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THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY:
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Division of Molusies
UIVISION O
a } ° * 2 2" secional Librare
EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL,
BY
WILLIAM E. HOYLE.
VOL. XI.
1904—1906,
20504
Lonpon: Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Sq., W. MANCHESTER: Sherratt & Hughes, St. Aun’s Street.
LreDs: Taylor Bros., Sovereign St. BERLIN: Friedlaender & Sohn, Carlstrasse, 11,
|
\
}
CON aE NMin sy
JACKSON, J. W., and F. TAYLOR. Observations on the Habits and Repro- duction of Baludestuna taylori
ToMLIN, J. R. LE B. Paludestrina anatina Drapy new ie Briain
BALDWIN, J. W. Jaminia muscorum m. sinistrorsum ... des
Kenyon, Mrs. A. F. Note on Cassis paucirugis Menke
JacKson, J. W. Report on the Miller’s Dale Ramble...
Hoye, W. E. Isaac Cooke Thompson, F.L.S.
Dean, J. D. Fish and their Relation to Paludestrina jenkinsi
WELCH, R. Rare or Local Irish Land and Freshwater Mollusca
WHITWELL, W. Physa acuta Drap. at Kew Gardens ... :
Hors ey, Rey. Canon J. W. A Standard of Value for Beehance
Hoye, W. E. Sepia burnupi n.sp. from Natal 500
WELCH, R. Some Results of a Flood in North Ireland ‘
BELLINI, Dr. R. The Freshwater Shells of Naples and the } Neienbormod
Jackson, J. W.,andC. H. Moore. Further Observations on the Molluscan Fauna of coe over-Sands and District . 4
DEAN, J. D. Note of the Land and eecinarer Shells of Lenaagis:
MARQUAND, E. D. Imperforate Haliotis tuberculata ...
STANDEN, R. Report on the Wirral Peninsula Ramble
DaLL, W. H. Notes on the genus Ampullaria 590
WHITWELL, W. Helix cantiana Montagu, at Tooting Gammont Ghisr |
COLLIER, Epwarp. Land Shells at High Altitudes
VAUGHAN, J. WILLIAMS. A Contribution towards a List off ‘ena aad Freshwater Mollusca of Breconshire and Radnorshire ac an
Byne, L. St. G. The Type of Cypreea caput-anguis Philippi... mec
COLLIER, EDWARD, Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Switzerland
The Hermann Strebel Celebration
Horsey, Rev. Canon J. W. The Land Shells of Vejorcs
TAYLOR, FRED. Report on the Droylsden Ramble
BEEsSTON, H., and C. E. WriGuT. The Land and Freshwater: iWietnsea of Ilfracombe and District : Supplementary List
Woopwarb, B. B. The British Species of Vallonia
STANDEN, R. The Zebra-Mussel (Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas)
Lucas, B. R. Notes on Isle of Man Mollusca
Hors ey, Rev. Canon J. W. Fish and Paludestrina entice!
WriGurt, C, E. Succinea oblonga Drap. var. alba
iv. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I2, OCTOBER, 1906.
JENNINGS, F. B. Helix pomatia m. sinistrorsum in Surrey
JuKEs-BROwNE, A. J. On some Questions of Nomenclature
MaDIsON, J. Testacella scutulum in Worcestershire
THORNEWILL, Rev. C. F. Obituary Notice of Philip Brookes Mason
Jackson, J. WILFRID. Report on the Miller’s Dale Ramble
ROEBUCK, W. DENISON. Re-establishment of Limax tenellus as a British Species : a Bae S60 500 es abe
COLLIER, EDWARD. The Conchological Differences between the Genera and Sections of the Pupininze
JAcKson, J. WILFRID. Report on the Missanaed Ramble
OLDHAM, CHARLES. W. D. Crick, F.G.S.
MELVILI, J. C., and R. STANDEN. The Cypreeidze of the perion Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, as exhibited in Mr. F. W. Townsend’s Collections, 1893-1904 is ee od
ROEBUCK, W. DENISON. Radnorshire Slugs...
PEARCE, Rev. S. SPENCER. Testacella halpattiles var. Fores Mog. Tene
Lucas, B. R. Report on the Northwich Ramble
ScHARFF, R. F. The Origin of the land and Freshwater Mollusca a present living in the British Isles (Presidential Address)
TAYLOR, FRED. Vivipara contecta var. atro-purpurea nov. at Wicken Kent Cambs. .
Hurron, W. H. Limnea siannalls var. cmbiicate
DALL, W. H. Note on the Name Glycymeris
DEAN, J. Davy. New Records for West Lancashire
DEAN, J. DAvy, and J. WILFRID JACKSON. Notes on a Ghar ana Shell- Marl Deposit at Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lancashire
SPAN, BARTLET. Scalariform Natica catena .. eke
MELvILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. Rostellaria ddiccimis Nevill: Notes upon its ceemntion and limits of variation
Hupson, BAKER. The Rev. John Hawell, M.A., F. G. S.
AvDAMS, LIONEL FE. Conchological Notes from the United States
SHERBORN, C. DavikEs. On the Dates of Publication of D’ Owbiews s
“* Moll. viv. et foss,” ‘‘ Paléont. univ.,” and ‘‘ Paléont. étrangere.”
Jackson, J. W. Pisidium nitidum var. splendens in West Lancashire
TomLIN, J. R. Le B. Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy in Berkshire
SHAW, Rev. W. A. Helicella caperata m. sinistrorsum
Kope.tT, Dr. W. Carl Eduard von Martens: An Obituary Notice
OLDHAM, C. Vallonia excentrica Sterki in Ireland
Hors.ey, Rev. Canon J. W. Notes on Tapes
AvAMS, L. E. A Plover with Anodonta cygnea attached to its foot
MELVILL, J. C. The subgenus Casmaria H. & A. Adams of Cassis Lamarck
Massy, A. L. Opercula of Bithynia tentaculata
INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
WELCH, R. Freshwater Shells in Masses in Shell Marl
MELVILL, J. C. Four Colour Varieties of Cyprzea
ApaAms, L. E. Do Swans and Ducks eats Anodonta cygnea
DARBISHIRE, A. D. Professor Lang’s Breeding Experiments with Helix hortensis and H. nemoralis: an Abstract and Review
SHAW, Rev. W. A. Additions to the Land and Freshwater Walliced a Northamptonshire
HOors.LeEyY, Rev. Canon J. W. Edo foals in Rivers
STANDEN, R. Vertigo substriata (Jeff.) m. sinistrorsum
INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
103 104 105
106
: Ge)
115 116
117 128 137 137
138
144 144 145 146
147 159
161 164 165
169 170 170 170 171 173 174 175 176 178 179 191 192 192
193
200 200 200 201
ee
NOTICE
HERTZBERG-NEW METHOD, INC.
CONTENTS:
Stusss, A. G. Paludestrina jenkinsi in the New River
ADAMS, LIONEL E. An Account of the Mussel aiaes and Pearl erties Industry of the Mississippi River
VAUGHAN, J. WILLIAMS. The Marine Molluces of Tenby and eae hood: A Further Contribution
Horsey, Rev. Canon J. W. Mollusca oieeee at etic, Htecle Sh France, in February, 1905
WriGut, C. E., and L. E. Abams. Notes on the West Cornwall District STANDEN, R. Vivipara contecta (Millet) m. sinistrorsum
MELVILL, J. Cosmo. Frederick Price Marrat...
Cooper, J. E. Note on Crepidula fornicata L.
STANDEN, R. Reversed Shells in the Manchester Museum
Eviot, Sir CHas., K.C.M.G. Nudibranchs from the Indo- Pacific: I., Notes on a Collection dredged near Karachi and Maskat...
