here. The point to which we wish to call attention is the
fact that the so-called new species is an evident synonym for
another species described and illustrated in the Journal of this
Society in April, 1884, by Mr. U. P. James. It was there named
Stromatopora subcylindrica, and it agrees so well in all its
essential characters with Mr. Ulrich 's species that one wonders
how the error of overlooking it could have been made, as Mr.
Ulrich must have been acquainted with the work done here more
than two years ago.

In comparing the two descriptions the following points of re-
semblance are noted. Both are incrusting, in the one case clay,
simply, in the other generally " species of (^////^vr/vrs-. " Both are
cylindrical or compressed ; in both the crust is about one tenth of
an inch thick ; both have undulating surfaces which are covered
with scattered corical "elevations " or " monticules," the slopes
of which are marked with "lines" or "ridges." The interven-
ing spaces are in both cases covered by " circular or elongate
papillae," or "granular eminences." In both the internal
structure is irregularly porous or vesicular, and lastly the horizons
at which the two were found were approximately the same, the
one being above Morrow, Ohio, and the other Madison, Indiana.
Thus there are no differences between the two which would enable
any one to separate them, and the Lalux/iia niontifera falls to the
rank of a synonym of Stromatopora subcylindrica, James.

40 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histo?y.

THE TERTIARY FAUNA OF NEWTON AND
WAUTUBBEE, MIS?.

By Otto Meyer and T. H. Aldrich.

(Read June i, 1886.)

The Eocene invertebrate fossils, described and enumerated
in the following, were collected in March, 1886, by O. Meyer in
Eastern Mississippi, near Newton, Newton County, and near
Wautubbee, Clarke County. A great part of the material from
Newton, however, was collected afterwards by Dr. E. A. Smith
and '1'. H. Aldrich. The deposit near Wautubbee was first
known to the Hon. L. R. Johnson, of the United States Geologi-
cal Survey. For a descrijition of the geological relations of these
strata see American Journal of Science, July, 1886. The type-
specimens of the new forms described are in our collections.

Description of New Forms.

In the following descriptions of univalves the term " trans-
verse " is understood to be rectangular to the suture.

Glossophora.

Dcntaliiini incisissinium, n. sp.

Plate II Figure i.

Smooth, polished, gradually tapering. Section circular.
Aperture with a long narrow slit. •

Wautubbee.

Cad III us abrupt us, n. sp.

Plate II. Figure 2.

Rather large, somewhat depressed. Inflation very near to
the larger aperture and suddenly decreasing.

Newton, W^autubbee.

The type specimen is from Newton. Form and position of
the inflation distinguish it from the other species of Cadulus of the
Southern Tertiary,

Cadulus, sp.

Plate II. Figure 3, 3^, 3/'.

Two depressed fragments from Newton show an aperture
which is different from the other known apertures of Cadulus of

TJie Tertiary Faima of Nczvton and IVautubbcc, Miss. 41

the Southern Eocene. Two distant deep notches on the convex
side, and two less distant emarginations on the concave side of the
shell divide the margin of the elliptical aperture into four append-
ages, of which the two small opposite ones are equal, the two
larger ones, however, very unequal. It may be that this form
represents the aperture of the preceding species, of which we have
no example. If, however, the form should prove to be a new
species we propose the name Caditliis Nciotonciisis for it.

Fissiirclla altior, n. sp.

Plate II. Figure 16, i6(?, 16//.

Height two thirds of the length of the aperture. Fissure on
the apex, nearly circular. Surface covered by alternating, radiat-
ing and revolving ribs. The crossing points of the larger ribs are
mostly nodulous and scaly.
■ Wautubbee, Newton.

The type specimen is from Wautubbee. Fissiirella Claibor-
ticnsis Lea is lower, has an oblong and less central fissure, a differ-
ent sculpture and a different inside.

Solar iimi clc^^aiis Lea var. modest 11 /ii, n. var.

.Plate 11, Figure 6, 6a.

Like Solarium elegans Lea from Claiborne, but without orna-
mentation, the row of tubercles along the suture excepted.
Wautubbee.

Siiilaria [Opalia) aUntcsta, n. sp.

Plate II. Figure 7.

Whorls sessile, rather gradually diminishing in size, covered
by lamellar transverse ribs, which are continuous along the whorls.
Newton.
Opalia scssilis Conr. from Claiborne has revolving lines.

Scalaria Ncwtoiicnsis, n. sp.

Plate 11. Figure 8.

Whorls regularly rounded, gradually diminishing in size.
They are covered by very fine revolving lines, which on the
middle of the whorls are arranged in bands, about five in number.

42 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The very prominent transverse ribs, about nine on eacli whorl, are
lamelhir, angularly produced above; their margin is reflected to
the right. The fine revolving lines continue on their right side.
The left side, however, is sharply defined from the surface of the
whorls. The ribs continue over the base, which is defined by an
elevated carina. Ai)erture circular.
Newton.

Eglisia retisciilpta, n. sp.

Plate II. Figure 9.

Spire subulate. Whorls regularly rounded. Covered with
five elevated, flattened longitudinal lines, crossed by numerous
oblique, flattened, transverse ribs, smaller in size. Aperture ellip-
tical.

Wautubbee.

Natica Ncwtoncnsis, n. sp.

Plate II. Figure 12.

Shell thick. Depressed globular. Spire low. Suture dis-
tinct. Whorls six, convex ; body whorl flattened above. Um-
bilicus deej). Inner lip somewhat spreading over the body whorl.

Newton, Wautubbee, Lisbon, Ala.

The type specimen is from Newton. I he form is character-
ized by its robust, subquadrate shape.

S/s^d/rt/ts, subg. S(i;c7tica, nov. subgen.

Shell globosely auriform. Umbilicus wide. Inner lip with-
out callus. Umbilicus, basal and upper part of the whorls spirally
striated.

This subgenus approaches Natica.

Sigarctus [Sigatica) Bocttgeri, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 13.

Spire nearly one third of the shell. Whorls five, flattened
above. Suture distinct. Spiral lines near the margin of the um-
bilicus very strong.

Newton, Miss., Lisbon, Ala.

Sigarctus iriconstans, n. sp.

Plate II. Figure 18, i8r?.

Auriform. Flattened. Covered by elevated, flattened
striae. Three and a half whorls, the last of which is finely striated.

TJie Tertiary Fauna of Neivtojt and IVautubbee, Miss. 43

constitute the nucleus, which is situated near the margin. Its
plane does not coincide with the general plane of the shell.
Umbilicus hidden by callus.

Newton.

There is only one flattened species of Sigaretus known from
the Southern Tertiary, .S/X"". arctaiiis Conr. Its nucleus, however,
is not marginal and lies in the plane of the shell,

Ccrithiflpsis giiadrisfriaris, n. sp.

Plate II. Figure 5.

Subulate. Whorls flat, covered by four smooth, elevated

spiral lines, with nearly e([ual distances. The two in the middle

are smaller than those near the sutures. Suture defined by a very

small, elevated revolving line.

Newton, Miss., Clail)orne, Ala.
The type is from Newton.

Cassida/-/a plaiwtccta, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 14.
Spire very much flattened. Three and a half embryonic
whorls form a sul)globular nucleus. Adult whorls four. Body
whorl with two carinas, the upper one carrying subspines. Sur-
face covered with rather distant, elevated, revolving lines. Inner
lip spread over the body whorl. Columella irregularly tubercu-
lated.

Newton.

The figure on the plate, though still representing a fragment,
is restored from two specimens. The form is characterized by its
flat spire.

ColiivibcUa niississippicusis, n. sp.

Plate II. Figure 17. •
Spire elevated. Whorls nine, slightly convex ; the last four
with an impressed line along the suture. Base of body whorl
spirally striated. Columella excavated, anteriorly with three tu-
bercles. Outer lip thickened, crenulated within by about seven
striae, of which one in the middle is the largest.
Newton.

Fusil s Ncivtojicnsis^ n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 11. ''
Short fusiform. Aperture and canal more than half the
length of the shell. Wjiorls regularly rounded. More than three

44 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

smooth embryonic whorls form the nucleus. I'hey are followed by
four adult whorls. These are covered by elevated, revolving lines,
which alternate on the whorl body, and which are crossed by ele-
vated lines of growth. The last three whorls l)esides are orna-
mented by prominent, obtuse, transverse folds, about ten on each
whorl, sigmoidally bent on the body whorl. Aperture angular
posteriorly. Outer lip sharp, striated some distance within.
Callus spread over the columella. Canal recurved.

Newton.

Fiisiis siibscalarinus Heil])r. has whorls which are flattened on
their upper part, while those of Fus. Nnvtoncnsis are convex.

Murex canccUaroidcs, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 15.

Short-fusiform. Aperture and canal less than half of the
length of the shell. Embryonic whorls three. Adult whorls five
with crowded oblique, rib-like, varices, becoming obsolete on the
body whorl. They are covered by numerous, alternating, promi-
nent, elevated, revolving lines. Columella, with an umbilicate
fissure. Canal short, straight. Aperture regularly rounded pos-
teriorly. Outer lip thickened, crenate within, the crenation at the
middle of the whorl being the strongest.

Newton.

Only the figured specimen has been found.

Margimila constrictoides, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 10.
Biconical. Spire more than a third the length of the shell.
Whorls six, flattened. Columella, with four folds, the uppermost
nearly horizontal, the lowest nearly vertical. Aperture straight.
Outer lip thickened, crenate.
Newton.

Afargimila coustricta Conv. from Claiborne is similar ; but has
the outer lip angular posteriorly, five plaits on the columella, which
are besides of different shape and position, has a lower sjiire and
is smaller.

Cylichiia volutata, n. sjj.
Plate II. Figure 4.
Cylindrical, top regularly conical. Ajierture straight, widen-
ing anteriorly. Columella anteriorly with a nearly vertical fold.
Newton.

The Tertiary Fauna of Nezvfon and Waiitiibhee, Miss. 45

Indistinct revolving impressed lines are only visible under a
strong glass. The conical top is distinctly defined from the cylin-
drical body.

Lamellibranchiata,
Plicatiila plaiiata, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 20.
Covered by small, radiating ribs, consisting of scales and
scaly spines. They are larger in rather regular intervals, es-
pecially on the sides, and their spines are sometimes rather long.
The umbonial part, however, is smooth.
Newton, Wautubbee.
The type specimen is from Newton.

Pcctot piilchricosfa, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 23, 23^7.
Convex, covered by eight broad, rounded, radiating ribs,
perceptible in the inside ; those in the middle are the largest.
Near the ventral margin they dissolve into more numerous ribs.
Wautubbee. . -

Only the figured valve is known.

Witcyicardia coniphwicosta, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 21, 2\a.

Rather small. Cordate. Very much inflated. Beak large.
Covered by compound, elevated ribs, crenulated near the umbo.
They consist of a large median and two small side-ribs. Margin
crenulate within, in correspondence with the outer ribs.

Wautubbee.

Vcncricardia Moorcaiia Gal)b, from Texas, and T?//. pcranii-
qua Conr. (K subqiiadrafa Gabb), from New Jersey, have similar
ribs, but are less inflated ; have a rounded ventral margin and a
smaller beak.

Corhula Miircliisoni Lea var. fossa fa n. var.
Plate II. Figure 22.

Like Corhula Murchisoui Lea, from Claiborne, but the con-
centric ribs terminate rather abruptly at a depressed line along the
carina. Between this line and the carina there are double the
number of small concentric ribs. The form, besides, is smaller
than in Claiborne.

Newton ; Wautubbee ; Lisbon, Ala.

46 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

The type specimen is from Newton. 'I'he sharp and well de-
fined depression along the carina of the umbonial slope is so
striking and seems to be so characteristic for the horizon, Newton-
Wautubbee-Lisbon, that some might consider it more practical to
give to the form a new specific name. This, however, would not
show its close relation to Corb. Munliisoni.

Ncccra {Ca/'dioiiiya) /iiul/ionia/a, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 19.

Posterior half of the surface, with six radiating ribs, the
stronger the more posteriorly they are. They alternate with
smaller radiating ribs, which do not cover the umbonial i)art.
Anterior half of the surface covered by numerous radiating ribs ;
its umbonial part is covered by strong concentric ribs, which ter
minate abruptly at the first radiating rib of the posterior half.

Wautubbee.

Only the figured damaged specimen has been found.

Xylophaga (?) iiiississij^piensis, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 24.

Globular, widely gaping in front. Divided by a radiating
line into two parts. The posterior ])art is convex and covered l)y
indistinct, distant concentric lines. The anterior part is globu-
larly rounded and covered by sharp, elevated, somewhat waving
concentric ribs, smaller and crowded on the umbonial ]>art. Its
anterior margin is reflected.

Newton.

One single s])ecimen has l)een found.

LeI'ADID/F..

Sc(xIpcUiini siilujiiadrafiim, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 25.

Carina only known. Its umbo at the apex, pointed. Tectum
and parietes flat.

Wautubbee.

Resembles very much ScalpcUuni (juadraiinii, l^ixon, sp. (C.
Darwin, Fossil Lepadida:\ j). 22, pi. I , fig. 3.), from the English
Eocene.

The Tertiary Fauna of Neivton aiid Waiitiibbcc, Miss. 47

Cephalopoda.
Belcmnosis Aiiicritaiia, n. sp.
Plate II. Figure 26, 2^a.

Phragmocone rather long, straight, with horizontal sutures.
Rostrum obtusely conical below, quadrangularly flattened above.

Wautubbee.

Only one specimen of this genus has heretofore been known.
It is from the London clay, and seems to be less perfect than our
type.

Enumeration of the Species Found.

Glossophora.

c
0

%

1;

c

u

0

5

c

0

t-

0
0
"3
<u

c
0

J!

■A

Dentalium alternatum, Lea

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0

0

0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0

0

0
0
0

0
0

0

0

0
0

0

0
0

0

0

0
0

0

0

0

0
0

Dentalium incisissimum, Mr. & Aid ...

Dentalium minutistriatum, Gabb

Cadulus abrujjtus, Mr. & Aid

Cadulus, sp

Fissurella Claibornensis, Lea

Fissurella altior, Mr. & Aid

Solarium Meekanum ? Gabb

••

Solarium scrobiculatum, Con

Solarium bellastriatum. Con .

Solarium vespertinum ? (xabb

Solarium ornatum, Lea

,/ . ■

Solarium, sp

Solarium eleg-ans, Lea var. , modestum,
Mr. & Aid ,

Solarium nitens. Lea sp

Discohelix rotella, Lea

Scalaria (Opalia) albitesta, Mr. & Aid...

Scalaria Newtonensis, Mr. & Aid

Eglisia retisculpta, Mr. & Aid

Turritella Mortoni C. {='r. carinata,
I. Lea)

48

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

GLOSSUI'MOKA.

X
u

IP

c

J3

c

c

•^

S

0

c

o

0

Z

^

U

_:

>

rt

Turritella carinata, H. C. Lea

Siliquaria Claibornensis, Lea

Trochita trochiformis, Lea .

Hipponyx pygma^a, Lea

Natica mamma, Lea

Natica semilunata, Lea .

Natica minor, Lea

Natica Newtonensis, Mr. & Aid. . . .
Sigaretus (Sigatica) Boettgeri, Mr. &

Aid

Sigaretus striatus. Lea sp

Sigaretus inconstans, Mr. & Aid

Eulima notata, Lea sp

Niss umbilicata. Lea sp

Odostomia elevata. Lea sp

Odostomia, sp

Triforis ' major, Mr

Cerithiopsis nassula C. (^C. Langdoni

Aldr.)

Cerithiopsis Aldrichi, Mr

Cerithiopsis (juadristriaris, Mr. & Aid..

Cassis, Crevicostata, Con

Cassidaria planotecta, Mr. & Aid

[i.] Distortrix septemdentata, Cabb . .

Pseudoliva pyruloides. Lea

Phos cancellatus, Lea sp ...

Columbella mississii)piensis, Mr. & Aid.

Fusus Meyeri, Aldr

Fusus raphanoides C. (r^Clav.

humerosa C.) . ,

Fusus altilis. Con .....

Fusus venustus. Lea

Fusus Mortoniopsis, Gal)b

Fusus pagodiformis, Hlpr

Fusus Newtonensis, Mr. & Aid

Fasciolaria Moorei, Gabb

Latirus, sp

Caricella reticulata, Aldr

Murex engonatus, Con

Murex Vanuxemi ? Con

Murex angulatus ? Mr

Murex cancellaroides, Mr. & Aid. . . . . .

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o
o

o
o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Ilfcl Hlull.

o

o

o

o

Kcd Blutr.

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Sowilpa Cr'k, Al;i.

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

0

Ilalchcbigbee.

o

o

Wood's Bluft.

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Wood's Blufl

o

o

o

o

o

o

Red BlulT.

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

TJie Tertiary Fauna of Nczvton and Wautnbbee, I\f<iss. 49

Gl.OSSOPIIORA. 6

z 1? 0

Lisbon.
Weelock, Tex.
Jackson.

Odontopolys conipsorhytis ? Gabb... ... 0 0

Voluta Vanuxemi, Lea. 000

Mitra fusoides, Lea, var 0 0

Mitra pactilis C, var. dumosa C 00

Mitra lineata ? Lea 00

00
0 0

00.

Mitra biconica VVhitf. 00

Marginella ovata, Lea 0 0

0 " ^

Marginella constrictoides, Mr. & Aid 0
Ancillaria staniinea C. (=Ag. punctuli-o
fera, Gabb) 000

0 0 Wood's Bluft

Oliva Alabamieiisis, Con 00

Oliva Phillipsii ? Lea 00

Terebra divisura, Con. var 000

00 , •

Terebra gracilis, Lea (='r. multiijlicata
H. C. Lea) 0 0

0

Conus sauridens, Con 0 0

000

[2] 20 species of Pleurotoma from both
ocalities

Chiton eocensis. Con 00

[3] Bulla Aldrichi Langdon (B. bium-
bilicata, Mr. var.) . 0 0

Cylichna St. Hilairii, Lea, var 000

Cylichna -volutata, Mr. & Aid 0

Volvula minutissima ? Gabb 0

Actseonin a subvaricata, Conv 000

0

Laimellibranchiata.
Ostrea sellseforniis, Conv 000

0 '

Ostrea Johnsoni, Aldr. . 0

Plicatula Mantelli, Lea 000

0 Monroe Co., Ala.
Enterprise, Miss.

PlicatLila planata, Mr. & Aid 00

Pecten Deshayesi, Lea 000

Pecten scintillatus, Con 0 0

Pecten pulchricosta, Mr. & Aid 0

Area rhomboidella. Lea 000

Area aspera. Con 00

0 0

0 0
0

Pectunculus Broderipi, Lea ,. 000

Limopsis declivis, Con 0 00

0 0

Limopsis ellipsis, Lea sp 000

Limopsis obliquiis. Lea sp 000

Nucula ovula. Lea 000

Leda multilineata, Con 00

0 0
0 0

50

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Glossothoka.

y.

.1

h

V

u

^

c

X

o

3

o

c

u

0

*

■«

^

Z

?

O

A

1^

■^

Leda sp. (allied to L. improcera C.)

Leda sp

Venericardia Sillimani, Lea

Venericardia rotunda, Lea

Venericardia complexicosta, Mr. & Aid.

Crassatella alta, Con

Crassatella protexta, Con

Chania mississippiensis, Con

Mysia rotunda, Lea sp

Cytherea minima. Lea

Cytherea Hydii ? Lea

Cytherea Poulsoni ? Con ,

Tellina nitens. Lea sp

Mactra parilis, Con

Corbula Alabamiensis, Lea ,

Corbula engonata, Con

Corbula Murchisoni, Lea var. fossata,

Mr. & Aid

Nesra multiornata, Mr. & Aid. ...

Teredo simplex. Lea

Xylophaga ? mississippiensis, Mr. &

Aid

DiVERSA. •

Platytrochus Stokesii, Lea

Endopachys Maclurii, Lea

Flabellum Wailesii, Con •

Three other species of Corals

Three species of Bryozoa

Scalpellum eocenense, Mr

Scalpellum subcpiadratum, Mr. & Aid.

Belosepia ungula, Gabb

Belemnosis Americana, Mr. & Aid. . .

o

o
o 6 o

o o o

o
o o o o

o o o
o o
o o o o

o o
o
o

o o o o
o o o o

GOO

o o

GO O

o

G O

o

O O O G
O GO
GO G

G O G O
G

O G G
O

Entrepiise.
Monroe Co., Ala.

NOTES.

Ill Distort rix '/iiii-soiiciisis, Mr., though ditlerctit from D. sr/>ti-iiuifiitcitti, G;ibb, is
so closely related to this species, that it is probably better to consider it a variety.

|2l The present state of the American Tertiary literature is sucli that a determina-
tion and description of all these species of Pliitrotoniit must be postponed.

f3l Bulla AIdn'cln\ Langdon, is a synonym of B. tyiumbilicata Mr. As, how-
ever, the latter name is preoccupied by the similar and perhaps identical £■ biumbili'
cata, Desh., Mr. Langdon's name has to be used at present,

British Inch as the Unit of MeasuTe of the Mound Builders. 5 1

THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE BRITISH INCH AS THE
UNIT OF MEASURE OF THE MOUND BUILDERS OF
THE OHIO VALLEY. . , .

Paper Contributed by J. Ralston Skinner, Dec. i, 1885.

Very fortunate conditions seem to make the identification of
the unit of measure of the Mound Builders of the Ohio valley both
simple and easy, of demonstration. One may go further, and say
certain of demonstration, because certainty rests upon but two
matters of fact, which on examination will probably be pro-
nounced established.

The first of these facts is this : That the measures of a great
number of these mounds in the river valleys, and on the river ter-
races of the State of Ohio, as reported by E. G. Squier and E. H.
Davis in their great and now somewhat famous work, "Ancient
Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithson-
ian Institution in the year 1848, are to be relied on. It is but fair
to say that they are reliable ; both from the reiterated statements of
these gentlemen and because the Smithsonian Institution gave the
work place in its archives. Independently of these considerations
the reported measures of these gentlemen contain intrinsic evi-
dence that they were correctly taken, so strong, that we may
adopt them as established data for the purposes of our investiga-
tion. When this evidence is coupled with (i) the character of the
men reporting the measures, (2) the fact that their labors \yere ap-
proved of by and confirmed by Mr. Charles Whittlesey, Topo-
graphical Engineer of the State of Ohio, whose surveys of these
mounds were made officially, under an act of the State of Ohio,
for geological and topographical surveys, and contributed as part
of the work of these gentlemen, after they had, as to many,
verified and confirmed them, and (3) the acceptance and approval
of the institution named, it seems but reasonable to accept it as
decisive of the matter. This intrinsic evidence will be quite elab-
orately given, with a number of quotations as to the character of
the surveys, and as to the impressions of the surveyors, taken here
and there from their descriptions.

The second of these facts is as follows : The key to this
matter is a stone measure now in possession of The Cincinnati So-
ciety of Natural History. This stone was found in and dug out of

52 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the Sixth and Mound street mound in the City of Cinciniuiti at tlie
time of its removal, by Mr. C. P. (iridley, now ot ihe City of
Springfield, Ohio. He deposited it in the collection of The
Western Academy of Natural Sciences, where it was labeled as con-
tributed by him ; the original label being now on the stone. The
collection of The Western Academy of Natural Sciences, this
stone being part of it, passed into the possession of the present so-
ciety. This is fully verified by the statement of Mr. Gridley him-
self made to Dr. H. H. Hill, an officer of this society, December
5, 1878, on the occasion of his (Mr. Gridley) coming to this city
(Cincinnati) for the purpose of obtaining this stone. The state-
ment is so important that it is made a part of this paper in Appen-
dix A. The elliptical mound in which this stone was found is the
same in which was recovered the " Gcst Tablet '" as to which so
much has been said and written. (See Appendix C.)

The writer of this paper, while making investigation into the
origin of our British measures, was amazed at the ancient univer-
sal use of like achitectural symbols all over the world in all lands.
Very especially at the almost identity of geometrical display of the
Mound Builder's remains with that of the old Egyptian and
Hebrews. While examining into this matter in the works of
Squier and Davis, spoken of, he was astonished to find that the
reported measures given in British feet were such in numbers that
a system was disclosed in the general construction, which system
could not have been disclosed had any other unit of measure than
the British inch been used. So impressed was he with the fact,
and yet so impossible did it seem, that in a work, entitled
*' Source of Measures," published in the year 1875, ^^^ made the
following remark : " Mounds showing British measures. In
searching in the works of Siiuier and Davis a great number of
measures were found, and it was very observable that the English
measures seemed so fitting that it was difficult to free the mind
from dwelling on their use in the original construction. These
measures seemed to be multiples of 3, 4, 6 and 12, and kept run-
ning toward the value 360. These facts were noted at the time
as curious ; but any possible connection seemed, even as it does
now, but a wild freak of the imagination, and the matter, though
noted, was dropped."

It happened fortunately, that Mr. R. B. Moore, a member of
The Cincinnati Society of Natural History, and former President

British Inch as the Unit of Measure of the Mound Binlders.^^

thereof, became interested in the various discoveries set forth in
the works of the writer as to the origin and ancient use of the
British measures ; as also in the suggestion of their use in the con-
struction of the Mound Builder remains. Having his attention
turned that way, it occurred to him to take the measure of the
Gridley stone, the outlines of which are here given : .

Fig-. I. Around the curve from the shoulder of Ihe stone above B in direction of
the arrovvrs to E is 12 standard inches. The right line face between these is 9 standard
inches. The stone is the half of the ellipse and drawn twice, reversing it. 'I'he figure
is reduced oiw-lialf %ize from the exact far simile. The edge of the stone on diameter
is beveled, and right line CF is 9 inches also. Fiom E to D to fill the space of the worn
point is n-50 of an inch. The measure of the curve was made December 21, 1SS2, by use
of a sirip of firm paper, and referred to a standard rule.

54 Cincitinati Society of Natiaal History.

As seen it is the symmetrical half of a nearly ])erfectly pro
. portioned ellipse, the straight edge or line being the diameter
thereof. On measuring the straight edge, or diameter line, Mr.
Moore found it to be precisely nine (9) standard inches, and on
measuring the curved edge, or half circumference of the ellii)se, he
found it to be exactly twelve (12) inches. That is, the measure
was that of the folded '■'■two-foot rule,'" but in such form of presen-
tation that the foot, or 12 inches, inseparably connected itself
with the measure of 9 inches. The extreme ingenuity of the de-
vice certainly does honor to the Mound Builders, for 9X12=108,
while 9-j— 12=21 five times which is 105, and these two are the
typical or key numbers of measures used in the construction of the
great and most prominent works in the valley. In addition to this
108-j— 1051=213, which is a circumference value of a circle whose
diameter is 67.8, the // ratio being 35.5 to 113, to be found in
the Dunlap works. So also 9X32=288, the number of the
measure of that particular circle at Newark, on which Squier and
Davis lay especial stress. This combination of measures, as will
be seen, is used throughout the Ohio works, whether great or
small, of whatever geometrical shape. Mr. Moore made a
wooden copy of the stone which he gave the writer, telling him of
the measures. But really the statement did not affect him, even
to making a trial for the truth of the claim, merely because the fact
was so extremely unlikely that it was without consideration re.
jected. It was not until some two or three years afterward, viz;
in the fall of this year, 1882, that the writer's attention was again
turned to this matter, from reading in Mr. Wilson's Work, a
description of the measures of the Gest Tablet, viz : length 5 inches,
greatest width 3 inches, least width 2.6 inches. The fact that both
were found in the same mound, and also the fact that Mr. Moore
had told the writer that the elliptical stone measured "precisely 9
and 12 inches;" coupled with this statement as to the Gest Tablet,
determined him to make the measures of both. He spent the lon-
ger part of one afternoon, repeating the trial tests over and over
again. A standard measure being used for reference, it was found
that Mr. Moore had not exaggerated, but had stated a plain fair
fact. The elliptical stone, on its straight edge did measure pre-
cisely 9 inches, and around its curved edge precisely 12 inches.
The writer requested Mr. Jose])h James to make the test also, who
took the measures with the like showinii. Since then it has been

British Inch as the Unit of Measure of the Mound Buihiers. 5 5

measured by various parties with the same resuUs, Moreover, it was
proved that the stone was approximately the symmetrical half of an
ellipse, because by mapping it on paper, and then reversing it on
its straight edge, the whole ellipse became produced. As to the
" Gest Tablet" see Appendix C.

Even if the contriver of this stone had no idea of the particular
unit of measure by which it would as to its straight edge measure 9
(nine) of these particular units, viz : British inches, and its circum-
ference 12 (twelve) thereof, especially when the power and con-
venience of these numbers for particular architectural purposes is
considered, it would seem impossible that he could have chanced
on it. The fact that this unit of measure so fits in this exceedingly
curious mode of making, showing and preserving a standard of
measure is proof of the general intention of the contriver. Couple
this fact with another, viz., that the mound in which it was found
was an elliptical one "about 440 feet in circumference" a peculiar
division of 5280 feet, (for *f|"=44o) used much in Mound struc-
ture. Still further connect with these the further facts which we
will show, viz.: that the use ofthis measure in the structure of the
Mound Builder works, is confirmed in a great number of instances,
nay universally; and that too, by an interchangeable play upon
the numbers of the measures, as 12 and 21, 24 and 42, etc. Such
being the condition of facts, and such is the condition of facts,
one must seemingly come'to the conclusion that the British inch
and foot were used then just as one would have to now to recog-
nize the measures and scale adopted in the construction of a multi-
tude of rooms, passages, openings, etc., in any large and carefully
constructed building of to-day.

This stone was found and placed in the museum before many
of the surveys of Squier and Davis were madeand before any of
them were given to the public. They probably never heard of, cer-
tainly they have never mentioned the stone. Its appearance is not
calculated to draw attention, and so far as we can discover has never
been commented on by any one save Mr. Moore. Beyond the
facts, that its shape was peculiar, that it was worked, and that it
was found in the mound, there was nothing about it to attract more
than a passing glance. It was deposited by M. Gridley in the
museum at the request of Mr. Carley with some fragments of other
pieces of stone found by Mr. Gridley, at the same time and place,
and these are now in the collection of the Natural History Society,
bearing the original labels.

56

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

To enforce what has been said as to the reliabihty of the re
ported measures of Messrs. Squier and Davis, a number of statements
made by them in their work and bearing ui)on the matter, are
quoted in Appendix B. They are of importance as a part of this
paper, but are separated from the text that the actual measures of
the works may stand out in clear relief. Premising that this incpiiry
is contined to what are denominated "The Sacred Enclosures,"
occupying the levels of the terraces as contra-distinguished from
the " Fortifications," or military works, we will now proceed to the
classification of the works, agreeably to certain prominent types of
of measures used. It will be seen that all the various types of
measure are inter-related, the one with the other. While this is of the
gist of this paper, it will also serve as a remarkable support to the
accuracy and faithfulness of the measures rejjorted.

Group I.
This group comprises the use of two circles, a greater and a
lesser, in combination with an especial square. This square is
identically the same in quite a number of instances, the identity
being originally and first discovered, as asserted by Messrs Squier
and Davis, upon the compilation of work from the " Field Notes."
The measure of the side of this typical square is 1080 feet. As an
illustration, the plan of the works in Plate 20, page 56 of Scpiier
and Davis surveys is given (Figure 2.) This work is situated in
Ross County, Ohio, eight miles south-east of Chillicothe.

No. I. The work just mentioned. As seen the side of the
scjuare is 1080 feet One circle has a diameter of 1720 feet, and
and the. other of 800 feet. An embankment connecting between
the square and the circle will be aioticed, 350 feet long. 350 feet

British Inch as the U'nit of Measure of the Alonnd Builders, z^y

is 4200 inches, and one-fourth of this is 1050 inches This relation
is significant, because the measure of 1050 feet is the second most
conspicuous one in the mound works. So also, 350 is ther everse
of 530. and 530 feet as will be seen is part of the side of a s(|uare
forming the chord of a great circle, in the Hopeton Works.

No. 2. Plate 21, page 57, (we cjuote from Squier and Davis
work,) gwQ'ifoiir works, similar to No. 1, the sc^uare in each being
1080 feet to the side.

(a) A work on Paint Creek, a tributary to the Scioto river,
14 miles from Chillicothe,

(b) A work on "The Crossings of Paint Creek." The great
circle is about 1687 feet in diameter, and contains an elliptical
mound 140 feet long by 160 feet broad, and 30 feet high; also a
small circle 250 feet in diameter. The length of the mound is to be
noticed, tor it is 1680 inches, a multiple of 42, which number di-
vided by 4 is 105.

(c) A work on the Scioto river, i mile south of Chillicothe.
The great circle of this work has a diameter of about 1625 feet.

(d) A work at Frankfort, or Old Chillicothe, on the left bank
of the North Fork of Paint Creek. The great circle of this work is
about 1625 feet in diameter.

In addition to the works mentioned, we have as especially
setting forth the measure of 1080 feet: —

(i) The great square connected with the cone and ellipse, at
Marietta, on the Muskingum river. This scjuare measures 1080
feet to the side. Plate 26 page 73.

(2) The great rectangle at Winchester, Indiana. This rec-
tangle measures upon one side 1080 feet, upon the other 1320 feet,
or just one-fourth of a mile. If we add the length of these sides,
we have 2400. The number 24 is constantly being used in the
works in connection or contrast with 42 its inverse. 4^ times 24 are
108, and 42 divided by 4 is 105. It we subtract 1080 from 1320
we have 240. Plate 33, page 93.

(c) The great rectangle at Hopeton, on the Scioto river, 4
miles above Chillicothe, connected with a great circle. One side
of this rectangle is 10800 inches in length. The great circle is in
diameter 1050 feet. Here the numbers 1050 and 1080 are brought
immediately together.

(4) Two great rectangular enclosed parallels, each 750 feet
long by 60 feet wide, or 9000 inches long, by 720 inches wide.

5i

Cincinnati Society of Natural History

The area of each is 45000 s(|uare feet, or together 90000 square
feet. This is loooo times 1296 S([uare inches.

It is noteworthy that the phiy of the numbers used about these
works is the same that is so fiimiHar with us, in our measures of space
and time. 1296 square inches is one of our square yards, 4 of
which, or 5184, muUipUed by 1000 is the number of thirds in one
solar day of 24 hours, measured on the circle of 360 degrees, as 15
degrees to the hour. That is, a circle of 360 degrees forming 24
hours, reduced to minutes and seconds and tliirds give's 5184000'" as
parts It is the measure of time on such a circle that causes the
transfer of the measure of right-lined shapes onto circular ones, by
a fittingly chosen set of numbers, and the numbers 6, 12 and 36,
have always, and with all nations, been used as the numbers for
measures in common, for the two kinds of shapes, viz ; rectangles and
circles. 360X24 is 8640. The half of 864 is 432, and the play
upon this number is common among the nations, as 324, .243, etc.
324 is 36X9, as also io8X3> while 1080 divided by 3 is 360. The
illustration on Plate 24, page dd, given hereafter, gives this as an
area, viz: 90 feet by 360 feet, or 32400, with 240 by 360 which
gives 86400. The use is singularly that of the very ancient Baby-
lonians.

GROUP II. A.

This group is characterized by a great circle, whose diameter
is 1050 feet. The circle is connected with a rectangle. The illus-

British Inch as the Unit of Measure of the Mound Builders. 59

tration is the plan of the Hopeton works, Ross Co., Ohio;
situated on the east bank of the Scioto river, four miles above
Chillicothe, Plate 17, page 51, of Squier and Davis.

No. I. The Hopeton Works. The great circle is 1050 feet
in diameter. One side of the rectangle is 900 feet in length, or
10800 inches. The combination with Group I is at once manifest.
The side of the rectangle makes a chord of the circle 530 feet
long. 900 less 530 is 370 feet. Five times 370 is 1850 feet, and
1850 less 900 feet, one side of the rectangle gives 950 feet, the
other side of the same.

No. 2. The High Bank Works, on the Scioto river, five
miles below Chillicothe, Plate 16, p. 50. Diameter of the great
circle 1050 feet. This is connected with a great octagon 950 feet
in diameter on a measured section.

No. 3. The Seal Township Works, near the Scioto river, in
Pike County, Ohio, Plate 24, p. 66. Diameter of the great circle
1050 feet. The great circle is connected by parallels 475 feet long
by 100 feet wide, to a square of 800 feet to the side. As to the
parallel: 475 feet is 5700 inches, and 100 feet is 1200 inches.
The area is 10,000 times 684 inches. 684 is but a play upon 648.
Reduced one-half, 684 becomes 342, which number as said is
remarkable in its various uses, as 243, 324, 432, and so on They
are all multiples of 6, as 72X6=^432. 54X6=324. 40.5X6=
243 and 57X6=342.

GROUP H. B.

Related in measure, this same number 1050 is found in the
following work's :

No. I. The Cedar Bank Works, Ross County, Ohio, near
the Scioto river, five miles above Chillicothe; Plate 18, p. 52.
They consist of a great rectangle, two and opposite sides of which
measure, each, 1050 feet. The remaining sides measure 1400 i^&i
each. At the centers of the sides of 1050 feet are entrances 60
feet wide. In the rectangle is a truncated rectangular pyramid,
250 feet long, by 150 feet broad, and 4 feet high, with graded
ways leading on to it, 30 feet broad. Near the rectangle is an en-
closed rectangular parallel, 870 by 70 feet. Near by is a group
consisting of a square of 120 feet to the side, 9 feet high, and a
circle 250 feet in diameter, having an entrance 30 feet in width.
250 feet less 30 is 220 feet, the characteristic measure of Group
III.

6o Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

1050 feet is 12,600 inches, the half of which is 6300. The
number 63 feet is found on " The Bird''' in the Newark Mounds
and elsewhere. The third of 63 is 21, the inverse of 12, and
21X5=105, while 12X9=108-

No. 2. The Junction Group, Ross Coanty, Ohio, on
Paint Creek, two miles south-west of Chillicothe ; Plate 22, page
6t. This group, in the connection, is exceedingly noteworthy, as
it shows a play upon the numbers 210 and 120, the sources re-
spectively of 1050 and 1080. It consists chiefly of two circles
which touch upon the opposite sides of a regular square, contained
in a larger square, whose sides are much rounded, almost circular.
One circle is 120 feet in diameter, the regular square is 120 feet to
the side, surrounded by a bank whose sha])e partakes of the nature
of a square and a circle. The circle upon the opposite side is 210
feet in diameter, or 105X2 feet; hence the unit of measure is 105
feet. Near this last is another circle 210 feet in diameter. Off to
one side, at some distance is a regular square of 160 feet to the
side, in a very symmetrical figure, 240 feet across, with sides
much rounded, and which partakes of the shape of the circle and
the square.

No. 3. The remarkable " Oraded Way," near Piketon.
Pike Co., Ohio; Plate 31, p. 88. The measures of the "way,"
combine in a special manner," those of Groups I and II. One
section of this " way "" is 1080 feet long. From this proceeds an
embankment 1500 feet long, at the end of which a bank runs off
at a slight angle, a length of 420 feet. In the side of the long
line, and at right-angles to it a bank projects 212 feet, then an
elbow runs parallel with the main line 420 feet, and from the
extremity of this last, diverging from it at a slight angle, a bank
runs in towards the main line a distance of 240 feet. Here is
unmistakable evidence of the purposed combination of the char-
acteristic measures 1050 and 1080 feet, of Groups I and II.
24 feet is 6X4, while 42 feet is 6X7- The fourth part of 4200
is 1050, while 180X6^=1080 feet. So, also, 212X2.5^=530, the
chord of the circle in the Hopeton Works, where 1080 is directly
connected with 1050.

No. 4. The Portsmouth Works in Kentucky, opposite to the
old mouth of the Scioto river; Plate 28, ]). 78. This work con-
sists of two ways, or i)arallels, each 2100 by 210 feet, converging
from opposite directions on a square of 800 feet to the side. The
unit of measure is evidently 105 feet; or 21 as the inverse of 12.

British Inch as the Ujtit of Measure of the Mound BiiildeJS.Gi

So 105 feet is 1260 inches, and the number 126 is quite a famous
one among the ancients, especially in Hebrew Caballah.

The fact is, these relations of measures so pervade the entire
aggregate of the surveys in the work of Stjuier and Davis, that it
would be tiresome, and really unnecessary to repeat almost all
their labors simply to force attention by mere accumulation.

Group III.

This group is characterized by the use of the number no,
in combination with 1080 of Group I.

The number no is derived from the number 52S0, which ///
feet, is one mile in our measure. The divisions of this number
give the controlling measures of this group. The number 24 and
its inverse 42,' gives rise to the numbers as measures, controlling
the construction of the works in Groups I and II; and 5280 divid-
ed by 24 is 220, and the half of this is no, which with its mul-
tiples make the prominent measures in this group.

The illustration, "Figure 4," is the rectangular ancient work
near Winchester, Randolph Co., Indiana; Plate 33, p. 93.

No. I. This rectangle at Winchester. It is 1320 feet in length,
on one side, by 1080 feet upon the other. 1320 feet is one-fourth
of one mile. 1080 feet as a measure, characterizes the works in
Group I. i320~f-io8o^2400 feet. In the Newark elliptical
work, the number 2400 feet is divided into 1250 and 1150 feet, to
make the conjugate diameters. 1320 less 1080 shows the lack to
make an exact square. The difference is 240 feet. 1320 is 12
times no.

No. 2. Rectangle shown in Plate 32, p. 91. It is 220 feet
long, by 120 feet broad. 220X 120=26400, or 13200X2.

62 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

No. 3. Rectangle shown in Plate 29, p. 82. It is 550 feet
long, by 630 feet broad. 550 is 10 times 5280 divided by 96.
The difference between 630 and 550 is 80 feet, or 960 inches, in
the digits of which number we have the divisor of 5280 to give the
number 550.

No. 4. Plate 28, p. 78. The work is an oval no feet long,
by 60 broad (the plans say 70, letter press 60). On the same plate
is shown a mound no feet in diameter at its base.

No. 5. Plate 23, p. 62,. This is a group of 7 circles. Three
have a diameter, each, of 130 feet, one of 200 feet, one of 210
feet, and two of no feet, each.

No. 6. Plate 36, p. 98. The work is called in the text "The
Greek Cross," and is given "Figure 5" because of a remarkable

combination of the numbers 42, 24 and 12, and because the forego-
ing will almost justify the statement that a connection is intended
to be shown with the number 1320 feet. The length of the Cross is
90 feet, or 1080 inches. The width of the end of the arm is 24 feet,
while the diagonal of the body, is 42 feet, one-fourth of which
is 10.5 feet. The circle in the center is 10 feet or 120 inches in
diameter. But what is peculiar in this connection is, that if 42 be
taken as the diameter of a circle, then the addition of less than
, ^g of a foot, will give a circumference of 132 feet for the circle,
which is the tenth part of one cpiarter of a mile. Of course spec-
ulation is not allowable in a research of this kind, which is simply
to tabulate measures given; yet from the lesson of these three
groups of measures, it becomes easy to imagine that this number
42, was intended to suggest connected relations of the three groups
in one figure. This work is 3 feet, or 36 inches high.

With very few exceptions these three groups of measures are
involved rn some way, in all the surveyed works of the ancient
"Sacred Enclosures," given by Messrs. Squier and Davis. The

British Inch as the Unit of Measure of the Mound Builders. 6}^

groupings themselves, show, by the extraordinary variety, yet per-
fect dependence, or rather inter-relation, the one upon or with the
other, that the surveys were actual, and the aieasures correct as re-
ported. The impression produced by the investigation of the re-
ported measures of these works, is almost irresistable that they are
constructions of to-day, made by use of our standard measures, in
the familiar denominations thereof. So strong is this impression
that unless fortified by proof made positive, it would appear that
no reasonable man can believe that the exact measures were cor-
rectly reported by Mr. Charles Whittlesey, and by Messrs. Squier
and Davis; and this even in the face of the high standing of these
gentlemen, and their reiterated averments that their measures were
carefully and minutely taken "with compass, line and rule," and
were reliable.

I have tried as far as possible to make their own assertion as to
their measures good, by intrinsic evidence, and judge that this has
been done; for certainly no one could suspect them of purposely
making so elaborate and coherent a system'of interrelated measures?
either when taking the surveys, or as an after-thought, when the
"field notes" were brought together. It would have been prepos-
terous for them to have attempted such a thing; nor had they tried,
could they, unless by notable perversions, and with very great
labor and ingenuity, have fabricated with a different set of measures
than used by the Builders, a fraud which would have borne the
test of such an analysis as the above.

The discovery of a unit of measure, which exactly fits to the
construction of all these works, showing so perfisct a system, as re-
ported, was the one thing wanting to justify the measures themselves
as being rightly taken, and perfectly satisfy the most skeptical.
This discovery was made, as already stated, by Mr. R. B. Moore,
in the elliptical stone in the treasures of the Natural History Soci-
ety. It is simply our '■'■two foof rule over again, but connected
with another unit of measure, which we do not possess, viz , that
of 9 inches. 9X12 inches =108 inches, i2X-|=io-5) or 9-pi2
divided by 2 equals 10.5 inches, while 12X44=528 inches. The
application of these very simple grades of measure explains the
base of the construction of all the ancient "Sacred Enclosures" of
the Ohio Valley. Dr. Drake reported the measure of the ellipti-
cal mound in which the measuring stone was found, as about 440
feet in circumference.

(to be continued.)

64 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

PLATE II.

Fig. I, Dentalium incisissinium, n. sp.

Fig. 2, Caduliis abruptus, n. sp.

Fig. 3> 3'^ 3^'> Caduliis, sp.

Fig. 4, Cylichna volutata, n. sp.

Fig. 5, Ceritiiiopsis cpiadristriaris, n. sp.

Fig, 6, da. Solarium elegans, Lea var , modestum, n. var.

Fig. 7, Scalaria (Opalia) albitesta, n. sp.

Fig. 8, Scalaria Nevvtonensis, n. sp.

Fig. 9, Eglisia retisculpta, n. sp.

Fig. 10, Marginella constrictoides, n. sp.

Fig. IT, Fusus Newtonensis, n. sj).

Fig. I 2, Natica Nevvtonensis, n. sp.

Fig. 13, Sigaretus (Sigatica) Boettgeri, n. subgen, et. n. sp.

Fig. 14, Cassidaria planotecta, n. sp.

Fig. 15, Murex cancellaroides, n. sp.

Fig. 16, \(ia, i6b, Fissurella altior, n. sp.

Fig. 17, Columbella mississippiensis, n. sp.

Fig. 18, i?>a, Sigaretus inconstans, n. sp.

Fig. 19, Neitra (('ardiomya) multiornata, n. sp.

Fig. 20, Plicatula planata, n. sp.

Fig. 21, 21a, Venericardia complexicosta, n. sp.

Fig. 22, Corbula Murchisoni, Lea var., fossata, n. var.

Fig. 23, 23^?, Tecten pulchricosta, n. sp.

Fig. 24, Xylophaga ? mississippiensis, n. sp.

Fig. 25, Scalpellum subquadratum, n. sp.

Fig. 26, 26(1, Belemnosis Americana, n. sp.

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TPHK JOURNAL

OF THK

Cincinnati oociety of Natural History.

VOL. IX. CINCINNATI, OCTOBER 1886. No. 3.

PROCEEDINGS CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL
. HISTORY.

June 16, 1886.

Special meeting under the direction of the Lecture Committee
to hear papers on the Destruction of Native Birds.

Vice-President Sl<inner occupied the chair. Papers were read
by Messrs. Chas. Dury and VVm. Hubbell Fisher, and Prof. Jos.
F. James replying to Dr. Langdon's remarks at the regular meet-
ing of June ist.; Dr. Langdon followed with remarks and Messrs.
Dury and Fisher responded.

After a prolonged discussion the meeting adjourned at about
1 1 p. m.

Business Meeting, Tuesday, July 6, 1886.

President Dun in the Chair. Sixteen members present.

The reading of the minutes of Executive Board was dispensed
with.

H. F. Farny and Prof. T. H. Norton were proposed for active
membership. Prof. R. W. McFarlane, of Oxford, Ohio, was rec-
ommended for honorary membership by the Executive Board.

Messrs. H. P. Piper and H. M. Brown were elected active
members.

The Committee on the Destruction of Native Birds submitted
the following report :

To the Cincinnati Society of Natural History :

Your Committee report that they have carefully investigated
the subject of the destruction of our Native Birds. Several papers

1 30 Cincinnati Society of Natural tlistory.

have been i)rei)ared and read at three meetings of this society.
They find

JPirst — That native birds of many species have greatly de-
creased in numbers over kirge areas of the country. This is par-
ticularly true of those water and game birds about which it is com-
paratively easy to obtain statistics.

Second — That the chief causes of such decrease, in addition
to climatic changes, natural enemies, clearing up the country, etc.
are

I — The destruction of birds for their skins and feathers, for
decoration and millinery uses.

2 — The trapping of birds for cages.

3 — The destruction of eggs and nests by men and boys.

4 — The introduction of the European sparrow (Passer do-
mesticus), which occupies the nesting ])laces of many native
species.

Three of the destructive causes are preventable and the evils
resulting therefrom can be greatly lessened :

First — If no birds be used for decoration.

Second — If none of the song birds and insectivorous species
be used for food.

Tliird — If the laws protecting certain species be backed by
stronger public oi)inion and more rigidly enforced.

Fourth — If thoughdess men and boys could be shown the
o-reat economic value of birds and taught to protect them and their

eggs.

Your Committee think a wide spread discussion of this bird
question shows more interest in " Our Feathered Friends "' than was
hoped for, and they trust that Cuvier Clubs, Audubon Societies and
and other clubs of like aims, will continue to flourish on all sides
until public sendment and practice is entirely opposed to the Des-
truction of our Native Birds.

Respectfully submitted,

R. H. Warder,
Cincinnati, ()., Charles Dury,

July 6, 1886. Wm. Hubdell Fisher.

It was moved that the report be received and the C'ommittee
continued.

Proceedings of the Society. 131

Dr. F. W. Langdon said :

Mr. President— I'l is fully understood, I trust, tliat in the dis-
cussion on birds, which has occui)ied your attention for several
meetings past, only the kindliest personal feelings exist between
my ornithological friends and myself. Any criticisms of your Com-
mittee by myself are to be taken, of course, in strictly an official,
not a personal, sense.

The discussion has been conducted purely in the interests
of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, with a view to awaken-
ing public interest in the subject and in the. society. That it has
been a success in these respects, I think you are all aware. I beg
leave to object to the adoption of the final report of your Com-
mittee as read to-night, on the following grounds:

First — That it entirely evades the main c[uestion at issue, viz,,
"the destruction of North American song birds for millinery pur-
poses."

Secondly — It inferentially supports the proposition that "song
birds" are habitually and commonly used for food, when such is
the case in only limited localities.

Piiirdly — It inferentially expresses the opinion that sportmen's
clubs and "Audubon Societies" are ^'•entirely''' opposed to the de-
struction of native birds, which is notoriously not the case.

P'ourtldy — It aims at the impracticable when it seeks to -create
a "public sentiment entirely opposed to the destruction of our
native birds." This would be a death blow to the progress of
ornithological science; would conflict with the interests of all
sportsmen and si)ortsmen's clubs; draws no distinction between
desirable and undesirable birds, and would be as irrational as to
entirely oppose the destruction of mammals, reptiles, fishes or
plants.

Fifthly — While the report of your Committee states as a self-
evident fact that water and game birds have markedly decreased
over wide areas, it ignores the undoubted increase over those same
areas of the smaller and more useful species to man, viz. : song
birds and insectivorous species generally.

Sixthly —^\\it report of your Committee, viewing the subject
from one side only, arraigns man for his destruction of birds, while
it fails entirely to give him any credit for his constructive influence,
which has been repeatedly emphasized in the course of the dis-
cussion.

132 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Finally — I would caution the society, as a scientific l)ody,
against hastily committing itself to a one-sided view of an im])ortant
question, on insufficient evidence and with but a handful of mem-
bers present; and it would urge those members present to think
twice before putting the society on record as a body swayed by
sympathy and prejudice rather than by facts, reason and judgment.

Mr. R. H. Warder said that Dr. Langdon, in his papers, con-
fined his remarks to song birds, whereas the report of the Com-
mittee referred to all native birds. The original resolution should
have read " Our Native Birds," not " Sofig Birds."

Dr. Langdon said he did not confine his remarks to song
birds. He thought man's protective as well as his destructive
powers should be recognized.

Mr. Fisher remarked that Dr. Langdon's statement that the
whole movement is a shrewd advertising scheme of an enterprising
Eastern journal, is not just, any more than a charge that the New
York World's advocacy of the Fresh Air Fund is an advertisement
for that paper. The Audubon Society, a branch of the American
Ornithologists Union, is disinterested in its work. All means pos-
sible should be and are being used to bind up a public sentiment
against the destruction of birds. The object of the Committee has
been to encourage such a sentiment, and to enforce the laws protect-
ing birds.

Mrs. Jos. F. James thought that Dr. Langdon's papers had
been an injury to the cause. Persons had refused to sign the
pledges, quoting Dr. Langdon as authority for the belief that birds
are in no danger of extermination.

Dr. Langdon said in reply that his ])apers had stirred up an
interest in the subject, and if members were joining the Audubon
Society at the rate of 1000 per day, as he had heard, he thought no
harm had been done. . •

Mr. Warder, on behalf of the Committee, desired to make the
report final.

Mrs. James moved its adoption, seconded.

Dr. Langdon objected.

The motion was carried.

Prof. Jos. F. James read a paper, by tide, on the Geology and
Topography of Cincinnati, being the conclusion of a paper read at
the ])revious meeting.

The Society, by a special vote, requested the paper to be read
in full at the meeting in August.

Proceedings of the Society. 133

Messrs. Dury and Langdon requested that facts and short arti-
cles for a Zoological Miscellany for the Journal be sent in.

Donations were announced as follows, and the Society ad-
journed .

From Bureau of Education, Circular of Information, No.
5, 1885; from Forum Publishing Co., "The Forum,"
vol. I, No. i; from Publishers, "American Sportsman," June 19,
1886; from Chief Signal Officer, Monthly Weather Review for
April; from Director of Geol. Survey of India, Records of Geol.
Survey of India, vol. 19, Part 2 ; from Jos. F. James, the
"Weather Journal," Nos. i, 3, 4, 5, 6; from Carlos Shepard,
Bone and Pottery from mouth of East Fork, L. M. R., Flints from
same. Spear Point from Clermont Co., O.; from Dr. O. D. Norton,
Seeds of Sorghum vulgare, Oriza sativa, Melia Azederach ; from
Wm. H. Knight, Flammarion's " Wonders of the Heavens"; from
U. S. Fish Commissioner, Bulletin of U. S. F. C, vol. 6, Nos. 4
to 8; H. H. G. Smith, specimen of Cecropia Moth; from F. W.
Langdon, M. D. specimen of Trox sp.; from' Mrs. Wm. Andrews,
Twelve Volumes of Books; from U. S. Geol. Survey, Monographs,
vol. 9; from Geo. S. Huntington, Star Fish and Echinoderms from
Florida, one Trunk Fish.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, Tuesday, Aiii^^i/sf t„ 1886.

President Dun in the chair. Twenty members present.

Prof. Jos. Y. James read his paper on the " Topography of
Cincinnati," presented by title at the July meeting.

Mr. Wm. H, Knight read a paper on " Photographing the
Stars; recent discoveries in the Plieades."

Dr. Dun calling Prof. James to the platform presented, with
appropriate remarks, an engrossed copy of the following "Testi-
monial ":

" This Testimonial is presented to Prof. Jos. F. James by the
Cincinnati Society of Natural History, on his resignation ot the pos-
ition of Custodian, which office he has efficiently and faithfully oc-
cupied from 1 88 1 to 1886— always conscientiously attending to his
multiform duties, furthering the interests of the society and gaining
the good-will of the members by his agreeable demeanor and his
uniform willingness to oblige. He takes with him to his new sphere
of usefulness as Professor of P>otany and Geology at the Miami

134 Cincinnati Society of Natmal History.

University the esteem and best wishes of the members and officers.

(Signed by the officers of the Society and members of the Ex-
ecutive Board.)

Prof. James responded thanking the Society for llie token of
esteem and bespoke for his successor the same kindness and
sympathy in his work that had been accorded to him.

Prof. Mickleborough, of Brooklyn, N.Y., who was present, by
re(]uest, addressed the Society, congratulating it upon the work ac-
complished during the past two or three years.

Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher presented the following resolution :

"Resolved: that the Cincinnati Society of Natural History
fully and heartily endorse the statements and sentiments of the
President's address and those of the " memorial " presented to Prof.
Jos. F James."

Upon motion, duly secorded, the resolution was unanimously
adopted.

Miss Lizzie Laws, Miss Annie Laws and Mr. A. C. Siewers
were proposed for members, and Messrs. H. F. Farny and T. H.
Norton elected to active membership.

Prof. Jos. F. James offered his resignation as Librarian.

The resignation was accepted and the election of a successor
ordered for the next meeting.

Dr. Dun then presented to the Society the newly elected Cus-
todian, Mr. Horace P. Smith.

Donations were anntninced as follows: From Mrs. Mary
Stubbs, seeds and pods of Sweet Cum; from R. H. Warder, Vol-
ume of Essays and Addresses by John H Warder; from Prof. (iCO.
W. Harper, steel plate Portrait; from R. O. Collis, Trays of ani
mal bones from Madisonville; from A. E. Heighway, M. D,
si)ecimen of Canada Porcupine ; from T. J. McAvoy, specimens
of Snake, Frogs, and Bat, specimen of Tetradium fibratum ; from
G. H. Curtis, one slide of Diatoms ; from Zoological Carden,
skin and skull of Ojipossum ; from T. P. Gore, Specimen show-
ing union of sajilings ; from Chief Signal Officer, U. S. A.,
"Monthly Weather Review"; from Mrs. R. W. Summers, Her-
barium specimens ; from Geo. C. James, specimens of Lignuni-
vitos ; from Dr. O. D. Norton, skin of Rocky Mountain Lion,
specimen of Tin Ore ; from Alex. Starbuck, eighty s]:)ecimens of
Bird Skins.

Proceedings of the Society. 135

Tuesday Eveninc;, Sept. 6, 1886.
Scientific Meeting.
' President DCin presiding. Sixteen members present.

Dr. Langdon presented remarks upon the Birds of tlie Chil-
howee range of the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee.

Prof. Jos. F. James read, by title, a paper of the "Sponges of
the Cincinnati Group."

Prof. James also read an extract from a letter from Prof. J. S.
Newberry, saying that he had matter in hand regarding New Fishes
from the Devoni"an Rocks of Ohio, and asking if the Society would
be willing to publish it.

Dr. Newberry was, by motion, seconded ajid carried, invited
to read a paper on the Devonian Fishes of Ohio.

Dr. Heighway spoke upon the late meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science at Buffalo.

Members were elected as follows: Misses Lizzie and Annie
Laws, and Mr. A. C. Seiwers, and the following persons proposed
for active membership: Dr. John D. Jones, Mr. Horace P. Smith,
Mr. Theo. P. Anderson, Jr., Miss Emily Hopkins, Miss Mollie
Gohegan.

Prof. Geo. W. Harper was elected Librarian to succeed Prof.
James, resigned.

The Curator of Botany, Miss Nettie Fillmore, announced that
the section of Botany would resume its weekly meetings, beginning
September nth, at 2 p. m.

The President called the attention of members to a set of the
Publications of the Geological Survey of Lidia lately received in
exchange.

Adjourned.

Donations were received during the month as follows : From
Dr. W. A. Dun, Indian relics, bird skulls, ears of rabbit, speci-
men of Agate ; from Mr. Bryant, crystal of Beryl, shells of
Anodonta dicora; from Dr. O. D. Norton, specimens of Syenite,
" Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux ornee," Albin 1750; from Dr.
W. A. Dun, lantern slides, fragments of ancient pottery, arrow
points, specimens of Lava, Pyrites, bronze medal, mosaic from
Venice, specimen of silver ore ; from Miss Magurk, impressions
of coal plants, herbarium specimens from Lookout Mt. ; from
Jos. F. James, pamphlets; from Al. Gahr, specimen of iron
ore, fragments of pottery, flints ; from Baron Felix von Thumen,
Monograph, " Der Reben Mehl-thau."

1 36 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

THE GEOLOGY AND 'I'( )1'0(; KAPIIY OF GINGINNA TI.

]5y Prof. Jos. 1"'. Jami;s,

Custodian of Cincinnati Society Natural History.

Part 11.

TOPOGRAPHY.

(Read August 3rd, 1886.)

Turning from the Geology to the Toi)ograj)hy of the City, we
find many interesting features developed. The so-called hills, which
rise to the north, are of heights varying from three hundred and
ninety-six feet above low water, the stated height of Mt. Adams,
equal to eight hundred and twenty-eight feet above the sea, to four
hundred and sixty feet given for Mt. Auburn, or eight hundred and
ninety-one feet above the sea.

It is almost impossible to conceive a correct idea of the ap-
pearance of the site of Cincinnati before it became a city. The
pictures we have, which pretenrl to show its appearance in 1802, or
fourteen years after its first settlement, represent the two terraces to
be nearly bare of trees, a few clumps appearing here and there
only, but the hills and valleys to the north are represented as
densely clothed with forest trees. They recede from the river to
the westward, and in one view six elevations are shown with depres-
sions between them. These hills, as we may for convenience call
them, were originally rounded on top, and with sloping sides, but
are now so cut away and seared with streets as to have lost much of
their original form.

There still remain, however, the great drainage valleys which
have, for ages, carried the water from the north, south into the
Ohio river. None of them, except Mill Creek, which, as shown
in the first part of this paper, now occupies part of the ancient
channel of the Ohio, are of any great extent, and this is one fact
tending to jjiove the former insular character of the sul>urban parts
of Cincinnati. The most eastern one of these valleys emptying
into the Ohio is Crawfish Creek. This divides Mt. Lookout from
Walnut Hills, forming a broad jjlain at its mouth, always overflowed
by high water in the Ohio, and it heads up several miles in the
country, now covered by part of East Walnut Hill^.

1 lie Geology and Topography of Cincinnati. 137

The next valley to the west is Deer Creek, and this separates
Mt. Adams from Mt. Auburn, and is of less extent than the first
one. For the extreme northern end of this valley is south of Oak
Street, Mt. Auburn, less than two miles from the river, and it here
meets a ridge which divides it from a valley draining to the north-
ward.

The third of these valleys is that between Mt. Auburn and
Clifton Heights, and is even shorter than the second one, finding
its head, also, at the ridge before spoken of.

Still further west is a yet shorter but steep valley, and then
there are no others until the broad valley of Mill Creek is reached,
and this is bounded on the other side by the long range of which
Mt. Harrison is a part.

While all these valleys and their attendant heights have added
greatly to the picturesciueness of the city, they have, at the same
time, been taken advantage of in the building up of the suburbs.
The heights have been utilized for dwellings, while the valleys
between have proved invaluable for streets. Mt. Tusculum, Mt.
Lookout, Mt. Adams, are all dotted with residences. Walnut
Hills has become a city in itself, in many places as compactly and
solidly built up as the business centre ; while Crawfish and Deer
Creeks have been found of the greatest service in giving access to
the country on either side, and to the northward. Mt. Auburn and
Clifton Heights each occupy a peculiar position on a long, narrow
tongue of land projecting southward and ending in abrupt precipi-
tous banks, to ascend which steam has been evoked. Both ridges
are so narrow as to admit of but one street and a row of houses on
each side. Back of the houses the ground slopes rapidly down
into the ravines, and this narrow space has been the cause of the
stationary condition of these two suburbs, while Walnut Hills has
gone on so rapidly expanding.

The two tongues of land are similar in another respect, for
while they both jut southward and end abruptly, their northern
ends abut against an east and west ridge which forms a connecting
link between the most western limit on Mill Creek and East
Walnut Hills. This ridge forms indeed the water shed, the divide
between the drainage directly into the Ohio river, to the southward,
and the round about passage into Mill Creek, to the northward.
The village of Avondale lies on the north side of this ridge, and
thus can by no possibility drain its sewage into the Ohio river
except through the medium of Mill Creek or Duck Creek.

138 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

While the ridges have, as shown, been utilized for the pur-
poses of residences, the valleys have been ecpially serviceable for
streets and roads. Crawfish Creek, for exaiiii)le, is used not only
by a wagon road, but by the Mt. Lookout Dununy Railroad.
Deer Creek valley serves for the Northern Narrow Gauge, Hunt
street and Gilbert Avenue. The ravine between Mt. Auburn and
Clifton Heights serves Vine Street an excellent purpose, in climb
ing to the top, by a long, gradual slope. l"he ravine next west is
used by Clifton Avenue, while the great Mill Creek valley is of
incalculable advantage to numerous railroads and the Miami
Canal, enabling these to reach the heart of the city with no grades
of any consequence whatever.

The tracing of the divide, which separates the Ohio river
drainage from that of Mill Creek, is an interesting matter. Inves-
tigation shows it pursues a general north-east and south-west direc-
tion, and for part of its course can still, with all the changes
attendant upon the building of a large city, be followed in (juite a
definite manner. Beginning at the extreme southwest end, at a
point overlooking Mill Creek, we find it follows a line to the north-
east, and touches the western end of Calhoun street in Clifton
Heights. It then turns east and follows a little to the south of
Calhoun, across to Mt. Auburn, and forms the ridge which has
already been referred to, as the north end of the spurs, occupied
by Ohio and Auburn Avenues. Just where Calhoun street and
Ohio Avenue come together there is a deep ravine, trending to the
south, through which the water is carried to the Ohio river, and
up the lower part of which Vine street has been built. On the
north side of Calhoun is another deep ravine, which trends north-
ward, finally forming part of Burnet Woods Park, and carrying
other water into Mill Creek somewhere near Ross Lake. Calhoun
street is, in most i)laces, just wide enough for the road-way and
houses on each side, and back of the houses the ground slopes
rapidly north and south. Following the divide, as it is now plainly
seen to be, to the eastward, we find that the Mt. Auburn water
tanks, on Auburn Avenue, stand upon it, that Auburn street
follows its winding course, and is of the same character as Calhoun
street, namely, just wide enough for the road-way and houses on
each side. When Highland Avenue is reached the divide trends
northeast again, and upon its highest point is situated the house of
John Shillito. Thence it follows Oak street to the Reading road,

TJie Geology and TopograpJiy of Cinchinati. 1 39

crossing this, and taking a southeast course toward Crown street,
and then diagonally southeast to Macmillan. Along Macmillan to
Gilbert Avenue seems next its course, and then from the junction
of these two streets it goes diagonally to the bluff, south of Mac-
millan street, and immediately over-hanging the river. Here it
ends abruptly, and all the drainage of East Walnut Hills is carried
east and north into ravines running into Crawfish and Duck
Creeks, and far north into Mill Creek.

l"he peculiar features of ravines, heading up on both the south
and the north sides of the divide, reminds one of the remarks of
Capt. Button, quoted in part one of this paper, that in mountainous
countries the ravines form a series of amphitheatres close to a nar-
row divide which remains sharp in all stages of erosion. We find
this to be exactly the state of affairs on Calhoun and Auburn
streets, for there, on both north and south sides, the heads of ravines
come up close to the narrow knife-like water shed.

While the Mt. Auburn and Ohio Avenue ridges project to the
southward of the divide, there are others of a similar character on
the north. One of these runs in a long, beautifully gentle slope
through the western side of Burnet Woods Park, and the other is
utilized by upper Vine street and Ludlow Avenue. The two latter
form the main streets of Corryville, and if the former ridge were
not a portion of Burnet Woods, there is no reason why it should
not have Iniilt upon it a new suburb equal, if not superior, in
beauty, to Clifton Heights and Mt. Auburn.

Walnut Hills, on the contrary, occupies no such pronounced
tongue of land, but covers, with its fine residences, a vast undula-
ting tract, the most level of all that remains of the plateau which
once existed. Avondale, too, occupies a similar rolling tract
of country, and is also situated on the northern slojje of the
divide, so that all its drainage flows into Mill Creek to the north-
ward, though eventually into the Ohio.

On the east side of Avondale, beginning about half a mile from
Macneale Avenue, is one of the most beautiful valleys in the
neighborhood of the city. At its upper or southern end it is rather
narrow, and through its centre wanders a small brook. As we go
down the valley widens and deepens. The little brook becomes
larger and cuts deep into the rich soil, and the green hill-sides rise
on either hand with few or no trees. Toward the lower end trees
become more abundant, but in no case do they form a thick

140 Cincmnati Society of Nat jo a I History.

growth, and there is no appearance of their ever having done so.
In one place where a lateral ravine comes into this wide one are
several granitic boulders, evident waifs from some far away
source, probably deposited by an ancient glacier which had here
stopped and melted.

On the northwest side of Avondale is another deep ravine
still covered with the original forest, and deep down in its shady
recesses meanders a little brook which carries away the surplus
water to its final resting place, Mill Creek. This ravine, unlike
the first one, is still clothed with the primeval forest, and huge
giants some of the trees are. This is a favorite picnicing place,
and here too, children and their elders go in spring to gather
wild flowers. The Carthage Pike crosses this ravine near its lower
end, where it has lost all its forest beauty from having been used
for so many years as part of a dairy farm.

The Rev. G. F. Wright, of Oberlin College, Ohio, after mak-
ing an exhaustive study of the glaciated surface in Pennsylvania,
Ohio and Indiana, found that the southern foot of the continental
glacier crossed the Ohio river somewhere near Point Pleasant,
about twenty-five miles above the city, and extended a short dis-
tance into Kentucky, recrossing the Ohio at Aurora, Indiana, an.d
thus blocked the course of the stream for about fifty miles.*

In commenting upon this circumstance another writer. Prof.
I. C. White, estimates the height of this glacial dam at 645 feet
above low water in the Ohio river at Cincinnati.! Now the
highest land at present about our city is 460 feet above low water
mark. I have examined many places on the tops of the hills in
this city, and on none of them have I seen any traces of glacial
drift. The bedded rocks are close to the surface, and only have
on top of them such soil as would have been naturally formed by
the disintegration of the rocks themselves. That there is glacial
drift near the bases of the hills and in the valleys can not be denied,
for the evidence is everywhere abundant, but that it ever existed on
top of the highest ground about this city, I do not think can be
•proved. It therefore remains a question whether the icy barrier
could have reached any such height as six hundred and forty-five
feet above low water, and thus covered the highest ground with a
mass of debris of which no trace remains.

♦Abstract in Pro. Am. Asso. Adv .Sci., vol. XXXII., p. 207.— Sec also Ohio Geol.
Vol. v., p. 7^0, it sn/.
+Ibi'l, p. 213.

TJie Geology and Topography of Cincinnati. 141

From all the facts given in this paper, it is easy to see the in-
teresting features of our city's surroundings. The broad, deep
stream of the Ohio, which, passing our city in a graceful curve,
gives life to many thousand srpiare miles of country, the two gravel
terraces, the wonderfully carved plateau, with its diversified aspect of
valley and ridge, its deep ravines and its gentle slopes, together with
its vast store of fossil remains, famous the world over, these are its
attractions. Nor is this all, for, situated on part of the oldest dry
land in the Western World, its site can boast an antiquity which
puts to shame many more renowned cities. And while New
Orleans has been founded upon a soil which is yet saturated
with its baptismal shower, Cincinnati has planted herself on rocks
hoary with the age of countless centuries ; rocks which form the
everlasting hills; rocks which were gray with moss when the site
of Louisville was fathoms deep beneath the ocean waves; when
that of St. Louis was as yet scarcely even in the process of forma-
mation; long before even the grandeur of the Rocky Mountains
was revealed to the wondering vault of heaven, or the Mississippi
babbled a tiny brooklet among the Archean Mountains of the far
north. Thus we can boast an antiquity far greater than many
other American cities. And, though the settlement made by man
has not yet attained to its hundred years, its foundations date far
back into the earliest history of the earth; to a time, compared with
which the epoch of man himself, upon our rolling globe, is but the
fragment of a minute in the long roll of countless centuries.

142 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE BRITISH INCH AS THE
UNIT OF MEASURE OF THE MOUND BUILDERS OF
THE OHIO VALLEY.

Paper contributed by L Rai,st(in Skinner, Dec. i, 1886.
(Continued from page 127.)

Group IV.

Can we not admit, then, as established, that the Mound
Builders possessed a standard unit of measure, which is to-day known
and used as our British inch? If so, they possessed a standard of
12 of these inches, combined on the same tablet with one of 9
inches, the tablet being of such a form that the 12 implied the use
of 24 inches. This arises from the natural suggestion q( complet-
ing the ellipse by doubling the curvature of the elliptical measuring
stone or tablet. In making use of their tablet we find that they
applied the same numbers interchangeably as designative of sides
of squares, of rectangles, of lengths of long parallel ways, and as
connected with circles (and ellipses), both to measure diameter
and circumference lines. Indeed, the relation of square to circle,
in terms, for measure of the general constructive numbers, or sim-
pler, in terms of the number 6 and its multiples, is everywhere be-
yond contradiction manifest.

From this it becomes safe to say that this mode of construc-
tion rested upon a knowledge of the relation of a right line to the
curved one of the circle, or of diameter to circumference of the
circle ; and consequently of the relations of circular and rectangu-
lar areas. The Mound Builders knew of the geometrical relations
of these shapes, of tneir numerical ratios, and had the ])eculiar
standard of measure mentioned to exhibit the numerical relations
by application to the shapes themselves. We will try and show
this from the works.

The exception is so rare to the use of the multiple of 6 feet, or to
the numbers 210, 120, 420, 240, 1,080, 1,050, and the divisions of
5,280, that when found it is worthy of especial attention. Such
an exception does take place as to the measures of oiie great and
distinctive work, and one of the groups of works of the Scioto Val-
ley, near Chillicothe. But while it is such an exception, neverthe-
less we do find its remarkable measures connected with the coiiibi-
nation of the most prominent measures of the groups, viz., 1,080

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 143

and 1,050, so as to show tlie numerical relation of diameter to cir-
cumference of a circle. We will show this, but will first set forth
one work, which directly and significantly shows the knowledge of
the circle of 360, connected with the measure of 240 and 90 feet,
or 1,080 inches. This work is i)art of the Seal Township (iroup,
in Pike County, Ohio, near the Scioto river, Plate 24, p. 66. In
this group are some of the most perfect figures of the circle in-
closing a s([uare, the diameter of the circle being 300 feet, and the
side of the interior S([uare 125 feet, and of the ellipse. As to the
circle and square the Authors say: "Nothing can surpass its
symmetry," and further: "It will be remarked that we have
here, the square, the circle and the ellipse, separate and in
combination, — all of them constructed with geometric accuracy."
As to the work to be shown, " Figure VI," they say : " its outlines
beautifully distinct ; " and they conclude : '' It is impossible to resist
the conviction that some significance attaches to these singular
forms."

^°-^"\ Fig. 6.

Here, in Figure VI, we have the circle of 240 feet in diameter.
240X ^1*^1050. The width of the passage way through the cir-
cle is 90 feet, or 1080 inches, 1080 divided by 3 is 360, and the
length of the passage way is 360 feet. This is 4320 inches. The
length of each arm of the passage-way is 60 feet, or 360 inches,
multiplied by 2, 360 less 120 is 240 feet, the diameter of the circle,
or 2880 inches, the circumference, in feet, of the famous Newark
circle, which will be given in its place. 4320 less 2880 is 1440,
144 being the square of 12. 432X.75=324, twice which is 648.
These two numbers viz. : 432 and 324, were especially used with

144 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the Chaldeans and ancient Babylonians, ur pre-Semites With the
Chaldeans, from the beginning to the deluge, was 120 .wr/ of 360
years each, or 43,200 years. In the very most ancient Babylonian
account of the flood, taken by George Smith, from the cuneiform
tablets of Nineveh, the use of this number with 1080 and 360 is
made so as to bring out a play upon these numbers, 432 and 324.
Khasisatra is relating to Ishdabar (Semitic compound word,
meaning '■'■ Man-WorcV) the events of the deluge. He says, in
regard to constructing the Ark, and furnishing it: "I poured on
to the exterior 3 times 3600 (10800) measures of asphalt, and 3
times 3600 (10800) measures of asphalt within. 3 times 3600
(10800) men, porters, brought on their heads the chests of provis-
ion. I kept 3600 chests for the nourishment of my family, and
the mariners divided among themselves 2 times 3600 (7200)
chests," that is, each porter had 2 chests. Here 10800 is used 3
times, 'making 32400, or our number 324. Add 3600 mentioned
once and we have 36000, to which, if we add the remaining
7200, we have 43200, wherein, by the combination, we obtain
the other of our numbers 432. The intention to show the relation
is obvious. These are the familiar numbers, with a like play upon
them, in the Mound Builder works, but with the relation estab-
lished as an interchangeable play upon geometric shapes and line-
ar measures. The Chaldean account uses the numbers with rela-
tion to time and capacity measures, and men. The probably most
important use of this number 432, with 234, was astronomical.
Together 432 and 234 make 666. We see that 10800X3=32400
is a, manifest play upon the number 432, and 32400 is the half of
64800. Let 64800 feet be the circumference of a circle, that is
practically tlie circumference of the great Newark Circle, 2880 X
22.5. The diameter of this circle will be 20626. 470o4^feet.
But as seconds in time measure 20626^. 'joo seconds, is the radius
seconds of a circle whose circumference is 360 degrees, and this
particular radius is made use of in the common astronomical
formula of to-day for finding the sun's distance. So, also, the
ancient Egyptian Cubit, "Nilometer," has been measured as
20.625 British incites (Wilkinson). Use it as 20.62647 B. inches, a
difference of .00147 of an inch in 20+inches, and the details of
construction of the Great Egyptian Pyramid can be recovered,
in the actual measures (British) made of those details by the most
careful experts. Now 20625 is of itself a most important number,
and shows itself in the constructive frame-work of the denominations

[dentificatio)i of the British Lick as the Unit of Measure. 145

of the British measures which were used by the Mound Builders,
as we see, and by the ancient Egyptians. So that in these mound
constructions, we not only have the peculiar play of numbers com-
mon to the old Chaldeans and Egy])tians, but also the same numbers
applicable with the same identical unit of measure, viz.: the British
inch. Let us explain this. It is objected to the British measures that
they are imperfect, because, in the make up of the rod, a fractional
number of yards and feet is made use of. The objection is a very
shortsighted one. 16.5 feet, or 5.5 yards make one rod. The
aere is made by a rectangle 5280 feet, or one mile in length, by
the half of one rod in width, or 8.25 feet, and 640 of these rec-
tangles make one square miie. It will be observed that the length
of one mile is 528 feet multiplied by 10; also, that the half of one
rod is 8.25 feet, which, as a iiin/il)er, reads as the reverse or inverse
of 528, indicating in feet the loth'of one mile. Is this peculiarity
of inverse arrangement chance, or purposed ? The latter, for they
are changes derived from a common source, which numerically
connects itself with the proportional elements of the circle, and
those of the especial circle of 360 degrees alluded to. Divide
5280 by 256 and the tjuotient will be 20625, and divide 825 by 4
and the quotient will be 20625, '^l^^' very number of the reported
measure of the Nilometer Cubit. Thus, the number 20.625, in re-
lation to our British mile, is an essential part thereof as a common fac-
tor in the make up of its denominations of measure, while 20.625 -^•
inches is, as seen measured as the recovery of the ancient Egyptian
Nilometer Cubit. But the relation extends further. The late John A.
Parker discovered the integral proportional relation, numerically,
of circumference to diameter of a circle to be 20612 to 6561, the
latter being the square of 81, which is the square of 9, which is the
square of 3. 'Hiis 20612, as 20.612 B. inches, has been shown to
be the recovery of another ancient Egyptian Cubit, called the
Turin cubit,* out of which springs the other or Nilometer cubit,
thus: 20.612 B. inches : 6.561 :: 64.8 : 20.6264700 inches or the
Nilometer cubit, in the last two terms of which proportion, we
recognize the numbers mentioned above.

Now therefore, at the very center of a system of every variety

*Thi-; Egyptian cubit measure, in the Turin Musevxin, wjs measured with microscopic
accuracy, by Bidone and Plana, ami found to be .523524 of the French meter, or 20.61172
-j- Britisli inclies ; evidently from a o^reat number ot tests, and lor convincing reasons,
one o! the two royal cubits, viz.: 20.612 inclies, the other, as shown below, being
20.62647 inches.

146 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

and diversity of measures, we luixe titicc munbers almost identical,
and each one a key to a variety or family of the system, viz : 20612,
20626.470017 and 20625. It was a part of ancient usage to obtain
from simple numbers, easily carried in the memory, the use of
fundamental ones. I'he number 20625 '^ easily had and easily
discovered, and in our mound measures we have a key viz.: 12 and
21 feet. 7 times 21 feet is 147 feet, and 2062 5 -|-. 0000 147 is
206264700, or one of the other numbers; while 20625 ^^^^ '3 (''^"d
in the mounds we have a number of instances of the use of 13, in
one especial instance, connected markedly with the numbers no
and 210, pointing directly to this very use) is 20612, the third of
the famous trio. Now all these shapes, measures and num-
bers, are presented in the Mound Builders constructions,
and doubdess these very readings, were we sufficiendy fam-
iliar with the use and relations of numbers, because the uses
spring so easily, and naturally from the abundance of measures
afforded, as the same measures are related to each other in con-
struction. Everything points to the fact that the Mound Builders
not only knew the// relation, but also by use of the very numbers
specified by their uses.

But, moreover, and what is a most singular f^xct, they did set
it forth quite distinctly in a secondary and derivative form, and
one which the writer has found to be used in the self same second-
ary way among the Asiatic ancients, which form is numerically,
diameter 113, circumference 355,

This form is very ancient * and yet very modern. It is to be
found in our elementary works. The established //is 3,1415926,
while this is 3. 141 5927.

Such is what the writer judges to be a justifiable comment
upon Groups I and II and III, together with this remarkable work
of Seal Township, Pike County, Ohio. And now to resume the
direct line of investigation thus interrupted:

As stated, the exceptions throughout the various works to the
use of the typical numbers of measures is exceedingly rare; and

*It is found used in the hooks of Moses as a modified form of the // ratio 6561 to
20612, and while the last is ihe base of a cubit measure, this one of 113 to 355, is used
chiefly in matters of measures of time, especially in the symbolism of the
scenes of Mt. Sinai. The multiple of this last ratio by 6 is 67S to 2130, which
numbers are found in the Hebrew Bible as measures, (1) in the symbol of the circle of a
"//carf," or the word R ASil whose numbers are 213— (2) in the hierojrlyphic use of the
'■'•Dove'''' and '■•Bttvt'ii." whose numbers as used arc 71x5=355. and the word "</hc/ ///»•-
raven,'''' the sum of whose numbers is 67S, and ij,) in the zodiacal sign of the '■^ Two
Fishes;^'' the word " Fish'' or iV^'A'' carrying the numbers 565, which multiplied by tzvo
equals 1 130, and so on: which 2130 is the sum of loSo and 1050 the measures found so typ-
ical and prominent in mound construction, in grouping different works, as seen.

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 147

certainly one of the most noteworthy is to be found on Plate 23,
p. d-iy. This exception embraces "The Dunlap Works," Ross
County, Ohio. They lay within one mile of the Cedar Bank
Works, and within two miles of the Hopeton Works, already
cited ; consequently they can be taken as partaking of the nature
of, and as a connected branch of development of the works of the
Scioto Valley, the Newark Works, the Marietta Works, and so on.
They are situated on the right bank of the Scioto river, six miles
above Chillicothe. The copy of the survey is given as Figure VII.

Upon examination of the original plan the construction is sin-
gular, though not noticed by the surveyors. A trial test line a b,
parallel to the long way, is the diagonal of the irregular square,
and extended locates the corner of the rectangular out-work, whose
long side is parallel to one side of the square. Constructing the
rectangular out-work, the extension c d of its short side passes
through the center point of, and as to a part, becomes the diam-
eter line of the circle attached to the square. Thus the measuring
numbers of these various parts become related to each other by
geometrical construction.

On the long way of 1130 feet it will be observed the survey-
ors have shown a line 100 feet long, as its height (of breadth)
vertical to the horizon. The rectangular out-work is 280 feet long
bv 80 feet broad, and its area is 22400 feet, the half of which is

148 . Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

1 1200 feet, to which, if 100 be added, the sum is 11300 feet, or 10
times the length of the long way. The same may be shown in
this way : The height of 100 feet taken from 10 times the length of
the long way, or 1 1300 feet, is 11 200 feet, twice which, or 22400 feet,
ecjuals the area of the rectangular out-work. By this we are led to
look to the divisions of the figures, or component parts thereof, by
2, and the use of such parts by means of additions and subtractions
to show intended interrelations. So also we are taught by all the
measures of the groups: (i) that the reverse or inverse reading of
key numbers is used to produce as keys, other and controlling
and correlating relations, such as, 24 may be used as 42, 528 as
825, 21 as 12; (2) that key numbers are divided into other parts
to apply to differing geometrical shapes, as for instance, 2400 feet,
the length of a long way, is divided into 1250 and 11 50 feet, to
show the conjugate diameters of an ellipse, and so on.

To show the application : Part of r ^ forms, for such purpose,
the diameter line of the circle, which is 250 feet long, and this
naturally divides into halves of 125 feet each, to form the radii of
the circle. By sympathy, 280 feet of the length of the out-work,
connected, as seen, with this circle, and with the long way, may
be divided into lialves of 140 feet each, so that from these parts
we have the numbers 140 and 125 thus desired. We see the
number 8 used about the works as the digit of 80 and 800. Di-
vide 1 130 by 8, and we have 14125, which ' is the sum of the two
numbers, 140 and 125, used as 140+00125=14125. Such rela-
tions show a puri)Ose of checking, using and emphasizing the meas-
ures and parts of measures of the various parts by means of geo-
metrical construction ; but in this case all serve to concentrate
upon and point to the number 1130.

But again take the measures and parts of measures of the out-
work, located as a connecting constructive link between the 1130,
and the 250 and 125 of the circle. 140 feet is 1680 inches, the
eighth part of which is 210 inches, while 80 feet is 960 inches, the
eighth part of which is 120 inches. Here we get the 21 and 12,
which from the standard of 12 and 9 inches on the elliptical stone
produce 1050 and 1080, the key numbers of the works in general;
for 21X5 = 105, and 12X9=108.

What can there be of significance about the combined use of
these two numbers, 1050 and 1080, fitting them to the scheme of
common measure, adapted interchangeably to differing geometrical
shapes, as, for instance, squares and circles ?

Identification of tJic But is h Inch as the Unit of Measure. 149

Add together 1050 and 1080, and we have 2130. Divide this
number by 6 and we have 355. We all know that 355 is the pe-
culiar number, which, related to 113, gives in integrals the closest
approximate numerical relation of diameter to circumference of a
circle ever discovered in modern times, until John A. Parker found
that of 6561 : 20612. And this seems to be the intended teaching
of this group of the Mound Works.* It affords the numbers by
which the geometrical relations of squares and circles can be in.
terchangeably related or compared ; while the other groups make
such relations and comparisons, by the units of the standard prac-
tically adopted for actual measure. Which units refer to a basis of
numbers by which measures of space and time may be correlated
on squares and circles. The whole scheme, so far as geometry
and numbers are concerned, is one which would naturally develop
with all or any parts of the human race, independently of location,
climate or family. That which could not be so developed would
be the practical unit of measure adopted by which all relations
might be shown in constructed works. We may adopt it as a tru.
ism that all peoples making use of this practical unit of measure
must have derived it from a common source. The Mounti Build-
ers possessed it, so did the Old Egyptians, Hebrews, Romans,
and, in modern times, the British people.

Group V.

This somewhat long and analytical investigation can now be
appropriately closed with a description of the famous Newark
Works, Licking County, Ohio, Plate 25, p. 67 ; upon the detailed
measures of which the greatest pains were bestowed by Mr.
Charles Whittlesey, Mr E. G. Squier, and Dr. E. H. Davis.

*While 1130 denotes a diameter to a circumference ot 355x10, if 1130 be taVien ns a
cii'cumference value, it will in whole numbers indicate (with a decimal expression) a
diameter of 360. With the Egyptians the Hebrew term Pharaoh was the number 355,
the lunar year; which year was with the Hebrews the word SliavaJi, wliich carried this
numerical value in the value of the word, while with both Egyptians and Hebrews they
had the year of 360 days. The smaller Innar year of 354 days was "Pharaoh's
daughter,"

1 50 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

As to the plate it is said by the authors: " The map here given is
from an original and very careful and minute survey made in 1836,
by Charles VVHiittlesey, Esq., Topographical Engineer of the
State of Ohio, corrected and verified by careful re-surveys and
admeasurements by the authors. It may be relied upon as strictly
correct." The chief object of giving this work is to show that the
numbers of measures, viz., 24 feet, heretofore used on right lines,
are transferred to designate the circumference of a circle. In
the Hopeton Works we have a parallel way 2400 feet in length,
connected with the great circle whose diameter is 1050 feet, and
with the great rectangle whose side s 1080x10 inches. The
especial feature of the Newark Works is the great circle of 24x120
=2880 feet in circumference, and the great ellipse whose conju-
gate diameters are, respectively, 1250 and 11 50 feet in length. It
will be seen that the sum of these diameters is 2400 feet, 12
times which is 10 times 2880, the circumference of the great circle,
while their difference is 100 feet, or 1200 inches; so that the ellipse
is made to be related to the circle by the length of the sum of its
conjugate diameters. The circle, as is seen. Figure VIII, has a
circumference of 2880 feet. Of it the authors say: "Unlike the
other circular work, this is a true circle, two thousand eight hun-
dred and eighty feet, or upAvards of half a mile in circumfere"nce."
It is connected with the octagon by a passage way 300 feet long
by 60 feet wide. Recess to "Crown Works" 100 feet, about.
Length of mound across crown work 170 feet. Within the octa-
gon there are 8 mounds, rectangular truncated pyramids, each 100
feet long by 80 feet wide at base, and 5 feet high. Here at once,
the relation of these works within the octagon to the cirumference of
the circle becomes manifest, 100 feet is 1200 inches, 80 feet is 960
inches, and 5 feet is 60 inches, 960X120=115200, the ^^ of which
is 2880 inches, the number, in feet of the circumference of this
circle. So, also, the the octagon is a shape of 8 sides, and 2880X
8=23040 which is 1 1520, or the area of the base of one of the
mounds in the octagon, multiplied by 2. Moreover, this relation is
also extended to the conjugate diameters of the ellipse. The sum
and difference of 1250 and 1150 are, respectively, 2400 and 100
feet, or 28800 and 1200 inches, and the suiji of the sum and dif-
ference of these is 57600, two-tenths of which is 11520, and the
2'oth of which is 2880.

The ellipse is especially remarkable for the so called "bird

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 1 5 1

structure " which it contains, and its measures. As the circle is
connected with an octagon, so the ellipse is connected with a
square. The " l)ird mound," in the centre of the ellipse, affords,
by reason of the measures of its various parts, a table of selected
measures, the most of which are of familiar use throughout the
groups in the valleys. It affords a table of typical measures. The
description is as follows: "It can hardly be called a mound, but
is rather a group of four, so arranged and connected as to con-
stitute an unbroken outline. Denominating the figure, for the sake
of distinction, a bird, the dimensions are as follows: Length of
body 155 feet; of each w^ng 1 10 feet; (difference 45 feet) ; between
the tips of the wings,* measuring in a right line 200 feet, width of
body (i2> fcet; of wings, in centre, 45 feet; of same next the body
40 feet; height of mounds composing the body, 7 feet; of
mounds, composing the wings, 5 feet. The head of the bird
points directly towards the entrance of the enclosure. The
bearing of the body is S. 65° E." Seriatim, the same measures
in inches are i860, 1320, 2400, 756, 540, 480, 84 and 60 inches.
Here are the roots of our typical measures, y ^105 and 63-1-45=
108. 1 10 is of itself one, and 110X12^1320, which is used; and
1320X4=5280. 105-1-108=213, and 2^3--_255 which, with 113,
measures the elements of the circle.

And now let us notice the fact of an identity of measures, by
means of numbers of measures applied to geometrical relations, of
these works with those of The Great Egyptian Pyramid. We have
identity of idea, identity of inter-relation of geometrical shapes by
common numbers, and identity of the unit of measure to accomplish
this ; a strange combination when we think that this identity
applies to works on two separate continents ; to one structure called
the "wonder of the world," the evidence of the height of civiliza-
tion, removed back in time beyond history, and to others which
belonged to a race removed in time far back of the Egyptians, a
race w^hose bones in the valleys are so '■'■very dry,'''' ds to have

*The use of -Mings calls to mind the Hebrew " cherube''' which, in its g^reat variety
of forms, had one common feature, viz.: these " vjings;'''' and these were certainly used
as types of measure, ( 1 1, in the divijion of the length of the ark ot the covenant, or 2.50
cubits, into two parts, viz.: 1,25, and 1.25 cubits, which division indicated the use of the
two stones which were placed therein \ahn^ 125. abn, I2S>. These were to indicate, in
connection with the name Jehovah and Sinai, the measure of the lunar year, for : the
sum of the fquares of the two sides of a square, the side being 354 3670548,1116 exact value
of that year in days will be 521125. the square root of which will be 50115C6, the diagonal
of the square, a purposed change on the numbers of Jehovah's name and Sinai, to monu-
ment this astronomical value, and (2) in 'he division of the 20 cubits of the Holy of Holies
by the wings of the cherubim. In the Hebrew Bible the ratio 113 to 355 is called " The
man {IIJ) even yeliovah measure .^^

152 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

turned lo powder, and a race whicli as yet had nu tool to cut stone
to build into their structures as the Egyptians did.

The diameter of a circle whose circumference is 2880 feet, is
916. 7320^- feet, and 2880 is a multiple of 24, for 24X120=^2880.
We have seen how intimately the numbers loSo and 1050 are
connected with 24 and 42, and how favorite a use the reversals of
numbers are, as i?, 21, 24, 42; and so we might note it of 103 as
501, and 108 as 801.

Now the base side of The Great Egyptian Pyramid is 763. 943 -p
feet, or diameter of a circle whose circumference would be 2400
feet. 763.9434-feet is 9167.320-l-inches, which number, divided
by 10, is 916.7320, or in feet the diameter of the Newark Mound
circle. But we can carry the connection further. The half base
side of The Great Pyramid is 381.971-l-feet, and yV^''^ of this is
343.7745 [feet. This is the length of The Descending Passage
Way, in the pyramid. But 343.7745] is the diameter of a circle
whose circumference is 1080, and ■7^i\T^'].']^i^-{- minutes, is radius
minutes of the circle whose circumference is 360 degrees. All the
interior construction of the pyramid is built upon the use of the
length of this passage way, which is 200 Nilometer cubits. So, also,
the Hebrew divisions of time, the least and greatest, in the year, were
embraced by the number 1080 (Basnage).*

One word more and we will finish. The reversed use of
numbers is a favorite one with the old Hebrews in their Sacred
Records. Here, with the Mound iUiilders, the writer finds it
again, and these are the only instances of his finding it, with the
one solitary exce[)tion of the measures of the rectangular area to
make one British acre, wherein such area is 528X10=5280 feet
long by 8.25 feet in width, the numerical value 528 being reversed
to 825 (8.25 feet being the half of one rod).

After the close of the above, the writer visited Col. Charles
Whittlesey, in Cleveland, Ohio, who personally assured him of the
accuracy of the measures of the mound works referred to in the
foregoing. He also stated that he, himself, had a manuscript lately
completed, his own independent attempt at finding the standard of
measure of the Mound Builders. He obtained it by finding an
even factor "which would api)ly in common, with various multii)les,
to some eighty measures of the mounds, selected as within his own

*That is, with tin- Ilrbrcws, tlu'ir lc:isl incasiiri' of timu was llic division of'tliL' liour
into 1080 cliiliakiiii ov sctuplcs, wliilc tlie siiiii of llic- measures of the great circles of time
were, 355 days for llie lunar year, 360 days for the calendar year, and 365 days lor the
solar year, tog^ether 355 7-360-f 365=1080 days.

IdcntiJiiatio)i of tli^' British Inch as the Unit of Alcasmc. 153

knowledge to be relied on as accurate. This manuscript he shortly
after published, and as 1 now recollect, found uijon measuring his
'■'■factor tucasitrc,'' that it was 30 British inches. By this it will be
seen that two trials for such a standard, independent of each other,
result in finding e.xact multiples of a common unit, viz.: the British
inch.

APPENDIX A. . •

The HisTOi^Y OF ihe "Gridley Measuring Stone," or the El-
liptical Stone found in 'ihe Fifth and Mound Street
Mound, in the City of Cincinnati.

In the collections of Indian relics belonging to the Cincinnati
Society of Natural History, is a small one, each member of which
bears the printed form of label belonging to the old society called
The Western Academy of Natural Sciences, formerly existing in
the same city. The members of this small collection are labeled
as follows : " No. 3, Indian relics deposited by C. P. Gridley,"
"No. 5, Indian x'Vntiquities deposited by C. P. Gridley." "No. 6,
Mound relics deposited by C. P. Gridley." "No. 7", Mound
relics deposited by C. P. Gridley." "No. 12, Mound, Fifth
street, deposited by C. P. Gridley." "No 13, Mound, Fifth
street, deposited by C. P. Gridley." Of these the semi-elliptical
stone measure of the text, the measures of which are there given
by 9 and 12 inches, is the one labeled as "No. 5." This group,
or small collection, passed with the rest of the collections belong-
ing to The Western Academy of Natural Sciences into the possess-
ion of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History on its organiza-
tion, and has been in that possession ever since to this date, Feb-
ruary, 1883. This collection so labeled, consists of three frag-
ments and two entire specimens; the two that are entire, being,
tirst, the semi elliptical stone measure, or the "Gridley Measure."
and second, a fine slate relic, of a shape lately described by Mr,
Gridley.

'J'he current tradition relative to this group has been that it
consists of relics which were found in the Fifth and Mound Street
Mound. Little if any especial attention has ever been paid to
these relics. They have to appearance nothing to attract more
than a passing glance, and seem valuable only in the general sense
of being veritable Indian remains pertaining to our locality. Be-

154 Cincinnati Society of Natuial History.

yond this current report no. certainty attached^ to them until De-
cember 5, 1S78. On that day Mr. C. P. Oridley called upon Dr.
H. H. Hill, of Cincinnati, a member of and an officer of the Cin-
cinnati Society of Natural History. Mr. Gridle'y's object was to
obtain possession again of the mound builder relics above men-
tioned, which he had loaned the Western Academy of Natural
Sciences, and which, as said, had passed into the possession of
the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. It seems that Mr. Grid-
ley had removed to the city of Springfield some twenty-five years
previously, where he had since lived, and where he now, at this
present writing, resides. Mr. Gridley made a statement to Dr.
Hill as follows :

"Cincinnati, Decembers, 1878.
"Mr. C. P. Gridley, of Springfield, O., this day called on
me and stated that he was for many years a resident of Cincinnati,
but moved to Springfield 25 years ago. While living here, and
during the time the mound known as the Sixth and Mound Street
Mound was being cut down, he frecjuently dug in it to see what he
could find. After it was cut through, exposing the bed of ashes,
charcoal,* etc., (described by others) in the bottom of the mound,
he dug into the bank immediately over the center of the ash bed, 3
or 4 feet above the level of the surrounding earth, and found some
flint arrow and spear heads, two stone chisels, one slate ornament
with a hole through it, several fragments of flat stone which he
thought had been ornaments, and one flat stone with beveled straight
edge, while the other was of an ovate form, wide at one end and run-
ning to a point at the other; length perhaps 10 inches; material
fine grit stone —might be sand stone. 'At the request of Mr. S. T.
Carley I deposited the above described relics in the collection of
the Western Academy of Sciences, with the understanding that I
could have them at anytime he (I) wished to take them away.' He
now wished to do so. After explaining to him how they were
turned over to the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, and the
difficulty of getting the matter satisfactorily before the parties con-
cerned in the matter, he seemed to think it rather useless to attempt
to get them. This interview was very satisfactory to me, as it set-
tled in my mind the origin of the specimens, or, in other words,
the fact that they were taken out of the mound known as the Cin-
cinnati or Sixth and Mound Street Mound."

(Signed) "H. H. Hill."

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 1 5 5

While this statement was (as it is) of undoubted value as re-
gards the relics, yet the exceedingly great value of the " Gridley
Measure," as a discovered unit of measure belonging to the
Mound Builders and the construction of the " Mound Works " of
the Ohio Valley, made the writer collect all the facts possible with
regard to it, and he wrote Mr. Gridley, receiving the following re-
plies :

"Springfield, Clark Co., O., Jan. 29. 1883.

"Dear Sir : —Yours of the i8th is received. In answer to
your inquiries I would say that at the time of the removal of the
mound I was residing on Longworth Street, near Mound Street,
and often dug in it to find what I could. The relics were about 4
feet above the base of the same, and over a bed of ashes and char-
coal, in which were found several skeletons partly in the ashes. I
found the stone of this shape , and one with a hole in

it, 2 stone chisels, and rough stone used to sharpen chisels on,
and a copper ring which was on an arm bone of a skeleton. It
broke in two after I found it and before I left it with the Antiquar-
ian Society. If you will refer to Mr. Carley's antiquarian book
you can find the day and date when deposited and the several
items found. I believe they were found in the spring of '46. If
you will call on the man who owns the lot he may be able to in-
form you of the year. As to th^ Ciest stone, I believe it was found
after mine. I think I saw it. The earth was deposited on Colum-
bia Street or Second Street — -the mound earth. If I could see you
I could give you a description of what I fo.und ; but did not retain.
I sold to Dr. Shotwell two skulls of singular form. A Mr. Clark
was with Mr. Carley when I left the relics with the Antiquarian
Society."

(Signed) " C. P. Gridley."

The second reply is as follows :

"Springfield, Clark Co., O., Feb. 8, 1883.

"Dear Sir : — In answer to your request I would say that it
was over the center of the mound that I found these relics, and
over the bed of charcoal of this form lying north and south 4x10
feet."

(Signed) " C. P. Gridley."

Thus the location of the finding this measuring stone was at a
depth of about 26 feet below the top of the ancient mound, and at
or near its center, and the location of the find saves the relic from

156 Ciiiciiinati Society of Natural History.

any presumption of its belonging to a later, or what we call intru-
sive, deposit. As described by Dr. Drake, this mound measured
440 feet in circumference. A reference for the history of the re-
moval of this mound, and for all that is to be gleaned as describ-
ing it, and the finding of the " Gest Tablet" is made to a pamph-
let entitled, "The Prehistoric Remains Which Were Found on the
Site ot the City of Cincinnati, O., with a Vindication of the Cin-
cinnati (Cest) Tablet," published by Roliert Clarke, Esq., in 1876.
The " Gest Tablet," which must always hereafter be associated
with the " Gridley Measure," was, as per the descriptions in Mr.
Clarke's valuable pamphlet, found at the center of the mound and
about 4 feet above its base, so that the places of deposit of the two
stones must have been very near the one to the other.

Mr. Gridley, having referred to Mr. S. T. Carley, who was a
member of The Western Academy of Natural Sciences, and after-
ward a member of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, I
ascertained that Mr. Carley was a resident of Mount Holly,
Clermont County, Ohio, and wrote him touching these matters. I
received from him in reply the two notes following :

"Mt. Holly, Feb. 4, 1883.
" Dear Sir :

" Yours of January 31st received. I remember the cir-
cumstance of Mr. Gridley's de]:)Ositing, in the collection of the
Western Academy of N. S., a number of specimens of Indian
relics subject to his demand. They were all labeled with his
name. If the stone you allude to has his name attached to
it, it is undoubtedly one of the lot he deposited at that time"
(about thirty years ago). "At the time the Academy col-
lection was transferred to the Society of N. H., nothing had
been heard of Mr. Gridley for many years, so the sjiecimens
were thought of only as part of the collection. If Mr. Gridley
should claim them, I have no doubt but the Society of Natural
History will do what ls right and just in the case. If the
stone is of any special value, it will be worth more in a general
collection than it could be in the hands of any single individual.

Respectfully,

(Signed) S. T. Carley."
"Mt. Holly, Feb. 9, 1883.

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 157

'' Dear Sir :

" It is with pleasure I acknowledge yours of the 5th, as it
enables me to understand your purpose. Such a book as is
referred toby Mr. Gridley " (the 'antiquarian book') "does not
exist, but the records of the Academy of N. H. ought to contain
an account of the transaction with Mr. Gridley, which must have
occurred about the time you mention ('41). I remember the cir-
cumstances of the transaction distinctly, and I also remember the
particular stone referred to. Mr, Gridley was in the habit of show-
ing me his findings from the Fifth St. mound, so I feel sure the
specimens deposited in the collection by him were found in that
mound. Mr. Gridley could have had no motive to deceive any
one in regard to the place where the stones were found. Besides,
he was too honest to have done so. I know he went very often to
the mound in search of relics, and I sometimes went there with
him, but I never found any implements, but I once found three
human skeletons, each lying on the back, extended,, and the skulls
of all three were crushed in from back to front, which I consider
an unusual and interesting fact. ,

Respectfully Yours,

(Signed) S. T. Carley."

With this history of the Gridley Measure, we give Figure X
the ac'ual measures of the Gest Tablet, reduced to half size, taken

Fig.'X.

from the slab itself, as referred by try squares to a perfect rectangle.
By calipers the measures of the stone are as follows :. Extreme
length 4.96-7 inches. Greatest width 2.99 inches. Least width
2.50 inches. Corrected by being referred to a perfect rectangle,

158 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

its measures are : Extreme length exactly 5 inches. Greatest
width 2.99 inches, least width 2.50 inches. Chord of shallow arc
on each side 4.50 inches.

Since writing the foregoing my attention has been called by
Dr. Hunt, ]:)resident of the Society of Natural History, to an
article in the May number, 1843, ^^ ^^^ " American Pioneer,"
published in Cincinnati. This article describes and figures the
Gest tablet, and the Gridley relics, those referred to in his letter
above, which include the ^^ measuring stone.,'" the subject of our
main article. It speaks of '' Figure i " (the Gest tablet) as a
carved stone, found at the l)Ottom, and near the center of an
ancient mound, " now being removed from Mound Street near
Fifth, this city." The mound is described as about 25 feet high.
From the place where this was found, "about ten feet distant in
the mound, and nearly on the same level, were found parts of
another skeleton, with a beautiful stone ornament four inches long,
two inches wide and nearly an incli thick (figured), also, a stone
instrument nine inches long and three wide (figured) ; this is about
a fourth of an inch thick. The long straight side has a diamond
shaped edge, as if it had been used for dressing leather. These
(with others described) were discovered by and are in possession
of Mr. Ciridley of Longworth Street." The article says the Gest
tablet was taken from the mound in 1841, and this, with Mr.
Gridley's statement, fixes the date of the find of the " measuring
stone."

APPENDIX B.

The following ([notations are made from the The Smith-
sonian Report of The Ancient Monuments of the Mississip])i Val-
ley, to establish as far as possible the facts: (ij Of care and ac-
curacy in the measures of the mounds; (2) Of identities and
correlations of groups and measures, such as to prove in the minds
of the surveyors, the possession by the Mound Builders, of a stand-
ard of measure, and some means of taking angles correctly ; also
a scientific and religious object in the construction of the works,
and (3) Of a further proof of the correctness of the measures as
surveyed.

As to taking and reporting the exact measures of the various
works :

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 159

"Indeed, no exertion was sjjared to insure entire accuracy,
and compass, line and rule were alone relied u[)on in all matters
where an approximate estimate might lead to erroneous conclu-
sions." Introduction page 34.

" These plans are all drawn from actual' and minute, and in
most instances personal survey, and are presented, unless other-
wise specially noted, on a uniform scale of .500 feet to the inch.
When there are interesting features, too minute to be satisfactorily
indicated on so small a scale enlarged plans have been adopted.
Sections and supi)lementary plans are given whenever it is sup-
posed they may illustrate the description or assist the compre-
hension of the reader. The greatest care has in all cases been
taken to secure perfect fidelity in all essential particulars." (Page

10.)

"To put all skepticism at rest, which might otherwise arise as
to the regularity of the works, it should be stated that they were all
carefully surveyed by the authors in person. Of course no diffi-
culty existed in determining the perfect regularity of the squares.
The method of procedure in respect to the circles was as follows :
Flags were raised at regular and convenient intervals upon the
embankments, representing stations. The compass was then
placed alternately at these stations, and the bearing of the next
flag ascertained. If the angles thus determined proved to be coin-
cident, the regularity of the work was placed beyond doubt."

(Page 57)-

"The square or rectangular works attending these large cir-
cles are of various dimensions. It has been observed, however,
that certain groups are marked by a great uniformity of size. Five
or six of these are noticed in the succeeding pages; they are ex-
act squares, each measuring 1080 feet to the side, a coincidence
which could not possibly be accidental, and which must possess
some significance. It certainly establishes the fact of some stand-
ard of measure among the ancient people, if not the possession of
some means of determining angles." (Page 48.)

As to the plan of the Newark Works, in foot note to page 71 :
" A number of jjlans of these works, as well as of those at Marietta,
have been published; but they are all very defective, and fail to
convey an accurate conception of the group. The map here given
is from an original and very careful and minute survey made in
1836 by Charles Whittelsey, Esq., Topographical Engineer of the
State of Ohio, corrected and verified by careful re-surveys and

i6o Cincinnati Society of Natural tlistoyy.

admeasurements by the authors. It may l)e relied on as strictly
correct.'' A similar explanation is made on " page 73 " as to the plan
of the Marietta works.

But apart from these statements of exactitude there is a ])roof
of it to be had from the measures themselves. The works consist
of groups, in some instances separated from each other by many
miles, yet on the compilation from the field notes it soon became
manifest from the surveys that there was identity of groups and
measures as stated. Thus besides the care taken in the admeas-
urement:: of individual groups, justification was found in the agree-
ment of measures of these with other and similar groups, upon
which equal care had been bestowed This statement is made by
the authors.

As to the coincidences of measures :

" It is not to be supposed that these numerous coincidences
are the result of accident." (Page 71.) " Although in the progress
of investigation singular coincidences were observed between these
works, yet there was at the time no susi)icion of the identity which
subsequent comparison has shown to exist." (page 56.) Again:
"There is one deduction to be drawn from the fad that the figures
entering into these works are of uniform dimensions, which is of
considerable importance in its bearing iq)on the state of knowledge
among the people who erected them. It is that the builder pos-
sessed a standard of measure and had some means of determining
angles. * * The coincidences observable between them could
not have been the result of accident, and it is very manifest that
they (the works) were erected for common purpose. What the
purposes were the reader must judge. Without entering into any
argument upon the subject, we may content ourselves with the
simple expression of opinion that they were in some manner con
nected with the superstitions of the builders." (Page 61.) As to a
/////y//r work in Seal Township, Pike County, Ohio, they say : "It
is impossible to resist the conviction that some significance attaches
to these singular forms." (Page 67). As to the Portsmouth wcjrks
they say: " Whatever may have been the divinity of their belief,
order, symmetry and design were among his attributes; if, as
appears most likely, the works that most strongly exhibit these fea.
tures were dedicated to religious purjjoses, and were symbolical
in their design." (Page 82.) As to the works in Montgomery
County, Ohio: " It tends to confirm the impression produced by
the other works that some significance attaches to the combination

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. i6i

of the two circles and the square." (Page 83.) As to the New.
ark works: " Several extraordinary coincidences are exhibited be-
tween the details of these works and some of those already de-
scribed. The smaller circle F is nearly identical in size with that
belonging to the " Hopeton Works," and with the one attached to
the octagon in the High Bank group (see plates xvi. and xvii.)
The works last named are situated upon the Scioto, seventy miles
distant. The square has also the same area with the rectangle
belonging to the Hopeton, and with the octagon attached to the
High Bank works. The octagon, too, has the same area with the
large irregular square at Marietta. The small circles, G, G, G, be.
tray a coincidence with the works above mentioned, which ought
not to be overlooked. It is not to be supposed thai these num-
erous coincidences are the result of accident." (Page 71.) Soon
page 66 they say : "It will be remarked that we have here the
square, the circle and the ellipse, separate and in combination, all
of them constructed with geometric accuracy."

We have still another series of measures which go far to confirm
the accuracy as to those given of the groups of works quoted.
Many of the tumuli covered altars, so called, located generally on
the ground level, and at the center of the mounds in which they
were respectively built. These altars were curiously constructed.
The shape was first marked out, and a portion of ground dug out to
the depth required. This space was filled with sand, beaten down
very compactly. Fire was used upon this until the substance of
the altar became solidified to a mass, preserving its shape and sub-
stance, as if a solid stone. Above this, quite often, another, and
sometimes a third altar was constructed, of definite regular shape,
followed by the same use. Over these finally the earth was heaped
and the mound formed. By this the altar in its integrity would be
preserved for any number of years. The measures of some of these
altars, as they are stated in the article on "Sacrificial Mounds,"
commencing with page 144, are as follows: "No. i. A circular
base 9 feet, or 108 inches in diameter, diameter of top 3 feet,
or 36 inches, depth 9 inches. No. 2. Rectangular base 10
feet, or 120 inches long, 8 feet, or 96 inches broad. Top 6
feet, or 72 inches long, by 4 feet, or 48 inches broad, height 18
inches. No. 3. Square base 10 by 10 feet, top 6 by 6 feet, and
a circular bowl in this of 4 feet in diameter. Depth of altar 22
inches, sinking a foot or more below the original surface of the
ground. No. 4. Second and upper altar 8 feet by 8 feet," Here,

1 62 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the application of the small measures, in inches and feet, is as
natural to us as if these units of measure had been used by the
ancient builders, and seems to comfirm the measures reported of
the large works in the open.

The extreme antiquity of the works is marked by the frail
decayed condition of the bony structure of the remains, and this
is to be emphasized because of their perfect protection from chem-
ical disintegration and other wear since the time of their deposit.
To somewhat illustrate the duration of bony structure : Schlieman,
at the Agora in ancient Mycenae, found the tomb of Agamemnon
containing several remains. The bodies had been carefully
interred and protected, partly by gold masks. "The bones and
even the skulls had been preserved ; but these latter had suffered so
much from the moisture that' none of them could be taken out
entire." The Trojan war has been estimated at about 1700 B. C. ,
or about 3600 years ago. The remains in the ancient mounds,
such as those of the mound in question, are too much reduced to
dust for preservation, save the jaw bones and teeth.

Papers on the Destruction of Native Binis. 163

PAPERS ON THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE BIRDS.*

FIRST PAPER,

By Mr. Chas. Dury.
(Read at Special Meeting, May 25, 1886.) ■

In the year i86t I first became interested in birds, and par-
ticularly those of the vicinity of Cincinnati. During the twenty-
five years jmssed since then a great change has taken place in the
Avian fauna of this locality. Then the beautiful wild pigeons, in
their autumn migration, came over this country in countless
myriads, but for tlie last three or four years none have been seen,
and even the far-reaching market shooter has failed to furnish any
for sale. They have been exterminated in this locality. From
i860 to 1870 geese^ ducks, snipe and other water birds passed over
in swarms to and from their breeding grounds in the North. They,
also, are fast sharing the fate of the pigeons, as hardly two in a
hundred of former numbers remain. As late as 1875 several
covies of (juails lived within the limits of Avondale, of whose
numbers not a survivor now remains.

Change of habitat and cheap and improved sliotguns have
wrought fearful destruction among our beautiful game birds.

The inventors who are continually improving the killing qual-
ities of breech-loading and repeating shotguns would do well to
turn their attention to inventing some method by which the game
the guns are to be used on can be saved from complete
destruction. Florida, perhaps, better than any other State in
the Union, shows the work of the destroyer, and in a shorter per-
iod of time. When I first visited that State in 1875 with some
gentlemen of the Cuvier Club for the purpose of collecting some
specimens of birds and fishes for the club's museum, we were as-
tonished at the great number of beautiful aquatic birds we saw at
all suitable places.

The egrets, herons and pelicans congregated by thousands in
the rookeries. The snowy plumage of the egrets as they perched
in the dark foliage of the mangroves gave a color to the landscape.
The hand of the destroyer had but begun the work of destruction.

*The eight papers following were read as noted in the proceedings. Most of them
were published in the Cincinnati Commercial-Gazette soon after their presentation to
the Society. They are reprinted entire at the request of a number of members of the
Society.

164 Cincinnati Society of Natinal History.

From the decks of the river steamers was fired a constant fusilade
of rifle balls and shot, directed at every bird and alligator that
showed itself. Of those killed or wounded none could be secured
by the vandals who so cruelly murdered them — they were left to
rot where they had fallen. Three years later when I again visited
these localities the birds had greatly diminished, in fact it was diffi-
cult to secure specimens of some of the species which were before
so abundant. During the winter just past several gentlemen of
the Cuvier Club went over the same ground and report the work
of destruction completed, the rookeries silent and deserted, the
occupation of the professional bird slayers gone.

Dr. Henshall says during his last trip to the west and south
coast of Florida he met the agent of a Boston milliner, who had
brought with him fifty breech-loading guns and a large supply of
ammunition. These he distributed among the residents, with
orders to shoot as many " plume birds" as possible, for which he
would pay them liberally, as he had orders to secure fifty thou-
sand.

I visited a pelican rookery near Ft. Capron, on the Indian
River, and was horrified at the sight I saw there. Scores of dead
parent birds were floating in the water and scores of helpless young
ones starving in their nests; and this infernal outrage inflicted in
the name of sport by a party of so-called gentlemen sportsmen
from the East.

Mr. Henry Hanna says, when he first visited St. Augustine,
fifteen years ago, the cerlew, godwits and other shore birds were
so abundant that the sportsman could, in a few hours at low tide,
shoot as many as he could carry away. On the same ground dur-
ing the past winter he did not see a shore bird! Similar reports
come from all localities that were once famous for their bird life.
Deserted rookeries and depopulated beaches are hideous monu-
ments of the wanton destructiveness of the American tourist and
the plume-gathering wretches who cater to the depravity of fashion.

I visited a dealer in l)ird skins, in New Jersey, with whom I
was well acquainted, and saw in his stock thousands of birds and
parts of birds. He had our beautiful native blue birds put up for
hat and bonnet ornaments by the bushel. I was astonished that
there were so many blue birds in the State as he exhibited, and he
assured me there were some left yet, which he and his agents had
not yet secured, owing to the interference, as he expressed it, of

Papers on the Destniction of Native Birds. 165

some game clubs who threatened him with prosecution if ne did
not stop his inhuman work.

He was particularly severe on the scientific men, as he called
them, who criticised his methods and only bought from him one or
two of a kind. The demands made on him by the milliners were
so great that none were obtainable for scientific specimens. I
have always found that when the pocket-book of science and the
pocket-book of fashion come in competition, science gets left every
time.

A lady of this city, who deals in feathers for decorating head-
gear, sent for me recently to look over a large case of birdskins
.she had just received from Texas. This case contained hundreds
of meadow larks and many other birds, so badly pre])ared, dirty
and greasy as to be completely worthless for any purpose what-
ever— a complete waste of so many valuable birds' lives.

The lady who had received the box, to her credit, said :
" What a shame to kill such a lot of birds. I wish they would end
this stupid bird-wearing fashion."

Neither rarity nor exquisite song has been any safeguard to
shield a species from giving up its valuable life to the insatiable
demands of fashion. I have seen hundreds of yellow-breasted
chats, and the sweetest of American songsters, the wood thrush,
wired and mutilated almost beyond recognition for this devilish
purpose.

Bunches of wings of the European skylark prove that even it
has not escaped the general destruction. Think of killing such a
bird for such a purpose ! A creature that has inspired many of the
poets of the British Isles, and of whom Jas. Hogg, the " Ettrick
Shepherd," has written:

'-!.■'' ' ' ■-

" Bird of the wilderness,
Blyi.hsome and cumberless,
Sweet be thy matin o'er mountain and lea ;
Emblem of happiness,
Blest in thy dwelling-place,
Oh, to abide in the desert with thee!
Wild is thy lay and loud
Far in the downy cloud,
Love gives it energy, love gave it birth ;
Where on thy dewy wing.
Where art thou journeying?
Thy lay is in heaven, thy love is on earth.

1 66 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

II.

" O'er fell and fountain sheen,

O'er moor and mountain green,
O'er the red streamer that heralds the day.

Over the cloudlet dim.

Over the roinbow's rim.
Musical cherub, soar, singing away !

Then when the gloaming comes,

L,ow in the heather blooms.
Sweet will thy welcome and bed of love be!

Emblem of happiness.

Blest is thy dwelling-place,
O to abide in the desert with thee !"

I have not mentioned why birds should be perpetuated.
Either from an aesthetic or economic point of view, birds are of the
utmost value, and to all persons of average intelligence this fact is
too apparent to need mention.

In the supplement to Science of February 26, 1886, Mr. J. A.
Allen, of New York, has one of a number of very able papers
on the destruction of bird life in the United States. In this paper
he speaks of one of the important agencies in bird destruction as
the "small bad boy " — and in an ornithological sense his name is
legion — of both town and country. Bird-nest robbing is one of the
besetting sins, one of the marks of natural depravity of the average
small boy, who fails to appreciate the cruelty of systematically rob-
bing every nest within reach, and of stoning those that are other-
wise inacessible. To him the birds themselves too are a fair target
for a stone, a sling or a pea shooter. To the latter many a sparrow,
thrush or warbler falls a victim. Two ten-year-old lads in Bridg-
hampton, L. I., confessed this autumn that with these rubber pea
shooters they had killed during the season fifty robins and other
birds which frequent the garden, orchard and cemetery. I can
bear abundant testimony to Mr. Allen's statememt. For twenty-
seven years I have lived in a large country place filled with trees
and birds, which we have protected to the best of our ability from
the depredations of cats and small boys. . Whenever I got a chance
I removed the cats with a shotgun and accelerated the departure of
the bad boy with anything throwable that came handy. This
spring I have seen several dead and crippled birds around the
place that I know were victims of the deadly pea shooter. A few
days ago as I stood unobserved in a cluster of bushes a rock
whizzed past my head, thrown at a cat bird by a trespassing young

Papers on the Destruction of Native Bitds. 1 6"]

vagabond, and I have given thanks ever since, as the clod which
I hurled back at him hit him square in the ribs and nearly knocked
the breath out of him. As he made off, he looked around, wonder-
ing where the clod could have come from. In Mr. Allen's article
above mentioned he quotes a recent writer in saying, " A garden
without flowers, childhood without laughter, an orchard without
blossoms, a sky without color, roses without perfume are the
analogues of a country without song-birds. And the United States
are going straight and swift into that desert condition." It is use-
less to talk about laws for the protection of our song-birds : we
have had for years good laws on the subject, but it is impossible to
enforce laws where it is so difficult to catch and convict the
offenders. So long as there is a demand for these birds just so
long will the market be supplied, law or no law. It all depends
on the ladies who wear birds for decoration whether our beautiful
songsters shall be exterminated or^not.

■ ^ —

SECOND PAPER.

By Wm. Hui!P,ell Fisher, Esq.

(Read May 25, 1886.)

Life is a wonderful and mysterious thing. Man may take life,
he may blot it out, but he can not give it back to the lifeless clay.
Has he a right to take life? That he has the right to take the life
of his fellow-being for any reason whatsoever is denied by some.
The majority of the people of civilized communities have held that
capital punishment — the taking of the life of the one who commits
the capital crimes of murder or treason — is not only justifiable but
necessary for the prevention of like crimes by others; that any
others among the remainder of the people having a wish to commit
these crimes, seeing justice thus swiftly and thoroughly adminis-
tered, will take warning and desist from their committal.

In some countries arson is punished by death, while, on the
vast plains of the great West, horse-stealing is punished by death by
the unanimous verdict of the people, for the reason that detection
is difficult, catching the prisoner alive is difficult, and more partic-
ularly that capital punishment there appears to be the surest and
most effective means of extirpating a system of robbery which

1 68 Cincimiati Society of Natural History.

attacks the article, the thing most necessary to tlie ranchman for
the preservation of his own Hfe and property.

Thus we see the legal taking of human life deliberately in
civilized communities is founded upon a reason, and upon a de-
liberate and thoughtful one.

The taking of life of animals (other than man) ought to be
founded upon good and sufficient reasons. These reasons may be
grouped under one great division, viz.:

The preservation of man himself.

This includes— first, the destruction of those- animals which
either directly destroy the man himself or destroy his food or other
things essential to his life and welfare ; and secondly, the taking of
the life of animals useful to him for food or clothing. As to wild
animals of the cat tribe, from the lion and tiger down to the wild-
cat, the various species of wolves, the bears and many other species
of quadrupeds, many of the species of snakes, the crocodile, the
alligator, the man-eating shark — about all these and others of like
ferocity the question of the right to take their lives can not arise.
The right is too clear for question. Under this category none of
our birds can fairly be classed, it being a remarkably rare instance
in which any bird, even though of the hawk kind, or the owl kind,
or the eagle, attacks man.

Hence the right to take the life of our birds can not be based
upon the reason that they attack man or that the man needs to de-
stroy them because they will directly attack him.

Let us look at some of the animals in the light of the proposi-
tion that the life of those animals which destroy the food of man,
or other things essential to his life and welfare, should be destroyed.
The weasel and fox and like animals which destroy our domestic
poultry, and thus waste, diminish and destroy our food supply,
certainly belong to this class.

How is it as to birds? First, as to the hawks and owls. Not
long ago the great State of Ohio, following in the train of some of
her sister States, enacted stringent laws for the destruction of
hawks, offering a premium for the head of each hawk, delivered,
of fifty cents. This bountiful reward attracted great attention, as
it amounted to paying more for a rapacious bird than the pot-
hunter or country lad could get by sending a duck or quail to .
market. Immense numbers of hawks were destroyed. Some
were shot and some were trapped. A couple of hunters in New
Hampshire secured for bounties a fabulous number of hawks. The

Papers on the Destruction of Native Biids. 169

supposition lias been that the hawks were the enemy of man; that
they destroyed his poultry, particularly the smaller kinds, and
were of no possible good or utility. Hence, one of the earliest
recollections of the country boy is that the announcement of the
presence of a hawk served to bring out the shot-gun, or caused the
neighbor's to be borrowed, and immediate war upon that bird was
the order of the hour.

Where ignorance is bliss is it not folly to be wise? Well,
sometimes ; but often it is folly not to be wise, as the bliss of igno-
rance soon changes into the sorrow and mortification of loss. It
appears that on June 23, 1885, the Assembly of Pennsylvania
passed an act, for the destruction, among other things, of hawks
and owls, and offered fifty cents per head for every hawk and owl,
except the Acadian screech or barn owl.

The Westchester (Pa.) Microscopical Society took the matter
in hand. They state that Dr. B. Harry Warren, Ornithologist of
the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, had devoted several
years to the collection, dissection and examination of birds; and
that "all of the committee from observation and experience have
believed that all of the birds denounced in the law above quoted,
with rare exceptions, have been found to be the best friends of the
farmer." The committee further state that lest any of the com-
mittee might have been mistaken, " they have corresponded with
the best ornithologists in the country, connected with the Smithso-
nian Institute, to-wit : Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Ornithologist of the
United States Department of Agriculture," viz. : Of the Division
of Economic Ornithology, whose special business it is to under-
stand the relation and iises of birds to agriculiure, and to each
other, and to the welfare of man; "Robert Ridgway, Curator of
the Department of Birds, United States National Museum ; Dr.
Leonard Stejneger, Assistant Curator of the same department; H.
W. Henshaw, of the Bureau of Ethnology, also a collector of
birds for the Smithsonian Institute and connected with the late
Wheeler survey of the territories ; and Lucien M. Turner, a col-
lector of birds, etc., for the Smithsonian Institute for the last
twelve years." The answers of these parties are annexed to the
report and speak for themselves, and go to corroborate the report,
viz., that "the hawks and owls are of great benefit to the
farmer, and render him far greater service than injury, and that it
is unwise to select any of them for destruction."

1 70 Cinci)inati Society of Natural History.

The majority of the species of hawks and owls hve upon
small rodents, as lield mice and insec:ts. The great horned owl
sometimes preys upon birds, as do also the Cooper's hawk and the
sharp-shinned hawks, but the other hawks live mainly upon insects
and field mice and the like, as do also most of the owls. The
beautiful sparrow hawk lives almost exclusively upon insects.

What did the committee do? They did just what they should
have done, viz.: They passed resolutions to the effect that the act
of June 23, 1885, offering a premium for the destruction of hawks
and owls is unwise and prejudicial to the interests of agriculture;
and they decided to rec|uest their members of the Legislature to
aid in its appeal.

Two papers read before this society, one by Mr. J. W. Shorten
and another by Mr. Charles W. Uury, give the results of these
gentlemen's examination of the contents of the stomach of rapa-
cious birds, and confirm the position taken by the society of Ches-
ter County.

The point I make here is this, that the farmer or poultryman
has the right to shoot any hawk or owl he knows is depredating on
his poultry. But it is not just for the State or for fashion to en-
courage the wholesale destruction of these birds.

^Ve come now to that class of l)irds that eat cherries and other
small fruits. The question is as to whether the birds do more harm
than good the season through. If they do more good than harm,
they should be spared and nourished. You see the question is not
one of sentiment ; it is one of dollars and cents and of pure busi-
ness. ( )f course many of our feathered friends love berries. Where
the main crop of the farmer consists of small fruit he is entitled to
shoot the small marauders, and, what is more to the point and
more effective, suspend i)ieces of tin by cords to be waved by the
breeze, and other scarecrows. But the majority of farmers are not
large growers of small fruits. One of the greatest enemies the
farmer has to contend with are insects There are insects who eat
his trees, working under the bark. Insects attack his wheat, his
corn, the fresh leaves of his growing vegetables. What aliout the
potato-bug, the locust, wholesale destroyers of the crops — the
countless insects that live upon and destroy the flowers of the
horticulturist and florist ? Right here I will quote extracts from
the remarks of Charles A. Green, Chairman Committee on Ornith-
ology, W. N. Y. H. Society, Rochester, N. Y.:

Papers oil the Destruction of Native Birds. 1 7 [

" Fruit-growers and farmers do not appreciate the importance
of the birds that nest in their fields and orchards, or follow the
paths of their plows and harrows.

"There is great need for protection of birds, yet the average
ruralist is not familiar with the name of one bird in ten that in_
habits his fields, thus is not able to distinguish the most delightfid
songster or the most effective insect destroyer.

' ' Each living creature has its use in the economy of nature, and
no species can be annihilated without disturbance of etjuilibrium.
The flies are useful scavengers. Mosquitos, worms, snakes, toads,
and all forms of life, were designed for a good purpose. One race
may do service in keeping the other in check.

"/rhere are birds worn by our city belles that alive would ac-
complish more good work for mankind than the average fashionable
belle, although she lived for a century. The eyes and beaks of
these dead birds cry out in shame against the cruel fashion that
causes their slaughter.

" I once heard an intelligent fruit grower exclaim : 'Shoot the
birds; they are eating my cherries.' Why not as well say,
' Shoot the horses, they are eating my oats ; shoot the cows, they
are eating my hay; shoot the chickens, they are eating my corn;
shoot the children, they are eating my bread.' If the horses, cows,
chickens and children are useful and desirable features of our
homes, we must not destroy them; neither must we destroy the
birds if useful and desirable.

"Five thousand miles is not a long distance for birds to migrate.
They often breed in one locality and feast in another. But wher-
ever they go, wherever they alight for a mouthful of food, the gun,
trap, cat or robbers await them. How long will the race survive
such treatment? Is this not a question worthy of consideration?"

There is one bird of the family ot the fissirostal or split moudis,
called in popular phrase the night-hawk {Chordcilcs Virgiiiiaiiiis).
He is no more of a hawk than is a pigeon. He is entirely an in-
sectivorous bird. When I was younger, I shot one of the
birds. I skinned it, and, according to my custom, I ex-
amined his crop and found that it contained grass hoppers and
other insects and nothing else, and enough of them to fill a half-
pint .cup about full. Now, to go on shooting this bird on the sup-
position that it was a bird which preyed upon other birds,
would be more than a blunder, it would be a calamity to the

1/2 Cincinnati Socitty of Natural History.

farmer. Most of our song-birds are insectivorous birds, and so are
the woodpeckers. We tlierefore ]jrotest against the destruction of
our birds, and think that they should be protected l)y jJubHc senti-
ment for the reason that they do more good than harm.

'J'he increase of insects is marvelous. One insect may in one
year become the progenitor of six billion descendants. Three
hundred and twenty-five actual species of insects are known, and
it is thought that there as many more species unknown. If undis-
turbed, insects would destroy every green thing upon the earth's
surface, and men would j)erish ; but nature has provided enemies,
and prominent among them are the birds, -which keep the insects
in check without cost to the horticulturist.

" A swallow, as it skims through the air on a summer day,
will destroy more insects than a farmer in the same length of t'me
sweating over a heavy bucket of Paris green mixture.

"As the country became cleared of timber and more thickly
inhabited, the birds have been destroyed in large numbers, and in-
sects have gained the ascendancy."

The question of the destruction of birds for food rests upon a
solid basis.

Certain kinds of birds, viz., many of the ducks and waders,
are universally recognized as fit for food. To the shooting of
these, under projjer restrictions as to time and place, there appears
to be no reasonable objection. As to one class of birds there exists
a difference of opinion whether they should be eaten or not. At
Hampton, Va., two and one-half miles from Fortress Monroe, I
saw robins hung up for sale in the market. Alongside the ceme-
tery at Richmond, in the same State, I saw a gunner stealthily
hunting for robins. At the markets in the Nation's Capital, I
have seen exposed for sale bobolinks — there called reed birds —
stripped of their feathers and fastened together in bunches like
radishes. I could not eat the birds. In New England the killing
of these birds is prohibited, while in the South many sportsmen shoot
them for sport, and thousands of them are eaten. The amount of
food in one of these birds is so small that it seems an unequal
equivalent for the destruction of such a sweet songster as is the
bobolink, which James Russell Lowell so delightfully describes.
And yet even the destruction of game birds for food has been so
great that the hunter views with anxious eye their rapid disappear-
ance. The prairie chicken ([)innated grouse), once so plentiful in

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 173

the Eastern part of the United States, has there become a thing of
the past. So has the wild turkey, and to a great extent the wild
pigeon. The vast number of ducks and waders, the snipe and the
plover, have been perceptibly lessened. The great northern mi-
gration of most of these birds takes place through the central part
of the United States, in the path of the Mississippi and her tribu-
taries, and the great lakes, and occurs in the spring time.

At that time the birds are usually thin and poor, and are not
very desirable for food. They are going north to breed, and the
destruction of each pair then means the destruction of not only
that pair, but another pair, and often several more pairs of birds
which would follow the spring and summer hatch.

I am glad to notice that the new Ontario (Canada) game law
forbids the killing of ducks and other water fowl between January
istand September ist; also snipe, rail and golden plover between
January ist and Sei)tember ist. It is is also pleasant to chronicle
that the game clubs of the Central United States are moving in the
direction of prohibiting si)ring shooting. Right here let me call
your attention to a most ancient and interesting game law.

The law of Moses provides that every seventh year the land
should have rest and what grew in that year was for the game.
The inference is clear that the game was that year to be unmolested.
[See Exodus 23, 11 ; Leviticus 25, 7.]

Michaelis, volume 2, page 419, says: " It is the command of
Moses [Deut. 22, 6, 7,] that if a person find a bird's nest in the
way, whether in a tree or on the ground, though he may take the
eggs or the young, he shall not take the mother, but always allow
her to escape. It is clear that he here speaks not of those which
nestle upon people's property. * * * He merely enjoins what
one has to do on finding such nests on the way, that is without
one's property, thus guarding against the utter extinction or too
great diminution of any species of birds indigenous to the country."

Many readers may think it strange that Moses should be rep-
resented as providing for the preservation of noxious birds; yet, in
fact, nothing can be more conformable to legislative wisdom. To
extirpate, or even to persecute, to too great an extent, any species
of birds, from an idea of its being hostile to the interests of the
inhabitants, is a measure of doubtful policy. It ought, in general,
to be considered as a part of nature's bounty, bestowed for some
important purpose ; but what that is we certainly discover too late
when it has been extirpated and the evil consequences of that

1 74 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

measure are begun to be felt. In this matter the legislator should
take a lesson from the naturalist."

Linnaeus gives two remarkable examples to coiifirm it. One, in
the case of the little crow of Virginia {Gracula Qiiisciila), extir-
pated at great expense on account of its supposed destructive
effects, and which the inhabitants would soon gladly have reintro-
duced at double the expense. The other the Egyptian Vulture
[Viilfiir Percnopterus). This species of crow constantly frequented
the pea fields, and to put a stop to its ravages its extirpation was
resolved upon. As soon as this was effected, an insect of the
beetle kind multiplied to such a degree that very few peas were
left. A naturalist found that the crows were not in quest of peas,
but only devouring the beetles.

As for the vulture, Linnaeus says that these creatures of prey
rid the earth of dead carcasses and make it wholesome and com-
fortable, besides serving to maintain a due proportion between the
different animals, and to prevent any one kind from starving the
rest.

In addition to this detail, I subjoin what follows in the same
magazine, relative to the crow in Sweden: " At somewhat less ex
pense the same truth was some time ago confirmed in Sweden.
The common crow {^Corviis comix, Linn.) was thought to be too
fond of the young root of grass, being observed sometimes to pick
them out and lay them bare. Orders were therefore given to the
people to be at all pains to extirpate them, till some person, more
judicious, opposed this, and showed that it was not the roots of the
grass, but the destructive caterpillars of certain insects which fed
on them, that the crows searched for and devoured." [Michaelis''
Laws of Moses, Vol. 2, p. 421 et seq. ]

There is a great slaughter of birds carried on by the young
boys. Near where I live, in the heart of the city, lives a boy who
carries a stone slinger, and that boy in one day killed ten sparrows,
eight of which fell to the ground alive, to use the phrase of one of
his young companions —which meant wounded. Last evening, a
lady, just from the suburbs of St. Louis, stated that, next door to
where she was there staying, a small boy, ten years of age, had a
gun, and got up early every morning and shot at everything of the
bird kind he could see.

Probably some of you read the article in one of our daily pa-
pers lately in which the writer stated that when walking in the
forests in the vicinity of this city, he saw a boy, accompanied by a

Papers on the Destnictioti of Native Bhds. 1 7 5

gentlemen, who was practicing shooting at the birds in order to
become an accurate marksman. So the gentleman said, and, al-
though the boy had only a simple air-gun, several birds fell dead, one
of which was startled from her nest, in which were several eggs.
There is no excuse for this wanton slaughter. The b'rd is not
used for food nor the skin saved.

The last question to be considered is : Is the killing of birds
authorized for the purposes of dress and fashion?

The killing of fur animals for their fur, to be used as clothing,
is doubtless justifiable. But the skins of birds, particularly of our
song birds, are too small to be thus utilized. The amount of life
sacrificed to make a single dress of bird skins would be slaughter.
Such dresses are not needed, would be very expensive, and not nearly
so useful or economical as the textile fabrics of every shade and
hue from the plain or figured calico to the gorgeous silks and ele-
gant fancy stuffs now in use. But we are not called upon here to
meet such a use of bird skins. We are to meet the use of bird
skins and birds' heads worn, not for warmth or protection, but for
ornament. The question is : Is this ornament in the highest and
truest sense ? I think not. I am not now referring to ostrich
plumes, but to the heads and bodies fastened upon hats or located
in the festoons of dresses and the like.

In the "Forest and Stream" of March 18, 1886, appears the
following :.

"The feather-decked hats reach their highest developement at
the great gambling resort of Monte Carlo, where, according to the
London World, the ladies' hats are as high as the play. Three
girls, presumably sisters, and undoubtedly Americans not in
society, attract an immense attention by reason of their showy
garments. They wear very high conical hats, ornamented in front
with large green and yellow parrots with glaring glass eyes. Each
bird is perched on a little bough, and it is impossible to imagine
anything more ludicrous or in worse taste. The girls are incessant
talkers, and, my correspondent tells me, they are known by the
nickname of the ' Prattling Follies.' "

My brother lecturers this evening have given you many
figures on this subject.

The startling truth is that a great portion of the supply of
plumage does not come through the custom-house. Hundreds of
thousands of birds slaughtered for trimming are American song-
birds. From a single locality on Long Island were sent in during

I 'jQ Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the week ending July 26, 1884, over $300 worth of birds. The
same man sent, during the season of four months, not far from
seventy thousand birds.

Charles Dudley Warner, in a. note to the Forest and Stream,
writes :

"Your note about the Audubon Society followed me to
Mexico and here. After this long delay, if it is of any service to
you, I should be glad to be quoted as in entire sympathy with
its object. A dead bird does not help the appearance of an ugly
woman, and a pretty woman needs no such adornment. If you
can get the woman to recognize these two things, a great deal will
be done for the protection of our song-birds."

A writer in the Evening Post, of April 7, says: " My visit to
the National Academy was spoiled yesterday. Not by viewing
bad pictures, either. It was by a young lady's hat. There was
nothing in her face to denote excessive cruelty. Indeed, she was
very pretty, and the attention she paid to the best pictures seemed
to indicate that her artistic taste was not uncultivated. But her
hat ! The front rim of this was decorated with the heads of over
twenty little birds. I counted them at a risk of seeming to stare
rudely. These heads were simply sewed on side by side as closely
as possible."

Celia Thaxter writes to the Boston Transcript : " But women
do not know what they are doing when they buy and wear birds
and feathers, or they would never do it. How should people
brought up in cities know anything of the sacred lives of birds?
What woman whose head is bristling with their feathers knows, for
instance, the hymn of the song sparrows, the sweet jargon of the
black-birds, the fairy fluting of the oriole, the lonely, lovely wooing
call of the sandpiper, the cheerful challenge of the chickadee, the
wild, clear whisde of the curlew, the twittering of the swallows as
they go careering in wide curves through the summer air, filling
earth and heaven with tones of pure gladness, each bird a marvel
of grace, beauty and joy ? God gave us these excpiisite creatures
for delight and solace, and we suffer them to be slain by thousands
for our ' adornment.' When I take note of the headgear of my
sex a kind of despair overwhelms me. I go mourning at heart in
an endless funeral procession of slaughtered birds, many of whom
are like dear friends to me. From infancy I have lived among
them, have watched them with the most profound reverence and love,
respected their rights, adored their beauty and song, and I could

Papers on the Destniction of Native Birds. 177

no more injure a bird than I could hurt a child. No woman would
if she knew it.

"The family life of most birds is a lesson to men and women
But how few people have had the priviledge of watching that sweet
life; of knowing how precious and sacred it is, how the little
beings guard their nests with almost human wisdom, and cherish
their young with faithlul, careful, self-sacrificing love. If women
only knew these things, there is not one in the length and breadth
of the land, I am happy to believe, who would be cruel enough to
encourage this massacre of the innocents by wearing any precious
rifled plume of tlieirs upon her person. In New York one firm had
on hand February i, 1886, two hundred thousand skins. The
supply is not limited by domestic consumption; American bird
skins are sent abroad ; one New York firm had a contract to sup-
ply forty thousand skins of American birds to one Paris firm."

As to the pleasure derived from the presence of birds, John
James Audubon fitly expressed the sentiments of thousands of peo-
ple when he said : "• The moment a bird was dead, however beau-
tiful it had been in life, the pleasure derived from the possession of
it became blunted."

There is a pleasure derived from the song of the birds, an ed-
ucation resulting from their fellowship, that makes their living
presence greatly to be desired. These facts, and their utility when
alive to the agriculturist, turn the scale greatly in favor of their
protection and preservation.

How shall we accomplish this ? I answer : By influencing
public opinion and sentiment. The people have hearts; they have
common sense and a love of the beautiful, and can appreciate the
appeal.

Celia Thaxter is right when she says : " Evil is wrought from
want of thought." The women of this city and of our country
must combine their efforts along with those of the men, to stop the
demand for birds' heads and bodies, by leaving off wearing the
same, and by discouraging the use of the same by others.

As soon as the demand stops the killing will stop, as it is
money paid to the shooters and trappers that causes them to take
these birds and engage in this wholesale destruction of bird life.
All wanton destruction of bird life should be frowned upon. We
have a State law that prohibits the killing of many of our song and
insectiverous birds, but we need the law to be enforced by pub-
lic opinion. Above all, let the purchase of the birds' heads,

1/8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

bodies, and, for the most part, of birds" wings also, l)e (b>con
tinned.

Right liere, in closing, let me explain to you the Autlubon
Society.

The purpose of the Audubon S(jciety is the protection of
American birds not used for food. To accomi)lish this purpose it
will :

I. Secure and publish information to show the extent of the
present enormous destruction of birds for millinery, decorative and
other purjjoses.

. 2. Expose the outrageous and indefensible cruelty of such
wanton taking of feathered life.

3. Point out the damage to the agricultural interests of the land
which must certainly follow the decimation of the insectivores.

4. IJy thus presenting the subject in its ethical, humane and
economic aspects, enlist the sympathy and active personal coop-
eration of a large membership in the effort to check the evil.

Three forms of pledges have been adopted, viz.: i. To dis-
coin-age the killing of any bird not used for food. 2. To discour-
age the robbing of any bird's nest or the destruction of its eggs.
3. To refrain from the use of any wild bird's plumage as an article
of dress or adornment.

The Audubon Society certificate of membership will be issued
to those who subscribe to one, two or all the pledges. Member-
ship involves no expense whatever. There are no fees of any
kind. The funds necessary to carry on the work are supplied en-
tirely by voluntary subscriptions, the immediate expense for organ-
ization being borne by the Forest and Stream Publishing Company.
The society has local secretaries in cities towns and villages. The
local secretaries will furnish circulars of information and pledge
forms ; will receive the signed pledges, keep a list of the members,
forward a duplicate list with the pledges for enrollment and file at
the society's office, and will receive in return certificates of mem
bership, to be filled out and signed by the local secretary and given
to the members. No certificate of membership will be issed to any
person except upon the receipt of a signed pledge at the office of
the society. Where no local secretary has yet been appointed,
individual api)licants for membership may address the society at its
office, No. 40 Park Row, New York.

Papers on tJie Destruction of Native Biids. 179

The society furnishes to each member a handsome certificate
of membership. This bears a portait of the great naturalist, John
James Audubon, after whom the society takes its name.

Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

Cincinnati, May 25, 1886.

THIRD PAPER.
By Reuben H. Warder, Esq. •
(Read May 25, 1886.)

Jo the Society of Natural History :

All observing lovers of birds, and students of Natural History,
have noticed with increasing anxiety the i)revalent fashion of wear-
ing bird skins for the decoration of ladies' hats and gowns.

It is probable that this custom would never have become so
general if the wearers of fine feathers had realized the great de-
struction of bird life, to which the fashion leads. In order to- pre-
vent the further wanton " Murder of the Innocents," many of the
ablest and most tireless, true birdlovers have used both pen and
voice in appealing to the public to stop this slaughter. Some
theorists reply that this is all sentiment and go on to deny that there
has been any diminution of numbers of birds; they assert that
birds are the natural prey and- food of man; that no special de-
struction effects their numbers; that birds will continue to exist in
spite of all that man does until they give place to something better,
and so on. We admit that figures are, from the nature of the cas'e,
difficult to get, and more or less uncertain. But the fact remains
that in addition to the ordinary and unavoidable destruction of
birds, by their enemies, by changed conditions of life and by man,
that fashion has demanded the killing of very large numbers of.
birds, of various sorts, of the most useful and highly prized species.
We hold that this killing can not go on indefinitely without effect-
ing the numbers and disturbing the natural balance of creation,
in which birds perform so useful a part.

Ai>d, as this fashion is a merely idle and useless one, and so
injurious in its effects, we ask the help of all members of this Soci-
ety, all well disposed persons, to aid the movement now in pro-
gress to discourage all wearing of feathers for decorative (so called)
purposes. We called on all who are interested to form Anti Plum-

i8o Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

age Wearing Societies, and to aid the Humane Society in its eff<-)ils
to lessen this evil.

Until recently, attention has not been generally called to this
matter, but now that th-i American Ornithologists Unicjn, Com-
mittee on Bird Protection, have been doing such good work in this
country in publishing the facts of the case, there is more knowl-
edge on this subject.

Mr. Bicknell says :

" So long as the demand continues, the supply will come.
I^aw of itself can be of little, perhaps of no ultimate avail. It may
give check, but this tide of destruction it is powerless to stay. The
demand will be met ; the offenders will find it worth while to dare
the Law. One thing, only, will step this cruelty — the disapproba-
tion of fashion. It is our women who hold this great power. Let
the women say the word and hundreds of thousands of bird lives
every year will be preserved. And until woman does use lier in-
fluence, it is in vain to hope that this nameless sacrifice will cease
until it has worked out its own end and the birds are gone. It is
earnestly hoped that the ladies of this city can be led to see this
matter in its true light, and to take some pronounced stand in be-
half of the birds and against the prevailing fashions.

It is known that even now birds are not worn by some on
grounds of humanity, yet little is to be expected from individuals
challenging the fashion. Concert of action is needed. The sen-
timent of humanity once widely aroused, and the birds are safe.
Surely those who unthinkingly have been the sustaining cause of a
great cruelty will not refuse their influence in abating it, now that
they are awakened to the truth. Already word comes from Lon-
don that women are taking up the work there. Can we do less ?
It needs only united action sustained by resolution and sincerity of
purpose to crush a painful wrong, truly a barbarism, and to achieve
a humane work so far reaching in its effects as to out^sweep the
span of our own generation, and promise a blessing to those A^ho
will come after."

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 1 8 1

FOURTH PAPER.

By F. W. Langdon, M. D.

(Read June i, iSS6.)

Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemrnt — In response
to the request of a number of members of the Society, I have de-
cided to continue the consideration of the subject of " Destruction
of our Native Birds," viewing the matter from a somewhat different
stand])oint from that taken by the committee, whose interesting
and instructive papers we hstened to with much i)leasure and jirofit
at our last meeting. It seems to me that the other side of this
question should at least have a hearing.

I propose, therefore, to discuss the subject so far as my

limited time and ability will permit, from what is at present

perhaps deservedly so — the ////pojjular side.

The main proposition sought to be established by the reports
of your committee, the committee of the American Ornitholigists'
Union, -i- and papers of similar tenor by various individuals, is —

That our song-birds, insect-eating species and smaller birds
generally, are in danger of suffering a notable decrease in numbers,
or even extermination, by reason of —

First — The demands of fashion for millinery and dress
ornaments.

Second — The bloodthirsty disposition of the "bad small
boy."

Third — The market gunner, or "pot hunter."

Fourth — The ornithological collector and student.

It shall be my aim this evening to direct your attention to
some facts which show the extreme improbability of any such mis-
fortune resulting from either of these causes, or from any others at
present within our knowledge.

In support of the claim that the demand for millinery purposes
is the chief cause of an anticipated extermination of song-birds, we
find numerous high-sounding figures in the various papers referred
to. Let us see what these figures are and to what birds they apply.
Mr. William Dutcherf states (quoted also by your committee), " that
40,000 tsj-ns were killed on Cape Cod in one season; that at
Cobb's Island, off the Virginia coast, 40,000 birds," mainly gulls
and terns, were contracted for by an enterprising woman from New

* Vide "Science Supri.F.MENT," Foli. 26, 1SS6, No, 160
■\ Ibid.

1 82 Cincinuali Society of Natural History.

York, to ship to Paris; that ii,oi8 skins were taken on the South
Carolina coast in a tliree. nionllis' trip of one dealer ; that seventy
tlioiisand were sup])lie{l to New York d^-alers from a village on
l.ong Island. N(;te, if you please, that these large figures api)ly to
^^ coast" birds, mainly or entirely, therefore composed of gulls,
terns and the "shore " birds.

My friend, Mr. (ieo. ii. Sennett, is also quoted in this article
as stating that he overheard the agent of a millinery firm endeavor-
ing to make a contract in Texas for ten thousand plumes of egrets
(a species of heron, or fish-eating wader).

Then, in another j^lace, is an estimate that the number of
grebes shipped, mainly from the Pacific slope of North America,
must range far into the tens if not hundreds of thousands. And
my friend, Mr. Dury, has drawn your attention to the fact that the
herons and other water birds have been destroyed by thousands in
the swamps of ]'"lorida.

Now, the ari:;iiinnit sought to be sustained by this startling
array of figures is, that we are in danger of allowing the extermina-
tif)n of s|)ecies desirable to man on account of their song, or
economically valuable to the agriculturist as insect destroyers ; and
the poeticaUpiolations and crude generalizations which are invoked
to excite our sympathies are such as relate to these si)ecies — /.
e., song-birds. In other words, while in the statistics cited, mainly
gulls, terns, herons and "shore birds" appear [jrominently in the
foreground, the moral is pointed chiefly, if not entirely at " song-
l)irds " — so that the non-ornithological reader is extremely liable
to the impression that the figures themselves apply to "song-birds"
as much as to any others, and to have his sympathies aroused ac-
cordingly. Put when informed that these are almost wholly
marine species — gulls, terns and "shore birds" — the scavengers of
the ocean and ornithological tramjjs, so to speak, most of them be-
ing migrants, whose home is far beyond the confines of civiliza-
tion ; whose only "song" is a mere "screech or scpiawk," any-
thing but musical to human ears, and which are not in any de-
gree beneficial to man exce])t for their feathers — t/icsc facts con.
sidcrcd, does it really seem so bad to make merchandise of their
plumage for ornamental purj)Oses ?

As for the destruction of thousands of herons and other water--
birds in the swamps of I'lorida and Texas, this affects neither song-
birds nor civilization, since their notes are no more ])leasing than
those of the gulls and terns; and they are doomed to extir])ation

Papers on the Dcstnuiion of Native Birds. 183

regardless of milliners and fasliion whenever civili/alion drains and
cultivates their nesting; and feeding places. I'l we look at this part
of the subject in an ccoitoniic light, we shall see that these birds,
chiefly herons, are the natural enemies of fish, so that their de-
struction, in the long run, direcdy favors the increase of food for
man. Furthermore, their habitat is in districts entirely uninhab-
itable to the human si)ecies, and tliey would forever remain un-
known to man but fur the ornithologist, the sportsman and the
milliner.

Now, leaving the gulls, terns, shore-ljirds, grebes and herons
for the present, let us examine some of the figures of our pessimistic
friends which do apply to .sv^//i,'--birds and their use for millinery pur-
poses. Here we are struck at once with the absence of definite
figures, and in their ])lace find such generalizations as "many
song-birds" and " war of extermination" on catbirds, robins and
thrushes.

One New York taxidermist is (]uoted as having thirty thousand
skins of "crows, crow blackbirds, red winged blackbirds ;ind snow-
buntings." The first three species of disi)Uted or doubtful benefit
to man on account of their omnivorous diet, and with no song
worth mentioning, excepting the ( lear whistle of the redwinged
blackbird ; while the fourth species is a fiir Northern sparrow, a
winter visitor only in the United States, irregularly distributed,
subsisting chiefly on seeds, and with no more song while with us
than the European sparrows in our streets.

Again, the extent of territory from which this thirty thousand
skins were derived is not mentioned — a very important item, as J
shall hope to show later.

The most definite observations as to the use of song-birds are
those by Mr. F. M. Chapman, as the result oi two afternoon walks
in the '''shopping" districts of New York. He gives a list of
forty species observed of which fifteen only can, by the most liberal
classification, be denominated hong-birds, including two si)arrows,
which are only winter visitors in the United States. The aggregate
number of individuals belonging to this lot is stated at 174, which
may be classified as follows: Song-birds and useful species, 30;
useful but not song-birds, 38 ; birds of doubtful and negative value,
106. Amongst those classed as of negative value are some really
objectionable as destroyers of useful species, namely, the shrikes
and jays. The others in the negative list are chiefly terns, gulls,
grebes and shore birds.

1 84 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

To this I may add my own observation, made yesterday, of a
large wholesale milliner's stock in this city. Taking a dozen or
two of boxes at random from the stock, here is the list : 24 tropi-
cal blackbirds (South American) ; 24 tropical orioles; 20 tropical
king-fishers — habitat, Mexican border to Brazil; 12 troupials (South
American) ; 6 h^ge and very wicked-looking jays (not recognized
as North American); 6 pigeons, of a species whose habitat is West
Indies, Central an South American and Florida, hence locality uncer-
tain, 12 white-shouldered blackbirds, ;/r'/ North American; 24 maroon
tanagers — Brazilian ; 6 heads of California quail ; i red-shouldered
blackbird; total, 137 skins, of which seven only are undoubtedly
North American, and none of this seven song-birds.

I should not omit to mention the statement of my friend Mr.
Dury, as to seeing " bluebirds by the bushel" in a taxidermist's
stock in New Jersey. Now, Mr. D. does not say hoii.' ntany bush-
els, but we may suppose three bushels at one hundred skins to the
bushel to be a pretty fair stock. Three hundred bluebirds killed in
the State of New Jersey, with an area of 8,320 square miles, is
equal to one to about every thirty scpiare miles, and we are not
assured that they were taken all in one season either. Does any
one suppose this one blue-bird to thirty square miles would create
a noticeable gap in the fauna? But how small are these figures,
and how scanty the facts, as compared with those relating to the
gull, terns, herons, &c. To be sure we find mentioned liy Mr.
Allen, and quoted by your committee, "the million of rail and
bobolinks" killed in a single season near Philadelphia. These,
however, have been destroyed annually for the benefit of Philadel-
phia and New York epicures for many years before bird wearing
came into fashion, so it is out of the question to charge their
destruction to "bird-wearing ladies." And even with this formid-
able rate of destruction we do not see that either species has" become
extinct or even noticeably diminished in numbers. But su])pose
we consider, for the sake of argument, that birds art destroyed
equally for millinery purposes — songsters and l)eneficial s])ecies
along with those of negative value economically considered. To
what extent are bird-wearers responsible for their destruction ?

Prominent amongst the statements made in Mr. J. A. Allen''s
paper, and quoted by your committee in the use of birds for milH-
nery purposes, is the assertion that ten million American women
are of a " l)ircbwearing age ami proclivities." Some might con-

Papers oil the Dcstnictioji of Native Birds. 185

sider this an exaggeration, wliich it probably is, but ibr tlie sake of
a basis we will admit it to be true. Mr. Allen further estnnates,
allowing for the "making over" necessities of the economically-
disposed ladies, that five million birds per year will be required to
satisfy this demand. '

Now, what effect practically, will this have on the bird fauna
of America, for as two-thirds or more of the birds of any one North
American locality are migrants, and many of them pass from South
to North America, and vice versa., we must estimate the effect on
the continent at large, as we do not limit the bird-wearing ladies to
any one locality. Moreover^ the ornithologist who attempts to
identify the contents of boxes of bird skins in our millinery estab-
lishments will find the vast majority of exotic forms, as I have
already noted. The ultimate influence of the destruction of birds
then must be estimated by the number of birds in the whole
country. Now, unfortunately tor our purposes we have no Reliable
census of American birds, as applied to individuals, but, following
the example of Mr. Allen, we may estimate that the 15,000,000
square miles, comprised in North and South America and the V\''est
India Islands, will average at least two hundred birds to the s(|uare
mile (and I think my ornithological friends that are present will
agree with me that this is an exceedingly moderate estimate).

