—_ I PLE “SS - LOL ALLE OO ae pha eee ET ~ nel - “— eel lel Niacin ~_— ie ‘Srnysanns aes Se Tres ‘ Nl Me bs / Gr f tal: i pes os . } é ee \ 9) M Jie | ky il [i f | i | Fie omen oat ane ent MS sol THE Soe aNATL OF THE ect NornNn NATE PUBLISHING COMMITTEE: GEO. W. HARPER, “” R. M. BYRNES, JOHN MICKLEBOROUGH, DAVIS L. JAMES. L. M. HOSEA. VOL. VL.-1883. oe tf Mati lonal ‘use a CINCINNATI: PRINTED BY JAMES BARCLAY, 269 VINE STREET. APR 25 (942 DUPLICA Li CONTENTS—VOL. VI. PAGE. Proceedings of the SoceEe Met te RON, ore e : .1, 93, 169, 213 Bibliography of the Cincinnati Fauna, by F. W. rede Soo Sees Seas) Bibliography of the Conchology of Ohio, by AS plier AB Gray sen se 39 Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O., by A. P. Morgan. ......54, 97, 173 American Palzeozoic Bryozoa, Dy er eOcWirieh 5 eskre so Oe ppvec 48: 245 Revision of the Genus Clemitis of the U. 8. , by Joseph F. J ames....... 118 List of the Birds of Bardstown, Ky., by Chas: W.;. Beckham... 32.4. 136 Locomotory Appendages of the Trilobite, by John Micklebor oat Eh Pe.. 200 In Memoriam—C. B. Dyer Rete Se pre oe nn 2 Ls ee et gta ae eee 207 In Memoriam—John A. Warder... ge ea eee 211 A Phosphorescent Kunous, by Davis lh. James 2.6 vss. cs nibge hagtinor as 212 ae a Co 52 rt es aioe ote Md a Bai dhe BR Sw Ee 212 Glyptocrinus redefined and restricted, Gaurocrinus, Pyecnocrinus and ~ Compsocrinus established, and two new species described, by pemea es MINI. eo. oo 8e ok: te a i Ss 217 Description of Fossils from the Cincinnati Group, by U. P. James. 235 recurrence of the Barn Owl, by Chas. Dury.... ........:......... 237 The Giant Beaver, by F. W. Langdon, M.D.......... 238 In Memoriam—YV. T. Chambers, with portrait. . PRO tne Te. 27 ie an AN 239 : 279 0 UP TNS US eS DTU a ea «a a ea = tls aes hae JOURNAL NAL TEY AAT HISTORY PROCHKEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. Turspay Evenine, January 2, 1883. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, President, in the chair. Present, fifteen members. Rudolph F. Balke and Dr. N. P. Dandridge were elected members. Prof. A. G. Wetherby read a paper on the variations in species of land and fresh water shells. The paper elicited considerable discus- sion, in which Dr. R. M. Byrnes participated. Donations were announced as follows: From Smithsonian Institu- tion, eight pamphlets and one volume; R. W. Shufeldt, one pamphlet ; Secretary of State, Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. iv.; James W. Tufts, Boston, Mass., through Dr. R. M. Byrnes, seventeen specimens of marbles; O. M. Meyncke, four specimens of Polyporus nigricans, and specimens of acorns; Ralph Colvin, one pamphlet; the Signal Service Bureau, Monthly Weather Review; Dr. R. M. Byrnes, speci- men rock from Indiana, two specimens of fungi, specimens of Belos- toma grandis, three specimens lizards in alcohol; E. L. Sherwood, specimens of Monticulipora frondosa, and Helicina suborbiculata; Chas. M. Smith, specimens of pottery, etc., from mound in Missouri; Prof. E. S. Wayne, specimen of pigmy owl; Dr. A. J. Howe, specimen of short-eared owl ; Prof. A. G. Wetherby, four specimens Planorbis lentus, five specimens Unios. 2 — Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Turspay Evenine, February 6, 1883. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, President, in the chair. Present, ten members. It was announced that the Society would receive its friends on the evening of February 12th, from 8 to 9:30 p.m., on the seventy-fourth anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin. Donations were announced as follows: From G. H. French, foar pamphlets; Cuvier Club, fourteen species mounted birds, one speci- men fish; Dr. Robert Fletcher, one pamphlet on prehistoric trephining; Signal Service Bureau, annual report for 1880, and Weather Review; Ralph Colvin, four specimens manganese; Dr. J. A. Warder, five pamphlets; E. L. Sherwood, one specimen fossil; Joseph F. James, two pamphlets and one volume; Prof. H. W. Haynes, through Gover- nor Cox, one pamphlet on Discovery of Paleolithic Implements in Egypt; Arthur F. Gray, twenty-nine species shells; Smithsonian In- stitute, volumes 22 and 23 of Contributions to Knowledge; Mr. Rom- baugh, one specimen banded sandstone;-.8. 8. Scoville, M. D., two specimens Orthis scovillei; Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, Proceedings, volume 1, No. 4. : Turspay Eventne, March 6, 1883. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, President in the chair. Present, twenty members. Prof. A. G. Wetherby delivered an address upon the “ Relation of Mollusks to Their Shells,” He gave an account of the anatomy of the common muscle or Unio of our Western rivers. The shells of these mollusks grow generally in the direction of the shorter dimension or diameter, and hence this diameter is called by conchologists the length of the shell, and the longer diameter is the width. The growth of a shell is always from a nucleus, and this nucleus in the univalve shell, to which our common snails belong is a spire. In most shells the spire is elongated, and there is no difficulty in determining which side of the shell is the upper side or spire, but in Planorbis the shell is disciform and almost flat, so that the upper side can be satisfactorily determined only by the position of the animal. Prof. Wetherby con- cludes that the shell in this genus is reversed, and the spire carried with its apex downward, an anomaly in the family of Mollusks. Mr. A. F. Gray was elected a member of the Society. Dr. k. M. Byrnes exhibited a specimen of Stellipora antheloidea, collected from the Utica Slate Group, within fifty feet of low-water mark in the Ohio river opposite the foot of Fifth street, Proceedings of the Society. 3 A resolution was adopted thanking Messrs. F. Speth and Fred. Wagener for their display of microscopes and objects at the Darwin reception, and Mr. Thos. Knott for a beautiful floral decoration for the same occasion. ; Donations were announced as follows: From Wm. N. Rice, 1 pamphlet; Arthur F. Gray, 2 pamphlets; Signal Service Bureau, Weather Review for December, 1882 ;.U. S. Geological Survey, Ter- tiary History of the Grand Canon District, with atlas; Smithsonian Institution, 2 pamphlets; G. M. Austin, 6 species of fossils; Zoological Society, ninth annual report; Missouri Historical Society, 2 pamph- lets; sixteen subscribers, a set of 13 volumes of Chas. Darwin’s works (these latter were presented to the library at the meeting held in honor of Darwin’s birth, on February 23, postponed from February 12; Dr. H. H. Hill, 64 volumes Ohio Geology, etc., 40 vials insects, 20 maps, 1 mounted specimen Great Northern Diver; Miss Janet Knox, specimen Melo diadema. THE FLoopD IN THE Onto RIVER. The rain storms in the valley of the Ohio were excessive in the latter part of January, and early part of February, and happened to be so distributed that the high water in the smaller streams that feed the lower Ohio was permitted to unite with the great volume coming down from the upper Ohio. The consequence was that while the upper Ohio did not reach the height of the freshets of 1847 and 1832, the lower Ohio rose higher than ever known before, always excepting of course the possibility that it did not reach the height of the river of the 18th of March, 1793, described by Dr. Drake in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2d ser., vol. 2. For convenience of reference we here record the height of the water from the 1st to the 23d day of February, 1883, at Cincinnati, accord- ing to the Water Works mark: Wt. In. Hentuary 1....... EedeAGhoGGE be Cdn. 2 padtootenan tas 80) 7 Cm are ene et gE Ieee eee ee ae 28 10 ee Go ROD A IOROO CENSOR eye WMG Bey ETE es Sa Ace ital he Sat en so 58 Gs LQ), -ccptaia Se ois ce ROMS cierto meets PRE yh Rts nr a nae BENG eta ale cn nee 59 «43% ie MRD OR CLOU KS Ato Mater nore ee ee rn ae Ci eee Ee ee 59756 Ot 12 ra Nt ME oie an ey a RMR pe rE. one MNT as Po ores = eer eee 62 73% ue 13 Se ULAR Bertil eich OES CEM DELETE, « SURE Rar Ge RL a 64 5% Cr 14 at 2 o’clock A.M..... PESOS Cecmittin RSIS One CAME REL I SaC I Ce DESL E Ete iey einem 65 = O03 20 3 ee nea Gis, ue al i Cea UP ans En as ee Re ee a 65, 034 - 4 OT OS eS Se ole we he ls SR SC RAD Sie a 65 “ 5 CO Wr Aa eae So Se Eel 3 a RR Sete ERIC oye Ie 64 1134 6 ee + Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Ft. In. February 14, at 7 o'clock A.M... . 20225-22202) ee ss Fee Cnr 64 11 “ 8 ge UN 64 10% “ 9 Sa) OAs ae ge ee pee 2 alt ee 64 103% “ 10 erred hl Ee 64 11% “ rl Ca Suds ak Oe 65 0% ‘ 12 Ghassan vid eb deme belle) hos er 65 1% “6 TOClockéP. Mace 4! bee baa ala epee Su 65 8 se 2 BS ocala sesetyo el teh. err 65 44 ob 3 Dl nee ee ae EMMA EMM G a amb Gos pico oassoccoenc aes: | 65 6 “ 4 Be Bee bea Sd peli eer 65 7% OY 5 Se ae en ane ARMM ONC Mminnico 5 c.6000009 s00532995% Gao “ 6 ee ee ce 65 10% “ 7 OE ods ec cseMe ie pets err 65 11% “ 8 Ey laser arte er 66 0% ‘ 9 COTA RHE LENE RUZ It AMG NGA Oe ae ee ene el es Teen 66 0% cs 10 COS LAR Rie FU Rr Eee ee eee er Lialat vides ae 66 1% ce 11 Bo i ee Briss, 66 23% ae TOC HAMEIN ““seeaasbooe wooo Aobdodaceqed codooose oD oosocecN. dp eee 66 23% > 15, at-lo? clock Ao Ms oi eee ea. rote a eee Pe OIE 84. cs 2 OP TEe CsA PO Maat E PR sai oy =: oye PS 66 8% cs 3 SW a wr ...66 38% 6 4 (highest point) .. 220.000... 3:0) e. Joc e des cals eee een ve 5 SO etn Tle g's & lia ele e alpiGl sale egal aang eee eae rr 66 4 ‘6 6 ey Sinan Se 66 3% ‘ 7 Be lidisisesdsvsreswsesecti st tio 66 3% “ 8 oe ai 66 3% $e 9 BB Ne re ualele gaudiets amis os Aube selena Peleremgciede sala ee 66 3 “ 10 ill la 66 2% we 11 ah eee eae nnn ian GA a ooo moc grossecns 66 2% «“ 12 liidiseeyhiiii 66 1% ss ANOZCLOCK IE NESE yee cee eer eueniateate EON ie eG Aiuc aga’ oss Go.u0 (il “ 2 a obese ae gh lia Seed ce esis Ee 66 04 | “ 3 i dawlitli lbw 65 113% o 4 “6 er ree J. 88 LLY | «“ 8 Bo ches Paik jo. He vee ke ee ey 65 «68 : “ Wmidnight. 23. nlecweal cof ihoseee ed ee Sees 65 38% ‘6 ABs at2o’clock A. Mic eceec eects ee 657 18Z. te 6 AA SA RAG peat ec Ya ho aIEae eaea eight ee 64 10 “ 10 SEV) 7) eae act Sater Leslds tee ead ere eee de 64 5 | we 12-0’ Clock Me cee lee eS a Tae 64 414 ; “ A O'CLOCK PM. boise ee ee hie ceded cee ll 638 11% ; “ 8 ODA me Ue RA Shea dan do ye i palis (rr 63 8 ; és LOAM NG lS aeisooneaes ala lalmice enn e Renee MPH EN Be rallG S50 9 its Gone ss AT PA 2 OF CLOCK Av M icc ages cis A oe se Ca Ue coe ee eee Pe SAME TO At 0,5" 64 0% di 8 SE aaa. se eisieausreyalolh siewnertlels tis us brs Aces Un ee a ar (4) Tf “6 12 ee An an Aen Mn RANE es bolo bx souccecoons 62 6 4 660 SMe 2 cistelalels aeons ab sieve’ an ifain ollats! eid =) tos ue Oil Wes ‘s 8 BON tet Dba us Mae tals § adja aya des oie) eid a adaeleleteagita aah alae es ee sO 58 DAB Vets bal td 1 Ce ae MARNE S eg eae arent ad Ae 18, ab2 O'CIOCK Ae Mew). i122 bi. chen joc c ck ee fee don seine lees ae a Ol ‘ 19 BE ay SEEN Nadie Gabel aacaeeda anand Bue gate Be eA An iS) ‘6 20) C6 Oo ete title dat Sudle’ Ny iole iPad onder gia damnala lalate ght een a rrr aS Be 6 2) Gre VE Rtas a d8\ oaths o sds clan enna bic ave SERS Mas nee oN ea 56 10 & 22 OE te aN: Sletaie ie elinta a! Slo etinie ale!” lablehatiarshels larelactlannt Gianna ne rs 54° 8 o6 WB at OO CLOCK Ae Mie cia hada eile olalaras sites ietee oedein lonr eee er 50 Bibliography of the Cincinnatt Fauna. D BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CINCINNATI FAUNA. By Dr. F. W. Lanepon. By way of supplement to our “ Synopsis of the Cincinnati Fauna,” * given in a late number of this JouRNAL, we append a local zoological bibliography, which we hope will be found of use to those interested in the fauna of this vicinity. It aims to include the zoological publi- cations relating to this vicinity, with such others as may have a more or less direct bearing thereon. The department of Palzeontology is not touched upon, excepting in the case of publications relating to fossil tertiary mammalia. General works ace, as a rule, mentioned by title only; more extended notice being given to publications of a strictly local nature. For valuable assistance in the department of Ornithology, we are indebted to Dr. J. M. Wheaton, of Columbus, Ohio, who has kindly furnished us with advance sheets of his forthcoming “ Bibliography of Ohio Ornithology,” +which we have largely quoted, especially in the case of Dr. Kirtland’s papers, very few of which were accessible to us. The ornithological portion of the present bibliography, contains all the titles given by Dr. Wheaton, in the above mentioned work, with about a dozen additional ones, some of the latter being publications pertaining to adjoining portions of Indiana. Mr. Charles Dury has contributed the portion relating to the depart- ment of Entomology ; Mr. A. F. Gray, that on Mollusca ; and Dr. J. H. Hunt, that on microscopic Articulata, Coelenterata and Protozoa, There never was a perfect bibliography, and it is not expected that the present one is an exception to the rule ; additions and correc- tions will be thankfully received. SUBKINGDOM VERTEBRATA. CLASS MAMMAL TA. 1778. Hurouins, THomas. Topographical description of Virginia, Pennsylvania and North Carolina, comprehending the rivers Ohio, Kanawha, Scioto, Cherokee, Wabash, Illinois, Miss- issippi, etc. London, 1778. * This Journal, vol. v., No. 3, Oct., 1882, pp. 185-191. + In vol. iv. Geological Survey of Ohio, 1882. 6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Not seen; this notice, from ‘‘ Allen’s History of the American Bison,” p. 505, foot-note; mentions buffalo as “innumerable” northwestward of the Ohio river, from the mouth of the Kanawha, far down the Ohio. 1788. May, Cot. Joun. Journal and letters of, etc. < Hist. & Philos. Soc. of Ohio, new series, vol. i., pp. 81-83. Mention of buffalo on the Maskingum. Not seen; title quoted from “‘ Allen’s History of the American Bison,” p- 505, foot-note. 1808. AsHe, THomas. Travels in America, performed in 1806, for the purpose of exploring the rivers Allegheny, Monongahela. Ohio and Mississippi, and ascertaining the produce and condition of their banks and vicinity. By Thomas Ashe, Esq. In three volumes, vols. i. [ii.-iii.], London. Printed for Richard Phillips, Bridge street, by John Abraham, Clement’s lane. 1808. Vol. I.—Reference, p. 95, ef. seqg., to abundance of buffalo at Onondago Lake, Pa. (attracted by Salt springs). Vol. IIl.—Deer near Marietta, Ohio, p. 23. There are various other references bearing on Ohio. 1838. Atwater, Cates. A history of the State of Ohio, natural and civil. by Caleb Atwater, A.M., member of the American Antiquarian Society; of the Rhode Island Historical Society; of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York; and of the American Geological Society; author of Western Antiquities; Tour to Prairie DuChien, ete. Second edition: Cincinnati; stereotyped by Glazen & Shepard. Title page not dated. There must be a first edition somewhere, but we have been unable to find it. Under head of “ Wild Animals,” ete., pp. 67-70, mentions bear, black and yeilow wolf, and the panther and the black and gray fox;” also beaver, otter, elk and bison, along with the common species: 1838. Briees, JR.. C. Report of (on counties of Wood, Crawford, Athens, Hocking and Tuscarawas.) < (Second Annual Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Ohio, by W. W. Mather, principal geologist, and the several assistants. Columbus. Samuel Medary, printer to the State, 1838, pp. 109-154, Contains references, with weights and measurements (pp. 127-129), to various bones of a Mastodon found near Bucyrus in 1838. 1838. Foster, J. W. Report of (on counties of Muskingum, Licking and Franklin), < Op. cit. ee Bibliography of the Cincinnati Fauna. Contains (pp. 79-83) the original description, illustrated, of the giant beaver (Castoroides ohioensis), and references to other fossil mammalian re- mains found near Nashport, Ohio. 1838. KirtLanp, J. P. Report on the Zoology of Ohio, by Prof. J. P. 1846-48. Kirtland, M.D. Srzwers, C. G. Notes on Larve, etc. < Canadian Entomolo- gist, vol. x., p. 84. SrewERS, C.G. Wintering Vanessa antiopa. < Canadian En- tomologist, vol. x., p. 115. Grotr, A. R. Description of a new Botis, allied to Flavidalis, by A. R. Grote, Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. < Canadian Entomologist, vol. ix., p. 10. Description of Botis langdonalis, n. sp. Dury, CHARLES. On the occurrence of Omophron robustum, Dacne ulkei, and Coptodera erata, near Cincinnati. .0028 mm. In woods in rich soil about old stumps. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, red- dish-brown, with darker squarrose scales; the stipe 3-4 in. high, the bulb sometimes with a crenate margin. Veil clinging to the margin ” of the pileus, and finally forming an ample annulus. Our plant seems to differ from the European one, especially in the nature of the bulb. 13. A. RUBRO-TINOTUS, Peck.—Pileus fleshy, soft, convex, then expla- nate; cuticle reddish, fibrose-lacerate. Stipe hollow, glabrous, some- ‘what bulbous, tapering upward; annulus persistent. Lamelle free, white. f Among the old leaves in rich woods. ‘Pileus 14-3 in. broad, stipe 3-4 in. long. This is a very beautiful plant; the pileus is bright red, and the stipe white, smooth and shining, the cuticle bredks up into silky fibres, which commonly remain. 14, A. AMERICANUS, Peck.—Pileus convex, umbonate ; the margin obscurely striate. Stipe glabrous, gradually enlarged below into 4 long sub-ventricose bulb-like base. Lamelle free. On lawns and elsewhere on grassy grounds. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, stipe 3-4 in. high. The whole plant when handled or in drying changes to a dull pinkish-red color. The frail annulus is sometimes carried away upon the margin of the pileus. d’. Pileus with blackish or blackish-brown scales. 15, A FuscosquAMEus, Peck.—Pileus convex, rough with erect point- ed blackish-brown scalés. Stipe floecose, thickened at the base. Lamelle free, white. Spores .0076.0036 mm. In rich woods among the leaves. Pileus 14-2 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. long. All parts of the plant somewhat whitish at first turn black in handling. 16. A, FELINUS, Pers.—Pileus fleshy, thin, the umbo and the scales The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 63 blackish. Stipe hollow, fragile, rather equal, floccose-scaly; the anuu- lus fugacious. Lamelle approximate, white. Spores .0055>.0035 mm. In woods. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, stipe about 2in. long. This is a variety of A. clypeolarius, Bull, according to Fries. e’. Pileus with whitish or alutaceous scales. 17. A. crtstatus, A. & S.—Pileus slightly fleshy, campanulate, obtuse; cuticle at first contiguous, then seceding in subgranulose scales. Stipe hollow, slender, equal, silky-fibrillose ; the annulus seceding. Lam- elle free, at length remote. 7 In woods among the old leaves, Pileus 1-2 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. high. This plant is remarkable for its offensive odor. The-piléus is whitish, alutaceous or yellowish, it is fragile, and often split and ir- regular ; the stipe is curved or crooked and floccose. 18. A. MIAMENSIS, n. sp.—White. Pileus somewhat fleshy, convex then explanate, even, scaly. Stipe hollow, glabrous, nearly equal; the ‘annulus fragile. Lamelle approximate. Spores .006.003 mm. (See Plate III.) ; In woods upon the old leaves, Pileus 1-14 in. in diameter, stipe about 2 in. long. This plant differs from .003 mm. In woods, common. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. long. This is readily recognized by its brownish, viscid pileus. Notr—A. cLyProLarius, Bull., of Lea’s list, is omitted. Iam disposed _ to think the A. clypeolarius of Fries’ Icones has not yet been found in this country. The Lepiotas are very interesting plants, and I am aware that I have not here exhausted the list of those that grow in our valley ; several of those given need more study and the measurement of the spores. Suseenus III.—Armivuaria, Fr. Spores white. Hymenophore confluent with the stipe. Veil partial annuliform. 23. A. MELLEUS, F]. D.—Pileus fleshy, thin, explanate, scaly-pilose ; the margin when expanded, striate, stipe spongy-stuffed; the annulus floccose, spreading. Lamelle adnate, decurrent by a tooth, rather dis- tant, pallid, at length somewhat reddish-spotted, mealy with the spores. Spores .008-.009<.005-.006 mm, Very abundant in autumn in woods and fields about old stumps. Pileus commonly 3-5 in. across, and stipe 4-6 in. high; though these measurements are exceeded. It occurs solitary, and is often densely cespitose. The color is reddish or yellowish, the scales sometimes be- coming brown; the stipe is firm, elastic and solid, more or less fibril- lose. Thisis the only Armillaria as yet detected in the Miami valley. The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 65 _Suscenus I[V.—TricHoLoma, Fr. Spores white (except in No. 27). Stipe fleshy, not corticate. Hy- menophore confluent with the stipe, the lamelle sinuate behind. All terrestrial. a. Pileus white or whitish, 24, 25. 6. Pileus gray or violaceous, 26, 27. c. Pileus brown or blackish, 28, 29. a. Pileus white or whitish. 24, A. spERMATICUS, Paul.—White. Pileus somewhat fleshy, convex, then explanate, obtuse, repand, glabrous, viscid. Stipe stuffed, then hollow, elongated, twisted, even. Lamellz emarginate, rather distant, eroded. Spores .0056 mm. long. In woods in autumn. Pileus about 3 in. in diameter, the stipe 3-4 in. long. The viscid pileus, shining when dry, and the twisted stipe often tapering at the base, distinguish the species. I find it rather scarce. 25. A. LATERARIUS, Peck.—Pileus convex or expanded, pruinose, whitish; the disk often tinged with red or brown; the thin margin marked with slight, subdistant, short, radiating ridges. Stipe nearly equal, solid, white. Lamellz narrow, crowded, white, prolonged in little decurrent lines on the stem. Spores oval, .0046 mm. long, Around old rotten logs in woods. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, stipe 3-4 in. high. The pinched up margin of the pileus is a convenient mark of specific distinction. | b. Pileus gray or violaceous. 26. A. TERREUS, Scheeff.—Pileus fleshy, thin, soft, campanulate, then expanded, umbonate, clothed with innate floccose or scaly down, mouse- eolor. Stipe stuffed, nearly equal, appressed-fibrillose, whitish. Lamellze attached, decurrent by a tooth, crenulate, white-gray. Spores somewhat elliptic, .0070.0055 mm. In woods, solitary. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, stipe about 3 in. high. Very scarce. The spores in my specimen are rather larger than in the British plant where they are given as nearly spherical and .0050 mm. long; yet the agreement is close otherwise. 27. A. pERsoNnATUS, Fr.—Pileus compact, then soft, convexo-plane’ obtuse, regular, glabrous, moist. Stipe solid, obese, somewhat bulbous, villous. Lamellze rotundate-free, close, violaceous then sordid. Spores pale salmon color, regular, .006.003 mm. 66 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In woods and thickets, September and October. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, stipe 1-3 in. long, 2in. thick. The whole plant in its prime is of a violet or lilac hue; this changes with age to a pallid or dirty white color. The pileus has an oily appearance on the surface, but is watery not viscid; the stipe is often very short and thick for the size of the pileus. The margin of the pileus is at first involute and villous-pruinose. The spores, although reddish, are regular in shape, and not angular asin Entoloma. c. Pileus brown or blackish. 28. A. ceRINUS, Pers.—Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse or de- pressed, becoming glabrous. Stipe stuffed, fibrillose-striate, glabrous at the base, often brown. Lamelle attached, seceding, close, yellow. Spores oval, .0083 x .0055 mm. In open woods about logs and rotten wood. Pileus 14-2 in. broad, stipe about 14 in. long. The plant I have so referred has the stipe brown-tomentose; in other respects it agrees quite perfectly. 29, A, MELALEUCUS, Pers,—Pileus fleshy, thin, convexo-plane, some- what umbonate, glabrous, moist, growing pallid. Stipe stuffed, slender, elastic, rather glabrous, whitish with a few dark fibrils, thickened at the base. Lamelle emarginate-attached, close, white. Spores unsym- metrical, apiculate, .006.004 mm. In woods in wet weather and on grassy grounds. Pileus 14-3 in. broad, the stipe 2-3 in. long. The pileus varies in color from a sooty- black when fresh and wet to pale when dry; the lamelle and stipe are — white. Notr.—Our species of Tricholoma are remarkably few in number, and the individuals very scarce. Not a single species occurrs in Lea’s Catalogue. I am disposed to think I have had specimens of A. schumacheri, Fr., but they are not figured, and need verification. Being so few in number, I have given them an artificial arrangement, in order simply to facilitate their determination. SusGENus V.—CuirocyseE, Fr. Spores white (except in No. 31). Stipe spongy-stuffed, somewhat elastic, externally fibrous. Margin of the pileus involute. Lamelle attenuate behind, adnate or decurrent, never sinuate. Fungi mostly terrestrial. a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 67 A. Fungi solitary, pileus not infundibuliform. ’ a. Pileus not white, 30-32. b. Pileus white, 33-37. B. Fungi ceespitose, pileus more or less irregular, 38, 39. C. Pileus infundibuliform, 40-42. A. Pileus convex then plane or depressed, regular ; lamelle adnate or regularly adnate-decurrent. Fungi solitary. a. Pilewus cinereous, purplish or brown, not white. 30. A. NEBULARIS, Batsch.—Pileus fleshy, compact, convexo-explanate, obtuse, even, clouded with gray or dingy-brown. Stipe stuffed, firm, fibrillose-striate. Lamelle somewhat decurrent, arcuate, close, white then pallid. Spores .0043x.0025 mm. In woods, not common. Pileus 3-5 in. broad, stipe 3 in. long and about 1 in. thick. This is a large Clitocybe, with a stout stipe and a thick pileus. I have not yet found it myself; it is in Lea’s Catalogue where it is stated as growing “amongst dead leaves in a fern ravine.” 31. A. oCHRO-PURPUREUS, Berk.—Pileus subhemispheric, at length ‘depressed, fleshy, compact, tough, pale alutaceous, slightly changing to purplish; the cuticle easily separable; the margin inflexed, at first tomentose. Stipe paler, here and there becoming purplish, tumid in the middle. Lamelle thick, purple, broader behind, decurrent. Spores white or pale yellow. In woodlands on clay soil. Pileus 2 in. across, stipe 24 in. high, 2 in. thick in the middle. Thisis one of Mr. Lea’s new species, found first at Cincinnati, then at Waynesville. It hasalso been found in New York by Prof. Chas. H. Peck, the State botanist. 32, A. Laccatus, Scop.—Pileus somewhat membranaceous, convex, then versiform, somewhat umbilicate, when mature, mealy or somewhat scaly, hygrophanous. Stipe stuffed, equal, tough, fibrous. Lamelle adnate, thick, distant, brightly colored, at length white-pzuinose. In woods. Pileus 1-2 in. across, stipe 2-5 in. long. The pileus is usually reddish brown or ochraceous, sometimes of a brighter color. The lamelle are commonly flesh-color or violaceous. b. The whole fungus white or whitish. 33. A. connExuS, Peck.—Pileus thin, convex or expanded, some- what umbonate, minutely silky, white, sometimes faintly tinged with blue, especially at the margin. Stipe solid, nearly equal, whitish. Lamelle crowded, narrow, whitish, decurrent. Spores somewhat ovoid, .007.005 mm. 68 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In woods. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. long. A very pretty species. I find it sometimes quite bluish on the pileus; and sometimes the stipe rather thicker than ‘‘ tapering” at the base. The lamelle sometimes appear a little rounded behind. 34. A. PHYLLOPHILUS, Fr.—White. Pileus fleshy, thin, rather plane, umbilicate, glabrous, growing pale. Stipe rather hollow, terete, then compressed, glabrous, white tomentose at the base. Lamelle, adnate- decurrent, moderately distant, white then yellowish. Spores oblong- ovoid, .0055.0028 mm. In woods among old leaves, especially of beech. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. long. It sometimes occurs large and ceespitose, the pileus repand or even undulately lobed. 30. A. CANDICANS, Pers.—White. Pileus a little fleshy, convex then plane or depressed, even, out of a thin silky film becoming pure white, shining. Stipe disposed to be hollow, even, WAXY shining. Lamelle adnate, close. thin, finally decurrent. In moist places in woods among the leaves. Pileus about 1 in. across; stipe 1-2 in. high, incurved and villous at the base, the rest glabrous. The pileus usually preserves a very perfect and regular outline. 36. A, DEALBATUS, Sow.