Horsey, Rev. Canon J. W. Faunistic Notes
BROWNE, A. J. JuKEs. Tapes aureus and its Allies é6
SHAW, Rev. W. A. Hygromia rufescens (Penn.) m. sinistrorsum
LeEsour, M. V. On Variation in the Radule of certain Buccinidze
Swanton, E. W. Destruction of Potatoes by Slugs
Dati, W. H. Early History of the Generic Name Fusus
DEAN, J. Davy. The Shell Beach at Mochras Island ... 300 oc
ExuiotT, Sir CuHas., K.C.M.G. Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific: II., Notes on Lophocercus, Lobiger, Haminzea and Newnesia 2
Kew, H. Wat.is. Limax tenellus in Buckinghamshire
BLUNDELL, JESSIE M. ‘‘ Do Swans eat Anadonta cygnea ?”
CHASTER, G. W. _Jaminia triplicata Studer, a new British rerrestael Molluse
STANDEN, R. Observations on tHe recrectne Moltnecs of ihe iDeiia: around Silverdale, Lancashire
SHAW, Rev. W. A. Sinistral Helicigona aibugioris
RovE, G. T. Do Swans and Ducks eat Anodonta cygnea? bi
Goscu, G. A., and B. B. Woopwarpb. Christian Hee Hwass : 1731-1803
JENNINGS, F. B. Helicella virgata var. hypozona in the Isle of Wight
MAYFIELD, A. Goninibunone towards a List of West-Suffolk Non-Marine Mollusca
Cooper, J. E. British Species of Wellton
Jackson, J. WILFRID. An Attempt to Breed on a Siatistel Teil pomatia
Jackson, J. WILFRID. The Oucnmencs of the White Born of Ralideoen lapicida (L.) 00 Sod a0
BEESTON, H. West Lancashire Non: Mating Toleeee Morecambe and District : as
ADAMS, LIONEL E. Coneholescal Notes om Japan ...
R. Obituary Notice of the late William Nelson
Jackson, J. WILFRID. Further Notes on French Shell ates”
JACKSON, J. WILFRID. Vertigo alpestris in Westmorland
Byng, L. St. G. The Prevention of Corrosion in Shells ans
Jackson, J. Witrrip. Acanthinula lamellata (Jeff.) at Grange-over- Sands, Lancs., and Notes on various other Species
MELVILL, J. Cosmo, and R. STANDEN. Note on Odostomia totes Garrett
ADAMS, LIONEL E. Vallonia costata + excentrica
216
222 223 224 225 227 228
23,
275 281
286
297
364
vi. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1906.
Lucas, B. R. On the Danger of Using Mercuric Chloride in the Steriliza-
tion of Highly-Polished Shells 365 LATTER, OSWALD H._ Testacella ralisaacae at NChdsinite 365 SIKES, F. H. Numerous Species in a Restricted Area .. 365 ELIOT, Sir CHAs., K.M.C.G. The Genus Doriopsilla Bergh 366 Jackson, J. WILFRID. Bulimus fasciatus Turton [= Helicella barbara (L.
in Lancashire .. : ae sie 3 367 GLOVER, MARIA. aes on the British Land and Teeter Shells
Collected by the late Mr. Thomas Glover... 368 INDEX ues sete ate fas : 373 CONSTITUTION AND LIST OF MEMBERS ies ee I, 129, 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY... Te 2O OS OSs 25 4eLGOs 188, 220, 287, 320, 353, 372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY—
Annual Meeting, September, 1903—December, 1903 20
January—March, 1904 ... Ses Sao 60
April, May, 1904 OI
June—September, 1904.. 123
Annual Meeting, October —December, “660A 152
January—March, 1905 . doe 186
April, May, 1905 218
June, 1905 236
September, 1905 p09 265
Annual Meeting, October December, noo 266
January—March, 1906 . 60 ss 315
April—June, 1906 BSS 35 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEEDS BRANCH—
Annual Reports, 1898—1903 156
Annual Report, 1904 : 271 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON BRANCH—
Annual Report, 1904 : Be 100 168
95 mp 1905... 36 oa ies Sue 272
LIST OF PLATES.
Frontispiece, Group, Annual Meeting, 1904 Sepia burnupi n.sp. from Natal I. Rostellaria delicatula Nevill. ‘ 1a Views of the North End of Hawes water Silverdale III. Professor Eduard von Martens IV. Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific V. Radulze of Buccinidze VI.
William Nelson
Vil.
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
pase. Paludestrina taylori é ae £53 555 bes sk 10 Larve of Dreissensia so8 ao Sati ses BH 87, 88, 89 Teeth of Goniodoris modesta 36 NBD sca lal Kidney of Lophocercus viridis ers 800 cd oa sco | | OR Teeth of Lophocercus viridis a ee tsi al apn BO Lobiger crawling ... ee wes ne sls abe eS O77 Teeth of Lobiger nevilli _... ae Be ae = cos &{O1S) Teeth of Haminza simillima ie Bae is. as wae ISLE Teeth of Newnesia antarctica : Set ob ae 313
Alimentary Canal and Nervous System of Doriopsilla ... 368 See oy)
‘Vill.
Page 393 29 Page Page Page Page Page Page
Page Page Page
9°
119, 148, 149,
157 260,
268,
273; 316,
351,
line line line line line line line line line
line line line
RSA leeAg
16, for ‘‘volutia” read ‘‘ veletia.”
b)
29, for ‘‘ Retuagiri” read ‘‘ Ratuagiri.”
30, for ‘‘ Paugina” read “‘ Pangim.” 6, for ‘“‘phegedina”’ vead ‘‘ phagedina.” z
pneg jpuatete 20 (from bottom), for *‘V. ristata” read ‘‘V. cristata.” 7, for “ Planorbis cristata” vead ‘‘ Planorbis crista.” 28, for ‘‘arbustorum”’ vead ‘ lapicida.” 20, for ‘‘ Robert” read ** Roland.”
15 from below, after ‘* American species” zzsert ‘* Amnicola brownii” avd ‘* P. imitator” from next line.
18, for ‘‘laminata” vead ‘* lamellata.” 13, for ‘‘Terebratula cranium” vead ‘‘Terebratula vitrea.” 24 (from bottom), for <*C. lucida” read ‘*C. lurida.”
THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLoey, Vor. XI. PLATE 7.
WILLIAM NELSON.
Born 1835. Died 1906.
Constitution & List of Members
OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
1.—This Society shall be called “ (he Conchological Society of Great Britain and Freeland.”
2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold- ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec- tions illustrative of the science.
3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.
4-.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay- ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what- ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society with a view to their publication in the Journal.
5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society.
6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.
7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed enve- lope, addressed to the Scrutineers. The President and Secretary of the Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officto, also be members of the Council of the Society.
8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and the President is expected to give an address.
9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and tlete fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings as they may think desirable.
10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.
11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the
ensuing year. A
2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904. 12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members, appointed at a previous meeting.
13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the Council.
14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the Society.
15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.
Se ORO SEES
LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1903-1904.
PRESIDENT : RY WS SCHARER, Ph. Dr, M.oRIEA:
VICE-PRESIDENTS : R. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A., F.G.S. | EDWARD COLLIER.
T. T. MARSHALL. | Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, WileJatos IGIR GIS Ie,
HON. TREASURER: HON. SECRETARY : By 105 13 OS WOCIG | Vo 18, IsKONGHIS, Wie, ID.Se:
HON. LIBRARIAN : F. F. LAIDLAW, B.A.
HON. CURATOR: | HON. RECORDER : ROBERT STANDEN. LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
COUNCIL: J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S. WILLIAM MOSS. E. C. STUMP. CHARLES OLDHAM. C. E. WRIGHT. ALFRED LEICESTER.
LEEDS BRANCH. Hon. SEc. - - - W. CASH, F.G.S.
LONDON BRANCH.
PRESIDENT - Rev. J. W. HORSLEY. SECRETARY - = Jk. COOPER:
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Corrected to Dec. 31, 1903.
(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered).
HONORARY MEMBERS (Limited to ten in number). 1889. Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, Vestregade, Copenhagen. 1889. Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. 1889. Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin de fer du nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris. 1897. Dall, Wm. Healey, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 3
1878. Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.
1886. Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W. O. P Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds.
1889. Philippi, Dr. R. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile.
1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Fichtestrasse 15, I., Leipzig.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
1903. Abbott, G., Alexander Street, Kettering.
1885. Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 68, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford.