According to our estimate, then, we would have a bird popu-
lation in the Americas of 3,000,000,000 — (that this is not an ex-
cessive estimate is evidenced by the fact that Alexander Wilson
computed the number of pigeons alone in a single flight at over
2,000,000,000) — or 1,500,000,000 pairs. Now, another very moder-
ate estimate would allow at least two birds /rr anniiiii to each pair for
natural increase; so that 3,000,000,000 birds must be destroyed
annually, by all causes, in order that the bird fauna shall remain at
its present proportions ; in other words, until that number are de-
stroyed there will be no decrease in numbers. Now, the propor-
tion destroyed for millinery purposes taken at Mr. Allen's estimate
of 5,000,000 and allowing another 5,000,000 for South America,
Canada, Mexico and the West Indies, would be as 10 is to 3,000,
or as I to 300 ; the other 299 meeting their death from other
causes. In other words a mortality rate of 3 1-3 per 1,000,
while a rate of 20 to 25 per 1,000 in the human species excites no
comment whatever.

The actual rate in the birds is manifestly much less than that
above stated, since a section of the country with only 200 birds to

1 86 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the square mile would probably l)e the rare exception ratlier than

a frequent occurrence.

Be it noted, furtiiermore, tiiat the constant demand for novelty,
to which fashions are due, prohibits a continuance of even this low
mortality rate for many years in succession.

Figures aside, however, it is a self-evident fact that all species
of animals and plants require checks to their maximum rate of in-
crease. (The human population of the United States, at the ordi-
nary rate of increase, would number four to every scpiare yard of
the earth's surface in less than seven hundred years). '■'

Now, of the many natural checks u[)on the increase of birds,
some are removed by civilization, others are increased.

Then again, there is even a higher factor that governs the in-
crease or decrease of different species — which is unknown to us
except by its effects, namely, the inherent capacity of the species
itself tcf increase.

As an instance of the disappearance of a species without known
cause, we have the case of own parroquet, a bird abundant in large
flocks, throughout the Ohio Valley in the first quarter of the century,
noted by Audubon in 1831, as rapidly diminishing in numbers; by
Kirtland and others, in 1838, as only met with irregularly, and as
straggling flocks. While we have no recorded date of their ap-
pearance in this State, between 1840 and 1862, when a single flock
of stragglers were noted in Columbus.

Throughout their range we have the same accounts of constantly
diminishing numbers, as we had before the days of bird-wearers,
taxidermists, pot hunters, or ornithological collectors in the
West. In accordance with this capacity some species are to-day
increasing, while others are dying out, much as they did in former
geologic times before the human biped made his apjjearance ; and
man to day is only one check upon species, in Nature's vast game
of chess ; and not by any means so important a one as he is apt to

imagine.

To sum up, then, the practical influence of bird-wearing upon
our fauna, we may note :

First— That the North American birds used in greatest numbers
are gulls, terns, herons, and others, not song-birds, nor species
beneficial to the agriculturist.

Second — That our most desirable and familiar song-birds, such
as thrushes, wrens, greenlets and finches, are in limited demand,
on account of their generally i)lain colors.

* Darwin, "Descent of Man,'' p. 126.

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 187

Third — That of the briliantly plumaged birds, a vast majority
come from South America, and other foreign countries.

Fourth — That probably enough of shrikes, jays, crows and other
predatory species are destroyed to more than compensate for the
few song birds actually killed by man for all purposes.

Fifth — If all were song-birds and equally beneficial the reduction
in numbers from this cause would be inappreciable in its effects on
the fauna of the country at large.

Coming down to the consideration of the birds of our own locali-
ty and surrounding territory, Mr. Dury has given us a very inter-
esting reference to the abundance of the wild pigeon in this region
twenty-five years ago, and has noted their scarcity at the present
day. The last great flignt of these birds that I remember here was
in the fall of 1865, when the air was darkened with them for the
greater part of two days.

Now, their disappearance is certainly not due to the demands
of the milliners; and while the pot-hunter and the " bad small boy
with a gun" have probably destroyed their share, much more
influential factors in causing their disappearance in my opinion
have been the demands of agriculture and commerce, causing the
destruction of the mastbearing forests where they fed and nested.
The same factors account mainly for the disappearance of our
larger game and water birds — i.e.^ clearing forests, draining swamps
and so on.

And we might as well attempt to stay the progress of Old
Father Time himself as to check civilization in order to save these
birds. " But, it may be asked, must our civilization eventually
cause a birdless country?" Not by any means; on the contrary,
we shall find if we study the comparative abundance of birds in
general, in most civilized sections of our country, that birds are
probably more numerous, both in species and in individuals, than
they were in the earlier days of its settlement. On this point I
will take the liberty of quoting from an article by myself in the
Journal of this society for 1879 :

" During the past forty years several important changes have
taken place in our local bird fauna. As in all thickly populated
districts the wild turkey and prairie chicken have been extermi-
nated ; the parroquet, which formerly occurred in abundance
throughout the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys has at present a much
less extensive range, being mainly confined to the Gulf States; the
beautiful swallow-tailed kite [Elanoidcs forficatus) has apparently

1 88 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

ceased to visit us, and our two largest woodpeckers {Caiiipcpliilus
principalis and Hylotomus pilcatus) have disappeared along with the
dense forests that were their favorite resorts. The seventh extir-
pated species is the raven, which is said to have been a common
resident of this section in former times.

" To offset these losses we have the cowbird and the black-
tliroated bunting in abundance, both of which were considered of
doul)tful occurrence in Ohio forty years ago; the Kentucky warbler,
loggerhead shrike and lark finch are also inferred to have made
their appearance within the same period, as they were omitted en-
tirely from Dr. Kirtland's list ; and the cerulean warbler, now a
common summer resident throughout the vState, was observed by
him in one instance only, a fact strongly suggestive of its compar-
ative rarity at that time. Within the present decade two European
species, the house-sparrow and the sky-lark, have also been added
to our fauna, the former of which seems likely to exceed in
numbers any one of our native species, unless its extraordinary
increase should be checked by natural or artificial means — a con-
summation devoutly to be wished."

"The foregoing are doubtless but a portion of the changes in
the Avian-fauna of this locality within the period mentioned, as
many others, of which we have no definite record, have probably
taken place ; it is apparent, however, that the various conditions
attendant upon civilization have resulted, directly or indirectly, in
the extirpation of several of our larger species ; while, on the other
hand, there has been a decided increase both in species and in in-
dividuals, among the smaller birds. And finally, in these various
changes that have occurred in our Avian fauna, we have an excel-
lent illustration of the workings of that universal law of nature, in
accordance with which the living things of a country or district be-
come adjusted to their surroundings; protection from enemies and
an increased food supply, resulting in a greater abundance of some
forms, while extirmination is the fate of others whose habits or con-
stitutions will not admit of the modification necessary to adapt them
to new conditions."

Instances might be multiplied to show that civilization and
cultivation of the soil favor the increase of small birds, and the
reasons for this are obviously: First — That the clearing away of
forests and introduction of new seed and fruit bearing plants, which
are also the food of a host of insects, directly favors the increase of
food for small birds, both seed and grain eaters and insect feeders.

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds, 189

Secondly— The destruction of the larger birds of prey, and preda-
ceous mammals, such as weasels, wildcats and other bird enemies like-
wise operates to permit the increase of small birds. Thirdly — The
providing of better protected nestingplaces, such as barns, bridges,
cornices, bird-boxes and so on, insures a lessened mortality among
many small birds, e. g., wrens, bluebirds swallows, &c., in their
immature state."

Another phase of our subject which has been lightly or not at
all discussed by your committee, is the relation of ornithological
collectors and students to the destruction of birds. Possibly, some
members of the committee, like myself, have felt the re})roval of a
"guilty conscience," and were willing to let this part of the subject
be touched as lightly as possible. But John Burroughs,* one of
our most beautiful writers on birds, of the purely sentimental class,
has attacked "the collector " and "ornithologist" with quite as much
I'lJH and savage denunciation as the members of your committee
have bestowed upon the pot-hunter, the small boy and the milliner
— and perhaps with cpiite as much reason, from Iiis standpoint.
'QMtfact is of more value than sentiment in scientific matters. Sup-
pose, therefore, we look at some of the facts in connection with
this part of the subject. In round numbers two-thirds of our
birds in this locality are migratory, and consequently are shot by
collectors over a wide extent of territory.

To illustrate this problem then we will cite a few figures, as
they apply to the neighboring States of Ohio, Indiana and Ken-
tucky. These States, with an aggregate area of 1 12,000 square
miles, contain forty-two registered collectors, according to the
naturalist's directory. Now, allowing an increase of 100 skins per
year to each collection, (and this is certainly a very liberal average)
we have 4,200 birds taken affecting 112,000 square miles; in other
words, one bird to each twenty-seven square miles. Does any
one suppose this will make a noticeable diminution in their num-
bers ? And even here we leave out of account the small birds
saved by the removal of shrikes, jays, hawks, and other ra])acious
birds.

If these things were considered the "collector" would perhaps
even have a small balance in his favor, aside from the obvious fact
that it is to the " collector" and " ornithologist " that " sentiment "
owes its knowledge of our birds ; but for him hardly one in ten of
our species would ever be known to exist, and the songs, habits,

* Century Magazine for 1S85.

190 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

structure and other peculiarities of hundreds of species would re-
main forever iftiheard and undescribed by man.

Even the destruction of birds by the much execrated small
bad boy with a cheap shotgun is not without its mitigating features.
For example, Spencer F. Baird, the present head of the Smithsonian
Institute and U. S. National Museum, was, in Audubon's time,
one of these "small boys" possibly as wicked-appearing as any.
And even of the illustrious Audubon himself, we read, in his boy-
hood days, that •' supplied with a haversack of provisions, he
made frequent excursions into the country, and usually returned
loaded with objects of natural history, birds' nests, birds' eggs,"
and so on. Now, it is not to be supposed that all amateur boy
ornithologists will develop into Audubons, Bairds or Aliens or
Coues or Ridgways and yet no one who considers the subject in its
broader bearings can ignore the fact that the concentrating of the
mind upon so attractive and instructive a subject as the study of
birds, must have, in the long run, an elevating and refining ten-
dency ; and in any event boys might be in much worse mischief,
both bodily and mentally.

We may dismiss the small boy then, with the remark that he
has as much right to the gratification of his developing taste for
ornithology as the more pretentious collector who may have the
means and inclination to employ a dozen or two small boys in the
interest of his collection.

As regards the purely humanitarian view of the subject, if we
are going to condemn the wearers, or collectors of birds on the
ground of discouraging "cruelty to animals," we must also, to be
consistent, oppose the scaldi/ig alive of myriads of embryo winged
creatures, in order that humanity may wear silks and ribbons, and
object to sealskin garments, because the poor, innocent animals are
butchered by thousands on Alaskan Islands with no chance for re-
sistance or escape.

But our subject is too large and our space too limited to per-
nlit us to even touch upon all its bearings.

Now, ladies and gentlemen, I would not have you suppose,
for a moment, that I am an enemy to our birds ; on the contrary,
some of the pleasantest hours of my life have been spent in their
company.

Neither do I believe in the extravagant statement (juoted by

one member of your committee, that the "United States are going

raight to the desert condition of a country without song-birds."

Papers on the Destntciion of Native BtJ'ds, 19 1

Such exaggerations and inferences as that defeat their own purpose ;
and to refute them, it is sufficient, in my opinion, to cite the prac-
tical fact that no song-bird is known to have become extinct, or
even materially lessened in numbers, over any wide extent of our
country, and where they /nn^c become diminished in limited local-
ities, it has been chiefly due to the introduction by a lot of well-
meaning but misguided sentimentalists and ornithological cranks,
so to speak, of a foreign species (the European sparrow), which
pre-empts their nesting places, eats up their food, and otherwise
increases at their expense, so that they are forced to seek a home
elsewhere.

Another cause of decrease in some localities — and 2i prei'cnta-
blc one — is the removal of their favorite abiding-places, such as
thickets and shrubbery. Where this is not done there is no reason
— aside, perhaps, from the Euro])ean sparrow — why our suburbs
and country places generally should not possess more song-birds
than they ever did in the early days of the country's settlement.

While, therefore, lam in favor of the increase of desirable birds,
of the utmost dissemination of knowledge respecting all birds, of
the formation of Audubon Societies, if you please, and of the pop-
ularizing of ornithology in general, I do not think we gain anything
in a scientific or practical sense by distorting, misstating or sup-
pressing facts, exaggerating figures, or by denouncing the well-
established right of man to use all natural objects for the further-
ance of his necessities, his convenience, or his pleasures.

In concluding, ladies and gentlemen, let me say to you that
my remarks this evening are merely a few random notes and com-
ments upon a subject of vast extent. And if I have succeeded in
directing your thoughts to a few of its important relations to
humanity and the rest of animated nature, I shall have accom-
plished my present purpose.

192 Cinchinati Society of Natural History,

FIFTH PAPER.
By Mr. Chas. Dury.
(Read June 16, 1886).

Ladies and Gentlemen — When reciuested by the Lecture
Committee of this society to prepare a paper on the destruction of
native birds, I did not understand that the object was simply to
speak of song-birds, as popularly restricted, but that all birds were
to be considered that merit our protection (and what birds do not?)
Some of the statistics presented vvere those offered by the most
eminent observers and ornithologists of the East. And far from
their being exaggerations, the fact is the truth has not been half
told. The absence of sea birds from their former haunts is sooner
noticed than the absence of forest birds, and statistics are easier to
obtain. Though, in regard to other birds, they are neither want
ing nor unreliable. In the paper referred to above I might have
brought forward many more facts and statistics had I sup])osed any
one would have disputed the point or questioned the advisability
of doing everything that could be done either by the force of pub-
lic opinion or legislation to protect our beautiful and persecuted
birds. The report comes from all parts of the country of the de-
crease in the number of native birds. Mr. Allen writes me:

" We are receiving letters from everywhere, deploring the de-
crease of small birds, showing their decrease is a fact so palpable
as to attract the attention of very many of our correspondents living
at widely separated localities." I should be loth to believe that
these persons, many of them eminent in science, have either exag-
gerated or falsified. The effects of such a paper as the one read
at the last regular meeting of the society must be most pernicious.
A person at the meeting was heard to remark: "We need not feel
so badly after all about it." "A wink is as good as a nod to a
blind horse." Create a market for our birds and relax the frown
of public opinion and they are gone. The protectors of game and
other birds have an almost impossible task to perform, and with
protective laws (whose language can- not be misunderstood) on the
statute books of nearly every State and Territory in the Union, the
numbers of our birds are found growing less each year.

Dr. Langdon in the paper referred to estimates the number of
birds in the Western Continent, with fifteen million miles of area,

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 193

at two hundred birds to the square mile. Or, to bring it more
within our comprehension, the two milHon square miles of area in
the United States, with its two hundred birds tp the square mile,
and we have four hundred millions as the total number of birds
in the United States. He does not say if this guess is made
up from the migratory season, or the average residents during the
year. I presume, however, t is the latter, and according to this
method of computation he figures out that birds double their num-
bers by natural increase each year —a stupendous counting of
chickens before they are hatched. As there are absolutely no
statistics on this subject, this is in the nature of new information
to ornithologists. There is a large extent of country in the United
States almost destitute of birds.

During the winter the great plains extending from Texas up
to the British Possessions are destitute of bird life, and even in
summer birds are very few and far between. I have traveled all
day over the desert country of New Mexico without seeing a bird,
and it is only when one comes near water that birds begin to
appear. In traveling through the Rocky Mountains, and also
through the mountains of West Virginia in the summer, I was
astonished at the small number of resident birds. Dr. Freeman
and myself observed the same condition in the dense pine forests
of Michigan, and that, too, in summer, when birds should have
been most numerous. Back from the Nipegon River the fishing
parties of the Cuvier Club report the country an avian desert, as I
also found other parts of Canada back from the St. Lawrence. The
vicinity of this city is one of the most favored localities in the land
for birds, and by comparing local lists it will be seen that there are
but few places comparable with it. I mention the above facts
to show how impossible it is to even guess approximately at the
number of birds in the area given. Dr. Langdon deprecates the
want of facts and reliable statistics in the paper read by your com-
mittee and then proceeds to reason from a theory based on such
guess work as this. Nor does he make due allowance for the
tremendous destruction from natural causes which threaten the lives
of birds at every stage of their existence. Elliott says: "Birds
that return in spring are not more numerous than those which came
the preceding spring ; whereas, those that went back in autumn
were two or three times as numerous." Dr. Langdon states that
man is but one of nature's checks to the undue increase of birds.

194 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Man is an unnatural additicmal exterminating check. J. A.
Allen says: "Whatever man does to destroy birds is purely a
drain upon the supii)ly of bird life, added to the natural checks by
which nature keeps the balance even, and is disturbing and
destructive just in proportion to the extent to which it is carried,
and for which nature has no means of compensation."

Against the killing of food birds under proper restricti(Mis, or
killing birds for any scientific or educational purposes, I have
nothing to say, but to shoot a beautiful and harmless egret, that the
few plumes that grow on its back may be used to make a
grotesque hat or bonnet look still more grotesque is cer-
tainly a very bad economic proceeding, to say the least. If
the idler who shoots for food the robins, thrushes and other
song birds, as is" largely done in some of the Southern States,
would devote the price of the ammunition and the time it takes to
shoot them to procuring some other kind of food he would quicker
stock his larder.

If the growers of small fruits are not willing tocompensate the
birds for the benefits they confer on him in the destruction of
injurious insects by giving some fruit, then he has a right to shoot
them or drive them away. When a lot of cedar birds or robins
come into one of my trees of choice cherries the way they gobble up
cherries makes me tired, but it would be very bad policy to shoot
them for it. As the old English farmer said. "Surely I can well
afford to give a penny's worth of fruit fora shilling's worth of song."

Dr. Langdon says that any effort of man would not make any
appreciable difference in the numbers of our song-birds, and that if
this Government would appropriate a million of dollars to extermi-
nate them it would make no difference in their numbers. This is
a most extraordinary statement. Let us see what man's ability as
an exterminator is.

Perhaps the earliest job of bird extermination of which there
is any evidence Avas the destruction of .-Epiornis inaximus. While
the natives of Madagascar assert that a few of these gigantic birds
remain in some of the most secluded parts of the island, yet the
probability is that they are totally exterminated, and without doubt
by the hand of man, as the famous French traveler, Alfonse
Grandidier, emphatically assures us.

The Moas of New Zealand were exterminated by man at a
comparatively recent period. The "Dodo" {Didus incepfiis), the
great pigeon of the Mauritius, became extinct about 1693, killed

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 195

by man and destroyed by the dogs and hogs which the Dutch had
introduced on the island in 1644. ,

The CapercaiU became extinct in Scotland, but has been re-
introduced and an effort is being made to protect and increase
them.

The great Auk {AIca ii/i/>ciiiiis), the celebrated " wingless
bird," as it was called, was the next. A bird famous because of
its tragic fate. It bred numerously on Newfoundland and the
Funk Island during the last century. In 1844 the last survivors of
the last colony in Iceland were killed. Now its skin and bones
are regarded as the most precious treasures of the museums. Mr.
Robert L. Stuart bought one for $625 and presented it to the
museum in New York. These birds were unable to fly, hence the
destroyers made short work of them.

If we refer to the animals, man's reputation as an exterminator
will not suffer either, for one of the most familiar instances is the
American Bison, that ranged the great plains of the West for un-
told ages, hunted by the Indians, who used its flesh for food and
its skin, for shelter, witTiout any great dimunition in its numbers.
The white man came upon the scene and slaughter was the order
of the day. The grand but haimless animal is gone; its snow-
white bones tell the story ; a disgrace to American civilization.
I now propose to show how man is decimating certain species of
birds and has practically exterminated them over given areas.
The most startling case is that of the wild pigeon, mentioned be-
fore by one of your committee. Dr. Langdon says this bird's de-
struction is due to the clearing the country of mast bearing trees
rather than destruction by man. Undoubtedly man destroyed the
trees, but this is not the principal cause, as only a portion of the
mast bearing trees are destroyed, and any failure of mast simply
caused the pigeons to mov.e to a more favored locality. A flight of
a few hundred of miles is nothing to such a bird. The grain that
grows in the fields cleared of mast bearing trees, compensates for
the mast destroyed. In the Southern States the bird fed largely on
rice. More rice grows in the Carolinas to-day than in the time of
the wild pigeon. Along the Nipegon River, that comes down
into Lake Superior from the North, the pigeons formerly came to
feed on the berries that grow there. The berries grow there just
as abundantly now, but the pigeons do not come to feed on them.
In regard to the almost incredible numbers of the pigeon, it is in-
teresting to trace their gradual diminution from the time of Wilson

196 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

and Audubon to the present day. D. G Elliott, in speaking of the
birds' arrival at the roost, says :

"The arrival of this great host is an impressive sight. Long
before their crowded ranks appear their aijproach is heralded by a
sound resembling the rising of a gale of wind, increasing in loud-
ness until they hurl themselves in'.o their chosen nightly abode,
when the din caused by the flapping of myriads of wings, the strug-
gle for a place on the trees, the constant change of position and
the crashing of over-loaded branches, is so completely overpower-
ing that not only the human voice cannot be heard, but even the
discharge of a gun would pass unnoticed. At one time pigeon
roosts were not uncommon in the United States, but they are grad-
ually disappearing, for the wild pigeon, like all other game, from
lack of wise and requisite protection in the United vStates is being
brought slowly, but surely, to its final extermination."

Colonel Harris, President of fhe Cuvier Club, with Mr. Benj.
Robinson, has fished at Kelly's Island, Lake Erie, every spring
for many years. Last April while there they did not see a robin,
bluebird or thrush during their stay on the*island, where they for-
merly saw many. In cruising around fishing, and i)articularly on
the shoals where they caught their minnows for bait in former years,
they saw flocks of gulls and terns, and particularly were terns very
numerous, flying in flocks of hundreds, yet this season two or three
were the most they saw together. They were informed by resi-
dents that there had not been more shooting than usual, but the
birds had been killed before they got there. Mr. H. C. Cailbert-
son, however, informs me that the scarcity of song birds on Kelly's
Island is due. to the residents, who turn out at the time the grapes
ripen and shoot these birds, imagining they eat some of the grajjes —
by killing them for several years, the regular migrants become ex-
terminated, and it is only by fortuitous circumstances that any
birds get to the island. Here is an instance where man extermi-
nates the birds over a given area ; apply the same methods to a
larger area and you would have the same results.

In 1884, Mr. Warner, a bird dealer of New Orleans, shipped
over ten thousand nonpareils to different points, mostly to Europe.
In 1885 he was only able to obtain four thousand for shipment,
and this season (1886) he had an order from a dealer of New York
for five hundred, andall he could furnish him was two hundred,
so great was, the scarcity of birds, and the consequent utter failure
of his bird catchers to secure them.

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 197

In 1885 Mr. Klepper, in talking to the shippers of Cuban
parrots, asked them what causd them to be so late in getting into
port with their birds, and why the prices had gone from twenty-
one dollars to thirty-three dollars per dozen. They informed
him that the cause of delay and the higher price was due
to exterminiation of the birds in their old haunts, and that they
were obliged to go many miles into the interior to find any, and in
speaking of the destruction of the mocking birds in the South he
said: "When at New Orleans last season I went out to a suburb
where I used to go to see and listen to the mocking bird. To
my dismay when I got there I did not see a bird. On inquiring
I was informed that the bird catchers had cleaned them out in that
locality." Mr. Klepper also said of the cardinal grosbeak: "For-
merly I used to receive these birds in large lots of from fifty to one
hundred, but now I never see over two or three in a lot, so few, in
fact, it does not pay to ship them. In the case of the nonpareils
above mentioned, nearly all were -males caught with a call bird
when the birds were full of song and fight, just previous to the
breeding season. I^oes any reasonable person pretend to say that
ro,ooo male nonpareils handled at such a time by one person, (to
say nothing of the thousands handled by other dealers), would
make no appreciable difference in the numbers of this bird? Mr.
' Alex Starbuck, of this city, was in Los Angeles, Cal., last winter,
and while there he visited a taxdermist, Mr. Whately, who showed
him an order he was trying to fill for a lady, (one of the angels of
the place I presume.) This order was for enough small owl heads
to trim a dress, with a row up each side and a row around the bot-
tom. It took over sixty to do the job, Whately had got stuck, as
the supply of owls in that locality had given out.

I presume when Flora McFlimsey saw this unique dress she
would mentally resolve, if there were owls enough left, she would
beat that dress or bankrupt herself. I have had orders for owl's
heads to be worn on bonnets. I sold a lady an owl's head for her
bonnet, she paid me the price of the entire bird for its head and I
had the body left to sell to somebody else. When fashion gets
after the poor owls may the Lord help them.

Mr. Starbuck speaks of the great scarcity of small birds through
the South (in localities visited by him) as compared with former
years, he says since guns have become so cheap and easy to
obtain, the birds have rapidly lessened in numbers, and the Super-
intendent of the Sportsman's Shot works of this city informed him

1 98 Ci>icinnati Society of Natural History.

that more shot was shipped to Kentucky by them, than to any other
State, for nearly every man and boy has a gun, and they bang
away at every Hving creature.

Mr. Starbuck also mentions the Pacific coast, and speaks of
the Chinese as being the most skillful bird-trappers in the world.
He says they catch and eat everything in the shape of a bird. In
making inquiries of taxidermists and bird collectors as to the cause
of the scarcity and great decrease of the birds there, they imformed
him it was due to the enormous numbers killed by sportsmen, col-
lectors of birds and their eggs, and shooters generally, for California
has supplied the world with the peculiar fauna of the Pacific
slope.

The migration of birds is not thoroughly understood, but
enough is known to show that the migration movement is not a
pell-mell headlong rush without an object, except to change loca-
tion ; but an orderly, systematic, intelligent movement actuated by
that grandest and most wonderful incentive, the perpetuation of
the species. That birds come back to the same spot where they
reared their broods the year before, bringing their young with
them, is well proven. "Migrating birds have an inherited talent
for geography," as Weissmann happily expresses it. Peculiarly
marked birds run the gauntlet of their innumerable enemies and
come back several years in succession to certain spots. Thus we
see that birds that migrate up the Ohio Valley do not mingle with
those that pass up the Upper Mississippi, except at the point in the
South where they pass the winter. Consecpiently if the fittest sur-
vive the many checks to their increase and return to their nesting
ground to be there persistently persecuted and killed, then that
locality will soon become destitute of bird life. That man, by
friendly advances and protection, can increase the number of birds
in a locality can be easily shown. Twenty-seven years ago when
my father moved to our present home place in Avondale, there
was but one stunted tree on the place, it being a meadow. The
only bird I saw there on my first visit was a meadow lark (which I
foolishly shot, and got a terrible raking from the old gentleman for
doing it). The place was soon thickly planted with trees and the
birds began to appear, until I have recorded up to J^ine i, 1886,
114 species, ranging from one to many individuals of each species.
If it is in the power of man to so largely increase the numbers of
birds in a locality, why could he not decrease them ?

Papers on the De struct ion of Native Birds. 199

Dr. Langdon speaks of having examined the stock of birds of
a wholesale millinery house in this city and having failed to find
any song birds in them. I called on perhaps the largest dealer in
this line of goods in this city, a gentleman who has had thirty
years' experience in the business, and perhaps knows more about
the trade than any other, and he told me as follows: " This is the
wrong season of the year to find many birds in stock.

"In the better grades of goods you will not find so many
native birds. It is in the cheaper stocks that they come, because
they are put up in immense lots and can be sold cheap. While we
handle the higher priced goods, yet we have had thousands of
native birds and feathers of all kinds, such as robins, meadow
larks, jays, &c. Egret plumes are very high and scarce, as the
birds are nearly exterminated and we can't get them. Paradise
birds are very high and becoming scarce. I have seen them sell
for from two to three dollars each, and now they bring eight to
ten dollars. The wing of one species of dove suitable for dyeing
has gone up from six dollars per gross to sixteen dollars per gross.
The dealers around New York collect all the time, for if a kind
goes out of fashion they lay them away until they are wanted
again."

A lady showed me a barn-swallow she had bought for her hat,
and for which she paid fifteen cents, and the store where she
bought it had boxes full of them — "Your choice for fifteen cents
each." They said they were selling them out cheap, as they were
overstocked. I went up to this store to count these birds (fearing
lest this might be set down also as an exaggeration). They told
me that it was out of season and their stock was packed away. In
regard to the New Jersey dealer before mentioned, I did not count
his stock of native bluebirds. Dr. Langdon, however, supplies me
with their number from his never-failing stock of figures; it was
three hundred, or one to thirty square miles. Now, for fear of ex-
aggerating, I presume he fails to speak of the many other dealers
and collectors in New Jersey of whose stock this one was only a
sample. Mr. Allen says in a letter, before referred to: . "Judg-
ing by what we see in the East in the cities and towns generally,
two-thirds of the birds in point of numbers, used for hats, are our
native song-birds."

If the efforts of man are of no importance in the destruction ot
birds, as Dr. Langdon would have us believe, what an immense
amount of valuable time and thought has been waited in legislation

200 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

in passing laws for the protection of birds, not only in this country
but also in Europe. The law is so severe in some parts of Germany
that for the second offense in destroying a nightingale the punish-
ment is imprisonment in the penitentiary, the punislmient for the
first offense being a heavy fine ; while to keep a nightingale in a
cage one has to pay a license.

France, better than any other country, shows the result of
man's destruction. In traveling from Mt. Cenis to Paris 1 did not
see any birds except a few sparrows, and even these were scarce
and shy, and in the parks and other places where birds are protect-
ed, the only wild birds observed were a few wood pigeon and
sparrows. In Italy, outside of the gardens and parks, birds were
very scarce, caused by the enormous destruction carried on by the
inhabitants, who eat! up everything from a least titmouse to a
hawk.

Skylarks are regarded as a great dainty in Europe. Statistics
inform us that over five millions were brought annually into Leipzic,
and into the little town of Dieppe, France, the official returns state
that during the winter of 1867-68 one million and a quarter were
taken. I suppose Dr. Langdon, by his methods of multiplication,
would figure out that the destruction of this vast number of birds
would make no appreciable difference in the quantity in the vicinity
of these cities.

The paper under consideration, in endeavoring to prove that
birds are becoming more numerous in this locality, mentions
several species in support of the theory, prominently the Ca^rulian
wrabler and the quail. He states that the Cajrulian warbler
was but once observed by Dr. Kirtland, therefore it was not here
at that time. He further stated that it is now the commonest
warbler we have This warbler is a forest bird, and frequents the
tops of forest trees, and moreover, is very small, so that Dr, Kirt-
land may have overlooked it (as I did myself for several years.) It
being essentially a forest bird, the clearing of forests would rath-
er diminish than increase them. I found them common one season
in Clermont County, Init not nearly so abundant since. In Avon-
dale it has always been an uncommon bird, and not nearly as
abundant as several others of the SylviiolidiC. This last spring
(1886) I failed to either see or hear a single one.

Dr. Kirtland speaks of this sjjecies in 1838-1841, and again
in 1852, so he must have seen it oftener than the single time, as

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds, 201

stated. I should therefore consider it extremely doubtful if it was
not as abundant fifty years ago as it is now.

Another bird mentioned as increasing is the quail, though in
the newspaper report published all mention of this species is
eliminated. Dr. Langdon quotes from "Nests and Eggs of Ohio
Birds" to show that under the tender mercies of the pot-hunter,
market shooter, tpiail trapper and other concomitants of civiliza-
tion, the quails are becoming more numerous, when such is notor-
ously not the fact.

A partial civilization is undoubtedly favorable to the increase
of quails. Alternate fields and woods, with dense thickets for
cover, are the favorite haunts of these birds, but a high state of scien-
tific farming is fatal to them, as was forcibly brought to my notice.
About twelve years ago I hunted quails northeast of Glendale, and
though we found many coveys, we got but few birds, as they
flew into the dense thickets and briers, where they were safe at least
from our guns. Three years ago I went- over the same ground and
found the farmers had improved their methods of farming, and
cleaned up the briers and thickets, while the hard winters, shooters
and vermin had cleaned out the quails, for we failed to find any.
In the last twenty years the price of quails has more than
doubled.

I have interviewed some of our most experienced sportsmen,
and they all say quails in this State are becoming very much
scarcer. Mr. N. A. Crawford, a farmer near New Baltimore,
Ohio, informs me that he had only seen one or two ijuails on his
farm in the last three years, whereas in former years he had several
large flocks on the same ground. These facts do not point to the
increase of quails, as Dr. Langdon endeavored to show.

In regard to the cowbird, black-throated bunting, and the
other species mentioned as being absent from this locality forty
years ago, because they were omitted from a local list is an infer-
ence drawn from very slender evidence.

I do not think anyone, would urge the destruction of their
food, as the cause of the rapid decrease in the numbers of the
pinnated grouse. Where I hunted them at Odin, III., some years
ago, I saw many, but they are now nearly, if not quite extinct, in
that locality.

In 1872, I hunted the same bird at Kennekuk, Kan. I could
easily bag as many as I could carry, and saw flocks numbering

202 Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

hundreds of individuals. Now, a relative recently from there, tells
me the prairie hens are nearly all gone from that locality.

The statement that our most desirable and familiar song-birds
are not in demand on account of their plain colors is a distortion
of the facts in the -case. I was once offered an order at good
prices either in cash or in exchange for South American birds^ for
as many scarlet tanagers, Baltimore orioles, yellow-breasted chats,
indigo birds, bluebirds, cardinal grosbeaks, wood-thrushes, robins,
brown thrashers and meadow-larks, all of which are our most valu-
able and familiar songsters, and nearly all the brightest colored of
our birds. In fact, the letter staled that almost anything could be
used in almost unhmited quantities. It is a mistake to suppose
that brilliant color is the only desideratum in birds for hat decora-
tion, for the plumage of the peafowl (one of the most brilliantly
colored birds in the world) is not used as much as some of our
more plain coated songsters.

In regard to the omniijresent small bad boy we must agree
with Dr. Langdon, that he might be in worse mischief than robbing
bird's nests and stoning birds (a study of ornithology undoubtedly
has an elevating and refining influence, and was never complained
of by your committee), and we would not entirely suppress him
(in an ornithological sense) either for ftar of depriving the country
of some Baird, Audubon, Allen or Ridgway. Yet it might be
difficult to convince our surburban residents, who love and pro-
tect birds, that the plundering young urchin's gratification in de-
veloping his taste for ornithology with rocks and pea-shooters is in
any way conductive to science.

Mr. H. Wilson Brown, who told me recently how some robins
had attempted for two years in succession to rear broods in the
shade trees in front of his house, but each time the boys had de-
stroyed the nests, and that one disciple of the pea-shooter was seen
in the neighborhood with thirty-five fresh birds eggs in his pos-
session, as the result of one morning's foray; or the Rev. Mr.
Rishell, who brought me a mangled wood thrush, shot from her
brood near his door by one of the above mentioned discij^les, who
was thirsting after ornithological knowledge — these gentlemen, I
fear, would consider this more partaking of cussedness than
science.

There are about twenty-five persons, mostly boys, who collect
birds' eggs in this vicinity, and who systematically hunt for nests
and eggs, and in most cases the sole object seems to be to get more

Papers on the Deslruetion of Native Birds, 203

eggs than somebody else, just as boys collect buttons and postage
stamps. These collections aggregate ten or twelve thousand eggs,
perha|)s one-'lialf or two-thirds being from this immediate vicinity.
I think also the egg collector is on the increase. I therefore con-
clude that the small boy is a formidable competitor with the dom-
estic cat as a bird enemy in thickly settled suburbs.

The summary disposition of the "ornithological tramps," as
this paper (\vhich has so high a regard for scientific accuracy and
such a poor opinion of sentiment)' styles the egrets, herons, gulls,
terns and shore birds of use for nothing but their feathers ! — a
direct waste by nature of so much raw material. I am glad most
lovers of nature have enough sentiment in them to see other and
far more important uses for these beautiful birds than a few
feathers.

In conclusion, I would say, at the last meeting of the society I
was asked if I had noticed any great diminution in the numbers of
our small birds. I replied no, but my observation was confined to
a place where birds are somewhat protected, in the woods. This
spring I found but very few birds, but attributed it to seasonable
influences. As my own observations had covered so small an
extent in 1886, I have interviewed quite a number of persons in-
terested in birds, and jiersons whom I knew to be accurate and
competent observers. Their answers were, invariably, b rds are
much scarcer than they were some years ago.

Mr. Cliff Allen said that in Glendale, near the park, birds
were, he thought, about as abundant as ever, but outside the village
their numbers had decreased to a marked extent - particularly so
were the red headed woodpeckers, which the boys had used as a
target for their guns. Mr. W. A. Clark, President of the vVyom-
ing Shooting Club, stated that in the towns where birds were pro-
tected they had not decreased, but in the country around he noticed
their much diminished numbers.

204 Cindnuati Society of Natiiial History,

SIXTH PAPER.

By VVm. HuniiKr.L Fisher, F^sc].

(Read June i6, iS86.)

Ladies and (Jentlenien, fellow members of this Society, we
have assembled to discuss a very interesting subject, pregnant with
influence for good or evil to the farmer, the horticulturist, the fash-
ionable classes of our land, and to all who love and enjoy our
birds and their melody of song.

Our first meeting held under the aus])ices of this Society, on
evening of the 25th of May last, grew out of an appeal from the
Audubon Society. This Society was^ begun in New York City in
February of this year.

What is the object of this Society? Its purj^ose, as it states,
is the protection of American birds, not used for food, from de-
struction, chiefly for mercantile purposes.

How came this Society to be ? Because the leading ornithol-
ogists of America, in the American Ornithologists Union, discov-
ered that an immense number of our native birds were every year
destroyed. The majority of these birds thus killed were used to
trim hats, muffs and dresses; sometimes the wings, but oftener the
head and body.

Fellow-members, I intend to discuss this subject broadly, and
to base what I have to say upon facts of science and upon such
well known facts belonging to our nature, that shall, I trust, con-
vince you that it is now desirable to create a pul)lic sentiment in
favor of the protection of our birds.

Of what avail is any science? Certainly a science confers
most benefit upon a commonwealth, just so far as it most con-
tributes to the economies and substantial welfare of the people.

It will be observed that the cjuestion I discuss to-night does
not include the birds used for food.

Organizations, like our Cuvier Club, are found in every large
city, who contribute their money and use their influence to secure
proper protective legislation for the preservation of the game of our
country, and to prosecute the offenders of such laws.

So we can, as the Audubon Society does, well afford to leave

the care of game birds in the hands of their organized protectors.

But, alas, the other birds have had but few to act for their

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 205

protection. On our Statute book there is a law making it unlaw-
ful to kill a certain few of them, but it is practically a dead
letter.

Did you ever see a law enforced when nobody was interested
in its enforcement?

PURPOSE OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETY.

To secure the protection of our birds by awakening a better
sentiment, the Audubon Society, named after the greatest of
American ornithologists, has been founded. The object sought to
be accomplished by the Society are to prevent, as far as possible, —

(i.) The killing of any wild birds not used for food.

(2.) The taking or destroying of the eggs or nests of any wild
birds.

(3.) The wearing of the feathers of wild birds. Ostrich
feathers, whether from wild or tame birds, and those of domestic
fowls are specially exempted.

How does the Audubon Society work? It says, "The rem-
edy is to be found in a healthy public sentiment on the subject."

And when it uses ihe word sentiment, it does not mean a
namby pamby idea, a diidish feeling, a sickly, foolish, aesthetic
idea which scorns the useful, and glories in a sunflower badge.

Sentiment is a combination of science and heart; science
points out the path, and the heart impels the individual to action.

Hence when our friend, Dr. Langdon, heads his remarks.
Science versus Sentiment, he either gives a very low meaning to
the word "sentiment," or puts science in a false position.

The idea of the Audubon Society is to create a principle of
action founded upon intelligent public information and knowledge.

Obviously it could not afford to use clap trap arguments, or to
distort the facts, as such a position would in the end destroy confi-
dence in its movements and react with terrific force in its over-
throw.

It is not to be supposed, therefore, that it would intentionally
throw itself upon the public of 50,000,000 of people without
at least believing that it had a deserving and necessary cause for
action.

Moreover the source from which a movement springs assists us
materially in determining whether the movement is founded upon
right ""eason.

2o6 Cincinnati Society of Nntin'al History.

Who are the originators ot this movement? They are power-
ful thinkers, men who have devoted their Hves, some of them well
advanced in age, to the study of birds, tlieir habits, their haunts,
their food, the causes of their destruction, and to their jiresence or
absence in different localities.

The American Ornithological Union comprises a large number
of the best ornithologists of the United States, and their committee
fully and heartily endorses this movement.

So far as the foundation of the Society is concerned, therefore, •
we have a prima facie right to supjDose that there is a good and
sufficient cause for its beginning.

Dr. Langdon attempts to palliate the acts of the small bad
boys in killing birds and robbing birds' nests of their eggs, and he
even goes so far as to instance the youths of Professors Baird and
Audubon as an excuse for the acts of these small bad boys.

If the small boys were as good as Audubon they would never
have been mentioned by me. In my former remarks I stated
that a lady from St. Louis mentioned that during last month, a boy
about ID years old living in an adjacent house in the suburbs of St.
Louis, and who had a gun, was accustomed to get up early in the
morning and shoot at every bird he could'see.

I also instanced that on Price Hill this season, a boy was seen
to shoot at various birds and kill them, and in one instance shot a
bird by its nest of eggs, that the man who accompanied the boy
apologized by saying that the boy was learning to shoot.

I also mentioned a boy near where I live who had a stone
slinger and out of school hours had devoted parts of his time to
using his stone slinger. He hit ten birds, eight of which fell to
the ground wounded. ■•

Up to the time of our last meeting, his playmates say he had
killed about fifty birds. Since then he had been at work, and
has been known to break a bird's leg tie a string around the leg
and let the bird go. Only a few days ago, he shot a sparrow in
the eye, and not only put out the eye, but he must have injured
the bird's brain, as the ])Oor little thing could no longer fly and
hopped about with its eye out, and a crowd of little boys about
it, who picked it up and examined its wound.

Now such indiscriminate killing can not be justified in any
way. It cannot be just to the subject or to Audubon to cite him,
a lover of birds, in such connection. As well might we justify boys
who stone frogs, or throw stones at horses, on the ground that some

Papers on tJie Destniction of Native Birds. 207

naturalist might be found among the attacking crowd who might
subsequently enjoy studying the anatomy and skeleton of a
horse.

If the Doctor pleads for the bad boy, that very often he is
thoughtless and does not realize the mischief he is doing, I will
join hands with him over that, as I think a great deal of boys and
believe much of their mischief is due to thoughtlessness and a lack of
knowledge of the nature of the evil they are doing. And the Au-
dubon Society is of the same opinion. But the Doctor wants the
subject of the bad boy dropped right here. Here is where we take
the subject up.

We believe the public has a duty to perform towards these
bad boys and that duty consists in explaining to them the nature of
the evil they are doing and by remonstrance and presuasion to get
them to desist from this evil habit. One object of the Audubon
Society is to inform the public as to the manner in which our birds
are destroyed, and to persuade each member and the jniblic to use
their influence to protect the birds.

And now let us approach a very important branch of the sub-
ject. Dr. Langdon (}uotes the following figures together with his
criticisms as follows:

"Mr. William Dutcher states (quoted also by your committee,)
'that 40,000 terns were killed on Cape Cod in one season; that at
Cobb's Island off the the Virginia Coast, 40,000 birds,' mainly
gulls and terns, were contracted for by an enterprising woman from
New York, to ship to Paris; that 1 1,018 skins were taken on the South
Carolina coast in a three month's trip of one dealer ; that seventy
thousand were supplied to New York dealers from a village on
Long Island.

Note, if you please, that these large figures apply to
'coast' birds, mainly or entirely, therefore composed of gulls, terns,
and the 'shore' birds."

Dr. Langdon further says ; " My friend, Mr. Geo. B. Sennett,
is also quoted in this article as stating that he overheard the agent
of a millinery firm endeavoring to make a contract in Texas for
ten thousand plumes of egrets (a species of heron, or fish-eating
wader.)"

Now the Doctor knows that shore birds include numbers of our
waders and that these birds are not limited to the ocean coasts,
but in their spring migration pass upward through the United States,
and many bieed in the United States, while others pass northward

2o8 Cincinnati Society of Natural Ilistoy.

to breed. They live along the Great Lakes, in the damp grounds
and marshes of our land, and winter along the southern
coasts, and in the marshes and humid ground of the Southern
'States. Now, as to the gulls, let me say, that I for one delight to
see them in life as they fly hither and thither over the ocean, here
poised in flight, there skimming the surface of the emerald waves,
now plunging for a moment into the ocean, again battling with the
rising tempest. I say I have infinitely more pleasure in seeing
them thus than to see their wings or heads, or tails upon a woman's
bonnet.

We are not, I submit, mere animals to eat and drink and noth-
ing more. Whatever contributes to our mental and higher nature
and to our spiritual enjoyment, is of high utility and value. Now
I hold that there is more real elevation and enjoyment afforded by
a sight of the gull at home as he in varied flignt moves over the
ocean than when his head or tail is located on a lady's hat.

And I maintain this position is true of birds in general, even
though none of them were endowed with song, and none of them
were useful as scavengers or as destroyers of insects. Their living
presence is better than their lifeless skins. Audubon exi)ressed
the opinion of all true lovers of nature when he said, "the moment
a bird was dead, however beautiful it had been id life, the pleasures
arising from its possession became blunted."

Another use of the gulls is stated in "Science" and is this. Their
destruction and consequent absence from the coast waters the blue-
fish fishermen say, is: "A serious evil to them, as formerly when
they saw these hovering flocks, they knew that the bluefish were
there and could easily be secured." And as to the shore birds I
have more to say. They are when living useful to man.

The gulls, terns, and shore birds are termed by Dr. Langdon,
"the scavengers of the ocean, and ornithological tramps; * ^' *
whose only 'song' is a 'mere screech or squawk' -'- ^- * and
which are not in any degree beneficial to man except for their
feathers." This .last statement, I call in question. 1 have already
shown some of the ways in which the gulls exhibit th.cir usefulness
to man, and a few quotations from Nuttall will indicate the value
of the cranes and herons. As to the Whooi)ing Crane, Nuttall
says, "They swallow also mice, moles, rats, and frogs with great
avidity, and may therefore be looked upon at least, as very useful
scavengers. They are also, at times, killed as game, their flesh

Papers on the Destmctioii of Native Birds. 209

being well flavored, as they do not subsist so much on fish as
many other birds of this family."

Of the Great Heron, Nuttall says, "On land our Heron has
also his fare, as he is no less a successful angler than a mouser,
and renders an important service to the larmer in the de-
struction he makes among most of the reptiles and meadow
shrews."

These habits are generally those of all the members of this
great family.

The Doctor says as to the water birds they are doomed to extir"
pation whenever civilization drains and cultivates their nesting and
feeding places. I would like to ask when that time will be? When
will all the wet and humid ground in our country be all drained
and cultivated ? We may expect a good deal of humid ground and
the presence of water courses and marshy shores, and lakes so long
as rain falls.

But this is not near the full extent of our argument. The
fashion of wearing birds' heads, wings, and tails has become
more and more fixed. The heads of the shore birds and
the gullsj and terns are undesirable for hats. The length of
the bill is an objection and many of the birds and their heads are
too large.

Let us pause a moment to consider the condition of society
and the feather business at the time these 110,000 American birds
have been killed. With these birds there have been worn others
from foreign countries, humming birds, parrots, macaws, doves,
and plenty of other species.

We have in existence certain enginery for the destruction of
birds. We have a habit created of wearing dead birds. People
with money to buy what fashion demands, and without a thought
as to the unfitness of the article for dress, and careless as to the de"
struction of bird life caused by this fashion.

We have immense feather millinery establishments, located for
the most part at New York City, establishments striving to sustain
their trade; and we have the boys and men employed to shoot the
birds. Out of the $[,000,000.00 made last year on the sale of
American bird skins and feathers, about 40 per cent, went to the
gunners and trappers, that is, $400,000.00 were paid to boys and
men to collect American birds and feathers.

If the supply of water birds decreases, is it not the most
natural thing in the world for this army of shooters to turn upon

2 1 o Ciiuiiuiati Society of Natural IJistory.

the insectivorous birds and collect them? Everything favors it.
A debased public sentiment, making a demand for birds' heads
and the like, a rcalit)-, and mcMe than that, a vast pecuniary in-
ducement, a set of feather milliners who propose to serve the pub-
lic demand, and an army of shooters whose living is made out of
the business.

We can rest assured that unless the pernicious habit of wear-
ing birds' heads is checked by a healthy pubh'c sentiment, the next
i^"^ years will see the shore birds and the water birds largely de-
stroyed and great inroads made upon our song and insectivorous
birds. And the people will awake some morning to find our song-
birds gone.

I quote again :

"One New York taxidermist had 30,000 skins of crows, crow-
blackbirds, red-winged blackbirds, and snow buntings."

Ahl here we have it, drifting from the killing of water birds
into the killing of land birds. Even the Doctor admits that the
red-winged blackbird has a desirable song — a clear whistle, and
admits that the snow bunting is an insectivorous bird. Yes, drift-
ing into killing our insectivorous birds and song birds. An ounce
of prevention is worth a pound of cure. If when thus warned
we do not look ahead and prevent the evil, we deserve to lose
our birds.

Thus fxr we have taken figures which the Doctor admits to be
correct, and have argued ii])on these. Now we propose to
dispute certain of his figures and a good many of his |)ro])i)si-
tions.

First, he says, " We may estimate that the 15,000,000 scpiare
miles comprised in North and South America and the West India
Islands will average at least 200 birds to the s<piare mile,"' and
again he says, "According to this estimate then we would have a
bird population in the Americas of 3,000,000,000." In answer to
this, I may say that I think that 200 birds to the s<juare mile is
much too large an estimate. Many of the sjiecies of birds which
winter in the Southern States are in the Northern States in the
summer. In the northern part of the United States but few birds
are found in winter.

In the next place, in parts of North America but few birds are
present. For example, in the vast, high and widely extended
slopes of the Rocky Mountains, where the flora is scarce, so, also,

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 2 1 1

is the fauna. On the great alkali plains of the West, there are
practically no birds.

In the Adirondacks, a region 60 miles square, occupying a
large part of the northern half of the State of New York, bird life
is scarce. In reference to this region. Prof. C. Hart Merriani, in
his j)reliminary list of birds ascertained to occur in the Adirondacks
region, north-eastern New York, says: "One i)oint in the present
list requires exi)lanation. The terms, 'common,' ' abundant,' etc.,
do not have the same signification as in a treatise on the birds of
Southern New England for example. Birds of all kinds are rare in
the dense evergreen forests of the Canadian Fauna. One may
travel hours, and sometimes a whole day, among these lonely
mountains and scarcely see a single bird." (See Nuttall Ornitho-
logical Club, Oct. "81," Vol. 6, No. 4). This statement is con-
firmed by my own observation in these forests. In view of these
facts, I hold that the bird population is no greater than 2,000,000,-
000.

Furthermore, it must be remembered that but comparatively
few birds of South America visit the United States and but com-
paratively few of the birds of the United States visit South
America. So when our insectivorous and song and water birds are
decimated and destroyed, what are we going to do about it? Why
the feather milliners will send to South America for bird skins and
feathers. Will that give us our birds back ? And if by dint of
laws and rigid protection some species of our song and insect-
ivorous birds again multiplied and replenished this land, this much
desired event would not be likely to occur in our day.

The Doctor says : "Prominent amongst the statements made
in Mr. J. A. Allen's paper and t[uoted by your committee in the
use of birds for millinery purposes, is the assertion that 10,000,000
American women are of a ' bird-wearing age and proclivities.'
Some might consider this an exaggeration, which it probably is,
but for the sake of a basis we will admit it to be true. Mr. Allen
further estimates, allowing for the making over necessities of the
economically disposed ladies, that 5,000,000 birds per year will be
required to satisfy this demand."

Now I hold that 10,000,000 women of bird and feather wear-
ing proclivities will use nearer 15,000,000 birds annually than
5,000,000. I hold that the estimate that 5,000,000 of birds repre-
sents approximately the number destroyed is far too low an esti-
mate ; and Prof. Allen himself thinks so too, as I shall presently

2 1 2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

show. A woman very often wears two or more birds on her hat or
dress, and often wears more than two whigs. In fact it is quite
customary to do so. I have often seen the heads of two birds on
the same hat.

In my former remarks I (juoted from the testimony of the liven-
ing Post of April 7, where tlie writer says: " .Vly visit to the Nat-
ional Academy was spoiled yesterday. Not l)y viewing bad i)ict-
ures, either. It was by a young lady's hat. Tiiere was nothing in
her face to denote excessive cruelty. Indeed, she Avas very pretty,
and the attention she paid to the best j)ictures seemed to indicate
that her artistic taste was not uncultivated. But her hat ! The
front rim of this was decorated with the heads of over twent)- little
birds. I counted them at a risk of seeming to stare rudely. These
heads were simply sewed on side by side a closely as possible."

A lady of my acquaintance communicates the following:

" Last March a gentlemen residing on the Hudson River re-
([uested a lady who had access to the fashionable ladies of New
York City to put in a ])lea for the birds. In a large gathering she
made this statement that a lady present had said that she and her
daughter had in use on their winter costumes, 44 birds."

An article in one of our local newspapers last month under
the head "Boston Correspondence," mentioned that one lady wore
blackbirds in the festoons of her dress.

Mr. F. M. Chapman sent to the Forest and Stream the follow-
ing list of native birds seen on hats worn by ladies in the streets of
New York. " It is chiefly the result of two late afternoon walks
through the uptown shoi)ping districts, and while very incomplete,
still gives an idea of the si)ecies destroyed and the relative numbers
of each :

"Robin, 4; brown thrush, i; bluebird, 3; blackburnian
warbler, i ; blackpoU warbler, 3 ; Wilson's black-caj^ped fly-catcher,
3 ; scarlet tangler, 3 ; vv^hite-bellied swallow, i ; boheni'an wax-
wing, i; wax-wing, 23; great northern shrike, i; pine grosbeak,
i; snow bunting, 15; tree sparrow, 2; white-throated sparrow, i;
bobolink, i ; meadow lark, 2; Baltimore oriole, 9; purple grackle,
.5; bluejay, 5; swallow-tailed fly-catcher, i; kingbird, i; king-
fisher, I ; pileated woodpecker, i ; red headed woodpecker, 2 ;
gold-winged woodjjecker, 21; Acadian owl, i; Carolina dove, 1;
pinnated grouse, i; ruffled grouse, 2; quail, 16; helmet quail, 2;
sanderling, 5; big yellow-legs, i; green heron, i; Virginia rail,
i; laughing gull, i; common tern, 21; black tern, i; grebe, 7.

Papers on the Destruction of Native Bii ds. 213

"It is evident, that in proportion to the number of hats seen,
the list of birds given is very small; but in most cases mutilation
rendered identification impossible.

"Thus while one afternoon 700 hats were counted, and on
them but 20 birds recognized, 542 were decorated (?) with feathers
of some kind. Of the 158 remaining, 72 were worn by young or
middle-aged ladies, and 86 by ladies in mourning or elderly
ladies; or, percentage of hats with feathers, 77 3-7; without feath-
ers, 10 2-7 ; without feathers, worn by ladies in mourning or elderly
ladies, 12 2-7."

Now, of these birds seen by Mr. F. M. Chapman, Dr. Lang-
don is forced to make the following admission, I quote :

"The aggregate number of individuals belonging to this lot
is stated at 174, which may be classified as follows : Songbirds
and useful species, 30; useful but not song birds, 38 ; birds of
doubtful and negative value, 106.'' So that the Doctor admits that
68 of these 174 birds were undeniable useful species, that is to say,
33 per cent of these birds were well known to be useful to the
farmer, the agriculturist, the horticulturist, or to the forester, and
15 per cent to be song birds. Furthermore the Doctor does not
deny that the species observed by Mr. Chapman were our own
North American birds, with most of which we all are familiar.

An examination such as that of Chapman is like that of a mer-
chant sami)ling. He selects at hap-hazard here and there and he
thus tests the whole lot. The examination is a very satisfactory
one and a very alarming one. It shows that the use of birds is not
confined to coast birds, but that already ^ of the birds worn by
our women are birds of our farms and are insectivorous birds, and
many of them are song birds.

In "Science" we find, "One gunner informed me that during
the winter of 1883 he shot for a middle-man over a thousand cedar
birds {Aiiipclis ccdroruni.) If they had been permitted to live un-
til next season of reproduction, it is fair to assume that each pair
would have reared an average of five young, or an aggregate of
twenty-five hundred birds. It is a well known fact that cedar
birds are very voracious eaters, and feed almost exclusively, during
some months of the year, on the span-worm, canker-worm and small
caterpillars. The damage done the agricultural interests of the
country by the destruction of these birds is enormous."

Let us make a new computation of the rate of mortality among
birds from unnecessary causes. We take as our basis of the bird

214 Cincinuati Society of Natural History,

population of the Americas, 2,000 millions instead of 3, 000 mil-
lions adopted by Dr. Langdon. And the number destroyed for
millinery purposes, 15,000,000 per annum. This alone gives a
mortality rate of i\ i)er thousand.

The small bad boys of the country are certainly as numerous
as the fasliionable ladies, and are not less fatal to bird life. What
with their pea-shooters, rubber-guns, and slings, and their nest rob-
bing propensities, it is certainly fair to assume that they produce a
mortality of 10,000,000 per year. • This would raise the mortality
rate from 7^ to 12^ per thousand. Then sportsmen cer
tainly kill enough birds to raise this figure to 13 or 14 per
thousand.

It has been asserted by Dr. Langdon that a mortality of 20 to
25 per thousand in the human race excites no comment, and the
question is asked why should a mortality of 3^ per thousand amcng
birds cause such a furore. Let us examine into this a little further.
We have seen that the mortality among birds due to the causes which
we are fighting is probably not less than 13 per thousand instead
of 3;^. Moreover this is a mortality in excess of the natural or un-
avoidable mortality among the birds. So that the (question instead of
being as propounded becomes this, if a human mortality of 13 over
and above the average mortality commands attention, why should it
not when occuring in the bird tribe? Now does such an increase in
human mortality command attention ? This question has been
answered for me by Dr. W. S. Christopher by a comparison with a
few figures from the Health office of this city. The average mortal-
ity in Cincinnati during the ten years included between 1875 ^"^
1884 was i9tVo per thousand. During the year 1882, the mortality
was 24j%2„ per thousand, or 4fVo above the average, but a lit-
tle more than one-third of the useless mortality among birds, and
we all remember whether the small-pox epidemic of that year was
startling or not. Would an epidemic three times as severe be
sufficient to call the attention of citizens to the death rate ? I think
it would. I am also informed that such an increase in the death
rate is only the result of epidemic influence; now we must remem-
ber that such an epidemic, if I may use the expression, is
now afflicting the birds, or has been afflicting them for a number
of years and instead of decreasing, it bids fair to increase and to
continue. With such a case I ask you, are we not right in asking
protection for the birds?

Papers on the Destruction of Native Birds. 215

"Science" gives the following inventory, furnished by an
ornithological friend, of what recently met his eye in a Madison
Avenue horse car in New York City. "The car contained thirteen
women, of whom eleven wore birds, as follows: (i) heads and
wings of three European starlings; (2) an entire bird (species un-
known,) foreign origin; (3) seven warblers, representing four spec-
ies ; (4) a large tern ; (5) the heads and wings of three shore-larks ;
(6) the wings of seven shore-larks, and grass finches ; (7) one-half
of a gallinule ; (8) a small tern; (9) a turtle-dove; (10) a vireo and
a yellow-breasted chat; (11) ostrich plumes. That this exhibition
was by no means exceptional as to number or variety is obvious to
any one who has given close attention to the ornithological displays
one daily meets within street cars and elsewhere, wherever he
may travel."

This examination also corroborates two points of importance :

First, that out of the eleven women wearing birds, five women

wore more than one bird apiece, and these five women wore 21 birds,

so that 27 birds were w^orn among the eleven women, making more

than two apiece.

Secondly, out of the 27 birds worn, 18 were useful species and
eight of these were song birds. In this instance 66 f per cent of
the birds worn were useful species.

Now it will be observed that these examinations were made of
birds as actually worn on ladies' hats, and had nothing to do with
a simple examination (within a month) of a few boxes of bird
skins in a milliner's shop taken at random from a stock of boxes of
bird skins such as Dr. Langdon observed. Very likely, at this
season of the year, most of the native birds were sold out. The
Doctor found at that examination a great many useful insectivor-
ous species, and he found not only that some of these were North
American birds^ but he found that out of the 137 birds he examin-
ed only 20 were coast or water birds. How does this tally with
the first half of his argument? The fact is that it goes to show that
the terns and gulls and shore birds form only a small part of the
birds killed and that the inland birds, the insectivorous, the useful
birds, are killed for the millinery trade and worn on hats in enor-
mous quantities.

Last year, before this subject was up, I stopped in front of a
millinery store in this city, and among the birds there exposed on
hats for sale, I noticed a snowbunting and a woodpecker dyed red.
Now both of these birds are useful,, even if it be admitted as my

2i6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

friend Forbes remarks, that tlie woodpecker is a great bore. The
dyeing of birds is a very common practice and the plainer birds
can be fixed for market by dyeing them. Consequently when the
Doctor says — I quote "That our most desirable song birds, such as
thrushes, wrens, greenlets, and finches, are in limited demand on
account of their plain colors," his assumption that their generally
plain colors will exempt them from being used for trade is unfound-
ed, first because the birds can be dyed, and second, because they
are now used without dye, as is shown by the examinations before
given in one of which one woman wore 7 song birds (representing
4 species) and another the heads and wings of 3 shore-larks, and
another the wings of 7 shore-larks and grass finches.

Since our last meeting, Prof. J. A. Allen one ot our most
careful and observant and accurate ornithologists, and now Curator
of the Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology of the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York City,
has written me the following :

"Nkw York, June 8, 1S86."
"Mr. W. H. Fisher,

Cincinnati, Ohio.
Dear Sir :

Your letter and the newspaper clipping in relation to
Dr. Langdon's performance were a great surprise to me. I am
just now too much pressed by imperative duties to write at great
length on this subject. The Doctor, however, is entirely wrong in
his assumptions. The figures given in ' Science ' are not exagger-
ations; neither do these statistics relate to terns and herons merely.
Our song-birds are sacrificed for millinery purposes by the million
annually, and form a very large proportion of the birds lately worn
on hats. As an index of what goes on in this line, please note
Chapman's article on ' Birds and Bonnets' in Forest and Stream of
Feb. 25, 1886, and republished on the last page of our Bulletin.
Also, the statistics given of birds on hats seen in a New York
Horse car. These are actual facts, and show plainly enough
whether our native song-birds are used to any extent for hat deco-
ration. These are examples merely of what might have been seen
at any time in this city, up to a recent date. Takiiig the native
passeres and woodpeckers together, they more than twice outnum-
ber the birds of all other kinds worn on hats, including even all
those of foreign origin. Of this there is no (piestion. They are

Papers on the Destniction of Native Birds, 2 1 7

species, too, that are the most common, well known and useful of
our native birds. It was not at all uncommon to see here in New
York last winter from three to a dozen small birds, such as Warblers,
Kinglets, Sparrows, Bluebirds, etc., on a single hat, either entire
or represented by heads and wings. A dozen kinglets have been
reported to me as seen on a single hat. And day after day in lid-
ing in cars here I noted six and eight birds to a hat, or at least the
wings of that number, and sometimes heads and wings representing
a dozen song-birds. The statistics we give in 'Science' go but a
short way to adequately set forth what we know to be the real state
of the case in regard to the destruction of song-birds. In haste.
Sincerely Yours, J. A. Allen."

The position taken that, upon the assumption of certain large
numbers of birds still present in our country, no danger exists that
many of the valuable and useful species will become practically
extinct, can not be maintained in the face of the facts found in
New Jersey. In that State the wholesale destruction of bird life
was carried on until, as Hon. John W. Griggs, President of the
New Jersey Senate, says :

"The complaint came up from all parts of the State, of the
decrease in the number of song and shore birds. Representation
was made to me that certain persons had contracts to furnish birds
by the thousands to taxidermists in Philadelphia and NcA'York,
and that they propose to gather their skins in New Jersey. The
bill introduced into our legislature for the protection of the birds,
passed with only one negative vote, and the effect in my own
locality (Patterson) has been excellent."

This corroborates the position that the machinery for collect-
ing bird-millinery having to a great extent exhausted the stock of
coast birds would next gather in our other birds.

As bearing directly upon the main features of this discussion,
I here take the liberty of reading to you a letter from Prof. C. Hart
Merriam, M. D., in charge of the Division of Economic Ornithol-
ogy, of the United States Department of Agriculture, viz.:

"U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Washington, D. C, June 11, 1886."
" Wm. Hubbell Fisher, Esq.,

Cincinnati, Ohio.
Dear Sir :

I am much surprised to learn from your letter and
enclosed clipping of the 8th inst,, that so good a man as Dr. Lang-

2 1 8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

don has attacked so good a cause as that of the Audubon Society.
"Dr. T>angdon's statement that native American birds are
ahnost entirely absent in millinery establishments is not borne out
by the observations of myself and others in the Eastern States where
nearly half the birds worn on hats are our own song and insectivor-
ous species. His assertion that ten million bird wearing women
will not cause the annual slaughter of more than five million birds
is absurd, for most women who wear ieathers at all (and 1 rejoice
to observe that their r umber is growing smaller every day) wear
those from several different birds at the same time, and I have
repeatedly seen the heads or wings of five or six birds on a single
hat, and in one instance I counted eleven!

;K 5{; ?■; ^ ^; ;•; -Ar. ^j;

"Judging from the very brief abstract seen of Dr. Langdon's
address, it seems to me that in his argument he has lost sight of
the most important factors affecting the balance of bird life — a fac-
tor which undermines his statistics and vitiates his conclusions, —
namely, the causes other than the loillful acts of man which check
the increase of birds. These causes are so numerous and so dis-
astrous to bird life that their combined action renders the struggle
for existence peculiarly severe, and owing to the inevitable results
of what we are pleased to call the ' advance of civilization,' this
struggle will become harder each year. Hence it is certain that,
if not soon checked, the willful destruction of birds by man for
commercial purposes, superadded to the above unavoidable causes
of decrease, will result in the total exterminati'' n of many species
and in the reduction to the extreme rarity of many others. In a
number of cases this result has been already partially accomplished.

"In the animal kingdom, and in fact throughout organic nature,
it is the rule that every species has its natural enemies which serve
to check its excessive multiplication. By this means a sort of bal-
ance is maintained in the scale of nature. But when man steps in
to add his potent influence in the destruction of a species the
equilibrium is l)roken and the fate of the species seems to be
merely a matter of time.

"The chief causes, other than the willful acts of man, which tend
to check the increase of birds, are :

1. Animal enemies imdiWWixdX's., birds, reptiles, batrachians and
fishes which prey upon the eggs, young, or adults);

2. Meteorological agents (severe storms, particularly during
migration and in the breeding season); and

Papers on the Destriietion of Native Birds, 219

3. Human agents which are unintentional and largely unavoid-
able (such as light-houses and electric light towers, furnace stacks,
bridges and other structures, telegraph wires, the destruction of
forests, forest fires, prairie fires, mowing of grass during the nest
ing season, the destruction of breeding sites, etc.)

"You will find a suggestive article by H. W. Henshaw, 'On
some of the causes affecting the decrease of birds ' in the Bulletin
of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, for October, 1881, (vol. VI,
No. 4, pp. 189-197).

"Trusting that yoa will succeed in breaking down Dr. Lang-
don's argument, I remain, . .
Very Respectfully,

' C. Hart Merriaini, Ornithologist."

In Scotland a society has been recently formed for the preser-
vation of the native birds.

The Queen of England has pronounced against the wearing
of birds.

The Audubon Society has much opposition to overcome in the
form of organized selfishness. It is accomplishing much

Let the good work go on.

Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

SEVENTH PAPER. ' .
By Prof. Jos. F. James.
(Read June 16, 1886.)

(Abstract.^

The text of the paper was the assertion by Dr. Langdon, that
there was little or no danger of any notable decrease in the number
of birds in the world, by man's action through any cause at present
within our knowledge. The writer showed that in the extermina-
tion of the Great Auk, and the wild pigeon, as well as in the nota-
ble decrease in numbers of various other species, that man's influ-
ence had been all powerful. Quotations were made from various
authorities showing how thousands of the Great Auk had been
slaughtered by sailors for food, until none are left. The accounts
of Audubon and Wilson of the immense flocks of wild pigeons
which once frequented the Mississippi Valley were read to show
man's potent influence here. For not only were the birds them-

220 Cinci}inati Society of Nahual History,

selves destroyed, but the eggs and nests also, by thousands, and
in the most wanton and reckless manner. The testimony of Audu-
bon as to the manner in which the eggers of Labrador had desolat-
ed the islands off that coast was also given and the opinion ([uoted
that unless sonic stop was put to the destruction the total extinction
of the birds would result.

The writer then went on to show how baneful had been man's
action in decreasing the number of fur seals and sea lions in the
Alaskan Islands and the South Slietlands. In these places where
the animals had once existed in immense numbers, such has been
the destruction, that in the latter islands they are nearly extinct and
in the former are only preserved from the same fate by laws passed
for their protection. This portion of the paper was acknowledged
to be somewhat foreign to the subject in hand, but was useful in
showing that the power of man was great when exerted in the
direction of the destruction of life. Reference was further made,
on the authority of Prof. James Orton, to the immense destruction
of turtles, by reason of their being sought by man, in the valley of
the Amazon.

EIGHTH PAPER.

Dr. F. W. Langdon's Remarks.

{At the Meeting, June i6, 1886.)

In the discussion which followed the reading of the second
series of reports of the committee. Dr. Langdon said :

Mr. President — It is evident from what we have just heard that
my statement at our last meeting, that "this is a large subject,"
was a very true one.

It is not my intention to weary you at this late hour with
any extended remarks.

Before opening the discussion, however, I hope it will not be
considered out of order for me to return thanks to the Society of
Natural History for the compliment implied by the calling of a
special meeting to consider my remarks. I did not presume then
to be of so much importance. I should also not omit to thank the
essayists of the evening for the very valuable array of original
ornithological facts and thoughts presented, which are cpiite an
improvement upon their former report.

The statement of one member of your committee that my

Papers on the Destniction of Native Birds. 221

previous remarks will have a "pernicious" effect I can not believe,
as they have certainly had, so far, the very ^'■^w^/ effect of influenc-
ing the committee, as well as other members of the society, to think
for themselves upon the subject, and not simply take for granted the
misapplication of statistics by writers in popular journals and
elsewhere.

This is not a mutual admiration society, but a society for the
discussion of scientific topics, and no subject can be said to be
fairly discussed of which one side only is presented.

I would ask your attention therefore for a few moments to
some of the main points in the committee's papers so far as they
apply to the question at issue, /. e. the probable extinction or
notable decrease in number of our native song birds by rea-
son of their use for millinery purposes. Dismissing then all re-
ference to the extinction, by man and other causes, of the wingless
or non-flying (and non-singing) birds, such as the Dodo, the Great
Auk, &c., and of the mastodon, mammoth, and so on, as entirely
foreign to the subject, and waiving the discussion of the market
price of mud turtles and other commissary supplies — what then
have we left in this second series of papers by your committee?

Chiefly citations of reduction in numbers of birds used as food,
such as the wild pigeon, prairie chicken, wild turkey, and so on ;
species whose destruction is inevitable in any civilized country ;
which are not song birds, and which were exterminated just as
rapidly before the days of bird millinery in this country. More-
over, as stress has been laid upon the eeononiie influence of this
destruction, it is pertinent here to cite the fact that man replaces
these species with tame pigeons, chickens, turkeys, and so on, of
more value, economically considered, than the wild ones.

The statement of your committee that ''all birds are useful"
is no more true than that all plants are useful — that is, useful to
man ; that all have their use in the economy of nature is indisputa-
ble, but we do not for that reason intentionally sow our fields in
weeds, and there are "ornithological weeds" as well as botanical.
In support of his proposition I have already cited the fact that
many species of birds make their "use" felt by man by destroying
the very song birds he wishes to preserve, and m evidence I would
refer to the various standard works which treat of the life histories
of the jays, shrikes, some hawks and owls, crows and other preda-
ceous species. To the cpiery of one member of your committee,
"What birds are not useful?" . I would further cite the fact that

222 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

even the proposed "Audubon Societies'' do not advocate the pro-
tection of the European sparrow ; they do not even give him
credit for what good he undoubtedly does do.

The pleasant sarcasm of my ornithological friends I enjoy as
fully as any of you ; but sarcasm is not argument. To the various
misquotations and misinterpretations of my former remarks I have
no reply to make, since they carry their own refutation upon their
face ; and I should be very sorry to believe them malicious in their
intent.

While one member of your committee considers as excessive
my estimate of three billion as the total bird population of the
Americas, another member cites as crediljle Wilson's computation
of wild pigeons in a single flight at over two billion ; and a third
member corrects me by placing the entire bird population of the
Americas at two billion only. Until the committee can reconcile
their own differences in this respect I shall thinkit useless to at-
tempt to do so for them. As for my estimate being a "mere guess,"
the same argument applies to their own. I would state, however,
that I consider my estimate a very moderate one, based on per-
sonal observation over a wide extent of country at various seasons,
and quite as fully entitled to credence as the estimate of ten mil-
lion bird-wearing women in the United States, advanced by Mr.
Allen, and offered as evidence by your committee.

Again, while the rnarine species and water birds generally
(non-singers) are cited by tens and hundreds of thousands, the fact
remains that the birds especially under consideration (North Ameri-
can song birds) are mentioned by dozens and rarely by hundreds,
in. connection with their use for millinery purposes. The ten
thousand Nonpareil Finches mentioned by your committee as trap-'
ed in Louisiana and Texas for cage purposes have nothing to do
with the millinery question, nor do they effect the fauna of the
Eastern localities where the alleged decrease of small birds is
taking place. Moreover, in these older Eastern States, where col-
lectors and ornithologists have been observing birds closely for
fifty years or more, no notable decrease in the familiar song birds
has been recorded by this reliable class of observers. As for the
statement of a member of the New Jersey State Lc^^islatiire^ which
applies only to the immediate vicinity of one city, it comes from
no recognized ornithological source; and I would further submit
to your careful consideration that the average legislator is more
competent to estimate the votes tha-n the birds in his precinct.

Papers on tJic Destruction of Native Bitds. 223

That several gentlemen have ^'- cried wolf wJicn there icas no
wolf,'' the following recent advertisement is, in my opinion, good
evidence, as showing the lack of the figures and facts called for :

"Information wanted upon the needless destruction of birds, with facts
and figures, by the Committee on ProtecUon of Birds, of the American Ornith-
ologists' Union. Address,

"Care of American Muskum Natural History,

• "New York."

In my remarks respecting the junior ornithologists or "col-
lectors" of this country, I made no attempt to justify wanton
cruelty by small boys or others; nor do I believe that '-total de-
pravity" is a universal characteristic of our boys. I have a better
opinion of human nature. Such cases of cruelty as cited by your
committee should be discussed by their parents, with a stick if
necessary, but better by the instillation of correct moral princi-
ples. This, however, is beyond the province of this or the Audu-
bon Society.

I would call your attention to the fact that nowhere have I
advocated or justified the useless killing of our native song-birds.
I have simply given it as my opinion, based upon the evidence,
that such destruction, while deplorable in its sentimental aspects,
occurs to such a slight extent as to make it practically, inapprecia-
ble in its effects upon the fauna of the country. Neither in the
figures quoted by your committee or elsewhere is this view contro-
verted. I have not opposed the formation of "Audubon Socie-
ties" as such, for the protection of birds, I have simply criticised
their extravagant and unsustained claims to economic importance,
and would here direct attention to the fact that the "Audubon
Societies" are simply the outcome of an advertising scheme on the
part of an Eastern journal devoted to the interests of a class of
people who are habitual destroyers of birds for mere sport.

The ornithologists of the country, both amateur and profes-
sional, are, as a rule, gentlemen, and as such their statements of
facts are worthy of the utmost credence, which I freely accord to
them. I censure no man, moreover, for his views, while claim-
ing the privilege to criticise opinions when based on false prem-
ises.

Your committee has neither disproved my statement that sta-
tistics of destruction of gulls, terns, herons, grebes and shore birds
have been misapplied so as to apparently affect song-birds; nor has
it brought forward any additional facts of consequence regarding

224 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the latter class and their use for millinery purposes. My other
statement that there is no record of any of our familiar song-birds
having become rare or extinct over any wide extent of our coun-
try remains unshaken; nor does your committee give the various
actual causes for decrease in limited localities proper recogni-
tion.

In short, the report of your second committee is a reply that
does not answer, a statement that does not refute. So far as the
main points at issue are concerned, therefore, and resting upon the
evidence, I submit to your judgment {iwt your sympathy) that the
efforts of your second committee have been a failure in their
avowed object of disproving my conclusions ; and that the reports
of your committee respecting the extinction or notable decrease of
North American song-birds for millinery purposes, still contain, I
am glad to say, more poetry than truth.

THE JOURNAL

OF J HE

Cincinnati oociety of Natural History.

VOL IX. CINCINNATI, JANUARY, 1886. No. 4.

PROCEEDINGS.

Business Meeting, Tuesday, October 4.

President Dim in the chair, ])resent sixteen members.

Miss Clara B. Fletcher, Miss x\manda Frank, Miss Laura J.
Frank, Mr. Herbert Jenny, and Dr. M. H. Fletcher were proposed
for membership.

Miss Emjly Hopkins, Miss MoUie Geoghehan, Mr. Theodore
P. Anderson, Mr. Horace P. Smith, and Dr. John D. Jones were
elected active members.

The minutes of the Executive Board for Ai)ril, May, June, and
July were read.

Mr. Twitchell read a paper upon " Noctoc pruniforme."

A meeting of the Botanical Section was announced for Octo-
ber 1 6th.

At the request of the Society, the Chair appointed Dr. Wm.
Carson a committee of one to report a notice for publication in the
Journal of Mr. John B. Clunet, and Prof. Joseph F. James a
notice of Mr. E. S. Comings, both kxtely deceased members.

The Secretary called attention to specimens of Gentiana
crinita and G. Andrewsii, exhibited by Dr. Norton and Mr.
Warder.

The President was authorized to sign, for the Society, an invi-
tation to the International Congress of Geologists, to meet in the
United States in 1888.

On motion of Prof. George W. Harper, Prof. A. G. Wetherby
was invited to read a paper on the Conchology of the Roan Moun-
tain region of Tennessee and North Carolina.

226 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Prof. Harper asked for instructions regarding an exchange of
fossils.

Referred to the Librarian and Executive Board.

Donations were announced as follows : From Chief Signal
Officer, Monthly Weather Review for July; from Prof. Edward
Orton, Columbus, O., Preliminary Report on Petroleum and
Inflammable Gas; from T. H. Aldrich, Bulletin No. i Geological
Survey of Alabama; from H. P. Smith, Climate and Time, James
Croll ; from Dr. L. Darapsky, Santiago, Chili, Verhandlungen des
Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Vereins zur Santiago ; from C. L.
Faber, 221 species of shells; from Mrs. J. R. Hunt, Columbus,
O., Specimens of Algje.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, Tuesday, November 2d.

Vice President Fisher in the chair; twenty members present.

A short paper by Dr. J. H. Hunt, on the Nesting of Martins
in Tallahasse, Florida, was read by the Secretary.

Mr. William H. Knight, in presenting a specimen of Dynastes
tityus from Mr. G. W. Lewis, of Yosemite, Ky., made some
remarks upon the Coleoptera in general.

Prof. G. W. Harper gave an interesting account of the pursuit
of a caterpillar by a carnivorous bee'.le, as observed by a friend.

The Secretary exhibited specimens of Hamemelis Virginica in
flower and of Wolfifia Brasiliensis. The latter was collected from
a pond west of the Big Miami River by Dr. J. H. Hunt and Mr.
George Twitchell.

Mr. J. Ralston Skinner said "Mr. James' remarks on the witch
hazel, call to my mind that the fork of the witch hazel is popularly
taken as the ajjpropriate wood for finding wells of water and
the like in the hands of what are called d/7'/ncs, or water-witches ;
my accidental experiences go to prove that there is a measure
of truth in the claims of ability to divine. But investigation has
shown that the ability lays in the peculiar nervous organiza-
tion of the person, and not at all in the kind of wood used.
The wood may be of peach or willow or maple, etc., and may be
dry or green. The nervous organization must be alive to that of
' Reichenbach's sensitives, ' or to that of ' trance mediums, ' so
called, — bordering on a tendency to epilepsy.

"A friend of mine desired to find a spot for sinking a well. A
man who happened to stop at his house to rest and dine, and to

Proceedings of the Society. 227

whom he spoke of his desire, owned that he could find a current
of underground water for him if there was one. They went to a
peach orchard back of the house, where the man with a peach
fork, found a stream of water, which was very sinuous in its course.
My friend followed him and dropped at every step or two a bit of
bark, broken from a piece in his hand, unobserved by the witch.
The spot for smking the well was selected (which by the way
proved a success) and they returned to the house. Some hours
afterward, my friend asked the diviner if he could follow or retrace
the same line. He said he could ; and upon trial he did so, my
friend proving the fact to his satisfaction, by means of the bits of
bark, with which he had blazed the sinuous winding of the course
on the first trial. The distance must have been about a fifth of a
mile.

"As a second instance : Mr. Charles Latimer, of Cleveland, is
singularly gifted in the use of the rod. With it he located wells of
water of great value to a rail-road company for water stations,
and in difficult places. But he found that the rod would serve in
his hands for locating coal beds, at a depth of two hundred and
fifty feet below the surface, with no external marks. He did locate
coal beds successfully near Youngstown, Ohio; and that where the
coal deposits are sporadic, being as it were beds of small lakes or
peat bogs. A party having faith in his statement, tried for the
coal, found it, took the leases of the grounds, paid Mr. Latimer a
large sum as consideration and a certain sura per ton output. The
output has been some hundreds of thousands of tons.

"Mr. Latimer was employed by a gentleman having such a coal
mine, in that vicinity, to survey its bounds, and he did this in my
presence, I blazing the lines for him, as is done in surveying.
While thus engaged Mr. Latimer, in the midst of the deposit, came
on a place in which the rod showed " no coal, " and tracing it, he
worked out quite a large rectangular area. While expressing his
surprise, I noticed the owner smile ; who (the owner) then asked
us to go with him across the fields to the mouth of the shaft. We
descended with him down the shaft into the mine, and he then con-
ducted us by one of the rail tracks along a tunnel ni the coal. At
some distance we came to quite a large square or oblong chamber
made by mining out the coal. Here he stopped, and said to Mr.
Latimer, — "This is the vacant place below where you found no
coal ". These are but specimens of facts equally singular happen-

228 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

ing in the experience of Mr. Latimer. On one occasion he was
requested to locate the large water-main, running through the ])ark
in the City of Cleveland. This he did, the location i)roving
correct with the official plats.

"There is quite a large amount of literature on this subject, ex-
treding back some hundreds of years."

Dr. Dun now took the chair. Mr. Fisher in presenting the
society with a report of the New York Forestry Commission, the
gift of Mr. T. B. Basselin, spoke of the progress of Forestry in the
Adironidac region, and gave an account of the chief destroyers of
the forests there. These were, the charcoal burners, the pulp
makers and fires.

Members were proposed as follows : Dr. John C. McKenzie,
A, W. Whelpley, C. M. Cook, Clough Anderson, Dr. J. L. Cilley,
Miss. Amelia Miner.

The following persons, proposed at the preceding meeting,
were unanimously elected members : Misses Clara B. Fletcher,
Amanda Frank, Laura J. Frank, Dr. M. H. Fletcher, and Mr.
Herbert Jenney.

A report on an amerdment to the By-laws, made by Mr.
William H. Fisher to the Executive Board and referred to the
Society, was read. The report referred to a more definite under-
standing of the rights of the society to priorty of publication of
papers read before it.

A resolution was presented as follows and laid over for discus-
sion to the next meeting :

'■'■Resolved, That the Society have the right to first publication
of articles read before it; and

'■'■Resolved, That if the Publishing Committee decline the paper
it shall be returned to the writer."

Dr. Dun stated that a movement was on foot to give a course
of lectures, for the benefit of the Building Fund, in some public
hall. A circular asking for subscriptions to the course had been
prepared, and would be mailed to members in a few days. The
text of the circular was then read.

Mr. W. H. Knight said that Dr. Charles Caldwell had offered
to deliver a course of ten free lectures to students and teachers in
the rooms of the Society. His offer had been accepted by the
Lecture Committee, and the lectures would begin Saturday,
November 14th.

Pioceediiigs of the Society. 229

Donations were announced as follows : Chief Signal Officer,
Monthly Weather Review for August ; from D. G. Brinton, Phila-
delphia, Iconographic Encyclopaedia, Vol. II. ; from William H.
Knight, specimen of Dyuastis tityiis : from Dr. O. D, Norton,
two specimens Euplectella speciosa, Fruit of Myrica cerifera ;
from Harry DeWar &: Co.. specimens of Georgia Marble; from
Davis L. James, United States Naval Observatory Astronomical
and Meteorological Observations for 1868; from William ]. Schiff,
Red-shouldered Hawk; from Cliff Allen, specimen of Owl; from
Zoological Garden, Black Wolf, Wild Cat, Iguana, Moustache
Monkey, Bonnet Monkey, Carajiace and Plastron, and Carapace
and skull of Macrochelys lacertina. Carapace and Plastron of
Testeudo Carolina, Clarke's Crow, Texas Peccary, Java Sparrow ;
from Charles Dury, skeleton of White Whale; from David Ivor,
Moscow, O. , concretions from Blue Limestone Quarries, Pendleton
County, Ky.

Adjourned.

Tuesday, Dccf/zitn'r 7.

Mr. William H. Knight, President f^ro fcjii : twenty members
present.

The minutes for the November meeting were approved.

Mr. Horace P. Smith read a paper upon Bison latifrons.

Dr. Dun then took the chair, and papers were read by title
by Mr. L. M. Petitdidier, on "Photographic Apparatus and
Appliances," and by Mr. T. H. Aldrich, on "Tertiary Fossils,
with Descriptions of New Species."

Notes for the Zoological Miscellany of the Journal were also
read by title.

Dr. W. A. Dun spoke of the Natural Gas of Ohio, and of the
probability of finding gas within a short distance of the city. The
line of uplift known as the Cincinnati anticlinal seems to pass
through the gas fields of Northern and Central Ohio, and accord-
ing to the best belief of geologists, a few miles East of Cincinnati.
The suggestion was made that perhaps it would be well to investi-
gate the country east of the city.

Members were elected as follows : Dr. J. C. Mackenzie, A.
W. Whelpley, C. M. Cook, Clough Anderson, Miss Amelia Miner.

The resignations of Rev. H. D. Waller and J. W. Innes were
received and accepted.

230 Cincinnati Society of N a tin a I History.

Mr. Cieorge F. Card was elected Curator of Chemistry and
Physics in place of Prof. Thomas French, Jr., resigned.

A request for the formation of a section for the study of elec-
tricity was referred to the Curator of Chemistry and Physics.

llie President announced that the Photographic Section con-
templates giving an exhibition of hmtern sHdes for the benefit of
the Sinking Fund.

Mr. Kniglit, of the Lecture Committee, said that the course
of lectures on Comparative Anatomy by Dr. Caldwell had been
begun, and were largely attended by teachers of Cincinnati and
Covington.

The President said that the proposed course of lectures for the
benefit of the Building Fund had not received the expected favor,
and would probably be given up this season. Prof. Cope would,
however, lecture twice in the city, probably after the conclusion of
the Unity Club Sunday course.

The Lecture Committee, in response to an inquiry, said the
usual course in the Society's rooms was being arranged and would
be soon announced.

The President also announced the formation at an early day of
a class of young people for the study of zoology and botany, under
the direction of the Custodian, Mr. Smith.

Donations were announced as follows : PVom Bureau of Edu-
cation, Special Report on Educational exhibits at New Orleans
Exposition ; from William Hubbell Fisher, Report of New York
Forest Commission for 1S85; from Chief Signal Officer, Weather
Review for September; from William Findley, specimens of Gran-
ite from Custom-house Building; from S. P. C. A., Ninth Annual
Report of American Humane Association; from Alexander
Agassiz, Annual Report of Curator of Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard College for 1885 ; from D. G. Brinton, Ikono-
matic Writing; from Joseph F. James, Bulletin No. 2 American
Ornithological Union; from ]\L Bofill, Barcelona, Contributions a
la Faune Malacologique de la Catalogue; from Hon. John Y.
Follett, Smithsonian Report for 1883, Report of Bureau of Eth-
nology 1880-81, Fourth Annual Report of United States Geological
Survey; from Miss Magurk, Birds of Kansas, N. S. Goss; from
E. D. Cope, Vertebrata of Swift Current Creek Region of Cypress^
Hills, Phylogeny of the Camelida; ; from Zoological Gardens
Golden Pheasant; from Davis L. James, T;.ifted Titmouse; from
Dr. C. E. Caldwell, Lamprey Eel.

Adjourned.

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 231

THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE BRITISH INCH AS THE
UNIT OF MEASURE OF THE MOUND BUILDERS OF
THE OHIO VALLEY.

Continued from page 162.

APPENDIX C.

The "Richardson Tablet" the " Gest Tablet" and the
"Clarke Tablet" as related to and connected with the
"Gridley Measuring Stone.''

Introductory remarks on the significance of the Richardson and
Gest tablets.

These tablets are pictures or ideographs. The pictures are
phallic and through the phallic idea give rise to an expression of
measures of time, as their chief function. These tablets are of
very great archaeological value, in the opinion of the writer, as
affording a solution by their simple plainness of the much vexed
question of the pre-historic intendment of the symbol of t/ie cross.
They afford an interpretation of the so frequent cross symbols of
Central America ; and by this help, these in turn almost assuredly
interpret the more obscured Asiatic representations. No one after
examining the Richardson Tablet need go astray in assigning a
proper causative idea for the use of the emblem of the cross in
prayers for rain in Central America. These tablets lead us to a
comprehension in an important degree, tpiite satisfactory, of the
Palenque Cross; and that in related connection with the old Mex-
ican hieroglyphical manuscript cross of the M. de Ferjervary man
uscript at Budapesth Hungary, pictured in volumne 22 of the
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. In this last the tree of
life rises out of the yoni ; under another meaning of the same sym-
bolism life rising out of death ; and this is part of the significance
of the Palenque Cross. Having obtained a clear idea to some ex-
tent, of the symbolic interpretation of these, we become reassured
as to a like significance attaching to the yoni and lingham symbols
of the Hindus, and especially to the asJieras or groves, as depicted
by Dr. Inman in his " Ancient Faiths embodied in Ancient
Names. " Indeed the phallic creative or generative symbol seems
radical as to all systems of religion, ancient and modern, pagan
and Hebrew and Christian. So far from being hurtful to a rationa

232 Cincinnati Society of Natiaal Histoiy.

or philosojjhical view of the latter, this helps to even a more accep-
table comprehension thereof. P'or in place of looking upon the
Hebrew system as springing abruptly out from the world of
thought, and the nations, as the first true revelation of a personal
(Jod to man, we become informed that this Hebrew system was a
legitimate development of a world effort at formulating a mode of
religious jjhilosophy ; out of material long before accumulated by
the jjre-semite Old Babylonians and Egyptians, who can be traced
for their origin in Asia to the head of the Persian Gulf and the
mouth of the Nile, where the trace is lost, unless it be recovered in
Central America, and thence from the Mound Builders. The old
and pure ideas conveyed under symbols, became lost, and accep-
tance of these symbols was made merely for what the eye saw ;
consequently a degredation to the sensuous, and that inexpressible
offensiveness to modern ideas, which so loath any possible con-
nection or relation of such symbols with the high ideals of the
teachings of the Hebrew and Christian sacred books. We may
look upon the Hebrew religion as contained in the Sacred Text,
as recognizing this ancient symbolic origin as the very source out
of which it sprung, and the scaffolding or skeleton on which it was
framed. But in doing this it reformed the abuse of gross interpre-
tation and reverted to the true and ancient use of the phallic or
nature symbols, as setting forth a mode of exact science, which
should lay at the basis of religious worship. Out of natural
science or knowledge the development of the true and pure went
on evolving out of the ages, culminating in the Christian Dis])en-
sation, which to-day actuates the world.

The writer would refer to the very sensible temperate and
judicious remarks on phallic pictures made by Mr. Charles Rau in
Chap, iv, ("The Group of the Cross.") of his article on the
Palenque Tablet, published in volume 22 of the Smithsonian
Contributions spoken of; two of which it seems well to quote :

(a) "However, it will be evident to every one who has the
faculty of divesting himself for a time from now prevailing ideas
that the mysteries of generation must have powerfully acted upon
the imagination of men in earlier ages, and must have led, in conse-
quence of a tendency characteristic of a certain stage in human
development, to the symbolization of that life-giving and life con-
tinuing agency. In the course of time the meaning of the emblem

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 233

became modified, though it always appears to relate in some sense
to the creative energy of nature."

That which proves Mr. Rau to be right is the fact that, among
other things, the technical terms for these real images with the
Hebrews, became in after times, and are to-day made use of in
modern languages, to convey a modified and spiritual, in place of
a real, significance. -■■ Again :

{b) " The pudency of Christian nations of our time is by no
means an innate quality, but simply the result of long- continued
training."

This remark also is true. No one can carefully study the
reach of phallic symbolization without, somewhat to his amaze-
ment, finding that one of the chief places for discovering multitudes
of representations deriveci directly from it is in church ornamenta-
tion and dress. It seems the place especially devoted to this
mode, slightly, and only slightly, obscured. The writer is led to
make this comment from the idea that, though the remark of Mr.
Rau is true in itself, Mr. Rau seems to have labored under a
common misapprehension in making it, viz., that of attributing to
the origin of the symbol, and its use, .a gross, sensual, and truly
degrading, because merely animal and sexual, conception. The
writer considers that the use of the symbol was conceived of in the
utmost purity of thought, as the very basis and radix of all the
religious systems of worship, and ot all theosophic philosophy,
which the better world has ever possessed.

He would also call attention to a remarkable fact connected
with the phallic literature. While the cross-bones and skull have
ever been taken as emblems of mortality, the grave, and decay,
they have been also taken as the emblems of femininity and its
generative functions. In Hindoo representations, the skull and
cross bones are placed over the pudenda, or door of life. The
mountain top, gilded with light, presents the same type when con-

NOTE —For an illustrative instance: The ITebrew jeliovah, in the most solemn
passage of Exodus, skives his name as SaCR, which word means, in its first and essen-
tial signification, membrum virile. From tlie signification the word, passing over to the
secondary meaning of w/^r/c- victim, tlirough tlie offering of which tlie Deity was memo-
rialized, hence took the derived signification of ^'•memorial.'''' "The making ot, or
placing the SaCR. or memorial., before the Lord," was handed down, idem soiians,
among the nations, and with the Roman priest became " SaCR-y"«(£"/-t^," or afterward,
with the English-speaking race, SaCR-;?<v; thus showing that the latest modern usage
points back to the aacient phallic usage as its essential element. To this can be added:
The word clierub is, in Hebrew, -x participle from the word CRB, the participle being
GRUB (clieriib\. For the initial C use its kindred form SC, and we have SCRB, which,
with the proper voweling and the Greek termination, gives us SCaRaB-f«.«, the scar-
abeiis, or Egyptian beetle, emblem ot divinity. The Egyptian hieroglyphical meaning
of the zvinged beetle was, especially, tlie flight of lunar time; being sacred to the moon
(Sevffarthj; because of the moon's svipposed generative influence.

234 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

trasted with glooms of deep recesses or valleys. While the phallus
represented life giving or bearing energy, and the yoni passive
receptivity, the contrasting ideas were [paralleled with those of life
and death The woman represented the door of darkness or even-
ing, into which the sun descended as into its grave, but out of
which theneAf-born sun arose, or Horus was born of Osiris and
Isis. With all her tiualities of loveliness, fascination, and attrac-
tion, she was, by force of certain similes, represented as the insa-
tiable monster craving for and swallowing up all life, and hence
her extreme emblem, Death, or the Dragon, or most horrid mon-
ster of destruction. To quote the language of the Churcli, she
was — ' ' Anna diaJmli, via iniquitatis, scorpionis pcrcitssio, nociviaii
^i^cm/s, scpulihri f if 11/ us.'' In this phase she was the type of death
and destruction, hateful and devouring. In the Palenque Tablet and
the Ferj^rvi\ry picture the phallus raises out of the yoni, which in
turn rests upon the head of a devouring monster, or of a skull :
either of which answers for the appropriate syml)ol intended.

THE RICHARDSON TABLET.

(See Fij^ure xi.)

This Mound Builder relic was found by Mr. j. M. Rich-
ardson on the 31st day of January, 1879, in excavating a mound
on the road leading from Wilmington, Ohio, to Harveysburg,
known as the Wilmington and Waynesville Pike, about three and
one-half miles from Wilmington. The bones with which the relic
was found were decayed to a lime-like dust, but the teeth were
yet preserved. The history of this fipd is contained in a pamphlet
entitled "An Illustrated Desciiption of Pre-historic Relics found
near Wilmington, Ohio," published in 1879, by Dr. L. B. ^Velch
and J. M. Richardson. This account was copied into the American
Antiquarian, in the October number, 1881. The writer thinks
there can be no doubt as to the genuineness of the Richardson
Tablet. It is formed after the same general plan with the Gest
Tablet, and serves to explain and interpret the latter. In it the
picture is so plain that there can be no mistaking the key-fact
intended to be disi^layed. Figure xi is a very exact reproduction of
the tablet.

The picture is formed on a representation of the phallus, with
testes, m the form of an inverted Tau cross. The testes form the
base or bar of the cross. The left testis, as one looks at the repre-

lM<;rRi-; ii.— THE WI LM IXC'IC )X TAI'.l.KT.

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 235

sentation, has the form of the male human head, male because of
the chin-beard, the right one has the form of a female human
head, female because of the side locks or curls. Thus under this
form man and woman, or male female, is represented in one figure.
So, also, from the general character of the tablet, the male head;
with its abundance of hair, represents the sun, heat, and dryness,
or earth, while the female head represents the moon, coolness, and
moisture, or water. The male expresses active vitalizing energy,
the female expresses passive receptivity. A strand of hair from the
male head distinctly lines out the body or shaft of the phallus, and
doing so turns and then returns on a line parallel to the first, back
to the head. From the space occupied by the female head a line
extends up vertically through the length of the phallus, and issues
out of its summit in wai'cs of 7C'atcr to the right and left, forming
the expanse of the firmament. The space intermediate between
the testes or bar and the heavens is divided into four (quarters. In
the first, on the female side, and next to the head, is to be found a
shape like the crescent new moon. In the second, or the next
above and on the same side, is a shape as of the full moon. In the
third, on the opposite side at the top, is to be found a shape as of
the moon in her third quarter. And finally, in the fourth, or in
the compartment next to the male head, is to be found no moon at
all, or the dead quarter. It will be observed that the quarter next
to the male head contains a great (quantity of its hair, a fractional
portion of which extends up into the quarter above. The opposite
(piarter next to the head of the woman contains the rough outlines
of a duck. The (juarter above this shows a dead, leafless branch;
while the opposite quarter at the top has, beside the strand of hair,
a patch like a garden, and also waved curved lines as perhaps of
wind. It would thus seem that beside the four quarters of the
moon the slab is intended to represent the four seasons of the year.
Spring, with the germinating heat rays and garden ]>atch, summer
heats by the mass of hair or rays of the sun, autumn by the duck,
and winter by the leafless branch. It seems, moreover, that the
figure in the summer quarter formed by the strands of hair is
intended rudely to show the head of the goat sucker inverted,
with its wide mouth and very short beak, the mouth wide open, as
it is to be seen in the summer heats when catching insects. This
bird, or, as it is commonly called, the bull-bird, has very few spe-
cies or varieties; it is almost alone, exceedingly characteristic, and
markedly a bird of the summer heats.

236 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The tablet has some very pecuHar number markings at the top,
set, one part to one side, and on the lower part, to the left as you
look at it, of the upper line, and one part to the other side and on
the upper part, to the right as you look at it, of a lower line.
Commencing in the center, and counting as we proceed toward the
left, the spaces are i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, or ten spaces,
while the projections between the spaces are i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
and 9, or nine projections. On the other side, counting as we pro-
ceed from the center to the right on the lower line, we have i, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, or ten spaces to the turn of the row of
spaces and projections downward on the side, then there are two
more spaces down the side, or 11 and 12, thus making a separa-
tion of the 12 spaces into 10 spaces and 2 spaces. By a like
counting the protuberances are i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, or nine
protuberances, distinctly to the turn at the corner down the side,
then two more, or 10 and 11, making eleven protuberances separa-
ted into 9 and 2. The description of spaces and protuberances is
conventional, for they may be taken either way, with the same
numerical results. By this, we have tiuo sin?is, which added give
18, and multiplied give 81 : also 9 and 12 which added give 21,
the reverse of 12, and multiplied give 108 : also, 9 and 11, which
added give 20: also 94-10=19, and 11-1-12=23. ^ he sum of
these is 42, and their difference 6, and so on.

This tablet is of Waverly sand stone 3^^ inches wide, 4-| inches
long and | inch thick. The reverse is unmarked save by 5 deep
and 3 shallow grooves. It will at once be seen that the number
forms which the markings are capable of forming, are singularly a
repetition of the type measures, so much used in Mound Builder
construction in the Ohio Valleys. Around the edge of the tablet,
making of it an embracing cartouche, is to be found a long curi-
ously wrought and armed arrow, or dart ; and because of resem-
blance the writer is tempted to call attention to the Mexican ideo-
graph or symbol of Itz-co-atl, or "Obsidian Serpent, " pictured in
Mr. Rau's Contribution in volume 22, of the Smithsonian Contri-
butions, on page 51, as also to the explanatory text.

THE GEST TABLET.

(See Figure xii. ;
This tablet is so remarkable as a work of advanced art that it
can be ranked with those of Palenque and Copan. Examined
carefully with those and it presents a likeness of artistic culture, a

Identification of tlie British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 237

sameness. So, too, it presents the same features which Mr. Ran
notices as to the Palenque productions. He says : " Any one who
examines the rei)resentation of the Smithsonian tablet will he
struck with the want of symmetry of its sculptures and its incor.
rect (artistically) outline. -•- This asymmetrical appearance of the
slab, is not at all owing to its restoration, as might be imagined at
first sight, but simply to a lack of precision on the part of the
sculptor. * * Though the has relief figures on it show a com-
mendable finish, the total aspect of the sculpture is not that of a
well executed work, at least not in our sense. The Palenque
Cross shows some incongruities in the proportions of its parts, and
the glyphic signs and ornaments, are not disposed in an absolutely
harmonious order. "^ -■= * The absence of accurateness in the
execution of details observable at Palenque did not escai)e More-
let's critical judgment. ' The ruins of Palenque ' he says ' have
been perhaps too much eulogized. They are magnificent certainly
in their antique boldness and strength, but I must say, without
contesting their architectural merit, that they do not justify, in their
details, all the enthusiasm of archaeologists. The ornamental lines
are wanting in regularity, the drawings in (modern artistic) sym-
metry, and the sculpture in finish. ' " The artist had all the men-
tal conceptions, but he lacked the perfect skill of the later (rreek,
or of our day, for the artistic perfection of his work. The work
was "irregularly regular" to quote the apt expression of Mr. Gest;
and so peculiarly so, as to confirm its genuineness. Perhaps the
chief reason of all this was the lack of adequate instruments for
working in hard stone. " Instruments of flint, or some other hard
stone were much better suited for that purpose, " says Mr. Ran,
speaking of the obduracy of the stone of the Palenque Tablet.
And, indeed, stone chisels were all the Mound Builders could have
had for working the Gest tablet. .Mr. Rau describes the tablet of
the Palenque Cross as being t,^ inches thick, and consisting of a
hard fine grained sand-stone of yellowish gray color ; the relief of
the sculpture being j-^g of an inch.

As to material, the Gridley measure is likewise a hard tine
grained sand-stone of yellowish gray color, Vgths of an inch thick.
The Gest tablet answers, for material, also to this description,
though the grain of the stone may be a trifie coarser than that of
the Gridley measure. The Gest tablet is ^ths of an inch thick,
and the relief of the sculpture is /gths of an inch, distinctly de-

238

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

lined even in detail, but not sharply. Had this tal)let been found
at Palencjue it would have been taken as belonging to the Palentiue
material and style and culture.

On comparison, the general resemblance of the Richardson
and (jest tablets will be at once seen. The Ciest tablet, Figure xii
like the Richardson, has the i)hnlius and testes as the base of its
representation, in the form of an inverted Tan cross. In place of
the human heads for the testes those in the Gest tablet are repre-
sented by the labyrinths of ducts belonging to the organ, with a seed
vesicle in the midst. These labyrinths unite by a ligament which
continued forms the shaft of the phallus. At the summit a waved
line or bar projects either way, in place of, and for, the waves of
water in the Richardson slab. In the body of the phallus the seed
vesicles are represented as developed to the stage of embryo foe
fuses, and these again, are projected forth, or over to the sides, and
are represented as in a further stage, viz., that of four weeks
growth, or 28 days. This is shown in Figure xiii by the sketch

Figure xiii
of that period of development taken from a medical work. These
projected foetuses are four in uumbcr, two on each side of the
shaft, and are made to occujn' the four cpiarters of the divided
space, one to the quarter, in a similar manner with the occupancy
of the like quarters, or comjjartments, on the Richardson slab, by
the ])hases of the moon and the seasons of the year. It will be
seen that the positions occupied by the foetuses, or the men,
are always by contrast reversed. '-^^ From the fact that the male or-

NoTtt.— Tliis reversal is evidently to sij^nity the doubh- sex. Tlie same tiling held in
Hebrew esoterisni, — tor, the word tor ";««?/'" contained the numbers 1 13 (diameter to a
circumference of 355), the lunar year in days , whereas the word, or name, " Tlii'-zvnmaii^'
<-ontained as the sum of its numbers 31 1, or the rrversr of "•man" : — tlie two, together, as
]]^_^ii. being tlie division or unfolding ot the number -'2(1, which last was the sum of
the numiiersof the letters of the Hebrew expression Vsod Olnnm, or "■mj.':lerj' of ciu--
ation^\ which was the name given to the location of the number 9 on the genitals of the
cosmic man ot Cabbalah (Ginsburg).

« i

i >

Figure 12.— THE CINCINNATI TABLET.

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 239

gan is made to show the office or function of the womb, the whole
emblem is androgyne ; nor does there seem to be any distinctive
mark of sex, or unequal power, or quaHty, used either on the right
or left of the shaft, save the reversal of position.

This slab like the Richardson, has number markings, distinct
and clear. At the base of theTau cross there are 6 distinct spaces
and 7 lines, the spaces being broad. Beneath this and on the edge
of the stone are 23 distinct, but small, spaces and 24 lines. The
position of these 23 spaces is such that groups of them seem tojie
marked by the lines of the larger spacing, viz., 3, 7, 13, and 20.
At the top there are similar markings, viz., 7 spaces and 8 lines,
and 24 small spaces and 25 lines. In these the groupings are : 13,
emphasized, and 20. In the whole sculpture there are 16 round
dots or small circles, of which two are in the testes. In the
body of the phallus there are 4, and continuing the count over,
toward the right and left, respectively, we have 5 additional on each
side, making a count of 9 and 9.

For the broad spacing and lines we have 6 1-7:^13, and
7-)~8^=i5, together 28; and 13, the number of Catamenia in the
year, multiplied by 28 equal 364, or the week year, while
28X i5 = 28o-pi4o=42o. Of this 280 days is 40 weeks or the
period of parturition, while 420 is 210,;' 2, and 210 days is called
the period of viability. So, also, 6X7=^42, or 21X2, and the
reverse of 21 is 12. Or, these spaces and lines being 6, 7, 7, and
8, are together equal to 7X4=28. The smaller spacing and lines
give us 23-1-24=47, with 24-]-25=49, or together 96 (or 24X4,
or 12X8).

Thus we have the exact description of these tablets. The
numbers shown on these are familiar as those used in the measures
of the Mound Builder works in which the tablets were found : also
as periods of lunar and solar time, and especially lunar time, as
marking the natural periods of menstruation, quickening, viability,
and gestation The relationship becomes closer when we find
that the Gest Tablet, as to its size, has special measures from the
same unit or standard with the Gridley stone ; they are : length, 5
inches; least breadth, 2.50 inches; greatest breadth, 3 (2.99) inches,
with two chords of 4.50 inches each.

240 Citicinuati Society of Natural History.

THE CLARKE TABLET.

(See Figure xiv.)

Another and ver\- late find is fortunate, timely, and of great
value, as confirming the genuineness of the Richardson and Gest
Tablets. It is what is to l)e known as the " Clarke " (or Waverly)
"Tablet," now the jroperty of Mr. Robert Clarke, of Cincinnati.
It is presented in Fig. ^:iv^ On the left side, as one looks at it,
aro to be seen the unniistake'ble /<?(-->7V///A'.f of the fcctus images of
the Gest Tablet, while on turning tlie plate, so as to have the top
on the right hand and side, the presentation exhibits \.\\q fac-siiiiiles
of the involved duct lal)yrinths of the trstrs in the same tablet. In
this, however, the shaft seems to be changed to represent the yoni.

This tablet was discovered March 12, 1885, by Mr. L P-
MacLean, in the collection of Dr. W. R. Hurst, of Piketon, Ohio,
was obtained of him and disposed of to Mr. Clarke. The tablet
was broken in two pieces, which Mr. MacLean found, piece by
l)iece, in the collection. The history of the tablet, as given by Dr.
Hurst to Mr. MacLean, is as follows: "The tablet was taken
from a mound on the farm of Abraham Cutlip, about one mile
south of Waver!)' and about three and one-half miles north of
Piketon, about March, 1872. It was found about three feet from
the bottom of the mound, on the north side, by Abraham C^utlip
and David Allen, who were cutting away the mound. Dr. Hurst
obtained it from them while tliey were at work. The mound was
(^11 the second bottom of the river, had been fifteen to twenty feet
high, but had from time to time been cut away, so that it was only
about ten feet high at the time of this excavation. The mound
was composed of clay. With the tablet were found 'darts, badges,
and human bones.' "

There can be no doubt of its genuineness, and for this reason
it is of very great value as corroborative of not only the authen-
ticity, but also the reading of the Crest and Richardson Tablets.

If we now refer to the (Jest Tablet for comparison, we will
find that it is, in its main or essential features, the same with the
Palenque Cross and the Kerjc'rvary picture. In all cases we have
the tree of life, with a human being (Androgyne) standing upon
either side. In the Ferjf'rvary picture the phallus, rising out of
the yoni, has seven branches on each side ; the phallus at the top
bifurcating into two branches (for water waves), extending out on

FicuKE 14.— THE WAVERLY TABLET.

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure. 241

either side, and these, again, are separated into further subdivi-
sions, etc. In its frame, on the three sides thereof, we have for
markings 3 twelves, or 36 in all, distinctly done. By reference,
for similar pictures for similar showings, on the Asiatic Continent,
to Dr. Inman's ''Ancient Faiths embodied in Ancient Names,"
we will find identity of design. (See his illustrations in Vol. 1. on
the cover, and on pages 156 and 160, with his exjilanations.) In
these illustrations notice the numbers of bunches oi floiciers to mark
the catamenia, so arranged as to make 13 by a count of 6 plus 7,
also the numbers 18 and 21. He himself notices the number
13. "This number suggests an explanation. .\t every lunar
period the female has an affection which by its regularity has
received the name of menses, or Catamenia, and there are 13 of
these periods in the year.'" Notice also, in Vol. II., p. 648, the
phallic and yoni symbols of the Christian Church. One of these
represents a monk so marked as to show a man's head with a fish's
body. There are 12 marks t\)rming the fish. He holds a string of
beads, 7X2 or 14 of which are seen. She, standing in an alcove
formed by the sun, t'ne mouth of the vagina {7'csica fiscis), holds a
string of beads 13 in number, and so arranged as to count 5 and 6
and 7. The rays of the sun are arranged so that 18 are seen, and
these grouped to form 10, 3. and 5. There are two more but cov-
ered rays, making 20 in all. In Sharpe's Egypt one will find the
tree of life, a woman in the L)ranches pouring water. It is inverted,
so that the roots are in place of the branches, the shaft projecting
into the ground (Isis). All these refer to a like symbolization.
The fact is, that having caught at the root ideas, or natural basis
of symbolic language, our literature is full to repletion of scattered
fragments, which can be gathered, collected, recognized, and
referred to a whole, or |)erfect ancient mode of communication.

There is remarkable harmony between the number indications
on these slabs with the mound measures and the Gridley standard
of measure by which the mound works were constructed. But
likewise there is such harmony between the measures of time indi-
cated by these numbers and the calendar forms of the Mayas that
attention is called to the fact. It is to some extent agreed on that
there is connection between the Maya culture and that of the con-
.sructors of Palencjue and Copan. Reference is now made to
"The Maya Chronicle" by D. G. Brinton. M. D., Philadelphia,
1882. He says: "The Mayas had a mathematical turn, and

242 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

possessed a developed system of numeration. It counted l)y units
and scores: in other words it was a r7\,7\s7;/r)'/ system." The cardinal
numbers commenced with one and closed with twenty. From
twenty upward the scores are used, as " one to the score equals 21,""
and so on. Now as to their calendar. Their year was divided into
18 months of 20 days each, or 360 days, to which, to make 365,
five days called "days without names"' were added. " But the
calendar was not as simple as this. The days were not counted
fnmi I to 20, and then beginning at i again, and so on, but by
periods of 13 days each," the 14th day beginning a new week. "28
of these weeks make 364 days, thus having i day to complete the
tropical solar year. When the number of these odd days amounted
to 13, in other words when 13 years had elapsed, this formed a per-
iod which was called 'a katiin of days'. It will be readily observed
by an inspection of the following table, that 4 of these indictions, in
other words, 52 years, will elapse before a 'year bearer' of the
same name and numljer recommences a year. A cycle of 52 years
was thus obtained in a manner almost identical with that of the
Aztecs, Torascos, and other nations. " "20 days were a month,
and 20 years was a cycle katiui.* This katun was divided into 5
lesser divisions of 4 years each. They also had a katnn of 24
years. They had a great cycle of 13X20=260 years, called an
Allan Katun, or 13x24=312 years. The Maya Chronicles make
from the earliest time to the coming of the Spaniards 71 kaluns.
which equal either 1420 or 1704 years, according to the katun
used of 20 or 24 years.'' It seems quite evident that the great cycle
of 312 years was composed of 6 cycles of 52 years each.

The i)eculiar make up of tnese calend.ir data brings out in re-
lief a series of numbers, which are so connected with the Mound
Builder system of measures, and the tablets spoken of. that it mav
at least be suggested of them that they point to a common system
of use. 13X28=364 is the catamenial year, and 28 days would,
because of being a catamenial period, be a holy week of 4 periods
of 7 days each : the number 7 being " //rVr " because it was the
base of so many periods of generative time, as, 28, 126, 210 and
280 days.* It is thought this conclusion is justified by the showing
of the phallic system every where among all nations of antiquity.
'VVe have 6 + 7=13 and 64-7 + 7+8=28, on the Gest tablet. 28
is 4 times 7, and 52X7^=364, showing a co-ordinating mode of

*>IoTE. It seems remarloble, that this word Katun for a small cvcle is the same with
the Hebrew kaion or little. It is evident that, because the phases of the moon run so co-
ordinately with the g:enerative periods, it was supposed to be the intelligent cause, and
was therefore worshiped.

Identification of the British Incli as the Unit of Measure, 243

counting time, especially in the priestly or sacerdotal way, t'ounded
on the idea of phallic creative growth by periods of 7, viz., 4X7
■=28, of menses, 7X18=126, of quickening, 30X7^=210, of viabil-
ity, and 40X7 (or 28Xio) = 28o, o{ gestation, and 52X7=364, the
holy, or week year. So, also, in the great characteristic measures
of the Mound works, viz., 1050 and 1080, we find a mode of the use
of a year cycle founded on 52X6=312, for, 1 05 ~j- 108=2 13, which
is the reverse of 312 and indicates it by the Mound Builder custom
of reversed numbers, and again, 213 of itself is 6 times 355 the
numerical value of the lunar year in days. 355X6=213, and 312
is a great cycle of 52X6.

The writer considers himself very fortunate to be able to close
this paper with a fact of discovery in Yucatan, by Dr. Augustus
Le Plongeon and his estimable and brave wife, of Brooklyn, New
York. When they made the remarkable discovery of the sej^ulchre
of the royal Kan Coh, at Chichen--Itza, they found therein a great
number of personal ornaments. These consisted of worked arrow
and spear heads, of fine quartz and serj^entine, with shell beads,
and extraordinary ornaments in jade, of marvelous polish. The
l^oint of great interest as to these is this, that though the Mayas
had arrived to the great advance in civilization of splendid stone
cutting and mason work and sculpture, with an elaborate hiero-
glyphical alphabet — an advance parallel to that of the old Egyp-
tians and Babylonians— yet their articles of personal ornamentation
were the same (of the same kind, material, and design) 7oit/i t/iose of
tlie Monnd Builders of the Ohio Valley. The labors ot Dr. and Mrs.
Plongeon in Central x\merica are the most valuable of all others,
and their results are so surprising, and so promising of the discov-
ery of "missing links,'' that they should be furnished with material
efficient support b\' the C/Overnment in the further prosecution of
this wonderful field of their self s icnhcing personal investigation.

J. Rai.stox Skinner.

Note. Erratum. In a note to a former article 5011506 is said to he the square root ot
51315, whereas it should be 251152.

244 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

PROTOZOA OF THE CINCINNA 11 (iROUP.

By Joseph 1"'. Jamk.s, Professor of Botany and Gcologx in
. ifiami Unii 'ersity.

(Read September 6, i886.)

The tern) Protozoa is applied to those members of the animal
kingdom which are "generally of minute size, composed of a
nearly structureless jelly-like substance (termed ' sarcode ') show-
ing no composition out of definite jmrts or segments, having no
definite body-cavity, presenting no traces of a nervous system, and
having either no differentiated alimentary apparatus or but a very
rudimentary one."*

On account of their jelly-like nature they are difficult of preser-
vation in a fossil state, and, when found, present a structure which
can only be examined by means of microsco])ic sections. Only
two orders have as yet been found fossil in this vicinity, and these
only in limited numbers. The first contains one genus and one
species, and vvas formerly placed with the Polypi. The second
includes eight genera and eighteen species. The following is the
first attempt which has been made to collect the descriptions of
genera and species and arrange them in any order :

Sub-kingdom PROTOZOA.
Order. Foraminifkr.a.

Minute, structureless, gelatinous animals, with the body pro-
tected by a shell generally composed of carbonate of lime. Pseudo-
podia long, filamentous, and interlacing.

Living Foraminifera are microscopic, and distributed in
immense beds at the bottom of the ocean. As fossils they are
found through all the formations from the Silurian to the Quater-
nary. They go largely toward making up the chalk formation,
and in the Eocene Tertiary formed beds known as the Numnui-
litic limestone, which stretch from Western Europe to the frontiers
of China (Nicholson). Only one genus seems yet to have been
found in the Cincinnati group, although both Reccptaciilitis and
Stromatopora, have been referred here. The genus now placed
in this order is Beatkicea, and it has been assigned various posi-

*Nicholson Manual ot Zoology, p. 44.

Protozoa of the Cincinnati Group. 245

tions by different authors. It was originally described as a plant;
then grouped with the corals; Prof. Hyatt, in 1865, called it a
mollusk allied to the Cephalopoda, and in 1884 considered it as
one of the Foraniinifera.

Genus I. BEATRICEA, Hillings. [857.

Kept. Prog. Geol. Sur , Canada, 1852 56; Toronto 1857, jj.
^43. ; A. Hyatt, Jr., 1865 Am. Jour. Arts and Sciences, 2d Series,
XXXIX, p. 261 et scq. , Pr(j. .Am. Asso. Adv. Sci., XXXH,
(1884), p. 492.

Nearly straight, one to fourteen inches in diameter, perfo-
rated by a cylindrical and nearly central tube, which is trans-
versely septate ; outside of lube composed of numerous concentric
layers.

1. B NoiJULOSA, Hillings, 1857.
Loc. lit. p. 343.

Surface covered with oblong, oval, or sub-triangular projec-
tions one to three lines high, with rounded, l)lunt poin'.s nearer one
end of the prominence than the other; projections varying in size,
sometimes with a nearly circular base, sometimes six or seven lines
long and one-half as wide, distant one to three lines from each
other, arranged in rows or spirals; whole surface fretted with
minute points, showuig perforations when worn. Septa thin, very
concave, one line to one inch apart.

Locality. Originally described from Canada. Found in
Marion County, Kentucky.

2. B. UNDUJ,A']-A, Billings, 1857
Loc cit. p. 344.

Surface sulcated longitudinally by short, irregular, wave-like
furrows, from two lines to one inch across; otherwise like the ])re-
ceding. Specmiens have been found ten feet five inches long and
from eight to fourteen inches in diameter.

Locality. With the preceding.

These two species have, by some writers (Knott, Geology of
Marion County — Kentucky Geological Survey, p. 32) been con-
sidered one species. Prol. Hyatt, however, considers them dis-
tinct, and says they can be separated by the internal characters.

246 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Order. SPONGIDA.

One ot" tlie lowest orders of animal life, consisting of an aggre-
gation of animalcule; forming a soft, mass with spicuke of various
forms, or possessing a silicious skeleton filled with sarcode. This
sarcode is traversed by tubes of varying size, serving to convey
nourishment to the individuals.

As fossils, they occur in amorphous masses of irregular shape
and variable size, showing little or no structure on the exterior
beyond the tube openings or oscular, internally often of layers of
matter separated by interlamellar spaces, the tubes jjenetrating these
vertically. The internal structure can only be studied by means
of thin sections, examined under the microscope.

The remains of a number of genera have been found in the
rocks of the Cincinnati Group. The ten described genera are here
reduced to eight, but no account is taken ot those which have
been named and not described. The following keys and descrip-
tions are offered as a contribution to the study. The number of
species will no doubt be increased on a further study of more
material.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

1. Free, irre(;ul.4r or spherical: extern..\i. t)PEMN(;s ro

PORES MINUTE OR WANTING.

a. Surface without plates.
Round, unattached, with minute external pores.

I. Astylospongia.

Irregular, generally compressed, and ha\ing the appearance
of a number united in a cluster. 2. Pattersonia.

Body circular, with arms. 3. Brachiospongia.

b Surface covered icitii plates.

Having an apparent base : plates polygonal or hexagonal, with-
out special arrangement. 4. Pasceolus.

Plates imbricated, arranged in coiu;enlric, intersecting lines.
5. Ischadites.

Plates cylindrical, blunt: arranged in c(jncentric lines.

6. Receptaculites.

II. Incrustini; : external pores conspicuous.

Formed of thin layers or laminre ; jjores with external open-
ings (osculai). 7. Stromatopora.

Formed of thin, irregular laminae ; tubes without walls, perfo-
rating laminae and interspaces, but not continuously.

8. Stromatocerium.

Protozoa of tlic Cincinnati Group. 247

Genus I. ASTYLOSPONGIA, Roemer. i860. Die Silur.
Fauna des West Tenn., p. 7.

Microspoiigia, Miller and Dyer. 1878. Jour. Gin. Soc Nat-
Hist., I., p. 37.

Globular, nearly regular, free : large canals running from the
center outward, intersecting smaller, concentric canals: internal
structure stellate, the rays cohering; spiculje (?) small, star-like
objects in the midst of the mass.

1. A. GREGARiA, Miller & Dyer.

Microspongia gregaria, M. & D. 1878. j. G. S. N. H., vol.
I-, P- 37 ; Pl- 2, fig. 2.

Chcetctes siibrotundata, U. P. James, !878. The Pal?eon-
tologist, p. I.

Astylospongia subrotiiiidata, U. P. James. Ibid, p. ti.

Globular, compact, sometimes as if two or three united into a
cluster : one-quarter to three-quarters of an inch in diameter :
needle-shaped spiculas (?) visible under high magnifying power.

Locality: Cincinnati; Ogden Station, Clinton County, Ohio.

The characters given for Alicrospotigia are not sufficient to
separate it from Astylospongia. A. siibrotundata, James, was first
referred to Chcctetes {a.'sa.hovtt),h\.\i afterward placed in Astylospongia.

2. A. TUMiDA, U. P. James. 1878. The Palfeontol-
ogist, p. I.

Sub-globose, depressed, with a cavity on one side; surface
rough, pitted, sometimes lobed.
Locality: Cmcinnati.

Genus 2. PATTERSONIA, S. A. Miller. 1882. Jour. Cin.
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. V., p. 43.

A solid, amorphous mass of uniform structure, and destitute
of openings: surface irregular; often appearing as if several speci-
mens were united in a cluster.

P. DiFFiciLis, 8. A. Miller. Ibid. p. 43. PI. 2, figs. 3, 3 a.

Character of the genus. The only species known. It may,
on further examination, prove to be a Stromatopora.

Locality : Cincinnati, O.

Genus 3. BRACHIOSPONGIA, Marsh, 1867. Am. Jour.
Sci. and Arts. Series 2, vol. XLIV., p. 88.

Body nearly hemispherical ; arms extending out from lateral
surface; hollow, with arms opening into the body cavity.

248 Cinciwiali Society of Natural History.

1 . H. DuniA lA, Owen.

Scypkia dii:^itaia, Owen. Second Re|)ort on Geolog)- f)f Ken
tucky, [). III.

Bf)dy hollow, cu]) shaped, with from eighf to eleven tubes or
arms: arms extending horizontally one inch, and then rising verti
cally ; body six to tvvelve inches in diameter.

Locality : Frankfort, Ky.

This is probably a Trenton s])ecies, and is not likely to be
found in this locality. it is inserted here because it has been
included in catalogues of the fossils of this grou)).

3. B. TUKERcuLAi'A, U. P. James. 1879. The Paleon-
tologist, p. 25.

Body sub-circular, with pronunent tubercles irregularly dis-
tribtued over the surface: amis, nine, straight; one, to three and a
halt inches long: specimens between five and six inches in
diameter.

Locality: Todd's Fork, near Wilmington, Ohio.

Two other s])ecies. viz., B. Ivoiii. .Vhirsh, and />. loiiiiri iaiia.
Marsh, though given in catalogues, seem never to have l)een
descril)ed. These names can not, therefore, hold.

(Jenus 4. PASCEOLUS, Billings. Report of Progress o*
(ieological Survey of Canada, 1853-56, p. 342. Palaeozoic Fossils
of Canada. 1861. p. 392. S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. ()uar. Join-.
Sci., vol. L. p. 4.

Ovate or sul)-globular. Exterior surface marked by pentag-
onal or hexagonal plates : base with or without point of attach-
ment.

1. P. GLoHoSLs, Billings. Loc.iit., p. 343. Pahtozoic Fos-
sils, p. 392, figure.

Hemispherical or sub-globular : two or three inches in diam-
eter; base flattened; ])late impressions |)olygonal or hexagonal,
without external orifices, and about two lines in diameter.

Locality: Cincinnati; Ottawa, Canada.

This is mainly a Trenton species. It has been found m this
vicinity in a few localities.

2. P. DARWiNii, S. A. Miller. 1874. Cin. Quar. jour. Sci.,
1., p. 5, fig.

P. claiidii, S. A. M. Ibid., p. 6, fig.

Body spherical or hemispherical ; some sj^ec imens with a cir
cular central depression ; surface marked with crowded i)entag-

Piotor^oa of the Cincinnati Gro?tp. 249

gonal or hexagonal plates, one line or less in diameter : diameter
of fossil from one-half to one and one-quarter inch.

Locality : Cincinnati, O. ; Maysville, Ky.

The form described as F. claudii is apparently a young and
small specimen, without the circular depression.

(ienus 5. ISCHADITES, Murchison. 1839. Siluria, p. 697.

LcpidoUtcs, Ulrich. 1879. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His., vol.
II., p. 20.

Ovate, conical or cylindrical, often compressed; outer sur-
face, with plates arranged in concentric, intersecting lines, like the
engine turning on a watch case.

I. DiCKHAUTi, Ulrich. J. F.James, J. C. S. N. H., VIII.,
p. 163.

LcpidoUtcs dickliaiiti, Ulrich. 1879. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. II., p. 21, pi. 7, figs. 17, 17 (7 and /'.

L. elongatus^ Ulrich. 1879. Ibid, II., p. 22, pi. 7, fig. 16.

Compressed from a spherical or sub-pynform body, with lower
portion indented; plates imbricated, about three times as long as
wide, with widest end round, exposed, and arranged in concentric,
intersecting lines.

Locality: Covington, Ky., about 150 feet above low water
mark.

Genus 6. RECEPTACULITES, De France. 1S27. Diet.
Sci. Nat., t. 45, atlas; p. 68.

Auojiialoides, Ulrich. 1878. Jour. Cm. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
I., p. 92.

Hollow, sometimes cup-shaped, with plates radiating in curved
lines as in Ischaditr.s ; numerous cylindrical bodies between the
outer plates and the inner, thin, expansion,

R. RKTicuLATUS, Ulrich. J. F. James, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. VIII. , p. 165,

Anoiiialoidcs reficiilafiis, Ulrich. 1878. J. C. S. N. H. , vol.
I., p. 92, pi. 4, figs. 6, 6 a b.

Compressed, hollow ; formed mainly of elongated, cylindrical
bodies, sharp at the inner and rounded at the outer ends ; arranged
in intersecting lines.

Locality : Covington, Ky.

This and the preceding species were long of uncertain posi-
tion. There seems little doubt but that they are here referred to

250 Cincinnati Society of Natuial History.

their correct genera. Compare with Jiillings "On Rkckptacu-
i.iTKs'' (Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, 1., p. 378) and Hinde in
Jour. Oeol. Soc , Lond. Nov. 1884 p. 395, et seq

Genus 7, STROMATOPORA, Goldfuss. 1S26. Petrefacta
(JermanicTC. Nicholson & Murie. 1877. Jour, Linn Soc. of
London. Zoology, XIV., p. 217. (leol. of Ohio, Paktont. vol.
II., p. 245.

Dystactospoih:;ia, S. A. Miller. 1882. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. v., p. 42.

"Skeleton (' sarcodeme ') consisting of concentric calcaerous
lainin;-e, sej)arated by distinct ' interlaminar spaces,' which are
crossed by numerous 'radial pillars." In -some cases there are
radiating water canals and surface grooves j^laced round minor
centers. Sometimes there are seen on the surface the openings
of large water canals ('oscula').

" Forming irregular masses, sometimes with a foreign body as
a nucleus ; spreading out into extended expansions, covered infer-
iorly by a thin, striated, calcareous membrane (' epitheca '), or
growing in thin layers parasiticallv u])on foreign objects." Nich.
and Murie on " Stromatopora and its allies." Ibid.

'i'he position of this genus has been the subject of much con-
trovers)', and the matter is by no means yet settled. It has been
placed with the Polyps and with the sponges, but late writers are
inclined to regard it as the type of a separate order. See Nich-
olson and Murie, Ibid, and others. The following is an arrange-
ment of the species of thisgrouj):

a. MassiTc foiiiis.

1 S. ixsoLENs, S. A Miller.

IJystactospotigia insolrns, S. A. Miller. 1882. Jour. Cin. Soc.
Nat. Hist., vol. v., p 43, \)\. 2, figs. 2. 2 a />.

Massive, irregular in form ; outer surface, with radiating
canals; internal structure minutely vesicular.

Locality : Cincinnati.

This species closely resembles S. granulata, Nicholson and
Murie, as described and figured by them in the article referred to
above. See their figure, PI. 1, fig. 11.

Ik Tubular forms.
2. S. TUBULARis, U. P. James. 1884. Jour. Cin. Soc.
Nat Hist., VII., p. 139, pi. 7, figs. 3, 3 a b.

Protozoa of the Cincinnati Group. 251

Cylindrical or tubular, two, to two and one half inches in
diameter, and one inch long ; lamina about one-twentieth of an
inch in thickness, irregular, wavy, with serrate edges ; interspaces
thin; pores (oscula) at irregular intervals: center of the tube filled
with clay, broken shells, or corals.

Locality: Cincinnati; Morrow, O.

3. S. suHcvi.iNDRiCA, U. P. James. 1884. Jour. Cin. Soc.
Nat. Hist., vol. AH I., p. 20, figs, i, \ a, /', c.

Labccliia inoutifcra. Ulrich. 1886. Contri. to PaUeon, Vol.

I-, P- Zl, Pl- 2, figs. 9, 9.7/^

Subcylindrical: exterior surface covered with prominent coni-
cal elevations, one-tenth to one-twentieth of an inch high, n-regu-
larly distributed: apices and slopes of these with radiating lines or
depressions: spices l;)etween the monticules covered with circular
or elongate papilU\i, one-twentieth of an inch apart: no surface
pores; specimens, two and one-half inches long, curved.

Locality. Morrow and Clarksville, O. ; Madison, Ind.

For the resemblances between this species and I.ebcclua /noiifi-
fcra, see J. C. S. N. H., IX., No. 2, p. 39.
c. Iiunisting forms.

4. S. LiCHENoiDKS, U. P. James. 1S78. The PaUc^ontolo-

gist, p. 18.

Exi)ansions thin, on shells ; one-eighth to one-quarter ot an
inch in diameter and one-ipiarter to one-half line in thickness;
surface rugose or undulating, with small, irregular pores.

Locality: Cincinnati.

5. S. scABRA, U. P. James. 1878. The Palceontologist, p. iS.
Expansions (on shells) thin; surface rough, with conical or

elongated monticules, one half to one line above the surface and
one to two lines apart.

Locality : Lebanon, O.

6. S. PAPiLLATA, U. P. James. 1878. The Paleontolo-
gist, p. I.

Crust thin; surface, with small, closely set papill;^, irregu-
larly arranged, six or eight to a line ; apices open or closed.
Locality: Cincinnati; Clinton County, O.

7. S. LUDLOWENSis, U. P. James. 1884. Jour. Cin. Soc.
Nat. Hist., vol. VH., p. 140; figures.

Expansions two by four inches: incrusting or in irregular,
amorphous masses ; surface irregular or rough ; lamina thin ; pores

252 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

circular or oval, irregularly distributed; numerous minute pores,
and a greater or lesser number of larger oscuUi.

Locality : Ludlow, Ky. , etc.

This species shows there is no definite line to be drawn between
the massive and incrusting species of the genus.

Genus 8. STROMATOCERIUM, Hall. 1847. Pal. of
New York, vol. L, p. 48; emended by Nicholson and Murie. Jour,
of Linn. Soc, London (Zoology), 1877, Vol. XIV., p. 222.

Skeleton massive, composed of dense, thick, calcareous, hori-
zontal and concentric laminae, separated by narrow and irregula,-
hiterspaces; laminae irregularly disposed ; no radial pillars crossing
interlaminar spaces; entire mass perforated by vertical tubes with-
out walls, at short and irregular distances; the tubes place the in.
terlaminar spaces in communication, but cannot be said to run
from top to bottom.

1. S. CANADENSE. Nich. & Murie, 1877. Ibid, vol. XIV.,
p. 223, pi. 3, figs. 9, 10.

5. rugosum. (.?) Hall, 1847. Pal. of N. York, vol 1. p. 48,
pi. fig.

" Skeleton having the form of large, rounded or irregular
masses, conspicuously composed of numerous dense, concentric
laminae, about five of which (with the interlaminar spaces) occupy
one line. The interlaminar spaces are open, without radial pil-
lars, and the mass is traversed by numerous discontinuous, vertical
canals, from j'^ to J^ inch or less in diameter. Surface characters
unknown."

Locality : Peterborough, Ontario.

2. s. RICHMONDENSE, S. A. Miller. 1878. Jour. Cin Soc.
Nat. His., vol. V., p. 41, pi. 2, figs, i, i a t>.

Small, globular, hemispherical, irregular: laminrt^ irregular,
more or less wrinkled, filled with minute tubes, surface apparently
destitute of openings.

Locality : Richmond, Ind.

Remarks on a Variety of Nostoc Priinifoune . 253

REMARKS ON A VARIETY OF NOSTOC PRUNI FORME.

By Geo. B. Twitchell.

(Read October 5, 1886.)

Early last spring the Society received, under tlie name of
"Agates in an inception stage," a bottle of nostocs collected at
Haidley, Idaho. In .'\ugust I received another lot of the same.
This idea of the\r connection with agates is readily explained by
their appearance, for they surely bear both externally and internally
a marked resemblance to the agate pel)bles found in some of the
western streams.

The various species of the genus nostoc are generally found
in water or damp places as more or less firm gelatinous masses.
These thalli vary for the different species, some being almost mi-
croscopic while others cover over a square foot of moist sand.
Some are indefinitely expanded, while others are restricted by a
sort of periderm to a more definite shape.

Inside of these gelatinous masses will be found serpentine
rows of roundish cells, with here and there larger cells ot a differ-
ent color, called heterocysts. These filaments are usually, if not
always, inclosed in sheaths to which the heterocysts adhere by
their sides. The growth of these filaments is by a cell division.
According to Tluiret the reproduction is in this manner : The
thallus becomes softened and a green jelly escapes. This is made
up of detached portions of nostoc filaments that have straightened
out. These have an oscillaria-like motion. They are sensitive to
light, always accumulating at the brightest part of the vessel con-
taining them. In the development of one of these /lOf/iiogo/ies, as
they are called, the first change that takes place is the formation of
a distinct gelatinous sheath about the whole of the filament.
When this is formed the inclosed cells divide once or oftener, the
plane of the division being parallel to the original direction of
growth. The result is two or more rows of cells in a now rather
distended sheath. By a reuniting of these cells a single curved
nostoc filament is formed within a sheath which has now shortened
and widened to a more globose form. This young nostoc secretes
jelly and grows until it reaches the size of the parent. The exist-
ence of a reproduction by means of spores has been suggested by

254 Citicinnati Society of Natmal Ilistoiy.

some writers. However, it is not well understood, and, indeed, it
seems probable that Ave are still far from a correct understanding
of the whole life of these strange plants. Many may be condi-
tions of higher plants, while the resemblance that the gonidia of
certain lichens bear to tlie nostoc filament has given rise to much
discussion as to the part our plant may play here.

Although this agate-plant hardly agrees with any of the de-
scribed species, yet in the present state of our knowledge of the
genus, it is not advisable to consider it an entirely new species.
We will consider our plant a variety of Nostoc prnniforme.

The size is quite variable; the largest observed were about an
inch and a half in diameter. The jelly is remarkably firm and is
inclosed in a leathery periderm. The shape may be called glo-
bose. In the central portion of the thai! us the filaments are curved
in the characteristic nostoc manner, but, running out from here,
they are arranged in almost straight lines radiating toward the
periphery, when they are again twisted and tangled, probably thus
helping to build up the periderm. The cells are more variable in
size than those of the iy\Aca.\ Nostoc pfiiiufonnc. No sheath can be
seen in a vegetating specimen. The manner of reproduction is
similar to what has been described for other species, with the ex-
ception that the whole process takes place within the parent thallus,
the Iior/iiogoiics not even breaking loose from adjoining cells. The
same filament frequently has different portions in all the different
stages of the reproductive process.

The reproduction was observed in specimens collected in
August, the first step being the development of sheaths about por-
tions of the filaments. The cells inclosed then divide into rows
of cells after the manner described by Thuret. In reuniting these
cells do not seem to observe the regularity described for other spe-
cies, but the result is the same.

Among the twisting filaments of the central portion of the
tliallus, the /loriiioi^oiics while forming are naturally very irregular
in shape. When fully formed they are nearly spherical, and the
inclosed cells are so closely pressed together that the regular fila-
ments, which could be traced before this stage, cannot be made
out. It seems probable that the parent must decay before these
young i)lants can develop into full grown nostocs. Whether or
not these are now in a condition to pass through a resting stage, I
cannot say.

Remarks 0)1 a Variety of Nostcc Priimforvie. 255

In the straight filaments leading out from the (-enter, the Jior-
/iiogoncs in forming are not so irreguiar in shape as those just de-
scribed. Near the jjeriphery they are developed in great abund-
ance. When fully formed they are not made up of a mass ot
closely united cells, but are young plants in which the characteris-
tic twisting filaments can be distinctly seen. In some cases these
young nostocs will be found at the very outer edge of the thallus,
and it is not uncommon to find such a plant covered with other
small but fully formed plants. It would seem j^robable from this
that the honnogo/ics thac are formed near the periphery can develop
into inde])endent thalli before the entire dissolution of the parent.

There were many things of interest about this collection not
directly connected with the nostocs. In almost every case the
plants were covered with layers of carbonate of lime deposited
from the water in which they grew. Quite a number of diatoms
were found in the sediment at the bottom of the bottle, and occa-
sionally one would be found inclosed in one of the masses of
jelly. Irregular, whitish spots would quite frequently be tound
scattered through the gelatinous matter, but strangest of all were
the bodies observed by Mr. G. H. Curtis. I can best describe
them by saying that they appeared like multitudes of pins with
their ])oints all directed toward a common center, where they be-
came so numerous that the individuals could no longer be distin-
guished. He considered them raphides. I cannot close without
at least mentioning that bacteria were found in great abundance in
some specimens that had become a little softened by decay. The
gelatinous matter of the thallus seemed to make an excellent cul-
ture medium.

256 Cincinnati Society oj Natural History.

OBSERVATIONS ON PHOTOGRAPHIC APPLIANCES
AND THEIR USES.

By L. M. Pki 111)11 )1i;r..

(Read by title December 7, 1886.)
It may seem presuming on my part to offer a statement of my
observations on photographic appliances to members of this Sec-
tion, who have had as mucli, and in some cases more, experience
than myself. However, if I {■a\\ to say anything of interest, you
can only blame the Committee on Entertainments for their selec-
tion. My remarks will only apply to amateurs, and only relate to
our general work.

Every one will readily admit that good negatives can not be
obtained without a good photographic outfit, used with judicious
manipulation and precision. A negative or photograph should be
judged from two standpcjints, one being the technical and the other
the artistic ; the successful combination of both constitutes perfect
work. One can become artistic in his selections and general
adaptation of his subject to his i)late almost as well as he can
become technical.

This may seem to be an exaggerated statement, l)ut I am fully
convinced that a close study of artistic effects would show that
these are more or less subject to well-defined rules and conven-
tionalities, which could be memorized, just as one learns his
multiplication table.

A picture which is artistic and not well executed is in part a
failure; therefore to be successful it is as essential to be a careful
manipulator as it is to possess artistic attainments.

I shall confine myself to the technique of photography, and
give you the result of my conclusions, let them be worth what
they may.

In the selection of an outfit, let us take up the camera first —
I mean the kind mounted on a tripod. A number of various
boxes, nicely finished and very pretty in appearance, are always
in the market, which answer all requirements. Whateverl^their
adjustments may be, two of these are indisjiensable— they are a
rising front and a vertical swing-back. Other adjustments, such
as focusing rack and pinion, etc., are only for convenience, but
they are very useful. A horizontal swing can be of much service

Observations on PJiotogtapJiic Appliances and their Uses. 257

in some peculiar cases where one side of the view is much nearer
than the other. For general use, however, they are not only of
no value, but lessen the rigidity of the back of the box, besides
leading to complications. My advice would be, leave horizontal
swings alone, and I believe that those members of this club who
have used them will concur in my opinion.

The size of a camera, which is the most desirable for any one,
depends somewhat on the weight one is willing to carry, and also
on the film -carrier to" be used, whether glass or paper. It is very
evident that if paper is to be used instead of glass plates, one can
afford to carry a camera of larger dimensions. The energy and
vital resources of the amateur are also to be considered in the
determination of the size to be adopted. Some amateurs can carry
a 11x14 box, with two dozen plates, on a warm summer day with-
out murmuring, while others might become fatigued from carrying
a quarter size box. Of course, I presume that every photographer
is personally concerned in the transportation of his own traps.

The proportion of the plate to be used depends on the topo-
graphical features of the country in which the views are to be
taken, and also on the disposition to be made of the negatives,
whether intended principally for prints or for lantern slides. If
intended for prints, and in sections of country where no high
mountains are to be dealt with, a plate having the proportions of
5 to 8 or 5 to 7 is well suited, as the height desired is much less
than the breadth; thus in most cases we find that when seven or
eight inches are sufficient for the lateral dimension, five inches give
ample margin for sky and foreground.

On the other hand, if we consider that we get as much and
perhaps more enjoyment out of our work by transforming it into
lantern slides, and that the shape of a lantern slide gives a better
image on the screen when about square, we conclude that the
heighth and width of a plate should not differ much, though there
should always be a difference in order to allow of horizontal and
vertical views. Besides, square pictures are seldom graceful. My
observation has led me to believe that the proportions of 5 to 7 or
6^4 to 8^ are the proportions which can be adapted most satisfac-
torily to any kind of country or view, and are at the same time
well proportioned for lantern slides. In the latter case the ends of
the negatives can be cut off so as to give the view better shape, as
it must be observed here that a lantern slide need not embrace as

258 Cvicintiati Society of Natural Histoiy.

much as a print, which is examined for a longer time. In fact,
too many details detract from the appearance of an nnage on a
screen, the principal features of which are alone ot interest.

Detective cameras using quarter size plates are only good for
studies, instantaneous views, and lantern slides. Prints made on
such a small size are insignificant; objects and details are .so
minute as to be ahnost microsco])ic: furthermore, the perspective
suffers very much. Any one can be convinced of this fact by
looking through a slide and comparing its perspective with that
shown when its image is thrown upon a screen. In fact, a 4x5
picture is the smallest admissable that will give details and perspec-
tive without tiring the eyesight. .Amateurs making that size exclu
sively will find it quite convenient and at the same time quite a
luxury, when looking over their pictures, to use a graphoscope
magnifying about two diameters. By being magnified a ])icture
gains in depth and perspective; shadows be ome trans])arent, and
details are observed which otherwise escape the naked eye.

Concluding, therefore, that 4x5 is the minimum size plate
which will produce anything like a fair picture, the maximum size
need not exceed 6^x8^, unless the amateur is very ambitious, and
if so, after having acquired all the jiaraphernalia accompanying
photographic work, he may regret his enthusiasm, and soon have
a camera and lens for sale.

I have said nothing pertaining to portrait work, as it is not
within the province of an amateur, who is not prepared for that
class of work, and therefore can not do it as well as professionals,
who devote a lifetime to it. When portraits are wanted, however,
any size plate can be used. By portrait work I refer to such work
as done in photograph galleries.

SELECTION OF LENSES.

Though there is a great variety of lenses used in photography,
the amateur limits himself to two kinds — the single view lens and
the rectilinear doublet. The single view lens is corrected for
everything except what is called barrel distortion. This distortion
is very apparent when long, straight lines are brought into view.
.Any straight line not passing through the center of the field of the
lens will be carried more or less toward the center of the picture,
and this distortion is greatest at the edge of the field. This lens is
therefore not good for architectural subjects, or any view in which
appear near buildings of large dimensions. It is said, hovvever,

Observations on Photographic Appliances and their Uses. 259

to be better for general landscapes and views than any other lens,
as it gives more brilliant results, owing to its non-correction for
barrel distortion, and partly, also, because the rays of light have a
smaller number of lenses to go through. They are cheap, and
every outdoor photographer should be the owner of at least one
of them.

The rectilinear lenses most in use and in the market include a
very wide angle lens and one whose angle corresponds nearly with
the angle which an artist uses when painting outdoor views, land-
scapes, etc.

A lens is said to be reclihnear when it reproduces straight lines
conectly. Therefore, a rectilinear lens must give the true per-
spective as seen from the point of view occupied by the camera at
the time of exposure. Wide angle lenses are specially useful when
making views of interiors and confined situations, but for short
exposure and instantaneous views more especially they are not so
well adapted as the other double combination, as they have not
more than one-half their rapidity.

In order to get a good perspective effect and throw out a lot
of uninteresting details on a picture, a lens should have a focal
length at least eipial to the greatest dimension of the plate, and a
better result is obtained if the focal length exceeds ^this greatest
dimension by from twenty to thirty per cent.

Whenever a short focus lens is used to cover a large plate,
it oftei' brings in more details than are wanted, the perspective is
painfully violent, objects in the distance appearing much further
away than they really are.

All lenses are supplied with a set of diaphragms or stops,
which are intended to correct their spherical aberration, and
increase their depth of focus, the larger stops being intended for
portrait and instantaneous work where it is necessary to sacrifice
definition at the edges of the field in order to gain rapidity, the
smaller ones used for time exposures and where sharp definition is
required to the very edges.

In comparing lenses of the same focal length the one which,
with a stop of the same diameter, gives the best definition and
shows greater depth of focus, is generally the best, provided it be
not defective in some other way.

A first-class rectilinear lens (leaving out wide angle) should,
with a stop corresponding to U. S. No. 16, give a fair definition

26o Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

for instantaneous work all over the plate for which it is intended.
For time exposures the stop U. S. No. 32 should cover the same
plate with a definition, leaving nothing to be desired. Of course
exceptions must be made for very large lenses and difficult subjects.

In focussing a given landscape on the ground glass every one
has observed that the center of the picture requires a shorter focal
length than the sides. This is due to the curvature of the field of
the lens; for that reason., when the center of a picture is in exact
focus, the sides will not be sharply defined, and vice versa. With-
out the use of a strong eye-piece there appears to be quite a margin
or space through which the lens may be moved back and forth
without affecting the definition. This space should be utilized in
favor of the sides after the center is well defined.

The following is, I believe, a good method : Put in, first, a
stop one size larger than the one you know ought to give sharp
definition ; focus for the central line of distance with focussing
screw and for foreground with swing-back. By alternating once
or twice in that manner every thing will be sharp on this vertical
line. Then bring nearer together ground glass and lens until the
definition in the center is just beginning to lose in sharpness ; then
clamp the camera and put in a smaller stop if a rapid exposure is
not wanted.

It may sometimes happen that the swing-back can not be used
for focussin'g purposes, as in the case of an architectural view, or
when in the central portion of the view are objects at different dis-
tances, requiring diff"erent focal lengths, such as a near bridge
under which can be seen a distant view. In either case a compro-
mise should be made, treating all principal parts of the picture
alike, and then using a very small stop, giving the required defi-
nition.

In architectural work and groups greater sharpness is required
than for landscapes where those parts of the pictures only which
make it interesting need be absolutely sharp.

When small negatives are made, with a view to enlargement
or for lantern slides, no pains should be spared to have them as
sharp as the lens and subject will permit.

May 20, 1886. L. M. Petitdidier.

Department of Zoological Miscellany. 261

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGICAL MISCELLANY.
A Call for Contributions.

All members ot the Society are earnestly requested to con-
tribute whatever of interest they may have observed or learned
concerning quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, or other
animals.

All such articles, of sufficient novelty or importance to be
printed, will appear in connection with the name of the author.
Many of our members are naturalists: many are hunters, anglers,
and sportsmen, and certainly ought to contribute something to
these pages, and to the advancement of the Society and the growth
of science. Send your articles to Wm. Hubbell Fisher, editor of
this department, care of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History,
No. 108 Broadway, or to Room 13 Wiggins Block, Cincinnati, O.

Mammals.

We are indebted to Mr. x^mos W. Butler, of Brookville,
Indiana, for the following items, as to Common Meadow Mouse
and Common Mole.

Arvicola ripariiis — Commom Meadow Mouse. — October 11,
1886, several females were taken in my yard. Of three examined
all were far advanced in pregnancy. Two contained six : one,
three young. They were found frequenting some sweet potato
ridges, near which was a plat of blue grass. Near the latter they
were very destructive, but as the distance increased from the un-
broken sod their ravages decreased. They worked lengthwise of
the ridges, eating many of the potatoes. The largest tubers were
selected, and all that was left of some was a thin shell with an
opening into the capacious cavity the little rodents had made. It
seems probable, considering the condition of the females, that
these hollowed-out potatoes may have been intended as resting
places. •

Scalops aguaticus — Common Mole. — Observed one at work
November 9, 1886. The day previous the thermometor registered
18°. November 13, one was observed at work beneath the
snow. November 21, one was noticed at work.

Amos W. Butler.

262 Cinciwiati Society of Natural History.

Dr. V. VV. Langdon, one of our most faithful and assiduous
naturalists, contributes the following as to the Panther and Wolf:

Felix loiuolor, Linnaeus, — Panther. — Under date of Decem-
ber 3, 1886, Mr. Raymond W. Smith, of Lebanon, Ohio, writes me
as follows : * =!= ^ " The Journal of the first Board of Com-
missioners of Warren county (Ohio), shows that, at their meeting
held September 15, 1803, they allowed, among others, the follow-
ing bill:

" ' 7'o Timothy Squires, for killing one panther, 3dols.' By
consulting the deed record of the county for 1803, I find that
Squires lived about six miles west of Lebanon, near the Shaker
swamps, then very extensive and heavily wooded."

Canis lupus, Linnaeus — Wolf.— The above letter also slates
that "on January 28, 1804. Arnold Snider and Aaron Swill were
each allowed two dollars for a wolt-scalp."

F. W. Langdon, M. D.

ORNITHOLGY.

I). J. H. Hunt, one of our former presidents, contributes the
following item respecting the Martin :

Cincinnati, Nov. 1, 1886.

W. H. Fisher, Dear Sir:— While in Tallahassee, Fla., this
summer, I observed something in regard to the habits of the mar-
tins that was entirely new to me. I have never seen a martin
alight upon a tree with us in the North, but invariably upon
houses or the places fitted up for their especial benefit. On the
main street of Tallahassee, near the St. James Flotel, was a mul-
berry tree that had at some time been trimmed in close, so that it
had a very compact growth of limbs, forming a dense body of the
top of the tree. About 4 o'clock P. M. myriads of martins
would congregate there.

It so happened that at this time there was being held an Inter-
State Shooting Tournament. Some of the clubs were at the hotel
and saw the martins come in every day, and one evening they
procured *a bag and fitted a hoop in it, and one of the party,
secreting himself in the tree, captured the birds in great quantities,
just as an entomologist would with his net lake butterflies, only
that instead of capturing but a single one at a sweep, he would
get from ten to twenty birds at a time, which were used next day
at the fair ground for practice.

Department of Zoological Miscellajty. 263

This may not be new to ornithologists, but I send it to you
for the benefit, perhaps, of others.

Respectfully, Dr. J. H. Hunt.

HERPETOLOGY.

The following items as to black snake, yellow-headed garter
snake, pilot snake, ring-necked snake, leather snake, summer
green snake, little red snake, Helen's worm snake, cave salaman-
der, common land tortoise, lady turtle, painted turtle, brown swift,
triton, are contributed by Amos W. Butler :

Bascaniitm constrictor, (L.) B. & G. Black Snake. — On
February 10, 1886, when the ground was frozen and snow was to
be found in sheltered localities, a black snake which, from the
description, was probably this species, was killed near a "sink
hole" on the farm of W. S. Case, four miles from Brookville.
Later in theseason several other snakes of the same s])ecies were
killed near the same place.

Eutcenia saiirita. L. Yellow-headed Garter Snake.—-
The first specimen of this species from Franklin county was taken
April 26, 1886. Several have since been found. This is the most
ferocious of all of our snakes. It never waits to be provoked,
but hastily coils itself and strikes wickedly at the intruder. I am
satisfied that this is frequently thought to be the "copperhead"
{Ancistrodon contortrix, (L) B. & G.), a snake which is probably
extinct in this county.

; . Coluteer absolctiis, 'idiy. Pilot Snake ; Blue Racer.— -This is
the most arboreal of all our snakes. It is frequently found at
quite a distance from the ground upon large and small trees alike.
A favorite position for repose appears to be upon some drooping or
many-br'anched bush, where it may lie and enjoy the warm sun-
shine. They are the most destructive to birds of all our snakes.
Several instances of their preference for avian food have been
noticed the past summer. Some specimens have been brought to
me greatly distended by the bird they had just swallowed.

Diodophis punctatus, (L.) B. & G. Ring-necked Snake.—-
When we found the proper localities, this proved to be a rather
common snake. It frequents the dry hillsides where, beneath the
bark of long-fallen trees or under a stick or rotten stump, it spends
the warmer parts of the day.

Tropidonatus lel^eris, (L.) Halb. Leather Snake. — This is
regularly the earliest snake to appear in the spring and the last to

264 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

disappear in the fall. It was first noted March 22, 1885 and March 20,
1 886. Mr. Edw. Hughes reports seeing one apparently verv recently
killed, Nov. 7, 1886: at that date the ground was frozen, and on
the 5th there had been a fall of two inches of snow. This snake
appears to be very irregularly distributed. It has been recorded
from but two localities in Ohio, and appears to be rare in Indiana
outside of the vVhitewater valley, where it is common.

Cyclophis wstiTits. Linn. Summer Green Snake. — A speci-
men of this species is in the collection of the Brookville Society
of Natural History. It was presented by the late T. B. VVard, of
(iuilford, Dearborn Co., Indiana, by whom it was taken near that
place. It has never been taken in this county, and this is, so far
as I know, its first record in southeastern Indiana. It has but one
Ohio record.

Tropidocloniiuii kirtlandi. Kennicott. Little Red Snake. —
Mr. C. H. Hollman informs me, upon the authority of Dr. D. S.
Jordan, that specimens of this species have been taken in Monroe
county, Indiana.

Carphophiops hcleiue. Kennicott. Helen's Wor.m Snake.—
Mr. Bollman has taken two specimens of this si)ecies in Monroe
county.

Spelcrpcs h/ioicainius ((ireen) Bd. Cave Salamani>er. — This
species, previously known from one locality, has been taken in
northeastern part of the county, not far from the Ohio line.