—White. Pileus alittle fleshy, convex, then plane and revolute, even, glabrous, somewhat shining. Stipe stuffed, wholly fibrous, slender, equal, somewhat pruinose at theapex. Lamellz adnate, close, thin, white. In pastures and grassy grounds. Pileus about 1 in. across, some- times orbicular, sometimes yery wavy; stipe about 1 in. long, often curved. It has a mild, mealy odor. 37. A. TRUNCICOLA, Peck.—Pileus, thin, firm, expanded or slightly depressed, smooth, dry, white. Stipe equal, stuffed, smooth, often ex- centric and curved, whitish. Lamelle narrow, crowded, adnate-de- current. Spores oval, .0048X.0037 mm. In woods, growing on fallen trunks and branches, especially of Maples. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, stipe about 1 in. high. This species, like cyathi- Jormis, has a rather peculiar habitat for a Clitocybe. B, Pileus more or less irregular; lamelle unequally decurrent. Fun- gt cespitose, often connate, The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 69 38. A. ILLUDENS, Schw.—Ceespitose, reddish-yellow. Pileus fleshy, glabrous, umbonate, convex, then expanded and depressed. Stipe very long, firm, solid, glabrous, tapering at the base. Lamelle unequally decurrent. In woods, growing in great masses about old stumps. Pileus com. monly 4-6 in. broad, stipe 5-8 in. long, but these dimensions are some- times much exceeded. This is a very showy and magnificent plant ; it isa native of thiscountry. It was first found in the woods of North Carolina, by Louis de Schweinitz; it occurs in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and no doubt ranges westward to beyond the Mississippi. These great masses of bright saffron-yellow color attract the attention of the beholder at a great distance through the open woods. Passing its prime it begins to blacken. 39, A. MONADELPHUS, n. sp.—Densely ceespitose. Pileus fleshy, con- vex, then depressed, at first glabrous, then scaly, honey color, varying to pallid-brownish or reddish. Stipe elongated, solid, crooked, twisted, fibrous, tapering at the base, pallid-brownish or flesh-color. Lamelle short, decurrent, not crowded, pallid flesh-color. Spores white, a little irregular .0076<.0055 mm. (See Plate IV.) On the ground in wet woods from spring to late autumn. Pileus 1-3 in. in diameter, stipe 3-7 in. long. Symmetrical tufts of numerous (20-50) individuals spring up from a common point in the ground. ~In some of the tufts the pilei are of a beautiful bright honey- yellow color, in others they are a dull yellow, dull reddish or even brownish. The pileus is finally more or less scaly. This species does not appear to be closely related to any other Clitocybe; in color and general appearance it much resembles slender specimens of Agaricus mellens, but there is no ring. C. Pileus infundibuliform ; lamelle equally decurrent. 40, A. INFUNDIBULIFORMIS, Scheeff.—Pileus fleshy, compact, then soft, at first convex, umbonate, innate-silky, afterward infundibuliform, flaccid, expallent. Stipe spongy-stuffed, soft, elastic, thickened down- wards. Lamelle long-decurrent, a little close, pure white. Among mosses and leaves in woods, common. Pileus 2-3 in. across. Stipe 2-3 in. high. The color of the pileus varies from pale reddish to alutaceous, and passing into white, but not at first white; it is some- times variously crisped and lobed, the margin involute and downy, often pinched up into little raised striz. 70 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 41, A. cyatuirormis, Bull.—Pileus fleshy-membranaceous, depressed then infundibuliform, even, nearly glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, margin foralong time involute. Stipe stuffed, elastic, tapering upward, fibrillose-reticulate. lamella adnate then decurrent, distant, joined behind, sordid. Spores .008-.010X.005-.007 mm. | On the ground and on logs in woods. Pileus 14-24 in. across, stipe about 2 in. long. ‘The color is at first brownish, then clay-color or alu- taceous. The margin, when fully expanded, becomes striatulate. The stipe is colored as the pileus. 42. A. pRuINosuS, Lasch.—Pileus fleshy-membranaceous, umbilicate, then infundibuliform, rather even, hygrophanous, sprinkled with a leaden bloom. Stipe stuffed, somewhat ascending, fibrillose, pallid. Lamelle adnate then decurrent, close, narrow, white, then sordid. On the ground and also on trunks, in woods, late in autumn. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, stipe 1-2 in. long. The pileus is brown, growing cinere- ous, sometimes scaly. This is one of Mr. Lea’s finds that I have not yet met with. | SuspGENus VI.—Cottrysia, Fr. Spores white. Pileus convexo-plane, the,margin at first involute. Stipe hollow and cartilaginous, or medullate, with a cartilaginous bark, rooting. Lamelle free or attached obtusely. Fungi epiphytal on wood, leaves, etc., or rooting in the ground. A, Stipe glabrous. a. Lamelle broad, distant, 43, 44. b. Lamelle uarrow, close, 45-48. B. Stipe not glabrous. ec. Lamelle broad, distant, 49-51. d. Lamelle narrow, close, 52-54. A, Stipe glabrous. a. Lamelle broad, distant. 43. A. Rapicatus, Relh.—Pileus fleshy, thin, convexo-plane, gibbous, rugose, glutinous. Stipe stuffed, tall, tapering upward, rigid, glabrous, at length sulcate. Lamelle attached, disposed to secede, distant, white. Spores, .017X<.010 mm. In woods and fields about the bases of old stumps; one of the com- monest Agarics from early spring till late in autumn; always readily recognized by its long rooting stipe. Pileus usually 2-4 in. broad, The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 71 stipe 4-8 in. high, though these dimensions are sometimes greatly ex- ceeded. The pileus varies much incolor, being brownish, ochraceous, pallid and even whitish; it is at first slimy. The stipe is sometimes _ twisted, and in the variety which most commonly grows with us, the stipe is furfuraceous with minute scurfy particles. 44, A. pLATYpHYyLLUs, Pers.—Pileus fleshy-membranaceous, ex- planate, obtuse, moist, fibrillose-virgate. Stipe stuffed, equal, soft, naked, striate, pallid; the root premorse. Lamelle truncate-attached, distant, very broad, white. Spores, .v18x.013 mm. In woods, on and about rotten logs, common from spring to autumn. Pileus 4-7 in. across, stipe 3-5 in. high, and 4-2 in, thick. The pileus is watery, and varies in color from brownish and cinereous to whitish; it is sometimes quite wavy and irregular. The stipe is white, very stout and biunt at the base, with an abundant white mycelium. Ours may be the variety repens figured by Fries in his “ Icones Selecte;” I find the stipe sometimes hollow. 6. Lamelle narrow, close. 45, A. BuTYRACEUS, Bull.—Pileus fleshy, convexo-expanded, umbon- ate, even, glabrous, moist, expallent, the flesh becoming white. Stipe somewhat stuffed, cartilaginous-corticate, conic, striate, dark reddish. Lamellz nearly free, close, crenulate, white. Spores .0076.0050 mm. In woods, not common. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, stipe 24-34 in. high. The color of the pileus exceedingly changeable, normally reddish or brownish, then passing through ochraceous or alutaceous to pallid or whitish. The stipe often twisted and downy or villous at the thick- ened base. Our figure and specimens agree well with the figures of the species in Dr. Cooke’s illustrations. 46. A. pryopHitus, Bull.—Pileus somewhat fleshy, rather plane, ob- tuse, somewhat depressed, even, glabrous, expallent. Stipe hollow, glabrous, reddish or yellowish. Lamelle sinuate-attached, nearly free, close, narrow, white or pallid. Spores .006 mm. in length. Common in woods from early spring to autumn. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. high. Pileus commonly reddish-brown, sometimes paler, of a watery substance, and easily detached from the stipe. Stipe of the same color as the pileus, very smooth, often mycelio-enlarged at the base. 47, A. ESTENSIS, n. sp.—Pileus a little fleshy, conic-campanulate, then depressed or even revolute, yellowish, with a pallid margin. Stipe 72 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. equal, hollow, glabrous, pallid. Lamelle narrow, crowded, neariy free, pallid, spores white, curved, .008 mm. long. (See Plate V.) Growing among the fallen leaves in the woods from spring to autumn. Pileus 1-2 in. across, stipe 2-3 in. high. It is closely related to A. dryophilus ; both are common in Este’s woods, where the observer will readily distinguish them apart. The yellowish color of the pileus is seldom uniform ; sometimes itis in streaks or patches, sometimes spread over the disk, leaving a pallid margin. 48. A. coLtorEus, Peck.—Pileus convex, then explanate and umbili- cate, somewhat fibrillose, hygrophanous, yellow, sometimes tinged with red. Stipe hollow, glabrous, yellow, with a long crooked villous root. Lamellz moderately close, emarginate, yellow. Spores .0083 mm. long. Among decaying leaves and wood, solitary or subceespitose. Pileus 4-1 in. broad, stipe 1-2 in. long without the root. The plant I have here described comes so near Prof. Peck’s plant, that I have so referred it, although his description does not cover some of its marks. It re- sembles A. cirrhatus in size and general appearance, but maintains a uniform pale yellow color of stipe, pileus and lamelle. B. Stipe velvety, floccose or pruinose. c. Lamelle broad, distant. 49, A. VELUTIPESs, Curt.—Pileus fleshy, thin, convexo-plane, obtuse, glabrous, viscid. Stipe stuffed, velvety, reddish-black, rooting. Lamellz attached, distant, yellowish. Spores .006-.008 mm. long. Common on and about stumps and trunks in woods, at the foot of posts, along fence rows, etc.; appearing late in autumn and persisting through the winter, new plants appearing with a mild spell of moist weather, until spring. Somewhat cespitose, commonly ascending, sometimes excentric. Pileus 1-3 in. broad, slimy, and of a beautiful tawny cglor; stipe 2-5 in. long incurved, of a rich tawny brown, pale above. 50. A. stipirarius, Fr.—Pileus a little fleshy, convexo-plane, um- bilicate, velvety-scaly or brown-fibrillose. Stipe stuffed then hollow, tough, brown, hirsute-fibrillose. Lamellz seceding free, ventricose, rather distant, white. Upon sticks, roots of grasses, etc., gregarious. Pileus 4-5 an inch broad, the stipe 1-2 in. long. A very singular Agaric, with the habit of a Marasmius. Pileus whitish, clothed with tawny or brown hairs or fibres which sometimes form scales. | 51. A. zonatus, Peck.—Pileus thin, fleshy, convex then expanded, The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. he umbilicate, hairy-tomentose, tawny with obscure darker zones. Stipe equal, firm, hollow, tomentose-fibrillose, brownish-tawny. Lamelle narrow, close, free, white. Spores somewhat elliptic, .005 mm. long. In woods on old sticks on the ground. Pileus 4-1 in. broad, stipe 14-2 in. long. Under a lens the pileus is seen to be clothed with coarse, densely matted, prostrate tawny or brown hairs. This curious plant is quite common in our woods in summer. d. Lamelle narrow, close. 52. A. LACHNOPHYLLUS, Berk.—Pileus somewhat fleshy, conic-hemi- spheric, brownish-tawny, velvety. Stipe hollow, brown-purple, shining, pallid above, somewhat velvety. Lamelle free, velvety, with tawny pubescence. On rotten pieces of wood, amongst dead leaves in woods, Waynesville. Somewhat ceespitose. Pileus 2in. across, stipe 2 in. high. I have not yet seen this exquisite species of Mr. Lea’s. 53. A. HARIOLORUM, DC.—Pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, then hemispheric, plane or depressed, glabrous. Stipe hollow, tapering upward, reddish, woolly-hirsute. Lamellee nearly free, rather close, nar- row, white, growing pallid. Among leaves, gregarious or somewhat ceespistose. Pileus 13-3 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. long. Pileus whitish or alutaceous. 54. A. cirrHATUS, Schum.—Pileus somewhat fleshy, plane, finely silky, at length umbilicate. Stipe disposed to be hollow, flexuous, equal, pallid, pulverulent; the root twisted, fibrillose. Lamelle adnate, close. narrow, white. Among leaves, rubbish, ete. Small, tough, white inclining to reddish. Pileus 4 an inch broad, stipe 1-2 in. long. The stipe generally has small yellowish tubers attached to it beneath the leaves or soil. ; Suseenus VII.—Mycena, Fr. Spores white, Pileus campanulate, more or less striate; the margin at first straight and appressed to the stipe. Stipe tubular, cartilagin- ous, tapering upward. Lamelle not decurrent, only uncinate by a tooth. Fungi epiphytal or rooting. A, Stipe without juice. a, Pileus bright colored, 55, 56 6. Pileus dull colored, 57, 58. 74 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. B. Stipe with a colored juice, 959. A. Stipe without juice. a, Pileus bright colored. © 55, A. LEAIANUS, Berk.—Ceespitose, viscid, bright orange. Pileus somewhat fleshy, convex; the margin striate. Stipe mostly curved, strigose at the base. Lamelle distant, broad, emarginate-attached ; the edge a darker orange or vermilion. Spores elliptic, apiculate, .0090>.0056 mm. Growing in dense tufts on logs and branches in woods; very abund- ant throughout the year, from spring to autumn. Pileus about 1 in. across, stipe 1-3 in. long. The plant is very viscid, and stains the fingers that handle it. The bright orange color fades out as the plant grows old. This very beautiful Agaric was named for Mr. Thomas G. Lea, who was the first person to study the Fungi of the Miami Valley; his original notice of it is dated May, 1844. It grows in New York and New England. 56. A. purus, Pers.—Strong-scented. Pileus somewhat fleshy, cam- panulate expanded, obtusely umbonate, glabrous, expallent; the margin striate. Stipe rigid, even, nearly naked, villous at the base. Lamellez broadly sinuate-attached, very broad, reticulate-connected, of a paler color than the pileus. Spores .008 mm. long. In woods among the leaves. Witha taste and odor of radishes. Pileus about 1 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. high. Ours may be the pseudopurus of Cooke, but I have not seen the description, only the figure ; the rather narrow lamelle and longer spores seem to correspond withCooke’s figure. The plant exhibits considerable diversity of color, being rose-colored, lilac, lavender, pallid, and even white. It is commonly solitary or gre- garious, scarcely ceespitose. ; b. Pileus dull colored. 07. A. GALERICULATUS, Scop.—Pileus somewhat membranaceous, conic-campanulate then expanded, striate to the umbo, dry, glabrous. Stipe rigid, polished, even, glabrous ; the base with a fusiform root. Lamelle adnate, decurrent by a tooth, venose-connected, whitish or flesh-colored. Common in woods upon stumps and fallen trunks. Often densely ceespitose, the stipes packed together at the base and strigose. Pileus 3.2 in. broad, the stipe of variable length. The color whitish, cinere- ous, tawny, or brownish. The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 7) 58. A. FILOPES, Bull.—Pileus membranaceous, obtusely, campanu- late, expanded, striate. Stipe filiform, flaccid, rather fragile, glabrous; the base hairy, rooting. Lamelle free, lanceolate, close, white. In woods among the fallen leaves, simple and solitary. Pileus }-3? in. broad, stipe nearly 2 in., besides the root. The color brownish or livid gray, rarely white. B. The plant when cut or broken exuding a colored juice. 509. A. H=MAToPUS, Pers.—Cespitose. Pileus somewhat fleshy, cam- panulate, obtuse; the margin denticulate. Stiperigid, white, pulveru- lent, when broken exuding a dark red juice. Lamelle adnate, whitish. Common in woods upon logs; recognized at once by the dark-red juice when broken. Pileus 4-1 in. in diameter, the stipe 2 in. or more. The color is commonly a dark reddish or purplish, sometimes paler. Our plant seems to be the same as the British plant described by B. & Br. in the Handbook, but neither seems to me to be the plant of Fries. The latter is even, the lamelle of one color, etc. Fries’ figure shows no strie. Nore.—The Mycenas like the Tricholomas appear to be remarkably ‘scarce in the Miami Valley. Yet being mostly very small plants, it is quite likely several species have been overlooked. Leatanus, galericu- latus and hematopus are common enough, other species must be rare, and the individuals few in number. Suscenus VIII.—OmpuHatta, Fr. Spores white. Pileus somewhat membranaceous, more or less um- bilicate. Stipe cartilaginous, usually thickened upward, and expanded into the pileus. Lamelle truly decurrent. A. Margin of:-the pileus at first inflexed. a, Lamelle narrow, close, 60-62. 6. Lamelle broad, distant, 63-65, B. Margin of the pileus straight. ce. Lamelle broad, 66, 67. d. Lamelle narrow, 68. A. Pileus dilated from the jirst, the margin inflexed. a. Lamelle narrow, close. 60. A. curysEeus, Peck.—Yellow. Pileus plane or somewhat de- ‘pressed, umbilicate, striatulate, minutely scaly. Stipe nearly glabrous, stuffed or hollow, sometimes curved. Lamelle close, rather narrow. 76 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In woods. Pileus 4-1 in. broad, stipe 1-14 in. high. A beautiful little Omphalia, growing on leaves, I have here referred to this species. Some of my specimens are a little brownish on the pileus, with the lamelleze rather pale. It may prove to be something different. 61. A. EpicHystum, Pers. Pileus membranaceous, rather plane, umbilicate; when wet, striate, cinereous-fuliginous; when dry, pallid, silky or flocculose-scaly. Stipe disposed to be hollow, glabrous, cinereous. Lamelle briefly plano-decurrent, whitish-cinereous, Growing on mouldy wood. Tender, soft, watery. Pileus 4-2 in. in diameter, stipe an inch or more long. Sent by Mr. Meyncke, from Brookville, Ind. 62. A. Rusticus, Fr.—Pileus membranaceous, a little convex, um- bilicate, striate, glabrous, hygrophanous, when dry, even, a little silky. Stipe somewhat stuffed, slender, glabrous, gray-brown. Lamelle de- current, thick, rather distant, gray; the edge arcuate. Spores some- what elliptic, .008.005 mm. In moist places in woods. Pileus 3-14 in. broad, at first gray, then becoming whitish or brownish. ‘The specimens agree well with Fries’ species, except in some cases they are much larger. b. Lamelle broad, distant. 63. A. MURALIS, Sow.—Pileus somewhat membranaceous, tough, convex, umbilicate then infundibuliform, radiate-striate, glabrous, reddish-brown; the margin crenulate. Stipe stuffed, short, glabrous, concolorous. Lamelle decurrent, distant, pallid. In neglected spots uponthe ground. Pileus $-1 in. broad, stipe 4 an inch high. 64. A. UMBELLIFERUS, Linn.—Pileus a little fleshy, convexo-plane; when wet, radiate-striate; when dry, even, somewhat silky. The margin at first inflexed, crenate. Stipe disposed to be hollow, short, pubescent at the base. Lamelle decurrent, very distant, broadest behind. Spores .0030.0025 mm. Upon turf or sod in swamps and pastures, also on rotten wood; somewhat gregarious. Pileus 4-1 in. broad, stipe 4-1 in. high. Pileus depressed in the center, the margin deflexed and sometimes waved, whitish, whitish-brown or yellow, darker whea wet; the stipe whitish or yellowish. 65. A. ALBOFLAVUS, n. sp.—FPileus fleshy-membranaceous, some- what infundibuliform, even, glabrous, the margin inflexed. Stipe The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. ui stuffed, stout, thickened upward, white or yellowish. Lamelle de- current, very distant, arcuate, rather broad, thin, white then yellowish. Spores nearly globose, .004-.005 mm. long. (See Plate V.) In woods on rotten wood in spring and summer. Pileus 14-3 in. in diameter, stipe 1-2 in. long. The pileus is whitish and changes to yellowish as it passes maturity. B. Pileus campanulate from the first, the margin straight and appressed to the stipe. c. Lamelle broad. 66. A. CAMPANELLA, Batsch.—Pileus membranaceous, convex, um- bilicate, striate, hygrophanous. Stipe hollow, horny, clear brown; the base attenuate, tawny-strigose. Lamelle decurrent, arcuate, venose- connected, luteous. Upon trunks in woods; czspitose, luteous-ferruginous. Pileus 4-1 in. across, stipe 1-2 in. long. ; 67. A. FIBULA, Bull.—Pileus membranaceous, cucullate then ex- panded, somewhat umbilicate, striate, expallent, even when dry, weak orange-color. Stipe setaceous, concolorous. Lamelle long decurrent, distinct, whitish. Spores .003.002 mm. In moist places frequent among mosses. Pileus 4 an inch or less in breadth, yellow or tawny with a dusky center; lamelle yellowish or whitish; stipe 1-14 in. high, yellow or tawny with a brownish apex. d. Lamelle narrow. 68, A. INTEGRELLUS, Pers.—White, fragile. Pileus hemispheric then expanded, pellucid-striate. Stipe very slender, short, pubescent below. Lamelle decurrent, fold-like, distant, somewhat branched; the edge acute. Spores .0125 mm. long. Common on old rotten stumps; gregarious or ceespitose. Pileus thin, and membranaceous 4 an inch or more broad, stipe $-1 in. long. I have seen an old stump covered with them after abundant rains. SuBGENus LX.—PLEUROTUS. Spores white. Stipe excentric, lateral or none. Fungi irregular, epiphytal. A, Stipe excentric. a. Lamelle adnate, 69-72. b. Lamelle decurrent, 73-75. 78 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. B. Stipe lateral, 76. C. Stipe none ; pileus sessile. ce. Pileus uniform, 77, 78. d. Pileus gelatinous, 79, 80. A. Pileus entire, the stipe excentric. a. Lamelle sinuate or obtusely adnate. 69. A. uLMartus, Bull.—Pileus fleshy, compact, convexo-plane, glab- rous, somewhat spotted, moist. Stipe rather excentric, thickened downwards, somewhat tomentose. lLamelle attached, rather close, broad, whitish. Spores nearly globose, .005 mm. long. Upon trunks of trees, especially elm, frequent; in autumn. Pileus 3-7 in. broad, or sometimes larger, whitish or pale brownish, sometimes marbled with livid spots; stipe ascending, 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. thick, solid. _ Solitary or czespitose. 70. A. SUBPALMATUS, Fr.—Ceespitose, reddish. Pileus fleshy, soft, convexo-plane, obtuse, wrinkled; the cuticle gelatinous. Stipe ex- centric, incurved, equal, fibrillose. Lamelle adnate, close, joined behind. Spores minutely echinulate, nearly globose, .0056-.0070 mm. long. On timber, old trunks, etc. This curious species was sent me from Brookville, Ind., by Mr, O. M. Meyncke; this appears to be the first locality in which it has been met with in this country. The specimens I have seen are 14-2 in. wide, with a stipe 3-1 in. long. The British plant measures 3-4 in. broad, with a stipe of 1-2 in. 71. A. cRASpPEDIUS, Fr.—Ceespitose. ileus fleshy, more or less ex- centric, crenate and lobed, even, glabrous. Stipe solid, firm, elastic, glabrous, pallid. Lamells adnate, close, narrow, white. Spores nearly globose, .0056 mm. in diameter. . On trunks in woods. Pileus 3-5 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. long. The whole plant is quite hard and tough; the pileus in my specimens, grayish or brownish, the margin much folded and lobed; the stipe rather thicker below. ‘This seems to be the first record of it in North America. IC (2. A. LIGNATILIS, Fr.—Pileus fleshy, tough, convex then plane or umbilicate, irregular, at first flocculose-pruinose, afterward glabrous. Stipe stuffed then hollow, rather slender, irregular, somewhat villous. Lamelle adnate, close, narrow, white. Spores .003-.004 mm. long. The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 79 On wood of beech and maple. Pileus 1-5 in. broad, stipe an inch or less in length. Commonly whitish, with a strong mealy odor. 6b, Lamelle decurrent, 73. A. cortTicatos, Fr.—Pileus compact, entire, densely villous, at length floccose-scaly. Stipe firm, rooting, somewhat excentric, fibrillose; annulus membranaceous, lacerate. Lamelle decurrent, rather distant, divided, white, anastomosing behind. Spores large, elliptic-oblong, .011<.005 mm. On trunks in woods. Pileus in my specimens about 4 in. in diameter, the stipe 2-3 in. long. These specimens which were very few in number, may have been the variety tephrotrichus ; the annulus was obsolete with the veil appendiculate around the margin of the pileus. The whole plant was clear white. 74. A. saptpus, Kalch.—Cespitose. Pileus fleshy, somewhat ex- centric, deformed, glabrous; the center depressed. ‘Stipes solid, arising out of a common fleshy tubercle, glabrous, white. Lamelle decurrent, rather distant, whitish. Spores with a lilac tinge, oblong, or a little curved and pointed, .0083.0037 mm. Very common on all sorts of fallen trunks and branches, from early spring till late in autumn, and even in the mild weather of winter. ' Pileus commonly 3-6 in. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 in. long or the pileus nearly sessile. The plant is various in form and color, being commonly white or clouded with brown; the flesh is always white. Clear white paper will disclose the lilac tint of the spores. 7d. A. satignus, Abb. d. Schw.—Pileus fleshy, compact, spongy, somewhat dimidiate, horizontal, at first pulvinate, even, afterward the disk depressed, somewhat strigose. Stipe short, tomentose. Lamelle decurrent, some of them branched, eroded, distinct at the base, nearly the same color as the pileus. Spores .009.0038 mm. “Upon trunks of willows late in autumn, solitary.”—/7ries. Pileus convex, 4-6 in. broad, stipe excentric or lateral, sometimes obsolete ; commonly fuliginous-cinereous, though sometimes ochraceous. Lea’s Catalogue is authority for this plant. “Ona prostrate buckeye, Cin- cinnati, December.” It is strange that sapidus, so common as it is, is not in Lea’s Catalogue. Unless salignus shall yet be verified, we must conclude that Mr. Lea mistook sapidus for salignus. B. Pileus definitely lateral, not marginate behind. 76. A. sERoTINUs, Schrad.—Pileus fleshy, compact, viscid. Stipe ex- 80 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. actly lateral, thick, scaly with sooty points. Lamelle determinate, close, yellow or pallid. Spores obloag, .005.002 mm. Upon fallen trunks, common, late in autumn and in the winter. Pileus commonly 2-3 in. across, yellowish-green or olivaceous, the cuti- cle at first viscid, the margin slightly involute. C’. Pileus at first resupinate, the lamelle concurrent to an excen- tric point, afterward the pileus reflexed, sessile. c. Pileus uniform, the cuticle not gelatinous. 77. A, pinsitus, Fr.—Whitish. Pileus fleshy, soft, at first resupin- ate, afterward expanded, horizontal, sessile, silky-villous, undulate, hygrophanous. Lamelle broad, distinct. Spores ofa sordid color. “On trunks of trees, rare.’—/rves. Said to resemble 4. mollis, Scheff. Color of the pileus sordid when wet, pure white when dry. 78. A. nicER, Schw.—Black. Pileus fleshy, tough, at first resupin- ate, then expanded, sessile, somewhat reniform, tomentose, glabrate toward the margin. Lamelle thick, broad, close; the edge cinereous. Spores white, oblong, .007.004 mm. In woods on fallen branches. Pileus about 2ths of an inch wide, and 4 an inch long. I find a black Pleurotus which I take to be Schweinitz’s species; I do not have his description, and therefore sub- mit the one given. It is a very interesting species; it seems singular that the spores should be white. It is quite tough and revives well after being dried. d. Pileus with the cuticle viscid or gelatinous. 79. A. mAsTtRucaAtus, Fr.—Pileus fleshy, the upper stratum gelatin- ous, at first resupinate, afterward expanded, sessile, lobed, scaly, mouse-gray. Lamelle broad, rather distant, whitish-gray. Spores oblong, oblique, .008<.005 mm. Upon falleu trunks in woods. Imbricated; pileus 1-4 in. across, lobed in the larger specimens, flaccid, rough, with hairs and rigid points intermixed; some ofthe hairs or points are blackish. Evidently rare; I haye found it but once. 80. A. auerpus, Fr.—Pileus fleshy, at first resupinate, afterward expanded, reniform; the cuticle thin, viscid, glabrous, reddish brown. Lamellee rather broad, close, yellowish. | On rotten wood. Pileus about 1 in. across, reddish umber or cinereous, usually ceespitose and imbricated. The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 8] Notr.