1899. Appleton, Thos. Alf., M.R.C.S., 46, Britannia Rd., Fulham, London, S.W.
1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend, Kent.
1886. Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.
1897. Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, Hawaiian Islands.
1899. Baldwin, Joseph W., 472, Darwen Road, Dunscar, near Bolton, Lancs.
1895. Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.
1886. Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., St. John’s College, Grimsargh, Preston, Lancs.
1897. Barrett, Chas. Golding, F.E.S., Tremont, Peckham Rye, London, S.E.
1903. Becher, Major E. F., R.A., 2, Berkeley Villas, Pittville, Cheltenham.
1901. Beeston, Harry, Hawkestone, Havant, Hants.
1901. Bentley, R. H., 33, Church Crescent, Muswell Lill, London, N.
1901. Birley, Miss Caroline, 14, Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, London, W
1897. Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, 31, New Road, Driffield, Yorks.
1897. Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., Falkirk, Chatley Road, Clifton, Bristol.
1899. Blackshaw, James C., 158, Penn Road, Wolverhampton.
1899. Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.
1897. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.
1895. Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Zoological Department, University, Glasgow.
1897. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire.
1899. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.
1897. Bolton, Herbert, F.R.S.E., Museum, Bristol.
1895. Booth, George Albert, F.E.S., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Lancs.
1884. Bostock, Edwin D., Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire.
1897.Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, The Grange, Hereford,
1896. Brass, John George, The Grove, Barnard Castle, Durham.
1879. *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S. W.
1900. Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.
1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.
1901. Brown, Lewis B., P.O. Box 148, Bridgetown, Barbados, W. Indies.
1901. Brown, W. D., Homeleigh, Burcough Junction, nr. Ormskirk.
1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., Pyrford Vicarage, Woking, Surrey.
1896. Burgess, Wm. Valentine, Davenham, Wythenshawe Road, Northenden, Manchester.
1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Jesmond, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
1901. Bury, Miss E. P. F., 77, Elm Park Mansions, Park Walk, Chelsea, London, S.W.
1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.
1902. Button, Fred. L., 969, Broadway, Oakland, California.
1888. Byne, Loftus St. George, M.Sc., c/o W. G. Marshall, Esq., Morton Manor, near Taunton.
4
1891.
1893. 1901.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancs. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs.
1878. PCash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax
1903. 1901. 1892. 1895. 1887. 1889. 1903. 1886. 1880. 1898. 1897. TQOI. 1892. 1895. 190I. 1899.
1890. 1886. 1888. 1899. 1903.
1886. 1897. 1904. 1893. 1903. 1886. 1899. 1897. 1898. 1892. 1901. I9OI.
1892. 1895. 1895. 19OI. 18901. 1884. IQOI. 1894. 1886.
1897
Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering. Chadwick, Wm. H., Harrogate, Nether Street, North Finchley, London, N. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester. Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport, Lancs. Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorks. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, nr. Chelmsford, Essex. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester. Collinge, Walter Ed., F.Z.S., University, Birmingham. _Cook, Rev. Thomas, Whinwood, Westcliff Grove, Harrogate. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts. Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, lighgate, London, N. Corker, Jas. S., 59, Darncombe Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Cox, Jas. C., M.D., F.L.S., Sydney, N. S. Wales.
Crampton, C. B., M.B., Geological Survey Offices, Sheriff Court Buildings, Edinburgh.
Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. Crick, Walter D., Nine Springs, Cliftonville, Northampton.
Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, Essex. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.
Cundall, Jas. W., 8 & 9, Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.
DaCosta, Solomon I., 9, Gloucester Square, London, W.
Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W. Dalgliesh, Gordon, Clairval, Collings Road, Guernsey. *Daniel, A. T., M.A., Richmond Terrace, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent. Darbishire, A. D., B.A., University, Manchester.
Darbishire, Robert D., Victoria Park, Manchester.
Darnbrough, Frederick, Croft Villa, Eaglescliffe, Yarm-ori-Tees. Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de 1’ Université, Paris.
Dean, John D., 84, Dale Street, Lancaster.
Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston, Lancs. Drummond, Robt., 20, Upper Talbot Street, Blackpool.
Dyson, W. O., 41, Whiteley Street, Oldham.
Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston, Lancs.
Edwards, J. Sumner, Oak Lodge, Harehill Avenue, Leeds.
Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd, Leicester. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.
Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone, Kent.
Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness, Lincolnshire.
Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.
Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants.
.Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. 1891.
1897. 1890.
Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 73, Redbourne Street, Hull.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 5
1884.Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.
1886. 1898. 1892.
1887. 1808.
Fitzgerald, Mrs. J., Kapai, Maidstone Road, Headcorn, Kent. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 14, Owen Street, Hereford. Fulton, Hugh, 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, near London.
Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington Glover, Miss Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport, Lancs.
1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.
1897.
1902. 1836. 1904. IQOl. 1890. 1886.
1897. 1902. 1902. 1895. 1895.
1895.
1887. 1897. 1889. 1887. 1891. 1903. 1887. 1896. 1837. 1895.
Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S.,etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey.
Gower, Harry D., 55, Bensar Road, Croydon.
Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Gt. Barford Vicarage, St. Neots, Huntingdon.
Grierson, P. H., Land Commission Office, Dublin.
Gubbins, Mrs., Westwood Ho!, N. Devon.
Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, London, N.W.
Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.
Hall, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.
Hall, W. J., Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. Hampson, Travis, Nuthurst, Hartopp Road, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldfield. Hann, Rev. Adam, 100, Union Street, Willenhall, Staffordshire.
Hardy, John Ray, Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester. Hargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorks.
Harrison, Miss G. M., 14, Queen’s Road, Southport, Lancs.
Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.
Harvard, T. Mawson, 23, Northbrook Road, Lee, London, S.E. Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middlesborough. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham.
Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs. Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool.
Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.
Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon.
1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.
1893.
Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.
1886.Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.
18386. 1891. 1884. 1892.
Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich. Horsley, Rev. J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.
Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham Gardens, London, S. W.
1886. Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., Director of the Manchester Museum,
1895. 1gol. 1886, 1891.
1894. 1889. 1gol.
1897.
Owens College, Manchester. Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester.
Jackson, J. W., 18, Bedford Avenue, Manley Park, Manchester.
James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro.
Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. Jones, Kenneth Ilurlstone, M.B., F.L.S., R.N. Barracks, Chatham, Kent. Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport, Monmouthshire. Jukes-Browne, A. J., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Road, Torquay.
Kendig, Rev. Amos B., D.D., 86, Vernon Str., Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.
1897.Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.
1902.
Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, London, S. W.
6
1897.
1887. 1900. 1889.
IQOT. 1899.
1879. 1894. 1900. 1878, 1899. 1903. 1896.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria. :
Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 9, Queen’s Road, Bromley, Kent.
Killingbeck, J. H., Llwyn On, Abbey Road, Llangollen, N. Wales.
Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Andrew’s Manse, Auch- terarder, Perthshire.
Laidlaw, F. F., B.A., University, Manchester.
Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea, S. Wales.
Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex. Lawson, Peter, 11, The Broadway, Walham Green, London, S.W. Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland. Leicester, Alfred, Scottdale, New Ferry, Cheshire.
Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.
Linter, Miss J. E., Saville House, Twickenham.
Linton, John, 25, Wordsworth Road, Smallheath, Birmingham.
1897.Z Lodder, Miss Mary, Bank of Australasia, Launceston, Tasmania.
1895. 1898. 1891.
1889. 1903. 1885. 1886. 1884. 1885. 1887.
Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, London, W. Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire, S. Wales.
MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield.
McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C.
McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. Madison, James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham.
Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., 14, Saumarez Street, Guernsey. Marshall, J. T., Arlesey Dene, Torquay, Devonshire.
1887.? Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.
1899. 1897. 1889.
Mason, G. E., 81, Beaufort Street, Drayton Gardens, London, S.W. May, William Lewis, F.R.S. Tasm., Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.
1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Brook House, Prestwich, Manchester.
1891. 1888. 1904. 1870. 18gl. 1902. 1891. 1899. 1891.
1903. 1899. 1887. 1891.
1891
1903. Igol.
IgOl. 1887.
Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds.
Milne, J. Grafton, Holly House, Plaistow, London, E. Milne, James W., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast. Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Darley House, Berkeley St., Cheltenham. Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
Moore, Chas. H., 5, Mill Street, Stocks Lane, Stalybridge.
Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex.
Morris, G. M., 9, Chandos Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Nash, P. B., 135, Melfort Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Neild, J. E., Gilda Brook Road, Eccles, near Manchester. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, London, E.
Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West Kensington Park, London, W.
.P Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F.R.S., etc., The Red
House, Berkhamstead. Northey, Rev. A. E., M.A., Lisworney, Torquay. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol.
Oelrichs, W., 22, Hackins Hey, Liverpool. Oldham, Charles, Brook Cottage, Knutsford, Cheshire.
1899. 1896.
1903. 1900.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast. Overton, Harry, Ingleside, Clifton Road, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
Pace, S., Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth. Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey.
1882. P Parke, George H., F.L.S., etc., St. John’s, Wakefield, Yorks.
1887. 1898. 1902. 1886.
19o!. 1896. 1886. 1898.
1895. 1903. 1897.
1896. 1899.
1904. 1896. 1900 1898. © 19OI. 1893. 1892.
Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.
Partridge, F. J., 75, High Street, Barnstaple, N. Devon.
Pattison, Ernest, 52, Regent Road, Leicester.
Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock Oxfordshire.
Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.
Percival, A. Blayney, Somerset Court, Brent Knoll, Somerset.
Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.
Poore, Arthur S., Heather View, West Heath Road, Bostall Heath, Abbey Wood, Kent.
Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.
Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham.
Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 3, Sydney Terrace, Fulham Road, London, S.W.
Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.
Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., Tenali, Kistna District, S. India. ;
Redding, J. R., 173, Clonliffe Road, Dublin.
Rhodes, John, F.E.S.. 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington, Lancs. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall. Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere.
Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. Rooth, J. A.. M.R.C.S., Stanley House, Hounslow.
Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.
Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, 5. W.
{
1877.P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin. 1895.Z Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesfield.
1904. 1886. 1893. 1892. 1895. 1896. 1884. 1902. 1903. 1903. 1886.
Scott, Miss Gwynedd, West Quarter, Hexham.
Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 3, Menzies Road, Torry, Aberdeen.
Shackleford, kev. Lewis John, 24, Chatburn Road, Clitheroe, Lancs. Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield.
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate Rd., Chiswick, London, W Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.
Skilton, Mrs. Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.
Smallman, Raleigh S., Carlton House, Herne Hill, London, S.E. Smallwood, Henry W., Holly Mount, Church Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Smallwood, Jas. Clarence, Holly Mount, Church Rd., Moseley, Birmingh’m. Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon.
1886. P Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,
1892.
London, S. W. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.
1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.
1894. 1896. 1900.
Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, London, S.W. Smith, Wm. Rayson, Harleston, Norfolk. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent.
1886. Z PSomerville, Alex., B.Sc., F.1..S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow.
1887. 1902.
Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., Castellar, Crieff, N.B. Sorby, Henry Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., Broomfield, Sheffield.
8 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, near London.
1892. Span, Bartlet, Woodlands, Tenby, South Wales.
1900. Stacey, John, 22, Nithdale Road, Plumstead, Kent. , 1886. Standen, Robert, 113, Sewerby Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester. 1888. Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent.
1903. Stelfox, A. W., Oakleigh, Ormeau Road, Belfast.
1888. Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, Cheshire.
1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., Arnside, Prestwich Park, Manchester. 1885.Z Storey, J. A., B.A., Mafeking Villa, Locking Road, Weston-super-Mare. 1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough.
1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, Staincliffe, Granville Road, Eastbourne. 1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester. 1899. Sturt, W. Neville, India Office, Westminster, London, S.W.
18a5. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.
1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., etc., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s Inn, London, W.C.
1895. Sykes, Robert Dardsley, Lostock Hall, near Preston, Lancs.
1895. Taylor, Frederick, 42, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs.
1897. Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., St. Matthew’s Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia.
1904. Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood. O P Taylor, John W., F.L.S., North Grange. Horsforth, Leeds. 1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. 1886. Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton, M.A., Estyn, Chester. 1898. Turner, FE. Hartley, A.C.A., 33, Bairstow Street, Preston, Lancs.
1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire, S. Wales; winter address: Bryn-y-Mon, Tenby, S. Wales.
1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris. 1902. Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.
1902. Wadsworth, J. T., 15, Deramore Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea, S. Wales.
1891. Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Ietroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
1909. Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.
1886. P Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.L.S., etc., 11, Strathearn Pl., Edinburgh. 1900. Webb, Walter, F., 416, Grand Avenue, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.
1895. Webb, Wilfred Mark, F.Z.S., 7, Campbell Road, Hanwell, London, W. 1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, U.S.A.
1895. Welch, Robert John, 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.
1897. West, H. J., 167, Goodrich Road, East Dulwich, London, S.E.
1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., Underhill, Kidderminster Road, Hagley, near Stourbridge.
1901. Wilde, J. W., 17, Hendon Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham.
1889. Williams, John M., 20, Hackins Hey, Liverpool.
1891. Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., 14, Upper Mount Street, Dublin. 1890, Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
1901. Z Woodruffe- Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.
1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
1886. Z Woocward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 120, The Grove, Ealing, London, W. 1903. Worsdale, R., 75, Dudley Road, Grantham.
1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.
9
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS AND REPRODUCTION OF PALUDESTRINA TAYLORI.
By JOHN W. JACKSON anp FRED TAYLOR.
(Read before the Society, November 11, 1903).
THIS species was first discovered on April 28, 1900, in the canal near Fairfield Locks, Droylsden, Lancashire, by one of the present writers, associated with Paludestrina jenkinst, of which species it was at first thought to be a variety. On Sept. 23 of the same year, numbers of P. taylori were taken in a short arm of the Peak Forest Canal at Dukinfield, Cheshire, just across the River Tame; and from this point it was found to occur at intervals along the canal as far as Woodley, being very abundant in the luxuriant bed of reed meadow grass (Glycerta aquatica) near the bridge, over which passes the main line of the Great Central Railway. Living specimens from Dukinfield were submitted to Mr. Edgar A. Smith, in October, 1900, who described them under the name of Paludestrina taylori. He, how- ever, made no mention of its life-history or reproduction, and as the following observations relate thereto, they will be interesting.
The species very much resembles Aithynella (Hydrobia) steeni v. Martens, and Mr. J. T. Marshall, with whom we have been in correspondence, is of opinion that it is undoubtedly that species, which, he says, he has had in his collection for years under the name of Paludestrina steent, his specimens coming from Soro, S. Denmark.
In answer to our request, Mr. E. A. Smith procured specimens of B. steeni from the author, sending him in return specimens of P. ¢aylort for his inspection. Prof. v. Martens replied that, in his opinion, P. taylori is specifically distinct, to use his own words:—“‘It differs well from my Zithynella steent by its more conical broader form.” Mr. Smith, however, on comparing the two shells, cannot see any reason for separating them, but he goes on to say:—‘‘In a genus where the shell characters are so ill defined it becomes necessary to see what an examination of the living animal might reveal, before we can say that shells, apparently the same, are conspecific, and until this is done in the case of B. steenz, I see no reason for departing from the name of P. taylors.”
It will be interesting to mention here that Mr. R. Bullen Newton records the occurrence of ZB. s¢eenz in post-pliocene strata in England.” In the early summer of rgor, whilst collecting P. faylort in the reed bed at Dukinfield, small egg-capsules were found attached to the decaying stems of the reeds in the shallow water, and with the idea
t Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 7, p. 191, Feb., 1891. 2 J. Conch., vol. 10, p. 62, April, rgor.
10 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
that they might prove to be the ova of P. fay/ort, adult specimens of that species were collected and placed in glass vessels with ordinary tap water. Ina very short time the little snails commenced to deposit similar capsules on the sides of the vessels, thus proving their identity with those previously observed on the reeds.