Cistindo Carolina, (Linn.) Cope. Common Land Tortoise. —
In an article on the "Hibernation of the Lower Vertebrates," in
the American Naturalist, for January, 1885, I gave some-notes from
observation on this tortoise. They apparently emerge from their
winter homes in this latitude late in April, or, in backward springs,
early in May. I have noticed them mating as early as May 7th.
Mr. E. R. Quick brought me five of six eggs taken July (6, i886-
The following are appro.ximately the measurements in inches and
hundredths, of four of them — owing to the fact that they were
quite f.hrivelled when measured, they are not perfectly accurate :

•95X1.50; .85X1.40; .85X1.52; 87X1.55-
These eggs were almost ready to hatch. Usually these tor-
toises "hole up" by the middle of October at latest, but a friend
found one apparently in excellent condition upon the public road
November 17, 1886. Prior to this date the thermometer had
twice registered as low as 18°.

Department of Zoological Miscellany. 265

Crysemys marginata. Agassiz. Lady Turtle.— Over the
most of Indiana this is the prevailing species of painted turtle,
but in the Whitewater valley it is rare.

Chrysemys picta. (Herm.) Gray. Painted Turtle. — This is
the common species of its genus in southeastern Indiana. The
watershed separating Whitewater from the White River and its
tributaries marks the boundary, in a general way, between the
range of this and the last mentioned species.

Sceloporiis imdulatus. Harlan. Brown Swift. The distri-
bution of this species in southeastern Indiana is peculiar. It is
quite common in Franklin County, but generally, throughout the
southeastern quarter of the State, is rare.

Desmognathus ocrophcea. Cope. Triton. Reported common
in Monroe County, Ind., by Mr. BoUman.

Amos W. Butler.

FISHES.

Under this division Mr. Amos W. Butler contributes items

respecting the Blind Simon, Zoned Darter, Sand Darter, White

Sucker, Red-bellied Dace, Girard, Red-fin, Cope, Black-nosed
Dace, Horned Dace, viz.:

Etheostoma variatinn. Kirtland. Blind Simon. Another
specimen of this rare darter was taken by E. R. Quick and the
writer, September 23, 1886, in the canal, four miles north of
Brookville,

Etheostoma zonale. Cope. Zoned Darter. A few specimens
were taken in the Whitewater River by members of the Indiana
Academy of Science, May 21. 1886.

Etheostoma pellucida. Bd. Sand Darter. Several speci-
mens taken with those of the last-mentioned species.

The following species, taken by Professors W. P. Shannoi^
and O. P. Jenkins, May 22, 1886, in Little Salt and Bull Fork,
branches of Salt Creek, a tributary of the west fork of the White-
water, have not previously been recorded from Franklin County,
Indiana :

Catostomiis teres. Mitchill. White Sucker.

266 Cincinnati Society of Nattiral History.

Chrosomus cryt/uvi^astrr. Rafinesque. Rki> jjki.i.iki* Dace.
Scarce.

Notropis tvhipph'i. (jirard. Common.

Notropis ardcns lythriinis. Jordan. Red-fix. (x)mmon.

Notropis atherinoides. Rafinesque. Rosy Miwow. One
specimen.

Ericymba buccata. Cope. Common.

Rhinicc/it/iys afronasiis. Mitchill. Ki.ack-.x'oskd Dack. Scarce.

Sonotihis atroi/iociilotiis. Mitchill. Horned Dace. Scarce.

.\.MOS W. lU II.KR.

Brookvii.i.e, Ind. , Norriiibi-r 29, 1S86.

Additions to the Library. 267

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY FOR THE YEAR
ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1886.

By Donation.

Agriculture, Department of. Washington. Division of Entomology.
Experiments on Insecticides, Bulletin No. 11.
Insects affecting the Orange. H. G. Hubbard.
Periodical Cicada. C. V. Riley, Bulletin No. 8.
Aldricli, T. H., Cincinnati. Bulletin No. i. Geological Survey of
Alabama.

Notes on Distribution of Tertiary Fossils in Alabama
and Mississippi.
Andrews, Mrs. William. History of Scotland. 6 vols.
Jackson's Messages.
Norman. Rambles in Yucatan.
Science Record. 1872.
Sicentific American. 4 vols.
Scottish Gail. James Logan.
Year Book.
Bassler, S. A., Cincinnati. Constitution of Meteorological Society.

Weather Bulletin, December i, 1869.
BofiU, M. Arturo. Barcelona. Contributions a la Faune Mala-
cologique de la Catalogne. Bofill.

Catalogo de los Molluscos testaceos terrestrea del
Liana de Barcelona. Bofill.

Excursio als Pyrineus Central, Bofill.
Brauner, John C, Ph. D. Glaciation of Wyoming and Lacka-

vvana Valleys.
Brinton. D. G., A. M. M. D. Philadelphia. Conception of Love
in Some American Languages. Brinton.
Iconographic Encyclop<jedia. Vol. II.
Ikonomatic Writing. Brinton.
Brown, Charles E. Washington. House of Representatives.
Memoirs of National Academy of Science. Vol II., part i.
Statistics and Technology of the Precious Metals.
Census. Vol. XIII.
Bruce J. E. Statistics of Ohio, 1884, 6 copies.

268 Cincinnati Society of Natiaal History.

Bureau of Education. Washington. Circulars of Information.
Nos. 3, 4, 5.

Special Report on Educational Exhibits at New Orleans
Exposition.

Review of British Royal Commission of Technical
Instruction. Thompson.

Report of Commissioner of Education for 1883-84.
Carpenter, P. Herbert. Eton College, Windsor, Eng. Review

of Fossil Crinoids,
Cope, E. D. Philadelphia. Coal Deposits near Zacualtipan,
Mexico. Cope.

Intercentrum of Terrestrial Vertebrata. Cope.
Phylogeny of the Camelidae. Cope.
Structure of the Brain, etc., of the Reptiles of Permian.
Cope.

Vertebrata of Swift Current Creek Region of Cypress
Hills. Cope.
Department of the Interior. Washington. Proceedings United

States National Museum, Vol. I.
Director Bureau of Ethnology Washington. Annual Report

Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82.
Estate of Edward S. Wayne, through Dr. O. D. Norton. American
Dispensatory. King.

American Journal of Pharmacy, Vols. 41, 46, 54.
American Weeds and Useful Plants. Darlington.
Birds West of looth Meridian. Henshaw.
Birth of Chemistry. Rodwell.
Botany. Balfour.

Of California, Vol. I. .
Henfrey.

Manual of. Gray.
Structural. Cooke,
('hemical Physiology.
Chemical Works. Grey Ferrey.
Chemistry of Plants. Draper.

Cincinnati Health Department. Seventeenth Report.
Coast Survey, 1866.
Conchology. Wood.

Department of .\griculture. Reports, 1868 and 1877, 1880.
Description d'une Masse de fer meteonque, 1862. J. Lew Smith.
Disinfectants. Smith.
Dublin, Mineralogy of.
Economic Geology of Illinois.
Fuel. Treatise on.
Figuiers. Mammalia.

Insects.
Fungi. Cooke and Berkely.
Fungi, Microscopic. Cooke.

Additions to the Libtary. 269

Field Book of Manures.
(Geological Stories. 'I'aylor.
(jeological Surveys : —

Illinois^ Vol. VII.

Kentucky. Vol. IV., 2 copies.

Second Surrey, Vols. II., III., IV

Michigan. VVinchell. i860,
(renera, Synopsis of.
Hamlin on the Tourmaline,
Herndon. Maps.
Infusoria. Pritchard.

International Standard, Vol I., i; II., 6; III., i, 3.
Import Duties. Heyl.
Indiana Report, 1869. Maj)s to.
Meteorology Jackson.
Manual de Pharmacie, Vols. I., V.
New York Agricultural Society Report, 1849.
New Commercial Plants and I3rugs. No. 6.
New Plants. Millspaugh. Part I.

Ohio Agricultural Reports, 1857, 1868, 1872, 1874, 1880.
Ohio Crop Reports, July, 1882, September, 1882, August, 1883.
Organic Materia Medica.
Proceedings xA.merican Pharmaceutical Association, Vols, i, 2, 5,

6, 12, 15, 16, 26, 29, 35, lb, 39, 40, 44-
Pharmacopoea of United States.
Pharmaceutical Latin Grammar.
Pills and Mixture Book.
Produits Chemiques, Vols. I., II., III.
Philosophy of the Mechanics of Nature.
Proximate Analysis.
Proctor on Pharmacy.

Report of Commissioners to Vienna Exposition, Vols. I., II., III.
Report of Commissioners to Pans Exposition, 6 vols.
Reexamination of American Minerals, Part V. 1855.
Revision' of Pharmacopoea.

Science, Nos. i, 5, 7, 17, 19, 21, 24, 29, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44,
Siluria. Murchison.
Smithsonian Report, 1880.
Structure and Development of Pareira Stems.
Supplement to Source of Measures. J. R. Skinner
Thermal Waters of Asia.
Tropical Agriculture. Simmons.
Therapeutics and Dose Book.
Views of Microscopic World.
Weighing and Measuring. Chisholm.
Weights and Measures.
Wild Flowers of America, Parts, 1, 2.
Year Book of Agriculture, 1855-56.

270 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Fisher, Wm. Hubbell. Report New York Forest Commission, 1885.
Follett, Hon. John F. Cincinnati. U. S. Survey of the Territo-
ries, Vol. III.

Tertiary Vertebrata. Cope.

Smithsonian Report, 1883; Report of Bureau of Yax\-

nology, 1880-81; Fourth Annual Report of U. S. Geological

Survey.

Forum Publishing Co. New York. " The Forum,'" Vol. i,No. 1,

Hoffman, W. J. Indians of Los Angelos County. Cal. Hugo

Reid.
Hinde, George J. Mitcham Surrey, England.

Hystricrinus vs. Anthrocantha..
James, Davis L. Cincinnati. American Journal of F'orestry.

Vol. I, Nos. 2, 3, 12.
Astronomical and Meteorological Observations for 1868. U. S.

Naval Observa'.ory,
James, Joseph F. Affinities of Diona^a. Progress of Vegetation.
Remarks on Fossil Fungus, etc. Bulletin No. 2 American
Ornith. Union.

Cephalapoda of Cincinnati Group.
Review of Climates.
Weather Journal, Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Science, January 15, 1886. Naturalists' Advertiser.
Vol. I., Vol. II.. Nos. I, 2. Microscopical Bulletin, Vol.
I., Nos. 3-7. Science Record, Vol. II,. Nos. 2, 4.

Scientific and Literary Gossi]), Vol. I., 3, 5, 6, 7, 11.
Catalogues of Bausch and Lomb, and L. M Prince.
Programmes of A. A. A. S. Montreal and Minneapolis
Meetings.
Kansas Historical Society. Celebration of Quarter Centennial of

the Settlemnent of Kansas.
Knights, Wm. H. Cincinnati. Wonders of the Heavens. Mam-

marion.
Lintner, J. A. Albany. Second Annual Rej^ort of the State

Entomologist of New York.
Magurk, Miss Mary. Cincinnati, Birds of Kansas. N. S. Goss.
Newberry, J. L Notes on Geology and Botany of the Northern

Pacific Railroad.
Norton, Dr. O. I). Cincinnati. Manual of Botany of North
America. Eaton.

Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaus ornee. Albin
Ornithological Union. American Destruction of Our Native Birds.
Report of Meeting of Microscopical Society of West
Chester, Pa.
Orton, Prof. E. Columbus. Report upon Petroleum and Inflam-
mable Gas. Orton.
Public Library. (Cincinnati. Finding List of Hooks in the Public

Library.
Publishers. Hoosier Naturalist, Vol. I.. No. 5.

Additions to ihe Libraiy. 271

Publishers. San Francisco. Pacific Science Monthly.
Publishers. Cincinnati. American Sportsman, June 19, 1886.
Queen, James W. Philadelphia. Microscopical Bulletin, Vol.

I., No, 6.
Reeve, J. C. List of Abbreviations in (jeolopjical Record, 1880-

1884.
Ridgway, Robt. Washington. Stejeneger on Explorations in

Commander Islands and Kamtschatkas.
Smith, H. P. Cincinnati.

Climate and Time. Jas. Croll.
Smithsonian Institution. Washington.

Bulletin U. S. National Museum, Nos. 23, 28, 29.

Check List of Publications of Smithsonian Institution,
1874.

Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. VIII. , Nos.
39. 40, Appendix.

Proceedings U. S National Museum, 1886. Nos. 1 to
18, inclusive.
S. P. C. A. Cincinnati. Ninth Annual Report of American

Humane Association.
Symmes, Americus. Cincinnati. The Symmes Theory of Con-
centric Spheres.
Ulrich, E. O. Cincinnati. Contributions to American Palaeon-
tology, Vol. I.
United States Civil Service Commission.

Third Annual Report.
United States Fish Commission, Bulletin, Vol. VI., Nos. i to 14

inclusive.
United States Geological Survey Director. Washington.

Bulletin of U. S. Geological Survey Nos. 15, 29.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883-84.

Monographs of Geological Survey, Vol. IX.

R. W. Whitfield on Brachiopoda and Lamellibranch-
iata of New Jersey.

Report of U. S. Geological Survey, Fifth Annual.
University of Vermont. Catalogue of University.
Ward and Howell. i\ochester. Catalogues of W^ard's Series of

Casts of Fossils, etc.
Ward's Natural Science Bulletin. Vols. I. II. III., No i.
Warder, R. H. North Bend, O. Essays and Addresses by John

H. Warder.
Wayne, Mrs. E. S. Cincinnati.

Meehan's Flowers and Ferns of U. S. Four Nos.

Medicinal Plants. Millspaugh, 5 pts.
Yale College. New Haven, Conn. Rei)ort for 1 884-85 of Board

of Managers of the Observatory.

272 Cmcinnati Society of Natwal History.

Additional Donations.

Cooper, E. M. Proceedings of the Worcester Society of An-
tiquity, 1885.

Smith, Eugene A. Geological Survey of Alabama : Warrior
Coal Fields.

By Exchange — Regular.

Albany Institute Transactions of Vol. IV.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston. Proceed-
ings, Vol. XIII.
American Antiquarian. Vol. VIII.
American Anthropological Society. Washington.

Transactions. Vols. II. III.
American Association for Advancement of Science. Proceedings.

Vols. I, 3, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, II, 34.
American Geographical Society. Bulletin, 1882, Nos 6. 1883,

No. 7. 1884, Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 5. 1885, No. I, 2, 3.
American Journal of Science. New Haven, Conn. Vols. 31

and 32, 1886. Index to Vols. XXI-XXX.
American Monthly Microscopical Journal. Washington. Vol.

VII., 1886.
American Museum of Natural History. New York. Annual

Report, 1885-6.

Bulletin, Vol. I., No. 7.
American Naturalist. Philadelphia. Vol XX., 1886.
American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia.

Proceedings, Nos. 121 to 123.

List of Surviving Members
Auk, The. Cambridge. Vol. III., 1886.
Belgique, Societe Royale Malacologique. Brussels.

Proces Verbaux. Tomo XIV., pp. LXXXI to CXLIV.
Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

Mittheilungen, Nos. iiigto 1142.
Boston Society of Natural History.

Proceedings, Vol. XXIII. Part 2.
Botanical Gazette, Vol. XI. Index to Vols. I to X.
Bremen Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein. Abhandlungen Band

IX, Heft 3.
Brooklyn Entomological Club.

Entomologia Americana, Vol. I, Nos. 10 to 12. Vol.
II, Nos. I to 8.
Brookville Society of Natural History. Bulletin No. 2.
Buffalo Society of Natural History. Bulletin, Vol. V, Nos. i, 2.
California Academy of Science. Bulletin, Vol I, No, 4. Vt)l.

II, No. 5.

Casey, Thos. L. Descriptive Notices of North .•\mer-
ican Coleoptera.

Additiotis to the Libtary. 273

Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin, Vol. XII,
Nos. 3 to 6. Vol. XIII, No. I.
Report for 1885-6.
Canadian Entomologist. Dec, 1885. Jan. to Sept. 1886.
Canada Geological and Natural History Survey.

Descriptive Catalogue of Collection of the Economic
Minerals of Canada.
Canadian Institute. Proceedings, Vol. Ill, Nos. 3 and 4. Vol.

IV, No. I.
Caniidian Record of Science. Vol. II, Nos. i to 5.
Cassel Vereine fur Naturkunde.

Bericht des Vereinse, Nos. 28 to 31.
Festschrift des Vereins zur Feur seines funfzigjahrigen
Besteheus.
Chicago Academy of Sciences. Bulletin, Vol. I, No. i to 6.
Comite Geologique du Russie. St. Petersburg.

Bibliotheque Geologique de la Russie. Bulletins, 1882,

No. i; 1883, Nos. I to 9; 1884, Nos. i to 10;

1885, Nos I to 7, 8 to 10; 1886, Nos. I to 6.

Memoirs. Vols. I, II, Nos. i, 2, 3; Vol. Ill, No. i.

Turkestan, by I. Mouchketow.

Conchology. Journal of Leeds. Vol. IV, Nos. 11 and 12;

Vol. V. Nos. I to 3.
Cordoba Academia Nacional de Ciencias. Boletin Tomo VIII.,
entregas 2, 3, 4.
Actas de la Tomo V., entregas i and 2.
Davenport Academy of Sciences Proceedings, Vol. IV., 1882-84.
Deutchen Gesellschaft fur Natur — und Voeker kunde Ostasiens.

Yokohama. Mittheilungen. Heft. 34, 35.
Edinburgh Botanical Society Transactions, Vols. XV., part 2 ;

XVI., part 2.
Edinburgh Geological Society. Vol. V., part i.
Entomological Society, Washington Proceeding, Vol., No. i.
Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. Bulletin. Vol. XVII., Nos. 4, 6,

7, 9, 10, 12. ; Vol XVIII., Nos. I, 3, 4, 6.
Franklin Institute. Philadelphia. Report of Examiners of Electric
Signaling and Electric Registering Apparatus, etc. Sec-
tion XXVI.

Of Steam Engines. Section XI.
Of Educational Apparatus. Section XXIX.
Of Meteorological and Other Registers Section XXII.
Of Application of Electricity to Artistic Effects and Art
and Music. Section XXIX.

Of Electrical Medical Appartus. Section XXIII.
Gardiner's Monthly and Horticulturalisi, January to Decem-
ber, 1886.
Glasgow's Natural History Society.

Proceedings. New Series. Vol I., part 2.
Index to Vols. I. to V., 1852 to 1883.

274 Cincinnati Society oj Natiaal History.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History Bulletin, Vols. II ,

Article IV.
India. Geological Survey.

Manual of the Geology of India. Part III. Economic
Geology.
Memoirs :

Vol. IV., Pt. I. Cretaceous Rocks of Trichinopoly
District, Madras. Pt. 2. Geological Structure of Trichin-
opoly District, Salem, etc. Pt. 3. Coal of Assam.

Vol. v., Pt, I Sections Across Northwestern Hima-
laya Mountains. On Gypsum of Spitti. Pt. 2. (ieology
of Bombay. Pt. 3. Jheria Coal Field.

Vol. VI, Pt. 1. Geology of Lynan, etc., in Sind.
Geology of a Portion of Cutch. Pt. 2. Bokara and Ram-
garh Coal Fields. Traps of Western and Central India.
Pt 3. Tapti and Nerbudda Valleys. Frog Beds in
Bombay. Oxyglossus pusillus.

Vol. VII , Pt. I. Vindhyan Series. Mineral Statisics
— Coal. Pt. 2 Karharbari and Deoghar (^oal Fields.
Pt. 3. Aden Water Supply. Karanpura Coal Fields.

Vol. VIII. Pt. I. Formations in Madras Presidency
Pt. 2. Itkhuri, Daltonganj and Chope Coal Fields

Vol. IX. Pt. I. Geology of Kutch. Ptt 2. Geology
of Nagpur. Geology of Sirbane Hill. Carboniferous
Ammonites

Vol X. Pt. I. Geology of Madras, Satpura Coal Basin.
Pt. 2. Geology of Pegu.
Vol. XI, Part I, Geology of Darjiling and Western Duars.

Part 2, Salt Region of Kohat, Trans Indus.
Vol. XII, Part I, South Mahratta Country.

Part 2, Coal Fields of the Naga Hills.
Vol. XIII, Part I, Wardha Valley Coal Fields.
Part 2, Geology of the Rajamhal Hills.
Vol. XIV, Geology of the Salt Range of the Punjab.
Vol. XV, Part 1, Geology of the Aurunga and Huttar Coal
Fields.
Part 2, Ramkola and Tatapani Coal Fields.
Vol. XVI, Part i. Geology of Eastern Coast from Latitude
15° to Masulipatian.
Part 2, The Nellore Portion of the Carnatic.
Part 3, Coastal Region of the Godavari District.
Vol. XVII, Part 1, Geology of Western Sind.

Part 2, Trans-Indus Extension of the Punjab Salt Range.
Vol. XVIII, Part i, Southern Afghanistan.
Part 2, Manbuhm and Singhbhum.
Part 3, Pranhita-Godavari Valley.
Vol. XIX, Part i, The Cachar Earthquake of 1869.
Part 2, Thermal Springs of India.
Part 3, A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes.
Part 4, Parts of Manipur and the Naga Hills.

Additions to iJie Library. 275

Vol. XX, Part 1, Geology of Madura and Tinnevilly Districts.

Part 2, Notes on Hills of Sind and Punjab.
Vol XXI, Part i, Geology of Lower Narbada Valley.

Part , Geology of Kathiawar Peninsula in Guzerat.

Part 3, Southern Coal Fields of the Rewah Gondwana

Basin.
Part 4, Volcanoes of Barren Island and Narcondam
the Bay of Bengal.
Vol. XXII, The Geology of Kashmir, Chamba and Khagan.
Palteontologia Indica :

Series I, III, V, VI, VIU, Cretaceous Fauna of Southern

India.
Series I, Cephalopoda, Belemnitida — Nautilidae.
Series III, Cephalopoda, Ammonitidae— 9 Parts.
Series V, Parts i, 4, 6, Gastropoda.
Series VI, Parts i, \\, Pelecypoda.
Series VIII, Part i, Brachiopoda. Part 2, Ciliopoda. Part

3, Echinodermata. Parts 4, 5, Corals, Sponges, etc.
Series II, XI, XII, Fossil Flora of the Gondwana System.
Series II; fasc. 1-6, Fossil Flora of the Rajmahal Series.

Parts 2, 3, Jurassic Flora of the Rajmahal Group.

Part 4, Outliers on the Madras Coast. Index.
Series XI, Index. Part i, Jurassic Flora of Kach.

Part 2, Flora of Jabalpur Group.
Series XII, Part i. Flora of Talchirkarharbari.

Parts 2, 3, Flora of Damuda and Panchet.
Series XII, Vol. IV, Part i, Flora of S. Rewah Gondwana

Basin.
Series IX, Jurassic Fauna of Kutch.

Parts I, 4, Cephalopodia.
Series 4, Indian Pretertiary Vertebrata.

Part I, Vertebrate Fossils of Panchet Rocks.

Part 2, Remains of Ganoid Fishes, etc.

Part 3, Fossil Reptilia and Batrachia.

Part 4, Labyrinthodont from Bijori Group.

Part 5, Reptilia and Amphibia from the Maleri and
Denwa Groups.
Series X, Indian Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Vertebrata.
Vol. I, Part I, Rhinoceros Deccanensis.

Part 2, Molar Teeth and other Remains of Mammalia.

Parts 3, 4, Crania of Ruminants.

Part 5, Siwalik and Narbad Proboscida.
Vol. II, Part I, Siwalik Rhinocerotidae.

Part 2, Supplement to Vol, I, Part 5.

Part 3, Siwalik and Narbada Equidae.

Part 4, Siwalik Camelopardalidae.

Part 5, Siwalik Selenodont Suina, etc.

Part 6, Siwalik and Narbada Carnivora.

2/6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Vol. Ill, Part I, Add Slwalik Perissodactyla and Proboscidia.

Part 2, Sivvalik and Narbada Bunodont Suina.

Part 3, Siwalik Rodents and New Ruminants.

Part 4, Siwalik Birds.

Part 5; Mastodon Teeth from Perim Island.

Part 6, Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia.

Part 7, 8, Siwalik Crocodilia, Lacertilia and Ophidia
and Tertiary Fishes.
Series VII XIV, Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous Fauna of

Western India.
Series VII, Part i, Kutch Fossils
Series XIV, Part i, Sind Fossil Corals and Alcyonaria.

Part 3, Fossil Echinoidea.

Part 4, Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar.
Series XIII. Salt Range Fossils.
Vol. I, Productus Limestone Fossils.

Part I, Pisces — Cephalopoda

Part 2, Cephalopoda — Gastropoda.

Part 3, Pelecypoda.

Part 4, Brachiopoda.

Part 5, Bryozoa, Annelida, Echmodermata.
Records— Vol. I to XVIII, Complete.

Vol. XIX, Part i to 4.

Index to Vols, i to 10.
Institute of Mining Engineers. American.

Krom. Improvement in Ore-crushing Machinery.
Salom. The Manufacture of Steel Castings.

Discussion on Hunt's Paper on the Clapp and Griffith
Process.
Christy. Quicksilver, Condensation at New Almaden.
Cheever. Process for Estimating Phosphorus in Iron and
Steel.

The Colorimetric Process.
Stetefeldt. Amalgamation of Gold Ores.
Freeland. Sulphide Deposit in Leadville, Colorado.
Frazer. The "Centennial" and " Lotta " Gold Properties.
King. Experiments with Bolts and Screw Threads.
Egleston. Treatment of Roasted Pyrites.
Clark. Lixiviation and Amalgamation Tests.
Bowron. Geology and Mineral Resources in Tennessee.
Fackenthal. The Durham Blast Furnace.
Bartlett. Manufacture of Iron in Canada.
Campbell. Open Hearth Steel.
Pierce. Self-dumping Tank.

Birkinbine. Operations of Warwick Furnace, Pa.
Garrison. Miscroscopic Structure of Car wheel Iron.
Maynard. Blake on Utah Iron Ore Deposits.
Egleston. Kent on Failures of Steel Boiler Plates.
Pullman. Product of Hibernia Iron Mine, N. J,

Additions to the Library. 277

Withrow. The Clapp Griffith's Converter.

Hunt. Soft Steel for Boiler Plates.

Stetefeldt. The effect of Caustic Lime in the Lixivatinn of

Silver Ores.
Small. Stamp Mills and Chlorination Works, Amador Co.,

California.
Chance. The Anticlinical Theory of Natural Gas.
dTnvilliers. Cornwall Iron Ore Mines, Lebanon Co., Pa.
Randolph. Chinese Coals.
Wendt. Copper Ores of the South-west.
Emmerton. Determination of Phosphorus.
Boyd. Geology of Virginia and Tennessee.
Wendt. Hanging Pipe Hot-Blast Oven.
Hart. Action of Acids on Iron.
Garrison. Specific Gravity of Low Carbon Steel.
Terhune. Slag and Matte- Pot.
Chism. Mexican Weights and Measures.
Hunt and Cheever. Manganese in Iron and Steel.
Ruttman. Geology of New York.
Hooker. Mining in Oaxaca.
Proceedings, 40th, 42nd, 45th Meetings
Porter Iron Ores of Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee.
Wait. Chemical Laboratory of the Missouri School of Mines.
Brainard. Colored Mining Labor.
Withrow. Clapp and Griffith's Process.
Witherbee. Obstructions in Blast Furnaces.
Brainard. Hematite of Vermont.
Hunt. Benj. Silliman.
Taylor. Straight Blast Furnace.
Kimball. Relative value of Coals to Consumer.
Boyd. Coal and Iron Sulphides of Va. , N. C. and Tenn.
Maynard. Sidney G. Thomas.
Cabot. Temperature in Steel Making.
Gilpin. Iron Ores of Nova Scotia.
Hunt. Clapp and Griffith's Process.
Garrison. Microscopic Structure of Iron and Steel.
Taylor. Explosives in Blast Furnaces.
Freeman. La Plata Mountains, Cal.
McOermott. Amalgamation of Silver Ores.
Gatewood. Hard Centers in Steel.
Egleston. Flue Gas at Ems.
Spilsbury. Gold Mining in South Carolina.
Boyd. Ores of Cripple Creek, Va.
Coggin. Copper Slime Treatment.
Witherow. Blast Furnace at Roanoke.
Egleston. Leaching Gold and Silver Ores.
Blake. Mining and Storing Ice.
Whinery. Relative Strength of Explosives.
Henderson. Copper Deposits of S. Mountain.

2/8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Hitchcock. Philadel{)hia Gneisess.
McCreath. Iron Ores of Virginia.
Bower. Bower-Barff Process.
Stetefeldt. Shelf Dry Kiln.
Raymond. Natural Coke of Virginia.
Frazier. Copper Belt of S. Mountain.
Langdon. Langdon Gas Producer.
Gridley. Cast Iron of Unusual Strength.
Mackintosh and Troilius. Determination of Mangenese.
Rothwell. Arsenical Ores of Canada.
Italy; Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Gommercio : —
Annali di Agricoltura, 1886, viz:
Rivista del Servizio Minerario.
Coltivazione delle Barbabeetole da Tucchero.
Studi Ulteriori Sulla Inferzione Malarica.
Laghi Artificiali dell Algeria, della Francia e dell Belgio.
Relazione e Atlante.

Atti della Commissionone per le Malattie del Bestiame.
Atti della Commissione Consultiva per la Pesca.
Atti della Commissione Consultiva per la Fillossera.
Relazione sul Servizio Ippico.
Concorso Agrario Regionale di Lodi.
Istruzione per Conoscere e Combattere la Pernospera
della vite.

Su Alcuni Recenti Studi e Tentative di Pozzi Trivellati
in Italia.

Sui Vizi Pediditori Nel Gommercio del Bestiame.
Notize Interno al Boschi e Terreni Soggettial Vincolo
Forestale.

Variazioni del Fitto du Terreni.
Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore. Circulars Nos. 45, 47,
49, 50 to 54.

Studies, Vol. III., Nos. 5 to 8.
K-aiser. Konig. Geologischen — Reichsenstalt. Vienna. Ver

handlungen, 1885, Nos. 10-18; 1886, Nos. i 104.
Kaiser. Leopold Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Natur forschen-
Halle. Leopoldina, Vol. XXI.

Miscellaneous : Unterserchungen uber die Morphologie
des Dikotyledonen. Endospermo. Von Dr. Hegelmaier.
Die Dipterenflugel. Von Dr. E. Adolph.
K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen . Wien. Band

I., Nos. I to 4.
Kansas Historical Society. Topeka. Proceedings of Quarter
Centennial of Settlement of Kansas.
Publications, Vol. I.
Kongl. Vetenkaps Akademiens forhandlinger. Stockholm.

Ofersigt, Vol. 1883, Nos. 6 to 10; 1886, Nos. i to 8.

Additions to the Library. 279

Linnean Society of New South Wales. Catalogue of Books in
Library of Linnean Society.

Proceedings, Vol. V., Parts 3 and 4.

Proceedings. New Series, Vol. L, Parts i and 2.

Record of Proceedings, Linnean Hall, October, i, 1885.
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings.
Vols. XXIIL, XXIV.

Memoirs, Vol. YIIL, third series.
Minnesota State Geologist. Natural History and Geological Survey.

13th and 14th Annual Reports, 1884-85.
Musea Nacional. Rio de Janeiro. Archivos, Vol. XL, 1885.
Mycology, Journal of, Vol. H., Nos. i to 8.
Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging Tijdschrift, 2nd Serie,

Deel I, afl 2.
Newport Natural History Society.

Proceedings 1885-86, Vol. lY.
New York Academy of Sciences :

Annals, Vol. HI, Nos. 9 and 10.

Transactions, Vol. HI, Y, Nos. i to 6.
New York Agricultural Expeninient Station.

Annual Report, 1885.

Bulletin, New Series. Nos. 7 and 8.
New York Microscopical Society.

Journal, Vol. I, Nos. 8, 9; H, Nos. i to 7.
Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Sciences.

Proceedings, Vol. VI, Part 3.
Oberhessiche Gesellschaft fur Natur und Heilkunde Gieesen.

Bericht 24.
Ohio Meteorological Bureau. Columbus. Monthly Reports,

Nov., Dec. 1885; Jan. to Oct. 1886. Annual Re-
port, 1884, 1885.
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Cambridge.

Annual Reports, Vol. Ill, Nos. 5, 6.
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Proceedings. 1885, Aug. to Dec, Part 3. 1886, Jan.
March ; April to Sept.

Pamphlet, Inclusions in Granite of Craftsbury, Vt.
Philadelphia Zoological Society. Annual Report for 1886.
Philosophical Society. Washington. Bulletin, Vol. XIII.
Public Museum. Milwaukee, Annual Report, 4th, 1886.

Reports of Natural History Society, pp. 45 to 86.
Royal Microscopical Society. London. Journal, Dec, 1885;

Feb., April, June, Aug., Oct. and Dec, 1886.
Royal University of Norway. Christiania.

Norges Yaextrige. Bind I.

Yiridarium Norvegicum.

Universitets program for 2nd Sem., 1885.

Lakis, Kratere og Lavastromme.

zSo Cincinnati Society of Natiiral History.

Santiago Deutschin Wissenschaftlichen Verein.

Verhandlungen. Heft 3.
School of Mines Quarterly. New York.

Vol. VII, Nos. 2 to 4. Vol. XIII, No. i.
Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania:

A 2 — Coal Waste.

A C — Mining Methods and Atlas.

A A — Anthracite Region. Report I.

(A A) — Atlas : Anthracite Region. 3 vols.

H 6 — Jefferson Co. 2nd Report.

H 7 — Clearfield Co. 2nd Report.

I — Venango Co.

I 4— Warren Co. Oil Wells.

Q 3 — Mercer Co.

Q 4 — Crawford and Erie Co's.

R 2 — Part II. Cameron, Elk and Forest Co's.

V 2 — Clarion Co.

D 3 — Vol. I. Lehigh and Northampton Co's.

D 3— Vol. 11. Berks Co. Part I.

(D 3)— Atlas to Vols. I and II.

D 5 — Maps of Cumberland, Franklin and Adams Co's.
Sheets of S, Mountain.

F 2 — Perry Co.

G 4 — Clinton Co.

G 5 — Susquehanna and Wayne Co's.

G 6 — Pike and Monroe Co's.

G 7 — Susquehanna River Region.

T 2 — Bedford and Fulton Co's.

T 3 — Huntington Co.

T 4 — Center Co.

C 4 — Chester Co.

C 5 — Delaware Co.

C 6 — Philadelphia.

M 3 — Chemical Analysis.

P— Vol. Ill, Coal Flora

P 2 — Permo Carboniferous Plants.

P 3 — Ceratiocardiae and Eurypteridae,

Z — Terminal Moraine.
Grand Atlas:

Div. I. County Geological Maps, Part I.

Div. II. Anthracite Coal Fields, Parts I, II.

Div. III. Petroleum and Bituminous Coal Fields, Part I.

Div. IV. South Mountain and Great Valley Topograph-
Maps, Part I.

Div. V. Central and Southeastern Pennsylvania, Part I.
Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural Mexico.

La Naturaliza, Vol, VII, Parts 11 to 15.

Additions to the Library. 281

Societa Toscana di Scienza Natural!, Pisa.

Memoria Vol. VII.

Processi Verbal!, Vol. V, pp. i to 117.

Soc!ete Helvet!que, Actes de la. 68th Session.
Societe Imperiale des Naturalisles de Moscou.

Bulletin 1884, No. 4; 1885, Nos. i to 4.

Meteorologische Beobachtungen. 1885, ist Hefte.
St. Louis Academy of Natural Sciences.

Transactions, Vol. IV, No. 4.
Technical Society of the Pacific Coast. Transactions, Vol. I, No.

I, 4 to 10; Vol. II, Nos. II to 25 : III, Nos. i to 5.
Torino Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata. Turin.

Bolletino, Vol. I, Nos. i to 15.
Trenton Natural History Society.

Journal, Vol. I, No. i.
Vassar Brothers Institute. Transactions, Vol. Ill, No. i.
Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History.

Bulletins, Nos. 5 and 6.
Ward's Natural Science Bulletin.

Vol. I, Nos. I to 4; II, I, 2; III, I, 2.
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.

Transactions, Vol. VI. 1881-83. 1870-72. 1873-74.
1875-76.

By Exchange — Miscellaneous.

Aldrich, T. H. Cincinnati. Conrad. Fresh Water Shells of

the United States.

Observations on Genus Unio. Lea. Vol. III.
Alabama Geological Survey, 1879-80, 1880-81.
American Geographical and Statistical Society. Bulletin, Vol. II.
Arkansas Geology. First Report, 1858.
Bassnett, Thomas. Intimate Connection Between Gravitation and

the Solar Parallax.
Casey, Lieutenant. New Genera and Species of California

Coleoptera.
Coast Survey. Reports, 1871, 1873, 1874, 1876, 1878 to 1884.
Commonwealth of Georgia. Part i, 1884.
Cozzens, I. Geological History of Manhattan Island. 1843.
Davie, Oliver. Columbus. Geolological Survey of Ohio.
Palaeontology, Vol. II.
Economic Geology, Vol. V.
Lacoe, R. D. Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Fossil Plants of North

America.
Mineral Resources of the United States 1867 to 1869.
Palaeontographical Society, Vol. XVII; 1872.

282 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Patent Office Reports.

(Agriculture), 1848, 1850-51, 1849-50.
(Mechanics), 1852-3, 1855, Vol. 2; 1859, Vols, i, 2;
i860, Vols. I, 2; 1861, Vols. I, 2; 1867, Vols. T, 2, 3:
1869, Vol. 4; 1869-70, Vol. I ; 1870, Vols. I, 2, 3; 1871,
Vols. 2, 3'.4-

Programme of University of Cincinnati, 1884-5.

Science, Vol. II.. No. 28; VI., 134.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine, VIII.

Warder, J. A. Landscape Gardening for the Cemetery.

By Purchase.

Astronomical Journal.

Butterflies of JEastern United Ltates. French, G. H.

Isothermals of Lake Region.

Science, No. 34.

Index.

283

INDEX.

Tfoie. — Through a mistake of the printers an error occurs in the paging
of No. 2 of this volume. It should be paged from 65 to 128, instead of
I to 64.

A, B, C Process of Clarification. . 23
Additions to the Library:

By Donation 267

Exchange 272,281

Purchase 282

Albuminoids 22

Alcedinidiie. 59

Alcidse ... 64

Aldrich, T. H. and Meyer, Otto,

Tertiary Fauna 104

Alectoides 63

Aludida; 58

Amendments 46

Ampelidae 55

Anatidoe 63

Annual Address :

Geo. W. Harper 81

Anodonta 13

Aramida; 63

Ardeida> 61

A rtiodactyla 50

Arvicola lipanus 261

Assessments .... 43

Astylospongia.

gregaria 247

tumida 247

Ave? 5 -

Biscanium constrictor 263

Beatricae.

nodulosa 245

unriulata 245

Beer, Wm.

Roman Remains in Britain ... 8

Berkeley 3> 4. 5

Blemnosia Americana 1 1 1

Brachiospongia.

digitata 247

tuberculata 247

Brewer 21

Bullock, GfcO. Report on Photo-
graphic Section .... 68

Builer, Amos 261, 263, 265

By-laws 41

Cadulus abruptus 104

Canis lupus 262

Cantharellus 6

Caprimulgidii; 59

Carnivora 48

Carpenter, E. J.

Lantern Slides. 96

Carphophiops helense 264

Cassidaria planotecta 107

Castorida? . 51

Castotomus teres 265

Catalogue of Mammals and Birds 47
Catalogue of Unionida; of the

Mississippi Valley, George W.

Harper 10

Cathartidae 60

Cavil da: 51

Cephalopoda ill

Cebida; 48

Ceritliiopsis quadristriaris 107

Certhiidae 53

Charadriida; 62

Chrosomus erythrogaster. ...... .266

Cinclida; 52

Cistindo Carolina 264

Clarification.

by filtration 34

effect on sewage 34

of potable water 24

process of. . 24

Clarification of Public Water

Supp'y, C. R. Suintz 20

Clarifying Sewage 24

Clarke T^^tblet. 240

Columba; 61

Columbella mississippiensis 107

Coluteer ahsoletus 263

Colymbidae . . 64

Committees « 44

on Constitution 37i 3^

on Destruction of Birds 75

Committees, Reports of

on Constitution 37, 38

Destruction of Native Birds. 129

Constitution. 36, yj

Committee on 38

Report of 37. 38

Corbula Murchisoni 109

Corvida^ 5^

Crataegus to«mentosa 4

Crookes 23

284

Index.

Page
Crysemys

Marginata 265

picta. 265

Cuculid;t 59

Curators :

Election of 74

Reports on

Anthropology 67

Botany 67

Comparative Anatomy 67

Conchology 66

Entomology 66

Ictliyology 67

Meteorology 67

Custodian, Report of 68

Cyclocysto'des nitidus 17, 20

Cyclophisa;stivus 264

Cylichna vohitata . 108

Cypselidae 59

Cyrtoceras tenniseptum 18, 20

Daedalia.

ambigua 3

aurea 4

confragosa 4

glaberrima 4

sepium 2

unicolor 6

Dasypodidae 51

Dentalium incissium ... 104

Desmognathus ocrophoea 265

Destruction of Native Birds:

Report of Committee on. ... 129
Papers on :

Dury, Chas 163, 192

Fisher, Wm. Hubbell. . 167, 204

James, Jos. F 219

Langdon, F. W 181, 220

Warder, R. H 179

Didelphyida; 51

Diodophis punctatus 263

Donations 14, 36, 46, 75, 77,

80, 133, 135, 226, 229, 230.
Dury, Charles. Destruction of

Natiye Birds .' 163, 192

Edentata.. 51

Eglisia retisculpta 106

Ericymba buccata 266

Erinaceidse 50

Ethcostoma.

pellucida 265

variatum 265

zonale ... 265

Eutrcnia saurita 263

Faber, Charles. Fossils of Cin-

cinati Group 14

FalconidK 60

Page
Favolus

Alutaceus 5

Canadensis 5

Felix Concolor 262

Fisher, Wm. Hubbell.

Destruction of Native Birds, 167,
204

Zoological Miscellany 161

Fishes 225

Fissurella altior 105

Foraminifera 244

Fossils of Cincinnati Group.

Charles Faber 14

I'"ringillid:e 56

Fusus Newtonensis. 107

Ciallina' 61

Geology of Cincinnati. Joseph

F. James 84

Geology and Topography of Cin-

cinati Joseph F. James. .... 136

Gest Tablet 236

Glossophora 104

Gf mphoceras— powersi 20

Gridley Measuring Stone 153

Gruidse . 63

Hager 23

Harper, George W.

Annual Address 81

Catalogue of the Unionida; of

the Mississippi Valley 10

Herodiones 61

Herpetology. 263

Hirundinidre 55

Honorary Member : —

Orton,' Prof Edv^^ard. . 37

Hunt, Dr. J. H., 262

Hunt, T. Sterry. 22

Hyatt Filters 35

Hystricidpe 5 '

Ibididae 61

Icterida .... 57

Identification of the British Inch

as the Unit of Measure. J .

Ralston Skinner 115, 142, 231

Insectivora 50

Ischadites

dickhauti 249

James, Joseph F.

Destruction of Native Birds. . .219

Geology of Cincinnati 84

Geology and Topography ....136

Protozoa of Cincinnati Group. .244

Recent Synonym 103

Lamellibranchiata 109

I.amellirostres 63

Langdcn, F. W., M. D.

Destruction of Native Birds 181,220

Index,

285

Page
Langdon, F. W., M. D.

Zoological Miscellany 262

Lamida; 55

Lantern Slides. E. J .Carpenter. 96

Larid^E 64

Lemuridse 48

Lenzites

glaherrima 4

vialin 3

Lepadidse no

Lepidocoleus

Jamesi I5> 20

Librarian

Report 73

Library 43

Limicola' , 62

Longipennes 64

Macropodidie 52

Mammalia 47

Mammals 261

Margaritana 13

Marginalia Constrictoides 108

Marsupialia 51

Martin, the • • • • 262

Meetings 45

Members 41

Members deceased : —

Clunet, John B 225

Comings, E. S ... 225

Members elected: —

Anderson, Clough 229

Anderson, T. P 225

Barney, Howard 36

Bassler, S. S 8

Boylan, Dr. W. K 8

Brown, Miss Anna M 8

Brown, H. M. . . . . 129

Bruce, John E 36

Card, George F 37

Collier, Allen F 37

Collier, T. B . . . 8

Cook, C. M 229

Dawson, Dr. W. W 36

De Beck, David 37

Eger, George W. 8

Farney, H F.. 134

Field, Miss Elsie 36

Field, Miss Fannie 36

Fletcher, Miss Clara B 228

Fletcher, Dr. W. H 228

Frank, Miss Amanda. ....228

Frank, Miss Laura J 228

Frick, Miss Emma . 65

Galway, Warner 8

Gaither, Alfred 76

Geoghehan, Miss MoUie 225

Heighway, J. C, M. D 37

Page
Members Elected.

Herron, Miss Helen M 36

Hollingshead, Miss Lily 76

Hopkins, Miss Emidy 225

Hunter, Dr. Frank 36

Jenney, Herbert 238

Jones, Dr. J. D 225

Keckler. .Vlrs. A. T 76

Laws, Miss Annie 135

Laws, Miss Lizzie 135

Mills, Chas. S 37

Magurk, Miss Mary E 76

Mackenzie, Dr. J. C 229

Miner, Miss Amelia 229

Nicholas, Jos 8

Norton, T. H 134

Fetetididier, L. M 37

Patrick, Miss Ellen M 76

Peck, Geo . . 65

Piper, H. P 129

Poland, Lawrence 76

Powers, H. C. 76

Rickets, B. M., M. D 8

S'iwers, A. C 135

Shiras, J. O 37

Smith, H. F 225

Smiih, VVm. S 37

Steitinius, Miss Mary 76

Walker, E. W., M. D 76

Waller, Rev. H. D 8

Waider, John H 8

Whelpley, A. W 229

Williams, E , M. D 37

Williams, Mrs. E 37

Members resigned :

Innes, J. W . . 229

Waller, Rev. H. D 229

Merocrinus 18

Curtis ... 19, 20

Merulius 5

corium 6

himantioides 7

incarnatus 6

molluscus 7

porinoides 7

Microscopical exhibition 77

Minotilidae 53

Monotremata 52

Morgan, A P. Mycologic Flora

of the Miami Valley i

Motacillidae 53

Muridae

Murex cancellaroides 108

Museum, rules concerning . 44

Mycolcgic Flora of the Miami

Valley. A.P.Morgan i

Natica Newtonensis 106

286

Index.

Page

Naera multiornata no

Notrophis.

ardens lylhrurus 266

atheiinoides 266

whipplei .... 266

Octodontidae . 5 '

Officers:

duties of 42

election of 40, 74

Ornithology 262

Osborne, Sherrard 22

Paridae 53

Pasceolu?.

Darwinii .... 248

globosus . . 248

Passeres. . . 5^

Pattersonia.

difficilis 247

Pecten pulchricosta 109

Pelecanidae . 64

Perdioidae .... 61

Perissodactyla . 5°

Petitdidier, L. M.

Photographic Appliances and

their Uses 256

Phalacoocoracidae. . . . 64

Phalaropodidae 62

Phascolomyidae 5 2

Phasianidae 61

Photographic Appliances and their

Uses. L. M. Petitdidier 256

Picariae 5^

Picidae . .S9

Pinnipedia 49

Pittaci 59

Pittidae 58

Plicatula planata 109

Ploiidae .... 64

Plwnulites 14

Podicipidae 64

Polyporei .... i

Polyporus,

Boucheanits 5

cervinus 3

lentus 5

Porothelium.

fimbriatum 7

Primates 47

Proceedings of Society, 8, 36, 37, 65,
75, 76, 78, 129, 133, 135, 225, 226,
244.

Procellariidit - 64

Protozoa 244

Protozoa of Cincinnati Group, by

Jos. F. James 244

P.-,ittacida' 59

Pygopodes 64

Page

Rallidiv 63

Raptores 60

Recent Syonyms.

Jos. F. James. ... 103

Receplaculiies.

reticulatus 249

Reports of Officers:

Curators of Anthropology. ... 67

Botany 67

Comp. Anatomy... 67

Cohchology 66

Entomology 66

Icthyology 67

Meteorology 67

Custodian 68

Librarian 73

Photographic Section 68

Secretary 65

Treasurer 66

Revision of Constitution.

Report on 9; 38

Rhamphastidae ..... 60

Rhinicchthys atronasus 266

Richardson Tablet 234

Rodentia 5°

Saccomydae 51

Saxicolidae 53

Scalaria albitesta 105

new tonensis . 105

Scalops aquatica 261

Scalpellum subquadratum i lo

Sceloporus undulatus 265

Sciuridae 50

Scolopacidae 62

Sections, Rules for Organization. 9

Sections and Iveceptions 44

Semotitus atromaculatus 266

Sigaretus 106

Simiidae 47

Sitiidae 53

Skinner, J. Ralston. The Identi-
fication of the Britsh Inch as the
Unit of Measure. . .115, 142, 231

Solarium elegaiis. 105

Solcma 7

anomala 8

fasciculata 7

ochracea 8

Soricidae ... 5°

Spelerpes longicaudus 264

Spongida 246

Synopsis of Genera 246

Steganopodes 64

Strepsilidae .... 62

Strigidae 60

hidex.

287

Page
Stromatocerium.

("anadense 252

Richmondensis 252

Stromatopoia.

iiisolens 250

Ludlowensis 251

lichenoides 251

papillata 251

scabra .251

subcylindrica 251

Sternidae 58

Sylviidre .... 53

Tanagrida; 56

Tertiary Fauna of Newton and
Wautubbee, Miss. Meyer and

Aldrich 104

Tetraonidje 61

Trametes i

amhigua 4

centralis 4

elegans 4

lactea 4

Mollis 3

Ohioensis i

pallido fulva 2

rigida 2

scutellata i

Page
Tetraonidae.

sepium. ... 2

seriaJis 2

Trochilida' . [;8

Troglodytidie. 53

Tropidocloniuni

kirtlandi '264

Tropidonatus leberis 263

Turdida; 52

Turrilepis 14

Twitchell, George B. Nostoc

prunifornie 253

Tyrannidje 58

Ungulata 50

Unio 10

Unionidce 10

Unionida; of Mississippi Valley.

George W. Harper ... .... 10

Venericardia complexicosta 108

Vesper tilionidie 50

Virconidas 55

Warder, R. H. Destrnction of

Native Birds 179

Wetherby, Prof. A. G 228

Xylophaga Missippiensis no

Zoological Miscellany. 261

THE

JOU RN A L

OF THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIETY OF NATDBAl HISTORY.

VOL. X.

1887=88.

Publishing Committee:
GEO. W. HARPER. O. D. NORTON.

CHARLES DURY. T. H. ALDRICH.

DAVIS L. JAMES.

published by

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

No. 1 08 Broadway.

CONTENTS— VOL. X.

Proceedings of the Society. . . .' . . . i, 53, in, 151

Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. By A. P. Mor-
gan 7> 188

Bison iatifrons. By Horace P. Smith 19

Agelacrinus holbrooki. By U. P. James 25

The relative size of the Red Blood-Corpuscle and Brain. By

B. Merrill Ricketts 27

Catalogue of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Batrachians and

Fishes 34

Zoological Miscellany 49- ^47, 214

Catalogue of the Amphibia and Reptiles of Indiana. By O. P.

Hay 59

Account of a Well drilled near Oxford, Ohio. By Jos. F. James. 70
Notes on Tertiary Fossils, with descriptions of New Species.

By Truman H. Aldrich 78

Reports of the Officers. Annual Meeting, April, 1887 84

Ornithological Notes. By Chas. Dury 96

Birds, a lecture by F. W. Langdon, M. D 98

On the Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group, with a

critical revision ot the Species. By U. P. James and Jos.

F.James 118,158

Report on the Lyceum of Natural History, by Horace P. Smith.. 140
The American Cross-bill. Its fondness for Salt. By WiUiam

Hubbell Fisher 203

The Canada Grouse. Remarks upon. By William Hubbell

Fisher 205

A Home Study in Natural History. " Free Tenants." By Felix

L. Oswald, M. D 207

Additions to the Library 218

List of Members 229

bV nfjif

1 •■•c;

:% to iniior- * ' .

iDj -J 3.n.f 10 / y\oq>.J Mnos^l

')(T .■!(/, '■ : \

iifT f, y.^ h ji't '^/••

•a,-:j-

.^^" I ..J-, k) -Sus^Aliid 'r:^^(,iij

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l,,.,..,..-:.r, -'^-.t,--:- y '^ • Tl

!■< - I .^)l . V < . \^<-!s-> v;Ai

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL

Fig. la, b. Two forms of Monticulipora turbinata, U. P.
James, Natural size.
\c. Surface magnified* p. i6i

Fig. 2a. Upper surface of M. eccentrica, U. P. James. En-
larged three times.

2b. Under surface, also enlarged three times, showing
the eccentric lines of the epitheca.
2c. Surface magnified as in fig. i p. 167

Fig. la. Small specimen of M. tvorthcni, U. P. James,
Natural size.
lb. Surface magnified as in fig. i p, 184

Fig. 4«. M. varians, U. P. James, natural size.

Ofb. Surface magnified p. 177

Fig. 5<7, b. M. communis, U. P. James, natural size. 2
specimens.

Fig. 5^. Surface enlarged p. 175

Fig. 6^, b, c. M. kenhukensis, U. P. James, natural size..
3 specimens.
6//. Surface of 6 <r. enlarged p. 180

* The drawings showing magnified surface features were made with a No. i
eyepiece and a 2 inch obiective, in connection with the Camera-Lucida.

VOLX.

4j.

Plate n.

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,^'yoo%o

0.0

^nO

^J 0 0^ 3i.

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V

y' I'-asS* -

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5b

0^^-^^

THE JOURNAL

OF THK

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

VOL. X. CINCINNATI, APRIL, 1887. No. i.

PROCEEDINGS.

Business Meeting, January 4, 1887.

Mr. Wm. H. Knight, president pro fern. Twelve members
present.

The minutes for October were approved.

Members were proposed as follows : Mr. Chas. Phipps, Mr-
Chas. Harrison.

Minutes of the Executive Board for August, September, Oc-
tober and November were read.

The resolutions regarding communication, presented at the
November meeting were laid over for discussion at a future
meeting.

Dr. M. B. Ricketts read a paper on " the Relation of the size
of the Red Blood corpuscles to the Weight, Size and Activity of
Animals," with tables substantiating the position taken by the
writer.

A paper on a " Worm-like marking found in the Shale of the
Cincinnati Group, near Oxford, Ohio, by Prof. Joseph F. James,
was read by the Secretary.

A letter was read from Rev. J. W. Shorten, noting the
observation of a large flock of the Snow Bunting {Pledrophanes
nivalis) near Ross, Butler County, Ohio.

Mr. Smith gave notice that circulars had been sent out an-
nouncing the organization of a Lyceum of Natural History, to hold
meetings in the Society Rooms. The first meeting would be held
on the 8th inst.

Mr. Knight said the course of Free Lectures would be held
during the months of January, February and March, beginning on
the 14th of January. He desired to say that the labor of corres-

2 Cincinnati Society of Natnial History.

ponding with the lecturers, and the general arrangement of the
course was largely assumed by Miss Anna Brown, to whom due
credit should be given.

Donations were announced as follows :

From E. M. Cooper, Proceedings of the Worcester Society of
Antiquity for 1885 ; from Eugene A. Smith, Geological Survey of
Alabama, on Warrior Coal Field; from Chief Signal Officer,
Monthly Weather Review for (Jctober ; from D. G. Brinton, Con-
ception of Love in some American Languages, pamphlet; from J.
E. Poorman, Jr., Specimen of Agate; from H. P. Smith, mounted
Botanical specimens.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, Tuesday, February ist.

President Dun in the chair. Ten members present.

Minutes for December approved.

Dr. A. E. Heigh way, Jr., exhibited some fine specimens of
Staurolite from Northern Georgia, and described the locality where
found.

Dr. W. A. Dun presented a series of interesting data regard-
ing the Artesian well sunk by the Messrs. Hemingray, at their
Glass works in Covington. The well is 2,007 ^^^t deep and flows
water at the temperature of 59°, estimated at 30,000 barrels and
75,000 cubic feet of gas daily. Gas was first reached at 320 feet,
at 550 feet, and again at 720 feet. The bed rock was struck at 85
feet, or 43 feet below low water mark. The members present
discussed the question of natural gas and the various wells sunk
in the city limits.

Messrs. Chas. Harrison and Chas. Phipps were elected active
members. Mr. and Mrs. Chas. A. Kebler and Dr. W. H. Wilder
were proposed for membership.

Dr. Dun reported that Prof. E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia,
would lecture at the Scottish Rite Cathedral on Broadway, in
March, for the benefit of the Building fund of the Society. The
The next lecture of the free course was announced by Mr. Knight.
Prof. E. W. Claypole, of Akron, Ohio, would address the Society
in College Hall, on the "Retreat of the Ice and the Evolution of
Lake Erie."'

Donations were announced as follows :

From E. O. Hurd, mounted specimen of Loon ; trom E. M.
Cooper, Proceedings of Worcester Society of Antiquity, for 1884;
from Dr. W. A. Dun, Symbols for weather indications; from H.

Proceedings of the Society. 3

P. Smith, fixtures for displaying weather symbols ; from J. S. New-
berry, Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club, January, 1887; from D.
G. Brinton, Phonetic Elements in the graphic System of the Mayas
and Mexicans ; from Prof. \V. R. Lazenby, Columbus, Ohio, Pro-
ceedings of the 7th annual meeting of Society for Promotion of
Agricultural Science, President's Inaugural address, Iowa State
College, i6th Annual Report of Ohio State University; from Geo.
Dimmock, Cambridge, monograph on Blastonidae and other fish-
destroying Bugs; from Davis L. James, specimens of fungi, two
specimens of Calymene senaria; from Bureau of Education, circular
of Information on Study of Music in Public Schools; from Chief
Sign:d Officer, Monthly Weather Review for November, 1886;
from E. M.Cooper, Records of Courts of General Sessions, 1731
to 1737 ; from Americus Symmes, Crawfordsville Journal, January
I, 1887; from Mr. G. H. Curtis, slide of diatoms, t. v. section of
hair of Texas peccary, diaphragm for microscope.
Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, March ist.

President Dun jjresided. Twenty members present.

The minutes for February were approved.

Mr. W. H. Knight read an interesting sketch of the life of
\Vm. Wagner, the founder of the Wagner Free Institute of Science
in Philadelphia.

Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher presented some Zoological notes,
viz.: Note on the occurrence of the Rough-legged Buzzard Hawk
in Hamilton County. Note on Snow Buntings, by J. W. Shorten,
and an entertaining account of a Tame Crow.

The Secretary presented and read by title a paper by Prof. A.
P. Morgan on "the Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, in-
cluding the Hydnei." The secretary said that Mr. Morgan's papers
on Mycology were of the utmost value to students. They placed
within reach of all the scattered descriptions of these rare and in-
teresting plants. The Society was especially favored by Mr. Mor-
gan in having the honor of printing this series of researches into
the Fungi of our vicinity.

By request Mr. Geo. H. Curtis read a description of a shower
of mud which he regarded as Volcanic, which fell during the heavy
wind storm of the night of February 24th, on Mt. Adams. He

4 Cincinnati Society of Natiiral History.

also showed under the microscope a slide ])repared by himsel ffrom
tlie dust, and presented one to the Society.

Dr. W. A. Dun said he would make a few announcements:

First — Prof. Cope would lecture twice in the city, on Sunday,
March 20, in the Unity Club Course, and on Tuesday, March 22,
in the Scottish-Rite Cathedral on Broadway. The subject for the
latter lecture would be "The Origin of Man and other Mam-
malia."

Second — The Photographic Section would show on Thursday
evening, March 3d, the 100 slides received in exchange from the
Amateur Photographers of St. Louis.

Third — The exhibit of Foreign slides for the benefit of the
Building Fund would take place on April 8th in the Odeon.

Dr. Dun in presenting a specimen of Mound Builders cloth'
read the following letter from Dr. N. E. Jones, of Circleville, O.:

CiRCLEViLLE, Ohio, February 25, 1887.
Dr. W. a. Dun, Cincinnati, O.

My Dear Doctor : — Thank you for your kind letter of the 2 ist.
The specimen of mound builders' cloth is yours and your disposal.
It was taken August, 1884, from the most beautiful and best pre-
served monument of the mound builders found anywhere in
Southern Ohio.

This mound is situated near the Scioto river on an elevated
plateau, six miles south of the City of Circleville, Ohio. It is not
circular but has a base of 50X80 feet in diameter and a perpen-
dicular height of eighteen feet with a flattened top 25X40 feet.
The top is covered with a blue-grass sod while the base and sides
are thickly studded with small forest trees of various kinds. There
is a singular fact connected with the mound — from the first discov-
ery to the present time no shrub nor tree has ever attempted to grow
upon the sumit ; and the excavation showed none had ever been
there. In making this partial excavation, the earth was removed
from the base towards the center — before reaching the center and
above the basal line, an altar was unearthed formed of bricks and
mortar, made as smooth as a billiard table and upon which rested
charcoal or pieces of wood charred, from one to six inches in
diameter, forming a bed or mass of charcoal eight feet square and
over twelve inches thick (or deep). On this charcoal w-as resting
the winding sheet, showing every fold and seam and thread just as
it covered the human form. This wrap occupied the space due a

Proceedings of the Society. 5

large corpse and inclosed many charred bones of a human being.
There were three wraps inclosing the remains, all differing in fine-
ness of texture but woven in the same way. Each of these wraps
could be removed separately and in pieces of several yards in
length and breadth. In this wrap was also a stone, the upper side
highly polished, the lower side, or that resting on the charcoal is
burned and roughened and has the appearance of blood burned
and adhering. The thickness of this stone is one-fourth of an inch
in every part. The holes are larger on the burned side and small
on the other.

This is an interesting mound and has not yet been opened
sufficiently to know much about it. I wrote to several societies
and sent them specimens, asking assistance to make a thorough
excavation with drawings etc. Received promises but nothing
more. Believe the one discovered is only one of a series of altars
or furnaces of cremation that may be found.

Yours most Respectfully,

N. E. Jones.

Dr. ]^un as per announcement then made a few remarks on
the depth of the drift about Cincinnati, and showed a section of
one of the three wells drilled at Ivorydale by Proctor & Gamble.

The remarks were followed a few words by Dr. O. D. Norton
on the water supply of Cincinnati, and by Mr. M. D. Burke ; Mr.
Burke said that in surveying between the Miami's about Lebanon,
he was surprised to find an almost level grade between the rivers.

Names were proposed for membership as follows :

By the Executive Board, for corresponding members :

Erasmus Gest, New York City; Stephen D. Peet, Clinton, Iowa;
O. P. Hay, Irvington, Indiana ; for honorary member. Prof. E. W.
Claypole, Akron, Ohio, and by various members, for active mem
bership as follows :

Dr. A. L. McCormick, R. S. Fulton, W. D. Holmes, Mrs.
W. D. Holmes, E. T. Mosier, Jerome R. Clark, VV. F. Gray, D.
B. Gamble, J. K. Martin, Mrs. Thos. Emery, Mrs. Herbert
Jenney, Chas. T. Greve.

Mr. and Mrs. Chas. A. Kebler and Dr. W. H. Wilder were
elected members.

Mr. J. Kelly O'Neal!, of Lebanon, Ohio, presented through
the secretary the following preamble and resolutions :

6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

" Whereas, the real estate embracing the ancient work known
as 'The Old Fort' situated near Fort Ancient in Warern county
is for sale, and

"Whereas, It is desirable that said 'Old Fort' be preserved
as a specimen of the civilization and engineering skill of the ancient
inhabitants of Ohio, and,

"Whereas, said ' Old Fort' is now largely occupied as farm
land and is being rapidly obliterated and destroyed, and under
existing circumstances must soon cease to be the Archeological
monument it now is, therefore

''Rcsflh'cd, That the Legislature of Ohio be and hereby is re-
spectfully requested to acquire by purchase or other A'ise said prop-
erty embracing said ' Old Fort ' and its accessories and dedicate
the same as a public park, or to any other purpose consistent with,
and which will conduce to the preservation of said ancient earth
work as an unequalled specimen of the Mound Builders" power and
skill.

Resolved, that a copy of this resolution, and the preambles be
sent to the Lieutenant Governor and the speaker of the House of
Representatives, who are requested to lay them before their re-
spective bodies.'"

After some conversation regarding the importance of preserv-
ing not only this but other ancient remains in the State, the reso-
lutions were unanimously adopted.

The Society after the reading of donations adjourned.

Donations were as follows :

From Chas. Faber, specimens of Crustacea of Cincinnati
Group; from Dr. A. E. Heighway, Jr., Crystals of Staurolite from
Georgia; from Dr. N. E. Jones, Circleville, specimen of Mound
Builders' cloth ; from D. S. Schureman, slide of volcanic ashes ;
trom Chief Signal Officer, Monthly Weather Review for Decem-
ber, 1886; from Dr. O. D. Norton, Smithsonian Report for 1872;
from H. C. Fithian, Ohio Agricultural reports for 1882 and
1883; from E. M. Cooper, miscellaneous pamphlets and scien-
tific journals; from Jos. F. James, Journal of Science, December,
1879, February, 1880, Random Notes, Vol. L No. 5, Conchol-
ogists' Exchange, Vol. \. No. 2.

The Mycologic Flo? a of the Miami Valley, 0.

THE MYCOLOGIC FLORA OF THE MIAMI VALLEY,

OHIO.

By A. P. Morgan.

(Read by Title, March i, 1887.)

Continued from Vol. IX., p. 8.

Class I. — Hymenomycetes.

Order HI.— Hydnei.

Hymeniiim inferior or amphigenous, effigurate from the first
and definitely but variously protuberant into aculei, teeth, tuber-
cles, crests and papillae.

By tar the greater part of the species are resupinate-effused.

TABLE OF GENERA OF HYDNEI.

y4, Hymenium aculeate or dentate.

1. Hydnum. Aculei subulate, discrete at the base.

2. Irpex. Teeth acute, joined together at the base.

B. Hymenium tuberculate, ivrinkled, etc.

3. Radulum. Hymenium of rude, deformed, obtuse tuber-
cles.

4. Phlebia. Hymenium in crowded folds and wrinkles.

5. Grandinia. Hymenium granulose, the granules globose
or hemispheric.

6. Odontia. Hymenium of warts penicillate multifid at
the apex.

7. Kneiffia. Hymenium strigose-exasperate with rigid
setae.

Genus I. — Hydnum, Linn.
Hymenium inferior, aculeate ; aculei subulate, discrete at the
base.

* Pileus stipitate.

I. Mesopus. Stipe central.

a. Pileus fleshy, 1-3.

b. Pileus coriaceous, 4.

II. Pleuropus. Stipe lateral, 5.

III. Merisma. Much branched, 6-8.

8 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoty.

** Stipe 7vaiitiiig.

IV. Apus. Pileus sessile.

c. Pileus fleshy, 9-1 1.

d. Pileus coriaceous, 12-14.

V. Resupinati. Pileus none.

e. Subiculum thick, fleshy, 15.

f. Subiculum waxy, 16, 17.

g. Subiculum membranaceous, 18-24.
h. Subiculum crustaceous, 25-30.

I. M Esopus. Pileus entire, simple, the stipe central.

All the species are terrestrial and grow chiefly in pine woods ;
this will account for their scarcity in the Miami Valley which is
notable for the absence of evergreen woods.

a. Pileus fleshy.

1. H. infundii^jULUM, Sow. Pileus fleshy-fibrous, tough, in-
fundibuliform, unequal, even, brown. Stipe unequal, pallid, with
a tapering base. Aculei decurrent, white, then bay.

In woods, rare. Pileus 4-6 inches in diameter, the stipe 2-3
inches in length and an inch thick.

2. II. REPANJiUM, Linn. Pileus fleshy, fragile, more or less
repand, nearly glabrous, pallid. Stipe deformed, pallid. Aculei
unequal, concolorous.

In rich woods, common Pileus 3-5 inches broad, stipe 3-4
inches long The pileus is sometimes floccose-pruinose ; the color
varies from whitish to yellowish or a fleshy tinge, but it is un-
changeable.

8. H. DIFFRACTUM, Berk. Pileus fleshy-tough, thick, glab-
rous, alutaceous. Stipe obese, alutaceous. Aculei equal, pale
alutaceous.

In dry woods, rare. Pileus about 3 inches broad, the stipe 2
inches in height. The pileus and stipe are of a tough, fleshy sub-
stances, and at length becomes much cracked and split. A re-
markably rigid species when dry.

b. Pileus coriaceous.
4. H. ZONATUM, Batsch. Ferruginous. Pileus equally cori-
aceous, thin, expanded, more or less infundibuliform, zonate, be-
coming glabrous, radiate-rugose ; the margin paler and sterile un-
derneath. Stipe slender, nearly equal, floccose, with a tuberous
base. Aculei slender, pale, then ferruginous.

The Mycologic Flora of I lie Miami Valley, 0. g

In oak woods, rare. Pileus 1-2 inches broad, the stipe less
than an inch in length.

II. Pleuropus. Pileus more or less dimidiate, the stipe lat-
eral.

5. H. ADUSTUM, Schw. Pileus variable in shape from orbic-
ular and entire to dimidiate and reniform, coriaceous-tough,
wliitish or pale yellowish. Stipe ascending, unequal, subcentral
or lateral. Aculei at first pallid or yellowish, then changing to
brown or blackish.

In woods on fallen sticks and branches, not rare. Pileus 2-3
inches broad, the stipe an inch or less in length. The pileus in
very thin, velvety or nearly smooth, more or less zonate, sometimes
brown-zonate. The stipes are sometimes concresent, with separate
or more or less united lobed and overlapping pilei.

III. Merisma. Very much branched or tuberculiform and
immarginate.

6. H. coRALLoiDES, Scop. Very much branched, pure white;
finally changing to yellowish and the whole plant expanding into
attenuate intricate branches. Aculei unilateral, subulate, entire.

In woods on old trunks, common. A very showy plant>
sometimes a foot or more in extent, when fully developed consist-
ing ot numerous intricate branches with the spines pendent from
the lower sides. It is said to be edible.

7. H. ERiNACEUS, Bull. Fleshy, elastic-tough, pendulous,
tuberculose, immarginate, white, changing to yellowish, fibrillose,
lacerate above. Aculei very long, straight, equal, pendulous.

In woods on old trunks, not rare. Of a rounded form 4-8
inches in diameter, sometimes with the rudiment of a lateral stipe ;
appearing solid but when broken open it is found to be a mass of
interlacing branches. The spines are remarkably long, from 1-2
inches or more.

8. H. STRATOSUM, Berk. Pilei resupinate, with a narrow
lobed border, consisting of repeatedly branched rigid brown pro-
cesses, which are clothed above with gray or ferruginous tow-like
fibers. Aculei rather long, rigid, sharply acuminate, brown vary-
ing to cinereous, at length stratose.

On a dead trunk (Lea). Pilei spreading for 3 or 4 inches over
the matrix. "This is one of the most remarkable species with which
I am acquainted." "I do not know any other species with which
it can be compared." [Bcrkelfv '\n Lea's Catalogue.) This appear

/

lO Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

to be a rather doubtful production ; there is no record of its ever
having been found again, and Mr. Berkeley does not enumerate it
in the Notices of N. A. Fungi. I have never met with anything
that would answer to it in any way.

IV. Apus. Pileus sessile, dimidiate, marginate, often effuso-
reflexed.

c. Pileus fleshy.

g. H. ciRRHATUM, Pers. Pileus fleshy, expanded, pallid,
cirrhate-fibrillose above with scattered decumbent abortive aculei ;
the margin fimbriate, incurved. Aculei very long, a little tough,
equal.

In woods on old trunks, rare. Simple or imbricated, the single
j)ilei somewhat reniform and 1-2 inches in breadth ; the spines
half an inch or more in length. It varies in color, being white,
yellowish and rufescent.

10. H. PULCHERRiMUM, B. and C. Pileus fleshy fibrous, alu-
taceous, hirsute; the margin thin, entire, incurved. Aculei short,
crowded, equal.

In woods on old trunks, common. Imbricated and laterally
confluent, the single pilei 2-4 inches in breadth and projecting 2-3
inches. The color varies from white through alutaceous to yellow-
ish ; the texture is fibrous with a fibrous hirsute surface; sometimes
there is a faint zonate arrangement of the fibers of the surface.
The spines scarcely exceed a quarter of an inch in length ; .they
take on a rufescent hue in drying

11. H. SEPTENTRioNALE, Fr. Fleshy-fibrous, tough, pallid.
Pilei innumerable, plane, scalariform, connate behind into a thick
solid body, the margin straight, entire. Aculei crowded, slender,
equal.

In woods on standing trunks, rare. The masses of pilei ar-
ranged one above another and fused together behind are sometimes
a yard or more in extent; the single pilei are 2-6 inches in breadth
and project 3 inches or more, the spines are about half an inch in
length. This magnificent Hydnum "the largest of the genus,"
grows even more luxuriantly with us than in Sweden.

d. Pileus coriaceous.

12. H. GLABREscENs, B. and Rav. Pilei efifuso-reflexed, cori-
aceous, thin, velvety then glabrate, concentrically sulcate, brown-
ish: the margin even. Aculei crowded, long, slender, rufous.

The Mycologk Flora of the Miami Valley, 0. 1 1

In woods on trunks and branches, common. Pilei imbricated
and confluent sometimes to the extent of several inches, the single
pilei 1-3 inches in width and projecting an inch or more. The
color is a pale or dark brown, drying to brownish alutaceous ;
when fresh it has a pleasant fragrance. I'he spines are longer
than the thickness of the pileus and yet scarcely reach an eighth of
an inch, they are somewhat compressed and are nearly obsolete
around the margin.

13. H. FLABELLiFORME, Berk. Pilei sessile, spathulate flabilli-
form, laterally confluent, coriaceous, tawny, hirsute, concentrically
sulcata. Aculei crowded, very long, ochraceous flesh-color.

In woods on trunks and branches, common. The pilei are
attaclied by a narrow base or sometimes substipitate, not effuso-
reflexed as in the preceding and the following species ; they are
often lateVally confluent above and separate at the base, an inch or
thereabouts in length, concentrically sulcate or subzonate and
longitudinally crisped and wrinkled. The spines are twice as long
as the thickness of the pileus.

14 H. ocHRACEUs, Pers. Pilei effuso-reflexed, coriaceous,
thin, zonate, ochraceous. Aculei very small, ochraceous flesh-
color.

In woods on fallen sticks and branches, common. Usually
largely resupinate with a long and narrow reflexed margin not half
an inch in width; often it occurs wholly resupinate, it then has a
narrow, pale, thick tomentose border.

V. Resupinati. Pileus none. Fungi absolutely resupinate,
the aculei straight or oblique according to the situation.

e. Subiculum thick, fleshy.
15. H. CASEARIUM, Morg. Subiculum fleshy-cheesy, thick,
extensivly effused, white. Aculei waxy, crowded very long, sub
ulate, terete, whitish then pale alutaceous.

On the lower side of an old hickory trunk. Effused for sev-
eral feet, the subiculum nearly half an inch in thickness, contracl-
ing in drying and becoming hard and rimose. The aculei are 2-4
lines long, oblique, more or less fused together below.

f. Subiculum zaaxy or subgelatinous.
16 H, XANTHUM, B. and C. Subiculum effused, at first white
and tomentose, then waxy. Aculei distant, compressed, some-
times divided, lemon-yellow.

1 2 Chidnnati Society of Natural Hislory.

On hard wood in damp places. Effused for an inch or two.
The aculei are often cleft, the tips when fully developed are white
and tomentose

17. H. UDUM, Fr. Subiculum effused, thin, somewhat gela-
tinous, agglutinate, glabrous, flesh-color then watery-yellowish.
Aculei close, unequal, forked and fimbriate, concolorous.

On rotten wood of Elm. Very extensively effused sometimes for
many feet. The aculei very unequal and more or less fused together
and the waxy, uneven subiculum remind one of Radulum. Different
patches of flesh-color and yellowish are usually to be seen at the
same time in the same specimen. The dried specimens take on a
brownish hue.

.i,''. Siihiculuin byssine or membranaceous.

18. H. Ohiense, Berk. Subiculum effused, membranaceous,
separable, pale yellow. Aculei somewhat fasciculate, long, very
acute, of a watery pale brown.

On rotten trunks and branches. Effused for several irches,
membranaceous and partially separable from the matrix. The acu-
lei are 1-2 lines long and very slender at the apex.

19. H. BYssiNUM, Schw. Subiculum byssine, very thin, i)ulveru-
lent, somewhat evanescent, ochraceous then bay; the border fibril-
lose. Aculei long, distant, subflexuous, very acute, concolorous.

On rotten wood. It is not circumscribed by a regular border,
but fibrils radiate irregularly from the edge of the subiculum. The
aculei from a thick base elongate to a very sharp point.

20. H. ALBoviRiDE, Morg. Subiculum membranaceous fibril-
lose, creeping extensively, white. Aculei crowded, very long, sub-
ulate, terete, entire, olivaceous.

On the underside of old logs. The white filmy subiculum
runs over the wood and bark and over the leaves and sticks be-
neath; here and there are olive colored cushions of spines an inch
or more in extent, leaving large white naked spaces. The aculei
are 2-3 lines long and taper gradually to a fine point; they are
darker after drying.

21. H. PiTHYOPHiLUM, B. and C. Subiculum effused, byssoid,
very thin, farinaceous. Aculei compressed, ochraceous, denticu-
late or divided at the apex.

On dead wood. Effused in small patches. The teeth are
rather crowded on the thin subiculum ; on the surface of them are
minute granules.

TJie Mycologic Flora of tJie Aliavii Valley, 0. 1 3

22. H. iscHNODES, Berk. Suliiculum membranaceous-fibrillosc,
creeping extensively, white. Aculei .scattered, distant, subulate,
slender, becoming darker.

On wood and bark of Juglans. The subiculum is composed
of a thin membrane of interwoven threads with thicker branched
fibrils beneath. The aculei occur in patches with abundant naked
space; in places there are only the thick fibers creeping over the
matrix. This is an elegant resupinate species, its color all white
when fresh.

23. H,, FALLAX, Fr. Subiculum irregularly effused, thin, villose-
furfuraceous, white. Aculei close, deformed, incised, yellowish
or whitish.

On the underside of old Oak logs. Irregularly effused even
for several feet, mostly white but yellowish here and there in spots
and patches. The aculei are short minute and quite irregular.

24. H. MUCiDUM, Fr. Subiculum very broad, membrana-
ceous, soft, se|)arable, white, the margin and unders'de villous.
Aculei close, long, acicular, slender, flaccid, equal, concolorous.

Upon very rotton wood. The subiculum, a long and wide
membrane, soft and tomentose beneath, and sometimes yellowish.
The aculei are 2 4 lines or more in length, terete and tapering to a
fine point.

//. Subiculum crustaceous or farinaceous.

25. H. Fusco-ATRUM, Fr. Subiculum crustaceous, thin,
at first glaucous, flocculose, pruinose ; afterward glabrous, ferru-
ginous, fuscous. Aculei short, conic-subulate, acute, cervine, then
blackish.

On rotten wood of Beech. In its younger state, somewhat
orbicular \-\ inch broad, the margin often byssine ; afterward be-
coming confluent and broadly effused. Aculei rather short and
not much crowded.

26. H. ALUTACEUM, Fr. Subiculum longitudinally effused,
crustose, adnate, glabrous, pale ochraceous, the border naked.
Aculei minute, close, equal, acute.

On bark and wood of Beech and Maple. Effused for several
inches, and separate from but closely adn ite to the matrix. The
aculei are very minute and close, and grow out to the very edge of
the subiculum.

27. H. NYss^, B. and C Subiculum effused, copiously pul-
verulent, alutaceous, Aculei long, crowded, subulate, acute, often
pencilled at the tip, concolorous.

14 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoi'y,

On wood and bark. Effused for several inches with scarcely
any border. The aculei are i)iibescent, with .some long hairs at the
apex.

28. H. FARiNACEUM Pers, Subiculum effused, indeterminate,
mealy-crustaceous, white ; the border more or less flocculose,
Aculei slender, rather distant, very acute, entire, concolorous.

On old Beech bark. Effused for an inch or more. The subicu ■
lum is a very thin, white, mealy stratum, closely adnate to the
matri.x. The aculei are minute, sharp pointed and not crowded.

29. H. NUDUM, B. and C. Subiculum innate or nearly ob-
solete, farinaceous, pale ochraceous. Aculei minute, short, dis-
tant, subulate, concolorous.

On wood and the inner bark of Sugar Maple. The subiculum
is nearly the color of the wood, and the aculei in some places seem
to be growing on the wood ; but there is usually a tinge of color to
indicate the presence of the subiculiun, thovvgh the fibers of the
wood may be quite distinct.

30. H. SUBTII.E. Fr, Subiculum very tender, innate in spots,
glabrous, watery, whitish. Aculei distant, acute or incised, con-
colorous.

On bark and wood. Subiculum indeterminate, evanescent,
whitish, somewhat hyaline. Aculei very short, minute, falling
away to the touch.

(lenus II. — Ikpkx, Fr.
Hymenfum inferior, dentate; the teeth seriately or reticulately
arranged, and connected together at the base by folds, which are
lamellate or porose. Fungi lignatile.

I. Af^us. Pileus sessile or effuso-re flexed, marginate,

I. I. cKAssus, B. and C. Pilei thick, corky, white, finely
pubescent, effuso-re flexed behind, and laterally concrescent. Teeth
lamellately arranged, compressed, unequal in length, concolorous.

In woods upon trunks, not rare. I have seen it growing on a
standing trunk in an elongated mass of imbricated pilei several feet
in extent, after the manner of HvdnKni scpfentriivralc. Tlie single
pilei are i^ to 2^ inches in width, and j)rojcct an inch or two. The
lamellate arrangement of the teeth is very plain, those next the
margin are short, broad and flat, those farther behind are very long
and narrow, a half inch or more in length. This is one of the
most elegant tpecies of this genus.

TJie Mycologic Flora of the Miami I ''alley, 0. 1 5

2. I. LACTEUS, Fr. Pileus effuso-reflexed, coraiceous, villous, \ f,
roncentricaliy sulcate, white, teeth close, seriately arranged, acute, '~"
more or less incised, white.

On trunks of Oak, rare. Pileus, nearly an inch in width and
projecting about half an inch, but the pilei are usually more or less
confluent. The teeth are short, denticulate, and often with a con-
centric rather than a lamellate arrangement.

3. I. TULIPIFER.^, Schw. Pileus very extensively effused,
shortly reflexed, villous, azonate, while. Teeth porose, connected
at the base, irregular, denticulate and incised, white.

On trunks and branches of Liriodendron, Hickory, etc., very
common. By far the greater part resupinaie, with a long and
narrow reflexed margin, often on both edges. It remains a long
tune porose, the dentate dissepiments finally lengthen into
flat irregular teeth. It was first described by Fries as a Polyporus,
and this is what it should have been allowed to remain.

II. Resupinati. Pileus none; wholly resupinate.

4. I. FUSCESCENS, Schw. Coriaceous membranaceous, olivace
ous then cervine, at first orbicular, then confluent and extensively
effused, with a narrow fimbriate border. Teeth irregular, unequal,
compressed, setulose, cervine.

On dry Oak branches; very common. Effused along the under
side of a branch sometimes for several feet. The hymenium is
sinuose-plicate, the folds broken into very unequal and irregular
teeth, varying from narrow and pointed to broad, flat, and even
sinuous; it is invested with minute brownish bristles; these are the
"ascis prominulis fuscis", of Schweinltz's description ; they are of the
same nature as those which occur in some species of Stereum
(Hymenochsete). Old weathered specimens became cinnamon or
brownish, and these are said to be /. cinnamomeous, Fr.

5. I. LACTicoLOR. B. and C. Membranaceous, separable,
widely effused, the border byssine, white. Teeth compressed,
dentate and lacerate at the apex, seriately arranged, reddish ochra
ceous.

On dry Elm branches, rare. Effused for several inches on the
under side, and more or le.«s separable, with a white subiculum and
a white byssine margin. The teeth are thin, flat, and coriaceous,
and it seems to me best recognized as an Irpex. It is Hydiumi
iadicolor, B. and C.

6. I. (^BLiQUUS, Schrad. Effused, crustose, adnate, white.

1 6 Ciminiuxti Society of Natural History.

becoming i)allul ; the border byssine. Teeth arising from a porous
base, compressed, unequal, incised, oblique.

Upon the I^ark of various trees, rare. Svibiculum thin, closely
adnate, at first porose, but the dissepiments then dentate; at length
the teeth become altogether Hydnoid.

Genus III. — Radulum, Fr.
Hymeniuni amphigenous, tiiberculose ; tubercles rude, de-
formed, commonly elongated, obtuse, waxy, discrete, with no reg-
ular arrangement.

1. R PALLIDUM, B. and C. At first orbicular, then confluent
and effused, with a narrow refiexed tomentose margin, pallitl.
Tubercles terete, short, deformed, scattered or sometimes collected
in lines or groups.

On the smooth bark of branches of Oak, Hickory ,etc. The upper
reflexed margin is usually very narrow but soinetirnes it projects as
much as a quarter of an inch; on the lower side there is commonly
a fimbriate border, through sometimes it is reflexed also.

2. R. ORKicuLARE, Fr. /;/ atttumn, orbicular, confluent,
white then yellowish, the border byssine ; tubercles elongated,
nearly terete, scattered or fasciculate. /// spring, waxy, glab-
rous flesh color ; tubercles softer and shorter as if worn off.

On dead trunks and branches of Carpinus. Eff'used, often
for several feet, in a thick waxy stratum, presenting various inqua'-
ities of surface in the shape of warts, granules, tubercles, etc. It
is scarcely typical on this matrix, but then Fries says of this species
that of all resiq^nate fungi it is the most variable in form.

3. R. MoLAKE, Pers. Widely effused, crustaceous, glabrous,
pale wood color, becoming a little yellowish. Tubercles deformed,
short, conic, glabrous, scattered or confluent in groups.

On old trunks of Elm, Hickory, etc. Effused for several feet
in a thick waxy stratum, which, when dry is hard and crustaceous,
the color is alutaceous or j^ale ochraceous.

(ienus IV. — Phi^ebia, Fr.

Hymenium inferior or amphigenous, soft, waxy, glabrous,
contiguous, from the first raised into wi inkles and crests, the
wrinkles crowded, interrupted, persistent, the edge entire.

I. P. PiLEA'iA, Peck. Pilei coriaceous, effusoreflexed, zon-
ate, subtomentose, purplish-brown. Hjmenium brownish, stained
with red or orange, the folds crowded and radiating.

The Mycologic Floi a of the Miami Valley, O. i 7

On a hard, dry Ash log. Pilei more or less imbricated, and
laterally confluent, projecting half an inch in my specimens, the
folds frequently interrupted behind, and appearing like coarse
papillae, when dry suffused with a dull tawny bloom.

2. P. MERisMoiDES, Fr. Effused, flesh-colored, then livid,
villous and white on the under side, the border orange, strigose.
Wrinkles simple, straight, crowded.

On stum])s and trunks commonly incrusting mosses, but also
investing the rough bark, common. In incrusting the mosses out
growths proceed from the surface as well as the margin. Effused
in patches sometimes several inches in extent.

3. P. RADIATA, Fr. Subrotund, equal, glabrous on both
sides, fleshy-red, the border radiate-dentate. Folds straight, seri-
ately radiating.

On smooth bark and wood; common. Though originating in
circular patches with the wrinkles radiating from the center, these
patches soon become confluent often to the extent of a foot or more.
This species is thinner than the preceding, is lighter colored, and
is not villous next to the matrix. F. cinnabarina, Schw. does not
appear to differ otherwise than in the color.

Genus V. — Grandinia, Fr.

Hymenium amphigenous, contiguous, waxy, papillose-warty
or rather granulose. Granules globose or hemispheric, entire, ob-
tuse, close, regular, glabrous, persistent.

I. G. MuciDA, Fr, Waxymucid, effused, subinnate, reddish-
yellow; the border determinate, somewhat radiating. Hymenium
contiguous; granules close, rather large, unequal, hemispheric,
soft.

On wood and bark of Beech, Elm, etc.; not rare. In an early
stage subrotund, but soon widely confluent.

Genus VI, — Odontia, Fr.

Hymenium composed of interwoven fibers, v^hich coalesce into
papillose or aculeate warts, cristate-multifid or penicillate at the
apex.

I. O. FIMBRIATA, Pcrs. Effuscd, membranaceous, seceding,
pallid, traversed by root-like fibers ; the border fibrillose-fimbriate.
Warts minute, in the form of granules, multified at the the apex,
rufescent.

1 8 Cincinnati Society of Natiual Ilistojy.

On the underside of old trunks and branches lying on the
ground; common. Effused for several inches or a foot or more.
This is an elegant resupinate fungus. The thick root-like fibers
run beneath and support the thin membrane, sometimes they run
out free over the matrix. The "incarnate-rufous" color of the
original description answers best to my specunens.

2. O. HVDNOiDEA, Schw. Widely effused, thick, fibrillose,
subpulverulent, at length, hard as if corky, tawny-rufous. Warts
aculeate, connate, fimbriate-fibrillose at the apex, concolorous.

On very rotten wood. Effused for several feet over the crum-
bling matrix. The substance at first is brittle and pulverulent but
becomes quite hard and corky when dry; it has the "brick color"
within and upon the matrix as observed in O. lateritia, B. and C.
The hymenium appears as if composed of hydnoid teeth fused to-
gether nearly to the apex often in groups ; it becomes a little darker
than the substance in drying.

Genus VII. — Kneiffia, Fr.

Hymenium amphigenous, contiguous, united but incomplete,
similar, strigose-exasperate with rigid setae which are scattered or
fasciculate.

I. K. CANDiDissiMA, B. and C. Regularly effused, aggluti-
nate, thin, white, the border similar. Hymenium becoming covered
with numerous granules which are apiculate with rigid setK.

On the underside of twigs and branches; rare. At first form-
ing a thin pure white stratum, looking like a Corticium, at length
thickening and sprinkled with numerous granules. Occasionally
it acquires a slight ochraceous tinge.

Bison Latifrons, Leidy. 19

BISON LATIFRONS— LEIDY.

By Horace P. Smith,

Custodian Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

(Read December 7, 1886.)

Plate I.

Fossil remains of extinct species of ox have been found quite
generally distributed throughout the United States, and accounts
of these have been published as far back as the year 1803. These
remains has been fragmentary and though quite numerous, their
character has been such that the identification of species has been
attended with much difficulty and confusion.

It is due to the earnest labors of Dr. Leidy that order has been
brought about and questions of identity in most cases decided. In
the Philosophical Magazine for 1803, Mr. Rembrandt Peale an-
nounced the first distinct species of fossil extinct American ox, to
which he gave the name Great Indian Buffalo.

This species was established upon a fragment of cranium with
a portion of the horn core attached, found in the bed of a creek
emptying into the Ohio twelve or fourteen miles above Big Bone
Lick, Ky.

This fragment was presented to the Philosophical Society by
Dr. Samuel Brown, of Kentucky, and is now deposited m the mu-
seum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

A cast of the specimen was sent to Cuvier, who considered it
as belonging to the same species as Aurochs, and is so described by
him in the Annals of the Museum of Paris. Dr. Harlan afterwards
gave it the name Bos latifrons, or broad-headed ox. At the meet-
ing of the Academy of Natural Sciences, July 6, 1852, Dr. Leidy
called attention to this fragment, which he considered as belonging
tr a species of bison and gave it the name Bison latifrons. *

It was upon this specimen that the species was first established
by Dr. Leidy, and since, numerous fragments which had been de-
scribed by various authors, under as many different names, have
been referred to this species, which were the largest of our extinct
American oxen.f

The following measurements are given by Dr. Leidy in his
description of this specimen in "Memoir on Extinct Species of

*Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1852, 117.

•j-Jour, Ac. Nat. Sc. vol. vii Ser. ii p. 37^.

20 Cviciimati Society of Natural History.

American Ox," published in Smithsonian Contril)iitions to Know-
ledge, Vol. V, part III.

Breadth of forehead between bases of horn cores. 15 inches.

Circumference of horn cores at base 20:^ ••

" " 10 inches from base 17.V

Considering the two generic names used in connection with
this specimen Bison latifrons, Leidy, and Bos latifrons, Harlan, it
may be well to state the characteristics of the two genera.

The genus Bison is thus defined by Hodgson: ' 'Skull less massive
than in Bos or Bibos, facial portion longer and more finely tapering.
Superior portion of forehead transversely arched, intercornual
space centrally elevated, viewed anteriorly this portion is a trun-
cated cone, posterior aspect of skull is triangular, more extensive
man in Bos but greatly less so in Bibos.

Horn cores of Bison subcylindrical, upper border is concave.

Of the genus Bos, Lydekker says : The superior border of
horn cores is at first convex. In typical species the intercornual
space is straight and the horn cores are cylindrical, in some aber-
rant varieties the horn cores are compressed, and the intercornual
space is somewhat arcuated, f

It is with special reference to the fossil remains of the species Bi-
son latifrons which are deposited in the Museum of the Cincinnati
Society of Natural History, that this paper is written. These remains
consist of a pair of fossil horn cores in a very perfect state of preser-
vation, and indicating an ox of mammoth size.* The cores were
found in 1869, on Brush Creek, Brown Co., Ohio, while excavating
tor the piers of a bridge. They lay about 18 feet below the surface,
in the Drift deposit which in Brown Co., lies immediately upon the
Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian. The cores were brought to
Cmcinnati, and for a time were the property of a German citizen
living in the northern part of the city. They were incidentally
brought to the notice of Dr. O. D. Norton, to whom they were
loaned for exhibition before the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History, when the Society had rooms in the College Building on
Walnut Street. Great interest was awakened concerning these
rare specimens, not only among our home scientists, but among all
to whom they became known. This was about the year 1874,
and during that year an article from the pen of Dr. Norton with re-
gard to these cores was published in the Cincinnati Gazette.

*The writer is indebted to Mr. A. J. Carson for an excelleat photograph of these
specimens.

ftJeol Sur. India, Pal. Ind., Ser. X. vol, i pt. 3.

Bison Latifrons, Leidy. 2 i

The cores were returned to their owners and were purchased
from him for the collection of the Society through the negotiations
of Dr. Norton, to whom the Society owes a debt of gratitude for
securing these very valuable specimens for the Society Museum.
The money for their purchase was raised by subscription among a
few of the members.

The following measurements show them to be almost equal in
size to the specimens upon which the species was established :

Length of right core 2 feet 8 inches.

" left " 2 " 7 "

Width of Forehead, i " 4 "

Entire length of curvature, 6 " 8

Spread of horns from tip to tip, 6 " i "

Circumference at base, 2o|^

" 10 inches from base, 16 "

Casts were prepared for purposes of exchange, one pair ot
which remains.

As a matter of interest and for purposes of comparison, I
wish to notice a few other specimens of this species which have,
from time to time, been described.

In "Contributions to Extinct Vertebrate Fauna," Leidy, vol. i
p. 253, Dr. Leidy describes a specimen which he refers to Bison
latifrons found by Calvin Brown and son Wilfred, of San Fran-
cisco, in a bed of blue clay 21 feet below the surface in Pilarcetos
Valley, Cal. The following measurements of this specimen and
of llie Bison americanus are given.

B. latifrous B. Americanus.

Distance between tips'of horn cores, ..36 inches 26 inches.

" " basesof " " . . 15^ " 12 "

Circumference at base, 14 " n

Length along lower curvature, 14^ " 12 "

A fragment of fossil cranium with horn cores attached, de-
scribed by Dr. Carpenter, has also been identified with Bison lati-
frons ; it measures as follows :

Circumference at base of horn core, 17 inches.

" 18 inches from base, 14 "

From one broken extremity to the other of the cores 56 "
Width of frontal bone between the cores, 14 "

22 Ci>iciiinati Society of Natiwal Hislory.

During the excavation of the Brunswick Canal, near Darien,
Ga. , fossil remains of extinct mammals were found in considerable
abundance. 'I'hese specimens were sent to the Academy of Natu-
ral Science, Philadelphia, and announced at the meeting of July
12, 1842.

In a communication concerning them, Mr. Couper made the
following statements :

I'hey were found in the bed of the canal, at six different
jjoints, at the bottom of the alluvial deposit, imbedded in it, and
resting on the stratum of sand below. Marine shells were found
in a stratum of coarse sand, lying a few feet below the strata men-
tioned above, indicating that the country here had once been cov-
ered by the sea, and was raised by a subsequent upheaval.

"rhe remains of mammals occured generally in groups, and all
were found at the same depth imbedded in the same stratum. The
bones of the Megatherium and Mammoth were found to be most
abundant. This fact is taken as evidence of the co-existence of
the Megatherium, Mastodon, Mammoth, Hippopotamus, Horse,
Ox and Hog, at a period succeeding the elevation from the ocean
of the newer Pliocine, and the co existance of these mammals was
believed to have been proved at this place for the first time.*

Among these specimens was a fossil bone which Dr. Harlan
afterwards described as belonging to a new species which he called
Sus americana. To this specimen Owen afterwards gave the gen-
eric name Harlanus, believing it to be a tapiroid pachyderm.

At a meeting of the Academy, June 6, 1854, Leidy stated with
regard to the above that Sus Amciicaiiiis, Harlan and Harlanus,
Owen, was j^robably a true ruminant, and identified it with Bison
laiifrons. The fragment in question was that of a lower jaw, and
the conclusions of Leidy were based on the form of the fragment
and the characteristics of the molars.

Remains of fossil species of ox which have been identified
with Bison latifrons, have been described at various times and
under the following names: Great Indian Buffalo, Peale; AurocJis,
Cuvier; Bos latifrons, Harlan; Urus, Bojanus; Great Fossil Ox, sp.
Catifrons, Godman ; Bos urus, Buckland; Taurus latifrons, Taurus,
Rafinesque ; Bison prisons. Bos prisons, Meyer; Bos, Bison or Ox,
Harlan; Fossil Ox, Perkins; Sus americana, Harlan ; Sus ameri-
caniis, Pictet; Lophidore bathygnathus, Harlanus a/nericanus, Owen;
Bison latifrons, Leidy ; Bison antiquus, Leidy ; Bison crassicorns,
Richardson ; Harlanus, Brown.

*Proc. Aciid. Nat. Sci. 1842, 190, 216.

Bison Latifrons, Lady. 23

Bison latifro)is, according to Leidy, hns been found in the
Quaternary of California, Pennsylvania, Georgia, South Carolina,
Kentucky, Mississippi and Texas.

Tlie fossil remains ot B. latifrons are found associated with
tliose, tlie Megatherium and Mastodon, and other species peculiar
to the Upper Tertiary ?nd Quaternary.

There have been three, by some authors, four distinct species
o' extinct American oxen described. Leidy in his Memoir on Ex-
tinct Species of American Ox describes four, viz: Bison latifrons,
Bison autiquiis, BootJieriiim cavifrons and Bootheriiim boinbifrons.

The species Bootlicriiim cavifrons seems to have been estab-
lished by Dr. Leidy, on a specimen vvhich Mr. Thos. Kite, of Cin-
cinnati, took to Pniladelphia in 1S52 for the inspection of Dr.

Leidy.

'J'he specimen was found near Ft. Gibson, on the Arkansas
River, in an Lidian hur, where it had been used as a seat; tlu;
original locality is not known. To this species also Dr. Leidy re-
fers Bos pailasii of DeKay. DeKay described the specimen
referred to in a paper read before the Lyceum of Natural History of
New York, July yth, 1827.*

The specimen described was a fragment of a cranium from
New Madrid, on the Mississippi, which was ejected by the earth-
quake of 1812. DeKay gave the specimen the provisional name
oi Bos falasii, referring it to a species described by Pallas, found
in Siberia.

Dr. Wistar described a fossil cranium with both horn cores
attached, found at Big Bone Lick, Ky. ; to this Harlan gave the
name Bos Inunbifrons, which Leidy refers to genus Bootherium
as B. bonibifrons

It will be of interest to refer for a moment to some fossil
remains of oxen described by Lydekker in the Geological Survey
of India. Five species are described by him, and the measure-
ments of the horn cores of three of the largest is given below.

Bos NAMADICUS :

Length of horn cores, upper surface, 39 inches.

" " " lower " 32 "

Circumference of base 12.5 "

Interval between the tips ... .30.0 "

Hackett's specimen from Narbudda Valley, circumference of
base, 16 inches.

*An. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1S2S. 2S6

24 Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

Bos PI.ANIFRONS .

Circumference of base 14.5 inches.

Length of fragment, 19.0 "

Bos ACUTIFRONS :

Circumference at base 17 inches.

Length, upper curvature 49 "

" lower " 39 "

Interval between broken tips 87 "

The last, says Lydekker, is probably the largest of all fossil
species.*

*Geol. Siir. of India, Pal. Ind. Ser. x. vol. i, pt. 3.

Ao^elacuuis, hoibrookL

GENUS AGELACINUS, Vanuxem.
A<;klacrinus holbrooki James.

Fi^, A. Aeelactiniis holhrooki, James, tvpe specimen natural size, as seen from
above. Fiw. B, outline, side view of same specimen, showing the dome shaped eleva-
tion.

A. holbrooki. James. Tk^^ Paleontologist^ Jtdy, 1878.

Body circular, subglobose. Disc composed of many thin
plates, those in the interradial areas pentagonal or hexagonal,
outside squamitorm, imbricating; margin of the disc composed
of numerous small cuniform and various other shaped plates.
Arms or rays not raised above the surface of the disc: four
sinistral and one dexlral rays, each composed of two rows of inter-
locking pieces ; ends of rays curving quite sharply upward and
inward, making nearly a semi-circle, to near the center of the in-
terradial areas, and terminating in a blunt club-shaped form.
Ovarian aperture situated subcentrally in the area between the
dextral and one of the sinistral rays, depressed and composed of
ten cuniform pieces and an outer row of small thin plates, placed
apparently on their edges. The end of the dextral ray passes into
or against the plates of the ovarian aperture.

Diameter of type specimen, shown in the above figures, A. and
B. natural size, at the base i;^ inches, and measuring from side to
side over the crown if inches; convexity |^ of an inch.

This species differs from A. cincitmatienses, Roemer, as defined
and figured by Meek and by Hall, in the shapes of the interradial

26 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

I)lates, the curves and shapes of the rays towards and at the ter-
mination, and the convexity of the body: and from A. piliiis, Hall,
the same variations may be stated, except the convexity in which
it resembles A. pileiis.

Position and locality. Cincinnati (jrou[), near Lebanon, War-
ren county, Ohio.

The accurate drawing and finely executed figure is by Mr.
Joseph J. G. Steddom of Lebanon, ().

NOTK— This fine fos<iiI was described a number of years ago by Mr. U. P. James,
and publislied witlinut a figure Tlie beautiful engraving by Mr. :>teddom has been of-
fered to the publishinj; Committee anrt is now presented to the public with ihe original
description, as a contribution to the paleontology of the Cincinnati Group, -lidiior-

7 lie Relative Size of Red- Blood Corpuscle and Brain. 27

THE RELATIVE SIZE OF RED-BLOOD CORPUSCLE AND

BRAIN.

Bv B. Merrill Ricketts, M. D.
{Read January 4, 1887.)

After spending considerable time in looking over the literature
and comparing the weights of the brain, size of red corpuscles and
nerve tubes, as found in each of the four divisions of the sub-king-
dom Vertebrata, I am led to believe that there exists some special
relation between them.

We have to consider the relation:

First : Of the red corpuscle to vital force.

Second : Of the brain to activity.

Third: Of the nerve tube to temperature.

While there is a considerable amount of general literature upon
the habits and make-up of the animal kingdom, there is nothing
to my knowledge that bears directly upon the subject that I present
to you, consequently many points that would be of special interest
must be omitted.

There are some interesting features in connection with the red
corpuscle, not only because it is the messenger that conveys the
important elements to the varioustissuesof the body, but because of
its J.upposed relation to force and activity as well. These are de-
pendent upon digestion, circulation, respiration and muscular
structure, and are influenced and controlled by the brain and its
appendages.

There is evidence also that force and activity are influenced
by the relative size of the red corpuscles to the brain in general,
which relation is in an inverse ratio, the corpuscle being small as
the brain is large, both the cerebum and cerbellum tend to
increase in size, and become more complex in passing from fish to
reptiles, from reptiles to birds, and from birds to mammals ; also
the relative size of the brain to the body is found to vary, as does
the ratio of the size of the corpuscle to that of the cerebellum.

That this ratio exists can best be shown by carefully consider-
ing each divison of the sub-kingdom vertebrata ; this may be done
more conveniently by selecting for our types, so far as previous in-
vestigation will allow, the largest and smallest animal of each divis-

28 Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

ion ; but one of the greatest difficulties to overcome is the want of
a more extended investigation.

The first class to be considered is the lowest of Vertebrates,
viz : cold-blooded animals, commonly known as fish. Their tem-
perature averages 1.70° C. (35.06° F.), while the ratio of the
weightofthe brain to the body isone to five thousand six hundred and
sixty eight, (i ; 5668). We find in the shark a smaller brain compared
to the size of the body, than in any other fish ; while in the carp
we find the largest brain, in proportion to the size of the body, the
proportion being 1 : 560, and the corpuscle measure aV*^ inches
in diameter, the shark having a brain that weighs n^^-^ of weight
of body, and a corpuscle that measures ^^40 inch in diameter.

As you see there is a marked difference in the degree of ac-
tivity and the power of generating force in these two fish.

The primitive nerve tube or fibre in its natural state is perfectly
cylindrical, measuring in the eel ,^'^3 of an inch in diameter ; this
being the largest found among fish.

The following measurements, although rather limited in number,
will show the inverse ratio of the size of the brain to the body, and
of the size of the red blood corpuscle to the brain, the measure-
ments being taken in the fractions of an English inch.

Size of brain to body

Shark 1 : 5668

Pike 1:1 305

Carp I : 560

Size of corpuscle.

Shark 1:1142

Ed 1:1745

Sturgeon i : 1 900

Perch I : 2090

Carp I : 2142

In passing from the lower to the higher Vertebrates, we have
next to consider the class of reptiles.
They are of three divisions, viz :

Chelonians, (Tortoise).

Saurians, (Lizards).

Ophedians, (Serpents),
In embryology they are closely allied to birds ; their tempera-
ture is but a little higher than that of fish, it being 4.5° C. (40. i" F).
The pulmonary circulation of this class is very incomplete, a

The Relative Size of Red Blood Corpusele and Brain. 29

mixed arterial blood being sent to the left lung, while the right
lung is usually aborted; the lung is of loose texture and small rapac-
ity, the incomplete circulation is due to the pecular communication
of the heart with the great vessels, hence a low temperature and
sluggish motion.

The product of waste and repair in reptiles during their period
of torpidity, can bear no relation to that of warm blooded animals;
this limited waste is evidently due to a very much retarded flow of
imperfectly oxygenated blood.

I have considered the temperature in this class for the purpose
of showing that the animal having the highest degree of tempera-
ture also has the smallest red corpuscle, the largest brain, and the
greatest degree of activity. The brain to body, in size, is 1:321,
and [jresents on its upper surface a great resemblance to that of
fish, while their hemispheres are smooth, non convoluted, hollow
internally, and surpass in circumference, the second portion of the
brain; compared with the higher order of animal life, their brain
is less developed than the spinal cord, while their cerebellum is
more highly developed than that of fish. The nerve tube or fibre
of this class measures fa'go of an inch in diameter or about gs'oo of
an inch less than that of the fish. The lizard has the smallest red
corpuscle, measuring tiS 5 of an inch in diam. and a brain propor-
tionately large, something near ^'j the weight of the body.

It is the most active of this class, while the siren and the [)roteus
are the most sluggish, each having a corpuscle measuring 4^0-of an
inch in diam; The measurments of a few of this class is found in
the following table.

Size of Corpuscle.

Lizard

Alligator ,

Tortoise

Common Frog

Toad ,o',5

Triton ^\^

Siren -^\^

Proteus 4 J 5

We have now to consider our third subdivision, that of birds.
Birds are the most active of living creatures: they have a nervous
system that is relatively smaller than that of mammals and the ratio
of the size of the red corpuscle to the brain — which is i:2r2 —
is about the same. 'I'heir jnilse is more rapid, averaging 150 |)er

I £ 3 5
- J_

13 2 4

.1 _

i 25 2

i r 0 8

30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

minute, like reptiles their temperature is greater during incubation,
but is higher by 13^° F. than that of any other animal.

Their temperature ranges from 45° F. to 112° F. ; this high
degree indicates a very great rtte of molecular change; their lungs
are not so large, nor are they so minutely divided as those of
mammals. Tiie respiratory system extends into the abdominal
and thoracic cavities, into the spaces between the muscles, beneath
the skin, and generally also into the larger bones, all affording a
great surface for the action of the air upon the blood, by this
means increasing the rate of oxygenation.

It has been shown that birds will die immediately in an at-
mosphere in which a mouse will survive for a short time, and if we
go still lower in the scale we find that a frog will live for hours in
the same air. The cerebrum of the bird, which is not convoluted,
and the cerebellum are greater in size to that of any other verte
brate, as compared to the size of the body.

This together with the folding of the cerebellum, gives them
greater locomotive power ; while the relative number of red cor-
puscles is not so great in birds as in mammals, it exceeds that of
reptiles and fish.

The following table shows a great increase in the size of the
brain to that of the body in passing from the larger to the smaller
birds.

Size of lirai/i to the I'ody.

Goose 1 : 360

Eagle \ : 260

Cock 1:25

Canary 1:14

Humming iMrd i : 11

Size of corpuscle in fractious of au. iucJi.
Ostricli -g i i, inches in diam.

iVciVVll 9„,

Swan ■ e'oB '

Pigeon rVer,

IHick , , h'-o3

Fowl 2 0*8 5

Cock 2t'o-3 "

Swallow 2 iS i) "

Humming Bird 126*6 "

Of the above, the ostrich has the greatest strengtli and phys-
ical endurance ; however the leading characteristic of birtl life (the

TJie Relative Size of Red- Blood Corpuscle and Braui. 3 i

power of flight) is absent. We cannot claim for it the greatest ac-
tivity or rapidity of motion ; it has the largest red corpuscle (-g| ^),
and a brain of inverse ratio to the body ; its temperature is less than
that of the smaller and more active members of its class, as the
Wren and Humming Bird, the latter being the smallest and most
active of them all. The respiration of the ostrich is 24 per minute,
this being slower than that of any other bird ; in the humming bird
the respiration is 60 per minute, this together with a temperature
of 4° Y. higher than that of any other bird, it being 112" F. im-
plies a greater rate of molecular change, and a greater rate of
molecular change enables a smaller nervous system to generate an
amount of motion which would require a larger nervous system if
the rate of molecular change were less. The brain in this bird
(Humming) is much greater in proportion to the size of the body,
it being i : 11 ; it has the smallest known corpuscle among birds,
measuring t"2"6 66 of an inch in diameter, it is proverbial for activ-
ity, having been known to visit one hundred flowers in one minute.

The nerve tube or fibre of birds varies is from , o'o 0 ••O i o'bo '•^'^
an inch in diameter.

We now come to the fourth subdivision, that of mammals,
and the last to be considered.

In mammals we find the most intelligence, physical and men-
tal endurance, the largest and most complex nervous and mus-
cular system; they constitute all living vertebrates that suckle their
young, including a few aquatics, such as the whale, walrus, seal,
sea-lion, and manatee.

The ratio of die brain to the body in mammals in general is
I : 186, while the temperature ranges from 37'' F. to 98.7° F.; rel-
atively they have the greatest number of red blood corpuscles, the
size ot which varies from 2T4T ^o , oJoo o^ ^^^ mc\\ in diameter ; the
most active animals are those having the highest degree of temper-
ature, the smallest red corpuscle, and the largest cerebellum in pro-
portion to the weight of the body ; the brain of mammals differs fro n
all other vertebrates, in that the commissures of the hemispheres
and cerebellum, pass acros? the medulla, thus forming the corpus
collosum and pons' varolii ; those of the cerebrum are more exten-
sive in depth, and number than in either the bird, reptile or fish.

The ratio of the size of the brain to the weight of the body
is not so great in passing from the larger to the smaller of this class
as is that of birds, this same law governs the size of their red co; -
pucle.

32 Cuicinnati Society of Natural History.

The elephant, in which we find great physical and mental en-
tlurance, is capable of accomplishing a greater amount with greater
energy exerted in a given time than any other, but like the ostrich
has comparatively little activity; he has the smallest brain com
pared to the size of the body, weighing ten pounds or ji^ of weight
of the body, the red corpuscle measures 27*4 6 of an inch in diame-
ter. Both respiration and circulation are very slow, the former
being 8 and the latter 36 per minute; this is an another illustration
that a large corpuscle and a small brain are associated with a slow
pulse and respiration and a low drgree of temperature and activity.

The most active mammals have a greater amount of gray, as
compared to white matter in the brain, and is in proportion to the
number and depth of the convolutions, which although not wanting
in many vertebrates, are always found in the cerebellum of mam-
mals, the greater portion of which is composed of gray matter.

It has been found that the gray matter is more vascular than
the white, tlierefore the amount of blood that would ])ass through
a, given quantity of each in a given time, would be much greater in
the the gray than in the white; this facilitates a greater rate of
molecular change, and the change is influenced by the rate of res-
piration and circulation.

Of mammals, the Java Musk deer has the smallest known red
corpuscle; it measures rosoa of an inch in diameter ; there seems
to be no available record concerning the weight of its brain, how-
ever the animal is known to l)e of the most active of its class. In-
vestigations concerning this class of vertebrates seems to have
been more thorough and more general than of any other class, as
may be shown by the following table, which includes (juite a variety.

Ratio of tlw l>rai)i to the body.

Ox I : 860 Sheep i : 192

Wild Boar i : 670 Hedge Hog. .... i : 168

Domestic Boar . . i : 412 Ass ... i ; 154

Horse i : 400 Rabbit i : 152

Stag I : 290 Bat. I : 96

Wolf I : 230 Baboon r : 86

Hare 1:228 Rat i: 76

Calf I .• 2 1 9 Demur i : 61

Fox I : 205 Gibbon 1 : 48

Buck I : 1 94 Mouse i ; 43

Ape ... I : 24

TJie Relative Size of Red- Blood Corpuscle and Brain. 33

The following table shows the greatest decrease in size of cor
piiscles in passing from tlie larger to the smaller animals.

If more extensive examinations of mammals, birds, reptiles,
and fish were made concerning the size of their corpuscles and
brain, the results would be more satisfactory.

Size of Red Corpuscle in fractions of an English inch.

Elephant 2 Vis Whale ao'so

Mare zi^b Beaver ziii,

Guinea Pig 3 ^^ ^ Hare 3 1'g a

Wolf aeV -0 Rabbit 3 g^ 7

Mouse 3-6V4 Monkey 36'-24-3d'3 a

Bear 3 e irs" Ass 4 0 0 ^

Tiger j-.'og Pig ^aVs

Ox -4 -,'b ^ Lion ^g'a 2

Red Deer ^^.^^ Cat 4 ^'o 4

d3^^ 4 4*6 s '4 1 75 Horse 4 e o'b

Sheep . 5 3'g i, Goat e a'a e

Musk Deer ,^Jo^

In conclusion I would say that while the foregoing tables and
statements concerning the inverse ratio of the red corpuscles to the
brain, the brain to the body, the red corpuscle to the cerebellum,
also to force and activity, are not complete, yet they furnish evi-
dence sufficient to encourage further investigation, which will
sooner or later be pursued. I have endeavored to give the size of
the Corpuscle and weight of the brain, and, also as nearly as pos-
sible, the capacity and structure of the lung, the degree of temper-
ature, rate of respiration and circulation, the habits and develop-
ment of as many members as possible of each of the four classes of
vertebrates, that a more complete study might be made.

We have found in passing from fish to mammals, that not only
does intelligence develop, but that circulation, respiration, diges-
tion and muscular structure are all likewise increased, and that the
brain becomes larger as does the cerebellum, while the red cor-
puscle grows smaller, as does the nerve tube or fibre, which varies
,-g' 5 to e^'oo of an inch in diameter.

34 Cincinnati Society of Natural Hist)iy.

CATALOGUE OF THE MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES,
BATRACHIANS AND FISHES.

IN THE COLLECTION OK

THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Compiled by Prof. Joseph F. James,

(Concluded from Yol. 9, Page 64.)

Class III. — Reptilia,
(The Rei)tiles.)

Order I. Testudinata.
(The Turtles.)

Family Emydidser.

(The Pond Turtles.)

Chrysemys picta, Agass. Painted Turtle. 2290, (M't'd)
Cistudoclausa, Gm. Common Box Turtle. 2291, (Shell)

Family Cino.sternidc'e
(The Cinosternoid Turtles.)

Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, Bell. Small Mud Turtle.
229Z, (Shell)

Family Chelydridse.
(The Snapping Turtles.)

Chelydra serpentina, Schw. Common Snapping Turtle:,
2293, (M't'd.)

Family Trionychid^.
(The Soft Shelled Turtles.)
Aspidonectes si)inifer, Agass. Common Soft-shell Turtle,
2289, (M't'd.)

Order 2. Lacertilia.
(The Lizards.)

Family Iguanidze.
(The Iguanas.)

Iguana tuberculata (?). S. Am. Iguana. 2294, (M't'd).
Phyrnosoma cornutum, Gray. Horned Toad. 2269.

Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 35

Order 3. Ophidia.

(The Serpents )

Family Colubridse.
(The Colubrine Snakes.)

Bacanium constrictor, B. & G. Black Snake. 2256.

Coluber obsoletus, Say. Pilot Snake: Racer. 2254.

Eutaenia saurita, B. & G. Riband Snake: Swift Garter Snake.
2265.

Eut?enia sertalio, B. & G. Common Garter Snake. 2252.

Leopeltis vernalis, Jan Green Snake; Grass Snake. 2249.

Ophibolus doliatus, var. trianguhdus, Cope. Milk Snake ;
House Snake. 2255.

Tropidonotus sipedon, Holbr. Water Snake ; Water Adder.
2250.

Family Pythonidte.
(The Pythons.)

Eunectes marinus. Anaconda. M't'd. (3 Specimens.)
Family Elapidse.

(The Harlequin Snakes.) ,

Elaps fulvius, Cuv. Bead Snake. 2253.
Family Crotalidse:

(The Rattlesnakes.)

Caudisona terginuna, Cope. Massassanga ; Prairie Rattle
snake. 2251.

Crotalus horridus, L. Banded or Northern Rattlesnake,
M't"d. (Two Specimens.)

Order 4. Crocodilia.
(The Crocodiles.)

Alligator mississippiensis, Dand. Alligator. Large M't'd.
Small M't'd, 2262; Small Male, 2261; Scales, 2263.

Class IV. — Batrachia.
(The Batrachians. )

Order i. Anura,
(The Frogs and Toads.)

Family Ranidae.
(The Frogs.)

Rana halecina, Kalm. Leopard or Common Frog.

36 Cincimtati Society of Natural History.

Family Hylidre.
(The Tree Fiogs.)

Hyla versicolor, LeConte. Common Tree Toad. 2264.

Family Bufonid^e.
(The Tuads.)

Bufo lentiginosus, Shaw. American Toad. 2260.
Order 2. Urodela.

(The Salamanders.)

Family Plethodontida?.
(The American Salamanders.)

Gyrinopliilus porphyrilicus, Cope. Purple Salamander. 225S.
Plethodon erythronotus, Baird. Red-Backed Salamander.
2259.

Family Amblystomidte.

(The Amblystomas.)
Amblystoma punctatum, Baird. Large Six)tted Salamander
2268.

Family Menopomid^e.
(The Memopomes.)

Memopoma alleghaniense, Harlan. Hell-bender : Big Wa-
ter Lizard. Male, 2249. (also M't'd.)

Order 3. Proterida.
(The Proteans.)

Family Proteidre,
(The Mud Puppies.;

Necturus lateralis, Baird. Mud Puppy : Water Dog. 2266.,

Class Y. — Pisces.
(The Fishes.)

Elasmobranchii.

Order i. Squali.
^The Sharks.)

Family Spinacidse,
(The Dog-fishes )

Squalus acanthias, Linn. Dog-fish: Skittle-dog. 2158.

Family Scylliidae.

(The Roussettes.)

Scyllium ventricosum, Garman. Swell Shark, 2159,

Catalog2ie of tJie Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 37

Order 2. Raia^.
(The Rays.)

Family PristidK.
(The Saw-fishes.)

Pristis antiqviorum, Latham. Saw Fish. 2160.

The saw sometimes grows to be six feet long an one foot across
at the base. It is used in tearing pieces of flesh from an animal's
body. The detached fragments are then seized and swallowed.

Family Trygonidte.
(The Sting Kays.)

Urolophus halleri, Cooper. Round Sting-ray. 2162.

Some parts of the bottom of San Diego Bay are literally lined
with this species, nearly buried in sand and mud. The smallest,
most abundant and most dangerous of the sting rays. One taken
in a net struck at another, the sting passing through the. body.
The species grow to be eighteen inches long.

Dasibatis sayi, Goode and Bean. Stingray. 2164.

Oi'der 3. Holocephali.
(The Chimeras.)

Family Chimaeridae.
( hima^ra colliasi, Bennett. Rat-fish: Elephant Fish. 2163.

Pisces.

(True Fishes.)

Order i. Selachostomi.

(Paddle Fislies.)

Family Polyodontidae.

(Paddle Fishes.)
Polyodon spathula, Jord, and Gilb. Spoon-bill Cat. 2161.

Order 2. Glaniostomi.
(The Sturgeons )

Family Acipenseridae.
(The Sturgeons.)

Acipenser rubicundus, Le Sueur, Lake Sturgeon, Ohio Stur-
geon. 2167.

The largest of our lake fishes, sometimes attaining a length of
si.\ feet and over. In 1872 - 73 at Green Bay Wis., 14,000 ma-
ture sturgeons, weighing 700,000 pounds were handled.

Acipenser sturio, var oxyrrhynchus. American Sturgeon
2 166.

38 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

Scaphirrhynchojjs platyrrhynchus, (lill. Shovel nosed Sturgeon.
2165.

Only four species of this genus are known : the present Ameri-
can and three others, all from Central Asia.

Order 3. Ginglymodi.
(Gar Pikes )

Family Lepidosteida^.
(The Gar Pikes.)

Lepidosteus osseus, Agassiz. Long-nosed Gar; Gar Pike.

2157-

This has been divided into twenty-two distinct species on the
])roportions and number of the scales. It is a quiet fish, it is said
that it may be seen apparently sleeping on the surface, and gently
carried round on an eddy for an hour at a time.

Order 4. Nematognathi.
(The Cat Fishes.)

Family Siluridae.
(The Cat Fishes.)

Amiurus catus, Gill. Bull-head; Horned Pout; Cat P'ish.
2 169.

Extremely tenacious of life, opening and shutting mouth half
an hour after the head has been cut off.

Amiurus (Ictalurus) albidus. Gill. White Cat Fish. 2170

Noturus insignis, Gill and Jord. 2168.

Order 5. Plectospondyli.
(The Plectospondylous Fishes.)

Family Catostomidre.
(The Suckers.)

Catostomus teres, LeSueur. Sucker. 2172.
The common "Sucker" of the streams of Ohio. Flesh poor.
It varies much in size, color and form in various streams.

Erimyzon sucetta, Jordan. Chub Sucker; Creek Fish. 21 71,

Family Cyprinidte.
(The Carps.)

Mylochilus caurinus, Grd. Columbia Chub. 2174.
Semotilus bullaris, Jord. Fall Fish ; Silver Chub. 2173.

Order 6. Isospondyli.
(The Isospondylous Fishes.)

Catalogue of the Manvnah, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 39

Family Clupeidai.

(The Herrings.)

Brevoortia tyrannus, Goode. Menhaden ; Mossbunker ; Bug-
fish ; Fat Back. 2175.

Very variable in all its characters. The annual yield of oil
from this fish exceeds that of the whale. "A parasitic crustacean
{Ofiiscus p/'cxgHstator, Lat.) is found in the mouths of a very large
proportion of the individuals of this species. The specific names
of both the fish and the crustacean refer to this pecularity, the
ancient Roman Rulers {tyranni) having had their tasters [pfcegusta-
tores) to taste their food before them, to prevent poisoning.

Clupea harengus, Linn. 77/^- Herring. 2177.

Found in incredible numbers in the German Ocean, North
Atlantic and seas north of Asia. The so-called "White Bart" con-
sists chiefly of the fry or young of herrings.

Clupea sagax, Jewyns. California Sardine. 2176.

Spread all over the temperate and tropical zones ; found in
large shoals on the coast of California, Chili, New Zealand and
Japan.

Clupea sapidissima, Wilson. Common Shad. 2178.

Highly esteemed in the East as a food fish, but inferior in
taste to all who have been accustomed to eat white fish in the
West.

Family l')orosomatida;.

Dorosoma cepedianum. Gill. Gizzard Shad ; Hickory Shad.
2179.

A handsome fish, but almost worthless as food. Flesh soft,
insipid and full of bones. (Mr. Klippart states that "40 years ago
it was esteemed an excellent fish on the Cincinnati market," which
if true, shows that either the Cincinnatians do not now buy fish for
their good looks, or else in 40 years they have progressed a
long way toward epicurianism.) — (Jordan.)

Family Engraulididffi.
(The Anchovies.)

Stolephorus compressus, J. and G. Sprat. 2182.
Stolephorus delicatissimus, J. and G. Sprat. 2180.
Stolephorus ringens, J. and G. Anchovy. 2t8i.

Family ScopelidcC.

(The Scopelids )

Synodus lucisceps, Gill. Dingaree dock. 2183.

40 Cincimmti Sociity of Natural History.

Family Salmon idixi.
(The Salmon.)

Osmerus mordax, Gill. Common Smelt. 2187.

(^sinerus thaleichthys, Ayres. 2188.

Salmo irideus, Gibbons. California IJrook Trout ; Rainbow
'I'rout. 2185.

The genu.s Salmo is a variable one. No dependence can be
placed on any of the characters. The young are known as "parr '
and differ in many ways from the adult. The adult males are
mere intensly colored than the females. The water has a
marked influence on the colors. "Trout with intense ocellated
spots are generally found in clear rapid rivers, and in alpine pools;
in the large lakes with pebbly bottom the fish are bright silvery
and the ocellated spots are mixed with or replaced by X shaped
black ^spots; in dark holes, or lakes with peaty bottom, they often
assume an almost uniform blackish coloration." (Gunther). The
species interbreed and cross and in the size, the fins and scales
they vary greatly.

Salmo purpuratus, Pallas. Oregon Brook trout; Salmon trout.
2184.

A very variable species. The probable ancestor of a nun)l)er

of reputed species.

Salvelinus fontinalis, G. and J. Speckled or Brook trout.
2226.

Thaleichthys pacificus, G. and D. Candle Fish : Eulachon.
2 186.

A very fat fish. An oil has been prepared from them similar

to cod liver oil. The common name of "Candle Fish" is given
from the fact that if set on fire at one end they burn like a torch
till consumed. The oil is highly prized I)y the Indians of ■ the
north west coast. Large quantities of the lish are caught in nets ;
they lie in heaps on the ground for five or six days, and are then
boiled. The atmosphere is charged at that time with odors far from
agreeable.

Tliymallus tricolor, Cope. Grayling. 2227.

Family Percopsidie.
Percopsis guttatus, Agass. Trout perch. 2189.
The only genus and species of the family.

Order 7. Haplomi.

Family Cyprinodontido:.
Cyprinodon yariegatus. Lac. Sheep's head. 2192.

Catalogue of the Mavunah, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 41

Fundulus parvipinnis, Gir. 2191.

Fundulus pisculentus, Val. Common Kitli fish: Munimichog.

2190.

Family Eocidte.
(The Pikes.)
Esox reticulatus, Le Sueur. Jack: Pickerel; Green Pike.
2195.

Order 8. Apodes.
(The Eels.)

Family Ang:uillidffi.
(True Eels )

Anguilla rostrata, De Kay. Eel. 2193.
Anguilla vulgaris, Turton. Eel. 2194.

Order 9. Synentognathi.
Family Scomberesocidce.

(Gar-fishes and Flying fishes.)

Exoccetus californicus, Cooper. Flying Fish. 2199.

This species sometimes flies for a distance of a quarter of a
mile, usually rising three or four feet. Some species jump twenty
feet above the water. Its motion is very swift, and it is able to
turn in its course to shun an obstacle.

Tylosurus longirostris, J. and G. Gar Pike: Needle Fish.
2 196.

The bones in this genus are green, yet the flesh is said to 1 e
good eating. The lower jaw, when growing is longer than the upper.

Order 10. Lophobranchi.
Family Sygnathidae.

(Pipe-fishes.)

Siphostoma fuscum, J. and G. Common Pipe Fish. 2197.

Family Hippocampodte.
(Sea Horses.)

Hippocampus heptagonus, Raf. Sea Horse. 2198.
Order 1 1 . Heseibranchi.
Family Gasterosterdae.

(The Siicklebacks. )

Opeltes quadracus, Brevort. 2202

Gasterosteus aculeatus, L. Common Stickleback. 2200.

Common to Atlantic and Pacific coasts of N. Am. Noted for

42 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

its habit of building a nest in the breeding season. Many species
of the genus build very elaborate nests.

Gasterosteus aculeatus, var. cataphractus, J. and G. Salmon,
killer. 2201.

Order 12. Acanthopteri.
(Spiny-rayed Fishes.)

Family Atherinidae.
(The Silver Sides.)

Atherinops affinis, Steind. Little Smelt. 2203.
Chirostoma merridium, Gill. Sardine. 2204.
Leuresthes teruuis, J. and G. 2205.

Family Ammodytidae.
(Sand Launces.)

Ammodytes americanus, DeKay. Sand Eel. 2207.

Fish of this genus live in shoals, rising with one accord to the
surface, or else diving to the bottom, where they bury themselves
in the sand. Porpoises watch the shoals and keep them at the sur-
face by diving below and swimming round them. Large numbers
are thus destroyed.

Family Scombridce.

(The Mackerels.)
Scomber scombrus, Linn. Eastern Mackerel. 2206.
A very important food fish, with a body temperature several
degrees higher than other fishes.

Family Carangidie.
(The Pilot Fishes.)

Caranx crumenopthalmas, L. Goggler ; Big-eyed Scad.
2213.

Caranx hippus, Gthr. Horse Crevalle. 221 1. Found in both
.\tlantic and Indian-Pacific oceans.

Caranx pisquetus, Cuv. and Val. Leather Jacket. 2210.

Selene vomer, Lutken. Moon fish ; Look-down ; Horse-head.
2156.

Seriola zonata, C. and V. Rudder Fish. 2212.

Trachurus plumeri, J. and G. 2208.

Trachynotus carolinus, Gill. Pompano. 2209.

Said to be the most valuable fopd fish of our Southern waters.

Family Pomatomidie.
(The Blue Fishes.)

Pomatomus saltator, Gill. Skip-jack; Blue fish. 2214.

The favorite of fishermen of seaside resorts. .\ specimen

Catalogue of the Mamnmls, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 43

showed signs of life after fifteen minutes on the deck of a yacht,
and a fragment of a little more than half a heart continued to pul-
sate for eight minutes after being separated from the body, respond
ing to artificial stimulus fifteen minutes longer.

Family Stromateidse.
(Broad Shiners.)

Lirus percifurmis, J. and G. Rudder Fish. 2217.
Stromateus simillianus, Gill. Cal. Pompano. 2216.
"Best pan fish on the Pacific coast. it sells for from 25 to
50 cents per pound."

Stromateus triacanthos, Peck. Dollar fish; Butter fish. 2215.

Family Centrarchidae.
(Sun Fishes.)

Amblopeltis rupestris, Gill. Rock Bass; Goggle-eye. 2223.

Centrarchus macropterus, Jordan. Shining Bass. 2219.

Lepomis auritus, Raf. Long-eared Sun fish. 2222.

Lepomis gibbossus, McKay. Pumpkin seed; Sun fish. 2221-
2225.

This species clears away weeds and other matter from the
sand and excavates a nest to the depth of three or four inches. It
guards the eggs from all intruders. Thoreau says of it: "Seen in
its native element it is a very beautiful and compact fish, perfect in
all its parts, and looks like a brilliant coin fresh from the mint. It
is a perfect jewel of the river, the green, red, coppery and golden
reflections of its mottled sides being the concentration of such rays
as struggle through the floating pads and flowers to the sandy
bottom, and in harmony with the sun-lit brown and yellow pebbles."

Lepomis megalotis. Cope. Long-eared Sun fish. 2224.

Variable and described under a multitude of names.

N4icropterus salmoides, Henshall. Large-mouthed Black
Bass. 2220.

This species and the small-mouthed bass have been the subjects
qI much controversy, some contending that the species are distinct,
and others that intermediate forms exist which connect the two.
VoL lY of the Ohio Geog. Survey, pp. 942-953, contains a long
account of the genus and species. A paper was published in this
Journal, (Vll, p. 140), by Mr. Chas. Dury, giving reasons for
supposing there are no constant differences between the small and
large-mouthed varieties. Dr. J. A. Henshall's "Book of the Black
Bass" is the most complete account yet published.

44 Cincinnati Society of Natufal History.

Pomoxys sparoides, Gerard. Calico fish ; Bar Hsh ; Tin
Mouth. 2218.

Family Percid^.

(Tlie Perches.)

Perca americana, Schrank. Common Perch ; Yellow Perch.
2102.

A handsome fish, "biting" says Thoreau, "from impulse, with-
out reflection, and from impulse refraining to bite; and sculling in-
differently past. It is a true fish, such as the angler loves to put
into his basket, or hang on the top of his willow twig, on shady
afternoons, along the banks of streams" "-The number of eggs of
one spawn may exceed a million". — (Gunther.)

Family Serranidse.
(The Sea Bass.)

Roccus americanus, J. and G. White Perch. 2ror.
Roccus lineatus, Gill. Rock ; Striped Bass. 2098.
Serranus atrarius, J. and G. Black fish ; Black Sea-Bass.
2099.

•Serranus nebulifera, Steind. Johnny Verde. 2100.

Family Sparidae.
(The Sparoid Fishes.)

Pomadasys fulvomaculatus, J. and G. Sailor's Choice; Pig
F;sh. 2096.

Diplodus argyrops, J. and G. Scup; Porgee. 2097.

An important food fish, growing eighteen inches in length and
reaching a weight of four pounds.

Family Scieenidae.

(Tlie Croakers.)

"Most of the species make a peculiar noise, called variously
croaking, grunting, drumming and snoring. This sound is sup-
posed to be caused by forcing the air from the air bladder into one
of the lateralhorns". — (Jord. and Gilbert, Fishes, N. Am., p. 566.)

Cynoscion parvipinne, Ayres. Blue Fish ; Corvina. 2092.

Genyonemus lineatus. Gill. Little Bass ; Little Roncador.

Menticirrus nebulosus. Gill. Whiting; King Fish. 2094.
Umbrina xanti, Gill. Yellow-finned Roncador. 2095.

Family Embiocotid^e.
(The Surf Fishes.)

"Viviparous. The young are hatched wiiliiu the body, where

Catalogue of the Mamviah, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 45

they remain closely packed in a sac-like enlargement of the ovi-
duct until born. These foetal fishes bear at first little resemb-
lance to the parent, being closely compressed and having the
vertical fins exceedingly elevated, at birth they are from i^ to 2\
inches in lergth."— (Jord. & Gilb. Ibid, p. 585.)

Abeona aurora, J. and G. 2090.

Abeona minima. Gill. Shiner. 2091.

Amphistichus argenteus, Agass. Surf Fish. 2078.

Damalichrhys argyrosomus, J. and G. White Perch Porgie.
2084

Ditrema atripes, J. and G. 20S2.

Ditrema furcatum, Gunther. 2079.

Ditrema jacksoni, Gthr. Croaker; Surf Fish. 2081.

Ditrema laterale, Gthr. Blue Perch. 20S0.

Amphistichus (Holconotus) analis, J. and G. 2089.

Amphistichus (Holconotus) argenteus, Agass. White Perchj
2984. Wall Eye. 2087.

Amphistichus (Holconotus) rhodoterus, J. and G. 2088.

Hypsurus caryi, A. Agass. Bugara. 2086.

Micrometrus aggregatus. Gibbons. Sparada; "Minnow". 2085.

Micrometrus frenatus, J. and G. 2083.

Family Labridas.
(The Wrasse-Fishes )

Ctenolabrus adspersus, Goode. Gunner ; Chogset. 2077.
Pseudojulis modestus, Gthr. Senorita. 2075.
Tautoga onitis, Gthr. Oyster Fish; Black Fish. 2076.
Esteemed as food.

Family Pomacentrid?e.
Chromis punctipinnus, Cooper. Blacksmith. 2074.
Family Gobiidas.

(The Gobies.)
Gillichthys mirabilis, Cooper. Mud Fish. 2070.
Burrows in the mud; the bottom of San Diego Bay being
honey-combed with its holes.

Family Chiridae.

Anoplopoma fimbria, Gill. Horse Mackerel ; Coal Fish.
2073.

Hexagrammus decagrammus, J. and G. Sea Trout ; Boregat.
2071.

Zaniolepis latipinnis, Grd. 2072.

46 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Family Scorptenidte.
(Rock Fishes.)

Sebastes marinus, Linn. Rose Fish ; Snapper. 2134.
Sebastodes atrovirens, J. and G. Garrupa ; Grouper. 2130.
Sebastodes auriculatus, J. and G. Rock Fish. 2131.
Sebastodes chrysomeles, J. and G. 2133.
Sebastodes rosaceus, J. and G. Corsair.

Family Cottidae.
(The Sculpins.)

Ascelichthys rhodorus, J. and G. 2120.

Cottus feneus, Mitchell. Brazen Bull Head. 2 121.

Cottus octodecimspinosus, Mitch. Sculpin. 2127.

The male of some species of this genus is said to construct a
nest of sea-weed and stones, and to watch and defend his offspring
(Gunther.)

Enophrys bison, J. and G. Stone Sculpin. 2128.

Hemipterus americana, Storer. Sea Raven. 2129.

Icelus quadriseriatus, J. and G. 2123.

Icelus uncinatus, Kroger. 2125.

Leptocoltus armatus, Girard. Sculi)in ; Drummer. 2126.

Oligocottus analis, Grd. Little Scorpion, 2122.

Oligocottus maculosus, Grd. Johnny. 2124.

Family Agonid?e.
(Alligator Fishes.)
Aspidophoroides monopterygius, Storer. Bull-head. 2116.

Family Triglidce.
(The Gurnards.)

Cephalacanthus spinarella, Lac. Flying Fish. 21 19.
"The adult able to move in the air, like the true flying fish,
but for shorter distance." — (J, & G., /. c, p. 737.)

Prionotus evolans, Gill. Striped Flying Toad. 2 117.
Prionotus palmipes, Storer. 21 18.

Family Gobieosocid.ie.

"Carnivorous fishes of small size, chiefly of the warm seas,
usually living among loose stones between tide marks, and clinging
to them firmly by means of the adhesive disk." — (Jor. and Gil.. /.
c, p. 748.)

Gobieosox reticulatus, J. and G. 21(4.

Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc. 47

Family Batrachid^.
(Toad Fishes.)

Porichthys porosissimus, Gthr. Mud Fish ; Singing Fish ;
Drum Fish. 21 15.

Family Blenniidae.

Anoplarchus alectrolophus. J. and G. 21 13.

Inhabits regions between tide marks, where it is sheltered from
the surf. Usually found among weeds and stones where the l)Ottom
is very muddy.

Apodichthys fucourm, J. and G. 21 10.

Cebedichthys violaceus, Grd. 2111.

Lumpenus anguillaris, Gill. 2112.

Muraenoides ornatus, Gill. 2107.

Xiphister mucosus, Jordan. 2108.

Lives under rocks, in the sand, in crevices and in masses of
algcC between tide marks. It is very active and makes its way
readily on land, and remains for hours out of the water in damp
places without inconvenience.

Xiphister rupestrus, J. and G. 2109.

Family Lycodid^e.
(The Eelpouts.)

Zoarces auguillaris, Storer. Mutton Fish; Eelpout, 2106.
The young fish of Z. viviparus are so mature at the time of
birth, that when they are first extruded they swim about with great
agility. Two or three hundred are sometimes produced by a
single female.

Family Gadidae.
(Cod Fishes.)

Gadus vireus, L. Coal Fish; Green Cod. 2105.
Gadus tomcod, Walb. Tom-cod; Frost Fish. 2103.
Phycis tennis, DeKay. Codling ; Squirrel-hake. 2104.

Order 1 2 . — Heterosomata.
(The Flat Fishes.)

Family Pleuronectidje.

(Flounders.)

Bothus maculatus J. and G. Sand Flounder ; Window-pan.
2145.

Citharichthys sordidus, Gthr. 2146.

Dried in numbers by the Chinese. Its weight is about one
and a half pounds.

48 Citicinnati Society of Natural History.

Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, Gill. Craig Flounder. 2150
Glyptocephalus zachirus, Lock. Sole. 2149,
Hippoglossoides exilia, J. and G. Flounder. 2148.
Hippoglossoides plattessoides, Gill. Flat Fish; Rough Dab.

2142.

Hypsopetta guttulata, Gill. Diamond Flounder. 2147.

Paralichthys californicus, J. and G. Turbot. 2140.

Grows, three feet long and is sometimes known to weigh sixty
pounds.

Pleuranectes americanus, Walb. Winter Flounder. Mud-
dab. 2139.

Pleuronectes bilineatus, Gthr. Rock Sole. 2143.

Pleuronectes ferrugineus, J. and G. Sand-dab. 2144.

Pleuronectes glaber, Gill. Fool Fish, Christmas Fish. 2135.

Named "Fool-fish" because it will bite even at a rag. The
teeth of the old ones are movable in the breeding season ; those of
the young are fixed.

Pleuronectes isolepis, J. and G. 2137.

Pleuronectes stehatus, Pallas. Flounder. 2136.

Pleuronectes vetulus, J. and G. 2138.

Pleuronichthys decurrens, J. and G. 2 141.

Order. 13 Plectognathi.

Family Ostraciidas.
(Trunk Fishes.)

Ostracium quadricorne, L. Cow-fish (dried). 2152.

Family Balistidae.
(Trigger Fishes.)

Alutera schoepffi, Goode. File Fishes. 2155.
Monacanthus broceus, DeKay. Fool-Fish; File-Fish. 2154,

Family Tetrodontidce.
(The Puffers.)

Chilomycterus geometricus, Kau]). Rabbit-Fi: \; Swell Toad.
(M't'd). 2153.

Tetrodon turgidus, Mitchell. Swell Fish: Puffer. 2151.

This sjjecies takes its name from its power of inflating itself
with air.

Dcpai tment of Zoological Miscellany. 49

ZOOLOGICAL MISCELLANY.

Wj\i. HuBBELL Fisher, Editor.

SNOW BUNTING, Plcctropliaiics nivalis, (i,.) meyer.

Rev. John \V. Shorten, a well-known ornithologist, formerly
of this city, and now of R )ss, Butler County, Ohio, writes under
date of January 3, 1887, as follows :

"Yesterday while driving from one of my preaching appoint-
ments to another in this (Butler) county, I had the pleasure to see
a large flock of Snow Buntings, Plectrophanes nivalis, Meyer. They
flew directly across my path and so close that I had a good view
ot them, and could not mistake the species- -I have handled many
of them. This bird is reported by our local collectors as an 'oc-
casional winter visitant.' But, in all my collecting, I have not
met with it heretofore. All of the specimens that I have handled
were sent to me from farther west. I thought my ornithological
friends would appreciate this item, and so you have it."

Very respectfully, John W. Shorten.

AMF"'^'*N rough-legged HAWK, Aixkibutco Lagopus Sancti-Jolian
nis, (Gmel.) Ridgw.

James B. Shorten, of Cincinnati, Ohio, has mounted a Rough-
pegged Hawk, which he reports taken on or about January 7-9,
1887, at Ind'-n Hill, (Plainville), Hamilton County, on the Little
Miami Rive., Ohio. — body dissected by Wm. Hubell Fisher, sex
of bird, male;,;also a Rough-legged Hawk, taken on or about January
2, 1887, at Greensburgh, Indiana, (a large specimen), body dis-
sected by Wm. Hubbell Fisher, sex, female (?) This species is very
uncommon in Southern Ohio.

RED-TAILED HAWK, Bi/tco boiraHs, (Gill.) Vieill.
Contest with the common Anie' "an Crow, Connis frugivo) us, Bartr.
At Lyons Falls, Lewis < y, New York, jn the spring of

50 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

1886, a young crow was taken from the nest and domesticated at
the Lyon homestead, and became the pet of the family. He would
often fly to the windows of the house and look in. He was exceed-
ingly fond of Joe, the gardener, and would often perch upon the
hat of the latter, while walking about the grounds, and allow him-
self to be taken down, and would sit \\\)0\\ Joe's finger. If one
pointed a finger at him, he would open wide his mouth and emit a
low half hissing, half cawing sound.

He liked to tease. A small fat pujjpy, black all over, except
the tip of his tail which was white, shared the honors of being a
pet.

The crow (we called him "Jim,") used to come stealthily up
behind the puppy, and with his beak suddenly nip the white tip
of the puppy's tail. Although the puppy jumped to his feet and
turned round with astonishing celerity, he failed to catch the
offender, who nimbly, by jumps and aided by his wings, kept out of
harm's way.

I have seen him when the puppy was picking a bone, make
a pass at the latter, and as the puppy dropped the bone to meet
his attacker, Jim dextrously caught the bone and bore it aloft to a
safe branch in triumph.

Nearly every afternoon, near sun down, many wild crows
passed over-head in full view, often cawing vociferously, and on
several of these occasions I have closely observed Jim. I have
seen him watch these crows, but he never appeared to care to join
them in their wild life, preferring the companionship of man.

Last fall, November 8, 1886, I received from T^yons Falls the
cadaver of a Red-tailed Hawk — Hen-Hawk — Biitco borcalis, (Gm.)
v., and a letter announcing that on November 4, 1886, this hawk
had attacked the crow and a combat ensued, in which the crow had,
for the time being at least, gotten the better of his powerful adver-
sary, and held the hawk until Joe, the gardener, came and seizing
the hawk despatched it.

This hawk is a bird probably of the year. In the flesh it
measured as follows :

Length 21^^ inches from tip of beak to tip of tail measured
over the back. From tip of beak to root of tail, i2| inches.
Length of wing from shoulder to tip of third primary, 15 J^ inches.
.\lar extent from lip of one wing to tip of other wing, the wings

Department of Zoological Miscellany. 5 i

being outstretched and the measurement being taken across the
back, 47^/2 inches.

Sex undetermined.

The skin of the specimen is in my possession.

The stomach of the bird contained a small quantity of hair, a
few bones of a small animal, and some seeds. No doubt the hawk
was hungry, and being a young bird, was not sufficiently wary to
remain away from the vicinity of the house.

A query also arises whether the crow, by his play with men
and with the dog, acquired greater skill and confidence than a wild
crow, and became better able to cope with a hawk of such size.

Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

PLATE I.— Page 19.
Horn cores of Bison latifrons, Leidy— >!, natural size.

><,

THE JOURNAL

OF THE

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

VOLX. CINCINNATI, JULY, 1887. No. 2.

PROCEEDINGS.

Annual Meeting, April 5, i887.

President Dun in the chair, twenty members present.

Minutes of the January Meeting were read and approved.

Miss Susan Griffith and Dr. S. H. Collins were proposed for
election to active membership.

Dr. N. E. Jones, of Circleville, Ohio, was recommended by
the Executive Board as Honorary member.

The following named persons were then elected :

Corresponding members, Rev. Stephen D. Peet, Clinton,
Iowa, and Prof. O. P. Hay, Irvington Indiana; Honorary mem-
ber, Prof. E. W. Claypole, Akron, Ohio; Active members, Mrs.
Thomas Emery, Mrs. Herbert Jenney, Mrs. W. D. Holmes, D.
B. Gamble, Jerome R. Clark, R. S. Fulton, J. K. Martin, Charles
T. Greve, W. D. Holmes, W. F. Gray, E. Y. Mosier, Dr. A. L-
McCormick.

The minutes of the Executive Board for December, January,
February and March were read.

Reports of the various officers and curators were called for
and the following reports were submitted : *

Davis L. James, Secretary; H. P. Smith, Custodian; S. E.
Wright, Treasurer ; Prof J. W. Hall, Curator of Geology ; George
Huntington, Curator of Entomology; Curator of Botany, Miss
Nettie Filmore; Curator of Zoology, Charles Dury; Curator of
Osteology, Dr. O. D, Norton; Curator of Anthropology, Prof.
George W. Harper ; Curator of the Photgraphic Section, George

* These reports will appear in subsequent pages of tlie Journal.

54 Cincinnati Society of Natiaal History.

Bullock; Curator of Conchology, Mrs. M. C. Morehead ; Curator
of Microscopy, George B. Twiichell ; Librarian. Prof. George W.
Harper.

The resignations of Messrs. G. N. Merryweather and \\'illiam
Lytle Foster were received and accepted.

The Annual Election was then announced, and the chair ap-
pointed Messrs. Karl Langenbeck and H. P. Smith, tellers.

The following officers were then elected to serve for one year :

President, J. Ralston Skinner; First ^^ice-President, William
Hubbell Fisher; Second Vice-President, Davis L. James; Treas-
urer, S. E Wright; Secretary, William H. Knight.

Members at large for the Executive Board :

VV, A. Dun, M. D., George Bullock, Prof. George W. Harper,
F. W. Langdon, M. D.

Librarian, Miss Nettie Fillmore. Trustee tor two years, Julius
Dexter.

The election of Curators was postponed to the next meeting.

Mr. Fisher moved that the thanks of the society be tendered
to Dr. Dun for his efficient services during the past year. Carried.

The society then adjourned.

Donations for the month were as follows :

From Dr. W. A. Dun, plate of "Cincinnati Wat bier'"
framed; from F. \V. Langdon, beetle; from Prof. J. W. Hall,
Naturalist's Directory 1884, Ohio Centennial Report; from
Henry A. Shepherd, " Antiquities of the State of Ohio," from
Capt. M. M. Murphy, Ripley, O., Mastodon tooth, five stone
axes, twenty-four flint arrow-heads, three rough agates, miscella-
neous fossils; from J. G. Shepherd, Mason, O., miscellaneous
fossils and fungi ; from Lars Sundt, mammoth tooth.

Scientific Meeting, May 3, 1887.

President Skinner in the chair ; twenty-four members present.

The minutes of the March meeting were read and approved.

A communication from E. W. Claypole thanking the society
for his election to honorary membership was read. Also, from
Messrs. O. P. Hay and Stephen D. Peet, returning thanks for
their election to corresponding membership.

Dr. O. D. Norton read an interesting letter from a friend who
had been examiming the j)hosphate works near Beaufort, S. C.

Proceedings of the Society. 55

The dredges are bringing to the surface from the depths of the
river the teeth and bones of sharks and other animals of enormous
size. Specimens of huge sharks teeth were exhibited.

Mr. Horace P. Smith read a paper on " Color Perception and
Color Blindness," illustrated by colored diagrams on the black-
board, giving the latest scientific theories of the action of light on
the optic nerve.

Pertinent to the subject Dr. Heighvvay spoke of the rapid and
beautiful changes of color produced by the chameleon. He also
spoke of the colors caused by the diffraction of light by ruled
lines upon steel plates. These bands were ruled so delicately that
100,000 occupied but one inch.

Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher called attention to a work on Bird
Colors, by Robert Ridgeway, containing a nomenclature of colors
and a comparative vocabulary of color in different languages.

Dr. Dun stated that the railroad companies of Pennsylvania
were required by law to examine certain employees, engineers,
brakesmen, etc , annually, in regard to color perception, for it had
been discovered that the defect of color blindness could be acquired
imconsciously, where it had not before existed ; yet cases had come
to light where engineers had performed their duties for years with-
out accident, who possessed this defect in a marked degree.

Dr. Christopher thought that so-called color blindness was
often due to color ignorance— a lack of training in the knowledge
of colors. He spoke of the difficulty of distinguishing the various
colors of tne stars. It was an interesting fact that many of the
telescopic double stars showed complimentary colors.

A paper was read by title, by request, as follows: " A Pre-
liminary Catalogue of the Amphibia and Reptilia of the State of
Indiana, by O. P. Hay, M. A."

W. B. Carpenter was proposed for active membership.

Dr. N. E. Jones, of Circleville, Ohio, and Erasmus Gest, of
New York City, were elected Honorary members, and Miss Susan
Griffith and Dr. S. H. Collins, active members.

An election of Curators resulted as follows :

Curator of Geology, J. W. Hall, Jr.

" " Entomology, George B. Twitchell.
" " Botany, Miss Anna Brown.
" " Zoology, Dr. D. S. Young.

56 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

Curator of Osteology, Dr. O. D. Norton.

" " Anthropology, Dr. W. A. Dun.

" " Photography, D. W. Huntington.

" " Meteorology, Prof. G. W. Harper.

" " Microscopy, Dr. Charles E. Caldwell.

" " Physics and Chemistry, Dr. W. S. Christopher.

" " Ornithology, Charles Dury.

" " Conchology, Mrs. M. C. Morehead.

Donations for the month were as follows : P>om C. L. Faber,
specimens agatizedwood and rough agates, gold ore, crystalized
pulin wood, septaria, fluorite, opalized-wood, carnelian wood,
chlorastrolite, amazon stone, natrolite, aragonite, silver ore, mala-
chite, amethyst; from Davis L.James, Ohio Agricultural Report
1873? '77 ^"d '7S (2 vols.), Ohio Railway Report 1874, Report of
Department of Agriculture 1871, Ohio Statistics 1874, Land Office
Report 1876; from Prof. P. Herbert Carpenter, Eton College,
Note on Structure of Crotalocrinus, Carpenter (pamphlet) ; from
Miss L. C. Smith, specimens of Marine Shells, Beetle.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, ///;/(• 7, 1887.

President Skinner in the chair, twenty-three members present.

The minutes of May were read and approved.

The resignation of Mr. George Bullock, Member at Large of
the Executive Board, was received and accepted.

Mr. Allen Collier resigned his membership in the society.

Dr. Walter A. Dun read his address as retiring President.
His topic was "The Identification of the UticS. Shales at Cincin-
nati." Sections of several of the deep wells recently drilled near
Cincinnati were shown, and a large number of drillings from va-
rious wells exhibited.*

Mr. Davis L. James read a paper by Prof. Joseph F. James,
of Oxford, Ohio, giving an account of a deep well recently drilled
at Oxford. The drillers reached 1,345 feet, when the well was
abandoned, with 180 feet of water in the hole.

The following persons, were proposed for election to active
membership :

John Monteith, Dr. T. A. Reamy, ^\'arren T. Morehead,
Dr. E. G. Betty, Miss Belle Woods, Miss Louise Stewart, Miss

* Note— Dr. Dun's paper will appear in a future number of tliis Journal.

Proceedings of the Society. 5,7

Louise Horsely, Charles Schuckert, E. O. Ulrich, Charles P.
Fennel, Dr. James G. Hyndman, Omar T. Joslin.

Mr. William B. Carpenter was elected to active membership.

The President appointed Rev. Raphael Benjamin and Davis
L. James a committee to audit the Treasurer's accounts.

Dr. O. D. Norton suggested that some appropriate document
of or relating to the society be handed to the Chamber of Com
merce to be placed in the corner-stone of their new building. It
was suggested and agreed that a number of the Journal be selected
for that purpose.

Mr. William Hubbell Fisher offered the following amendment
to the By-Laws :

" In the last clause of Section i, Article YI of the By Laws,
immediately after the word "active," insert the word "corres-
ponding." The clause amended to read as follows : "Active,
Corresponding and Life Members, and invited guests;, only, shall
be privileged to read papers before the Society."

It was announced that Dr. S. J. Mills, Mr. J. F. Woods, Mr.
Mr. E. R. Quick and Mr. A. W. Butler had been nominated by
the Executive Board for Corresponding membership.

Mr. Smith announced that arrangements had been made for
an exhibition to be given by the Botanical and Microscopical sec-
tions of the Society, at the Museum, Tuesday, June 14th, at 8 P. M.

A vote of thanks was tendered the President, Mr Skinner, for
securing for the use of the Society a copy of Audobon's Birds of
America. The copy is to be loaned to the Society.

Donations for June were as follows : From Dr. W. A. Dun,
Cecropia moth, precious garnets, sections of Freeman Ave. and
Hemingray gas wells; from Louis A. Piatt, Newport, Ky., Nest ot
Oriole; from Dr. O. D. Norton, Vertebra of Megalodon, flint
chips ; from Prof. E. W. Claypole, Akron, O., Organic Variation
Indefinite, not Definite in Direction (pamph.); from W. R. Lighten,
Leavenworth, Kan., specimen of Camptosorus rhizophyllus ; from
Franklin Institute, through Mr. Wm. H Knight, miscellaneous
publications of Institute ; from Academy of Natural Science,
through Mrs. Wm. H. Knight, miscellaneous publications of Acad-
emy; from Rev. Raphael Benjamin, Cecropia moth; from Baron
F. Von Thumen, Gerz, Austria, Monograph, "Die Phoma Krank-

58 Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

heit der VVeinreben ; from Prof. S. Lockwood, Freehold, N. J,,
Monograph, "Raising Diatoms in ihe Laboratory ;'' from Edw. R.
Skinner and Dr. S. J. Mills, Toledo, O., Cast of Head found by
Mr. Forbes in Florida; Paul Esselborn, Fossil Coral ; from Dr. J.
S. Neave, Dresden, O., specimen of Lepidodendron ; from
Dr. A. E. Heighway, Sr. , specimens of tremolite and talc, wood
bored by beetle.
Adjourned.

Catalogue of tJie Amphibia and Reptilia of Indiana. 59

A PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE AMPHIBL\ AND
REPTILIA OF THE STATE OF INDIANA.

Bv O. P. Hay, Ph. D., Corresponding Member Cinein)uiti Society of
Natural History.

(Read by title May 3rd, 1887.)

PREFACE.