—It is hoped the preceding pages will prove a fair introduction to the White-spored Agarics. This is the second effort, within the writer's knowledge, to introduce the student to a systematic knowledge of the Agaricini of any region of the U.S., the first being Prof. Chas. H. Peck’s Agaricini of New York State, in the Twenty-third Report of the State Museum of Natural History. It is not to be expected that I have found all the species, yet I have increased the list from 34 in Lea’s Catalogue to 80. Compared with the corresponding number in Mr. Frost’s list of the fungi about Brattleboro, Vt., a region un- doubtedly richer in this class of Fungi, there are in the latter 100 species of Leucospori. We will certainly make some additions, and I hold in reserve some figures which as yet appear to me to be new species. That I do not make some mistakes in the determination and identification of species, would be to accomplish something that has not yet been done in this country, even with flowering plants; but the greater part of these plants have been seen by me before in the Eastern States, and furthermore, specimens or figures of many of the remainder have been submitted to the most competent authority in this country, Prof. Chas. H. Peck, the State Botanist of New York. These pages, and what may follow, are arranged according to the Hymenomycetes Europei, of the illustrious Elias Fries, of Sweden; this arrangement accords also with the Handbook of British Fungi, by Dr. M. C. Cooke. It is designed to introduce the student, through the medium of our local flora, to a more extended knowledge of the Hymenomycetes of North America, by means of the works above - mentioned, which are the most accessible to students. The specific descriptions of Fries, which are models of perspicuity and elegance, are translated with great care; such variations as may appear in our species along with other general observations on locality and time of growth, are made in appended remarks. The remaining Agarici will form the subject of a second paper. A, P. M. [To BE CONTINUED. | 82 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. AMERICAN PALAOZOIC BRYOZOA. By E. O. Uxricsz. [Continued from Vol. 5, p. 257. | AMPLEXOPORA RoBUSTA, n. sp. (PI. L, figs. 1, la, 10.) Zoarium ramose, consisting of cylindrical, oftener of flattened branches, dividing dichotomously at rather frequent but irregular in- tervals, and usually varying in diameter from .4 inch to .7 inch. A very large specimen in my cabinet has a length of 4.3 inches; the cen- tral stem is flattened, and varies in diameter from 1.1 inches to 1.7 inches. The bases of two branches are on one side, and three on the other, the mean diameter of which is about .6 inch. Monticules are not developed. The cells are moderately thin-walled, polygonal, and consist of one kind only (7.e., the interstitial cells are wanting); their arrangement is quite regular, and, when well preserved, show at their angles of junction the elevated points of the spiniform tubuli (Pl. I, fig. 1). At intervals of about .15 inch the surface exhibits con- spicuous clusters of cells larger than the average, with a mean diame- ter of {jth of an inch. The smaller or ordinary cells have a diameter varying from ;4,th to th of an inch. Tangential sections (PI. I., fig. la) show that the cell-walls are com- paratively thin and polygonal, and that their cavities are only occa- sionally rounded by a secondary deposit of sclerenchyma; and further that the original line of separation between adjoining cells is always: more or less distinctly marked. The spiniform tubuli do not consti- tute a conspicuous feature in sections of this species, and unless care- fully examined might be overlooked. With an occasional exception they always occupy the angles of junction of the cells. (Their appear- ance is very well represented by the figure.) Lastly, in many sections some of the cell-cavities inclose a small circular ring, that is due to the peculiar funnel-shaped diaphragms seen in longitudinal sections. In longitudinal sections (PI. I., fig. 16) the tubes in the “immature” region are thin-walled, and crossed by straight diaphragms from two to four tube-diameters apart. The nearly equal curve of the tubes, from the axis of the branch to the peripheral portion, constitutes a characteristic feature of the species. As they enter the peripheral or “mature” region their walls are considerably thickened, and the dia- phragms become much more numerous, being from less than one half to American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 83 one tube-diameter distant from each other. The funnel-shaped, dia- phragms noticed in the preceding species (A. cingulata), are much more numerous in this species. Not infrequently two or three open into each _ other in such a manner that by the coalescence of the contracted parts of the superimposed funnels, a smaller irregular tube is formed within the proper tube-cayity. As is shown in fig. 16, these diaphragms in their normal condition are represented in the section by two thin converging lines, springing from the walls of the tubes, and nearly meeting near the center of the tube cavity. Frequently, however, one of these lines is missing. In this case the diaphragm extends from one wall nearly across the tube toward the opposite wall. Superficially, the species above described resembles the type of the genus, though not nearly enough to be confounded with it by one ex- perienced in the determination of this group of fossils. The cell- walls are thinner, and the groups of large cells more conspicuous in A. robusta than in A. cingulata. Internally, the comparatively thin cell-walls and numerous funnel-shaped diaphragms, and the small number of spiniform tubuli of A. robusta will further distinguish it from that species. Care must be taken in separating the species from Monotrypella equalis, Ulrich, which the smaller specimens of A. ro- busta strongly resemble. The former, however, is restricted to the lower 150 feet of the strata exposed at Cincinnati, O., while the latter is limited to a few feet of strata at least 225 feet higher in the series. Formation and locality : Cincinnati Group. Rather rare near the tops of the hills about Cincinnati, O. Heterotrypa, Nicholson. Of the seventeen species placed under Heterotrypa by Nicholson («The Genus Monticulipora’’ 1881), but two are, according to my opinion, congeneric, viz. : the type species, H. frondosa, D’Orb. (H. mammulata, Nich.), and H. subpulchella, Nich. Of the remaining fifteen, H. andrewsi, Nich., H. nodulosa, Nich., H. sigillaroidea, Nich., F. ramosa, D’Orb., and H. dalei, Ed. & H., must be referred to Callo- pora, Hall; A. barrandi, Nich., and H. moniliformis, Nich., to Am- plexopora, Ulrich; H. dawsoni, Nich., to Homotrypa, Ulrich ; H. gir- vanensis, Nich., H. implicata, Nich., and H. jamesz, Nich., to Batos- toma, Ulrich; H. gracilis, Nich., and H. tumida, Phill., to Batosto- mella, Ulrich ; and H. trentonensis, Nich., to Monotrypella, Ulrich. The type species of Heterotrypa is a common, easily recognized, and well known fossil of the Cincinnati group, and its characters have 84 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. been excellently described by Dr. Nicholson under the name of Z. mammulata. As I have shown in the first part of my memoir, this is not the Monticulipora mammulata, of D’Orbigny, but his M. froadosa. Heterotrypa subpulchella, Nich., in its typical form, 7. e., flattened branches, is a rather rare species at a height of from 300 to 350 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river, on the hills surrounding Cincinnati, O. This is also about the range of the typical JZ. frondosa. Associated with them is a common intermediate form having a frondescent zoarium like the last species, from which, on the other hand, it differs in having distinct “ macule,” such as charac- terize H. subpulchella. Furthermore, in this intermediate form, the interstitial cells are not approximately restricted to the “ macule,”’ as is the case in H. subpulchella, but a greater or less number are distributed indiscriminately over the entire surface. The form under consideration clearly demonstrates the close relationship existing be- tween H. subpulchella and H. frondosa, bat, as a majority of its characters also pertain to the more typical examples of the latter, it should be regarded as a variety of that species. The Cincinnati group furnishes beside the two species mentioned in the preceding sentence, at least four and probably five other forms that are fully as distinct from H. frondosa, as is H. subpulchella. These, if I can command the space, I propose to describe in the next number of this publication. The two species next described (H. vaupeli and H. solitaria) show the extremes of the genus so far as observed. The first is a most peculiar and beautiful species, and has more interstitial tubes than any other species of the genus known tome. Thelatter is characterized by the almost total absence of interstitial cells, thus making a near approach to Dekayia, Ed. and H. In fact I have found it an exceed- ingly difficult matter to draw the line between Heterotrypa and Dekayia. Taking the types of the two genera, the differences are of course strongly marked. In A. frondosa we have a more or less broadly frondescent zoarium, the interstitial cells are quite numerous, and the spiniform tubuli are small, and sometimes very numerous, In Dekayia aspera, Kd. and H. (the type of the genus), the zoarium is irregularly branched, the branches subcylindrical or flattened, and the interstitial cells are very few or wanting, while the spiniform tubuli are few, but remarkably developed. Compare, however, such a species as H. subpulchella with a certain new speices of Dekayia, differing in much the same manner from D. aspera, as H. subpuichella does from H. frondosa, and the generic differences are not so striking. — American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 85 The species of Dekayia alluded to, has flattened branches and distinct macule of smaller cells, and the only well marked feature, shown in thin sections, wherein it differs from H. subpulchella, is found in the larger size and smaller number of the spiniform tubuli. Precisely the same difference distinguishes H. solitaria from another undescribed species of Dekayia. Despite the close resemblance between several species of the two genera, I believe that they should be held separate and distinct. I have been strengthened in this belief, after a eareful examination of all the species of the two genera known to me, by finding a character that pertains in a more or less marked manner to all the species of Dekayza, but which I have sought for in vain in species of Heterotrypa: namely in species of Dekayzia, at certain periods in the growth of the zoarium, a thin pellicle is drawn over greater or smaller patches of the surface, while other portions of the surface have the cell-apertures open. This covering being thin and delicate, is of course only to be observed in well preserved specimens. I have no doubt that the pellicle was developed at the close of the existence of the zooids of each layer of cells, so as to form the floor of the succeeding layers, and ultimately the diaphragms which cross the tubes. As asummary of the preceding remarks, it may not be out of place to subjoin a description of HeTerorrypa, based upon the aggregate of characters shown by the different species known to me. Zoarium growing from an expanded base, attached to foreign objects, upward into simple, often undulated or irregularly inosculated fronds, and occasionally into flattened branches. Cell-apertures varying in shape from polygonal to circular, They are separated from each other by walls or interspaces, which may be comparatively thin (H. solita- ria), or nearly as thick as their own diameter (H. vaupeli). Intersti- tial cells from few to very numerous, always angular or subangular. Spiniform tubuli small, usually numerous (sometimes excessively so, as in H. vaupelz), occasionally inflecting the walls, and giving the cell- apertures an irregularly petaloid appearance. Internally we find that the walls of the tubes are more or less thickened as they enter the “mature” reyion, and apparently amalgamated with one another. The diaphragms are straight, of one kind only, more numerous in the in- terstitial tubes than in the proper zooecia, and always more crowded in the “mature” regions than in the “immature” or axial region. HETEROTRYPA VAUPELI, 0. sp. (PI. I. figs. 2, 2a, and 20.) Zoarium very irregular in its growth, forming twisted, and always more 86 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. or less inosculated loose masses, several inches in diameter, consisting of convoluted fronds, varying in thickness from .15 inch, to.3 inch. This irregularity of growth, which is very characteristic of the species, is caused by the frequent elevation of the face of a frond into a secondary frondescent growth, which eventually anastomoses with other similar divisions of the zoarium. The surface is sometimes nearly smooth, but usually is studded with small, rounded or conical monticules, the summits of which are subsolid, each being occupied by a small “macula” of interstitial cells. The arrangement of the monticules and maculae, in conformity with that of the cells, is very regular. Measuring from center to center, seven may be counted in the space of .5 inch. The cell-apertures are circular, and regularly arranged in decussating series, which are more or less curved around the monticules. One or two rows of cellsimmediately surrounding each of the small ‘‘ macule,” are conspicuously larger than the ordinary cells, their apertures having a diameter varying from 1-150th to 1-100th of an inch, while the diameter of the cell-apertures in the interspaces is about 1-200th of an inch. Measuring along one of the series, twelve cells may be counted in the length of .1 inch. On an example of this species the cell-inter- spaces are comparatively thick, and may show, according to the stage of development and state of preservation, either all, or one or two, of three different appearances. In the first (probably due to attrition ), the interspaces are smooth and apparently solid. In the second, they carry numerous small pits, representing the orifices of the interstitial cells. In the third (Pl. L, fig. 2), the apertures of the interstitial cells are obscured by an exceedingly large number of small spines or granules. The last phase doubtlessly represents the zoarium in its perfect and fully matured stage. Tangential sections, according to the depth at which the zoarium is divided, may show one or both of two distinct phases. In the first (the one usually. obtained on account of the unusual brevity of the “matured” portion of the tubes) the cells have moderately thin walls, are subangular or nearly circular, and in contact at limited points, the intervening spaces being occupied by smaller and angular interstitial cells. The spiniform tubuli, if any at all can be detected, are small and inconspicuous. In the second phase, which is obtained by cutting the cells of a fully matured specimen just below the surface, the intersti- tial cells appear to be almost entirely suppressed by the remarkably great development of spiniform tubuli, which are ranged in one or two closely crowded series around the cell cavities. Fig. 2a, Pl. I., CE Nee ae ee Te ee Te ee: ee See eae pee a eee eee American Paiwozoic Bryozoa, 87 represents a portion of a section somewhat intermediate between the two phases described. Longitudinal sections (Pl. I., fig. 2b) show that the ee in the axial region have very thin did somewhat flexuous walls; that they approach the surface gradually, that the peripheral or “ mature” belt on each side of the frond is very narrow, and, as they enter the latter region, that their walls are thickened. In the proper zooecial tubes the diaphragms are usually wanting throughout the axial region, and they are never numerous even in the peripheral portion of the zoarium. In the interstitial tubes they are numerous, and generally very thick. In its internal structure this species is very remarkable, and differs widely from H. frondosa. One peculiarity in its structure I can as yet not fully understand. That the interstitial cells are actually sup- pressed as the zoarium becomes fully matured, I must doubt. I would ‘rather believe that the spiniform tubuli, which are developed in the spaces that in the earlier stages of the growth of the zoarium were occu- pied by interstitial cells, have sprung from the surface of diaphragms which covered the interstitial cells. Iam upheld in this belief by find- ing, what appears to me to be, corroborative evidence: namely, on many diaphragms of the interstitial tubes, I can detect one or two, rather faintly delineated, hollow processes, extending upward from the dia- phragm toward the one next succeeding. If this is not deceptive, then we have a curious analogy with such more recent Bryozoa as Hetero- pora pelliculata, Waters (a recent species), in which the orificed of the interstitial cells are closed by a perforated pellicle. The only differ- ence (as regards this point) between such forms and H. vaupelt, being that in the latter the surface of the pellicle or diaphragm is elevated into a hollow spine, instead of being perforated by a simple foramen. Examples of H. vaupeli are readily distinguished from all the fron- descent Monticuliporide described from the Cincinnati group, by their peculiar growth, circular cell-apertures, and regular arrangement of the cells and monticules. When in a good state of preservation the most striking characteristic is found in the granular cell interspaces. The name is given in honor of my esteemed friend, Mr. E. H. Vau- pel, who is an enthusiastic student of Paleozoic fossils. He has not only gathered one of the best collections of the Cincinnati group Bryozoa, but he is also able to classify them. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. Not uncommon near the tops of the hills about Cincinnati, O. It is associated with, and apparently restricted to the same beds as Amplexopora robusta. I 88 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. have one specimen of a nearly allied species or variety, which was collected near Waynesville, O., about 250 feet higher in the series. HETEROTRYPA SOLITARIA, n. sp. (PI. IL, figs. 3, 3a, 30.) Zoarium consisting of thin undulated, or somewhat palmated ex- pansions, from one to two tenths of an inch in thickness, and one inch or more in height. The surface is not raised into monticules, but at intervals of .15 inch, one may observe, on careful examination, small clusters of cells which are slightly larger than the average. The cells are polygonal and thin-walled, and those of the ordinary size have a diameter of about 1-100th of an inch, while that of the cells in the clusters mentioned, varies from 1-70th to 1-80th of an inch. The interstitial cells are almost entirely absent, and it is only rarely that I have been able to detect them at the surface. Occasionally the elevated points of small spiniform tubuli may be observed at the angles of the cells. Tangential sections (Pl. I., fig. 3a) show that the cells are angular, and rather unequal, with moderately thin walls. The interstitial cells are very few in number; being almost entirely absent in some sections. The figure of a tangential section referred to at the beginning of this paragraph represents more of these small cells than is usual. The spiniform tubuli are small, but quite numerous, and generally de- veloped only at the angles of junction of the cells. The walls of ad- joining tubes appear to be amalgamated one with another, as no dis- tinct line of demarcation can be detected between them. Longitudinal sections (Pl. I., fig. 3b) show that the walls of the tubes in the axial region are very thin, and that diaphragms are not de- veloped in this portion of the zoarium, these structures appearing only near the surface, where they are about one half a tube-diameter apart. The curvature of the tubes from the axial into the peripheral region is not abrupt but gradual. In the latter portion of the zoarium the tube- walls are but slightly thickened, and occasionally show one of the spiniform tubuli. The interstitial tubes, on account of their rarity, are easily overluoked. Those noticed were crossed by diaphragms, a little more crowded than in the larger tubes. This species might be confounded with Peronopora uniformis, Ulrich, a species in which also the cell walls are thin, and the inter- stitial cells few in numbers. However, even without the potent aid of thin sections they can readily be distinguished by one character: namely, P. uniformis belongs to the double-leaved species, and, by American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 89 examining the edge of the zoarium, the tubes are seen to proceed at nearly aright angle from the distinct median laminz to each face ofthe expansion. On the other hand, H. solitaria is truly frondescent (as explained on page 123, vol. V., of this Journal ), and there being no me- dian lamina in such forms, the margin of the frond is uniformly occu- pied by the cell-apertures. When longitudinally fractured, the tubes are seen to approach the surface in precisely the same manner, as they do in any of the ramose Monticuliporide. Thesmall, thin, and smooth frond, as well as the extreme paucity of interstitial tubes, will distin- guish it from the species of Heterotrypa so far described. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. Rare near the tops of the hills west of Covington, Ky., at a height of about 300 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river. (DEKAYELLA OBSCURA, n. gen. et. sp. (PI. I, figs, 4, 4a, 40.) Gen. char., ante vol. V., p. 155. Zoarium ramose, consisting of slender ramulets, .18 to .25 of an inch in diameter, dividing dichotomously at intervals of .4 inch or more. Monticules are not developed, the surface usually being smooth. Cells from 1-120th, to 1-110th of an inch in diameter, with moderate- ly thick walls, and subangular apertures. When in a good state of perservation, the cell-orifices over large patches of the surface are entirely covered, or only partially, by a very thin pellicle or membrane. It is developed from the margin of the aperture inwardly, and when not fully completed, an irregular opening is left in the center (PI. L, fig. 4). The boundary lines of the cells are now thin, and project but little above the-pellicle. The interstitial cells are numerous, and vary much in shape and size, but are always more or less angular. At in- tervals of about .1 inch, they are usually aggregated into unequal clusters. The spiniform tubuli are of two kinds, large and small, the former may be observed very readily at the surface, and they often show the minute orifice at their summits. About five may be counted in the spaceof.l inch. The latter are smaller and much more numerous, and can not be detected except on perfectly preserved ex- amples. They are developed in the cell-walls, and three or four surround each cell. In tangential sections (PI. L., fig. 4a) the proper cells are subcircular, and have thick walls. Each cell-cavity is encircled by a thin band or ring of dark sclerenchyma, the thinner original walls having a lighter color. The interstitial cells are numerous, unequal and angular, those 90 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. constituting the clusters or “macule’’ being separated from each other by rather thin walls. The large spiniform tubuli are distinct enough, but the smaller ones can not always be detected. Especially is this the case in examples taken from a shaly matrix. In other specimens they are more apparent. Longitudinal sections (PI. I., fig. 40) show that diaphragms, with an occasional exception, are entirely absent in the axial region, where the walls of the tubes are also very thin. The tubes approach the surface in a gradual curve, and as they enter the peripheral regions, their walls are thickened, sometimes becoming slightly beaded. Very thin straight diaphragms are developed crossing the tubes at distances apart of from one to one third tube diameter. The interstitial cells are divided by diaphragms, only a little more crowded than those in the proper zooecia. The large spiniform tubuli make their first appearance in the axial region, and.in their course to. the surface, they frequently cross obliquely over the tubes (see figure). The smaller ones are first developed in the “mature” or peripheral region, and can always be seen when the section passes through the face ofa tube. The figure on Plate I. represents two tubes so divided. In transverse sections the tubes in the central portion of the branch are slightly larger than nearer the margin. The walls are excessively thin, and polygonal, often nearly circular. Numerous smaller and more angular cells (young) occupy the interspaces left between them. The margin of the section cuts the tubes longitudinally, where they have the same appearance as in the peripheral regions of a vertical section. Dekayella is probably more nearly allied to Dekayga than to any other genus of the Monticuliporide. On the other hand the cell struc- ture slightly resembles that of Heterotrypa. From the former the new genus is separated by having the tube-walls in the “ mature” region of the zoarium thicker; in having numerous interstitial tubes, and in- stead of one, two distinct sets of spiniform tubuli. From Heterotrypa, Dekayella is distinguished by its ramose growth, and two sets of spiniform tubuli. The most peculiar character of the genus is found in the two sets of spiniform tubuli, differing from each other, both in the time of their development, and size. The larger set are precisely like those of Dekayia, and, as is likewise the case in that genus, they make their appearance already in the axial or “immature” region of the zo- arium. This fact seems to point to a considerable difference in the functions of the two sets. The smaller spiniform tubuli are precisely °— a ee American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 91 like those of Heterotrypa, Amplexopora, and other genera of the Monti- culiporide, in which these structures exist, and in none of these do they appear before the zoarium has become fully matured. Dekayella obscura is readily distinguised from all the slender ramose Bryozoa of the Cincinnati group, by the thin membranaceous covering of the cell apertures. When worn its cellular structure resembles that of Dekayella ulricht (Heterotrypa ulrichi, Nicholson), but the larger size of the zoarium of that species will always serve to distinguish them. Formation and iocality: Cincinnati group. Not uncommon at Cincinnati, O., at an elevation of 150 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river. The best locality known to me is on Brown street, where the base of the hill has been graded for building purposes. CALLOPORELLA HARRISI, n. gen. et. sp. (PI. L, figs. 5, 5a, 50, 5c.) Gen. char., ante vol. V., p. 154. -Zoarium discoidal, consisting of a concavo-convex, thin, circular ex- pansion, different examples varying in diameter from .3 of an inch to 1.0 inch, and in thickness from .02 to .05 of an inch. The upper or convex side is smooth, and covered by the cell-apertures, while the lower concave side is lined with an epithecal membrane, which is marked with faint concentric wrinkles, and sometimes with obscure radiating strie. The height of a specimen having a diameter of .8 of an inch, is about .25 inch. The cell-apertures are circular, and arranged in regular decussating series, the continuity of which ig sometimes interrupted by groups of cells slightly larger than the average. Theseclusters occur at intervals of .15 inch, and the diameter of the apertures of the cells composing them, varies from 1-125th to 1-100th of an inch. They are further distinguished from the ordinary cells, the diameter of whose apertures is about 1-160th of an inch, by being separated from one another by interstitial spaces wider than usual, Measuring along one of the series, eleven or twelve of the ordinary cells may be counted in the space of .l inch. The interstitial spaces in most specimens, under an ordinary hand glass, appear to be solid. But when well preserved, and viewed under a higher magnifying power, they are seen to be occupied by a single, occasionally a double row of angular depressions, representing the apertures of the numerous interstitial cells. (Pl. I, fig. 5.) In tangential or transverse sections (Pl. I. fig. 5a) the proper zooecia are suboval or circular, and their visceral cavities are enclosed 92 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. by a ring-like wall composed of a dark, and. concentrically laminated sclerenchyma. Their walls are sometimes in contact at limited points, but usually they are separated from each other by one or two rows of angular, and very thin-walled interstitial tubes. The presence of a few very small spiniform tubuli constitutes an inconspicuous feature of these sections. Vertical sections (Pl. I, fig. 50) show that the tubes immediately after their development, proceed upward for a short distance in an oblique direction, forming an angle of about 45° with the epithecal membrane. Soon after their walls become thickened, and their direction is altered so that they proceed at a right angle to the upper surface. The larger tubes in their lower part are crossed by straight diaphragms, one tube-diameter or less distant from each other. Further up they are remote and placed on a level in nearly all the tubes: The interstitial tubes are developed very near the epitheca, and are provided with numerous straight diaphragms. At this time the species above described is the only one certainly known to belong to the genus Calloporella. There are, however, cer- tain Upper Silurian species, which further investigations will probably prove to be congeneric. The transverse section of C. harris, reminds one considerably of Fistulipora, but I know of no species of that genus in which the walls of the proper zooecia are so thick. The surface characters of the zoarium, such as the cell-apertures and walls, are however clearly such as characterize the Monticuliporide, and not the Fistuliporide, the cell orifices in the latter being always surrounded by a more or less developed rim or lip. The affinities indicated by the surface characters are fully substantiated by vertical sections, which show that the interstitial spaces are crossed by straight and complete diaphragms, instead of being occupied by a vesicular structure, such as is characteristic of all the Pistuliporide. The Cincinnati group furnishes several species having a similar habit of growth, but they are all limited to the lower half of the group, while C. harrisi is found only in the upper part. In its internal struc- ture it differs widely from them all. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. Rather common in the upper part of the group at Oxford, Blanchester, Westborough, and other localities in southwestern Ohio. [TO BE CONTINUED. | go fd a. PEATE I. - AMPLEXOPORA ROBUSTA, n. sp. The surface of a well-preserved example, 18 diameters, . Tangential section, showing the dnhanain nid at the nagles i the cells, and, in many of the cells, the transversely divided funnel- shaped thera magnified 18 times. . A longitudinal section of same, representing the tubes in the peripheral region of a branch. . HETEROTRYPA VAUPELI, n. sp. The surface of a frond, enlarged 18 diameters, so as to show the small granules (spiniform tubuli) which surround each cell, Q : 5 : . Tangential section, showing the spiniform no an terse tubes, enlarged 18 diameters. 26. Longitudinal section of same, equally enlarged. . HETRROTRYPA SOLITARIA, n. sp. The surface of a frond, iad 18 diameters, 3a. A tangential section, showing the sell nations Doel antl vee feo interstitial tubes, magnified 18 times. . A longitudinal section of same, similarly enlarged. . DEKAYELLA OBSCURA, n. sp. The surface of one of the small branches, enlarged 18 diameters. The two sets of spiniform tubuli are readily recognized in well-preserved examples, while the cell- apertures are much obscured by the perforated surface pellicle, i. Tangential section, enlarged to 18 diameters. . Longitudinal section of same, showing one of the large spiniform tubuli, and several of the small ones, magnified 18 times. 5. CALLOPORELLA HARRISI, n. sp. Surface of the discoidal zoarium, enlarged to 18 diameters, . : “ A A tangential section, enlarged 35 ainineters ahowine whe sual spini- form tubuli, numerous interstitial tubes, and the ring like walls of the proper zooecia. . A longitudinal section of same, enlarged 18 times. 5c. Represents a section of the natural size, through the center of the discoidal zoarium, and shows the relative thickness and diameter of a rather large example. Page. 82 85 88 89 91 voror Jhe Ioucnal athe Cin, Sue Netwral History, | | < { fo a \ EAT po a on \ X SES. ie Se NS ‘ get thi es — fe ISSR yea sae a a Lae ana g oaeieTt Cre peewee! Plate 1, VOL.VI. Clie Imaal ot the Chr Sar Netaral bistary, “ ~ t = 010-011 X.0070-.0076 mm ug AGARICUS MORGANI, PECK, KREBS LITHO,CO. CINCINNATI. Plate 2. 003 mr . = Plate 3. Mi 005 X.003 mm .006X . l © - fc i : ; = f ae ~ ( of : oO 2) ete # = 4 NS = Ye J we a a dae Le . oO Fatt 0 : = +e, a 2 < z 5 ac a he wo = e ") < : > oO = a oc 9) a ac pe Z = : oO w “ iS = pc ; < oO .005 mm. Growing on wood ; “on fence rails.”—JZea. Pileus 1-4 in. broad ; stipe commonly short, solid or hollow, often compressed, lacunose, etc. Flesh thick, soft, yellowish. Somewhat cespitose ; the odor strong. Vestiges of the veil scarcely to be perceived. 113. A. potycHRrous, Berk.—Pileus convex then plane, broadly um- bonate, of many colors, at first purple, viscid; the disk fleshy. Stipe firm, nearly equal, somewhat woody, at first furfuraceous. Lamelle broad, rather distant, adnate, slightly decurrent, at first dirty white, then brownish-purple, at length yellow-brown. 108 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. On rotten trunks of trees, sticks, etc. Solitary or ceespitose; pileus 2-3 in. in diameter, stipe 1-14 in. high; the veil fugitive consisting of purple and yellow flocci. The pileus when young is-purple, it then changes to buff or light yellow on the margin, with the umbo purple or brownish-yellew. This very beautiful Agaric was first found by Mr. Lea, and named by his friend and correspondent, Rev. M. J. Berkeley, of England. SUBGENUS XX.—PLUTEOoLUS, Fr. Pileus conic or campanulate, then expanded ; the margin at first straight and appressed to the stipe. Stipe somewhat cartilaginous. Lamelle rotundate-free. 114. A. mucipoLENSs, Berk.—Scented. Pileus a little fleshy, lobed, glabrous, viscid, shining, sooty. Stipe fibrillose. Lamellee free. Spores dull-ferruginous, somewhat cymbiform. “On a rotten trunk. Cincinnati, April 21, 1842.”—Lea. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, of a dull smoky brown; stipe 2 in. or more in height, clothed with brownish fibres. Smell like that of decayed cheese. This plant is one of Mr. Lea’s new species, It is very interesting as being the only representative thus far known of this subgenus in North America. SupcEnus XXI.—Navcorta, Fr. Pileus more or less flesby, convexo-plane; the margin at first in- flexed. Stipe cartilaginous. Lamelle free or attached, but not de- current. 115, A. vervacti, Fr.—Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane or umbonate, - even, glabrous, viscid, shining when dry. Stipe stuffed then hollow, tapering upward, glabrous, rigid, whitish. Lamelle adnate with a decurrent tooth, cluse, afterward ventricose, pallid then ferruginous- brown. Spores brown-ferraginous. . In meadows, pastures, etc. Pileus luteous, obtuse; stipe short, about.1 in. long, rather thick, tapering sometimes upward and some- times downward. Flesh white. 116. A. sEMioRBICULARIS, Fr.—Pileus a little fleshy, hemispheric, expanded, even, glabrous, somewhat viscid, at length rivulose. Stipe slender, tough, almost straight, pale ferruginous, shining, with a free tubular pith. Lamelle adnate, very broad, close, pallid then ferrugin- ous. Spores brown-ferruginous, elliptic, very large, .013X.008 mm. The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 109 On lawns and in pastures and grassy grounds. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, stipe 3-4 in. long. Color when fresh tawny-ferruginous, when dry ochraceous. SusGENus XXIJ.—Gaterra, Fr. Pileus more or less membranaceous, from conic or oval expanded, striate; the margin at first straight and appressed to the stipe. Stipe cartilaginous. Lamelle not decurrent. 117 A. tener, Scheeff.—Pileus somewhat membranaceous, conic- campanulate, obtuse, hygrophanous. Stipe straight, fragile, somewhat shining, concolorous. Lamellez adnate, close, ascending, linear, cinna- mon. Spores somewhat ferruginous, elliptic, very large, .0137X.0076 mm. In grassy grounds, upon manure, rotten wood, etc. Pileus 3-1 in. high and broad, stipe 3-5 in. long. Changing from a watery ferrugin- ous or brownish when wet to ochraceous or pallid when dry. 118. A. siriginrus, Fr.—Pileus membranaceous, globose-campanu- late then expanded, unequal, even, not expallent.. Stipe somewhat flexuous, equal, pallid, somewhat pruinose. Lamelle adnate, broadly- linear, rather close, ochraceous. Found with the preceding, commonly smaller. It can be separated from it by the stipe pallid, not straight, the base often attenuate, the pileus grayish, more convex, the margin often flexuous. SuBGENUS X XIIJ.—Tuparia, W. Smith. Pileus somewhat membranaceous, often clothed with a universal floccose veil. Stipe cartilaginous, hollow. Lamelle more or less de- current, 119, A. FUuRFURACEUS, Pers.—Pileus a little fleshy, convex then plane, and at length umbilicate, hygrophanous, with a silky scaly veil, especially around the margin. Stipe hollow, flocculose, rigid, pallid. Lamellz adnate-decurrent, rather distant, cinnamon. Spores ferrugin- ous, .0056 mm. long. Upon the ground, pieces of wood, piles of leaves. Pileus 4-1 in. broad, stipe 1-2 in. long. Pileus rich umber or cinnamon when moist, alutaceous-canescent when dry ; stipe white-floccose at the base. 120. A. 1nquitinus, Fr.—Pileus somewhat membranaceous, convex then plane, glabrous, a little viscid, striate when wet, hygrophanous. 110 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Stipe hollow, tough, tapering downward, dark brown, white-fibrillose. Lamelle somewhat decurrent, rather distant, triangular, brown, Spores brown-ferruginous. In woods on rotten wood, sticks and rubbish. Gregarious, very small; pileus 4 an inch or less in breadth; stipe 1 in. long, scarcely a line in thickness. Sup@ENus XXIV.—Crepipotwus, Fr. Pileus eccentric, lateral or resupinate. a. Pileus lateral. 121. A. motuis, Scheff.—Pileus gelatinous-fleshy, soft, obovate or reniform, flaccid, nearly sessile, glabrous, ‘pallid then canescent. Lamelle decurrent to the base, close, linear, whitish then watery cinnamon. Spores ferruginous, elliptic, .009X.0056 mm. On old stumps and rotten trunks; common. Solitary or imbricated ; pileus 1-2 in. broad. Pileus, in the larger forms, undulately lobed, commonly sessile, but it varies, being sometimes produced behind into a short, strigose stipe. | 122. A. porsais, Peck.—Pileus fleshy, sessile, dimidiate or some- what reniform, flat or a little depressed behind, with a decurved slightly striate margin, somewhat fibrillose-tomentose, distinctly to- mentose at the point of attachment. reddish-yellow. Lamellz close, ventricose, rounded behind, somewhat emarginate, converging to a whitish, villous, lateral space, pale ochraceous-brown. Spores ferrug- inous, globose, .006 mm. in diameter. On old logs in woods. Pileus 1-2in. broad. In general appearance, it bears some resemblance to Panus dorsalis. 123. A. cRocopHYLLUS, Berk.—Pileus fleshy, convex, somewhat fla- belliform, sessile, appressed scaly, ochraceous-brown. Lamellz rather broad, rounded behind, bright buff or orange. Spores pale ochre- yellow, nearly globose. On old logs in woods. Pileus scarce half an inch long. This is one of Mr. Lea’s new species. b. Pileus at first resupinate. 124, A. versutus, Peck.—Pileus at first resupinate, then reflexed, sessile, thin, pure white, soft-villous, the margin incurved. Lamellee rather broad, somewhat distant, concurrent to an excentric point, 4 The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 111 rounded behind, pale then ferruginous. Spores ferruginous-brown, somewhat elliptic, .010 mm. long. In cavities of old stumps, on much decayed, half-buried wood, ete. Pileus less than 1 in. broad. TABLE OF THE SUBGENERA OF PRATELLI. A. Stipe annulate. 25. PsaLyrota.—Lamellee free from the stipe. 26. STROoPHARIA —Lamelle adnate. B. Stipe not annulate. 27. HypHotoma.—Veil woven into a web which adheres to the margin of the pileus. 28, PsrtLtocyBrE.— Veil none. SuBGENUs XXV.—Psatuuiota, Fr. Stipe annulate Lamelle free. a. Annulus ample, not distant. 125. A. arvensis, Scheff. Pileus fleshy, conic-campanulate then explanate, at first floccose-mealy, afterward almost glabrous, even or Yivulose. Stipe hollow, floccose-medullate; annulus pendulous, ample, consisting of two layers, the outer layer radiately divided. Lamelle free, broader in front, reddish-white then brown. Spores elliptic, variable in size, averaging .010 <.006 mm. In meadows and grassy grounds in fields. Pileus commonly 3-5 in. broad, and stipe 3-4 in. long, but these dimensions are often greatly exceeded. This is the “ Horse Mushroom” of England; it is edible, but is not so delicate as A. campestris. The pileus and stipe are white, staining yellowish when bruised. The flesh remains white or takes on only a yellowish tint when cut or broken. 126, A. FaBacets, Berk.—Pileus thin, somewhat fleshy, conical, umbonate, at length plane. Stipe bulbous, rather slender, nearly glabrous; veil ample, externally floccose. Lamelle close, free, broader behind, brown then nearly black. Spores brown, nucleate on one side small, .0055 mm. long. On the ground amongst the old leaves in woods; common. Pileus 3-4 in. across, stipe 3-4 in. high. The pileus is smooth, tough, feeling like fine kid leather, turning yellow when bruised; the stipe is bulbous 112 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. at the base, nearly equal above, rather slender and often gracefully curving. The lamellz are at length almost black, like the dark part of a bean flower. This is one of the elegant new species of Lea’s Catalogue. b. Annulus small, remote. 127. A. campEstris, Linn.—Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, floccose- silky or scaly. Stipe stuffed, even, white; the annulus in the middle, somewhat lacerate. Lamelle free, approximate, ventricose, somewhat liquescent, fleshy-brown. Spores brown, nearly elliptic, .008x.006 mm. In rich soil of old pastures; some years abundant. Pileus commonly 2-3 in. broad, stipe 14-24 in. long. This is the ‘“ Common Mushroom,” which from the most ancient times has been highly esteemed for food; out of it numerous cultivated varieties have arisen. It has a faint odor and a pleasant taste; the flesh is firm, thick, white changing more or less to a reddish hue when cut or broken. It is the small, round, un- developed plants that are eaten. 128. A. sitvaticus, Scheeff.—Pileus fleshy, thin, campanulate then expanded, gibbous, fibrillose and scaly. Stipe hollow, equal, whitish; the annulus simple, distant. Lamelle free, close, equally attenuate both ways, thin, dry, reddish changing to brown. Spores elliptic, .0064.0043 mm. In woods. Pileus about 3 in. broad, stipe 3-4 in. long. The pileus is a great deal thinner than in the preceding species, more fragile, darker, it is at first covered with brown scales which at length scale off, leaving at least the disk smooth; the margin is often rimosely in- cised. ‘The flesh is white changing a little to reddish. SuBGENUS XX VI.—StrRopnHaria, Fr. Stipe annulate. Lamellze more or less adnate. a. Growing on wood or on the, ground. 129. ‘A. mrucinosus, Curt.—Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, somewhat umbonate, covered with a bluish-green seceding slime, expallent. Stipe hollow, equal, viscid, beneath the annulus scaly or fibrillose, tinged with blue, Lamellz adnate, soft, brown changing to purple. Spores elliptic, purplish .007>.005 mm. Upon the earth and upon trunks of trees in woods. Pileus 1-4 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. high. Gregarious; pileus dull yellow but covered with a bluish gluten; above this, but not always, clothed with white scales; stipe with various tints of blue, green or yellow, within mottled The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 113 with blue, the center white; annulus generally fugacious; smell dis- agreeable. b. Growing on manure. 130. A. steRcoraRtius, Fr.—Pileus a little fleshy, hemispheric then expanded, even, glabrous, discoid, somewhat viscid. Stipe stuffed with a discrete pith, elongated, flocculose beneath the distant annulus, even, somewhat viscid. Lamelle adnate, broad, white then umber and olive-black. Spores purple-brown, elliptic, very large, .017X.013 mm. In woods and pastures, on manure. Pileus 1-14 in. broad, stipe 3-4 in. high. Pileus luteous, livid-yellowish, etc.; stipe yellowish. Lamelle broadest behind, truncate and somewhat decurrent. Dis- tinguished from A. semiglobatus by the distinct medullary substance by which the stipe is stuffed, and by the pileus finally becoming ex- panded. f 131. A. sEmIGLoBatus, Batsch.—Pileus a little fleshy, hemispheric, even, yellowish, glutinous. Stipe hollow, slender, straight, glabrous, yellowish, glutinous ; the veil inferior, with an abrupt annular termina- tion. Lamelle adnate, broad, plane, clouded with black. Spores purple-brown, elliptic, large, .014.009 mm. Common on manure or manured soil. Pileus 4-1 in. in diameter, stipe 2-3 in. high. The pileus is viscid when moist, shining and smooth when dry ; the stipe is hollow, at first very viscid, shining when dry, with a closely glued silkiness ; the annulus is more or less perfect and deflexed, the lamelle are very broad, mottled with the purple-brown spores, with at length a cinereous, sometimes a yellow tinge. SusGENus XX VII.—HypuHotoma. Pileus more or less fleshy, the margin at first incurved; the veil woven into a web,. which adheres to the margin of the pileus. Lamelle adnate or sinuate. A. Pileus not hygrophanous. a. Pileus glabrous, bright-colored, 132, 133. 6. Pileus scaly or fibrillose, 134-136. B. Pileus glabrous, hygrophanous, 137, 138. A. Pileus not hygrophanous. a, Pileus glabrous, bright-colored when dry. 114 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 132. A. sUBLATERITIUS, Scheeff.—Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, ob- tuse, discoid, dry, becoming glabrous; the flesh compact, whitish. Stipe stuffed, fibrillose, tapering downward, ferruginous. lLamellze adnate, close, white then dingy-olive. Spores elliptic, brown-purple, .005 <.0035 mm. : On and about old stumps; very common late in autumn and at the beginning of winter. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, stipe 3-5 in. long. Gre- garious and cespitose; pileus brick-red or tawny on the disk, paler toward the margin, silky when young, but becoming glabrous; taste bitter and nauseous. : 133. A. rasicuLaris, Huds.— Pileus fleshy, thin, somewhat umbonate, glabrous. Stipe hollow, slender, fibrillose, flexuous, yellow; the flesh yellow. lLamelle adnate, crowded, linear, somewhat liquescent, sul- phur then greenish. Spores elliptic, ferruginous-purple, .006.004 mim. On stumps and old logs and on the ground. Gregarious and densely csespitose; pileus about 2 in. in breadth, the stipe 2-5 in. or more in length. Pileus at first conic, then expanded, more or less irregular from the tufted mode of growth, tawny, yellow toward the margin; stipe long, curved and unequal, yellow-greenish above; taste bitter and nauseous. | b. Pileus scaly or fibrillose. 134. A. LAcRYMABUNDUS, Fr.—Pileus fleshy, convex, obtuse, pilose scaly; the scales innate and darker; the flesh whitish. Stipe hollow, fibrillose-scaly, whitish. Lamelle adnate, clése, brown-purple. Spores brown-purple, oblique .0076X.0056 mm. Upon the ground and rotten trunks in woods. Commonly ceespi- tose ; pileus 2-4 in. broad, stipe 2-4in. high. Pileus at first campanu- late, at length expanded, pale reddish-brown, darker in the center ; flesh pale umber; lamelle at first pale, then reddish-brown ; stipe pale, umber toward the base, whitish above, somewhat thickened below, rather flexuous, pale umber within ; odor disagreeable. 3 135. A. pyrorricHus, Holmsk.—Pileus somewhat fleshy, conic then hemispheric, obtuse, densely clothed with tawny fibrils, reddish- tawny ; the flesh and curtain tawny. Stipe hollow, fibrillose, becom- ing tawny. Lamellz adnate, pallid, afterward changing to brown. About the trunks of trees in woods ; perhaps scarce, as I have found it but once. Pileus 3-5 in. broad, stipe 3-4 in. long. The pileus is characterized by the peculiar bright tawny or flame-colored hue, with densely appressed or fasiculate fibrille. When again found it needs to be more closely observed. The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 115 136. A veEtuTiINus, Pers._-Pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, at length obtusely umbonate, even, at first tomentose, with appressed fibrils, afterward becoming glabrous, hygrophanous ; the flesh very thin, concolorous. Stipe hollow, fibrillose-silky, sordid- argillaceous. Lamelle seceding. rather close, brown, black-punctate. In the streets of the suburbs, along the country roads, ete. Size various, often extremely large, very fragile. Pileus not scaly, when fresh lurid, partly dry, tawny, when dry rather clay-color. B. Pileus glabrous, hygrophanous. 187. A. CANDOLLEANUS, Fr.—Pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate- convex, explanate, obtuse, glabrous, hygrophanous. Stipe hollow, fragile, somewhat fibrillose, white, striate at the apex. Lamelle ro- tundate-attached, close, violaceous then brown-cinnamon. Spores brown, oblique, .0090.0056 mm. On the ground in woods. Pileus 14-3 in. in diameter, stipe 14-3 in, high. The colors even of the lamellz seem to be exceedingly variable; the pileus is commonly cinereous or whitish, darker in the center. 138. A. aAPPENDICULATUS, Bull.—Pileus fleshy-membranaceous, ovate-expanded, glabrous, hygrophanous, when dry rugose and somewhat atomate. Stipe hollow, equal, glabrous, white, pruinate at the apex. Lamellz somewhat adnate, close, dry, whitish then fleshy- brown. Spores .005X.004 mm. Upon trunks especially of beech. Densely ceespitose; pileus 2-3 in. broad, stipe 3 in. in length. Pileus brownish then tawny or pale ochre; the flesh of the same color. SUBGENUS XX VIII.—PsInocyBE. Pileus more or less fleshy, glabrous; the margin at first incurved; the veil none. Stipe somewhat cartilaginous. 139, A. spapiceus, Fr.—Rigid. Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, even, moist, hygrophanous. Stipe hollow, tough, pallid, even at the apex. Lamelle rotundate-attached, dry, close, whitish then fleshy- brown. Spores elliptic, purplish-brown, .007€x.0051 mm. In grassy grounds of dooryards, lawns and fields, very abundant after rains, in spring and summer. Pileus 14-3 in. broad, stipe 2-3 in. long. Pileus even, at first glabrous, rigid, scabrous, umber-brown, be- coming pale when dry; the flesh whitish; the margin inflexed, often cracked and split when dry. The lamellae sometimes finally cinnamon or umber. 116 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. TABLE OF Ee SUBGENERA OF COPRINARII. 29. Panzxotus.—Pileus a little fleshy, not striate. 30. PsATHYRELLA.—Pileus membranaceous, striate. SuBGENUS X XIX.—PANZOLUS. Pileus a little fleshy, not striate, the margin exceeding the lamelle. Stipe polished, rather firm. Lamelle variegated. a. Pileus viscid, shining when dry. 140, A. sotipipes, Peck.—Pileus firm, hemispheric, then somewhat campanulate, smooth, whitish ; the cuticle at length breaking up into dingy-yellowish, rather large, angular scales. Stipe firm, smooth, white, solid, slightly striate at the top. Lamelle broad, slightly at- tached, whitish, becoming black. Spores black with a bluish tint. In pastures on piles of dung. Pileus 2-3 in. in diameter, stipe d-8 in. high. A large species, remarkable for its solid stipe. The scales on the pileus are larger on the disk, becoming smaller toward the margin. The upper part of the stipe is sometimes beaded with drops of moisture. 141. A. Fimiputris, Bull.—Pileus somewhat membranaceous, conic- expanded, rather gibbous, even, viscid. Stipe slender, equal, glabrous, pallid, marked with an annular zone. Lamelle attached, livid-black- ish. Spores black, .009X.007 mm. In pastures on dung. Pileus 1-2 in. broad and high, stipe 3-5 in. long. Pileus reticulate rugulose, dark cinereous, livid when dry ; the annulus broken into triangular loops or laciniz fringing the margin ; stipe scaly-tomentose, pulverulent, often beaded with little drops, striate above, nearly white, at length reddish. 6b. Pileus dry, glabrous. 142. A. camMpaNULATUS, Linn.—Pileus a little fleshy, campanulate, dry, even, glabrous, somewhat shining. Stipe equal, straight, reddish; the apex striate, dark-pulverulent. Lamelle attached. ascending, variegated with gray and black. Spores black. On manured ground. Pileus 3-14 in. in diameter, 3-1 in, in height ; stipe 3-4 in. long. Pileus from brown changing to reddish. 143. A. rimicota, Fr.—Pileus a little fleshy, campanulate-convex, obtuse, glabrous, opaque, marked around the margin with a narrow brown zone. Stipe fragile, elongated, equal, pallid, white-pruinate at The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, O. 117 the apex. Lamelle adnate, broad, variegated with gray and sooty. Spores black. On dung and on manured land, in spring and summer. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, stipe 2-4 in. long. Pileus when moist commonly sooty- canescent, when dry argillaceous-canescent. SUBGENUS XX X.—PSATHYRELLA. Pileus membranaceous, striate, the margin not exceeding the lamelle. Lamelle uniformly black-sooty, not variegated. a. Stipe straight, glabrous. 144. A. Gracitis, Fr.—Pileus somewhat membranaceous, conic, striatulate, hygrophanous, when dry not striate. Stipe slender, straight, naked, pallid. Lamellze broadly adnate, rather distant, cin- ereous-blackish; the edge obsoletely rose-color. Spores black, elliptic. very large, .014.008 mm. In low grounds along fence-rows. Pileus 2-14 in. broad, stipe 3-5 in. high. Pileus at first livid or brownish, then changing to ochra- ceous, alutaceous, pinkish or whitish. : 6b. Stipe flecuous, pruinate at the apex. 145, A. atomatus, Fr.—Pileus somewhat membranaceous, campanu- late, obtuse, striatulate, hygrophanous, when dry rugulose, entire, furfuraceous with shining atoms. Stipe lax, fragile, white; the apex white-furfuraceous. Lamellz adnate, broad, cinereous-blackish. Spores black, elliptic, large .011X<.008 mm, Among chips and rotten wood in woods. Pileus 3-1 in. in diameter, stipe 2-3 in. long. Pileus at length plano-expanded, ochraceous in- clining to pale reddish, at length cream-colored or nearly white. Stipe somewhat rooting, more or less cottony at the base. 146. A, DIssEMINATUS, Pers.—Pileus membranaceous, ovate-campanu- late, furfuraceous, afterward naked, sulcate-plicate, entire, changing color. Stipe lax, somewhat flexuous, fragile, furfuraceous then glabrous. Lamelle adnate, broadly linear, white-cinereous, then chang- ing to black. Spores black, elliptic, .0076.0051 mm. About trunks of trees and on the ground, in woods. Gregarious and czespitose, sometimes in countless numbers. A very small Agaric ; pileus about one fourth of an inch in breadth, the stipe about 1 inch long. Pileus yellowish or ochraceous, at length cinereous or whitish: sometimes with a pearly tint toward the margin. [T0 BE CONTINUED. | \ 118 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. — A REVISION OF THE GENUS CLEMATIS OF THE UNITED STATES; EMBRACING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES, THEIR SYSTEMATIC AR- RANGEMENT, GHOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND SYNONOMY. By JosrepH F. JamMgs. Custodian, Cincinnati Society of Natural History. [Read by title before the American Association for the advancement of Science, August, 1882.] This Revision of the Genus Clematis, native to the United States, has been prepared as a contribution toward that great desideratum of all botanists, a Flora of the United States. In this monograph I have collected the descriptions of all the species of the United States, have given their geographical distribu- tion, and as full a synonomy as I have been able to get together. For this latter portion Lam indebted to Mr. Sereno. Watson’s Index to North American Botany. For information in regard to range of species, I am indebted to many correspondents; and for the examination of specimens, am under obligations to Mr. Isaac Martindale, of Camden; Dr. George Vasey, of the Agricultural Department at Wash- ington ; Mr. Parker, of the Philadelphia Academy, and Mr. Watson, of Cambridge. een, The Genus Clematis, Linn., forming the tribe Clematide of the Ranunculacee, contains about one hundred species. They are widely distributed over all the warm and temperate regions of the earth, but like the rest of the order, are rare or unknown in the low, hot, damp regions of Africa, Asia and America. The species delight most in dry elevated localities, and many of them are found in the moun- tains at elevations of from 6,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea. Clematis, Linn. ‘““Involucre none, or resembling a calyx, and situated next to the flower. Sepals 4 (4-8), colored, in estivation valvate, or with the edges bent inwards. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals, An- thers linear, extrorse. Achenia terminated by long (mostly plumose or hairy) tails. Perennial, herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly sarmentose, with opposite leaves, and fibrous roots.” (Torr. & Gray, Flora NeeAm, wolnp.e7)) A Revision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 119 Section I.