These egg-capsules, which are deposited singly, are very similar to those of the North American Ammnicola porata, described by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, in his ‘‘Researches upon the Hydrobiine and allied forms.”” They are somewhat lenticular in shape, horny, transparent, and are attached to objects by a flat base. The free portion is furnished along its length with a broad thin laminated keel. The contained egg re- sembles very much a small fig seed, both in size and colour, and floats freely in the surrounding fluid. The capsules are deposited during the months of May, June, and July, and develop in about six weeks.
Paludestrina taylori. Bs 1, 2, Views of the shell ; the line between them shows the natural size ;
3, section of leaf and egg-capsule attached to it ; 4, view of leaf, with empty
egg-capsule attached; 5, leaf with capsule containing a partly-developed
embryo ; figs. 3-5 magnified.
During the two succeeding summers we have had the species under close observation, with the same results; the egg-capsules were de- posited, and in a few days a change could be seen in the shape of the contained egg. The first noticeable alteration occurred about ten days after deposition, when a rotatory motion was observable in the ova, and they began to lose their spherical shape. About the middle of the fifth week they had developed considerably, and at this period the protoconch, consisting of about one-and-a-half whorls, was to be seen distinctly through the envelope of the capsule. These shells were of a semi-transparent horn colour, and the animals could be seen ~ gently moving about. From this time they gradually increased in size until they filled the whole of the capsule, which then burst, and the young emerged.
JACKSON AND TAYLOR: PALUDESTRINA TAYLORI. Il
During the whole of our observations, we failed to notice the pre- cise method of copulation, though we repeatedly saw individuals in close contact, fully extended, and perfectly quiescent for several minutes at a time, and we have a strong suspicion that the act of reproduction took place on these occasions.
It appears, then, from our observations that P. Zaylori differs from other species of Paludestrina (which are acute-spired, and viviparous) in having a shell very blunt at the apex, and in being oviparous, and in these important characters it agrees with the North American genus Amzicola, to which we think it ought in future to be referred.
Our best thanks are due to Mr. A. D. Darbishire for kindly making the accurate drawings which accompany this paper, and to Messrs. KE. A. Smith, J. T. Marshall, E. v. Martens, R. Standen, and J. Cosmo Melvill for information and suggestions.
Paludestrina anatina Drap. new to Britain.—Early in the present year I received from Mr. Claude Morley, F.E.S., of Ipswich, a small box of shells which he had gathered on May ioth, 1898, from amongst lacustrine rejectamenta on the margin of Oulton Broad, Suffolk. The shells were all dead, and included a few examples of Paludestrina jenkinst Smith, as well as of various common land and freshwater species, but the bulk of the material consisted of a small Bythznza-like shell which was new to me, and which was subsequently identified by Dr. Boettger as Pseudammnicola anatina Drap. This species has a wide range abroad, and occurs in the south of France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Balearic Isles, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, and Malta. Westerlund also quotes a locality ‘‘Adros”: if, as I suppose, this is a misprint for ‘‘Andros,” the species may be said to inhabit all the south of Europe. Dr. Boettger questions its distinctness from Palzdestrina (or as he prefers to call it Psewdammnzcola) similis Drap., and says that he finds great difficulty in separating the two forms. If our recently extinct species from the Thames marshes is really the P. szmzlzs of Draparnaud, I do not follow him in this. P. szz¢/zs with its large swollen body-whorl and short spire seems abundantly distinct from /. anatina, which has a moderate body-whorl and a longer and somewhat turreted spire. There will be the same speculation over the appearance of this shell in Britain as there was over that of P. jenkznsc and P. taylorz. The proximity of Lowestoft is suggestive, but I do not know whether it has any trade with the Mediterranean.—J. R. LE BROCKTON TOMLIN (Head before the Society, April 8, 1903).
Jaminia muscorum m. sinistrorsum.—Whilst sifting material from a ‘‘shell pocket” on the sand-hills at Abersoch, North Wales, on June 10th, 1903, I had the good fortune to find a fine example of this along with numerous specimens of the typical form and its variety a/ba. So far as I know, this is the first recorded occur- rence of a sinistral specimen of this species. The pocket from which I obtained the specimen was only two or three yards from the edge of the cliff, and was very prolific in specimens—Helzx acuta, H. caperata, and H. tta/a were there in thou- sands, along with Cochlecopa lubrica, Lauria cylindracea, Vertigo pygmaa, V. sub- striata, and V. antivertigo.—J. W. BALDWIN (Read before the Society, Oct. 14, 1903).
1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 7, art. 4, 1867 (August, 1865).
12
NOTE ON CASSIS PAUCIRUGIS Menke.
By AGNES F. KENYON.
(Read before the Society, Sept. 9th, 1903.
1843. Cassis pauctrugis Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 23, no. 107.
1848. Cassis pauctrugis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 5, pl. 8, fig. 19.
1844. Cassis pyrum Lam., An. s. Vert., vol. 10, p. 33. -
1848. Cassis pyrum Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 5, pl. 11, fig. 29.
1857. Cassis pyrum Reeve, Conch. Cab., p. 29, pl. 47, fig. 56.
1872. Cassis pyrum var. nivea Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 616, Ol, Aus, iblea ai
1880. Cassis pyrum Hutton, Man. New. Zeal. Moll., p. 66.
1885. Cassis achatina var. pyrum TVryon, Man. Conch., vol. 7, p. 278, pl. 8, fig. 96 to 98.
1885. Cassts tumida Petterd, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 321.
1899. Cassis pyrum Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., p. 189.
tgo1. Cassis pyrum Tate & May, Census Marine Moll., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 456.
THE descriptions of C. paucirugis and C. pyrum do not quite coin- cide, but it seems to be generally accepted by the scientific world that they are synonyms, although it is singular, almost astonishing, that their resemblance escaped Reeve’s notice, especially as he mentions having seen several specimens of C. faucirugis, including the type specimen forwarded to him by Dr. Menke. ‘The fact, therefore, of Reeve not appreciating that both species of Casszs could be classed under the same appellation is accentuated by his remarks about C. zealandica Lam. “not having characters of sufficient permanence to distinguish it.” Cassis pyrum is a comparatively plentiful shell, and is also very variable in its characters, but seems to retain a thin and light fabric in almost every instance, unlike most forms of the genus Cassts, which are of a heavier and more solid construction. I should be inclined to consider that the smooth oblong variety with convex whorls is the best representative of C. pyrum, “the pear Casszs,” an unusually fine specimen of which has just come to light at San Remo, Westernpoint Bay, Victoria. Hitherto, the size of the largest specimens known has been from 2°5 to 3°5 inches in length, and some specimens are very much smaller, but the specimen in question is 4°75 inches in length, 8 inches in circumference, 3°5 inches breadth, 2°5 inches lateral height. ‘his specimen is quite smooth and inflated without varices, the blackish-brown blotches behind the reflected lip are not visible on any other portion of the surface, which is covered with irregular rows of chestnut-brown maculations. The blackish- brown blotches I consider the same as are to be observed behind the
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904. 13
reflected lip of C. fammea and C. fimbriata, etc., and are in no way connected with the sculpture of the shell. I have never seen a single specimen with these blotches behind the varices, except where there is a double-lipped specimen, which may be regarded rather as a de- formity. The dentition also appears to be unequally distributed, irrespective of size or shape; the specimens with tabulated whorls should, I think, be ascribed to C. pazcirugis, but the thin slender lightness of the shell is in some instances remarkable. A specimen displaying finely marked dentition and thickened reflected lip, chan- nelled towards the body whorl, which has faint bands of chestnut colour terminating at the lip, where they become darker and spreading round the lip, showing from the front aspect, interior of aperture saffron colour, is a typical C. paucirugis except in the ivory-white colour which may only have been caused by the type specimen being a dead shell, and therefore deprived of colour. Several of the smaller ovate specimens have a number of transverse grooves towards the base, and are distinctly banded. ‘The variety of form, sculpture, etc., seems worthy of remark.
In conclusion, there seems to be almost no special Geaeeanand that is developed in only one example of this species ; they seem to run by means of intermediate examples from one to another, smooth convex whorls are sometimes accompanied by dentition ; tabulated whorls also sometimes have dentition ; tuberculations also do not constitute a distinction, as they are in like manner unequally distributed; and as to var. 2ivea, I think, as its ndme implies, that it is a white or colour- less variety of the above.