The following Catalogue is designed to include all the species
and varieties of Amphibians and Reptiles that are at present known
to occur within the limits of the State of Indiana, and to give the
ascertained geographical range of each form. Altogether seventy-
seven species are enumerated. It is quite certain, however, that
many additional species belong to our State. Se^'eral species for
instance, have been taken at Mt. Carmel, Illinois, on the Wabash
River, that have not yet been reported from Indiana. While
probably the greater number, if not all, of such species also occur
on the Indiana side of the river, we can not be sure of it until some
one has seen them. It is greatly to be desired that persons for-
tunate enough to secure such species will report them and the place
where they were captured. Correspondence and more especially
specimens are solicited.

The principal sources of information in preparing this list are
as follows : My own collection and that of Butler University ; that
in the State Geologist's office ; a collection made during a period
of several years at New Harmony, Ind., by the late James Samp-
son ; the check lists of Prof. Cope and Dr. Yarrow ; the writings of
Agassiz. Cope and others; and a catalogue of the Reptiles and
Amphibians of Franklin county by Mr. Edward Hughes. The op-
portunity to examine the State collection and the collection at
New Harmony I owe to Prof. John Collett, at that time State Ge-
ologist. I am also indebted to Mr. C. H. Bollman, of the State
University, for a list of species taken in Monroe county.

Butler University, Irvington, Ind., May 30th, 1887.

6o Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Class AMPHIBIA.

Order URODELA.

Sub order PKRENNIBRANCHIAJ'A.

Family .SIRENID.4^:.

Genus SiRKX, Linn.

I. Siren laccrtinal^mn. Mud Eel; Sikkn.

New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Mt. Carmel, Ills. (Ridgwayj.

Family PROTEID.F;.
Genus Necturus, Rafinesque.

I. AWti/n/s maculatus Raf. Mud Puppy ; Water D()G.

Found doubtless in all the larger streams of the State. Known
localities: Wabash; New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Franklin
county (Hughes); Mt. Carmel, Ills. (Yarrow); Monroe county (Ind.
Univ. coll.)

Sub-order CADUCIBRANCHIATA.

Family CRVPTOBRANCHID.-E.

Genus Crvptobranchus, Leuckart.

3. Crxptobranclnis allcglianiensis {W.^x\.)N . d. Hoev. Hellbexder.
Probably to be found in all the rivers and lakes of the State.

Common everywhere along the Ohio River; Franklin county (K.
R. Quick).

Family AMBLYSTOMID.F.

Genus Chondrotus, Cope (Amer. Nat. 1887, 87).

4. Chondrotus nticrostoniusCo'^t. Small mouthed Salamander.
One of the most abundant species of the family about Indian-
apolis; New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Wheatland (Ridgway).

Genus Amblvstoma, Tschudi.

5. AnilAystonia jcjfersonianiim jcffcrsoniauuni (Cireen) Cope. Jeff-
erson's Salamander.

Apparently rare, but probably to be found in all parts of the
State. One specimen has been cajjtured at Irvington, another
has been sent me from Franklin county by Mr. A. W. Butler, and
others have been taken at Bloomington (Ind. Univ. coll ).
5(7. Amblystonia jeffcrsonianiim fiiscum (Green) Cope. Brown Sal-
amander.

Catalogue of tJte AinpJiibia and Rcptilia of Indiana. 6 1

Originally described from Hanover, Jefferson county.

6. Amblystoma tigriniim tigrinum (Green) Cope. Tiger Salaman.

DER.

Very common about Indianapolis ; probably to be found
throughout the State.

7. Amhlystoma puiictatiiiii (Linn.) Cope. Spotted Salamander.
New Harmony (Sampson's coll.) ; Wheatland (Ridgway) ;

Franklin county (Hughes); Shelby county (collected by G. H.
Clarke); Monroe county (Ind. Univ. coll.).

8. Aviblystoma opacum (Gravenh.) Cope. Marp5LEd Salamander.
New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Wheatland (Ridgway).

9. Ainblystoma copeaniim Hay. Short-Bodied Salamander.
Known from a single specimen found at Irvington, and de-
scribed in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum 1.S85,
vol. viii. p. 207, pi. xiv.

Family SALAMAN HRID^.

Sub-family PLETHODONTIN^E.

Genus Spelerpes, Rafine^que.

10. Spelerpes hilineatus (Green) Baird. Green's Triton.
Common about Brook\ille, Franklin county (Hughes and A.

\V. Butler); Monroe county (Ind. Univ. coll.). Will doubtless be
found at other points.

11. Spelerpes longicaudus (fix&QVi) Baird. Long-tailed Triton.
Caves of Southern Indiana (Jordan); Brookville (Hughes, A.

W. Butler); Monroe county (Ind, Univ. coll.).

Genus Hemidactylium, Tschudi.

12. Heifiidacfyliiini sciifatiiin Tschmlx. Scaly Salamanl^er.
Distributed from Rhode Island to Illinois. Reported to be

not uncommon about Brookville (Hughes). Known readily by
having but four digits on the hinder feet.

Genus Plethodon, Tschudi.

13. Plethodon erythronotus (Green) Baird. Red-backed Salaman-
der.

New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Brookville (Hughes); Monroe
county (Ind. Univ. coll.).

1 4 . Plethodon glutinosus Green. Slimy Lizard.

Reported to be common in the vicinity of Bloomington, Mon-
roe county (C. H. BoUman).

62 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Subfamily DESM0GNATH1N.4<:.

15. Desi>tOi:;nat/iiis fiisca/i/sca (Rafinescjue) Baird. Bkown '1'ki-
roN.

A common species in PVanklin county (Hughes, Iiutler):
Monroe county (C. H. BoUman).

Sub-family SALAMANDRIN/t:.
Genus Dikmvci'vlus, Rafinesque.

16. Dicmrctv/us 7'iridcsci'/is Rai. Green Triton ; Newt.

New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Brookville, very common.
(Hughes); Mt. Carmel (Yarrow); Monroe county (Incl. Univ. coll.).
Likely to be found throughout the State.

Order ANURA. *

Sub-order PHANEROGLOSSA.

Family BUFONID^:.

Sub family HYLIN^.

Genus Hvla, Laurenti.

17. Ilv/a versicolor LeC. Common Tree Toad.
Found everywhere.

18. Hyla pickcriuoii Holbrook.

Three specimens have been found in the vicinity of Blooming-
ton, (C. H. Bollman).

Genus Acris, Dum. & Bib.

19. Acris k^ryllus crepitans (LeC.) Cope. Western Cricket
Frog.

Common about Indianapolis, and probably so along all our
streams. Franklin county (Hughes); Monroe county (Ind. Univ.
coll.).

Genus Chorophilus, Baird.

20 Chorop/iilus triscriatiis triseriati/s {^\e:d.) Cope. StrtpekTree

Froo.

Probably generally, but not abundantly, distributed. One
specimen secured at Irvington.

Sub-family BUFONIN^E.
Genus Bufo, Laurenti.

21. Bufo lentigimsiis amcricanus (LeC.) Cope. Toau.
Common everywhere.

Catalogue of the AmpJiibia and Reptilia of Indiana. 6^

Family RANID/E.
Sub-family RANIN^.
Genus Rana, Linnaeus.

2 2. Rana halecina halecina Y^Am.. Leopard Frog.
Common everywhere.

23. Rana anolata circiilosa iKxcQ&iDdiVx?.) Cope. Hoosif:R Frog,
Benton county (D. S. Jordan, Manual of Vertebrates, 2d ed.

355)-

24. Rana palustris LeC. Swamp Frog.

Said to occur in Franklin county (Hughes); Monroe county,
where it is abundant (Ind. Univ. coll.). Probably to be found
throughout the State.

25. Rana clamata Daudin. Green Frog; Sprino Froc;.
In all streams.

26. Rana catesheiana Shaw. Bull Frog.
In all the larger streams.

27. Rana sylvatica LeC.

Moderately common. Irvington; Shelby county; Franklin
county (Hughes); Monroe county (Ind. Univ. coll ).

Class REPTILIA.

Order OPHIDIA.

Sub-order ASINEA.

Family COLUBRID^.

Genus Carphophis, Gervais.

28. Carphophis helena Kenn. Helen's Snake.

New Harmony, where it is common (Sampson's coll.); Monroe
county (Ind. Univ. coll.); Brown county.

29. Carphophis annxniis (Say) Gerv. Ground Snake ; Worm
Snake.

Wheatland (Ridgway), New Harmony (Sampson's coll.).

Genus Virginia, B. & G.

30. Virginia elegans Kenn. Virginia's Snake.

A rare snake. Collected in Brown county by Mr. Charles
Jameson. Has also been found at Mt. Carmel, Ills. (Yarrow).

Genus Farancia, Gray.

31. Farancia ahacura (yioXhxQoY)^. ^^. Red-bellied Horn
Snake.

64 Cincinnati Society of Natuial History.

A Southern snake that has been found at NN'heailand, Knox
county, by Dr. Robert Ridgway.

Oenus Ophiholus, B ^: ().

32. Ophibolus dflliaiiis doliatits (Linn.) (!!o]je. .Scarlet Housk

Snakk.

New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Brown county.
3 art-. Ophibolus doliatiis triaiii^^iihis (Boie) Cope. HorsK, ok Milk

Snake.

Throughout the State; common.
Tf},. Ophibolus ^etiilus ^etuhis {yixwri.) Qo\it. Kino Snakk.

One specimen in Mr. Sampson's collection, taken at New
Harmony. Common in the Southern States.
T^yi. O phi bolus ^etulits niger Yarrow. Ridcwav's King .Snake.

Described from three specimens found l)y Mr. Robert Ridg-
way at Wheatland. Common about Mt. Carmel, Ills. (Yarrow).

(ienus DiAi)()PH[s, B. & (i.

34. Diadophis puiictatiis pioictatus (\J\w\\) B. & G. Ring-necked
Snake. ,

Probably to be found all over the State. New Harmony
(Sampson's coll.); Franklin county (Hughes): Monroe county (Ind.
Univ. coll.)

Genus ('vclophis, Giinther.

35. Cir/fT/'/z/V 7V77w//> (DeK.) Giinther. S.mooth Green Snake.
Probably generally, but not abundantly, distributed. >few

Harmony (Sampson's coll.): Brown county (collec;ted by Charles
Jameson).

Cienus Phvlophilophis, Garman.

36. PhyllopJiihpliis acstivus (Linn.) Crarman. Keeled Green
Snake.

New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Dearborn county (.V. \V.
Butler); Monroe county, where it is rare (Ind. Univ. coll.)

Genus Coluber, Linn.

37. Coluber emoryi {^. ^Qi.) Qo^t. Emory's Snake.

A species found in the South-western States and Mexico.
Said to occur at Mt. Carmel (Yarrow); and in Franklin county
(Hughes).

Catalogue of the Arriphibia and Reptilia of Indiana. 65

38. G'////vr 77/i^/>///.f (B. &G.) Cope. Fox Snake.

Widely diffused but not common. New Harmony (Sampson's
coll.); Wheatland (Ridgway); Hamilton county.

39. Coluber obsoletus obsoletus^d.j. Pilot Snake; Black Racer.
Wheatland (Ridgway); Franklin county, common (Hughes);

Monroe county (Ind. Univ. coll.)

40. Coluber guttatus Linn. Spotted Racer.

Brookville, Franklin county (Hughes); Mt. Carmel (Yarrow).

Crenus Bascanion, B. & G.

41. Bascanion constrictor (Linn.) B. & G. Black Snake; Blue
Racer.

Found everywhere in the State.

Genus Eut.4':nia, B. & G.

42. Eutwnia saurita (Linn.) B. & G. Ribbon Snake.
Wheatland (Ridgway); Franklin county (Butler). Doubtless

throughout the southern half of the State.

43. Enticnia faircyi^. & G. Fairey's Garter Snakf.

New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); Mt. Carmel (Yarrow).
Til is will probably prove to be but a variety of the preceding.

44. EuUenia radix B. & G. Racine Garter Snake.

A Western species extending into Indiana and Michigar.
Mt. Carmel (Yarrow); Irvington.

45. Eutcenia sirtalis sirtalis. Garter Snake, ,
Abundant everywhere.

45*?. Eutcenia sirtalis ordinata (B. & G.) Cope. (jRass Snake.

Specimens that are referred to this variety are common about
Lidianapolis. Doubtless common throughout the State.
45/". Eutcenia sirtalis parietalis (Say) Cope. Red sided Garver

Snake.

Not itncommon about Irvington.

Genus Storeria, B. & (j.

46. Storciia occipitomaculata (Stor.) B. & G. Stoker's Snake.
Probably generally distributed, but not abundant. Met with

occasionally about Irvington; New Harmony (Sampson's coll.).

47. Storeria ^£/(v7i7 (Holb.) B. & G. DeKay's Brown Snake.
More common than the preceding. Wheatland (Ridgway);

^^> Cituinuati Society of Natural J-/ is ton.

Lebanon (Varrow); New Harmony (Sampson's coll.^. Monroe
county ([nd. Univ. coll.); Irvington.

Oenus 'rRoiMDoci.oNiUM, Cope.

48. Iropidocloniiiin kirtlandi {Xs^tww.) Cope. Kiriland's Snake.
A very common species about Irvington; Monroe county
(Jordan).

(Jenus Tkopidonoius, Kuhl.

49. Tropidoiwtus Icbcris (Linn.) DeK. Brown Queen Snake.
Common in Franklin county (Hughes, A. \V. Butler); Parke

county (Ind. Acad. Sci.). Will probably be found in all parts of
the State.

50. Tropido/iofus fasciafi/s (\A\-\n.) Schleg. Banded Water Snake.
Southern in its range, but found at Wheatland by Dr. Robt.
Ridgway.

5r. Tropidonotiis sipcdoii sipcdon (Linn) Holb. Water Snake.
Abundant in all our strtams.

52. Tropidotwtus rhombifcr (Hall.) B. (Iv: (_i. Hoebrook's Water
Snake.

\'ery common at Wheatland (Ridgwa)); Lafayette (Varrow);
New Harmony (Sampson's coll.).

Cenus Heterodon, Beauvois. ^

53. Hdcrodon platyrliiiuis platyrhituis Latr. Hoc-nosed Snake;
Spreading At)Der.

May occur throughout the State; more common in southern
lialf. Abundant about New Harmony (L. Thrall and Sampson's
co'l.);common about Brookville (Hughes); Vernon. Jennings count\-
(J. Cope); Monroe county (Lia. Univ. coll.)
53'r. Hctcrodou pl'ifyrhinus ///i,--!';' ( Troost) Yarrow. Black V^u'ek.

New Harmony (E. Thrall); Clay county (State coll.); Brown
county (coll. Chas. Jameson).

54. Hetcrodon siiiii/s si?/tiis (Linn.) Cope. Sand Vii>er.
Brookville, Ind. (Hughes and Yarrow). Probably elsewhere

in southern portion of the State.

Suborder SOLENOGLYPHA.
Family CROTALID.^l

(ienus Ancistrodon, Beauvois.

55. Ancistrodon coiitortrix (Linn.) B. & G. Copperhead.
Originally distributed over probably the greater part of the

Catalogue of the Amphibia and Reptilia of Indiana. 6y

State, now happily exterminated in the most densely inhabited dis-
tricts. New Harmony (E. Thrall iind Sampson's coll.); Monroe
county (Ind. Univ. coll.); Veedersburg, Fountain county.

Genus Caudisona, Laurenti.

56. Caudisona tcrgeuiina (Say) Wagler. Massasauga. Prairie
Rattlesnake.

Over the northern half of the State. La Porte county (State
coll.); Hendricks county (M. B. Harvey); Hamilton county (Dr.
H. Moore).

(ienus Ckoi'alus, Linn.

57. Crofaliis /lorridiislAnn. Banded, or Timber, Rattlesnake
Generally distributed in wooded districts, but becoming rare_
New Harmony (Sampson's coll.); ^'va.v\ety at/ iari/datus'' from

"Lidiana" in State collection; Monroe county (Ind. Univ. coll.)
Order LACERTILIA.
Family SClNCn^.-l-:.
(ienus Oligosoma, Girard.

58. 0/igoso/na lateralc (Say) (ird. Brown backed Ground
Lizard.

Wheatland (Ridgway).

Genus Eumeces, Wiegmann.

59. Ell meces fast iatns (Linn.) Scorpion ; Blue-tailed Lizard.
Probably throughout the State. Known localities : Brookville

(Hughe-s); New Harmony (Sanipson's coll); Monroe county (Ind.
Univ. coll.); Irvington.

Family ANGUID.*:.
Genus Ophisaurus, Daudin.

60. Ophisannis i^cntralis (Linn.) Daudin. Glass Snake; Joint
Snake.

This interesting snake-like lizard may be expected to oc-
cur anywhere along the western border of the State. Warren county
(Prof. John CoUett).

Family IGUANID.E.
Genus Sceloporus, Weigmann.

61. Sceloporus undulatus (Harl.) Fitz. Alligator Lizard.
Rather abundant about Brookville (Hughes); rare about Blooming-
ton (Ind. Univ. coll.)

68 Cincinnati Society of Natural His tor}'.

Order TESTUDINA TA.
Family TRIONVCHll) .4:.

(ienus Amvda. Agassi/,.

62. Amyda miitica. (Le S.) Ag. I.kathf.ry Tuk i i.k.
Delphi (Agassiz); Madison and Mt. Carmel (Yarrow).

(ienus Aspii)()NKCTK.s, Wagler.

63. Aspidoucctcs fcrox Wagler. Fikkck Sofi-Shki.lkd TtRrLK.
Madison (Yarrow). May he looked for elsewhere along the Ohio

River.

64. Aspidoncctcs spinifer (Le S.) Ag. Spiny Soft-Shem.ed 'I'urti.k.
Our cotiimonest species of soft shelled turtle. Everywhere in

the State.

Family CHKIA'D RID.*:.
Genus Chki.vdka, Schweigger.

65. Cliclydni scrpentiii'Z (Schw.) Cope. Snapping TcKri.K.
In all the waters of the State.

Genus Macrochei.vs, (riay.

66. Macrochclxs laccrtiiia (Schw.) Cope. Ai.i.kjaiok Snapping
Turtlp:.

A large and fierce turtle living especially in the rivers of the
Southern States, but which has been found much further north.
Two specimens in the National Museum were sent from Northville,
Mich. (Yarrow). Has been taken in the Wabash River just north
of Mt. Carmel (H. Garman).

Family CINOSTERNID^.
Genus Aromochelys, Gray.

67. Aromochelys odorata (Latr.) Gray. Musk Turtle.
Throughout the State, but rare. Brookville (Hughes); Mt.

Carmel (State coll.); La Porte and Kankakee marshes (Dr. G. M.

Levette).

Family EMYDID.^.

Genus PseudExMys, Gray.

{iS. Pscndcinys liicroglyphica Holbrook. Holhrook's Terrapin.
A very rare turtle. There is a specimen in the State c.ollec-
lion from Mt. Carmel, Ills.

Catalogue of the AmpJiibia and Reptilia of Indiana. 69

69. Pseiidcinys troostii (\\o\h.) (lo-\^Q. Troosi's Terrapin'.
Wheatland (Ridgway). Another rare species.

70. Pseudemys elegans (Wied.) Cope. Elegant Terrapin.

A very common species in the Lower Wabash. New Har-
mony (Sampson's coll).

Genus Malacoclemmys, Gray.

71. Malacoclemmys geographicus (Le S.) Cope. (jEographicat.
Turtle.

Common in all our streams.

72. Malacocle/iimvs lesiicurii {QjxsLy) True. Le Sueur's Terrapin.

Throughout the State. New Harmony (Sampson's coll.);
Brookville (Hughes); Monroe county (Ind. Univ coll.)

Genus ChrysejMYs, Gray.

73. Chrysemys picta {HQvm.) G'ca.y. Painted Turtle.
Probably here and there throughout the State. Mt. Carmel

(Yarrow); Brookville — common (A. W. Butler).

74. Chrysemys marginata Agassiz. Margined Painted Turtle.
More common than the preceding. Mt. Carmel (Yarrow),

Brookville (Hughes); Delphi (Agassiz); Monroe county (Ind. Univ.
coll.); Lidianapolis.

Genus Chei.opus, Rafinesque.

75. Chclopiis giittatiis {?)c\\\^.) Cope. Spotted Turtle.

An Eastern species that has been found by Dr. G. M. Levette
to be rather common about La Porte and in marshes ot Kankakee
River.

Genus Emys, Brong.

76. Jimys meleagris (Shaw) Cope. Blanding's Terrapin.
Found occasionally in Northern Indiana; Steuben county

(Dr. Levette).

Genus Cistudo, Flem.

77. Cistudo Carolina Carolina \J.XiX\. Box Tortoise.

Probably to be found in all parts of the State, but more com-
xnon in the Southern portion. Abundant about New Harmony
(Sampson's coll.); Brookville (A. W. Butler); Monroe county fLid.
Univ. coll.); Jefferson county.

Cinciunati Society of Natural History

ACCOUNT OF A WELL DRILLED FOR OIL OR GAS AT
OXFORD, OHIO, MAY AND JUNE, 1887.

By JosKi'H F. Jamks, M. Sc, Professor of Geology and Botany in
Miami Univcrsitv.

(Read June ytli, 1S87.)

The prevailing fever in Ohio and Indiana at the [^resent time,
is for searching the earth's crust for natural gas, or for oil. vScarcely
a town of any size in Western Ohio or Eastern Indiana but has the
fever. The result has been the expenditure of an inimense
amount of money, aggregating millions of dollars, and a consider-
able addition to the stock of knowledge of the geological structure
of this part of the world. We are familiar, through Prof. Orton's
"Report on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas of Ohio," with many
facts connected with the oil and gas regions of Northwestern Ohio;
but since this report was issued, many new wells have been bored,
and new facts are constantly being brought to light. A good
oj^portunity has lately been afforded the writer to study the strata
of southwestern Ohio, by means of sann)les secured from a well
drilled by the Oxford (ras and Oil Company. The present paper
deals with the results of this drilling.

The place selected for the well is close to the Oxford station
on the C. H. & I. R. R., 39 miles from Cincinnati, and about 900
feet above the sea level, and therefore about 465 feet above low
water mark in the Ohio River at Cincinnati. The drill penetrated
the soil and drift, composed of gravel, sand, and water worn rocks^
to a depth of about forty feet, possibly more, for a fragment of
water worn limestone came from a depth of forty-eight feet, though
this may have fallen from above.

Immediately below the drift the bed rock was struck. This
consisted of layers of solid blue limestone, such as are met with in
various exposures at the surface, inter-stratified with beds of
indurated clay or .shale at various depths. The rock came up
generally in small, angular fragments, often of the size of peas,.

Account of a Well Di'illed for Oil or Gas at Oxford, 0. 7 1

sometimes larger, but in all cases in such condition as to be recog-
nized as the true blue limestone of the Cincinnati Group. At a
depth of 302 feet a small vein of gas was struck. This, when
lighted, blazed up to a height of from ten to twelve feet, but it
soon went out, and, as it accumulated from time to time, was
lighted to gratify the curiosity of on-lookers.

The limestone continued to the depth of four hundred feet,
and was succeded by a bed of exceedingly compact, blue shale.
This came up m small fragments, seldom as large as a grain of corn,
and showed no change of character for 380 feet. Then, at a depth
of 780 feet, there was struck a stratum of exceedingly hard, dark,
almost black limestone, which the drill penetrated but slowly, the
upper part being pierced at the rate of only three feet in two and
a quarter hours. Lower down it was less hard, but still more com ■
pact than the blue limestone above had been. The fragments
came to the surface very finely ground up, the pieces seldom larger
than wheat grains. This rock continued for fifty feet, and is the
only one in the scale which can be referred to the Utica slate of
New York. It is very similar to the rock exposed at a low level
at Cincinnati or above the city, and is probably the same as that
referred to by Prof. Orton as being of Trenton age.* If it be the
Utica Slate it is two hundred and fifty feet less in thickness than
that found at Findlay.

That this marked the end of one and the beginning of another
formation was evident from the specimens taken from 835 feet, for
these were a whitish limestone, a rock evidently foreign to the sur-
face of the State, and the probable equivalent of the Birdseye
Limestone of New York. This continued with scarcely any
variation to the depth of 11 15 feet, when it became darker. From
this down to about 1280 feet, there were alternate bands of dark
and light material. Magnesia was found in all the samples tested.
At 1255 f^^t there was a strong smell of petroleum as well as at
1265 and 1295 feet.

At 1280 feet there was an evident change. The rock became
much darker and coarser. It had a perceptable greenish hue at
1295 leet, vith a strong smell of oil. At 1300 it was blueish but
also coarse. At 1312 to 1315 it was very coarse, with light colored*
and blue fragments intermingled. The blue contained many par-
ticles of iron pyrites. At 1320 it was very fine. At 1325 it was
coarser, the white fragments effervescing readily with cold muriatic

*See second edition of 'Petroleum and Intlaninnble Gas of Ohio."— Columbus 1SS7.

72 Cincinnati Society of Natiual History.

acid, showing it to to contain considerable carbonate of lime. But
at 1330 there was another change. The rock was decidedly arena-
cioiis and effervesced readily with hot acid only, showing a con-
sidrable per cent, of magnesia. The drillers called it "sand," and
to the eye it presented that appearance. As the drill went on to
1340, 1350, 1360 feet the material came up more and more finely
ground up, and more and more like sand. When 1365 feet had
been struck, and the drill was pulled out, the rope showed the
presence of about 180 feet of water in what had previously been a
a dry hole. A strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen pervaded
the air, and inspection of the water showed it to be sulphur water
or Blue Lick. The material in this water was very finely ground
up, and resembled flour more than anything else. It was a dark
blue when wet, but changed on drying and on exposure to the air
to white.

The 45 feet between 1280 and 13.25 marked the base of the
Trenton, and this may possibly be referable to the Chazy of New
York geologists. But the white, sandy rock beneath it, could be
referred to nothing but the Calciferous Sandrock which, in the
ordinary scale, lies below the Trenton. The presence of water in
the well will probably prevent its being bored deeper, unless
indeed it is so cased that the water is shut out.

The section thus made shows the depth of the Trenton lime-
stone in this part of the State. With the exception of changes in
color, from light to dark, there was little difference in the rock for
about 450 feet. This is a magnesian limestone, its presence shown
by blow pipe tests made by Mr. Nelson Perry, Mining Engineer.
But the forty-five feet below the light colored rock was very differ-
ent, while that found still lower was more distinct still. Allowing
a few feet for discrepancies, it may be said with confidence that
the Trenton formation here is about five hundred feet thick.

Comparatively few fossils were found in the drillings. A speci-
men of Afonticulipora 0' nealli was found at 375 feet. Fragments
of Orfhis, Zygospim, etc., at 96 feet. Another fragment of Orthis
from 790 feet, and a fragmentof coral, unidentified, from 1212 feet.
The subjoined notes on the specimens from different depths will
indicate the character of the rocks more particularly. These sam-
ples are from eighty-seven different depths, and represent quite
completely the changes in the strata.

Account of a Well D HI led for Oil or Gas at Oxfordr 0. 73

Notes on specimens saved from various depths in the Oxford,
Ohio, well, bored May and June, 1887.

^7 feet. Piece sand stone. ") ^^ -^

'^' ,. [ Drift 40 to -so feet,

" limestone; water worn. )

48

59
96

160 '

205 '

230 '

235 '

240 '

248 '

253 '

258 '

260 '

265 '

305 '

380 '

410 '

585 '

595 '

610 "

680 "

750 "

775 "

787 "

790 '

lio **

830 "

Large fragment, hard blue limestone. \

Fragments of hard limestone with
fossils, Orthis bifoj'ata, (young),
O. testudtnaria, Zygospira tnodcsfa.

Limestone.

" with fragments of Asa-

phus.

Limestone and clay.

with fragment

of Monticulipora.
Limestone.

and shale.

Limestone and

Shale
About 360 feet

Blue Shale.

Blue shale. '

Blue Shale about 380 feet.

Dark limestone, soft at top, 5 feet
drilled in | hours ; some shale.

Dark limestone, with lighter parti-
cles and small amount of shale.
Hard, Three feet drilled in 2^
hours; fragments of Orthis.

Same as above, finely ground up.
Pieces about the size of wheat
grains.

Same but darker.

Dark Lime-
stone. Divis-
ion between
Cincinnati Gr.
and underlying
Trenton, 50
feet.

74

835

850

855

875

88i

890
900

906

930

950

965
980

1000

lOIO

1015

1025

1035

'045
1050

1060

1075
1080
1085
mo

1115

1120

"35

1 140

1150
1 164

i'73
11S4

Cincinnati Society of Natural History

White crystalline limestone fragment.

Same, finely ground up, with pieces
of darker grain, friable. Mag-
nesian.

Same, very friable — iragments lar-
ger— no fossils.

Same, with pieces of greenish shale.
Magnesian.

Same, harder. 5 feet drilled in 4
hours.

Same, finely groimd up — little shale.

Same, friable — pieces almost tal-
cose — finely ground up. Mag-
nesian.

Slighdy darker; fragments iron py-
rites. Magnesian.

Lighter color.

Same as above. Magnesian.
" as 930.

Almost white.

A little darker than above.

Same as 1000.

" " Magnesian.

Nearly white.
A little darker.

Same as 1060. Magnesian.

(. I. (.i

" " Finely ground.

'' " Three small pieces.

Crystalline. Magnesian.
Darker, much larger fragments.

More Magnesian.
Same as 11 15.

" " but pieces smaller.

Much lighter color, smaller pieces.

Magnesia and Alumina.
Dark— hard—finely ground.
" " pieces larger. Mag-

nesia and Alumina.
Lighter than above.
Same as 11 73.

White Magne-

nesian

Limestone.

Birdseye (?)

Limestone.

Trenton Mag-
nesian (Birds-
eye Lime-
stone.)

Ascouut of a Well Drilled for Oil or Gas at Oxford, 0. 75

1 1 89 feet

1195
1 200
1212

1230
1240

1245
1250

1255
1260

1265

1290 '

1295 '

1300 -■

1305 '
13 1 2 to

1315

1320 '

1325 '

1330 '

'340 '

1345 '

1350 '

1355 '

1360 '

1365 '

1360 to "I

1370 )

Like 1 150.
" 1 189.

Darker, finely ground. Fragment

of coral.
Much lighter, almost like 1000 feet.
Nearly same as above.
Darker, like 1212.
Lighter, " 1240.

Same as above. Strong smell of oil.
Same as 1255. Smell of oil.

Much darker and coarser. Evident
change in rock.

Same as 1280.

Coarse, with a greenish hue. Smell
of oil.

Coarse with bluish hue.

Same but lighter. Magnesian.

Very coarse, light colored and blue
fragments.

Very fine, bluish.

Coarser. Blue and white argillace-
ous! Effervesces with cold acid.

Coarse white rock. Arenaceous!
Effervesces with hot acid only.

Finer, white with a few darker frag-
ments.

Coarser. White and Blue. Iron
pyrites.

Very fine, white. Arenaceous ; mi-
nute specks of blue.

Finer, white. (2 P. M.)
" still: white (4 P. M.)

Still finer: white, almost paste like,
strong smell of sulphuretted hy-
drogen. 180 feet of water when
pumped. (7 P. M.)

Same material with small fragments
of soft bluish rock. Water in-
creasing.

Trenton.
Magnesian.

(Birdseye
Limestone)

450 feet.

Division be-
tween Trenton
and Calcifer-
ous, 45 feet.
/ (Possibly
Chazy).

Calciferous
Sandrock.

Calciferous
Sandrock
40 feet.

"j^y Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Summary —
Drift

Limestones and Shales of the Cincinnati (Jr.
Limestones of Trenton (iroup. )
(Birdseye and Chazy). )

Calciferous Sandrock.

40

feet,

790

"

495

( <

40

( t

Total. 1365 "

40 It.

OAS.
302 It.

400 ft.

O

o

780 ft._
Base of Clncissati Group. 830 ft.

Base of TreatOB Group. 1325 ft.

1365 ft.

^■\

Sand, Gravel
and Water-
worn rocks. 40 ft.

BLUE

LIMESTONE
AND SHALE.

3(x) ft.

CIMCIMNATI
GROUP.

KLUE SHALE.

3S0 ft.

DARK LIMESTONE.

A hout 50 ft.

WHITE LIMESTONE
WITH MAGNESIA.

495 ft-
Darker Btlow.

T2ENT0N
QEOUP.

White Arnace-
ous Limestone.

40 ft.

I CALCIFEEOUS
i SA»DBOCS.

BLUE LICK WATER.

Section of strata penetrated by the Oxford, O., Gas and Oil Company's well.

Prepared by Jos. F James, M. Sc. Professor of Geology and

Botany in Miami University.

78 Cincinnaii Society of Natnial Histoty.

NOTES ON TERTIARY FOSSILS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES.
Bv Trujman H. Aldrich.
(Read by title, December 7th, 1886 )
I.
The following notes upon some imperfectly known or described
fossils are here given, and are based upon careful examinations of
the types or perfectly authenticated specimens. The list of Texas
species is given from specimens in my cabinet, a few new species
of especial interest are also described herein.
Planaria NiTENS, Lea.

This minute shell was first described in the " Contributions to
Geology," 1833, and was placed in the genus Planaria, Brown,
with doubt. Finding that the genus itself was founded on young
specimens of Plaiiorhis (See Jeffrey's British Conchology, vol.
iv, p. 68), it was necesary to find where this species really be-
longed. It is evidently the embryonic shell of Solarium, and can be
■clearly seen on many specimens of this genus, belonging to differ-
ent species, especially on well preserved specimens. My cabinet
contains a specimen with part of the adult whorl attached to the
reflected lip ; also, a specimen worked out from Solarium incckianin/i
Gabb (see wood cut,) etjual to the form described as Planaria
nitcns, Lea., and a further specimen from Jackson, Miss., containing
half a whorl of adult Solarium attached to the eml)ryonic shell.

Ntuieiis of .S. w,;-kiani(ni, Gahb, equal Planaria nilciis Lea, Iroiii WhceUn-k, Texas.

Whenever the genus Solarium is found this little shell also ap-
pears, when searched for.

TuRBONiLLA [Chemnitzia] trigemmata, Con.

This species was first described in i860, under the above
name, but in 1865 (vol. i, p. 27, Am. Jour. Conch.), anew

Notes on Tertiary Fossils with Descriptions of New Species. 79

generic name, without description, was given and the specific
name altered to " trinodosa." The form is catalogued as:

CoMPSOPLEMA TRINODOSA, Cou. The exami)les collected in Ala-
bama belonging to my cabinet have lately been examined by Prof.
W. H. Dall, who says in letter, " B :>th Mr. Stearns and myself
refer tlie Turbonilla frii:;e/iuiiafa, Con. to the StrcpoiiiatidLC. It be-
longs to a group of living forms like Goniobasis hallciibceliii, Lea,
G. boyldniana—postellii, floridcnsis, etc., of the same author. It
has nothing to do -^'wXx'Scalaiiay

Having lately discovered two species of Physa described be-
low, associated in the same beds with the abo\e species, I am
disposed to accept the opinion of Messrs. Dall and Stearns as cor-
rectly placing the above shell. It should be known as Goniobasis
trigemvmta Con sp.

OSTREA PANDIFORMIS, Gabb.

This fossil was described as cretaceous, because it was
received from a black prairie near Yazoo City, Miss. This locality
is not Cretaceous but Tertiary, and a part of the Jackson group.
We also have it from Shubuta, Miss., and is rather common in the
strata holding Zeuglodon bones. It closely resembles an old and
large O. /nortoiiii, Gabb {panda pars). Specimens in my cabinet
are six inches broad from beak to ventral margin. It seems to
have been known to Prof. Tuomey, and was called GrypJuca
mutabilis by him. Osirca tuoi/ieyi Cox\. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
p. 184, 1865,) is evidently the same form. It is quite probable
that all three names will have to be placed in the synonymy of
Ostrca inortonii, Gabb, {panda pars).

Prof. R. P. Whitfield (Am. Jour. Conch, pp. 259-268, pi. 27,
1865) described from the collection of Prof. James Hall, a number of
new Eocene forms, but did not give figures of all of them. They
were mostly collected by the late Rev. T. J. Hale when a res-
ident of Mobile, Ala. Through lapse of time aud several moves
there have crept in some errors of locality. By the courtesy of
Prof. James Hall and the • kindness of Mr. C. E. Beecher, I
have been allowed to examine most of the original types, and
have had those not heretofore figured drawn for future publica-
tion in the Alabama State Survey Bulletins.

The following notes are prepared from the type specimens
or examples compared with them :

I. PisANiA Claibornensis, Whitfd,

This form is undoubtedly Randla niaclnrii, Con. There are

So Cincinnati Society of Naitiral History.

several slight differences which sliould be noted. The type is
broader and shorter than ordinary specimens, but the canal ap-
pears to be worn, the revolving lines are the same, the outer
lip the same, and both forms have the same number of whorls.
In the type no varices ajipear on the body whorl or the next
preceding, but are present on all the others. This variation
also occurs in specimens in my cabinet.

Conrad made a new genus to accommodate this shell "Ran-
ellina" ; but it must also be expunged, as the species is a typical
Triton. No specific or generic description was ever published by-
Conrad, but he figured the species under his name in No. 3,
2d ed. of his Fossil Shells of the Tertiary. PI. 18, fig. 9,

1835-

2. FUSUS TORTILIS, Whitf'd.

This species has the form of typical Fiisiis in its long straight
canal but the folds (two in number) upon the columella must re-
move it to Fasciolaria, the straight canal makes even this opposi-
tion doubtful. The locality where the type is most abundant is
Mathews Landing bed, Alabama, in the lower Tertiary.

3. PSEUDOLIRA ELLIPTICA, Whitf'd.

The locality given by Whitfield is no doubt incorrect. The
shell is described from a single specimen. An examination o' the
contents of the interior of the type showed a light colored sand
exactly similar to that in my specimens collected from Bells Ldg. ,
Alabama, on the Alabama River. The type is a half grown form.

4. MoNOPTYt;MA LEAI, Whitf'd.

This very handsome species of the genus, instituted by the late
Isaac Lea, is only known from the lower Claibornian beds at Lisbon
Ala., and should be located in this horizon by the similarity of the
very peculiar sand found in the types. The specimen figured is
a young shell; examples over two inches long are in my possession.

5. MiTRA HALEANUS, Whitf'd.

Is also from Lisbon Ala., a young shell used as the type con-
tains Lisbon sand. It is probably a Volute.

6. MiTRA BICONICA, Whitf'd.

Occurs at Lisbon Ala., in Miss., and in Texas. It is a Pleu-
rotomid and should be put into the subgenus Cordicra Ronalt.

7. Cerithium vinctum, Whitf'd. Is also a Lisbon species. The
figured type is a young shell and badly worn. The mature form

Notes on Tertiary Fossils with Descriptions of New Species. 8 1

from the Claiborne ferruginous sand has been described as Ros-
tellaria whitfieldi, Heilpr.

The typical lot consists of four specimens all poorly preserved,
and the locality is determined by the contents as before. The
Lisbon collections of Mr. Hale were evidently labelled "Vicksburg"
by mistake. The figure given by Whitfield is misleading as to the
suture, though the description is correct. This species should be
retained as a Cerithium.

8. TuRRiTELLA EURVNOMEWhitf 'd. ,isequalto T. miiltiUra:vc\^
both only vareties of T. hiimcrosa Con., which also includes my T.
bellifcra, (This Journal, Vol. 8, July, 1885).

9. Veluteria expansa, Whitfd.

Prof. Whitfield informs me this species was obtained from the
dirt out of a large Volute newcombiana, Whitfd,, as the only local-
ity for this species is at Bells Landing, the habitat of this form is fixed.
The species has a 7'cry suspicious resemblance to a very young or
embryonic Infiiiulibulum trochiformis, Lam.

All the localities given in this paper of Prof. Whitfield's seem
to be mixed, judging by my own collections, and as Hale consid-
ered tlie Tertiary much thinner than it turns out to be, he may have
mistaken different beds and misplaced the fossils. Some of the
early Alabama collectors would not always give their exact locality
because it was considered of but little importance.

H.

As a contribution towards the Eocene paleontology of Texas
the following species received from Dr. F. L. Yoakum collected near
Palestine, Texas, are here given. The material consists of a rather
soft red clay holding a large amount of Iron known as the " Iron
Strata" and also a bright green indurated material very much like
" Burrstone " in some of its various forms.
From the Iron Strata we have:

Venericardia mooreana, Con.

Ostrea divaricata. Lea.
" sellceformis. Con.

Nucula ovula, Lea.

Anomia ephippioides, Gabb.

Astarte sulcata. Lea. var.

Crassatella antestriata, Gabb.
" sp? (Cast.)

8-' Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

Cylherea, sj) ? (Cast.)

Leda sp ? (Cast.)

Tellina mooreana, Gabb.

Leda media, Lea,
" compsa, Gabb.

Pleurotona 2 sp.

Rostellaria velata, Con.

Turritella sp.

Turbinolia pharetra, Lea.
From the "Green stone."

Umbrella planulata. Con.
(A young specimen but not distinguishable from the Jackson form).

Erato semenoides, Gabb.

Agaronia punctulifera, Gabb .
• Corbula texana, Gabb.

Neverita arota, Gabb .

Phos texanus, Gabb.

Limopsis declivis, Con.

The occurence of the Jackson form of Umbrella in the strata
associated with forms heretofore supposed to be Claibornian is
certainly calculated to impress one with how little is known of the
distribution of the fossils of the Tertiary.

IIL

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
DOSINIA MERCENAROIDEA, n. Sp.

Shell orbicular, moderately compressed, concentrically finely
striated, nearly smooth upon the umbo. Substance of the shell
thin, thickening towards the margins; lunule rather long and narrow
beak curved towards lunule, small and anterior to the centre; hinge
line rather long.' Teeth in left valve prominent, erect, central one
subtriangular. Ventral margin smooth.

Length lA", Breadth \^-h'\ Thickness A"

Locality: Upper landing at base of Claiborne Bluff. (My No.
9 bed Claiborne Section).

This species is more rotund than the recent D. conccntrica
Gmel. and much thicker through the umbones. Only two speci-
mens found.

Notes on TertitDy Fossils zvith Descriptions of Nezv Species. 83

SiGARETUS (SiGATICUS) CLARKEANUS, 11. Sp.

Shell rather thick, rotund, whorls five, suture linear, surface of
body whorl with a large number of impressed lines almost obsolete
in the centre but numerous and distinct above and below ; umbili-
cus striate within; aperture lunate, inner lip covered with a callus,
thickening towards the posterior part.

Locality: Choctaw Corner and Hatchetigbee Bluff, Ala.

This peculiar shell posesses the form of Natica, but the lines
of Sigaretiis. It constitutes a second species of the subgenus.

Physa choctavensis, n. sp.

Shell thin, minute, rather obtuse and broad, whorls probably
five, somewhat shouldered, outer lip slightly patulous, inner lip
reflected and reaching well upon the body wall, surface showing
lines of growth only.

Locality: Choctaw Corner, Ala., Woods Bluff Group.

Resembles somewhat very young specimens of the com-
mon P/irsa hderostropJia, Say, but presenting differences
enough to constitute a distinct Species.

Five specimens found.

Physa elongatoidea, n. sp.
• Shell thin, minute, strongly sinistral, whorls five, smooth, su-
ture strongly impressed and very oblique to the axis, aperture
almost quadrate, inner lip meeting the parietal wall abruptly and
reaching down nearly straight .

Locality same as previous species.

This form is peculiar in departing from the American living
types and being more elongate than any here known. It might be
mistaken for a species of Limnea if it was not sinistral. The only
specimen found is a young shell.

Mathilda claibornensis, n. sp.

Shell very minute, embryonic whorls three^ and placed as usual
in the genus, the adult whoris, (but three remaining in the type)
with three rounded smooth ring like bands, the intervening spaces
having impressed longitudinal lines which do not pass over the
bands.

Locality: Claiborne Ferruginous Sand.

Very rare, but the second species known from this famous
deposit.

84 Cincinnati Society of Natwal History.

REPORTS OF THE OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY SUB-
MrrTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL 5, 1887.

SECRETARY'S REPORT. (Abstract.)

The usual meetings for the year — one each month — have been
held, and three special meetings, viz : ist. April i6th, for the
discussion of the value of the granite proposed to be used for
paving our city street"^. At this meeting Prof. Geo. \V. Harper
read a suggestive paper, which was followed by a free discussion
of the subject. 2nd. May 25th, for the reading of papers on the
destruction of "Our Native Birds." Messrs. Chas Dury, Wm.
Hubbell Fisher and Reuben H. Warder read papers. 3rd. June
1 6th, upon which occasion papers were read by Mr. Chas. Dury,
Mr. Fisher and Prof. Jos. F. James, replying to a paper read by
Dr. F. W. Langdon at the regular society meeting, in which he
reviewed the papers of May 25th.

The attendance at regular meetings showed an average in-
crease of 20 per cent.

Sixteen (16) papers were presented during the year, and 46
active and one honorary member elected.

Respectfully submitted, Davis L. James,

Sccniafj.

TREASURER'S REPORT.
Annual Report of the Treasurer of the Cincinnati Society of
Natural History for the year ending April i, 1887 :

Receipts.

Dues received during the year !f466 25

Initiation fees 175 00

$641 25

Sales of Journal 28 28

Subscription for purchase of shells 31 00

Interest on investments 2,507 93

Total income $3, 208 46

Loans collected 15, 100 00

Balance on hand April i, 1886 87t 07

$i9>i79 53

Reports of Officers of the Society. 85

Fay incuts.

Custodians' salaries $800 00

Janitor's wages 49*^ 00

Publishing Journal 504 95

Expended for Museum i73 ^5

Expended for Library (mostly book-binding) 54 00

Furniture and repairs 343 82

Fuel, gas and water 117 26

Expense of Lectures ■ 102 95

General expenses, printing, stationery, postage. Cus-
todian's sundries, legal services, etc 273 91

2,866 74

New Loans on Mortgage ......... i4>5oo °°

Balance on hand 1,812 79

19.179 53

Number of members paid up to date 121

Number of members owing for one year or less. ...,,.,,,. . 28

Number of members owing for two years 4

Number of members resigned or withdrawn during the year, . . 15
Number of members deceased 2

Number of new members elected during the year . 46

Of these 2,2, perfected their membership by paying initiation fees 33

Leaving who have not paid 13

Of the resident members fiinc have become life members by
the payment of the sum required by the Ijy laws. There are a
few other life members, of whom the treasurer does not keep a
record, they having become such by virtue of having been officers
of a former society, of which this society is the heir.

S. E. Wright, Treasurer.

CUSTODL-VN'S REPORT.

Officers and Members of ttic Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Ladies AND Gentlemen:— I have the honor to submit here-
with my first report as Custodian of the Cincinnati Society of
Nfitural History.

I would first acknowledge the kindness of my predecessor.
Prof. Jos. F. James, in instructing me in the various duties of the

86 Cinciiuiali Society of Natural History.

ofifice, and in llie general arrangement of the museum. The duties
of the office were formally assumed by me Aug. i, i8S6, and tiie
progress made since that date will be indicated in the report.

Suffice it to say that the moti\ e of every action has been to
promote the interests and welfare of the Society, and if mistakes
have been made, they have been errors of judgment and not ol
motive. 'I'lie work o( cataloguing and arranging sjjecimens in
the collection has been pushed forward as rapidly as circumstances
would permit. About i 200 additions to the collection have been
entered iii the several departments. In addition to the regular
accession catalogue, the card catalogue of each depaitment has
been kept up to date, so it is not difficult to ascertain whether any
particular specimen is to be found in the museum or not.

The number of specimens in all the departments of the
museum is constantly increasing, the additions coming through
exchanges and donations. The entire number of specimens now
catalogued is d^oo and several hundred are still uncatalogued.

Several exchanges which bring valuable additions to the coll-
ection are now in progress: of these may be mentioned the follow-
ing; Mrs. R. W. Summers, San Luis Obispo, Cal., Conchology and
Botany, Mr. Harry E. Dore, Portland, Oregon, Conchology; Mr. A.
Freed^ Lancaster, O., Geology and Botany; Mr. Henry Moores,
Columbus, O., Palaeontology; Prof. W. R. Lazenby, Columbus, O ,
Botany; Miss Alice Little, Dresden, O., Botany; Mr. Streator,
Carrettsville, O., Conchology; M. Arturo Bofill, Barcelona, Spain,
Conchology; Mr. T. H. Aldrich, Conchology.

Donations have been quite liberal, from members and non-
niembers.

The following members have contributed to the collection
during the year: Dr. O. D. Norton, Dr. W. A. Dun, Mr. C. L.
Faber, Dr. F. W. Langdon, Mr. A. P. Morgan, Mrs. U. P. James,
Mr. Jacob S. Burnet, Mr. Davis L. James, Mr. Wm. H. Knight,
Mr. U. P. James, Mr. R. H. Warder, Mr. Geo. S. Huntington,
Prof. Geo. W. Harper, Prof. Jos. F. James, Dr. A. E. Heighway,
Sr., Dr.A. E. Heigliway, Jr., Mr. T. H. Aldrich, Dr. C. E. Caldwell,
Mr. Wm. H. Fisher, Mr. E. O. Hurd, Mr. Chas. Dury, Mr. E.
M. Cooper.

It would be of great benefit to the mu'^eum and aid in its
work, if donations could be still more liberal.

The kind of donations specially needed, are well identified

Reports of Office) s of the Society. 87

specimens^ with locality, in the departments of Botany, Con-
chology, and Palaeontology. In these departments not only are
new specimens needed but duplicates as well, for lack of which
many desirable exchanges have had to be passed by. Though
there is quite a quantity of duplicate material much of it is worth-
less for exchange purposes, wanting both name and locality. In
answer to appeals for such material, liberal contributions have been
received from Mr. C. L. Faber, Mr. A. Freed of Lancaster, Mr.
Shepherd of Mason, and Capt. M. M. Murphy of Ripley, O.

This question of duplicate material has become quite a serious
one in connection with the continuance and extension of the work
of the Society abroad, and it is hoped that the officers and mem-
bers will take the subject into serious consideration. Several
changes have been made about the museum which have added to
its appearance and increased the space for display of specimens.
The room at the end of the hallway on the first floor, which had
been used as a store-room, has been cleared of cases and all ma-
terial stored there. The walls and ceiling have been cleaned and
painted, the floor covered with linoleum, and the entire room im-
proved in a style befitting a vestibule to the artistic apartments of
the Photographic Section. In order to provide for the quantity of
material thus deprived of storage room, about 200 ft. of shelving
has been placed in the basement, which is sufftcjent for all present
needs. The cases which previously have occupied space in the
lecture room and hallway have been removed to the second and
third floors.

The work indicated above has been done in accordance with
the instructions of the Building Committee.

VISITORS.

It is gratifying to report that the museum is constantly becom.
ing better known as a place of public interest; this is indicated by
the increasing numbers of visitors. About 1500 have passed
through the rooms during the past eight months, exclusive of the
large number who have attended the lectures. These visitors
represented 22 States of the Union, and one foreign country.
The largest number of visitors of any one day, was on Sept. 27,
when 115 were recorded. The Society will be greatly benefited
by thus extending the circle of its aquaintances, and all proper
means will be employed to attract visitors.

88 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

In connection with the question of extending the inlluence of
the society, it should be remembered that next year the Centennial
of our State will be cele])rated in this city, and it may not be a
great deal too early to begin thinking as to what it is possible and
best for this society to do for herself on that occasion.

Lectures.
Two very successful courses of lectures have been conducted
in the lecture-room of the museum during the winter. The first of
these was a course for the teachers of the public schools, given by
Dr. C. E. Caldwell, on physiology and comparative anatomy. The
course comprised ten lectures, and Dr. Caldwell rendered each of
the subjects treated very interesting and profitable to his hearers.
The number of membership tickets issued for this course was 55,
distributed as follows : '

r District school, 25
Cincinnati 31 teachers distributed \ Normal 2

(_ Intermediate'. . 2

Covington 11 J Teachers 29

Newport 13 ( Principals. ... 2

The attendance at first was cpiite full, and though falling off
somewhat toward the latter part of the course, yet the attendance
throughout was very satisfactory. The decrease in attendance can
not be attributed to either a lack of interest or to the methods of
conducting the course, but rather to the fact that Saturday is the
only free day of the week for the teacher, and the ordinary duties
of study on this day are very considerable, besides necessary rest
and recreation, and further to the unfortunate fact that school
boards are not satisfied with five days of good work from the
teachers, but oblige them to give up a portion of the sixtli to
attend teachers' meeiing; it is to these circumstances that we must
attribute the small attendance on lectures intended especially for
for teachers. Similar lecture courses have been conducted by
other scientific societies, notably the New York Academy of
Sciences, and Boston Society of Natural History.

The sixth course of Free Popular Scientific Lectures was in
every respect successful, and the lecture committee consisting of
Mr. Wm. H. Knight, Chairman, Mr. J. Ralston Skinner and Miss
Anna Brown, deserve hearty commendation for their selection of
lecturers and the general conduct of the course. Lectures were
given as follows :

Reports of Officers of the Society. 89

January 14th. "Climate, Plant Life and Consumption."

Dr. Walter A. Dun.
January 21. "Deep Sea Explorations.'"'

Prof. Jos. F. James, of Miami University.
•January 28. "Tlie Moon."

Prof. Jermain G. Porter, of Cincinnati University.
February 4. "The Retreat of the Ice and the Evolution of
Lake Erie," with maps and illustrations.

Prof. Edward W. Claypole, of Buchtel College.
February 11. "The United States Fish Commission."

Mr. Herbert Jenney.

February 18. "Forestry."

Mr. Reuben H. Warder.

February 25. "Sun Spots," with diagrams.

Prof. Amos R. Wells, of Antioch College.
March 4. "Gas as a Fuel," with illustrations.

Prof. N. W. Lord, Ohio State University..
March 11. "Earthquakes."

Prof. J. W. Hall, Jr., Principal Covington High School.
March 22. "The Origin of Man and other Mammalia."

Prof. E. D. Cope, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.
March 25. "Bird Life."

Prof. F. W. Langdon, of Miami Medical College.
The lecture by Prof. Claypole, of Buchtel College, on the
Retreat of the Ice and the Evolution of Lake Erie, was given in
College Hall, as was also that by Prof. N. W. Lord, of Ohio State
University, on "Gas as a Fuel." Both lectures were well attended
and great interest was manifested in the subjects treated. The
other lectures were given in the lecture -room of the museum,
which was well filled- on every occasion, and generally more
attended than could be seated.

The lecture by Prof. Cope, of Philadelphia, on the "Origin
of Man and other Mammalia," was a pay lecture, the proceeds to
go to the society's building fund. This lecture was given in the
hall of the Scottish Rite Cathedral.

The Lyceum of Natural History for the young people was
organized Saturday, January 8th, by authority given by the execu
tive board of the society to the custodian, in answer to a proposi-
tion for such an organization made by him to the board at their
meeting in November, 1886. One hundred and seventeen boys

go Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

and girls from the intermediate and high school grades of Cincin
nati, Covington and Newport have been enrolled to date, and of
these the majority show themselves to be truly interested in their
study of Natural History.

The meetings for the younger members are held each Satur-
day morning at lo o'clock, and at these meetings some subject of
Natural History is treated of in a short talk, and illustrated as far
as possible with specimens. At ])resent the subject is zoology,
and specimens of star-fish, sea-urchins, sponges, crayfish, etc.,
have been briefly described and given to the members to study for
themselves, and hand in a written report of their study. A sim-
ilar method is pursued with the older members, meeting Saturday
afternoon, and studying zoology and botany.

The expenses of the Lyceum are met by a monthly due of
ten cents from each member. A good supply of material has been
obtained from the Boston Society of Natural History. Dr. Walter
A. Dun, Dr. B. M. Ricketts and Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher have
kindly rendered valuable service by giving lectures to the mem-
bers of the Lyceum. Other lectures will be given by Mr. Wm.
H. Knight, Mr. Chas. Dury and others. These lectures are
looked forward to with eager interest by the members, and we
hope others of the society will co-operate in this work for the
young^people.

It is hoped that the Lyceum will become an established
institution in the Society and more ample provision be made for it,
in the future. One fact is established, that is, that there is a large
number of young people in the three cities, representing the
brighest and most studious element in the public schools who would
gladly embrace an opportunity to do good practical work in Natu-
ral History if such were offered, and it is for this Society to say,
whether it will offer this opportunity, and place itself foremost
among the scientific societies of the West in this respect, and make
Cincinnati a center of science as she now is of art and and music.
In no other branch of learning is there the demand for special
training that there is in Natural History yet you can count on your
fingers the educational institutions in this country wliich offer
special inducements in biological studies.

In the work of the museum for the coming year it is the
intention to give special attention to the collecting of representa-
tives of the flora and fauna of the State and this locality. A
collection which will represent the lithological and palaeontological

Repojts oj- Officers of the Society. 91

characteristics of the geolgical formations of the State is also
planned. In the prosecution of this work it is desired to establish
a system of exchanges, by which the Society will have special
collectors in various parts of the State, who will not only collect
for us of their local material but will also make efforts to secure for
this society rare specimens which may come to their notice A
(t\v such collectors have already been secured and it is believed
that such a system may be established which will be of great
benefit to the Society. The cooperation of members in this con-
nection is most earnestly solicited either by contributions as
suggested in another part of this report or by reference to friends
who are collectors who would be willing to collect for the Society.

The executive board has appropriated a sufficient amount of
money to cover the expense of mounting the shells of the collec-
tion on card-board. This work will be carried on during the Sum-
mer and will add much to the attractiveness of this beautiful col-
lection and aid in its preservation as well.

I wish to take this occasion to thank the members and officers
of this Society for the uniform cordiality shown me during my
term of office.

Respectfully submitted.

Horace P. Smith, Custodian.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF GEOLOGY.

(Abstract).

This department has been for years hampered in its work by
want of case room. I have reported this fact, and made sugges-
tions for the better display of the specimens on hand, as well as
the necessity of filling in certain groups in our collection but no
notice has been taken of my requests. These are a matter of
record and if the society wishes to make the necessary changes and
purchases, may be easily referred to. In addition to my former
suggestion I would say that we should make an effort to have a
complete .suite of the fossils of our locality which should be
arranged and placed by itscif, and called the Cincinnati Group
collection. Of course nothing can be done until suitable case room
is provided for such a collection. The cases now in the Paleonto-
logical department are wholly useless for display or study. They
should be wholly '■'■ rcforDicd.''''

g2 Cincinnati Society of Natnial History.

In furtherance of this phin, I would suggest that members
bring such specimens of our common fossils as they do not desire
for their own exchanges or collections. All specimens, no matter
how common, can be utilized in exchanges. Cincinnati and the
vicinity is the finest hunting ground in the world, but the march
of improvement is rapidly covering uj) the best localities, and in a
few years the present opportunities will have passed away.

J. W. Hall, Curator of Geology.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF BOTANY.

To the President and Members of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History:

I beg leave to submit the annual report for the department of
Botany.

The Pringle collection of Mexican plants has been catalogued
and placed in tne herbarium. Also fifty-three specimens of mosses
and twenty-four of algse from the Pacific coast, received from
Mrs. R. W. Summers of San Luis Obispo, Cal.

The card-catalogue of the 4350 specimens now in the Society's
collection is almost completed. A few additions have been made
to the collection of the Cincinnati flora. The Custodian is making
a duplicate collection of the Ohio flora for purposes of exchange.
Exchanges are in progress with Mrs. R. W. Summers, San Luis
Obispo, Cal., Miss Alice Little, I3resden, O., A. Freed, Lancas-
ter, O., Wm. R. Lazenby, Columbus, O., and Geo. L Streator,
(iarrettsville, O.

Donations have been received from Dr. O. D. Norton, Davis
L. James, Geo. B. Twitchell, Miss Mary Magurk, A. P. Morgan,
Mrs. Mary Stubbs, G. H. Curtis, Geo. C. James, and H. P.
Smith.

The principal feature of the year is the publication in the
Journal of articles on the "Mycolgic Flora of the Miami Valley"
by A. P. Morgan, which is represented in our collection by beauti-
ful paintings executed by Mrs. A. P. Morgan, and presented by
herself and husband.

The botanical section has held regular meetings, except
during the summer months, at which a number of interesting
papers have been read; a series of biographical ones, of which the
subjects were eminent botanists, being particularly enjoyed. The

Reports of Officers of the Society, 93

section failed to realize the hope that the collection of Cincinnati
and Ohio flora would be greatly increased. The supply of this
need should receive special attention this season.

Respectfully submitted,

Nettie Fillmore.

REPORT OF CURATOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

(Abstract,)
The department of Entomology has received but few addi-
tions during the year — about 34 species. Insect "pests" have
destroyed some specimens during the year. It is recommended
that a series of insects be mounted to exhibit their economic value,
or their injurious effect. George S. Huntingion.

REPORT OF CURATOR OF ZOOLOGY.

(x^bstract.)
The additions to the department have been : birds, 89 ; mam-
mals, 8. The collection is free from "museum pests," and (except
the white-plumaged birds, which show the effect of coal soot) are
in good order. The cases in this department are inadequate to
preserve the specimens from dirt, or to admit a proper display or
arrangement of specimens. Provision has been made to secure
mounted specimens of conmion birds lacking in the collection.
Many families of our native birds are not even represented by a
type specimen. It is desirable that such deficiencies should be
filled. Charles Dury.

REPORT OF CURATOR OF OSTEOLOGY.

(Abstract.)
Only a it^i additions have been made to this department dur-
ing the year. The skeleton of the giraffe, which stood in the
hallway of the second story, has been placed on the fourth floor
with the other specimens of osteology. It is very desirable to
make our collection of domestic animals as complete as possible,
and whenever specimens can be obtained it would be well to
secure them. O. D. Norton.

REPORT OF THE CURA TOR OF ANTHROPOLOGY.

Valuable additions have been made to the collections during
the year. The society's collection in this department is already

94 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoty.

quite valuable, but cannot be displayed to advantage for want of
room. There are a number of specimens in the collection not to
be found in any other, and are therefore too valuable to be exposed
in a building that is not absolutely fire-proof.

George W. Harper.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF MICROSCOPY.

Since April, 1886, two exhibitions of microscopical objects
and apparatus have been given by the society. One on the 30th
of May, a general exhibition, and an exhibition of histological
preparations on the 2nd of October. Several meetings were held
for the purpose of forming a section of microscopy, but without
effecting an organization. This is especially unfortunate, as one
of the prime objects of this society is the study of the Natural
History of our immediate vicinity. Our students of the higher
animals and plants have, in cataloguing at least, left comparatively
little to be done, but next lo nothing is known of the microscopic
fauna and flora of our neighborhood.

During the past year the following preparations have been
added to the collection of the department: Two slides of diatoms,
a section of peccary hair and a preparation of so-called volcanic
ashes. Respectfully submitted,

Geor(;e B. TwrrcHELL.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF CONCHOLOGY.

During the past year four hundred species and varieties, known
as the Hemphill Collection, have been catalogued and placed in
cases. This collection was purchased and received previous to
the last annual meeting of this society, but owing to a lack of case
room was not uni)acked. Even now it is not in proper conditipn,
but in cases belonging to another department. A number of fine
'exchanges have been made ; one with Mr. T. H. Aldrich o^
thirty-two species, another consisting of forty species with Mr. H.
E. Dore, of Portland, Oregon, and still another with Mr. Arturo
Bofill, of Barcelona, Spain, numbering one hundred and forty
species. Mr. Aldrich also presented a number of species, ard a
large donation of two hundred and twenty-one species was received
from Mr. Charles Faber.

Repoi'ts of Officers of the Society. 95

Tlie total additions to the cabinet during tlie year have been
about nine hundred species, and the custodian has carefully done
his part of the work, tluis making a fine showing in the department
of conchology. Mrs. H. B. Morehead,

Curator of Conchology.

REPORT OF 'l"HE LIBRARIAN.

(Abstract.)

The exchange list of the Society has been increased during
the year by the addition of the publications of ten societies, in-
cluding the publications of the Geological Survey of India, the
Royal University of Norway, the German Scientific Society of
Santiago Chili, the Entomological Society of Washington, etc.,
etc.

There have been added to the library during the year, by
donation and exchange, about 400 books and pamphlets. The most
valuable being the volumes of the Geological Survey of India.
These volumes have been bound in plain substantial binding and
the forty volumes contain a vast amount of valuable material.

Next to this set is the publications of the Pennsylvania
Geological Survey, nearly all of which are now in the Society's
library.

Donations have been numerous. The largest was from the
Estate of Dr. E. S. Wayne received through Dr. O. D. Norton.
This consisted of about 100 books and pamphlets, many of them of
great value.

A new book case has been ordered and will soon be ready to
be placed in the library. Geo. W. Harper, Librarian.

96 Cinciiuiati Society of Natural History.

ORNITHOLOOICAL NOTES.
By Chas. Durv.

Least Bittern.
Botaiirus ex His (Gniel.)
Several specimens of this species were taken at Ross Lake
during April and May, 1887.

Orange Crowned Warbler.
Hclminthopila cclata (Say.)
On April 29th, I shot a fine male of this species near Avondale.
The bird was feeding on small beetles and other insects (with which
its stomach was filled). This is 1 believe the fir.^t recorded instance
of the identification of the species in the immediate vicinity of
Cincinnati.

Short-eared Owl.
Asio accipitrimis. (Pall.)

In many years I have never known this owl to be so numer-
ous in Southern Ohio. The first specimens were observed in Nov.,
1886, and they remained in suitable localities until April, 1887.
They lived in low flat meadows that were covered with long dry
grasses and weeds. Near Glendale during February a young man
saw a large white owl which from his description seemed to be Nyctea
nyctea (Linn.) flying across a swampy field. He went home for a
gun and returned to secure the bird, but he failed to get it. While
crossing the field which was inundated with water, numbers of
Short-eared owls flew up until over thirty were counted in the air ^t
one time, there was only one tree in the place and on it all of the
owls perched presenting a very curious and unusual sight. All of
the low parts of the field where the owls were congregated was
flooded by rains driving the mice to patches of higher ground and
giving the owls a chance to capture and devour them.

One owl shot in this field contained three full grown meadow
mice. Of over twenty of these owls examined since Nov., 1886,
up to May 1st (and excepting in one instance, Nov. 26, when I
took an imported sparrow from one), their food seemed to be
exclusively mice.

OrnitJtological Notes. 97

Relating to the food of Raptorial Birds and supplementing a
paper read by me before this Society, April, 1885, I present the
following items.

Long EARED Owl.
Asio wilsonianus. (Less.)
Male, from Warren Co., Ohio, Nov. 10. Contained insects.
Male, from Hamilton Co., Ohio, January 10. Contained
mice.

Great Horned Owl.
Bubo virginianus (Gmel.)
Male, Cincinnati, Nov. 24. Contained Beetles (Geotrypes.)
Female, Canton, Ohio, January. Filled with mice.

Red-Shouldered Hawk.
Buteo li neat us (Gmel.)
Hamilton Co., Ohio, Nov. 29. Contained one frog.
Cooper's Hawk.
Accipiter cooperi (Bon.)
Female, Glendale, Dec. 22. Contained one European
Sparrow.

Screech Owl.
Mega scops asio (Linn.)
January 12, Cincinnati, Ohio. Contained the remains of four
mice.

Death of the Zoo Ostrich.

The fine large female Ostrich belonging to the Zoological Gar-
den was found dead one morning, although the keeper had left her
the evening before seemingly in perfect condition of health. An
external examination revealed the fact that the right tibia and
fibula had been fractured near their lower ends. On opening the
body an egg mass was found. It had in the centre a normal sized
ostrich egg, enveloped in a succession of leathery shells in layers
one outside of the other. There were about twenty of these layers
and the entire mass measured 18x13 inches. The largest normal
Ostrich egg measures about 5x6:^ inches. The bird fractured her
leg in a desperate effort to be delivered of this enormous egg.

Avondale, June, 1887.

pS Ciuciiniati Society of Natinal History.

BIRDS.

A lecture delivered before tlie Ci/ieiiiiia/i Society of Natural
History, March 25///, 1887/!=

By Dr. F. W. Langdon.

Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemen :

Birds are objects of much interest and importance to all man-
kind, savage and civilized, of all ages, both sexes, and every social
condition.

The savage prizes their products for food, clothing and personal
adornment; tips his weapons with their feathers and constructs
many articles of household utility from their bones and skins.

In the history of the early American civilizations we are told
that one of the most gorgeous robes of state of the great Monte-
zuma, was composed ahiiost entirely of the plumage of brilliant
birds; and many a South- American princess to-day wears a dress
of feathers, which for scantiness and unique effect might well
excite the envy of some of her fashionable civilized sisters. While
civilized man /;/ general is attracted by their beauty of plumage,
melody of voice and wonderful structure and architecture, to cer-
tain classes of civilized men, Birds possess an especial importance
economic or resthetic, as the case may be; and each of these
classes is apt to have its own peculiar views as to the
Relation of Birds to Mankind.

As a distinguished American philosopher has said, "every-
thing depends on the standpoint of the individual" —

The epicure for instance, sees in their structure, form and
flavor, ao especial adaptation to artistic cookery and gastromomic
attainments; and few of us perhaps, are entirely oblivious to the
charms of "({uail on toast."

The sportsman, considers them chiefly useful in connection
with the training of dogs, and the cultivation of marksmanship,
with the mental and physical excitement attendant thereon.

The taxidermist, might infer, from the very convenient distri-
bution of their feathers and the positions of their joints, that birds
were constructed especially to be skinned, stuffedand mounted for

*Publislied by s;)eci;il re ciii 'St of llie Publishing Coimiiitto.

Birds.

99

ornamental or museum purposes, while the bird fancier, on the
other hand sees in them so many objects to be "improved," as he
terms the over-development of certain parts, by means of crossing,
selection of freaks, etc.

The milliner, with an eye to business, studies their various
forms and tints with a view to harmonizing them with the complex-
ion and costume of the fashionable customer; while the agricul-
turalist complains that certain species destroy his products, an.d
rejoices that others are of value by reason of preying on noxious
insects and plants. So important in fact, has the relation of birds
to agriculture been shown to be, that it has been made the subject
of special inquiry by the U. S. Government, through a newly
established "Division of Ornithology" ot the Department of Agri-
culture, at the head of which is the well-known ornithologist, Dr.
C. H. Merriam.

The methods and objects of this "Division of Ornithology"
are explained in a circular which I shall be glad to supply to those
interested.

On a plane far above the merely economic relations of birds,
stands their availability to the poet and artist, as subjects for pen
and brush ; and the true naturalist, to fully appreciate their many
beauties should be something of both and more than either : — for,
to him, all matters connected with them possess an interest; their
structure, colors, voice, habits, food, architecture, topographical
and geographical distribution, migrations, etc.; — and if he combines
with the poetic and artistic sense the power of accurate and
systematic observation of living birds; and with these again, the
appreciation of their wonderful structure and relations to each
other and to other animals, — ///^// indeed is he a naturalist '\x\ the
broadest sense of the word, and his observations and conclusions
systematically recorded are a monument to his talent and industry,
which no time can destroy. Such were Wilson and Audubon, the
pioneers of American Ornithology, and many might be mentioned
amongst living naturalists who are dieir worthy successors.

While volumes have been and will be, written upon the beauties
of birds — their brilliant plumage, the melody of their voices, their
unique architecture and so on, this is not by any means all of
Ornithology; in fact as a distinguished ornithologist has said, all
these "however ])leasing they are to the senses, do not satisfy the
mind, which always strives to make orderly disposition of things,

lOO Cinciiniati Society of Natural History.

and so discern their mutual relations and dependencies."^- Hence,
in order to satisfy this mental craving for a knowledge of the rela"
tions of birds to other animals, including man, we must have a
Classification, without which there is no science.

Passing, then, from the consideration of the economic and
aesthetic uses of birds, let us take a glance at their Zoological
relations ; in other words — at the

Elements of Systematic Ornithology,
which, once mastered will leave you free to pursue the remaining
features of the study if you so desire.

Let it be distinctly understood at the start, that the basis of all
zoological classification at the present day is structure, — that is to
say, anatomy.

In order to classify birds, we must define them; that is recog-
nize their differences in structure from other animals. This, in the
case of recent birds, is not at all difficult to do; briefly stated, a
bird is a fcatJicred vertcbratcd aninuil. While this definition is suffi-
cient, as already indicated, to seperate all recent birds from reptiles,
I. atrachians and fishes, on the one hand, and from mammals on the
other, yet there are good grounds for the belief that, were one to
possess a complete series of extinct birds, we should have difficulty
in distinguishing them by their outer covering alone. In otlier
words, we should [)erhaps find animals in which scales and feathers
would so intergrade that it would be im])Ossible to say where scales
ended and feathers began.

Hence our definition might be insufficient to define birds from
reptiles. It may be stated, in fact, as a general rule, that all Zoo-
logical and Botanical definitions are faulty in so far as they mark
distinct lines which do not exist in nature, but which are arbitrarily
adopted by man for his own convenience.

A good descriptive definition of birds is thus presented by one
of our ablest American ornithologists: — f

"A bird is an air-breathing, egg laying, warm blooded, feath-
ered vertebrate, with two limbs (legs) for walking or swimming,
two limbs (wings) for flying or swimming, fixed lungs in a cavity
communicating with other air cavities, and one oudet of urinary
and generative organs; with {negative characters) no teat^', no teeth^
no fleshy lips, no external fleshy ears, no ((lerfect) epiglottis nor
diaphragm; no bladder, no scrotum, no corpus (ollosum. Other

*Coues"Key to North American liirds."
-\ Ibid.

Birds. loi

collateral characters are given, but these sufficiently distinguish
birds from reptiles on the one hand and mammals on the other.
Perhaps the majority of modern zoologists accept Huxley's arrange-
ment of birds and reptilesas off-shoots from one group — the Sai/rop-
sida.

As already stated, stniiturc is the only basis of modern classi-
fications.

Formerly classifications were based on habits, food, distribu-
bution, etc; but these have all been found to be unreliable and
subject to change regardless of structure.

Various similes have been used to illustrate ideas of relation-
ship in structure of the different forms of life.

One of the oldest of these is to liken species of animals to
the links of a cliain and arrange them in a linear series, with
gaps representing extinct or undiscovered species. This would
be equivalent to the attempt to place all mankind in a con-
tinous row, in the order of their relationship to each other; and
you may readily see, that, if we attempted this we should very soon
find hvo persons who were of equal relationship to a third *and
hence our linear series would become bi linear, then tri-linear and
so on, so that the resemblance to a chain would disappear.

A second simile, is that of a tree, with few main divisions,
more large branches and numerous twigs; this is, I think best
suited to the illustration of all Biological problems. If we compare
life then, with the trunk of our tree, (Fig. i) we have two great
divisions of organisms, which act as vehicles or agents for its
expression — viz : Vegetable and AAimal, — these divisions called in
systematic Biology "Kingdoms."

Leaving the study of the vegetable part of our tree to the
botanist, and tracing out the Animal Kingdom, we find that all
animals might be conveniently placed in five great groups, occupy-
ing five great branches of our tree, so to speak. These groups,
called 6"// (^-A7;/^^''(/(W/.s- are : (see diagram, Fig. i.)

1. The Protozoa (first animals) or simplest animals, (Infusoria

etc.)

2. The Radiata or radiated animals, (Star-fishes, sea-ur-

chins.)

3. The Articulata or jointed animals, (Insects, lobsters, etc.)

4. The MoUusca or soft-bodied animals, (Snails, oysters,

mussels, etc.)
q. The Vertebrata or back-boned animals.

102

Cincinnati Society of Natiual History.

Fk;. I.
Diagram to represent a purely arbitrary classification of animals.

Birds. 103

Following up only the Vertebrata branch of our tree, we find
the vertebrates conveniently divided into five sub-groups called
classes, viz :

Fishes, Batrachians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.

Now while it simplifies the problem to consider each of these
sets of groups as bearing the same relation or value to each other,
as ofF-shoots from a common trunk, such, in nature, is not the
case, in other words it is difficult to find two groups precisely alike in
relative importance, just as it is seldom we find two branches or
twigs exactly alike on the real tree.

The problem then is somewhat more complex than we see
it here — and, the method of growth of our tree may be more
properly represented somewhat after this fashion (see Fig. 2.)

To the scientist, birds possess a peculiar interest on account of
their apparant isolation from all other classes of Vertebrates; in
other words there is an absence, amongst /rc^/// birds at least, of
"connecting links," between them and their presumed progenitors,
the reptiles — this being indicated on the diagram by the broken
lines.

Amongst recent birds the Penguins and Ostriches approach
nearest the reptiles in structure ; but fossil forms are known so
intergrading between birds and reptiles, that modern Zoologists
have placed all Reptiles and Birds in one "class" called Saitrop-
sida.

In addition to the larger groups into which animals are classi-
fied, as shown in our diagram, they are further subdivided (or
classified) into numerous smaller ones. Taking the branch (class)
"Birds" for instance and tracing it out to its ultimate twigs,
we would find it divide into or give off several smaller branches
called "Orders," of which there are seventeen represented
amongst North American Birds; these seventeen "orders" again
give off still smaller divisions called "families" {(id in North
America;) the "family" branches give off in their turn "genera"
(321 in North America) and each genus sprouts a variable number
of "species" (768 in North America, or about 10,000 in the
world,) which would represent the terminal twigs of our tree, or
that portion of it devoted to the genealogy of birds.

I04

Cinciniiaii Society of Natural History

Fig. 2.

A classification of animals to indicate their structural relationship
and chronological sequence.

Birds. 105

Putting this statement in diagrammatic form, with respect
to North American Birds only, would give us the following
in ascending series from the largest group to the smallest, — pre-
mising that eacli group includes all those beyond it, and sprouting
from it. See Fig. 3.

We have then as the chief groups into which living things are
classified

Kingdoms — based on materials of structure.

Sub-kingdoms, based on plan of structure.

Classes, " " larger details of deep structure.

Orders, " " smaller details of deep structure.

Families, " " smallest details of deep structure.

Genera, " " larger details of external structure.

Species, " " smaller details of external structure.

To these there are added,

Varieties — based on the smallest details of external structure.
Where varieties are apparently constant in their differences from
'(he main species and such constancy can be attributed to peculiar
conditions of environment, the term "variety" gives way, in mod-
ern advanced terminology to "sub-species" or "incipient" species,
the inference being that a new species is in process of development.

While all these' groups then are arbitrary in one sense, they
are the result of a general agreement of biologists as to what
constitutes importance in variation and relationship in structure.

The aim of Zoological classification as already stated, is to
indicate relationship.

Now, the question maybe asked by some "of what use is this
(apparently) complicated system of classification ? "

We may reply :

First : it satisfies the mind in its desire to study the relationship
of all living things.

Secondly : it conduces to economy of time and labor in (a)
the recording of facts, (b) the identification of specimens, and (<"),
the reference to literature.

In order to illustrate one of these uses of classification : sup.
pose a person with no knoweledge whatever of birds was to come
into possession of a common North American Robin, and desired
to read something of its history and habits. First, of course, he
must know its name, in order to find it in the books.

Now supposing the most accurate description of all our North

3pec»ES

Fig. 3. Diagram to represent the groups of recent North
American Birds.

Birds. 1 07

American birds to be contained in a book and arranged without
regard to classification, or again suppose our amateur collector pays
no attention to classification if present ; he will either search at
random amongst seven hundred and sixty eight descriptions, or
read over perhaps the greater number of them before finding his
bird.

What, on the contrary, is the method of one who knows the
uses of classification.

Being a North American bird, it must belong to one of the
seventeen "orders," having traced it (by reading the seventeen
descriptions or less) to the OxAtx Passeres or Perchers, he finds that
there are twenty " families" to which it may belong; their descrip-
tions having told him it is a member of the family '"Turdidas " or
Thrushes, he must now trace it to its proper "genus" through
seven descriptions. The genus Alcrula describing it correctly,
there remain three descriptions only to read, that being the number
of North American species in the genus.

To recapitulate, we have traced our specimen through

17 Orders to Passeres,

20 Families of Passeres to Turdida^,
7 Genera of Turdidce to Merula,
3 Species of Vlerula to migratoria.

47 descriptions in all, as contrasted with 768 had we no classi-
fication to depend upon. The name of our bird, then is a
compound of its generic and specific names, viz:

Merula migratoria.

Now, supposing our collector to have sufficient knowledge of
structure aud classification to refer his bird at once to its proper
"family" or "genus," his labor of identification is still more di-
minished.

Some of the more important structural and physiological
peculiarities of Birds, Mammals and Reptiles are contrasted in the
following table.

io8 Cincitinati Society of Natural History.

' J. rt t«

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'^^ " '^
S f^ ^

^ ^ 5^ c

O; 75 OJ x! iJ G

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Birds. 109

Now, a word to those persons who may contemplate entering
upon the study of birds and the formation of a systematic collec-
tion;— -and let me say that my remarks this evening, are largely in
answer to numerous inquiries received from just such persons.

In the beginning the student should have a definite idea as to
the extent of country his collection is to represent — whether
a locality, a state or a continent.

He may begin his collecting and identification of specimens
personally, if he so desires, and this will give him a more accurate
and thorough knowledge in the end perhaps. Should he desire to
expedite matters, however, he may purchase from a dealer a few
representative skins, and using these as a working basis, develop
his knowledge of structure more rapidly. Let him bear in mind
however that it is not rarity he desires in these working specimens,
but rather the common types of the section of country he desires
to work up. Having obtained an elementry knowledge of struc-
ture and classification, he will be prepared to take up the more
advanced problems connected with bird-life.

To the question then, what constitutes the science of ornith-
ology, I would answer: — The knowledge, systematically arranged,
of facts pertaining to birds.

1. Of their structure.

2. Of their structural relations to other animals.

3. Of their physiology or life histories — as food, habits, voice,

nests and eggs, etc.

4. Of their distribution, topographical, geographical and

chronological.

5. Of their economic relations to man and other animals.

The means of acquiring this knowledge are :

1. A good shot-gun and suitable ammunition.

2. A note-book for field use.

3. Instruments for dissecting and skinning birds.

4. Some dry powdered arsenic for preserving skins.

5. A catalogue or permanent record book.

6. A cabinet or boxes for specimens.

7. One of the standard text books on Ornithology, as Coues'
"Key to North American Birds" or Ridgway's "Manual of North
American Birds."

I lo Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

And finally, an accurate eye, a clear head and unliniited
industry and perseverance.

In conclusion Ladies and Gentlemen, let me remind )ou that
"line upon line, precept upon precept," species upon species, is
still the most i)ractical method of acquiring a knowledge of Ornith-
ology, as of any other subject, — "there is no royal road to (bird)
knowledge."

THE JOURNAL

OF THE

Cincinnati oocietv of ixatural Historv.

VOL X. CINCINNATI, OCTOBER, 1887. No.

PROCEEDINGS.

Business Meeting, y///r 5///, 1887.

President Skinner in chair, 21 members present.

Minutes of April meeting read and approved.

The following persons were elected to membership, Dr. E. G.
Betty, Chas. P. Fennel, Miss Louise Horsely, Dr. James G. Hynd-
man, Omar T. Joslyn, John Moneith, Warren K. Morehead, Dr
T. A. Reamy, Miss Louise Stewart, Miss Belle Woods. On mo-
tion the reading of the minutes of llie Executive Board was omit-
ted.

Dr. O. D. Norton was elected to fill the vacancy in the Exec-
utive Board, by reason of the resignation of Mr. Geo. Bullock.

l"he committee appointed at the previous meeting to audit
the report of the treasurer reported the accounts correct.

Mr. Fisher's resolution to amend the By-Laws by inserting the
word "Corresponding" in Section i of Article 6 was amended by
Mr. Knight bv adding the word "Honorary'". The amendment
was accepted by Mr. Fisher and the amendment laid over for
another month.

Prof. Jos. F. James read, by title, an elaborate paper on "The
Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group with a critical
review of the species. " The speaker took occasion to remark that
the paper was contributed by his father Mr. U. P. James and him-
self. He stated that Mr. James has the largest collection of these
fossils in existence and has made a careful study of their internal
and external characteristics. He remarked further, that they had
attempted a classification of the species upon the external charac-

1 1 2 Ctncimiati Society of Natural History.

ters, the only classification which can be of practical value to
the student.

Mr. Riggs, by invitation, spoke of his explorations among the
Indian mounds of Missouri and Arkansas. He stated that they
seemed more numerous than in the Ohio Valley and that the pot-
tery found in them showed more artistic decorations.

Dr. A. E. Heighway, Jr. had noticed hundreds of mounds in
South Carolina, ranged in crescent shape along the hill sides.
Arrow heads were abundant, but he saw no pottery.

Mr. Skinner called the attention to the cast of a piece of sculp-
ture, found in a Florida mound. It was of a human head and had
been described by Dr. Forbes in the Toledo Blade as a "Cleopatra"
from its close resemblance to the Egyptian type.

■ Dr. Langdon replying to Mr. Riggs' question, whether pottery
was generally found with mound skeletons, said that such is '.he
case, the pottery being placed by the head or shoulder.

Donations were announced as follows :

From Prof. S. A. Forbes, Pamphlet, ' The Lake as a Micro-
cosm"; from F. W. Putnam, Pamphlet "Conventionalism in An-
cient American Art"; from Publishers Scientific American, Scien-
tific American Supplement.

August 2d, 1887.

Regular Scientific meeting; seven members present.

No quorum — no meeting.

The members present spent the evening pleasantly, in looking
over a copy of the folio edition of Audobon's Birds of America,
loaned the Society by Mr. J. R. Skinner.

The donation book showed the following additions to the So-
ciety's property, as follows:

Donations: From J. B. Lovell, specimens of Cannel Coal;
from J. E. Buchanan, Sterling, Col., opalized wood; from Prof. J.
M. F. Snodgrass, iron ore; from Dr. O. D. Norton, stone imple-
ments; from Prof. J. M. Nickles, Fossils of Cincinnati Group;
from Dr. S. S. Scoville, fossils of Cincinnati Group, Stone Axe;
from Dr. C. L. Armstrong, fac-simile of Sir Walter Scott's Monu-
ment.

September 6 1887.
Regular Scientific meeting.

Seventeen members present; 2nd Vice President James in the
chair.

Proceedings of the Society. 1 1 3

The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved.

Mr. Horace P. Smith read a paper on the King Crab (Limu-
lus polyphemus) and its relations.

The reading of the i)aper called forth remarks from members
present. Dr. Young spoke of the morphology. Mr. Dury in re-
ply to a question regarding the powers of vision in the "King Crab"
said that it probably merely distinguished dim outlines of objects

Dr. W. A. Dun exhibited a series of drillings taken from a
well recently bored near Montgomery in this County, 12 miles
north of the city and 810 ft. above the sea level. Gas was struck at
385 ft., nearly at the level of the bed of the Ohio. The Doctor
said that the gas well at Felicity, in Clermont County, flowed at a
pressure of 40 lbs. The strata furnishing this supply was about 600
ft. from the mouth of the well. Three wells have been bored at
Middletown, O., without satisfactory results. The Doctor was still
of the opinion that gas will be found in paying quantities east of the
city.

A fine specimen of a portion of the skull of Bootherium cavi-
frons, Leidy, was exhibited by Dr. Dun. It was found in the drift
on Walnut Hills. Dr. Young, by request, described the anatomical
characters of the skull in Bison and Bos. The specimen under dis-
cussion had been referred to both genera. It was too imperfect to
determine its proper place.

Mr. Geo Twitchell exhibited specimens of fresh water s]:)on-
ges from the Ohio river. He said:

" At the present stage of water in the Ohio river, sponges can
readily be found adhering to snags or stones. Of the two species
we have here to-night the encrusting form is immature and cannot
at present be identified. While the form that might almost be
called branching, is recognized as Cartcrius tiibispciina Mills. 'I'he
genus Carterius is a comparatively new one, the first specimen
having been found in 1879. This genus differs from the other
fresh water sponges in possessing appendages attached in various
forms to the statoblasts. The specimens we have here have the
staioblasts with their appendages well developed. An examination
with the microscope will reveal beautiful spicules, both of the
acerate and birotulate forms."

The presiding ofticer read a letter to hhnself from Prof. A. P.
Morgan, as follows:

1 14 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Preston, Hamii.iox Co.. ().. July i8, 1887.
Mr. JJ(77'is L. Jaim's.

Dp:ar Sir: — The July number of the Journal is to hand. I
am always interested in looking the Journal over critically, and
seldom find anything to object to seriously. In the present num-
ber, however, I take decided exception to the report of the Curator
of Microscopy. He states without qualification that "next to
nothing is known of the microscopic fauna and flora of our neigh-
borhood." He does not in the least qualify, "by me," "by most
people," "so far as I am aware,"' or anything of the sort. And I
suppose this statement passed muster of the meeting of the Society
and the publishing committee, on the principle that "what is every-
body's business is nobody's business."

1. In reference to the microscopic fauna: I am not so well pos-
ted in reference to what has been done as some of the older mem-
bers are, but I have understood that a former president of the
society gained a world-wide fame for himself as an entomologist
by work upon a certain class of microscopic insects. I have un-
derstood that there is an elegant collection of spiders in the city.
Very much microscopic work in a special and in a miscellaneous
way has been done by Dr. Hunt and by others, more than I am
able to name, I am sure.

2. In reference to the microscopic flora, the statement of the
Curator of Microscopy is not true at all. More than 40 years ago
Mr. Thomas G. Lea made a Catalogue of the plants of Cincinnati,
which has ever since been authority among botanists the world
over. This Catalogue embraces a list of more than 400 species of
Cryptogams, comprising Mosses, Hepaticaj, Lichens, Fungi — tlic
characters of which are microscopic to a greater or less extent — that
is, these plants require the use ot a compound microscope for their
determination.

I have seen it stated in the Botanical Gazette, that Governor
J. 1). Cox is a very high authority upon Desmids and Diatoms.

Of the microscopic order of plants there remain only then
not to some extent worked up, the Fresinvater Algce exclusive of
Desmids and Diatoms to which I have understood all along the
gentleman himself was devoting his attention. If he knows "next
to nothing" of them it is his own fault. I myself would not like
to state, however, that no other person knows "next to nothing"
concerning them. Before making such a statement I should want

Proceedings of the Society. 1 1 5

to feel sure that some other fellow in the neighborhood whom I
had never seen, and concerning whom I knew little, was not tol-
erably well versed in these things.

With reference to my own work upon the Fungi of this region,
I submit the following tabular statement compiled from my man-
uscript catalogue :

Hymenomycetes 536 species.

Cjasteromycetes 45 "

My.xomycetes 58 "

y^cidiomycetes 51 "

Hyphomycetes T12 "

Physomycetes 8 "

Discomycetes 48 "

Pyrenomycetes 195 "

Total, 1053 "

Of these classes, all, except the first two, that is 472 species,
are strictly microscopic plants — that is their characters are wholly
microscopic, requiring the use of the compound microscope and
magnifying powers of from 100 to 1000 diameters and a varied
manipulation for their determination. The Hymenomycetes re-
([uire the form and measurement of the spores which is commonly
done with a magnifying power of about 400 diameters.

The Gasteromycetes require the form and measurement of
the spores and the examination of the threads of the capillitium.

I would like to have the statements I make in these pages
presented to the society in some shape or other. You are at lib-
erty to read the whole, or such a portion as you see proper, at the
meeting ot the society. I am of the opinion that if sufticient pains
is taken to bring out the fact the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History can make as good a showing of active and effective work
and progress in every department of Natural History as any other
society in the country, East or West.

Very truly yours,

A. P. Morgan.

P. S.~For the sake of comparison, I present a tabular state-
ment of the fungi of Lea's Catalogue, similar in form to the one I
have given of my own work.

ii6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History

HymenoTiycetes

206

species.

Gasteromycetes

8

Myxomycetes

15

^cidiomycetes

14

Hyphoniycetes

I I

Physomycetes

3

Discomycetes

'5

I'yrenomycetes

44

,16

A. P. A[.

Mr. Twitchell said in reply to the position taken by Mr.
Morgan :

"It is useless after this to assert that the statement made in
my report was absolutely correct. Beyond a doubt it was too un-
qualified. Still Mr. Morgan in his desire to correct the error, has
gone almost as far beyond the truth as I fell short of it. In the
first place, unpublished work (however excellent) can hardly claim
recognition in a review of the knowledge of a subjecc. The Fungi
of this region have been worked up thoroughly but, although work
has been done on the Algee, I can find no list of our species of
Desmids, Diatoms, or the Algce exclusive of these groups. Now
to take up the microscopic fauna: In 1882 was published in the
Journal of this Society a synopsis of the ('incinnati fauna. This
seems to be the latest literature on the subject.

The class Insecta has several orders marked — "not worked
up." How much of this is microscopic I am not prepared to
state. In the Arachnida one microscopic species is mentioned.
(The list of Arachnida was prepared by the owner of the collection
to which Mr. Morgan alludes.) 'I'his list also includes nine Crus-
taceans, eleven Annelids (nine of which are Rotifers), no Polyzo-
ans, two Hydras, one Sponge, ten Infusorians and four Rhizopods.

Let us hope for the benefit of all future students of pond life,
that this is next to nothing."

An amendment of the By-laws proposed by Mr. Fisher at the
June meeting and amended by Mr. Knight at the July meeting,
was presented to the Society for its consideration.

The proposed amendment was as follows ; to insert in the last
clause of Sec. i of Article 6, by-laws, the words, "Honorary and
Corresponding" making the amended clause read as follows: "Ac-

Proceedings of the Society. 1 1 7

tive, corresponding, honorary and life members, and invited guests
only shall be privileged to read papers before the Society."

The question on the amendment being duly put, was carried
and the amendment declared adopted.

The presiding officer read a note from Mr. W. H. Knight, re-
signing the office of Secretary, to take effect as soon as the Society
can fill the vacancy by an election.

Upon motion the resignation of Mr. Knight was received and
accepted. The election of a successor was laid over for one month,
as directed by the constitution.

Donations were then announced as follows: From E. P. Cranch,
Chalinula Sponge; from Humphrey Devereux, Mole Cricket;
from Dr. W- A. Dun, Pamphlet, Water Birds of Japan; from R.
M. Wall, Fungus; from Dr. O. D. Norton, Stone Axe; from Chas.
E. Beecher, Monograph; "A Spiral Bivalve from the Waverly
Group of Pennsylvania"; from Karl Lagenbeck, Report on the U.
S. Coast Survey for 1853 — 54, Report on Exploration for a R. R.
Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific, Vols. II, IV to IX;
from Edw. C. Toune, Monograph "Electricity and Life;" from
Oliver Marcey, Report of the Dept. of Natural History at N. W.
University; from Thos. L. Casey, Monograph, "On some new
North American Psilaphid^e "; from Geo. B. Twitchell, fresh
water sponges.

Adjourned.

Ii8 Ci)icinnati Society of Natural flistory.

ON THE MONTICULIPOROID CORALS OFTHE CINCIX-
NATI GROUP, WITH A CRITICAL REVISION OF THE
SPECIES.

Bv CJ. P. James AND Joseph F. James, M. Sc, Prof, of Geology
and Botany in Miami University, Oxford, O.

(Read by Title, July 5, 1887.)

The group of fossils known under the general name of the
Monticuliporoids, presents a wonderfiUh diversified series of forms.
Not many years ago they were considered too obscure and too
difficult for the ordinary student, and collectors, as a rule, paid
little attention to them. One of us was among the first to call at-
tention to them : and in 187 i issued a catalogue of the "Fossils of
the Cincinnati Group", the first of its kind, in which were named
provisionally, a few new species. A second edition of the " Cat-
alogue" was published in 1875, ^"^ here two of the ])reviously
named species, and two new ones were described. In the same
year the second volume of the Ohio Palaeontology was issued, and
in this Prof. H. Alleyne Nicholson described and figured a num-
ber of species under the generic name of Clurtetcs, adopting some of
the names proposed in the catalogue of 1871. Between 1875 and
1 88 1 were issued various papers or volumes containing descrip-
tions of other new species, and in the latter year was published a
monograph on the genus Monticuliporahy Prof. Nicholson. In this
volume, by far the most valuable account of this group of fossils
which has yet appeared, we have chapters giving a general history
oi Monticulipora and its allies, an account of the general structure
of the genus and its development, a division of, the genus into five
sub-genera with the characters of each, and detailed descriptions
with figures, of forty-three species, thirty-three of which are found
in the immediate vicmity of Cincinnati. Finally, Mr. E. O.
Ulrich began, in 1882, in the fifth volume of the Journal of the Cin-
cinnati Society of Natural History a series of articles entitled
" American Palaeozoic Bryozoa," which was continued through the
si.\th and into the seventh volume, 1884. Mr. Ulrich considered
the Monticuliporoids as Bryozoa instead of Corals, and in the course
of his investigations divided and sub-divided the old genus Monti
culip07'a into a multitude, no less than eighteen, different genera.
At the same time a host of species was described, most of them

On the MoiiticuHporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 119

from internal characters, and they were illustrated by a profusion
of drawings of the internal microscopic structure. Our opinion of
this vast array of genera and species and of microsco])ic work of this
sort in general, will be given in detail later on in the present paper,
but we cannot forbear saying that it is our belief that this work has
resulted disastrously to the study of a confessedly difficult class of
fossils ; making it more difficult and confusing than ever before,
and loading it with a mass of synonyms which of themselves are
enough to deter one who should so desire, entering upon the study.
The cause of this we believe to be an erroneous method of study,
and we ascribe the vast number of species and genera made, to the
almost exclusive attention given to microscopic characters.

The study which has been put upon the MoiiticuHporoids since
1 87 1 has resulted in the identification and description of between
sixty and seventy-five well characterized species from the rocks of
the Cincinnati Group alone. When we consider their abundance
in the various strata we need not be surprised at this result. The
fossils are so common in many places in the vicinity of Cincinnati
as to make up whole layers of rock. In certain places where they
have been weathered out of the shale or rock, they can be gath-
ered up almost literally by the bushel. While certain forms seem
to be well defined and easily separable, others present such pro-
tean features as to become puzzling in the extreme. The extent
of this group of fossils, the number of individual specimens, and
the various forms some of them present, make it a good family in
which to study the differentiation of species, and at the same time
present one which should teach the palaeontologist to be cautious
how he makes new species on insufficient grounds, often mistaking
individual for specific variation, and specific for generic distinction.

Thus at the outset it becomes necessary to determine, as well
as may be, what should be regarded as generic and what as spe-
cific characters. In the living organic world it is notoriously a
matter of the greatest difficulty to draw the line between many
genera and many species. Nay, not only do genera seem to merge
into one another, but the higher groups, orders, classes, divisions,
are separated bysuch indefinite and indistinct boundaries, that it
is very difficult, and at times impossible, to draw the line between
them. If this be so with living forms, where advantage can be
taken of accurate investigation and examination of extensive suites
of perfect specimens, how much more caution should be exercised
when dealing with fossils, which are so generally found in limited

I20 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

numbers and imperfect condition. In many cases species have
been founded on single specimens, or two, three, or perhaps half
a dozen. It is much easier, naturally, in these cases to formulate
specific distinctions, but at the same time, and because of the very
sparseness of the material, we become all the more liable to errors
of interpretation, which only time and large suites of specimens
can correct.

Species making in palaeontology is largely governed by the
individual. If the student has confined his attention solely to
geological species, and too many have done so, he will often be
unable to comprehend, and be incapable of deciding what amount
of difference is required for a new species. Each trivial variation
assumes specific importance to him. Individual variation becomes
specific, and what a student with a wide knowledge of living forms
regards as perhaps of specific value, the mere palaeontologist often
calls generic. Th^re is, in fact, no criterion by w^hich to judge
fossil species, except individual opinion. We can not see the off-
spring of a parent exhibiting variations among themselves as we
can in the living world. We can not tell how diversified may have
been the forms produced from a single individual ; nor can we
prove by testing, how true one species may breed, or whether it
will cross readily and produce hybrid offspring with another form.
More especially is this the case with the lower forms of animal life,
the Bryozoans, the Polyps, or the sponges. But even here the
living have an advantage over the dead, for we may see on a
single branch, or in a single group, various forms, which found
apart, would often be regarded as specifically or even generically
distinct. But when, after death, and in a fossil state, these colo-
nies, groups or branches become broken up, there is no means of
re-uniting them in the form they once had, and we are left to spe-
culation and conjecture in regard to the relations of one part to
another.*

*New discoveries arc constantly heingf recorded which show the truth of these re-
marks. In Science (IX. 576. Mav 27, 1SS7.) is given an account of a tine specimen of Lepi-
dodend) on found in New Yorl<, from which tlie followine: is taken : "It isfitteen feet in
lenpth from the roots upward, measures thirteen and a half inches in diaiueter across
the base, three inches at the broken upper extremity, and preserves in great beauty and
perfection the cicatrices of the leaves, in places the narrow elor.gate, lanceolate foliage
and the delicate rootlets." "It is interesting to observe, that, so wide a variation exists
at different distances from the base in the arrangement of the cicatrices, one cannot but
feel, in examining the fossil, that, it it liad been found in fragments taken from difler-
ent spots, it would furnish all the necessary material for a half dozen distinct species of
lepidodendron, according to prevalent methods of determining these va'ues. Moreover,
toward the base the leaves are uniformly arranged on elevated longitudinal ridges, as iti
Sigillaria, showing nothing of the quincunx arrangement hig-her up, and regarded as a
diagnostic character of lepidodendron." Evidence of a similar character is given by a
writer ill a volume of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The same
thing can be seen in the scars of leaves on the caudex of the living tree fern, the lower
ones being quite different in shape from those above.

Oil the Monticuliporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 121

As there must be some rule to apply for the purpose of separ-
ating individuals into classes, orders, genera and species, it is
necessary to examine a little into this point. When the points of
difference are of minor importance, and here, too, individual opin-
ion must come in, and the differences are more numerous than
the resemblances, a separation of species is justifiable. When pro-
minent structural differences present themselves, which are of con.
stant occurence, new genera may be made. But when, in a large
suite of specimens, small differences, which might well be char-
acterized as individual, present themselves; or when, in a few spe-
cimens, variations are observed which might have well been individ-
ual, then new species should not to be made for a few abnormal
forms. For example, when a form presents certain characters
which are intermediate between two other previously considered
distinct species, it would be better to unite the three into one in-
stead of having three separate names. So, too, genera connected
by links of this sort should not be kept asunder, but combined
under one, the earliest, name.

Unfortunately this has not been the case in the study of the
species of the difficult group of fossils under consideration. Indeed,
in one conspicuous case it has been the exact reverse. Species
have been made, genera have been formed, when the characters
of the specimens were so exactly intermediate between two pre-
vious known species or genera, that they were obviously linked
together by the new discovery. We are well aA^are that objections
have been urged against the union of any two forms presenting
even small differences.* Yet in an investigation such as will here
be attempted, it will be better to take a broader view of the mean-
ing of species, and include under it the forms which do not seem
to be anything else than variations in individuals, not yet sufficiently
pronounced to be raised to the rank of species.

All who have written upon the Monticuliporoids have felt and
have referred to the difficulties with which they have had to con-
tend. 'i"he immense numbers cf specimens seems to have led to
wonderful diversity in development, and the difficulty has been in-
creased by the very quantity of material. At first the majority of
the species of the group were referred to the genus Chateies, Fischer.
This was done in 1875 by Dr. Nicholson, in the second volume of

*As an instance of this in Botany we find the species, Rtibiis J nclicosus credited in
Englanrl with abont 75 different forms, all of them having distinct names. (Hooker,
i>tuiient's Flora, p. 114/. A somewhat analogous instance is found in Paheontolog^y with
Ortliis lynx.

152 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the Palaeontology of Ohio. Subsequently, -'^ this authority modified
his opinion as to the proper generic name, and substituted J/f ;///<://■-
lipora. He was well aware of the variability of the species of this
genus, for he saysf in a sort of preface to his descriptions : "Some
of the species hereafter described are nearly allied to one another,
and in other instances individual specimens may be found which
seem to stand midway between two species, and cannot readily or
definitely be referred to either. This would give countenance to
the belief that future researches might ultimately enable us to unite
some of these so called species under one or more highly variable
specific types. "J

The great extent of the group has resulted in various attempts
to arrange them into subordinate groups but with little success.
The two prominent examples of this division are Dr. H. A. Nichol-
son,§ and Mr. E. O. Ulrich.|| Their methods and their ideas show
a wonderful difference.

Dr. Nicholson, for example says that from a strictly scientific
point of view "the family of the MonticuliporidcB must be regarded
as comprismg only the single genus Monticulipora, D'Orb." He then
states that he had formerly divided the genus into six sub-genera,
and, that while there was no difficulty in framing a generic descrip-
tion which would cover all the six, yet three of them were easily
separable from the rest by certain well-marked structural features.
He then says that "upon the whole, therefore, it may perhaps be
the best plan, as a matter of practical cotwenience, to regard these
three groups as so many distinct genera, in spite of tlie fact that
they have no theoretic claim to such a rank." If this be adopted,
the genus Monticulipora is then sub-divided into five sub-genera and
three other genera are formed for convenience.

The other plan, that advocated by Mr. Ulrich, runs to another
extreme, and instead of the modest number of three genera and
five sub-generic groups, he would have no less than twenty-nine
distinct genera and one sub-genus, seventeen of which he coins
himself, and hardly two of which does he admit to be more than
slightly related. The course which will be pursued in the present
paper will be different from either of these. It will follow the

*More particularly in "The Genus Monticulipora" published in iSSi.

fPalKon. of OhioJ U, p. 190.

JThe difficulty of classifying these "half-way" species is felt by all who have col-
lected large suites of specimens of variable genera. One of us has kept a box into which
the puzzling forms are put as ihev are encountered, and it is wonderful how rapidly they
accumulate. In the present paper we shall try to show cause why many of the reputed
species should be united under some older and variable species.

§The Gems Monticulipora, 1871, 00 et. seq.

ilAmerican Pala-ozoic Bryozoa. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., iS82-'83. Vol. V. VI.

On the Mo)iticuliporoids of the Cinciiuiati Group. 123

"theoretically" correct idea of Dr. Nicholson, that all the species be
grouped under the one genus Monticulipora, with such subdivisions
or sub-genera as seem best suited to the exigencies of the case, and
which will best enable students and collectors to gain an accurate
knowledge of the group.

There have been recognized of the typical genus Monticulipora
as it will here be considered, and as it is represented in the Cincinnati
Group, six separate and more or less distinct types. These are
as follows, chiefly, if not solely, separated by external characters:

First. Massive species. In these the corallum is generally at-
tached by one point at the base, and is more or less spherical, glo-
bose or lobate.

Second. Discoid species. In these the corallum is a free, more
or less plano-convex or concavo-convex disk, with the upper sur.
face occupied by calices, and the lower with a striated or wrinkled
epitheca.

Third. Dendroid or Ramose species. In these the corallum is
branching, more or less, the stems are cylindrical or sub cylindri-
cal, the base free or attached, and the surface of the branches
covered with the calices. The extremities of the liranches are
rounded. Some are very slender, some more or less swollen, and
some few seem to occupy an intermediate place between this and
the massive group.

Fourth. Laminar or Frondescent species. In these the coral-
lum is expanded and flattened, generally formed of two lasers of
corallites diverging from a central axis.

Fifth. Encrusting species. In these the corallum forms a crust,
growing parasitically on the shells of brachiopods, cephalopods,
gasteropods, etc., or on other corals.

Sixth. Forms taking their shape apparently from the form of
the body upon which the corallum has grown, generally very con-
stant in each individual species.*

The surface characters of the species of the genus can be ex-
plained in a few words: "Monticules," consisting of a number of
cells more or less elevated above the surface of the corallum, and
conical or oblong in shape. "Maculag," formed of a cluster of
larger or smaller cells on or below the surface; and, lastly in some
instances an epithecal membrane, either spread over a portion of
the cell bearing surface, or covering the entire under surface as in
the species of the Discoid grou]i. In some species it is wrinkled,

*NichoIson, The Genus Monticu., pp. 34, 36.

124 Cvicinnati Society of Natural History.

in others striated; sometimes it is very thin, and at other times
strong and thick. The form of tlie cells, as visible on the surface,
varies from round to polygonal and in one species, {M. quadratd)
the cells are rhombic or square.

All these, the general form of the corallum, the surface features,
and the form and arrangement of the calices, have been considered
by some of the recent students of the MonticuUporoids, to be almost
valueless. This is especially insisted upon by Dr. Nicholson, who,
in both his "Palaeozoic Tabulate Corals," and his "Genus Monti-
culipora," asserts time and again that the form of the corallum has
no classificatory value. Two quotations must here suffice to show
this. He says: " . . . it is quite certain that the mtxe form
of the corallum, though affording a useful guide to the collector, is
usually of no value whatever in determining the structure and
affinities of a given specimen of Monticulipora. As an illustration of
this fact, I may mention that among the corals which, from their
general form and superficial characters, would unhesitatingly be
placed under the well known species M. pet7-opolitana, I find at
least three well marked types to be included, which differ so wide-
ly from one another in minute structure, that they might well be
regarded as at least distinct sub-genera." After stating this, he
goes on as follows, to show that sonietitiies, at least, the form of the
corallum is of use in determinations. "At the same time certain
species, and especially those which have a laminar or frondescent
corallum, are very constant in their mode of growth, so that in
these cases the form of the corallum is of value in the determina-
tion of species ; while the ramose species, however variable, never
appear to form crusts on foreign bodies, as some of the massive
species occasionally do."* In another place and in another book
Dr. Nicholson writes thus: " ... we are obliged to con-
clude that the mere external shape of the corallum is a character
of no classificatory value. It is not that individual species are
specially variable in shape, for many types exhibit a tolerably con-
stant form when adult ; but it is the fact that so many structurally
diverse species assume the same shape that robs this feature of any
special value it might otherwise possess, "f

Other quotations besides these might be given, but they will
be enough to show the small value said to be placed upon external
form of the corallum. Before examining into the features which
are relied upon by Dr. Nicholson and others, Mr. Ulrich among

♦Tabulate Corals, p. 273. -j-Genus Monticu., p. 33.

Oti the MontiailipoToids of the Cincinnati Group. 125

them, we wish to call attention to the fact that the external features
are not only relied upon by these two authors, but in some cases
they are the only ones considered to be of value. We shall pro-
ceed to show how this is the case by quoting from the descriptions
of various species by both Dr. Nicholson and Mr. Ulrich, as fol-
lows :

"The most obvious feature which separates the latter \^Constel-
laria\ from the genus FisiuUpora is its possession of the conspicuous
star shaped monticules which adorn the surface of the corallum."*
This is an external feature, and one used to separate two genera-
Again: "It cannot be denied, however, that the separation of
Dekayia from Monticidipora, so far as our present knowledge goes,
is purely arbitrary, and is only defensible upon the ground that its
surface columns constitute a marked external character, by which
its species can be readily and conveniently distinguished as a group
apart. "f Here we have not a species, but one sub-genus separated
from another on an external feature. Again : Superficially M.
nodulosa is said to be "readily distinguished by its minute size and
the numerous well defined monticules which cover the surface. "J
M. o'fiealli "is readily recognized by its slender, cylindrical, smooth
branches, its regularly oval, vertically arranged calices, and the
presence of numerous interstitial apertures between the upper and
lower ends of the large calices. "§ In M. if-frgida?-is, the "small
size, apparently free habit, and nodulated surface, are well marked
external characters, though, according to Ulrich, the surface may
be nearly smooth. "|| M. qiiadrata is readily distinguished superfi-
cially "from other dendroid species of Monticulipora by the com-
monly rhombic or diamond shaped form of many of the calices,
these openings being then arranged in curved diagonal lines, which
cross each other obliquely. "^[ "In internal structure M. clavacoi-
dea, James, is most nearly allied to M. irregularis, Ulrich, but the
form of the corallum and the mode of growth afford a sufficient
means of separation. '■'° The peculiar helicoidal shape of Af. cal-
ceola, "and the fact of its being built round a curved central tube
which opens externally by a round aperture, would alone distin-
guish the species, quite apart from its -internal characters. "<z In
M. briarea "the peculiar form and mode of growth of the cor-
allum .... taken alone, would render its distinctness highly
probable."/; In his description of M. parasitica, which we shall

*Nicholson. Genus Monlicu.. p. 98.

•{-Ibid p. 99. tlbid,p. 117. $lbid,p. 119. [|lbid, p. 17S. TTIbid. p. iSo. °lbid, p. 1S5.

albid, p. 1S6. /'Ibid, p. 199.

126 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

consider a synonym of M. papillata, Mr. Ulrich says tliat he
regards his new species as more nearly aUied to M. cinciiinaticnsis
than any other species, but that "the larger, more closely arranged,
and much more prominent monticules of that species, constitute a
point of difference so decided and readily apparent, that examples
of the two species may be distinguished at a glance."* In another
place after describing two forms, closely allied, he says: '"In its
typical form this species may be readily distinguished from the pre-
ceding by its tuberculated surface. The more nearly smooth ex-
amples can be distinguished by the thicker walls, stellate maculae,
and much more flattened branches of //. ciirvata' [the first one
described].! After describing Prasopora nodosa, which will be by
us considered a synonym of M. cincinnatiensis, James, he says:
"The strongly tuberculated surface, and the irregular growth of
this species will distinguish it from all other species of Prasopora
known to me."!

Instances like the above can be multiplied almost indefinitely,
but these must suffice, and we refer all who wish to see other cases
to the volumes quoted. § But if now, there be such objection to
using the form and external features of the coralium for distinguish-
ing the species of Monticiilipora, upon what would these authors,
and others, place dependence? The answer to this question is
stated in a itw words. The internal structure of the species, as
revealed by thin sections examined under the microscope, is to tell
us the name of the specimen we have in hand. In other words,
surface features are to be largely, if not wholly disregarded, and if
we desire to identify any one specimen, positively, be it ever so
small, or ever so well marked externally, we are expected by reason
of these "modern methods," to cut into sections, polish, mount
and examine under a compound microscope each specimen we
have to handle. It is as if an anatomist were to laboriously make

*Ain. Pal. Bryozoa, Tour. C. S. N. H. v., 239.

r't'id, p. 244. Jlbid, p. 245.

$lf these writers, and others, consider the external features to be of little or no
classiticatory value, the question might be aslied, why is it that in every case ot original
description of a species, the external form and markings are nearly always referred to
first, and minutely describi-d ? \\ of no value, why be at such pains to mention them ?
But further the question might be asked, what would be the value of the description of
highly magnified sections of the interior, if nothing were known of the exterior of
the species ? Mr. Ulrich asserts positively that he "for one will not recognize any of
the recent publications (preliminary publications of work done for delayed state surveys,
eic, alone excepted), in which ihe names proposed are not clearly defined, and the spe-
cific character of the fossils figured." (J. C. S. N. H. v. 247'. Yet Mr. Ulrich himself
has made descriptions and given figures which are impossible to recognize. In his
Am. Palaeozoic Bryozoa J. C. h. N. H. v, vi, viij. on fourteen plates he has 269 figures.
(5ut of these onlv 50 are of natural size and at all recognizable ; all the rest are magni-
fied sections of the interior or exterior, enlarged generally eighteen diameters, and
sometimes fifty. All of these highly magnified figures would be utterly worthless with-
out the description of the exterior.

On the MontiatUporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 127

an examination of each bone in the skeleton of an unknown ani
mal, and if he found a rib which differed sUghtly from another rib,
he were to make a new genus for it or coin a new specific name.
Perhaps a more analogous instance, however, could be taken from
the vegetable kingdom. Let us suppose a branch of a tree to
become so perfectly petrified as to retain all the tissues in the same
state as when it was alive. Then suppose this branch to be broken
into pieces and scattered over the ground. If a person were now
to examine a piece from near the small end of the branch, and
compare it with one from the larger end, the outside would present
the same appearance in each. But a minute microscopical exam-
ination would reveal tissues in the piece from the larger end, of a
complicated structure, while that from near the smaller end would
be much simpler, and probably quite different. There would be
sufficient difference to justify making two genera, if the plan adop-
ted by Nicholson and Ulrich in studying the Monticuliporoids were
adopted.* Let us now see what the internal characters, upon
which so much stress has been laid, are.

First. — Each tube of the corallum always possesses a com-
plete wall. In some instances the walls are distinct during the
entire growth of the organism, but in others this is not so apparent.

Second. — The absence of the "mural pores" of Nicholson, or
"connecting foramina" of Ulrich, constitutes the main difference
between the ramose species of Favositcs and MonticiiUpora. Yet
even this distinction does not always seem to hold good. UJrich
says that in a special portion of a single specimen he has detected
connecting foramina, f Nicholson says :+ . "The typical Monticii-

*Since the above was written, one of us has found in two separate notes, remarks
bearing upon the vahie of internal features in species making, one relating to tlie vaiia-
tions in the skeletons ot birds, the other the minute structure of plants. Dr Sliufeldt,
writing in Science^ (IX, p. 416, April 1SS7,) savs after referring to certain marked differ-
ences which appear in the skulls of birds of the sam<» species, that in thu light of the
examples given, "the entire ground may be covered bv saying that in all forms, both
vertebrate and invertebr ite. palamn'ological and otherwise, when we come to compare
sufficiently extensive series represented by individuals of the same species, we will find
in similar structures marked variations, both as regards relative size and form as we
pass 1rom one specimen to another, and if extremes be chosen, the differences will be
found to he in many cases of verv striking nature." Again in a notice of a recent book
by J Felix, '-Die fossilen Holzer West Indiens," the reviewer remarks that to show
the little dependence to be placed upon identifying species on the minute structure of the
wood bv means of microscopic sections, that from a "|)ersonal examination of over 400
living species, belonging to various families, the author concludes that a studv of the his-
tological structure alone is not in general sufficient for the identification of genera or
species, since, as he says, different species of tlie same genus may differ so extraordin-
arily in their structure that, shpuld one have them before him only in a fossil state, they
would never be referred to the -ame genus. Again, species of different genera may so
much resemble each other, tliat if known only in a condition of fossilization, they would
undoubtedly be referred to the same genus." (Botanical Gazette, vnl. XII, pp. 90-91,
April 1887). The same remarks would, it seems to us apply equally well to the internal
structure of such lowly org'anized forms as the Monticuliporoids.

+J. C. S. N. H., v. 124.

|Tabulate Corals, p. 271.

128 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

liporce seem to be undoubtedly devoid of mural pores, but I have
examined .... a specimen from the Wenlock Limestone
of Dudley .... which has all the e.xternal and general
characters of such a Monticulipora as M. petropolitana, but in which
the walls of the corallites are unquestionably minutely porous."

Third. — It is noticed that there is a difference between the
young and the old parts of the corallum, which may be called res-
pectively the immature and the mature portions. ''■ The walls
commence thin and apparently indivisible. This portion in the
ramose and frondescent forms occupies the deeper regions, and
terminates at or very near the point at which the tubes bend ab-
ruptly to the surface. Here the diaphragms are often wanting, and
are always more remote than in the mature region. Cystoid dia-
phragms and spiniform tubuli, (the spiniform corallites of Nichol-
son,) are never developed, nor are true interstitial tubes, these
appearing only in the mature region. The peripheral portion in
the great majority of forms, differs more or less from the immature
region. The tubes bend outward, the walls become more or less
thickened, and if at all, the cystoid diaphrams, interstitial tubes,
spiniform corallites and mural pores are developed. The dia-
phragms become more numerous and appear to be of a different
character.

The thickening of the walls of the tubes is one conspicuous
feature of the mature portion, accompanied either by the addition
of concentric, or obliquely arranged and overlapping layers. This
addition of matter may take place continuously and regularly, or
periodically. It is not so easy to detect the two regions in the
massive as in the ramose and frondescent forms, since in some of
the massive ones the walls of the tubes remain thin, the diaphragms
are remote, and neither interstitial cells, nor spiniform corallites are
developed. In specimens of M. Jiliasa, for example, there are^
sometimes many successive immature and mature zones, the first
marked by thin walls and remote diaphragms, and the other by
slightly thickened walls and crowded diaphrams.

From this we gather that there are two layers in each corallum;
one, the immature, characterized by thin, indivisible tube walls and
few diaphragms; while the other, the mature, has the walls often
thickened, and cystoid diaphragms, spiniform corallites and inter-
stitial cells developed. Sometimes opercula, with a central open-

*The following is condensed from Mr. Ulrich's account, in Jour. C. S. N. H., v.

On the Monticidiporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 1 29

ing, close the mouths of cells, each operculum eventually forming
the base of a new cell, the central foramin being closed.

Fourth. — Certain smaller cells or tubes are known as inter-
stitial. These have distinct walls, and at the same time have more
numerous diaphragms than the other tubes. The diaphragms are
always complete and approximately straight. While in the sub-
genus FistuUpora the corallites are separated from each other by
interstitial tubes, in the true Afonticiilipora, the larger tubes are, to
some extent in contact, and the tabulae of the smaller tubes do not
become vesicular. "At the same time," says Dr. Nicholson, ''it
must be admitted that there are some species of Monticulipora
which make a close approach to FistuUpora, and that it is not
always an easy matter to separate the two genera."*

Fifth. — Spiniform corallites or tubuli, are blunt, spine like
structures, placed either at the angles of junction of the cells, on
the line separating adjoining cells, or included in the walls of the
cells. These are found in a large number of species of Monticuli-
pora, but can not be regarded as of classificatory value. f This is
also the case with opercula, as "it does not appear that the oper-
cula are developed in any uniform manner, some parts of the sur-
face showing these structures, while in other parts the calices are
open.";}:

Now as the external features have been condemned by Messrs.
Nicholson and Ulrich, the two special workers in the field so often
quoted, and they lay such stress upon the internal characters, let
us see if these can be depended on to any greater extent. We
think it can be shown that these features of the Monticuliporoids
are as unsatisfactory as the external ones are to them. To our minds
they are much more unsatisfactory, because they entail an immense
amount of work which in the end seems to amount to very little. The
extracts following will give an idea of the little dependence to be
placed upon species based solely, as some have been, on internal
structure. In speaking of the separation of two genera, Dr.
Nicholson says; "There is, indeed, no feature in the way of in-
ternal construction which could be brought forward as separating
Striatopora from Pachypora; and in distinguishing these two types
we have to fall back upon a well marked external character. "§ In
the following case peculiar external form is connected with peculiar
internal structure, and the former circumstance is generally relied

*Genus Monticu., p. 97. fibid, p. 49. J;Genus Monticu., p. 55.
^Tabulate Corals, p. gy.

130 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

upon in separating the species. In Alveolites siiborbicularis the
pecuHar habit of forming irregularly gibbous masses, composed of
successive concentric strata enveloping some foreign body "is only
found in specimens which have a special internal structure; under
these circumstances it becomes a character of specific value."'*
Again the same is the case with two species of Colum7iaria, C. cali-
citia and 6. alveolata, and the external feature alone is useful in
making the separation. f Take again the following: "It would
appear, .... that so far as at present known, there is noth-
ing in the internal structure of CladochoDia, McCoy (= Fyrgia, E.
& H.,) which would separate it from Aidopora, Goldf. , and the
generic distinctness of the two can only rest upon the feature that
the corallum of the former is erect, whereas in the latter it is creep-
ing and parasitic.";}; In speaking of the differences between
Dekayia and Motiticulipora the same authority states that the general
nature of the corallum is the same in each, "and the only feature
that would strike the observer is that the surface of the former is
studded with little quadrangular spines or columns, interspersed in
great numbers among the ordinary tubes of the corallites."§
Between M. rainosa and its variety rtigosa there are striking external
differences, yet "the more minute external and internal characters
of M. rugosa, are precisely similar to those of J/. ramosa."\\
Under the name of M. undulata, Dr. Nicholson places two forms
having the same internal structure, but being very different in form.
One forms "large, lobed or laterally indented masses"; the other is
smaller, hemispherical or spheroidal, "of from half an inch to more
than an inch in diameter."^ So, too, with Mr. Ulrich's species.
In the description of M. consimilis, which we shall place as a
synonymn under M. cincinnaticnsis, he says the internal structure is
almost exactly like his M. Imis, which we shall place as a variety
of M. hospitalis, Nich.° These are by no means the only examples
which could be quoted, but they will show that the internal struc-
ture is not a more infallible guide than the external one, besides
laboring under the additional disadvantage of requiring a much
greater amount of work, which may, in the end, prove valueless.
For the purposes of discrimination of species, therefore, mainly
the object of this paper, the authors shall lay stress upon external
features, believing it better to take obvious features rather than

*lbid. p. 127. f Tabulate Corals, p. igS. Jlbid, 223.

^Geniis Monticu., 98, 99.

IIGenus Montic. 114.

IT Ibid- 17--73-

oj. C. S. N. H. V. 238.

On the Mo)iticuliporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 1 3 1

those which are obscure. More especially do we believe this the
better course because of the uncertainty and unreliability, as well
as the difficulty of studying thin, microscopic sections.*

The type species of the genus Monticulipora, D'Orb, has been
the subject of considerable discussion. Dr. Nicholson thinks that
D'Orbigny had before him at the time the description was made,
one of four species which, externally very similar, were, internally
very different. He concludes that a common form growing in
"thin undulated fronds, .... with its surface covered with
monticules, which are sometimes low and rounded, sometimes
conical, .sometimes elongated," should be considered as the type
and be called J/, iiiammi/lata.j Mr. Ulrich on the other hand +
considers that the form regarded by Nicholson as the type ot the
genus is really what collectors at Cincinnati have always called M.
fTotidosa, and that the true marjujiulata of D'Orbigny has been des-
cribed by Dr. Nicholson under the new name of fiwhsfa. It must
be confessed, however, that the selection of one is a matterof in-
dividual opinion, and one person is as likely to be right as another.
It is worthy of note, however, that the two species inammulata and
frondosa are easily separable upon a character which is revealed by
a rough fracture, as will be pointed out later on.

The zoological position of the Monticuliporoids, is a question
which has been discussed from two sides, one party considering the

*lt will be well in this place to give some idea of the manner of preparing- these thin
sections; this is as follows: In many cases three different sections are marie to study
the internal structure of any specimen. 'I'he'^e a.re caWed iano't-ntial , lotiffiiudhial nr
vertical, and transi'erse. In making tangential sections, the surface of the specimen is
g-rouud off just enough to get below the moaihs or apennres of the tubes or corallines,
cutting these at right angles with their long axes, care being taken to have the surface
perfectly level, and cut directly across the tubes. As most ot the Moiiticitlipom have a
more or less convex or undulating surface, some ot the tubes, ;'. r , the central ones on
the highest part, will unavoidably be cut lower down than some others. In consequence
of the undulating surface, some of the tubes are not cut directly across, but more or less
diagonally. After grinding, the surtace must be polished to free the section from
scratches, and it is then cemented, polished surface down, by means of balsam to a giass
slide. Then the other, free, side is rubbed down the same way, until the section is as
thin and transparent as it is possible lo make it and not destroy the internal structure.
This side is then polished in its turn, and then covered with a thin cover glass, or occa-
sionallv simply flowed with balsam; the former is the better. It is then ready for the
microscope.

The process is the same in making other sections. The vertical section is cut in the
long direction of the tubes, from the central axis to the surface. As the corallitt-s are
seldom in straight, parallel lines, but are more or less curved, wrinkbd or undulating,
they are liable to be cut in one or more directions, so as to make it difficult to trace the
walls continuously from the base to the surface.

The third kind, transverse, at exact right angles with the long axes of the corallites.
are sometimes made at various distances from the surface.

The tabula;, or diaphragms, seldom pass in a perfectly horizontal direction across
the tubes from one side to the other. >-ome are diagonal, <:ome are curved more or less,
some form what Dr. Nicholson calls "lenticular vescicles." attached to only one wall of
the tube. In making tangential sections, some of these oblique or curved tabula are cut
away in the centre, leaving an apparent perforation in the middle of the tube. Others,
when cut away on one side leave a crescentric line in the tube, so that tangential sec-
tions of the sarne species may present very different appearances.

fGenus Monticu., p. io8. JJ. C. S. N. H., v. 133.

132

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

group as Corals, and the opposite as Bryozoans. We shall con-
sider them as corals, and before taking up the individual species,
desire to make a few remarks upon the families into which the
group has been divided, for the group is an eminently natural one,
and the families quite as eminently artificial. The distinctions
upon which these families have been based are trivial in the ex-
treme; so much so indeed that they are the merest superficial char-
acters, which, in many another case, would scarcely be considered
generic. We therefore propose to wipe them all out, and reduce
two families Fistuliporidce and Ceramopofidce to the one main one
MonticuUporidar^ We shall show, however, the grounds upon
which this is done, by pointing out the characters said to distin-
guish each, arranging them in parallel columns, and putting in
italics those features common to two or all. In this way we may
see how little reason there is for making more than the one family.

MONTICULIPORID/E.

FISTULIPORID/E.

CERAMOPORID/t.

Corallum sub-massive,
incrustinfj, ramose or
fronde scent.

Branches solid or hol-

Corallum massive, r«-
mose or frondescent.

C.irallum incrusting,
or ramose, with hollow
branches i>r flahi'liate.

low.

Surface smooth or w;tli

mi;nticu]e.s.

('ell apertures ovate,

Cell apertures, ovate or

Coll apertures trian-

circular, polygonal or
quadrate. Interstitial
cells present or absent.

circular, with or without
projecting lips, separated
from one another by in-
terstitial cells.

gular or ovate with pro-
minent lips on one side.
Interstitial cells few or
man If.

Diaphragms straight.

Diaphragms straight.

Diaphragms, \if any)
straight.

Mural pores sometimes
present.

Spiniform corallites
present or absent.

Cystoid diaphragms
present or absent.

Mural pores sometimes
present.

Vesicular tissue some-
times present.

Z Loose vesicular tissue
generally present.

Vesicular tissue in Eri-
dopora, Ulrieb.

If now we analyze these three families, we are immediately
struck with the similarity in all. The general form of the coral-
lum is the same. The cell apertures are similar, the projecting lips

* The first two of these were established by Mr. E. O. Ulrich, in 18S2. See J. C. S.
N. H., V. 156. The third was used by Nicholson in 1879, see Tabulate Corals, p. 255.

On the Moiiticidiporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 133

being apparently absent in Afonticuliporidcv, but present in both the
others. Interstitial cells may be absent or present in Mouticiili-
poridcr, but are found in both the others. Diaphragms in all are
similar. The main feature of the Fistuliporidcc is found in the ves-
icular tissue of the interior of the cells, but this is also found in
certain species of Monticuliporidcv, as noticed by Nicholson in his
sub-genera Prasopota and Peronopora^- and in Eridopora, as given
by Ulrich, one genus referred to Ceramoporidce.\ The remaining
features are too slight to characterize orders upon, and consequent-
ly we propose to disregard these altogether, and place all the gen-
era and sub-genera which are to be regarded as valid, in the one
family.

MoNTicuLiPORiD.B, Nicholson.

Let us now examine the various genera which have at times
been proposed for members of this family, and see if the grounds
for their formation are well established.

Hcterot>ypa, Diplotrypa and Monotrypa, were proposed by Dr.
Nicholson in 1879;!; for examples of Monticiilipora, which were to
be separated as follows: In the first, ffetet otrypa , the corallum has
two kinds of tubes, one larger than the other, and both of which
have the walls thickened toward the mouth, the apertures being
sub-polygonal or rounded. The second, Diplotrypa, also has a
corallum with two kinds of tubes, both of which have thin 7C'(r//s at
the surface, and are angular or prismatic; the larger corallites are,
further, generally gathered into clusters, and form monticules,
more or less conspicuous. And in the third one of these, Monotrypa,
the cell apertures seem to be all of the same size, have thin
walls, and occasionally, a few of a slightly larger size are gathered
into monticules. The walls, however, are sometimes thickened,
but there are no interstitial tubes. These external features are
correlated with certain internal ones, which are only to be studied
by microscopic sections, and as it is the object of this paper to
furnish descriptions which will enable students to identify species
by macroscopic instead of microscopic examination ; and as in
two other genera while the external features are like one of the
above, the internal ones are different, it is deemed best to disre-
gard these three sub-genera and endeavor to arrange the species
on another plan. The two others referred to above are Prasopora,

*Genus Monticul., pp. 202-215. fj- C. S. N. H.. v. 157.
JTabulate Corals, pp. 291-293.

134 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Nich. and Eth., Jr., 1877, and Pcronopora, Nich., 1881. The
first of these, Pi'asopora, was at first regarded as a genus distinct
from Moiiticidipora.'^^ But afterward,! it was reduced to the same
rank as the others, and regarded as a sub-genus. It, like Diplo-
trvpa, has two kinds of coralHtes, large and small, and these have
their walled tubes, also as in Diplotrypa, and the genus is mainly
separated from the others by having internally a number of vesic-
ular spaces along the tube walls, in addition to nearly horizontal
tabuLne. Finally, in Pcronopora, we have the same dimor|)hic cor-
allum, this time with thickened walls, and also the vesicular inter-
nal structure. + At the present writing we chink these sub-genera
had better be abandoned.

We come now to examine the characters of a host of genera
proposed by Mr. E. O. Ulrich in his papers on "American Palae-
ozoic Bryozoa."^ As the title of his papers indicates, Mr. Ulrich
regards the Monticiiliporoids as Bryozoans, a position in which we
do not follow him, and which opens up a question already referred
to, and which can not be properly discussed here. We shall ex-
amine the descriptions which he has given of these new genera,
and think that we can show that none of them are of sufiticient
value to stand.

Monotrypclla, Ul., is defined as being "ramose, smooth or
tuberculated, cells apparently of one kind only. Walls very thin
in the axial portion of the branches, but much thicker in the peri-
pheral region. Diaphragms straight. No spiniform tubuli" [cor-
allites].|| The resenblance to Monotrypa, Nich., is seen in the
one kind of corallites, and the difference is only the thickening of
the cell walls at the mouths. This occurs in so many genera, and
in such varying degrees, that of itself it can not be considered of
any importance. Taken in connection with the one kind of cor-
allites, it approaches too closely to Mofiottypa, especially as in^the
diagnosis given by Nicholson of his genus, it is stated that in some
cases the walls of the corallites are appreciably, or even consider-
ably, thickened; but they always preserve in such cases the original
lines of demarcation separating the adjoining tubes. "^

Amplcxopora, Ul., differs only from Monotjypella in having

*Am. Nat. His., Ser 4, XX.. 3SS. f'al. Tab. Cor., p. 324.

-[•Genus Montic, 202.

Jlbid, p. 215.

$J. C. S. N. H., V. VI. 188^-83.

IIJ. C. P. N. H. Ibid v., p. 153.

ITGenus Montic, p. 16S.

On the Montiadipotoid^ of the Cinciunati Group. 135

spiniform corallites more or less numerous.* These of themselves
can be regarded as of no value in a generic sense, as they are
found in forms of various affinities, and are at times numerous or
nearly absent in the same genus, t

Batostoma, Ul., differs solely from Montictdipora in having the
cells surrounded by a ring-like wall, J a good specific character,
may-be, but not a generic one.

BatostomcUa, UL, agrees with Monotnpella and Amplcxopora
in having thickened walls, but differs in having interstitial tubes, ^[
thus approaching Diplotrypa, Nich.

Lciodcma, Ul., differs from the previous genus mainly by the
much greater number of interstitial cells, "two or three series of
angular interstitial cells'' separating the main cells. § In this it ap-
proaches Fistidipora, McCoy, one of the main features of which is
that these small cells are arranged in one or more series. Leiodc-
ma is a Carboniferous genus, but should nevertheless be referred to
Monticidipora. The number of these interstitial cells is most vari-
able in the same genus, being even in those of Mr. Ulrich's coin-
age described as "more or less numerous" {Batostoma); "few to
numerous" {Batostomdla), and so on. They alone can not be re-
garded as of any generic value.

Atactopora, Ul., is an incrusting form, the surface bearing
monticules, the ceil apertures with one to three rows of blunt
spines, the interstitial cells gathered into clusters or scattered, etc. ||
Here we find features which are so variable, and which are found
in so many other forms, that they are robbed of all generic value.

Callopora, Hall, is regarded as a synonymy of Fistidipora, Mc-
Coy, by Nicholson.** Mr. Ulrich says Dr. Nicholson is mistaken,
and shows by figures the differences between the two.ff In exter-
nal features CaUopora resembles Fistidipora in having the large
corallites completely surrounded by the smaller, interstitial tubes ;
but it differs from it and resembles Montictdipora in the cell aper-
tures not being provided with a projecting lip. As this last, how-
ever, may or may not be present, it would seem best to unite Cal-
lopera with FistuHpora rather than with Montictdipora.

CaUoporella, Ul., is characterized on the mode of growth,

*J. C. S. N. H.. V , p. 154.

fConsult Nicholson. Genus Monlic, pp. 19-4S.

U- C. S. N. H., p. 154.

ITtbid v., p. 154.

VUbid. p. 154.

lllbidV.154. Redefined and Restricted, vi, 245.

*''=Pal. Cor., 304. Genus Montic, , 91.

ifj. C. S, N. H., V. 250.

136 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

thick walled tubes, separated from each other by "one or two rows
of angular interstitial cells."* As the mode of growth can not be
used as a generic character, and as thick walls, interstitial cells in
rows, and spiuiform corallites are found in other genera {Lieoclema,
for instance, as well as others), neither can these be of any use
for this purpose.

Aspidopora, Ul., forms very thin expansions with a concentric
and radially striated epitheca on the lower surface, and with an
upper surface composed of "from one to many unequal convex
spaces," the cells gradually increasing in size from the margin to
the center of each space. t Obviously, the striation of the under
surface, the difference in the size of the cells, and the "unequal
convex spaces,'' are not generic characters, though they might be
good specific ones.

Dckayia, Ed. and H., has long been a recognized genus of
the group, though the grounds upon which it is separated from
Monticnlipora are, according to Dr. Nicholson, "purely arbitrary,"
and consist mainly in the presence of numerous well marked spini-
form corallites, projecting above the surface of the cell apertures. +
It may be allowed to stand at present as a sub-genus.

The same can not be said of Dekayella, UL, for this has in-
terstitial tubes (wanting in JDckayia^ a.r\6. a greater numberof spini-
form corallites, § a character found also in Batostoma, Batostomclla,
Leioclema, Atactopora and others.

Petigopora, Ul., is proposed for certain species forming small,
irregular patches on the surfaces of shells or corals, the main char-
acters being "(i) the large and numerous spiniform tubuli; and (2)
the limitation of the growth of colonies to small individual patches,
which if brought into contact by lateral development, do not fra-
ternize, but either raise a non-poriferous barrier, or have a nar-
row, unoccupied space between them."|| Here, again, we have
habit and the uncertain spiniform corallites made to characterize a
genus, and again we protest against making specific characters
equal to generic ones.

Nebulipoia, McCoy, presents no features to distinguish it from
Monticnlipora, and it, with the others, is reduced to a synonym.
Dr. Nicholson considers it to be "unquestionably congeneric" with
Monticulipora. *^

*J. C. S. N. H.'v., 154.
+ Ibid v., 155.
IGenus Monticu. 99.
§Ulrich loc cit v. 155.
||Ibid vi.. 156.
lIGenus Montic. p. 2.

0)1 tJie Monticuliporoids of the Cincinnati Gronp. 137

Discotrypa, Ul., again, is mainly distinguished by its habit,
forming "free and very thin circular expansions,'' "cells arranged
regularly," "with rhomboidal or hexagonal apertures,"* all of
which are too uncertain, and too slight characters to establish a
genus upon.

Spatiopora, Ul., includes species which are incrusting, which
have very thin, irregular apertures, few interstitial cells, and gen-
erally large spinitorm corallites,t and again must the name be re-
duced to a synonym.

StcUipom, Hall (1847), is no doubt a synonym of Constd-
laria, Dana (1846). Mr. Uhich endeavors to separate them on
the grounds that the interstitial cells are longer in one than in the
other, springing in both cases, however, from near the base. J
Furthermore, he considers the fact that in the one case we have
an incrusting form, and in the other one, which grows in a tiabel-
late manner, that we have another cause for separation. It is a
good specific but not a generic distinction. To give, then, the
main feature of Constellaria, Dana, it is sufficient to say that
whether incrusting or branching, the presence of the peculiar stel-
late maculae, with radiating elevations which the surface presents,
is sufificint to identify this sub-genus, as it shall be here consid-
ered, at once, from all the others.

Fistulipora, McCoy, is chiefly distinguished from MoiiticuUpora
by the larger cells being surrounded by one or two rows of smaller,
angular ceils, both of which have thin walls ; and further, by the
internal structure being more or less vesicular. § These features
seem scarcely more than enough to constitute a sub-genus.

Didviiicpora, Ul , was separated from FistiiUpora on two minor
internal features, but was apparently subsequently abandoned in
favor of Lic/ienalia, Hall,|| so that nothing further need be said on
this score.

Ceraniopota, Hall, has been generally regarded as a Polyzoiin
genus, both by Nicholson.^ and by one of us,** as well as by
others, but it seems to be so closely allied to the genus MonticuU-
pora, both in external and internal features, that we shall place it
in the family, provisionally, at least. It may be either incrusting
or branching; the cells are of various forms, oval to triangular,

*J. C. S. N. H. V. 155

■1-lbiJ V. ms.

|tbid vi. 265-7

<i\icholson Genus Montic, 92, 93.

[|y. C. S. N. H. vii.. p. 43.

ITGenus Montic, 86

**Palwontologist, pp. 5 and 12; also Ulrich J. S. N, H. v., 156.

138 Cincmnati Society of Natural History.

but all have an oblique aperture, and are provided with a lip. The
interstitial cells are few, and mural i)ores are sometimes present.
Enough features exist to make it a genus distinct from Monticuli-
para, but hardly enough to exclude it from the family.

The same can not, however, be said of Ceramoporella, Ui.,
for in this the distinctions are numerous interstitial cells, covered
in the mature state by a thin membrane.* It should be regarded
as a synonym of MonticiiUpoya.

CheilopLvella, Ul., has never been fully characterized, and the
features given for it, "heavy crusts, or rising upward into flabel-
late fronds, tubes long, traversed by few straight diaphragms,
cell apertures ovate, interstitial tubes numerous, "'t are too few,
and too variable to be of value, so it, too, is reduced to a syno-
nym.

Crepipora, Ul., is evidently synonymous with Cerainopora,
Hall, the cell apertures being oblique, with a projecting lip, few
interstitial cells and few diaphraghms.!];

Eridopora, Ul. , is externally like Ceramoporella and internally
like FistuUpora, thus forming a sort of connecting link between
the two genera, but as it is a Sub-Carboniferous genus we will not
be especially concerned with it just now.

The larger number of these generic names have been coined
and defined by Mr. Ulrich in a scheme of classification published
in the volumes so often alluded to. In subsequent papers of the
same series, other genera were proposed, some were abandoned,
and some old ones subdivided into new ones. The following were
the later characterized genera :

Hotnotrypa, Ul., was a name given to certain species which he
had before referred to lYeinatflpora, Hall. The features of the new
genus are the mode of growth, thickened walls in their outer por-
tion, and the presence of mural pores. >i If these latter are really
present, it would perhaps be a reason for establishing a new genus.
The fact is, however, that the forms referred by Mr. Ulrich to his
new genus have long been recognized members of the old genus,
and no reason exists for any change of generic name.

Leptotrypa, Ul., was established for the reception of certain
species having thin, incrusting corallums, polygonal, thin walled
cells, of one kind only, and with small spiniform corallites occu-

*Ibid v., 157.
f Ibid 157.
I Ibid p. 157.
iJllbid v., 240.

On the Monticiiliporoids of the Cincinnati Gtotip. 1 39

pying the angles of the cells. '-■■ For lack of sufficient characters
it will be reduced by us to a synonym.

Atactoponlla, Ul., again, was formed for certain parasitic
forms, previously referred to Atactopora. The grounds for this
new genus are even more slight than those upon which the other
had been founded. The differences between the old and the new
genus are thus referred to: "The new genus differs from Atacto-
pora, as before restricted, in having numerous closely tabulated
interstitial cells, cystoid diaphragms in the proper zooecia [tubes],
and thin, instead of thick walls. These are all good generic char-
acters," etc. If these constitute good generic characters, then it is
time to raise every species to the rank of a genus, and give to each
individual a specific name !

Mr. Ulrich has by no means yet lost his ardor for making
new genera and species, and he continues the work in the 14th
Annual Report of the Geological and Natural History Survey, of
Minnesota (1885). In this volumef he defines as a new genus
Homotrvpella, UL, basing it upon a ramose corallum, with small,
thickened cells, cystoid diaphragms, numerous interstitial cells,
numerous spiniform corallites, and other minor characters. All of
these are uncertain and inconstant, and can not be considered by
us as worthy of generic rank.

In the following table we have placed the sub-genera and their
synonyms under the two genera which form the family.

Family. MONTICULIPORID^, Nich., 1879.

I — Genus. Monticulipora, D'Orb, 1850.

Nebidipora, McCoy, 1850. , .

Hetcrotrypa, Nich., 1879. • .' .

Diplotrypa, Nich., 1879. •-.' '

Monotrypa, Nich., 1879.

Frasopora, Nich., 1877.

Peronopora, Nich., 1881.

Atactopora, Ul., 1879.

Atactoporella, Ul., 1883.

Afnplexop07'a, Ul., 1882.

Aspidopora, UL, 1882.

Cheiloporella, UL, 1882.

Spatiopora, UL, 1882.

Homotrypa, Ul. . 1882.

»J. S. N. H. vi., 158.
TPage S3.

140 Cincmnati Society of Natural History.

JDiscotrypa, Ul., 1882.

Batostoma, Ul., 1882.

Batostomclla, Ul., 1882. *

Feiigopora, UL, 1882.

Leptotrypa, UL, 1883.

Monotrypclla, UL, 1882.

CeramoporcUa, UL, 1882.
a. Sub-genus. Dekayia, Ed. and H.. 1851.

Bekayella, UL, 1883.
/'. Sub-genus. Constellaria, Dana, 1846.

Stellipora, Hall, 1847.
c. Sub-genus. Fistulipora, McCoy, 1849.

Homotrypella, UL, 1885.

Didxtnopora, UL, 1882.

Eridflpora , U 1 . , 1882.
. Callopora, Hall, 1852.

Callopflrella, UL, 1882.

Leiodema, UL, 1882.
2 —Genus. Ceramopora, Hall, 1852.

Crepipora, UL, 1882.

A formidable list of synonyms surely ; and such is the confus-
ion caused by their coinage, and such are the changes of opinion
in respect to their position, that it becomes almost an impossibility
to say to which one of the sub-genera some of them belong. The
foregoing must, therefore, be regarded as merely tentative. As il-
lustrating this fact, and to show the radical changes proposed, we
quote from Mr. Ulrich's remarks on Hctej'otrypa, Nich. "Of the
seventeen species placed under Bctcrotrypa by Nicholson, (Genus
Mont. 1881) but two are, according to my opinion, congeneric,
[naming them]. Of the remaining fifteen, five must be referred to
Callopora, Hall; two to Ampkxopora, UL, one to Homotrxpa, UL,
three to Batostoina, UL, two to Batosfomella, UL, and one to Mo-
notrypella, Ul."* In another place, in speaking of the sub-genus
Monotrypa, Nicholson, Mr. Ulrich says that of twelve species re-
ferred here, four are congeneric. Two are doubtful, three belong
to Mfljtotrypella, UL, one is a Ftilodictya, one belongs to Aviplexo-
pora, UL, and the remaining one should be placed in Spaiio-
pora, Ul.f

*J. C. S. N. H., vi.Sj.
tibid V. 256.

Oh the Montiadiporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 141

In order to show the difficiihies to be encountered in identify-
ing some of these genera of Mr. Ulrich's, a few quotations will be
given. First in reference to Eridopora, Ul., he says, after giving
the description : "As may be gathered from the above descrip-
tion, the genus is exactly intermediate between CeramoporcUa, Ul-
rich, and FistuHpora, McCoy. Externally its species resemble the
former, while their external (!) [internal?] characters simulate very
closely those of certain species of the latter genus."* Again in
speaking of one of his new species, Ainplexopora robusta, he says :
"Care must be taken in separating the species from MonotnpcUa
cequalis, UK, which the smaller specimens of A. robusta strongly
resemble." t Again, as showing the estimate placed upon certain
well known variable features, and as illustrating Mr. Ulrich's idea
of what is a good generic or specific character, we read. "I have
studied two species which differ from the typical forms of the genus
in one character, namely, in possessing a limited number of smaller
cells than the average, which appear to be of the nature of intersti-
tial cells. The next described species, M. \onotrypdla\ sub quadrata,
is one of these. This species, in all other respects, resembles M.
qiiadrata, so nearly that I am forced to regard them at least as be-
longing to the same genus. The other species, though quite dis-
tinct, is yet so near to M. \onotrypeUa\ cequalis, that despite the
interstitial tubes, I cannot regard it as belonging to another genus. "+
[to be continued.]

*Ibid V. 137.
f'bid vi.'s^.
|lhid V. 248, 249.

142 Cincimiati Society of Natural History.

REPORT ON THE CINCINNATI LYCEUM OF
, NATURAL HISTORY,*

Bv H. P. Smith, B. Sc, Custodian Cincinnati SocIET^• of
Natural History.

Executive Board Cincinnati Society of l\atiiral History :
Gentlemen :

I have the honor to present herewith my first
report on the condition and plans of the Cincinnati Lyceum of
Natural History.

The Lyceum was organized Jan. 8, 1887, by authority of the
Executive Board of the Society, granted to the custodian.

It is the object of the Lyceum to bring together the young
l^eople of Cincinnati and vicinity, who take an interest in subjects
relating to natural history, and by maint-aining an active working
organization, to enable them to enjoy those benefits which arise
from unity of purpose and eftbrt.

From the date of organization to the close of the school
year, one hundred and thirty-three members were enrolled.
Pupils from the public and private schools, and representing the
intermediate and high school grades.

In the work of the Lyceum during the year, the subjects of
Zoology and Botany were taken up, and by means of short talks,
illustrated by specimens, it was attempted to present the funda-
mental ideas of these subjects in such a manner as to be easily
understood and appreciated by the members.

Meetings were held each week, on Saturday morning and
afternoon, and the attendance at these meetings — especially the
morning session, was very satisfactory throughout the year.

It is especially desired in the work of the members, to
awaken an interest in the study of the natural history of this
locality, and to this end excursions to the country have been
taken from time to time, for the purpose of collecting specimens
and becoming acquainted with methods of obtaining and preserv-
ing, as well as studying them.

The first general excursion was to Batavia Junction, on the
Little Miami Railroad, on May 14. About forty members par-

*Printed for information to members in advance of presentation to the Executive
Board.

Report on the Lyceian of Natural History. 1 43

ticipated in this excursion and several met with fair success in
securing specimens. We would take this opportunity to express
our thanks to Mr. John Breen, train dispatcher of the Little
Miami, for the kindness and favors extended to the Lyceum on
this occasion.

Several sub-excursions were taken during the summer, for the
purpose of collecting in some special class of specimen.^, as shells
or plants.

To encourage collecting in this locality, I last spring, offered
prizes to the members for the best collections made during the
summer.

Collections were to be in one of three classes : — General Col-
lections, including plants, fossils, shells, etc.; Botanical Collections,
and Mineral Collections.

For each class the follovving prizes were offered :

First Prize. — Choice of books to value of $5 00

Second Prize. — Choice of books to value of 3 00

Third Prize. — Choice of books to value of 2 00

Fourteen members entered collections in competition for the
prizes.

The exhibition of these collections was given on Saturday
evening, Sept. 24, at the Society rooms, at which time the prizes
were awarded.

Mr. Davis L. James, Mr. Chas.' Dury and Dr. Walter A.
Dun, kindly consented to act as judges of the collections, and
their decisions gave satisfaction to all concerned. The following
awards were made :

For General Collections.

First prize, awarded to Chas. Iliff, 38 Hatch street; second,
to Nelson Walker, 84 Hatch street; third, to Kuper Hood, Cov-
ington. Special mention, Gilbert G. Hunt, Hatch and Fuller
streets.

For Botanical Collections.

First, to Miss Florence Wells, Mt. Auburn; second, to Miss
Anna Lewis, 47 Baum street; third, to Miss Eugenia Moore, 47
Ellen street.

For Mineral Collections.

First, to Walter Crane, 157 York street; second, to Hubert
Doisy, Covington.

144 Cincinnati Society of Natiiral History.

The General Collections made by Leonard Barrett, Miss
Miriam Cook, Misses Emilie and Juliet and Master Paul Esselborn,
and the collection of Butterflies, by Alfred Knight, deserve men-
tion as showing care and diligence in tlie work of the collectors.

The expenses of the Lyceum are paid by membership dues,
which during the past year were ten cents per month from each
member,

The receipts and expenditures from Jan. 8 to June 25, 1887,
were as follows :

Receipts.

From members in payment of dues $32 30

Expenditures.

For Printing $11 95

For Postage i 48

For Specimens 11 45

For Express i 55

For Excursion to Batavia Junction 4 00

$30 43

Balance due Lyceum i 87

During the year lectures were given by members of the
Society as Follows :

"The Early History of the Earth," by Dr. Walter A. Dun.
"What to do in Cases of Accident," by Dr. B. Merrill
Ricketts.

"Collecting and Preserving Insects," by Mr. Chas. Dury.
"Birds of Prey," by Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

The Lyceum was reorganized for 1887-88, on Sept. 10, and
to date, sixty members have been enrolled.

A membership fee of one dollar for the year is required of
each member. The money so collected is expended exclusively
for the benefit of the members, in the purchase of material for
illustrating lectures, printing and defraying the expenses of two
excursions during the year.

The first of these excursions occurred on Sept. 17, to Ander-
son's Ferry, on C, I., C. & St. L. R. R., and we would gratefully
acknowledge the kind favors granted the Lyceum, by the Passen-
ger Agent of the road.

Report on the Lyceum of Natural History. 145

Thirty-five members participated in this excursion, and many
secured valuable specimens of the fresh water sponges, shells and
alg^. . ■

The programme of lectures for the coming year is given
below.

PROGRAMME FOR 1887-88.

18S7. — Preliminary Meeting, September loth. Excursion,
September 17. Competitive Exhibitions of Collections made by
Members and Asvarding Prizes, September 24th. Course in
Physics and Chemistry. — Lectures by Dr. W. S. Christopher and
H. P. Smith, October ist to December 17th.

1888. — Course in Human and Comparative Anatomy. —
Lectures by Dr. John Wiggins, January 7th to February nth.
Course in Physiology and Hygiene. — Lectures by Dr. B. M.
Ricketts, February i8th to March 24th. Course in Microscopy. —
Lectures by Dr. Chas. E. Caldwell, March 31st to May 5th.
Course in Zoology. — Lectures by Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher and
Mr. Chas. Dury, May 19th to June 23d. Excursion, May 12th.

Dr. W. S. Christopher, Dr. John Wiggins, Dr. B. M.
Ricketts, Dr. Chas. E. Caldwell, Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher and
Mr. Chas. Dury have generously given their services in the
Lyceum work, and it is due to them that we are enabled to begin
the year with such fair promises of success.

Though the number of members enrolled this year is not so
large as last, the active membership is larger and represents a
higher grade of scholarship.

It is not pretended to go over a great range in any of the
subjects to be treated during the year, but to present the funda-
mental truths of these sciences in such a manner as to interest
and instruct, and above all to encourage and aid in individual
work by members.

Last, but not least, among the objects we hope to attain
through the Lyceum, is the benefit of the Society by bringing it
and its work more directly to the notice of the public and espe-
cially to the notice of the friends of scientific education, and I
feel confident that many valuable friends have already been
secured through its agency.

In promoting this object, the members of the Lyceum are not
asked to become agents of the society in any respect whatever.
But it is hoped to make the strongest appeal in the character and

146 Cmci7inati. Society of Natural History.

work of the organization, and by giving to each member the best
and most liberal returns possible.

Acknowledgment should be made to the Commercial Gazette,
Evening Post, Times-Star and Herald and Presb3'ter, for notices
of the Lyceum, published from time to time.

I feel that the Lyceum has come to be a part of the work of
the Society to which it can give its heartiest support, without com-
promising in the least its position as a scientific organization, and
which will without doubt, be beneficial to it as a Society.

Very Respectfully,

H. P. SMITH, Custodian.

Zoological Miscellany. i^y^

ZOOLOGICAL MISCELLANY.

Some Notes on Indiana Amphibians and Reptiles — No. 2.
By Amos W. Butler.
The Indiana Academy of Science held its meeting last May
near Waveland, Montgomery County, Indiana. May 19th was
spent in studying the natural history of a very interesting spot
known as "Shades of Death" or "Garland Dell," and the day
following a locality known as "Pine Hills." These interesting
places are but a mile apart, and the rapidly-flowing Sugar Creek
passes through them both. Although assured by the proprietors
of "Garland Dell" that snakes were practically unknown there,
a diligent search was made for them, resulting in collecting about
a half bushel in the two days. The following list is given, be-
cause some of the notes add materially to our knowledge of the
distribution of Indiana reptiles and amphibians. For assistance in
making the collection I am indebted to Dr. P. H. Baker, of De-
Pauw University, Greencastle ; Prof. B. W. Evermann, of State
Normal School, Terre Haute; Mr. C. U. Stockbarger, of Wabash
College, Crawfordsville, and Mr. E. R. Quick, of Brookville.

Amphibia.

1. Spclcrpcs bilincatus (Green), Baird. Green's Triton;
"Two-lined Salamander." Several specimens were taken.

2. Spelerpes longicaudus (Green), Baird. Long-tailed Tri-
ton; Cave Salamander. Several specimens were taken. They
were more common at Pine Hills. They are of a decided lemon
color, thereby differing much from the form found in the south-
eastern part of the State, which appoaches S. ruber.

3. Hyla versicolor, (LeC.) Common Tree Toad. But one
specimen observed.

4. Acris gryllus crepitans (LeC), Cope. Western Cricket
Frog. Several taken.

5. B uf 0 lentiginosus a»icricamis (l^tC), Co])G.. Toad.
Common.

6. Raim clamata (Daudin). Green Frog ; Spring Frog.
Very common. The representative species of the streams., R.
halccina was not observed.

148 Cincirmati Society of Natural History.

7. Rana catcsbiaua, Shaw ; Bull Frog.
One observed.

8. Rana sylvatica. LeC. Woods Frog.

Very common. Both gray and reddish specimens were
found.

Reptilia.

9. Ophibolus doliatus triangulus (Boie), Cope. House Snake,
Milk Snake.

One specimen noted.

10. EutcEma proxima. Say. Long's Garter Snake.

The beautiful snake which I have referred to this species was
found to be very common.