—ATRAGENE.—Some of the outer filaments passing into small petals ; peduncles bearing single large flowers, the sepals spread- ing. 1. C. VERTICILLARIS, DC.—W oody-stemmed climber, almost glab- rous; leaves trifoliate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaf- lets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or on sterile stems, 1-3 toothed or lobed; flowers bluish purple (2’ to 3’ across); tails of the fruit plumose.* 2. C. atpina, Mill.—A trailing, woody-stemmed plant, 6’ high, glab- rous but for a few scattered hairs; leaves biternately divided; seg- ments ovate or oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, frequently 3-lobed, irreg- ularly toothed; sepals 4, lance ovate, purplish blue.+ Var. OcHotensis, Gray.—With linear antheriferous petals.{ This is the form commonly found in the Rocky mountains, and differs from C. alpina and C. Siberica, only in the development of the petals. SEctTIoN I].—CLeMatTIs proper.— Petals entirely wanting. (1) Flowers solitary, pedunculate. a.—Stems erect, simple or branching. ~ Leaves divided. 3. C. Batpwini, Torr. & Gray.—Erect, 1°-14° high, simple or a little branching, slender, slightly pubescent; leaves varying from oblong to linear lanceolate, entire, or 3-cleft or lobed, lobes linear, often slightly laciniate, sometimes quite simple, 4’ to 6” wide, narrowed at base into a short petiole; peduncle terminal, 8’ to 10’ long, one flowered; flower cylindrical-campanulate; sepals purplish externally, yellowish within; tails of carpels 2’ to 3’ long, very plumose.§ 4, C. Douexasit, Hooker.—‘ Stem herbaceous, 1° to 2° high, simple, one flowered ; leaves 2-3 pinnatified (or the lower ones more simple), the segments linear or linear lanceolate, both stem and leaves more or less hairy ; flower nodding, the naked peduncle erect and elongated in fruit ; sepals thick, woolly at the apex, more or less spreading, deep brownish purple, paler externally.” | | 5. C. Scorru, Porter.—‘ More or less villous, with soft-spreading * Gray’s Manual, p 35. + Watson, Bot. Nev. & Utah (vol. v., King’s Sur.) p. 3, and Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colo- rado, p. 1. t Watson, Jbid, p. 4 @ Torrey & Gray, El. vol,:i., p. 8. || Watson, J. ¢., p- 3. 120 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. hairs ; bushy branching, from a suffrutescent base ; branches erect, 9’-18’, not climbing ; leaves opposite, on rather long petioles, pinnate ; leaflets 5 pairs, ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petiolate, strongly veined beneath, the lower ones often 2-3 cleft ; flowers axillary and terminal, nodding ; peduncles 3’-6’; sepals 4, ovate, with reflexed summits, nearly one inch long, dark or brownish purple, thickish but not leathery, as in C. Viorna, more or less tomentose on the outside ; carpels silky pubescent, with densely plumose tails, 1’-14’ in length.”* © ++ Leaves simple or lobed. 6. C. ocHRoLEUcA, Aiton (C. ovata,+ Pursh).—Stem simple, silky pubescent, leaves reticulately veined, ovate, sometimes 3-lobed, sub- sessile, upper surface glabrous when old, silky beneath ; upper leaves rather acute ; flower solitary, terminal, pedunculate, inclined, yellow- ish or greenish, erect in fruit ; sepals 4, silky externally ; tails of the carpels very plumose. t Var. Fremontu, James (C. Fremontii,§ Wats.).— Stem stout and usually branched; leaves sessile; sepals purple; tails of carpels short, naked above, silky or hairy at base. Between the C. ovata, Pursh, and -C. ochroleuca, Aiton, I can not find sufficient difference to justify a separation. ‘The characters dis- tinguishing the two species are only the silky stem and leaves, and yellow flowers of ochroleuca, against the smooth stem and leaves, und purple flowers of ovata. But the older leaves of ochroleuca become glabrous, and so resemble the ovata: and as Pursh de- scribed his species from a dried specimen, he may well have taken the flower to be purple, because a difference in color would not be noticeable in dried specimens. I have seen but a single specimen labelled ovata in any of the large herbaria of the East, and that at * Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col., p. 1. + C. ovata, Pursh.—Whole plant glabrous ; stem simple, or sometimes climbing ; leaves broadly ovate, on very short petioles, glabrous, glaucous and reticulately veined beneath, the lower subcordate ; peduncle terminal, solitary, one flowered; flower inclined, nearly as large as C. ochroleuca; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on margin, purple; tails of car- pels plumose. (Torr. & Gr. Fl. vol, i., pp. 8 and 657.) t Torr. & Gr.,l. c, vol, i., p. 7, and Gray’s Man., p- 35. 2 C. Fremontit, Watson.—‘** Stem stout, erect, clustered, 6’-12’ high, leafy and usually branched, more or less villous tomentose, especially at the nodes; leaves simple, 3-4 pairs, coriaceous and with the veinlets conspicuously reticulated, sparingly villous, sessile, broadly ovate, entire or few toothed, 2’-4’ long; flowers terminal, nodding, the thick purple sepals an inch long, narrowly lanceolate; tomentose at the margin, recurved at the tip, the pe- duncles becoming erect in fruit, akenes silky 3-4 long, the tails less than an inch long, naked above, silky at base.’? (Proc. Am. Acad. vol. x., p. 339. Quoted in Bot. Gaz., vol. Masi le.) A Revision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 121 Philadelphia, and it is in appearance simply a small ochroleuca, Dr. A. Gray has examined the specimens described by Pursh in the Sher- ard herbarium at Oxford, England, and concludes it to be the same as ochroleuca.* Between ochroleuca again, and the form described as Fremontii, the resemblances are very strong, and the differences ex- tremely slight. The most important difference is in the carpels. In the ochroleuca these have the tails long, and very plumose, while in the Fremontii they are short, filiform, “ naked above, silky below.” Yet in a specimen in the herbarium at Harvard, the tails are long and quite hairy, especially at the base. Now as the Fremontii is a very local species, being confined, as Mr. Lewis Watson, who rediscovered the plant, writes me, to a space of about forty square miles, would it not be safe to conclude that the Premontii, being the western analogue of the ochroieuca, is in reality only a peculiar variety of it, produced by various circumstances of climate and soil? Such, at all events, seems the case to me, and I have therefore called it C. ochroleuca var. Fremontit. b.—Stems climbing ; leaves pinnate. 7. C. Viorna, L.—Stem striate, smooth; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2-3 lobed or entire, smooth, upper- most leaves often simple, sparingly reticulated when old; flower terminal, nodding, dark reddish purple; calyx ovate, and at length bell shaped; sepals very thick and leathery, tipped with short re- curved points, ovate lanceolate, one inch long; tails of the carpels 14 inches long, very plumose, persistent.t Var. coccinEA, James (Long’s Expedition) (C. coccinea, Engelm.,t C. Texensis, Buckl.)—Leaflets coriaceous, obtuse, convex, entire, glaucous ; flower red, sepals smooth. Var Pircuerti, James (C. Pitcheri,§ Torr. & Gr.) Leaflets ovate, * Note in Herb. at Harvard, and in Curtis’ Bot. Mag., Dec. 1881. + Gray’s Man., p. 36, Wood Cl. Bk., p. 201. t OC. coccinea, Engelm. ‘“ Glabrous, stem very slender, climbing, branched; leaves thin, coriaceous, on slender petioles, 3-5 foliate; leaflets on very slender petiolules; the lateral ones broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, apiculate, convex, glaucous beneath, entire, reticulately veined ; the terminal one larger and broader, entire or 3-lobed ; flowers solitary, en very long peduncles, scarlet; perianth ovoid; sepals glabrous, the margins silky- tomentose, thick, coriaceous, ovate lanceolate, erect, the apex acute and recurved; akenes villous, the tails elongated, plumose, persistent.’’ (Curtis’ Bot. Mag. Dec. 1881.) 2 CO. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. Stem climbing; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-9, ovate or some- what cordate, acute or obtuse, entire or three lobed, sub-sessile, much reticulated, upper leaves often simple; flower nodding, pedunculate: calyx bell-shaped, the dull purplish sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points; tails of the carpels filiform, pubescent or villous. (Gray’s Man., p. 36, etc.) 122 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. sub-sessile, reticulated ; sepals with narrow, slightly margined, re- curved points; tails of carpels either filiform and glabrous or appressed silky and villous; leaves very variable. We have in the preceding an interesting group of what have been considered three distinct species, all possessing points in common, and comparatively few points of difference. The var. coccinea, lately erected to a species by Dr, Engelman, though Buckley characterized it as long ago as 1861, under the name of C. Texensis, differs from the type Viorna mainly in the color of the flower and the obtuseness of the leaflets, points which are very seldom considered sufficient to estab- lish a species. Some leaflets on Véorna are obtuse and plainly reticu- lated, while the color of the flower is a deep reddish-purple. The var. Pitcheri differs in the leaflets being nearly sessile, reticulated, sepals with slightly margined points, but principally in having the tails of the carpels filiform and glabrous, or silky and villous. Now the Viorna seems to be the dominant form. In its distribu- tion it overlaps the var. coccinea found in Texas, and at the northwest it overlaps var. Pitcherz in Illinois and Iowa. Here then we have a species widely spread over the country with several marked varieties, and we shall see that there are not sufficient characters to establish them as distinct species. The stems in all are alike. The leaves vary in the varieties in size and form, but so do they also in them- selves. The Pitcheri has leaves acute or obtuse, entire or lobed, ovate or lanceolate. The leaves of coccinea vary less, but in the species Viorna, they are as variable as in the varieties. The flowers in all are almost exactly alike, except as regards color and the presence or absence of pubescence. Lastly, the carpels are alike except in the Pitcheri, in which we find, according to Dr. Gray,* two forms, one “(leio- stylis) with the filiform styles completely glabrous from the first; in the other (lasiostylis) they are appressed silky or villous, either only be- low or for their whole length.’ There are transitions between them, and the form passes into the C. filifera, Benth, of Mexico, which also has naked or pilose styles. Certain forms found in Texas, and re- ferred to as var. “folius tenuioribus etc.,’’ of reticulata, seem to be the same as OC. filifera, Benth., according to specimens in the herbari- um at Washington. As this form has been referred by Gray to Pitcheri, it will be necessary to reduce the C. jfilifera to a synonym of C. Viorna, var. Pitchert. * Bot. Mag., 2. c., Dec. 1881. A Revision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 123 8. C. BigELovu, Torrey.—“‘ Low (7), herbaceous (?),” (in reality as seen in later specimens climbing), smooth; leaves pinnate or bi-pinnate, long petioled, leaflets 7-9, half an inch to an inch in length, membran- aceous and inconspicuously veined, 3-lobed or parted: lobes sub-ovate, entire, or incised, peduncles “an inch or two in length’’ (sometimes four and five inches), one flowered, nodding; calyx sub-campanulate, sepals narrowly oblong, scarcely over half an inch in length, membran- aceous in dried state, probably a little thickened in the living plant, but not leathery as in C. Viorna, etc.; almost glabrous except the densely tomentose margin, not appendaged, but the obtuse tip spread- ing; carpels silky pubescent, becoming glabrate, with tails over an inch in length, densely plumose as in C. Viorna.* 9. C. RETICULATA, Walt.—Stems climbing, leaves pinnate or ternate; leaflets 3-6, oblong, ovate or oval, entire, simple or lobed, obtuse or acute and mucronate, rigidly coriaceous, conspicuously reticulated on both sides, glabrous: peduncle terminal, one flowered, flower nodding, bell- shaped, pale purple; sepals 1’-13’ long, rather coriaceous, ovate lanceo- late, velvety externally: tails of the carpels long and plumose.t ‘10. C. crispa, Linn.—Stem smooth, climbing; leaves pinnate or ternate; leaflets 3-15, acute, thin, varying from oblong-ovate to lanceo- late, acuminate, obtuse or sub-cordate at base, entire or 3-5 parted; peduncle terminal, bearing a large, nodding, bell-shaped, bluish-purple flower; calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin margins; tails of the carpels about an inch long, silky or plumose (in the form originally described with “ naked” or pubescent tails).{ Var. Watteri, Gray (C. Walteri, Pursh., C. lineariloba, DC.) Leaflets linear or linear lanceolate, 3-4 pairs, the lobes scarcely 2’’-3” wide.§ 11. C. rastantHa, Nutt.—Stem pubescent, or silky tomentose, stout, climbing; leaves ternate, broadly ovate, obtusely cuneiform at base; leaflets incisely toothed, the terminal one three lobed or trifid, 1’-14 long, 1’ broad, almost villous beneath ; flowers dicecious, solitary, more than an inch in diameter, on rather stout 1-2 bracted peduncles 3 inches long; sepals cuneate oblong, spreading, villous on both surfaces, obtuse, 6’’-10” long, akenes pubescent. | * Pacific R. R. Survey Report, vol. iv., p. 61. + Torr. & Gr., l. c., vol. i., p. 10. Wood’s Cl., Bk. p. 201. t Torr. & Gr., vol. i., p-10. Gray’s Man., p. 36. Wood’s Cl. Bk., p. 201. 2 Gray—Curtis’ Bot. Mag., Dec., 1881. | Torr. & Gray, vol.i., p.9. Brew. & Watson, Bot. Col., vol. i., p. 3. 124 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. (2.) Flowers panicled : stems climbing. 12. C. pauciFLorA, Nutt.—Climbing, but inclined to gr ow erect or bushy, smooth or somewhat silky pubescent, short jointed ; leaves pinnate and ternate, short and fascicled; leafiets 3-5, only 3’’-9” long, cuneate obovate to cordate, obtuse, mostly 3 toothed or lobed, petioles slightly pubescent; flowers axillary, solitary or few and panicled, on slender pedicels; sepals thin, 4’’-6” long ; akenes glabrous, with slender plumose tails. * 13. C. Drummonpu, Torr. & Gr.—Stem slender, angular, somewhat hairy ; leaves pinnate, silky villous beneath, sparingly hirsute on the upper surface; leaflets mostly 5, rhombic ovate, incisely 3 lobed, the lobes acute; panicles about as long as the leaves, trichotomously divided; sepals 4, white, oblong, villous externally; tails of carpels more than 2 inches long, densely plumose.t 14, C. Vireintana, Linn. (C. Catesbyana, Pursh.{ )—Stem climbing 8-15 feet high, supporting itself by the long petioles, smooth ; leaves ternate, with three ovate, acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart shaped at the base; flowers panicled, polygamo-dioeci- ous, with 4 white, obovate, thin, spreading sepals; carpels with long plumose tails.§ Var. BRACTEATA, DC. (C. holosericea, Pursh.||)—Pubescent. “ Leaf- lets ovate-lanceolate, entire.” In uniting C. holosericea and C. Catesbyana with C. Virginiana, I have been influenced by several considerations. The first species is a very obscure one, described by Pursh from dried specimens in the herbarium of Walter, and differs from C. Viryiniana, in being pubes- cent, and in having entire instead of serrate leaflets, two characters which are much too variable to establish specific rank. A specimen * Torr. & Gr., 1. c., vol. i., p. 9, and Brew. and Wats., l. ¢., vol.i., p. 3. + Torr. and Gr., t.c., vol. i., p: 9. 1 C. Catesbyana, Pursh.—Stem climbing, minutely pubescent; leaves bi-ternate, or pin- nately 5-foliate; leaflets ovate, often slightly cordate, small, mostly 3-lobed, the lobes en- tire, acute or acuminate; flowers mostly dioecious, in axillary divaricately forked cymes ; sepals linear oblong; carpels short tailed, plumose. (Pursh, Fl. Am., vol. ii., p. 736, Torr. and Gr., l.c., vol. i-, p. 657) - 2 Gray’s Manual, p. 36. Wood’s Cl. Bk., p. 201. | OC. holosericea, Pursh.—Stem climbing, downy or silky in all its parts; leaves ternate, pubescent both sides; leaflets entire, oblong lanceolate; flowers dicecious, small, white, in paniculate corymbs, few-flowered; linear petals longer than the stamens; carpels long plumed. (Pursh, J. c.. vol. ii., p. 384. Wood’s Cl. Bk., p. 201.) { Loudon Arbor. et Frutic., vol. i., p, 237. A Revision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 125 from Georgia in the Philadelphia Academy Herbarium, is labeled “a mere pubescent variety of C. Virginiana,” a conclusion I had before reached. The entire leaflets have caused me to refer it to C. Virgini- ana, var. bracteata. Almost the same may be said in respect to C. Catesbyana. This is better known, but is also doubtful. A specimen from Florida in the Agricultural Department Herbarium, has much the aspect of C. Vzir- giniana, and others in the Herbarium of Mr. I, C. Martindale, would be difficult to separate from C. Virginiana. Here again the pubes- cence and the entire lobes of the leaves constitute the differences be- tween it and the C. Virginiana, two differences which should never be aione sufficient to characterize a distinct species. 15. C. tigusticrroLia, Nutt.—Climbing, somewhat pubescent ; stems elongated, sometimes 30 feet long ; leaves ternate or mostly five foliate; leaflets coriaceous, broadly ovate to lanceolate, 3-lobed or coarsely toothed, rarely entire or 3-parted, 14’-3’ long; flowers white, dicecious, in paniculate corymbs ; sepals thin, silky, from 4’’-6” long ; akenes pubescent, tails one to two inches long, plumose.* Var. BREVIFOLIA, Torr. and Gr.—‘‘ With nearly smooth, broadly ovate, sub-cordate, three-lobed leaflets.’ + Var. BRACTEATA, Torr.—‘Leaflets 3-5, deeply cordate, incised, lobed, dentate, glabrous on both sides, the bracts of the flower very large, obovate, entire.” Var. CALIForNICcA, Watson.—“ Leaves silky tomentose beneath, often small.’’§ The two preceding species, C. Virginiana and C. ligusticifolia, the most widely distributed of the Genus in the United States, are very closely related to each other. The ligusticifolia of the West, is the representative of the Virginiana of the East, and it is doubtful if it is entitled to rank higher than a geographical variety. The differences are confined almost entirely to the pubescence on the leaves, and to their being 3-foliate in one, and 5-foliate in the other. These differ- ences, the only apparent ones, are by no means constant, for the leaves vary from smooth to very pubescent on both sides, and the leaflets are in the var. bracteata, sometimes only 3-lobed as in the Virginiana. * Watson, King’s Report, vol. y., p. 3. Torr. and Gr. Fl. vol. i., p. 9. Brew. and Wats. Bote Oals, VOl. is, D-d- + Watson, King’s Report, vol. 5, p. 3. t Torrey, Bot. Wilkes’ Expe., p. 211. § Brew. and Watson, Bot. Cal., vol. i., p. 3. 126 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. — I subjoin the description of C. Pennsylvanica, Donn., which must be regarded as a synonymn of C. Virginiana, L. “OQ, Pennsylvanica, Donn.—Plant glabrous, the stem somewhat climbing above ; leaves ternately cut, the segments petiolate, ovate- oblong, acuminate, a few coarse teeth toward the apex, the base entire, and 3-5 nerved; peduncle axillary, frequently shorter than the petiole, 3-flowered, 3-bracted ; flower hermaphrodite ; sepals 4, linear-oblong, rather obtuse, velvety without. “T find dried branches, about a foot long, in the herbarium of Prof. de la Vyne (?), long since deceased, very much like plants cultivated in German gardens since the time of Schreber. - Flowers (on these branches) in threes, lateral, not yet expanded, each flower subtended by a leaf like, serrulate or entire bract ; the bract of the middle flower often already fallen. These peduncles at the time of evolution (or flowering), short, afterwards perhaps elongated. Flowers small, whitish. Stamens in a single series, flat, brownish. Ovary terminated by plumose styles.” (Turez. Bull. Soc. Moscow, vol. xxvii. p. 273.) This description is very imperfect, and not sufficient to establish or characterize a species. It corresponds very well to some forms of C. Virginiana, and to that species is here referred. No habitat is given for it. In the following table the species are arranged according to what seems their most natural affinities: SEcTION ].—ATRAGENE. C. verticillaris, DC. . C. alpina, Mill. var. Ochotensis, Gray. Ww eI Srction IJ].—CLEMATIS. C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. . C. Douglasii, Hooker. C. Scottii, Porter. C. ochroleuca, Aiton (C. ovata, Pursh). var. Fremontii, James (C. Fremontii, Watson). a2) OC Waorna, 14: var. coccinea, James (of Long’s Expedition) (C. coccinea, Engelm. ) var. Pitcheri, James (C. Pitcheri, T. & G.) 8. C. Bigelovii, Torrey. 9. C. reticulata, Walter. DOR w A Revision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 127 10. C. erispa, Linn. var. Walteri, Gray. 11. C. lasiantha, Nutt. 12. C. pauciflora, Nutt. 13. C. Drummondii, T. & Gr. 14, C. Virginiana, L. (C. Pennsylvanica, Donn., C. Catesbyana, Pursh.) var. bracteata, DC. (C. holosericea, Pursh.) 15. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. var. brevifolia, Torr. & Gr. var. bracteata, Torrey. var. Californica, Watson. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Taking now the species in the order in which I have placed them, and in what I take to be the natural relations to each other, I will give the geographical distribution of each.* No. 1. Clematis verticiliaris, DC., is the most widely dispersed of all the species. Fron. the mountains of Carolina, on the south, it fol- lows the line of high land northeast, having recorded stations in Penn- sylvania at the foot of the Blue Ridge; at Wilmington, Delaware; along the Delaware river, at Phillipsburg, near the Water Gap, Plain- field, and at Preakness mountain, New Jersey; Haverstraw, North Salem, Pine Plains and Fishkill, New York; in Connecticut (rarely); at Johnson, Rhode Island, and thence to Maine. From here the range is westward through New Hampshire and Vermont; at Montreal, Canada; northern and western New York, and along the Great Lakes, being recorded at St. Croix Lake, Wisconsin. It reaches latitude 54° in British America, and is found in the Rocky mountains at Fort Ellis, Montana; Teton mountains at 11,000 feet, and Flat Head river in northern Idaho; in the Wahsatch and Uinta mountains of Utah at 7,000 to 9,000 feet; and in northern California about Cape Mendiciao. It is quite rare in most of the eastern stations, but becomes more com- mon toward the west. It is readily seen from the list of stations how it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, living in the highlands almost entirely, from as far south as latitude 37°, to north and west as * In the following account I have availed myself of some of the many local and state floras which have been published from time to time, and am indebted to the many corre- spondents in various parts of the country who have favored me with lists of the species found in their various localities. 128 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. far as 54°. Its distribution is regulated to a very great extent by the configuration of the country and by the climate. The number of sta- tions in northern New Jersey, and in the vicinity of New York, is per- haps to be accounted for by the presence of the glacial drift which covers the northern portion of New Jersey, and to the fact that the Hudson River Vailey forms a highway along which it may have emi- grated from the north at the time of the glacial epoch; and finding suitable stations in the elevated parts of the country, established itself to a certain extent. That this may have been the case is further countenanced by the fact that it is there associated with many more plants of a northern habitat.* No. 2. Clematis alpina, Mill., the only European species of Clematis found in the United States, is recorded as having been found by Parry in Colorado, between 39°-41° north latitude, but noone has, I believe, since seen it. In Kurope itis widely distributed, being found under vari- ous forms in the mountains of Austria, Carniola, Piedmont, Dauphine, Hungary, Switzerland, Eastern Pyrenees, etc., at from 2,400 to 6,000 feet elevation.{ Varieties of it, differing only very slightly, are found in Siberia, toward the Ochotshei Sea and Kamtschatka. The variety Ochotensis, is the one common in the Rocky mountains, and we can easily imagine its extension along the highway of the mountain range, from Alaska to Colorado. The localities given are Clear Creek Canon, Chiami Canon, Denver, Middle Park, Gilpin county, and Gray’s Peak in Colorado, Cottonwood Canon, in Wahsatch mountains of Utah, and the Teton mountains at 11,000 feet in Northern Idaho. Doubtless it is to be found in British America at the north, and may even extend up to Alaska. No. 3. Clematis Baldwinii, Torr. & Gr., is a very local, strictly southern species, having been recorded, as far as I know, from but three localities, all in Florida. One is at Tampa, on the west coast, another at Mellonville, Lake Monroe, near St. John’s River, on the east coast, and the third at St. Augustine. It is a peculiar form, very distinct from any of the other species of the United States, and possibly related to some of the species of South America, reaching Florida, as many other plants have by way of the West India Islands. No, 4. Clematis Douglasii, Hook., is a mountainous western species, strictly confined, as far as known, to the Rocky mountain ranges, and — * See Preface to Cat. of N. J. Plants, by N. L. Britton, p. 10. + Gray, Pro. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1863, p. 56. t Loudon Arbor. et Frutic., vol. i., p. 247. A Revision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 129 extending from central Colorado, at Middle Park, Clear Creek Canon (middle elevations), and in the Wahsatch and Uinta mountains of Utah, at 6,000 or 7,000 feet, to Fort Ellis, and the Yellowstone in Montana, at Snake River Valley. Teton mountains (11,000 feet), and Flat Head River Valley in Northern Idaho and Washington Territory, and perhaps extending along the same range of mountains, north into British America. No. 5. Clematis Scottii, Porter, is also a very local species, having been described from specimens collected at Soda Springs, 35 miles west of Canon city, and in Fremont county, Colorado. It has also been found in a few other localities in Colorado, by local collectors. No. 6. Clematis ochroleuca, Aiton, has quite a limited and scattered distribution. It is found in the south in the upper districts of Georgia, Carolina and Tennessee, through Virginia. (at Alexandria), and Pennsylvania to Staten Island, New York. It is also recorded in two isolated situations, Central Ohio, and in Arkansas. It is possible that the former identification is erroneous, and that the latter, given in Lesquereux’s Catalogue of Plants of Arkansas,* is what I have called the variety Fremontit. This variety is one having a very local distribution. It was first found by Fremont in one of his early expe- ditions, and all record lost of the locality. In late years, 1874, Mr. Lewis Watson discovered a locality for the form at Ellis, Kansas, and it has also been found in Cloud county, Kansas. Mr. Isaac Martin- dale has specimens collected in Missouri. These exhaust all the now known localities for the form. It is so closely related to the C. ochro- leuca, that I can see no reason for not regarding it as a variety, pro- duced by peculiar circumstances, of that species. The C. ochroleuca seems to be one of those species, which not being a dominant form, is dying out. It must at a former period of time have ranged over a more extensive region of country, as the Viorna and Virginiana do now, but we can not tell the causes of its disappearance. It might, however, have been a dominant species previous to the glacier epoch, and driven from its original home by the cold, has been able to main- tain itself only in a few places up to the present time. No. 7. C. Viorna, Linn.—This species, if taken with its varieties, in the significance here given it, covers a large portion of our country. The type is found only as far south as the upper districts of North Carolina (Statesville), Georgia and Alabama. Thence it ranges north * Geol. of Arkansas, 1860, p. 346. 130 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. to Virginia (Little Falls, Peaks of Otter and High Island, at Washing- ton, D.C.) and to Pennsylvania. Thence west through Ohio (general), southern Indiana, Barren and Edmonson counties, Kentucky, to Daven- port, Iowa, and to Kansas, where it is said to be ‘‘not common.”’