Report on the Miller’s Dale Ramble.—August 15th, the day chosen for this ramble, proved to be one of the worst experienced for some time. The weather of the previous day had been anything but appropriate, there being exceedingly heavy rain at intervals, accompanied by thunder and lightning, and the 15th was no im- provement on this, as the morning opened with fine drizzling rain which continued throughout the day. As on the previous ramble, the attraction was the taking of Cecilioides acicula. Yn spite of the rain, some sixty specimens were soon collected, a fair percentage of them being alive. Several other shells were collected, most of which were recorded last year. Some interesting varieties, however, of Helix hor- tensis were gathered, chief of which were vars. /utea, pallida, and coalita; Helex arbustorum was present in good numbers, including its var. marmorata. The above two species were confined to a large growth of nettles at the foot of the rocks just below the railway viaduct. The slugs were represented by Avon ater, A. hortensis, and Agriolimax agrestis, all of them typical and occurring in great pro- fusion all over the place. It is rather surprising that, considering the weather, so few shells were really active, but this may be owing to the excessive cold wind at the time.—JOHN W. Jackson (Read before the Society, Sept. 9th, 1903).
14
ISAAC COOKE THOMPSON, F.L.S.
By W. E. HOMER, DSc:
(Read before the Society, November 11, 1903).
THE Society, in common with the scientific world at large, has to deplore a serious loss in the person of Mr. Isaac C. Thompson, of Liverpool, who was suddenly struck down by apoplexy in full vigour only five days ago. He was born at Birkenhead, in 1843, and descended from a family well and honourably known in the Society of Friends. His mother was one of the ministers of that body, and both for her character and discourses much valued by the Liverpool meeting. He inherited his scientific tastes from his father, who was a member of the old-established firm of Thompson and Capper, pharmaceutical chemists, and was fond of assembling a number of congenial friends around him to spend the evening in studying speci- mens with the microscope. If report speaks truly these gatherings had a well-developed social as well as a scientific side.
Isaac Thompson was educated at Kendal, and subsequently at York, and then, on leaving school at the age of fifteen, was sent into his father’s place of business. At this time his chief scientific interest was in botany; he was passionately fond of flowers, and so successful as a collector that he won a prize offered by the Liverpool Royal Infirmary for the best series obtained in the neighbourhood of that city. It is recorded in the family annals that being sent one day on a message to Lord Derby’s house, he picked on the way all the flowers not previously known to him, mostly what would be termed weeds. Not wishing to appear at the door with these treasures in his hands, he concealed them until his return. His surprise may be imagined when two ladies of Lord Derby’s family called at the shop next day with a choice bouquet for ‘‘the young man who was so fond of flowers.” Eventually he became a partner in the business, and on his father’s death, at the age of fifty-seven, took a very active share in the management of the firm.
Turning to ‘Thompson’s scientific work, that for which he will best be known by posterity will be his long series of papers on the smaller Crustacea, beginning in 1886 with a “Report on the Copepoda of Liverpool Bay,” and proceeding steadily and with increasing import- ance and culminating in a long report on the Copepoda collected by Professor Herdman in Ceylon—a monumental work occupying eighty pages, and illustrated by twenty plates, undertaken in collaboration with Mr. Andrew Scott, and, by a curious coincidence, sent to press on the very day of his death.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904. 15
Isaac Thompson was not, however, a mere specialist among minute Crustacea; he was a naturalist of extensive knowledge and broad sympathies. In conjunction with his friend Dr. Herdman, he took an active part in the foundation and subsequent management of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, founded for the systematic investigation of the fauna of the district. He filled for years the important office of treasurer, watched over its small beginnings in the Marine Laboratory on Puffin Island, and eventually saw it installed in more commodious premises at Port Erin.
He was also an original member of the Liverpool Biological Society, and was recently elected to its Presidential Chair. His interest in science was, however, even wider than that of the naturalist pure and simple: he had a sympathy with, and understanding of, the problems of physical science, and was one of the founders of the Liverpool Physical Society.
But he was more than a scientist : he was intensely human in all his thoughts and feelings; full of warm sympathetic interest in all that concerned the welfare of his fellow-men. In him we have lost at one blow the earnest student of nature, the sound financier, the active clear-minded administrator, the sympathetic neighbour, and the true- hearted comrade. What wonder, then, that his friends and colleagues feel the loss a heavy one.
Fish and their relation to Paludestrina jenkinsi.—It has for sometime been a noticeable fact that where Paliudestrina jenkinsi occurs it is generally in great abundance. It has also been stated to have ‘‘taken over” a locality, to the exclusion of other shells, but I do not remember having seen any reason assigned for this. Some little time ago I was able to obtain a fair quantity of this shell and deter- mined to watch the effect of its introduction among various fish, and the result of the experiments may be worthy of notice. This shell I find cannot exist in the presence of Carp even if kept constantly supplied with other food. | My previous experience in regard to Carp is that they will let shells of any sort alone if well fed, even Zsz1ea feregra escaping. In one aquarium there are two rather fine Perch with which I have been unable to keep any shell, including even Paludina contecta. Paludestrine, however, moved about unmolested. If starved a little the Perch will take this mollusc, but I noticed that the shells appeared again in the excreta unbroken. My later experiments with Roach and Dace go to prove that they will take the shell occasionally if hungry, but do not search for it like the Carp. It seems likely then that the absence of Carp may have a great deal to do with the spread of this shell. But experiments with fish in confinement are by no means conclusive ; records should be made of the fish inhabiting the localities where this shell is taken. The young of Paludina contecta are unmolested by Carp and Dace, but killed by Perch, Minnow and other fish. It would be interesting to find out which fish allow the Paludestrina to breed unmolested, and whether Carp are present in a locality spoken of as ‘‘taken over” by this little mollusc.—J. D. DEAN (Read before the Soczety, January 14, 1903).
16 RARE OR LOCAL IRISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By R. WELCH.
(Read before the Society, September 19, 1903).
THE late Mr. William Thompson, of Belfast, in collecting materials for his “Natural History of Ireland,” gave keen attention to the dis- tribution of the mollusca, in which he was assisted by a number of friends and correspondents, such as Waller and Humphreys, to whose co-operation he bears testimony repeatedly in vol. 4 of that work. The Waller shells later became the backbone of the Irish collection in the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin.
After Thompson’s death little attention seems to have been given to the terrestrial mollusca for well over thirty years, with the notable exception of the work done by the late Prof. Ralph Tate in the north- east, largely in the little glens of the Belfast hills. It was during his only too short residence in Belfast, and while secretary of the local Naturalists’ Field Club, of which he was the founder, that his little book on British land and freshwater molluscs was published, in which many of his local finds were recorded. After his departure a few members of our society paid short visits to Ireland—among others, the late Charles Ashford—who recorded Amphipeplea from several stations. J. G. Milne worked Achill Island and some districts from Armagh to Bundoran ; while that veteran naturalist, Samuel A. Stewart, of the Belfast Field Club, sent many records to Mr. Taylor for the proposed British Census. The results in these cases are re- corded in our Journal,
In the late eighties our president commenced to work for his list published in the Zrisk Maturalist in 1892, and enlisted a few other workers in various parts of the country. The results of his help and encouragement to, in many cases, isolated workers, may be seen in numerous local lists and short records. ‘This list attracted the atten- tion of well-known conchologists in England, two of whom, E. Collier and R. Standen, have published good local lists for the Ballycastle, Portsalon, Galway, North Clare, and Kenmare districts. In this they had as fellow-workers on various visits Dr. G. W. Chaster, J. R. Hardy, and B. Tomlin, with some Irish workers also.
Steady work year by year, especially since 1895, when the work of five or six members of the Field Club Conference at Galway was published by R. Standen in the Zrish Naturalist, has greatly aided our knowledge. of the distribution of many rare species. Paludestrina zenkinsi has been added to the Irish list, and is now recorded from no less than eleven stations, north, south, east, and west, two of these being inland localities, both on Lough Neagh.