11. Storcria occipitoDiacidata, (Stor.) B. and G. Storer's
Snake.

One specimen of this snake was taken. It appears to be
rather common about Crawfordsville, several specimens having
been taken there last spring.

12. Storeria dekayi, (Holb.) B. and G. Dekay's Brown
Snake. One specimen taken at Garland Dell and one at Pine
Hills.

13. Tropidonotiis Ichcris, (Linn.) Dek. Brown Queen
Snake ; Leather Snake.

Very abundant. Sometimes two or three would be found
under one stone.

14. Tropidonotiis sipcdon (Linn.) Holb. Water Snake.
Not nearly so numerous as the last.

15. Eiimeces fasciatiis {\J\nxi.) Scorpion; Blue-tailed Liz-
ard ; Blue-tailed Skink.

One specimen taken.

Brookville, Ind., September 12, 1887.

Migration of Night Hawks.
Ciiordciles virginianiis.

On September 6th "Night Hawks" were flying from north-
west to southeast by thousands. The flight began at about 4.30 P.
M., and lasted until dark. There was a very strong wind blowing

Zoological Miscellany. « 149

from the southwest. The birds tacked across the wind in a most
graceful manner. Some were so high they appeared as mere
specks, while others came within shooting distance of the ground.
When darkness came on they lit in the trees and on the ground,
where many of them seemed to remain during the night. At day-
light next morning a heavy rain fell, routing some of them from
their roosting places. One that had rested in a gutter near my
house was washed out by the rain and flew off in the direction in
which they had been flying. Two specimens examined were full
of grasshoppers.

On August 19th, 1886, there was a large flight of these birds.
They came over every evening until the 23d. Specimens of that
flight examined were filled with insects. One bird's stomach con-
tained 320 insects, mostly winged ants. Fall birds of this species
are very fat and seem to find abundant food.

Chas. Dury.

AvoNDALE, September 12, i<

European Carp.
[Cyprinus carpio.)

As a result of planting these fish in our rivers and ponds sev-
eral years ago, some large and fine specimens are being taken. I
have heard of a number from the Ohio River. Mr. Geo. Rich-
ards writes me from Dunlap, near the Great Miami River, that he
captured a fine mirror carp {C}priniis carpio specularis) that weighed
8^ pounds, from that stream. He says it was the most powerful
and beautiful fish he ever saw. The hook was baited with a piece
of common mud catfish ; water fifteen feet deep and mud bottom.
I received a large mirror carp from Cleveland, taken in Lake Erie,
a result of stocking the water at that place. At Mr. Henry Muth's
extensive carp ponds, near Mt. Healthy, in this county, I captured
some vere large and fine fishes, three and four years old. At
times they greedily took a hook baited with worms or corn. They
can be reared, fed and fattened in a pond without running water,
and grow with astonishing rapidity. It is estimated that a female
carp weighing five pounds contains five hundred thousand eggs. At
an age of three and one-half years (under favorable condi-
tions) the carp will attain a weight of fourteen pounds. Mr.
Muth spawns his fish by putting branches of cedar and juniper into

150 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the water on which the fish deposit the eggs. To prevent '.he old
fish from eating up their eggs these branches are removed to
smaller ponds, where they are hatched, and the great destruction
of eggs and young fish by natural causes is guarded against and
prevented. In addition to rearing carp, Mr. Muth also rears thou-
sands of goldfish, of several varieties, for sale. His fish farm is a
very interesting place to visit.

Chas. Durv.
AvoNDALE, September 12.

THEJOURNAL

OF THE

Cincinnati oociety of Natural History.

VOL. X. CINCINNATI, JANUARY, 1888. No. 4.

PROCEEDINGS.

Business Meeting, October 4, 1887.

Vice-President Fisher in the chair, 18 members present.

The minutes for the July meeting were read and approved.

Dr. A. N. ElUs and Prof. J. M. Snodgrass were elected active
members.

The following named persons were proposed for membership :
Active, Mrs. Pauline Esselborn ; Honorary, Prof. John S. New-
berry, of Columbia College, New York ; Corresponding Mr. W. R.
Leighton, Leavenworth, Kansas.

Mr. Karl Langenbeck was elected Secretary in place of Mr.
Knight resigned.

The following short paper was read by Mr. W. H. Knight :

Gen. Thomas L. Young's White or American Elm— (Ulmus
Americana, L.) — by Adolph Leue.

"This species of trees was considered by Michauxas the grand-
est vegetable in America. It attains a height of from 90 to 120
feet with a trunk of from 5 to 7 and even more feet in diameter.
The wood, which is very tough and difficult to split, is largely used
for wheel stock and saddle trees. The early settlers, however, had
no use for this tree because they could not split the logs into rails,
and when sawed into lumber it would spring and was prone to de-
cay. Consequently the older trees were generally girdled and the
younger ones were cut down.

Of the older specimens which were spared, one of the most
remarkable that has come to my notice in this section of the State,
may be seen growing on the grounds of Gen. Thomas L. Young,
and shading his residence on Colerain Avenue, south of Bates
Avenue, in this city.

152 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoy.

This tree is about 75 feet high. Its trunk at 5 feet from the
ground, where it is of the least dimension, measures 4 feet 7 inches
in diameter; at 7 feet from the ground its diameter is 5 feet i inch.
The tree covers an area of 5,278 square feet. At 9 feet from the
ground its trunk dissolves into 5 main branches varying from i to 2
feet in diameter.

Our late President Garfield, who greatly admired the majestic
appearance of this tree, believed it to be 150 years old; but I do not
think that its age can be more than 120 years. The tree is per-
fectly sound and bids fair to delight the eyes of the people of Cin-
cinnati for many years to come."

The paper elicited remarks upon the classic Elms of Boston
and New Haven.

A specimen of a gelatinous mass taken from the Ohio river,
shown by Mr. Geo. B. Twitchell, was pronounced to be Microcolciis
pidvinatus, WoUe. Some discussion ensued regarding the speci-
men.

Mr. Wm. H. Fisher remarked on the good work of the New
York Forestry Bureau, not only in bringing wood thieves to trial,
but spreading an interest and care in the treatment of trees, which
is very apparent in the Adirondacks, in spite of the enormous
influx of tourists. The barking of trees for building shanties is
much less common than formerly.

A garnet shown by Dr. Heighway attracted attention from its
size and perfect crystalline form.

Mr. Davis L. James gave a short description of a gas spring
near Oxford, Ohio. The source of the gas was probably an ancient
forest bed in the vicinity.

Donations were announced and the society adjourned.

Donations : From Miss Florence Wells, specimen of Hepatica
triloba; from Messrs. Wolf and Randolph, Philadelphia, pamphlet,
" Treasures of the Forest " ; from Wm. P. McDonald, portion of
fossil skull of Bootherium cavifrons; from Ward A. Holden, M.D.,
pamphlet. On an Instrument to test Refraction, etc.; from D. G.
Brinton, M. D., Philadelphia, Address before the Anthropological
Section of A. A. A. S.; from Mrs. Risdon, teeth of Rock fish ;
from Miss Gest, miscellaneous pebbles from Lake Huron ; from W.
R. Leighton, Leavenworth, Kansas, specimen of Camptosorus
rhizophyllus ; from Prof. J. W. Hall, geode in limestone.

Proceedings of the Society. ■ 153

Scientific Meeting, November i, 1887.

President Skinner in the chair.

The reading of the minutes was dispensed with.

The resignation of Mr. S. L. Coles was received and accepted.

Mr. Fisher said that owing to his notes being as yet imperfect,
his paper on the " Mice of the Adirondacks " would have to be
postponed.

He then read a short note on the Canada Grouse, and the
fondness of the Cross-bill for salt. He also showed cones of the
white pine [Finns sirobiis) and Hemlock, [Abies Ca/uniensis) col-
lected in the Adirondack region.

Mr. Chas. Dury read an interesting paper on the travels of Mr.
Wm. Doherty, a Cincinnati boy, now collecting in Borneo. Dr. F.
W. Langdon by request read an interesting paper offered the so-
ciety by Dr. Felix L. Oswald, entitled, " A home study in Natural
History— Free Tenants."

Dr. A. E. Heighway, Jr., exhibited specimens of Talc from
Georgia. He described the method of preparing talc for use.
He stated he had a box of specimens for the society, and the
custodian was requested to take steps to secure the same.

Dr. Chas. Caldwell exhibited specimens of the Typhoid
bacillus.

A communication from Dr. S. S. Scoville, of Lebanon, Ohio,
was read.

The letter was accompanied by specimens of curiously lobed
black Walnuts. The hulls being marked with ridges like those of
the Butternut.

It was suggested that the specimens might be hybrids.

Dr. Norton showed some carbonaceous material resembling
peat. Dr. Heighway, Jr., said a similar material is used as paint
in North Carolina.

The following persons were proposed for membership :
Thorton Fitzhugh, Miss Amelia Merrill.

Members were then elected as follows :

Active, Mrs. Pauline Esselborn.

Corresponding, W. R. Leighton.

Honorary, Prof. J. S. Newberry.

154 Ci7icin7iati Society of Natural History.

Dr. Heighway, Sr. , exhibited bones from gravel pits near Lud-
low, Ky. Also silicified wood showing marks of Beaver teeth,
and several large garnets.

Mr. Skinner stated that Dr. Dun, the former President of the
society, was very ill. It had been proposed that the meeting be
adjourned on this account, but in view of the fact that the Doctor
had been better during the day it was decided to hold the meeting.
Mr. Skinner said further that the announcement was for the in-
formation of those who were not aware of the illness of Dr. Dun.

Donations were as follows :

From D. G. Brinton, M. D., Philadelphia, pamphlet "Were
the Toliecs an Historic Nationality; from Chas. Brown, M. C,
pamphlets, " Use of Gold and other Metals among the ancient In-
habitants of Chiriqui," "Perforated Stones from California,"
"Bibliography of the Eskimo Language;" from Forum Pub. Co.,
"The Forum," for November 1887; from Rev. Raphael Ben-
jamin, M. A., mounted specimen of Northern Diver; from Mr.
Cox, portion of Mastodon tusk; from Robt. Clarke, Esq., specimen
of water beetle ; from Dr. S. S. Scoville, Walnuts, showing peculiar
growth ; from Dr. O. D. Norton, specimens of building stone.

Scientific Meeting, December 6, 1887.

President Skinner in the chair. 20 members present.

Minutes of the preceding meeting were approved.

A communication from the New York Academy of Sciences in-
viting the society to join in raising the necessary funds toward erect-
ing a monument to Audobon recommended the appointment of a
committee for that purpose. On motion of Dr. Heighway, Sr. , the
communication was received and the appointment of a committee
ordered. The chair appointed Dr. Heighway, Sr. , Dr. W. S.
Christopher and Davis L. James.

Mr. Geo. B. Twitchell presented a paper on the " Sponges of
the Ohio River," enumerating the species observed.

Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher presented statistics on the decay of
pines in a virgin forest of the Adirondacks, 25 miles square, lying
in Herkimer, Hamilton and St. Lawrence Counties, on the Beaver
River.

Mr. Fisher gave further particulars about the fondness of the
American Cross-bill for salt.

Proceedings of the Society. 155

Mr. Davis L. James read, by title, a paper by Prof. A. P. Mor-
gan, "The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley including the
Thelephorei."

Dr. A. E. Heighway, Jr., spoke of the habits of the skunk,
suggesting its usefulness in gardens as an insect destroyer.

Mr. Karl Langenbeck showed a crust of Ammonium salts
taken from a stove pipe where it had condensed from the imper-
fectly burned vapors from anthracitic coal.

Mr. Geo. B. Twitchell desired to correct his identification of
the gelantinous mass shown at the October meeting. Further in-
vestigation had shown it to be a polyzoan.

Mr. J. R. Skinner related the finding of specimens of
Streptelasma cornutiDii in the Cincinnati Valley, with the delicate
edges perfect, showing that they must have fallen in situ, and
pointing to the former existence of strata higher than our present
hill tops.

On reading of the resolution of the Executive Board in regard
to the death of Dr. W. A. Dun, remarks were made by Dr.
Ricketts, Mr. Skinner, Dr. Benjamin and Mr. W. Hubbell Fisher.

The resolution was as follows :

' ' With profound grief we announce to the society the death of
our late President, Dr. Walter A. Dun. In addition to the sorrow
of each individual of the society for the loss of a cherished friend,
we have to sustain that also of one of the most active, efficient and
esteemed members and officers of the society."

"Our heartfelt sympathy is offered his family in their bereave-
ment. The society building will be closed until Thursday morning
next, in testimony of our sorrow and of our affectionate regard for
his memory.

' ' The Secretary is requested to forward copies of this testimonial
to the family of the deceased and to the press."

Upon motion of Prof. Geo. W. Harper, the following com-
mittee was appointed to prepare a memorial notice of Dr. Dun to
be published in the Journal.

Dr. B. M. Ricketts, Dr. Raphael Benjamin, and Dr. A. E.
Heighway, Jr. , with power to add to their committee, should they
see fit so to do.

Notice was given that an election to fill the vacancy in the
Executive Board caused by the death of Dr. Dun would be held at
the next regular meeting.

156 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

Mr. Jas. A. Collins and Dr. George E. Walton were proposed
for and Mr. Thornton Fitzhugh and Miss Amelia Merrill elected to
active membership.

The lecture committee reported through the chairman, Mr.
Davis L. James, that the course of free lectures has been arranged,
and that the programme would be published in a few days.

Owing to the absence of the Custodian, Mr. Smith, the an-
nouncement of donations was postponed.

Adjourned.

Donations: Dr. A. E. Heighway, Sr. , fragments of Mastodon
Skeleton ; from Dr. O. D. Norton, specimen of lignite ; from R.
M. Wall, Esq., Horse-shoe Crab; from Theo. B. Basselin, Esq.,
through Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher, "Second Annual Report of
Forest Commission of New York" ; from Geo. B. Twitchell, speci-
mens of fresh water sponges ; from the family of Dr. Walter A.
Dun, saw of saw fish, arrow and net.

Announcement of the Lecture Committee.

The six courses of Lectures previously given by the Cincinnati
Society of Natural History, were thoroughly successful in giving
satisfaction to the large audiences assembled, and were also of utility
from a scientific and educational point of view.

The Lecture Committee submits the following program to the
public of Cincinnati, trusting and believing that the present course
will not only meet with the success of the former ones, but will fully
sustain the reputation already established.

Lectures will be given on Friday evenings at 8 o'clock, in the
rooms of the Society, 108 Broadway.

The number of tickets of admission issued for each lecture,
will be limited to the accommodation of the Hall, and may be ob-
tained at the rooms of the Society, or from members of the Lecture

Committee.

Davis L. James, Chairman.

Raphael Benjamin, M. A.

Geo. B. Twitchell.

Lecture Committee.

Lectures. — Season of 1888.

January 6. — "How the Chemist Works. " (Illustrated by Ex-
periments.) Mr. Chas. B. Going.

January 13. — " Modern and Orthochromatic Photography ap-

Proceedings of the Society. 157

plied to Natural History." (With Lantern Pictures.) Mr. Geo.
Bullock.

January 20. — "The Dermal coverings of Animals and Plants."
Dr. B. Merrill Ricketts.

January 27. — "The Great Deserts of the Earth." Prof.
Joseph F. James, of Miami University.

February 3. — "Volcanoes." Prof, Amos R. Wells, of An-
tioch College.

February 10. — " Some characteristics of Fishes." Dr. D. S.
Young.

February 17. — "Reason and Instinct in Animals." Mr.
Charles Dury.

February 24.— -" Bacteria and Fermentation." Dr. Walter S.
Christopher.

March 2. — " Races of Man." Dr. F. W. Langdon.

March 9. — " The Voices of Animals." Dr. A. B. Thrasher.

158 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

ON THE MONTICULIPOROID CORALS OF THE CIN-
CINNATI GROUP, WI I'H A CRITICAL REVISION
OF THE SPECIES.

By U. P. James and Joseph F. James, M. Sc,

(Continued from Vol. X, p. 141.)

Part II.

Descriptions of Species :

Family, MONTICULIPORID^, Nicholson, 1879.

Genus, Monticulipora, D'Orbigny, 1850.

Prodrome de Paleont., t. i. p. 25; Nicholson, Palceozoic Tabu-
late Corals, p. 269, 1879; The Genus Monticulipora, p. 30, et
seq., 1881 ; De Koninck Nouvelles Recherches sur les Animaux
Fossiles du Terrain Carbonifere de la Belgique, p. 141, 1872; E.
O. Ulrich, American Paleozoic Bryozoa, in Jour. Cin. Soc Nat.
Hist., v., p. 232, 1882 (restricted); Dybowski, Die Chaetetiden
der Ostbaltischen Silur-formation, 1877 (restricted).

Nebulipora, McCoy, Silurian Radiata, in Annals of Natural
History, ser. 2, vol. VI., p. 282, 1850. British Palaeozoic Fossils,
p. 22, 1851. E. O. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., V., p.
155, 1882.

Frasopora, Nicholson and R. Ethridge, Jr., Annals of Natural
History ser. 4, vol. XX., p. 38, 1877. Nicholson, Palaeozoic
Tabulate Corals, p. 324, 1879. The Genus Monticulipora, p. 202,
1881. E. O. Ulrich, loc. cit. V., p. 153, 1882.

Hcterotrypa, Nicholson, Pal. Tab. Corals, p. 293, 1879. Genus
Montic, p. 103, 1881. Ulrich, /. c. V., p. 155, (restricted).
Ibid VI., 85, 1883.

Diplotrypa, Nicholson, Pal.^Tab. Cor., pp. 292 and 312, 1879.
Genus Montic, p. 155, 1881. Ulrich, /. c. V., p. 153.

Monotrypa, Nicholson, Pal. Tab. Cor., pp. 293 and 320, 1879.
Genus Montic, p. 168. Ulrich, I.e., V., p. 153.

Atactopora, \]\v\ch,]om. Cin. ?! Soc. Nat. Hist., II., p. 119,
1879. Ibid, v., p. 154, 1882. Ibid, VI., p. 245, 1883.

Feronopora, Nicholson, Genus Monticulpora, p. 215, 1881.
Ulrich, J. C. S. N. H., V., p. 153, 1882.

On the Monticiiliporoids of the Citiciiuiiti Group. 159

Monotrypella, Ulrich, Jour Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., V., p. 153,
1882.

Afuplexopora^ Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 154, 1882.
Batostoma, Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 154, 1882. . ,

Batostomella, Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 154, 1882.
Aspidopora, Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 155, 1882.
Pdigopom, Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 155, 1882.
Discotrypa, Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 155, 1882.
Spatiopora.^ Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 155, 1882.
Cheiloporclla, Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 157, 1882.
Ceramopordla, Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 156, 1882.
Hoiiiotrypa, Ulrich, Ibid, V., p. 240, 1882.
Lcptotrypa, Ulrich, Ibid, VI , p. 158, 1883. • •
Atactoporclla, Ulrich, Ibid, VI., p. 247, 1883.

Corallum variable in shape, massive, ramose, laminar, frondes-
cent, encrusting, or assuming a certain peculiar form ; attached or
floating free. Composed of numerous tubular corallites, the walls
not amalgamated with each other, and mostly without pores, but
these present in a few rare instances. Tubes mostly of two kinds,
one (interstitial) smaller than the other, and differing in internal
features. Interior of the tubes with few or many complete tabulae,
or diaphragms, or more or less vesicular, (in sub genus Fistuli-
pora). The interstitial cells more closely tabulate than the larger ones,
sometimes so numerous as to completely isolate the large tubes
from one another (in sub-genus Fistulipora). The apertures of
the cells generally straight, sometimes more or less oblique, varying
in shape from circular, oval, hexagonal or polygonal, to square or
rhombic. Surface often showing at intervals areas occupied by
corallites larger or smaller than the average. If elevated above
the surface known as "monticules," and if on, or below it, as
"maculae." Sometimes forming, (in sub-genus Constellaria),
star-shaped elevations, more or less thickly scattered over the sur-
face. Spiniform corallites more or less numerous, placed either at
the angles, on the edges of the cells, or, at times, projecting into
the cell cavity; sometimes, (in sub-genus Dekayia), projecting
above the surface as conspicuous blunt spines.

It will be noticed that in the above description of the genus
there is no mention of any internal features save one, the tabulse in
the tubes. These features have purposely been left out because we

i6o Cincintiati Society of Natural History.

regard them as of little reliability.* We have in the first part of
this article quoted several passages, showing that the internal struc-
ture of the specimen is not a character to be relied upon. It is a
fact that in all the descriptions of species the form, and external
features generally, of the corallum, are specially described. In-
deed in many cases these external features are the very ones which
serve to distinguish species. Not only species, but sub-genera,
also. For example in Constelt-aria, the star shaped monticule
is the main distinguishing mark. In Dekavia it is the conspicuous
blunt spine like processes. In Fistulipora it is the presence of
interstitial cells which completely isolate the larger tubes. All
these are external features. Again in Callopora we read: " . . the
species of Callopora are remarkably persistent in their internal
structure, and the points mainly to be relied upon in distinguishing
the species are external. "f Again in speaking of the separation of
two new species the same writer says: "As the differences in in-
ternal structure are so slight, the external characters, such as the
form of the zoarium (corallum) and monticules, must mainly be
relied upon in distinguishing the two species."];

Similar extracts could be made from Dr. Nicliolson, but these,
with those previously quoted must suffice.

With these facts in mind, we have decided to make the exter-
nal features the basis of our classification, beginning with the general
form of the corallum, and dividing each section according to other
external features.

Group I. — Massive : Free, or attached at one point or by the
whole of the base: more or less spheroidal, globose or massive.

a. Surface smooth; corallum massive i.
Corallum free, spheroidal, 2.

h. Surface not smooth; massive, with monticules, 3.
Spheroidal, nodulated, 4.

*There can be no doubt but that such diverse forms as M. 7nammulaia, M. gracilis^
M. o^tiealh, and many others resemble each other closely in their internal htructure.
The same may be said of M. 7vintcti .quixdrala^clavacoidea, pavonia^pulcliella^ calceola,
bri'area, tuberculala and others, in all of wliich great similarity of structure is found
This being the case it might be argued with good grounds that differences of interna
structure are more of the character of individual variation than much more. And i
this be the case, then the highly magnified sections of the inteiiur are valueless for jiur
poses of identitication. A good figure of the natural size sliowing the external features,
and another showing the appearance of the surface as seen under a good magnifier,
would be of more value for purposes of identitication, than any number of magnified
figures of the interior One of us has made sections of dendroid species, which are so
nearly identical in internal structure with discoid and conical species, as to make it a
matter of great difficulty to see any difference between them.

With the evidence then, as presented in this paper, we believe that the external
form and markings of the group of organismsunder consideration are much more reliable
for the determination of species than the internal structure. At any rate the plan here
adopted is a practicable one, while the other is very impracticable, if not impossible, and
is not to be relied upon to any great extent.

+Ulrich in 14th Ann. Kept. Geol. and N. H. Sur. of Minn., p. 96, 1SS6.

]:lbid,p.87.

On the Monticuliporoids of the Cincinnati Group. i6i

I. M. UNDULATA, Nicholsoii. Monticidipora [Monotnpa) un-
dulata, Nich., Pal. Tab. Cor., 321, 1879. Genus Montic. 170, 1881.

Chivtctcs iindulata, Nich. Geol. Mag. Dec. ii., II., 176, 1875.
Rept. on Pal. Ontario, 10, 2,2)-, i875-

Monoti-ypa undidata, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist., V., 256,
1882.

Corallum forming large, lobed or laterally indented masses,
with a maximum diameter of four inches, and a height of about
two inches, the upper surface nearly flat. Corallites thin walled,
angular and prismatic ; calices sub-equal, with occasional clusters
of from six or more, forming small patches, which are faintly or not
at all raised above the general surface ; small coralites sometimes
present at the angles of junction of the larger tubes. Tabulae few,
complete, placed at corresponding levels in contiguous tubes.

Obs. This form has as yet, we believe, been found only in
the Trenton of Canada. A small, spheroidal or hemispherical form
found in the Cincinnati Group, was placed by Dr. Nicholson with
the uniidata. As it differs from inniulata so much in shape, and as it
resembles the next so much, we have placed it there provisionally.
Dr. Nicholson did not give this form even a varietal name. The
present description is given, so that in case a form similar to it is
found in this locality, as is likely to be the case, it can be
recognized.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Trenton Group,
Peterboro, Ontario.

2. M. TURBiNATA, U. P. James.

Chcetetes turbinatum,]a.m.ids. ThePalaeon., 11, 1878.

Monticidipora [Afonotrypa) undulata, Nich. (The hemispherical
form.) Pal. Tab. Cor., 321, 1879. Genus Montic. 170, 1881

ChcTtefcs subglobosus, Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist. ,11., 129,
1879.

Afonotrypa subglobosa, Ul., Ibid, V., 256, 1882.

Corallum free, forming globular, pear-shaped or irregularly
rounded masses, from one quarter of an inch to an inch or more in
diameter. Surface smooth; calices polygonal or sub-circular, sub-equal,
sometimes larger at the base; maculae consisting of groups of six or
more slightly larger calices scattered over, and only a little or not
at all raised above the surface. A few minute tubes wedged in at
the angles of junction of some of the larger tubes. Walls shown
in fractured specimens to be strongly wrinkled. Tabulae few in
number. (PI. 2, figs, u?, b, c)

1 62 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Obs. This species was first briefly described and named
provisionally by one of us in Sept., 1878, in The Palceontologist
under the name of Chcetetes turbinatuvi (as above.) Mr. Ulrich's
WdSi\^oi subglobosa was printed in Oct., 1879. A note made and
put with some specimens at the time of publication of this name
was to the following effect: "Mr. Ulrich described and figured
this species in Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, for Oct., 1879, issued Feb.
13, 1880, under the name of C/icefetes subglobosus. He was aware
of my published description and name a year or more before his
was in print. He talked with me about it. U. P. J." Under
these circumstances we think it justifiable to claim priority for
turbinata. The species varies in shape from pear-form to nearly
globular, and can be readily recognized by its form and its smooth
surface.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian Cincinnati Gr., Cin-
cinnati, Batavia, C, and Covington, Ky.

3. M. FiLiASA, D'Orb. 1850.

Prodrome de Paleont., p. 25.

Chcetetes filiasa, Edw. and Haime. Poly piers Fossiles des Ter-
rains Palaeozoiques, p. 266, 185 1. Nicholson, Palccontology of
Ohio, Vol. n., 206, 1875.

Monotrypa filiasa, D'Orb. Ulrich. J. C. S. N. H., W., 163,
1883 (with a (|uery).

Corallum forming irregular masses, attached at the base to
foreign object. Surface more or less convex, covered with more
or less prominent, rounded monticules ; corallites thin-walled,
sub-equal. No interstitial cells.

Obs. This is an illy defined form. The only description to
which we have access is that given in the Ohio Palaeontology as
above. It is often quite large, entirely covering the shells of species
of Ambonychia. One of us has a specimen four and one-half inches
across the longer diameter, the coral extending an inch or more be-
yond the edge of the shell, and showing the corallites at places on
the underside. The upper surface has numerous elevations which
are possibly the beginnings of branches. Still another specimen is
about two and one-half inches high and about the same in diameter.
This is also attached to the shell of an Ambonychia.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Gr. ,
Cincinnati, Ohio, and other points in Cin. Gr.

On the Montictiliporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 163

4. M. IRREGULARIS, Ulrich.

Chxtdes i/'fegu/aris, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.
11., 129, 1879.

Mo not rypa irregularis, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. Soc. N. H., V. 256,
1882. Nicholson, Genus Monticu p. 177, 1881.

Corallum small, three fourths of an inch in diameter, ap-
parently free. Generally spheroidal, the surface covered with
irregular and well marked nodules. Corallites of one kind only,
thin-walled, polygonal. No monticules or groups of large or small
corallites. Tabulre almost absent, but when present developed at
corresponding levels in contiguous tubes as in M. uiidiilata, Nich.

Obs. This species is similar in shape to M. tiirbinata, James,
but is easily separated by the nodulated surface, and much smaller
corallites. One of us has a specimen with a conspicuous pointed
base, and a puff-ball hke form, the upper surface irregularly
nodulated. Still another specimen is about one and one-quarter
inches in diameter, with six conspicuous divisions above, the sur-
face of these being entirely smooth.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Gr.,
Hamilton, Morrow, etc., Ohio.

(}roupH. Discoid: Free, plano-convex, concavo-convex, or
conical; the upper surface bearing cell appertures, the lower cov-
ered with an epitheca.
a. Corallum concavo convex.

* Epitheca concentrically lined or wrinkled.

J Cells generally similar, 5.

t Clusters of larger cells, 6, 7, 8.

* Epitheca with lines radiating from the centre, 9.

^ Epitheca with lines radiating from one point at the
side, 10.

* Epitheca with a groove, 11.
/;. Corallum conical.

* Edges thin.

t Epitheca concentrically wrinkled, 12.
t Epitheca with a groove, 11.

§ Monticules small, 13.

§ Monticules prominent, 14.

5. M. DiscoiDEA, U. P. James.

Monticulipora (Monotrypa) discoidea,]a.Vi\t%. Nicholson, Genus
Montic, 193, 1 88 1.

164 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Chcetetcs discoideiis, James. Cat. Fos.s. Cin. Gr. , 187 1, (Named
but not figured or described.) Nicholson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc,
XXX., 511, 1874; Pal. of Ohio, II., 206, 1875; '*^""- ^^t. Hist,
ser. 4, XVIII., 88, 1876.

Amplcxopora discoidea, Uhich. J. C. S. N. H., V., 255-56,
1882.

Lcptrotrypa discoidea, Ulrich. Ibid, VI., 158, 1883.

Corallum free, discoid, concavo, or plano-convex, sharp edged,
from five to eight lines in diameter, and about one line in thickness
in the centre. Under surface generally concave, covered with a
thin, smooth and irregularly striated epitheca, usually with two or
three marked, concentric wrinkles. Upper surface, carrying the
calices, gently convex, and without any monticules. Calices poly-
gonal, sub-equal, occasionally collected into maculre. Walls thin.
No interstitial cells. Spiniform corallites situated at the angles of
junction of the cells.

Obs. Ihis species is easily recognized by the disk-like form
of the corallum, with the under surface concentrically striated,
and the upper one smooth, and with polygonal calices. Prof.
Nicholson, in the Ohio Palaeontology, suggested that possibly this
was the young of Chcetetes petropolitanus, but has later (Genus Mon-
ticulipora, as above), considered it well defined

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O. Hudson River Group at Weston, near Toronto,
Canada. Also in Trenton Group, Galena Limestone and Hudson
River Group, of Wisconsin (see Geol. Wis., IV., 351, 1882.)

6. M. NEWBERRVi, Nicholson.

MonticuUpora (Frasopora) neivberryi. Nich. Genus Montic.
212, 1881.

Ch(etetes ?ie7i.>benyi,W\c\\. Pal. Ohio, II., 212, 1875.

Prasopora (?) newbenyi, Nicholson. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. Soc.
Nat. Hist., VI., 165. 1883.

Aspidopora nevberryi, Nich. Ulrich. 14th Ann. Rept. Geol.
& N. Hist. Sur. Minn., 91. 1886.

Aspidopora parasitica, Ulrich. Ibid, 90. 1886.

Prasopora contigiia, Ulrich. Ibid, 87. 1886.

Corallum forming a thin, sub-circular or semi-circular ex[)an-
sion, occasionally seemingly parasitic, but generally free, the under
surface having a thin epitheca. Upper surface smooth, but with
groups of corallites larger than the average, and these at times
forming low monticules. Calices polygonal, sub-quadrate, or oval,

On the Mo7iticuUporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 165

often regularly arranged in Inies. Walls thin. Interstitial tubes
present in well preserved specimens, but difficult to detect on the
surface. Spiniform corallites to be seen in well preserved speci-
mens.

Obs. This species seems to have been generally free, but in
the form described by Mr. Ulrich as Aspidopom parasitica, it seems
to become occasionally parasitic. In this form, when the object to
which it becomes attached is too small, the edges show a well-
marked epitheca, so it may not really be parasitic even here The
groups of larger calices scattered over the surface is a well marked
feature

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Trenton Group at
Minneapolis, St. Paul and other places, Minnesota. Cincinnati
Group, Cincinnati.

7. VI. ELEGANS, Ulrich.

Cimtctes elcgans, Ul. Jour. Cin. Soc. N. Hist., II., 130. 1879.

Discotrypa clcgans, Ul. Ibid, V., 257, 1882. VI., 164, 1883
Aspidopora arcolata, Ul. Ibid, VI., 164, 1883.

Corallum free, thin, circular, from three lines to one and one-
half inches in diameter, and about one-fourth of a line thick; the
upper side convex, the lower concave, but specimens generally
flattened by pressure. Under surface with an epitheca with con-
centric and sometimes radiating stride. Upper surface with low,
broad monticules, the bases often nearly in contact. Calices sub-
equal, oval, elliptical, hexagonal, or rhombic, those occupying the
monticules often larger than those on the rest of the corallum.
Interstitial cells occasionally present, occupying spaces between
larger calices. Walls of corallites moderately thick. Spiniform
corallites few to numerous

Obs. This species is closely allied to the preceding, into
which, perhaps, it may run. It can be separated, if at all, by the
low, broad monticules and the variable shape of the calices. The
main difference to be noted in the form called arcolata is the shape
of the cells; but these assume various shapes on the same corallum
and so cannot serve as a means of separation.

Formation and Locality: Lower Siluria;-), Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnat', O., and Covington, Ky.

8. M. LENS, McCoy.

Edw. and Haime. Brit. Foss. Cor., 266. 1854. (Pub. Lond.
Palseontological Society),

1 66 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Nebulipora lens, McCoy. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., s.er.
2, VI , 283, 1850. Brit. Pal. Foss , 23, 1S51.

Fistulipora lens, Whitfield. Ann. Rept. Geol. Sur. Wisconsin
for 1877, p. 69. Geology of Wise, IV., 156, 1882.

Monticulipora {Heterotrypa) circularis, U. P. James. The
Palasontolo^Mst, 46, 1882. Ibid, 58, 1883.

Calloporella harrisi, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI.,
91, 1883.

Corallum circular, concavo-convex, the concavity of the base
corresponding to the convexity of the upper surface; varying in
size from less than one-fourth of an inch, to an inch in diameter,
and from one-half to about one line in thickness. Upper surface
smooth, destitute of monticules, and with occasional groups of
cells slightly larger than the average ; underside lined with a very
thin epitheca, occasionally worn away so as to show the bases of
the corallites underneath; when present showing fine concentric
lines and radiating striae. Embedded specimens sometmies found
with the underside uppermost Calices circular, or nearly so,
often arranged in regular lines, with from four to twelve or more
in a row. Walls of cells in well preserved specimens thin, but
in worn ones thicker. In the last case a good magnifying power shows
the spaces between the larger cells with many small cells or pores.

Obs. This species is well charactei ized by its circular form,
and by the regular arrangement of the cells in curved lines. The fact is
jjeculiar that three separate investigators in naming the fossil, should
choose the same name in two cases, and a word meaning the same
thing in the third instance. There can be no doubt that Prof.
Whitfield's Fistulipora lens belongs to this species, though the two
were found in localities so far apart. Nor can there be a (jueslion
but that the other two, M. circularis and Calloporella harrisi are
likewise synonyms of J/, lens, McCoy.*

*The two descriptions are given here for comparison.

M. lens, McCoy.

'• Corallum formingf lenticular masses, averaging lo lines in diameter, and one and
one-half lines thick in the middle, gradually thinning to the edge ; base slightlv con-
cave.with small concentric wrinkles ; upper surface evenly convex ; clusters of larger
cells rounded, flat, or slightly concave, about one line in diameter, and usually n little
more than their diameter apart (averaging from 16 to 20 cells between one centre and
another); smaller tubes averaging S in one line, larger tubes of the clusters averaging 4
or 5 in one line ; two inter-diaphragmal spaces equal the diameter of the tubes ; ap-
parently 2 irregular close rows of connecting pores on each face of each tube (?)" Mc-
Coy, quoted by Hd. and H., as above.

Fistulipora lens, Whiif.

" Corallum growing in small, discoid or plano-convex, button-shaped bodies, which
appear to have commenced iheir growth on a fragment ot shell or other substance, and
afterward become free ; discs varying in size from )^ or less to nearly % of an inch in
diameter; under surface more or less concave, not usually possessing an epitheca, but
presenting a fine, radially striate surface, from the exposure of the cell tubes ; cells
radiating from an imaginary centre, and forming on the upper surface of the disc ex-

On the Montictiliporoids of tJie Cincinnati Group. 167

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Hudson River
Group of Wisconsin. Cincinnati Group, Clinton, Warren and
Butler counties, Ohio, at Oxford, Blanchester, Westboro and other
places. The British specimens from Wales.

9. M. CALYCULA, U. P. James.

Monticulipora [Diplotrypa) calyciila, James. Nicholson, Genus
Monti., 165, i88r.

Lichcnalia (?) calycula, James. Cat. Foss., Cin. Gr., 1871.
(Named but not figured or described.)

Chceicfcs (?) calyada, James. Cat. Foss., Cin. Gr. , p. i, 1875.

Prasopora calycula, James. Ulrich. Ibid, VI., 165, 1883.

Corallum free, thin, irregularly circular, sometimes leaf-like;
from one or two lines to two inches in diameter, concavo-convex,
or nearly flat, about one-quarter of a line in thickness. Upper
surface generally smooth, with oval or circular calices often ar-
ranged in regular lines, four to twelve in a curved row, starting
generally from tlie center. Under surface deeply concave, cov-
ered with a thin epitheca, with a few concentric wrinkles, and
sometimes fine radiating striae. Calices of two kinds, the larger
oval, only touching each other at points, the smaller angular and
variable in size, filling spaces between larger cells. In well pre-
served specimens walls thin, but in worn ones, thickened. Spini-
form corallites numerous, situated at angles of cell walls.

Obs. This species is similar in some respects to the preceding,
but it differs in this : that while in the preceding form the edge of
the corallum is regular and thickened, in calycula it is thin and
sharp, often irregular. Many specimens are found with that side
which bear the apertures buried in the matrix, while the under sur-
face is exposed. Dr. Nicholson says he has never seen any speci-
mens entirely free; but one of us has a number of specimens
showing the upper surface.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

10. M. ECCENTRicA, U. P. James.

Monticulipora {Flctcrotrypa?) cccetitrica, James. The Palaeon-
tologist, p. 48, 1882.

treinel V inin ite. round ■? I nrpolvofon-il apertures, with often a thin partition wall ; but
more fr q n-rulv t It; wall h IS ;i thickness 01 neirly hiif the diameter of tlie cell, with
one larije iiit'-rct-lhilnr pir dccnpv injj- the spice hctwet-n the adj cent ells, and other
snaller Ones Ivtween the cells whercvi-r the walls are ihick enoiifj-li to permit them ;
tie walls ne ir the an ^f les hit ween the cr lis be ir sm ill elevated points or nodes in many
or mn.-t cas-s, as seen when !■ oKeH at oMiqn ly under a strung lens, four of the cells
occupy the space of i mm." Whitfield, as above.

1 68 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Corallum piano, or slightly concavo-convex, sub-circular,
small, fro:n one to two lines in diameter, and one-half a line or
less thick. Under surface often exposed in specimens imbedded
in the rock, flat or slightly concave; epitheca thin, with fine con-
centric lines, having a starting point near one margin. Fine lines
also radiate from the eccentric starting point to the margin. Bases
of corallites easily seen through the epitheca. Upper surface
gently convex, smooth. Calices circular, similar in size, with a
tew of the central ones slightly larger than the others. Walls
thin. Interstitial corallites few or numerous. (Plate 2, figs. 2ab c.)

Obs. This species can be readily recognized by its small size,
and the radiating stride having an eccentric starting point near one
edge of the corallum.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

11. M. FALESi, U. P. James.

Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. VIL, 138, 1884.

Corallum free, oval or round; the upper surface low and con-
vex in the oval specimens, and steep and conical, with a small
apex in the round ones; varying in size from about one-half to
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and from one-quarter to three-
quarters of an inch high. Margins thin and sharp. Under sur-
face peculiar in possessing a regularly outlined conical groove, ex-
tending nearly across the middle of the longest diameter, and with
a pointed end, the concave surface of the groove covered with
fine transverse striae. Calices circular and polygonal; stellate
maculae distributed irregularly over the surface, little or not at all
elevated, and sub-solid or with a larger cell in the center. Walls
of cells thin; interstitial cells and spiniform corallites few.

Obs. The peculiar feature of this species is found in the con-
ical, sharp-pointed groove which extends across the under surface,
and which seems to be a constant feature. I'he low, oval speci-
mens seem to be young individuals.

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Danville, Ky.

12. M. PETASiFORMis, Nicliolson.

Monticidipora {Mo?wtrypa) pctasi/or?!iis, Nich., Genus Montic,
190, 1881.

Corallum free, conical or discoidal, varying in size from one-
half inch to nearly two inches in diameter, and also variable in

On the Montlculiporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 169

shape. Under surface flat or concave, covered with a con-
centrically striated epitheca. Corallites springing upwards, at
right angles to the base, and giving rise to an expansion thin at the
edges, and elevated in the centre from one-half an inch to an inch
above the base ; sometimes two elevations are present. Calices
thin walled, polygonal, nearly equal in size. Scattered over the
surface are clusters of slightly larger cells, either even with the sur-
face or raised slightly above ,it. Interstitial cells very few or
none.

Obs. This is one of the forms formerly classed with M.
petropolitana, and one which would, perhaps, be best replaced
there.

Var. WELCHi, U. P. James.

Alonticulipora iyMonotrypd) welchi^ James. The Paltcont., 50,
1882.

This variety has the same general mode of growth as the
typical form. The monticules are much more pronounced, and the
central portions are occupied by from four to ten or more small
pores, the larger calices surrounding or being mingled with these.
Interstitial cells are rarely found scattered among the calices
covering the general surface. One peculiar feature is to be found
in certain projections, either straight or branching, which spring
from the upper surface of the corallum.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Gr. ,
Cincinnati, O.

13. M. WHiTEAVESii, Nicholson.

Monticulipora {Diplotrypa) Whiteavesii, Nich., Genus Montic,
r6o, 1881. (pars), Nich., Pal. Tab. Corals pi., XIII. figs 4, 4^.

Chcetetes petropolitanus, (pars) Nicholson, Quart. Jour. Geol.
Soc, XXX., p. 510, 1875. (pars) Pal. of Ohio, II., p. 204, 1875,
(pars) Geol. Mag. Dec. ii.. Vol II., 175, 1875. (pars) Ann.
Nat. Hist. ser. 4, XVIII. , 88, 1876; Kept. Pal. of Ont. 10,

1875.

Monticulipora [Frasopora) selwynii, Nicholson, Genus Montic,

206, 1881.

Prasopora simulatrix, Ulrich. 14th Ann. Rept. G. and N. H,
Sur. Minn., 85, 1886.

P. conoidea, Ul. Ibid, 87.

Diplotrypa infida, Ul. Ibid, 88.

I/O Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Corallum discoid when young, liemispheric when adiiU, often
with wide margins; varying in size from one-half inch, to one and
one-quarter inches in diameter, and from two to six lines or more
high. Under surface with a concentrically wrinkled epitheca,
generally deeply concave, but sometimes flat. Upper surface
with scattered and very slightly raised monticules, composed of
corallites slightly above the average size. Coralhtes directed at
nearly right angles to the entn-e basal plate, to the upper surface, and
of two kinds, large and small, and both intermingled. Large tubes
more or less thin-walled, angular, sub-angular, or hexagonal, some-
times in groups of four or five each. Small corallites very
numerous and variable in size and form, always thin-walled and
angular, filling the spaces between the larger tubes. Spiniform
corallites at the angles of junction of the cells.

Obs. This species is similar in form to AI. petasifonnis, Nich.,
but differs in its numerous, angular interstitial cells, and the
presence of monticules. The species described as new by Mr.
Ulrich, as above, are the same as far as may be judged from
the descriptions, and it would be a puzzling matter to say just
what the distinctions between them are. M. selwynii, Nich., is
placed here as a synonym because it is utterly impossible to dis-
tinguish it from wliitcavesi ixovci the external form of the corallum,
the sole difference being in the interior structure. This is con-
sidered so important by Dr. Nicholson as to induce him to put the
two forms in different sub-genera. Specimens identified by us as
this species are much worn on the surface so the calices do not
show well, but we feel reasonably sure of the identification.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Trenton Group.
Peterboro, Ontario; Minneapolis, St. Paul, &c., Minnesota; Ken-
tucky and Tennessee. Cincinnati Group, Warren and Clinton
Counties, &c., Ohio.

14. M. ciNCiNNATiENSis, U. P. James.

Monticulipora (^Peronopord) cincinnaiicnsis^ James. Nicholson,
Genus Montic, 226, 1881.

Ch(Btetes cinciniiatiensis, ]dimes. Cat. Low. Sil. Foss. , 2, 1875.

]\'±onticulipora consimilis, Ulrich, Jour. Cin. Soc. N. Hist. V.,
238, 1882.

Prasopora nodosa, Ulrich, Ibid, V. 245, 1882.

Corallum either free or attached, forming a layer a line or less
thick. Under surface with a strongly wrinkled epitheca, not often

On the Moiitiailiporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 171

seen. Upper surface covered with numerous conical and very
prominent monticules, the bases of which are close together.
Calices sub-polygonal, thick walled, with a moderate number of
interstitial cells. Corallites of two kinds; the larger generally
oval or circular, the smaller variable in shape, but more or less
angular.

Obs. This species is readily recognized by the very prominent
conical monticules of the upper surface, there being no other
species of the discoid group which has such prominent elevations
on the surface. Of Af. consimilis there was but a single frag.nent-
ary specimen found, and we believe ourselves justified in placing
it here as a synonym. Prasopora nodosa is undoubtedly the same
as cincinnatiensis, tliough from another horizon. Mr. Ulrich has
seen fit (J. C. S.N. H. V. , 239) to disregard the fact that the sjjecies
under notice was named and described by one of us, and he has
placed Nicholson's name after it as authority. This, either inten-
tional or accidental, he has repeated in other species, a course
which is as unjustifiable as it is unjust. It is here noticed in order
that it may not mislead future students.

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, upper part of Tren-
ton Group, at Nashville, Tenn. Cincinnati Group, at Cincinnati
and Oxford, O. •

Group I IL Dendroid or Ramose ; branching more or less ; stems
cylindrical or sub-cylindrical; base free or attached; calices cover-
ing the branches, varying in form : monticules present or absent.
L Surface smooth.

a. calices oval or circular; all similar.

* apertures of calices thick 15

'>-' apertures oblique ; lips thin 16

b. calices oval or circular; interstitial cells present.

^' apertures oblique; lips thick 17

* macule present, with larger cells than average; lips

thick , 18

* larger cells separated by number of small ones. . . 19

* maculae present; made of larger cells, and occupied

also by minute cells 20

* calices surrounded by ring-like wall 21

c. calices rhomboidal; arranged in lines. .22

d. calices irregular in form 23, 24

172 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

II. Surface with maculee or low monticules.
a. calices polygonal or sub-polygonal.

^[clusters of cells larger than average ; interstitial
cells few 25

* clusters of cells smaller than average; interstitial

walls numerous 26

* low monticules present; no iniersiiiial cells. . , 27, 28
b. calices oval or circular.

* maculae or monticles formed of smaller cells. .29

III. Surface with conspicuous monticules.

a. calices of two kinds ; monticules elongated or conical.

* calices large, sub-polygonal 30

* calices large, oval 31

* calices ovate or sub-circular 32

b. calices of two kinds; monticules conspicuous, arranged

in alternate manner 33

c. calices sub-equal ; monticules small, arranged in altern-

ate manner , ... 34

15. M. BRiAREA, Nicholson.

Monticulipora {Monotrypa) briarea, Nich. Genus Montic, 198,
1881.

Chcetefcs briareiis, Nich., Pal. Ohio, II., 202, 1875.

Monotrypella briareus, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. H., V., 248,
256, 1882.

Corallum free, dendroid, expanding above ; branches variable
in number, two and one-half to four lines in diameter, cylindrical,
possibly branching more than once. Surface smooth. Calices of
one kind only, oval or circular. Walls of corallites thick at the
surface. Interstitial tubes and spiniform corallites wanting.

Obs. This is quite a peculiar species, with an apparently free
base, tapering to a point and branching in a digitate manner above.
One of us has a very large specimen on a slab, some six inches
long and spreading out two inches or more at the top. The ordinary
specimens, however, are from one and a half to two inches long.
The free, pointed base will serve to readily distinguish it from the
other dendroid species.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O. Hudson River Gr., Wisconsin.

On the Montiniliporoids of the Cincinnati Group. i 73

16. M. DELICATULA, NicholsOll.

ChcBtetes delicatulus, Nich. Pal. of Ohio, II., 199, 1875.

ChcBtetes (?) minuti/s, U. P. James. The Pal^ont, p. 20,
1879.

Corallum dendroid, slender and delicate, stem simple or
branched, from one fourth to one-half, and rarely two-thirds of a
line in diameter; branches cylindrical, sometimes terminating in
thickened, rounded extremities, and sometimes appearing to spring
from a horizontal footstalk; branching dichotomously, at acute
angles. Surface smooth. Calices of one kind only, oval, ar-
ranged in diagonal rows, eight in one line measured longitudinally,
twelve to fourteen in one line measured diagonally; openings
oblique to the surface, with lower lip thin and prominent. Inter-
stitial tubes absent. Perfect specimens show sharp spines on the
edges of the walls of the corallites.

Obs. This species is mainly distinguished by its small size,
slender habit, the great obliquity of the tubes, and the thinness of
the walls. Dr. Nicholson* now regards this as a Polyzoan, but
as it has been described as a Monticuliporoid, we have thought it'
best to insert the descrii)tion here.

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Oxford, and different localities in Warren and Clinton Counties,
O. The form described as minutus in the lower beds at Cincinnati
and in Clermont County.

17. M. GRACILIS, U. P. James.

Monticiilipora [Heterotfypa) gracilis, James. Nich. Gen. Montic,
125, 1881.

Chcetetes gracilis, James. Named but not figured or described,
Cat. FobS. Cin. Gr., 1871. Nicholson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc,
XXX., 504, 1874; Pal. of Ohio, IL, 198, 1875; Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 4, XXYIII, 90, 1876.

Batostomella gracilis, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist , VI., 83,
1883; 14th Ann Rept. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Minn. 103,
1886.

Corallum dendroid, branches cylindrical or sub-cylindrical,
from less than one line to three lines or more in diameter, branch-
ing at intervals. Surface smooth. Calices oval, their long axes
corresponding with the long way of the branch, openmg obliquely.
Cell mouths greatly thickened. Interstitial tubes moderate in

*Genus Monticulipora p. i6.

174 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

number. Spiniform corallites present, but mainly to be detected
by microscopic sections.

Obs. This and the next are closely allied. Dr. Nicholson
considers them the same, but the smaller form, the oblique open-
ings of the cells, the absence of maculae, and the different horizon
at which it occurs will mainly distinguish the present species from
that following.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

i8. M. MEEKi, U. P. James.

Chcetctes mecki, James. Proposed in the Palaeont., p. i, 1878.

Alonticulipora meeki, James. The Palaeont., 35, 1881.

M. gracilis, \2iX viceki, James. Nicholson, Genus Montic, 127,
1881.

Amplexopora cingulata, Ul. Jour. Cin. Soc. N. Hist., V., 254,
1882.

A. robusfa, Ul., Ibid, VL, 82, 1883.

Corallum dendroid, free (?), generally branching irregularly,
often but once, and having in tiiese specimens a Y like form; the
branches from less than two lines to over six lines in di.imeter, often
hollow, compressed and filled with clay. Surface smooth, with
stellate maculae, very slightly or not at all raised above the surface.
Calices sub-equal, j^olygonal or sub circular, slightly larger in the
maculae. Walls thick, not spinous.

Obs. The peculiar foim of the corallum seems to be a
distinguishing feature in this species, at least in some localities.
The lower end in perfect specimens seems to terminate in a point,
often curved round. This may be only a variety of the preceding
as Dr. Nicholson asserts, but its size and form will serve to dis-
tinguish it. One of us has a specimen with seven branches, which
is two and one-half inches high.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Oxford, and different localities, in Warren and Clinton Counties,
Ohio.

19. M. o'neallt, James.

Monticulipora (^Pletcrotrypa) 0' ncalli, James. Nicholson, Genus
Montic, 118, 1881.

Chcetctes (?) d'nealli, James. Cat. Foss. Cin. Gr. , 2, 1875.

Chcetctes sigillaroides, Nicholson. Pal. Ohio, II., 203, 1875.

Callopora sigillaroidea, Nich. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist.,
v., 252.

On the Montiailiporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 175

Corallum dendroid, branching dichotomously, branches vary-
ing from less than one line to two lines in diameter. Surface
smooth, calices generally oval, long axes corresponding to the
long axe^ of the branches; of two kinds, the larger separated by a
considerable number of interstitial tubes. Walls thickened at cell
mouths. Operculae often closing apertures of cells.

Obs. This species is characterized by the peculiar habit of
growth, branching in a very irregular manner at almost every pos-
sible angle and anastomosing so as to form various shaped figures ;
by the presence of a considerable number of interstitial corallites
between the larger ones, and a generally smooth surface.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

20. M. COMMUNIS, James.

Monticulipora {Hderotrypa) d" neaUi i^) var. communis, James.
The Palaeontologist, 47, 1882.

Callopora subplana, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., V.,
253. 1883.

Corallum dendroid, but as generally found, much broken,
the cylindrical or sub cylindrical stems from one to three lines
in diameter, branching at variable distances at acute angles, but
masses of considerable size — from one inch to six or eight inches
or more in diameter — sometimes found, in which the stems
anastomose in a very irregular manner. The surface of most speci-
mens with maculse or monticules, raised little or not at all above
the surface, occupied by calices much larger than the average,
and sometimes clusters of smaller tubules. Calices oval or sub-
circular, occasionally somewhat angular; interstitial corallites
numerous, occasionally nearly or quite surrounding the larger cells,
and of various shapes; about six calices in the space of one line in
the longitudinal direction of the stem, and seven or eight trans-
versely Cell walls thin at the surface of unworn specimens, but
thickened immediately below. (Plate 2, figs, ^a, b, e. )

Obs. At the time of making the original description of this
species, the writer believed it to be, probably, a variety of M.
o'nealli, but on further examination of many specimens, he has
come to the conclusion that it is worthy of a distinct name. Some of
the main points of difference are the much larger calices in the
maculae, the greater number of small corallites between or surround-

176 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

ing the calices, and the much more robust habit of growth,
generally.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati and vicinity.

21. M. jAMESi, Nicholson.

Monticulipora {^Hctcrotr\pa)janicsi, Nicholson. Genus Montic,
143, 1881.

Chcetetes jamcsi, Nich. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, XXX., 506,
1874; Pal. Ohio, IL, 200, 1875 ; ^""- Nat. Hist. .ser. 4, XVIII.,
89, 1876.

Batostoiua jamcsi, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., V., 256,
1882; VL, 83, 1883.

Monticulipora [Hcterotrypa) iinpUcata, Ulrich. Nicholson,
Genus Montic, 147, 1881.

Chcetctes implicatus, Ul. Cat. Foss. Cin. Gr. Named, but
not figured or described, p. 12, 1880.

Batostoma implicata, Nich. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. N. H., V.,
256, 1882. VL, 83, 1883.

Corallum dendroid, branching irregularly or dichotomously,
sometimes terminating in rounded ends, branches varying from two
to five lines in diameter. Surface smooth or nearly so. Calices
oval or rounded, sometimes indented on one or more sides, thick-
walled, surrounded by a ring-like wall. Litercellular spaces solid,
or with a variable number of small tubes, or with blunt spines, ap-
parently the solid apices of the interstitial cells.

Obs. The peculiarly indented walls, the ring-like wall sur-
rounding the apertures, and the presence of the blunt spines are
the main features of this species. The ?,\)tc\^?,i>np/iiata was named
by Mr. Ulrich, but was described by, and credited to him by Dr.
Nicholson. Mr. Ulrich has complicated matters by placing Dr.
Nicholson's name after the species instead of his own.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

22. M. QUADRATA, Rominger.

Monticulipora {Monot?ypa) guadrata, Rom. Nicholson, Genus
Montic, 179, 1881.

ChcEtetes quadratus, Rom. Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 115,
1866.

Chcetctes rlio»ibicus, Nicholson. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc, XXX.,
507, 1874. Pal. of Ohio, n., 201, 1875. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser.

0?i the Monticidipojoids of the Cincinnati Grojip. 177

4. XVI II., p. 86, 1876. {non Diamdites rhombiciis, Dybowski, Die
Chastetiden, 33, 1877).

Alonotrypella quad rata, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist., V.,
248, 1882.

Monotrypella sub-quadrata, Ulrich. Ibid, V., 249, 1882.

Corallum dendroid, occasionally sub-massive, branches cylind-
rical, varying from two to five lines in diameter, often ending in
bulbous extremities. Surface smooth or nearly so. Corallites
thin-walled below, slightly thickened toward the mouths, all
similar. Calices generally in parts, obliquely rhomboidal, some-
times polygonal, arranged in regular diagonal rows, the direction
changing at short intervals. Lips very thin. Very few or no in-
terstitial tubes,

Obs. This species is easily distinguished by the peculiar
rhombic form of the calices, arranged in regular curved, diagonal
lines, crossing each other obliquely. If the cells on the surface ap-
pear polygonal, the weathered ends of the branches invariably
show the rhomboid form of the calices. The form described as
sub-quadrata, Ulrich, is stated to have a few interstitial cells, but in
all other respects it is precisely like qiiadrata. One of us has a
specimen showing quite a number of interstitial cells placed in
rows on one part, while the other portion shows none of these
small cells. Clusters of slightly larger cells forming maculce are
occasionally present.

Formation and Location : Lower Silurian, Upper beds of
Cincinnati Group. Different localities in Warren and Clinton
Counties, O.

23. M. VARiANS, U. P. James. The Palaeontol., 36, 1881.

Chatetcs varians, U. P. James, The Pal?eont., 2, 1878.

Corallum variable in form, ramose, incrusting or massive. In
the ramose forms branches irregular, rounded or sub-cylindrical,
digitate; the massive forms irregular, contorted, flattened or lobate,
four or five inches in diameter, throwing out shoots in various
directions ; frondose and celluliferous on both sides. Surface
smooth. Calices sub circular, oval or polygonal; walls thick; in-
terstitial cells few to numerous. (Plate 2, figs. 4^7, /;.)

Obs. This is an extremely variably species as far as its mode
of growth is concerned. The incrusting forms seem to be the
young corallums. It has been compared to M. jamesi, but it
differs in not branching regularly, in having thinner walls and
more regular calices.

178 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Blanchester and Clarksville, Clinton County, O.

24. M. whufieldi, U. P. James.
The Paleontologist, 34, 1881.

Corallum dendroid, variable, very irregularly branched, the
branches either close together or some distance apart ; often
rounded at the ends, sometimes swollen or flattened as if hollow ;
surface smooth; calices variable in size and form, polygonal, oval,
circular, pentagonal, etc. Sometimes groups of calices larger than
the average scattered irregularly over the surface; also groups of
from six to ten small interstitial tubes ; walls of corallites thin.

Obs. A characteristic feature of this species is the great varia-
tion of the calices, and the wrinkled condition of the walls, al-
though this last is by no means confined to this species.

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

25. M. ANDREWsii, Nicholson.

Monticulipora {Heterotrypa) andrcwsii, Nich. Genus Montic,
128, 1881.

ChcRtetcs pulchcUus, Nich. {non Edwards & Haime). Quart.
Jour. Geol. Soc. XXX., 503, 1874; Pal. Ohio IL, 195, 1875.

Callopora andr'cwsii, Nich. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. Soc. N. Hist,
v., 252, 1882.

Monotrypella csqualis, Ulrich. Ibid, V. 247,1882.

Corallum variable, but generally dendroid, branches sub-
cylindrical, two to six lines in diameter, flattened, expanded or in-
osculating. Surface with clusters of from five to seven cells slightly
larger than the average, and though elevated, yet not enough to
form monticules. Calices polygonal or sub-polygonal, separated by
a moderate number of smaller intersUtial tubes, developed
principally at the angles of junction of corallites; cell walls thin in
center of branches, thickened toward their mouths.

Obs. This species was first referred by Nicholson, as above,
to the M. pidchclla of Edw. and Haime, but was afterward described
as distinct. It was put as Chatetes pulchelliis in Pal. of Ohio, where
the following remarks are made. '' C. pulchcllus a^ords an excel-
lent instance of the enormous difficulty which the observer has to
encounter when he examines an extensive suite of specimens of
these corals, and would endeavor to separate one form from others
nearly allied to it. So great is this difficulty that it must be under-

On the Montiadiporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 179

stood that no absolute assertion is made by me as to the real
distinctness of the forms here described under distinct names. I
have had the opportunity of examining very extensive collections
of these corals, and have been enabled to separate certain examples
which present characters sufficiently distinct to be recognized with-
out difficulty by the practiced observer, but I am far from asserting
that still more extensive collections might not show a graduated
series, of intermediate forms uniting the apparently distinct types
with one another. As regards C. pidcheUus, at any rate, it is cer-
tain that, whilst the type specimens of the species can be recognized
without the smallest difficulty, it is a matter of impossibility to
determine, with the materials at present in our hands what are the
true limits of the species. Thus, specimens apparently belonging
to C. pidchellus may be picked out which approximate to C. ap-
proximatus, Nicholson, and which thus tend toward the type of C
Dalei Ed. and H., since they' possess tolerably distinct surface
tubercles. [C approxiviatiis is now regarded as a synonym of ^(7/^/,
which itself is an indistinct variety of ra}nosa.^^ Others approach
C. flctcheri, E. and H. [now M. ulric/n, Nich.] so nearly, that it
becomes absolutely out of the question to draw a rigid line of
demarcation between the two species, certain specimens being just
as properly referred to one as to the other. In this way C. pidchel-
lus is brought into direct connection with C. gracilis, James, though
the typical examples of the two species could not be confounded
with one another for a single instant. Again, the forms which I
have here separated under the name of C. sidpidchclliis form an
unmistakable transition between C. pidciiellus, in its proper form,
and C. mavDuidatiis, Ed. and H., the latter belonging to the
frondescent and laminar section of the genus."* These remarks
indicate the close similarity of many of these species. The author
may have changed his opinion in regard to some of them, but the
fact itself has not been altered, that there are many difficulties in
the way of separating various forms. This one is principally to be
recognized by the maculae of large cells and the small number of
interstitial corallites.

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Cincinnati, Group,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

26. M. ULRicHi, Nicholson.

Monficidipora {Heterotrypd) ulrichi, Nich. Genus Montic, 131,
1881.

*Pal. Ohio, It., 195-96.

i8o Cjncmnati Society of Natural History.

Chtvtetes fldchcri, Nich. Quart. Jour. Geo). Soc, XXX., 504,
1874; Pal. Ohio, II., 197, 1875; Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, XVIII.,
90, 1876.

Dckayella ulric/ii, Nich. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist., YI.,

9ir i53> 1883-

D. obscura, Ul. Ibid, YI., 89, 1883.

Corallum ramose, of cylindrical or sub-cylindrical branches,
dividing at irregular intervals, and from less than two lines to about
4 lines in diameter. Surface smooth ; calices sub-polygonal or
rounded. Walls of corallites thickened. Interstitial corallites
numerous, angular, interspersed with the ordinary corallites.

Obs. Externally this species somewhat resembles andrcwsii, but
that species is generally more robust, and has but few interstitial
corallites. The surface, too, shows macule, with many corallites
of a larger size than the average. Maculae of idrichi, if developed,
are made up of rather smaller cells than the average. Some spec-
imens show low, rounded monticules.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

27. M. SEPTOSA, Ulrich.

Atactopora septosa, Ul. Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist. II., 125, 1879.

Amplexopora septosa, Ul. Ibid, V., 255, 1882.

Corallum ramose; branches cylindrical or sub-cylindrical.
Surface with broad, low monticules, about one line apart and occu-
pied by groups of cells larger than the average. Calices polygonal,
rather regularly arranged; walls of corallites thin; no interstitial
corallites. Worn specimens show peculiar projections from the
cell walls into the cell cavity.

Obs. This is rather a poorly defined species, but it will prob-
ably be distinguished by the low monticules, the absence of inter-
stitial cells and the peculiar appearance presented by the walls of
worn specimens.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

28. M. KENTUCKENSis, U. P. James.
The Palaeontologist, 57, 1883.

Corallum dendroid; branches cylindrical; about one line, more
or less in diameter, branching dichotomously or anastomosing.
Surface with low monticules irregularly distributed. Calices poly-

On the MonticiiUporoids of the Ci7icviiiati Gtoup. i8i

gonal, of various forms and variable in size. Walls comparatively
thick at apertures. No interstitial pores. (Plate 2, figs. Ga,b,c,d)
Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Paris, Ky.

29. M. SUBPULCHELLA, Nicholson.

MonticuUp07'a {Hfftrotrypa) subpidchella, Nich, Genus Montic,
134, 1881.

ChcEtctcs sidpidchdla, Nich. Pal. of Ohio, IL, 196, 1875.

Heterotrypa subpidchcda, Nich. Ulrich, Jour. Gin. S. N. Hist.
VL, 83, 18S3.

Corallum dendroid ; branches compressed or flattened, some-
times partially hollow. Surface nearly smooth, having somewhat
stellate maculae, scarcely elevated, and about a line apart, made
up of smaller corallites than the average. Calices large and small,
all with moderately thick walls, the larger surrounding the maculae
of smaller cells. Larger calices circular or polygonal; small ones
sub-angular ; spinifnrm corallites few.

Obs. This species seems to be distinguished from the other
dendroid forms by the star-shaped maculae, made up of smaller
cells, thickly scattered over the surface of the flattened, sub-frond-
escent branches.

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

30. M. RAMOSA, D'Orbigny.

Prodr. de Pal^ont. 25, 1850; Edw. & Haime, Brit. Foss,
Cor. 265, 1854.

ChcEtctcs ra/nosus, Edw. & H. Pol. Foss. des Ter. Pal. 266,
1851. Nicholson, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, XVIH., 88, 1876.

Ch(ztetes dald, Nicholson. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc. XXX.,
501, 1874.; Pal. Ohio H., 192, 1875.

Alonticidipora [Heterotf-ypa) ramosa, Nich. Pal. Tab. Corals,
296, 1879; Genus Montic, no, 1881.

Cadopo/-a ramosa, D'Orb. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist.,
v., 252, 1882.

Corallum dendroid, branches cylindrical or elliptical, divid-
ing dichotomously, varying from one to three or four lines in
diameter. Surface with numerous conical or slightly elongated
monticules, at intervals of one-half a line to one line apart, not oc-
cupied by specially large or small corallites. Calices sub-polygonal,
the walls thickened at the mouths, the larger calices completely

1 82 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

surrounded by smaller ones in a single row and often isolating the
large ones; variable in size and shape.

Obs. A very common and variable species, the variety a
being the more marked of the two following, while b may perhaps
be scarcely worthy of even varietal prominence.

a var. rugosa, Edw. and Haime.

Nicholson, Genus Montic, 113, 1881.

Monticidipora rugosa, Ed. and H. Brit. Foss. Cor., 265,
note, 1854, Dybowski, Die Chaetetiden, 92, 1877.

ChcEtetes rugosus, Ed. and H. Pal. Foss. des Terr. Pal., 268,
1851; Nicholson, Pal. Ohio, II., 193, 1875.

Monticulipora {Hcterotrypa) rugosa, Ed. and H. Nicholson,
Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, XVIII., 88, 1876.

Callopora ramosa, var. mgosa, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. H.,
v., 252, 1882.

Differs from the type in the surface having transversely elongated
monticules, forming in many cases transverse ridges ; these varying
in length, sometimes extending round the stem, usually with sharp
edges, and about one-half a line apart. Calices and interstitial
tubes, as in the type

b var. DALii, Ed. and H.

Nicholson, Genus Montic, ir5, 1881.

Monticidipora data, Edw. and Haime. Brit. Foss. Cor., 265,
1854.

Chcetetes dalii, Ed. and H. Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal., 266,
1851. Nicholson, Ohio Pal., II., 192, 1875.

Chcctetes approximatiis, Nicholson. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc,
XXX., 502, 1874; Pal. of Ohio, II., 193, 1875.

Differs from the type in the smaller sized monticules, and small-
er number of interstitial tubes. The monticules are gently rounded,
or somewhat transversely elongated. This is almost too close to
the type to retain even a varietal name.

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati and vicinity.

31. M. NODULOSA, Nicholson.

Monticulipora {Heterotrypd) nodulosa, Nich. Genus Montic,
116, 1881.

Chcetetes (?) nodulosus, Nich. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, XXX.,
506, 1874.

C/io'tetes nodulosus, Nich. Pal. Ohio, II., 200, 1875; Ann.
and Mag, Nat. Hist. ser. 4, XVIII. , 87, 1876.

On the Montiadiporoids of the Cincinnati Group. 183

Callopora nodi/Iosa, Nich. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist , V.,
252, 1882; VI., 83, 1883.

Corallum minute, dendroid ; stems varying from two-thirds of
a line to one line in diameter, branching at intervals of two lines.
Surface with numerous conical or transversely elongated monticules.
Calices oval, the long axes corresponding with the long axis of the
corallum, opening obli(iuely. Walls thickened at the surface. In
terstitial corallites numerous, nearly enclosing the larger cells,
angular or sub-angular.

Obs. This species is mainly distinguished by the small coral-
lum, the closely set, sharply pointed monticules and elongated
calices.

Formation and Locality ; Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Loveland, Ohio. *

32. M. NEWPORTENSis, Ulrich.

Atactoporella ncwportensis, Ul. Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist., VI.,
250, 1883.

Corallum sub-ramose, lobate, robust. Surface covered with
more or less prominent, rounded, often elongated monticules, the
summits and slopes of these occupied by cells larger than the
average. Calices sub-circular or ovate, rather regularly arranged
in intersecting series, sometimes surrounded by an elevated ri n of-
ten inflected at the points occupied by the minute spiniform coral-
lites. Interstitial cells present, but not seen readily externally.

Obs. In general aspect this closely approaches raiiiosa, but is
separated from it by not having the numerous interstitial cells of
that form.

Formation and Locality : Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Newport, Ky.

33. M. OHiOENSis, U. P. James.
Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist., VII., 137, 1884.

Corallum dendroid, stem and branches mostly cylindrical or
sub-cylindrical, sometimes flattened, sometimes tumid ; branches
irregular, generally dichotomous, varying in size from one and one-
half lines to six lines wide, sometimes one and one-quarter inches
across branches. Surface with numerous conspicuous elevated
monticules, arranged in alternate manner, one-half line in diameter
at base and about the same distance apart. Larger calices circular
or sub-polygonal ; the smaller round or angular, numerous. Walls
thickened at the mouths.

184 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Ohs. This species is mainly distinguished by the robust form
of the corallum, together with the conspicuous monticules, both of
which are marked features.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

34. M. woRTHENi, U. P. James.

The Palaeontologist, 50, 1882.

Corallum dendroid, of cylindrical or flattened Stefns, branch-
ing irregularly, from one to two lines in diameter. Surface with
small, prominent monticules, arranged in alternating, longitudinal
rows about one line apart. Apices apparently solid, the slopes oc-
cupied by cells of ordinary size or larger. Calices sub-circular or
angular, margins thick. No interstitial coralliles. (Plate 2,
figs, za, b.)

Obs. This resembles somewhat M. ramosa, var, dalii, but the
small, interstitial tubes are absent.

Formation and Locality: Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Lynchburg, Highland Co., Ohio, and other localities in upper beds
of Cincinnati Group.

[to be concluded.]

Some Sponges of the Ohio River. 185

SOME SPONGES OF THE OHIO RIVER.

By Geo. B. Twitchell.

(Read December 6, 1887.)

Perhaps the earliest mention of fresh water sponges is that of
Leonard Plukenet, in 1696. Linnaeus recognized two species:
Spongia lacustris and S. fliiviatilis^ the specific names of which are
still retained, although more scientific classification has put them
into different genera. These two species were founded on distinc-
tions of external form and habitat, both very variable features in
the sponges. Indeed, it is probable that the species lacustris pre-
fers rapidly running water, while the specimens found in the Ohio
River were in comparatively quiet water. Dr. J. H. Hunt has
frequently found them in the rapids of the Miami, and Mr. Ed-
ward Potts, of Philadelphia, says that the strongest and most vig-
orous specimens came from running waters.

Since the time of Linnaeus much has been learned about these
organisms, better and more complete knowledge coming with the
improvements of the microscope. Such men as Bowerbank, Grant
and Carter have given the subject much thought and work. Europe,
Asia, Africa and the two Americas have contributed to the num-
ber of species. Quite a number of remarkable sponges have been
found in the Amazon River, while Fairmount Dam, on Schuylkill
River in Philadelphia, has been considered one of the richest local-
ities in the world for fresh-water sponges.

The fresh-water sponges, unlike the sponges of commerce,
possess a skeleton whose fibre is entirely composed of siliceous
spicules, bound together by a very small amount of sarcode. So
that the least pressure will reduce a dry fresh-water sponge to
powder. The study of the vital parts is attended with so much
difficulty that it is only of late years that, with improved instru-
ments, a proi)er understanding of the subject has been attained.
But the spicules — upon which the classification is largely based —
are easily observed, and aside from their seientific value, make
beautiful objects for the microscope.

The spicules of the skeletons of the different species are all
very similar, being simple needles of silica, sometimes slightly
curved, more or less pointed, with the shaft either smooth or cov-

1 86 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

ered with spines. It is in the statoblasts that we find the greatest
variety of spicules.

As early as 1766 Linnaeus had observed that in the autumn
certain globular bodies were developed. Sponges were then con-
sidered plants. But in 1839 Meyen, in commenting upon the
globiili, said that they were "distinct from the sporangia of algae,
and similar to what are called the winter eggs of polyps." In
keeping with this idea these bodies have since been named stato-
blasts, and are commonly so called, although some authors prefer
the name "gemmule." Furtlier observation developed the fact
that these bodies germinate in water and reproduce the species.

In general the statoblasts may be said to be about the size of
a mustard seed, varying in size and shape, but always approaching
a globular form. On one side is an opening connecting with the
soft matter of the interior. This soft matter is made up of a num-
ber of transparent sacs containing the germinal matter. The sacs
are inclosed in a delicate membrane, which is again covered by a
thicker chitinous coat. Outside of this is the wall or crust of the
statoblast. This crust is composed of air cells, in some species
readily distinguished, while in others the highest powers of the
microscope are required to resolve them. This structure causes
the statoblasts to float when detached from the sponge, and proba-
bly in some cases serves to scatter the species. Again the wall is
accompanied by or charged with siliceous spicules of various forms.
The statoblasts are usually to be found at the base of the sponge,
frequently attached to the object upon which it is growing, but
sometimes scattered through the skeleton.

In addition to the spicules of the skeleton and statoblasts, there
is another kind known as " dermal" spicules. These are generally
more delicate than the skeleton spicules.

In 1 88 1 Carter published his classification, based on the form
of the statoblast spicules. These characters are very constant ;
and as all the fresh-water sponges probably, and none of the ma-
rine come under the group Spongillina — that is, bearing reproduc-
tive organs called statoblasts — this classification, or some variation
of it, seems an especially good one.

Young sponges may be found as early as June, but mature
specimens need only be sought late in the summer or in autumn.
They are readily detected by their bristly surface. The color and
shape are generally more or less influenced by the position in which
they grow. They may be found at the margins of rivers and lakes.

Some Sponges of the Ohio River. 187

and sometimes in deeper water. They are not infrequently brought
to the surface by dredging. The collections may be preserved in
alcohol or by drying. But as the species can only be determined
by examination with the microscope, it is very desirable to have
preparation ready for observation. Before mounting the siatoblasts
or indeed any part of the sponge it is necessary that the specimen
should be rendered transparent. This is most readily accomplished
by soaking the part to be mounted for several hours in glacial car-
bolic acid, made fluid by slight heat. When sufficiently clear the
specimen may be mounted in Canada balsam without previously
drying, as the acid and balsam mix readily. Skillful operators can
prepare very interesting sections of the statoblasts, or the spicules
may be entirely cleaned of all organic matter and mounted
separately.

The following sponges were found in the Ohio river, during
the past autumn, about twelve miles below Cincinnati :

Spongilla lacustris, Linn. — on rocks.

Spongilla fragilis, Leidy — 0!i snags. .. ,

Meyenia leidyi, Potts — on snags and rocks.

Heteromeyenia (Sp. ?) — on gravel.

Carterius tubisperma, Mills — on gravel or rocks.

It is not likely that this exhausts the list of species to be found
in our neighborhood. Indeed it is to be hoped that further ob-
servation at other points upon the Ohio, as well as on the Licking
and the two Miamis may result in many interesting finds.

Cincinnati Society of Natural History .

THE MYCOLOGIC FLORA OF THE MIAMI VALLEY,

OHIO.

By a. p. Morgan.

(Read December 6th, 1887.)

Continued from Vol. X., p. 18.

Class I. — Hymenomycetes.

Order IV. — Thelephorei.

Hymenium inferior or amphigenous, coriaceous or waxy, even,
rarely costate or papillose. Sporophores 4-spored, rarely i-spored.

TABLE OF GENERA OF THELEPHOREL

A. Groiving on the ground and mostly stipitate.

1. Craterellus. Pileus entire, stipitate, fleshy or sub-
membranaceous.

2. Thelephora. Pileus coriaceous, stipitate or sessile.

3. Lachnocladium. Pileus repeatedly branched, the
branches filiform.

B. Sessile or resupinate on trunks and branches of trees.

4. Stereum. Pileus coriaceous, effuso-reflexed ; hymenium
glabrous.

5. HvMENOCHiETE. Pileus effuso-reflexed or resupinate ;
hymenium setulose.

6. CoRTiciUM. Wholly resupinate ; the hymenium not

setulose.

C. Minute pezizoid plants, sub sessile.

7. Cvphella. Sub-membranaceous, cup-shaped.

Genus I. — Craterellus, Fr.
Hymenium waxy-membranaceous, distinct but adnate to the
hymenophore, [definitely inferior, contiguous, glabrous, even or
rugose ; spores white.

Fungi growing on the ground, fleshy or membranaceous, fur-
nished with an entire pileus, stipitate; allied to the Cantharelli.
a. Tubceform, pervious to the base of the stipe.
I. C. lutescens, Pers. Pileus submembranaceous, tubteform,
soon pervious, undulate, flocculose, fuscous. Stipe hollow, glab-

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. i ?)g

rous, yellow. Hymenium remotely costate, at first even, then
rugose with interlaced veins.

In woods; rare. Pileus 2-4 inches broad, the stipe about two
inches long The hymenium is yellow, varying to reddish, orange
and bluish-gray. It has a strong spirituous odor.

2. C. CORNUCOPIOIDES, Linn. Pileus submembranaceous,
tubseform, pervious, scaly, sooty black. Stipe hollow, glabrous,
black. Hymenium even, at length slightly wrinkled, becoming
cinereous.

In woods; not common. Pileus 1-2 inches across, but some-
times reduced to little more than a tube, the whole plant 1-3 inches
in height,

l>. I/ifiiiidilmli/on/i, the stipe stuffed.

3. C. CANTHARELi.us, Schw. Pilcus tough-flcshy, subinfundi-
buliform, repand and often lobed, glabrous, vitelline. Stipe
stuffed, glabrous, concolorous. Hymenium even, becoming a little
wrinkled, vitelline or with a darker shade.

In woods; common. Pileus 2-4 inches in breadth, the stipe an
inch or more in height. The pileus in the larger specimens is quite
irregular, with the margin much folded or crisped and lobed. The
color of the plant varies somewhat, being paler or reddish, and
sometimes with a dusky shade. C. late/itiiis, Berk, is the same
thing.

Genus II — Thelephora, Ehrh.

Hymenium inferior or amphigenous, contiguous wiih the
hymenophore and similar to it, even or costate, and without an
intermediate stratum. Fungi coriaceous, destitute of a cuticle,
exceedingly varied in shape, terrestrial.

a. Growing erect, the pileus ejitire or ramose-parted.

1. T. RADIATA, Holmok. Pileus soft coriaceous, infundibuli-
form, entire, ferruginous then brownish, subfasciate ; the disk with
erect scales: the margin radiate-striate. Stipe central, short.
Hymenium striate, somewhat pruinose, concolorous.

In wet places in woods; rare. Nearly an inch in height, the
pileus f of an inch in diameter. The pileus has circular bands
or zones upon its surface, and is distinctly radiate-striate with an
entire margin.

2. T. TEPHROLEUCA, B. & C. Pilcus soft-coriaccous, subin-
fundibuliform, more or less lobed, rugose, whitish. Stipe central,
whitish or brownish. Hymenium striate, brownish below, pale
above.

190 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

On the ground in woods; rare. About an inch in height, the
pileus half an inch or so acres'^. The pileus is not deeply lobed,
the lobes are variable in width; the hymenium is brownish next
the stipe, fading to whitish toward the margin.

3. T. MULTIPARTITA, vScliw. Brownish-cinerous. Pileus sub-
coriaceous, subinfundibuliform, many times parted and divided
even to the stipe; the lacinice dilated above and more or less in-
cised. Stipe short, glabrous. Hymenium nearly even, glabrous,
brownish, sometimes paler at the margin.

On the ground in woods; not uncommon. About an inch in
height; the thin flat branches dilated above obtuse and multifid,
disposed in funnel-shape and more or less confluent into a multi-
partite pileus ; the hymenium mostly even or sometimes costate-
plicate beneath the lacini^e.

4. T. ANTHOCEPHALA, Bull. Subfcrruginous becoming brown-
ish. Pileus soft-coriaceous, pubescent, parted into laciniae dilated
and fimbriate above and whitish at the apex, or divided into
irregular ramose erect branches. Stipe equal, villous. Hymenium
even.

On the ground in woods; rare. An inch or more in height;
stipe villous or tomentose, dividing above into several branches,
which again are multifid with white apices.

5. T. PALMATA, Scop. Browuish-purple, pubescent, fetid.
Pileus soft-coriaceous, very much branched ; the branches palmate,
flattened, sub-fastigiate, fimbriate and whitish at the apex. Stipe
short, simple. Hymenium even.

On the ground in woods; common. 1-2 inches in height, often
divided nearly to the base ; the branches numerous, dilated and
cuneiform at the apex. Readily distinguished when fresh and
growing by the very disagreeable odor which it soon gives out after
being gathered. The spores are irregular and spinulose, .008.-010
mm. in diameter.

6. T. PTERULOiDES, B. & C. Gregarious, bright ochraceous.
Pileus repeatedly branched ; the branches smooth, more or less
flattened, acute and paler at the apex. Stipes variable in length,
often several crowded together. Hymenium waxy, even.

On the ground in woods; rare. 1-2 inches high ; divided and
sub-divided into many branches; these covered by the smooth waxy
hymenium.

7. T. FiLAMENTOSA, B. & C. Cscspitose, crowded, pallid.
Pilei divided into numerous smooth filiform branches, somewhat

TJie Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 191

flattened and fimbriate at the apex. Stipes crowded, short.
Hymenium even.

On the ground in woods ; rare. An inch or two in height.
Consisting of several or many stems, closely crowded together, and '
arising out of a common mycelium, which immediately divide and
sub-divide into innumerable thread-shaped branches.

8. T. ScHWEiNirzii, Peck. Ctespitose, white or pallid. Pilei
soft-coriaceous, much branched ; the branches flattened, furrowed
and somewhat dilated at the apex. Stipes variable in length, often
connate or fused together into a solid base. Hymenium even, be-
coming darker colored.

On the ground in woods; very common. The pilei sometimes
growing separately an inch or two in height, but usually growing to-
gether in tufts or sometimes fused into large masses 4-6 inches or
more in extent. This is 7\ pallida, Schw. N. A. Fungi, No. 619.

b. Fileate, dimidiate, horizontal, sub sessile or ejfuso-reflexed.

9. T. ALBiDO-BRUNNEA, Schw. Spongy-corky, widely effused.
Pilei at length narrowly reflexed, becoming sub-stipitate, sub-
tomentose, brown. Hymenium nearly even, white.

Growing about the base of dead shrubs ; not common. Long
and broadly confluent, mostly resupinate ; the distinct pilei rarely
exceeding half an inch in length, irregularly subimbricate.

10. T. MiCHENERi, B. & C. Pilei soft coriaceous, umber,
spongy-tomentose, convex, often laterally confluent. Hymenium
even, bright ochraceous.

Growing on the ground and upon sticks and stones ; rare.
Consisting of a number of orbicular laterally confluent individuals
an inch or so in length, each attached by a central point or ascend-
ing and incrusting the bases of dead shrubs and more or less effuso-
reflexed. Thinner and more fragile than the preceding species.

ri. T. cuTicuLARis, Berk. Pileus soft-coriaceous, purp-
lish brown, sub-tomentose, imbricated and laterally confluent.
Hymenium nearly even, pulverulent.

On the ground attached to wood, twigs, etc.; rare. Pilei f
of an inch long, uneven, rugged, brown inclining to purple, with
a pale margin ; surface soft, clothed with matted down, zoneless;
odor strong and unpleasant.

c. Resupinate, usually iiierustiiig other substances, the form therefore

variable.
12. T. CRiSTATA, Pers. Incrusting, rather tough, pallid,
passing into ascending branchlets or lacidiae, the apices subulate or

192 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

fimbriate. Hymeniuni on the even spots and sides of the branches,
papillose.

Growing on mosses, grasses, etc., and running over leaves.
There is no constant form ; it is to be recognized by its whitish color
and the awl-shaped or fringed branches and lobes.

13. T. SPICULOS.'^, Fr. Effused, byssine then fleshy, incrust-
ing, brownish-purple; the border spiculose-branched ; the apices
penicillate, whitish.

Ascending the stems of herbs, 'in humid places; rare. Of a
brownish color, effused, throwing out here and there radiating
subulate spicules.

14. T. SEBACEA, Pers. Effused, fleshy-waxy, hardening,
incrusting, tuberculose or stalactitious, whitish, with a similar
border. Hymenium collapsing, flocculose-pruinose.

Incrusting various substances ; common. Various in form,
white, the border not fringed or penicillate.

Genus III. — Lachnocladium, Lev.

Pileus coriaceous, tough, repeatedly branched; the branches
slender or filiform, tomentose. Hymenium amj)higenous.

Fungi slender and much branched, epixylous or terrestrial.

1. L. SEMiVESiiTUM, B. & C. Coriaceous, pale or sordid
brown, tomentose. Pileus much branched from a slender s'ipe of
variable length, expanded at the angles; the branches filiform,
straight, somewhat fasciculate, glabrous at the lips and jjaler in
color.

On rotten leaves and sticks in the ground ; rare. Pileus i -2^
inches in height, more or less flattened or expanded at the points of
branching, the branches straight and slender, pubescent or finely
tomentose, glabrate with age.

2. L. isncHENERi, B. &C. Coriaceous, pale brown, densely
tomentose. Pileus arising from a dense tomentum, repeatedly
irregularly forked and branched ; the branches very slender and
flexuous, with paler tips.

On old leaves and sticks; common. Pileus ^-i inch in length,
the branches very delicate, filiform and flexuous. The tomentum
at the base is sometimes an " orbicular villous patch," sometimes
an effused patch of mycelium of considerable extent, out of which
arise several stems ; it is often distributed in i)atches over the stem
and branches even to the extremities. I think L. subsiiiiilc, Berk.,
can hardly be separated from this species.

TJie Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 193

3. L. MERiSMATOiDES, Scliw. Subcartilaginous, pale yellow-
ish, minutely tomentose. Pileus very much branched from a short
stipe; the branches numerous, straight, slender, dilated at the
apex and somewhat fimbriate.

On the ground in woods; rare. Pileus 1-2 inches in height,
the stipe branched from near the base ; the branches long, slender,
fastigiate, soon flattened or angular and dilated at the apex. Where
the pale yellowish tomentum disappears it leaves naked the reddish-
brown subcartilaginous substance beneath. This is Schwelnitz's
Clavaria merismatoidcs, N. A. Fungi, No. 1044.
Genus IV. — Stereum, Pers.

Hymenium definitely inferior, even, glabrous, separated from
the cuticle of the pileus by art intermediate fibrillose stratum.

Fungi lignatile coriaceous or w^oody, subperennial, subzonate,
entire and of definite shape.

1. Apus. Pileus sessile, at first resupinale, afterward com-
monly pileate reflexed and adnate behind.

We have but this section.

a. Pileus eoriaeeous, flexible.
I. S. RUGOSiuscULUNf, B. & C. Softcoriaccous. Pileus
effuso-reflexed, becoming subreniforni with a narrow base, glabrate,
finely wrinkled, brownish; the margin paler and velvety. Hymen-
ium even, dark brown; spores brown, subglobose, echinulate
.010-. 01 2 mm. in diameter.

On old trunks; rare. Pileus 1-2 inches in breadth, projecting
^ of an inch. The dark pileus is soft, smooth and pliant when
fresh, contracting somewhat and becoming finely wrinkled when
dry; the growing margin is pale and velvety-tomentose ; the to-
mentum disappears on the older portions of the surface. It is
possible this is the No. 638, Thelephora atrafa, Sw. of Schweinitz's
N. A. Fungi.

2. S. VERSICOLOR, Swartz. Coriaceous-membranaceous, thin.
Pileus effuso-reflexed, becoming free, expanded, sessile with a
narrow base, villous-tomentose, with numerous narrow concentric
zones, variously colored; margin acute, entire or variously lobed
and incised. Hymenium glabrous, even, pallid or pale yellowish.

On fallen trunks and branches of every kind of wood ; very
common. Pileus usually 2-3 inches in length and breadth, fan-
shaped or somewhat reniform, subimbricate and often laterally
connate. The colors are gray and ochraceous, varying to ferrugin-

194 Cincinnati Society of Natiiral History.

oils and brownish. The tomenlum sometimes disappears on the
margin and in concentric bands on the surface ; specimens orna-
mented by these concentric brown zones are the var. fasciatum,
Schw. The hymeniuni at times has a fleshy tinge, at others it
acquires a smoky or brownish hue. It is cpiite likely some of the
forms here included may be referred to .5. lobatuin, Kunz., and
some perhaps to other species.

3. S. PURPUREUM. Pers. .Soft-coriaceous. Pileus effuso-
reflexed, subimbricate, zonate, villous-tomentose, pallid or whitish.
Hymenium naked, even, glabrous, purplish.

On old trunks of black cherry, etc.; not uncommon. Pileus
projecting half an inch or more, usually much effused and densely
imbricated, when dry becoming rigid, pallid or yellowish, with
sometimes a black zone near the margin. Hymenium purple or
lilac, changing to cinereous or sometimes to brownish.

4. S. SPADiCEUiM, Pers. Coriaceous. Pileus effuso-reflexed,
villous, subferruginous; the margin rather obtuse, white. Hymen-
ium even, glabrous, becoming brownish, reddish if rubbed when
fresh and growing.

On old stumps and trunks; common. Pileus nearly an inch
in length and breadth, mostly imbricate and confluent." The
pileus is without distinct zones, the hymenium gradually acquires a
srhoky tint. We seem to have nearly the typical plant of this
species.

5. S. HIRSUTUM, Willd. Coriaceous, rigid. Pileus effused
and reflexed, strigose hirsute, subzonate, becoming pallid; the
margin rather obtuse, yellow. Hymenium even, glabrous, naked,
yellowish or variously colored.

On trunks and branches; common. Pileus about half an inch
in length and breadth, confluent and subimbricate, but often sessile
and fan-shaped with a narrow base; both pileus and hymenium are
at first pale yellowish ; the hairy covering of the surface is arranged
in faint concolorous zones. This is probably 1 hclephora ramealis,
Schw., and perhaps also Stereum iiiolle, Lev.

6. S. RADIANS, Fr. Coriaceous, rigid. Pileus effused and
reflexed, radiate-virgate with innate fibres, pallid with bay zones,
glabrate, shining. Hymenium even, glabrous pallid.

On trunks and branches; common. Pileus half an inch or
more in length and breadth, effused and confluent, but often sessile
with a narrow base and fan-shaped or reniform. Its peculiar marks
are the innate fibrils radiating from the base and the crowded nar-

TJie Mycologic Flora of t lie Miami Valley, Ohio. 195

row zones of the surface. Stereion complication, Fr. seems to me a
name applied to crisped and folded forms of both this and the pre-
ceding species.

7. S. 0CHRACE0FLAVui\r, Schw. Coriaceous-membranaceous,
thin. Pileus effused and reflexed, strigose-hispid, white or pale
yellow. Hymenium even, glabrous, pale yellow.

Attached to the underside of the smaller branches. Pileus re-
flexed scarcely more than :|: of an inch, effused and more or less
confluent, scarcely zonate, often attached by the back and hanging
free all around like a little cup or shield. Remarkable for the long
hairs that invest the pileus. Specimens I have from the East are
white as Schweinitz states, but those I have found in this region are
pale yellow or ochraceous.

8. S. SERiCEUM, Schw. Coriaceous-membranaceous, thin.
Pileus effused and reflexed, silky-striate, subzonate, shining, pale
alutaceous. Hymenium even, pallid.

Attached to the lower side of branchlets and twigs ; not com-
mon. Pileus nearly half an inch in length and breadth, but com-
monly extensively effused and more or less confluent below or
sometimes attached by a point and free all around. The surface
presents a silky luster with faint zones ; the striate appearance is
caused by innate radiating fibrils. It is very distinct from S. radians.
It is Theleplwra striata, Fr. of the Elenchus, but not Stereum striatimi,
Fr. of the Hym. Eur.

9. S. BicoLOR, Pers. Submembranaceous, soft. Pileus
conchate-reflexed, azonate, villous becoming glabrous, dark brown.
Hymenium thin, glabrous, white.

On old stumps and trunks ; not rare. Pileus 1-2 inches in
length and breadth, subimbricate, confluent at the base. Readily
distinguished by the brown upper surface and the white
hymenium.

10. . S. ALBOBADIUM, Schw. At flrst resupiuate, bright brown
with a white border ; soon confluent and effused with a narrow sub-
membranaceous margin; the margin undulate or subpileate, thin,
subzonate, brown. Hymenium bay brown, somewhat velvety.

On the lower side of branches; very common. It begins its
growth with a number of orbicular brown spots having a white
border, these enlarge and become confluent forming one resupinale
specimen effused for several inches; then occasionally a narrow
subpileate margin is turned back on one or both sides, this margin
is very narrow scarcely ever reaching \ of an inch in breadth. The

196 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

young growing Iiymenium is velvety with a minute pubescence,
but it is not sctulose; it becomes smoother. and paler with age. It
is ThelepJiora alboniarginaia. Berk, of Lea's Catalogue.

11. S. DisciFORME, D C. Subcoriaceous, white. Pileus
resupiiiate, determinate, discifor.n ; the border thin, free, naked,
marginate. Hymenium uneven, velvety.

On elm branches ; rare. Forming round irregular white
disks scarcely half an 'inch in diameter, with the margin free and
raised up all around. The hymenium at first has a soft fine
pubescence.

b. Pileus corky or woody, rigid.

12. S. frustulosujM, Pers. Woody, resupinate, tuberculose,
crowded and as if confluent, then appearing broken into small
pieces; the border absolutely marginate; around the edge and
underneath dark brown or blackish. Hymenium convex, cin-
namon becoming pallid, pruinose.

On very hard oak wood ; common and abundant. The per-
fect hymenium facing the earth, at first pruinose, then jjulverulent
with the cinnamon spores; the part turned toward the light is
sterile, pale and smooth. The apparent frustules are irregular in
shape and of all sizes from half an inch in extent to minute frag-
ments. They spead over the cut surfaces and sawed ends ot the
hardest and driest White Oak logs.

13. S. SUBPILEATUM, B. & C. Corky, rigid. Pileus effuso-
reflexed, zonate with concentric furrows, tanny changing to brown,
tomentose ; the margin undulate, obtuse. Hymenium even, pallid
or whitish.

On old trunks of oak ; common. Pileus 1-3 inches in breadth
and projecting half an inch or more, but often effused and confluent
to the extent of several feet. The large effused specimens are at-
tached to the substratum by rough knobs and projecting points on
the underside. This is a larger and finer species every way than
■5 rugosunt, Pers , to whicli it was first referred.

14. S. CANDIDUM, Schw. Resupinate, rigid, thick, irregular
in outline, submarginate ; the margin and underside brownish.
Hymenium uneven, subpulverulent, white.

On [the bark of living trees, in winter; common. Half an
inch more or less in breadth. It forms small irregular white
patches upon the outer surface of the bark. There is scarcely any
margin. It is Thdephora catididissima, Schw. N. A. Fungi, No.

The Mycologic Flora of tJie Miami Valley, Ohio. 197

663. We have retained the name given in the Elenchus of Fries
I., p. 189, which we suppose to be the original one in Syn. Car.,
No. 1061.

Genus V. — Hyinienoch.^te, Lev.

Coriaceous, dry. Hymenium even, beset witli minute rigid
setae.

The hymenium with a common lens is velvety or pubescent,
but with a moderate magnifying power of the compound microscope,
the minute usually colored bristles are brought out distinctly to
view.

I. A PUS. Pikiis cffuso-reflexed.

1. H. RUBIGINOSA, Schrad. Coriaceous-rigid. Pileus effuso-
reflexed, subfasciate, velvety, reddish ; afterward becoming glab-
rous and brown ; the intermediate stratum tawny-ferruginous,
Hymenium ferruginous, velvety wMth minute bristles.

On hard wood of oak, beech, etc.; common. Pileus 1-2
inches in breadth and projecting 4- to f of an inch. The single pilei
are often shell-form but frequently many are confluent and im-
bricate. It is thin rigid and brittle.

2. H. ciNERASCENS, Schw. Coriaceous. Pileus effuso-
reflexed, strigose-hirsute, subzonate, whitish or cinereous. Hy-
menium cinerepus, sometimes with a smoky or purplish tinge, be-
coming pallid or whitish, velvety with minute pellucid bristles.

On trunks of Mulberry and Ehn ; not uncommon. Often oc-
curring as small resupinate patches with a narrow reflexed margin,
but sometimes extensively effused for several feet with pilei re-
reflexed half an incn or more. It is sometimes found with pale
yellowish zones. I'he delicate pellucid bristles appear to be true
setae and not metuloids of Dr. Cooke's genus Pcniophora.

3. H. cuRTisii, Berk. Coriaceous, thin. Pileus effused
and narrowly reflexed, pallid, glabrate ; the margin ferruginous.
Hymenium papillate, rugose, becoming rimose, ferruginous, the
minute bristles few and scattered.

On branches and twigs of Oak ; common. Appearing first
as small orbicular peltate patches with a paler subbyssoid margin,
these then become confluent and effused sometimes for several feel
in length, with a very narrow reflexed margin on either edge. The
growing specimens are a bright ferruginous, becoming dull with
age.

198 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

II. Resupinati. Wholly rcsiipinate.

4. H. UMBRiNA, B. &. C. Coriaceous, resupinate, adnate ;
the margin free and flexuous, but scarcely reflexed. Hymenium
dark umber with a paler border, thickly beset with minute bristles.

On rotten wood and bark; rare. Effused irregularly for an
inch or so, of a spongy texture, and somewhat separable from the
substratum.

5. H. iNSULARis, Berk. Coriaceous, resupinate, closely
adnate, with a narrow white byssine border. Hymenium reddish-
brown, thickly clothed with minute brisdes.

On branches of sugar maple ; common. At first in small
circular patches with an elegant white-fringed margin; these at
length become confluent and effused for several inches. A very
different thing from Sterciim albobadium which though velvety
exhibits no setulje.

6. H. PURPUREA, Cooke and Morgan. Coriaceous-spongy,
resupinate, closely adnate, with a byssine border. Hymenium
purple, fading to pale brownish, velvety with minute bristles.

On bark of hickory ; not rare. Irregularly effused for several
inches, of a spongy texture, bright purple with a paler margin; the
bright color soon fades to a pale or dull brownish or alutaceous.

7. H. CORRUGATA, Fr. Subcffused, closely adnate, soon
grumous, pale cinnamon. Hymenium covered with ferruginous
bristles, when dry very much cracked.

On branches of sugar maple, beech, etc.; common. Effused
for many inches or even for several feet, forming a very thin closely
adnate pale brown stratum.

8. H. SPRETA, Peck. Effused, thick, adnate, ferruginous.
Hymenium somewhat uneven, beset with rather long slender setse,
at length cracking into frustulate areola.

On old wood ; rare. Effused for several inches and much
resembling the preceding species, but of a brighter color, thicker
substance and with more delicate setje.

Genus VI. — Corticium, Fr.

Hymenium amphigenous, even or tuberculose, arising im-
mediately out of the mycelium and without an intermediate
stratum.

In the typical species the hymenium is fertile and swelling
when wet, soft-fleshy, contracted by dryness and thence conimonly

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 199

rimose-parted or if entire soluble. Fungi resupinate, lignatile, of-
ten sterile.

I. LoMATiA. Resupinate, but the border free, determinate,
marginate, commonly from cupular expanded.

1. C. AMORPHUM, Pers. Waxy-pliant, subcoriaceous, cup-
shaped then explanate, confluent, marginate, externally white-
tomentose. Hymenium even, contiguous, becoming pallid ; spores
obliquely elliptic, apiculate, .025 x .017 mm.

On the bark of living trees of Ostrya Virginica ; common. At
first looking like a small Peziza from an eighth to a quarter of an
inch in diameter, but at length irregularly confluent, sometimes to
the extent of an inch or two, always preserving however the free
border which is rolled inward when dry. It is C. Oakesii, B. & C.

II. HiMANTiA. Resupinate, eff"used, immarginate ; the border
and underside byssine-fibrillose or strigose-hairy.

Often sterile, then fibrillose ; in its perfect state, the hymenium
soft-waxy.

2. C. LACTEUM, Fr. Eff'used, membranaceous, milk-white ;
the border and underside loosely fibrillose. Hymenium waxy,
of a deeper color, by dryness rimose-parted.

Upon wood and bark; common. Eff'used for several inches.
Not often perfect.

3. C. AuBERiANUM,' Mout. Effused, adnate, very thin, sub-
membranaceous, snow-white, the border persistently floccose.
Hymenium becoming pallid, pubescent with minute brown bristles.

On hickory bark. "Ohio, Lea." Berkeley, in Notices, No. 252.
At first orbicular, the whole floccosemealy, at length extensively
effused and confluent. This must be a curious thing. I have
never met with it.

4. C. RADiosuM, Fr. Subrotund, membranaceous, adnate,
underneath appressed fibrillose; the border fringed with white
fibrile. Hymenium even, glabrous, alutaceous, contiguous.

On rotten wood; common. Several inches in extent.

5. C. FiLAMENTOSUM, B. & C. Effuscd, membranaceous;
border and underside soft-tomentose, fibrillose, pallid. Hymen-
ium pulverulent, ochraceous or somewhat olivaceous.

Oil old wood and bark of elm. Subiculum consisting of soft
tomentose threads, on which the ochraceous or olivaceous pulveru-
lent hymenium forms a thin stratum.

200 Cincinnati Society of NatiiTal History.

6. C. OLIVARCENS, B. & C. Effuscd, membranaceous; the
border and underside white-fibrillose. Hymenium yellow-oHva-
ceous, pulverulent.

On old wood of elm. Subiculum consisting of white threads,
which send out delicate filaments over the wood.

7. C. ALBiDO-CARNEUM, Schw. Effuscd, somewhat waxy,
adnate; the border and underside byssinc-fibrillose, white. Hy-
menium flesh-colored, pruinose, by dryness rimose.

On the smooth bark of branches of hickory. Long, conflu-
ent, but rather narrow ; flesh-color in the center with an elegant
fibrillose border.

8. C. c.ERULEUM, Sclirad. Subrotund, then effused, adnate,
at first tomentose, bright blue; the border byssine, blue changing
to whitish. Hymenium soft, waxy, papillose, setulose then glab-
rate.

On branches of beech. Effused for several inches.

HI. Leiostroma. Agglutinate, and without a strigose or
fibrillose border; for the mycelium passes at once into the hymen-
ium which is closely attached to the substratum.

9. C. CALCEUM, Pers. Eff'used, agglutinate, waxy, very
smooth, white; the border similar. Hymenium even, glabrous,
when dry rimose and rigid.

Upon dry wood. Varying greatly in form; the color also
varies to clay-color and brownish. The hymenium is somewhat
broken up into small pieces.

10. C. PUBERUM, Fr. Widely effused, waxy, closely adnate,
indeterminate, white or argillaceous. Hymenium even, velvety,
with short bristles, by dryness rimose.

Upon old wood. Very much like the preceding species, but
differing in the velvety-setulose hymenium.

11. C. OCHRACEUM, Fr. Widely effused, agglutinate, soft-
waxy, glabrate ; the border white, somewhat radiating, soon van-
ishing. Hymenium pallid, then ochraceous, sprinkled with golden-
glittering atoms, at length naked, papillose or tuberculose, col-
lapsed and rimose.

Upon old wood. Effused for several inches.

12. C. SUBGIGANTEUM, Berk. Widely effused, rigid, cream-
colored, brownish toward the margin. Hymenium velvety then
glabrous.

The My CO logic Flora of the Miavii Valley, Ohio. 201

On bark of sugar-maple. At first cream-colored, then acquir-
ing a brownish tint epeci;illy toward the margin, velvety in the
younger part, smooth in the older.

13. C. PORTENTOSUM, B. & C. Widely effused, soft, thick,
spongy, whitish-ochre, white within. Hymenium tuberculose,
glabrous.

On very decayed wood. Forming a thick mass, spreading
widely; the substance soft, white and spongy.

14. C. ciNEREUM, Fr. Waxy, becoming rigid, confluent,
agglutinate, lurid; the border similar. Hymenium sprinkled with
a very thin cinerous pruina.

On bark or wood of hickory, beech, etc.; common.

15. C. INCARNATUM, Fr. Waxy, becoming rigid, agglutinate,
indeterminate, the border radiating. Hymenium persistently
bright colored, sprinkled with a very thin flesh colored pruina.

Upon bark and wood; common. The hymenium is bright
red, orange, etc., retaining the color quite persistently.

16. C. CONFLUENS, Fr. Submembranaceous, indetermmate,
agglutinate; the border radiate. Hymenium even, naked, hyaline,
white when dry.

On bark of Acer, Vitis, etc. In small patches and widely
effused ; the border adnate, exceedingly delicate.

17. C. COMEDENS, Nees. Effused, innate, growing beneath
the epidermis and throwing it off; flesh-colored, becoming pallid.
Hymenium even, glabrous, when dry rimose.

On dry branches of Ostrya ; distinguished by its peculiar way
of growing upon the bark beneath the epidermis.

Sui genus. Hypochnus. Corticia floccose-collapsing or
furnished with a tomentose, subpulverulent hymenium.

18. C. MOLLE, Fr. Subrotund, floccose-fleshy, loosely inter-
woven, soft, glabrous, pallid, reddish-spotted ; the underside
villous, the border naked. Papilae rather large, unequal.

On rotten wood. Hymenium loosely fibrillose and the surface
not waxy.

Genus VH. — Cyphella, Fr.

Fungi submembranaceous, cup-shaped, adnate behind, com-
monly stipitate-porrect, pendulous. Hymenium definitely inferior,
similar, even or at length slightly wrinkled.

A genus formerly confused with the Pezizas, but different from
them altogether, first in the lack of a heterogeneous disk, secondly
in the absence of asci,

202 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

1. C. GRiSEOPALLiDA, Weiiim. Submembranaceous, globose
then campanulate, sessile, pale gray, externally floccose. Hy-
menium even, glabrous.

On sticks, leaves and dead stems of herbs ; not uncommon.
About a line in diameter.

2. C. GALEATA, Schum. Soft-mcmbranaccous, nearly sessile,
obversely cup-shaped, then dimidiate, helmet-shaped, even,
whitish ; the margin entire. Hymenium finally rufescent, slightly
wrinkled.

Upon mosses; not common. Two lines or more in diameter ;
gray when wet, snow-white when dry, finally becoming reddish-
brown.

3. C. ppzizoiDES, Zopf. Membranaceous, nearly sessile,
globose then cujj-shaped, clothed externally with long erect white
hairs. Hymenium even brownish; spores obovate, .012-. 013 mm.
in length.

On old herbaceous stems; not common. Cupule pezizoid,
scarcely pedicellate, about half a line in diameter. The long hairs
are erect and connivent over the hymenium; they are hyaline and
incrusted with crystals of calcium oxalate.

TJie American Cross- Bill. • 203

THE AMERICAN CROSS-BILL, Loxia (Z.) airvirostra minor;
{Brehm.) AS TO SOME OF ITS HABITS AND ITS
FONDNESS FOR SALT.

By William Hubbell Fisher.

Read November i and December 6, 1887.

During my stay in the Adirondacks, I was much interested in
the American Cross-bill, Loxia (Z.) curvirostra ■minor, [Brehm).
One of the most marked and interesting characteristics of this bird is
its fondness for Uving in the close neighborhood of human abodes,
and its boldness in the presence of man. As I observed them
during the latter part of August and the first part of September of
this year (1887), at Dunbar's grounds, Stillwater, on Beaver River,
in Township number five of Brown's Tract, Lewis County, New
York, these birds reminded me of the European rparrow, in the
numbers in which they flocked around the hotel, and around the
empty cottages in front of the hotel. With the rising sun they
would begin their "cheep," "cheep." They would fly in a flock
to a small tree about eight feet high, near the kitchen, and in such
numbers as literally to fill the branches. Anon, you would see a
whole row of them on a fence between the hotel and the side cabin,
and while sitting there they would allow you, in passing, to ap-
proach so near that one was tempted to touch them with the hand.
At another time you would see a garbage pile covered with them.
They enjoyed sitting on a peak or ridge-pole of a cottage where
the roof on each side slanted up to a meeting line. A favorite
place for some of them was the slender flag-pole; one would sit on
the top, while others seemed to enjoy hanging to the sides of the
pole and looking around at the world beneath.

From Dunbar's three of us made an excursion northward past
the Kettle-hole, near which the sheriff of Lewis County was so badly
frozen last spring, while assisting to stock one of the lakes with
fish, then past SUm Pond, thence to Raven Lake, where we were
hospitably entertained at the camp of Rufus J. Richardson, by the
latter, and his pleasant, agreeable family. I had not been seated
in their camp more than ten minutes before a couple of birds
audaciously swept down and confronted us — cross-bills again,

204 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Near Beaver Lake, Township No. 4, as we were approaching
Fenton's hotel on the customary vehicle, denominated a buck-
board, just above our heads on a tree was a male cross-bill, his red
breast standing out in fine contrast to the green leaves about him.

In a previous article, I have alluded to the manifest fondness of
these birds for salt, and mentioned how, at Otter Lake Tannery,
they would gather in flocks to eat the refuse salt thrown out of the
salt-pork barrels.

I cannot close this article without mentioning certain interest-
ing facts in point given me recently by Mr. Romeyn B. Hough, of
Lowville, Lewis County, New York. He writes as follows :

* * * "The ice-cream freezer to which you refer I saw at
the Forge House (Moose River) a few years ago. Its staves were
made of oak, about one-half or five-eighths of an inch thick, as I
remember it, and were naturally permeated with salt. It had been
standing during the winter previous in a place where the cross-bills
would get at it, and judging from the looks of it, there must have
been a general understanding among them that it was a salt-lick for
all. I was told that they would constantly visit it during the win-
ter in flocks for the salt which they derived from its substance.
They had nibbled and gnawed away at the edge of the freezer
until they had eaten it down in one place five-eighths of an inch,
as nearly as I could judge without measurement. The wood,
probably, in that place was not quite so hard as elsewhere, but the
whole rim showed their gnawing more or less, excepting possibly
in one or two places, where knots occurred, which were altogether
too hard for their beaks. The work looked quite like that done
by mice, only, of course, you could not see teeth marks.

"Another instance illustrative of the craving of cross-bills
for salt has occurred to me, and I will mention it since I am on the
subject:

"'Jimmy O'Kane, the Stillwater Hermit,' who lived years
ago near the banks of the Beaver river, where Dunbar's Hotel is
now, subsisted largely, when other game was difficult to get, on
these birds. He would entice them under a large net by throwing
salt there, and when they had gathered in sufficient numbers, he
would spring it upon the unfortunate victims."

TJie Canada Grouse. 205

THE CANADA GROUSE, Dcndragapus (Elliot) canadensis,
(Linn). SOME REMARKS AS TO ITS SCARCITY,
FEARLESSNESS, ITS HABITAT, AND ITS FEEDING
ON THE TAMARACK, Larix Americana, Michx.

^ Read November x, 1887.

By Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

The home of the Canada Grouse, familiarly known as the
Spruce Partridge, is the forests and swamps of the northern portion
of this Continent. The territory it inhabits includes the northern
portions of the United States from the coast of Maine as far west as
the Rocky Mountains — and in British America as far north as
Alaska. In northern New York, one may travel many a long day
without meeting with a single specimen. The universal verdict of
all the guides and hunters whom I have met is to the effect that it
is a very rare bird.

You will doubtless see a hundred specimens of the ruffed
grouse before you will meet with a single Canada grouse. Baird
states that it inhabits spruce forests'and swamps. I was at Dunbar's
Hotel, in the Adirondack region, on Stillwater, at the junction of
Beaver River and Twitchell Creek, in Lewis County, New York,
on the 31st of Aug., 1887. The day was declining when we heard
several shots, which were supposed by Dunbar's folks to be a
signal to send a boat over after a party coming out from Smith's
Lake, or Muncie's. Not long after the party appeared, and among
them was a Mr. C. N. Chapman, of Marathon, New York. He
had shot a Canada grouse with his revolver. He stated that when
first seen the bird was on a limb above him, that he shot and brought
it to the ground. He did not teil me that he shot it after it fell to
the ground, but from the bullet hole I found in the back of the
bird, I am of the opinion that he gave it its death stroke after it
had come to the earth. He stated that the bird did not appear to
be wild or exhibit fear.

Before leaving Dunbar's, I took a boat and rowed over to
where this partridge was shot. The overflow caused by the erec-
tion of the State dam on the Beaver River environed two sides of
this tract. The locality was damp, gloomy, and wild; gnarled
trunks and dead branches on the ground ; bare dying trees, some
deciduous hardwood trees in leaf, and some evergreens, made up

2o6 Cincinnati Socitty of Natural History.

the foliage. The character of this spot verifies the statement of
the guides that you will usually find this bird in the wildest places
of the forests.

I had the good fortune to secure this bird, and at night while
the hunters were gathered in the meeting room below, in the hotel,
I went upstairs, skinned and dissected it.' I found its stomach and
crop full of leaves, which I showed to James Dunbar and another
party, in the morning. They instantly recognized the leaves to be
• those of the tamarack tree, otherwise known as Hackmatack or
Black Larch. [Larix Aj/icn'cana, Michx.) The tamarack leaves
in the stomach were undergoing digestion.

The grouse was subsequently cooked and a more delicious
bird I have never eaten. Mr. Scudder Todd, of Lyons Falls, and
my son Schuyler and myself ate the bird, and all agreed that it was
a delicious morsel. Sitting at the dining room table adjoining us
was the Rev. Henry R. Lockwood, of Syracuse, with his family.
He is a great sportsman, and has been tor a number of years a
summer occupant of one of Dunbar's cottages at Sallwater. I
happened casually to mention to him that this grouse had been
feeding on tamarack leaves. He immediately inquired whether the
flesh was not bitter. I replied in the negative, and informed him
that on the contrary, we found it very sweet, and savory and
delicious. He expressed surprise and interest at the fact. He re-
marked that it had been supposed that toward the fall this grouse
was compelled for lack of food to eat spruce leaves and the like,
and that then its flesh became bitter and unpalatable and he was
pleased to know to the contrary.

A Home Study in Natural History. 207

A HOME-STUDY IN NATURAL HISTORY.

"FREE TENANTS."

By Dr. Felix L. Oswald.

(Read November i, 1887. See proceedings.)

The Spaniards have a proverb that " no gardener gardens for
himself alone,'" and it is equally true that a considerable nnmber of
unbidden guests come in quest of lodging, as well as of board :
" Man ! all things love thee, near thee love to stay,
To thee they hasten on their God-ward way,"

rhymes old Tauler, who must have heard the ecstatic galloping of
rats after the discovery of a Dutch cheese in a dry, snug pantry ;
and if God's vice-regent did not assert his supremacy by such
belligerent methods his dwellings would often harbor as many free
tenants as that Cingalese cave-temple where Sir Stanford Raffles
found eight varieties of reptiles and six species of quadrupeds, be-
sides birds and cats. No joiner's skill can wholly obviate such in-
truders. They enter through windows and cellar doors, through
broken shingles and even through smoke flues, like the " chimney
sweeper," as our Southern farniers call a variety of swift {Cypsehis
pelagica) that utilizes the crevices of rough-built stone chimneys,
without being at all particular about a bit of sinoke. In school-
houses, used only in wintertime, swallows often build their nests on
the inner walls, and, like the witches of mediaeval folk-lore, use the
chimney as a convenient thoroughfare, unless a broken window
should afford collateral means of access.

Bats introduce themselves to still smaller crannies. About an
hour after sunset my Texas landlord used to light a bonfire for the
benefit of the Brazos river gnats, and in the glare of that con
fiagration I repeatedly watched a pair of spoon-ear bats that
seemed to have their nest somewhere in the rafters of the loft. Af-
ter a ten minutes' raid on the insect population of the night air
they would alight on the tipper edge of the weatherboards, close
under the caves of the roof, and squeeze themselves through a chink
apparently just big enough for a cockroach. In the next minute
the low, piping squeak of their youngsters would be heard from

2o8 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoiy.

somewhere in the rear of the loft, and then all was still. That same
piping could sometimes be heard in the evening twilight, and at
last enabled the landlord's boys to discover and demolish the nest,
though only after a week's still hunt, for the tell-tale squeaks would
cease at the least" noise. But for those who come with less
murderous intents the trouble of the search may repay itself by the
sight of the strange, and really extravagantly uncouth little night-
hags, that seem to represent all the monstrous types of the species
in an exaggerated degree, as in certain kinds of birds, where the
repulsive adult — the ugliest turkey-buzzard, for instance, is a
paragon of beauty, compared with its pot-bellied and goggle-eyed
youngsters.

The natural domicile of the insectivorous bat is in the recesses
of large, hollow trees, but while forest destruction has sadly
decimated the woodbirds of the eastern hemisphere, bats have
survived the work of destruction by taking refuge in caves and
ruins, thus helping nature, by stealth, as it were, to mitigate the
worst results of the mischief, — the over-increase of noxious insects.
In parts of Syria where birds are rarely seen outside of poultry
yards, swarms of bats flutter at night, like guardian-spirits, about
the scanty vestiges of arboreal vegetation, and disappear at sunrise
in tombs and caves— in time to escape the malice of the superstitious
natives. Various kinds of night-birds have been driven to similar
shifts. In the agricultural regions of western Europe the Strix
y7aww^a has become a " barn-owl," sharing the daylight refuge of
rats and mink, for the Germans have a Hans inarder, or " house
marten," a relative of the weasel, and equally fond of poultry, but
withal apt to pay for its lodgings by its ceaseless warfare on
mice and rats. A kindred night-prowler, the Missouri polecat, or
" chicken mink," haunts the barns of our western grain states, and
is still frequent enough in the far Northwest to furnish, under
various synonyrns, a considerable quota of American peltry.

In the South the word " polecat " is often applied to the com-
mon skunk, but the Missouri chicken-thief is neither a mephitis, nor
a true mink, but a half-brother to the ermine and the English stote
or "fitchet. " There are two American varieties, the smaller one
not much bigger than the Canada weasel, the larger a connecting
link between the weasel and the mink proper. It passes the coldest
winter days in a sort of dormouse sleep, and is so fond of a snug
berth that nothing short of a conflagration or a first-class " vermin
dog " will oust it from its dormitory in a weathertight barn, and on

A Home Study in Natural History. 209

many western farms a ^^ dachs-hufid" (badger-hunter), as the Ger-
man call a bandy-legged variety of fox-terrier, is consequently in
frequent request. American hunters might prefer to rely on gun
powder arguments, and a combination method would perhaps be
the best plan, unless it should lead to such unexpected results as
in Reedsville, Wisconsin, where an old backwoodsman undertook
to assist in the demolition of a "mink" that had been traced to
the field-barn of a Scandinavian farmer. The proprietor's country-
men had turned out with orthodox clubs and pitchforks, and one
of their youngsters undertook to test the prowess of the sharp-
shooter, who had taken post outside the barn with his shotgun
ready cocked. As soon as the Dachs gave tongue, Bjornson,
Junior, clambered up to the top of the hay, and after peeping down
through a nook of the caves, shook out his brown fur cap — just for
a second ; but the middle of that second was marked by the crack
of a shotgun and a screech that made the size of that mink a subject
of anxious conjectures. In the absence of chickens the rat-catching
talents of the mink would make it worth while to protect his
tenancy, as his slim shape gives him a decided advantage over all
rivals, with the exception perhaps of the Turkish ferret that will
follow its quarry into the highest penetralia of their burrows.

For similar reasons our next neighbors encourage the visits of
a guest that would frighten a New England goodwife into convul-
sions. A rat-killing blacksnake, both bigger and glossier than its
North-American cousin, and gii'ted with a knack of hunting in the
dark, to judge from its exploits in the loft of a Mexican cabin. With
its steelbright eyes that image of the tempter will glide along a
rafter as noiseless as a shadow, and in pursuit of its prey often ap-
pears in the lower part of the house, darting to and fro like a hound
on the track of a hare. Experience, though, has established the
harmlessness of the culebra to the satisfaction of its patrons, who
will insist that a good rat-snake is more efficient, as well as less ex-
[^ensive, and far cleanlier than the best cat. With a little coaxing
and an occasional spoonful of milk those slippery pets will, indeed,
become so tame that they can be handled like lap-dogs, especially by
members of the family, whom they learn to approach without any
symptoms of fear. If left to its own shift.?, the rat-snake generally
makes its headquarters in the dryest nook of the loft, but is apt to
vanish for weeks together and then reappear so unexpectedly that
the natives associate its comings and goings with all sorts of mystic
fancies. " They won't stay in an unlucky house," an old Mestizo

2IO Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

assured me, "and they have a knowledge of things to come." "I
saw one for the first time in the year after my mother died," he
added in a whisper, and I sometimes think it must be her criado —
her messenger; she wants to send me a warning. A less propitious
familiar, a venomous species of spreading adder, occasionally
enters the human habitations of the American tropics at the risk of
its life, though the Mexicans sometimes tolerate it as a lesser evil,
especially in such outhouses as a banana kiln, where rats have to
be kept down by foul or fair means.

Even the Mephistis chinga, or common sknuk, is apt to share
the roof of God's viceregent by burrowing under the floor of a
convenient country house, without ever molesting his landlord or
even crossing the path of the prowling watch-dog. In case of an
accidental encounter he will try to save himself by any expedient
before resorting to his decisive weapon, evidently disliking to risk
sensational results of that ultima ratio. That disposition to spare
the neighborhood of their headquarters seems, indeed, an almost
universal instinct, even of the lower animals.

My Georgia country-house having stood vacant for two years,
a swarm of hornets had established themselves under the roof of a
rear porch, and seemed at first to resent my intrusion, but in the
course of a week apparently concluded to waive their pre-emption
claims, and ever after kept the peace in spite of manifold persecu-
tions On rainy days one of my pet monkeys makes a rafter of
that porch a favorite roost, and had never got any reason to repent
his confidence in the pacific disposition of the winged community
in the immediate proximity of his perch, though his neighbors be-
longed to that especially aggressive steel-blue variety, which out in
the woods are apt to flaunt their battle-flag on very slight provoca-
tion. One day a mischievous youngster tried to precipitate a con-
flict by flinging a stone against the board directly under the nest.
A formidable posse at once sallied with a buzz that made the mon-
key retreat to the further corner of his perch, but after booming
about for a couple of minutes in a sort of puzzled and reproachful
way, the skirmishers returned to report for further instructions,
and soon after resumed their day's work as if nothing had hap-
pened.

The beef-packers of Northern Mexico are haunted by dogs of
such vile breeds that they frequently associate with the more than
half-wild perros pclones, or prairie curs, that visit the scrap-piles in
cold winters. But neither dogs nor curs ever trouble the poultry-

A Home Study in Natural History. 2ii

yard of the proprietor, nor the drying-yard where jerked beef
hangs about by the thousand pounds in tempting slices. Nay,
dogs and perros promptly combine to defend such property against
the raids of the predatory coyotes, and at first sight of those in-
truders enact a steeple chase too fierce and persistent to be a mere
piece of eye-serving bravado. Business rivalry would partly ex-
plain their zeal, but old Tauler is not altogether wrong. The neigh-
borhood of man for his own sake seems to exert an attractive influ-
ence on some species of animals, as in Burmah, where the woods
abound with wild fruit, and troops of monkeys nevertheless insist
on congregating about the huts of the natives. Religious preju-
dices oblige the peasants to spare such visitors; and, like country-
cousins, the four-handers decline to leave on any but the strongest
hints. They do not sow, neither do they spin, but they obtain a
share in all sorts of farm produce ; they filthy the roof, they ap-
propriate kerchiefs and ribbons; but withal take a sort of family
interest in the welfare of their landlord, for at the approach of a
stranger or a strange dog they break forth in excited grunts, or
even leap from the roof and strut about the door, bristling with
suspicion and pugnacity. Fruit is a drug in the Burmah market,
but where the finer varieties are raised for export, the effrontery of
those long-tailed tenants becomes a fearful nuisance. They will
snatch all they can eat, and at the slightest symptom of protest fly
into a paroxysm of virtuous indignation, like the Franciscan beg-
gar monks of Spain, who were so used to the free lunches of coun-
try taverns that they attempted to raid the restaurant of a North
Spanish railway junction, till the French proprietor bethought him-
self of moderating their appetite by a judicious admixture of
calomel.

The traveler, Burton, tells a good story of a Fanti warrior,
who had been watching a number of imported coolies chopping
cordwood for a British trading-post on the coast of Zanzibar.

"What a waste of trouble!" muttered the chieftain; "why,
with half as many hard licks they could have knocked h — out of
the biggest ligger settlement in the land and helped themselves to
all they need."

With a similar surprise our carnivorous redskins would prob-
ably witness the toil of a starving Hindoo who fails to avail himself
of an ample meat-supply in the next neighborhood of his cottage.
The established prejudice against an attempt on the life of any of
man's fellow-creatures is so strong that an orthodox follower of

2 1 2 Cincinnati Society of Natjiral History.

Brahma will not even kill vermin ; bul besides, various members
of the animal creation are venerated as half-divine, and unfortun-
ately the list of those hereditary saints includes some of the most
mischievous brutes of the Avilderness. At least three species of
monkeys are sacred to the degree of being absolutely inviolate : the
Rhesus, the Bhunder-baboon, 7x.x\^Yi2iX\wvc\7kX\(ySemnopitheciisentellus).
The last named species of demigods are as long-legged as our
Brazilian spider-monkeys, and with a single leap can clear a thorn
hedge of twelve feet, and climb masonry Avith the facility of a
wall spider.

Whole regiments of these lank marauders will quarter them-
selves on a single farm, and appropriate the lion's share of the
produce, unless the farmer should forestall their modesty by gath-
ering his fruits before their season and let them ripen in a closed
drying bin. More violent methods of self-defense would draw
down the implacable vengeance of Brahma, who has taken the
Hanuman under his special protection.

The hunchbacked bull decimates the pastures, and is too holy
to be kicked even if he should invade a truck farm, or leave his
trade-mark on the sidewalk of a decent town. "Oh, my son,
oppress not the poor," Van Orlich heard a Hindoo farmer adjure a
voracious bull. "Come, my child, I will feed thee with honey
if thou wilt follow me." The bull continued to help himself.
"Provoke not the weak," resumed the Hindoo; "Brahma is
just; come, repent in time." The bull never budged, and the
farmer at last summoned two companions. "Oh, my son," they
began again, but at the same time two of them seized the bull's
horns left and right, and thus trotted him, chanting a passage from
the Upanishads, while their assistant enforced the quotation by
hammering a board with a sort of mallet.

A Brahma bull has been known to enter the very house of a
green-truck vender and devour a basketful of turnips while the
children hid the yam-roots in a rear room. A tiger might have
followed his victims even to that last sanctuary, for, unfortunatelv,
he too is madco saccat, "Great God protected," and must under no
circumstances be discouraged by bodily violence. Crocodiles are
so holy that several sects of orthodox Brahmins throw corpses into
the Ganges for the sake of the blest sepulture in the bowels of the
sacred saurians. Swarms of pigeons haunt the rice fields, and are
likewise too holy for direct opposition, and the planter himself
seems to be satisfied with a modest percentage of his harvest; for

A Home Study in Natural History. 2 1 3

the natives have a proverb that " monkey will take what the pigeon
spares," — the stout Rhesus baboon being apt to anticipate the
charity of the public by breaking into a store-room during the
momentary absence of the proprietor.

"Patience is proved by trials," quote the pious natives, and
that reflection might console the settlers of the Southern Allegha-
nies where flying squirrels begin to share the tenure of a woodland
farm. Ordinary precautions are unavailing against the talents of a
marauder that can dig, gnaw and climb, as well as run and fly,
and whose appetite is almost as versatile as his manner of locomo-
tion. The Pteroviys volucella is, indeed, as much of a rat as of a
squirrel, and I have caught one in the act of gnawing the wing-
bones of a stuffed bird. They will gnaw oiled leather, pilfer corn,
peanuts, dried apples, raisins, beans, cheese, bacon and bread.
Like their larger relatives they make storage nests as well as nurs-
eries, often in the very bedroom of their landlord, but their restless
raids make it rather difficult to discover their hiding places; one
may watch them for half an hour and see them enter half a thou-
sand different crannies, as well that concealing their young. Rats
have established' runs, and "can be trapped, but their acrobatic
cousins are nowhere and everywhere, and would be a more unex-
pungable pest than red ants if it were not for their indiscriminate
appetite, while arsenic (arsenious acid) can now be had at fifteen
cents a pound, and half an ounce is enough to clean out a bushel
bag full of the little lunch fiends. The best admixture is cornmeal
stirred with a bit of pot-grease. A California squirrel catcher rec-
ommends nut oil (walnut oil) as an infallible bait, but for domestic
pur|)oses I have found a crushed hickory kernel about equally
effective. Mix the pounded contents of three or four hickory nuts
with a pint of cornmeal, a few drops of dishwater and a pinch of
arsenic; then distribute in teaspoon doses in places beyond the
reach of domestic animals, and await results. Where flying squir-
rels abound they will soon cease to fly, and abound chiefly in the
ash barrel. The first night may be remarkable for their more than
usually obstreperous activity, but the next morning their ex-animate
forms will be found about the floor in strangely life-like attitudes —
petrified, as it were, in the act of racing for the door, and still
bearing an expression of considerable surprise. Strychnine is
more expensive, besides being less available on account of its in-
tensely bitter taste. Felix L. Oswald.

2 1 4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

ZOOLOGICAL MISCELLANY.

CoNDYLURA cristata (Linn.) Desmarest. Star-nosed Mole-
According to Dr. Brayton's list, Vol. IV., [Zoology and Bot-
any] of the Geological Survey of Ohio, two specimens of this species
have been recorded for Ohio, and I do not know that others have
been noted since the date of that publication. So far as I can learn
no one has published the occurrence of this species within Indiana.
Late in October last I recieved a letter from Mr. J. C. Cunning-
ham, of Denver, Ind., saying ^he had a specimen of the Star-nosed
Mole from that vicinity. -Upon further inquiry he kindly sent me
the specimen for examination together with the circumstances of
its capture which are in brief, as follows . " I found the moledeajd
in front of my house where I suppose it had been dropped by a cat.
The date was July 5, 1S87. Place one mile north of Denver. The
specimen is now in the collection of the State Normal School, Terra
Haute, Ind. Amos W. Builer.

Bkookville, Ind., yrt;/?/a'rv 3. 1888.

Notes Conxerning At.binisri Among Birds.

The recent extensive contribution to our knowledge of this
subject by my fiiend, Mr. Geo. L. 'J'oppan, in Bulletin No. 2, of
the Ridgway Orinthological Club, of Chicsgo, apparently leaves
little to be said. As I have had the opj^ortunity oi examining an
example of at least one species having albinistic tendency, not
given by him, I thought a few notes u[)on some species which more
commonly show this peculiarity might be acceptable.

Mcnda viigratoria (Linn.) American Robin.

A specimen in my collec;ion, No. 1453, is of unusual beauty. The
lower parts, tail and back are of nearly normal color. A few white spots
on the breast alone relieve the reddish. About half the primaries,
most of the secondaries and some of the feathers of the wing
coverts are white. The neck is almost encircled by a ring which is
white on the back and drab sprinkled with whitish on the sides.
The crown and sides of the head have perhaps one third of the
feathers white. The specimen as it lies in the cabinet gives but a
poor idea of the beauty of this bird as it appeared among a flock of
perhaps fifty ot its species.

Zoological Miscellany. 215

Pants bicolor (Linn ) Tufted Tidmouse.

In the collection of A. W. Brayton, M. D., Indianapolis, Ind.,
is a Tufted Titmouse which is all white excepting the two middle
tail feathers, the primaries and two or three feathers in the crest.

Sitta caroliiie7isis (Lath.) White-breasted Nuthatch.

In March last I had sent to me by Mr. E. L. Guthrie, Adams,
Ind., a specimen of this bird of the pallescent form of albinism.
It was very pale drab, in some parts almost white. The specimen
is now in the collection of Mr. Forrest West, Greensburg, Ind.

Regulus satrapa (Licht.) Golden-crowned Kinglet.

So far as I am aware no albinos have been reported from the
birds of this genus. A specimen in my collection, No. 3106,
from Raleigh, N. C., has the head, wings and lower parts of the
regulation colors, but the remaining feathers are yellowish-white and
ashy white excepting the tail, the outer vanes of which are broadly
marked with the former color, the remaining parts being of normal
coloration.

Ampelis ccdrorum (Vieill.) Cedar Waxwing.

No. 2154 of my collection is almost pure white. One
secondary in each wing, one feather in the greater coverts of the
left wing, a few spots on the sides of the neck show traces of the
usual color. The belly and tip of the tail shows the usual yellow
tint. The waxen tips of the wing feathers are present. The bill
and feet are very pale.

Passer domestica (Linn.) House Sparrow.

Birds of this species with albinistic tendencies are quite com-
mon. Generally they have part of the plumage decidedly paler
than the usual colors, but occasionally one is found of a creamy
tint over most of the body. As the number of sparrows increases,
so do the pale colored individuals, and sometimes two or three
noticable birds appear in a single flock.

Quiscalus quiscala ccneus (Ridgvv.) Bronzed Grackle.

For several years a Bronzed Grackle having one of the
primaries of its left wing white, appeared in a certain locality near
Brookville. Its conspicuous mark made it the target for many a
gun and doubtless some unlucky hunter caused its death.

2 1 6 CinciiDiati Society of Natia a I History.

Melanerpes erythrocephaliis (Linn.) Red-headed Woodpecker.

Two or three years ago, near Laurel, Ind. , a pair of these
birds reared a brood of five, three of which appeared to be pure
white. On two or three occasions I passed close to their home and
was unable to distinguish any of the bright colors of their
species. Amos W. Butler.

Brookville, Ind., Jofiuary 4, 1888.

Albinos in Cuvier Club Collection.

(No. 215.)
Red Tailed Hawk.
Buteo borealis, (Gmel.)
A fine male from Clinton Co., Ohio, plumage pure clear white
all over. Iris dark-brown.

(No. 838.)
Crow.
Corvus a7nericatnis, (Aud.)
Young, male, pure white. Iris pink. Greene Co., Ohio.

(No. 839.)
Crow.
Corvus amcricanus, (Aud.)
Adult, female, white slightly tinged with buff. Iris dark-
brown. Ky.

(No. 393.)
Wilson's Snipe.
Gallinago delicata, (Ord.)
Buff white. Hamilton Co., Ohio.

(No. 1215.)

Bronzed Grakle.

Quiscalus quiscala cencus, (Ridgw.)

A partial albino of great beauty. Adult. The entire crown,

nape, tail and part of wings pure white, under parts normal color

except that belly feathers are slightly lunulated with silvery white.

Indian Hill, Ohio.

(No. 771.)
Tree Sparrow.
SpizeUa monticola, (Gmel,)
Partial Albino, White with brown patches. Hamilton Co.,
Ohio.

Zoological Miscellany. 21 7

(Nos. 754, 755, 756.)
" Bob White."
Colin us virginianus, (Linn.)
Three partial Albinos. One from Columbus, Ohio, pale buff
with the darker markings of the species sharply im])ressed.

Two from Indiana. Male and female. Nearly white with
all markings very faintly exhibited.

(No. 564.)
Robin.
Merit I a migratoria, (Linn.)
Adult, male. Entire upper parts buff white, breast normally
colored. Indiana.

Chas. Dury.

Cincinnati, January, 188S.

2i8 Cincinnati Society oj Natjiral History.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY FOR THE YEAR END-
ING DECEMBER 31, 1887.
Bv Donation.
Academy of Natural Science. Philadelphia. Through Mr. Wm.
H. Knight.
Act of Incorporation and By Laws.
Annual Report for 1886.

Claims of Academy of Natural Science to Public Eavor.
Basselin, Theo. B.

Second Annnal Report of the Forest Commission of
New York for 1886.
Beechef, Chas. E. Albany. Author.

A Spiral Bivalve Shell from the Waverly Group of
Pennsylvania.
Blymyer, D. W. Cincinnati.

Sorghum Hand Book.
Brinton, D. G., M. D. Philadelphia. Author.

Address before the Section in Anthropology, A. A. A. S.,

1887.
Conception of Love in some American Languages.
Critical Remarks on the Editions of Diego de Landa's

Writings.
Phonetic Elements in the Graphic System of the Mayas

and Mexicans.
Were the Toltecs an Historical Nationality ?
Brown, Chas. M. C.

Bibliography of the Eskimo Language. Jas. C. Pilling.
Perforated Stones from California. Henry W. Henshaw.
The Use of Gold and other Metals among the Ancient
Inhabitants of Chiriqui, Isthmus of Darien.
Bureau of Education. Washington.

Circular of Information on Study of Music in the Pub-
lic Schools.
Carpenter, P. H. Eton College. Author.

Notes on Structure of Crotalocrinus.
Casey, Thos. L. San Francisco. Author.

On some New North American Pselaphidoe.

Additions to the Library. 2ig

Claypole, E. \V. Akron. Author.

Organic Variation Indefinite, not Definite in Direction.
Cooper, E. M.

Proceedings Worcester Society of Antiquity, 1884,
1885.

Record of Court of General Sessions, 1731 to 1737.

Discovery of Mastodon Remains in Northborough,
Worcester Co., Mass.

Randonn Notes on Natural History, Vol. II., No. i.

Science Record, Vol. II., No. 3.

Scientific and Literary Gossip, Vol. I., Nos. 7, 9, 10.

Science News, Vol. 1., Nos. i to 4.

Quarterly Journal of Boston Zoological Society, July,
1883.

Microscoi)ical Bulletin, Vol. I., Nos. 3, 7.

Science, Vol. I., Nos. i, 3, 5, 16; Vol. II., Nos. 25,
29 to 32; Vol. III., Nos. 50, 95. . ,
Dimmock, Geo. Cambridge. Author.

Belostomida; and other Fish-Destroying Bugs.
Dun, Dr. Walter A.

Water Birds of Japan.
Evermann, B. W. Terre Haute. Author.

Description of si.x new Species of Fishes from the Gulf
of Mexico, with Notes on other Species.

Food Fishes of Indiana.

A Revision of the American Species of the Genus
Gerres.

List of Fishes Collected in Harvey and Cowley Coun-
ties, Kan.

Hoosier Naturalist, May, 1887.

Ornithologist and Oologist, June, 1886.
Fithian, H. C. Cincinnati.

Ohio Agricultural Report, 1882-83.
Forbes, S. A. Author.

The Lake as a Microcosm.
Franklin Institute, through Wm. H. Knight.

Anniversary of Franklin Institute.

Catalogue of International Electrical Exhibition.

Constitution and Regulations for Committee on Science
and Arts in Franklin Institute.

Charter and By-Laws of Franklin Institute.

220 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoyy.

Garman, Sam'l. Cambridge Author.

On West Indian Reptiles and Batrachians in the Mu-
seum of Comj)arative Zoology at Cambridge.
Hall, Prof. J. W. Covington.

Naturalists' Directory, 1884.
Ohio Centennial Report.
Holden, Ward A., M. D. City. Author.

On an Instrument for Testing Refraction and its Errors,
the Strength of the Recti Muscles and their Insuf-
ficiency.
James, Davis L. City.

Ohio Agricultural Report, 1873, 1876 to 1878.
Ohio Railway Report, 1874.
Land Office Report, 1876.
Department of Agriculture Report, 1X71.
James, Prof. Jos. F. Oxford, O.

Journal of Science, Dec, 1878, Feb., 1880.

Random Notes on Natural History, Vol. I, Nos. 3, 5 ;

Vol. II., Nos. T, 8.
Conchologists' Exchange, Vol. I., No. 2.
Constitution, etc., of Am. Ass'n for Advancement of

Science, 1883.
Scientific Proceedings of Ohio Mechanics' Institute,

Vol. II., Nos. I, 2.
Science, Vol. II, No. 27.
The Milk Weeds, by Prof. Jos. F. James.
The Western Naturalist, Vol. I., No. 4.
Relation of Animal Motion to Animal Evolution. E.

D. Cope.
Consciousness in Evolution. E. I). Cope.
Langenbeck, Karl. City.

Explorations for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi
River to the Pacific, Vols. II., IV. to X.
Lazenby, Prof. W. R. Columbus.

Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the So-
ciety for the Promotion of Agricultural Science.
President's Inauguration at Iowa State College.
Sixteenth Annual Report of Trustees of Ohio State
University.
Lockwood, Prof. S. Freehold, N. J. Author.
Raising Diatoms in Laboratory.

Additions to the Library. 221

Marcy, Oliver.

Report of the Department of Natural History of North
Western University.
Meridien Scientific Society. Meridien Conn.

Transactions for 1885-86.
Newberry, Prof. J. S. Columbia School of Mines. Author.

Bulletins of Torrey Botanical Club, viz.:

March, 1886, On Flora of the Amboy Clays.
May, 1886, Bauhinia cretacea, N. Sp.
January, 1887, Ancestors of the Tulip Tree.

Earthquakes.

The Ancient Civilizations of America: Their Origin
and Antiquity.

Food and Fiber Plants of the North American Indian.

Memoir of Jared Potter Kirtland.

Uneducated Reason in the Cicada.
Norton, Dr. O. D. City.

Smithsonian Report for 1872.
Publishers.

Scientific American, Supplement.

The Critic.

The Forurn, November, 1887.

American Journal of Psychology, Vol. I , No i.
Putnam, Prof. F. W. Author.

Conventionalism in Ancient American Art.
Secretary of Treasury. Washington.

Report of Commissioner of Navigation for 1886.
Shepherd, Henry A. Author.

Antiquities of the State of Ohio.
Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D. C.

The Republic of Mexico in 1876.
Thumen, Felix, Baron von, Gorz. Austria. Author.

Die Phoma-Krankhiet der Wein-reben.
Towne, Edw. C. Cambridge. Author.

Electriciiy and Life.
VVarner Observatory.

History and Work, Vol. I.
Wolf & Randolph. Philadelphia.

Treasures of the Forest.
Zeletic Society. Surry, Eng.

Chart and Compass, etc.

222 Cincinnati Society of Natural flisioty.

Bv Exchange.
Acadeniia Nacional de Ciencias. Cordoba.

Acte.s, Tomo V., Knt. terrera.

Boletin, Tomo IX., Ent. i, 2, 3.
Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia.

Translations, 1886, Part III.; 1887, Parts I., II.
Albany Institute. Albany.

Translations, Vol. XI.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston.

Proceedings, Vol. XIV.
American Antiquarian. Clinton, Wis. Vol. IX.
American Association for Advancement of Science.

Proceedings, Vol. XXXV.
American Geograj)hical Society. New York.

Bulletin, 1885, Nos. 4, 5; 1886, No. 2.

Vol XIX., Nos. I to 5.
American Journal of Science. New Haven.

Vols. XXXIII. and XXXIV., 1887.
American Monthly Microscopical Journal. Washington.

Vol. VIII., 1887.
American Museum of Natural History. New York.

Annual Report, 1886-87.

Bulletin, Vol. I., No. 8; Vol. II., No. i.
American Naturalist. Philadelphia.

Vol. XXI., 1887.
American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia.

Proceedings, December, 1886; Jan. to June, 1807.
Auk, The. Cambridge. Vol. IV., 1887.
Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

Verhandlungen, Theil 8, Heft I.
Belgique, Societa Royale Malacologique. Brussels.

Annales, Tome XX. and XXI.

Proces Verbaux, Tome XV., Tome XVI., pp. i to 80,
Sraiuts de la Societa.
Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

Mittheilungen, Nos. 1143 to 1 168.
Botanical Gazette, Vol. XII.
Botanical Society. Edinburgh.

Transactions and Proceedings, Vol XVI., Part III.
Botanischen Yerein der Provinz Brandenburg, Verhandlungen.

Vols. 1879 to 1885, complete; 1886, Parts r, 2,

Additions to the Library. , 223

Braunschweig Verein fur Naturwissenschaft.

Jahresbericht, 3, 4-
Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein.

Abhandlungen, Band IX., Heft 4.
California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco.

Bulletin, Vol II., Nos. 6, 7.
California State Mining Bureau. Sacramento.

Annual Report, Sixth, Parts 1,2.
Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Bulletin, Vol. XIII., Nos. 2 to 5.
Canada Geological and Natural History Survey.

New Series. Vol. I., with Maps and Charts.
Canadian Entomologist. London, Ont.

Vols. XVIII., XIX., complete.
Canadian Institute. Toronto.

Proceedings, Vol. lY., fasc. 2; Vol. V., fasc. i.
Canadian Record of Science.

Vol. II,, Nos. 6, 7, 8.
Cassel Verein fur Naturkunde.

Bericht, Nos. 32, 33.
Colorado Scientific Society. Denver.

Transactions, Vol. II., Part 2
Columbus Horticultural Society,

Journal Vol. I, Nos. i to 8.
Comite Geologigue du Russie. St. Petersburg. " ,, , •: . /

Bulletin Vol. V, Nos. 7 to 11.

Vol VI, Nos. I to 7 with supplement.

Memoirs Vol. Ill, No. 2; Vol. IV, No. i.
Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Journal of. New York.

Vol. VIII.
Conchology, Journal of Leeds.

Vol. V, Nos. 4, 5, 6.
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven.

Transactions, Vol. VII, Part I.
Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Natur- und Volkerkunde Ostasiens,

Yokohama. Mittheilungen. Band IV, Seite 245 to

35°-
Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Verein zu Santiago.

Verhandlungen. Heft 3, 4.
Edinburgh Geological Society.

Transactions, Vol. V, parts II, III,
Catalogue of Library.

224 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N. C.

Journal, 1883 to 1887.
Entomologica Americana, Brooklyn.

Vol. II, Nos. 9 to II, Vol. Ill, Nos 2 to 6.
Essex Institute, Salem Mass.

Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, Nos. 7 to 12.
Vol. XIX, Nos. I, 2, 3.
Gardener's Monthly and Horticulturalist.

January to December, 1887.
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Champaign.
Bulletin, Vol. I, Nos. i to 6, index.
Vol. II, Articles 2 to 6.
Vol. Ill, Articles i, 2, 3.
India Geological Survey, Catalogues; Remains of Pleistocene and
Pre historic vertebrata in Indian Museum.
Siwalik Vertebrata, parts i and 2.
Palaeontologica Indica.

Vol. I. Title page and contents.

Series X, Vol. IV, Part I, Siwalik Mammalia, Suple-

ment I.
Series XII, Fossil Flora of Gondwana System, Vol. IV,

Part II.
Series XIII, Salt Range Fossils, Vol. I, Part 6. Re-
cords, Vol. XX, Parts i, 2, 3.
Indiana State Geologist, Indianapolis, Annual Report lor 1886.
L'Institute Royal Geologique de la Suede, Stockholm. Sueriges
Geologiska Undersokning. Series C, Nos. 65, 78 to 91.
Italy: Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio, Rome.
Annali di Agricoltura.
L'Industria dell Alcool e della Vinificazione in Ger-

mania ed in Austria.
Concorso Interna zionale 1885.
Zootecnia, Bovina, Ovina e Suina.
Legislazione sulla Pesca.
Atti della Commissione Incaricata di studiare i Methode

intesi a Combattere la Peronospora della Vite.
Istruzione Practiche per Conoscere e Combattere la Per-

nospora della Vite.
Zootecnia, Equina.

Atti della Com. Consultiva per la Pesca, Sessione Feb-
braio, 1887.

Additions to the Libraiy. 225

I Libri Genealogici del Bestiame Rurale.

Scuole Superior! Agrarie All Estero.

Relazione sulle Stazioni di Prova Agrarie e speciali,

1885.
Atti del Consiglio di Agricoltura.
Insegnaments Agrario Elementare.
Notize e Documenti sulle Minerarie del Regno.
Mostre di Apparecchi Anti crittogamica ed Insetticidi.
Atti della Commissione per le Malattie Degli Animali.
Rivista del Serviziso Mineraris, nel 1885.
Notize Intorno.

I Conti Culturali del Frumento.
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Circulars, Vol. VI, Nos, 55 to 59.
Studies, Vol. Ill, No. 9. Vol. IV, Nos. i, 2.
Kaiser Konig Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Vienna.

Verhandlungen, 1886, Nos. 5 to 18; 1887, Nos. i 108.
Kaiser Konig Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Vienna.

Annalen, Band II, Nos. i, 2, 3.
Kansas Historical Society, Topeka.

Fifth biennial Report of Directors.
Kenmcky Geological Survey, Frankfort.

Report on Elliott Co. Maps of State.
Kiew Societe des Naturalistes.

Memoires, Tome VIII, Nos. i, 2.
Kongl. Vetenkaps Akademiens Forhandlinger, Stockholm.
Ofversigt, Vol. 1886, Nos. 9, 10.
Vol. 1887, Nos, I to 8.
Leipzig Verein fur Erdkunde.

Mittheilungen, 1884, 1885, 1886, Nos. i, 2, 3.
Linnean Society, New South Wales,

Proceedings, Second Series.
Vol. I, Parts 3, 4. Vol. II, Parts i, 2.
Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society.
Pamphlets, June, 1887.
Annual Rej)ort, 1887.
The Chinook Winds. Bowerman.
Mammals of Monitoba. Thompson.
The Souris River. Bryce.
Our Winter Birds. McArthur.
Fate of Thos. Simpson. McArthur,

2 26 Cincinnati Society of Natnrnl Jlistorj.

Footsteps of Time. McCharles

French Element in N. W. Drummond.

Red River Settlement, History. Bell.
Museo Nacional de Mexico.

Anales, Tomo, III., Ent. ii, Tomo IV, Ent. i.
Mycology, Journal of, Manhattan, Kan.

Vol. II, Nos. 9 to 12.

Vol. Ill, complete.
Natural History Society, Glasgow.

Proceedings and Transactions.

Vol. I, Part 3, 1885, 1886. New Series.
Netherland Zoological Society, Leiden.

Tijdschrift, 2nd Serie.

Deel I, Af. 3, 4.
Newport Natural History Society.

Proceedings, 1886-87. Document 5.
New Orleans Academy of Science.

Papers, Vol. I, No. i.
New York Academy of Sciences.

Annals, Vol. Ill, Nos. 11, 12.
Vol. IV, Nos. I, 2.

Transactions, Vol. IV.

Vol. V, Nos. 7, 8.
New York Microscopical Society.

Journal, Vol. II, Nos. 8, 9, ga.
Vol. HI, (Quarterly).
Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Sciences. Halifa.x.

Vol. VI, Part 4.
Oberhessiche Gesellshaft fur Natur- und Heilkunde. Giesen.

Bericht, No. 25.
Ohio Meturological Bureau. Columbus.

Monthly Reports, December, 18S6 to March 1887, June.

Annual Report, 1885, 1886.
Ottawa Field Naturalist's Club.

Transactions, Vol. II, No. 3.

Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. I, Nos. i to 9.
Philosophical Society. Washington.

Bulletin, Vol. IX.
Psyche, Vol. HI, Nos. 103, 104.

Vol. IV, Nos 135 to 137.

Additions to the Library. ^2^

Royal Microscopical Society. London. ' ' ' . • .'

Journal, 1887, Paris i to 6. Index to Vol. VI.
Royal Physical Society. Edinburgh.

Proceedings, Session, 1885, 1886.
Royal Society. New South Wales.

Journal and Proceedings, Vol. XIX, 1885.
School of Mines, Quarterly. New York.

Vol. VIII, Nos. 3, 4. Vol. IX, No. I.
Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.

Annual Report, 1885. : . ■

1886, Part I, Pittsburgh Coal Region.
Part II, Oil and Gas Region.
Smithsonian Institution. Washington.

Miscellaneous Collection, Vols. XXVIII to XXX.

Reports, 1885, Part I.
Sociedad Cientifica " Antonio Alzate." Mexico.

Memorias, Tomo I, Nos. i to 5.
Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural. Mexico.

La Natural eza.

Vol. YII, Parts 16 to 24.

Second Series, Vol. I, Part i.
Societa Africana d'ltalia Naples.

BuUetino, Anno, VI, Fasc I to X.
Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou.

Bulletin, 1886, Nos 2, 3, 4, 1887, Nos. i, 2, 3.
Societe Toscana di Scienza Naturali. Pisa.

Atti della. ■'

Processi Verbale, Vol. V, pp. 118 to 304.

Memorie, Vol. VIII, fasc, i, 2.
Technical Society of the Pacific Coast.

Transactions, Vol. IX, No. i.
Torino Musei di Zoologia, ed Anatoma Comparat i. Turin.

BoUetino, Vol. I, Nos. 16 to 26, with Plates.
Torrey Botanical Club. New York.

Bulletin, Vol. XIV.
Trenton Natural History Society.

Journal, Vol. I, No. 2.
United States Fish Commission.

Bulletin, Vol. VI, Nos. 22 to 30. Index.
Vol. VII, Nos. I to 7.

228 Cmcinnati Society of Natural History.

United States Geological Survey.

Annual Report, 1884, 1885.

Bulletin, Nos. 30 to 33.

Mineral Resources of United States, 1885.

Monographs.

No. X, Dinocerata. Marsh.

No. XI, Geological History of Lake Lahontan. Russell.

No. XII, Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville.
Emmons.
United States National Museum.

Proceedings, Vol. IX, pp. 289 to 714.
Vol. X, pp. I to 448.
United States Naval Observatory.

Astronomical Observations, 1883.
Vasser Brothers Institute. Poughkeepsie.

Transactions, Vol. IV, 1885, 1887.
Yerein fur Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg.

Jahreshefte, 1880 to 1887.
Wagner Free Institute of Science. Philadelphia.

Transactions, Vol. I.
Westfalischen Provinzial Verein fur Wissenschaft und Kunst

Jahresbericht, 1885, 1886.
Zoological Society of Philadelphia.

Annual Report of Directors.

By Purchase.
Astronomical Journal. Vol. VII, Nos. 5 to 2a.
Conchologists Exchange. Vol. II, Nos. i to 5.
Morphology and Biology of the Fungi Mycetozva and Bacteria.
Du Bary.

List of Life and Active Members.

229

ACTIVE AND LIFE MEMBERS OF THE CINCINNATI
SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Life Members.

David Bolles.*
Fred Braun.
Robert Buchanan.''
S. T. Carley.
Robert Clarke.
Julius Dexter.
Chas. Dury.
J. M. Edwards.

Col. James W. Abert.

T. H. Aldrich.

Chas. H. Allen.

Theo. P. Anderson.

S. C. Ayres, M. D.

James Barclay.

Rev Raphael Benjamin.

E. G. Betty. D. D. S.

Miss Anna M. Brown.

Harry W. Brown.

Gustav Bruehl, M. D.

J. H. Buckner, M. D.

M. D. Burke.

Jacob S. Burnet.

W. B. Burnet.

R. M. Byrnes, M. D.

Chas. E. Caldwell, M. D.

E J. Carpenter.

W. B. Carpenter.

A. I. Carson.

Wm. Carson. M. D.

V. T. Chambers.*

J. B. Chickering.*

VV. S. Christopher, M. D.

J. L. Cillcy, M. D.

W. Clendennin, M. D.*

John B. Clunet.*

T. B. Collier.

Wm. Colvin.*

Miss M. C. Collins.

E. S. Comings*

P. S. Conner, M. D.

John Davis, M. D.

W. W. Dawson, M. D.

Walter A. Dun, M. D.*

George W. Eger.

A. N. Ellis, M. D.

Mrs- Thomas Emery.

Andrew Erkenbrecker.*

George Graham.*

George W. Harper.

E. O. Hurd.

Davis L. James.

U. P. James.

Mrs. M. C. Morehead.

John L. Talbot.*

John A. Warder, M. D.*

Active Members.

Mrs. Julius Esselborn.

Charles A. Faber.

Charles T. P. Fennel.

W. C. Fiedeldey.

Miss Elsie Field.

Miss Fannie Field.

Miss Nettie Fillmore.

Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

H. C. Fithian.

Miss Clara B. Fletcher.

M. H. Fletcher, D. I) S.

Miss Amanda Frank.

Miss Laura Frank.

Thos. French, Jr.

Miss Emma Frick.

John R. Froome.

R. S. Fulton.

H. B. Farness.

Alfred Gaither.

Warner Galwav.

D. B. Gamble. "

Miss Mollie Geoghegan.

Wm. Gibson.

Clarence Gilmore.

Charles Goepper.

A. T. Goshorn.

T. L. A. Greve, M. D.

Miss Susan Griffith.

H. Groesbeck.

John W. Hall.

George P, Handy.

I. H. Harris.

L. A. Harris.

A. E. Heigh way, Sr., M. D,

A. E. Heigh way, Jr., M. D.

J. A. Henshall, M. D.

Miss Lily Hollingshead.

W D. Holmes.

Mrs. W. D. Holmes.

*Deceased.

230

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Miss Emily Hopkins.
Miss Louise Horsley.
L. M. Hosea.
A. J. Howe, M. D.