* It is said also to be found in Mississippi. What I have here considered the var. coccinea has been found only, I believe, in the vicinity of Aus- tin and New Braunfels, Texas. The other, var. Pitcheri, is the western form. ‘The most eastern locality recorded is the Lower Wabash valley in Indiana, which possesses in many respects a peculiar flora, a sort of mingling of eastern, southern and western species. Thence it ranges porthwest, said to be abundant at Peoria, Ill., and Davenport, Iowa. Southward it is found between Westport, Missouri, and Cottonwood Creek; on the Red River of Arkansas ; at Limestone Gap, and in the Wichita mountains of Indian Territory, and in the valley of the Limpia in northwest Texas. Taking now the varieties of C. Viorna, we see it has a wide distribu- tion. From northern Georgia and Alabama to Texas and Mexico on the south, to Virginia, Ohio and Iowa on the north. And throughout the country inclosed by these boundaries it seems to be abundant. The var. Pitcheri passes into C. filifera, Benth. of Mexico. No. 8. C. Bigelovii, Torrey, is a very local species, first found in the Sandia Mts. in New Mexico, and since collected near Sante Fe and Silver City. When the country has been more fully explored it will perhaps be found in other localities, but probably in the same vicinity as those now known. No. 9. C. reticulata, Walter, is a southern species, and is recorded as found in the upper districts of Carolina and Georgia, lower districts of Alabama, at Gainesville, Florida, west to Louisiana and Texas (Houstont), and in Chihuahua, Mexico. It is quite closely related to C. Viorna, and is possibly an offshoot from that species. No. 10. C. crispa, Linn.—This is a variable species, various forms of it having been described under different names. It is also a southern species, its most northern station being given as Norfolk, Virginia. Thence it ranges south through Carolina and Georgia to Florida (Quincy), and west to Alabama (coast to upper districts), Mississippi, Louisiana and Houston, Texas. The narrow-leaved var. Walteri,{ is * Carruth. Cat. Plants seen in Kansas, in Kan. Agr. Report, 1871. + Dr. Chas. Mohr, MS. note. t Gray, Cur. Bot. Mag. Dec., 1881, A Revision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 131 chiefly a Florida form, and has been described under various names, and only lately restored as a variety. The species is quite a peculiar one, and not closely related to any other species. Loudon says it is _ found also in Japan,* but he has undoubtedly confounded it with some other species, which is, perhaps, similar. No. 11. C. lasiantha, Nuttall, is a strictly Californian species, being found in the southern portion of the State, about San Diego, thence north in the mountain valleys to Santa Barbara and the Napa Valley, and in the Sierra Nevadas to Plumas county. Nuttall says it is “allied to C. orientale, but very distinct.”+ According to Torrey,t Seeman refers it to UV. Peruviana, andif it is the same it would extend its dis- tribution greatly, to the southern hemisphere in fact, which is not the case with any of the other species of the genus in the United States. No. 12. C. paucifiora, Nuttall, is also a strictly Californian species, the only localities as far as I know being about San Diego, and in the val- leys of the Santa Ana mountains, not far from San Juan Capistrano, where I collected it myself. By some, it is considered to be a variety of lasiantha,§ and it seems to me to be also closely related to C. Drum- mondt. : No. 13. C. Drummondti, Torr. & Gr,, another western species, is found in the Pass of the Limpia, on Rio San Felipe and upper Colorado in Texas, at Cienega and Tucson in Arizona, probably south-east Califor- nia,|| and in Senora, Mexico. In Torrey and Gray’s Flora,@ this spe- cies is said to be nearly related to C. holosericea, and perhaps not specifically distinct, but it seems to me very antevent: No. 14. C. Virginiana, Linn., is the commonest and most widely dis- tributed of the corymbous white flowered species, in that respect resem- bling C. Viorna. The typical form is known from the mountains of northern Alabama, thence north to Virginia, and the following localities are given for it. District of Columbia, middle and northern counties of New Jersey, about New York (Pine Plains, and Long Island), Massachusetts, Buffalo, N. Y., Canada, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan (Ann Arbor), Wisconsin, Iowa (Davenport), Missouri (Vermillion river), Nebraska (Valley of Platte), Kansas, Arkansas, and Raton pass mountains near Santa Fe, New Mexico, and British America. If, as I have proposed, C. Catesbyana be classed under the * Arbor. et Frutic., vol. i., p 248. {Lorr-cand: Gr Hera. vol. ts D. 0: t Mex. Bound. Sur., vol. ii. 2 ‘* Seems to be a variety of C. lasiantha.’’ Torrey in Mex. Bound. Sur., vol. ii. | Brew. and Wats., Bot. Cal., vol. i., p. 3. 1 p. 657. 132 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. species, and C. holosericea, under the variety bracteata, the distribu- tion of the species will be extended south to Feleciana in Louisiana, and to South Carolina (both given for holosericea), and to Florida (near St. John’s river on east coast) given for Catesbyana. This latter is also known frum northern and central Alabama, and Georgia and South Carolina on the coast. Taking then the Virginiana, with its variety bracteata, as given above, we find the species distributed over the country from Florida and Santa Fe on the south, to Canada, Wisconsin, and British America on the north, certainly a very extended distribution. Its nearest relative, and a very close one it is, is as variable and as widely distributed. But while one is principally con- fined to the eastern portion of the continent, the other is found in and to the west of the Rocky mountains. This is No. 15. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt.—The typical form extends from San Antonio, and Coppermine creek, in New Mexico, through Colorado (Denver, etc.), to eastern base of the Black Hills, Fort Ellis, Madison Valley and Yellowstone in Montana, and Port Neuf Canon in South Idaho; further, it is found in Utah, Nevada, Sacramento River Valley in California, Klamath Valley and Pit river, Oregon, and at the Dalles of the Columbia. The var. brevifolia, Nutt., is found in New Mexico, lower canons of West Humboldt mountains, and Kast Humboldt range, Nevada, at Bingham City, Utah, Blackfoot river in North Idaho, Wash- ington Territory to the Saskatchawan in British America, and south to Lower California and Arizona. The variety bracteata, Torrey, is very local, perhaps not distinct from the others. The only reference I find is the “Botany of the Wilkes Expedition,’* and the habitat there given isthe Williamette river, Oregon. Variety Californica, Watson, is found in California, from the Sacramento Valley to San Diego, and east to Posé creek and Camp Bowie in Arizona. Taking all these varieties of ligusticifolia, then, we find the species ranging from the Mexican boundary to the Saskatchawan in British A merica, and being confined to the mountains, or found only west of them. | From the resemblance between this species and the Virginiana, we may be justified in considering one the representative and probably the descendant of the other. It is likely that the Virginiana is the descendant of the ligusticifolia, and that the latter has its nearest relatives in the highlands of India, and dther parts of Asia. At all * This book being inaccessible to me, Mr. I. Martindale, of Camden, N. J., was kind enough to send me the description. A Revision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 133 events a form found in Napaul, C. grata, closely resembles Virginiana.* This alone shows the close relationship existing between the two species under consideration.. _- Having now given the general geographical distribution of the species and varieties of the Genus Clematis, let us recapitulate and see to what sources we can refer the species. As I have elsewhere shown,t we must probably look to the north for the place of origin of many of our species of plants, and we will find in the glacial theory the principal factor for their dispersion. So, too, we must look back into the past, to the Cretaceous, or at least the Tertiary Epoch, for the time when they first made their appearance. But here we can receive no assistance. We have no data to go by, for though the ancestors of some of our trees have been found there, there are no known remains of Clematis, or, indeed, of any of the Ranunculacee, from the formations of the western United States. Of some of them we may be sure. C. alpina, with its variety Ochotensis, has undoubtedly come from Asia and the north along the highway of the Rocky Mountains. Probably this has also been the case with C. verticillaris, now comparatively fare, and only found in northern stations. The C. Virginiana and C. ligustictfolia, we may certainly regard as the descendants of one form, which lived at the north ; while the former came south to the eastward, the latter went south on the west and there developed a little differently because of a difference in climate. Probable the C. grata, Wall., of India, and the C. vitalba, L., of Europe, are derived from the same stock as the Virginiuna and ligusticifolia. ‘The C. Viorna, another widely dispersed species, and a marked one, has a near relative in the C, Japonica, Thunb., of Japan:{ so that probably these two also have descended from.a common parent formerly living at the north. Nuttall says his C. lasiantha is allied to C. ordentale of Siberia and other parts of Asia. It has been refered to C. Peruviana, and Torrey considers C. paucifiora, which is also strictly Californian, a variety of lastantha. Here we have six species which we seem justified in referring to an origin in northern North America and in Asia. Some of the other species, such as C. crispa, and Baldwinii, seem to be southern in their affinities, and probably have their nearest relatives in the West Indies and South America; while C. Bigelovii, Drummondii, and Douglasii, seem to have their closest relatives in the south and west. * Loudon, Trees and Shrubs of Great Britain, p. 7. + Geographical Dist. of Indig. Plants common to Europe and the N. E., U.S, In Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., April, 1881. t Japan Exped. under Perry, vol. ii., p. 306. 134 — Cincinnati Society of Natural History. SYNONOMY. alpina, Mill. var. Ochotensis, Gray. = ee A ; ee a ee Americana ( Atragene), Sims. } Americana (Clematis), Poir. { Baldwinii, Torrey & Gray. Bigelovii, Torrey. — verticillaris, DC. bracteata, Mcench. , == Virginiana, var bracteata, DC. Catesbyana, Pursh. = Virginiana, Linn. coccinea, Engelm. — Viorna, var. coccinea, James. Coloradoensis, Buckl. == Viorna, var. Pitcheri, James. Columbiana, Torr. & Gray. But Rectan Columbiana (hinageneane —= verticillaris, DC. cordata, Pursh. es Ge von a == JVireiniana. i: cordifolia, Sims. cordata, Sims. == crispa, Linn, ( cordata, Sims. crispa ( Viticella), Spach. crispa (Clematitis), Moench. cylindrica, Sims. erispa, Linn. —=¥ var. crispa, Wood. cylindrica ( Viorna), Spach. divaricata, Jacq. Simsii, Sweet. | Viorna, Andi. (not Linn.) ( cylindrica,var.lineariloba, W ood. |. var. Walters var. Walteri, Gray. = incsobs, DO | Walteri, Pursh. ~ 2 ims. : ; tee eS Wood. == ens e, Dina. oy oe Be anaes = crispa, var. Walteri, Gr. divaricata, Jacq. == OPiS ue Ib, Douglasii, Hook. = Wryethii, Nutt. Drummondii, Torr. & Gr. = nervata, Benth. Fremontii, Watson. = ochroleuca, var.Fremontii, James. filifera, Benth. — Viorna, var. Pitcheri, James. Sragrans, Salisb. = Virginiana, L. holosericea, Pursh. — Virginiana, var. bracteata, DC. lasiantha, Nutt. lineariloba, DC. = crispa, var. Walteri, Gray. ligusticifolia,Dur.&Hil.(not Nut. )== ligusticifolia, var. Californica, Wats. A fevision of the Genus Clematis of the United States. 135 ligusticifolia, Nutt. = Virginiana, Hook. (in part, not var. bracteata, Torr. Linn.) var.brevifolia,Benth.(not Nutt.)— ligusticifolia, var. Californica, var. brevifolia, Nutt. Wats. ( ligusticifolia, Dur. & Hil. oe (not Nutt. ) ~ \ ligusticifolia, var. brevifolia, Benth. (not Nutt. ) nervata, Benth. — Drummondii, Torr. & Gr. Ochotensis ( Atragene), Pall. == alpina, var. Ochotensis, Gray. _ Jovata, Pursh. sericea, Michx. var. Californica, Watson. ochroleueca, Aiton, var. Fremontii, James. = Fremontii, Watson. ovata, Pursh. — ochroleuca, Aiton. pauciflora, Nutt. Pennsylvanica, Donn. == Virginiana, L. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. = Viorna, var. Pitcheri, James. Plukenetii, DC. — Virginiana, Linn. Purshii, Dietr. = Virginiana, Linn. reticulata, Walter. Scottii, Porter. sericea, Michx. = ochroleuca, Ait. Simsii, Sweet. == Crispa, Linn: Texensis, Buckl. | = Viorna, var. coccinea, James. urnigera ( Viorna), Spach. = Viorna, Linn. ( Americana ( Atragene), Sims. a see __} Americana (Clematis), Poir. verticillaris, DC. . a Columbiana (Atragene), Nutt. | Columbiana ( Clematis), T. & G. Viorna, Andr. (not Linn. ) = crispa, Linn. Viorna, Linn. = urnigera (Viorna), Spach. __ feoceinea, Engelm. | Texensis, Buckl. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Jjilifera, Benth. ( cordata, Pursh, | cordifolia, Meench. aN Catesbyana, Pursh. | | var. coccinea, James. var. Pitcheri,-James. = Virginiana, Linn. a gee S ? Sragrans, Salisb. Pennsylvanica, Donn. | Purshit, Dietr. bracteata, Mcench. var. bracteata, DC. Seis oth holosericea, Pursh. Waltert, Pursh. = crispa, var. Walteri, Gray. Wyethii, Nutt. = Douglasii, Hooker. 136 Cincinnati Socrety of Natural History. A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BARDSTOWN NES ON CO; KENTUCKY. By Cuarves WICKLIFFE BECKHAM. The following list represents, principally, the results of observations made by the writer during parts of five years, on the Birds of the vicinity of Bardstown, Nelson county, Kentucky. Bardstown is situated in N. Lat. 37° 52’; W. Long. 85° 18’, and is just on the western limit of the ‘‘ Blue Grass Region.” It is forty miles southeast of Louisville, and about one hund red southwest of Cin- cinnati. Two or three miles northeast of the town, the ‘“ Trenton’’ limestone, the characteristic surface rock of the blue-grass country, dis- appears and is succeeded by magnesium (commonly called ‘‘cavernous’” ) limestone, which, in turn, gives place several miles west of the town to the shaly deposits of the Devonian Age. Hence, the sylvan growth partakes of the peculiarities of both formations. The most character- istic trees are beech, red and white oak, black walnut, butternut, cedar, “yellow poplar’ (local for Liriodendron tulipifera), sycamore, black gum, dog wood, white elm and hickory (Carya alba, tomentosa et glabra). The country is gently undulating, and is mostly in a high state of cultivation. In summer the greater part of the small water- courses become dry, and there is, of course, a corresponding scarcity of “that desirable liquid. In the western part of the county there are still many large tracts of wild, uncultivated land, where such birds as the Pileated Woodpecker, the Ruffed Grouse, and the Wild Turkey rear their “interesting families,” in peace. and prosperity, undisturbed by the sanguinary pursuit of their hereditary enemies—the sportsman, the “small boy,” and the ornithologist. The list represents hardly twe thirds of the birds that are doubtless to be found here, but it is thoroughly trustworthy as far as it goes; for no species has been admitted on any but the best of evidence: out of the one hundred and sixty-seven enumerated, the writer is himself responsible for all but eight of them. As a plausible raison d@’etre for this paper, it is urged that not a single article on the birds of Kentucky, as such, has ever been pub- lished. | The nomenclature adopted, is that of the Smithsonian List of 1881. Species known to breed here are marked with an asterisk (*), those strongly inferred to do so by a dagger (t+). A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Kentucky. 137 1. *HyLocicHta musTELINA (Gm.), Bd.— Wood Thrush.—A common summer resident; arrives April 20th, departs October Ldth. 2. HyLocrcHLA FUSCESCENS (Steph. ), Bd.— Wilson’s Thrush.—An un- common migrant in April and May. 3. HyLocicHLA ALicim™, Bd.—Gray-cheeked Thrush.—Common dur- ing the last week of April and the first week of May. 4. HYLOCICHLA USTULATA SWAINSoNII (Cab.), Ridgw.—Olive-backed Thrush.—A common migrant, remains as late as May 20th. 5. HYLocicHLA UNALASC PALLASI (Cab.), Ridgw.—Hermit Thrush. —Migrant, arrives last of March, departs November Ist. 6. *MrrRuLaA micRATorIA (L.), Sw. & Rich.— American Robin.—Resi- dent. On the 15th of February, 1881, immense numbers of robins be- gan to congregate in the dense cedar groves near Fredericksburg, Washington county, nine miles from Bardstown, and remained there until about March 8th. Thousands were captured by merely picking _thcm off the branches of the cedars at night. The “ roost’? was raided in force on the night of February 21st, and 8,000 were killed. 7. *Mimus potyeLortus (L.), Boie.—Mockingbird.—A common sum- mer resident. A few remain all winter, as I have observed them in November, December, January and February. Ten years ago they were comparatively rare here. 8. *GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS (L.), Cab.—Catbird.—A common summer resident. 9. *Harporayncuus rurus (L.),Cab.— Brown Thrasher.—A common summer resident. Arrived, 1881, as early as March 3d. 10. *Srarta siatis (L.), Haldem.—Bluebird.—A common resident. 11. *PoLtoprTina Ca#RULEA (L.), Scl.— Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.—An abundant summer resident, arrives April Ist. Fresh eggs found July 2d, when full fledged young were flying about. 12. RecuLus caLENDULA (L.), Licht.—Ruby-crowned Kinglet.—A common migrant, arrives April lst, departs October 12th. 13. ReetLus satrapa, Licht.—Golden-crowned Kinglet.—A common migrant and winter resident. The last of them leave for the North about April 25th. 14. *LopHOPHANES BICOLOR (L.), Bp. —TZufted Titmouse.—An abund- ant resident. 15. *Parvus CAROLINENSIS, Aud.—Carolina Chickadee.—An abundant resident. Fond of the society of the preceding. 16. -*Sirra CAROLINENSIS, Gmel.— White-bellied Nuthatch.—A com- mon resident. 138 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 17. Sirra CANADENSIS, L.— Red-bellied Nuthatch.—An irregular fall and winter visitant. Never observed here during mild winters. 18. CERTHIA FAMILIARIS RUFA (Bartr.), Ridgw.—Brown Creeper.— A winter resident, arrives October 15th, departs April 15th. 19. *TuryorHorus Lupovicianus (Gm.), Bp.—Carolina Wren.—An abundant resident. The liveliest and noisiest bird I know. Appears to always have a quarrel on hand with somebody. 20, + THRYOMANES BEWICKU (Aud.), Bd.— Bewick's Wren.—Not un- common, probably resident. Almost exclusively found in the immedi- ate vicinity of dwellings. 21. ANORTHURA TROGLODYTES HYEMALIS (V.), Coues.— Winter Wren. —A rather common winter resident, arrives October 15th. 22. CisTOTHORUS STELLARIS (Licht), Cab.—Short-billed Marsh Wren. —Rare. One specimen only, May Ist, 1882. 23. ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS (Gm.), Licht.—American Titlark.—Mi- grant. Captured as late as April 19th, sometimes seen in winter. 24, *Mniotitra varia (L.), V.—Black-and-white Creeper.—An abundant summer resident. Arrived, 1882, April Ist. 25. +HELMINTHOPHAGA PINUS (L.), Bd.—Blue-winged Yellow Warb- ler.—Common from April 10th to May 25th; probably remains to breed. 26. HELMINTHOPHAGA CHRYSOPTERA (L.), Bd.— Golden winged Warb- ler.—Rare. One specimen only, May 11th, 1877. 27. HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA (Wils.), Bd.— Nashville Warbler. Migrant, not uncommon. 28, HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say), Bd.—Orange-crowned Warbler. —Migrant, never detected during spring. 29. HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA (Wils.), Bd.—Tennessee Warbler. ——Rare. Not seen in spring. 30. TPARULA AMERICANA (L.), Bp.— Blue Yellow-backed Woon A common summer resident. 31. PERIssoGLossA TIGRINA (Gm.), Bd.—-Cape May Warbler.—Mi- grant; rare. ‘Two specimens only. 32, *DENDR@CA #zSTIVA (Gin.), Bd.—-Summer Yellowbird.—A com- mon summer resident, arrives April 15th. 33. DENDR@CA CHRULESCENS (L.), Bd.-—Black-throated Blue Warb ler.—A common migrant, arrives May 5th, departs October 10th to 12th. 34, DENDR@CA MACULOSA (Gm.), Bd.—Black-and yellow Warbler.— An abundant migrant, arrives May 7th, departs October 10th. 35. Drenpraca coronata (L.), Gray.--Yellow-rump Warbler.—An abundant winter resident, arrives October 10th, departs May 8th. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Kentucky. 139 36. *DENDRECA CHRULEA (Wils.), Bd.—Cerulean Warbler.—A com- mon summer resident, arrives April 10th. 37. DENDRECA PENNSYLVANICA (L.), Bd.—Chestnut-sided Warbler. —a common migrant. Particularly abundant in September, arrives May 7th, departs October LOth. 38. DENDR@CA CASTANEA (Wils.), Bd.—Bay-breasted Warbler. — Migrant; not common; arrives May 7th. 39. DenpRa@ca stRIATA (Forst.), Bd.—Black-poll Warbler.—A rather uncommon migrant, arrives May 7th to 10th, departs October 10th. 40. DENDRECA BLACKBURNIEZ (Gm.), Bd.—Biackburnian Warbler.— Migrant, very common in September. Arrived, 1882, as early as April 3d, departs last of September. 41, *DENDR@CA DOMINICA ALBILORA, Bd — White-browed, Yellow- throated Warbler.—A common summer resident. Found along streams, frequenting the sycamore trees (Plantanus occidentalis, L.), arrives early in April. 4). +DENDRECA VIRENS (Gm.), Bd.— Black-throated Green Warbler. —A very common migrant, arrives April 10th, departs October 10th to 15th. The writer saw and identified one on July 14th, 1881, but not having a gun along it was not captured. 43. DENDR@CA PINUS (Wils.), Bd.—Pine-creeping Warbler.—A com- mon migrant in April and September. 44, DenDReCA PALMARUM (Gm.), Bd.— Red-poll Warbler.—A com- mon migrant; observed in December. 45, +DENDR@CA DISscoLoR (V.), Bd.—Prairie Warbler,—Migrant; common in the spring. 46. +SIuRUS AURICAPILLUS (L.), Sw. — Golden-crowned Thrush.— Common in spring and fall. 47. Srurus nzvius (Bodd.), Coues.—Small billed Water Thrush.— Migrant; rare. 48. *SiuRUS MOTACILLA (V.), Coues.—Large-billed Water Thrush. An abundant summer resident... Every small water-course has its pair. Arrives April Ist. 49. Oporornis AGiLis (Wils.), Bd.—Connecticut Warbler. An un- common migrant in May. 50. *Oporornis FoRMOSA (Wils.), Bd.— Kentucky Warbler.—A com- mon summer resident. Arrives April 20th. 51. GEOTHYLPIS PHILADELPHIA (Wils.), Bd.—Mourning Warbler. —An uncommon migrant in May. ® 140 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. 52. *GEOTHYLPIS TRICHAS (L.), Cab.— Maryland Yellowthroat.—An abundant summer resident. Arrives April 20th; departs October 10th to 12th. 53. *ICTERIA vIRENS (L.), Bd.—Yellow breasted Chat.—A common summer resident. Arrives April 25th. D4, MyropiocTEs mitRAtus (Gm.), Aud._-Hooded Warbler.—-An un- common migrant in May. 80. MyiopiocrEs pusittus (Wils.), Bp. — Black-capped Yellow Warbler.—Migrant in May ; not common. 56. MyropiocTEs CANADENSIS (L.), Aud.—Canadian Fly-catching Warbler.—An abundant migrant in May ; arrives 10th to 1dth- Always one of the last of the Aéniotiltide to appear. 57, *SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (L.), Sw.—American Redstart.—A com- mon migrant and summer resident. Very few remain to breed; arrives April 23d, departs about September 15th. Fresh eggs found May 27th. 58. *VIREOSYLVIA oLIvAcEA (L.), Bp.—ed-eyed Vireo.—An abund- ant summer resident ; arrives April 10th. : 09. VIREOSYLVIA PHILADELPHICA, Cass.—Philadelphia Vireo.—Rare. One specimen only, May 17th, 1877. 60. * VIREOSYLVIA GILVA (V.), Cass.— Warbling Vireo.—A common summer resident ; arrives May Ist. 61. +LANIVIREO FLAVIFRONS (V.), Bd.—Yellow-throated Vireo.— Common ; arrives April 20th. 62. LanrviReo sotirartus (V.), Bd.—Blwe-headed Vireo.—Transi- ent ; not common ; arrives April 20th, departs October 20th. 63. *VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS (Gm.), Bp.— White-eyed Vireo.—An abundant summer resident ; arrives April 15th to 20th. Fresh eggs found May 16th. 64. + AMPELIS CEDRORUM (V.), Bd.—Cedar Waxwing.—An irregular, but, at times, abundant resident. 65. *ProGne suBis (L.), Bd.—Purple Martin—A common summer resident ; arrives March 20th. 66. +PETROCHELIDON LuNIFRONS (Say), Lawr.—Cliff Swallow.—A rather common summer resident. 67. *HrruUNDO ERYTHROGASTRA, Bodd.— Barn Swallow.—An abund- ant summer resident ; arrives about April 20th. 68. +CorILe riparia (L.), Boie.— Bank Swallow.—A common sum- mer resident. 69. *STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS (Aud.), Bd.—Rough-winged Swal- /ow.—A common summer resident. Nests in natural cavities in lime- stone cliffs. A List of the Birds of Burdstown, Kentucky. 141 70. PyranGa ruBRA (L.), V.—Scorlet Tanager.—An abundant mi- grant in May and September. Not detected during summer; arrives May Ist. 71. *PyranGa zsTiva (L.), V.—Summer Redbird.—A common sum- mer resident; arrives April 20th to 25th. Fresh eggs are generally to be found about May 15th. Their nesting sites are confined exclusively to “the open,” and almost always neara path or road. The terminal portion of a lower limb is selected upon which the nest is “ saddled’’—the beech (Fagus ferruginea, Ait.) being preferred. They frequently build in the immediate vicinity of dwellings. One was taken last May in a small dogwood, directly over a constantly frequented paved way, and within twenty or thirty feet of the house. About 80 per cent. of the nests contain three eggs; the remainder four. The nests occasionally contain eggs of the Cowbird. 72. CARPODACUS PURPUREUS (Gm.), Bd.—Purple Finch.—A com- mon migrant. A few probably winter here. 73. LoXIA CURVIROSTRA AMERICANA ( Wils.), Coues.— American Cross- 6ill.—A flock of six or eight individuals appeared here November 18th, 1882, in some pine trees. Never observed here before. 74, *ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS (L.), Cab.—American Goldfinch.—An abundant resident. More abundant in spring and fall than in summer and winter. 75. CHRYSOMITRIS PINUS (Wils.), Bd.—Pine Goldfinch.—Observed two small flocks here in November, 1882, for the first and only time. 76. *PyrGiTA DoMESTICA, Cuv.—FHnglish House Sparrow.—This ob- trusive alien made his appearance here about three or four years ago, and is increasing at a rapid rate. 77. PASSERCULCUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA (Wils.), Ridgw.— Sa- vannah Sparrow.—A common migrant ; arrives about March 20th. 78. *Po@cETES GRAMINEUS (Gm.), Bd.—Grass Finch. —A common summer resident; arrives February 15th, departs about November 20th. 79. *CoTURNICULUS PASSERINUS (Wils.), Bp.—Yellow-winged Spar- row,—-A common summer resident. Fresh eggs found May 20th. 80. *CHONDESTES GRAMMICA (Say), Bp.—-Lark Finch.—A common summer resident. Arrives April 22d. They hatch two broods of young, The young of the first brood are fully fledged, and able to fly about June 25th. 81. ZoNoTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS (Forst.), Sw.—White-crowned Spar- row.—-A, common migrant in May. 82. ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS (Gm.), Bp.—White-throated Sparrow. 142 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. —A common migrant. A few probably winter here. Found as late as May 18th. 83. SPIZELLA MONTANA (Forst.), Ridgw.—-Tree Sparrow.—A com- mon winter resident, Arrives October 12th. 84. *SpIzELLA DOMESTICA (Bartr.), Coues._-Chipping Sparrow.—A common summer resident. Arrives March 5th; departs November 25th to December 25th. 85. *SPIZELLA PUSILLA (Wils.), Bp.—-Mield Sparrow.—A common summer resident. Arrives March Ist ; departs December Ist. 86. Junco HYEMALIS (Wils.), Bp.—-Black Snowbird.—An abundant winter resident from October 25th to April 15th. 87, {PEUCHA ASTIVALIS ILLINOENSIS, Ridgw.—Oak-woods Sparrow. —Rare ; only one specimen ; April 28th, 1877.1 88. Mavcenn PALUSTRIS (Wils.), Bd._-Swamp Sparrow.—A rather uncommon migrant; arrives April Ist to 10th. 89. xMELOSPIZA FASCIATA (Gm.), Scott. —Song Sparrow.——An Aina! ant resident. 90 Me ospiza Lincotn1 (Aud.), Bd.—Lincoln’s Finch.—A not very common migrant in May. 91. PAssBERELLA ILIACA (Merrem), Sw.—fox-colored Sparrow.—An abundant migrant in March and November. A few winter here. | 92. +PIrpILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (L.), V._-Chewink: Towhee.—-A common resident. 93. *CARDINALIS VIRGINIANUS (Briss), Bp.—Cardinal Gretean -- An abundant resident. 94, ZAMELODIA LUDOVICIANA (L.), Coues.