WELCH ; RARE OR LOCAL IRISH MOLLUSCA. 17
Taking now most of the species which are rare or scarce, some of these have such disconnected records as yet that I cannot well group them as having a northern, southern, eastern, or western distribution. In the following notes, however, I give it as far as our present know- ledge will allow me to do so.
Taking first those which have a distinctly southern range, the most important is, of course, Geomalacus maculosus Allm., long believed to be confined to a small area at Caragh Lake, north-west Kerry. Dr. Scharff, however, found it much further south in the county at Derry- nane, and also in Co. Cork, at Glengarriff, while in 1898 I sent to one of our meetings in Manchester good specimens collected for many miles along a roadside south of the Kenmare river. ‘The species is undoubtedly plentiful in that district, and it is a most interesting thing to see it all over lichen-covered rock-surfaces on the bare hill-sides in wet or moist warm weather. The district has the maximum rainfall for Ireland and the most equable temperature. The largest and finest specimens I have seen were collected by Arthur W. Stelfox at an altitude of about 1,000 feet, near the tunnel above Glengarriff, where it must undoubtedly have to endure sharp frosts at times. It isa member of the Lusitanian fauna, and has only been found outside Ireland in north-west Portugal and just over the border in Spain.
The following five species are found only in the extreme south, three of them in one station only and that extremely local. Hyadlinia helvetica occurs in two localities in Co. Cork; Helix granulata in two localities in south-west Kerry, and one near Cork ; Zimnea tnvoluta in a mountain tarn above the tunnel, Killarney ; Zzmncea glabra re- corded many years ago by Thompson? from near Cork (this it would be well to have verified); and Pistdium hibernicum, a new species found by our president in a lakelet above Glengarriff. Succinea oblonga, too, has mainly southern stations, six in the counties of Cork and Kerry alone, though by far the strongest settlement of this species is along the shores of one of the northern lakes, Lough Erne, where it lives in profusion for over half-a-mile at least. This station was dis- covered in September, 1900, by some English and Irish members of the Society, who were on a collecting expedition in the lake districts of the north-west. ‘The specimens here are high in the spire, and more like those in the Waller collection in the Dublin Museum from Co. Tipperary than the south coast specimens, and Dr. Scharff tells me correspond to the South German S. arenaria.
Of the western species which have more than two or three stations, fyalinia excavata is the most interesting. It is more abundant in the south-west than elsewhere, especially in the damp old woods and rocky glens about Upper Killarney, local but moderately plentiful in Clare
t ‘‘ Natural History of Ireland,” vol. 4, p. 305.
18 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
and West Mayo, and abundant, Mr. J. N. Milne tells me, in. Ray, Kilderry, and Walworth Woods, North-West Donegal. Our president found it recently at an inland station, Tempo Manor, in Co. Fer- managh, all the others being on or fairly near the coast.
Vertigo liljeborgt and Oftina otis are only found on the west coast. The former, as Messrs. Chaster and Tomlin have pointed out recently in the Zrish Naturalist, is moderately plentiful near Roundstone, S.W. Galway, but requires careful searching for. O¢ina has now been recorded for four stations, from Miltown-Malbay in Clare, to Rosa- penna in N.W. Donegal. .
The three Zestacelle and Cecilianella acicula have mainly a south- eastern range, though the latter is found very sparingly at one locality on the coast of Clare. Kilkenny, however, seems to be its head- quarters, Mr. P. H. Grierson having collected it recently in ten stations in the south-east counties, all on limestone areas.
The species which occur mainly in the eastern counties are Helix pisana, abundant, but confined to a narrow strip of sand-hills along the north Dublin, Meath, and south-east Louth coasts ; some records further south require verification. Helix hortensis is much more plentiful on the eastern margin of the limestone plain than elsewhere, especially Dublin and Meath, though it runs north into three stations in Down, Tyrone, and Donegal, very local and scarce in all three.
Spherium lacustre is also an eastern species, perhaps more abun- dant in two north-east stations than elsewhere, but it has two or three outliers in the south-west. Small ponds seem its favourite habitat. It is rarely plentiful.
Flydrobia venxtrosa lives in two estuaries on the east coast and two on the west, possibly several others, but P. 7enkinst has mainly an eastern distribution, though it is extremely plentiful on the north Derry coast, and also occurs in Clare, Kerry, and Cork.
Three species are confined chiefly to the limestone plain, one of them, /Vanorbis corneus, entirely so, and to a restricted area not far west of Dublin, where, however, it is plentiful. Claustia laminata has now been recorded from five localities, three on the central plain in Cavan and Westmeath, and one each in Fermanagh and Sligo. Amphipeplea glutinosa is more abundant in the centre of Ireland than elsewhere, sometimes very plentiful in a small lake near Clonbrock. It is, also, sometimes moderately common but local in the drains off the Bann, near Portadown, in the north-east, where W. Green has collected it in mid-winter from under the ice.
Of northern species, Vertigo alfestris is the most marked ; it has now been recorded from one locality each on the coast sandhills of Antrim, Derry, and Donegal, always extremely rare. Helix arbus-
1 Vol. 12, p. 13, Jan. 1903.
WELCH : RARE OR LOCAL IRISH MOLLUSCA. 19
forum has its head-quarters in the little coast glens of north-east Antrim, where it sometimes swarms all over the nettles and brambles in damp weather. It is also plentiful at Glencar, in north Leitrim, and is recorded from one station each in Derry, Armagh, and West- meath. A Limerick record seems to me rather doubtful, and I have failed to verify a Killarney one.
Vertigo pusilla has been found in six stations on the north-east and west coasts of Ulster. At three of these it is moderately plentiful in shell pockets in the dunes, at Portstewart, Narin, and Bundoran. It has also been found sparingly in Co. Dublin, north Tipperary, Clare, Limerick, Cork, and Kerry, so that it is fairly generally distributed, but with one exception always on or near the coast.
There is one other species, a few years ago considered extremely local and rare, that I desire to call attention to, as it seems to have been at one time more abundant than at present, though smaller in size—Flanorbis glaber. This species is plentiful in many localities in shell-marls from under peat-bogs, with /lanorbis crista, and I have records now from seventeen stations, but none from the south-east corner of Ireland, either living or from marl-deposits. The living specimens from ponds at Belfast Mr. Lionel E. Adams states are the finest he has seen.
Planorbis vortex and P. carinatus seem plentiful only along the north-west margin of the central plain. The first seems absent in the north-east, replaced by P. spivorbis, and I know of only one north east habitat for really typical P. carinarus.
Six species, either strictly maritime, or nearly so in other parts of the country, occur far inland on the central limestone plain. These are Helix virgata, H. intersecta, H. ericetorum, A, acuta, H. pulchella, and Pupa muscorum, the latter very rare as a rule.
Physa acuta Drap. at Kew Gardens.—In my friend, Mr. Pannell’s interest- ing Surrey records, this species is entered to my name in such wise as to make it appear that he supposes me to be its first discoverer at Kew (/. of Conch., vol. 10, Pp. 333, July 1903). I had no intention of creating such an impression on his mind. The mollusk has been known, evidently in the same tank, for more than forty years. I quote the following from Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys (‘‘ British Conch.,” vol. 1, p. 100, 1862) : ‘Mr. Choules has described in the ‘Zoolog¢st’ a species of Physa, which he found in a water-tank in Kew Gardens, and which Mr. Norman (being misinformed as to the precise locality) has proposed to admit into our native fauna. It appears to be a variety of the P. acuta of Draparnaud, but it is indistinguishable from speci- mens in the British Museum which were collected in Cuba, St. Thomas, and St. Croix, and it has probably been introduced with some aquatic tropical plant.” See also, for recent notices, Mr. Lionel E. Adams (‘‘Collectors’ Manual,” ed. 2, Intro- duction, p. 18) ; and Messrs. Williams, Taylor and Roebuck (‘‘ Land and Freshwater Shells,” Young Collectors’ Series, ed. 3, p. 69).—WILLIAM WHITWELL (Read before the Society, Sept. 9th, 1903).