D. W. Huntington.
Geo. S. Huntington.
Frank Hunter, "M. D.
Jos. F. James, M. S.
Mrs. Jos. F. James.
Herbert Jenney.
Mrs. Herbert Jenney.

E. B. Johnston.
John D. Jones, M. D.
Rankin D. Jones.
Omer T. Joslin.

A. T. Keckeler.
T. H. Kelley.
Chas. H. Kellogg.
Wm. H. Knight.
Miss Janet Knox.
Otto Laist.

F. W. Langdon, M. D.
Karl Langenbeck.
Miss Annie Laws.
Miss Elizabeth Laws.
Mrs. Kate P. Leaman.
A. LeBoutillier, M. D.
Nicholas Longworth.
Chas. F. Low.

Miss Katherine Lupton.
Miss Mary Magurk.
J. K. Martin.
W. J. Martin.
J. C. McKenzie, M. D.
Geo. W. McLaughlin.
Chas L. Mills.
Miss Amelia Miner.
John Monteith.
R. B. Moore.®
Warren K. Moorehead.
A. P. Morgan.
Miss Ida Murdoch.
W. H. Mussey, M. D.-
John M. Nickles.
O. D. Norton, M. D.
J. Kelly O'Neall.
Mary E. Osborn, ]\r. D.
Wm. Owens, M. D.
Henry Pearce.*

Geo. Peek.

Mrs. Jas. H. Perkins.

L. M. Petitdidier.

Chas. Phipps.

H. P Piper.

G. W. Pohlman.

Laurence Poland.

L. M. Prince.

H. H. Raschig.

T. A. Reamv, M. D.

H. F. Reum"*

B. Merrill Ricketts, M. D.
Charles Rule.®

Robert Sattler, M. D.

Nelson Sayler.

Theo. W. Scarborough.

Geo. Schneider.

Wm. F. Schultze.

S. S. Scoville, M. D.

J. M. Scudder, M. D.

J. 0. Shiras.

Chas. W. Short.

Rev. J. W. Shorten.

A. C. Siewers.

J. Ralston Skinner.

Sam'l W. Skinner.

A. D. Smith.

George A. Smith*

H. P Smith.

H. W. Stephenson.

John L. Stettinius.

J. Taft, M. D.

W. H. Taylor. M. D.

A. B. Thrasher, M. D.

Jacob Traber.

S. F. Trounstine.

George B. Twitchell.

Geo.F. d'Utassy.

H. H. Vail.

E. W. Walker, M. D.

Reuben H. Warder.

,E. E. Williams, M. D.

Mrs. E. E. Williams.

Harry Woods

C. N. Woodward.
Jcphtha Workum.
S. E. Wright.
John Yoakley.

^Deceasrd.

Index.

231

INDEX,

Volume 10.

Page,

Accipiter cooperi ....... 97

Account of a well drilled at Ox-
ford, O , Jo«. F. James 70

Acrij, gryllus crepitaiu 62, 147

Additiuns to Library 218

Agelacrinus holbiooki U. l^.

James 25

Albinism among Birds 214

Albinos in Cuvier Club Collec-
tion. Chas. Uury 216

Aldrich, T. H., Notes en Ter-
tiary Fossil?, wiih Descr. ptions

of New Species 78

Amblystomidre : . . . . 60

Amblystoma, jeffersonianum. . . . 60
copeaniun, opacum, puncta-

tum, tigerinum 61

American Cross-bill. Wm. H.

Fisher 203

American Elm. Wm. H. Knight. 151

American Robin 214

American Rough-legged Hawk 49

Ampelis cedrorum 215

Amphibia 60

Amplexopora 134, 159

cingulata 174

discoidea 164

robusta 1 74

septosa 180

Amyda mulica. . , 68

Ancistrodon contortrix 66

Anguidce 67

Apu=; 10, 14, 193, 197

Anthropology, Report of Curator

of 93

Aromocbelys odorata 68

Asio accipitrihus 96

wilsonianus 97

Aspidonectes /erox, spinifer 68

Aspidopora 136,159

arcolata 165

parasitica 164

Atactopora 135, 158

septosa 180

Atactoporella 139, 159

newportensis .183

Auditing Committee 57

Bascanion constrictor 65

Batostomn 135, 159

implicata, jumesi . . 176

Batostomella 135. .'59

gracilis i73

Page.
Hirds. F. W. Lancdon, M. D... 98
Bison Intifrons. H. P. Smith... 19

"|]ob White" 217

Botany, Report of Curator of . . . . 92

Botaurus exilis 96

Bronzed Crackle 215, 216

Bubo virginianus 97

Bufo

lentiginosus americanus62,i47
Bullock, Geo., Resigns from Ex.

Board 56

Buteo borealis 216

lineatus 97

Butler, Amos W.,

Notes on Albinism among

Birds 214

On Indiana Amphibia and

Reptiles 147

By-Laws, Amendment to, 57, iii, 116

Callopora 135, 160

andrewsi 178

nodidosa 183

ramosa . . .181

sigillaroidea 1 74

sub-plana 175

Calloporella 135

harrisi 166

Canada Grouse 205

Carphophis

amcenus, helen^e 63

Catalogue of the Mammals,
Bird-;, etc., in the Collection of
the Cincinnati Society of Nat-
ural History 34

Batrachia 35

Pisces 36

Reptilia 34

Caudisona tergemina 67

Cedar Waxwing 215

Ceramopora 137

Ceramoporella 138, 159

Cerilhium vinctum 80

Chsetetes.

approximatus .182

biiareus 172

cnlyc'da 167

cincinnatiensis 170

dalii .181, 182

delicntiilus i73

dscoideus 164

elegans 165

filiasa 162

!32

Index.

Chastetes

fletchpri i8o

gracilis 173

implicatus 176

irregularis 163

jamesi 176

meehi 174

minutus 173

newberryi 164

nodulosus 182

o'nealli . . . .• 174

petropolitnnus . 169

pidehelliis 178

quadratus 176

ramosus iSt

rhombicus 176

rugosiis 182

sigiUar aides 174

siibglobosus 161

subpulchella 181

turbinatum 161

undiihita 161

varians - ... 177

Cheiloporella 138, 159

Chelopus guttatus 69

Chelydra, serpentina .... ..... 68

Chondrotus microstomus 60

Chorophilus triseriatus 62

Chrysemys marginata, picta .... 69

Cinosternida.' 68

Cistudo Carolina 69

Colinus virginianus 217

Coluber emoryi 64

ColubndcX 63

Compsoplema trinodosa.. . 79

Conchology, Report of Curator

of 94

Condylura cristata 214

Constellaria 159,160

Cooper's Hawk 97

Corticum 198

alljido carneum 200

amorphum 199

Aubeiianum 199

cseruleum 2co

calceum 200

cinereum 201

comedens 201

confluens 201

filamenentosum 199

incarnatum 201

lacteum 199

molle . 201

ochraceum 20c

oli varcens 200

portentosum 201

puberum 200

radiosum 199

subgiganteum 200

Pape-

Craterellus ,>.... 188

cantharellus 189

cornucopioides 189

lateritius 189

hUescens 188

Crotalidse 66

Crotalus horridus 67

Crow 216

Cryptobranchida: 60

Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis . 60

Curators, Election of 55

Reports of, on :

Anthropology 93

Botany 92

Conchology 94

Entomology 93

Geology •. ..91

Microscopy 94

Osteology 93

Zoology 93

Curtis, Geo. II. On Volcanic

Dust 3

Custodian, Report of. 85

Cyclophis vernalis , . , 64

Cyphella 201

galeata.griseo pallida, pezi-

zoides 202

Dekayella 136

obscura, ulrichi 180

Dekayia 136, 159, 160

Desmogiiathus fusca 62

Diadophis punctalus ... 64

Didyniopoia -.137

Diemyctylus viridesceus 62

Diplotrypa 158

iiifida 169

Discotrypa 137, 159

eicgans 165

Donations 2, 6, 54, 56, 57,

112, H7, 152, 154 156.

Dosinia mercenaroidea 82

Dun, Dr. Waller A. Resoiulions

on 155

Dury, Chas.

Albinos in Cuvier Club

Collection 2l6

European Caip 149

Migration of Nipht Hawks. 148
Orniihologic.il Notes.. .. 96

Election, Annual ^4

Emys meleagns 69

Entomology. Report of Curator

of 93

Eridopora 138

Eumeces fascialus .... 67

European Carp 149

Eufcenia, faireyi, radix, siitalis,
ordinata, sirtalis parietalis, sir-
talis sirtalis, saureta 65

Index:

233

Pag:e.

Farancia abacura 63

Fisher, Wm. Hubbell.

American Cross-bill 203

Canada Grouse 205

Zoological Miscellany 49

Fistulipora 137, 159, 160

lens 166

Fort Ancient, Resolutions con-
cerning .... . 6

Free Tenants. F. L. Oswald. . . .207

Fusus tortilis 80

Gall in ago deli cat a 216

Geology, Report of Curator of. . 91

Golden Crowned Kinglet 215

Grandiniamucida 17

Hay, O. P.

Preliminary Catalogue of
the Amphibia and Rep-

tilia of Indiana 59

Helminthopila celata ... 96

Hemidactylium scutatum 61

Hemingray Well, Data regarding,

Dr. W. A. Dun 2

Heterodon

platyrhinus platyrhinus,
platyrhinus niger, simus

simus 66

Heterotrypa .. ic,9

subpulcliella 181

Himantia 199

Homotrypa 138,159

House Sparrow 215

Hydnei 7

Hydnum.

adustum 9

alboviridte 12

alutaceum 13

byssinum 12

casearium 11

cirrhatum 10

coralloides 9

diffractum 8

erinaceus 9

fallax 13

farinaceum 14

flibelli forme 11

fusco-atrum 13

glabrescens 10

infundibulum .... 8

ischnodes 13

lacticolor 15

rr.ucidum 13

nudum 14

nys^ce 13

ochraceus 11

ohiense 12

pithypohilum 12

pulcherrimum . . 10

■ repandutn ............;. . 8

Pag#.

Hydnum.

septentrionale 10

stratosum 9

subtile 14

u d u ni 12

xanthum 11

zonatum 8

Hyla pickeringii 62

versicolor . 62, 147

Hymenochoete 197

cinerascens 197

corrugata 198

curtisii 197

insularis 198

purpurea 198

rubiginosa 197

spreta 198

umbrina 198

Hymenomycetes 7, 188

Hvpochnus 201

Iguanida; 67

Irpex

einnamomeoiis 15

crassus 14

fuscescens 15

lacteus 15

lacticolor 15

obliquus 15

tulipiferos 15

James, Jos. F.

Account of a Well Drilled
for Oil or Gas at Oxford,
O., May and June, 1887.. 70

James, U. P. and Jos. F.

On the Monticuliporoid
Corals of the Cincinnati
Group, with a Critical
Revision of the Species.

118, 154

James, U. P.

Agelacrinus holbrooki .... 25

Kneiffia

candidissima 18

Knight, Wm. H.

American Elm. 151

Resignation as Secretary.. 117
Lacertilia 67

Lachnocladium

merismatoides 193

Micheneri. 192

semivestitum 193

Least Bittern 96

Lecture Committee,

Announcement by 156

Leioclema 135

Leiostroma .' . 200

Leptotrypa . . .138, 159

discoidea 164

234

Index.

• Page.

Librarian, Election of 54

Report of. 95

Lichenalia calycula 167

List of Members of Society 229

Lomatia 199

Long Eared Owl 97

Lyceum of Natural History.

Report on 142

Macrochelys lacertina 68

Malacoclemmys geographicus, le-

sueurii . 69

Mathilda claibornensis 83

Megascops asio 97

Melanerpes erythrocephalus 216

Members of Society 229

Member deceased.

Dun, Dr. Walter A 155

Members elected.
Active.

Betty, E. G in

Carpenter, Wm. B 57

Clark, Jerome R 53

Collins, Dr. S. H 55

Ellis, A. N., M. D 151

Emery, Mrs. Thos 53

Esselborn, Mrs. Pauline . . 153

Fenne-l, Chas. T. P ill

P'itzhugh, Thornton 156

Fulton, R. S 53

Gamble, D. B 53

Gray, W. F 53

Ciieve, Chas. F 53

Griffith, Miss Susan 55

Harrison, Chas 2

Holmes, W. D 53

Holmes, Mrs. W. D 53

Horseley, Miss Louise. ... il i
Hyndman, Jas. G., M. D..11I
Jenney, Mrs. Herbert.... 53

Joslyn, Omar T in

Kebler, Ciias. A 5

Kebler, Mrs. Chas. A 5

Martin, I. K 53

McCorm'ick, H. L., M. D. S3

Merrill, Miss Amelia 156

Monteith, John in

Moorehead, Warren K . . . . i n

Mosier, E. Y 53

Phipps, Chas. A 2

Reamy, T. A., M. D ni

Snodgrass, J. M. F 151

Stewart, Miss Louise,. '.II I

Wilder, W. PL, M. D 5

Woods, Miss Belle Ill

Corresponding.

Hay, (). r S3

Leighton, W. R 153

Peet, Rev. Stephen D.. .. 53

Page.
Honorary.

Claypole, Prof. E. W 53

Gest, Erasmus .... 55

Jones, N. E., ^L D 55

Newberry, Prof. J. S 153

Merisma 9

Merula migratoria 217

Mesopus 8

Microscopy, Report of Curator

of 94

Mitra biconica 80

haleanus 83

Monoptygma leai 8d

Monotrypa.

filiasa

irregularis

subglobosa

undulata

Monotrypella 134,

nsqualis

briareus

quadrata

sub-quadrata

Monticulipora

andrewsi

briarea

calycula. .

cincinnatieniis

c rciilaris

c )mmunis

consimilis

delicatula

discoidea

eccentrica.

clegans

falesi

filia=a

gracilis

iinplic 'ta . .

irregularis

jamtsi

kentuckensis

lens

meeki

newberryi

newportenfis

nodulosa

ohiensis

o'nealli

petasiformis

var welchi

ramosa

var dalii

rugosa

selwynii

septosa ,

subpulchella

turbinata

S8
62

63
61
61

59
78
72

77
77

78
72
67
70
66

75
70
73
63
67
65
68
62

73
76

63
76
80
65
74
64

83
82

83
74
68
69
Si
82
82
69
80
81
61

Index.

235

Page.
Monticulipora

ulriclu 179

undulata 161

varians 177

whiteavesii. . 169

whitfieldi 178

wortheni ...184

Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cin-
cinnati Group, with a Critical
Revision of the Species. U.
P. James, Jos. F. James. . 1 18, 158

Monticuliporidse 133, 139, 158

Mycologic Flora of the Miami
Valley. A. P. Morgan,... 7, 188

Nebulipora 136, 158

lens 166

Necturus maculatus 60

Night Hawks, Migration of,

Chas-. Dury 148

Norton, O. D., M. D., elected to

Executive Board 1 1 1

Odontia fimbriata , 17

hydnoidea 18

Officers, election of, 1:4

Reports of, 84

Oligosoma laterale 67

O'Neal', J. Kelly, Resolutions

on Fort Ancient, 6

Ophibolus, doliatus doliatus, do-
liatus triangulares, getulus get-

ulus, getulus iiiger 64

Orange Crowned Warliler . 96

Ornithological Notes, Chas. Dury 96
0.-^te( logy, Report of Curator of. 03

Ostrea pandilormis 79

Ostrich 97

Oiwald, Felix

Free Tenants 207

Parus bicolor 215

Passer dumeslica 215

Peronopora 158

Petigopora 136, 159

Phlebia merismoides 17

pileata, 16, radiata, 17

Phylophilophis restivus 64

Physa choctavensis . . 83

elungatoidea 83

Pisania claihornensis 79

Planaria nitens 7^

Plethodon erythronotus, glutino-

sus 61

Pleuropus 9

Prasoporn.

ealyeula 167

covoidea 169

eontigua 164

nodosa 170

simuUtrix . , , . , 169

Page.

Preliminary Catalogue of the Am-
phibia and Reptiiia of Indiana,
O. P. Hay 59

Proceedings, i, 2, 3, 53, 54, in, 151

153,. 154

Proteidx • 60

I'seudohra elliptica 80

Pseudemys hieroglyphica 68

Quiscalus quiscala reneus .215, 216
Radulum, molare, orbiculare,pal-

1 dum 16

Raiiella macliirii 79

Rana, areolata circulosa, catesbti-
ana, clamata, palustris, sylva-

tica 63

Red-headed Woodpecker 2l6

Red shouldered Hawk 97

Red tailed Hawk 49

Kegulus satrapa. 215

Relative Size of Red Hlood Cor-
puscle and Brain. B. M. Rick-

etts ... 27

Reports of Officers

Custodian 85

Secretary 84

Treasurer 84

Reptiiia 63, 48

Resupinali 11, 15, 198

Rickelt?, B. Merrill, M. D. The
Relative Size of Red Blood

Corpuscle aul Brain 27

Robin 217

Roslellaria whitfieldi 81

Salaniancirida; 61

Sceloporus undulatus 67

Scincidx 67

Screed) Owl 97

Short cared Owl 96

Sigareius (Sigaticus) clarkeanus. 83

Siien lacerlina 60

Sitta carolineni-i-; 215

Smith, II. P., Biscn latifrons 19

Snow Bunting i> 49

Some Sponges of the Ohio River.

Geo. B. Twitchell 185

Spaliopora 137, 159

Spelerpes bilineatus, longicaudus

61, 147

Spizella Monticola 2l6

Stellipora 137

Stereum

■ albobadium 19S

bicolor 195

candidum 196

disciforme 196

fru>tulosum 196

hirsutum 194

ochraceoflavum 195

purpureum 194

236

Index.

Page.

Steieum.

radians I94

rugosiiisculiim 193

sericeum 195

spadiceum 194

subplicalum 196

versicolor . . . ^ 193

Storeria dekayi, occipitomacu-
lata 65

Testudinata 68

Thelephora.

albido-bninnea 191

anthocepiiala 190

cristata 191

ciUicularis 191

filamentosa 190

Micheneri 191

multipartita 190

jiallida 19 »

palmata 19^^

pteruloides I9'i

radiata 189

schweinitzii 191

Page.

Tlielephora.

sebacea 192

spiciilosa 192

tephroleuca 189

Thelephorei 188

Tree Sparrow 216

Trionychidx 68

Tropidocloniom kirllandi 66

Troindonotus fasciatus, lebeiis,

rhombifer, sipedon sipedon.. 66

Tufted Titmouse 215

Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) trigem-

mata 78

Turritella eurynome 81

Twitchell, Geo. B., Some Sponges

of the Ohio River 185

Veluteria expansa 81

Viiginea elegans 63

White breasted Nuthatch 215

Wilson's Snipe 216

Zoological Miscellany. . .49, 147,214
Zoology, Report of Curator of,.. 93

THE

JOURNAL

CINCINNATI

r

ifi

J]

U

I

Volume XI.

JANUARY, 18SO.

Publishing Corninittee.

GEO. W. HARPER, O. D. NORTON,

H. P. SMITH, J. A. HENSHALL,

DAVIS L. JAMES.

Published by

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

No. 108 Broadway.

CONTENTS, VOL. XI.

Proceedings, . . ..... , i, 63, 107

On the Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group, with

a critical revision of the Species. By U. P. James and

Joseph F. James (concluded), . . . . . 15

Report of the Executive Board, April, 1888, . . .48

In Memoriam. W. A. Dun, . . . . . -55

Drift, considered as a Source of Water Supply. By M. D.

Burke, . . ^ 69

Contributions to the Ichthyology of Ohio. Dr. J. A. Henshall,

76, 122
On some Peculiarities of the Ova of Fishes. By Dr. James

A. Henshall, 81

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio, Hymeno-

mycetes (concluded). By A. P. Morgan, ... 86

An Ancient Channel of the Ohio River at Cincinnati. By

Prof. Joseph F. James, .....•• 96
The Ivorydale Well in Mill Creek Valley. By Prof. Joseph

F. James, . . . . . . . • 102

Treasurer's Report, i887-'88, 105

Report on the Museum. By H. P. Smith, . . . m

Big Guns. By Col. J. W. Abert, 127

Distribution of Vernonia in the United States. By Prof.

Joseph F. James, ....... 136

North American Fungi. The Phalloideae, By A. P. Morgan, 141

Riverside Skull. By A. J. Howe, 150

Additions to Library, . . . . . • ■ -155

Index, ' . . . . 167

THE JOURNAL

OF THK

Qncinnati Society of Natural Hi^^^O'-

VOL. XI. CINCINNATI, APRIL, 1888. No.

PROCEEDINGS.

Business Meeti'nc,, /<v/!f(ir\yd, 1888.

President Skinner in the chair.

Minutes of October business meeting were read and approved.

Mr. James A. CoHins and Dr. Geo. E. Walton were elected
members.

The minutes of the Executive Board were read.

Members were proposed as follows: John Pfaff, Henry
Peachey, Jr., Dr. O. L. Cameron, Dr.' Theo. Poller, Wm. Hoch-
stetter.

The resignation of Judge M. F. Force was read, received and
accepted.

A communication relative to tlie disbanding ot the Cincinnati
Chapter of the Agassiz Association, which had held its meetings in
the rooms of the Society, was read.

Dr. B. M. Ricketts then read the memorial of Dr. W. xA.
Dun, prepared by his committee :

OBITUARY.
Dr. Walter A. Dun.
Past-President, Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
An investigator of Nature has fulfilled its laws, a student of
Science has solved its highest problem, for Walter A. Dun rests
from his terrestrial labors. Young in years, but mature in wisdom;
of erudition, yet unpretentious; respected by all, and to all respect-
ful; an incessant worker, brilliant and enthusiastic; frank, open-
hearted, humane and sympathetic, his death is a sorrow to all who
knew him, and a serious loss to our Society.

2 Cincinnati Society of Natwal History.

Walter A. Dun w.is hjxn al London, Madison County, O.,
in 1H57. He entered the Ohio State University at the age of six-
teen, and in 1878 graduated as Bachelor of Science. He then
entered Miami Medical College, Cincinnati, and completed a most
successful course by winning the prize awarded by the Faculty to
the head of tile graduating class. Dr. Dun then went to England,
and after further study and practice in the London hospitals, passed
the eximination for Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians,
and Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1883 he re-
turned to Cincinnati to practice his profession, and by merit and
hard work, by genius and indefatigable industry, by amiability
and good judgment, he ro.se in the community and succeeded
in his profession in a manner almost marvelous. He bei ame
Professor of Miami Medical College, Lecturer ot the University of
Cincinnati, Physician to the Episcopal Hospital for Invalid Chil-
dren, a contributor to scientific publications, President of the Cin-
cinnati Society of Natural History, Member of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, of the American
Medical Association, of the Ohio State Medical Society, of ihe
Cincinnati Medical Society, and of numerous clubs and lodges-
After a brief attack of meningitis, he died October 7, 1887, aged
30 years.

Thus in the midst of his usefulness, at the commencement of
a promising career, a good and noble man has been cut off by the
grim reaper — Death. To the bereaved family of the departed the
Cincinnati Society of Natural History offers its condolence; and to
the memory of Walter A. Dui it places on record this tribute of
estimation and affection. B. Merrili, Ricketts.

A. E. Heighwav, Jr.
Raphael Benjamin, M. A.

On motion of Dr. A. E. Heighway, Jr., seconded by Dr.
Ricketts, Rev. Raphael Benjamin was elected to fill the vacancy
in the Executive Board created by the death of Walter A Dun.

Dr. Heighway, Sen., Chairman of the Auduh )n Monument
Fund Committee of the Society, rendered a partial report, to the
effect that no funds had as yet been raised beyond five dollars,
contributed by himself It was ordered that the committee be
continued.

Dr. C. E. Caldwell read a i)aper on the Present Status of our
Knowledge of the Causal Relation of Micrcscopic Organisms to
Disease.

Proceedings of the Society. 3

He opened by defining in a general way the nature of the
state ('f disease in a hving organism, and emphasized the diseases
of environment. The discovery of the miscroscope, and its effi-
cient use in the hands of Luewenhoek, MuUer, Schwam, and de
la Tour, extended the study of environment into wider fields, and
place it on a more scientific basis.

Nageli and others established the vegetable nature of many of
the organisms thus revealed by the microscope, and Cohn made a
classification of them according to form.

This latter system was opposed by Billroth and others, and a
final classification according to function was made by DeBary.

The bold theories ot Haller and other tyros gave the subject a
b.ickset until the practical achievement of Lister revived confidence.

The Doctor stated that he expected to continue the paper at a
future meeting.

The following paper by Prof. Jos. F. James, of Miami Uni-
versity, was read :

REMARKS ON THE JOURNAL OF THE CINCINNATI
SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

By Joseph F James, M. ^., Miami University, Oxford, O.

In arranging the Index to the first ten volumes of the Journal
of this Society, certain points were manifest which I venture to
think may be of interest to the members.

As long ago as January, 1876, was published No. i of the
Proceedings of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. This
was the only number ever published, and it contains a tinted litho-
graphic plate with figures of five new species of shells, by Prof.
A. G. VVetherby. This was more than two years before the first
number of the Journal was issued, that bearing the date of April,
1878. The prospectus, as printed on the first page of the Journal,
defines the object to be to "contain a full report of the Proceed-
ings of the Society, all valuable papers read before or prepared for
it, critical notices of scientific books and publications, etc." Fur-
ther, it was decided to illustrate all new species described, either
by woodcut, lithographic plates, or such other methods as may
ajipear bist adapted to the character of the object to be illustrated.
How far these promises were carried out, and how the original

4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

design of the Journal was for a lime perverted, remains to slnnv.

As a record of tiie Proceedings of the Society, the Joirnai,
is, in the early volumes, not reliable. Let us glanie at this a mo-
ment and see. In the fust numljer of the fir.>t volume we find a
list of the officers from the organization of the Society, covering
two pages; and then a history of the Society from its organization
in 1870 to February 1878, occupies eight ]xiges. In the second
number less than four pages are devoted to the Proceedings for
April, May and June. In the third number the Proceedings for
three months fill one page, while in the fourth number only two
pages are given up to them. What fills the other 175 pages of the
volume? They are taken up with articles, the most of which were
never read before the Society, and the first knowledge of the exist-
ence of which the members received through the Journal. With
the other volumes, down to the close of Volume VII, it was nearly
the same. Sometimes two pages, sometimes four, seldom more,
and sometimes none at all were devoted to the Proceedings for the
three months preceding the issue. I'he articles which filled the
pages were prepared "for" the Journal, but were not "read be-
fore" the Society. The close of Volume VII, however, saw a
change introduced, and since then no paper has been ])ublished
which has not either been read before the Society in full, by ab-
stract or by title. The last three volumes of the Journal may,
therefore, be regarded as being really a record of the Proceedings.

Another part of the original programme of the Journal was
more fully carried out. This was the illustration of new species
described. Plates were most profusely furnished, and since the
first volume, which had six, none have appeared with less than
four, except Volume X, which had but two. The majority of these
plates are lithographs. Adding all U]), we find in the ten volumes
eighty full-page plates. What, now, was the character of these?
They indicate the work which the Journal has been most con-
cerned with. Of the total number of eighty no less than
sixty-three were devoted to fossils ; eight illustrated plants; seven,
anthropology; one, birds, and one, animals. The sixty-three
plates represent many new species of fossils, though in some cases
old species are figured or the new ones are shown in several ways.

A very large number of the articles are concerned with the
Natural History of Cincinnati and its vicinity, and by a careful
study of the pages of the Journal it would be possible to get an
excellent idea of the jjlants, beetles, butterflies, birds, mammals,

Proceedings of tJte Society. 5

and fossils of our vicinity. It would now be a wise idea to have
these various catalogues revised, corrected and reprinted, with
notes, or indeed, if possible, with descriptions, and have them
bound together, as a contribution to science by the Society. This
would provide students with a guide to the study of the natural
history of the locality, which they could not get in any other way,
and which they could get now only by long years of patient col-
lection and study.

The value of a Journal of a Natural History S(jciely consists
in its local work. In future years it will be quoted as an authority,
and while it is well to occasionally admit articles forei-n to the
locality when of e.xceptional meiit, I would question the advisabil-
ity of extending researches over the whole earth. Every year
shows some new field which is waiting to be explored, or some old
one which needs to be revised. And although much has been
done here, more remains. We have no list of fishes, of reptiles,
of shells, of neuroptera, diptera, hymenoptera, orthoptera, ol
sponges, of alga;, mosses or lichens. Our knowledge of many
groups of fossils is so scattered as to be almost inaccessible; and
though I hdve endeavored to supjjly to some extent the need, much
still remains.

One of the features which has been noticed in the early volumes
of the Journal is the lack of an Index. The first volume con-
tains 194 pages, but the Index occupies less than one page, and
contains exactly thirty lines I In none of the other volumes up to
VI, does the Index occupy more than two pages, double column,
but VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X have full indices. It is hoped and
believed that the Index of the ten volumes supplied to volume X,
may meet a long felt want, making as it does the contents of all
the volumes accessible to the student.

There are but few papers in the Journal which are not com-
plete, although some of them extend over many numbers. The
paper in the first number entitled "Contributions to Palaeontology,
by S. A. Miller and C. B. Dyer," was continued by a second ])art,
issued separately, and never appearing in the Journal. Thus
it is difficult of access, and is generally quoted as " M. & D. Contri.
to Palae., Part 2," whereas Part i is quoted from "Jour. Cin. Soc.
Nat. Hist., Vol. I." The article by Mr. E. O. Ulrich on "Amer-
ican Palieozoic Bryozoa " extended through volumes V, VI and
part of VII, but was never finished. Where the conclusion can be
found, if indeed it has ever appeared, I am not able to say. A

6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

third article on the " Mycologic Flora of the Miami \'alley," by
Mr. A. P. Morgan, has also been continued through several vol-
umes, generally with one or two installments a year, but its author
is still at work. These three are the only articles which have re-
mained so far unfinished.

The Journal as whole may be taken as re[)resenting fairly the
amount of scientific work done in this locality during the past ten
years. And though Cincinnati has never laid claim to being a
scientific center, the showing is not a bad one. One thing is to be
noted. Many of the contributors to the early numbers of the
Journal, indeed, 1 may say nearly all of them, have dropped
away. Some are dead; more seem to have ceased their labors, or
if they still continue, find places of publication elsewhere. Their
place has been taken by another set of workers, who are, generally
speaking, engaged in other branches besides that of describing new
species of fossils.

Mr. D. L. James stated on behalf of the Publishing Commit-
tee that Prof. James' offer to index the first ten volumes of the
Journal had been accepted by the Committee, and the work nad
already begun.

Another communication by Prof James was then read, as
follows :

To the President and Alenibers of the Ciueinnati Society of Natural

History :
Sir, Ladies and Gentlemen:

The suggestion embodied in a paragrajjh of my remarks on
the Journal of this Society has since seemed to me worthy of
further elaboration, and I beg to call attention to it for another
purpose. I refer to the remarks relative to reprinting the catalogues
of birds, plants, etc., of this locality which have at times apjieaied
in the Journal.

We have lately lost one of our former presidents, and in him
one of the most active and enthusiastic members of the Society.
It seems to me that a memorial to the late Dr. Walter A. Dun
would be the proper thing for the Society to publish, and 1 wc uld
suggest the following as matter for the memorial volume :

Let it contain a portrait and a sketch of his lile. Let there
then follow in regular order catalogues of the fossils, plants, birds,
mammals, shells, etc., etc., found in the vicinity of our city, ac-
companied by notes, or, better still, by short descriptions of the

Proceedings of the Society. ' 7

genera, and if possible the species. And let such other matter be
added as will give an ade(iuate idea of the scientific treasvnes of
our neighborhood. We should thus have an epitome of the natu-
ral history of our city and its vicinity, which would l)c not only a
monument to the memory of Dr. Dun, and one which he would
have appreciated, but a work of vast usefulness.

Let me illustrate why this last would be the case. Suppose a
young person desirous of studying the fossils so numerous in our
neighborhood, and also desirous of identifying his specimens as he
finds them. In the present state of palaeontology he is comi)clled
to seek the large libraries of the city, if he lives there, or of his
friends, if he has any. The volumes necessary to consult are beyond
the reach of the majority, as they are so numerous as to compel
one to spend a small fortune for them. It is the same with other
branches. Take, for instance, beetles or butterflies. What book
is there for a young student to turn to? With one exception, none
whatever. So that he is compelled to stagger along under enor-
mous difficulties, carrying his specimens to the collections ot his
friends, and often even then receiving no definite satisfaction for
his pains. With birds, animals and plants it is a little different.
Here, it is true, we have manuals, but even in these cases a con-
densed manual would narrow tiie labor down to such a point that
it would become a pleasure instead of a task.

Such a memorial volume as I suggest, could be published by
subscription of the very numerous friends of Dr. Dun, under the
sanction of the Society. The latter, in the event of not enough
money being collected, agreeing to bear the balance of the expense.
As an earnest of my desire to see this project carried out, I will
subscribe $5 to head the list — the ability and not will is the only
limit to the amount of the subscription.

Respectfully, Joseph F. James, M. S.

Miami Univesity, Oxford, O.

It was ordered that the consideration of publishing a memo-
rial volume, as suggested in the commuication, be left to a com-
mittee.

The Chair appointed Messrs. Dury, Fisher and Knight, com-
mittee.

Mr. Dury read some extracts from a letter from Mr. William
Doherty, now traveling and coUeciing in Borneo.

(S Cincinnati Sociciy of Natitial Ui story.

The President, Mr. Skinner, donated to the Society a (:o[)y of
Audubon's l>irds of America, on condition of its being properly
displayed and cared for.

Dr. Heighway, Sen., discussed the peculiarities of certain ( rania
exhibited on the table.

Adjourned.

Donations received during the pre\i()us month were as fol-
lows :

From B. W. Evermann, Terre Haute, Ind., Tamphlets, viz:
Hoosier Naturalist, May, 1887; Food Fishes of Indiana ; List of
Fishes collected in Harvey and Cowley Counties, Kansas; Descrip-
tion of Six New Species of Fishes from the Culf of Mexico; A Revi-
sion of the American Species of the Genus Cerres ; Ornithologist
and Oologist, June, 1886. From Seceretary of the Treasury, Wash-
ington: Report of Commissioner of Navigation for t8S6. From
Smithsonian Institution: Pamphlet, Repul)lic of Mexico in 1876.
From Samuel (iarman, Cambridge, Pamphlet, On West Indian
Reptiles and Batrachians. From A. J. Fvans, City, Ray Fish.
From Dr. A. E. Heighway, Jr., S|)ecimens of Talc. From Tenn-
essee State Board of Health, Bulletins.

Adjourned.

SciKNTiFic Meeting, February "fth, 1888.

President Skinner in the Chair. Mr. H. P. Smith, Secretary,
pro tcni.

Mr. Skinner opened the meeting witli remarks on the death of
Dr. A E. Heighway, Sen., and upon his work for the Society,
closing with the suggestion for the appointment of a Con^mittee to
prepare a memorial in tribute to his memory.

Remarks were made by Mr. Dury and Col. A. W. Abert.

Dr. W. W. Dawson, Dr. R. M. Byrnes and Wm. H. Knight
were appointed a committee to draft the memorial.

The following gentlemen were elected to active membership :
Messrs. John Pfaff, Henry Peachy, Jr., Wm. Hochstetler, Dr. O.
L. Cameron, Dr. Theo. Potter.

The following named persons were ])roposed for membersh'p
Dr. Geo. B. Orr, Dr. Konn Sayres, Dr. D. D. Bramble.

Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher was appointed to fill the vacancy in
the Audubon Fund Committee, created by the death of Dr. A. E.
Heighway, Sen.

Proceedings of the Society. g

Mr. Chas. Dury, of the Committee on a Memorial Volume to
Dr. Dun, reported that an engraved portrait for an edition of 500
would cost about $50; an elegant photogravure by Gutekunst, of
Philadelphia, would cost about $23. Mr. Jame.s thought that $500
would cover the entire cost of one edition of 500 copies.

The Committee was granted further time.

The President suggested that as an educational work, Messrs.
Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. would perhaps undertake the publi-
cation.

Mr. xMonteith promised all the aid in his power.

Mr. Bullock begged to announce that it had been determined
to raise $3,000 to dedicate a bed in the Episcopal Hospital for
Children to the memory of Dr. Dun, and that they needed further
subscriptions to complete the sum. He stated further that the
photographic section was making an enlargement of the photograph
of Dr. Dun for the Society.

Mr, Smith then read, as by announcement, his paper on For-
eign Must urns.

MUSEUMS OF NATURAL HISTORY.

{Abstract.) ' - ■

H. P. Smith.

Little is known of the origin or early collections of natural
history specimens. Professor Beckmann expressed the opinion
that in the custom of preserving curious and remarkable objects in
temples, we find the origin of such collections.

During the first twelve centuries of the Christian era scarcely
anything was done in the study of Nature, and the work of early
naturalists, such as Aristotle, was all but lost.

The awakening which came to all departments of knowledge
and investigation in the middle of the fifteenth century, brought
life to the study of natural history, and as collections are necessary
to the naturalist, we find the work of collecting taken up with great
zeal, but little knowledge.

The discovery of alcohol and the resumption of the use of
paper were factors of inestimable value in the growth of natural
history.

Among the early collectors may be mentioned Gesner, of
Switzerland, and Besler, a prominent physician of Nuremburg.

lo Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The formations of Academies of Natural Science was the next
important step. The Academia Sacretorum Naturae, established in
1560, was among the first of such institutions, but it was soon
suppressed by the popes.

The Royal Society in London, the LtO[)oldine Academy in
Germany, and the Academy of Science in Paris, all established
between 1666 and 1670, are still enjoying a vigorous existence.
The establishment of Museums of Natural History followed closely
the founding of Academies. In the earliest days of Museums the
Dutch Cabinets were the most famous.

From this time we note the steady and rapid growth of mu-
seums from these small beginnings to the magnificent institutions
of to-day, such as the British Museum, Smithsonian Institution and
Natural History Museum of Florence.

Mr. Knight spoke on the cost and maintenance of collections
in this country.

Mr. Skinner spoke interestingly on astronomy, showing the
nicety with which the apparently independent movement of bodies
are governed and controlled by their relation to one another.

Donations were announced as follows :

From VVm. McMaster, Lower Jaw of Boar; from Wm. Glas-
ford, Red Lion, O., Golden Eagle; from B. Konn Sayres, M. D.,
Short Eared Owl; from W. T. Orange, Pair of Pileated Wood-
peckers; from D. G. Brinton, M. D., Philadelphia, Pamphlets,
viz: On the so-called Alaguilac Language of Guatamala; Ancient
Human Footprints from Nicaraugua ; From Sam'l Garman, Cam-
bridge, Pamphlets : Natural History Notes, Science Observer, On
the Reptiles and Batrachians of Grand Cayman; from Charles E.
Beecher, Albany, Pamphlet : A Method of Preparing for Micro-
scopical Study the RadulcC of Small Species of Gasteropoda; from
A. J. Howe, M. D , Pamphlet: Michael Angelo ; from Tennessee
State Board of Health, Bulletins; from Public Library, Museums
and National Gallery of Victoria, N. S. W., Pamphlet: Prodromus
of the Zoology ot Victoria, Decade 15.

Adjourned.

Seientific Meeting, March 6th, 1888.

President Skinner in the Chair. 13 members present.

The minutes were read and approved.

On behalf of the Committee the Secretary read the following :

Proceedings of the Society. I I

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE DEATH OF DR.
A. E. HEIGH WAY.

Your Committee respectfully report :

Dr. A. E. Heighway was, as a lover and investigator of Natu-
ral History, identified With the Association in that department of
science in Cincinnati prior to the organization of this, the present
Society, into which the collections of that Association merged.
Though not on the original roll of the present organization, he be-
came a member of the Society in the second year thereafter — on
the 2nd day of January, 1872 — and from that time on until the
(late of his decease was a constant member and attendant on the
meetings of the Society, its true friend and a frequent contributor
of specimens and interesting suggestions in its various departments
of research.

The passing away of this, one of our oldest members, is to be
more especially noticed inasmuch as he was identified with the
origin of our city, as belonging to its pioneer families. His father
was John Heighway, who served through the war of 181 2. His
mother was Mary Mercer, daughter of General Mercer, a Revolu-
tionary hero. Of these parents Dr. A. E. Heighway was born in
the city of Cincinnati, Dec. 26, 1820. Educated as a physician
in 1842, under Dr. J. T. Shotwell, he afterward served as Surgeon
in the Mexican War. Though retired from the practice of his
profession for many years, he always retained a decided interest in
it, and at the time of his death was Vice-President of the Hamilton
County Medical Society. He continued the military career of his
family by rendering service as Surgeon on the Union side in the
late Rebellion, and at the time of his decease was a member of
the Army of the Tennessee. W. W. Dawson.

Jas. W. Abert.
R. M. Byrnes.
J. R. Skinner.
Wm. H. Knight.

The report was accepted and ordered spread upon the minutes.

A request from the Commissioners of the Centennial Exposi-
tion to the Society to make a display in the Educational Depart-
ment was read. President Skinner stated that the matter had been
discussed at the last meeting of the Executive Board, where the
opinion prevailed that a display should be made, and he (Mr. Skin-
ner) had been appointed a committee, choosing as co-laborers the

1 2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

other members of the Executive Board and Mr. Dury, to make
necessary inquiries and take necessary steps. It was found, how-
ever, that the Constitution forbid the removal of any part of the
collections without the permission of the Society. It was therefore
necessary to have some aciion on the part of the Society.

At the request of Mr. Skinner, Mr. Smith, the Custodian, had
prepared a plan for a display, and calculated that [50 square feet
would be necessary for the same.

Mr. Dury was of the opinion that under no circumstances
should the collections in the Society's buildmg be torn up for the
sake of the Exposition; that it was hoped that the ex])ected influx
of visitors could also be attracted to the Society, where the exhibits
ought to be as perfect as [possible. He was, however, in favor of
making a small display of a few striking specimens, to act as an
advertisement of the Society to draw visitors to the Museum.

Messrs. Harper, Norton and James, in discussing the matter,
concurred in Mr. Dury's opinion, and rejected Mr. Smith's plan as
involving too considerable a removal of specimens.

Mr. Dury moved that a committee be appointed to designate
what specimens had better be exhibited, in conformity with the
above idea, and report at the next meeting. Carried.

The Chair appointed Messrs. Harper, James and Smith, com-
mittee.

Mr. Skinner informed the Society that it had be intimated that
there was danger of losing Mr. S. E. ^^'right, as Treasurer of the
Society, a post he has occupied for many years.

Whether a change in the office became necessary at this time
or not, it would at any time be very difficult to fill the office of
Treasurer because of the high bond required of him. The Presi-
dent, therefore, suggested that the following reading be adopted for
Article "VI, Section 3, of the Constitution :

"Two trustees shall be elected at the next annual meeting,
one of whom shall hold office for the term of one year, and the
other for two years. And thereafter there shall be elected annu-
ally one trustee who shall hold his ofifice two years. These two
trustees shall be intrusted with, and have charge of all funded
property of the Society, with power to sell and re-invest according
to their judgment. Bonds shall be required of these trustees in
such sums and with such sureties as may be satisfactory to the Ex-
ecutive Board. The net income from said funded property shall
be paid over by said trustees to the Treasurer of the Society, on

Pioceedings of the Society. 13

the written order of said I'reasurer, approved by the President of
the Society. "

And the following for Article II, Section 4, ot the By-Laws :

"The Treasurer shall have charge of all money or other prop-
ert)' of the Society, excepting the Museum and its contents, and
excepting also such property as may be placed by the Society or the
Executive Board in the hands of the trustees; he shall also have
charge of the net income of the funded property of the Society, to
be paid over to him by the trustees, as herein before provided.
He shall collect all fees and assessments; shall pay all accounts
against the Society when the same shall be approved by a vote of
the Executive Board ; shall kee]) a correct account of all receipts
and expenditures in books belonging to the Society, and shall, at
each annual meeting, and at all other times when required by the
Executive Board, make a detailed report of the same. He shall
notify members who are in arrears, of their indebtedness to the
Society, and shall report all delinquencies to the Executive Board
annually. Bond with sureties may be required of the Treasurer for
the faithful discharge of his office, by the Executive Board, in such
sum as may be deemed satisfactory by the said Board.""

The suggestions seemed to meet the approval of the members
present, and Mr. Knight gave notice, with Mr. James as second,
that he intended to move the above as amendments to the Consti-
tution at the next meeting of the Society.

Mr. Dury reported on behalf of the Committee on Memorial
\'olume that the same would cost $400 for an edition of 500
copies.

Mr. Harper then suggested that the next number of the fouR-
NAL of the Society be made a memorial number, as other materia]
was scant. It would not, in this case however, be possible to carry
out the idea of an educational work with catalogues, etc., as first
conteinplated.

The Publishing Committee then accepting the material of the
Committee on Memorial Volume, the project of publishing such a
volume was dropped.

Drs. J. T. Woods and S. J. Mills of Toledo, ()., and Messrs.
Edgar R. Quick and A. W. Butler, recommended for correspond-
ing membership by the Executive Board, were then elected.

Dr. A. E. Heighway then requested the Executive Board to
consider the eligibility of Mr. T. H. Lindsay, of Asheville, N. C,
for corresponding membership.

14 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Dr. Geo. B. Orr, Dr. Konn B. Sayres and Dr. D. D. Bramble
were elected lo active membership.

The following persons were proposed for active membership :
Miss Lucia Stickney, Mr. A. A. Ferris, Miss Eugenie Iliff, Mr.
W. L. Reum, Mr. Nathaniel H. Davis.

Donations were received as follows :

From Mr. Robert F. Leaman, Mounted Head of Moose ;
from H. lUovvay, M. D., Specimens of Minerals; from Prof. E.
W. Claypole, Akron, pamphlet. The Materials of the Appalach-
ians; from Mrs. M. L. M^orehead, Columbus, Memoir of Prof.
James P. Espy ; from Prof. Jos. F. James, Oxford. Miscellaneous
pamphlets.

Adjourned.

On the MonticuHporotd Corals of the Cincinnati Group, i 5

ON THE MONTICULIPOROID CORALS OF THE CINCIN-
NATI GROUP, WITH A CRITICAL REVISION OF THE
SPECIES. .

By U. P. James and Joseph F. James, M. S., Prof, oj Botany
and Geo/ogv in Miami Universii\\ Oxford, O.

(Concluded from Volume X, p. 184 )

Group IV. Laminar ox Fiondescenf.

Expanded or flattened, generally formed of two layers of cor-
allites, diverging from a central axis.

a. Surface with conspicuous, generally elongated monticules.

* Interstitial corallites absent 35

* Interstitial corallites few . . 36

* Interstitial corallites numerous 37

h. Surface with small, rounded monticules, or nearly smooth.

* If present, monticules formed of small tubuli ; coral-

lites direct to surface 38

* Calices in intersecting, diagonal lines; elongated,

pentagonal 39

* Corallum irregular.

t Calices circular 40

t Calices irregular in form 41

35. — M. CLEAVELANDi, U. P. James.

Monticulipora {Hetcrotrypa I) cleavelandi, James, The Palaeont. .
49. 1882.

Corallum lobate or amorphous, with flattened or cylindrical
branches. Surface with rounded monticules, more or less conspic-
uous, about one line apart, occupied by calices larger than in other
places. Calices [jolygonal or sub-circular. No interstitial pores at
surface. (Place i, Fig. 4).

Obs. — This species presents various forms, often branching,
but generally forming irregular masses. The cells are arranged in
rows of from eight to ten, and the monticules in alternating rows.
There are no interstitial pores to be observed.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Highland Co., Ohio.

36. — M. UAWSONI, Nicholson.

Monticulipora {Hetcrotrypa) dawsoni, Nich, Genus Mon tic , 141,
1881.

1 6 Cincimiati Society of Natural History.

Homotrypa dmvsoni, Nirh. Ulrirh. Jour. Tin. S. Nat. Hist..
V 241, 1882.

Corallum irregularly lobate or frondose, f> -ming an undulated
expansion of variable size, about two lines thick: Surface with
numerous close-set. prominent monticules, markedly elongated,
about a line or less apart, and occui)ied by corallites not differmg
conspicuously in size from those forming the mass of the corallum.
Galices polygonal, thin walled, nearly vertical from a central axis.
and opening on either side ; no regular series of small apertures,
but occasionally a few spiniform corallites at angles of junction of
cells. \\'alls delicate, wrinkled, slightly thickened toward mouths
of cells.

Obs. — This is similar to the next, /iia/iiiiiulata, but seems to
differ in the more prominent, elongated and closely set monticules.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
\Varren and Clinton Counties, O. Rare at Cincinnati.

37. — M. MAMMULATA, D'Orbigny.

Prodr. de Paleont., I. 25, 1850; Ed. (!^ Haine, Brit. Foss.
Cor., 265, 1854; Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist., V. 234, 1882.

Chcetetes iiianviiulatiis, Ed. & H., Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. 267,
1851 ; Nicholson, Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc, XXX, 508, 1874; Pal.
Ohio, H, 207. 1875.

MonticuUpora {Heterotrypa) inammulata. Nich.. Pal. Tab. Cor.,
294, 1879; Genus Montic, 104, i88i.

M. {Perflfiopora) i/iolcsfa, Nich., Genus Montic, 224, 1881.

Corallum in undulated expansions, two to six lines or more
thick, often consisting of several layers of corallites, diverging
from an imaginary plane and opening on both sides ; occasionally
massive. Surface with rounded, conical or elongated monticules,
either conspicuous or only slightly raised ; these occupied by coral-
lites either slightly larger or slightly smaller than the average: or
else t bedsides with full-sized, and the summit with smaller corallites.
Calices of two]kinds : large ones polygonal, or sub-[)olygonal, mod-
erately thickened at the surface : small ones moderately numerous,
intercalated between the larger tubes, variable in size and shape,
but always angular or sub-angular. Spiniform corallites variable in
number.

Obs. — -This is a species about which there has been much dis-
cussion. It has been considered the type of the genus, as it was the
first one described by D'Orbigny, but as the original description
was very defective, discussion has arisen as to what really should

Oh the Monticiilipotoid Corals of the Cineinnati Group, ij

be considered niamnndata. M. molesta, Nich , seems to be nearly
the same externally, though it has a smaller number of interstitial
corallites. Infernally mainniulata has nearly straight tabulae, while
molcsta is said to have a series of vescicles on the sides of the walls
of the corallites.

One of us has a specimen about nine inches across the longer
diameter, and five inches in the smaller. About four inches of the
longer diameter forms a dome-shaped mass, with an irregular sur-
face, covered with small, closely set monticules. Inside the speci-
men there are several branches running from the cap-like top
downwards, and spreading out into a wonderfully interlaced mass of
frondescent branches. The whole interior of the specimen is filled
with a mass of clay which surrounds the frondose branches on all
sides.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

38. — M. FRONDOSA. D'Orbigny.

Prodr. de Paleont., I, 25, 1850.

Chcstetes froiidosiis, Edw. & H., Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal.,
267, 1851, Nicholson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, XXX, 508, 1874;
Pal. Ohio, II, 208, 1875; '^i''"- Nat. Hist., ser. 4. XVIII, 91,
1876.

Cheetetes deeipiens, Rominger, Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 116,
1866.

Montictdipora {Peronopord) froiidosa, D'Orb., Nich., Genus
Montic, 216, 1881.

Heterotrypa fro/hlflsa, D'Orb., LTlrich, Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist ,
V. 235, 1882.

Cheetetes eoii/pressus, Ulrich. Ibid, II, 27, 1S79.

Peronopora eompressns, Ul. Ibid, V, 244, 1882.

P. imiformis, Ul. Ibid, V, 244, 1882.

dioiiiotrypa eurvata, Ul. Ibid, V, 242, 1882.

Corallum of erect, flattened, undulating expansions of variable
height, and varying from less than one to four lines thick. Surface
with numerous rounded or stellate spaces, either elevated to form
monticules, or level with the general surface, and composed mainly
of small tubuli. Larger calices moderately thick walled, irregularly
circular, oval or sub-polygonal. These surrounded by a variable,
generally large number of smaller, irregularly shaped calices, occu-
pying the intervals between the preceding, and sometimes almost
surrounding them. Spiniform corallites numerous, placed on mar-

1 8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

gins of calices or forming apparently closed tubercles. Corallites
springing from both sides of median axis, forming two laminae,
sometimes marked by a calcareous membrane; oblique and thin
walled at first, but soon bending outwards and proceeding straight
to the surface, the walls there moderately thickened.

Obs. — This species grows in much the same manner 2.% dawsom
and maiiDindata. It is distinguished from the former by the
smoother surface, and from the latter by this, as well as the fact
that the corallites pass from the separating membrane directly to
the surface. The calcareous plate is sometimes so well defined
that a specimen may be fractured along it and separated into two
halves. One of us has specimens in this condition.

The identy of decipiens, Rom., with />-^/;^^jr^, D'Orb., has been
denied by some. We adopt the view of Dr. Nicholson, and con-
sider it as a synonym. Some have also claimed that frondosa is
one of the forms generally taken as mammulata.

Formation and Location. — Lovver Silurian Cincinnati (iioup.
Cincinnati, O.

39. — M. PAVONi.A, l)'(_)rbigny.

Ptilodictya pavonia, D'Orb. Prodr. de Paleont., Vol. I, p. 22,
1850.

Chcetetes pavonia, Ed. iSc Haime. Poly. Foss. des Terr. Pal.
p. 267, 1851: Rominger. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci , Phila., p. 116.
1866.

Cyclopora jaiiicsi, Prout. Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis. Vol. I,
p. 578, i860.

Stictopora clathratiila, James. Cat. Foss. Cin. (ir. (named but
not figured or described), 1871.

Chcrtctcs clathratuliis, James. Nicholson, Quart. Jour. Geol.
Soc, XXX, p. 259, 1874; Pal. Ohio, IF p. 209, 1875. Ann. Nnt.
Hist., ser. 4, XVIII, p. 91, 1876.

Heterodictya pavonia, Ulrich. Cat. Foss. Cin. (jr. (named but
not figured or described), p. 10, 1880.

Corallum forming a thin, undulating e.xpansion. often of con-
siderable extent, varying in thickness from one to about two lines,
the corallites in two layers with their bases fixed to a medium plane
marked by a delicate membrane and opening on opposite sides of
the corallum. Surface often with low, rounded monticules, often
obscure, and arranged in diagonal rows at intervals of from one to
one and a half lines apart, occupied by calices of ordinary size.

On the Monticiilipoyoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. 19

Curallites generally oblique at their origin, but almost immediately
bending outwards, and opening at right angles to the surface or
nearly so. Calices elongated, pentagonal, tolerably uniform in size
and often arranged in obliquely intersecting lines. No interstitial
tubes.

Obs. — This species is readily recognized by its thin, undulating
corallum, which carries on both sides the sub-equal, oval, or pent-
agonal calices, generally arranged in decussating lines. One of us
has a specimen about nine inches by four, which must have been
considerably larger, as the edge is fractured all round. The sur-
face is very irregularly and deeply undulated, the corallum varying
in thickness from a litde less to a little more than one line. Con-
spicuous but low moticules are distributed all over the exposed
side, the other one being firmly attached to a mass of indurated
clay containing fragments of fossils. Other specimens show a
pointed base. None of them show the non-poriferous margin said
to be characteristic of Ptilodictya. A medium lamina is shown in
some specimens, and the impressions of the corallites is often seen
in these.

Considerable discussion has arisen relative to the zoological
position of this species, some calling it a coral and some a poly-
zoan. As it has been often referred to the Monticuliporoids, the
description is here given without any positive assertion as to its title
to the position.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

40. — M. VAUPELi, Ulrich.

Heterotrypa vaupeli, Ul.,Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 85,
1883.

Corallum irregularly twisted, formed of more or less inoscu-
lating masses; several inches in diameter, and consisting of convo-
luted fronds, varying from one and one-half to three lines thick.
Surface sometimes smooth, but usually with irregularly arranged
small, rounded or conical monticules; the summit of these sub-
solid, and each occupied by maculse of small cells. Calices cir-
cular, arranged in decussating lines, more or less curved around
the monticules. Generally one or two rows of cells larger than the
average surrounding the maculae. Interstitial spaces sometimes
smooth and apparently solid (in worn specimens); sometimes with
small interstitial cells, and again (in the best preserved specimens),

20 Cincifviati Society of Natural Histoiy.

with numbers of spines or granules on the walls of the interstitial
cells.

Obs. — This species, we are told,* is readily distinguished by
its •' peculiar growth, circular cell apertures, and regular arrangement
of the cells and monticules. When in a good state of preservation
the most striking characteristic is found in the granular cell inter-
spaces." It is similar in some respects to the next.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian. Cincinnati (iroup,
Cincinnati and Waynesville, O.

41. — M. CLiNTONENSis, U. P. James.

Mflniiculipora i^Hctcrfltrypa) clintoncnsis, James. '!"he I'alasont.,
45, 1882.

Corallum variable, flattened, undulating, thickened or con-
torted, amorphous, and occasionally appearing as if branched.
Surface with rounded, more or less prominent monticules, or at
times nearly smooth. Cell apertures of various forms, the walls
indented or expanded irregularly. Interstitial corallites more or
less numerous at the angles of larger tubes. Spiniform corallites
few to numerous. (Plate i, figs i, la)

Obs. — The indented walls of the calices, and the peculiar
mode of growth will generally distinguish this species. It is sim-
ilar in mode ot growth to M. zuiupeli and to M. varians, but these
possess other features which distinguish them.

Formation and Locality.— Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Clinton and Warren Counties, O.

Group V. — Incrusting species : forming patches or crusts grow
ing parasitically on shells of various kinds, or on corals.

a. Corallum forming a thin crust.

t Monticules prominent, elongated 42

t Monticules rounded, arranged in regular lines.

* Calices irregular, indented 43

* Calices polygonal 44

■f Surface nearly smooth 45, 46

b. Corallum forming small circular patches 47

c. Corallum growing in irregular masses about crinoid col-

umns 48

d. Corallum fusiform, cylindrical or clavate 49. 50

e. Corallum nearly hemispherical 51

"Jour. C. S. N. H., I.e. vi, S7.

On the Moiticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. 2 1

42. — M. TUBERCULAIA, EdvV. & H.

Monticulipora {Afonotrypa) tiibenidata, Edvv. & H. Nicholson,
Genus Montic, 200, 1881.

Cheetetes tuberculatus, Ed. &. H. Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal.,
268, 1851; Nicholson, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, XVIII, 91, 1876.

ChcEtctcs corticans, Nicholson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, XXX,
512, 1874: Pal. Ohio II, 210, 1875.

Atactopora hirsuta, Ulrich, Jour. Cin S Nat. Hist. II, 120,
1879; VI, 245, 1883.

A. maculata, Ulrich. Ibid, II, 121, 1879; VI, 246, 1883.

Spatiopoi-a tuberculata, Ulrich. Ibid, VI, 166, 1883.

.S'. montifcra, Ul. Ibid, VI^ t68, 1883.

Corallum parasitic, forming a more or less extensive crust,
from one-fourth of a line to two lines thick, ordinarily about one-
half a line, attached to the outer surfaces of shells of Orthoceras
and Endoccras. Surface with a number of long and narrow or
rounded monticules, arranged with more or less regularity in diag-
onal lines, and with their longer diameter in the same direction as
the long axis of the shell upon which they grow ; summits generally
compact. Calices small, polygonal, nearly equal in size, with
occasionally a few interstitial corallites. Walls of calices rather
thick at the surface, thinner beneath, sometimes bearing on their
margins one or two rows of minute tubercles.

Obs. — As shown by the synonomy, this species has been de-
scribed under various names. Atactopora hirsuta and A. maculata
are names given to two forms, one bearing two rows of spines and
the other a few only on the edges of the calices ; they also have
rather rounded monticules. In speaking of the figures of these two
species, their author says: "Comparing figure 2 with figure i, both
representing tangential sections, . . . we find that with the
exception of the relative thickness of the cell interspaces or walls,
the two species are precisely alike. In both we find the same
peculiarly constructed ' maculae,' while in the minute structure of
the cell walls, no difference whatever is apparent. In their vertical
sections a corresponding agreement of structure is apparent."" The
species is mainly recognized by the well developed, elongated
monticules.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
from the lowest rocks at Cincinnati to the highest beds in Warren,
Clinton and Butler Counties, O.

*,Iour. Cin. S. N. H. VI, 246.

2 2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

43. — M. okToNi, Nicholson.

Monticulipom (/) ortoui, Nich. Whitfield Geol. of Wise. IV,
251, 1882.

M. [J^eronopora) ortoiii, Nich. Genus Montic. 228, 1881.

Cluetctes ortoni, Nich. Quar. jour Geol. Soc. XXX, 513,
1874; Pal. Ohio, II, 211, 1875.

Atactflpofa o?toni, Ulrich. Cat. P'os. Gin. Gr. , 13, i88o: jour.
Gin. S. Nat. Hist., II, 120, 1879; VI, 246, 1883.

AtactoporcUa ortoni, Ul. Ibid, VI, 248, 253, 256, 1883.

Atactopora iiiultii^raiwsa, Ul. Ibid, II, 122, 1879.

AtactoporcUa iiiultigranosa, V\. Ibid, VI, 254, 1883.

Atactopora iiii/ndiila, V\. Ibid, 11, 123, 1879.

A. tcnella, Ul. Ibid, II, 123, 1873.

AtactoporcUa niuiidula, Ld. ll)id, VI, 252, 1883.

A. schuchcrti. Id. Ibid, VI, 251, 1883.

Corallum forming a very thin crust parasitic on shells of Ortho-
ceras, Strophoinena, and fronds of various corals, varying from one-
ninth to three fourths of a line thick, and rarely more than one inch
in diameter. Surface with numerous rounded or conical monti-
cules, more or less regularly distributed, from one-half a line to a
line or more apart, and either solid or bearing calices of the ordin-
ary size. Calices irregular in shape, often indented by one or more
tooth like or blunt projections; margins varying in different exam-
ples from thin to very thick, and generally studded with small tub-
ercles, giving the surface a granular appearance. Interstitial cells
more or less numerous.

Obs. — The various forms of this species do not seem to pre-
sent sufficient difference to justify regarding them as distinct species.
One {A. }iiuIti^^ranos.a) has a thicker corallum than ordinary, and
groups of larger sized tubes. In A. mundula the original descrip-
tion st.ites that the walls are thick, the amended one (under Atacto-
porcUa) calls them thin. Lastly, A. schuchcrti differs in having more
prominent spiniform corallites. All these are small differences.
The species can be mainly recognized by its limited extent, the
regular arrangement of the rounded monticules, and the indented
calices.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, Oxford, Ohio, etc. Hudson River Group of New
York Delafield, Wise.

44. — M. PAPiLLAT.\, McCoy.

Edw. & Haine, Brit. Foss. Cor., p. 266, 1850.

0)1 the Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincirmati Group. 23

Nebulipom papillata, McCoy. Ann. & Mag. Nat Hist. ser. 2,
VI, 248, 1850; Brit. Pal. Foss. , p. 266, 1850.

Chcetetes ttiberculatits, Ed. & H. Pol. Foss. des Terr. Palae.
C/icetetfs papillatus, McCoy. Nicholson, Pal. Ohio II, 210,

1875-

Monticulipoya pLirasitica, I'lrich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist., V,
238, 1882.

Corallum forming a thin crust, parasitic on shells of Brachio-
pods, Orthoceras, and^ other foreign bodies, generally about one-
half a line thick. Surface with small, rounded monticules, ar-
ranged more or less regularly, and generally occupied by corallites
of a larger size than the average. Calices polygonal, thin walled,
bearing in well preserved examples a small number of spiniform
corallites. No interstitial cells.

Obs. — The genus Ncbiilipora, McCoy, is undoubtedly a syno-
nym for Monticulipora. The present species is recognized by the
more or less regular arrangement of the rounded monticules and
the polygonal calices.

Formation and Locality. --Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Crroup,
Cincinnati and Hamilton, O.

45. — M. CRUSTULATA, V . P. James.

Nicholson, Genus Montic, 27, 1881.

Chcetetes cnistulatus, James. The Palseon. ,p. i, 1878, p. 20, 1879.

Lcptotrypa or/iata. LHrich. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI.
160, 1883.

L. clavis, Ul. Ibid, p. 161.

L. cortex, IT. Ibid, p. 162.
. Spatiopora aspcra, Ul. Ibid, p. 166.

.v. maculosa, Ul. Ibid, p. 167.

S. lineata, LT. Ibid, p. 167.

Atactoporella typicalis, \]\. Ibid, p. 248.

Corallum forming a thin crust, parasitic on shel's of OrtPtoceras
and other substances, and from one-eighth of a line to one-fourth of
a line thick. Surface generally smooth, sometimes with a few
small elevations. Calices sub-polygonal, rounded or (jblong, vary-
ing in form and size: at intervals of about two lines are groups of
larger cells, sometimes the center one larger than the rest. Walls
of corallites very thin, sometimes bearing numbers of spiniform
corallites. No interstitial cells. (Plate i, figs. 2, 2a.)

Obs. — This is mainly distinguished by the smooth or nearly
smooth surface. It is similar to the following, from which, per-

24 Cincinnati Society of Natwal History.

haps, it ought not to be separated. The species united above are all
too indefinite in character to be recognizable, so they are all re
duced to synonyms. In one the calices are arranged more or less
regularly.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group.
Cincinnati and Hamilton, O., etc.

46. — M. wETHERBVi, Ulrich.

Jour. Cin. Soc. N. Hist., V. 239, 1882; 14th Ann. Rept.
(;eol. & N. H. .Soc. Minn , 129, 1886.

Corallum forming a thin, irregular e.xpansion on \arious for-
eign bodies, with the center sometimes slightly elevated. Surface
sometimes nearly smooth, but often raised into low monticules,
which are occupied by larger c:ells ; in the nearly smooth forms
these occupy patches scattered irregularly over the surface. Cal-
ices polygonal, with thin walls. Prominent spiniform corallites
occupy the angles of the cells in well preserved specimens.

var. ASPERULA, Ulrich.

Petigopora asprrn/a, Ul. Ibid, VI, 157. 1883; i4lh Rept. G.
& N. H. Sur. Minn., 130, 1886.

Differs from the type merely in being sub-circular in outline,
and being generally attached to the shells of Strophemena altcrnata.
It approaches quite closely to M. petechialis, Nich., but differs in
being larger and having more prominent monticules.

Obs. — In this species and variety we have an example ot what
is spoken of under M. petechialis, Nich., namely, that probably the
smaller forms are merely the younger individuals. The close re-
semblance between this species and its variety would seem to indi-
cate the truth of the idea. In both the monticules are only slightly
raised, and have larger cells than the average. Both have num-
bers of spiniform corallites, and both are found at the same horizon.

Formation and Locality. — Type torm, Lower Silurian, I'renton
(iroup at High Bridge, Ky., and Chazy (?) Group at Minneai)olis.
Minn. Variety, Trenton Group, Minneola, Minn., Cincinnati
Group, Cincinnati, O.

47. — M. PETECHIALIS, Nicholson.

C/urtctes petec/iialis, Nich., Pal. Ohio II, 213, 1875.

Petigopora petechialis, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist., VL 156,
1883; 14th Rept. Geol. & N. H. Sur. Minn., 103, 1886.

Corallum forming small circular patches, from less than one-
half a line to a line and one-half in diameter, attached parasitically

On the Montic2iliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. 25

to foreign bodies, generally the shells of brachiopods [Strophomena
alternata, etc.) More or less convex above. Surface generally
smooth, but often with a single central elevation. Calices sub-
circular, mostly equal, with moderately thick walls. No interstitial
cells.

Obs. — This is a peculiar little species, which can scarcely be
mistaken for any other. It is questionable whether it may not be
the base of some other species; possibly the young corallum of
some encrusting form like M. papillata. Nicholson, indeed, makes
such a suggestion, but does not think it likely. He says, further,
that "at any rate, in the absence of any specimen by which this
could be directly connected with any other known form, I have
thought it best to place it under a separate title, since it is not only
common in its occurrence, but is also very constant in its size and
other characters."*

Formation and Locality.— Lower Silurian, Trenton Group,
Kentucky and Minnesota; Cincinnati Group, at Cincinnati, O.

48. M. DYCHEi, U. P. James.

Moniiculipora [Monotrypa) dychei, James. The Palseont. , 52,
1882.

M. dychci, James, Jour. Cin. S. Nat. ftist., VI, 235, 1883.

Corallum sub-fusiform in outline, parasitic on a crinoid col-
umn, with rough, nodular swellings, low ridges and annular con-
strictions. Surface with slightly raised, rounded monticules, irreg-
ularly distributed over the surface, and occupied by calices slightly
larger than the average. Calices polygonal; walls of cells thin
and sharp; interstitial tubes wanting.

Obs. This species is one easily recognized by the peculiar
form, and its place of growth. The crinoid stem upon which the
corallum grows is easily seen at either end. Tne type specimen is
seven inches long, and tapers both ways from a diameter of two
inches to but little more than the size of the crinoid stem.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Upper beds at Cincinnati and Lebanon, O.

49. M. CLAVACOIDEA, U. P Jamcs.

Monticidipora {Monotrypa) davacoidea, James. Nicholson,
Genus Montic, 182, 1881.

Chatctcs davacoideiis, James. Cat. Low. SI. Foss. Cin. Gr.

*i'.al Oh o, 1 . 213.

26 Ctnciniiati Society of Natural History.

(named but not figured or described), 1871. Cat. Low. Sil. Foss.
2d Ed., p. I, 1875

Lcptotrypa clavacoidca, Uh-ich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist. VI,
159, 1883.

L. ininiiJia, V>\. Ibid, VI, 159, 1883.

Corallum cyHndrical, clavate or fusiform, receiving its form
from the tapering ends of small species of Orthoceras, or otlier
cylindrical objects, to which it is generally attached by the whole
of tlie base. Surface either smooth or elevated into low monti-
cules, occupied by tubes slightly larger than the average. Calices
polygonal, nearly equal in size. Walls of corallites tiiin. No
interstitial cells.

Obs. This species is easily recognized by its peculiar shape.
Sometimes the object upon which it is grown has decayed, and the
hollow is filled with clay, or it remains hollow.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, O.

50. M. FU.siFORMis, Whitfield.

ChcEtctcs fiisifor/iiis, Whitf. Ann. Rept. Geol. Sur. Wise , for
1877, ]). 70; Geol. of Wisconsin, IV, 248, 1882.

Moniictilipora {Monotrypa {/') siibfusifonnis, U. P. James. The
Pa' aeon , 52, 1882.

Corallum cylindrical, sub-fusiform, straight or curved, pointed
or blunt at one or both ends; a it"^ specimens with a projection at
one end, but not like a base; one-fourth of an inch to an inch long,
and from onedialf a line to one and one-half lines in diameter.
Surface smooth. Calices very small, oval or sub-circular, without
any regular arrangement. Intercellular spaces marked by scattered
pits or a depressed groove or an elevated ridge-like line. Walls of
cells tolerably thick.

Obs. — Differing from J/, clavicoidea in the smaller size and ap-
parently free habit not incrusting shells of Orthoceras (J).

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Hudson River
Group, Iron Ridge Wise. Cincinnati Group in Warren and Clin-
ton Counties, O.

51. M. HosPiTALis, Nicholson.

Mo7iticitUpora (Frasopora) sclwyiiii, var Iiospitalis, Nich. Genus
Montic. 209, 1881.

Frasopora hospitalis, Ul. Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist. V, 237, 1882.

Monticulipora {Hctcrofrypa) winc/iclli, U. P. James. The
Palaeon. 48, 1882.

On the Monticulipo]oid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. 27

Corallum hemispheric, rarely globular, eight to ten lines in
diameter, from three or four to seven or eight lines high. Surface
s:nooth. Calices of two kinds, the larger oval or circular, the
iimaller sub-angular, wedged in between the larger ones, occasion-
ally aggregated into star-sha[)ed niacula2. Si)iniform corallites
numerous.

var. L.-Kvis Ulrich.

Monticiilipora Icvvis, Ul. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. V, 236,
r882.

Differs in the cells being generally nearly equal, and polygonal
instead of oval or circular.

var. NEGLECTA, n. var.

Corallum irregularly conical; surface with many prominent
monticules, about one line apart. Calices equal in size, sub-poly-
gonal. Corallites take a direct course from base to appex. (Plate i,

fig- 3)-

Obs. The type form was regarded, as seen above, by Dr.
Nicholson as a variety of ^r/^iMV///. It differs from that, however, in
being parasitic, or at least attached. Selwynii was a free form.
Variety neglecta differs mainly in possessing conspicuous monticules.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati. \\ aynesville, Ohio, &c.

Group VL Species imitating foreign bodies.

52 M. CALCEOLA, Miller & Dyer.

Jour. Cin- S. N. Hist. 1,26, 1878.

Monticiilipora., {Monotrypa) calccola, M. & D.Nicholson, Genus
Monlic. 185, i88r.

Lcptotrypa calccola, LUrich. Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist., VI, 159,
1883.

Corallum free, of rather small size, helicoid in form, and vary-
ing from one line to six: lines in diameter. Surface smooth or cov-
ered with low rounded monticules. Interior traversed by a horn
shaped cavity lined on the inside by encircling stri^, and varying
from one-half a line to more than two lines in diameter. Calices
variable in size, polygonal, more or less regularly arranged. Walls
thin.

Obs. — This peculiar species is easily recognized from its shape.
It was originally compared to the "shape of a little wooden shoe."
In the original description an account of how its form might have
arisen is given. The authors suppose it to have begun from an

28 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

embryo or a cilated animalcule floating free in the water, and giv-
ing rise to a colony by generation from either side and from one
end, leaving the other as a central tube or cavity. Nicholson,
amon^ others, considers it to have taken its form from something
inherent in itself, and not due to growing around any other object.
Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cin. Group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Sub genus A.

Dekavia, Edw. & Haime, 1851.

Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. 277 p. iJ?5i; Nicholson, Pal. Tab.
Cor., 291, 297, 1879. The Genus Montic, 98, 1881 Ulrich,
Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist. V, 155, 1882; VI, 148, 1883.

Dekayclla mxich. Jour. C.S.N. H., V, 155, 1882; VI,
90, 1883.

Corallum branching, with corallites of two kinds, the smaller
isolated by the larger tubes. Large calices polygonal, thin walled.
Small ones with thickened walls, and with conspicuous, blunt,
spine like processes at the angles of junction of the larger tubes.

This sub-genus can only be separated from Monticulipora by
the surface columns, which constitute a marked feature of the
exterior.

53 M. (Dekavia) aspera. Ed. & H.

Pol. Foss, des Terr. Pal. 277, 185 1.

Dekayia attrita, Nicholson. Pal. Tab. Cor. 298, 1879; Ann.
Nat. Hist. ser..4, XVIII, 93, 1876.

C/ue/ctcs attritus, Nicholson. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. XXX,
503, 1874; Pal. Ohio, II, 194, 1875.

Dekayia mactilata, U. P. James. The Palseon. 36, 1881.

D. pelliculata, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. H. VI, 150, 1883.

D. trentonensis, Ul. Ibid, 151; ^

D. apprcssa Ul Ibid, 152; 1 „„

D. paupera,V\. Ibid, 153; { '^^>5-

D. multispinosa, Ul. Ibid 154. J

CoralUim dendroid, branching dichotomously and frequently;
branches small, from three to ten lines in diameter, sometimes flat-
tened. Surface often with clusters of cells larger than the aver-
age scattered over the surface; monticules, when developed, occu-
pied at the summit by small cells. Calices polygonal, in some
cases covered with a pellicle which often hides the spinous pro-
cesses. Spines generally conspicuous, developed at angles of

On the Monticulipoioid Corah of tJie Cinci)i)iati Group. 29

junction of cells, and projecting as quadrangular i)rocesses above
the general level. Interstitial cells more or less numerous.

Obs. This species seems to be a variable one. Certainly the
forms described under different names are not sufficiently distinct
to be recognized. Dr. Nicholson says of his D. attrita, that it "is
very probably identical with the type species £>. aspera Ed. & H."*.
Mr. Ulrich says in his remarks on the genus Dekayia, " On account
of their simplicity of structure, inexperienced collectors will prob-
ably find some difficulty in distinguishing one from the other,
[referring here to five new species he is about to name and des-
cribe]. It must, however, be borne in mind that the more simple
these organisms are, the more important are their variations. In
separating them from each other, the characters principally to be
taken into consideration are the following : The growth of the
zoarium [corallum]; the size of the cells, and the thickness of iheir
walls; the presence or absence of small (interstitial?) cells, — and
their distribution if present : the size and number of the spiniform
tubuli [corallites]: and lastly the disposition and number of the
diaphragms [tabulae] crossing the tubes. "f All these are too
indefinite in character and too inconstant in occurrence to serve
even for specific characters. His own remarks on D. attrita, wil^
serve to illustrate this fact, and to show how the features change on
different parts of the same corallum. " Until lately I was under the
impression that Nicholson's D. attrita might be advantageously
regarded as a distinct variety of D. aspera, but the material now
at hand proves this view untenable. Dr. Nicholson's specimens
undoubtedly represent the terminal branches of a typical example
of Edwards and Haime's species, the branches of that portion of the
zoarium [ corallum ] always being more strictly dendroid and of
smaller size than the primary ones. "J;

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Trenton Group,
Biirgin, Ky. Hudson River Gr. , Wisconsin. Cincinnati Gr. ,
Cincinnati, Loveland, O., Covington, Ky., etc.

Sub-genus B.

CoNSTELLARiA, Dana, i8^6.

Expl. Exp. Zoophytes, 537,1846. Nicholson Pal. Tab. Cor.
300, 1H79; Genus Montic. 97,1881; Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. N.
Hist. V, 155, 1882; VI, 265, 1883.

*Pal. Tab. Cor. 298

-{•[our. Cin S. Nat. Hist. W. 149.

^Ibid. VI. 149.

30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Stellipora, Hall. Pakx^ont. N. York, I, 79, 1847. Ulrich,
Jour. Cin. S. N. H. V, 155, VI, 265.

Corallum dendroid or incrusting, with the branches cylindri-
cal, flattened or more or less frondose. Surface with more or less
conspicuous star-shaped, depressed maculae made up of small
tubes surrounded by a variable number, (8 to 20) ridges, radiating
outwards and carrying large tubes; occasionally nearly smooth.
Calices oval or circular, with thick walls.

Obs. — Stcllipora is an obvious synonym of Co/istcllaria, hav-
ing been described a year later.

54. — M. (CONSTELLARIA ) POLYSTOMELLA, Nicholson.

Constellaria polystoiuclla, Nich. Pal. Ohio, 11, 215, 1875.
Whitfield Geol. of Wis. IV. 257, 1882.

C. anihcloidea, Nich. {non Hall) Pal. Ohio, H, 214, 1875.
Edw. & H. {non Hall) Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal, 279, 1851: U.
P. James, The Palasont. 13, 1878: Nicholson, Ann. Nat. Hist,
ser. 4, XVHI, 92, 1876: Pal. Tab. Cor. 301, 1879.

C. florida, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. S. Nat. Hist., V, 257, 18S2;
VI, 267, 1883.

var. promiiuDis, Ul. Ibid, VI, 269.
\ 3.x. plana, Ul. Ibid, VI, 269

Stellipora limitaris, Ul. Ibid, II, 126, 1879.

Constellaria limitaris, Ul. Ibid, VI, 269, 1883.

Cfischeri, Ul. Ibid, VI. 270, 1883.

Corallum forming palmate or sub-lobate, flattened expansions,
or cylindrical stems, varying in height and thickness : generally from
one and one-half lines to two lines thick, and composed of coral-
lites radiating from an imaginary central plane in all directions to
surface. Surface with numerous stellate areas, one line apart,
consisting of a depressed central space, surrounded by from six to
fourteen or more prominent and radiating ridges. Corallites of two
kinds : the larger oval or circular, occupying the general surface of
the corallum, and found especially on the ridges of the star-shaped
monticules: smaller ones occupying inter-spaces between the larger
ones, and especially the central depressed areas.

Obs. The var. prominans of C. florida, as above, is said lo
be chiefly characterized by its large and prominent monticules,
while \3.r. plana has a nearly smooth surface. The various forms
are only variations of the type, and the remarks made by one of
us m 1878 describes the various features the species presents.*

* The Pala.'ont pp i.^, 14. Somewhat changed in form.

On the Monticnliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. 3 1

'I'he species is found in abundance and in great perfection in
the vicinity of Cincinnati, and although thousands of fragments
have been collected, no single, entire corallum has ever been found.
The nearest approach to an entire specimen we have e^'er seen is
in the collection of one of us, and it measures from the base to the
ends of the branches, five and one-half inches; and across the top
at the widest place about the same distance. From its broken con-
dition as it lies on the slab it is evident that it grew in a bushy
manner and was crushed when fossilized. The specimens as
found assume a great variety of shapes, being palmate-digit ite,
flabellate, sub-frondose, cylindrical and sometimes amorphous. The
upper and outer branches, shown to be such by the calices extend-
ing all around and over the ends, are smaller and more delicate.

The star-shaped monticules differ more on different specimens
than do the shapes of the branches themselves. On the upper
branches the rays are sometimes elevated into sharp spur-like
points, at times extending nearly all around a cylindrical branch ;
or they gradually become less and less prominent till they sink to a
level with the general surface, or are even depressed beneath it. The
number of rays to the different stars varies from five or six to thirty,
sometimes appearing like elevated ridges, two or three lines long,
the rays formmg spur-like projections on each side and end : others
appear like annulations round the branches. The probabilities are
that on the base and lower branches of this coral the star varied in
shape and prominence from those on the upper parts.

One of us attempted to describe a new species from specimens
bearing depressed stars, but after examining a great number of
specimens he found they shaded off so into one another that
it was impossible to draw a hne between them, and was not
able to find what seemed to be even a constant variety.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cin. Gr. Cincin-
nati, Clermont Co. , etc O., Hudson River Gr-, Delafield, Wise.

55. M. (CONSTELLARIA ) ANTHELOIDEA, Hall.

StcUipora antheloidea, Hall. Pal. N. Y., I, 79, 1847. Whitfield,
Geol. Wise , IV, 257, 1882. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist., VI,
263, 1883, iyuon Nicholson, Pal Ohio and Pal. Tab. Cor.)

Corallum thin, parasitic on some foreign object, often a crinoid
stem. Surface with star-shaped monticules, each composed of a
central, generally depressed area, with from six to twelve elevated,
more or less wedge shaped ridges, radiating outwards. Calices

32 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

sub-circular, of two kinds, tlie larger on the ridges of monticules,
the smaller in the depressed areas, sometimes granular.

Obs. The main difference between this and the preceding
species is that this one is parasitic, while the other one has a ra-
mose corallum. The monticules are similar as are also the calices.
The name anf/ie/oidra has been generally though wrongfully given
to the previously described form. Though in doubt as to the
occ\ixre.ncQ o{ atitheloidea here, the description is inserted to direct
attention to its parasitic habit. It may yet be found in our locality.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Trenton Gr , New
York.

Subgenus. C.

FiSTULiPORA, McCoy, 1849.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, III, 130, 1849. Nicholson,
Pal Tab. Corals, 304, 1579. Ulrich, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.
V, 156. 1882.

Callopora, Hall. Pal. of New York, II, 144, 1852. Nicholson
I.e., 304, 1879. Ulrich, /. c. V, 154, 1882.

Didymopora, Ul. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 156, 1882.

Calloporella, Ul. Ibid, V, 154, 1882.

Eridopom, Ul. Ibid, V, 137, 1882.

Leioclerna, Ul. Ibid, V. 154, 1882.

Cnpipora, Ul. Ibid, V. 157, 1882.

Chciloporclla, Ul. Ibid, V, 157, 1882.

HomotrypcUa, Ul. 14th Ann. Rept. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Sur. Minn. 83, 1885.

Corallum ramose or incrusting. Corallites of two kinds, larger
ones oval or circular, often with oblique apertures, surrounded by
small, interstitial cells in one or two rows, the apertures generally
angular. Macular, if present, generally made up of smaller coral-
lites than the average. Interstitial tubes often closed by thin, cal-
careous membrane. Walls of calices generally thin.

Obs. Though rather ill-defined, the species of this sub-genus
can be recognized by the larger cells being surrounded by the
smaller ones. There is great variation in the form of the corallum,
even in what seems to be the same s|)ecies ; the forms vary from
ramose, to irregular frondose masses and are also incrusting. The
species placed in the sub-genus resemble in most essential features
Moiiticiilipora, so that the two cannot, without violence, be sei a-
rated.

On the Monticjtliporoid Corah of the Cincinnati Group. 33

In part first of this paper (Vol. X. pp. 134, 140, this Journal)
Crcpipora was placed as a synonym under Ceramopora : while Cheilo-
porclla was placed as synonym under Monticulipora proper. At
the present writing we consider them more properly placed under
Fistulipora as above.

Key to Species.

a. Corallum ramose, cylindrical, or lobate.

* Monticules or maculae made up of many minute

- tubuli 56

^Maculae made up of few tubuli 57

^Maculae wanting.

t Calices circular, oblique 59

f Calices elevated, arranged in lines 58

b. Corallum incrusting.

* Calices circular, oblique 59

* Calices oval, with a distinct ring like wall 60

56. M. (Fistulipora) venusta, Ulrich.
ChcBtctesvenusfiis, Ul. Jour. Cin. S. N. Hist. I, 93, 1879.
Crepipora venusta. Ul. Ibid, V, 257, 18S2.

Chcetetes granuliferous, Ul. Ibid, II, 128, 1879.

Ho/notrypella granulifcrous, Ul. 14th Rept. G. and N. Hist.
Sur. Minn. 83, 1886.

Corallum dendroid, branching at variable distances ; branches
generally hollow, the inner surface lined with an epithecal mem-
brane; varying from two to ten lines in diameter, and sometimes
irregularly thickened or nodulated. Surface nearly smooth, some-
times with low, rounded monticules, the summits occupied by thirty
or more minute tubuli ; Sometimes depressed instead of elevated.
Calices varying in size and form, circular, oval, sub-polygonal or
rhomboidal. Interstitial spaces thin or thick, with few interstitial
corallites.

Obs. — This species was referred by one of us to Callopora in our
collection as a new species, but Mr. Ulrich's name has precedence.
From the hollow branches, with a strongly wrinkled dermatic crust,
and the peculiar feature of the minute tubuli occupying the center
of the monticules, it seems readily distinguished. The variation
presented by thin or thick intercellular spaces we regard as due
merely to weathering, and to show this is not unlikely we refer to
remarks upon M. i^F.) nicholsoni, (No. 59).

34 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

P'ormation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Trenton Gr., Ken-
tucky, Cincinnati Gr., Covington and Frankfort, Kentucky, and
Cincinnati, O.

57. M. (Fisiulipora) oweni, U. P. James.

FistuUpora oweni, Jame.s. Jour. Cin.Soc. Nat. Hist. VI I, 21,
1884.

Corallum in flat, twisted expansions, one-half aline to one line
in thickness, sometimes lobate, or in sub-cylindrical, hollow tubes.
Surface with clusters of eight or ten projecting apertures, some-
times regularly and again irregularly arranged. Maculae about one
line apart, and about one-half a line across; interstitial spaces occu-
pied by small pores. Corallites springing from a delicate striated
epitheca. Calices sub-oval, or sub-circular. Walls thin, but thicker
on one side than on the other. Tubes slightly curved at the base,
then vertical to the surface.

Obs. This species, though similar in some respects to the pre-
ceding, can be separated from it by the twisted corallum, and by
the maculae being made up of from but eight to ten tubuli instead of
a considerable number, sometimes thirty.

Formation and Locality — Lower Silurian. Cincinnati Group,
Lebanon, Ohio.

58. M. (Fistulipora) AI.TERNATA, U. P. James.

Ccramopora altcrnata, James. The Paleontologist, p 5, 1878.

Corallum forming branching cylindrical or compressed, gener-
ally hollow stems, one to four lines in diameter, often filled with
clay or some other foreign substance. Surface sometimes with
slighdy elevated spots, bearing few cells, and a greater or less num-
ber of smaller pores. Calices in perfect specimens sub-circular or
oval, elevated, and slightly oblique or arched ; generally arranged
in alternating, but sometimes in diagonal rows around the branches.
Interstitial pores numerous on worn specimens. (Plate i, figs. 5, ^a.b).

Obs. This species may generally be recognized by the maculae
when present, being made of both large and small tubuli. The
apertures, too, are slighdy arched, and arranged in lines or rows
round the branches.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cin'ti (Groups,
Cincinnati, O.

59. M. (Fistulipora) nicholsoni, U. P. James.
Ccrampora nicholsoni, James. Cat. Foss, Cin. Group, p. 3,

1875-

On the Montiadiporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Gwiip. 35

Callopora cincinnaticnsis, Ulrich. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I,
93, 1878. The same with query (?). Ibid. , V, 142, 1882.

Fistidipora (?) multipara, U. P. James. The Palaeonlologist,
p. 2, 1878. Supplement to Cat. Foss. Cin. Gr., p, 10, 1879.

Y. flabdletta, Ulrich. /. c. II, 28, 1879.

Chdoporcllajlabdlata, Ul. Ibid., V. 257, 1882.

Fistidipora siluriaiia, U. P. James. The Pala^ont, p. 19, 1879.

Corallum incrusting, or forming more or less branching or
frondose masses; cells in a perfect condition, slightly oblique, with
thin walls, but in many specimens direct to the surface, elevated
like a ring, and surrounded by from one to two rows ot interstitial
cells. Ordinary calices circular or oval ; the interstitial cells often
polygonal. Walls thin or thick according to the condition of the
specimen. (Plate i. Figs. 6, 6 a, l>, c).

Obs. This species is one which seems to appear under many
forms. Those best known, or at least most common, have direct
cells, with thin walls and these are surrounded by numerous small
cells in one or two rows. One specimen of the species is very instruc-
tive. It is small (Plate I, fig. 6), about an inch in length, spreading out
to about half an inch at the broader end, and has at one end circu-
lar calices, with thick interspaces, and the wall raised up to form a
ring. Toward the center of the specimen the spaces between the
cells become filled with cells. Further on the small cells become
larger and more irregular, and finally at the end the apertures be-
come oblique to the surface, the walls are thin and sharp, the
calices are oval, and a very few interstitial cells can be seen.

It would appear that in a perfect condition the apertures are
thin walled and oblique. When they are worn a little the sharp
edges disappear, numerous interstitial cells appear, and the open-
ings are direct. Finally, still further wear obliterates the mouths
of the smaller cells, the larger ones appear to project above the
surface, and the intercellular spaces are solid. All these features
showing in a single specimen should make us cautious about de-
scribing new species of these forms. The four species united above
have been considered distinct. Thorough investigation proves the
untenableness of the view. We regard cincinnaticusis z\\di flabellata
as characterized upon slightly worn specimens, showing a great
number of interstitial cells. Multipara represents another phase,
less worn than the preceding, with the interstitial cells irregular in
form, while siluriaiia represents the same species when it is most

36 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

worn and shows the thick intercelkilar spaces and the small num-
ber of interstitial cells. (See also remarks upon Cenimopora ohioensis.
Nicholson).

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cin. Gr., Cincin-
nati, O.

60. M. (Fistulipora) milfordensis, U. p. James

Callopora milfordensis, James. The Palaeontologist., p. ti,
1878.

Corallum incrusting, often found on crinoid stems, one-fourth
to one-half a line thick. Calices oval or sub-polygonal, without any
apparent arrangement. Walls of calices elevated, sometimes in
contact sometimes distinct. When distinct the interspaces filled with
small, irregular shaped pores. (Plate i, Figs. 7, 7 a, b).

Obs. — This species is closely allied to some forms of the pre-
ceding, but seems to be constant in the oval calices, with the ring-
like wall. It may have to be united to nichoisoni eventually.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cin. Gr., Milford,
(Hamilton Co ),and Clermont county, O.

Genus 2. Ceramopora, Hall, 1852.

Palaiont. of New York, vol. II, p. 168. Ulrich. Jour. Cin.
Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 156, 1882.

Crepipora, Ulrich. Ibid, V, 157, 1882.

"Coral incrusting, or in flattened hemispheric forms: cells
arranged in alternating or imbricating series; apertures arching or
triangular, with apex above." (Hall)

Obs. This description, although short, is sufficiently clear tor
recognition, and has not been amended in any way since its first
appearance. If accepted in its strict sense, as it will be here, it
includes but few species although quite a number have been
referred to it. It may possibly be better to so enlarge it as to
include ramose forms, one of which at least seems referable here.
Those which follow are all as yet that we have found which seem
possibly referable to it.

The genus was considered by Prof. Hall as one of the Bryozoa
[ Polyzoa ], and has been so regarded by most of those who have
since written upon it. As it has seemed to us to be more closely
allied to MonticiiUpora, than to any genus of Polyzoa, we have
included it in this monograph. The presence of a longitudinal
septum, as shown in worn examples of M. oliiocnsis, dividing the
the cell into two parts is not known, we believe, in the Polyzoa,
but such septa are present in many Coelenterata. It may be that

On the Monticidiporoid Corals of the Cincitinati Group. 37

the genus will be removed eventually from the Monticuloporoid
alliance and placed in some other one of the Ccelenlerata, but we
think without doubt its final position will be there rather than with
any class of the Polyzoa. Septa of a similar kind to those in M.
o/u'oensis, are found in M. [Fistitlipora) alternafa, described above.

1. C. OHiOENSis, Nicholson.
Palaeont. of Ohio, II, 265, 1875.

Corallum " incrusting, forming thin expansions attached to
the surface of brachiopods or corals, and consisting typically at
any rate, of a single layer of oblique cells. Cells arranged in
intersecting diagonal lines, and disposed in a somewhat concentric
manner round more or fewer central points: their upper walls thin
and arched ; the cell-mouths oblique, and, when perfect, semi-
circular in shape. About eight cells in the space of one line "
( Nicholson.)

Obs. This species is a well marked one, and when found in
a perfect condition can be very readily recognized. In many cases,
however, the surface of the fossil is more or less abraded and
worn, and then it presents an entirely different aspect. Dr. Nich-
olson in speaking, of worn examples says that when only slightly
worn the cell cavity appears to be divided into two compartments,
each of a triangular shape, by means of an internal septum, while
smaller cavities appear in the walls between the cells. When still
more abraded, the cells have rounded or oval apertures, are arrang-
ed in diagonal rows, and "separated by a vast number of small
rounded foramina, which appear to be the mouths of interstitial
tubuli.'' When in this condition the species might be readily mis-
taken for a Alonticulipora, especially the sub-genus Fistulipora.

Formation and Locality. Lower Siturian, Cin'ti Gr., Cincin-
nati, O.

2. C. BEANi, U. p. James.

The Palaeontologist, p. 5 1878. (with a query (?)). Jour. Cin.
Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 23, 1884 (also with a query (?) as to the
genus, and misspelled Cerampora ).

(?) Paleschara beani, James. Ulrich. Am. Geologist, I,
186, 1888.

Corallum incrusting, forming thin, irregular expansions on
shells of Orthoccras, and perhaps other bodies. Cells arranged in
somewhat quincuncial order, in alternating, oblique rows, or at
times irregular. Cell walls rather thick, with minute pores some-
times visible at the angles. Apertures oval, diamond-shaped or

38 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

irregular, slightly oblique. 'I'hree cells to a line longitudinally,
four or five transversely.

Obs. This differs from the preceding in the larger size of the
cells, and the less regular arrangement. It seems to be almost
invariably found on Orthoceras.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cin'ti Or., Warren
Co., Ohio.

3. C. CONCENTRICA, U. P. James. The Palaeontologist, p.
5, 1878.

Corallum formimg simple crusts, or cylindrical or flattened
branches, two to five lines in diameter, made up of concentric
layers, each one-quarter to one-half a line thick : the incrusting
forms growing on crinoid stems or other substances. Surface
generally with maculae, two lines apart from centre to centre,
occupied by from four to six tubes, spreading in different direc-
tions. Calices circular or oval, often arranged in short alternating
series. Apertures raised and arched. Walls rather thick, the
margins often raised and thin and sharp. In worn specimens
interstitial cells are shown. (Plate i. Figs. 8, 8 a).

Obs. Thsi species may generally be recognized by the regular
arrangement of the cell apertures, which spread in all directions
generally from the centre of one of the maculre. It somewhat
resembles in this respect MonticiiUpora rcctaugularis, Whitf. , from
Wisconsin, but differs from that in the circular or oval cells.

Formation and Locality. Lower Silurian, Cin'ti Group, Cin-
cinnati, O.

4. C. (?) wHiTEi. U. P. James.
The Palgeontol. (without ?) p. 12, 1878.

Corallum incrusting various objects, generally corals, forming
masses three by six inches, more or less. Surface with slightly
elevated areolae, these cells smaller than the general average.
Calices circular or oval to triangular, &:c., varying also in size.
Apertures slightly elevated and oblique, but mostly direct. Walls
very thin. A few interstitial cells between some of the larger
cells. (Plate i. Figs. 9, 9^.)

Obs. — This form is placed in the genus Ceramopoi a provision-
ally only. It presents many features of a typical AioiiticHlipora,
and perhaps should be placed there, 'i'he clusters of smaller cells
together with the thin walls seem chiefly to distinguish it.

Formation and Locality. — Lower Silurian, Cincinnati Groups,
Cincinnati, O.

On the Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. 39

Cross-reference Index to Species and Synonyms.

MoNTicuLiPORA, proper.

{ cegualis, lyMonotrypcUa):
andrewsii (Heterotrypa) ^^ {pulchellus {Chcetetes). . .

(Callopora)=:Nich. non Ed. & H.
cequalis {Afouotrypclla)r=a\-\dTe\v%\\.
approximaia {Chcftetes)=ixavi\o%'\ Yar., dalii.
arcolata {Asp!dopora)=^e\egan?, • .•

aspera {Spatioporc')^cx\.\?,iu\a.ia..
aspcnda [Petigoponi)=^\\Q\\\txh'j\, var. asperula.
briarea (Chaetetes).
(Monotrypa)
(Monotrypella).

calceola (Monotrypa).

(Leptotrypa).
calycula (Lichenalia?).

(Chcetetes?).

(Diplotrypa). ' '

(Prasopora).

cincinnatiensis (Chcetetes) \ consiinilis.

(Peronopora) ( nodosa {Prasopora).

circularis {IIcferofrypa)^\en?,.

cingulafa [A>nplcxopora)-r=mttW\.

clavacoidea (Chasteles) =^miiii/na {Leptotrypa)

(Monotrypa).

(Leptotrypa).

clavis (Z^/'/^/ny>a)=crustuIata.

clevelandi (Heterotrypa).

clintonensis (Heterotrypa).

o'7iealli, var. communis (Heterotrypa).
communis = ij.i 1 /^ ?> j. \
suopiana {Calloporu).

compressics ( Chcetetetcs)

{Peronopora) = frondosa.

cortex {Leptotrypa) = crustulata.

corticans {CJicBtetes) = tuberculata.

conoidea {Prasopora) = whiteavesii.

consimilis = cincinnatiensis.

contigua {Prasopora) = newberryi.

[ aspera {Spatiopora) .

maculosa {Spatiopora).

line at a {Spatiopora).

crustulata (Chaetetes)=: { clavis {Leptotrypa).

I cortex {Leptotrypa).

I ornata {Leptotrypa) .

(^ typical is {Atactopora),

40 Cinciiviati Society of Natural History.

curvata {Hoinotrypa) — frondosa.
dalii ( ChcBtetes) = ramosa.
(fa/// ( Chfftetes) = ramosa, var. dalii.
dawsoni (Heterotypa ).
( Honiotrypa ).
delicatula (Ch?etetes) ;= minutus {C/urtftfs).
decipicns ( CJurtdcs) = frondosa.
discoidea (Chaetetes).
(Monotrypa ).
( Amplexopora).
( Leptotrypa).
dychei ( Monotrypa).
eccentrica ( Heterotrypa ?).
elegans (Chaetetes).

(Discotrypa) = arcolata {Aspidopora).
falesi.
filiasa (Chjetetes).

( Monotrypa).
;7^'/c7/i^/7' ( Nich., non Ed. & H.) = ulrichi.

\ comprcssus ( C/netctes),
frondosa (Chaetetes ) j {Fcronopora),

(Peronopora) I curvata { Hoinotrypa),
( Heterotrypa) j dccipicns ( C/netctcs),

y uniformis ( Peronopora ) ,
fusiform is (Chaetetes) = siib-fiisiformis {Monotrypa).
gracilis (Chaetetes).

( Heterotrypa ).
( Batostomella).
gracilis, var. niceki = meeki.
harrisi ( Calloporella ) = lens.
hirsiita {Atactopora) = tuberculata.

r scluynii var. liospitalis,
liospitalis (Frasopora) =^ \ (Frasopora),

(_ icinclwUi ( Heterotrypa ).
hospitalis, var. Itevis = Iccvis.

var. neglecta.
iinplicata ( Cluetctes) ")

{Heterotrypa) =z Mamesi.
( Batostonia ) j

infida {Diplotrypa) =: whiteavesii.
irregularis (ChcXtetes).

( Monotrypa).
jamesi (Chaetetes), iinplicata {Chcztetcs),

( Heterotrypa), =^ {Heterotrypa),

{ Batostoma ) , {Batostonia ) .

On the Monticulipoioid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. 41

kentuckensis. ,,

Icevis = hospitalis, var. lasvis.

lens (Nebulipora ), __ yircularis {Hderotrypa),

( Fistulipora), [harrisi {Calloporella).

lineata {Spatiopora) = crustulata.

macidata {Atactopora) =^ tuberculata.

maculosa {Spatiopora) = crustulata.

mammulata (Chaetetes), 1 ^ / r, j. \

) jj ^ ' X -^^ tiwlcsta (Feronopora).

( Heterotrypa) v / '

igracilis, var. meeki,
mceki ( Clias'etes ) = <ciiigiilata {Amplexopora), -.-■

( robust a {Aiuplcxopora ) .

mitiima {Leptotrypa) ==- clavacoidea.
minutus {Chcetctcs) = dclicatula.
molesta {Peronopora ) ^^ m3immu\z.X.a.
montifera {Spatiopora ) = tuberculata.

mu/idula ( Atactopora ) | •

{Atactoporella) —\ °''^°"'-

tiiultigranosa (Atactopora) ) • ■ ' •' "

{Atactoporella) " [ ortoni. .,

newberrvi ( Chaetetes), ( ,. , r, j. \
-^ ^ p. '\ ) contigua {Prasopora),

newportensis (Atactoporella).
nodosa {Prasopora) = cincinnatiensis.
nodulosa (Chaetetes),

( Heterotrypa ),

(Callopora).
obscura {Dekayclla) ^ ulrichi.
ohioensis.

o'nealli (Chaetetes), \ sigillariodcs {Chcetetes),

(Heterotrypa) | {Callopora).

d iiealli, ? var. conuuunis =^ communis.
ornata {Lcptotrypa) = crustulata.

r m ultig ranos ( Atactopora ) ,
ortoni (Chaetetes), j {Atactoporella),

(Peronopora), | niuiniula {Atactopora),

(Atactopora), ] {Atactoporella),

(Atactoporella) | tenella {Atactopora),

I. schucherti, {Atactoporella).
parasitica {Mo7iticulipora) -— papillata.
parasitica {Aspidopora) = newberryi.

42 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

. tuber cu I at a {CImtetcs), Ed & H.
papillata ( Nebulipora ), \ {pars).

( Cha;tetes ) 1 parasitica {Monticiilipora).

^ ( lion Aspidopora ) .

pavonia.

petasiformis, var. welchi = wekhi.

petasiformis ( Monotrypa ).

petechialis ( Chsetetes ),

( Petigopora).

petropolitana {C/io'tetes) = whiteavesii.

pulchellus, Nich., ,

' I r^ J r, TT \" andrewsii.

( non Ed. & H.)

quadrata ( Chaetetes), ) , ,. , ^, . , \

Monotrypa ), ( = rlwndncus ( Chc^tetes),
(Monotrypella) \ ^^'N"'^drata [Monotrypella).

(Chaetetes), '\
ramosa ( Heterotrypa), > := dalii {Cluctctcs).
(Callopora) )

ramosa, var. rugosa, ( riigosa {Chu'tetes),

(Callopora) ( {Heterotrypa).

, , • • ( dalii i Chcetctes ) ,

ramosa, var. dalii, ^ -^ V /'

{approximatus {Cluetetes).

rhombicus {Chcetetes) = quadrata.

robusta {Amplexopora) = meeki.

/7/iffj-a ( Chaetetes),
•^ /tt . ^ \ '=■ ramosa, var. rugosa.

( Heterotrypa ) ' *'

schuchcrti {Atactoporc'.la) := ortoni.

sigillariodes {Chcetetes), \ , ,,.

{Callopora),] — ^ "^a"'-

sim ulatrix { Prasopora ) = whiteavesi.

selwynii, var. Jiospitalis, ) , ...
/ D^ , ' , V = hospitalis.
{Prasopora), ) '

sehuynii {Prasopora) = whiteavesii.

septosa (Atactopora),

( Amplexopora).

subfusifor7?iis {Monotrypa) == fusiform is.

subglobosa (Cluetetes) = turbinata.

subplana { Callopora ) = communis.

siibquadrata {Monotrypella) ■=. quadarta.

subpulchella (Cha^tetes),

( Heterotrypa).

tenella {Atactopora ) = ortonii.

On the Montiailiporoid Corals of the Cincimiati Group. 43

, , 1 . / ,-^1 . ^ \ / cofticans (ChcRietes),

tuberculata (Ch^tetes). \ i ■ ^ 1 \j . j. \

, TV , , ' ^ I nirsuta (Aiactopora ),
( Monotrypa ), == < / / / ^^ ^ >. \

)o ^- -"^ /' \ maculata {Atadopora),

( Spatiopora ) I ,•- \ ^v^ ,/, ''

■ ' ^ ' ^ moutijera {bpatiopora ).

tuburcidata ( /<r/-.f ) = papi llata .

turbinata (Cnjetetes).= ■ 5 , , r.f , ^' x ^ -^

^ ' ( unaulata ( iVlouotrxpa ) pars.

typicalis ( AtaLtflporeUa)^^zxv\%\.\.\\d<\.'5..

ulrichi (Heterotrypa)_ {fletchcri, Nich. {non Ed «& H).
( Dekayella ) ( obscufa ( DekaycUa ).

uniformis ( Peronopora)^^ix:o\\<\o'?,'A.
undulata (Chsetetes).

(Monotrypa).
undulata (Pars)=turbinata.
varians (Chstetes).
vaupeli
welchi iyAIonottypa)^=^\)tl2.%\{oxxci\%, var. , welchi

wetherbyi.
wetherbyi, var., d.'i^txwXd.^asperula { Petigopora).
loinchelli ( //^/<v'(?/'riy^(^7 )=hospitalis.

[ pctropolitana {pars).
I sehuynii { Frasopora).
whiteavesii (Diplolrypa)^^ <J simulatrix {Frasopora).

I conoidca { Frasopora ) .
1^ injida { Diplotrypa ) .

whitfieldi.
wortheni.

Subgenus Dekayia.
attrda { ChcEtctes)=^di?>^tra.
apprcssa=^3.?,\)Qr3..

{attrda { Chcrtetes).

appressa.
I mac u lata.
aspera= -j multispinosa.
j paupera.
pe die u lata.
y frentflnaisis.

iiiaculata 1

multispinosa

pelliculata ^=[-aspera.
paupera j

trentonensis J

44 Cinchinati Society of Natural History

Sub-genus Constellaria.

antheloidea, Hall.
{non Nich).

(Stellipora).
antheloidea, Nich [tuvi Hall)--polystoniella.

fischeri \

florida \

florida, var. , plana =-- ] polystomella.

var. prominans \

limitaris ( Stellipora ) J

(antheloidea, Nich, non Hall,
I fischeri,
polystomella= \ florida, var. plana,

\ var. prominans,

\^ limitaris ( Stellipera ) .

Sub-genus Fistulipora.

alternata.

(Ceramopora).
Cincinnatiensis, Ul. (non James)r:=nicholsoni.

( Callopora ) .
flabellata, =nicholsoni.

granuliferus, \

( Chcetetes V =venusta.

( Homotrypella )

milfordensis.

(Callopora).
77iultipora^^n\c\io\%om.

I cincinnatiensis, Ul.
• non Tames.

nicholsoni= J multipora.
. flabellata.
\ situriana.

oweni

siluriana i=nicholsoni.

ven \.\%idi=^granuliferus.

(Crepipora).

Genus. Ceramopora.
beani.

concentrica. •

ohioensis.
whitei.

On the Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. 45

The genus Cratcripora was first described by Mr. Ulrich
in the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Vol.
II, p. 29, April, 1879, ^^'^^ t^^'*^ species and a variety were there
characterized. There were C. lineata, and var. expansa, and C.
frccta. The first of these had been described a few months before
(January, 1879), ^7 o"^ ^^ ^^'^ ^^ Sagenella striata. (The Palae-
ontologist, p. 22). The author of the genus abandoned it at a
later period, 1882, stating (J. C. S. N. H. V, 151.) that the forms
"are now known to be attached bases of the Ptilodictyonidx. The
form described as C. lineata, and var. expansa belong to species
of Ptilodictya. The bases of Arthropora were called C. erecta.''

These facts are mentioned here so that future students may
know how Crateripora is now regarded.

The following species of the group of Monticulporoids are
either too ill defined or too obscure to find a place in the body of
the paper.

Homotrypa obliqua. Ul. Jour. Cin. Soc. N. Hist. V, 343.

Petigopora gregaria, Ul. Ibid, VI, 155,

The one following has been described as a Ceramopora, but it
is apparently a polyzoan, so it is omitted. We refer to C. radiata,
U. P. James. The Palteont, p. 12, 187S.

46

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

INDEX TO MONTICULIPOROID CORALS.
Species and genera in italics are synonyms.

Abundance of specimens, X, lilt.
Amplexopora, X, 184.

eingulata, X, 174.

robiista, X 174.
' Aspidopora, X, 'IBG.

arcolnta, X, 165.

parasitica, X, 164.
Atactopora. X, 135, 139.

hirsuta, XI, 21.

maculata, XI, 21.

miiltigranosn, XI, 22.

mundula, XI. 22.

tenelhu XI, 22.
Atnetoporella, X, 139.

mnltigranosa, XI, 22.

mundula, XI, 22.

sehiieherti, XI, 22.

typicaiis, XI, 23.
BatdStoma, X, 135.
Batostumelln. X, 135
Callopora, X, 135.

cincmnatiensis, XI, 35,

milfordensis, XI. 36.

sub-plana, X, 175.
Calloporella, X, 135.

harrisi, X, 166.
Ceramopora, X, 137. XI, 30.

alternata, XI, 34.

beani, XI, 34.

concentrica. XI, 38.

nicholsoni, XI, 84.

ohioensis, XI, 87.

radiata, XI, 45.

whitei, XI, 38.
Ceramopo'-eUa, X, 138,
CeramopoHdw, X, 132.
Cha^tetes, reference to, X, 121.

approximatux, X, 179, 182.

clathratula, XI, 18.

compressus, XI, 17.

cortieans, XI, 21.

da/u, X, 181.

deeipiens, XI, 17.

fletcheri, X, 180.

granuliferus XI, 38.

minutus, X, 178.

pulchellus, X, 178.

sigillaroides, X, 174.
(sec also Monticulipora).
Cheiloporella, X, 138.

flubellata, XI, 35.
Comparison of Families, X, 132.
Confusion in Genera, X. 140, 141.
Constellaria, X, 137, XI, 29.

antheloidea, XI, 30, 31.

Constellaria _^sc/ier{, XI, 30.

//ondfl, XI, 30.

\nv. prominans, XI. 30,
var. plana, XI, 30.

limitaris, XI, 30.

polystome la, XI, -80.
Crateripora. XI, 44,
Crepipora.. X, 138, XI, 36.

venusta, XI, 88.
DekayeUa, X, 136, XI, 28.

obseura, X, 180.
Dekayia, X, 186, XI, 28.

appressa, XI, 28.

aspera, XI, 28.

afin^a, XI. 28.

maculata, XI, 28.

m.ultispinosa , XI, 28.

paupera, XI, 28.

pelliculata, XI, 28.

trentonensis, XI, 28.
Dendroid Group, X, 128. 171.
Didumopora, X, 187.
Diplotrypa, X, 183, 184.

eonoidea. X, 169.

i«/?fi(a, X, 169.
Discoid Group, X, 128, 163.
Dispotrypa, X, 137.
Eridopora, X, 188.
Fistulipora, X, 185, 187, XI, 82.

alternata. XI, 34.

flabellata, XI, 85.

milfordensis, XI, 86.

multipora, XI, 35.

nicholsoni, XI, .34.

oweni, XI. 34.

siluriana, XI, 35.

venusta, XI, 33.
Fistuliporid^, X, 132.
Frondescent Group, XI, 15.
Groups of species, X, 123.
Meter otrypa, X, 188.
Homotrypa, X. 138.

curvata, XI, 17.
Homotrypella, X, 139

granuliferous, XI, 33.
Incrusting Group, X, 123, XI, 20.
Index, cross reference, to species

and synonyms, XI, 39.
Internal features, remarks on X,
127.

va-Uie of, X, 126. 129.

Laminar Group, X, 123, .XI, 15.
Leioclema, X. 135.
Loptotrypa, X, 138.

clavis, XI, 23.

Index to Montiatliporoid Coials.

47

Leptotrypa cortex, XI, 23.

minima, XI, 26.

ornata, XI, 28.
Massive Group, X, 123, 160
Microscopic work, opinion of, X, 119.
Miirtotrypn, X, 133.
Monotrypella, X, 134.

cequalis, X. 178

sub-quadrata, X, 177.
MonticLilipora, definition of X, 159.
species of

andrewsii, X, 178.

briarea, X, 172.

calceola, XI, 27.

calycula, X, 167.

cincinnatiensie, X, 170

eireularis, X, 166

clavacoidea, XI, 25.

cleavelandi, XI, 15.

clintonensis, XI, 20.

communis, X, 175.

consioiilis, X, 170.

crustulata, XI, 23.

dalii, X, 182.

dawsoni, XI, 15.

delicatula, X, 173.

discoidea, X, 163.

dychei, XI, 25.

eccentrica, X, 167.

elegans, X, 165.

falesi, X, 168.

filiasa, X, 162.

frondosa, XI, 17.

fusiformis, XI, 26.

<i;racilis, X, 173.

hospitalis, XI, 26.
var. Itevis, XI, 27.
var. neglecta, XI, 27.
implicata, X. 176.
irregularis, X, 163.
jamesi, X, 176.
kentuckensis, X, 180.
lens, X, 165.
manimulata, XI, 16.
meeki, X, 174.
molesta, XI, 16.
newberryi, X, 164.
newportensis, X, 183.
nodulosa, X, 182.
ohioensis, X, 183.
o'nealli, X, 174.

var. communis, X, 175.
ortoni, XI. 22.
papillata. XI, 22.
parasitica. XI. 23.
pavonia, XI, 18.
petasiformis, X, 168.

var. welchi, X, 169.
petechialis, XI, 24.
petropolitaiius, X, 164, 169.

Monticulipora quadrata, X, 176.
ramosa, X, 181
var. dalii, X, 182.
var. rugosa, X, 182.
rhnn.hieus, X 176.
selewfinii, X, 169.

var. hospitalis, XI, 26.
septosa, X, 180.
sub-fusij ormis , XI, 26.
sub-globosa. X, 161.
suh-pulchella, X, 181.
turbinata, X, 161.
tuberculata, XI, 21.
ulrichi, X, 179.
undulata, X, 161.
varians, X. 177.
vaupeli. XI, 19.
welchi, X, 169.
wetherbyi, XI. 24.

var. asperula, XI, 24.
whiteavesii. X, 169.
whitfieldi, X. 178.
winchelli, XI, 26.
wortheni, X, 184,
Monticulipora, synonomy of, X,158.
Monticuliporidae, X, 133.

Nicholson &Ulrich on, X,122.

Unity of family, X, 122.

Nebulipora, X, 36.

Nich'lson on Monticuliporidte, X,
122.

on surface features, X, 124.

Paleschara beani, XI, 37.
Peronopora, X, 134.

uniformis, XI, 17.
Petigopora, X, 136,

asperula. XI, 24.
Prasppora, X, 133.
eontigua. X, 164.
nodosa, X, 170,
Simula tnx, X 169.
Spatiopora, X, 137.
aspera, XI, 23.
lineata. XI, 23.
maculosa, XI. 23.
montifera, XI, 21.
Stellipora, X, 137. XI, 30.
antheloidea. XI, 31.
limitaris, XI, 31.
Section making, X. 131.
Species in palaeontology, X, 120.

making, ru'es for X, 121.

Specific determination, X, 119.
Surface characters defined, X, 123.
Synonomy and subgenera of X, 139,
Trematopora, X. 138
Ulrich on Monticuliporidse. X. 122.

on surface features, X, 122.

Works on Monticuliporoids, notice of,
X, 118.

48 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

Read at the Society's Annual Meeting, April 3, 18S8, and ordered
printed in the Journal.

To the Cincinnati Society of Natural History :

By Section 7 of Article 11 of the By-Laws, it is made the duty
of the Executive Board that "they shall annually report to the
Society the condition of the Museum and Library." In obedience
the following is respectfully submitted :

The collections of the Museum have increased until much
valuable material has to be stored away, for which reason it cannot
be displayed or arranged so as to be made conveniently useful.
The Botanical collection is quite full, but needs the flora of our
own immediate vicinity and region. The valuable collection in
Palaeontology is being increased, chiefly from the Carboniferous
and Tertiary geological formations. No important advance has
been made in mineralogy.

In Conchology 500 species have been added, during the year,
400 of which are new. The growth this year in this branch has been
through exchanges made by Mr. Horace P. Smith, your Custodian.
In Zoology the collections are increasing, though slowly. In the de-
partment of Ornithology it has been advised by Mr. Wm. Hubbell
Fisher, Dr. F. W. Langdon and Mr. Chas. Dury that attention be
directed to the increase of the collection from the fauna of our
region and vicinity. In Osteology, Ichthyology, and Anthropology
in its archaeological phase, litde progress has been made. No
increase has been made in the collection of Entomology.

The Board regrets that there has been for some time a falling
off of the number of members who pursue specialties in the above-
named or other departments. To such an extent has this arrived
that there is a lack of scientific articles for the Journal of the
Society, which for many years caused it to rank in first class with
the natural history scientific journals of this and foreign countries.
It should be an object for the Society to increase its number of
working specialists.

The Library of the Society is in a sound and flourishing con-
dition. It numbers now something over 3,000 valuable books and
pamphlets. It has been increased during the current year about
300, of which 160 have been exchanges for the Journal of the

Report of the Executive Board. 49

Society — valuable exchanges. Tnis shows the importance of issu-
ing a journal devoted to scientific articles, especially in the depart-
ment of natural history belonging to our home locality.

Independently of the Museum, special work, and the Journal,
the Society is steadily making a healthy progress in public lavor and
usefulness in another and exceedingly valuable and interesting field
of labor. Under a plan of action, due originally more to Prof.
Joseph F. James than to any other individual, carefully fostered
and extended by the Society, it has become a free teacher by the
formation of 1^ ceum classes and lectures. These have increased
in kind and in the number of students. The Lyceum has 82 mem-
bers, of which 70 per cent, have been constant in attendance on
the lecture courses. These lecture courses commenced on the 17th
of September, 1S87. The first course had ''Physics" for its sub-
ject of treatment, and the lectures were delivered by Mr. Horace
P. Smith. The second course was on Chemistry, the lectures
being delivered by Dr. W. S. Christopher. The third subject in
course was Anatomy and Physiology, the lectures on which were
delivered by Dr. B. Merrill Ricketts, assisted by Dr. Goode and
Dr. W. R. Amick. It must be borne in mind that these lectures
have been prepared and delivered by the free act of these gentle-
men for the benefit of the Society and of the classes, they should
therefore have the hearty thanks of the Society. The fourth
course will be on Microscopy, by Dr. C. E. Caldwell, and the fifth
and last will have Zoology for its subject, by Mr. Wm. Hubbell
Fisher, assisted by Mr. Chas. Diiry.

Beside the lecture course, the Woodward and Hughes High
Schools have inaugurated the custom of sending pupils to the Mu-
seum to receive tuition m zoology through use of the animal objects
themselves. Monday afternoons have been set aside for Hughes —
and Tuesday afternoons for Woodward High School. Attendance
from Woodward (voluntary) has been from 20 to 40 pupils; from
Hughes (by order) about 100. It is to be hoped that these clashes
will be made permanent and regular, and the prospect is flattering
for the reason that attendance will arise from a pleasurable induce-
ment, combining the features of a holiday with those of useful instruc-
tion. It is Hkewise to be hoped that our Society may thus gather the
like happy and busy throngs to be seen on public days in the great
Museum in the city of New York.

The Society has also had its regular winter course of lec-
tures, to the number of ten, at regular weekly periods,

5o Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

commencing Friday evening, January 6th, iS88. These
lectures have been instructive and popular, the attend-
ance proving too large for comfortable accommodation in our
somewhat restricted quarters. It has been found that we have an
abundance of excellent and superior talent to call on in our midst,
and invitations to lecture by the Society have been most generously
responded to. The thanks of the Society should be given to Mr.
Charles B. Going, Mr. George Bullock, Dr. B. Merrill Ricketts,
Prof. Joseph F. James, Prof. Amos R. Wells, Dr. D. S. Young,
Mr. Chas. Dury, Dr. Walter S. Christopher, Dr. F. W. Langdon,
and Dr. A. B. Thrasher for their services so cheerfully rendered,
and for their able contributions to the entertainment and in-
struction of our townspeople.

With all the work of the Society in various ways, the exhibit
as to its financial condition at this time, the close of our fiscal year,
is good. At the opening of the year we had a balance over from
the preceding year of $342 in the hands of our Treasurer of income
appropriated to be applied to the current expenses of the Society.
This year we have a balance over of something more than .$989 to
be passed over to the expenditure of the Society for the coming
year. It perhaps might be a wisj policy to set aside, say, the sum
of $500 of this for a permanent investment to increase the endow-
ment fund of the Society.

It is found, as said, that the Society is steadily growing
in public favor, through its lyceum classes and its course of
winter lectures, independently of its character as a grand Mu-
seum of Natural History, affording the means of scieniific ref-
erence in all the departments thereof. The Society is becoming
not only an honor to our town, but of comparative worth with
those of the great cities. And this being so, we want more space
for a better arrangement of our various branches of exhibition, and
this emphatically in a Jire-proof structure. We want a lecture-room
equal to the popular growth of taste for delightful instruction in
Natural History. We require class-rooms for special classes, and
so on. It need not be held invidious to claim that a roomy, fire-
proof building for a Museum of Natural History, with a commo-
dious lecture-room and class-rooms, should be as much a need and
pride of a great city such as ours, as is an Academy of Music, a
Museum of Fine Arts, or even as a University or the High Schools
themselves. And this is enforced when it is considered that the

Report of the Executive Board. 5 1

study of Natural History is an enticing pleasure and attractive to
youth. They seek its fields eagerly from an inborn love of Nature
and her workings; they love her simple and fascinating lessons
with an appetite which continually grows by what it feeds on.

With us, here, tuition is free, our doors are open, and it affords
as much pleasure to give instruction as it can to receive it. For
these reasons let us unite to work as far as we can for the stated
ends, the satisfaction of the needs or wants which we are now
beginning to feel to be almost imperative.

Mr. Horace P. Smith, custodian of the Society, deserves com-
mendation for the faithful administration of the duties of his office,
and for his zealous efforts for the growth and successful conduct of
the Lyceum classes.

The Executive Board.

IN MEMOEIAM

WALTER ANGUS DUN

BORN MAECH 1 1857
DIED NOVEMBER 7 1887

In Memoriam — Walter Angus Dun. 55

WALTER ANGUS DUN.

Doctor Walter Dun died on the afternoon of November 7th,
1887, after a severe illness which continued for four weeks.

By his death the community lost a man of inestimable worth,
and one who gave the most brilliant promise of future success and
usefulness. Endowed with those rare qualities of mind and char-
acter which fit their possessor to fill the highest stations in life, few
enjoy brighter prospects than he, and seldom is a death more de-
plored in a community than was his. All that may be said to honor
his memory, is no more than would have received the hearty in-
dorsement of every one who knew him, had it been spoken dur-
ing his life. A man of more than ordinary ability and persever-
ance, upon whatever work he entered, it was with the purpose
to carry It through to a successful issue. His mind was of unusual
strength and acuteness, his reasoning and judgement clear and un-
biased by prejudice or false ideas, he was broad and liberal in his
views, but always a staunch adherent of truth and justice; his
every action was based upon principle and not upon caprice.

He was an earnest student, not only in his professional work,
but in many subjects of scientific or general interest. Into what-
ever circle he entered, literary, scientific, or professional he, re-
ceived a warm welcome not only by reason of his attainments,
but by his warm genial heart, and his manly unassuming charac-
ter, which won for him a host of sincere friends. Possessed of
these noble qualities, and just entering upon the period of his life
when they began to show their real power and they could be used
to the best advantage, he was called away, leaving many a friend
to mourn his untimely death, and not a few subjects of study to
feel the want of his acute reasoning. How these faculties were
used, and the promise given for the future, will be shown in the
sketch of his brief but very active life.

During his leisure moments, he wrote a brief autobiography, to
which access has been given through the kindness of his mother,
and it is to this that I am indebted for many of the facts concern-
ing his life.

Walter A. Dun was born at Plumwood, Madison County, Ohio,
March i, 1857. His early education was received at home and in
the public schools. In October, 1873, he went to Chillicothe, O.,
where he studied with his grandfather until the following January.

56 Cincitmati Society of Natural History.

He entered the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (now
Ohio State University) at Columbus, February 14, 1874, and
graduated from this institution in June, 1878, receiving the degree
of Bachelor of Science. His class, consisting of six members, was
the first graduated from the university.

In his college life he was a faithful successful student, and won
the highest regards of his professors and associates ; he was one of
the organizers of Alcyone Literary Society in the college, and was
a member of the Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity. During the vaca-
tions of these various years he worked in the summer on the farm
at his home, and .went on brief visits to the neighboring cities, es-
pecially Cincinnati.

In 1878, through the influence of Dr. Wm. Carson, he came to
this city to begin the study of medicine under the preceptorship of
the doctor. He attended Miami Medical College, and passed final
examinations in all departments of that institution, winning the
faculty prize of $100 in gold. In February, 1881, he was elected
a resident of the Cincinnati Hospital, where he continued until
after his graduation from the medical college.

During these years of study in Cincinnati, he suffered two
severe attacks of sickness; in the summer of 1880, he had typhoid
fever, and of this time he says, ''I was tenderly cared for by Dr.
Carson and his family at his house." The second attack was a
light case of smallpox, and during his convalescence from this
disease, while still confined in the hospital, he prepared for his
final examinations. In March, 1882, he took the degree of M. D.

Not satisfied with the knowledge already gained, he at once
made preparations for spending a year of travel and study in Eu-
rope, sailing from New York on April 5. 1882.

On his arrival in London he entered application for admission
to examination to the Royal Colleges, (Physicians and Surgeons).
He then entered Univeisity College Hospital, also the Physiologi-
cal Laboratory, here he took a course of study in bacteria and his-
tology, which he completed in July; he then went to Paris thence
to Strasburg, and the Teutonic portion of Switzerland, returning to
London by way of Basle, Heidelberg, and down the Rhine to
Cologne ; thence to Brussels and Antwerp, to Harwick and Lon-
don. His application to the Royal Colleges being granted, he
passed the required examinations, and received the degree L. R.
C. P. (Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians) in October,
and M. R. C. S. (Member of the Royal College of Surgeons) in

/// Memflriain — IVa/tt'r A710US Dun.

57

November, 1882. After another and more extended visit to the
continent and a tour through Eng'and and Scotland, he returned to
New York, March 26, 1883, and after a visit to his home at PKun.
wood, he returned to Cincinnati and located at 63 E. 4th St.

Soon after, he accepted the position of demonstrater of histology
at the Miami Medical College, and in June took charge of Dr.
Taylor's Clinic for the diseases of children, for the summer.

Doctor Dun v.as intimately identified with the Children's Hos-
pital of the Protestant Episcopal Church on Mt. Aubiu-n. He was
elected to the staff of visiting physicians, in December, 1883, and
continued in connection with the institution until his death.

He was an earnest worker for the welfare of the hospital, and
this zeal combined with his rare ability and strong character, made
him an invaluable associate of the officers and i)hysicians, while
his kind, happy disposition, combined with his fondness for chil-
dren made him a favorite among them; and nowhere was this
more touchingly shown, than when he passed through the wards of
the hospital, and his cheerful words to the little sufferers, were re-
ceived with a bright smile of welcome, and a look of tender affec-
tion. The hospital was a project for the success of which he worked
with his usual zea', and perhaps here more than anywhere else in
his public life may we look for the tender, unwritten history of
that sympathetic soul. At the laying of the corner-stone he said,
with enthusiastic fervor, to Mrs, McGuffey : "I could give three
cheers," and it is one of the saddest features of his death that, be-
fore that building was conipleted, he had passed awav. One of
the highest tributes to his memory was that paid by Dr. Wm.
Carson, his preceptor and intimate friend, at the dedication of the
hospital, November 23, 1887.

On April 8, 1886, Dr. Dun was appointed a member of the
Board of Police Examiners, in which capacity he served with great
efficiency, until attacked with his last illness. While in this posi-
tion he prepared a valuable paper on the " Police Standard of
Cincinnati," which was published in the " Lancet and Clinic,"
Vol. 18, page 131.

Of all the institutions with which the Doctor was identified, no
one has felt his loss more keenly than the Cincinnati Society of
Natural History.

An ardent lover of Natrue, he gave himself to its study with
enthusiasm. Soon after coming to the city he became a member
of the Society, and one of its warmest friends and supporters.

58 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The results of his work in Natural History were given for the
benefit of the Society, and did much toward giving the Society the
eminent position which it holds to-day.

From the first he was enthusiastic for the advancement of the
Society in all its interests : he sought to extend its influence in the
city and increase its meml)erslii|), and in both was eminently suc-
cessful, aiding to place the Society on a broad basis in the public
estimation, and bringing to it large and valued additions in mem
bership.

He was elected President of the Society in 1886, and was a mem-
ber of the Executive Board at the time of his death. In his
address given at the time of taking the President's chair, he gave
it as his purpose to devote his energies in behalf of the Society,
especially toward the increase of the fJuilding Fund, that it might
soon be possible to provide the necessary accommodations for the
increased requirements of the museum and educational work of the
Society. In this cause he labored earnestly, and no doubt would
have been successful in his endeavors had he been permitted to
continue his work.

The Lyceum of Natural History for young people owes its ex"
istence largrly to his suggestions and efforts in its behalf, and it
became second only to the Building Fund in his favorite projects
for the advancement of the Society. The first address given to the
Lyceum as an organization was given by him on the " Early His-
tory of the Earth." In his final address at the close of his term of
office as President he expressed this sentiment: " While my efforts
will be given for the good of every part of the Society's work, two
of them shall I seek most earnestly to advance; these are, the
Building Fund and the Lyceum."

Another department of the work of the Society which he sought
to develop and extend was that of the Meteorological Section.
He endeavored to organize a society in the Ohio Valley for the
study of meteorological phenomena, to be conducted in connection
with the Society, and succeeded in enlisting the sympathy of the
meteorologists of this city and vicinity in his project. He furnished
to the Society at his own expense a set of weather symbols, to be
used in announcing weather predictions.

In the regular scientific work of the Society he contributed
many valuable papers for publication in the Journal, a list of which
is given below :

/// Mfuioriatn — Walter A}igJis Dun. 59

"A Brief Sketch of Floods in the Ohio River."" A^ol. 7, jj.
104.

"Ancient Earthworks in the State of Ohio on the Little Miami
River." Vol. 7, p. ^i.

"Exploration of Deer Creek Mound." Vol. 7, p. 194.

"Swiss Lake Dwellers." Vol. 7, p. 87.

"Report and Observations on Relic Finds." Vol. 8, p. 85.

" Petrified Human Bones found in a Mound near Fort Hill."
A^ol. 8, p. 176.

"Observations on Periodical Cicada. " Vol. 8, p. 233.

" Report on Mound Ex|)lorations in Green County, Ohio."
Vol. 8, p. 231.

Besides these published papers, he has given many valuable
contributions to the Society in the way of informal talks and lec-
tures. Three of the latter were given in the Free Lecture Course
on the following tO|:)ics :

"The Scientific Value of Arctic Explorations."'

" On the Zuni Lidians and their Civilization."

"Climate, Plant Life and Consumption."

There was no department of the Society which did not feel
the stimulus of his energy and ]:)erseverance; his spirit pervaded
all, and its influence will long be felt though he has been removed
from the midst of the work.

The discovery of natural gas opened a new field for scientific
inquiry, and Dr. Dun entered upon it, giving special attention to
the possibility of finding gas in the vicinity of Cincinnati, and to
the solution of the problem regarding the position and character
of the Utici and Trenton formations in this vicinity. The data for
for this work were obtained largely from the records of well bor-
ings in Cincinnati and vicinity, and much laborious work and care
were necessary in obtaining them. The writer assisted in this
work, and can speak from personal knoweledge of the conscien-
tious care exercised by the Doctor in collecting his materials.

The results of this investigation were given to the society in
the address given at the close of his term of ofiice as president,
though at that time they were necessarially incomplete, and it is to
be regretted that these results were not prepared in a form for pub-
lication.

Of the value of his work in this connection. Professor Orton,
the State Geologist, writes : "Dr. Dun wrote two long letters to me
in regard to the stratigraphy of the Cincinnati rocks as determined

6o Cinciwiati Society of Natural History.

from the drillings that were going forward. The letters seemed to
me very discriminating and valuable. 1 used tliem in my report
so far as the main facts were concerned.

"I am very sure that the doctor would have made valuable
contributions to geology, if he had kept his interest in the subjects
pertaining thereto. His clearness and thoroughness would have
insured the result. If he did anything he must do it well.

"I cannot tell you how much I deplore his loss, I feel a pang
of grief at his untimely departure, whenever his name comes to my
mind. I cannot reconcile myself to his taking off"

This expression finds a response in the heart of every one who
knew the doctor.

Aside from hij professional studies, the subject which more
than any other may have been called his specially was Anthropol-
ogy. In this he did most careful and valuable work, and in re-
cognition of his contributions to this department of knowledge, he
was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science in the section of Anthropology, at the annual
meeting of the Association, in 1886.

Personally, the doctor possessed the most excellent character-
istics. With a disposition happy and almost boy-like in its bouy-
ancy, a warm sympathetic heart, plain spoken, and true as steel,
his personal friendship was a treasure to all who gained it. (3f an
upright Christian character, invariable in his devotion t(j truth and
justice, he at all times did that which he believed to be his duty
without regard to the opinions or favor of men.

A man of true culture and refinement broad in his learning and
opinions, he was most acceptable in all social and learned circles.

Before concluding this sketch, I wish to acknowledge with
sincere gratitude the kind aid given by Mrs. Annie L. Dun in the
preparation of this memorial of her son, and to assure her again of
the deep sympathy felt for her by all.

The story of his life is finished ; brief though it was, it was full
of earnest conscientious work. The influence of that life will long
be felt in all those circles of this community in which the doctor
lived and worked. It was a life well worthy of imitation by every
youth in its fulness, sincerity and true nobility of character.

All that was mortal of Walter Dun was laid to rest in the ceme-
tery at Dayton, Ohio. His works and influence will be enduring ;
and while feeling the keenest sorrow for his loss, it should not be a

In Memoriam — Walter Angus Dun. 6i

sorrow which folds the hands in inaction, but which awakens the
spirit of those left behind to more earnest zeal, that the noble proj-
ects started by him may not fall, but be established as enduring
monuments to his memory.

As one who enjoyed the personal friendship of Doctor Walter
Dun, and who has on many occasions felt the sincerity and value
of that friendship, I humbly ask to make this small tribute to his
memory, treasuring in my heart as many another will, precious re-
collections of that true friend.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L

PAGF.

Fig. I. Monliculipora clintonensis, U. P. J., natural size ... . 20

la. The same : surface enlarged

Fig. 2. Monliculipora crustulata, U. P. J., natural size 23

2a. The same : surface enlarged

Fig. 3. Monliculipora hospitalis, var. neglecta, new. var.,

natural size 27

Fig. 4. Monticulipora cleavelandi, U. P. J., natural size. ... 15

4a. The same : surface enlarged

Fig. 5. Monticulipora (Fistulipora) alternata, U. P. J., natural

size • . . 34

5fl. Another specimen showing the branches inosculating..

5^. The same : surface enlarged

Fig. 6. M. (Fistulipora) nicholsoni, U. P. J., frondose speci-
men, natural size 35

6a. Another specimen (species described as Fistulipora)
siluriana, ,

6/?. Surface of 6 enlarged

6i-. Surface of 6 enlarged but at a different place from 6/'..
Fig. 7. M. (Fistulipora) milfordensis, U. P. J., natural size.. 36

"ja. The same, another specimen natural size

"jd. Surface of 7 enlarged. •

Fig. 8. Ceramopora concentrica, LI. P. J., natural size 38

8a. The same : surface enlarged

Fig. 9. Ceramopora whitei, L^. P. J. Type specimen — incrust

ing, natural size 38

ga. Surface of same enlarged

Note The enlargement of the surface of the specimens as noted above, was tha
furnished by A Eyepiece and a 2-inch objective. The drawings were made with a
camer.i lucida.

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T ecE crouR.isrj^iii

Cincinnati Society of Natural History

Vol. XI. Cincinnati, July-October, 1888, Nos. 2 and 3.

PROCEEDINGS.

Annual Meeting, April t^, i888.

President Skinner in the chair. Twenty-seven members present.

The minutes of January business meeting were read and
approved.

The following names were proposed for active membership :
Miss Lucy LeBoutillier, Charles Andrews, Dr. George M. Allen,
Dr. Joseph Anderson, Richard Ellison, Kyle HoUoway, Fred.
Tishbein, Mrs. L. C. Weir, W. A. McCord, John M. Stacy, H. N.
Kitchell, Jerome B. Clark, William F. Gray, Collin Ford, Mrs.
Jennie A. Netter.

The following persons were elected to active membership:
Miss Lucia Stickney, Aaron A. Ferris, Miss Eugenia Iliff, A. L.
Reum, Nathaniel L. Davis.

Minutes of Executive Board for January, February and March
read and approved.

Report of Centennial Exposition Committee read and approved.

Report of the Treasurer, S. E. Wright, was read and referred
to Auditing Committee.

President Skinner read the report of the Executive Board on
"Condition of the Museum and Library."*

The following officers of the Society we/e then elected for the
ensuing year :

President, J. Ralston Skinner.

First Vice-President, William Hubbell Fisher.

Second Vice-President, Davis L. James.

Secretary, Dr. James A. Henshall.

Treasurer, S. E. Wright.

Librarian, Miss Amanda Frank.

Primed in Journal of the Society, for April, li

$4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History .

Curators:

Geology, C. L. Faber.

Entomology, George B. Twitchell.

Botany, Prof. Joseph F. James.

Zoology, Charles Dury.

Osteology, Dr. O. D. Norton.

Anthropology, Dr. Gustav Bruehl.

Photographic Section, George Bullock.

Meteorology, H. P. Smith.

Microscopy, Dr. B. Merrill Ricketts.

Physics and Chemistry, Dr. W. S. Christopher.

The following were elected members at large of the Executive

Board :

Prof. George W. Harper. A. D. Smith.

Dr. O. D. Norton. Rev. Raphael Benjamin.

The election of a Trustee was postponed until next meeting.
The following Committee was appointed to audit the report of
Treasurer :

Davis L. James. Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

William H. Knight.

Upon motion duly carried, the stereopticon of the Society was
loaned to the Unity Club to illustrate a lecture.

Mr. R. H. Warder stated that there was a strong probability of
the library of the late Horticultural Society being presented to the
Society, if permission was granted to have it deposited, for the
present, in the library of the Society.

The proposed amendments to the Constitution, Article VL,
Section 3, and By-Laws, Article II. Section 4, were read (See
Journal, April 1888, pages 12, 13).

Donations were received as follows: From G. H. Curtis,
Diatom Slide; from Mrs. James D. Lehmer, miscellaneous Speci-
mens and Curios; from William Graham, specimen of Ammonites
uiulgraviiis.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, May i, 1888.

President Skinner in the chair. Ten members present.

The President called the attention of the members to the im-
proved condition and appearance of the Society's rooms, and to
the admirable manner in which the repairs and renovation of the
same had been carried out.

Proceedings of the Society. 65

The minutes of the March scientific meeting were read and
approved.

Mr. M. D. Burke read a paper entitled " Drift: its distribution
and character in the vicinity of Cincinnati, when considered as a
probable source of water supply."

The following names were proposed for active membership :
Larz Anderson, Jr., Mrs. J. Ralston Skinner, Miss Wiggins, William
McMasters, David W. Blymyer, Mrs. Mary L. Fisher, Miss Eliza
A. Fisher, Samuel J. Broadwell.

The following persons were elected to active membership :
Jerome B. Clark, Kyle Holloway, William F. Gray, H. N.
Kitchen, Fred. Tishbein, W. A. McCord, Collin Ford, Charles
Andrews, Dr. Joseph Anderson, Dr. George M. Allen, Richard
Ellison, John M. Stacy, Mrs. L. C. Weir, Mrs. Jennie W. Netter,
Miss Lucy LeBoutillier.

Mr. Aaron A. Ferris was elected Trustee for two years.

The amendments to Constitution, Article VI., Section 3, and
By-Laws, Article IL, Section 4, were then read, and upon motion
carried unanimously.

Prof. G. W. Harper and William Hubbell Fisher were appointed
a Committee to examine and report on the provisions of the Con-
stitution and By-Laws in relation to "Sections" of the Society, as
to their definiteness, and what amendments, if any, were neces-
sary.

The Auditing Committee reported that the accounts of the
Treasurer, for the past year, were in good form and correct.

The list of donations was then announced by the Custodian as
follows : From Mrs. James D. Lehmer, specimens of salt crys-
tal, chalcedony, shells, etc.; from Lewis Swift, Rochester, "His-
tory and Work of Warner Observatory;" from H. D. Williams,
city, specimen of Dynastes tityiis and larvae of Royal Moth ; from
T. H. Aldrich, the "Aldrich Collection" of Corals, Sponges, etc.,
from Bermuda.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, /////^ 5, 1888.

First Vice-President Fisher in the chair. Eight members
present. No Quorum.

The minutes of the May scientific Meeting were read.

Dr. O. D. Norton exhibited a leaf and flower of the Peacock
plant {Strelifzia regind); remarks were made upon the same by Dr.
Norton and Davis L. James.

66 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

President P'isher exhibited an alcoholic specimen of a fish,
Morone interrupta (Yellow Bass), as large as a man's hand, that he
took from the stomach of a double-crested Cormorant { Phalacro-
corax dilophus), sent him from Carlisle, Illinois. The fish was in
a good state of preservation, except the head, which was partially
digested.

Mr. H. P. Smith exhibited a fine specimen of a Stag-beetle
{Lucanus elephas).

Dr. O. D. Norton exhibited a collection of fossils, minerals,
archaeological relics, etc., donated by Mrs. C. S. Miiscroft, Jr.

Mr. Warren K. Moorehead exhibited a fine specimen of Lepido-
drendron, showing the bark, fruit, etc., and made some very inter-
esting remarks on the same. He also stated that some skulls
recently taken from the stone graves at Fort Ancient, Ohio, showed
a remarkably acute facial angle.

A quorum now being present, the minutes of the last meeting
were approved.

Mr. William P. Anderson was proposed for active membership.

The following -were elected to active membership: Samuel J.
Broadwell, Larz Anderson, Jr.. David W. Blymyer, William MciMas-
ters, Mrs. J. Ralston Skinner, Miss Wiggins, Mrs. Mary L. Fisher.
Miss Eliza A. Fisher.

The list of donations was then announced by the Custodian as
follows: From W. \V. Seely, M. D., city, American Bittern
(niounted) ; from William T. Orange, city, Whippoorwill ; from S.
T. Carley, Bantam, Ohio, slab of Murchisonia, collection of Fucoids;
from Miss Clarissa Gest, city, Nubian Girdle; from Felix, Baron
von Thiimen, Gorz, Austria, author, pamphlet. ''Die Pilze Obsfs^^c-
7vachse f from Edward P. Morris, city, specimen of wood from
the " Penn Elm;" from Amos W. Butler, Brookville, Ind., autlior,
miscellaneous pamphlets; from U. -P. James, city, author, Mono-
graph of the Monticuliporoid Corals, of the C^iiicinn.iti Group;
from Prof. J. W. Spencer, author, Columbi.T, Mo., miscellaneoi;s
pamphlets; from PI. D. Williams, city, specimen of Lucauus ele-
phas; from Prof. Joseph F. James, Oxford, "Catalogue of Miami
University;" from Mrs. Dr. Muscroft, through Dr. O. D. Norton,
the Muscroft Collection of minerals, shells, etc. ; from Winthrop
McGuffey, city, Linmhts polyplicmus : from Hon. Henry Mack,
city, fifty-two volumes of Volume VI., "Geological Survey of
Ohio.'

Adjour;-e:'].

Proceedings of the Society. 67

Business Meeting, July 3, 1888.

First Vice-President Fisher in the chair.

Minutes of Annual Meeting of April read and approved.

The minutes of the Executive Board for meetings of April, May
and June were read.

The amendment to Article VI. Section 3, of the Constitution,
was presented for a final vole and carried.

Mr. William P. Anderson was elected to active membership.

Dr. J. A. Henshall read a paper on "Some Peculiarities of the
Ova ot Fishes; " referred to Committee on Publication.

Dr. O. D. Norton exhibited some specimens of plants from
Watch Hill, R. I , and made some interesting remarks thereon.

Dr. Henshall read by title a paper, "Contributions to the
Ichthyology of Ohio." No. i. Referred to the Committee on Pub-
lication.

I^rof. W. R. Lazenby, of Ohio State University, gave some
interesting suggestions on the work of Natural History Societies.

Donations were received as follows : From S. D. Spence,
Ludlow Grove, specimen of Fungus; from Pelham Ellis, city,
minerals; from J. M. Phillips, New Haven, Pa., Least Bittern
(mounted); from A. E. Heighway, M. D., large collection of
Fossils from Phosphate Beds, Buford Couniy, S. C.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, August 7, 1888.

Vice-President Fisher in the chair.

Minutes of the June scientific Meeting were read and approved,
subject to the action of a quorum, there being no quorum present
when read.

Mr. M. Neumann, of California, gave a very interesting lecture
upon "Silk Worm Culture," which was followed by a general
discussion of the subject.

A vote of thanks was extended to Mr. Neumann.

A quorum was now present.

Mr. Davis L. James exhibited a very fine specimen of marine
algce, Laniinaria saccliarina.

Donations were received as follows : From J. A. Cassell, city,
Stalactites from Mammoth Cave; from United States National
Museum, through G. Brown Goode, five boxes Foraminifera ; from
Hon. Charles Bird, city, fifteen volumes " Ohio Geological Sur-
vey," Vol. VL with maps; from Department of Interior, through
Hon. C. E. Brown, complete set of " Reports of United States

68 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Geological Survey;" from J. L. Foley, Covington, specimen of
Corydalus cornvtus ; from Col. J. W. Abert, Newport, specimens
Unios ; from Prof. Joseph F. James, Oxford, miscellaneous
pamphlets.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, September ^, 1888.

Vice-President James in the chair.

Mr. Harry W. Brown, Secretary pro ton.

Minutes of August scientific Meeting read and approved.

Prof. David Boyd, of Ontario, read a paper on " Biology as a
Factor in National Education.''

Remarks on the subject were made by Dr. Norton.

Prof. Joseph F. James read a paper on " The Ancient Channel
of the Ohio River at Cincinnati."

On motion of Mr. Charles Dury a vote of thanks was extended
the gentlerpen for their very instructive papers.

Dr. B. M. Ricketts made remarks on observations made during
the excavation for the piers of the Huntington Bridge, which were
followed by a general discussion.

Prof. Joseph F. James read a paper on "The Ivorydale Well,"
illustrated by a diagram.

Sergeant P. T. Jenkins was proposed for active membership.

The resignation of Prof. J oseph F. James as Curator of Botany
read and accepted.

The Chair gave notice of an election of Curator of Botany to
take place at the nex"t regular meeting of the Society.

Resignations of Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Holmes read and accepted.

Donations received as follows : From Warren-Scharfif Paving
Co., specimen of Trinidad Asphalt; from Dr. O. D. Norton, speci-
men oi Laminar ia saccharina; from Chief Signal Officer, Washing-
ton, D. C, "Reports for 1885," Parts i, 2; " Reports for '1886,
1887," Part i; from J. K. Martin, Melbourne, Fla., specimen of
Romalea microptera.

Adjourned.

Drift. 69

DRIFT.

Its Distribution and Character in the Vicinity of Cincinnati, Wheit
Considered as a Probable Source of Water Supply.

By M. D. Burke, C.E.

(Read May i, 1888.)

Recent allusions in the public press to cities now obtaining"
their supplies of water by the system known as "gang wells,"
or "driven wells" — notably at Sioux City, Iowa, and Brooklyn,,
New York — has led the writer to consider the probability of look-
ing to such a source for at least an auxiliary supply for the city of
Cincinnati.

Were an engineer employed to prepare plans for supplying the
city of Lawrenceburgh with water, he would hardly be likely to go
directly to the present channel of either the Ohio or the Great
Miami river with his pumping works and draw therefrom the
turbid waters and attempt their purification in expensive set-
tling basins ; but he would penetrate the gravel bed, underlying the
city to the level of the river channel, and draw therefrom water
filtered ready for delivery for any use that might be required. In
this case it is known that the plain, or bottom, upon which the city
of Lawrenceburgh stands, is underlaid by a thick stratum of gravel
carrying an inexhaustible supply of clear water, sufficiently pure
for domestic uses. Inasmuch as this condition is known to exist
in our immediate neighborhood, the question at once arises, Can
not like conditions be found where the water can be used for sup-
plying the city of Cincinnati?

In searching for an answer to this query, we naturally look to
our geological and topographical surroundings. The rocks of our
"Cincinnati group" we find to be Lower Silurian, the strata but
very sHghtly inclined from the horizontal — evidence at once of
two conditions: First, that the land upon which we now reside
has been exposed to the action of subaerial agents ever since it
first emerged from the Silurian seas ; and second, that it has never
been greatly elevated or effected by volcanic or seismic action.
In other words, this portion of the country, in which the Lower

70 Cincinnaii Society of Natural History.

Silurian appears as the surface rocks, existed as an island, from
the surface of which the winds and storms of countless centuries
grooved out and carried away, to the surrounding seas, material
for the formation of the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks; that,
with the growth of successive geological formations, our elevation
and area increased, finally becoming continental.

During the successive geological periods in which were deposited
all the sedimentar)^ rocks, from the Silurian to the Cretaceous, the
topographical features appear to have been formed in what might
be termed a "normal condition." Evidently, the uplands were
comparatively level plateaus, upon which were the sources of
watercourses that united to form rivers, with their channels and
flood-plains. The ancient streams that carried to the sea the sedi-
ment which formed the Carboniferous rocks, and the immense
timber rafts which form our coal deposits, were undoubtedly the
engravers that marked out the lines which are now followed by
many watercourses of the present day. These ancient valleys of
erosion were deeper than the present river channels. It is fair to
presume that they were bounded by banks and bluffs more precip-
itous than those of the present day, for we find that the existing
topographical features have been modified by an agency operating
in a peculiar manner, subsequent to the deposition of the highest
rocks of the Tertiary formation. This was the "Ice Age," or
" Glacial Epoch,'' when our hills and valleys received their coating
of boulder clay, or drift. That the modifications were radical,
and that the graving tools of the Ice King were wonderfully effec-
tive, is evident from the most cursory examination. Water-courses
were in many places changed, and the ancient channels were silted
up to a depth of about forty feet, when the stream remained in
the same valley, so_ that the gravel bars of the ancient rivers are
found at and below the present low water level, and the ancient
flood-plain or bottom lands adjoining the streams are now found
but six to ten feet above our extreme low water level.

Evidences of this condition of facts are so numerous as to
scarcely need citation It is illustrated by a section on page 427
of Volume I., "Geological Survey of Ohio," and confirmed by
nearly all the borings and excavations that have been made through
the drift deposits of the valleys. The essential fact to be noted in
this connection is that the gravel and boulders of the ancient river
channels consist largely of sandstone and granitic pebbles, while
the gravel beds of the more modern and upper terraces are

Drift. 1 1

composed in very great part of limestone. The lower gravel beds,
therefore, carry the undercurrent of the Ohio, or the waters of
the ancient stream, while the modern drift and upper terraces carry
the waters o^ our limestone hills. When the ancient drift is pene-
trated, where it is not too remote from the Ohio River, we obtain
filtered Ohio River water.

The general topographical features of the immediate vicinity of
Cincinnati are quite familiar; yet there are very few who have
studied in detail the forms and positions of the surrounding hills
and valleys. The general direction of the Ohio River is south of
west, its channel being about four hundred feet below the level of
the plateau on either side. From the North it is joined above the
city by the Little Miami, and about twenty miles below the city by
the Great Miami, the direction of each being west of south, each
passing through a well-defined valley corresponding in depth to
that of the principal water-course. Directly opposite the city the
Ohio is joined by the Licking River, flowing in a northwesterly
direction. These facts are generally known; but the valleys of the
minor tributaries, their forms, directions and connections, as well
as the windings of the greater and lesser valleys, with their coves
and terraces, are known only to the special topographical student.
For example. Mill Creek, joining the Ohio from tl e North at Cin-
cinnati, is a minor tributary, yet its valley is of such a nature as to
furnish a satisfactory reason for building a great city where Cincin-
nati now stands rather than at any other point on the north bank
of the Ohio within the limits of the Stale.

Any attempt to estimate the number of years which the lime-
stone plateau, which we term the "Cincinnati group," has been
exposed to the eroding action of the subaerial agents would be
puerile. Could the time be determined, and the number of years
written in figures, it is entirely probable that the magnitude
expressed would be altogether incomprehensible to our minds.
The accompanying diagrams show, in geological epochs or periods,
the comparative age of the rocks in this locality and how near
they lie to the base of the Geological Column, as known to us.-i-

An examination of these sections at once reveals the fact that
this formation is of great age ; and — when we reflect on the gradual
manner in which sedimentary rocks are formed; that the "Cincin-
nati Anticlinal" is flanked by formations aggregating miles in

•■■See Sections of Rocks, " Dana s Manual of Geolnoy, ' page 131; and
Volume I. of " Geological Survey of Ohiu," page 88.

72 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

thickness; that after the Carboniferous Era occurred the great
Appalachian upHft (the fault along that line seldom being estimated
at less than twenty thousand feet, of which at least three miles in
depth has weathered away), we must inevitably conclude that the
Silurian Seas, in which these rocks were deposited, existed at a
time so remote that the years that have passed would be expressed
by a number to us utterly incomprehensible — we rather agree with
Hutton that "There are no traces of a beginning, no prospect of
an end."

After this limestone plateau had withstood the weathering action
of the countless ages required for the formation of the Devonian
rocks, and had contributed of its substance for that purpose ;
after it had sent its timber rafts both East and West to aid in
forming the great coal deposits of America (and after the coal had
been covered by the Lias, the Oolitic, the Cretaceous and the
Tertiary formations), came that peculiar period commonly known
as "the Glacial Epoch," when this area received its first addition
from the surrounding country since the time it first emerged from
the Silurian Seas. The hills and vales that we now see came
forth in substantially their present form from the fearful ordeal of
that indefinable and debatable epoch.

Although among the most recent of geological formations, and
exposed to the direct examination of all who care to study its pecu-
liarities, and although it is of the greatest utility to man, yet the
study of "The Drift" has given rise to greater diversity of opinions
among geological students than any or all other formations com-
bined. From the weird, fascinating theory of Ignatius Donnelly,
who advances the idea that our planet collided with a comet and
was covered with dust from its tail, to the skeptical assertion of a
Miller, who claims that no such epoch ever occurred, we have sur-
mises and theories sufficient to cover all intermediate ground.

Whatever may have been the condition or climate of this planet
during this epoch, or whether or not there occurred an interglacial
epoch of ten thousand five hundred years as evidenced by the
precession of the equinoxes, yet this we know : the sedimentary
rocks of the northern portion of the United States are quite gen-
erally covered with a clay containing angular fragments and boul-
ders of erratic rocks. We call this substance the Boulder Clay, or
" Drift. ' We find plateaus or plains grooved by valleys of erosion
that are in no way proportioned to the streams that now occupy
them. We further find these valleys flanked by, or containing,

Drift. 73

terraces or banks of sand and gravel, evidently of riparian origin,
and that these deposits were made when water was very abundant.
We know the boulder clay and valley drift as the great water-
bearing material of the country. But we find little of the clay
drift, except in the form of river silt below the level of the gravel
terraces.

Sections of the alluvial deposits in the valleys of this vicinity
show two features worthy of careful study, as they appear with per-
sistent uniformity in all the deeper valleys upon one or both sides
of the stream. First, bed-rock lies from thirty to fifty feet lower
than the present channel of the water-course, showing that the
valleys have silted up to that extent. Second, a well-defined soil,
with driftwood and frequently standing stumps of trees, at near
the level — generally five to ten feet above — of low water of the
principal water-course. This ancient soil is again underlaid by the
sand bars and gravel beaches of the water-course as it existed before
the silting up of the valley.