— Rose-breasted Grosbeak. ——-A rather uncommon migrant in May. 95. *PASSERINA CYANEA (L.), Gray.—Indigo Bunting.— An abundant summer resident ; April 20th to October 15th. 96. *SpizA AMERICANA (Gm.), Bp.)— Black-throated Bunting.—A very common summer resident. 97. *MoLorHRus ATER (Bodd.), Gray.—Cowbird. ae common sum- mer resident ; departs about November 20th. 98. *AGEL&uUS PHaNICcEUS (L.), V.—Ked-and-buff-shouldered Black- bird.—A common summer resident. 99. *STURNELLA MAGNA (L.), Sw.—Meadow Lark.—Resident. Abund- ant in spring and fall. 100. *Icrrrus spurius (L.), Bp.—-Orchard Oriole,—A common sum- mer resident ; arrives April 25th, 1 See this Journat, Vol. iv., 1881, pp. 339-340. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Kentucky. 143 101. *IcreRus GaLBuLa (L.), Coues._-Baltimore Oriole.—A common summer resident ; arrives April 25th. 102. ScoLEcopHAGUS FERRUGINEUS (Gm.), Sw.—Rusty Blackbird.—A common migrant. 103 *QuiscaLus PURPUREUS #NEUS, Ridgw.— Bronzed Grackle. — Summer resident ; very abundant in early spring. A noisy colony of them have for many years bred in some pine trees in a large yard in Bardstown. 104. *Corvus FRUGIvoRUS, Bartr.—Common Crow.—An abundant resident. 105. *Cyanocitta cristata (L.), Strickl_—Blue Jay.—Resident; very abundant in the fall. Nests generally found in tall trees near dwell- ings. | 106. ERemoruHita aLpestris (Forst.), Boie—Shore Lark.—Fall (and Winter?) visitant. 107. *TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS (L.). Temm.—Kingbird : Bee Martin. —An abundant summer resident; arrives April 20th. Several years ago, in May, I saw one of these birds occupying an exposed perch on a pear tree in bloom, about which many bees were darting Several times I observed that he caught the insects without leaving the percb, by quickly turning his head, and “ grabbing” them. My attention being thoroughly aroused, I noticed that many of them seemed to fly directly towards the bird; the majority appearing to “ shy off’ a short dis- tance from him and change their courses, but very few escaped him. Did the thrifty Hymenoptere mistake the fully displayed crimson crown for a flower ? Perhaps this is another argument for the natural selection theory. Once since I have observed the same phenomenon. 108. *Myrarcuus crinitus (L)., Cab.—Great-crested Flycatcher.— An abundant summer resident. More numerous than the preceding ; arrives April 20th. Fresh eggs to be had May 25th. 109. *Sayornis Fuscus (Gm.), Bd.—Pewee—A common summer resident. A few probably winter here, as I have observed them as late as December 31st, and in February. Fresh eggs found March 29th, ’82. 110. sContopus virENS (L.), Cab.—Wood Pewee.—An abundant summer resident. 111. Empiponax FLAVIVENTRIS, Bd.—Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.— An uncommon migrant. 112. *Emprponax acapicus (V.), Bd.— Acadian Flycatcher.—A common summer resident; arrives May Ist. Fresh eggs found May 20th. . 144 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 113. Empiponax minimus, Bd.—JZeast Flycatcher.--A common mi- erant in April and May. 3 114. *TRocutLtus coLusris, L.—Ruby-throated Be LO ok. common summer resident ; arrives about April 20th. , 115. *CHaTuRA PELASGICA (L.), Bd.—Chimney Swift.—An abund- ant summer resident; arrives about April 1Oth. 116. +CarRimuLeus vocirerus, Wils._-Whip-poor-will.—An uncom- mon summer resident. 117. *CHORDEILES POPETUE (V.), Bd._-NMight Hawk.—-Summer resi- dent. Abundant in August and September, and excessively so Oc- tober 1st, 2d and 3d, 1879. 118, *Picus vituosus, L.— Hairy Woodpecker.—Resident, not very common. More numerous in winter. : 119. *Picus puBEscens, L.-_-Downy Woodpecker._-A common resi- dent. 120. SpHyrapicus varius (L.), Bd.—Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.— Rather common in the fall, occasionally seen in winter. 121. * HyxLotromus piteatus (L.), Bd.— Pleated Woodpecker.—An uncommon resident in heavily wooded portions of the county. 122. *CEenrurus caRoLinus (L.), Bp.— Red-bellied Woodpecker.—A common resident. 123. * MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS (L.), Sw.—ed-headed Wood- pecker.—Resident. Very abundant at times, but occasionally none are seen for several months. 124. *CoLaptEs auratus (L.), Sw.—Yellow-shafted Flicker.—An abundant resident. 125. *CERYLE aLcyon (L.), Boie.—Belted Kingfisher. Paine com- mon. Not observed in winter. 126. *Coccyzus americanus (L.), Bp.— Yellow-billed Cuckoo; “Rain Crow.”—A common summer resident; arrives about May Ist, departs October 10th. ; 127. tCocoyzus ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Wils.), Bd. — Black-billed Cuckoo.—A rather uncommon summer resident. 128. ALuco FLAMMEUS AMERICANUS (Aud.), Ridgw.—American Barn Owl.—An owl in the museum of the Louisville Polytechnic Society, shot about May 20th, 1882, in Bullitt county, 15 or 20 miles north of here, is supposed to be of this species. 129. Asto accrpiTRinus (Pall.), Newton. —Short-eared Owl.—Rare. One speciney only, November 17th, 1881. 130. *Scors asio (L.), Bp.—Little Screech Owl.—A common resi- dent. Young fully fledged and flying, about May 31st. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Kentucky. 145 131. *Buso vireintanus (Gm.) Bp..—Great Horned Owl.—A com- mon resident. A gentleman near here captured six or eight within a week, with steel traps, placed upon a conspicuous perch in his barn- _ yard, greatly to the supposed gratification of the feathered denizens thereof, upon whom they had been depredating. 132. NycrEa scanp1aca (L.), Newton.—Snowy Owl.—Rare. Winter visitant, Audubon mentions one taken “ near Bairdstown, Ky.,’ and several years ago Mr. E. E. McKay, of this place, shot one sitting on a gate-post during a snow storm. 133. * TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (L.), V.—Sparrow Hawk.—A com- mon resident, very wary; understanding thoroughly how to take care of their skins. In Florida, where I have frequently observed them, they are very unsuspicious, and can be easily approached. 134, PANDION HALIETUS CAROLINENSIS (Gm.), Ridgw.—ish Hawk. —Rare. But one specimen ; shot by Mr. Rowan Wickliffe, in April, 1882. : 135. AccIPITER CooPERI, Bp.—Cooper’s Hawk.—Rather common. 136. *AccIpITER FuscuUs (Gm.), Bp.—Sharp-shinned Hawk.—A com- mon resident. 137. *BurEo LINEATUS (Gm.), Jard.—ed-shouldered Hawk.— Resident. Probably the most common hawk found here. 138. HaLierus LEucocEPHALUS (L.), Savig.—Bald Hagle.—A news- paper paragraph (‘‘ Nelson County Record,” Jan. 27, 1881) mentions the fact of one having been seen for several days near Boston, in this county. 139 *CarTHartTes aura (L.), Illig—Turkey Buzzard.—A common resident ; most abundant in summer. 140. +CaTuarisTa ATRATA (Wils.), Less.— Black Vulture ; Carrion Crow.—Uncommon summer resident. 141. Ecropistes migratoria (L.), Sw.—Passenger Pigeon.—A com- mon migrant. ‘There was un immense “flight” of them about fifteen years ago. 142, *ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS (L.), Bp.— Mourning Dove.—A com- mon resident. 143. {MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO AMERICANA (Bartr.), Coues.— Wild Turkey.—Said to still occur, sparingly, in the western part of the county. 144. *BonAsA UMBELLUS (L.), Steph.—Ruffed Grouse.—Not un- common in suitable places. 145. *Orryx vircinsana (L.), Bp.—Bob White; American Quail.— 146 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. A common resident, but with hawks, cold weather, and sportsmen, has a hard time of it in the “struggle for existence.” 146. ARDEA HERODIAS, L.—Great Blue Heron.—An uncommon mi- grant. 147, HeropiAs ALBA EGRETTA (Gmn.), Ridgw.—American Egret.— Rare. Mr. J. W. Fowler, of Louisville, shot one in October, 1881, near Fairfield, in this county. 148. GaRzETTA CANDIDIssIMAa (Gm.), Bp.—Snowy Heron.—A hunter informs me that several years ago he shot a “white fly-up-the-creek,”’ near here, which is probably referable to this species. 149. *BuroriDEs virEScENS (L.), Bp.—Green Heron.—A common summer resident; arrives about April 20th. Fresh eggs obtained May 12th, 1881. 150. NycTIARDEA GRISEA N#VIA (Bodd.), Allen.— Black-crowned Night Heron.—Migrant in May; not uncommon. 151. Boraurus LenticINosus (Montag.), Steph.—American Bittern. —An uncommon migrant. 152. sOxyEcHus vocirEerRvs (L.), Reich.—Kildeer.—Resident. Com- mon in the spring, but rare in summer and winter, 153. +PHILOHELA MiINoR (Gm.), Gray.— Woodcock.—A rather un- common migrant. 154, GALLINAGO MEDIA WILSONI (Temm.), Ridgw.—Wilson’s Snipe. —An abundant migrant in March and April. 155. RuyacopHiLus soLirartius ( Wils. ), Cass.— Solitary Sandpiper.— A common migrant. 156. TrInGoIpES MAcULARIUS (L.), Gray.—Spotted Sandpiper.—A common migrant ; arrives April 5th to 10th. Not observed in summer. 157. Rattus virerntanus, L.—Virginia Raiii—A rare migrant, But one specimen, May 10th, 1882. 158, Porzana CARoLina (L.), Bd.—Sora Rail.—A rather common migrant in October. Not observed in spring. : 159. PoRZANA NOVEBORACENSIS (Gm.), Bd.—Zittle Yellow Rail.— An uncommon migrant in the Fall. 160. FuLtca AMERICANA, Gm.— American Coot.—A rather uncommon migrant. In October, 1880, two were captured alive and brought to me, They were kept during the winter in confinement, and became very tame. In April they were liberated in the yard, with the poultry, and made no attempt at all to leave. They soon “made themselves at home,” and by their strongly evinced disposition to assert their rights, enforced the respect of the numerous domestic birds with whom they were thrown in contact, and who seemed inclined, at first, to regard A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Kentucky. 147 them as intruders, who were to be vigorously put down. The nearest water was a spring branch, a hundred yards distant, which they regu- larly visited two or three times a day. They remained all summer, apparently perfectly satisfied with their hum-drum domestic life, but in September they wandered off, probably impelled by the migratory in- stinct. 161. Grus americanus (L.), Temm.— Whooping Crane.—Mr. E. E. McKay informs me that many years ago he has observed this bird near Bloomfield, in this county. 162. Grus cANADENSIS (L.), Temm.—Sandhill Crane.—Inserted on the authority of Mr. E, E. McKay, who has frequently scen it on the Beech Fork of Salt river, in this county. 163. BrrnicLa CANADENSIS (L.), Boie—Canada Goose.—A rather uncommon migrant. 164. Anas BoscHAs, L.—Mallard.—A common migrant. 165. QuERQUEDULA piscors (L.), Steph.—Blwe-winged Teal.—A common migrant. 166. *Arx sponsa (L.), Boie— Wood Duck; Summer Duck.—An uncommon summer resident. | 167. Popitymusus popicers (L.), Lawr.—Thick-billed Grebe; “ Didapper.”—A common migrant. It will be at once observed, that, as regards the Striges, Accipitres, and the Water Birds, that the list is very incomplete. Not being suf- ficiently intimate with our birds of prey, to infallibly identify them at a distance, or expert enough as a collector to capture the wary ban- ditti, I have to leave out many species that are almost certainly to be found here. And on account of the almost total absence of marshes, sloughs and ponds, very few water birds ever halt here in their migra- tions. The Passerine portion of the list is very much better: the only additional species that can reasonably be expected to be found here being--- Parus atricapillus, Troglodytes edon, Telmatodytes palustris, Protonataria citrea, Helminthotherus vermivorus, Hirundo bicolor, Lantus ludovicianus, Plectrophanes nivalis, Coturniculus henslowt, Guiraca cerulea, and Empidonax pusillus trailli. Audubon mentions Protonetaria citrea as being common near Louis- ville, and there are many other birds which he alludes to as being found in Kentucky, which the local character of this list excludes. The 167 species may be roughly arranged as follows: (1) Summer Residents, 51; (2) Constant Residents, 36; (3) Winter Visitants, 16; (4) Migrants, 64. January 2d, 1883. 148 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. AMERICAN PALHAOZOIC BRYOZA. By kh. 70. Uimicr, [Continued from Vol. 6., p. 92. | DEKAYIA, Edwards and Haime. This genus, founded by the eminent French authors, Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, upon their Cincinnati group species, D. aspera, is in many respects related to Heterotrypa, Nicholson, and Dekayelia, Ulrich. In the remarks appended to my descriptions of the latter genera, I have already shown the points of difference in their structure. It is therefore quite superfluous to again discuss the generic affinities of Dekayia, but the following brief description of the genus, based upon the aggregate of characters presented by six different Trenton and Cincinnati Group species, is, I believe, of more value. Zoarium growing upward from a more or less largely expanded basal attachment, into, rarely cylindrical, usually flattened branches, which occasionally may become sub-froudescent. Surface sometimes with low monticules, usually, however, nearly even. Cells with polygonal apertures, sometimes apparently consisting of one kind only, but more commonly a few interstitial cells may be detected, which are more especially developed between the individuals con- stituting the groups of larger cells, that always furnish a more or less conspicuous feature of the surface. Cell-walls always thin, sometimes excessively so, there being but one species (D. trentonensis, n. sp.) in which the tube-walls, as the tubes pass from the axial into the peripheral region, are more than only very slightly thickened. Spini- form tubuli in the typical species few, but very large, and not in- frequently already present in the axial region of the zoarium. In other species (D. appressa, n. sp., and D. paupera, n. sp.) *they are reduced in size, but their number remains about the same. In one (D. multispinosa, n. sp.), they are also comparatively small, but more numerous. When in good state of preservation, at certain stages in the crowth of the zoarium, the cell-apertures over larger or smaller patches of the surface are covered by a thin calcareous pellicle. On such covered spots the spiniform tubuli are very conspicuous. Diaphragms straight, usually few, sometimes almost entirely absent, occasionally (in the peripheral region) from one half to one tube-diameter distant from each other. ¥ . eee ee American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 149 The genus as above defined includes, beside the typ2 species, five other forms, four of which are described in this number. On account of their simplicity of structure, inexperienced collectors will probably find some difficulty in distinguishing one from the other. It must, however be borne in mind, that the more simple these organisms are, the more important are their variations. In separating them from each other, the characters principally to be taken into consideration arethe following: The growth of the zoarium; the size of the cells, and thickness of their walls ; the presence or apparent absence of small (interstitial?) cells, and their distribution if present ; the size and number of the spiniform tubuli ; and lastly, the disposition and num- ber of the diaphragms crossing the tubes. For comparison I have figured (Pl. VI., fig. 5) a portion of a tan- gential section of D. aspera. It shows the isolated and remarkably developed spiniform tubuli characteristic of this species. The zoarium of D. aspera consists of a large basal expansion attached to foreign objects, from the surface of which from one to five sub-cylindrical primary branches arise, that vary in diameter from .4 to .8 of an inch. These are frequently and irregularly divided, until the zoarium has attained a height of four or five inches. The terminal branches are sometimes much flattened, usually however retaining a sub-cylindrical form, while their diameter varies from .2 to .d inch, The surface is usually elevated into low and rounded monticules, four or five of which may be counted in the space of .5 inch. They are occupied by cells a very little larger than the average, scattered among which it is common to find a limited number of much smaller cells, that may be of the nature of interstitial tubes. Unless badly worn the spiniform tubuli constitute a conspicuous feature of the surface. About five occupy the space of .1 of an inch. Longitudinal sections show that the diaphragms are wanting in the axial region, and remote in the peripheral. The spiniform tubuli are readily recognized by their thick walls and slender cavity. As is the casein all the species of the genus, the walls often assume a peculiar beaded appearance, due to an alternation of light and dark shades of sclerenchyma. Like the other species of the genus D, aspera, is restricted in its vertical range, which is from 300 to 325 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river, at Cincinnati, O. At this height fragments are quite common. Until lately I was under the impression that Nicholson’s D. attrita might be advantageously regarded as a distinct variety of D. aspera, 150 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. but the material now at hand proves this view untenable. Dr. Nichol- son’s specimens doubtlessly represent the terminal branches of a typical example of Edwards and Haimes’ species, the branches of that portion of the zoarium always being more strictly dendroid, and of smaller size than the primary ones. Dekayia trentonensis, n. sp., is interesting, not only from the fact that it is the earliest species of the genus so far known, but also be- cause its cell-walls are thicker than is usual, and closely resemble those of a Heterotrypa. On the other hand, its growth, few if any intersti- tial tubes, and the large size of the spiniform tubuli, in which respect the species almost rivals D. aspera, are characters pointing with much certainty to Dekayta. Another interesting form is found in D. paupera, n. sp. In this species the cell-walls are excessively thin, and the spiniform tubuli are creatly reduced in size (7. e. compared with those of D. aspera). But its general appearance, the absence of interstitial cells, the distribution of the spiniform tubuli, and, more than all, its close relationship to D. appressa, confirm me in my opinion that it is properly referred to the genus. DEKAYIA PELLIOULATA, 0. Sp. (Plate VI., figs. 9 and 9a. ) Zoarium ramose, with smooth, thick, mostly rounded, sometimes slightly flattened branches, arising from a‘“large basal expansion, and gradually tapering from the base, where their diameter varies from .5 to 1.0 inch, to their terminal ends, where the diameter is usually not over .3 inch. On well-preserved examples the cell aper- tures over large patches of the surface are covered by a thin pellicle, the cell walls appearing as only very faintly elevated lines upon its surface, while the surface extensions of the spiniform tubuli are more distinct and prominent. than when the pellicle is wanting. About five may be counted in .l inch. At distances.apart of about .1 inch, the surface shows clusters of cells slightly larger than those of the average size, interspersed among which are small and unequal ag_ oregations of much smaller cells, that in all probability represent the apertures of interstitial tubes. Cells with moderately thin walls, angular, those of the ordinary size varying in diameter from 54th to jipth of an inch, while that of those forming the clusters mentioned rarely exceeds },th of an inch. In longitudinal sections the tubes in the axial region have, as usual, excessively thin walls, and are only occasionally provided with an iso- American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 151 lated diaphragm, these structures becoming however more numerous in the peripheral region, where they cross the tubes at distances apart of from one half to one tube diameter. The cells turn very abruptly from the axial into the peripheral region, becoming at the same time slightly thickened, and proceeding in their course to the surface they follow a line drawn at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the branch. In the peripheral region may be noticed quite a number of small, obscurely beaded tubes, in which the diaphragms are somewhat more closely set than in the proper zoccia, and always cross the tube at the periodic points of stricture. In other tubes again the dlia- phragms are remote and sometimes entirely wanting. On the whole the tabulation of this species is peculiar. The spiniform tubuli are always distinctly visible, and have the usual structure. Tangential sections show that the cells are thin-walled, and more or less angular, that the spiniform tubuli are comparatively small, and oc- cupy the angle of junction between every three or four cells, and that they are further isolated by being situated between two to four small interstitial cells. From five to fifteen of the latter also occupy the in- terstices between the larger cells of the clusters, which even in these sections are not very striking. This species is distinguished from D, aspera externally by its more regularly dendroidal growth, smooth surface (so far as monticules are concerned), and less conspicuous spiniform tubuli. Internally the much more numerous diaphragms, and interstitial tubes, beside the smaller spiniform tubuli present weighty points of difference. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. Rather rare on the hills back of Cincinnati, O., and Covington, Ky., at an elevation of from 300 to 350 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river. DEKAYIA TRENTONENSIS, n. sp. (PI. VI., figs. 6 and 6a.) Zoarium dendroid, branches slightly compressed, frequently divid- ing, and from .15 inch (terminal ends) to .4 of an inch (primary branches) in diameter. Entire height of zoarium probably not more than two and one half inches. Surface with low and rounded monti- cules, of which five may be counted in .5 inch. They are occupied by clusters of cells a little larger than those in the intermediate spaces ; occasionally a few small, perhaps interstitial, cells occupy the summit. Cells with comparatively thick walls, and a diameter of about ;1,th of an inch, while the diameter of those in the clusters mentioned does not exceed 4th of an inch. The large spiniform tubuli are qmite prominent and easily recognized. 152 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Longitudinal sections show that the tubes in the axial region of the zoarium have very thin and somewhat flexuous walls, and are crossed by diaphragms from two to four tube-diameters distant from each other. They bend into the peripheral region with a gentle curve, the walls at the same time becoming thickened, and the diaphragms much more numerous ; in the peripheral region the latter are placed at dis- tances apart of from one fourth to one tube diameter. An occasional small tube is met with, which, as it does not differ in its tabulation from the ordinary tubes, is to be regarded as young. The spiniform tubuli are large and readily enough detected in these sections.. They originate in the outer portion of the axial region. In tangential sections the cell-walls in their fully matured condition are of moderate thickness, and present a:median lucid line, on each side of which is a dark ring that immediately surrounds the cell-aper- ture. The latter represents the secondary deposit of sclerenchyma, while the lighter median line represents the original walls of the cells. The groups of larger cells are sometimes quite conspicuous on account of their size, and frequently a few small cells are incorporated within their limits. On account of the comparatively thick walls the spini- form tubuli are not so conspicuous, as they are when cut through a deeper level, where the cell-walls are thinner. They are isolated and occupy the point of junction between every three, four or five cells. This species is probably most nearly allied tq D. aspera, the surface characters of the two being very similar, D. trentonensis, however, is a smaller species, and more strictly dendroid. Internally they are distinguished by the thinner cell-walls, and much less numerous dia- phragms of D, aspera. Formation and locality : Collected by the author from the upper beds of the Trenton group, at Burgin, Ky., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. These strata I regard as equivalent to Safford’s Orthis bed. DEKAYIA APPRESSA, nh. sp. (FI. VI., figs. 7, 7a and 76). Zoarium in rare instances subfrondescent, usually ramose, aud from one to three inches in height. Branches flattened, dividing frequently, from .3 to .4 of an inch in width, and from .15 to .25 of an inch in thickness. Surface without monticules, but presenting groups of cells somewhat larger than the average, at intervals of about .075 inch, measuring from center to center. When the pellicle is preserved, and this is often the case, the spiniform tubuli are, though rather small and few, apparent enough. But when the pellicle is not preserved American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 153 they are not readily detected. Cells thin-walled, and with the excep- tion of the groups mentioned, in all probability consist of one kind only, those of the ordinary size having a diameter of =4,th inch, while that of those in the clusters may exceed ,,th inch. An occasional small cell is met with, that, though I much doubt it, may be of the nature of an interstitial cell. Longitudinal sections show that the tubes in the axial region are nearly vertical, and that in their course to the surface they bend ab- ruptly outward, their walls, which, as usual, are very thin in the axial region, becoming but slightly thickened as they enter the peripheral portion. Diaphragms are but rarely developed in the “immature,” or axial region, and only from five te ten in the “matured” portion of a tube, where they are placed at distances apart of from one half to one tube-diameter. Occasionally a small and short tube may be detected in which the diaphragms appear to be a little more closely set than is the case in the ordinary tubes. The spiniform tubuli being few and of rather small size, are not a conspicuous feature in sections of this kind. In tangential sections the cells are thin-walled and angular, the groups of larger ones being often very distinct (see fig. 7b, Pl. VI.) On account of the thin cell-walls the spiniform tubuli, though of com- paratively small size, are very apparent, occupying the angles of junction of every three, four or five cells. The frequently branching, sometimes anastomosing zoarium of this species, does not resemble very closely any associate form. Some of the smaller specimens of Dekayella ulrichi, Nicholson sp., occurring over two hundred feet lower in the series, bear some external resem- - blance to fragments of D. appressa. The numerous interstitial tubes, and rounded cell-apertures of the former, amply serve the purpose of distinguishing them. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Rather common at an elevation of about 425 feet above the Ohio river. Its vertical range is restricted to only a few feet. DEKAYIA PAUPERA, n. sp. (PI. VI, figs. 10 and 10a.) Zoarium ramose, the more or less flattened branches growing up- ward from a large and thinly expanded base, to a height of one and one half inches or a little more; varying in thickness from .15 to .3 of an inch, andin width from .2 to .8 of an inch. Surface without monticules. Cells polygonal, with excessively thin walls, the ordinary 154 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ones having a diameter of about ;4,th of an inch. At intervals there are distinct groups of large cells, some of which have a diameter ex- ceeding ~,th of an inch. True interstitial cells are apparently want- 9, the few small cells occasionally seen being doubtlessly young ones. The spiniform tubuli I have not been able to detect at the surface. Pellicle not observed. In longitudinal sections the excessively thin-walled tubes in the axial region are seen to be crossed by few remote diaphragms. The tubes approach the surface with a gentle curve, the thickening of the walls that usually takes place as they enter the peripheral region, is scarcely perceptible in this species. The diaghragms are quite numerous in the “mature” or peripheral region, being about one tube diameter distant from each other. When the section passes through the spiniform tabuli they are, despite their small size, readily detected by the thickened appearance they give to the cell- walls between which they are placed. I have not been able to find any traces of interstitial tubes. Tangential sections of this species are remarkable for excessively thin-walled angular cells, between every five or-six of which the spiniform tubuli, which are smalier than in any other species of the genus, and inconspicuously isolated. The groups of large cells, men- tioned in the description of the surface characters, are of course, quite distinct in this kind of section. This species is closely allied to D. appressa in its growth and general features. Under the hand glass that species is seen to have somewhat smaller cells, less conspicuous clusters of large cells, and thicker tube-walls. Internally the much smaller spiniioes tubuli of D. paupera will serve to distinguish them. Formation and locality : Cincinnati group. Quite rare near the tops of the hills back of Cincinnati, O., where it appears to be re- stricted to a vertical range of only a few feet, somewhere between 375 and 400 feet above low water mark. | DEKAYIA MULTISPINOSA, n. sp. (Plate VI., figs. 8 and 8a. ) Zoarium dendroid, branches somewhat flattened, from .25 to .6 inch in diameter. Surface not raised into monticules. Cell apertures often covered by a pellicle, upon the surface of which, and over the angles of junction of the cells, the numerous, but comparatively small spini- form tubuli are sharply elevated. Even when the pellicle is absent these spines are very readily detected under a hand glass. At inter- vals of about .1 of an inch, measuring from center to center, are clus- American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 155 ters of cells slightly larger than the average. Between the individual cells composing these groups, there are always a greater or less num- ber of much smaller interstitial (7) cells, which are sometimes aggre- _ gated in sufficient numbers to constitute ‘‘macule.’’ Cells with mod- erately thin walls, those of the ordinary size about ~4,th of an inch in diameter, while that of those in the clusters mentioned does not exceed goth of an inch. In longitudinal sections the tube-walls are seen to differ but slightly in thickness in the axial and peripheral regions. Diaphragms are very sparingly developed, no tube, so far as I have been able to observe, being provided with more than two or three, throughout its length. The spiniform tubuli may be observed in large numbers, with the usual structure. None of the smaller tubes differ in their tabulation from the ordinary ones, and we may therefore assume, with some cer- tainty, that true interstitial tubes are absent. The bending of the tubes from the axial into the peripheral regions is quite uniform and gradual. Tangential sections show that the ordinary cells have thin walls, those of the slightly larger cells in the clusters described, being some- what thicker. The spiniform tubuli are somewhat variable in size, and very numerous for a species of Detayza, since nearly every angle of junction between the cells is occupied by one. A variable number of small cells is always present, These are, however, mostly de- veloped between the large cells of the clusters. What their nature is doubtful, but, as before intimated, it is highly probable that they are only young tubes. The large number of Spunifonin tubuli will serve to distinguish this species from all the other forms of the genus known to me. In its other characters the species is quite closely allied to D. aspera. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. Rare at an elevation of about 425 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river, on the hills back of Cincinnati, O. PETIGOPORA GREGARIA, n. gen. et. sp. (PI. VII., figs. 3, 3a, 3b and 3c.) Gen. char. ante vol. v., p. 155. Zoarium consisting of small patches usually from .1 to .3 of an inch in diameter, and .04 inch in thickness, adhering to foreign bodies. Nearly all of my specimens are attached to Heterotrypa JSrondosa, D’Orl:. A narrow, usually smooth, but sometimes slightly wrinkled, germinating membrane forms the outer margin, which is 156 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. slightly elevated, and developed in advance of the young marginal cells. Surface without monticules, and covered uniformly by the apertures of equal sized cells, twelve or thirteen of which, are ranged in a series .1 of an inch in length. Interstitial cells wanting. Spini- form tubuli may be detected on well preserved examples by viewing the cells obliquely. In all cases, however, they project so little that they are easily overlooked. Longitudinal sections show that the tubes in the central portion of the zoarium are vertical, those nearer the margin being inclined at an increasing angle. Their walls, when not including one of the large spiniform tubuli, are moderately thin, and often somewhat flexuous. The epithecal membrane is very thin and generally undulated. Diaphragms appear to be wanting. Tangential sections show that, with the exception of an occasion- al young tube, the cells are of nearly uniform size and of one kind only. Between the angles of junction, the majority of which are occupied by the comparatively large spiniform tubuli, the walls are thin and appear to be amalgamated, no divisional line being visible between the walls of adjoining cells. The genus Petigopora is established for the reception of at least four, and probably five Lower Silurian species, only one of which, the Chetetes petechialis, of Nicholson, has been heretofore described. Two are now described for the first time, the type species P. gregaria, and P. asperula. The remaining species I hope to be able to describe at some future time. The principal characters of the genus are: (1), — the large and numerous spiniform tubuli; and (2), the limitation of the growth of the colonies to small, individualized patches, which if brought into contact by lateral development, do not fraternize, but either raise a non-poriferous epithecal barrier, or leave a narrow un- occupied space between them. One ofthe undescribed species occurs in the shale washings of the upper strata of the Cincinnati group, as small subglobular masses, rarely exceeding .1 of an inch in diameter. This peculiarity of growth is due to the fact that the colony invariably selects some minute fragment of a shell or other foreign body, for a nucleus, which is eventually entirely covered. Its spiniform tubuli are numerous, and being of large size they are remarkably prominent, when in a good state of preservation. Petigopora gregaria is readily distinguished from all the parasitic Monticuliporide of the Cincinnati group, by its non-porifercus, some- times concentrically striated marginal band, which is always preserved, American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 157 and much more distinct than it is in any other species of the genus. From the latter the type species is further separated by its smooth often concave upper surface. Formation and locality : Cincinnati group. Rather rare on the hills back of Cincinnati, O., at an elevation of 425 feet above the river bed. The range is not positively known, but I found two groups of zoaria neariy 300 feet lower in the series. PETIGOPORA ASPERULA, n. sp. (PI. VI., figs. 4, 4a, 46 and 4c. ) Zoarium adhering to foreign objects, such as the shells of Stropho- mena alternata, etc., consisting of thin subcircular expansions, from .2 to .5 of an inch in diameter, and .03 to .08 of an inch in thickness. The surface is studded with small conical elevations, arranged in quite regular intersecting series, six or seven in the length of .4 of an inch. They are occupied by cells but slightly, if at all, larger than those of the ordinary size ; it is usual, however, to find the apices occupied by one or several spiniform tubuli often considerably larger than those in the intervening spaces, Cells small, somewhat unequal in size, from thirteen to fifteen in the length of .! of an inch. The cell-walls are moderately thin between the angles of junction of the cells, the majority of these being occupied by very large and prominent spiniform tubuli. Longitudinal sections show numerous spiniform tubuli, the proper tube-walls moderately thin, and no diaphragms. The tubes are at first inclined, but soon bend upward and proceed in a direct line to open at the surface. In tangential sections the cell walls between the numerous spiniform tubuli, are quitet hin, and occasionally preserve in a faint manner the divisional line between adjoining cells. The walls are somewhat thicker, and the spiniform tubuli larger than ordinary, in the groups of cells occupying the monticules at the surface. This species does not resemble either P. gregaria, or P. petechialis, very closely, differing from both of those species in having distinct monticules and more conspicuous spiniform tubuli. P. petechialis forms very small conical zoaria, never, so far as I have been able to observe, more than .12 of an inch in diameter. Its vertical range is extended, I haviny collected typical specimens in the Upper Trenton rocks of Kentucky, and at nearly all elevations in the Cincinnati group. The range of P. asperula is much less extended, being apparently restricted to the strata between 300 and 450 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river. 158 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. Not uncommon on the hills back of Cincinnati, O., and Covington, Ky. LEPTOTRYPA, N. gen. © Zoaria thin, incrusting foreign bodies, occasionally overgrowing the latter and becoming partially free. Cells polygonal, thin-walled, apparently of one kind only. Surface with monticules or without, usually, however, showing more or less distinct groups of large cells. Spiniform tubuli small, numerous, generally occupying only the angles of junction of the cells. Diaphragms wanting or but sparingly developed. Type, L. minima, n. sp. This genus includes a group of species that I have found it quite impossible to distribute among the genera of Monticuliporide already established. They can not be placed with Atactopera, the species of that genus being provided with spiniform tubuli which are always placed within the substance of the cell-walls, and project prominently into the cell-cavity, so as to give it a petaloid appearance. In Lepto- trypa they are always situated between the walls, and are only rarely developed excepting at the angles of the cells. They have but little affinity with the species of Spatiopara, the cell-structure in the two genera being quite different, Tangential sections of Leptotrypa somewhat resemble those of cer- tain species of Amplexopora, but they differ so widely in growth, and other respects, that I am forced to regard them as quite distinct. How nearly Leptotrypa is allied to Nebulipora, McCoy, 1 am unable to say. I have in vain tried to gain something like a satisfactory knowledge of the species upon which McCoy founded his genus. Specimens said to be Nebulipora papillata, prove, upon investigation, to belong to a species of Ceramopora. Even if an examination of McCoy’s types, which may no longer be possible, should show the above identification of his species to be erroneous, and my genus a synonym, I ought not to be blamed, for, after carefully considering the question, I have come to the conclusion, that to prupose a new genus for the reception of my species, will cause less confusion than to place them into a genus, the characters of which no one seems able to define with any degree of certainty. Beside the four species next described, I propose to include in the genus Leptotrypa, Chetetes discoideus, James (Nicholson), and two Niagara group species, which Hall has, erroneously I believe, placed in his genus Paleschara, under the names of P. offulu and P. maculata. American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 159 A very peculiar group of species, which I shall, provisionally, also include in this genus, is found in the Monticulipora calceola, Miller and Dyer, M. clavacoidea, James (Nicholson), and an undescribed form. Though I have seen of the first at least a thousand specimens, and of the other two several hundred, I have not detected any evidence going to show that they have grown upon a foreign object. On the contrary, the special form of the central cavity, assumed. by each of the three species, is apparently due to the amount of curvature adopted by the tubes in their course from the point of gemmation to their apertures. In J. calceola the zoecial tubes are always quite strongly curved, in consequence of which the zoarium takes a turbinate form, the gradually enlarging internal cavity being enrolled in a plane, and often making nearly two complete volutions. In M,. clavacoidea, the tubes are straight, and proceed in almost a direct line to the surface. The form of the zoarium is therefore straight. In the undescribed species, which in 1880 I catalogued under the name of Chetetes con- cavus, the tubes curve but slightly. and the resulting form of the zo- arium is concavo-convex, the cavity which in M&M. calceola is strongly curved, and straight in M. clavacoidea, being represented in LZ. (?) con- cava, by an oval impression. ‘The internal structure of the cells and tube-walls of these species is, in all respects, very closely like that of L. ornata, and as such a structural similarity is of more importance than differences in the mode of growth, I have concluded, provision- ally, to unite them with Zeptotrypa. LEPTOTRYPA MINIMA, Nn. sp. (PI. VI., figs. 2, 2a and 20.) Zoarium consisting of very thin expansions adhering parasitically to the shells of a small species of Orthoceras, which are usually entire- ly covered by this delicate bryozoan. The surface shows at intervals of about .08 of an inch, abruptly elevated, small, conical monticules, two or three hundredths of an inch in diameter, and a little less in height. Their arrangement is often quite regular, in longitudinal and transverse or intersecting series. Their slopes are occupied by cells but slightly, if at all, larger than the average, while the summits often carry the apertures ofa variable number of much smaller cells, which, if the specimen be worn, may give the monticules a sub-solid appearance. Cells 45th to ;4,th of an inch in diameter, angular, and thin-walled. The spiniform tubuli are to be observed only in well-preserved examples, their position being indicated in such specimens by a slight elevation of the junction angles of the cells, above the general level of the cell-aperture, 160 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In longitudinal sections (Pl. VL., fig. 26), the tubes are seen to be at first somewhat prostrate, but they soon rise and proceed directly to the surface. Their walls are moderately thin, and quite straight. Diaphragms are usually absent, an isolated one is, however, occasion- ally met with. Excepting the point of size, no difference can be de- tected between the ordinary tubes and the small ones mentioned in describing the monticules. On account of the filling of the tubes with the surrounding shaly matrix, the minute characters, which under other circumstances would be distinct, are often much obscured, if not obliterated. Tangential sections (Pl. VL, fig. 2a), show that the angles of the cells are somewhat thickened and occupied by a small spiniform tabuli, which, if the section be taken from an inferiorly preserved example, may be overlooked. The cell-walls between the angles are thin, and in the state of preservation accessible to me, show no divisional line, those of adjoining cells being apparently amalgamated with one another. A variable though never large number of small cells, which our present information demands we should regard as either young or aborted, are irregularly interspersed among the ordinary cells, but oftener aggregated between the cells occupying the surface monticules. All the specimens of this species seen by me, and their number is not less than three hundred, are without an exception, attached to a small species of Orthoceras, from two to four inches in length, and from .3 to .6 of an inch in diameter, at the larger end. The small conical monticules, and flat interspaces of ZL. minima, will distinguish it from the other species of the genus, as well as from all the rest of the parasitic Monticuliporide of the Cincinnati group, with the ex- ception, perhaps, of some of the species of Atactopora. These are, however, readily distinguished by their spiniferous and inflected cell- walls. Formation and locality : Cincinnati group, Not uncommon in the shaly beds at Hamilton, Ohio, at an elevation equivalent to 350 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river, at Cincinnati, O. It is rare at the Cincinnati quarries. LEpToTRYPA ORNATA, n. sp. (Pl. VL, figs. 4 and 4a.) Zoarium parasitically attached to Cyrtolites ornatus, the entire shell of which it covers with a thin expansion, from .02 to .10 of an inch in thickness. Surface smooth, but presenting at intervals of .1 inch, measuring from center to center, groups of cells that are conspicuously American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 161 larger than those in the intervening spaces, their diameter often exceeding jth of an inch, while that of the ordinary cells is about ;},5th of an inch. Cell-walls thin, with the angles of junction slightly _ elevated. . ioe In longitudinal sections (Pl. VI., fig. 4a) the tubes are thin-walled, and proceed abruptly from the attached epithecal membrane to the upper surface. Diaphragms may be absent or developed in limited numbers. The center of the walls is often traversed lengthwise by a delicate light line, indicating the central cavity of the spiniform tubuli. © Tangential sections (Pl. VI., fig. 4) often show a delicate dark line separating the thin walls of adjoining cells, which at nearly all their angles of junction, is enlarged so as to include a small. spiniform tubulus. Both these and longitudinal sections show, that with the exception of the larger cells already described, the cells consist of one kind only. This is a common species at the top of the hills back of Cincinnati, O., where over nine tenths of the specimens of Cyrtolites ornatus found are covered with it. The thin zoarium may sometimes be flaked off, so as to expose the beautifully cancellated shell of that gaste: opod. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. At Cincinnati, O., and other localities where the strata marking the 420 ft. level above the Ohio river are exposed. LEPTOTRYPA CLAVIS, n. sp. (PI. VI., figs. 3 and 3a.) Zoarium growing parasitically, usually upon crinoid columns, but not infrequently upon the stems of small branching bryozoa. In thickness it varies from .02 to .15 of an inch, the largest specimen seen being about one inch in length. Those growing upon the crinoid columns usually become club-shaped or subfusiform, while those on other objects are variously and irregularly shaped. Surface presenting at intervals of .1 inch, small clusters of cells a little larger than the average, which in a few specimens are slightly elevated above the general level of the sur- face. Cells of one kind only, rather unequal in size, and irregular in arrangement, with moderately thin walls, and an average diameter of ,4,th of an inch, while the diameter of those in the groups seldom exceeds ;1,th of an inch. When in a good state of preservation the spiniform tubuli are quite prominent and pointed, and being numerous, give the zoarium a characteristically hirsute appearance. Longitudinal sections (Pl. VI., fig. 3a) show a spiniform tubulus between nearly all of the thin and straight tube-walls. Their internal 162 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. cavity is distinctly shown and comparatively large. Diaphragms are usually developed at remote intervals, though often wanting. No interstitial tubes have been observed. In tangential sections (Pl. VI., fig. 3) the cells are seen to be thin- walled and of rather unequal size. Spiniform tubuli of moderate size are plentifully developed, placed at the cell-angles and often at points between, in which cases the walls are forced into their respective cell- cavities on each side. No special series of small cells are observed in these sections. This species is probably most nearly allied to Z, ornata, from which it differs principally in having more numerous spiniform tubuli, which are also much more conspicuous, both externally and internally. These differences will also apply to the other species. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. A common species in the lower 200 feet of strata exposed at Cincinnati, O., and elsewhere. LEPTOTRYPA CORTEX, * 0. Sp. Zoarium attached to the shells of Orthoceras and EHndoceras, over which it forms large expansions, from .02 to .08 of an inch in thickness, and several inches in length. Surface smooth, but with distinct clusters of cells, larger than the average, at intervals of .15 of an inch, measuring from center to center. The cells are moderately thin-walled, and quite regularly hexagonal, those of the ordinary size having a diameter of about jth of an inch, while that of the largest in the clusters rarely exceeds 4th of an inch. Longitudinal sections show that the tube-walls, just above the epithecal membrane, are very thin; nearer the surface they are some- what thickened, and show the line of demarcation separating the walls of adjoining tubes, and an occasional spiniform tubulus. Diaphragms are quite numerous, those in the upper part of the tube being about one half a tube-diameter apart, which distance is gradually increased in the lower portion to more than one tube-diameter. Interstitial tubes are entirely absent. Tangential sections show quite distinctly the divisional line between the tubes, while the angles are usually enlarged to admit what I now regard as spiniform tubuli. They are generally represented only by a dark triangular space, but a few also show a minute central lucid spot, *The figures of this species were unfortunately overlooked in preparing the plates for this number. Being aspecies of some importance, I was unwilling to strike it out of this connec- tion, proposing to make my description valid by figuring its characters in my next installment. American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 163 such as characterizes these structures in other forms. The cell-walls are moderately thin, and as a rule hexagonal, though five and seven sided tubes are not uncommon. This species is distinguished externally from L. ornata, by its larger and more regularly arranged cells. Internally we find a greater number of diaphragms in the tubes of the former, than in those of the latter species. In many respects Z. cortex is closely related to such species of ' Monotrypa, as UY. petasiformis, Nicholson, and M. filiasa, D’Orbigny. I am, however, slowly becoming convinced that those species do not really belong to the genus Monotrypa. They differ from Mf. undulata, Nicholson, the type of that genus, in several important features. In M. petasiformis, for instance, the tubes of the zoarium are divided into two distinct regions, equivalent to the axial and peripheral regions of the ramose Monticuliporide, The tubes in the axial or lower portion of the zoarium have very thin walls, and are crossed by remote diaphragms, which further up in the peripheral region become numerous and often crowded, while at the same time the walls are appreciably thickened, and show a distinct line of demarcation separat- ing adjoining tubes. Thestructure of MW. undulata is quite different, its zoarium being, in a measure, homogeneous throughout, and incapable of being divided into similarly differentiated regions. In this connec- tion it is important to note that a number of more or less distinct forms, differing, however, in no essential features from MM. undulata, oceur in Upper Silurian, Devonian, Lower Carboniferous, and Coal measure deposits, a fact going to show, that, though simple in structure, the genus Monotrypa is characterized by peculiarities distinct enough to be preserved throughout all the great divisions of the Paleozoic rocks, an extent of range enjoyed by but few of the genera of the Monticu- liporide. What to do with M. petasiformis and M. filiasa, I am not yet prepared to say, being unwilling to admit them into the genus Lepto- trypa. Their structure being very similar to the most typical species of Monotrypella, it might be well to extend the limits of that genus so that they would be included. Formation and locality: Cincinnati group. Specimens of Z. cortex, are rather rare in the lower 200 feet of strata exposed at Covington, Ky., and Cincinnati, O. DiscorryPa, n. gen. Gen. char. anée vol. v., p. 155. The type of this genus, and its only known representative was 164 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. described by me in the second volume of this publication, under the name of Chetetes elegans. The zoarium of this species consists of a free and very thin circular expansion, with an average thickness of .02 of an inch, the diameter of the few specimens found varying from .4 to 1.2 of aninch. The under surface is covered by a smooth or concen- trically striated, thin epitheca. The upper surface is elevated at inter- vals of .14 of an inch, measuring from center to center, into low and rounded monticules, the bases of which may be said to be in contact, since the interspaces are concave. Their arrangement is in concentric series around the central monticule, each being occupied by cells which gradually enlarge in diameter from ;4+5th of an inch at the base to ~jth of an inch at the summit.. The cells have thin walls, are rhom- boidal or hexagonal in shape, and arranged in regular decussating series, that remind one strongly of the cell-arrangement in Pétlodic- tya pavonia. D’Orb. In longitudinal sections (PI. VII., fig. la) the tubes are seen to proceed to the surface with a slight inclination; the walls are of medium thickness, and show more or less distinctly the original line of demarcation between adjoining tubes. Two or three diaphragms cross each tube, on lines parallel with the upper surface. Tangential sections (Pl. VII., fig. 10) show that the cell-watls of adjoining tubes are not fused together, the line of separation being quite distinct. On each side of this central line is the original wall, which is usually thickened inwardly, by a thin secondary deposit of sclerenchyma. The cells occupying the monticules are marked by thinner walls, being cut at a deeper level than those in the intervening space. Sections of this species prove that interstitial cells are entirely absent, no young or small cells of any kind having been observed. Spiniform tubuli are also wanting. Discotrypa elegans is a rare fossil in the Cincinnati group, at an elevation of 300 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river, at the quarries back of Cincinnati, O., and Covington, Ky. . The genus is probably more nearly allied to Leptotrypa than to any other genus of the Monticuliporide. They are, however, amply dis- tinguished by the difference in their cell structure, different habits of growth, and the absence of spiniform tubuli in Discotrypa. ASPIDOPORA ARCOLATA, n. gen. et sp. (Pl. VII, figs. 2, 2a, 2b and 2c.) Gen. char. ante vol. v., p. 155. Zoarium consisting of very thin, convex, free expansions, from .3 to 1.0 of an inch in diameter, and about .025 of an inch in thickness. The under surface is marked with radiating strive, and sometimes with obscure concentric wrinkles. The upper or celluliferous surface American Paleozoic Bryozoa. 165 presents a variable number of slightly convex and irregularly angular spaces with an average diameter of about .15. At the margin of these convex spaces the cell-apertures are circular, and =4,th of an inch in diameter. The cell-apertures gradually become broadly elliptical, and larger as the centers of the spaces are approached, where the largest have a diameter of 4th inch. The apertures of the cells are often closed by a centrally perforated, thin operculum. The interstitial spaces are occupied by the elongated apertures of very shallow interstitial cells. The spiniform tubuli are quite numerous and prominent. In longitudinal sections (Pl. VIL, fig. 2c) the proper tubes are pros- trate for half their length, when they bend upward and proceed directly to the surface. Their walls are thin and more or less flexuous, especially upon the concave side of the tube. The interstitial tubes are developed from the upper wall of the prostrate portion of the proper zocecia, and enlarge very rapidly, so as to attain their full size, at the second diaphragm. In the proper tubes the diaphrams are present only in the lower half of the tube, where it is crossed by two or three. At their apertures a very thin calcareous line representing the opercula mentioned may sometimes be detected. In the interstitial tubes the diaphragms are crowded. ‘The spiniform tubuli are first developed near the cell-apertures, where if carefully looked for, a variable number may be detected.