Let us now turn to figure 3, a sketch map of the vicinity of
Cincinnati, and imagine what might have occurred during the
Glacial Epoch. We will imagine a water-course occupying the
valley, but not necessarily in all cases the present channel of
the Ohio River, with its bed at the level at which we now find
bed-rock, and its flood-plain, or river bottoms, at the level of
the ancient soil. We will suppose it to be joined by a tributary
at or near where the Little Miami now joins it; this tributary
recieves a branch rising on the plateau near the present position of
Norwood ; the high land then extending in an unbroken line from
the river bluff (Walnut Hills) to Pleasant Ridge and beyond, but
deeply gashed by this precipitous stream on the east, and a like
branch on the west, falling near Chester Park into the river that,
flowing nearly south through the valley now occupied by Mill Creek,
joined the main water-course at this point. The great ice field
approaches from the North, and, by its increasing thickness,
attains an angle that, when the brief summers come and the
surging waters of the southern tributaries of the Ohio are poured
into the valley and melt their way through the channel, cutting
away the toe of the ice field, causes it to move steadily down, and
adds to the floods that are hurrying to the sea. The glacier moves
steadily on, pushing the current against the Kentucky hills, which
will not yield. The river is obstructed, the waters rise higher,
the channel from Price Hill to the adjacent Kentucky cliffs is

7 4 Ciiuiniiati Sociity of Natural His/ory.

sealed, the scathing floods are ])Oured into tlie great basin at the
mouth of the Little Miami and find their way across the narrow-
neck of highland that connects Walnut Hills with the plateau
beyond. As the ice is weakened there by the breaking down into
the valleys on either side, the narrow neck of highland is soon
scooped out by the seathing flood, the clay silts up the river
valleys, and the rocks, broken and rounded by wearing on each
other, form the gravel banks of our highest terraces. But the Ice
King will not yield, though his ranks may be broken; and, rein-
forced by the arctic winters of that period, he extends his con-
cpiests from the pnle to Alabama and marks the limits of his
holdings by the floods that groove out the channel of the Tennes-
see. He is driven back, and the Cumberland marks his outposts;
again he recedes, and the Kentucky marks his intrenched line. In
the meantime the latent heat of the earth has been sa])ping the
very foundations of the magiiificent structure he has reared, and
every valley is pouring from his vitals floods to the seas. His
mountains of ice are toppling over the hills and grinding them into
the valleys, and not only is his advance driven back, but there is
discord and commotion in the very heart of his camp. He falls
back from the line of the Kentucky. .He piles mountains of ice
and drift in the Ohio, sealing it from cliff to cliff, and in like man-
ner closes the little Miami. But tlie waters creep from under his
icy, drift-ladened towers. The seething floods of the Ohio go roar-
ing against the ice dam in the Little Miami, break across the broad,
new channel at Norwood; are joined by the Licking, that is
sweeping against what was the current of the Great Miami, scoop-
ing awaythe hills and filling the ancient gorge to make room for
the building of our goodly. city, and, surging against the flank of
the foe, pass around the highland by the Hamilton route and are
Joined by such hordes of reinforcements — that escape from under
the main glacier — that the torrent is miles in width, and it carries
away whole townships of our limestone plateau, turning the rocks
into immense gravel beaches, fairly, filling the sea with the mud
which it carries down; but it is overloaded, and against the
immense ice dam at North Bend it heaps great banks of slimy silt.
There is victory in the genial sunbeams, glinting across the lifeless
glaciers; and even the Little Miami defies the Ice King. It finds
an outlet up the Turtle Creek tributary, cuts away the highland to
Middtetown, and soon holds this as the base of the glacier. Life,
which for ages has been driven away, or held in bondage by the

Dnjt. 75

\ct King, is returning. One by one the outposts of the arctic
tyrant are falling. The ancient channel of the Ohio is unlocked,
but when the enemy retires, it is found ineffectually barricaded at
North Bend by a monument of mud, whice holds the Great Miami
away on a devious course for ten miles, and, after untold centuries
have worn it away with their storms and floods, is still more than
five miles long by two hundred feet high. Even in death, the Ice
King is terrible. What can not be frozen may be drowned. As
his icy fingers released their grasp, and the "rivers flow unvexed
to the sea," their channels are filled with "modified drift,'' and
high-water-mark is from hill to hill. The proud Miami is forever
turned — its ancient channel only serving as a vent for the "spring
freshets," which are soon lowered, so that the sole tenants of the
magnificent valley are, for surface drainage, our insignificant Mill
Creek, and, under it, upon the original rock bottom, passing
through the "modified drift," the trickling underground current of
the ancient stream. lliere is clear, cold water, free from surface
contamination, when found beneath the ancient flood-plain; but it
may not suit our fastidious tastes, as it will bring magnesia from the
Dayton stone and lime from many hills.

But where can we find the pure water of the ancient Ohio, fil-
tered through the sandy pebbles that lined its shores, before the
reign of the Ice King? Evidently, wherever such gravel bars
are found beneath the original flood plain. We know this stream
flows beneath the village of Dayton, Kentucky, because, in r.ither
an unsatisfactory manner, it has been found there. Can it be found
in the great cove above the city? Every ]:)robability says it is
there. Not, hoA'ever, adj icent to the foot-liills, nor in the Miami
terraces, nor even in the ancient channel, which was hard against
the Ohio cliffs, and is now filled with muddy silt; but far out in the
bottoms, wliere the southern shore of the ancient water-course
piled ihe sandy pebbles from the Kanawha, as it collided with the
current of the Little Miami and swung ])ast the beetling cliffs of
the Ohio shore, now crowned with the residences that beautify
East Walnut Hills.

76 Cincinnati Society of Natnrat History.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF OHIO.

No. I.

By Dr. James A. Henshall.
Read at the Society's Scientific Meeting, July 3, 1888.

The present paper is the first of a series intended to place on
record the fishes of Hamilton County, Ohio, and eventually those
of the entire State, so far as possible.

During the latter part of April, and in the month of May, 1888,
Prof. Charles H. Gilbert and the writer, assisted on several occasions
by Mr. Clough Anderson, explored the Little Miami River and its
tributaries at several points between Loveland and its mouth; Mill
Creek and tributaries between Lockland and Elm wood; and Ross
Lake.

The writer also examined the catches of market fishermen along
the Ohio River, between the mouth of the Little Miami River and
Fulton, and at the latter place had a fyke-net set regularly by Mr.
C. M. Weeks.

This paper records the results of these explorations. Most of
the specimens were taken with a short, fine-meshed Baird seine,
and a complete series of them, with the exception of those of very
large size, is now in the Museum of the Society, and duplicate
sets have been retained for the Cincinnati University and the
United States National Museurn.

All of the species named in this catalogue have been examined
and identified either by Prof. Gilbert or myself.

Where there have been recent changes in the nomenclature of
species I have added the best-known synonyms.

As will be seen, this paper records seventy species, distributed
among fourteen families.

Family I. — Polvodontid/k.

1. PoLVODON SPATHULA Walbaum. Spoon-bill Cat. {Folyjdon
folium Kirtland.) Common m the Ohio River.

Family II. — Acipenserid.i",.

2. AciPENSER RUBicuNDUS LeSueur. Sturgeon. Abundant
in Ohio River.

Contributions to the IcJithyology of Ohio. 7 7

3. ScAPHiRHYNCHOPS PLATYRHYNCHUS Rafinesquc. Shovel-
iiose Sturgeon. Common in the Ohio.

Family III. — Silurid.*:.

4. NoTURUS FLAvus Rafinesquc. Yellow Stone Cat. Abundant
in Little Miami River, Mill Creek and nearly all streams.

5. Amiurus melas Rafinesque. Bull-head. Very common in
Ohio and Little Miami Rivers and Mill Creek.

6. Amiurus nigricans LeSueur. Ohio River Catfish. Com-
mon in Ohio River. Grows to a very large size. I saw one
weighing sixty pounds.

7. IcTALURUS punctatus Rafinesque. Channel Cat. Abundant
in Ohio and Little Miami Rivers.

8. IcTALURUS FURCATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. Forked-
tailed Cat. Common in Ohio River.

Family IV. — Catostomid.i:.

9. IcTiOBUS CYPRiNELLA Cuvier and Valenciennes. Red-
mouthed Buffalo. Very common in Ohio River.

10. IcTiOBUS BUBALUS Rafinesque. Small-mouthed Buff'alo.
Abundant in Ohio River.

11. ICTiOBUS CARPio Rafinesque. Ohio River Carp. Very
abundant in Ohio River.

12. IcTiOBUS VELiFER Rafinesque. Quill-back. Quite common
in Ohio River; young ones common in Little Miami River and
tributaries.

13. IcriOBUS DiFFORMis Cope. Hump-backed Carp. Abundant
in Ohio River; young common in Little Miami River.

14. Cycleptus elongatus LeSueur. Black-horse Sucker.
Not uncommon in Ohio River.

15. Catostomus teres MitchiU. Common White Sucker.
Everywhere abundant.

16. Hypentelium nigricans LeSueur. Stone Roller. Com-
mon in all swift streams.

17. Erimyzon sucetta oblongus MitchiU. Chub Sucker.
Common in Little Miami and Ohio Rivers.

18. MiNYTREMA iMELANOPS Rafiucsque. Spotted Sucker. Not
uncommon in I>ittle Miami River and tributaries.

19. MoxosTOMA MACROLEPiDOTUM LcSucur. Red Horse.
Abundant in all streams explored.

20. MoxosTOMA CRASSiLABRE Copc. Mullct. CommoH in
Ohio River.

78 Cinciniiali Society of Ahitural History.

21. Moxosi'OMA ANMSURUM Rafioesque. Long-tailed Red
Horse. Not uncommon in Ohio River.

22. Placopharynx carinatus Cope. Big-jawed Sucker. Not
rare in Ohio River.

Family V. — CvPRiNiD.t:.

23. Campus roMA anomalum Rafine.sque. Steel-back Minnow.
Abundant in every .stream explored.

24. PiiNiKPHALES PROMiiLAS Rafinesque. Black-head Minnow.
Very abundant everywhere.

25. Pimkphai.es notatus Rafinesque. Blunt-nosed Minnow.
The most abundant minnow in streams e.xplored.

26. Cliola vigm.ax Baird and Girard. Bull-head Minnow.
Common in O'Bannon Creek.

27. NoTROPis DELiciosus Girard. Delicate minnow. {Hiidsoniiis
stra/iiiiH'us Cope.) Abundant in Little Miami River and Clough
Creek.

28. No PROPis wiiippijci Girard. Silver-fin Minnow. ( Hiidsonii/s
a!ia!ostaniis Girard.) Common in all streams explored.

29. No iKOPis MKGALUPS Rafinesque. Common Shiner. {Li/xilus
cormttiis Mitchill.) Abundant cverywheie.

30. NoTROPis jKjaNus Forbes. Shiner. Common in Little
Miami River and Bloody Run.

31. NoTKOPis ARDENS Cope. Red-fin Minnow. {Lyf/iniriis
dipUentiiis Rifinesque.) Abundant in all streams e.xainined.

32. NoTROPis A'l'iiERiNOiDEs Rafiuesque. Rosy Minnow.
(Miimilus dinciniis Rafinesque.) Common in Clough Creek.

33. NoTRCJPis RUBRIFRCJNS Cope. Rosy-faced Minnow. Quite
common in east fork of Mill Creek.

34. NoTROPis ARGE Cope. Common in east fork of Mill Creek.

35. Ericvmba bucc.xta Cope. Silver-jawed Minnow. Abun-
dant in Little Miami River and tributaries.

36. Rhinichtiivs atronasus Mitchill. Black-nosed Dace.
Common in all the streams.

37. Hynop-sis kkntuckien.sis Rafinesciue. Horned Dace.
{Ccraticiithys bi^:^iittatus Kiriland.) Common in Little Miami River.

38. HvBOPSis sroRF.RiANUs Kirtland. Horny-head Chub.
{Ceratichthys hicens Jordan.) Common in Little Miami River and
Clough Creek.

39. HvBOPsis AMBLOPS Rafincsque. Big-eyed Chub. Common
in Little Miami River.

Coutribiitio72S to the Ichthyology of Ohio. 79

40. Hybopsis dissimilis Kirtland. Spotted Chub. Rather
common in Little Miami River and O'Bannon Creek.

41. Semotilus atromaculatus Mitchili. Common Chub.
i^Seinotilus corporalis Mitchili.) Abundant in all streams.

42. NoTEMiGONUS CHRYSOLEucus Mitchill. Goldcn Shiner.
Common in Bloody Run and Clear Creek.

43. Carassius auratus LinntTeus. Goldfish. Not rare in the
canal basin near Elmwood; escaped from private ponds.

Family VI. — ^Hyodontid.*:.

44. Hyodon alosoides Rafinesciue. Black-toothed Herring.
One specimen taken by a fisherman's net in the Ohio River.

45. HYODO>f TEROtsus LeSueur. Toothed Herring. Common
in Ohio River.

Family VII. — Clupeid/E.

46. Clupea chrysochloris Rafinesque. Skip-jack. x\bundant
in Ohio River.

Family VIII. — Dorosomid.*:.

47. DoROSOMA cepedianum LeSueur. Hickory Shad. Very
common in Ohio River.

Family IX. — Percopsid^.

48. Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. Trout Perch. Abundant in
Little Miami River below the dam at Loveland.

Family X. — CvPRiNODONTiDiE.

49. Zygonectes notatus Rafinesque. Top Minnow. Very
abundant in Ross Lake.

Family XL — Atherinid^.

50. Labidesthes sicculus Cope. Silversides. One specimen
from Bloody Run. Common in Ross Lake.

Family XII. — Centrarchid/E.

51. PoMOXis sparoides Laccpede. Calico Bass. Common in
Ross Lake, near Elmwood.

52. Lepo.mis cvanellus Rafinesque. Green Sunfish. Abun-
dant in Ross Lake and Little Miami River.

53. Lepomis megalotis Rafinesque. Long-eared Sunfish.
Abundant in Ross Lake.

54. LeVomis HUMiLis Girard. Spotted Sunfish. Common in
Ross Lake and Clough Creek.

8o Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

55. Lepomis PALLiDus Mitchill. Blue Sunfish. Abundant in
Little Miami River and Ross Lake.

56. MiCROPTERUS SALMOiDES Lacepede. Large-mouthed Black
Bass. Common in Ross Lake.

57. MiCROPTERUS DOLOMiEU Lacopedc. Small-mouthed Black
Bass. Common in Little Miami River.

Family XIIL — Percid^.

58. Etheostoma peleucidum Baird. Sand Darter. Common
in Little Miami River.

59. Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque. Johnny Darter. Com-
mon in Little Miami River.

60. Etheostoma blennigides Rafinesque. Green Darter
Abundant in East Mill Creek and Little Miami River.

61. Etheostoma caprodfs Rafinesque. Log Perch. Com-
mon in Little Miami River and Ross Lake.

62. Etheostoma phoxocephalum Nelson. Long-headed
Darter. Common in Little Miami River.

63. Etheostoma aspro Cope and Jordan. Black-sided Darter.
Common in East Mill Creek.

64. Etheostoma varia'tum Kirtland. Blind Simon. ( Etheos-
toma variatum, Kirtland, Zool. Ohio, 1838, 168, 192, and Bost.
Jour. Nat. Hist. III., 1840, 274 (= Nanostoma tessellation, Jordan.
Not Alvordius variatum ] ox da-n =i £. peltatus Stauffer). Not rare
in Little Miami River near Red Bank.

65. Etheostoma zonale Cope. Zoned Darter. Common in
East Mill Creek and Little Miami River.

66. Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque. Fan-tailed Darter.
Common in East Mill Creek.

67. Etheostoma cieruleum Storer Rainbow Darter. Very
common in East Mill Creek.

68. Stizostedion yttreum Mitchill. Ohio Salmon. Pike
Perch. Abundant in Ohio River, and especially so during the
long drouth of the autumn of 1887.

69. Stizostedion canadense Smith. Jack^Salmon. Sauger.
Common in Ohio River.

Family XIV. — Scienid/E.

70. Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque. White Perch ;
Sheepshead. Abundant in Ohio River.

Some PecuUaiities of the Ova of Fishes. 8i

ON SOME PECULIARITIES OF THE OVA OF FISHES.
By Dr. James A. Henshall.

Read at the Society's Scientific Meeting, July 3, 1888.

Fishes constitute the oldest as well as the most numerous forms
of vertebrate life, which might naturally be inferred when we
consider that nearly three-fourths of the surface of the globe is
covered with water, and that all of this "world of waters," from
the vast depths of the boundless sea to the tumbling rill of the
mountain side, is teeming with fish-life, from the huge vampire or
devil-fish, measuring twenty feet across its wing-like pectorals, to
the little naked, nest-building stickle-back ; or from the cruel,
rapacious scourge of the ocean, the man-eating shark, to the diminu-
tive, transparent darter of the spring brook, barely an inch in length.

We might also infer from this great difference in the size, form
and habits of fishes the fact that there is more diversity in the eggs
of fishes than in any of the oviparous vertebrates.

While most all of the sharks and rays are viviparous, all of the
true fishes, witli a very few exceptions (which bring forth their
young alive), are oviparous; and it is my intention to merely
allude to some of the peculiarities of the ova of a few of the mul-
titude of piscine species inhabiting the waters of the earth.

Among birds, from the ostrich of the old world to the humming-
bird of the new, we find a close similarity m the form and con-
struction of their eggs. Likewise, in regard to the ova of reptiles,
we observe the same general likeness— those of the turtles all
resemble each other, as do those of the serpents. The ova of
batrachians approach m>>re nearly those of fishes in appearance,
but they still preserve a general and characteristic similarity.

The ova of all of the true fishes are spherical in form, though in
some of the related or lower forms, they are oval or semi-ellipticaL
The ova of some species, as the salmon, brook trout, shad, etc.,,
are separate and apparently smooth on the surface, like so many
pellets of shot, while those of other species are provided with
minute threads or filaments, by means of which they become
attached to each other or to foreign substances. Some adhere
singly to weeds or other objects, some float singly, some sink to

82 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

the bottom singly, while others are held together by strips and
bands or masses of adhesive or glutinous material, by which they
become attached to plants, sticks or pebbles, or float on or
near the surface, and still others are carried about by the male
fish in various places or receptacles of its body until they are
hatched.

Not only do the ova of fishes differ very much in appearance,
b)ut there exists a great diversity in their size, and consequently in
the number of eggs produced by the different species — thus in a
marine catfish the ova are as large as robin eggs ; in the salmon
they are one-fourth of an inch, and in the brook trout three-six-
teenths of an inch in diameter ; in one of the gars they are, with
their envelope, a fourth of an inch in diameter, while in the eel
they are almost microscopic.

The number of eggs produced by a female fish varies according
to its age and weight. In several species of familiar fishes the
number of their eggs have been ascertained by careful and accurate
calculations to be as follows: In the marine catfish (^G. felis),
from lo to 30 eggs; brook trout, from 100 to 1,800; salmon,
5,000 to 15,000; black bass, 5,000 to 20,000; lake trout, average,
15,000; sea herring, 10,000 to 30,000; shad, 25,000 to 100,000;
white fish, 20,000 to 70,000; pike, average, 100,000; mackerel,
300,000 to 500,000; Spanish mackerel, 300,000 to 1,500,000;
halibut, 2,000,000; striped bass, 2,000,000; carp, average,
500,000; sturgeon, as many as 7,000,000; Cod, 9,000,000, while
in the eel there are also several millions.

It has not been many years since all fishes were supposed to
deposit their spawn upon the shoals of the sea-shores or upon the
beds of shallow inland streams, where the ova rested until hatched;
but we now know that many marine species deposit their eggs at
the surface of the ocean, where they float until incubation is
complete.

In 1864, Prof. G. O. Sars, of Norway, first discovered that the
eggs of the cod floated at the surface. Since then the investigations
of Prof. Alexander Agassiz and Mr. John A. Ryder have added
largely to our knowledge of floating eggs. Mr. Ryder character-
izes several types of buoyant ova: i. Those in which the specific
gravity of the yolk is diminished, as in the egg of the cod ;
2. Those in which large oil-drops, in an eccentric position, aid in
causing the eggs to float; 3. Those in which a very large oil-
drop causes the ovum to float even in fresh water. The other

Some Peculiarities of the Ova of Fishes. 83

conditions are : i. That the egg be free and not adhesive, with a
thin membrane, and, 2, That it be immersed in water having a
greater density than 1.014.

Among the fishes which produce floating ova may be mentioned
the cod, mackerel, Spanish mackerel, bonito, cusk, haddock, many
of the flounders, etc. A very curious and interesting contrivance
for causing ova to float on the surface, which otherwise would sink
to the bottom, is that resorted to by the beautiful paradise fish, of
China. The male fish constructs a floating raft by expelling from
his mouth bubbles of air coated with a fatty "secretion, which,
collecting on the surface, cling together, until a raft of viscid scum,
several inches in extent, is formed. After the eggs of the female
are deposited and fertilized on the bottom, in the usual manner, the
male collects them in his mouth and ejects them into this frothy
receptacle, which he keeps in constant repair, and preserves its
bouyancy by additional fatty bubbles, until the young fry are
hatched out, which occurs in about two days. Another method
for floating the ova is that of the Lophius, or goosefish — the eggs,
numbering about 50,000, are inclosed in a ribbon-shaped, gela-
tinous mass about a foot wide and forty feet in length, which floats
near the surface.

Among the fishes which produce adhesive eggs are the little
black-head minnow [P. promelas~) and the goldfish. The male
black-head deposits the fecundated eggs singly upon the under side
of leaves of water plants and watches them unceasingly until
hatched. The ova of the goldfish are deposited singly upon the
weeds and mosses in a similar manner.

The eggs of the yellow perch are held together in narrow strips
or ribbons of a glutinous character. Adhesive eggs of other
species, as the black bass, sunfishes, catfishes, etc., are deposited
in masses in shallow nests or depressions on the bottom ; and still
others deposit their spawn in variously-shaped adhesive masses
upon algai, roots and submerged objects.

The eggs of the myxine, or hag, are oval in shape, enveloped in
horny cases and provided at each end with short filaments termin-
ating in triple hooks, by which they attach themselves to each other
and probably to foreign objects.

Perhaps the most curious and bizarre of all fish ova are those of
the oviparous sharks and rays, which are quadrangular horny
capsules or cases, two or three inches in length, with long filaments
at the corners, which coil about sea weeds and other objects.

84 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

These horny cases, in the Port Jackson sharks of the Pacific, are
twisted into a spiral form.

In some of the flying fishes the eggs are entirely covered with
delicate filaments which entwine with each other, and they are
thus held together in considerable masses; and in a similar manner
the eggs of the gudgeon (^Menidia notata), of the Chesapeake Bay,
are held together, there being four long and slender threads
attached to one side of each egg.

You are all familiar with the polygamous, four-spined stickle-
back, the male of which species builds a cunning, basket-like nest
between the upright stems of water plants, in which he induces his
several wives to deposit their eggs, and which he watches and cares
for until hatched. Some of the fishes of the gulf stream — notably,
the Antennarius — build a kind of nest among the floating seaweed;
also the snakehead fish (Ophiocephalus), of India, and a small cat-
fish (^Callic/it/iys), of South America, construct nests of bits of
waterweeds, in which the ova is deposited and carefully tended
by the male.

Among the fishes which carry the ova in various portions of
the body until hatched may be mentiontd the marine catfish
(^Galeichthys felis) of our Southern coasts. The female deposits,
in a slight depression in the sand, ten or twenty yellowish-white
eggs as large as Malaga grapes, which are fecundated by the male
and then taken into his mouth and placed between the leaves of
his gills, where he retains them until the young are hatched and
able to take care of themselves. At this time his pharynx is
enormously distended and presents a very curious and comical
appearance.

Agassiz, during his journey up the Amazon, discovered a species
that incubated its eggs in the mouth, and Dr. Lortet gives some
very interesting observations on the similar propagation of a species
(^Tilapia simonis), belonging to Lake Tiberius, in Palestine. The
female deposits about two hundred eggs in a shallow excavation,
whi.-h are first fecundated by the male and then taken, one after
another, into his mouth, where they are retained in the buccal
cavity, distending the checks in an extraordinary manner. The
eggs hatch in several days, and the young fishes are pressed one
against the other like the grains of a ripe pomegranate. The
mouth of the father becomes so distended that his jaws can not
meet, and he presents a very strange appearance. Some of the
young continue to live and develop among the folds of the gills;

Some Peculiar if ies of the Ova of Fishes. 85

others have their heads turned toward the mouth of the parent
and do not quit the sheltering cavity till they are about four inches
long.

Prof. Jefifries Wyman, of Boston, describes a singular contrivance
of a species of armored catfish (^Aspredo') of South America. The
male fish is provided, during the breeding season, with a numerous
series of Httle stalks on the under surface of the abdomen, upon
which the eggs are received and carried until hatched.

In the well-known Hippocampus, or sea-horse, a pouch is devel-
oped in the male, under the tail, in which the ova are placed and
finally hatched, the young escaping through a small opening in the
anterior part of the pouch. In the pipefish {Siphostoma) a similar
pouch is developed in the male for the same purpose, but is formed
by a fold of skin from each side of the trunk and tail, the free margins
being united in the median line. In another allied fish {Solenos-
ioma) the inner borders of the ventral fins unite with the skin of
the body and form a large pouch for the reception of the eggs,
where they are retained by numerous filaments arranged along the
ventral rays.

In another queer species called the lumpsucker {^Cyclopterus
Iiwtpus), the male digs a pit between the stones of the bottom of
shallow portions of the sea, in which the female deposits several
hundred thousands of eggs, which are tenderly watched over by the
male until they are hatched, when the young attach themselves
by their suckers to the body of the male, who carries them about
with him until they are able to care for themselves.

It is worthy of notice that, in every instance mentioned of the
ova being guarded and cared for, or transported in various
receptacles on the body of the parent, it is the male fish that
performs these various duties. The part of the female in the repro-
duction of its species seems to end with the deposition of the ova.

86 Cincimiati Society of Natural History.

THE MYCOLOGIC FLORA OF THE MIAMI VALLEY,

OHIO.

By a. p. Morcjan.
(Continued from Vol. X., p. 202.)

Class I. — Hymenomycetes. (Concluded.)

(Read by Title August 7, 1888.)

Order V. — Clavariei.

Hymenium not discrete from the hymenophore, amphigenoiis
Fungi somewhat fleshy, vertical, simple or branched; never

coriaceous or incrusting like those Thelephorce which are similar

in form.

As other fleshy fungi, very limited in number in this region.

TABLE OF GENERA OF CLAVARIEI.

1. Clavaria. Fungi fleshy, simple or branched.

2. Calocera. Fungi cartilaginous-gelatinous, horny when dry.

3. Typhula. Minute fungi, subclavate, with a filiform stipe.

Genus I. — Clavaria, Linn.

Fungi fleshy, branched or simple, subterete and without a dis-
tinct stipe. Hymenium contiguous, dry, homogeneous.

■''■ Branched.

A. Spores white.

a. Terrestrial, 1-7.

b. Lignatile, 8, 9.

B. Spores ochraceous.

c. Terrestrial, 10-13.

d. Lignatile, 14, 15.

*''^ Simple.

e. Caespitose, 16-18.
/. Distinct, 19, 20.

I. Ramaria. Branched, the branches tapering upward.
A. Spores white or pallid.

a. Growins; on the ([round.

The Mycologic Flora of fJie Miami Valley, Ohio. 87

1. C. FLAVA, Schaeff. Fragile. Trunk thick, fleshy, white,
very much branched; the branches terete, even, fastigiate, obtuse,
yellow.

On the ground in woods; rare. Three to 4 inches high, with the
trunk an inch in thickness. Spores pale or with a yellowish tint.

2. C. BOTRYTES, Pcrs. Fragile. Trunk very thick, unequal,
very much branched; the branches turgid, unequal, somewhat
wrinkled, the apices red.

In beech woods ; rare. Three inches or more in height, the
trunk 1-2 inches in thickness. Color variable white, yellow and
flesh-color.

3. C. MUSCOiDES, Linn. A little tough, somewhat delicate,
yellow, two or three times forked ; the stipe slender ; the branch-
lets crescent-shaped, acute.

In grassy woods; rare. One and one-half to 2 inches in height,
the slender stems scarcely an eighth of an inch in thickness. A
very pretty and delicate species.

4. C. CRiSTATA; Pers. Tough, even, stulTed, white, the
branches dilated upward, acutely incised, crested.

In woods growing on tiie ground among the old leaves ; not
uncommon. One to 2 inches in height. This is said to be an
exceedingly variable species ; our plant has the trunk white and
the branches cinereous, but it is plainly this species.

5. C. RUGOSA, Bull. Tough, simple or sparingly branched,
thickened upward, wrinkled, wh.ite; the branches deformed, obtuse-

In damp places in woods; rare. One to 2 inches in height;
very variable in shape, sometimes simple and clavate, sometimes
divided into 2-4 variously unequal branches. C. fnliginea, Pers.
is a sooty variety of this species.

0. C. KuNZEi, Fr. Somewhat fragile, Ccespitose from a slender
base, very much branched, pure white; the branches elongated,
crowded, repeatedly forked, fastigiate, even, equal, compressed at
the axils.

On the ground in woods; common. One and one-half to 2
inches in height. A beautiful species, growing in clusters, shining
white.

7. C. SUBTILIS, Pers. Scattered, delicate, rather tough, whitish ;
the base glabrous, of equal thickness throughout; the branches
itw, forked, somewhat fastigiate.

On the ground in woods; rare. One and one-half to 2 inches
in height. Simple or with a few branches.

88 Cincinnati Society of Natural Historyi.

b. Growing on trunks.

8. C. PYxiDATA, Pers. Pallid then alutaceous and subrufescent.
Trunk slender, glabrous, branched; the branches and branchlets
all cup-shaped at the apex ; the cupules proliferous-radiate at the
margin .

On rotten wood; rare. Sometimes in clusters of considerable
extent, 3-5 inclies in breadth and height; the branchlets obconic,
even ; the cupules repeatedly verticiilate-proliferous, the terminal
ones dentate.

9. C. CORONATA, Schw. Pale yellow then fawn color, divided
immediately from the base and very much branched; the branches
divergent and compressed or angulate, the final branchlets truncate-
obtuse at the apex and there encircled with a crown of minute
processes. See Plate II, Fig. i.

On rotten wood; common. Repeatedly dichotomously or
verticillately branched and forming clusters sometimes several
inches in height and extent. Resembling in form the preceding,
but a distinct species.

B. Spores ochraceous or cinna7non.
c. Growing on the ground.

10. C. AUREA, Schaeff. Trunk thick, elastic, pallid, divided
into stout, straight branches, which are dichotomously very much
branched; the branchlets terete, obtuse, subdentate, yellow.

On the ground in woods ; rare. Three to 4 inches high with
the trunk an inch in thickness. Resembling C. flava but very dis-
tinct from it by reason of the differently colored spores.

11. C. FORMOSA, Pers. Trunk thick, elastic, whitish; the
branches very much branched, elongated, orange rose-color ; the
branchlets obtuse, yellowish.

On the ground in woods; rare. Three inches or more in height,
the trunk an inch in thickness.

12. C. INCURVATA, Morg. n. sp. Fragile. Trunk thick, fleshy,
white; branches ochraceous, dichotomously very much branched;
the branchlets spreading, somewhat flexuous, rugulose, the apices
dentate. See Plate II., Fig. 2.

On the ground in woods; rare. Trunk white, an inch and a
half in height and i inch thick ; branches and branchlets ochra-
ceous, 2-3 inches longer, with an extent of 3 or 4 inches. The
peculiar feature is the spreading branches curving outward and
upward.

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 89

13. C. ABiETiNA,- Pers. Very much branched, ochraceous.
Trunk white-tomentose, rather thick ; branches crowded, when
dry longitudinally wrinkled; the branchlets straight, acute.

On the ground in woods; not rare. Two to 3 inches in height,
the trunk short, less than half an inch in thickness. The branches
are erect and very close together.

d. Growing on ti- links.

14. C. STRICTA, Pers. Very much branched, pale yellowish,
brownish when rubbed, the trunk rather thick; branches and
branchlets straight, even, crowded and oppressed, acute.

On old trunks; common. Two to 3 inches in height. Fibrillose-
rooting at the base; the trunk very short; the branches straight,
erect, pressed close together.

15. C. CRisPULA, Fr. Very much branched, alutaceous then
ochraceous, the trunk slender ; branches flexuous, multifid, the
branchlets divaricate.

On old trunks; common. One to 2 inches in height. Rooting
at the base by long white fibrils ; the trunk very short ; the branches
repeatedly forked and flexuous, even to the tips.

II. Syncoryne. Simple, cfespitose at the base or fasciculate.

16. C. FUSiFORMis, Sow. Ca;spitose-connate, rather firm,
yellow, soon hollow; clubs somewhat fusiform, simple and dentate,
even, tapering to the base.

On the ground in grassy places; rare. Club 1-2 inches long,
1-2 lines thick above and tapering downward to the base. Readily
distinguished by its yellow color, but it finally becomes brownish
at the apex.

17. C. vERMicuLARis, Scop. Csespitose, fragile, white; clubs
stuffed, simple, cylindric, subulate.

On the ground in grassy places; rare. Clubs 1^-3 inches in
height, about a line in thickness, cylindric. Larger than the fol-
lowing species; often flexuous or incurved.

18. C. FRAGiLis, Holmsk. Fasciculate, very fragile, white
below, tapering downward; clubs hollow, a little obtuse, variable.

On the ground in woods; rare. Varying much in size and
thickness; sometimes attaining a height of 3 inches, but usually
shorter, very slender and fragile. Commonly white, but some-
times yellowish, especially at the apex, but always white next the
base.

9© CiiiciiuuUi Society of Natural History.

III. HoLOCORYNE. Mostly simple, distinct at the base.

19. C. piSTiLLARis, Linn. Simple, large, fleshy, stuffed, obo-
vate-clavate, obtuse, yellow, then rufescent.

On the ground in woods; rare. Very large, solitary or only a
few together; the club attaining a length of 6 inches or more and
a thickness of about an inch at the summit, the color rather vari-
able growing darker with age.

20. C. MUCiDA, Pers. Gregarious, minute, simple or sparingly
ramose-incised, even, naked, white, becoming yellowish, glabrous,
substipitate.

On old damp logs; very common in all seasons. Usually grow-
ing on a thin greenish stratum, C/ilorococcus, very small, scarcely
exceeding half an inch in height.

Genus II. — Calocera, Fr.

Fungi gelatinous-cartilaginous, horny when dry, vertical, sub-
cylindric, simple or branched, viscid, without a distinct stipe.
Hymenium amphigenous, sporophores two-forked; spores oblong,
curved.

1. C. PALMATA, Schum. Branched, tremellose-tough, orange-
yellow, compressed, dilated upward, divided ; the branchlets
subterete, divaricate, obtuse.

On oak wood; rare. About half an inch in height, with a
flattened stem, branched and forked toward the summit.

2. C. CORNEA, Batsch. Ca^spitose, rootmg, even, viscid, yellow-
orange ; clubs short, subulate, connate at the base.

On old wood; common. About one-quarter of an inch in
height, consisting of many single individuals fused together at the
base; rooting in the cracks of the wood and growing out of them.

3. C. STRiCTA, Fr. Simple, solitary, elongated, blunt at the
base, linear, yellow even when dry.

On old wood ; common. One-half to i inch in length ; encircled
at the base by a white delicate tomentum. It differs from the pre-
ceding species in its scattered mode of growth and slender habit ;
two or three individuals occasionally spring from the same spot,
but they are never extensively confluent. This is evidently the
same species as Clavaria albipes, Mont., described in the Annales
lies Sciences Naturelies, October, 1842, p. 14. It was collected at
Columbus, Ohio, by Mr. Sullivant and communicated to Montagne
through Dr. Asa Gray. It appears as Calocera albipes in Berkeley's
Notices N. A. Fungi under No. 303.

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley^ Ohio. 91

Genus III. — Typhula, Pers.

Fungi minute, tender ; stipe filiform, either heterogeneous and
distinct from the linear club, or springing from a sclerotioid hyber-
naculum. Hymenium waxy, sporophores forked, spicules elon-
gated. Fungi epiphytal.

I. T. MUSCICOLA, Pers. Simple, filiform; the club cylindric,
obtuse, white, tapering into the slender, smooth stipe ; hyber
naculum even, pallid.

Growing on mosses; not uncommon. One-half to i inch in
height. Our plant is smaller than the one described by Fries, but
it is referred to this species by several authorities. It was also
noted by Mr. Lea. Further than this the minute Clavariei appear
to be absent from the Miami Valley.

Order VI. — Tremellinei.

The whole fungus homogeneous, gelatinous, shrinking when
dry, reviving when wet, traversed internally by branched filaments
which termmate at the surface in sporophores; spores subreniform.

TABLE OF GENERA OF TREMELLINEI.

a. Hyvicniuni ovei' the whole oiitei- surface.

I. Tremella. Gelatinous-distended, tremulous, immarginate,
not papillate.

,2 ExiDiA. Gelatinous-distended, tremulous, submarginate,
papillose.

3. N/EMATELiA. Convex, immarginate, a firm nucleus covered
by a thick gelatinous stratum.

4. Dacrymyces. Gelatinous, homogeneous, conidia moniliform-
concatenate, spores septate.

b. Hymenium on one side only.

5. Hirneola. Cartilaginous gelatinous, the hymenium superior.

6. Guepinia. Cartilaginous-gelatinous, stipitate, the hymenium
unilateral.

Genus I. — Tremei.la, Dill.

Fungi distended with jelly, tremulous, immarginate, not papillate;
sporophores globose, becoming four-parted, putting out from each
part an elongated free spicule terminated by a simple spore.

9 2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

I. Mesenteriformes. Cartilaginous-gelatinous, foliaceous,
naked.

1. T. FOLiACEA, Pers. Cajspitose, even, undulate, cinnamon-
flesh-color, the base plicate.

On old trunks; common. Clusters 1-2 inches in height and
sometimes several inches in extent. The lobes very thin, undulate
and crisp when dry.

2. T. LUTESCENS, Pers. Caespitose, very soft, undulate-gyrose,
yellowish; the lobes entire, naked.

On fallen branches; common. Clusters '2 to i inch in breadth,
whitish, then pale yellowish, very soft and watery, leaving little
residue when dried.

II. Cerebrin.4-:. Compact, then pulpy, subpruinose with the
spores.

3. T. MESENTERiCA, Retz. Simple, ascending, rather tough,
various in form, plicate-undulate, gyrose, orange color.

On oak branches; not common. Sometimes an inch or more
in extent, but it varies exceedingly in size and shape, so that there
is no constant form; it may easily be distinguished, however, by
the orange color and the surface extremely sulcate-plicate and
gyrose.

4. T. INTUMESCEXS, Sow. SubcjEspitose, rounded or conglomer-
ate, soft, brown, becoming black when dry, somewhat twisted and
lobed.

On dead branches of willow; common. An inch or two in
extent, when fully grown it consists of numerous round, sqft,
pulpy lobes. It is black when dry, and resembles Exidia glaudiilosa,
but there are no papillae upon the surface.

5. T. VESiCARiA, Eng. Bot. Erect, firm, gelatinous within,
undulate and gyrose, pallid; spores oblong, curved, .010-012 mm.
long.

On the ground encircling sticks, the bases of lierbaceous stems,
etc.; not uncommon. Often in shape of a hollow stem and
branches 2-4 inches in height, becoming hard and horny when
dry. It is Guepinia Jielvdloidea, Schw. N. A. Fungi, No. 10S5.

6. T. ALBiDA, Huds. Ascending, tough, expanded, undulate,
subgyrose, pruinose, whitish, becoming brownish when dry; spores
oblong, curved, .008-. 009 x. 005 mm.

On old trunks in summer; common. .-Xn inch or two in height
and confluent for several inches. Possibly our white Tremella is
different from the European species.

The Mycologic Flora of the Miaiiii Valley, Ohio. 93

Genus II. — Exidia, Fr.

Funj;^! distended with jelly, tremulous, somewhat marginate,
papillose; a colored gelatinous stratum inclosing the sporophores,
the spicules of which are erumpent only at the apex.

1. E. TRUNCATA, Fr. Soft, distended with jelly, disk truncate-
plane, glandular, black, shining, at length cavernous, punctate-
scabrous underneath; stipe very short; spores oblong, curved,
.012-. 014 mm. in length.

On oak branches; common. An inch or less in height and
breadth. When dry very thin and intensely black, the glands
seldom apparent.

2. E. GLANDULOSA, Bull. Effuscd, nearly plane, thick, undulate,
becoming black, spiculose with conic papilla, the underside ciner-
eous and somewhat tomentose; spores oblong, curved, .012-. 014 x
.005 mm.

On old trunks and branches; very common. Extremely vari-
able in form and size; usually rather flattened and effused, some-
times for several inches. Sometimes becoming pallid on the
underside or inside of trunks away from the light The papillae
can be plainly seen with a common lens. In England it is called
"Witch's Butter." .

Genus III. — NtEMATelia, Fr.

Fungi consisting of a firm fleshy nucleus, inclosed by a thick
gelatinous stratum, fibrous- floccose within, the whole surface
covered by the sporophores.

I. N. NUCLEATA, Schw. Effuscd, plane, somewhat gyrose and
undulate, white, then rufescent; the nucleus small, hard, white
spores oblong, curved, .010 mm. in length.

On old trunks of Acer sacchariniim under the bark and erumpent
from the cracks: common. Effused sometimes for several inches,
folded and wrinkled. The gelatinous portion shrinks to a mere
membrane in drying, leaving the white grains, as large as mustard
seed, quite conspicuous. This seems different from the European
species which are termed " solid, not collapsing by dryness."

Genus IV. — Dacrymyces, Nees.

Fuiigi gelatinous, homogeneous, traversed within by septate
fibers; conidia moniliform-concatenate; sporophores at the apex of
the filaments, clavate, two-forked when fully grown ; spores
septate.

94 Ciuciiinafi Society of Natural History.

1. D. FRAGiFORMis, Nccs. Rather compact, round, red, some-
what lobed and folded.

On old wood; common. Round, red, gelatinous, but quite
firm; sometimes confluent for an inch or two, retaining the deep
red color when dry. The threads are moniliform-septate, they are
readily set free in water.

2. D. DELK)UESCENs, Bull. Roundish, rooted, convex, im-
marginate, yellowish; at length twisted and hyaline. Spores three-
septate.

On old wood; rare. At first of a dirty yellowish color, then
growing pallid, when dry, brownish-yellow.

3. D. STii,L.'\Tus, Nees. Roundish, convex, at length plicate,
yellow, then orange, the color persistent.' Spores multiseptate.

On old wood ; rare. Distinguished from the former by its
persistent bright color. I usually find the spores multinucleate.

4. D. CHRYSOCOMUS, Bull. Orbicular, golden-yellow; the
younger spheric, immarginate, soon collapsed and pezizoid ; at
length flattened and persistently even. Spores multiseptate.

On old wood; not uncommon. Looking like a small Peziza, in
which genus it was originally placed, but there are no asci. Spores
multinucleate, .015 mm. in length.

5. D. PELLUCiDUS, Schw. Gyrose and variously lobed, the lobes
thick and obtuse, somewhat peUucid, white. Spores three-septate,
.012-. 015 mm. in length.

On old trunks; not common. Large, an inch or two in length
and breadth, and resembling a Tremella in form. In the dry
state it becomes a thick, hard membrane, plicate-venose and pel-
lucid.

Genus V. — Hirneola, Fr. Jew' s Ear.

Fungi cartilaginous-gelatinous, soft and tremulous when wet,
but not distended with jelly; when dry coriaceous-horny, reviving
again when moistened, but scarcely swelling. Hymenium superior;
spores continuous, oblong, curved.

I. H. AURicuLA-JuD.E, Linn. Sessile, concave, flexuous, thin,
at length black, venose-plicate on both sides, tomentose and
olivaceous-cinereous underneath. Spores oblong, curved, .014-
.016 mm. m length.

On old trunks and branches of Hickory and otlier wood; common
and abundant. Often growing crespitosely, 1-3 inches in height
and breadth. The hymenium growing black in drying, the opposite

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 95

side becoming cinereous or olivaceous; the folds or veins become
quite conspicuous.

2. H. AURiFORMis, Schvv. Substipitatc, concave, flexuous,
thin, venose, glauco fuscous; somewhat pubescent underneath.
Stipe lateral short, twisted, sulcate-lacunose. Spores oblong,
curved, .014-. 016 mm. in length.

On trunks and branches of Walnut; common. Two to 3 inches
in length and breadth. The hymenium does not grow black as in
the preceding species, and the pubescent underside has a tawny or
brownish hue.

Genus VI. — Guepinia, Fr.

Fungi cartilaginous-gelatinous, free, various in forai, substipitate.
Hymenium on one side only; sporophores linear, long-forked,
bisporous ; spores septate, curved.

1. G.. SP.\THULARiA, Schw. Nearly erect, stipitate, spathulate,
the stipe and upper side cinereous-pubescent. Hymenium plicate,
orange-yellow; spores curved, apiculate, three-septate, .010-. 012
mm. in length.

On old wood; common. Growing csespitosely and rooting in
the cracks of the wood, often in a linear series, nearly an inch in
height. The delicate nerves or folds of the hymenium are decurrent
upon the stipe.

2. G. ELEGANS, B. & C. Nearly erect, stipitate. Pileus orbi-
cular or fan-shaped, tawny as well as the stipe. Hymenium
plicate, brownish-amber colored; spores curved, apiculate, three-
septate, .015-. 018 mm. in length.

On wood of Ehn ; not common. Growing casspitosely, often
lobed and confluent, nearly an inch in height. The fine pube-
scence is tawny or rufescent ; the well-developed hymenium is
plicate with decurrent folds and becomes blackish with age.

3. G PEZizA, Tul. Cupular, nearly sessile; glabrous both
sides, yellow, adnate behind. Stipe slender. Hymenium superior;
spores three-septate, .010-.012 mm. long.

On old wood; rare. Cup shaped, concave, 3-5 mm. broad.
It looks like a small Peziza, and is not likely to be found except
when collecting these small fungi.

96 Ciiuinnati Society of Natural History.

AN ANCIENT CHANNEL OF THE OHIO RIVER AT
' INCINNATI.

By Prof. Joskph F. James, M.S.

Agricultural College, Md.

(Read September 4, 1888.)

In the human race, animal life has attained its culminating
point on the earth ; and as an heir to the ages man is a debtor to
the past. No geological period has come and gone but has left
something which man has been able to turn to his advantage.
The stores of oil and gas, for which Ohio has lately become
famous, have resulted from the decomposition of the animal life
which existed in the far-away period of the Trenton. The lime-
-stones and sandstones laid down in the Palaeozoic Ages have been
useful in building man's houses and in sheltering him from the
weather. The coal resulting from the vegetable growth of the
Carboniferous Era enables him to exist in the colder regions of
the earth, and so carry on his wonderful manufacturing inddstries
in all parts of it. The stores of iron, lead, copper, zinc and tin, have
enabled him to establish these manufactories, and so girdle the
earth with bands of iron and wires of steel. The mines of pre-
cious metals have '.'iven him objects of ornament and of use, and
(have served him, in his more civilized state, as mediums of
■£xchange.

It is not alone to long past ages that man owes much that makes
life bearable. More recent times have wrought great changes in
the surface of the earth. Even now the disintegrating effects of
a-ain, frost and other atmospheric agents are seen in the formation
of the soil which he tills, and from which he secures iiis sustenance.

The different geological periods have served different purposes ;
but all of them have contributed more or less to man's happiness
or comfort. The last great period in the earth's history is not the
the least important of all, and perhaps in some senses it may be
the most important.

It should be remembered that the larger part of the State of
Ohio has been exposed to erosion by atmospheric agents since the
close of the Carboniferous. Tlie result of this erosion has been
partly made k'nown in Ohio by tiie very extensive scries of drillings
•which have been made to discover oil and "as. We know from

A)i Ancient Channel 0/ the Ohio River (7 f Cincinnati. 97

these investigations that at a not very remote period, geologically
speaking, the southwestern, the central and the northern parts of
of the State were cut up in much the same manner, though on a
smaller scale, as the Colorado Plateau region now is. Deep
caiions alternated with narrow ridges of land; or wide valleys
swept in majestic course' for miles, bordered on either side with
steep declivities or abrupt precipices. The mass of debris brought
by the glaciers, or resulting from their erosive powers, has filled up
the narrow canons and wide valleys; has buried the perpendicular
cliffs to their summits in sand, gravel and clay; and has left
rounded hills or has formed level plains, upon which now stand
the residences of civilized man. The amount of money expended
in the search for oil and gas is scarcely proportionate to the ])ecu-
niary return; but the result from a scientific standpoint has been
most valuable. One thing, at least, it has shown us, and that is,
how much we owe to the recent past. Without the action of the
glaciers m grinding the rocks up, or tearing away the disentegrated
surface material; without the mixing up of the many ingredients
which now form our soil, it may be questioned whether the State
would ever have produced the crops which it has. Without
the filling of valleys and the rounding of hills, it may be
questioned whether Ohio would ever have attained the position
she has in the galaxy of States.

The valleys of the Ohio River and its tributaries are in many
instances terraced in a peculiar manner. Upon these terraces
have been built many cities. Among these are Cincinnati, Ham
ilton and Columbus, Ohio, and Louisville, Covington and New-
port, Kentucky. It is to the surroundings of one city, Cincinnati,
as influericed by comparatively recent geological changes, that
attention is now directed.

While most of our streams have occupied portions of their pres-
ent valleys for long periods, there are others which have cut
comparatively new courses for themselves. Still others that flow
partly in the old and partly in a new channel, cut since the begin-
ning, or perhaps even since the close, of the Glacial Era. The
Ohio itself flows in part in an old and in part in a new bed. A
portion of this old bed is now known as Mill Creek, an insignificant
stream which empties into the Ohio, after flowing through the
western side of Cincinnati.

In early days its waters were pure, and swarmed with fish of
many kinds; but, with the growth of a great city along its banks

98 Cinciniuiti Society of Natural Jlistory .

and about its mouth, its waters have become so defiled as scarcely
to permit the existence in them of any. living thing. Breweries,
glue factories, soap establishments, distilleries, stock-yards and
slaughter-houses empty their refuse into its waters; and these, with
numerous city sewers, have made the name of Mill ("reek s)'non-
omous with foul smells and turbid waters. It is an unworthy
descendant of the mighty river which carved out its Ijroad ;ind
lengthy channel. For, while the creek scarcely exceeds in volume
an ordinary canal, its valley is broad and extensive. Its usefulness
is made manifest by the railroads which traverse it to enter Qm-
cinnati. The Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore, the Cincin-
nati, Hamilton and Dayton, the Cincinnati and Sandusky, the
Erie, the Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus and Indianapolis, and
the Cincinnati Southern all find modes of ingress and egress by it.

The Miami Canal, too, follows its course for twenty-five miles.
It is the only entrance to Cincinnati from the north, because of the
hills that extend far to the eastward. Without it, tunnels, cuts or
inclined planes would have been necessary, or Cincinnati would
now be an insignificant village.

The surrounding hills are formed of solid rock — the blue lime-
stone of Lower Silurian Age that is quarried extensively for
building purposes and for lime. These hills were once continuous
across the Ohio River from Price Hill, on the north, to Ludlow,
Kentucky, on the south, but the stream has forced a passage
through them. The edges of the broad Mill Creek Valley are thus
of rock, but its bottom is gravel, sand and clay. So mucli of the
latter exists, and it is of such fineness, that hundreds of thousands
of brick have been made from it. Below the clay lie extensive
beds of sand and water-worn gravel. This has been reached and
penetrated by several wells bored for gas or water, and the rocky
character of the bottom has been revealed. One well bored at the
foot of George Street, in the western part of Cincinnati, shows
forty-eight feet of sand and gravel overlying the rock. This rock
is twenty-three feet above low water in the Ohio River at present.
This is probably on the edge of the valley; likely in the center the
drift is much deeper. Farther north, in the suburb of Cumminsville
and nearer the center of the valley, the bed-rock was sixty feet
below present low water in the Ohio.* In a second well at Cum-
minsville, one hundred and twenty feet were penetrated before
bed-rock was reached. f

* Ohio Geology, I., 433. t Ibid, II., 13.

An Ancient Channel of the Ohio River at Cincinnati. 99

Again in a well at Ivorydale, a {q\n miles to the northward, rec-
ords show ninety-eight feet of drift, gravel, sand and clay above
bed-rock, or thirty-four feet below low water-mark. Lastly, at
Hamilton, twenty-five miles north of Cincinnati, two wells have
penetrated the drift two hundred and two hundred and fourteen
feet, respectively, before reaching bed-rock. In other words, the
rock here is in one case seventy- seven and in the other case ninety-
one feet below low water in the Ohio, so that there is a descent in
the rocky bottom of Mill Creek from Cincinnati northward to
Hnmilion. This is the case below the ground, although, at the
surface, Hamilton is one hundred and twenty-three feet higher
above the sea-level than Cincinnati — the heights being four hun-
dred and forty and five hundred and sixty-three feet, respectively.

The consequences of this difference in level of the rock-bed are
easily seen. The Ohio River, instead of passing Mill Creek in its
jireseiU channel, was barred by the land barrier extending from
Price tiill to Ludlow, and swe|:)t around the southwestern part of
the Cincinnati Terrace, took a northward course to about where
Hamilton now stands, along the channel now occupied by Mill
Creek, and received the waters of the Big Miami at that point.
Thence it flowed southwest along the present valley of the Miami,
and regained its present channel, and its ancient one too, at
Lawrenceburg, Ind.

But this is not the whole story of the ancient course of the Ohio
near Cincinnati. The eastern end of the city lies alon ; the base of
an abrupt hill, which continues almost up to Columbia, while the
hills of Kentucky are not far from the river bank on the other side.
Above Columbia is the moutli of the Little Miami River, in a
wide bottom, three or four miles across, and extending northeast.
As far up as Plainville, nine miles from Cincinnati, the rise of the
ground is very gradual, there being a difference in level of only
fifty-two feet. Between a hill west of Redbank Station and another
one east of Plainville, a distance of two and a half miles, no rock
is exposed at the surface; all is drift material. Tliis fact points to
the existence here of an ancient arm of the Ohio River, now
entirely choked up. At Redbank is an immense deposit of gravel
at least fifty feet above the bed of the river and of unknown depth.
At Batavia Junction the deposit is probably one hundred feet
above the river. Part of this deposit is clay and sand, so fine as
to form excellent molding sand. Part again is a conglomerate of
coarse gravel. These deposits mark the ancient junction of the
Little Miami and Ohio Rivers.

1 oo Cincinnati Society of N'atural History.

Following Duck Creek, a small tributary of the Little Miami
heading northward, we find at Madisonville, a wide, open valley,
evidently the site of an ancient lake or expansion of the Criant
River. The Rock is exposed on the eastern side of the valley.
Still farther north the valley merges into that of Mill Creek, near
Ludlow Grove^ Thus, the Ohio surrounded the high ground upon
which the suburbs of Walnut Hills, Mt. Auburn, Avondale and
Clifton are situated. Here at Ludlow (}rove is an immense
accumulation of water-worn gravel, jjrobably the resulting deposit
from the meeting of two bodies of water on the east and west of
the island. The extent of the gravel deposit and the depth to which
the channel was excavated, are evidences of the presence of large
bodies of water for long periods of time.

To still further prove that here probably lay the ancient channels
of the Ohio, and that the present channel past Mill Creek is of
much more recent date, is the fact that west of the mouth of this
stream the water of the Ohio flows over the bedded rocks. These
are exposed, at low water along the bank, near Ludlow, Kentucky,
and on the Ohio side near Price Hill, and even at the mouth of
Mill Creek, in all probability extending across the river's bed.
While this is the case at this point, near Mill Creek, the river
piers of the new Chesapeake and Ohio railroad bridge, about a half
or three-quarters of a mile up stream, rest upon rock beneath sixty
feet of sand and gravel. It seems, therefore, that the present
channel of the Ohio below the mouth of Mill Creek is of compara-
tively recent date.

At Ludlow, Kentucky, upon the slope of a hill above the Ohio
s an extensive deposit of reddish, sandy clay. The rock is exposed
at the top and at the bottom of the hill, but is hidden between by
this clay deposit. . Farther up the river a similar dejiosit forms a
hill of considerable size just back from the river bank.

The inference to be drawn from these facts is, that previous to
the glacial period a barrier of land extended from Price Hill on
the north to the mouth of the Licking River on the south, pre-
venting the westward flow of the Ohio, and forcing it north and
northwest along the channels of Mill Creek and Duck Creek.
These met at Ludlow Grove and together continued north to
Hamilton. Here entered the Big Miami, "-''" and the united streams
contmued in great volume southward to the present channel of
the Ohio, at Lawrenceburg

"'■■There is at this p )int also an enormous aniiunt of gravel, whicli has been
extensively iisea by the railroads.

An 'Ancient Channel of the Ohio River at Cincinnati. i o i

At the coming on of the Glacial Period a tongue of ice projecting
down the valley from the north and surrounding the "Cincinnati
Island" as we may call that high land now covered with suburban
homes, forced the water of the Ohio southward, over the water-
shed of the Licking, possibly into what is now the Kentucky River
gorge. This course was pursued for an indefinite period ; but,
when the ice had retired, the river returned to its own channel near
Cincinnati. Finding, however, its outlets to the north choked by
debris of the glacier, and the former barrier of land between Price
Hill and the mouth of the Licking lowered or cut away, it lollovved
the line of drainage it holds at the present time.

If the eye of savage man gazed upon the site of Cincinnati before
the Age of Ice, he beheld a vastly different scene from what he
would behold now. Standing on the highest point of Mt. Auburn
he looked south over a deep, rocky gorge, through which rolled
the mighty Ohio. C);i the west was the rocky shore ot Price Hill
extending in an unbroken line north and south to Kentucky.
The Licking River entered as a tributary here. On the east was
another waste of water rolling its dark tide northward, and joining
the western branch beyond the hills of Clifton. No broad expanse
■of valley nor of rolling plain lay beneath him; no city was there,
teeming with life and humming with industry ; no railroad trains
were panting and puffing, holding their way toward sites of
unknown towns. But the water swiftly, with sullen roar,
reechoing from cliff to cliff pursued its journey toward its unknown
grave. No steamer plowed its waters, but dug out or canoe prob-
abl)^ carried primitive man from camp to camp, or shore to shore.
Where once the imaginary savage stood are now palatial mansions.
Where once the waters spread their turbid tide is now a busy
city of 400,000 people The water which was once cleft only by
the prow of frail canoe is now a highway for many floating palaces.
Where once the stream pursued its northward course, the iron
horse carries thousands daily to and from their homes in the wide
and fertile Mill Creek Valley. Never would all this have been,
had not the Glacial Period wrought its wondrous change. But the
ice filled the valley and forced the river from its course. When
permitted to return, the ancient channel was so filled with debris
that a new one must be cut out, leaving the old one to be utilized
by man as a way for his iron servant and as a place whereon to
build his cities.

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

THE IVORYDALE WELL IN MILL CREEK VALLEY.
By Prop\ Joseph V. James, M.S.

Read September 4, 1 888.

"Ivorydale" is the name given to the soap and candle manu-
facturing establishment of Procter & Gamble in Mill Creek Valley
a few miles north of the city of Cincinnati. About a year and a
half ago the company dug a couple of wells at tlieir works to secure
a supply of water for various purposes. A record of the material
passed through before the rock was reached is of mterest, as show-
ing the depth of the drift deposit and of the extent of the e.xca-
vation of the channel. Believing that records of this character
are of value, as indicating the extent of the erosion of the earth's
surface previous to the Glacial Period, this record is now brought
before you.

The mouth of the well in (piestion was 74 feet above low water
in the Ohio River, but as a fill of 5 feet had been made in some
time past, the original surface was 69 feet above low water. In
the drilling, loam was found to be 5 feet 8 inches in depth. Below
this lay a bed of gravel 5 feet thick. Next came a very heavy
deposit of clay, the drill penetrating 49 feet 4 inches before getting
through, and reaching below another five-foot deposit of sand and
gravel. Then came 11 feet 6 inches of ''yellow sand" (so called),
and beneath this 20 feet 6 inches of clay. A foot of gravel and
sand lay upon the bed-rock, which was thus found 98 feet below
the original surface of the ground.

The interest of the record lies in the extreme thickness of the
clay dci)Osits. These aggregated 70 feet, while the gravel and
sand aggregated 22 feet 6 inches. Tne question presents itself. Do
these two deposits of clay, separated by a five-foot stratum of
gravel and sand, represent two successive glacial periods? Or,
does the second deposit of 49 feet of clay indicate a gradual sink-
ing of the ground so as to permit of this accumulation? While
the existence of a great accumulation of drift material in the Mill
Creek Valley has long been known, I believe this is the first time

The Ivor yd ah Well in Mill Creek Valley. 103

even an approach to a detailed account has ever been made. I
am indebted for the information here given to Mr. James N.
Gamble, of Ivorydale. The accompanying section, drawn to a
scale five feet to an inch, is made from a blue print sent to the
writer by Mr; Gamble.

5°8'
5°

49°4'

Loam
Gravel

ire'

20°6'

^

p^

Clay

Gravel

Yellow Sand

Clay

Sand & Gravel
Rock

SECTION OF IVORYDALE WELL

TrcasiDCi' s Rcpon.

TRHASURHK'S RHPOKT

CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY,
For the jietir ending April 3, ISSS.

Corrected.

Receipts.

From dues and initialion fees, ......$ 6g6 oo

From interest on investments, ....... 2,557 gi

From subcriptions to Journal and sale-;, .... 29 06

From Cope's Lecture for Building Fund, . . . . . 3' §5

Total received for general income, . . $3,314 82
FTom investments collected, viz.:

Sale of 4'/, City Bonds to reinvest, . . ;?3,5oo 00

Loan to VV. F. Orange paid in. . . . 1,500 00

Loan to C. J. Coleman paid in, . . . 7,000 00 — $12,000 00

$15,314 S2
There was a balance on hand at the beginning of the year

April I, 1887 (most of it for reinvestment), of . . $ 1,812 79

$17,127 61
Payments.

Salaries to Janitor and Custodi m. S546.00 — $670.00, . . $1,216 00

Printing four numbers Journal, ....... 434 15

Museum and Library, $70.42 — $22.90, ..... 93 32

Expenses Course of Lectures, . . . . . . . 40 10

Printing, Stationery and Postage for Secretary, Treasurer, Custo-
dian and Committees, ....... 107 07

Other expenditures by the Custodian, ...... 39 72

Mouse repairs and furniture, ....... 60 25

Book-case, ........... 52 00

Apparatus for illustrating lectures and exhibitions:

Lantern, . . . . . . . . $75 00

Cylinders for Calcium Light, .... 50 00 — 125 00

Water, $15 30; Gas, $25.91 ; Fuel, $95.75, .... 13696

Miscellaneous expenses, ........ 66 76

Carrie! forward, $2,371 33

1 o6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Brought forward, $2 371 33
Loan< made April 22 to M. Kyrnes, . . . $4,000 00

Loans made September 19 to A. Castelo, . . 1,000 00

Loans made November 23 to IJIymyer Bros., . . 8,000 00 — $13,000 00

Cash ba'ance, ......... 'wS^ 28

$17,127 61

Tlie numlier ^f mem')ers 011 the mil herewith is, ... . 169

The number jiaiil up to date, ........ 133

Resigned, ............ 4

Deceased, ............ 2

The number in arrears for one year, or part of a year, ... 31

Amount due from them, ........ $142 75

The number in arrears for two years is, ..... . 5

Amount fine from them, ........ $46 50

These arc subject to be dropped.

Respectfully suljmitted,

S. E. Wright, Treasurer.

CiN'CiNNATi, May 30, 1888.
We, the undersigned, a Comtnittee appointed by the Cincinnati
Society of Nattiral History, to audit the Annual Report of the
Treasurer of said Society for the fiscal year ending April i, 1888,
do hereby certify that we have examined said report and find the
same correct.

Davis L. James, "^

Wm. Hubbell Fksher, - Committee.

Wm. H. Knight, j

\ 0 1 , XI. 1 1< I u' II

1. jClavana coronata.Schw^^
11. jClavaria iricurvata.MorQ.

TEiE CTOXJ^LISrj^Ij

Cincinnali Society of Natural History

Vol. XI. CINCINNATI, JANUARY, 1889. No. 4.

PROCEEDINGS.

Business Meeting, Octobe? 2, 1888.

Vice-President Wm. Hubbell Fisher in the chair.

Minutes of the July business meeting were read and approved.

Minutes of the Executive Board for meetings of July, August
and September were read.

Sergt. P. T. Jenkins, U. S. Signal Service, was elected to active
membership.

Dr. O. D. Norton was elected Curator of Botany, in place of
Prof. Jos. F. James, resigned.

Prof. Thomas Wilson, of the Smithsonian Institution, having
applied for the loan of certain pathological specimens of bones, the
matter was referred to the Curator of Anthropology, with power
to act.

A very interesting collection of Archaeological and other speci-
mens, donated by the U. S. National Museum, were exhibited.

Dr. Norton made some remarks on the water-plants in the foun-
tain at Union Square, New York.

Wm. Norris Davis, of Philadelphia, was proposed for Corres-
ponding Membership, by the Executive Board.

Dr. A. J. Howe read a paper, entitled "Depressions in the
Earth's Surface,'' which elicited remarks from Dr. Norton, Mr.
Knight and others.

Dr. Norton exhibited a specimen of Spodumene.

Donations were received as follows: From W. W. Dawson^
M.D., City, Cocoon of Samia cecropia; from Prof. Jos. F. James,
diagram (in frame) of Oxford Gas Well, section of same in glass
tube; from L. H. Duwelius, M. D., fossil vertebrae, etc., from
*'Bad Lands," Dakota; from C. W. Riggs, charred grass cloth.

Adjourned.

io8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Scientific Meeting, November a,, 1888.

President Skinner in tlie chair. Nine members present, but sev-
eral more came in afterward.

Minutes of September Scientific Meeting read and approved.

It being the night of the election of the President of the United
States, and a great deal of noise and confusion being in the streets,
the reading of Col. Abert's paper was postponed for one week.

A letter from Mr. W. T. Garratt in relation to the donation of
specimens of minerals from the California State Mining Bureau,
and enclosing a receipted bill for freight on same, was read by
President Skinner.

On motion the Executive Board was instructed 10 remit the
amount of the freight bill to Mr. Garratt.

A vote of thanks was extended to Mr Garratt, for his praise-
worthy efforts m obtaining this fine collection for the Society,

The following gentlemen were proposed for active membership:
Dr. Ralph S. Michel, J. M. Newton, Dr. B. F. Beebe, Dr. Edwin
Ricketts.

Wm. Norris Davis was elected to Corresponding Membership.

Mr. D. L. James read a letter from Dr. N. L. Britton, Secretary
of the Audubon Monument Committee, acknowledging the receipt
of $6.50 from members of the Society.

Donations were received as follows: From James A. Henshall,
M.D., 75 species of Ohio fishes, represented by numerous speci-
mens, collected and prepared for exhibition by the donor. From
U. S. Fish Commission, through Capt. J. W. Collins, specimens of
fishes, mackerel food, foraminifera, and salmon eggs and fry ;
from G. D. Gifford, New Bedford, Mass., specimen of spider
craij; from Florence Ware, City, specimen Conus tessellatus.

Adjourn d.

Special Meeiing, November n, 1888.

President Skinner in the chair.

This meeting was for the hearing of the paper on " Guns, and
the Measurement of the Velocity of Projectiles," by Col. J. W.
Abert, postponed from the regular November meeting. The paper,
by the request of Col. Abert, was read by President Skinner.

Capt. A. H. Russell, U. S. A., in charge of the Army Depart-
ment of the Government Exhibit at the Centennial Exposition, then
gave a practical demonstration of the measurement of the velocity

Proceedings of the Society. ' 109

of a bullet, by means of the Boullenge Chronograph ; and explained
the operation of the pendulum chronograph.

The lecture-room of the Society was well filled by an appreciative
audience.

Adjourned.

Scientific Meeting, Deceinber 4, 1888.

President Skinner in the chair.

The lecture-room of the Society was well filled.

Minutes of the November Scientific and the special meetings were
read and approved.

Capt. A. H. Russell, U. S. A., gave a very interesting practical
lecture on " How Bullets Fly Through the Air," explaining the
mechanics and science of projectiles by the use of a number of
ingenious contrivances and apparatus.

Dr. A. J. Howe read a paper entitled "The Riverside Skull;"
being a few remarks in relation to the skull recently found at River-
side, and an extended dissertation on crania.

Col. J. W. Abert then supplemented Capt. Russell's remarks by
giving a few striking and familiar examples of the principles of the
flight of an elongated bullet from a rifled gun.

Mr. Davis L. James read by title two papers, one on "The Dis-
tribution of Vernonia,'' by Prof. Jos. F. James, and the other a
" Monograph of the J'/ialloidca," by A. P. Morgan.

Upon motion a vote of thanks was extended to Capt. Russell
and Dr Howe for their able and pleasing efforts.

President Skinner gave an interesting account of a new plan or
process for the reduction of refractory gold and silver ores, the
discovery of Mr. Wm. Norris Davis, of Philadelphia.

Mr. Davis L. James reported progress on behalf of the Lecture
Committee, and stated that the programme of lectures would soon
be announced; that most of the lecturers had been secured; and
that Greenwood Hall, by the courtesy of the Ohio Mechanics
Institute, had been obtained for these lectures.

Dr. B. M. Ricketts suggested that a committee be appointed to
endeavor to secure a suitable lot in Eden Park, with a view to the
erection, at some future time, of a building for the Society.

Upon motion Dr. Ricketts was appointed a committee to present
names for such a committee at the next meeting of the Society.

The following names were proposed for active membership:
John E. Bell, Alfred Warren and Dr. J. S. Newberg.

1 1 o Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The following gentlemen were elected to active membership :
J. M. Newton, Dr. Ralph S. Michel, Dr. B. F. Beebe, and Dr.
Edwin Ricketts.

It being suggested that as the January meeting would occur orv
New Year's night, it would be desirable to postpone it, it was upon
motion resolved that the January meeting be held on the second
Tuesday of the month.

Upon motion of Prof. Harper the resignation of Rev. Raphael
Benjamin, as a member of the Society, be accepted with regret,
and that this feeling of the Society be communicated to Mr. Ben-
jamin by the Secretary.

President Skmner gave notice that at the next regular meeting
of the Society a member of the Executive Board would be elected
in place of Mr. Benjamin, removed to New York.

Donations were received as follows: From Robt. Clarke, Esq.,
City, casts of Cincinnati and Waverly tablets; from California
State Mining Bureau, through W. T. Garratt, Esq., large collection
of minerals, woods, fossils, casts, etc.; from Dr. Kusnick, River-
side, prehistoric skull (human), portion of mastodon tusk; from
Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, of U. S. Fish Commission, specimen of
White-winged Scoter; from Mr. Powell, of Powell & Clement^
specimen of truffle(?).

Adjourned.

Report on the Museum.

REPORT ON THE MUSEUM.

BY H. P. SMITH, CUSTODIAN.

Cincinnati Society of Natural History — Dec. 15, 1888.
In conformity with instructions to that effect from the Executive
Board of the Society, I have the honor to report as follows upon
the extent of the collections of the Society in the several depart-
ments, also upon the library and the exchange of publications.
I. Paleontology.
I. The Trenton and Hudson River Groups are represented

in the Society's collection

by

70 species

II.

The

Cincinnati Group

< <

.

317 '

in.

Clinton

i (

16

IV.

Niagara "

((

. ■

120 '

V.

Medina and Helderberg

Group, by

100 '

VI.

Corniferous

( ( (<

100 '

VII.

Carboniferous

( ( (<

■ 225

VIII.

Sub-Carboniferous

(< ((

200 '

IX.

Cretaceous

(( ((

75 '

X.

Triassic

(< ( (

5 '

XI.

Tertiary

<< a

• 175 '

XII.

Quaternary

li i(

32 '

XIII.

European Formations

a (I

. 130 '

Total . . . . . .1,619 "

Of this number more than 600 species are stored in drawers.

CiNCINNATI GROUP IN DETAIL.

The number of genera and species given is based upon the " Cata-
logue of the Fossils of the Cincinnati Group," by Prof. Jos. F.
James.

The first line of numbers under "Genera" and "Species,"
indicates the number of genera or species in the Catalogue and
the second line the number in the collection of the Society.
Class. Genera. Species.

Plantse . . 21 — 17 . . 37 — 27

Spongida . . 12 — i . . . 29 — 5

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Class.

Genera.

Species.

Polypi

. 26 — 14

132-86

Crinoidea

6- 4 . .

42—16

Cystoidea .

.6-4

19 — II

Asteroidea

3— I .

. 17— 2

Ophiuroidea

2 — I

3— I

Polyzoa

9- 6 .

• 63-34

Brachiopoda

• 15— >3

117— 71

Gasteropoda .

15—12 .

• 65—25

Pteropoda

2 — I

4— 2

Cephalopoda

8- 4 .

. 40—19

Lamellibranchs .

18 — 12

89-33

Annelida

12— 8 .

• 33-11

Crustacea .

. 13—10

54—20

PiscesC?)

2 — 0 .

3— 0

Incertas edes

. 10— 5

19— 8

Totals, . . . 180 — 113 . . 768 — 371

REMARKS ON DEPARTMENT OF PALEONTOLOGY.

Though the collection may not be called large it is in excellent
condition and contains many rare and very valuable specimens.

The horn cores of Bison lati/rons, and the cranium of Bootherium
Cavif/vns, which are in almost perfect state of preservation, are of
great value and would be the pride of any museum in the world.

The gaps which exist in the local collection, may, I believe, be
filled by members and friends of the Society, if they be informed
of what is lacking, and solicited, on behalf of the Society, to fill
such of these wants as they may feel able to do.

This department should above all others be complete in its local
collection. In this city, situated in what is known in this country
and Europe as the classical ground of the Lower Silurian, there
certainly should be a complete collection of its fossils, and under
every consideration this Society should possess it.

II. BOTANY.

There are in the herbarium of this Society about 3,500 species of
plants represented. This number does not include the Morgan
Collection of Fungi, of which mention will be made later. The
flora of California and Mexico is well represented ; largely in col-
lections from these localities purchased from C. G. Pringle.

Report on the Museum. 1 1 3

The local flora, exclusive of Fungi, as catalogued by Prof. Jos.
F. James, includes approximately 899 species.

There are in the herbarium of the Society 745 species, collected
in this immediate vicinity or in Ohio, which latter may be counted
as belonging to our local flora. This number does not include
specimens from Indiana and Kentucky, many of which are also
found in the vicinity of Cincinnati.

The collection of Fungi includes a large number of species from
Hamilton County. Ahnost the entire collection is from the herb-
ariums of Mr. A. P. Morgan and Prof. Jos. F. James.

III. CONCHOLOGY.

There are in the collection of this Society more than 3,200
species of shells, named and localized.

No complete catalogue of the shells of this locality has been
prepared, so it is impossible to give with exactness the local value
of the collection.

The Society possesses a fine collection of Unionidae from this
vicinity, and a good collection of the Helicidae, so without definite
numbers, it may be said that the local collection of shells is proba-
bly as good as in any other department of the Museum.

IV. ICTHVOLOGY.

The department of Icthyology contains at this time 264 species
of fish.

Of these, 150 are marine, received from the U. S. Fish Com-
mission. Of the fishes of this locality, the Society has, up to this
time, had but four representatives.

During the past summer Dr. Henshall has collected fishes of the
Ohio and tributaries for the Society, in number, about no species,
so the collection now possesses nearly two thirds of the fishes of
the State. These fishes have been identified, labeled and placed in
the collection by the individual work of Dr. Henshall.

V. HERPETOLOGY.

This department contains 28 species and 32 specimens.
It is very incomplete in the local reptilian fauna.

VI. ORNITHOLOGY.

The department of Ornithology contains a few very fine exotics,
and is well supplied with local species.

IT4

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The list of Dr. F. W. Langdon gives 279 species of birds found
in Cincinnati and vicinity. Of these the Society has, of mounted
specimens, 133 species, of skins 90 species, a total of 223 species.
Among the skins should be mentioned that of the Cincinnati Warbler,
taken and named by Dr. Langdon ; the only specimen ever taken.
The local collection is being filled as rapidly as possible. The
collection needs more room and better light to display it properly
and give it its true value.

VII. MAMMALOLOGY.

The Society possesses an excellent and very valuable collection
of mammalian fauna, though it is not a representative local collec-
tion, having very {^^^ of the mammals of this vicinity.

The several classes of mammalia are represented as follows:

cies, 37 Specimens.

42

2

6

5
2

I
9

79 " 119

VIII. ENTOMOLOGY.

A large proportion of the specimens in the department of Ento-
mology are found in this locality, tut it is far from being complete
in this respect.

There are more than 450 species of Coleoptera in the collection.

Of Lepidoptera there are not so many species represented;
though I am unable at present to state the exact number — 200
species would be somewhat less than the actual number.

The other classes are represented by a small number of
specimens.

The collection needs more commodious and convenient quarters
than it is possible for it to have at present.

IX. OSTEOLOGY.

The Society possesses a number of very good skeletons, one,
that of the giraffe, being quite a rare one.

Primates,

• 24

Spe<

Carnivora, .

22

Pinnipedia,

2

Ungulata, .

6

Cheiroptera,

2

Insectivora,

2

Rodentia,

14

Edentata, .

I

"

Marsupi.ilia,

Tnta Ic

'6

"7 n

< (

Report on ihe Museum. 1 1 5

The finest skeleton possessed by the Society, that of the ele-
phant, can not be set up for want of room, and in consequence
has to be stored in the basement.

The collection contains, besides the two mentioned above, fair
skeletons of the camel, moose, deer, kangaroo, wombat, lion,
alligator and several more common animals, and a few birds and
reptiles. There is an abundance of material in this department to
make a very creditable exhibit.

X. ETHNOLOGY.

In this department the Society has a series of casts of skulls
representing types of different nationalities, and geveral recent
skulls of Indians; together with implements of war and domestic
use, from the Indians, Swiss Lake Dwellers, Cliff Dwellers, etc.

The archaeological collection is very valuable ; containing a
large number of skulls and relics from the pre^historic cemetery at
Madisonville, Ohio, a collection which it would be impossible to
-duplicate. A collection of pottery from Missouri, of considerable
value, and specimens lately received from the National Museum
and the California State Mining Bureau, complete ihe report of
this department.

It will be seen that local archaeology is well represented here, in
the Madisonville collection, but this is a small part of the rich har-
vest which this part of the country has afforded-r-too much of which
has been compelled to go, or permitted to go, to Eastern museums
for a home.

XI. MINERALOGY.

The collection of minerals contains about 1,200 specimens, and
is in excellent condition as to identification and localjty.

A collection of about 80 specimens, received from the California
State Mining Bureau, has recently been added.

THE LIBRARY.

The library of the Society now includes about 4,500 books and
pamphlets, and its increase is steady and rapid.

Its principal source of increase is the exchange of the Journal
for the publications of scientific societies, and for scientific period-
icals in all parts of the world.

The accompanying list of these exchanges will show the extent
and great value of this work.

1 1 6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Ill no other department is the want of sufficient room so much
felt as in this.

New and valuable exchanges are frequently added to the listt
among those of the present year are the Bristol Naturalists' Society
of England, and the Survey of India Department.

List of exchanges received for the Journal of the Cincinnati
Society of Natural History.

I. United States.
Albany :

Albany Institute.

New York Agricultural Exp. Station.

New York State Museum.
Amherst :

Amherst College.
Baltimore :

Johns Hopkins University.
Boston :

American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Boston Society of Natural History.
Brooklyn :

Entomological Society.
Brooh'i/le, Ind. :

Natural History Society.

Amos W. Butler.
Buffalo :

Society of Microscopists.

Society of Natural History.
Cambridge :

Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

Psyche.
Chapel Hill, N. C:

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Chicago :

Academy of Sciences.
Cincinnati :

Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society.

Cincinnati Observatory.

Public Library.

Report on the Museum. 1 1 7

Columbia, Mo.:

University of Missouri.
Champaign, III.:

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.
Columbus :

State Meteorological Bureau,

Horticultural Society.
Cra7vfordsville, Ind. :

Botanical Gazette.
Davenport, Iowa :

Academy of Natural Sciences.
Denver :

Colorado Scientific Society.
Des Moines:

Academy of Sciences.
Frankfort :

Kentucky Geological Survey.
Manhattan, Kan.:

Journal of Mycology.
Mendon, III. :

American Antiquarian.
Milwaukee :

Public Museum.
Minneapolis :

Minnesota Academy of Sciences.

State Geologist.
Newport, R. 1. :

Natural History Society.
New Haven :

American Journal of Science.

Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,
New Orleans:

Academy of Sciences.
New York :

American Museum of Natural History.

American Geographical Society.

American Garden.

The Auk.

Linnean Society.

New York Academy of Sciences,

* 1 8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

New York Microscopical Society.

School of Mines Quarterly.

Torrey Botanical Club.
-Philadelphia :

American Naturalist.

American Philosophical Society.

Franklin Institute.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Philadelphia Zoological Society.

Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.

Wagner Free Institute.
Poughkecpsie :

Vasser Brothers Institute.
Princeton :

Princeton College.
Salem :

Essex Institute.

American Association for the Advancement of Science.
San Francisco :

California Academy of Science.

California State Mining Bureau.

Technical Society of the Pacific Coast.
Sedalia, Mo.:

Natural History Society.
St. Louis :

Academy of Natural Sciences,
Topeka :

Kansas Historical Society.

Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History.
Trenton, N.J.:

Natural History Society.
Washington :

American Monthly Microscopical Journal.

Bureau of Education.

Entomological Society.

Philosophical Society.

Smithsonian Institution.

U. S. Geological Survey.

U. S. National Museum.

Report on the Museum. 1 1 ^

U. S. Department of Agriculture.
U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries.
Number of Exchanges in the United States, 74.

II. Foreign.
Argentine Republic:

Cordoba : Academia Nacional de Ciencias.
Austria :

Vienna: K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum.

Kaiser Konig Geologischen Reichsanstalt.
Gorz : Baron von Thumen.
Australia :

Sidney : Linnean Society.

Department of Mines, N. S. Wales.
Royal Society of New South Wales.
Melbourne : Public Library, Museum and National Gallery
of Victoria.
Belgium :

Brussels : Societe Malacologique de Belgique.
Brazil:

Rio Janeiro : Museu Nacional.
Canada :

London : Canadijn Entomologist.

Montreal : Canadian Record of Science.

Toronto : Canadian Institute.

Ottawa: Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada^
Field Naturalists' Club.

Winnipeg: Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society.
Chili :

Santiago : Wissenschaftlichen Verein.
Costa Rica :

San Jose : Museu Nacional.
England :

Bristol : Naturalists' Society.

London : Royal Microscopical Society.

Manchester : Philosophical Society.
France :

Toulouse : Academic des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-

Lettres.
Germany :

Augsburg : Naturhistorischen Verein.

I20 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Berlin : Akademie die Wissenschaft.

Botanischen Verein der Prov. Brandenburg.

Basel : Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.

Bremen : Naturwissenschftlichen Verein.

Braunschweig : Verein fur Naturwissenschaft.

Cassel : Verein fur Naturkunde.

Frankfort on Oder : Societatum Litterae.

Giesen : Oberhessiche Gesellschaft fur Natur und Heilkunde.

Halle: K. Leopold-Carolin Deutschen Akademie der Natur-
forschen.

Leipsic : Verein fur Erdkunde.

Munster : Westfalichen Provinzial Verein fur Wissenschaft
und Kunst.

Stuttgart : Verein fur Vatei^landische Naturkunde in ^^'urt-
temberg.
Holland:

Leiden: Netherland Zoological Society.
India :

Calcutta : Geological Survey of India.
Survey of India Department.
Italy:

Naples: Societe Africana d Italia.

Pisa: Societa Toscana di Scienza Naturali.

Rome: Ministero di Agricoltura Industria E Commercio.

Turin : ]Mus'.:i di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata.
Japan :

Tokyo : Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Natur und Volkerkunde
Ostasiens, Teikoku Daigakee.
Mexico :

Mexico : Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural.
Socicdad Cientifica, " Antonio Alzate."
Norway :

Christiania: Royal University of Norway.
Nova Scotia :

Halifax : Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Sciences.
Russia :

Kiew : Societe des Naturalistes.

Moscow: Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes.

St. Petersburg : Comite Geologique de Russie.

Report on the Museum.

Scotland :

Edinburgh : Botanical Society.
Royal Society.
Royal Physical Society.
Glasgow : Natural History Society.
South Africa :

Cape Town: Philosophical Society.
Spain :

Barcelona : Academia de Ciencias Naturales y Artes.
Sweden :

Stockholm: I'Academie Royale des Sciences.
Kong'l vetenkaps Akademiens.
L'Institute Royal Geologique de la Suede.
Riksmusei Palaentologiska.
Switzerland :

Bern: Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

Zurich : Schweirzerischen Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

Total Foreign Exchanges, . . . .64

Domestic Exchanges, .... 74

Grand Total, ....... 138

Respectfully submitted,

Horace P. Smith, Custodian.

Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF OHIO.

No. 2.

By Dr. James A. Henshall.

In the Journal of the Society for July-October, 1888, pp. 76-80-
I have recorded a Hst of seventy species of fourteen famiHes of
fishes collected within the limits of Hamilton County, in April and
May, 1888. Since that time, in July, I visited Sandusky and Put-
in-Bay, where I was enabled to identify a number of species belong-
ing to the fauna of Lake Erie.

In August, Hon. Nicholas Longworth of this city, in the cause
of science, kindly placed at my service his fine and commodious
steam-yacht "C. O.," with full crew of six men, for the purpose of
an exploration of the Ohio River and its tributaries. Owing to
this characteristic act of liberality and generosity on the part of
Judge Longworth, Prof. C. H. Gilbert and myself were enabled
to spend three weeks on the Ohio and its tributaries, between
Marietta and Cincinnati ; and although the river was at an unprece-
dented high stage of water for the season — from twenty to thirty
feet above low water-mark— covering the bars and backing up
the tributaries for miles, we succeeded in collecting most of the
species named in my former list, in extending the range of other
species, and in adding some not named in that list, and others not
heretofore taken in Ohio waters.

During September and October I assisted Capt. J. W. Collins
and Dr. T. H. Bean, of the U. S. Fish Commission, in collecting
fishes from Ross Lake, Little Miami River and Sycamore Creek,
for stocking the aquaria of the Commission on exhibit at the Ohio
Valley Centennial Exposition, and I also had opportunities of
examining the aquaria of Mr. Hugo Mulertt at the same Exposi-
tion. I have also occisioiially inspected the fish mirkets of Cin-
cinnati for species from the Ohio River and Lake Erie.

From these various sources I have been enabled to add forty
species and ten families of Ohio fishes not named in my first list —
a few of which are also to be added to the fauna of Hamiltoa
County.

Contribiitio7is to the Ichthyology of Ohio. 1 23

My former list and the present one aggregate one Intnderd and
ten species, distributed among twenty-four families, which I think
is fully two-thirds of the entire number of known species to be
found in Oiiio waters. Next summer I hope to add to these lists-
by exploring the streams in the interior of the State, on both side&
of the wdter-shed separating the waters of Lake Erie from those of
the Ohio Valley.

A number of fishes which I know to be common to Lake Erie,,
and some that belong to the Ohio River system, are not mcluded
in these lists, and will not be until I have positively identified them
as existing within the limits of the State.

I am arranging a series of species from these collections for the
Museum of the Society, and shall add to it from time to time as
opportunity offers; for I deem it of the utmost importance that the
Society should possess as complete an exhibition of the fishes of
Ohio waters as possible. Heretofore this branch of the fauna of '
the State of Ohio has been entirely ignored or neglected, for I find,
outside of my ovvn collections, but four specimens of Ohio fishes
in the Museum of the Society — a sturgeon, a paddle-fish, a gar and
an eel.

In the following list the name of the original describer of each
species is alone given, as in the first list. Where the original corn-
bin ition of generic and specific title is still retained, the name of
the author is primed without parentheses; where, however, the
original describer places the species in question in a genus different
from the one here adopted, the author's name is inclosed in
parentheses — following the plan adopted by Dr. D. S. Jordan in
his last edition of "Manual of the Vertebrates. '

Those families marked with an (*) asterisk are additional to the
first list.

Family L — PtTROMVzoNTiDiE. *

1. Petromyzon c ncol<jr (Kirtland). Lamprey. A specimen:
of this species, about six inches long, was presented by Dr. Chas.
E Caldwell, it having passed through a hydrant pipe in a house

in the city.

Family IL — LEPisosrEiDiE. *

2. Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). Long-nosed Gar. Ohio
River ; Lake Erie.

3. Lepisosteus platysiomus Rafinesque. Short-nosed Gar^
Lake Erie.

1 24 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Family III. — Amiidte. *

4. Amia calva Linnaeus. Dog-fish. Lake Erie.

Family IV. — Silurid.e.

5. Ameiurus NATALis (LeSueur). Yellow Cat. Lake Erie.

6. Ameiurus vulgaris (Thompson). Long-jawed Cat. Lake
Erie.

7. Ameiurus nebulosus (LeSueur). Bull-head. Lake Erie.

8. Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque). Mud Cat. White Oak
Creek ; Ohio River.

9. NoiURUS MiURUS Jordan. Variegated Stone Cat. Ohio
River (Raccoon Island).

10. NoTURUS GYRiNUS (Mitchill). Chubby Stone Cat. Ross

Lake.

Family V. — Catostomid.e.

11. IcTiOBUS URUS (Agassiz). Razor-backed Buffalo. Ohio
River (Cincinnati).

12. IcTiOBUS THOMPSONi (Agassiz). Lake Carp. Lake Erie.

13. Catospomus CAfOsroMUS (Forster). Northern Sucker.
Lake Erie.

14. MoxosTOMA AUREOLUM (LeSueur). Lake Red-horse.
Lake Erie.

The species in first list called Moxostoma crassilabre has since
proved to be Placopharvnx carinatus, which we found to be
abundant in the Ohio and its tributaries. I do not think the
former species exists west of the mountains.

Family VI. — Cyprinid^.

15. Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz. Silvery Minnow. White
Oak Creek ; Ohio River.

i6. Hybop-sis hyostomus (Gilbert). Hog-mouthed Chub.
Ohio River (Raccoon Island).

17. Cyprin'US CARPio Linnaeus. German Carp. I saw two
fine Mirror Carp taken on a trot line, with helgramite (larva of
■CoRYDALis coRNUTUs) bait, at Remington, L. Miami River; Ross

Like.

Family VIL — Salmonid.e *

18. CoREGONus CLUPEiFORMis (MitchiU). White fish. Lake
Erie.

19. CoREGONUS ARTEDi LeSueur. Lake Herring. Lake Erie.

Contributions to the Ichthyology of Ohio. 125

20. Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), Lake Trout. Lake
Erie.

2r. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). Brook Trout. Cas-
talia Creek (near Sandusky). This is a very cold spring creek
proceeding from tiie well-known Castalia spring, and is, I believe,
the only trout stream in Ohio; the stock is kept up by the introduc-
tion of fry at regular periods.

Family VIIL — Esocidte *

22. Esox VERMicuLATUS LeSucur. Grass Pickerel. Maumee
River ; Lake Erie.

23. Esox LUCIUS Linnaeus. Northern Pickerel ; Pike. Lake
Erie; Sandusky River.

24. Esox NOBiLiOR Thompson. Mascalonge. Ohio River;
Lake Erie. I have seen heads of large pike from several streams
in eastern Ohio and North-western Kentucky, said to have weighed
from thirty to forty pounds, and there were no specific differences
between them and those of the mascalonge of the Great Lakes.

Family IX. — Anguillid^e*

25 Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus). Eel. Lake Erie ; Ohio

River.

Family X. — Gasterosteid^. *

26. Eucall\ inco.n'stans (Ivirtland). Brook Stickleback. Cas-
talia Creek.

Family XL — Aphredoderid^. *

27. Aphredoderus SAYANUS (Gilliams). Pirate Perch. Lake

Erie.

Family XIL — Centrarchid^.

28. PoMOXis ANNULARIS Rafinesque. New-light; Croppie.
Muskingum River ; Ohio River (Raccoon Island).

29. AMBLOPLirES RUPEsi'Ris (Rafiucsque). Rock Bass. Lake
Erie; Ohio River (near L. Sandy R.).

30. Lepomis NorATUs (Agassiz). Sun-fish. L. Miami River.

31. Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus). Common Sun-fish. Ross
Lake; Lake Erie.

Family XIII. — Percid.'e.

32. ErwEOsroMA asprellus (Jordan). Rough Darter. Mus-
kingum River.

126 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

33. Etheostoma copelandi (Jordan). Copeland's Darter.
Muskingum River; Ohio River (Raccoon Island).

34. Etheostoma shumardi (Girard). Shumard's Darter.
Muskingum R. ; Ohio R. (near Parkersburg).

35. Etheostoma scierum (Swain). Shaded Darter. Ohio
River (near L. Sandy R.).

36. Etheostoma evides (Jordan and Copeland). Gilded Dar-
ter. Ohio R. (Raccoon Island).

37. Etheostoma camurum (Cope). Blue-breasted Darter.
Muskingum River.

38. Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Yellow^Perch. Lake Erie;
St. Mary's Reservoir. •

Family XIV. — Serranid/E, t=

'39. Roccus CHRYSOPS ( Rafinesque). White Bass. Lake Erie.

Family XV. — Gadid^*
40. Lota lota (Linnaeus). Lake Erie.

Big Guns. 127

BIG GUNS.

By Col. J. W. Abert.

(Read November. 1888.)

The advances in artillery since our late war have placed gunnery
among the most refined mechanical sciences of the age.

In 1842 experiments were made by Col. Bomford U. S. A.,
which showed the diminishing pressure of a charge of powder from
the breech to the muzzle of a cannon. These experiments con-
trolled the external form of the gun. And the tensile strength of
a square inch bar, of the metal of which the gun was composed,
showed its strength, and limited the quantity of powder in the
<:hnrge.

When we consider that 200 pounds to the square inch is the limit
of the test of our steamboat boilers, and that some of our steel guns
are made of metal which possessed a tensile strength of 33 tons to
the square inch, we can appreciate the stupendious power of the
machines which the progress in the art of war has placed in our
hands in the rifled cannon of the present times.

It is an axiom in artillery that no gun can sustain a pressure per
square inch greater than the tensile strength of a square inch bar
of metal of which it is composed.

The amount of pressure exercised by the firing of the charge of
powder can be shown for every part of the gun, from breech to
muzzle —

First, by Bomford and Wade's experiments.

Second, by Rodman's pressure guage.

Third, by the Electro-ballistic Chronoscope. —

To Prof. Joseph Henry, of the Smilhsonion Institution, and for-
merly my old Professor at Princeton College, N. J., belongs the
credit of using the electric spark in recording the velocity of pro-
jectiles, and solving the most difficult of problems in gunnery.
Thus, we obtain the initial velocity; also the velocity of the projec-
tiles at any point of the trajectory.

Prof. Henry devised the first complete Electro-ballistic Chrono-
scope, for recording by electrical agency the time occupied by a

128 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

projectile in its ])assage between two given points. Henry's chro-
nograph provides against every instrumental error. Terminal
pairs of wires from a number of different pairs of screens, through
which the projectile passed, would send sparks which perforated the
graduated paper covering the recordingcylinder, and impressed their
marks ; thus, the velocity of the projectile, in all required points in
its i)ath, may be determined by a single experiment. He visited
Maj. Mordecai during his ballistic experiments at the Washington
Arsenil and told him that velocities could be best determined by
electricity.

Capt. Schultz of the Frencji army combined a method of graph-
ically recording vibrations of a tuning-fork with Helmholtz's way
of making them isochronous and Henry's cylinder and induction
spark, and produced an apparatus capable of meeting every demand
required in the solutions of questions in regard to this subject —

Proof of gunpowder,

Hygrometrical test.

Proportion of ingredients,

Mode of manufacture.

Density,

Size of grains,

Charges for guns,

Cartridges for cannon,

Windings of balls,

Loss of force by the vent,

Effects of wads, etc.
In a X inch gun, loo inches in length, the total time required
for the projectile to reach the muzzle is ■^\-^ of a second.
Records are obtained from the chronoscope of the time required for
the passage of the shot, between two points in the gun only 2.7
inches apart.

If you desire to estimate the strain on the gun, or the cpian-
tity of motion imparted to a projectile, we know that if the mean
pressure (P) of the gas be multiplied by the space (S) passed over
by the projectile in acquiring its velocity, the result will be the
measure of the work done by the charge of powder ; and it will be
equal to the work of stopping the same projectile, no matter how
or by what means it may be done.

The same result is obtained by measuring the velocity impar-
ted to the projectile under the circumstances mentioned, and mul-

Big Guns. 129

tiplying the square of the velocity by one-half the mass of the pro-
jectile, since the mass is equal to the weight divided by the force
of gravity.

"The expression of the work stored in the projectile, and which

must be expended in bringing it to resti^z where W.=weight

of the projectile, V.=velocity of the projectile in feet, and g= the
force of gravity in feet, or the velocity a body will acquire by its-
own weight in one second of time. "

The machines for ascertaining pressure are : The ballistic pendu-
lum, Navez's Chronoscope, Benton's thread velocimeter, Bou-
lenges' Chronograph, Schultz's Chronoscope, Rodman's pressure
guage, Noble's Chronoscope and Vignotti, Cashing and others.
Through the kindness of Capt. A. H. Russell, U. S. ordinance corps,
we have the opportunity of examining the chronoscopes which were
displayed at the War Dep.irtment Exhibit at the Cincinnati Expo-
sition. Capt. Russell will demonstrate the practical working of
these machines.

Tne purpose of these michines is to measure the velocity of a
bullet or a caniion ball, while passing over the space between two
targets.

Whether we use pendulums, or heavy rods, as in the Boulange
machines, the general principles are the same. I have made a draw-
ing on the blackboard of the Boulange machine, as it seemed to me
to be the simplest to understand.

This instrument consists of a central standard or supi)orting rod
which carries two electro-magnets. The magnet highest upon the
Standard is connected by electric wires to target No. i, and it sup-
ports a heavy rod of 20 inches in length, which rod drops the
instant that target No. i is attained by the projectile. When target
No. 2 is ruptured the magnetic current to the second magnet
is cut, and instantly the second rod falls. In falling it strikes the
disk at the end of a lever, which sets free a circular knife. This
knife makes a cut on the first rod, which thus records how far
the first rod had fallen before the second rod was set free.

Before beginning to experiment, you set free the short rod only,,
and the cut or nick made by the knife when the long or chronome-
ter rod is at rest, will give the "origin" or zero point from which
you measure the height fallen by the chronometer rod, while the
projectile is traversing the distance between the targets.

13° Cincinnati Society oj Natural History.

Since tlie fall of the chronometer rod follows the law of fall of
^leavy bodies, we have the formula T'l^j/? H . which istheequa-

g
tion of this macliine. Now T' represents the time which the
■chronometer rod occupies in falling (the distance H), supposing
■every part of the machine to act instantaneously, but there is a
■delay in the action of the first magnet, which would shorten the
"value of the time, we therefore designate it by — M.

There is a delay in the action of the second nmgnet, which
upholds the short or "register rod,'' designate this by -|- M' ; a
delay due to the time required by the short rod to fall on the trigger,
call this -j- t'; next we have a delay caused by the time recpiired
for the disengagement of the trigger, equal to -f- t" ; and lastly a
a delay required for the knife to reach the chronometer rod, call
this correction -j- t'", consequently we must correct the value of T'
by subtracting the sum of these quantities. Designating the true
time by T, we now find tliat T^T— (M' f t'4-L"+t'"— M) or
calling the sum of the corrections t we liave 'r^=:T' — t.

The value of (t) the sum of the corrections can be obtained by
■nirans of the device called the "Di-junctor ;" it serVes to break the
-electric currents from both targets at the same instant, and the
■Jiick made by the knife on the chronometer rod will mark a point
called the "di-juiictor reading." Commencing with this point as the
■oiii;in, or O ptjint, we get the corrected value T' - t, that is the true
value T.

A graduated rule, or scale, is used for measuring the height of
the nick above the zero point. If you have the scale calculated for
adistince of fiftv yards, the velocity of the projectile can be at
once determined. Should it be necessary to place the targets
iii'irer, the velocity can be found by multiplying the number read
-off the scale by the actual distance between the targets divided
by fifty. The height of the nick on the chronometer rod above
the "origin" is given by the formula H=y2g T'^.

In the chronoscopes which have pendulums in place of the
roJs, the time due to the arc of oscillation can by the theory of the
pendulum be readily ascertained.

Benton's chronoscope recommends itself on account of its great
simplicity, as it dispenses with the necessity of voltaic batteries.
]t operates by the means of threads which are stretched from the
targets to the pendulums, the threads in being ruptured by the pro-

Big Guns. 131

jectile, on traversing targets i and 2, instantly let fall the pendulums
corresponding to these targets.

The Noble chronoscope registers the precise instant when a
projectile passes certain points in the bore of the gun. The record-
ing apparatus consists of disks 36 inches in circumference, which
are made to revolve at the speed of 1,000 inches per second, linear
A^elocity: by means of a vernier each inch is divided into y^' -g-, a
linear representation is thus obtained at the circumference, of the
one millionth part of a second (yoTTiTTJ^ *^^ ^ second).

Plugs of steel containing the wires of the induction coil, are
■screwed into the gun, with a device at the end of the plug, so
that as each ])lug is reached by the projectile, the wires are cut and
the spark is delivered.

Records have been obtained of plugs only 2.4 inches apart.

From the velocities of the projectile thus obtained we can deter-
mine exactly the amount of pressure on each square inch of the
bore, due to the firing of the charge of powder, and the velocity at
any point of the trajectory.

The total energy of a body in motion is the whole amount of
work it will produce before being brought to a state of rest, it varies
a^ the weight of the body multiplied by the square of the velocity.
This work is equal to the weight it is capable of raising one
foot high, and is equal to the weight in pounds of a projectile,
multiplied by the stpiare of the velocity in feet and divided by
twice the accelerating force of gravity.

Thus, if a projectile of 165 pounds, be moving with a velocity of
1,470 feet per second, the work it will accomplish is

2^^ ^' ^ z=:2^-]2 foot tons.

64.4.

The energy in the 2,000 pound projectile fired from the 100 ton
■gun at Spezia was over 30,000 foot tons. That is to s ly, that if the
Italian armor-clad vessel, the "Duilio" weighed 10,000 tons, the
enerjry stored in the projectile of one of her own guns would lift
the whole ship bodily to the height of three feet.

If the projectile should strike the turret of a monitor, which turret
'weighed 400 tons or so, the gearing would be so strained that
the turret could not work ; or when we consider there is sufficient
energy to lift it as high as the main-top, it requires no great stretch
of the imagination to understand that such a turret, with all its con-
tents -might be knocked clean overboard.

132 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The penetrating effect of a projectile is equal to the energy per
inch of circumference in foot-tons, i.e.., the total energy divided by
the number of inches in the circumference of the projectile —
Wv2

~" 2gX2TR2

The energy of the projectile is met by the resistance required to
shenr a hole in the armor, which will coincide with the circumfer-
ence of the ]:)rojectile.

In 1865 our largest guns were smooth-bore, muzzle-loaders, 20
feet 3 inches long, 20 inches caliber, and weighed 51 tons.

Tlien came the long, tapering steel guns, built up of numerous
coils of steel, with breech plugs or "obturators," which are
hinged to the breech of the gun, or are arranged to rest on a sliding
table, to be moved by stean).

The dimensions of the steel guns are as follows:

23 feet 4 inches long, 8 inch caliber, 13 tons weight.

28 " 5 " " 10 " 27 •'

34 " I " " 12 " 47 " "

45 " 5 " " 16 " 115 "

60 " o " " 17^ " 150 "

Dimensions, etc., of the iio ton ("Armstrong Gun") English
gun, breech-loader: Caliber, 16. 25 in.; lengtli, 43 feet ; length of
bore, 30 feet; weight of gun charge, 900 pouhds powder; weight
of projectile, 2,240 pounds; length of projectile, 4^^ feet; range,
10 miles, at high elevation, 13 miles; muzzle velocity, 2,128 feet
per second; energy, 56,520 foot-tons ; penetration, 33.8 inches in
wrought iron, will withstand a pressure of 30 tons to the square
inch.

The big German gun, of Krupp, weighs 150 tons; the ])rojec-
tile, 3,300 pounds ; the length is 60 feet ; charge of powder, ^2 ton
range, io}4 m les.*

At the Centennial Exposition is, a wooden model of the shell of
the Krupp gun, which is 6 feet high and i '2 ft^et ^n diameter, or
4^ feet circumference.

Instead of tlie old-fashioned 12 inch and 13 inch mortars, we
now have along 12 inch howitzer, firing a bomb-shell, and with
seventy pounds of powder it has a range of six miles. Fired at an
angle of 75° the shell can be thrown to the height of three miles.

-••'Length of ch'irge, 6 feet 4 inches, second half with a cylindrical space
or finegrained poArler; length of shell, 4 feet 7 inches; weight of charge^
,800 pounds; charge of shell, 200 pounds.

Big Guns. 133

We have "disappearing carriages," by means of which the gun
can be dropped down out of sight, and out of horizontal fire of the
enemy — Major King's counterpoise carriage for muzzle loaders,
and the Elswick hydro-pneumatic carriage for breech-loaders.
They are protected with armor-plated shields or turrets.

We have the Gruson armored battery, with embrasures of chilled
iron, a model of which is to be seen at the Exposition building in
Cincinnati.

To operate the very big guns, we require complicated carriages,
on which the gun is mounted with hydraulic jacks for liftmg, pneu-
m itic cylinders for checking recoil, and various levers for moving
the gun by hand, for opening and closing the breech, hoisting and
inserting the charge - machines which require for their manipula-
tion and repair a skilled mechanical engineer.

Othef nations have tliese war appliances, and we are compelled
to keep pace with them or be at their mercy in time of war.

The multiplicity of devices displayed in the War Department
Exhibit of the Centennial Exposition, demonstrates the necessity of
complete records, and of life study on the part of a certain set of
officers, whose attention is constantly directed to these subjects.

.The big guns of our late war were not of long life. One thou-
sand rounds is considered the average life of such guns, but the
R fled Parrott Guns — too, 200 and 300 pounders — which we used
at the bombardment of Charleston,- S. C, many of them endured
not more than 100 rounds. The first 200 pound gun placed in tlie
Swamp Angel Battery, burst on the thirty-sixth round.

On the south end of Morris Island 24 bursted guns lay in frag-
ments, and one a disabled Witworth gun. With many the butt-end
of the breech was blown out of the wrought-iron jacket or reinforce.
In others the body of the gun, owing to a transverse strain, was
split into fragments along the lines of the axis of the bore. The
gro )ves much eroded and the lands worn flat. These guns are
quite ex[)ensive machines, for the new steel guns of Krupp cost
about $1,000 per ton.

The fuzes necessary to explode the shells on their striking the
point aimed at, are exhibited in great numbers, and are wonderful
in contrivance.

We have three kinds, viz., time, percussion and concussion
fuzes.

Among the best are the time fuzes, combined with the Laidley
friction igniter, as seen in the Eureka Fuse.

1 34 Cincinnati Society of A^atural Hi story »

A bad fuse will prematurely burst the shell in the gun and
•destroy the gun.

Mr. Parrott said that his big guns, in the Navy, endured well.
This may have been due to the cleanness of the guns on the water,
for on land the rifled grooves would get clogged with sand and
€arth thrown up by the enemy's shot, or introduced on the
rammer.

Our Generals dislike to fire oftener than is necessary, as every
shot diminishes the life of the gun. A perfect record is kept of
each shot fired, and when 500 shots have been expended, the life
of the gun is half over.

We had a 30-pounder on Morris Island which fired 4,606 times,
at 40° elevation, and most of the shells, 4,253, reached the city of
Charleston. I miJe a post-mortem portrait of the fragments.

At the mouth of the Savannali River, on Cockspur' Island,
stood a casemated fort, called Fort Pulaski. The walls were of
the best brick, laid in hydraulic mortar or cement, and 7^ feet
in thickness and 25 feet in height, surrounded by a ditch 45 feet
wide and 6 feet deep. At the gorge, or back wall of the fort, was
an earth-work, called a demi-lune, with a ditch 32 feet wide.

This fort was garrisoned by 3O0 men, with the full complement
of officers, and was supplied with armament, ammunition and pro-
visions. One would have thought this fort impregnable, especially
as the nearest point for erecting tiie batteries was on the south
bank of the Savannah River, one mile distant. It was there that
General Gillmore established his batteries of Parrott and James'
rifled guns. He opened fire on the loth of April, 1862, and the
fort surrendered at 2 v. m. on the nth. In that short time a breach
had been made through the 71^ feet thickness of wall of 30 feet
wide, and then every shell was dropping on the powder magazines
of the north and south ends of the gor^e wall.

Without the effective powers of the big guns, Fort Pulaski was
impregnable to all the efforts of infantry, cavalry and field artillery.

The breaching of the walls of such a fort, at a mile distant, was
a new event in tlie era of military records.

The capture of the south end of Morris Island and Fort Wagner,
with its strong bomb-proof shelter, adds more evidence of the
efficiency of big guns.

Fort Sumter also was bombarded. It consisted of two tiers of
casemates, and in a short time the upper row of casemates was

Big Guns. 135

reduced to shapeless ruin, and all the guns on the top of the fort,
or on the barbette plain, were dismounted or knocked to pieces.

Then by means of the Swamp Angel Battery, fuur miles south of
Charleston, we were enabled to throw shells into Charleston, which
on several occasions set fire to the city.

And, from Putnum, or Cumming's Point, we threw 4, 253 shells,
from one gun, into the city of Charleston. This rendered it unin-
habitable to women and children, and converted the ci.y into a mere
soldiers' barracks, where no business could be transacted, no quiet
or comfort obtained.

No wonder that soldiers get to love their big guns, which pro-
duce such marvelous effects of waste and destruction of the powers
and resources of the enemy.

I can never forget the dying admiration of an Indian chief for the
cannon of the white man.* He was buried in the Congressional
Cemetery at Washington. He caused these words to be engraved
on his monument: "When I am dead, let the big guns be fired
over me. '

A big gun needs no interpreter, it speaks the language of all
nations, and when the black people of Charleston, S. C, heard the
Swamp An«el, they cried out: "H.Trk! 'Tis the voice of an
angel shouting freedom," and hence the battery obtained the name
of, The Swamp Angel,

136 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

DISFRIBUTION OF VERNONIA IN THE UNITED
STATES.

BY PltOFKSSOR JOSEPH F. JAMES, M.SC, MARYLAND AGRICUL-
TURAL COLLEGE.

Read by Title December 4, 1888.

The genus Vekmomia, named for Wm. Vernon, an early English
collector of plants in Virginia, includes what are commonly called
the "Iron-weeds." 'I'he common name has probably arisen from
the tough nature of the stem, noticeable in most of the species. The
genus is a large one, containing over 400 species ; its headquarters
is in South America, but it extends into North America, and has a
few Asian and African, but no European, species. As given in the
last edition (5th) of Gray's Manual, there are but two species in
the north-east United States. The Synoptical Flora of the same
author adds one species and two varieties to these. The additions
are variety iatifolia, Gr. , of Noveboracensis, altissinia, Nutt. , and
altissinia var. grandi^ora, Gray.

Tiie ji.eoyrapliical distribution of tlie species is interesting. Two,
or possibly three, Noveboracensis, fascicnlata and altissinia, are widely
scattered : the rest are local, some extremely so. Some of these
are confined to the country west of. the Mississippi, some to that
part south of Tennessee and North Carolina. None grow farther
north than Vermont or Massachusetts (although one species is found
in Canada), in the east, nor Dakota in the west, and none are
found farther west on the south than New Mexico, nor on the
north, west of Kansas. Colorado and all the country westward has
no species, nor indeed any closely-allied form. Most of the species
grow in wet or at least damp soil, sometimes even in swamps, only
few being found in dry soil, and these being very local. Oat of
the fifteen species and varieties credited to the United States, only
five, one-third of the whole, are given as inhabiting dry soils or
plains. This almost constant association with damp places seems
to fully account for the absence of any species in the west, where
dryness generally prevails. The further fact that the genus is one

Distribution of Vernonia in the United States. 137

of tropical nnture will, on the other hand, account for its limited
extension northward.

The two most wide-spread species are fasciculaUi. and Novebora-
ernsis. Tl->e first of these is mainly a central species, extending
southward into Tennessee and northward into Canada. It is given
in catalogues of plants of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin,
Iowa, Kansas and Minnesota. It is also mentioned in one list
(Flora Columbiana) as occurring about Washington, although not
in another (Ward's Guide to the Flora of Washmgton and vicinity),
and is recorded from North Carolina (Curtis). These are /"^.ci-//;/^
errors. It would thus appear to be almost exclusively a Missis-
sippi valley species, and wherever it grows it is certainly abundant.
The other one, Novebo^acensis, is, on the other hand, almost exclu-
sively an eastern coast species, although recorded from tlie central
States. It is given in catalogues of plants of Vermont, Massachusetts,
New York (Long Island, Buffalo and Chautauqua), New Jersey,
District of Columbia and North Carolina, but also from Tennessee
(Nashville), Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Min-
nesota There is a strong probability that variety latifolia, whose
habitat is given as " Pennsylvania and Ohio to Florida," (Synop.
Flora) is the prevalent form in the west rather than the type
species. The suggestion is made that students look into their
specimens named Noveboracensis and see if they really are the type
and not the variety.

The additional species, altissima, newly added to the area covered
by the "Manual," will probably be found in many places when
sought after. It has as yet been recorded from Nashville only
(Gattinger).

Two species, angvstifolia and oligophylla, are strictly southern,
neither of them being found north of North Carolina. The first,
with one variety, Texana, extends west to Texas, but the second
is an eastern species, extending from North Carolina to Florida,
near the coast. Four of the others, viz., Arkansana, Jantesii,
Lindheimeri and Lettermani are all strictly trans Mississippi forms,
found only in Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, Texas and east New
Mexico. The one remaining species, Baldwinii, is given as west-
ern (east Missouri to Texas), but it is recorded from western
Tennessee (Gattinger), buc likewise from Michigan (Wheeler and
Smith). We query whether this last may not be a mistake in iden-
tification. If correctly recorded in Tennessee it would indicate a
tendency to s])read eastward across the Mississippi.

13S Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The large number of flower-heads produced by each phint, and
the number of flowers in each head, produce seeds that in tlie
aggregate assume enormous numbers. One plant u{ Jasciciilata has
been recorded as possessing no less than 3.290 flower-heads/^
and these, if producing only twenty seeds eac!i, a very moderate
estimate, would give 65,800 fruits. This, as ihe product of a single
plant, would be sufficient to stock a lar^e tract of country. Each
seed is provided with a number, about forty, capillary bristles, and
these when ripe spread out into a head which is readily caught by
the wind. As the fruits ripen the involucral scales spread, and
leave the seeds standing free in tiie center. Ripening at a period
when the winds generally blow strongly, there is every opportunity
for them to be carried far and wide. Hearing this in mind it seems
a little strange that so many of tiie species should be as local as
they are. It may probably be accounted for by the late flowering
habits of some, but more likely by the absence of certain necessary
features in the surroundings.

It is natural to suppose two avenues by which the plants entered
the United States. One by the way of the Florida Peninsula
through the West India Islands from the mainLmd of Si»uih
America; and the other by way of Mexico, into Texas and thence
nortinvard. Those entering by the first avenue would naturally
spre.id northward along the peninsula, and mainly along the
Atlantic Coast. They would most probably be plants loving damp or
swampy places, such being the character of the ground they would
have to cross. If spreading to the westward they would be mainly
confined to the coast region. Those entering from Mexico would
f.)llow the streams, or even slightly encroach upon the adjacent
higher grounds. The species entering from Mexico would migrate
rorthward and eastward, mainly because the prevailing winds are
from the south and west.

That the wind is a most potent agent for their dissemination can
s arcely be denied. Baron Eggers says in regard to some of the
West India Islands (Flora of the St. Croix and Virgin Iblands),
that until about August the winds blow constantly from the north-
east. But between August and November they become unsteady
and uncertain. This is the season for hurricanes and it is also
about the season when Vcrnonia seeds are ripe. Thus, if then
taken up by the winds, they would be carried a long'way and be

* Botaniial Gazetit' II, p. 121. 1

Distribution of Vexnonia iti the United States. 139,

ready to germinate in due season if blown to a fit spot. We find
now that, leaving out the widely dispersed forms, all the western,
species are close allies, while those of the east are also closely related.
It would appear that two sections can be formed of the species-
of the genus. One of these has ample, generally lancaolete, leaves,
and the other has Imear leaves. In the first group there are seven^
and in the second, eight species and varieties. Of the lanceolBte-
leaved forms one is strictly southern and eastern ioligophylla) , one
is western {Baldivinii), but all the others are general in their distri-
bution. But Baldtvinii, the western species, is said to "pass into"
altissiina, one of the generally distributed forms, so it may be
regarded as a form developed under special conditions. In the
linear leaved section, six out of eight are western; one of the others,
angustifolia var. scaberrima, extends from South Carolina to Florida,
and the other, var. pnmila of the same species, is found in South
Florida.

The first group of ample-leaved forms may be regarded as com-
ing from the soutli by way of the West Indies and Florida, spread-
ing in several cases far northward and westward, and in others
adhering to the Atlantic Coast. The second group, that of linear-
leaved forms, probably arrived by way of Mexico, and then spread
north and east; in the latter direction partly because of the pre-
vailing direction of the wind, partly because of the dryness of the
country to the west. Besides the leaves, there is a prominent
feature in some species of long filiform tips to the involucral scales.
These do not seem to be correlated in any way with the lanceolate
or linear leaves, nor with the distribution. The table given below
represents the distribution of the two groups of species :
Leaves linear :

Arkansana : Missouri, Kansas to Texas.

Jamesii : Nebraska and Arkansas to Texas.

Lettermani: Arkansas and Texas.

angustifolia : North Carolina to Florida, Arkansas and Texas.

var. scaberrima South Carolina to Florida.

var. Texana : Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas.

var. pumila : Southern Florida.

Lindheimeri : West Texas.
Leaves lanceolate :

Noveboracensis : General but mostly eastern.

var. latifolia : Pennsylvania and Ohio to Florida.

140 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Baldwinii : East Missouri (West Tennessee) to Texas.

altissima : West Pennsylvania to Illinois, Louisiana and
Florida.

var. grandiflora: Illinois and Kentucky to Texas.

fasciculata : General, but mostly central.

oligophylla : North Carolina to Florida.
A last peculiar feature of the genus, and one that adds to its
difficulty, is the occasional occurrence of natural hybrids between
several distinct species. These have not been fully investigated,
and the only mention found of them is in the " Synoptical Flora."
Here it is stated that hybrids between Arkansana and Baldwinii, '
between fasciculata and Baldwinii and between Lindheimeri and
Baldwinii have been found. The last was collected by Berlandier.
May it not be that Baldwinii is itself a hybrid ?

North American Fungi. . 141

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.*

By a. p. Morgan.
(Read by title, Dec. 4., 1888.)

THE GASTROMYCETES.
Fructification arising from a simple filamentous or from
a compound mycelium, comprising essentially a closed sac or
PERIDIUM inclosing the hymenial structure called the gleba ;
hymenium lining or filling the chambers or cells of the gleba,
consisting of numerous closely-packed branches of the hyphae
forming the basidia and paraphysis; basidia producing
laterally or at the apex one to several spores, sessile or borne
on sterigmata ; spores spherical or elliptic, continuous,
hyaline or colored.

*The following letter to a member of the Publishing Committee
is printed by permission of the writer :

Preston, Hamilton Co., O., December 29, 1888.
Mr. Davis L. James :

Dear Sir — Along with this I send you the manuscript of the article on
Phalloidece. You will perceive by the title and by the contents that it is
Tnore am^iitious in plan than the preceding papers. The remaining classes of
Fungi are better known, and the specimens are more easily preserved and
accumulated than the Hymenomycetes. Hence, I think, papers covering the
whole field of our country, so far as at present investigated, will be far
more acceptable. The Gastromycetes will occupy about three such papers
as the present; possibly, the next two may fill a little more space.

The next paper will be on the Lycoperdacea ; it is now under way and
partly done. I will try and have it ready for the April number, unless the
space is wanted for other matter.

The new .«pecies we had taken for Mutinus caninus, until the publication
lately, in Grevillea, of a figure and description of that species, showing it
clearly to be a different thing. It was at first supposed to be Corynitfs
Ravenelii, B. & C, but the figure and description of this species show a
much smaller plant with a different form

No sytstematic paper on the Gastromycetes has ever before been attempted
in this country. The only essays hitherto attempted have been two papers.

142 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The Gastromycetes are fungi mostly of large size, growing
usually upon the ground sometimes just beneath its surface, rarely
upon wood. Their mycelium often exhibits an extensive develop-
ment, the hyphae uniting together into strands which in form
branching and mode of growth in the substratum simulate the roots
of higher plants. The peridium is a closed wall of dense texture
mostly spherical in form and often of considerable thickness ; it
may consist of a single coat of uniform texture or more commonly
it is separable into two distinct layers the inner and the outer
peridium. In many cases the pcndium is extensively and pecu-
liarly differentiated partly into persistent and partly into temporary
parts; it is a general occurrence in the course of this differentiation
that the peridium becomes strongly thickened at the base ; the
thickened portion either projects outward forming a stout support to
the gleba or it projects inward forming a cushion of moderate thick-
ness or an elongated vertical central column. The chambers or
the cells of the gleba generally are in countless numbers seldom few
and definite ; they are narrow irregularly curved and branched
cavities scarcely large enough to be distinguished by the naked eye.
In some cases the gleba retains this primary structure throughout
its entire existence, subject only to the changes in size of all its
parts caused by growth and maturity; in other cases the cells of

one on the genus Lycoperdon, by Chas. M. Peck, the other on the genus
Geaster, by myself.

It is true, these are the large genera and contain half the species of the
whole cla^s. Tie genera of the different Orders stand about as follows:

Order. Genera.

Phalloidese, ........ 5

Lycoperdaceae, . . . . . . 10

Sclerodermaceae, ....... 7

Hymenogastracege, ...... 6

Nidulariicese, ....... 5

Gastromycetes, • • • ■ ZZ

Our own region, the Miami Valley, i'i remarkably prolific of puff-balls, and
I have probably seen more of these things living and growing than any
other person in the wi rid. I have specimens of nearly every species that
have been found in the United States, and among them quite a number that.
have not yet been noticed in print.

Very truly, yours,

A. P. Morgan.

North Americatt Fungi. 143

the gleba large and few in number are specially segregated into
distinct closed peridiola containing the spores ; in the most of
cases however after the formation of the spores disorganization of
the hymenial elements ensues caused by deliquescence. 'The
changes in the gleba are always accompanied by corresponding
varied and sometimes remarkable transformations of the peridium;
the thickened base may be developed downward into a distinct
STIPE with the entire peridium upon its apex; it may be developed
upward into a stipe carrying the gleba or the inner peridium at
its apex, while in the one case the whole peridium in the other its
outer layer remains behind as a volva to the base of the stipe.

TABLE OF ORDERS OF GASTROMYCETES.
A. Terrestrial.

a. Feridiwn double.

1. PHALLOiDEiE. Pcridium becoming transformed into a recep-
tacle of various shape, with a volva at its base. Gleba becoming
-dissolved into a dark green mass of jelly.

2. Lycoperdace^. Peridium sessile usually with a more or less
thickened base or sometimes stipitate, at maturity filled with a

■dusty mass of mingled threads and spores.

b. Peridium single.

3. SclerodermaceoE. Peridium discrete from the gleba, often
Aviih a columella ; cells of the gleba subpersistent.

4. Hymenogastrace^. Peridium concrete with the gleba,
indehiscent ; cells of the gleba persistent.

B. Epiphytal.

5. Nidulariace.^. Peridium cyathiform, open at the top, con-
taining one or more distinct peridiola.

ORDER I.— PHALLOIDE^.
Myceliuai funicular, rooting extensively. Peridium at first
ovoid, with an inner and outer coat and a thick gelatinous
layer between them, traversed by a central column surrounded
by the gleba; at length ruptured by the development of a
receptacle of various shape bearing the gleba, and remaining
as a volva at its base. Gleba becoming dissolved into a mass

144 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

of jelly which dissipates in water and like the spores is of a
dark green color ; spores elliptic oblong, even, minute, 3-5^
mi6. in length.

Fungi terrestrial, of large size, characterized by receptacles
exceedingly remarkable for their varied and singular shape, and
possessing an extremely offensive odor.

TABLE OF GENERA OF PHALLOIDE^.

I. Phallete. Receptacle consisting of an elongated stipe
bearing the gleba on a conical pileus at its apex.

1. Phallus. Pileus attached only to the apex of the stipe,
dependent free all around below.

2. MuTiNus. Pileus wholly adnate to the summit of the stipe.

II. Clathre^e. Receptacle a hollow clathrate body, with the
gleba attached to the upper part of the inner surface.

3. Clathrus. Receptacle composed oi obliquely anastomos-
ing bars and sessile.

4. Simblum. Receptacle composed of obliquely anastomosing,
bars and stipitate.

5. Laternea. Receptacle composed of a few vertical columns
and sessile.

I. PHALLE^. Receptacle consisting of an elongated stipe
bearing the gleba on a conical pileus at its apex. Stipe cylindric,
hollow, composed of one to several layers of round-celled tissue ;,
the gleba accupying the outer surface of the pileus.

Genus I. — Phallus, Mich.

Stipe hollow within, the wall composed of several layers of round-
celled tissue ; pileus attached only to the apex of the stipe, depen-
dent free all around below, the gleba occupying its outer surface.

The genus may be divided into two subgenera by the presence
or absence of an appendage called the indusium or veil hanging
from the apex of the stipe beneath the pileus ; this veil in one group
is evidently the outer cellulose layer of the stipe, in the other it is
the thin membrane which separates the stipe from the pileus.

I. HYMENOPHALLUS. An indusium or veil surrounding:
he stipe and dependent from its apex beneath the pileus.

North American Fungi. 145

a. Veil reticulate, hanging below the pileus. .

1. P. D^MONUM, Rumph. Volva globose, not very thick,
pinkish ; segments 3 or 4, irregular. Stipe cylindric, tapering at
each end, cellulose; the veil reticulate, somewhat expanded and
campanulate, hanging nearly to the middle of the stipe. Pileus
campanulate, somewhat oblique ; the surface reticulate-pitted after
deliquescence ; the apex truncate, smooth, perforate. Spores elliptic-
oblong 4X2 mic.

Growing on the ground in woods. New York, Peck ; Mary-
land, Miss Banning ; Ohio, Lea, Morgan. Plant 9 inches high,,
volva 2 inches in diameter, stipe i^ inches thick at the middle,
pileus 2 inches in height ; the lower edge of the veil hangs about 4
inches from the apex of the stipe. This species is rare and not well
known, the original description, like those of many of the Phalloids,
is brief and unsatisfactory. We have thus far met with but a single
specimen of what we take to be this plant ; this we carefully figured
and ou*- discription is based upon it ; of course other specimens
will vary somewhat in size. The short veil and the smooth ring at
the apex will distinguish this species from the next.

2. P, DUPLiCATUS, Bosc. Volva depressed globose, thick^
flabby white; segments 3-5, acute. Stipe fusiform-cylindric cellu-
lose ; the veil reticulate, hanging down to the volva, sometimes
much expanded, often torn and shreddy with pieces adherent to
the stipe. Pileus campanulate, reticulate-pitted after deliquescence;
the apex acute, not regularly perforate. Spores elliptic oblong,
4X2 mic.

Growing in woods about old stumps and rotten logs. New
England, Frost, Wright, Sprague, Farloiv ; New York,
Gerard; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz, Rau ; Carolina, Schweiniiz^
Ravenel; Ohio, Morgan. Plant 6-8 inches high, volva 2^:
inches in diameter, stipe i^ inches thick in the middle, pileus 2:
inches in height. The long veil usually clings close to the stipe
though sometimes swinging free and much expanded. The size
of the meshes must be of uncertain value as a specific character,
for the expansion of the veil is no doubt caused by the swinging in
the breeze stretching its tissue and causing the upper meshes which
bear the greatest weight to be the longest. The plants found in this-
country and called P. indusiatus. Vent, are most likely referable
to this species. In this species the gleba extends over the apex and

146 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

there is no thick smooth ring encircling the perforation as in the
preceding species.

b. Veil not reticulate, concealed beneath the pileus.

3. P. Ravenelii, B. & C. Volva sub-globose or ovoid, pinkish ;
-with an inner membrane, the lower half of the veil, surrounding
the base of the stipe ; segments 2 or 3. Stipe cylindric, tapering
at each end. cellulose; the veil membranous, scarcely half as long
as the pileus and concealed beneath it. Pileus conic-campanulate ;
the surface not reticulate-pitted after deliquescence; the apex
•smooth and closed or finally perforate. Spores elliptic-oblong,
4X5-2 mic.

Growing in woods and fields about rotting stumps and logs.
New York, feck: S. Carolina, Ravenel ; Ohio, Alorgan. Plant,
5-7 inches high, volva, I'S-s inches in diameter; stipe nearly i
in :h thick; pileus i )^ inches in height. The npex is umbilicate or
finally perforate and encircled by a smooth ring. By the elonga-
tion of the stipe the thin membrane separating the stipe from the
p.leus is rent midway by an annular fissure, the upper half becom-
ing loosened forms the short veil under the pileus, the lower half
rem lining within the volva about the base of tlie stipe. It is
probible that in some instances the hidden veil has not been
detected and plants of this species have been refened to the fol-
lowing one. This species vitiates the genus Dictyophora and it
can not very well be placed in Ithyphallus.

II. ITHYPH.ALLUS. Stipe without an indusium or veil
dejiendent from its apex.

4. P. iMPUDicus, Linn. Volva globose or ovoid, while or
pinkish ; segments 2 or 3. Stipe cylindric, tapering at each end,
•rellulose, without a vt-il. Pileus conic-campanulate ; the surface
rjticulate-pitted after deliquescence; the apex smooth, at first
closed, at length perforate. Spores elliptic oblong, 4-5X2 mic.

Growitig on the ground in woods. New England, Frost, Farlow
New York, Peck, Gerard; Carolina, Sclnaeinitz; Ohio, D. L James;
Nebraska. H. J. Webber ; California, Harkness. Plant 6-8 inches
high, volva 2 inches in diameter, stipe x]/^ inches thick, pileus 2
inches in height. By the elongation of the stipe the thin membrane
which separates the stipe from the pileus is torn into shreds and
the pileus is thus liberated from the stipe except at the apex.

5. P. RUBicuNDUS, Bosa Volva small, gray. Stipe fusiform,

North Amet'ican Fungi. 147

red, cellulose, without a veil. Pileus conic-campanulate, bay, the
surface even, the apex perforate.

Growing on the ground about old stumps. New England, Frost ;
New York, Schweinitz ; N. Carolina, Curtis \ S. Carolina, Favenel;
Alabama, Peters. Plant 67 inches high, stipe about ^ of an inch
thick in the middle, pileus i inch in height. This plant though so
frequently met with does not appear to have been described again
since the time of Bosc ; it is desirable that some one finding it should
make a careful study of it and give a fuller description.

Genus II. Mutinus, Fr.
Stipe hollow within, the wall composed of a single layer of round-
•celled tissue; pileus wholly adnate to the summit of the stipe, the
gleba occupying its outer surface.

1. M. CAN[isrus, Huds. Volva ovoid or oblong, pallid; segments
2 or 3. Stipe cylindric, white or reddish, cellulose, tapering down-
ward. Pileus determinate, oblong-ovoid, flesh-colored; the apex
acute, perforate or imperforate. Spores elliptic 6X4 mic.

Growing on the ground in woods. New England, Frost ; New
york, Warne. Plant about 6 inches in height, the stipe ^ an inch
thick, the pileus occupying nearly i inch of the apex, volva i inch
in diameter. This species is nearly destitute of the peculiar Phal-
loid odor. A figure of it may be seen in Grevillea, Vol. 17,
plate 173.

2. M. BOViNUS, Morg. n. sp. Volva oblong-ovoid, pinkish;
segments 2 or 3. Sti])e cylindric, tapering gradually to the apex,
white or pinkish below, bright red above. Pileus indeterminate,
conic-acuminate, perforate at the apex. Spores elliptic-oblong,
4—5X2 mic.

Growing in rich soil in cultivated grounds and in woods. Ohio,
Morgan. Plant 4-7 inches in height, the stipe ^ of an inch in
thickness, the volva not much thicker and i-ij/2 inches in height;
the pileus occupies 1-2 inches of the pointed apex, but is not defi-
nitely limited below. This plant has the strong disagreeable odor of
•other Phalloids. See plate III.

3. M. BREVis, B. & C. Volva globose or ovoid ; segments 2
•or 3. Stipe bright red, coarsely cribrose, attenuated below.
Pileus somewhat broadly clavate, sometimes conical, but always
.more or less obtuse, perforate at the apex.

Growing on the ground in fields and gardens. New England,

148 Cincinnati Society of Natural History .

Wright ; New York, Peck, Howe, Gerard ; Carolina, Curtis, Rav-
enel. Plant 2-3 inches high, stipe 45 lines thick, the volva ^ oF
an inch in diameter, the pileus sometimes half as long as the stipe.
This is Corynites brevis, B. & C. of Curtis' s Catalogue ; it was after-
ward described in Grevillea under the name C. Ravenelii, B. & C.
C. Curtisii, Berk does not appear to possess any distinctive marks
separating it from the present species. See Transactions Linnaean
Society, Vol. xxi, p. 151, tab 19.

II. CL.'VTHRE^E. Receptacle a hollow clathrate body com-
posed of oblique bars or vertical columns with the gleba attached
to the upper part of the inner surface.

Genus III. Clathrus, Mich.
Receptacle a sub-globose hollow net or lattice-work, composed of
several obliquely ascending and anastomosing bars, forming num-
erous meshes, and sessile within the volva. Gleba enclosed within
the net and attached to the upper part of the inner surface.

1. C. CANCELLATUS, Tourn. Volva sub-globose, burst irregu-
larly into several segments. Receptacle obovoid, sessile ; the bars
variable in width, more or less compressed, transversely wrinkled,
forming irregularly polygonal meshes, red rarely yellow or whitish.

Growing on the ground in woods. New York, Clinton; Georgia,
LeConte. Plant 3-5 inches in height, the volva 2-3 inches \\\
diameter. Possessing an extremely fetid odor.

2. C. CR[SPUS, Turp. Volva globose, burst irregularly into sev-
eral segments. Receptacle globose, sessile; the bars transversely
wrinkled and knotted, cinnabar-red; the meshes round or oval,
very large below and in the middle, very small at the apex.

Growing in sandy woods. Mexico, Leveille. Plant 2-4 inches-
in hight, the volva 2-3 inches in diameter.

Genus IV. I^" iblum, Klotsch.
Receptacle a sub-globose hollow net or lattice-work, composed
of several obliquely ascending and anastomosing bars forming
numerous meshes, and borne at the apex of an elongated stipe ;.
stipe hollow, composed of several layers of round-celled tissue.
Gleba enclosed within the net and attached to the upper part of
the inner surface.

I. S. RUBESCENS, Gerard. Volva sub-globose, whitish, burst
irregularly into 3 or 4 segments. Receptacle depressed globose,.

VOL '- Platflfl

'^*.

'?■*

Mutinus Boviniis.Morj.

Laura y Morgan Del .

ElEfiS IHH CO CIV

North American Fungi. i49

deep fleshy red, stipitate ; the bars compressed and transversely
wrinkled, forming pantagonal meshes; the stipe cylindric, cellulose,.
red above, paler below, tapering toward the base, rounded at the
apex and strongly constricted at its junction with the receptacle.
Spores elliptic-oblong, 3 mic. in length.

Growing among grass in open land. Long Island, N. Y.,
Gerard; Nebraska, H. G. Webber. Plant 3-5 inches in hight, stipe
^-i inch in diameter at the thickest part, the receptacle always a
little broader than the stipe; meshes about 26 in number. Odor
slightly nauseous.

Genus V. Laterne\, Turp.

Receptacle a more or less elongated body, consisting of a few
vertical columns arising separately from the base of the volva and
joined together only at the apex. Gleba suspended from the apex
within the receptacle.

1. L. COLUMNATA, Bosc, Volva obovoid, burst irregularly into
3 or 4 segments. Receptacle composed of 4 vertical columns ;
the columns thick, 4 angled, tapering upward, cinnabar-red.
Spores elliptic-oblong, 4-5 X 2 mic.

Growing in sandy woods. North Carolina, Curtis ; S. Carolina,
Bosc, Ravenel; Georgia, LeConte; Florida, Ravenel. Plants 3 5
inches in height, the volva 1^-2 inches in diameter. Extremely
fetid.

2. L. TRiscAPA, Turp. Yolva obovoid, bursting irregularly
into 2 or 3 segments. Receptacle composed of 3 vertical columns ;
the columns slender, terete, tapering upward, white below cinna-
bar-red above.

Growing in sandy soil. Texas, Ellis. Plant 2-3 inches in height,,
volva iV^ inches in diameter.

150 Cincinnati Society 0/ Natural History.

"RIVERSIDE SKULL."
By A. J. Howe, M. D.

(Read, Dec. 4. 1888.)

At the November meeting of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History were exhibited two fossil specimens, the one being a
human cranium, and the other a part of an elephantine tusk in a
fragile state. Both relics were unearthed two or three miles down
the river by workmen quarrying gravel for railroad purposes at
Riverside ; and were cared for by Dr. Kusnick of that place. He
reports that the "remains" were encased in coarse gravel — the
ijkuU was found in the first cut made in the terrace north of the
railway. It rolled down with a mass of gravel and clay, rendering
it impossible to decide upon the exact position of its original bed.
The tusk was found in the second cut, and at an equally uncertain
depth. It had lost its character as ivory ; and was too brittle to be
handled without breakage. A sharp cur/e near its apex, together
with its great size at the base, indicates that the (.lental product
belonged to a mastodon. An elephant's tusk is less curved toward
the point.

The cranium was fragmentary, yet the walls of the brain-
case are well preserved. The specimens were entombed in
river drift or wash, yet at a point too high to be reached by recent
or modern inundations. The pebbly bank in which they rested
was deposited when the Ohio flowed at a higher level than it does
at present. The pile of gravel in which they were found constitutes
the middle one of three ridges the river has developed in its
washings through a series of centuries. The "bottcnn,' or lower
portion of Cincinnati is on the first terrace ; a plateau sixty feet
higher, on which most of the city is built, has been called the
^'second terrace;" and the high banks above may be termed the
"third terrace." The first terrace is subject to annual overflow.
The river has evidently cut its way down to its present channel,
the rate of erosion being estimated at a foot in a century. The
•cutting process may have been more rapid at an early period of the
history of the Ohio Valley.

Riverside Skull. 151

At several points in America the remains of man and the mam-
moth are found in the same locality. In Europe a similar state of
things has been observed. In the Madeline cave of Dordogne, a
plate of ivory was discovered, having engraved upon it the figure
of a mastodon, with eyes, tusks, and general shape so exact that the
barbarian artist who lived cotemporaneously with the beast, must
have had a living specimen to sketch from. The engraved tusk of
ivory was found in such relationship with the implements of the
earlier races of mankind that t'lere can be no question in regard
to the existence of the two beings at the same time.

But in this departure from ray chosen topic I have not intended
to convey the impression that the Riverside skull and the tusk
found above it were anything more to each other than that they
were incidentally engulphed in the same gravel pit.

The orbits of the cranium, the nasal chambers, the aural cavities,
and other crevices were packed with a clayey soil peculiar to the earth
on the top of the hill, above the gravel bank. It is highly probable,
then, that in land slides which are constantly occurring along the crest
of the ridges overhanging the river basin, the skull was carried from
its original burial place down the steep declivity to the pebbly bed
wliere it was lately found. During some inundation subsequent to
the slide, the tusk plunged from its primary resting place higher
up the river, and lodged in the supermiposed gravel, where it was
at length disentombed by railroad navvies. The fragile condition
of the ivory — a material which resists disintegration longer than
bone — shows that the tusk has been subjected to the ravages of time
much longer than the fairly-preserved cranial bones. Mere super-
position in the shifting banks of a large river is an unreliable test
of the relative antiquity of imprisoned objects.

The cranium, or what remains of it, is browned with the alluvium:
of its original interment; and is somewhat fragile. The bones of
the face are lost both maxillae are wanting, also the malar bones,
as well as those of the nares. The ethmoid is gone, and parts of the
sphenoid; but the plates of the skull have maintained the boundaries
of the cranial cavity. The outline of what is left quite accurately
represents the average brain-pan of the savage Indian, or of the
Moundbuilder. The forehead is rather low and notably retreating,
though not to a degree to be called simian — not even equal to
that of the lowest savage. The upper jaw being absent, "the
facial angle" can not well be determined. However, it is far from

152 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

being as near a right-angle as that, of Agrippa, or of approaching a
match for the ideal "front of Jove." " But the facial angle estab-
lished by Camper does not mean as much as its author would have
us believe. The skull of the Marmoset monkey presents an
approach to a right-angle as near as that of a philosopher. Mental
capacity depends not altogether upon a prominent forehead, but
largely upon the quantity and quality of the brain, as a whole.
Even a big brain is sometimes indicative of a block-head. The
absence of jaws in a cranium makes the forehead appear low and
sloping. Actual measurements of the Riverside skull do not sus-
tain the impression of its being pithecoid. External tests with
callipers show its longest diameter - from glabella to inion — to be 7
inches, its width between parietal prominences to be 53^ inches
and from vertex to basilar process of occiput to be 5^3 inches;
These measurements indicate that the cranium is neither dulich.
ocephalic (long-headed) nor brachycephalic (short-headed). The-
zygomatic processes are only averagely developed, and the tem-
poral fossae are not decidedly deep, to represent unusually powerful
masticating muscles. The brain-pan is as capacious as that of the
average savage — almost as large as that of the medium white man.
The Riverside skull holds 90 cubic inches, therefore a brain
which would fill the cavity must weigh 57^ ounces. The cranial
capacity of a Digger Indian, whose skull was sent from California,
is identically the same — 90 cubic inches. In making the measure-
ments, avoirdupois weight was employed. Troy ounces are for
weighing gold, silver, and medicines. The avoirdupois scheme
calls for 457/4 grains to the ounce, and 7,000 grains to the pound.
The metrical system is at present in reputable use for scientific
measurements, but is not in common employment. A grannne
contains 15.5 grains, therefore it is a mere matter of mathematics
to ascertain how many grammes there may be in one ounce. I
have learned experimentally that there are 278 grains in a cubic
inch of human brain, hence it is a sum in arithmetic to determine how
many grains or ounces, or gv&x\ grammes, there may be in so many
cubic inches. A cup an inch scjuare represents a cubic inch ; and
if small seeds be used to pour from the full cup into the^ foramen
magnum of a skull, the cubic capacity of the brain-pan may be
ascertained. If the number of cubic inches be multiplied by 437^,
and the amount be divided by 278, the number of avoirdupois
ounces may be learned.

Riverside Skull. 153

Certain craniologists have employed Troy weight to determine
the ounces a brain may weigh, hence some confusion has arisen as
to cerebral ponderosity. The brain of Cuvier weighed 186 1
^n?/'///«^^=:2 8945 grains — or 66 ounces; that of Byron weiglied 1807
giainmes^=. 28009 grains, or 64 ounces. 'I'he brain of Agassiz
weighed 64^ ounces, and that of Humboldt 65^ ounces. These
figures are only approximately exact.

The other day I selected two skulls from our Madisonville collec-
tion, the larger would hold 57 ounces of brain, and the smaller
42 ounces. The smallest approaches the diminutive in capacity ;
while the largest attains the dimensions of the very biggest skulls.
A man has a large brain which weighs 56 ounces. The smallest
iDrain in the Leipsic collection — that of a native Australian — weighed
.35 ounces. The gorilla and the chimpanzee have brain-pans which
hold from 28 to 36 cubic inches, which weigh from 20 to 25 ounces
of brain. There is a pronounced difference between the cranial
■capacities of the larger apes ; and there is considerable difference
between the largest anthropoid brain and that of savage man.
Approach in size means very little. A whale has as large a brain
as is possessed by a statesman. An elephant has more brain than
any other animal.

In regard to the age of fossils, I beg to say that great scope is
given to speculation. A petrefaction is a fixture — it belongs to
some geological era or epoch, with relationship to other periods in
palgeontological history; but a fossil picked out of the drift in a
pile of river gravel is an object upon which there may be ventured
the wildest theory as to its perambulations. If we could determine
the period at which the Ohio ranged fifty feet higher than it now
■does, we might conjecture the age of the Riverside skull. From
what scientists write in regard to the time when the first organism
appeared upon our planet, carrying the event back millions of
years, the discrepancy of a thousand years might be made in the
reckoning, and the result be not far out of the way. In the
infinity of time the span of a century is an insignificant leap — is as
a day or an hour. The skeletons of the Madisonville cemetery
"were overgrown with forest trees whose annular rings count 700 or
more. Probably the burials reach back 800 or 1,000 years. An
older history can not be claimed for them. I conjecture that the
Riverside skull is as ancient as any of the crania in our cabinet, unless
there be an embalmed Egyptian skull in the collection. Skeletons

154 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

taken from the p ts of the older mounds are very fragile — time has
disintegrated them.

A few years ago the underjaw of an elephant (extinct variety)
was unearthed while quarrymen were excavating a sewer on Central
Avenue (this city). The bone was at least 40 feet above the late
inundation, and deeply buried in gravel, and in a too good state
of preservation to be ten thousand years old. In a cave or peat-
bog, where chemicals of a protective nature are present, a bone may
be preserved a million of years, but not in a gravel bank. In
the course of time a bone loses its cohesive properties, and crum-
bles like slacked lime. Possibly the elephantine maxilla recently
exhumed, and the fossil skull, have been buried in their pebbly
beds for 1500 years ; yet their firmness could not be maintained for
thousands of years. It will be excusable in me if I do not venture
into a broader speculation ; but the subject is open to free discus-
sion. That the Borreby skulls of Denmark, and the Enghis and
Neanderthal crania, are older than the one under observation, I
have not the slightest doubt. In fact, I look upon this as conii)ara-
tively modern. There is a question about the antiquity o{ the
Calaveras skull — an earthquake may have determined the overlay
or superposition. Herculaneum was buried two thousand years
ago; and the skeletons of the overwhelmed inhabitants are well
preserved ; and it is not improbable that they may continue to
resist disintegration for ten thousand years. I mention the circum-
stances to illustrate how uncertain it is to speculate upon the age
of fossils.

INDEX

TO THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

CiDcinnati Society of Salural History,

Vol. I TO X Inclusive,

ixci.udin(; indf.x to fart oxk of "proceedings" f)f the society
(ai.i, ittu.isiied).

COMPILED AND ARRANGED BY

JOSEPH F. JAMES, M. S.

PROF. OF HOTANY AND GEOLOGY IN MIAMI UNIVERSITY, OXFORD, O. ,

AND OF BOTANY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY OF

THE UNIYERSTTY OF CINCINNATI. FORMERLY

CUSTODIAN OF THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY

OF NATURAL HISTORY.

REMARKS.

The authority placed after a species indicates its description
for the first time, ;'. <f. , shows a new species. The addition of an as-
terisk (*) shows it is accompanied by a figure. If the asterisk (*)
alone is present it indicates an old species figured. If the authority
is not accompanied by an asterisk (*) no figure is given of the new-
ly described form. If no authority or asterisk is given, the species is
either re-described or some note is indicated. The figures enclos-
ed in circles—/, e., — (47) indicate the incorrect paging of the second
number of volume IX. The figures following are the corrected
pagings. Under the head of "Proceedings" of the Society will be
found reports of the various officers, and short notes on miscella-
neous subjects which came up during the meetings and which were
generally not more fully noticed elsewhere.

INDEX TO "PROCEKDINGS"' OF THE CINCINNATI
SOCIETY' OF NATURAE HISroRV, No. i,

January, 1S76, (all jniblished).

Wetherby, A. G. Remarks on the Variation in form of the Family

Strepomatidas, with descriptions of new species, . . i

Anculosa umbilicata, Weth.-'^ . . . . u

Angitrema angulata, Weth.* . . . .11

parva, Weth.-'^ ...... 9

Goniobasis plicatastriata, Wetli.* . . . . .10

Eithasia plicata, Wetli.* ...... 9

ABBREVIATIONS.

S. A. M. ^ S. A. Miller.
Cham. r= V. T. Chambers.
Weth. =. A. G. Wetherby.
M. & D. = Miller & Dyer.
Ul. = E. O. Ulrich.
Mr. & Aid. = Meyer & Aldrich.
Aid. = T. B. Aldrich.
Whitf. =^ R. P. Whitfield.
Morg. -^ A. P. Morgan.

INDEX.

Abert, Col. James VV., List of Birds
observed between Fort Leaven-
worth and Sante Fe, v, 57.

on Color, vii, 167.

on nature in art, viii, 3.

on palm trees, vii, 174.

the ancient Aztec or Mexican

method of computing tirriC, as
shown by the description by An-
tonio Leon y Gama, of the Cele-
brated Calendar -Stone, found in the
Grand Plaza of the city of Mexico
in 1790. Translated from the
Spanish, viii, 4.

the Aztec Calendar Stone, vii,

181.
the village Indians of New Mex-
ico, vii, 132.
Aboriginal cup made from human

cranium, iii, 296; iv, 257.
Actinocrinus dalyanus, S. A. M.,*
iv, 309-

copei, S. A. M ,* iv, 310.
Adranes LeContei, vii, 91.
aiiaea quadricustatella, Cham., ii,

186.
-l^^tia bipunctella, Cham., ii, 187.
Agaricini, sub genera of, vi, 56.
Agaricocrinus crassus, Weth * iv,
178.
elegans, Weth* iv, 179.
Agaricus, Table of Genera of, vi, 55.
aboriivus, vi, 99.
acutesquamosus, vi, 62.
adiposus, vi. 103.
;vruginosus, vi, 112.
albo-crenulatus, vi, 102.
albo-flavus, Morg.,* vi, 76.
algidus, vi, 80.
Americanus, vi, 62.
amianthinus, vi, 64.
appendiculatus, vi, 115.
arvensis, vi, ill.
asprellus, vi, 100.
atomatus, vi, 1 17.
auricomus, vi, 106.
bombycinus, vi, 97.
butyraceus, vi, ^i.
caesareus, vi, 57.

Agaricuscampanella, vi, 77.
campanulatus, vi, 116.
campestri.':, v, 200; vi, 112.
cardicans, vi, 68.
Candclleanus, vi, 115.
carcharias, vi, 63.
cervinus, vi, 98.
cerinus, vi, 66.
chryseus, vi, 75.
chrysophteus, vi, 98.
cirrhatus, v, 197; vi, 73.
clypeatus, vi, 99.
coloreus, vi, 72.
connexus, vi, 67.
corticatus, vi, 79.
craspedius, vi, 78.
cristatus, vi, 63.
crocophyllus, v, 199; vi, iio.
cyathiformis, vi, 70.
dealbatus, vi, 68.
destrictus, vi, 106.
disseminatus, vi, 117.
dorsalis, vi, 1 10.
drophyllus, vi, 71.
dulcamarus, vi, 105.
durus, vi, 1 01. J'
epichysium, vi, 76.
Estensis, Morg." vi, 71.
eutheley, vi, 106.
fabaceus, v, 200; vi, iii.
fascicularis, vi, 1 14.
fastibilis, vi, 107.
felinus, vi, 62.
fibula, vi, 77.
filopes, vi, 75.
fimicola, vi, 116.
fimiputris, vi, 116.
furfuraceus, vi, 109.
furcosquameus, vi, 62.
galericulatus, vi, 74.
geophyllus, vi, 106.
gracilis, vi, 1 1 7.
granosus, Morg. ■■ vi, 63.
granularis, vi, 98.
hcematopus, vi, 75.
hareolorum, vi, 73.
illicitus, vi, 107.
illudens, vi, 69.
infundibuliformis, vi, 69.

Index to Vols. I — X.

Agaricus inquilinus, vi, 109.
integrellus, vi, 77.
laccatus, vi, 67.
lachnophyllus, v, 197; vi, 73.
lachryinabundus, vi, 114.
lanuginosus, vi, 105.
laterarius, vi, 65.
Leaianus, v, 198; vi, 74.
leoninus, vi, 98.
lignatilis, vi, 78.
limonellus, vi, 102.
maiginatiis, vi, 104.
mastoideus, vi, 61.
mastrucatus, vi, 80.
melaleucus, vi, 66.
nielleus, vi, 64.
Miamensis, Mor^.* vi, 6j.
mollis, vi, 1 10.
monodeJphus, Morg.* vi, 69.
Morgani,* vi. 61.
niucidolens:, v, 199; vi, 108.
muralis, vi, 76.
muscaiius, vi, 58.
mutabilis, vi, I03.
naucinus, vi, 63.
nebulari.<;, vi, 67
niger, v, 198 ; vi, 80.
oblitus, vi, 64.

ochro-purpureus, v, 197; vi, 67
pantherinus, vi, 58.
personatu«, vi, 65.
phyl ophiliis, vi, 68.
pinsitus, vi, 80.
platyphyllus, vi, 71.
polychrous, vi, 107.
pisecox, vi, loi.
procerus, v, 198; vi, 60.
pruniosus, vi, 70.
pseudopiirus, vi, 74.
purus, vi, 74.
pyriodorous, vi, 105.
pyrotrichus, vi, 1 14.
radicatus, vi, 70.
rhacodes, vi, 61.
rhodopolius, vi, 99.
rimosus, vi, 105.
lubesceiis, vi, 59.
rubrotinctus, vi, 62.
rusticus, vi, 76.
salignus, vi, 79.
sapidus, vi, 79.
sapineus, vi, 107.
Schumacheri, \i, 66.
semiglobatus, vi, 113.
seniiorbicularis, vi, loi.
serotinus, vi, 79.
siligineus, vi, 109.
silvaticus, vi, 112
solidipes, vi, 1 16.

Agaricus spadiceus, vi, 115.
spectabilis, vi, 103.
spermaticus, vi, 65.
squarrosus, vi, 102.
squarrosoides, vi, I02.
slercorarius, vi, 113.
stipitarius, vi, 72.
strictor, vi, 99.
sub-lateritius, vi, 114.
sub-palmatus, vi, 78.
tener, vi, 109.
tephrotriclius, vi, 79.
terreus, vi, 65.
truncicola, vi, 68.
tuberculosus, vi, 103.
umbelliferus, v, 198; vi, 76.
ulmariiis, vi, 78.
unicolor, vi, 104.
vaginatus, v, 217; vi, 59.
velutinus, vi, 115.
velutipes, vi, 72.
vernus, vi, 57.
versutus, vi, no.
vernacti, vi, 108.
volvatu ■, vi, 59.
zonatus, vi, 72.
Agassiz, Louis. In memoriam, by

Dr. J A. Henshall, viii, 129.
Agelacriiioidea S. A. M.,v, 221.
Agel.^crinu^, Holbrdoki,* x, 25.

septembrachiatus, M. & D.* i, 27.
Alabama and Mississippi, Tertiary
fossils of, (see Aldrich, T. H.)

Cretaceous of, iii, 99.

Albinism among birds, x, 214, 216.
Aldrich, Truman H. Notes on the
Distribution of Tertiary Fossils in
Alabama and Mi.-,sissippi, viii, 256.
notes on Tertiary Shells, with de-
scriptions of new species, x, 78.

notes on the Tertiary of Alabama

and Mississippi, with descriptions
of new species, viii, 145.
Aldrich, Truman H. (see Meyer and

Aldrich: proceedings of tcciety.)
Alluvium of Massachusetts, (Hitch-
cock, quoted), iii, 248.
Ambonychia retror.^a, S. A.M.'^' i, 104.

robusta, S. A. M. iii, 315.
American Association for the advance-
ment of Science. Officers of, for
Cincinnati meeting, iv, 179
Amphibia, notes on, (see Herpetul-

ogy-)

Amphibia of Indiana, ^see Hutler,

A. W; Hay, O. P.)
Amplexopora, v, 154; x, 134.

cingulala, Ul.* v, 254.

robusta, Ul.* vi, 82.

Index to Vols.

-X.

Amygdalocystites huntingtoiiii,

Weth* iv, 177.
Anarsia '?y belfragesella, Cham, ii,

183.
Anemone thalictroides, remarks on,

vii, 65.
Anesychia decemgutlella, i, 149.

texanella, Cham, ii, 179.
Angellum cuneatiim, S. A. M.* i, 106.
Anisotrypa symmetrica, Ul.-'' vi, 276.
Annelids, fossil, (see Miller, S. A.,

Ulrich, E. O.)
Annelids, jaws, (see James, U. P..

vii, 143.)
trails, (see James, Jos. F., vii,

124, 151-.)
Anomalocrinus, remari<s on, ■■ v, 38.
caponiformis, ii, 109.
incurvus, ii, 1 1 1.
Anomaloides reticulatus, HI.'' i, 92.
Anomaloides reticulatus, referred to

Receptaculites, viii, 165.
Antennre of lepidopterous larv;?, v, 5.
Ant foray for slaves, v, 60.
Anthropological notes, (see Largdon,

F. W.; Low, Charles F.; Metz,

Charles L. )
Apida;, ieeding organs of, i, 41.
Arabellites aciculaius, U. P. James, •■

vii, 148.

hindei, U. P. James,* vii, 149.
Arcanoporidse, vii, 36.
Archjeological explorations near Mad-

isonville, Ohio, (see Low, C. F.)

researches, v, 88.

Archibuteo lagopus Sancli-johan-

nis, X, 49.
Archimedes, v, 150.
Ardetta exilis, nest of, iii, 227.
Arenicolites, i, 88.
Ariolimax columbiana, var. hecoxi,

iii, 38.
Armillaria, vi, 64.
Arthroclema, v, 151.
shafferi, i, 89.
tenuis, i, 89.
Arthronema, v, 151, 160.
curtum, Ul.* v, 161.
spinifurme, Ul.* v, 161.
Arthronemid?e, v, 151.
Arthropora, v, 152, 167.
Arvicola riparius, measurement of,

V, 52.
Arvicola riparius, ix, 261.
Asaphoidichnus, dyeri, S. A. M.* ii,

219.

trifidus, S. A. M.* ii, 218.
Asaphus megistos, locomotary ap-
pendages of, vi, 202.

Aspidopora, v, 155; x, 136.

aicolata, Ul. ■ vi, 164.
Asterocrinus, ii, 3.
Astur atricapillus, vii, 11.
Astylospongia giegana, ix, 247.

tumida, ix, 247.
Atactopora, Ul., ii, 119; v. 154; x,
135. restricted, vi, 245.

hirsuta, Ul.*' ii, 120.

maculata, Ul.* ii, 121.

multigranosa, Ul.* ii, 122.

mundula, Ul.* ii, 123.

ortoni, ii, 120.

septosa, Ul.* ii, 125.

subramosa, Ul.* ii, 124.

tenella, Ul.* ii, 123.
Atactoporella, Ul., vi, 247 ; x, 139.

multigranosa, Ul.* vi, 254.

mundula, Ul * vi, 252.

newpo.'tensis, Ul.* vi, 250.

ortoni, * vi, 256.

schucherti, Ul.* vi, 251.

typicalis, IH.* vi, 248.
Athyris, iv, 307.
Atlantic ocean deposits, (Thomson.

quoted,) ii, 226.
Atragene, vi, 1 19.
Atrypa reticularis, i, 130.
Aztec Calendar Stone, (see Abert, J.

W., vii, 181 ; viii, 4.)
Bacillus anthracis, etc., v, 195.
P>ad lands of Missouri river, (Evans,

quoted) iii, 268.
Bald eagle, food of, viii, 63.
Bardstown, Kentucky, birds of, v,

93; vi, 136.
Barn owl, occurrence of, vi, 237.
Bass black, and Oswego, vii, 140.
Bassler on weather changes, viii, 60.
Batostoma, Ul., v, 154; x, 135.
Batostomella, Ul , v, 154; x, 135.
Batrachians in collection, Cin. Soc.

Nat. Hist., x, 34.
Beatricia nodulosa, ix, 245.

undulata, ix, 245.
Beaver, giant, tooth found in Ohio,

vi, 238.
Beckham, Charles Wickliffe, a list of
the birds of Bardstown, Nelson
County, Ky., vi, 136. (see also v,

93.)
Beer, Wm., on Roman wall, ix, 8.
Bees splitting corollas of Flowers,

i, 52.
Belemnosis americana, Mr. & Aid."

ix, (47), III.
Berenicea, v, 149.
Berenicea primitiva, Ul.* v, 157.
vesiculosa, Ul.* v, 158.

8

Index to Vols. I — X.

I^jrkeley, Kev. M. J. i see Lea,

Thomas Ci.)
Reyrichia persulcata, 11.* ii, 12.

regularis, ii, 12.
fiiblioyraphy of cephalopoda of Cin-
cinnati group, viii. 249.

of Cincinnati fauna, viz :

amphibia, vi, 32.
annelida, vi, 39.
arachnifla, vi, 38.
avis, vi, 12.
cd'lenterata, vi, 53.
Crustacea, vi, 38.
insecta, vi, 35.
mammalia, vi, 5.
mollusca, vi, 39.
pisces, vi, 32.
protozoa, vi, 53.
reptilia, vi, 31.

of conchology of Ohio, vi, 39.

Birds, albinos, x, 214. 216.
Birds at Bardstown, Kentucky, v, 93 ;
vi, 136

destruction of, (see destruction

of birds.)

at school window, v, 54.

Food of raptorial, i, 116; viii, 62.

notes on, x, 49, (see Aberl, J. W.;

Dury, Chas. and Freeman, I-. R.;
Langdon, F. W.; Brookville; Fish-
er, W. H.; Butler, A. W.; Quick,
E. R.; Zoological Miscellany )
of Cincinnati, (see Dury & Free-
man; Langdon, F. W.)

of Colorado valley (reviewed),

ii, 68.

3f Louisiana swamps, v, 89.

of Ohio marsh, iii. 220.

on White Water river in winter,

V, 54-

in Collection of Cin. Soc. Nat.

Hist., ix, 47.
Bison latifrons, iii, 311; x, 19.
Bittern, Least, nest of, iii, 227.
Black river group, iv, 281.
Blastophycus diadematus, M. & D.*

i. 24.
Blood corpuscles and brain. .See

Ricketts. B. M., x, 27.)
Bolljitius titubans, vi, 177.
Boletus auriporus, vii, 7.

castaneus, vii, 10.

chrysenteron, vii, 6.

edulis, vii, 10.

filleus, vii, 9.

floccopus, vii, 8.

gracilis, vii, 9.

magnificus, vii, 7.

mutabilis, vii, 6.

Boletus piperatus, vii, 5.
radicans, vii, 6.
scaber, vii, 8.
sordidus, vii, 9.
strobilaceus, v, 204; vii, 8.
subtomentosus, vii, 7.
vermiculosus, vii, 7.
Rones from Madisonville, 1 see Lang-
don, F. W., iv, 237.)
Hooks and pnmphlets in the library
of the Cincinnati Society of Natu-
ral History, viii, 17S.

added to library, (see library

additions).
Botany, lectures on, l)y Jos. Y. James,

notice of viii, 72.
Boulder, large, in Southern Ohio,

i, 56.
Bourgueticrinus alabamensis, De

Loriol,*' V, 118.
Brachiospongia digitata, ix, 248.

tuberculata, ix, 248.
British Columbia, cretaceous of, iii.

104, 191, 197.
liritish inch as a standard of measure
of mound builders, (see Skinner,
J. R., ix, 51, 115, 142, 231.J
Brookville, notes on birds from, v,

93, 192.
Bryozoa, American pal;i.ozoic (see
Ulrich, E. O.)

new (see Ulrich, E. O.)

Bubo Virginica, vii, 12.

Buccinum N^icksburgensis, Aid.'- viii,

'49-
Buchanan, Rob't. In memorian, iii,

74-
Bulimea megasoma, anatomy of, ii,

95-
animal, ii, 94.

shell, ii. 93.

Buteo borealis (albino), v. 53.
lineatus, food of, viii, 63.
pennsylvanicus, food of, i, 116.

Buthotrephis, description of. vii, 159.

species of, vii, 160.

Butler, Amos W., Arvicola riparius
and Scalops acjuaticus, ix, 261.

albinism among birds, x, 214.

notes on herpetology, ix, 263;

x, 147.

notes on fishes, ix, 265.

ornithological notes' from Brook-
ville, Indiana, v, 192.

star nosed mole, x, 214.

Bythopora fruticosa, iii, 144.

nashvillensis, S. A. M. ■ iii, 143.

Cadulus abruptus, Mr. & Aid. ' ix,
(40,) 104.

Index to Vols. I^X.

Cadulus abruptus, Sp.* ix, (40,) 104.
Cienozoic, mesozoic and, geology and

paleontology, (see Miller, S. A.)
Caesar's agaric, vi, 57.
Calceocrinus radiculus, Ringueberg,*

V, 120.
Calciferous group, iv, 276.
Calendar Stone, (see Abert, J. W.,

vii, 181 ; vili, 4.;
California, creraceous of, iii, 87, 93.

tertiary of, iii, 276, 281 ; iv, 17.

Callopora, V, 154; x, 135.

comparison with Fistulipera, v,

cincinnatiensis, Ul.=- i, 93; v, 142.

elegantula,* v, 250.

subplana, Ul.* v, 253.

Calloporella, Ul. v, 154; x, 135.

harrisi, Ul.* vi, 91.
Callosamia promethea, on button-
bush, iv, 345.
Calymene calJicephala,* v, 117.
nasuta, Ul ■■ ii, 131.
niagarensis, i, 130.
Canada, drift of, (see Drift.)
Cancellaria livingstonensis, S. A. M. "

v, 86.
Cantharellus aurantiacus, vi, 189.
cil)arius, vi, 188.
cinnabarinus, vi, 189.
minor, vi, 188.
Cardamine (Dentaria), vii, 66.
Carnarophoria occidentalis, S. A. M.*

iv. 313.
Carolina paroquet in Ohio, i, 115.
Carpenter, E. J., lantern slides, ix,

(32,) 96.
Carp, European, x, 149.
Cassia, arrangement of species of,

vii, 71.
Cassidana brevidentata. Aid.* viii,

152-
carinata, Aid. •■ viii, 153.
dubia, Aid.* viii, 153.
planotecta, Mr. «& Aid.® ix, (43,)
107.

Cassis (Semicassis) shubutensis. Aid.*
viii, 147.

Castoroides ohioensi«, tooth found in
Ohio, vi, 238.

Catalogue of birds, fishes, mammals,
etc., in the collection of the Cin-
cinnati Society of Natural History,
compiled by Jos. F. James, Custo-
dian, ix, 47 ; X, 34.

Catalogue of the books in the library
of the Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii,
178.

of plants of Cincinnati, (see

jamts, J. P., ii, 42.)

Catalogue, of books .ndded to the
library, (see library.)

of birds of Cincinnati, i, 167.

of coleoptera in the coUt-crion of

Cin Soc. Nat. Hist., viii, 120.

of fossils of the Cincinnati group,

i, 61, (see Mickleborough & Weth-
erby,)

of lepidoptera observed in vicin-
ity of Cincinnati, i, 12.

of Unionidae of Mississippi val-
ley, ix, 10.

Catalpa speciosa vii, 75.

Cat hunting squirrels, v, 92.

Caucalis anthriscus, description of
genus and species, vii, 72.

Central North America, drift of, iv,
183, 230.

Century plant, the, iv, 234.

Cephalopoda of the Cincinnati group,
bit)li(igraphy of, viii, 249.

definition of, viii, 235.

description of species of, viii,

237-

synopsis of genera of, viii, 236.

Ceramopora, v, 156; x, 137.

beani, U. P. James,* vii, 23.
Ceramoporella, Ul., v, 156; x, 138.
Ceramoporidre, Ul., v, 156.

compared with Fistuliporidae, x,

132.

Monticuliporida?, v, 148; x,

132.
Cerithiopsis quadristriaris, Mr. &

Ald.» IX, (43,) 107.
Cerithium langdoni. Aid.* viii, 151.

vinctum, x, 80.
Chaitetes briareus, ii, 128.
clathratus, v. 30.
compres>us, Ul.* ii, 27.
corticans, li, 122.
decipiens, ii, 27. -^
elegaiis, Ul.* ii, 130.
fletcheri, i, 93; ii, 129; v, 29.
granulifcrus, UL* ii, 128.
irregularis, Ul.* ii, 129.
jamesi, i, 94. '

pavonia, li, 27.
petropolitanus, ii, 130; v, 29.
pulchellus, ii, 126; v, 27.
subglobosus, UL* ii, 129.
tuberculatus, ii, 122.
venustus, UL* i, 93.
(see Monticulipora.)
Chambers, Vactor T , descriptions
of some new Tineina, with notes
on a few old sprcies, ii, 179-

illustrations of the neuration of

the wings of American tineina, ii,
194

lO

Index to Vols. I—X.

Chambers, Vactor T., In'memoriam,
vi, 239.

list of papers by. vi, 242.

new species of tiiieina, iii, 289.

in Pronuba yuccasella (Riley),

and the habits of some tineina, i,
141.

on thj antennae and trophi of

lepidopterous laiva?, v, 5.

on the tongue (lingua) of some

hymenoptera, i, 40.

(note on the above, i, 161.)

the metamorphosis of insects as

illustrated in the tmcid genus l.ith-
colletis of Zeller, ii, 72 [see this
paper for the life history of many
insects. — J.]

two new species of entomostraca,

'V, 47-

Chazy group, iv, 279.

Cheiloporella, Ul., v, 157; x, 138.

Cheilotrypa hispida, Ul.* vii, 50.

Chordeiles virginianus, migration of,
X, 148.

Cicada, observations on, (see Dun,
W. A., viii, 233 J

Cincinnati birds, (^ee Durv & Free-
man; Langdon, F. W )

coleoptera of, (see Dury, Chas.)

fauna bibiifigraphy of, vi, 5.

synopsis of, v, 185.

group, new fossils from, (see

James, U. P., James, J. F., Miller,
S. A., Faber, Chas., Ulrich, E. O.,
Wetherby, A. G.)

cephalopoda of, viii, 235.

fossils of, (see Micklebor-

ough & Wethf-rhy, i, 61.)

fuc'ids of, vii, 124, 151.

protozoa of, ix, 244.

flora of, notices of, (see James,

D. L.), iii, 239.

lyceum of n.itural history, x, 142.

lepidoptera of, i, 12.

mammalia of, iii, 297.

plants of, (see James, J. F., ii,

42; vii, 65 )

ornithi'liigical notes, (see Lang-
don, F. ^y., i, no, 167; iii, 121.)

Siiciety of Natural History, list of

members of, iv, 346; vii. 51; x, 229.

constitution and bj-laws

of, iii, l; ix, 38.

proceedmgs of, (see pro-
ceedings).

coUeclions of, fsee under

coleopiera, mollusca, birds, etc.)

library of, (see library.)

history of, i, 4.

Cincinnati. Society of Natural His-
tory, officers from the organization
to 1879, i, 2.

g''^l"Sy) topography of, ix,

(20,) 84, 136.

clarification of water supply of,

(see Stuntz, C. R., ix, 20.)

rain and snowfall at, from 1835

to 1876, i, 57.

rainfall at, vii, 109.
Cionella morsei, Doherty, i, 55.
Clarification of water supply of Cin-
cinnati, ix, 20.

materials used, ix, 22.
process of, ix, 24.
receipts for, ix, 23, 30.
tests of precipitants, ix, 25.
tests of, tabulated, ix, 26.
Clarke tablet, account of, ix, 240.
Clathropora, v, 152; vii, 39.
Claytonia Viryinica, remarks on fer-
tilization of, vii, 68.
Clematis, description of species, vi,
Ii8.

geographical distribution, vi, 127.
place of origin, vi, 133.
synonymy, vi, 134.
revision of genus, vi, 118.
Clematis alpina, vi, 119, 128.

var Ochotensis, vi, 119, 128.
Baldwinii, vi, 119, 128.
Bigelovii, vi, 123, 130.
Catesbijana, vi, 124.
eoccinea, vi, 121.
crispa, vi, 123, 130.

var Walteii, vi, 123, 130.
Douglassi, vi, 119, 128.
Drummondii, vi, 124, 131.
Fremontu, vi, 120.
filHera, vi, 122.
holoserieea, vi, 124.
lasiantha, vi, 123, 131.
ligusticifolia, vi, 125, 132.
var. iiracteata, vi, 125.
var. brevifolia, vi, 125.
var. Californica, vi, 125.
ochroleuca, vi, 120, 129.

var. Fremontii, J. F. James,
vi, 120, 129.
ovata, VI, 120.
pauciflora, vi, 124, 131.
Pennfylvanica, vi, 126.
T'iicheri, vi, 121.
reticulata, vi, 123, 130.
.Scotiii,vi, 119, 129.
Texensis, vi, 122.
verticillaris, vi, 1 19, 127.
Viorna, vi, 121, 129.

var. eoccinea, vi, 121, 130.

Index to Vols. I — .\'.

1 1

Clematis alpina, var. Fitcheri, J. F.
James, vi, 121, 130.

Virginiana, vi, 124, 131.
var. bracteata, vi, 124.
Cleidophorus chicagoensis, S. A. M.*
iii, 314.

ellipticus, Ul.* ii, 25.
elongatus, ii, 26.
major, Ul.* ii, 25.
fiubovatus, ii, 2=;.
Clinton group, iv, 289.
Clitopilus, vi, 99.
Closterium, viii, 168.
Clytocybe, vi, 66.
Codaster gratiosus, S. A. M.* ii, 257.

pulchellus, M. & D.* i, 35.
Coleophora, i, 148

bistrigella, ii, 185.
inornatella, ii, 185.
Coleoptera, list of in collection of
Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., comj^iied by
Jos. F.James, custodian, and Chas.
Dury, curator, viii, 120.

of Cincinnati, by Chas. Dury, ii,

162.

additions to list, v, 218.

notes on, v, 61; vii, 91.

Collecting land and fresh water shells,

Instructions for, iv, 334; v, 44.
Collybia, vi, 70.

Colorado desert, letter on, iii, ']'})■
Color, (see Abert, J. W., vii, 167 )

complimentary, vii, 171.

:)f spectrum, vii, 170.

wave length in, viii, 3.

Colpoceras arcuatum, J. F. James,*
viii, 242.

clarkei, Weth.* iv, 77.
Columbella mississippiensis, Mr. &

Aid.® ix, (43,) 107.
Committee on geological nomencla-
ture, report on, i, 193.
Compsocnnus harrisi, S. A. M.* vi,

234.
Conipsoplema tnnodosa, x, 79.
Conchicolites, ii, 260.
Concholngy, notes on, (see Zoological

miscellany. 1
Conchology of Ohio, bibliography of,

vi, 39-
Connecticut, red sandstone in, ii,

148, 153.
Constitution and by-laws of Cin. Soc.

Nat. Hist., adopted March 2, 1880,

iii, I.
revised, adopted March 2,

1886, ix, 38.
Conodonts, i, 87, (see James, U. P.,

vii, 143 )

Constellaria, v, 156; vi, 264; x, 137-

fischeri, Ul.* vi, 270.

florida, Ul* v, 257 ; vi, 267.

limitaris, Ul.® 269.
Cooper, Edward M. Some Curious
Animals, vii, 204.

sponges, vii, 97.

on mastodon in Massachusetts,

viii, 59.
Conularia formosa, M. and D.® i, 38,

trentoncnsis, i, 38.
Conurus carolinensis, formerly in

Ohio, i, 115.
Conus (Conorbis) alatoideus, Aid.*

viii, 149.
Coprinarii, table of sub-genera, vii,

116.
Coprinus atramentarius, vi, 174.

comatus, vi, 173.

fuscescens, vi, 174.

insignis, vi, 175.

micaceus, vi, 175.

niveus, vi, 175.

nycthemerus, vi, 176.

plicatilis, vi, 177.

pulchrifolius, vi, 176.

radiatus, vi, 176

semilanatus, vi, 175.

squamosus, Morg. '®vi, 173.

variegatus, vi, 174.
Corbula murchisoni, var fossata, Mr.

and Aid* ix, 45, 109.
Coriscium quinque-stregella, ii, 185.
Cormorant, Florida, in Ohio, i, 1 17.
Corlicium albido carneum, x, 200.

amorphum, x, 199.

auberianum, x, 199.

casruleum, x, 200. '

calceum, x, 200.

cinereum, x, 201.

confluens, x, 201.

comedens, x, 201.

filamtntosum, x, 199.

incarnatum, x, 201.

lacteum, x, 199.

molle, x, 201.

ochraceum, x, 200.

olivarceus, x, 200.

portentosum, x, 201.

puberum, x, 200.

radiosum, x, 199.

subgiganteum, x, 200.
Cortinarius alba-violaceus, vi, 179.

caerulescens, vi, 178.

calochrous, vi, 178.

varius, vi, 178.
Coscinum, vii, 38.
Cosmarium, viii, 168.
Cotton, L. S., on Mulberry, viii, 69.

12

Index to Vols. I — .\'.

Coues, Eliot, birds of ihe Colorado

Valley, (reviewed; ii. 68.
Cox on DiatDms, viii, 60.
Crania from MadisonvilJe prehistoric

cemetery, iv, 2 58.
Crania muhipunctata, i, 98.

parallela, Ul. * i, 98.

percarinata, Ul.* i, 98.

scabiosa, i, 99.

sofialis, Ui.* i, 99.
Cranium, human, cup made from,

iii, 296; iv, 257.
Craterellus cantharellus, x, 189.

cornucopioidrs, x, 189.

lutescens, x, 188.
Crateripora, v, 151 ■

erecta, Ul.* ii, 30.

lineata, Ul *' i', 29.

var expansa, Ul. ii, 30.
Crepipora, Ul. v, 157; x, 138.
Cretaceous formation, ii, 244.

general remarks on, iii, 200.

of Alabama, iii, 99.

of British Columbia, iii, 104,

19'. 197.

of California, iii, 87. 93.
of Mississippi, iii, 81, 171.
of Nebraska, iii, 19.
of New Jersey, iii, 12.
of North America, (Morton
quoted) iii, 9.

of North Carolina, iii, 171.
of Rocky Mountain region, iii,
82, 97, 99, 106, 165, 168, 172, 185,
194. 198.
of Tennessee, iii, 92.
of Texas, iii, 15, 23, 31.
(All quoted in Millei on Coenozoic
and Mesozoic g'^^olrgy and pala.-
ontology, which see.)
Crinoids, new species described, (see

Miller, S. A.; Wetherby, A. G.)
Cristellaria rotulata, (?)* v, 1 19.
Cromyoci inus, ii, 252.

gracilis, Weth.* ii, 248.
Cronartium asclepiadeum, var.

1 hesii, V, 214.
Cross-bill, American, vii, ii; x, 203.
Crow and hawk contest, x, 49.
Crustacea, new species, (see Weth-
erby, A. G.)
Cruziana, character of, vii, 155.

species of, vii, 157.

Carleyi, J. F. Janir-s.® vii, 155.

Cuneainya carta, Whitf.* i, 138.
elliptica, S. A M.* iv, 317.
parva, S A. M.* iii, 316.
Cup made from a human cranium, iii,
296; iv, 257.

Curators' reports, (see proceedings
society.)

Custodian, reports of, (see proceed-
ings of society, James, J. F.,
Smith, H. P.)

Curtis, on volcanic mud, x, 3.

Cyathocrinus co'a, iv, 174.

crawfordvillensis, S. A. M.* v,

79-

harrisi, S. A. M.* ii, 255.

vanhornei, S. A. M.* iv, 261.
Cyathophyllum, iv, 308.
Cyclocystoides . nteceptus, i, 35.

i)ellulus, M. & I).* i, 34.

davisi, i, 34.

halli, i, 34,

huroneiisiy, i, 34.

magnus, M. & D.*, i, 32; iv, 70.

minus, M. and D.*, i, 33.

mundulus, M. and D.* i, 34.

nitidus, Faber,* ix, 17.

parvus, M. and D * i, 33.

salteri, i, 35.
Cyclocysti'ididre, S. A. M. v, 223.
Cyclonema cintinnaiiense, S. A. M.*

v, 230.
Cyclora depres.^a, Ul.* ii, 13.

pu'chella, S. A. M.* v, 231.
Cyphella galeata, x, 202.

gri>eopallida, x, 202.

pezizoides, x, 202.
Cylichna volutata, Mr. and Aid.*

ix, (44) 108.
Cypricirdites quadiangulari.=, Whif.*
i, 138.

sterling ensis, i, 137.
Cyprinus carpio, x, 149
Cyitoceras, specie^ cf viii, 245.

amtKuum, S. A. M.* i, I05; viii,

247.

conoidale, We'h.* iv, 78.

faberi, J. F. James* viii, 246.

irregulare, Welh.* iv, 79 ; viii,
246.

magister viii, 246,

tenuiseptum, Faber* ix, 18.

vallandighami, viii, 245.

ventiicosum, viii, 246.
Cyrtolites magnus, S. A. M.* i, 103.

nitidulus, UL* ii, 12.
Cystidian sp , Weth* iv, 177.
Cystodictya, v, 152; vii, 35.

lineata, Ul.* vii, 37.

occellata, Ul.* v, 170.
CystodictyoniH;v, Ul. vii, 34.
Cythere cincinnaiiensis, i, 106.

inegularis, S. A. M.* i, 106.
Dabchick, nest of, iii, 231.
Dactylophycus, vii, 164.

Index to Vols. I — A',

13

Dsedalia ambigua, v, 209; ix, 3.

aurea, ix, 4.

confragosa, vi, 199; ix, 4.

pallido-fulva, v, 209..

sepium, v, 209.

unicolor, ix, 5.
Darwin, Charles Robert, Sketch of

Life of, V, 71.
Deer Creek Mound. Exploration of,

vii, 194.
Dekayella, v, 155; x, 136.

obscura, Ul.* vi, 89.
Dekayia, v, 155; vi, 148; x, 136.

appressa, Ui.® vi, 152.

multispinosa, Ul.* vi, 154.

paupera, Ul* vi, 153.

pelliculata, Ul.* vi, 150.

trentonensis, Ul.® vi, 151.
DeLoriol, P., Description of a nevsr
species of Bourgueticrinus, v, 118.
Dendrocrinus (?) curtus, Ul.* ii, 18;
ix, 18.

erraticus, S. A. M. ■■ iv, 316.

navigiolum, S. A. M.* iii, 235.

oswfgoensis, ii, 19.

rusticus, ii, 19.
Dendrograptus, species of, vii, 161.
Deiitalium incisissimum, Mr. and

Aid.® ix, (40) 104.
(Dentaria) Cardamine, vii, 66.
Destruction of Native Birds, Papers
on, by

i)ury, Charles, ix, 163, 192.

Fisher, Wm. Hubbell, ix, 167,
204 .

James, Jos. F., ix, 219.

Langdon, F.W., ix, 131,181. 220.

Warder, Reuben H., ix, 179.

Report of Committee on, ix, 129.

Discussion on Report, ix, 13 1.

Diamonds, value of, viii, 2.
Dianulites, remarks on, v. 246.
Diaptomus(?) kentuckyensis, Cham.*

iv, 48.
Diatoms in Tyler Davidson Fountain,

viii. 167.
Dichocrinus, ii, 3.
Dicr.Tnopora, v. 152, 166.

lata, Ul.® V, 166.

trentonensis, Uil.* v, 167.
Didyniium regulosum, v, 212.
Didymopora, v, 156; x, 137.
Dinotherium, vii, 208
Dionsea, affinities of, viii, iii.
Diplodia mori, v, 213.
Diptotrypa, v. 153; x, 133.

milleri, Ul.® v, 245.

Discina circe, i, 97.

tenuistriata, Ul.® i, 96.
sublamellosa, Ul.* 1, 96.
Discotrypa, v, 155; vi, 163; x, 137.

elegans® vi, 164.
Doherty, Wm., Observations on Hy-

alina milium, i, 23.
Dorycrinus lineatus, S. A.M.® iv, 310.
Dosinia mercenaroidea. Aid.® x, 82.
Douglassia obscurofasciella, Cham.*

iii, 291.
Drift of Canada, iv, 15, 26, 40, 116,
130, 191, 203, 211, 216.
Illinois, iv, 215.
Lake Superior, iv, 195.
Maine, iv, 9.
Mississippi, iv, 2f 9.
New York, iv, 186.
Nova Scotia (Dawson, quoted),

iii, 272.
New Hampshire, iv. 124.
Ohio, iv, 185, 192, 228.
Wisconsin, iv, 210, 221.
Drift Period of Central American
Continent, iv, 183, 230. (See
Miller, S. A. CkuozoIc and Meso-
zoic, Geol. and Pal., for above ref-
erences to drift.)
Dryobius sex-fascialus, v, 61.
Dryope, ii, 188.
Dudley on Water Crystallization,

viii, I.
Dun, Walter A., M. D., A Brief
Sketch of Floods in the Ohio
River, vii, 104.

Ancient Earthworks in the

State of Ohio, on the Little Miami
River, vii, 83.

Observations on the Periodical

Cicada, viii, 233.

Petrified Human Bones found

in a Mound near Fort Hill, viii, 176.

Report and Observations on

Relic Finds, viii, 55.

Report on Mound Exploration

in Greene County, Ohio, viii, 231.

Swiss Lake Dwellers, vii, 87.

The Deer Creek Mound. Re-
port of its Excavation and Loca-
tion, vii, 194. (See Proceedings
of Society.)
Dury, Charles, Albinos in Cuvier
Club Collection, x, 216.

Black and Oswego Bass, vii, 140.

Catalogue of Lepidoptera ob-
served in the vicinity of Cincinnati,
i, 12.

Coleoptera of the vicinity of

Cincinnati, ii, 162; v, 218.

14

Index to Vols. I — A'.

Dury, Charles, Coleopteia, notes on,
vii, 91 .

Description of the young of the

Grizzly B.ar — ^ Ursus horribilis,*
iv, 68.

Destruction of Native Birds, ix,

163, 192,

European Carp, x, 149.

Hour with Birds, viii, 72.

Morth American Leporid?e, vii,

78

Xotes on Coleoptera, with addi-
tions to the list of Coleoptera of
Cincinnati, vii, 91

Notes on Food of Raptorial

Birds, viii, 62.

Occurrence of the Barn Owl,

vi, 237.

Ornitl'ological Notes, x, 96.

and Freeman, L. R., Observa-
tions on Birds, ii, 100. (See Pro-
ceedings of Society.)

Dyer, C. B., In Memoriam, vi, 207.
(See Miller and Dyer.)

Dystactophycus, vii, 163.

Dystactospongia insolens, S. A. M. ■■
V, 43-

Earthworks on Little Miami River,
vii, 83.

Eaton, Amos. Geology of Northern
States (quoted), ii. 145

Eglisia retiosculpta, Mr. and Aid.*
IX, (42) 106.

Elachista albapalpella, Cham, iii,
294.

bicristatella, Cham, iii, 187.

Encrinus egani, S. A. M.* ii, 254.
ornatus, ii, 255.

Endesma undulata, v, 61,

Endoceras, species of, viii, 243.
annulatum, viii, 243.
approximatum, viii, 244.
])ristolense, S. A. M.* v, 85.
egani, S. A. M.'* v, 84.
injequabile, S. A. M "•■■ v. 86.
niagniventrum, viii, 243.
proteiforme, viii, 243.
subcentrale, viii, 244.

Enoploura, Weth i, 163.

balanoides, Weth.* i, 164.

Entomology, notes on, v, 96. (See
Dury, Charles, Zoological Miscel-
lany.)

Entomostraca, two new species of,
iv, 47.

Eocene of Texas, fossils of, x, 81.

Eotrophonia setigera, Ul.* i. 91.

Eridopora, v, 157; x, 138.

Kridopora macrostoma, Ul.* v, 137.

punctifera, Ul.® v, 138.
Encalyptocrinus crassus, i, 36; ii, 7.
(Note.)

depressus, S. A. M.- iii, 232.

( Ilypanth jcrinus) egani, S. A.
M ^^' iii, 140.

liroboscidialis, S. A. M.* v, 224.

rotund us, S. A. M.* v, 82.

tuberculatus, M. and D.* i, 36.

turbinatus, S. A. M.* v, 82.
Eulyonetia inornatella, Cham, ii, 188.
Eupachycrinus, ii, 252.

boydi, ii, 39.

germanus, S. A. M •■• ii, 40.

spartarius, S. A. M.« ii, 38.
European Birds, Introduction of. iv.
34^.

Carp, X, 149.

sparrow, Remarks on, iv, 343.

Evactinopora, vii, 42.
Exchanges, Letter relative to, to so-
cieties and collectors, i, 59
Faber, Charles L., Remarks on some
fossils of the Cincinnati group, ix,

Falco peregrinus noeveus, vii, 10.

Fasciolaria jacksonensis. Aid.* viii,
150.

Favolus canadensis, ix, 5.

Feathered policeman, A, viii, 53.

Feeding organs of Apidse, i, 41.

Fenestella, v, i 50.

oxfordensis, Ul. ■• v. 159.

Fenestralia, v, 150.

Fisher, Wm. Hubbell, Destruction
of native birds, ix, 167, 204

ornithological field notes, with

one addition to the Cincinnati avian
fauna, vii, 10.

The American cross-bill: as to

some of its habits and its fondness
for salt, X, 203.

The Canada grouse: some re-
marks as to its scarcity, its fearless-
ness, its hnbitat, and its feeding
on the Tamarack, x, 205. (See
Proceedings of Society.)

Fishes, Notes on, ix, ■265; x, 37. (See
Dury, Charles; Proceedings of So-
ciety: Zoological Miscellany )

in collection of Cin. Soc. Nat.

Hist., X, 37.

Fissurella altior, Mr. and Aid'-, ix,
(41) 105.

Fistulipora, v, 156; x, 137.
carbonaria, Ul.'* vii, 45.
(?) clausa, Ul.* vii, 47.
excelens, Ul. ■■ vii, 46.

Index to Vols. I — X.

15

Fistulipora flabellata, Ql.* ii, 28.
(Callopora) inciassata, ii, 127.
lens, X, 165.

oweni, U. V. James* vii, 21.
prolifica, Ul.* vii, 45.
Fistuliporid;^, v, 156; vii.' 42.

co'iipared with iVIonticuliporidae,

V, 148; X, 132.

with C-ramoporida;, X, 132.

Floo Is ia Ohio River, vi, 3; vii, 104.
Florida cormorant in Ohio, i, iij-

gallinule, nest of, iii, 228.

Fly agaric, vi, 58.

Forbesiocrinus parvus, Weth.* ii, 138^

Forbes, J. Winchell, A Feathered

Policeman [a goose], viii, 53-
Fort Ancient, Resolutions on, x, 6.
Fort Hill, Bones from, viii, 176. (See

Dun, W. A )
Fossils, Cataloj^'ue rf, of Cincinnati
group, by Mickleborough and
Wetherby, i, 61.

new species described. (See

Miller, S. A.; Ulrich, E. O.; Weth-
erby, A. G.; Faber, Chis.; Whit-
field, R. P.; [ames, U. P. and Jos.
F.; Aldrich,' T. B, and Meyer,
Otto. .

Trails and Burrows, vii, 153.

Freeman, L K. (See Dury and Free-
man.)
Fucoids, Character of, vii, 125.
Remarks on proper place in sys-
tem, vii, 164.
Fungi of Cincinnati. (See Lea,
Thos. G , and Morgan, A. P.)

note on white spored agarics of

the United States, vi, Si.
Fungi, Table of classes of, vi, 54.
Fungus, Phosphorescent, vi, 212.
Fusus newtonensis, Mr. and Aid.*
ix, (43) 107.

pearlensis, Aid.* viii, 152.
tortilis, X, 80.
[Future of the Society.] Annual
Address, by Prof. George W. Har-
per, ix, f 17) 81.
Gallinule. Florida, nest of, iii, 228.
Gam^, Antonio Leon y on Calen-
dar stone. (See Abert, J. W.,
viii, 4.)
Gaurocrinus, S. A. M. vi, 228.
angularis, vi, 229.
cognatus, vi, 229.
magnificus, S. A. M.* vi. 230.
nealli, vi, 228.
splendens, S. A. M.* vi, 230.

Gelechia bimenimaculella, i1, 183.
crescentifdsciella, Cham, iii, 290.
epiyneeila, Cham, iii, 289.
goodeilella Cham., iii, 289.
obliquifasciella, Cham, ii, 182.
pinitoliella, Cham, ii, 181.
quadrimaculella, ii, 182.
roseosuffusella, ii, 183.
Geographical Distribution of Mo-
lusks. (See Wetherby, A. G,, iii,
317; iv, 156.)

of plants. C-^ee James, J.

F., iv, 51,)
Geological Nomenclature, Report of
committee on, i, 193,

Unification of, iv, 267.

Geoloi^ist-c, Mention of jirominent,
of America. (See Miller, S. A.,
V, loi.)
Geology of Cincinnati, by Joseph F.
James, ix, (20) 84

and Topography of Cincinnati,

ix, 136.
Gest Tablet, Account of*, ix, 236.
Giauque, Florian, on Mound Build-
ers, i, 119.
Glacier action, iv. 23.

Period, Remarks on absence of

in North America, iv, 134. (See

Miller, Caenozoic and Palnsozoic,

Geol. and Pal. )

Glandina (Oleacina) decussata, iii, ':,'&.

Gliphyteryx circumscriptella, Cham.

iii, 29.
Glyptaster egani, S. A. M.-^' iv, 261.
Glyptodon, vii, 207.
Glyptopora, Ul. vii, 39.
Glyptocrinus, Remarks on, vi, 217.
angularis, AL and D * i, 28.
argutus, vi, 226.
baeri, iii, 234; v. 226; viii, 71.
cognatus, S. A. M.* iv, 75.
dtcadactylus, i, 28; vi*, 220.
dyeri, i, 103; vi, 222.

var. sublKvis, S. A. M.*i, 103.
fimbrialus, vi, 227.
fornshelli, ii, 248; vi, 227
hsrrisi, S A. M.* iv, 74.
miamiensis, S. A. M.* v, 34; vi,

224.
nealli, ii, 247.
ornatus, vi, 225.
parvus, vi, 224.

pattersoni, S. A.M.*v,8o; vi, 226.
priscus, vi, 225.
ramulosus, vi, 224.
richardsoni, Weth.* ii, 245; vi,
227.

i6

Index to Vols. I—X.

Glyptociidus sculptus, S. A. M * v,
37; vi, 224.

shafferi, iii, 233.

var. germaiius. S. A. M,* iii,

233-
subglobosus, vi, 223.
subnodosu=, vi, 227,
Gomphoceias cincinnatiense, S. A.
M.* vii, 19
eos, viii, 244.
faberi, S. A. M.® vii, 19; viii,

244.
powcrsi, J. F. James* viii, 255.
Goose, Story of a, viii, 53
Gracilaria aceriella, Cham, iii, 295.
Graculus dilophujfloridanus, in Ohio,

i, 117.
Graham, George. In Meiroriam.
Report of Committee on Life and
Character of, iv, 85.
Grandinia mucida, x, 17.
Graphiocrinus, ii, 252.
Graptodictya, v, 151, 165.

nitida, Ui.* v, 166.
Gray, Arthur F. Bibliography of

the Conchology of Ohio, vi, 39.
Grebe, horned, nest of, iii, 230.

pied-billed, nest of, iii, 231.

Gridley Stone, History of the ellip-
tical stone found in the Fifth and
Mound Street mound in Cincinnati,

ix, 153-
Grizzley Bear, Description of the

young of, iv, 68.*
Grouse, Canada, x, 205.
Guelph Group, iv, 292.
Hall on Gems, viii, 2.
Haliastus leucocephalus. Food of, viii,

Hamilton County, Prehistoric mon-
uments of, iv, 293.

Hare, Remarks on various species,
vii, 80.

species of, vii, 83.

Harpalyce albella, ii, 180.

Harper, Prof. Geo. W., Annual Ad-
dress as President [The Future of
the Society], ix, ( 17) 81.

Catalogue of the Unionidae of

Mississippi Valley, ix, 10.

Description of a new species of

Patula, and remarks upon a Hya-
lina, iv, 258.

on Beetles, iii, 237.

Hawk, American rough-legged, x, 49-

broad-winged, food of, i, 1 16.

contest with a crow, x, 49

red-shouldered, food of, viii, 63.

Hay, O. P., Preliminary Catalogue
of the Amphibia and Reptilia of
the State of Indiana, x, 59.
Heighway, A. E. (See Proceedings

of Society.)
Helices, Tennessee, Deformities in.

(See Wetherby, A. G., i, 154.)
Helicodiscus fimbriatus, Weth. iv,

331.
Heliophycus, vii, 163.
Heliotrypa bifolia, Ul.'* vi, 278.
Helix (Patula) altcrnata, var. mor-
dax, i, 155.

(Tnodopsis) appressa, i, 154.

( ) eopei, iii, 37.

(Patula) cumberlandiana, i, 158,

iii, 36.
(Stenotrema) edgariana, i, 158.

iii; 34-

( ) edvardsii, iii, 2,}),

(Polygyra) espiloca, iii, 38.
(Aglaja) fidelis, iii, 39.
(Stenotrema) hirsuta, iii, 33.

( ) labrosa, iii, 35.

(Zonites) rugeli, iii, 39
(Stenotrema) spinosa, i, 158; iii,

35-

( ) strenotrema, iii, 34.

H e 1 m i n t hophaga cincinnatiensis,

Langdon*, iii, 119.
Helmiiithotherus vertnivorus, nest

of, V, 94.
Henshall, James A., M. D. Louis

Agassiz, In Memoriam, viii, 129.
Hepetology, Notes on, iv, 343; v, 96;
ix. 263; X, 147. (See Butler, A.
W.; Hay, O. P.)
Hesperornis, vii, 208.
Heterocrinus constrictus. iv, 82; vii.*
18.
geniculatus, Ul*. ii, 16.
niilleri, Weth.* iii, 153.
(locrinus) whanus, Ul.'- v, 175,
pentagonus, Ul.* v, 176.
vaupeli, Weth.* iv, 82.
Heteropora attenuata, Ul.* v, 144,
conifera, v, 143.
eonsimilis, Ul.* v, 143.
neozelanica, v, 142.
pustulosa, V, 143.
Hetcrotrvpa, v, 155; vi, 83; x, 133.
solitaria, Ul.* vi, 85.
vaupeli, Ul.* vi, 88.
High "Water in Ohio Ptivor, vii, no.
Holycystites baculus, S. A. M.* ii,.
105.
brauni, S. A. M.* i, 130.
dyeri, S. A. M.* ii, ic8.

Index to Vols. /—A'.

17

Holycystites elegans, S. A. M.* i,
136.

globosus, S. A. M.---- i, 133.

jolietensis, S. A. M.» v, 223.

ornatus, S. A. M.* i, 132.

perlongus, S. A M.* i, 132.

plenus, S. A. M.* i, 135.

pustu'osus, S. A. M.* i, 134.

rotundas, S. A. M.* ii, 107.

sub-rutundatus, S. A. M.*"ii, 107.

tuniidus. S. A. M.* ii, 104, 259.

turbinatus, S. A. M.* ii, 259.

ventricosus, S. A. M.* ii, 108.

Wetherbyi, S. A. M.* i, 131.
Holospira roeineri, iii, 38.
Homotrypa, v, 240; x, 138.

curvata, Ul.* v, 242.

obliqua, Ul.® v, 243.
Homotrypella, x, 139.
Howe, A. J., M. D., The Nervous.
System, v, 178.

On Whale, iv, 2.

Howe, H. A., Three Approximate
Solutions of Kepler's Problems,
ii, 205.
Hudson Kiver Group, iv, 285.

new fossils from. (See Mdler,

S. A ; Ulrich, E. O.; Wetherby,
A. G.)
Hunt, J. H., M. D., List of Micro-
scopic Articulata, Coelenterata,
and Protozoa, observed in an office
aquarium, v, 193
HyaHna milium, i, 23,

significans,* iv, 258.
Hybocrinus, iii, 152.
Hybocystites problematicus, Weth.*

iii, 150.
Hydnei, Table of genera of, .x, 7.
Hydnum adustum, X, 9.

albo-viride, x, 12.

alutaceum, x, 13.

byssinum, x, 12.

casearium, x, 1 1.

cirrhatum, x, 10.

coralloides, x, 9.

diffractum, v, 210; X, 8.

erinacus, x, 9.

fallax, x, 13.

farinaceum, x, 14.

flabelliforme, v, 210; x, 11.

fusco-atrum, x, 13.

glabrescens, x, 10,

infundibulum, x, 8.

ischnodes, x, 13.

mucidum, x, 13.

nudum, x, 14.

nyssse, x, 13.

ochraceus, x, 1 1.

Hydnum ohioense, v, 211; x, 12.

pithyophilum, x, 12.

pulcherrimum, x, 10.

repandum, x, 8.

septentrionale, x, 10.

stratosum, v, 211; x, 9.

subtile, X, 14.

udum, X, 12.

xantlium, x, 1 1.

zonatum, x, 8.
Hydreionocrinus armiger, iii, 328.

depressus, iii, 325.
Hydrochelidon lariformis, nest of,

iii, 229.
Hygrophorus ceraceus, vi, 181.

chlorophanus, vi, 181.

coccineus, vi, 181.

conicus, vi, 181.

eburneus, vi, 181 .

Laurye, Morg.* vi, 180.

puniceus, vi, 181.
Hymenochfete cinerascens, x, 197.

corrugata, x, 198.

curtisii, x, 197.

insularis. x, 198.

purpurea, x, 198.

rubiginosa, x, 197.

spreta, x, 198.

unibrina, x, 198.
Hymenomycetes, table of orders, vi,

55-
Hymenoptera, tongue of some, i, 40,

161.
Hypholoma, vi, 1 13.
Hyponomeuta 5-punctella, i, 142.

texanella, Cham, ii, 180.
Icebergs in tiie St. Lawrence River,

iv, 22.
Ichnolites, Silurian. (See Miller, S.

A-) .

Ichthyocrinus corbis*", iv, 175

Idiotrypa parasitica, Ul.* vi, 273.

Illinois, Drift of, iv, 215.

Impressions of organisms, vii, 162.

Indians of New Mexico. (SeeAbert,

J. vV., vii, 132.)

Indiana, Amphibia of. (See Butler.

A. W.; Hay, O. P )

In memoriam, Agassiz, L., viii, 129.

Bolles, David, v, 4.

Buchanan, Robert, iii, 74.

Chambers, V. T., vi, 239.

Chickering, J B., v, 2.

Colvin, Wm., iv, 265.

Dyer, C. B., vi, 207.

Graham, Geo ge,-iv, 85.

Moore, R. B., viii, 67.

Mussey, W. H., v, 99.

Spurlock, T. W., vii, 13.

i8

Index to Vols. I—X,

In Memoriam Warder, J. A., vi, 211.
Warren, Mrs. Abigail, iv, 266.

Inocaulis arbuscula, Ul.* ii, 28.
bella, ii, 28.

Inocybe, vi, 104.

Intricaria clathrata, v, 160.

Irpex crassus, x, 14,
fuscescens, x, 15,
lacticolor, x, 15.
lacteus, s, 15.
obliquus, x, 15.
tulipifer^e, x, 15.

Isc adites dickhauti, ix, 249.

Isochilina jonesi, Weth.* iv, 80.

Jack Rabbit, species of, vii, 79.

Jacquemontia tamnifolia, vii, 75-

James, Davis L., Fertilization of Clay-
tonia Virginica, vii, 68.

In memoriam, T. W. Spurlock,

vii, 13,

Notices of the Floras of Cin-
cinnati, published from 1815 to
1879, with some additions and
corrections to the catalogue of
Joseph F. ]ames, iii, 239

Phosphorescent Fungus, vi, 212.

Republication of Descriptions

of Fungi, as given in Lea's Cata-
logue of Plants of Cincinnati, v,
197. (See Proceedings of Society.)

James, Prof. Joseph F. Account of
a w^ell drilled for oil or gas at Ox-
ford, O., May and June, 1887, x,
70.

Additions to the Catalogue of

Plants of, by D. L. James, iii, 242.

— —Affinities of the Genus Dioncea,
Ellis, viii, iii,

A Revision of the Genus Cle-
matis of the United States : Em-
bracing descriptions of all the
species, their systematic arrange-
ment, geographical distribution
and synonomy, vi, ilS.

Botany Lectures noticed, viii, 72.

Catalogue of the Books and

Pamphlets in the library of the
Cincinnati Society of Natural His-
tory, viii, 178.

Catalogue of the Flowering

Plants, Ferns and Fungi growing
in the vicinity of Cincinnati, ii, 42.

Catalogue of the Specimens in

the Collection of the Cincinnati
Society of Natural History. Part
I., Mollusca, viii, 31. Part II.,
Coleoptera, viii, I20. Part III.,
Mammals and Birds, ix, 47. Part
IV., Reptilw, Batrachians and
Fishes, x, 34.

James, Prof. Joseph F., Cephalopoda
of the Cincinnati Group, viii, 235.

Charles Robert Darwin. Sketch

of Life of, v, 71.

Contributions to tlie Flora of

Cincinnati, vii, 65.

Description of a new species of

Gomplioceras, from the Trenton of
Wisconsin, viii, 255.

Destruction of Native Birds, ix,

219.

Fucoids of the Cincinnati Group,

vii, 124, 151.

Geology and Topography of Cin-
cinnati. Part 1., Geology, ix, (20)
84. Part lL,Topogva])hy, ix, 136,

Letter on Colorado Desert, iii,

Note on a Recent Synonymn in

the Palaeontology of tlie Cincinnati
Group, [f.abeehia montifera. syn.
for Stromatopora subcylindrica.]
ix, (39) 103.

On the Ceogra]ihical Distri-
bution of the Indigenous I'lanis
of Eui ope and the northeast United
States, iv, 51.

On the Tracks of Insects resem-
bling the Impressions of Plants.
Translated from the French of M,
R. Z-iiller, viii, 49-

On the Variability of the Acorns

of Quercus macrocarpa, Michs. iv,
320.

Progress of Vegetation in the

Ohio Valley, viii, 1 15.

Protoza of the Cincinnati Group,

ix, 244.

Remarks on a supposed Fossil

Fungus from the Coal Measures,
viii, 157.

Remarks on the Genera Lepido-

lites, Anomaloides, Ischadites and
Receptalcuites from the Cincinnati
Group, viii, 163.

Remarks on some Markings on

the Rocks of the Cincinnati Group,
described under the names of
Ormathichnus and Walcottia, viii,
160.

Report as Custodian for 1882,

v, 64

for 1883, vi, 94.

for 1884, vii, 62.

Remarks on Lectures, vii, 63

for 18S5, viii, 76.

on Labeling Museum Speci-
mens, viii, 77-
on Lectures, viii, 79;
on Closing Rooms, viii, 81.

Index to Vols. I—X.

19

James Prof. Joseph F., Report on
Economical Displays, viii, 82.

1S86, ix, (4) 68.

Uisfilays of Specimens, ix,

(5) 69.
Lectures, ix, (7) 71.

The Century Plant, iv, 234.

(See Proceedings of Society )

James, U. P. Description of new
species of Fossils from the Cincin-
nati Group, vi, 235; vii, 20, 137.

on Conorionts and Fossils Anne-
lid Jaws, vii, 143.

[on] Glyptocrinus b.^ri, viii, 71.

ai d James, Joseph F., On the

Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cin-
cinnati Group, with a critical re-
vision of the species, x, 118, 158.

Jones, N. E , on Mound Builders,
cloth, X, 4.

Journal of tha Cincinnati Society of
Natural History, list of on hand,
viii, 84.

The, i, I.

Judge, Charles R. Pupa cincinna-
ticnsis. Judge.® i, 39.

Jurassic Rocks. {See Triassic and
Jurassic )

Kansas, Jurassic, in, ii, 156.

Kepler's Problem. (See Howe, H.
A., ii, 205 )

Kaskaskia Group, new species of
fossils from. (See Miller, S, A.,
and VVetherby, A. G. )

Keokuk Group, new fossils from.
(See as above.)

Kneiffia candidissima, X, 18,

Knight on thin rolled steel, viii, 230.

Meteorites, viii, 61.

Kovalevsky, Prof. Maxime, Visit to
Cincinnati, v, 88-

Labechia montifera, ix, (39) 103.

Lachnocladium merismatoides, x,

I93-.

micheneri, x, 192.
semivestitum, x, 192.
Lactaiius affinis, vi, 182.

calceolus, v, 201; vi, 185,
cilicioides, vi, 182.
cinereus, vi, 184.
deliciosus, vi, 184,
distans, vi, 184.
pergamenus, vi, 183.
piperatus, vi, 183.
scrobiculatus, vi, 182.
subdulcis, vi, 185.
trivialis, vi, 183.
victus, V, 184.
vellereus, vi, 183.

Lachnocladium volemus, vi, 184.
zonarius, vi, 183.

" Lady Birds," vii, 91.

Lake Superior, Drift of, iv, 195.

Lamellibranchiate Shells. (See Whit-
field, R. P.)

Langdon, Frank W., M.D. A Re-
vised List of Cincinnati Birds, i,
167.

Bibliography of the Cincinnati

Fauna, vi, 5.

Birds. A Lecture delivered be-
fore the Cincinnati Society of Nat-
ural History, March 25, 1887, x,
98.

Description of a new Warbler of

the genus Helminthophaga,® iii,

"9-
Destruction of Native Birds, ix,

131, i8i.
Field Notes on Lousiana Birds,

^^' ^45-

Observations onCincinnati Birds,

i, no.

Ornithological Field Notes, with

five additions to the Cincinnati
Avian Fauna, iii, 121.

Panther in Ohio, ix, 262.

Review of Coues' Birds of the

Colorado Valley, ii, 68.

Summer Birds of a Northern

Ohio Marsh, iii, 220.

The Giant Beaver {Castoroides

Ohioensis.), Foster. Another -in-
cisor tooth found in Ohio, vi, 238.

The Madisonville Prehistoric

Cemetery. Anthropological Notes,
iv, 237.

The Mammalia of the Vicinity

of Cincinnati. A list of species,
with notes, iii, 297. (See Pro-
ceedings of Society.)

Land Shells: How to collect them,
iv, 334- •

Notes on. (See Wetherby.)

Lanius borealis, vii, 12.

Lantern Slides, by E. J. Carpenter,
ix, {32) 96.

Laverna minimella, Cham, iii, 294.
oenotherosvorella, Cham, iii, 293.
{?) quinquecrisiatella, Cham, iii,

293-

sabalella, Cham, ii, 185.
Lea, Thomas G. and Berkeley, Rev.
M. J. Description of new species
Fungi collected in the Vicinity of
Cincinnati. (Republished from "A
Catalogue of Plants of Cincinnati,
by Thf mas G. Le^," in 1849.; v.
197.

20

Index to Vols. I — X.

Lectures on Botany, Notice of, vi.

212.

Leioclema, Ul. v, 141, 154; x, 135.
Lentinus ca-spitosus, v, 202; vi, 195.

cochleatus, vi, 195.

lecontei, vi, 195.

omphalodes, vi, 195.

pelliculosus, vi, 196.

strigosus, vi, 195.

sulcatus, V, 202; vi, 194.

tigrinus, v, 202; vi, 194.

iirsinus, vi, 196.

vulpinus, vi, 196.
Lenzites betulina, vi, 198,

cratnegi, v, 210.

srepiaria, vi, 199.

vialis, vi, 199.
Leperditia bivertex, Ul.*ii, il,

CLiecigena, S. A. M.* iv, 262,

crepiformis, Ul.® ii, 10.

radiata, UI. •■ ii, 9.

unicornis, Ul. ■' ii, 10.
Lepidesthes formosus, S. A. M.* ii.

4'-
Lepidocoleus jamesi,'' (Faber) ix,

15-
Lepidolites dickhauti, Ul.* ii, 21;
viii, 163.

eloiigatus, Ul.* ii, 22; viii, 163.

shonld be Ischadites, viii, 165.

Lepidoptera, Catalogue of the, of

Cincinnati, i, 12. (See Dury, Chas.)

Lepidopterous larviie, antennse and

tfophi of, V, 5,
Lepiota, vi, 60.

Leporid^, North American, vii, 78.
Leptrena plicatella, Ul.* ii, 15.
Ueptobolus lepis, ii, 11.
Leptonia, vi, 100.
Leptctrypa vi, 158; x, 138.
calceola, vi, 159.
clavis, Ul.* vi, i6i.
cortex, Ul.* vi, 162. *

minima, Ul •■■ vi, 159,
ornata, Ul,*vi, 160.
Leptis, sjjecies of, vii, Zj,-
Letter to Societies and Collectors,

relating to exchanges, i, 59.
Leue, Adolph,on Ulmus Americana,

X, 151.
Library, additions to, iii, 331; iv,
347; y, 258; vi, 279; vii, 208; viii,
258; ix, 267; X, 218.

Catalogue of Books aud pamph-

lets in, viii, 178.
Lichas harrisi, S. A. l\L*i, 106.
Lichenalia concentrica, i, I30; x, 137.
Lichenocrinoidea, V, 221.
Lichenocrinus affinis, S. A. M-* v,
229.

Lichenocrinus craterifoi mis, li, II8;
iii, 234.

(lubius, S. A. ^L* iii, 234.
dyeri, ii. 1 18.

pattersoni, S. A. M.* ii, 118.
tuUerculales,* v, 229.
-Internal Stiucture of, re-
marks on, by S A. Miller,* iv,

317-
Licrophycus, vii, 164.

flabellum, M. and D* i, 25.
Limnajidre, Notes on. (See Wtlh-

erby, A. G., ii, 93.)
Lingula norwoodi, U. P. James,* vi,

235-
Liihocollcl's, ii, 72.
ccltisella, il, 190,
desiuddiella, ii, 189.
ciuinquenoielia, li, 189.
sexnotella, Cham, ii, 189.
solidaginisella, Cham, ii, 190.
triiieniii'lla, li, 190.
Little Miami River, Earthworks on,
vii, 83.

Prehistoric Monuments, i, 119.

Lituites ammonius, viii, 249.
bteri, viii, 248.
circularis, vii, 248.
planorbiforniis, viii, 247.
Lockeia, vii, 161.
Loconiotory appendages of irilolMtts,

vi, 200.
Louisiana Birds, (See Langdon, F.
\V.,iv, 145.)

Swamps, A Day in, v, 89.

Low, Charles F. Arclireological Ex-
plorations near Madisonville, Ohio,
iii, 40, 128 203,
Lower Helderberg Group, iv, 292.
Lower Sihuian, Remarks on, iv, 270-

(See Fossils.)
Loxia curvirostra americana, vii, 11.
Lynx rufus, in Ohio, v, 52.
Lyriocrinus sculptilis, S. A. M.* v,

83.

sculptus, V, 117.

Lyropora, v, 150.

Macrosjla cingulata, v, 62

Macrosporium pingueiiinis, v, 214.
punctiforme, v, 214.

Ma rostylocrinus fusibrachiatus,
Kingueberg,* v, 119.

Madisonville, Arch?eological Explor-
ations. (See Low, Charles F., iii,
40, etc. I

-Anthropological Notes, iv, 237.

Maine, Drift of, iv, 9.

Mammalia, Notes on. '.See Zoolog-
ical Miscedmy.)

Mammalia of Cincinnati, iii, 297.

Index to Vols. I—X.

21

Mammals in Collection of Cin. Soc.

Nat. Hist., ix, 47.
Marginella constrictoides, Mr. and

Aid ,■•■■ i.\, (44) loS.
Marasmius anomalus, vi, 192.

calopus, vi, 192.

campanulatus, vi, 193.

capillaris, Morg. vi, 194.

clavKfoimis, v, 201; vi, 193,

eryihropus, vi, 191.

faginus, Morg. vi, 192.

fusco-purpureus, vi, 191.

nigripes, vi, 193.

opacus, VI, 192.

oreades, vi, 190.

peronatus, vi, 190.

planciis, vi. 190.

prasiosmup, vi, 19I.

pyrrocephalus, v, 201; vi, I9I.

rotula, vi, 193.

urens, vi, 189.
Marlins, Abundance of, in Florida,

ix, 262
Massachusetts, Alluvium of, iii, 24S.

■ Red Sandstone in, ii, 146.

■ Tertiary of, ii, 248.

Mastodon, vii, 205. (See Proceed-
ings of Society.)
Mathilda claibornensis, Aid. x, 83.
McClure, Wm., on "Formation of

Rocks '^ (quoted).
Measure of Mound Builders. (See
Skinner, J. R., ix, (41 ) I15, 142,

231-)
iNIedina Group, iv, 288.
Megalodacne ulkei, v, 6l.
Megatherium, vi, 204.
Megistocrinus pileatus, S, A. M.*

ii, 114.
3\Ielocrinus obpyramidalis, iv, 174.
Merocrinus, Remarks on, ix, 18.

Curtis (Faber*), ix, 19.
Merulius corium, ix, 6.

himantioides, ix, 7.

molluscus, ix, 7.

porinoides, ix, 7-

rubellus, ix, 6.

tremellosus, ix, 6.
Mesodon albolabris, iv, 324, 332.

andrewsi, iv, 325.

chilhoweensis, iv, 324.

diodonta, iv, 324.

major, iv, 324.

wetherbyi, iv, 325.
Mesozoic and Csenozoic Geology and
Palaeontology. (See Miller, S A.)
Metamorphosis of Insects. (See

Chambers, V. T, ii, 72.)
Meteorological Data from 1835 to
■18.76, by R. B. Moore, i, ,57.

Meiz, Charles L., M.D. Prehistoric
Monuments of t he Little Miami
Valley, i, 1 19 (map).

of Anderson Township,

Hamilton Co., O., iv, 293.

Mexican Calendar Stone. (See Abert,
J, W., vii, 181; viii, 4.)

Meyer, Otto, and Aldrich, T. H.
The Tertiary Fauna of Newton
and Wauiubee, Miss,, ix, (40) 104.

Miami Valley, Mycologic Flora of.
^See Morgan, A. P.)

Mickltborough, J. Loconiotory Ap-
pendages of Trilobites,* vii, 200.

Mickleborough, J., and Wetherby,
A. G. Classified list of Lower
Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Gronp,
i, 61.

Microceras minutissimum, Ul." li, 13-

Microscopic Articulata, etc.. in office
aquarium. (See Hunt, J. H )

Microspongia gregaria, M. and D.*

i, 37-

Mimus polyglottus, iv, 146,

Mitoclema, v, 150.

cinctosa, Ul. ■■ v, 159.

Mitra biconica, x, 80.
haleanus, x, 80.

Mississippi and Alabama, Tertiary
of, iv, 7. (See Aldrich, T. H )

Cretaceous of, iii, 80, 171.

Drift of, iv, 209.

Valley, Unionidaj of, ix, i<X

Miller, S. A. Brief m-ention of some
of the men who aided in develop-
ing the science of Geology in
America, but who are known no
longer except by their woiks, v,

lOI.

Adams, C. B.
Agassiz, L.
Alger, Francis.
Andrews, E B.
Atwater, C.
Bailey, J. W.
Bigsby, J J,
Billings, E.
Bradley, F. W.
Brongiart, A. T.
Bronn, H. G.
Casseday, S. A.
'Cleveland, P.
Conrad, T. A.
Cotting, G. R.
Deane, J.
De Kay, J. E.
D'Orbigny, A.
Drake, D.
Ducatel, J. T.
Eaton, Amos.

Ehrenberg, C. T,
Emmons, E.
Evans, J.
Featherstonhaiigh,

G. W.
Forbes, Edw.
Foster, /. W.
Gabb, Wm. M.
Gesner, A.
Gibbs, R. W.
Goldfuss, G. A,
Gret n, Jacob.
Harlan, Rich,
Hartley, Ed.
Hartt, C. F.
Hildreth, S. P,
Hitchcock, Ed.
Houghton, D.
Jackson, C. T.
Jefferson, Thonnas,
Lapham,J. A,

22

Index to Vols. I—X.

Lesueur, C. A. Redfield, W. C.

Locke, John, Reed, S.

Logan, W. Riddell, J. L.

l^onsdale, Wm, Rogers, H. D.

Lyell, CharJes, Say, Thomas,

Lvon, S S. Shumard, B. F.

Maclwre, Wm. Silliman, B.

Marvine, A. B. Stokes, C.

Mather, W. M. Strong, M.

Meek, F. B. Tenney, S.

Michelin, H. Tourney, M.

Morton, S. G. Thompson, ZadfE.

Mudge, B. F. Troost, G.

Nicollet, J. N. Van Rensselaer, S.

Owen, D. D. Verneuil, E. P.

Percival, J. G. Vaniixem, L.

Perry, J. K Warren, J. C.

Prout, H. A. Wing, A.
Rafinesque, C. S,

Miller, S A,, Description of a beau
tiful new starfish and other fossils,
vii, 1 6.

Description of eight new species

of Holocystites from the Niagara
Group, i, 129.

Description of new species o^

fossils, and remarks upon others,
i, 100; ii, 104; iii, 140, 232^ 314;
iv, 259, 316; V, 34, 79, 116.

Description of some new and

remarkable crinoids and other fos-
sils of the Hudson River Group,
and notice of Strotocrinus bloom-
fieldensis, iv, 69.

Description of three new orders

and four new families in the class
Echinodermata, and eight new
species from the Silurian and De-
vonian formations, v, 22 1.

Description of two new species

from the Niagara Group, and five
from the Keokuk Group, ii, 254.

Glyptocrinus redefined and re-
stricted ; Gaurocrinus, Pycno-
crinus, and Compsocrinus estab-
lished, and two new species de-
scribed, vi, 217.

New species of fossils and re-
marks upon others from the Niag-
ara Group of Illinois, iv, 166.

North American Mesozic and

C?enozoic Geology and Palreontol-
ogy, ii, 140, 223; iii, 9, 79, 165, 245,
iv, 3. 93. 183.

Note upon the habits of some

Fossil Annelids, ii, 260.

Notice of a work by Prof. Nich-
olson on the genus Monticulpora,
V, 75.

Miller, S. B., Notice of Prof. J. D.
Whitney on "Climatic Changes of
Later tieological Times," v, 77.

Observations on the Unification

of Geological Nomenclature, with
special reference tp the Silurian
Fauna of North America, iv, 267.

Remarks upcn the Kaskaskia

Group, and descriptions of new
species of fossils from Pulaski Co.,
Kentucky, ii, 31

Silurian Ichnolites, with defini-
tions of new genera and species,
ii, 217.

Sub-Carboniferous Fossils from

the Lake Valley Mining District
of New Mexico, with description
of new species, iv, 306.

Trenton Rocks of Kentucky,

etc., iii, 73.

and Dyer, C. B. Contributions

to PaUxrontology, i, 24.

Missouri, Bad Lands of, iii, 268.
River, Tertiary of, iii, 268.

Triassic and Jurassic in, ii,

155-

Mocking Bird, iv, 146.

Mole, star-nosed, x, 214.

Mollusca, Catalogue of, in the col-
lection of the Cin. Soc. of Nat.
Hist., viii, 31.

Mollusks, Variation in and Geograph-
ical Distribution of. (See Weth-
erby, A. G., iii, 317; iv, 156.)

Monoptygma leai, x, 80.

Monotrypa, v, 153, 256; x, 133.

Monotrypella, v, 153; x, 134.
tfqualis, Ul.* v, 247.
subquadrata, Ul.* v, 249.

Monticulipora, v, 153, 232; x, 159.

Groups of, X, 160, 163, 171.

Notice of Prof. Nicholson on, v,

25-

Table of Synonyms of, x, 139,

158.
andrewsi, v, 27; x, 178.

approximata (dalii), v, 26.

briarea, x, 172.

calceolus, M. and D.* i, 26.

calycula, x, 167.

cincinnatiensis, x, 170.

communis,* x, 175.

consimilis, Ul.* v, 238.

delicatula, x, 173.

discoidea, x, 163.

dychei, U. P. James,* vi, 235.

eccentrica,* x, 167.

elegans, x, 165.

falesi. U. P. James,'-' vii, 138;
X, 168.

Index to Vols. I — A'',

23

MonticulipOra filiasa, x, 162.

gracilis, x, 173.

irregularis, x, 163.

jamesi, x, 176.

kentuckensis,"-'' x, 180.

kiivis, Ul.* V, 236

lens, X, 165.

lycoperdon, v, 32.

mammulata,* v, 234.

meeki, x, 175.

molesta, v, 236.

newberryi, x, 164.

newportensis. x, 183.

nodulosa, x, 182.

ohioensis, U. P. James,* vii,
137; X, 183.

o'nealli, x, 174.

parasitica. Ul.* v, 238,

pavonia, v, 30.

petasiformis. x, 168.
var. welchi, x, 169.

quadrata, x, 176.

ramosa, x, 181.

var. rugosa, x, 182.
var, dalii, x. 180.

septosa, X, 186

subpulchella, x, 181.

turbinata,* x, 161.

ulrichi, v, 29. x, 179,

uiidulata, x. 161,

varians,* x, 177.

wetherbyi, Ul/''^ v, 239,

whileavesii, x, 169.

whitfieldi, x, 178.

wortheni,"' x, 1S4. (See Chw-
tetes.)
Monticuliporidie, affinities and zoo-
logical position cf, v, 134.

Connection with BryoEoa, v, 144.

Definitions of families, v, 153.

FistuliporidTcandCeramoporida?,

compared, v, 148; x, 132.

Structure of, v, 122.

Terms use-d in describing, v, 122.

Type of group, v, 130.

INIonticuliporoid Corals of the Cin-
cinnati, Group. (See Tames, U.
P., and Joseph F.) x, 1 18, 158.

Division into groups, x, 123.

Examination of genera of, x, 133.

Families of, x, 132.

Making sections of, X, 131.

Value of external form, x, 124.

— ■ external features, x, 127.

internal features, x, 129,

Moore, R. B. Annual Precipitations
of Rain and Snow from 1835 to
1S76, i, 57.

Moore, R. B., Connection between
astronomical conditions and eartli-
-quakes, vi, 1 70.

In memoriam, viii, '67.

Morgan, A. P. Mycologic Flora of
the Miami Valley, Ohio, vi, 54, 97,
173; vii, 5; viii, 168; ix, i; x, 7,
1S8

Microscopic work in Cincinnati,

X, 1 14.
Mound Builders, Standard of Meas-
ure of, viii, 233, 254; ix, (51) 115,
142, 231

(See Giauque, F..: Scoville,

S. S.; Dun, W. A.)

cloth, x, 4.

Building Biids, viii, 72.

Murchisonia milleri, i, 104.

misltigruraa, S, A M.* i, 104.
perangulata, i, 104.
sororcula, i, 104,
sumnerensis, i, 104,
worthenana, S. A. M.'- v, 225,
Mud markings, fossil, vii, J28-
fucoidal, vii, 128.
modern, vii, 127.
Murex ( Pteronotus^ angel«s. Aid.*
viii, 145.

cancellaroi'des, Mr. and Ald,-^ ix,

•(44) 108.
Mussey, Dr. W. H. In Memoriam,

v, 99.
Mycena, vi, 73,
Mycologic Flora of Miami Valiey

(See Morgan, A. P.';
Myclodactylida?, v, 222.
Myriadoporus adustus, viii, 174.
Myclodactyioidea, v, 222,
Myclodactylus bridgeportensis, S, A.
M.® iii, 141.

convolutus, iii, 142.
Natica newtonensis, Mr. and Aid.*

ix (42) 106.
Nathorst on Cincinnati Group Fu-

coids, vii, 166
Naucoria, vi, 108.
Nebraska, cretaceous of, iii, 19.
Nebulipora(?), v, 155; x, 136.
Neoera (Cardiomya) multiornata,

Mr. and Ald,'^- ix, (46) ilo.
Nepticula castanea^foliella, ii, 193.
grandsella, Cham, ii, 193.
raaculosella, C ham. ii, 193,
quercicastanelia, ii, 193.
unifasciella, ii, 193.
Nervous System, The, (See Howe,

A. J., v, 178.)
New Hampshire, Drift of, iv, 124.
New York, Red Sandstone in, ii, 148.

24

Index to Vols. I—X.

Nereidavus, i^ 88; ii, 2.

New Jersey, Cretaceous of, iii, 12.
Triassic in, ii, 157.

Nereis peiagica, i, 88.

New Mexico, Indians of, vii, 132.

New York, Drift of, iv, 186.

Niagara, Gr. Fossils from. (See
Miller, S. A.;Ulrich, E. O.; Weth-
erby, A. G., Ringueberg, etc.)

Remarks on, iv, 290.

Night Hawk, Migration of, x, 148.

Norton, O. D., on Mastodon, viii, 69,

^Piiosphate Beds, x, 54.

Nonh Carolina, Cretaceous of, iii,

'71-

Triassic of, ii, 225.

North America, Cretaceous of, iii, 9.
Nostoc pruniforme. Remarks on a

variety of, ix, 253.
Nothris bimaculella, ii, 184.

citrifoliella, ii, 184.
Nova Scotia, Drift of, iii, 272.

Red Sandstone in, ii, 151, 15S

Nuculites > oldiaformis, Ul.'" ii, 24.
Odontia fimbriata, x, 17.

hydnoidea, x. 18.
Oenoe hybroinella, ii, 186.
Officers, List of, since the organiza-
tion of the Society, i, 2 [to, 1879.]
(See Proceedings of Society.)
Ohio, Drift of, iv, 185, 192, 228.
Ohio Valley, Pi ogress of Vegetation
in, viii, 115.

River Floods, in, vi, 3; vii, 104.

Oidium simile, v, 214.

Omophron roluislum, v, 61.

Ompl alia, vi, 75.

Onondaga Salt Group, iv, 291.

Ooze, from the Atlantic Ocean bed,

(Thomson, quoted) ii, 226.
Opostega nonstigella, Cham, iii, 296.
Ormath chnus moniliformis, S.A.M.*
ii, 222.

an impression of a crinoid

stem, viii, 160.
Ornithology, General notes on, v,
191. (See Butler, A W ; Dury,
Charles; Fislier, W. H.; Langdon,
F. W.; Quick, E. R.; Abert, J. W.;
Shorten, J, W.)
Ortonia minor, ii, 260.
Orthis, iv, 307.

dalayana, S. A. M.'^' iv, ,813.
ella, ii, 16.

scovillei, S. A. M.* v, 40.
(?) sect istriata, Ul.® ii, 15.
Orthoceras, Species of, viji, 237.
amplicameratum, viii, 237.
aneliuin (an'^ellus), viii, 239.
annulatum, i, 130; viii, 240,

Orthoceras byrnesi, ■■ iv, T,\c).

carleyi, viii, 241.

cuicinnatiense,* iv, 319.

duseri, viii, 241.

dyeri,* iii, 236; viii, 238.

fosteri,* iv, 319.

harperi, •• iv, 319.

hindei,* viii, 240

jumceum, viii, 238.

mohri, viii, 238.

ortoni. viii, 239.

tenuifiium, viii, 241.

transversum, viii, 239

turbidum, vii', 240.
Oithode.-ma byrnesi, S. A. M.® iv, 76.

cuneiforme, S. A. M.* iii, 314.

michleboroughi, Whitf.* i, 139,

occidentale, S. A. M.* iii, 316.

subovale, Ul * i, 22.
Orthonotella faberi, S. A. M. ' v, 117
Oscillaria rimosa, viii, 167.
Ostrea pand.fnrmis, x. 79.
Ostrich, Death of, at Zoo, x, 97.
Ottawa, Tertiary of, iii, 262, 270.
Ortyx Virginiana, Incubating with

hen, iv, 341.
Oswald, Dr. Felix, "Free Tenants,"
A home study in Natural History,
X, 207.
Owl, Great Horned, vii, 12.

Little Screech, v, 52; viii, 52.

Owls, Food of, viii, 64.
Oxford, Ohio, Well at, x, 70.
Pachydictya, v, 152.

robusta, UL* v, 173.
Pal?easter clarkei, S. A. M.* i, 102.

clarkana, S. A M.* iii, 236.

crawfordsvillensis, S. A. M.*ii,
256.

exculptus, S. A. M.* iv, 69.

finei, Ul.* ii, 19.

granulosus, iv, 69.

harrisi, S. A. M.* ii, 117.

longibrachiatus, S. A M.* i, 102,

magnificus, S. A. M.* vii, 16.

miamiensis, S. A. M.® iii, 143.

simplex, ^L and D.* i. 29.

spinulosus, W. and D.* i, 32.
Palreasterina approximafa, M. and
D.« i, 30.

specie sa, M. and D.* i, 30.
Pdlioophycus, vii, 157.
Paleschara v, 157.
Palm Trees. (See Abert, J. W., vii,

I74-)
Panioolus, vi, 1 16.
Panther in Ohio, ix, 262.
Panus angustatus, v, 203; vi, 197.

concbatus, vi, 196.

dealbatus, v, 203; vi, 197.

Additions to the Library. 155

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY OF THE CINCINNATI
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For the Year E7iding Dec. 31, 1888.

BY DONATION.

Chas. E. Beecher, New Haven, Author: A Method of Prepar-
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Amos IV. Butler, Brookville, Author : Land and Fresh Water
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The Remains at San Juan Teotihucan.

Local Weather Lore.

Notes on Range of Prothonotary Warbler, (in Ornithologist
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Observations on Faunal Changes.

Periodical Cicada in S. E. Indiana, (in U. S. Dep't of Agri_
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The Habits of Some Arvicolinte.

The Sacrificial Stone of S.m Juan Teotihuacan.

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Observations on the Muskrat.

Hibirnation of the Lower Vertebrates.
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Natural History Notes.

On the Reptiles and Batrachians of Grand Cayman.
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Consular Reports: On Commerce, Manufactures, etc., Nos.

156 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histoty.

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Depressions in the P^arth's Surface.
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The Book Buyer, Vol. V. No. i.; Grasses of the United
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Additions io the Library. 157

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Navigation, 1886.
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M.C., Complete Set of the Publications of U. S. Geological

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Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Republic of Mexico in 1876.
Lewis Swift, Rochester, N. Y. History and Work of Warner

Observatory.
Tennessee State Board of Health: Bulletins, Vols. HI., IV., Current

Numbers.
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Additions to the Library. 159

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Stuttgart : Verein fur Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttem-
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HOLLAND.

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Ft. i; Manual, Vol. IV; Pal^ontologica Indica:
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Naples: Societa Africana d' Italia : Bolletino, Anno VI.,

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Vol. VI., pp. I to 71; Memorie, Vol. IX.
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La Proprieta del Sottosuola.
La Razza Bovina Macchiata Rossa del Cantone di

Berna.
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Entomologia. '
Atti del Concorso Internazionale di Caseificio.
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i6o "■ Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Atti della Commissione Cousnltiva per la Fillerosa.
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Sull Industria dell Amido.
Consiglio di Agricoltura.
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Studio sulle endemie del Cretinismo e del Gozzo.
Concorsa agrari regionale.

Irrigazioni e Laghi artificiali della Spagnea, e Atlanti.
Notize Intorno : I Conte Culturali del Frumento.
Turin : Musei di Zoologia, ed Anatomia Comparata : BoUet-
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JAPAN.

Tokyo: Imperial University: Calendar 1887-88.

Yokohama : Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Natur und Volker-

kunde Ostasiens; Mittheilungen, Band IV.,

No. 351 to 475.

MEXICO.

Mexico: Museo Nacional : Anales, Tome IV., Ent. 2.

Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural : La Natur-

aleza, 2 Ser. Tomo I, Pts. 2, 3.
Sociedad Cientifica, " Antonio Alzate :" Memorias,
Tomo I., Nos. 8 to 12, II., 1 to 4.

NORWAY.

Christiania : Royal University : Forhandlinger Skandinaviske
Naturforskeres, I. Viridanum Norvegicum,
Band I., Heft II.

NOVA SCOTIA.

Halifax : Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science : Pro-
ceedings, Vol VII., Ft. II.

RUSSIA.

St. Petersburgh : Comite Geologique du Russie : Bulletins,

Vols. VI., Nos. 8 to 12, and supplement;

Vol. VII., Nos. I to 5 ; Memoirs, Vols.

II., 4, 5, III., 3, v., 2, 3, 4, VII., I,

2. Supplement.
Kiew : Societe des Naturalistes: Memoirs. Tome IX., Liv. 1,2.
Moscow : Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes : Bulletin, Annee
1887, No. 4, 1888, Nos. I, 2.

Additions to the Library.

i6i

SCOTLAND.

Edinburgh : Botanical Society : Transactions and Proceed-
ings. Vol. XVII., Pt. I.
Royal Physical Society: Proceedings, 1886-87.
Royal Society: Proceedings, 1883-84, 1884-85,
1885-86, 1886-87.
Glasgow : Natural History Society : Proceedings and Trans-
actions, Vol. II., Pt. I.

SPAIN.

Barcelona : Academia de Ciencias y Artes : Leyes Cosmicas.

SWEDEN.

Stockholm : Kongl, Vetenkaps Akademiens : Ofversigt, Arg.

44, Nos. 9, 10, Arg. 45, Nos. i to 8.

Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning ; Brogger,

W. C, Ueber Die Ausbildung des Hypostomes.

De Greer, G. Om Kaolin, etc., Om Vindnotta

Stenar.
Om Barnakallegrottan.
Om Ett Konglomerat Inom Urberget vid Vestana

I Skane.
Fredholm, K. A., Ofversigt af Norrbottens

Geologi.
Hogbom, A. G. , Om Forkastningsbreccior vid
den Jemtlandska Silurformationens ostra Grans.
Hoist, N. O., Resa Till Gronland.
Moberg, J. C., Kritsystem I Fast Klyft I Holland.
Nathorst, A. G., Nagra Ord Om Visingsoserien.
Post, H, v., Ytterligare Om Nickelmalmfyn-

digheten vid Klefva.
Santesson, B., Nickelmalmfyndigheten vid Klefva.
Svedmark, E., Gabbron, etc., Orografiska Studier

Inom Roslagen.
Torell, O., Undersokningar ofver Istiden.
Tornquist, S. L. , Nagra lakttagelser,

UNITED STATES.

Albany : New York State Museum : Annual Reports Nos.
36 to 39; Bulletins, Vol. I., Nos. 2 to 6.

l62

Cincinnaii Society of Natural History.

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University: Circulars, Vol. VII.,
No. 63 ; Studies from Biological Laboratory,
Vol. IV., Nos. 3, 4; Observations on the
Embryology of Insects and Arachnids — A. T.
Bruce.
Boston : American Acjdemy of Arts ;ind Sciences: Proceed-
ings, Vol. XV., Part i.
Brooklyn: Entomologica Americana, Vol. IV., Nos. 1 to 9.
Cambridge: Museum of Comparative Zoology: Bulletin,
Vols. XIV., XV., (Three Cruises of Blake);
Vol. XVI., Nos. 1,2; Vol. XVII., Nos. 1.2;
Annual Report, 1887-88.
Peabody Museum : Annual Report ; Papers :
Palaeolithic Man in Eastern and Central
North America; Standard or Headdress?
Psyche; Vol. V., Nos. 14410 152
Champaign: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History:
Bulletin, Vol. II., Articles VII., VIII., Vol.
HI., Arts 1 to IV.
Chapel Hill : Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society : Journal,

1887, Pt. 2, 1888, Pt. 1.
Chicago: Academy of Sciences: Constitution; Bulletin:
No. I, Glacial Markings in the Laureniian
Hills — Andrews; No. 2, Fluviatile Deposits in
Peoria Lake — Wilson ; No. 3, Bairachia and
Reptilia of Illinois — Davis and Rice; No. 4,
Microscopic Organisms — Johnson and Thomas ;
No. 5, Northern Pitcher-plant — Higley ; No. 6,
Boulder Clays — Dawson ; No. 7, MicroChemis-
try of Fats — Long; No. 8, Chicago Artesian
Wells — .Stone; No. 9, On Rhizocarps — Dawson ;
No. 10, On Elephas Primigenuis - Higley.
Cincinnati : Observatory : Zone Catalogue 1887.
Clinton : American Antiquarian, Vol. X.
Columbus: Horticultural Society : Journal, Vol. II. 10 to 12,

Vol. III. I, 2.
Crawfordsville : Botanical Gazette, Vol. XIII.
Davenport: Academy: Proceedings, etc., 1887-88.
Denver: Colorado Scientific Society: Proceedings, Vol. II.
Part III.

Additions to the Lib7-ary.

163

■Geneva

Manhattan :
Minneapolis

New Haven

Newport, R
New York :

Frankfort: Kentucky Geological Survey: Report of Prog-
ress, 1886-87 ; Report on Jackson Purchase
Region; Report on Bath and Fleming Coun-
ties.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station :
Bulletin, Nos. 10 to 14.
Journal of Mycology, Vol. IV. i to 11.
American Geologist, Vols. I. 11.
State Geologist: Annual Report 1886; Bulletin,

Nos. 2, 3, 4;
Geological and Natural History Survey, Vol.

II
American Journal of Science, Vols. XXXV.,

XXXVI.
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ;
Transactions, Vol. VII. Part II.
I.: Natural History Society: Proceedings,
1886-87.
Academy of Science: Annals, Vol. IV. Nos 5
to 8; Transactions Vol. VI. VII. Nos. i to 8.
(Lyceum of Natural History) Annals, Vols,
V. to IX., XL; Proceedings, Second Ser. Nos.
I to 4.
The American Garden, Vol. IX.
The American Geographical Society : Journal.

Vol. XIX. Supplement, XX. i, 2, 3.
American Museum of Natural History : Annual

Report, 1887-88.
The Auk, Vol. V.
Columbia College : School of Mines Qua'ieriy,

Vol. IX. 2, 3, 4, X. I.
Journal of Comparative Medici, ic a. :d S' .^ery,

Vol. IX.
Microscopical Society : Journal, V( ;. IV.
'I'urrey Botanical Club: Bulletin, Vol. XV. i.
Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society: 1 uceedings,
July to Dec. 1887, J^n- to June 1888.
American Naturalist, Vol. X5CII.
Academy of Natural Sciences : Transactions,
Sept. to Dec. 1887, Mar. to Sept. 1888.

164 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania:
Annual Report, 1886: Part III. Anthracite
Coal Region, Atlas; Part IV. Paint, Iron
ore, Serpentine, Limestone; with Atlas ; West-
ern Middle Atlas, Part II ; Bucks and
Montgomery Atlas, C. 7.
Zoological Society : Annual Report, No. 16.
Poughkeepsie : Vassar Brothers' Institute: Vol. IV. Transac-
tions.
Salem : American Association for the Advancement of
Science : Proceedings, 36th Meeting.
Essex Institute : Bulletin, Vol. XIX. 4 to 12.
San Francisco : California Academy of Science : Bulletin,
Vol. II. No. 8.
California State Mining Bureau : Annual

Report, 1887; Bulletin, 1888, No. 1.
Thos. L. Casey, Author : On Some New-
North American Rhynchpohora : Part I.
Technical Society of the Pacific Coast : Trans-
actions, Vol. IV. 2, Vol. V. I, 2, 3.
St. Anthony Park : University of Minnesota, Experiment

Station : Bulletins, 3, 4.
Trenton: Natural History Society: Journal, Vol. I. No. 3.
Washington : American Monthly Microscopical Journal,
Vol. IX.
Bureau of Education : Circulars of Information,
No. 2, 1887 ; Study of Music in American
Colleges and Universities; No. 3, Proceed-
ings of Department of Superintendence;
Report of Commissioner, 1885-86.
Department of Agriculture, Division of Botany :
Bulletins, No. 5, Experiments made in 1887
in the Treatment of the Downy Mildew and
the Black Rot of the Grape Vine ; No. 6,
Grasses of the Arid Regions; No. 7, Black
Rot
Division of Chemistry: Bulletins, No. 17, Exper-
iments in Manufacture of Sugar; No. 18,
Analysis of Sorghum and Sugar-cane ; No.
19, Methods of Analysis.

Additions to the Library. 165

Division of Entomology: Bulletins, No. 15.
Icerya or Flutted Scale; No 17, The Cliincb
Bug; No. 18, Enumeration of Published
Synopses, Catalogues and Lists of North
American Insects; Insect Life, Vol. I. Nos. i
to 6.

Division of Forestry: Bulletins, No. 2, On For-
est Condition of Rocky Mountains.

Division of Pomology: Bulletins, No. i. Condi-
tion of Tropical Fruits in United States; No.
2, Adaptation of Russian and other Fruits in
Northern United States; Reports of Statisti-
cian, 38, 1887; 48 to 57, 1888.

Philosophical Society : Bulletin, Vol. X.

Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnol-
ogy: Bulletins, Bibliography of the Eskimo
Language; Bibliography of the Souaria Lan-
guage; Perforated Stones from California;
Use of Gold and other Metals among the
Ancient Inhabitants of Chiriqui ; Work in
Mound Exploration.

Miscellaneous Collections: Vols. XXXI.,
XXXII. , XXXIII. ; Report 1885, Part 2.

National Museum: Proceedings, 1887, pp. 449
to 771; Plates, 1888, pp. I to 176.

U. S. Fish Commission: Annual Reports, 1883,
1884, 1885.

U. S. Geological Survey: Bulletins, No. 37,
Types of Laramie Flora; No. 38, Peridotite
of Elliott Co. Ky.; No. 39, Upper Beaches
and Deltas of the Glacial Lake Agassiz; No.
40, Changes in River Courses in Washington
Territory; Atlas for Monograph, Vol. XII.

War Department: Chief Signal Officer, Monthly
Reports; Annual Reports, 1885, parts i, 2;
1886, 1887, part i; Tornado Circular, No. i.

Entomological Society : Journal, Vol, I. No. 2.

U. S. Naval Observatory : Astronomical Obser-
vations, 1883.

i66

Index.

INDEX

Volume 10.

Page.
Abeit, Col. Jas. W.

Big Guns io8, 127

Acipenseridae 76

Acipenser rubicundus 76

Additions to the Library 155

Agassiz Association i

Alvordiu r 7>a riaitim 80

Ambloplites rupestris 125

Ameiurus natalis, ncbulosus, vul-

gaiK ■■■• 124

A melas, nigricans 77

Amendments: By-laws 13, 64. 65

Constitution 12, 64, 65, 69

Amia calva 124

Amiidas 124

An Ancient CKannel of the Ohio
River at Cincinnati, Jos. F.

James, M. S 96

Anthropology, Curator of. 64

Anguilla anj^uilla 125

Anguillidse..' 125

Aphredoderidse 125

Aphrcdoderus sayanus 125

Atactopon hirsnta, maciilat'i 21

7niiltigranosi. in 11 n dii la,

oriow, tenella 22

AtactoporcUa multigranosa. num-

dula, ortoni, schucherti,

typicalis 22

Atherinidag 79

Auditing Committee

Appointed 64

Report 65, 106

Audubon's Birds of America,

pre>ented to Society 8

Benjamin, Raphael, M. A.,

Elected to Executive Board 2
Big Guns, Col. Jas. "^V. Absrt,

108, 127

Botany, Curator of 64

Boyle, David, on Biology as a

Factor in National Educa-
tion 68

Page.
Bullock, Geo., On Dun Memorial

Bed 9

Burke, M. D., On Drift 65, 69

By laws, Amendment to... 13, 64, 65
Caldwell, Dr. Chas. E., Present
Status of Our Knowledge
of the Caus.1l Relation
of viicrnscopic Organ-
isms to Disease 32

Callopora 35

C cincinnatiensis 35

Calloporella 32

Calocera 90

Cai'ccra albipes 90

Calocera cornea, palmata, stricta 90

Campo'itoma anomalum 78

Caras^ius aural us, 79

Catostomidae , 77, 124

Catostomus catostomus 124

C terfs 77

Centennial Exposition Exhibit

II, 12, 63

Centrarchida; 79, 125

Ceramopora 36

a 'terna a 34

beani 37

con cent rica 38

niclmUoni 34

ohioensis 37

rjdiata 45

vvhitei 38

Cha3tetes.

attritus .• 28

clathratu us 18

clav 'coideus 25

compressus 17

corticaiis 21

onstu'atus 23

decipiens, frondosus 17

graHiiliferous 33

ortoni 22

papillnU4' 23

pavonia 18

Index.

167

Page.
Chsetetes.

petechialis 24

luberciilatus 21, 23

venus'us 33

Cheiloporel a 32

C fiabellata 35

Clathreae 148

Clathurus 148

C cancellatus, crispus 148

Clavaria 86

C:

abientina 89

albipes 90

aurea 88

botrytes 87

coronata 88

crispula 89

crista ta 90

flava 86

formosa 88

fragilis, fusiformis 89

'• incurvata 88

kunzei 87

mucida 90

muscoides 87

pi^tillaris 90

pyxidata 88

rugosa 87

stricta^ 89

suhtilis 87

vermicularis 89

Clavariei 86

Cliola vigilax 78

Clupea chrysochloiis 79

Clupeiflae 79

Constellaria 29

C 31

antbeloidea 30,

Jischeri, Jlor'da, ■^^iX. plana, 30

var. / ominans 30

litnttaris 30

polystomella

Constitution, Amendment to

12, 64, 65. 69
Contributions to the Icthyology of

Ohio, Jas. A. Henshall. 76, 122
Co'egonus artedi, clupeiformis....i24
Corynites brevis, niitisii, KaverteLiii\%

Crat ripora 45

Crep-pca 32

C venusia 33

Cross-reference Index to Species

and Synonyms 39

Cer.imopora, Constellaria.. 44

Dekayia 43

Fistulipora.. 44

Monticulipora 39

Curators, Election of 64

Page.

Cycleptus elongatus 77

Cyclopora Jatnen. 18

Cyprinidaj 78, 124

Cvprino lontirije 79

Cyprinus carpio 124

Dacrymyces 93

D chrysocomus, deliques-

cen«, fragif rmis, pellucidus,

stillatus 94

Dekayella 28

Dekayia 28

D appressa, aspera, attrita,

tnnculatd, ?nu/t'spinosa, paupera

pflliculata, treiitonensis 28

Didyinopora 32

Distribution of Vernonia in the
United States. Joseph F.

James, M. S 136

Doherty, VVm 7

Donations, 8, 10, 14, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 107, 108, no

Dorosoma cepidianum 79

Doros-omidae 79

Diitt, M. D. Burke, C. E 69

Dun, Walter A.

In Memoriam 55

Obiiuary i

Dury, Chas.

On Wm. Doherty 7

On Dun Memorial Volume, 9, 13

Entomology, Curator of 64

Eiicymba buccata 78

Eridopora 32

Erimyzon sucetta oblongus 77

Esocidse 125

Esox lucius, nobilior, vermiculatusi2J
Etheostoma

asp I alius 125

as pro, blennioides, ca-

prodes, coeruleum 80

copelandi 126

evides 126

flabellare, nigrum, pelluci-
dum. peltatus, phoxo-

cephalum.. 80

scierum, shumardi 126

variatum, zonale 80

Eucalia inconstans 135

Executive Board

Election of Members 64

Report 48

Exidia glandulosa, truncata 93

Exposition, Exhibit at 12

Ferris, A. A., Election as Trustee 65.
Fisher, Wm. Hubbell

Appointed on Audubon

Committee 8

On Morone interrupta 65

1 68

Index.

Page.

Fistulipora 32

alternata 34

flabellata 35

milfordcnsis 36

mttllipora 35

nicholsoni t^t,, 34

oweni 34

si/tir>ana 35

venusta 2Z

Gadidae 126

Garratt, w. T 108

Ga'^terosteidre 125

Gastromycetes 141

Geology, Curator of 64

Giiepina 95

G elegans, pez'za

spatliularia 95

Harper, Geo. W., On Dun

Memorial 13

Heighway, A. E., Sr., On Crania, 8

Death of 8

Obituary 11

Henshall, James A.

Contributions to the Icthy-

ology of Ohio 67,76,122

On some Peculiarities of the Ova

of Fishes 67, 81

Heterodictya pavonin 18

Heterotrypa clintonensis 20

frondosa 17

vaiipeli. 19

wincheili 26

Hirneola 94

auricula-Judas 94

auri'ormis 95

Holocoryne 90

Hornotrypii dawsoni 16

ohhqua 45

Homotr^pella 32

granuliferous 33

Howe, Dr. A. J., On Depressions

in the Earth's Surface 107

On the Riverside Skull

109, 150

Hybognathus nuchalis 124

Hybopsis am lops 78

di-isimilis 79

hyostomus 124

kc-ntuckiensis 78

storerianus 78

Hymenophallus 144

Hyiduntidte 79

Hyodon al isoiiies, tergisus 79

Hypentelium nigricans 77

Ictalurus furcatus, punctatus 77

Icthyology of Ohio, James A.

Henshall 67, 76. 122

Ictiobus buhalus, carpio, cyprin-
ella, difformis 77

Page.

Ictiobus.

thompsoni 124

urus 124

velifer 77

In Memoriam, Walter A. Dun 55

Ithyphallus 146

Ivorydale Well, Jos. F. James,

M. S 102

James, Davis L.,

Report, Publishing Committee 6
Report of Lecture Committee 109
James, Jos. F.

Communication on Dun

Memorial 6

On Ancient Channel of Ohio

River at Cincinnati... 68 96
On Ivorydale Well... ..68, 102
Re-iigns as Curator of Bot-
any 68

On Distribution of Verno-

nia 109, 136

Remarks on JOURNAL of'

Society 3

James, Jos. F. and U. P.

On Mon'iculiporoid Corals
of the Cincinnati Group.. 15
Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. History,

Remarks on, Jos. F. James 3

Knight, Wm. H., On Museums.. lO

Labidesthes sicculus 79

Lnminaria saccharina 67

Laterna -149

Columnata, triscarpa 149

Lazenby, Prof. W. R 67

Leioclema 32

Lepisosteidae 123

Lepisosteus osseus, platystomus...i23

Lepomis cyanellus 79

gibbosus 125

humilis, megalotis 79

no tat U'^ 125

pall id us... 80

Leptops olivaris 124

Leptotrypa, calceo/a 27

clavacoidea 26

clavis 23

cort-^x 23

minima 26

Lota lota 126

Members deceased :

Heighway, A. E 8, II

Members elected :
Active —

Allen, Dr. Geo. M 65

Anderson, Larz, Jr., 66

Anderson, Dr. Jos 65

Anderson, Wm. P 67

Andrews, Chas 65

Beebe, Dr. B. F no

Index.

169

Page.
Members elected :
Aciive —

Blymyer, D. W 66

Bramble, Dr. D. D 14

Broadwell, S. J 66

Cameron, Dr. O. L 8

Clark, Jerome B 65

Collins James A I

Davis, Nathaniel 63

Ellison, Richard 65

Ferris, A. A... 63

Fisher, Miss Eliza A 66

Fisher, Mrs. Mary L 66

Ford, Collin 65

Gray, Wm. F 65

Hochstetter"; Wm 8

Holloway, Kyle 65

lliff, Miss Eugenia 63

Jenkins Sgt. P. T 107

Kitchell, H. N * 65

L-'Boutillier, Miss Lucy.. . 65

McCord, W. A 65

McMasters, Wm 66

Michel, Dr. Ralph S... ... no

Netter, Mrs. Jennie W 65

Newton, J. M no

On-, Dr. Geo. B 14

Peachy, Henry, Jr., 8

Pfaff, John W 8

Potter, Dr. Theo 8

Reum, A. L. 63

Ricketts, Dr. Edwin no

Sayres, Dr. Konn B . 14

Skinnrr, Mrs. J. R .. 66

Slacey, John M 65

Stickiiey, Miss Lucia 63

Tishbein, Fred 65

Walton, Dr. Geo. E i

Weir, Mrs. L. C 65

Wiggins, Miss 66

Corresponding members —

Davis, Wm. Norri- 108

Memljers resigned —

Force, Judge M. F i

Holmes, W. D 68

Holmes, Mrs. W. D 68

Memorial :

Dun, Walter A 6

Heighway, A. E 8, n

Mesenieriformes 92

Meteorology, Curator of. 64

Micropterus

salmoides, dolomieu 80

Microscopy, Curator of 64

Miiiytrema melanops 77

Monotrypa calceola 27

clnvncoidea 25

dychei 25

subfiisiformis 26

tuberculata 21

Page.
Mon'iculipnra

alternala 34

antheloidea 31

asper ■. 28

calceola 27

clavacoidea 25

cleavelandi .. 15

clintonensis 20

crustulata 23

dawsoni 15

dychei 25

irondos i 17

fusiformis 26

hospitalis 26

hospitalis, var Isevis, var
neglecta 27

IcTVl's 27

mammulata 16

molest a 16

nicholsoni 33, 34

ortoni 22

oweni 34

papilla ta 22, 25

parasitica 23

pavonia 18

petechialis 24

selivynii, var hospitalis 26

tuberculata 21

vaupeli 19

venusta 33

wetherbyi, var, asperula... 24
ivinchelli 26

Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cin-
cinnati Group. Jos. F. and U.
P. James 15

Monticuliporoid Corals, etc.. In-
dex 46

Mooreheaii, W. K 66

Morgan. A P.

Mycologic Flora of the Mi-
ami Valley 86

North American Fungi 141

Morone interne pa 66

Moxostoma anisurum 78

aureolum 124

crassilabre 77, 124

macrolepidotum 77

Museums of Natural History. H.
P. Smith 9

Museum, Report on. IL P.
Smith n I

Mutinus 147

bovinis, brevis, caninis .. .147

Mycologic Flora of the Miami
Valley. A. P. Morgan 86

Ncematelia 93

nucleata 93

Nanostoiua tessellatum 80

Nebulipora pipillata 23

170

Index.

Page.
Neumann, M.,

Silk-worm Culture 67

North American Fungi. A. P.

Morgan 1 41

Norton, Dr. O. D 65

elected Curator of Botany.. 107

Notemigonus chrysoleucus 79

Notropi.s, ardens, arge, atherino-
ides, deliciosus, jejunus, mega-
lops, rubifrons, whipplei 78

Noturus, flavus 77

gyrinus, miurus 124

Obituary :

Dun, Walter A i

Heighway, A. E 11

Officers, election of 63

Osteology, Curator of 64

Ova of Fishes, Some F^eculiariiies

of. J. A. Henshall 81

Paleschara beani 37

Perca flavescens 126

Percidae 80, 125

Percopsidae 79

Percopsis guttatus 79

Peronopora comprcssiis, frondosa 17

ortoni 22

uniformis 17

Petigopora asperula 24

gregaria 45

petechialis 24

Petromyzon, contolor 123

Petromyzonidie 123

PhalIeK 144

Phailoideas 143

Phalhis 144

Phallus dasmonum, dupliratus 145

impudicus, Ravenclii, rubi-

cundus 146

Photography, Curator ■•( 64

Physics and Chemistry, Curator of 64

Pimephales, noiatus, promelas 78

Placopharynx carinatus 78, 124

Polyodon, kfttlandi, spathula 76

Polyodontidje 76

Pomoxis annularis 125

sparoides 79

Prasoponi hospitalis, .selwyni var

hospitalis 26

Proceedings. . I, 8, 10, 63, 107, 108,

109

Ramaria 86

Relation of Microscopic Organ-
isms to Disease. Chas. E.
Caldwell 2

Page.

Rhinicthys atronasus 78

Ricketts, Dr. B. M i, 68, 109

Riverside Skull, A. J. Howe 150

Roccus chrysops 126

Russell, Capi. A. H.. 108, 109

Sa^enel/n st'iafa 45

Salmonidie 124

Salvelinus fontinalis, namaycush..i25
Scaphirhynch'ips platyrhynchus.. 77

Seciions, Committee on 65

Semotilus atromaculatus .. 79

Serranidje 126

Siluridse 77, 124

Simblum 148

rabescens 148

Skinner, J. R 8, lo, 109

Smith, H. P.

On Museums of Natural

History 9

Report on Museum 1 1 1

Memorial of VV a 1 1 e r A.

Hun 55

Spatiopora apera. lineata. maculosa 23

7iii>ntif<"a, iiiberculata 21

Siellpora auihe oidca 31

liinitans 30-

Stidopora clathriitubi 18

Stizostedion canadsnse, vitreum . 80

St elitzia regiua 65

Syncoryne 89

Tteisurer, Duties of 13

Report 105

Trustees and 12

Tremella 91

albida, cerebrinae, foliacea,
intumescens, luiestens,

mesenterica, vesicaria 92

Tremellinei 91

Typhula 91

musicola 91

Vernonia, Dis ribution ^f, in the
Uniied States. Jos. F. James.. 109,

136

Warder, R. H 64

Wilson, Thos., Loan of Speci-
mens 107

Wright, S. E 12

Rep rt as Treasurer 105

Zoology, Curator of 64

Z>gonectes notatus 79.

Index to Vols. I—X.

25

Panus dorsalis, vi, 19S.

farinaceus, vi, 197.

stipticus, vi, 197.
Paroquet, Carolina, Formerly in Ohio,

'' "5-
Paceolus darwinii, ix, 248.

globosus, ix, 248.
Patellaria carpinea, v, 215.
Pattersonia difficilis, S. A. M* v,

43. ix, 247.
Patula, iv, 332. (See Helix.)

Bryanti, Harper,* iv, 258, 328.
Paxillus flavidus, v, 200; vi, 179.

panuoides, vi, 179-

porosus, V, 200; vi, 179.
Feet, S.D., on mastodon in swamp

in Ohio, viii, 117,
Peat Bed, Arrow head in, viii, 56.

In Madison County, viii, 56.

Pecten pulchricosta, Mr. and Aid.*

ix, (45) 109-
Penniretopora v, 150.
Peronopora, v, 153; x, 134.

uniformis, Ul. ■■ v, 244.
Petalichnus multipartitus, S. A. M.*

ii, 222.
Petigopora, v, 155; x, 136.

asperula, Ul.* vi, 157.

gregaria, Ul.* vi, 155.
Petididier, L. M., Observations on
photographic appliances and their
uses, ix, 256.
Petrified bones in mound. (See Dun,

W. A., viii, 176.)
Phu^nopora, v, 152.

(?) multipora, UL* v, 171.
Phlebia merismoides, x, 17.

pileata, x, 16.

radiata, x, 17-
Pholidops cincinnatiensi--, i, 107.
Pholiota, vi, loi.
Photographic appliances and their

uses. (See Petididier, L. M, ix,
256.
Phosphorescent fungus, vi, 212..
Phyllocnistis ampelopiella, i', 191.
Phyllodictya, v, 153.

frondosa, Ul.* v, 174.
Phyllopora, v, 150.

variolata, UL* v, 160.
Physa choctawensis. Aid., x, 83.

elongatoidea. Aid., x, 83.
Pisania claibornensis, x, 79.
Pisocrinus gemmiformis, S.A.M.* ii,

"3-.

Planaria nitens. x, 78.
Planorbis (Helisoma) duryi, Weth.*
ii, 99.

glabratus, ii, 79.

Plants of Cincinnati. (See James, D.

L., and Joseph F.; Morgan, A. P.)

Plants in bloom, April 4, 1882, v, 65.

Geographical distribution of.

(See James, J. F,, iv, 51.)
Plants, List of, Alpine region uf the
Northeastern United States, iv, 56.

Marshes of United States,

iv, 60.

Sub-alpine region, iv, 57.

Platycrinus bloomfieldensis, S.A.M.*
ii, 257.

hemisphericus, ii, 6. (Note.)
poculum, S. A. M.* iv, 311.
Plectrophanes nivalis, x, 49.
Pieisiosaurus, vii, 208.
Pleurotoma anita. Aid.* viii, 147.
Heilprini, Aid,* viii, 146.
(Surcula) longiforma. Aid.* viii,
146.
Pleurotus, vi, 77,
Plicatula planata, Mr. and Aid.* ix,

(45) 109.
Plumulites, ix, 14.

Pleutelopteraochrella, Cham, ii, 181.
Pluteolus, vi, 108.
Pluteus, vi, 97.

Podiceps cornutus. Nest of, iii, 230.
Podilymbus podiceps, nest of, iii, 231.
Pond life in Tyler-Davidson foun-
tain. (See Twitchell, G. B., viii,
166.)
Polygnathus wilsoni, U. P. James,*

vii, 148.
Polypora, v, 150.

Polyporei, Table of genera of, vii, 5.
Polyporus, Arrangement of groups
of, viii, 91.

adustus, v, 206; viii, ico.
anax, viii, 96.
applanatus, viii, 104,
arcularius, viii, 93,
attenuatus, viii, 170.
berkeleyi, viii, 96.
biformis, viii, 109,
bombycinus, viii, 171.
brumalis, viii, 92.
cajsius, viii, 99,
candidissimus, viii, 174.
cincinnatus, viii, 97.
cinnabarinus, viii, 108.
cinereus, viii, 17.
conchifer, v, 207; viii, 109.
conglobatus, v, 207; viii, 98.
connatus v, 204; viii, 106.
corticola, viii, 174,
contiguus, viii, 170.
cuticularis, viii, 102.
delectans,* viii, 99.

26

Index to Vols. I—X.

Polyporus destructor, viii, 99,
diclirous, viii, 100.
distortus, viii, 97.
dryophilus, v, 207; viii, 103.
elegans, viii, 95.
endocrinus, v, 206; viii, loi.
furruginosus, viii, 169.
fibula, viii, 108.
fissus, v, 204.
flavo-virens, viii, 92.
fomentarius, viii, 104.
fragilis, viii, 99.
fraxineus, viii, 106.
fraxinophyllus, viii, 105.
fumosus, viii, 100.
galactinus, v, 206; viii, 102.
giganteus, viii, 96.
gilvus, viii, 107.
glomeratus, viii, 106.
gordoniensis, viii, 173.
graveolens, viii, 98.
hirsutus, viii, 109.
hypococcinus, v, 205; viii, I02.
lacteus, viii, 99.
lentus, viii, 92.
leucomeles, viii, 91.
lucidus, viii, 95.
muUiusculus, v, 205; viii, 108.
moUusens, viii, 172.
montagnei, viii, 93.
mucidus, viii, 173.
nidulans, viii, loo.
niger, v, 208; viii, 169.
nigro-purpurascens, v, 2ci6.
nivosus, viii, loi.
obduceiis, viii, 172.
obliquus, viii, 169.
ovinus, viii, 91.
parvulus, viii, 93.
pergamenus, viii, 1 10.
picipes, viii, 94.
pilot;^:, viii, loi.
pubescens, v, 207; viii, I02.
purpureus, viii, 170.
radiatus, viii, 107.
radicatus, viii, 94.
reniformis, viii, 103.
resinosus, viii, 103.
rhipidiuni, v, 204; viii, 95.
rimosus, viii, 104.
rufus, viii, 170.
salicinus, viii, 105.
spissus, viii', 169.
subsericeus, viii, 93.
sulphureus, viii, 97.
supinus, viii, 105.
tenuis, viii, 73-
unitus, viii, 169.
vaporarius, viii, 173.
varius, viii, 94.

Polyporus velutinus, viii, no.

versicolor, viii, no.

virgineus, viii, icS.

viridans, viii, 173.

vitellinus, viii, 171.

vitreus, viii, 172.

vulgaris, viii, 172.

xantholoma, viii, 171.

zonatus, viii, 1 10.
Porothelium fimbriatuni, ix, 7.
Poteriocrinus anomalos, Weth.* iii,
158.

davisanus, S. A. M. •■ v, 226.

milleri, Weth., iii, 330.

nettlerothanus, S. A. M. •■ v, 227.

wetherbyi, S. A. M.* ii, 36.
Prasopora, v, 153; x, 133.

nodosa, Ul.* v, 245.
Pratelli, vi, \\\.

Prehistoric monuments of Hamilton
county, iv, 293.

Little Miami valley, i, 119.

Prince Edward's Island, Triassic in,

ii, 223.
Prioniodus dychei, U. P. James* vii,

147.
Prismopora serrulata, UL* vii, 41.
I'roboscina, v, 149.
Proceedings of the Society. Annual
Report of Officers:

Curator of Botany, vi, 93; vii,
59; viii, 87; IX, (3) 67; X, 92.

Conchology, vi, 93; vii, 59; viii,
86; IX, (2) 66. x, 94,

Entomology, viii, 87; ix, (2) 66;

X, 93-
Herpetology, vii, 62; viii, 99.
Ichthyology, vii, 62; viii, 88; ix.

(3)67.
Mineralogy, vi, 93; vii, 57; viii,

85-
Ornithology and Mammalogy,

vii, 60; viii, 88; ix, (3) 67.
Pakvontology, vi, 93; viii, 86;

ix, (2) 66.
Curator of Anthropology, viii,

88; ix, (3) 67; x, 93.
Custodian, v, 64; vii, 62; viii, 76;

ix, (4; 68; X, 85.
Secretary, viii, 74; ix, (i) 65; x,

84.
Treasurer, i, 9; iii, 68; vi, 93;

viii. 73; ix, (2) 66; x, 84.
Librarian, viii, 83; ix, (9) 73; x,

95-

Curator of Comparative Anato-
my, vii, 61; ix, (3) 67.

Microscopy, X, 94.

Meteorology, ix, (3) 67.

Osteology, x, 93.

hidex to Vols. I—X.

27

Proceedings of the Society:
Curator Reports —

Photography, ix, (4) 68.
Geology, x; 91.
Zoology, X, 93.

Donations, i, 54, 55, 56, 109, no,
159; ii, 2; iii, 71, 73, 161, 162,
164, 237; iv, 192, 181, 182,
263, 264, 266; V, I, 2, 63, 67,
70, 97, 98, 100, 196; vi, I, 2,
3, 95, 96, 169, 171, 172, 214,
215, 216; vii, 2, 3, 4, 54, 55,
57, 94, 95. 96, 173, 180, 193;
viii, I, 59, 70, III, 119, 144,
163, 166, 175, 230; 254, 257;
ix, 14, 36. 46, (II) 75, (13) 77,
(16) 80, 133, 135, 226, 229,
230; X, 2, 6, 54, 55, 57, 1X2,
117, 152, 15^1, 156.
Committee Reports on Invitation
to American Association for
Advancement of Science, i,
109; iii, 162, 237. On Geo-
logical Nomenclature, i, 160.
On Lectures Suggested, i, 54.
Announcement, x, 156.

George Graham, iv, 2; J. A.
Warder, vi, 170; V.T.Cham-
bers, vi, 170; C. B. Dryer,
vi, 170; Treasurer's Acc'ts,
vii, 55; Destruction of
Birds, ix, 129; Wm. Colvin,
iv. 265; Mrs. Abigail War-
ren, iv, 266; J. B. Chicker-
ing, v, 2; David Bolles, v,
4; Constitution, viii, 175;
Monument to Audubon, x,
154; Walter A. Dun, x, 155.
Dury on Weavel in Palmetto
Seeds, iii, 238.

on Insect Pest, vi, 213.

on Black Bass, vii, 94.

on Hares, vii, 3.

Wood Thrush, viii, 67.

Scorpions, viii, 58.

King Crab, x, II3.

on Travels of Wm.Doherty,

X, 153-

Beer on Roman Wall, ix, 8.

Curtis on Volcanic Mud, x, 3.

Camera Club, granted use of
rooms, vii, 193.

Cotton, on Mulberry from a Well,
viii, 69.

Aldrich on Sharks in Alabama,
viii, 175.

Cooper on Mastodon in Massa-
chusetts, viii, 59.

Amendment to By-laws, ix, 228.

Proceedings of the Society:

Dun on Ohio Floods, vii, 93.
Exploration of Mounds, vii, i.
Swiss Lake Dwellers, vii, 2.
Mastodon, viii, 69.
Natural Gas, ix, 229.
Hemingray Gas Well, x, 2.
Ridgway on Color, x, 55.
Color Blindness, x, 55.
Utica Shales, x, 56.
Montgomery Gas Well, x, 113.
Resolutions on Death of, x, i 55
Exhibition Microscopes, ix,

(13) 77-

Hood in Ohio River, vi, 3.
Fisher on Food of Birds, viii, 66.
Wood Thrush, viii, 67.
Canvas Backs, viii, 1 18.
Destruction of Birds, ix, 132.
Adirondack vVoods, x, 152,

154.
Heighway on Rulings on Glass,

viii, 230; X, 55.
Chameleon, x, 55,
Mounds, X, 112.
Talc in Georgia, x, 153.
Bones from Gravel, x, 154.
Harper on Beetles, iii, 237.
Howe on Whale, iv, 2.
James, D. L. On Puff-ball, iv.

264.
Gas Spring near Oxford, x, 152,
Jumping Gall, vii, 94.
Nelumbium speciosum, v, 98.
Plants in Bloom, v, 65.
Jones, N. E., on Mound Build-
ers' Cloth in Ohio, x, 4.
James, J. F., on Colorado Des-
ert, iii, 72.
Position of Composita\ vi, 169.
Beach Markings, vii, 93.
Caladium, vii, 2.
Cardaniine, vii, 4.
Arrow Heads, vii, i.
Pollen, vii, 55.
Trifolium, vii, 56.
Plants, viii, 69.
Lea & Edwards, viii, 69.
Beaches in Cincinnati, Group,

viii, I.
Resignation as Custodian, ix,

133.
Gas Well, X, 56.
Monticuliporoids, x, in, 158.
Knight on Thin-rolled Steel,

viii, 230.
Langdon on Bacillus anthracis,

etc., v. 195.
Destruction of Birds, ix, (14)

78, 131-

28

Index to Vols. I — X,

Proceedings of the Society:

Linnaeus Birthday Reception, vi,

94.
Lectures, Free to Public, vi, 216.
Lectures, Cox on Diatoms, viii,
60.

Bassier on Weather Changes,
viii, 60.

Knight on Meteorites, viii, 61.

Dun on Arctic Explorations,
viii, 61.

Dudley on Water Crystaliza-
tion, viii, I.

Dun on Lantern Pictuies,
viii, 2.

Hall on Guns, viii, 2.

James, J. F., on Ancient Veg-
etation of Earth, viii, 3.

Abert on Nature in Art, viii, 3.
Leue on White Elm, x, 151.
Miller on Glacial Theory, iv, 2.

Annelid Jaws, ii, 2.
Moore on Connection between

Astronomical Conditions and

Earthquakes, vi, 170.
Morgan on Microscopic Work in

Cincinnati, x, 1 14.
Minutes of Executive Board Re-
lating to Revision of Consti-
tution, ix, 37.
Norton on Mastodon, viii, 69.

Phosphate Beds, x, 54.
Peet Beds in Madison County,

Ohio, viii, 56.

Arrow Head in, viii, 56.

Peet, S. D., on Mastodon in

Ohio in Swamp, viii, 117.
Officers Elected : i, 53; iii, 7;

iv, 91; V, 63; vi, 94; vii, 54;

viii, 90; ix, (10) 74; X, 54.
Riggson Mound Builders, x, 112.
Resolutions about Fort Ancient,

x,^6.
Scoville on Peculiar Walnuts, x,

153-
Shorten on Relation of Birds to

Agriculture, v, 67.
Skinner on Witch Hazel, ix. 226.

on Mounds, x, 1 12.
Smith on Color Perception, x, 54.

King Crab, x, 113.
Twitchell on Fresh \Vater
Sponges, X, 1 13.
Microscopic Work, x, 114.
on Microcoleus, x, 152.
Wetherby on Trenton at High
Bridge, iii, 72.
Relation of Mollusks toShell?,
vi, 2.
Young on Black Bass, vii, 95.

Productus, iv, 307.

Proctus graiiulatus, Weth.*iv, 81.

Pronuba yuccasella (See Chambers,

V. T., i, 141.)
Protasterina, i, 95.

Protaster fimbriata, Ul* i, 95. [Should
have been Protasterina ; corrected
in E rata.]

llexuosus, M. and D •■■ i, 31.
miamiensis, S. A. IVL* v, 116.
Protoscolex covingtonensis,Ul. •■ i, 89.
ornalum, Ul.* i, 90.
simplex, UL* i, 90.
tennis, Ul.* i, 90. [Proljaljjy
should have been tenuis.]
Protozoa, Definition of, ix, 244.

of Cincinnati Group, ix, 244.

Psalliota, vi, in.
Psathyrella, vi, 117.
Pseudolira elliptica, x, 80.
Psilocybe, vi, I15.
Psilopezia nummularia, v, 215.
Pterima mucronata, Ul.* ii, 24.
Pterodactyle, vii, 207.
Pterotocrinus, Remarks on, ij, 3.
(See Wetherby, A. G.)
acutus, Weth.* ii. 134.
bifurcatus, Weth.* ii, 136.
spatulatus, Weth.* ii, 137,
Ptilodictya, v, 151, 162.
briareus, Ul.* v, 165.
elegantula, i, 94.
maculata, Ul * v, 163.
magnifica, S. A. M.* i, loo.
pavonia, v, 163.
]>erelegans, Ul.* i, 94.
raniosa, Ul.* v, 164.
Ptilodictyonidas, v, 151, 162.
Pupa cincinnatiensis. Judge* i, 39.
Pyanomya gibbosa, S. A. M.* iv, 318.
Pycnocrinus germanus, vi, 232.

shafferi, vi, 231.
Pyrula (Pyrificus) smithii* viii, 154.
Quebec Group, iv, 277.
Quercus macrocarpa. Variability of

Acorns, iv, 320.
Quick, Edgar R. A prehistoric cup
made from a human cranium, iii,
296.

Winter Birds of 1880, 1S81, on

the Whitewater, v, S4-
Radulum molare, x, 16.
orbiculare, x, 16.
pallidum, x, 16.
Rainfall at Cincinnati, Table of, vii,
109.

and snow tables for Cineinnati

from 1835 to 1876, i, 57.
Rana temporaria sylvatica. Notes on,
iv, 343-

Index to Vols. I — X.

29

Raptorial birds, Food of, viii, 62.
Receptaculidiv, Genera of, viii, 164.
Receptaculites reticulatus, ix, 249.
Red Sandstone in Connecticut, ii,

145^, 153-

Massachusetts, ii, 146.
New York, ii, 148.
Nova Scotia, ii, 151, 158.
Pennsylvania, ii, 147.
Relic Finds, Report on, viii, 55.
Keptilia of Indiana. (See Butler,

A. W.; Hay, O. P.)
Reptiles in Collection of Cin. Soc. of

Nat. Hist., X, 34.
Reservoir, St. Marys, i, 1 18.
Reteocrinus, Remarks on, v, 36.

gracilis, Weth.* iv, 83.
Rhabdomesontidai, vii, 24.
Rhinidictya, v, 152.

nicholsoni, Ul.* v, 170.
Rhizomorpha Sigillaria?, Lesqx., a

probable insect burrow, viii, 158.
Rhombopora armata, Ul.* vii, 31.
crassa, Ul.® vii, 28.
elegantula, Ul.* vii, TfT,.
lepidodendroidea*, vii, 27.
persimilis, UL* vii, 30.
pulchella, Ul.® vii, 31.
wortheni, Ul.* vii, 32.
Rhynchonella tuta, S. A. M.-- iv, 315.
Richardson Tablet, Account of, and
connection with Gest Tablet,
Clarke Tablet, and Gridley Stone,
ix, 231, 234. (See Skinner, J. R.)
Ricketts, B, Merrill, M.D. The Rel-
ative size of Red-blood Corpuscle
and Brain, x, 27.
Riggs on Mound Builders, x, 112.
Kingueberg, E. N. S. Description
of two new species of crinoids
from the shales of the Niagara
Group at Lockport, New York, v,
119.
Rocky Mountain Region. (See Cre-
taceous, Tertiary, Triassic )
Ropalonaria, v, 149.

venosa, Ul.* ii, 26.
Rules for Sections, ix, 9.
Rusophycus, vii, 153.

asper, M. and D.* i, 25.
Russula decolorans, vi, 187.
ffotens, vi, 187.
furcata, vi, 185.
incarnata. Morg. , vi, 187.
lactea, vi, 186.
lepida, vi, 186.
lutea, vi, 188.
nitida, vi, 187.
sordida, vi, 186,
virescens, vi, 186.

Saccocrinus egani, S. A. M.* iv, 173.
infelix, ■■ iv, 260.
marcouanus, •■■ iv, 167,
necis,* iv, 172.
pyriformis, S. A. M.* v, 8r.
urniformis, S. A. M.* iv, 170.
Saccophycus, vii, 157.
Sand polishing and abrading rocks

in California, iv, 201.
Scalaria newtonensis, Mr. and Aid.*
ix, (41) 105.

octolineata, '^ viii, 153.

(Opalia) albitesta, Mr. and Aid.*

ix, (41) 105.
whitfieldi. Aid.® viii, 152.
Scalops aquaticus, ix, 261.
Scalpelluiii subquadratum, Mr. and

Aid.* ix, (46) 1 10.
Scaphander primus, Aid.* viii, 148.
Scapiocrinus spinifer, Weth. ■ iii, 157.
Scenellopora, v, 150.

radiata, Ul. ■■ v, 158.
Schizophyllum commune, vi, 198.
Scolithus, i, 89.
Scops asio, viii, 52.
Scoville, S. S. A Large Bowlder in
Southern Ohio, i, 56.

Mound Builders on the Little

Miami, i, 128.
Shells, collecting, land and fresh

water, v, 44
Schlumberger, C. Remarks upon a

species of Cristellaria, v, 119.
Screech Owl, Dichromatism in, v, 52.
Scytalocrinus wachsmuthi, Weth*

iii, 155-
Sections, Rules for organizing, ix, 9.
SeJgewickia (?) lunulata, Whitf. ■■ i,

140.
Septonema spilomeum, v, 213.
Septopora, v, 150.
Serpulites dissolutus, i, 89.
Shorten, John W. Relation of Birds
to Agriculture, v, 67.

The Little Screech Owl, viii, 52.

Shrike, Great Northern, vii, 12.
Sigaretus (Sigatica) Boettgeri, Mr.
and Aid •■■ ix, (42) 106.

inconstans, Mr. and Aid.* ix,

(42) 106.
(Sigaticus) clarkeanus. Aid.* x,
83-
Silurian Fossils, new. (See Miller,
S. A.; Wetherby, A. G.; Ulrich,
E. O.; James, U. P.)
Siurus auricapillus. Peculiar plum-
age, ii, 102.

30

Index to Vols. 1—X.

Skinner, J. Ralston. The Identifi-
cation of the British Inch as the
Unit of Measure of the Mound
Builders of the Ohio Valley, ix,
(51) 115, 142, 231.

on Witch Hazel, ix, 226.

on Mounds, x, 112.

Smith, Horace P. Bison latifrons,
Leidy, x, 19.

Report of Custodian, x, 85.

Report on the Cincinnati Ly-
ceum of Natural History, x, 142.

on Color Perception, x, 54.

K^'"g Crab X, II3.

Snow and liain. Tables for Cincin-
nati from 1835 to 1876, i, 57.

Snow Bunting, x, 49.

Society of Natural History, Constitu-
tion and liy-laws of, iii, i; ix, 38.

History of, i, 4.

Members of, iv, 346; vii, 51.

Officers of, from tlie organiza-
tion to 1879, i, 2. (See Proceed-
ings of the Society.)

Solarium elegans, var. modeslum,
Mr. and Aid.* ix, (41) 105.

Silecurtus vicksburgensis, Aid.* viii,

145-
Solenia fasciculata, ix, 7.

ochracea, ix, 8.
South Carolina, Tertiary of, iii, 264.
Spatiopora, v, 155; x, 137,

aspera, Ul.® vi, 166.

lineata, Ul.® vi, 167.

maculosa, Ul.® vi, 167.

montifera, Ul.* vi, 168.
Specularia (Campanula) Americana,

yii, 74.
Spirifera nova-mexicana, S. A. M.®
iv, 314-

striata, iv, 307.

temeraria, S. A. M.* iv, 314.

(?) waldronensis, M. and D.* i,

37.
Spirogyra, viii, 167.
Spirorbis cincinnatieiisis, M. and D.®

i, 38.
Sphicria (Conflurentes) rhizogena, v,
216.

(Byssisdte) rhodomphala, v, 217.
(Circumscripta?) fulvo-pruinata,
V, 216.

( ) Leaiana, v, 216.

(Lignosre) tincter, v, 215.
(Seriatffi) maydis, v, 217.
(Subtectre) argyrostigma, v, 2(7.
Spha-ronema oxysporum, v, 213.
Sponges of Ohio River, x, 185.
Sponges, by Edw. M. Cooper, vii, 97.

Spongia lacustris, x, 185.

fluviatilis, x, 185.
Sponf;;ida, Synopsis of Cenera of

Cincinnati Group, ix, 246.
Sporidesmium concinnum, v, 213.
Spurlock, Thomas W. In Memori-

am, by Davis L. James, vii, 13.
Stellipora, v, 139, 155; vi, 263; x, 137.

antheloidea, ii, 127; vi, 263®.

limitaris, Ul. •■ ii, 126.
Stenaster, i, 102.
Stenopora, v, 154.
Stenotrema, iv, 329. (See Helix.)
Stephanocrimus osgoodensis, S. A.

M.« ii, 1 16.
Stereum albobadium, x, 195.

bicolor, X, 95.

candidum, x, 196.

disciforme, x, 196.

frustulosum, x, 196.

hirsutum, x, 194.

ochraceoflavum, x, 195.

purpureum, x, 194.

radians, x, 194.

rugosiuscu'um, x, 193

rugosum, v, 212.

sericeuni, x, 195.

spadicum, x, 194.

subpileatum, x, 196.

versicolor, x, 193.
St. Marys' Reservoir, i, 118.
Stictopora, v, 152, 168.

acuta, Ul. ■■ V, 168.

basilis, Ul.* v, 169.

gilberti, ■■ v, 168.
Stictoporella, v, 152.

interstincta, Ul.* v, 169.
Stictoporidae, v, 139, 152.
Stigeoclonium, tenue, viii, 167.
Stomatopora, v, 149.

proutana, S. A. M.* v, 39.
.Stone, Ormond. On the Extra Me-
ridian Determination of Time by
means of a Portable Transit In-
strument, ii, 211.
Stromatocerium canadense, ix, 25:;.

richmondense, S. A. M.® v, 41;
ix, 252.

Stromatopora insolens, ix, 250.
lichenoides, ix, 251.
ludlowensis, U. P. James.* vii,

140; ix. 251.
papillata, ix, 251.
scabra, ix, 251.
subcylindrica, U. P. James,® vii,

20; ix, (39) 103, 251.
tubularis, U. P. James,® vii, 139;

ix, 250.

Index to Vols. I—X.

31

Strombus (Canaiium) s-mithii, Aid.*

viii, 148.
Strojjhania, vii, 112.
Strophomena rhomboidalis, iv, 306.
Strotocrimus bloomfieldensis, S. A.

M.* ii, 258; iv, 76.
Stuntz, C. R. Classification of the

Public Water Supply of Cincin-
nati, ix, 20.
Sub Carboniferous:, New fossils from.

(See Miller, S. A.; Wetherby, A.

G.)
Subulites gracilis, S. A. M.* v, 116.
Succinea obliqua, iv, 330.
Swiss Lake Dwellers, vii, 87.
Synbathocrinus granuliferus, Weth. •'

ii, 250.
Tachidius (?) fonticola, Cham.* iv,

47-
Tasniaster elegans, S. A. M.'" v, 41.
Tebenophorus, iv, 329.
Tellinomya cingulata, Ul.® ii, 23.
Telmatodytes palustris, Nest of, iii,

222.
Tennessee, Cretaceous of, iii, 92,

Tertiary of, iv, t,},.

Teratichnus confertus, S. A. M.* ii,

221.
Tertiary, General remarks on, iii, 245.

of Alabama. (See Aldrich, T.H.)

California, iii, 276, 2S1; iv, 17.

Mississippi, iv, 7. (See Aldrich,
T. H., and Meyer and Al-
drich.)

Massachusetts, iii, 248.

Missouri River, iii, 268.

Ottawa, iii, 262, 270,

Rocky Mountain Region, iv, 3,
12, 44, 93, 103, 107, 112, 121,
126.

South Carolina, iii, 264.

Tennessee, iv, 33.
Tertiary Shells. ('See Aldrich, T.

H , and Meyer and Aldrich.)
Tern, Black, Nest of, iii, 229.
Texas, Cretaceous of, iii, 15, 23, 31.
Texas, Eocene fossils, x, 81.
Thelephorei, Genera of, x, 188.
Thelephora albido-brunnea, x, 191.

alba-marginata, v, 212.

anthocephala, x, 190.

cristata, x, 191.

cuticularis, v, 211; x, 191.

filamentosa, x, 190.

multipartita, x. 190.

micheneri, x, 191.

palmata, x, 190.

pteruloides, x, 190.

radiata, x, 189.

Thelephora schweinitzii, x, 191.
sebacea, x, 192.
spiculosa, X, 192.
tephroleuea, x, 189.
Thrush, golden-crowned, Pi culiar

plumage, ii, 102.
Thryomanes bewicki, Nest of, v, 93.
Tineid genus Lithocelletis. (See

Chambers, V. T.)
Tinea tapetzella, var. occidentella,

Cham, ii, 193.
Tineina, Habits of, Neuratitn of
Wings, new species, etc. (See
Chambers, V. T. )
Time, Determination of. (See Stone,

Ormond, ii, 211.)
Time, Methods of dividing, by Mex-
icans, viii, 16.
Tongue of some Ilymenoptera, i, 4c,

161.
Topography of Cincinnati, ix, 136.
Trachomatichnus cincinnaliensis. S.
A, M.* ii, 220.

numerssus, S. A. M.* ii, 219,
permultus, S. A. M.* ii, 220.
Tracks of Insects resembling the im-
pressions of plants, viii, 49.
Trametes lactea, v, 208.
mollis, ix, 3.
pallido fulva, ix, 2.
rigida, ix, 2.
scutellata, ix, i.
sepium, ix, 2.
serialis, ix, 2,
Trematodiscus konnincki, Weth.® iv,

79-

rocky-montanus, S. A. M.* iv,
312.
Trematopora, v, 153, 233; x, 138.
Trematopora, Emend, Ul. vi, 257.
americana, S. A. M.* iv, 312.
halli, Ul.* vi, 261.
tuberculosa,* vi, 259.
whitfieldi, Ul.* vi, 262. .
Trenton Group, New fossils from.
(See Miller, S. A.; Wetherby, A.

^•) . .
of Wisconsin, new fossil, v ii,

255.

Remarks on, iii, 144; iv,

84, 283.

Rocks at High Bridge, iii, 72.

Trepostomata, v, 151.

Triassic and Jurassic coal field in
Virginia, ii, 149.

Rocks, ii, 146, 235.

in Kans s, ii, 156.

Missouri and Yellowstone, ii, 155-

New Jersey, ii, 157.

32

Index to Vols. I—X.

Triassic Coal field in North Carolina,
ii, 225.

Prince Edward's Island, ii, 223.

Rocky Mountain Region, ii, 224,

227.

Tricholoma, vi, 65.
Trichophycus, vii, 158.

lanosus, M. and D ■• i, 24.
vtnosum, S. A. M.* ii, 112.
Trifolium pratense, Variability of,

vii, 70.
Triforis aniericanus, Aid.* viii, 151.
Trigonia stiebeli, S. A. M.* iv, 259.
Tridobites, Locomotory appendages

of vi, 200.
Trinucleus bellulus, Ul.* i, 99.
Triodopsis iv, 329. (See Helix.)
Triton (Simpulum) conradianus. Aid.*

viii, 148.

subalveatum, ■■ viii, 154.
Trogia crispa, vi, 198.
Trophonia affinis, i, 91.
Tubaria, vi, 109.
1" urbinella (Car icella) reticulata. Aid.®

viii, 147.
Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) trigemmata,

X, 78.
Turritella bellifera. Aid.* viii, 150.

eurynome, x, 81.
Twitchell, Oeo. B. Remarks on a

variety of Nostoc pruniforme, ix,

253-

on fresh water sponges, x, 113.

on microscopic work, x, 114.

the life in the Tyler Davidson

fountain, viii, 166.
some sponges of the Ohio river,

X, 185.
Ulmus americana, Account of, x, I5i.
Ulrich, Edward O. American Pahie-

ozoic Bryozoa, v, 121, 232; vi, 82,

148, 245; vii, 24.
• Description of a new genus, and

some new species of Bryozoans

from the Cincinnati Group, ii, 1 19.

Description of a Trilobite from

the Niagara Group of Indiana, ii,

131-

Description of some new species

of fossils, i, 92; ii, 8.

Description of two new species

of Crinoids, v, 175.

Observations on Fossil Anneli-
ds, and description of some new
forms, i, 87.

Unionidre o*" the Mississippi Valley,
Catalogue of, ix, 10,

Upper Silurian, Remarks on, iv. 288.

Ursus horribilis, Description of young
of, iv, 68.

Utica Slate Group, iv, 285.

Fossils from. (See Miller, S. A.)

Fossils of, not found in the

Hudson river and Trenton at Cin-
cinnati, ii, 9.

Variability of Acorns of Quercus

macrocarpa, iv, 320.
Veluteria expansa, x, 81.
Venericardia complexicosta, Mr. and

Aid.® ix, (45) 109.
Vine, Geo. K. Criticism, on, vii, 36.

on Arcanoporidre, vii, 36.

Virginia, Triassic and Jurassic Coal

Fields in, ii, 149.
Vitrinazonites latissima, iv, 328.
Vivipera contectoides, i)lanted at

Madisonville, iv, 325.
Volvaria, vi, 97.
Walcottiarugosa, M and D.*i, 39, 88,

Species of, probably not organic

remains, viii, 161.

Waldron Fossils, i, 130.
Warbler, Cincinnati,® iii, 1 19.
Warder, J. A., M.D. In Memoriam.
vi, 211.

List of plants in bloom on April

4, 1882, V, 65.

ReulDen, H. Destruction of

native birds, ix, 179.

Water, Expansion of, in freezing,

viii, 2.
Well at Oxford, Ohio. (See James,

J. F.,x, 70.1
Wetherby, A. G. Description of a

new family and genus of Lower

Silurian Crustacea, i, 162.

Description of Crinoids from

the Upper Sub-Carboniferous of
Pulaski county, Ky., iii, 324.

Description of new fossils from

the Cincinnati Group and the Sub-
carboniferous, ii, 245; iv, 77, 177.

Description of new species of

Crinoids from the Kaskaskia Group
of the Sub-carboniferous, ii, 134.

Directions for collecting and

preserving land and fresh water
shells, V, 44.

Note on Trenton Fossils of Mer-
cer county, Ky., iv, 84.

Notes on some new or little-
known North American Limna'i-
dre, ii, 93.

on the deformities of some Ten-
nessee Helices, i, 154.

on the geographical distribution

of certain fresh water mollusks of
North America, and the probable
causes of their variation. Part I.,
iii, 317. Part II., iv, 156,

Index to Vols. I — IX.

33

Relation of mollusks to shells,

vi, 2

Remarks on the Genus Pteroto-

crinus, L. & C, ii, 3.

Remarks on the Trenton Lime-
stone of Kentucky, with descrip-
tions of new fossils from that for-
mation, and the Kaskaskisi
(Chester) Group, Sub-carbonifer-
ous, iii, 144.

Some notes on American land

shells, iii, 33; iv, 323.

Trenton Rocks at High Bridge,

Kentucky, iii, 72 (See Mickle-
borougii and Wetherby.)

Whitewater, Winter Birds on the, v,

54-
Whitfield, R. P. Remarks on some
lamellibranchiate shells of tlie H ud-
soii River Group, with 'ie^cripttons
of four new species, i, 137

Whitney, J. D. On Climatic Changes

of Later Geological Times — no-
ticed— V, 77.
Wisconsin, Drift of, iv, 210, 221.
Wren, Long-billed Marsh, Nest of,

iii, 222.
Xenocrinnus penicillatus, S. A. M.*

iv, 72, 176.
Xylophaga (?) mississippien^is, Mr.

and Aid.* ix, (46) no.
Yellowstone, Jurassic and Triassic in,

ii, 155.
Young, D. S., M.D., on Black E^ass,

vii, 95
Zeiller, M. R. On Impressions of

Insects resembling plants. (See

James, J. F , viii, 49. )
Zonites, iv, 326, 331. (See Helix.)
Zoological Miscellany, iv, 336; v, 51,

89, 185; ix, 261; X, 49, 147, 214.
Zygospira concentrica, Ul * ii, 14.

Vol. IX. :^o. 1.

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIET! OF lATMAL BISTORY

Publishing Committee:

JAMES W. ABERT. WALTER A. DUN.

RAPHAEL BENJAMIN. WM. HUBBELL FISHER.
JOSEPH F. JAMES.

APRIL, 1886.

published by

Cincinnati Society of Natural History

no. 1 08 broadway.

C T. WOODHOW & CO., PRINTERS, CINCINNATI.

Entered at the Post-Office at Cincinnati as second-class matter.

TABLE OK CONTENTS.

Proceedings of the Society i

Report of the Custodian 4

Annual Address of the President 17

Geology of Cincinnati. By Prof. Jos. F. James 20

Lantern Slides. By E. *J- Carpenter 32

Note on Synonym in Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group.

By Prof. Jos. F. James 39

Tertiary Fauna of Newton and Wautubbee, Miss., by Otto Meyer

and T. H. Aldrich. . ., 40

Indentification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure of the

Mound Builders of the Ohio Valley. . By J. Ralston

Skinner 51

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY — 1886-87.

President Walter A. Dun, M D.

I St Vice-President, . . . Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

2nd Vice President, . . .J. Ralston Skinner.

Secretary, ..... Davis L. James.
Treasurer, . . . . . S. E. Wright.

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD AT LARGE.

Rev. Raphael Benjamin. O. D. Norton, M. D.

T. H. Kelley. Wm. H. Knight.

LIBRARIAN.

Jos. F. James.

CALENDAR OF MEETINGS.

Tuesday, July 6. — Business and Scientific Meeting.
Tuesday, July 20. — Executive Board Meeting.
Tuesday, August 3. — Scientific Meeting.
Tuesday, August 17. — Executive Board Meeting.
Tuesday, Sept. 7. — Scientific Meeting.
Tuesday, Sept. 21. — Executive Board Meeting.

Subscription to the Journal, $2.00* a year of four numbers, in
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The Journal is devoted to the proceedings of the Society. The
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authors of papers.

Note. — Through an oversight the pasring of this number has been begun anew, in-
stead of being made consecutive with the first number ot the volume.

Vol. IX. No. 3.

THE

JOURNAL

CINCINNATI

SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTOBY

Publishing Committee:

gp:o. \v. harper. wm. hubbell fisher.

TRUMAN H. ALDRICH. THOS. FRENCH, Jr.

DAVIS L JAMES.

OCTOBER, 188G.

i'ri!Lisiii',i) liv

Tkk Cincinnati S()cii';r\- dv Naitkai. IIim'()r\'.

Nf). io8 15K()Al)\VA^^

n T. WOODROW i CO.. PRINTERS. CINCINNATI-

Entered at the Post Office at Cincinnati as second-c/ass matter.

'^l^ARLE Ol^" CONTENXS.

Proceedings of the Society 129

The Geology and Topography of Cincinnati. Part II. By

Prof. Jos. F. James 136

The Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure
of the Mound Builders of the Ohio Valley. By J.

Ralston Skinner. Part II 142

pers on the Destruction of Native Birds :

By Mr. Chas. Dury 163

By Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher 167

By Mr. R. H. Warder 179

By Dr. F. W. Langdon 181

By Mr. I^ury, 2nd Paper 192

By Wm. Hubbell Fisher, 2nd Paper 204

By Prof. Jos. F. James 219

By Dr. F. W. Langdon 220

OFFICERS OF IHE ScXlFTV — 1886-87.

President,- . . . Walter A. Dun, M. D.

ist Vice-President, . . Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

2nd Vice-President, . . .J. Ralston Skinner.

Secretary, ..... Davis L. James.
Treasurer, . . . . . S. E. W'right.

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD AT LARGE.

Rev. Raphael Benjamin. O. D. Norton, M. D.

T. H. Kelley. Wm. H. Knight.

I.IIIRARIAN.

Geo. ^^^ Har])er.

CALENDAR (^1" MEEllNC.S.

Oct. 5. — Business and Scientific Meeting.
Oct. 16. - Botanical Section.
Oct. 19. — Executive Board.
Nov. 2. — Scientific Meeting of the Society.
Nov. 13. — Botanical Section.
Nov. 16. — Executive Board.
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TJie Photographic Section meets fin the first and third Thurs-
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The Journal is devoted to the proceedings of the Society.
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Vol. IX. No. 4.

TtiK

JOURNAL

OF THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIETY OF NATDBAL HISTORY.

Publishing Committee:
GEO. W. HARPER. WM. HUBBELL FISHER.

TRUMAN H. ALDRICH. THOS. FRENCH, Jr.
DAVIS L. JAMES.

JANUARY, 1887.

published by

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

No. 1 08 Broadway.

C T. WOODROW « CO.. PRINTBRS, OIHCINNATl

Entered at the Post Office at Cincinnati as second-c/ass matter.

TABLi: OF COXTKXTr^.

Proceedings of the Society 225

Identification of the British Inch as the Unit of Measure of

the Mound Builders. By J. Ralston Skinner 231

Protozoa of the Cincinnati Group. By Prof. Jos. F. James. . 244
Remarks on a Variety of Nostoc pruniforme. By Cieorge B.

Twitchell 253

Observations on Photographic Appliances and their Uses.

By L. M. Petitdidier 256

Zoological Miscellany 261

Additions to Library 267

Index

oF'-fici<:rs ok the societv — 1886-7.

President, . . . Walter A. Dun, M. D.

ist Vice-President, . . Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

2nd Vice-President, . . J. Ralston Skinner.

Secretary, ..... Davis L. James.
Treasurer, . . . . . S. E. Wright.

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD AT LARGE.

Rev. Raphael Benjamin. O. D. Norton, M. D.

T. H. Kelley. Wm. H. Knight.

LIBRARIAN.

Geo. W. Harper.

MEETINGS.

Regular Meeting of the Society, First Tuesday of each month.
Executive Board Meeting, Third Tuesday of each month.
Photographic Section, First and Third Thursday each month.
Botanical Section, Second Saturday afternoon of each month.
Lyceum of Natural History, Saturdays at 10 a. m. and 2:30 p. m.
Free Lectures, Friday evenings in January, February and .March,
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Vol. X. No. I.

the:

JOURNAL

OF THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIETY OF NATIRAL HISTORY.

Publishing Committee:

GEO. W. HARPER. WM. HUBBELL FISHER.

TRUMAN H. ALDRICH. THOS. FRENCH, Jr.

DAVIS L. JAMES.

APRIL, 1887.

published by

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

No. 1 08 Broadway.

O, T. WOODROW & CO.. PRINTERS. CINCINNATI

Entered at the Post Office at Cincinnati as second-class matter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Proceedings of the Society i

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. By. A. P.

Morgan 7

Bison latifrons — Leidy. By Horace P. Smith 19

Agelacinus holbrooki. By U. P. James 25

The Relative Size of the Red-Blood Corpuscle and Brain. By

B. Merrill Ricketts, M. D. , 27

Catalogue of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Batrachians and Fishes. 34
Zoological Miscellany 49

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY — 1886-7.

President, . . . Walter A. Dun, M. D.

1st Vice President, . . VVm. Hubbell Fisher.

2nd Vice-President, . . J. Ralston Skinner.

Secretary, ..... Davis L. James.
Treasurer, . . . . . S. E. Wright.

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD AT LARGE.

Rev. Raphael Benjamin. O. D. Norton, M. D.

T. H. Kelley. Wm. H. Knight.

LIBRARIAN.

Geo. W. Harper.

MEETINGS.

Regular Meeting of the Society, First Tuesday of each month.
Executive Board Meeting, Third Tuesday of each month.
Photographic Section, First and Third Thursday each month.
Botanical Section, Second Saturday Afternoon of each month.
Lyceum of Natural History, Saturdays at lo a. m. and 2:30 p. m.

Subscription to the Journal, $2.00 a year of four numbers,
in advance. Single numbers, 60 cents.

Vol. X. No. 2.

THB

JOURNAL

OF THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIET! OF NATORAL HISTORY

Publishing Committee:
GEO. VV. HARPER. O. D. NORTON.

CHARLES DURY. T. H. ALDRICH.

DAVIS L. JAMES.

JULY, 1S87.

published by

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

No. 1 08 Broadway.

0 T. WOODROW & CO.. PRINTERS. CINCINNATI.

Entered at the Post Office at Cincinnati as seeond-c/ass matter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Proceedings of the Society 53

Catalogue of the Amphibia and Reptilia of Indiana. By

O. P. Hay, Ph. D 59

Account of a Well Drilled at Oxford, Ohio. By Prof. Jos.

F. James 70

Notes on Tertiary Fossils, with descriptions of New Species.

By Truman H. Aldrich . . , , , . . 78

Reports of the Officers of the Society, read at the Annual

. Meeting, April, 1887 84

Ornithological Notes. By Charles Dury '. . 96

Birds, a Lecture by Dr. F. W. Langdon 98

officers' of the society — 1887-88.
President, . . . .J. Ralston Skinner,

ist Vice President, . . Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

2nd Vice President, - . . Davis L. James.

Secretary, .... Wm. H. Knight.

Treasurer, . . . . S. E. Wright.

MEMIiERS AT LARGE OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.

W. A. Dun, M. D., Geo. W. Harper,

F. W. Langdon, M. D. O. D. Norton, M. D.*

*Elected July 5th, vice Geo. Bullock, resigned.
LIBRARIAN.

Miss Nettie Fillmore.

TRUSTEES.

Julius Dexter, 2 years. Reuben H. Warder, i year.

MEETINGS.

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Executive Board Meeting — Third Tuesday of each month.
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Vol. X. No. 3.

THE

J O U R N A I

V

OV THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIETY OF NATfllAL HISTOEY.

Publishing Committee :

GKO. \'V. HA.RPER. O. U. NORTON.

CHARLES DURY. T.. H. ALURICH.

DAVIS L. JAMES.

OCTOBER, IBS 7.

*

ri'lU.lSHEl) H\

'YiiE Cincinnati Sociej v of Natural History
No. loS Broadway.

W ii CU , ]'HIMT15R.S. CINCINIJATI

Entered at the Post Office at Cincinnati as second-class matter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Proceedings of the Society in

On the Monticiiliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group, with
a critical revision of the species. By U. P. James and

and Joseph F. James, ist part 1 18

Report on the Lyceum of Natural History. By H. P. Smith,

Custodian 140

Zoological Miscellany 147

Contributions. By A. W. Butler. 147

" " Chas. Durv . 148

OFFICERS OF IHK SOCIETY — iScSy-SS.

President, . . .J. Ralston Skinner,

ist Vice President, . . Wm. Hubbell Fisher,

2nd Vice President, . .' Davis L. James.

Secretary, . ... . Wm. H. Knight.

Treasurer, . . . . S. E. AVright.

MKMr.KKS A'l FAKCl'', i 1 1- IHK KM (.rilN K P.OARD.

W. A. Dun, i\L I)., (ieo. W. Harper,

F. \V. Langdon, M. 1)., O. D. Norton, M. D.

LIBRARIAN.

Miss Nettie Fillmore.

I'RUS'IKF.S.

lulius De.xter, 2 years. Reuben H. Warder, i year

MKR'nN(;s.
Regular Meeting of the Society — First Tuesday of each month.
Executive Board Meeting-r-Third Tuesday of each month.
Lyceum of Natural History — Saturday at 10 a. .m.

Subscriptions to the Journal, $2.00 a volume of four num-
bers in advance. Single numbers 60 cents.

Vol. X. ■ No. 4.

THE

JOU R N A I.

OF THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIETY OF NATMAL ilSTORY.

Publishing Committee:
GEO. W. HARPER. O. D. NORTON.

CHARLES DURY. T. H. ALDRICH.

DAVIS L. JAMES.

JANUARY, 1S88

PUBLISHED BY

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History,
No. 108 Broadway.

0. T. WOODROW Ji 00.. PRINTERS. OIKOINNATI

Entered at the Post Office at Cincinnati as second-class matter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Proceedings of the Society . 150

On the Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group, with

a critical revision of the species. By U. P. James and

Joseph F. James. 2nd part 158

Some Sponges of the Ohio River. By Geo. B. Tvvitchell . 185
The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. By A, P.

Morgan, continued from page 1,8, Vol. X 188

The American Cross Bill — Its fondness for Salt. By William

Hubbell Fisher 203

The Canada Grouse— Remarks upon. By William Hubbell

Fisher 205

A Home Study in Natural History. "Free Tenants." By

Dr. Felix Oswald 206

Zoological Miscellany 214

Additions to Library 218

List of Members 229

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY I 887-88.

President, . -J- Ralston Skinner.

1st Vice President, . . Wm. Hubbell P"isher.

2nd Vice President, . Davis L. James.
Secretary, . . . Karl Langenbeck

Treasurer, . . . S. PI Wnght.

MEMBERS AT LARGE OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.

F. W. Langdon, M. D., ■ Geo. W. Harper.

Rev. Raphael Benjamin, M. A. O. D. Norton, M. D.

LIBRARIAN.

Miss Nettie Fillmore.

TRUSTEES.

Julius Dexter, 2 years. Reuben H. Warder, i year.

MEETINGS.

Regular Meeting of the Society — F"irst Tuesday of each

month.
Executive Board Meeting — Third Tuesday of each month.
Lyceum of Natural History — Saturday at lo a. m.

Subscription to the Journal, ;$2.oo a volume of four
numbers, in advance. Single numbers 6o cents.

'p^'V^UCii'^ fV

Vol. xr. No. I.

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

CINCINNATI

SOCIETY OF NATDRAl HIST08Y.

IVTemorial Number.

Publishing Committee.
GEO. W. HARPER, O. D. NORTON.

CHARLES DURY, T. H. ALDRICH.

DAVIS L. JAMES.

APRIL, 188S.

PUBLISH Kl) HV

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History,
No. io8 Broadway.

n ■■ nroODBow 4 00.. PWIBTBRB. OIWCTHM*'"'

Entered at the Post Office at Cincinnati as Seeond-c/ass Matter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Proceedings, ......... i

On the Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group,

with a Critical Revision of the Species, by U. P.

James and Joseph F. James (Concluded), . • ^S

Report of the Executive Board, April, 1888, ... 48
In Memoriam, \V. A. Dun, ...... 55

Index, ..........

Officers of the Society— Elected April 3, 1888.

President, ... J. Ralston Skinner

I St Vice President, VVm. Hubbell Fisher.

2nd Vice President, Davis L. James.

Secretary, . J. A. Henshall, M. D.

Treasurer, . . . S E. Wright.

Members at Large of the Executive Board.

Geo. W. Harper, O D. Norton, M. D.,

Raphael Benjamin, M. A., A. Denniston Smith.

Librarian.
Miss Amanda Frank.

Meetings.

Regular Meeting of the Society— First Tuesday of each month.
Executive Board Meeting— Third Tuesday of each month.
Lyceum of Natural History—Saturday at 10 a. m.

Subscription to the Journal, .$2.00 a volume of four num-
bers, in advance. Single numbers 60 cents.

Vol. XI.

Nos. 2 and 3.

THE

JOURNAL

c I isr c I N isr A^ T I

iin if M'liii iisiii.

Publishing Conimittee.

GEO. W. HARPER, O. 1). NORTON,

H. P. SMITH, J. A. HENSHALL,

DAVrS L. I AMES.

jrULir— OCTOBER, 18S8.

Published by

The Cincinnati Socikiy of Natiral History,

No. 108 Broadway.

Jintercfl'fit the I'ost-Offiff at CinciTinati as Scefiiifi-C'lnss Miitlrr.

TABLE 01- CONTENTS.

Proceedings of Society . . . . . 63

Drift, Considered as a Source of Water Supply. By M. D.

Burke ........ 69

Contributions to the Ichthyology of Ohio, No. i. By Dr.

James A. Henshall . . . . . .76

On Some Peculiarities of the Ova of Fishes. By Dr. James

A. Henshall 81

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio, Hymeno-

mycetes (concluded). By A. P. Morgan . . 86

An Ancient Channel of the Ohio at Cincinnati. By Prof.

Joseph F. James ...... 96

The Ivorydale Well in Mill Creek Valley. By Prof: Jos. F.

James ......... 102

Treasurer's Report 1887-88 105

<»f t"ic«'r«* of I lie Society.

President, . . . . . .J. Ralston Skinner.

First Vice-President, . . Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

Second Vice-President, ... . . Davis L. James.

Secretary, ... . . James A. Henshall, M.D.

Treasurer, . . . . . . S. E. Wright.

Itleiiibers at I^arg-e of tin- Exet-utive Board.

George W. Harper. O. D. Norton, M.D.

Raphvel l^enjamin, M.A. A. Denniston Smith.

Liibrariaii.

Miss Amanda Frank.

Meeting' Si.

Regular Meeting of the Society,

First Tuesday of each month, 8 p. m.
Executive Board Meeting,

Third Tuesday of each month, 3 p. m.
Lyceum of Natural History, Saturdays, 10 p. m.

Vol. XI.

No. 4.

THE

JOURNAL

ciisrci]srNA.Ti

ul

JWV AH

n

rr

L

rr

Fuhlishtttg Cowitnttee.

GEO. W. HARPER, O. D. NORTON,

H. P. SMITH, J. A. HENSHALL,

DAVIS L. TAMES.

JyVJNUAItY, lS«t>.

Publislied by

The Cincinnati Society of Nathral History,

No. io8 Broadway.

j:nl<r<(t lit the I'o.st-O/fJc,' (,f ('! iiriti not! as Sc<;,)iil -Chitis Multif.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Proceedings of Society ....... 107

Report on the Museum. By H. P. Smith, Custodian . 11 r
Contributions to the Ichthyology of Ohio, No. 2. By Dr.

James A. Henshall . ' . . . . .122

Big Guns. By Col. J. VV. Abert 127

Distribution of Vernonia in the United States. By Professor
Joseph F. James, M. Sc, Maryland .Agricultural

College . . . . . . . . 136

North American Fungi. By A. P. Morgan . . . 141

Riverside Skull. By A. J. Howe, M.D 150

Additions to the Library of the Cincinnati Society of Nat-
ural History . . . . . . . 155

OlticcTs of tlie Society.

President, . . . . -J- Ralston Skinner.

First Vice-President, . . . Wm. Hubbell Fisher.

Second Vice-President, .... Davis L. James.

Secretary, ..... James A. Henshall, M.D.
Treasurer, . . . . . . . S. E. Wright.

ITIeiiibfr»i at Larg^c of tlte Executive Board.

George W. Harper. O. D. Norton, M.D.

Walter S. Christopher, M.D. A. Denniston Smith.

Librarian.

Miss Amanda Frank.

IVIeetiii^s.

Regular Meeting of the Society,

First Tuesday of each month, 8 p. m.
Executive Board Meeting,

Third Tuesday of each month, 3 p. m.
Lyceum of Natural History, Saturdays, 10 p. m.

Notice — Subscribers to this Journal, who have paid two dollars for
one year, will be entitled to the ne.xt number issued without extra charge, as
numbers 2 and 3 were issued in one.

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The Lecture Committee of the Cincinnati Society ok Natural His-
tory takes pleasure in offering to the ]iuhlic its eighth course of free, pop-
ular scientific lectures.

The Lectures will be given on Thursday Evenings at eight o'clock,
in Greenwood Hall, south-west corner of Sixth and Vine streets ; the use
of which has been granted the Society by the courtesy of the Ohio
Mechanics Institute.

Cards of admission will be required at the door, and may Ije obtained of
the Secretary of Ohio Mechanics Institute, of Davis L. James, No. 131 West
Seventh Street, of George W. Harper, of Mr. Wni. Hubbell Fisher, 13
Wiggins Block, or, at the rooms of the Society, No. 108 Broadway.

The Committee sincerely hopes that the public will show its apprecia-
tion of the course by large attendance

Most of the lectures will be illustrated by lantern views and charts, and
all will be of a character to interest and instruct non-scientific people.

Davis L. James, ^

Geo. W. Harper, I CommiUee.

Wm. Hubbell Fisher, j

[Note.— Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher was elected a member of the Committee by the
E.xecutive Board after the comp etion of this pro,^'ramme, in place of Rev. Raphael Benja-
jnin removed to New York City.]

L(e6tui^e^.-:Bek^on of l8§C).

January 3d. — Introductory — "The Method of Science.'

Prof. Edward Orton, (Ohio State University.)
January loth. — On Musical Sounds, (by request.)

Illustrated by Lantern projections and e.xperiments.
Prof. Thos. French, Jr., (Cincinnati University.)
January 17th. — No Lecture.
January 24th.— "The Meteorology of Ohio, and the Daily Weather Map."

Lt. J. C. Walshe, (U. S. Signal Service.)
January 31st. — "What are we Eating?"

Dr. Walter S. Christopher.

February 7th. -Some Microscopic forms of Vegetable Life.

(Illustrated by Lantern projections.)

Gov. Jacob D. Cox, (Cincinnati University.)

February 14th. — "Destruction of the Buffalo and our other Wild Animals."

(With Lantern pictures.)

Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher.
February 21st. — "Modern Surgery. '

Dr. Joseph Ransohoff, (Medical College of Ohio.)
February 28th. — "Ascent of the Matterhorn."

(Illustrated with maps and views.)
Pres. David L. Jordan, (University of Indiana.)
March 7th.— "The Beautiful and Curious in Insect Life."
(With Lantern views and Blackboard drawings.)

Mr. Chas. Dury.

New York Botanical Garden Librar

3 5185 00263 1834

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