20
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
322nd Meeting, September 9th, 1903.
Mr. Charles Oldham in the Chair.
Donation to the Illustration Fund announced and thanks voted : Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, £2.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
** Mollusca,” ‘* Brachiopoda,” Zoological Record, vol. 39, by E. R. Sykes and E. A. Smith; ‘‘ Malacological Notes,” 2 parts; ‘‘ Descriptions of new Land Shells from the Austro-Malayan Region,” and ‘‘ Cerastus dinshawi from Aden, etc.,” by E. R. Sykes ; ‘‘Synopsis of the Family Astartidze,” by W. H. Dall (from the respecttve authors), and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Member Elected. A. D. Darbishire, B. A., Zoolugical Department, Owens College, Manchester.
Candidates Proposed for Membership. Major E. F. Becher, R.A., 2, Berkeley Villas, Pittville, Cheltenham. P. B. Nash, 135, Melfort Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
Papers Read. ‘* Description of a New Species of Modiola from Malacca,” ‘‘ Note on Macron trochlea,” by Edgar A. Smith, I.S.O. “Physa acuta Drap, at Kew Gardens,” ‘‘ Helix cantiana Montagu at Tooting Common, Surrey,” by William Whitwell, F.L.S. “Note on Cass¢s pauctrugis Menke,” by Mrs. Agnes F. Kenyon. “* Report on the Miller’s Dale Ramble,” by J. W. Jackson.
Exhibits :
By Mr. J. T. Wadsworth: Pupa anglica, P. muscorum, and P. cylindracea, Derrynane, County Kerry.
By Mr. E. H. Turner: Helix cepa, and a series of small species of Cyprea, in- cluding many varietal and some abnormal forms.
By the Rev. L. J. Shackleford: Cerastus dinshawi Sykes, from Same: Erinna thaanumt Ancey, Wailuku River, near Hilo, Szccinea tnconspicua Ancey, Kukui- haele, and a series of colour varieties of S. kuhnsz, Kaiwiki, at an altitude of 2,600 feet, district of Hilo, Hawaii.
By Mrs. A. F. Kenyon: A series of varietal forms of Cass?s pauctrugis Menke to illustrate her paper.
By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Cacz/iocdes acicuda and other species taken during the Miller’s Dale Ramble.
It was decided to hold the following
Special Exhibits at Future Meetings:
October 14th, 1903 - = The Genus Trivia. November 11th - - - British Species of Unio. December 9th - - - British Species of Anodonta.
323rd (Annual) Meeting, September 19th, 1903. Held at the Rooms of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. Dr. R. F. Scharff, M.R.I.A (President) in the Chair. Appointment of Auditors. Messrs, J. W. Jackson and E. C. Stump were re-appointed Auditors.
PROCEEDINGS : SEPTEMBER 19, 1903. 21
New Members Elected. Major E. F. Becher, R.A., 2, Berkeley Villas, Pittville, Cheltenham. P. B. Nash, 135, Melfort Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
Candidates Proposed for Membership. A. P. Grierson, The Land Commission Office, Dublin. Hugh McClelland, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield. J. N. Milne, Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast. A. W. Stelfox, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast. Gerald M. Taylor, Rossall School, near Fleetwood.
Annual Report and Balance Sheet. The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 22), and the Treasurer’s Report, in- cluding the Balance Sheet for 1902 (see vol. 10, p. 305), and the Interim Balance Sheet (see p. 23), were presented and adopted.
Election of Officers and Council.
The Scrutineers reported that forty valid papers had been received, and that, with the exception of one name on one paper, they were unanimously in favour of the list as nominated by the Council. The Officers and Council enumerated in the list (see p. 2) were therefore declared to be duly elected.
Paper Read. ** Rare or Local Irish Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by. R. Welch.
Exhibits.
The President exhibited two of the special collections of land and freshwater mollusca from the National Museum of Ireland, viz., one containing a representa- tive series of the species inhabiting the Atlantic Islands, and another those of the whole Palzearctic Region.
The former includes several of Wollaston’s type specimens. The greater part of the collection was formed by Wollaston, Lowe, Mousson, Morelet, and Scharff.
The Palzearctic Collection contains over three thousand species and varieties, among which are numerous type specimens of Westerlund, Kobelt, Bourguignat, Mousson, Boettger, Kimakovics, Locard, Fagot, Hidalgo and Naegele. The Presi- dent showed a few of the rarer species of He/ices, and referred to the names of the principal conchologists who had contributed to the formation of this large collection.
Mr. A. R. Nichols exhibited a few of the more interesting specimens of mollusca that have been dredged in deep water off the western coast of Ireland, viz., a young specimen of Peeten vitreus from 214 fathoms, and a valve of Nuculana frigida from 345 fathoms; Dentalium agile, Entalina quinguangularis, and Cadulus subfust- formis from 345 fathoms; Guccznofusus berniciensts from 500 fathoms; Cassi- daria rugosa with animal, from 345 fathoms; and 7yphlomangilia nivalis from 214 fathoms, etc. The following specimens that have been collected in tow-nets off the coast of Kerry were also exhibited, Carznarta mediterranea, Clione limacina, and Cho pyramidata.
Miss Amy Warren sent for exhibition living specimens of Vertigo angustior from Killanley, Sligo, and examples of Donax vittatus var. truncata from Killala Bay.
Dr. G. W. Chaster : Examples of the rarer Irish land and freshwater mollusca.
Mr. Redding : Land and freshwater mollusca from the neighbourhood of Dublin.
Mr. R. Ll. Praeger, B.A., exhibited, with remarks, Marine Shells from the Estuarine Clays of the north of Ireland.
Mr. P. H. Grierson : Species illustrating the Molluscan Fauna of Co. Kilkenny.
Mr. J. de W. Hinch: High-Level Glacial Mollusca from the Dublin Mountains.
Mr. R. Welch showed, in illustration of his paper, Maps of the Distribution of the following species, and the shells themselves in the majority of cases: Hyalinia
22 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
excavata, Geomalacus maculosus, Helix granulata, H. arbustorum, H. hortensis, H. pisana, Vertigo alpestris, V. pusilla, V. lileborgt, Clausilia laminata, Caecilianella acicula, Succinea oblonga, Hydrobia jenkinsi, H. ventrosa, Amphipeplea glutinosa, Limnea glabra, L. involuta, Planorbis corneus, P. glaber, Spherium lacustre, Pisidium hibernicum, P. globulare, and Otina otis.
Mr. H. L. Orr: Boxes showing various methods of mounting small Mollusca in museums and private collections.
ANNUAL REPORT, 1902-1903.
During the past year ten meetings have been held, from October 25, 1902, to September 9, 1903, inclusive, at which the attendance has been satisfactory.
Thirteen new members have joined the Society; five resignations—received before the end of 1902—have already taken effect ; three—received later—will take effect at the end of this year. Two members have been struck off the list for non-payment of their subscriptions ; the Society has to regret the loss by death of three subscribers: Mrs. Nutcombe Gould, Mr. J. C. Mansell-Pleydell, and Major- General Linneeus Tripe.
There are at present on the roll 10 honorary members, and 274 ordinary mem- bers, of whom 16 are life-members.
Three numbers of the Journal have appeared since the last Annual Meeting, containing eighty-seven pages, six plates, and several other illustrations. The October number of the Journal, to be shortly issued, will complete the tenth volume of the series, and the third which has been published since it was trans- ferred to the Society.
In addition to the Periodicals and Transactions, acquired by exchange for the Journal, Donations to the Library have been received from the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen, from Messrs. Edward Collier, W. H. Dall, G. K. Gude, G. B. Howes, H. Wallis Kew, and E. R. Sykes.
The Library has been greatly enlarged since the last Catalogue was issued in 1891, and the Council has had under consideration the question of publishing a new edition, but before undertaking a work of such magnitude and expense they desire to have an expression of opinion on the matter after full discussion at a representative meeting of the members.
There is a satisfactory demand for the Society’s publications. Last year the sum of £6 was received from this source, whilst the present year up-to-date has yielded just over £16. Part of this is from the List of Marine Mollusca, part from the sale of back numbers. The action of the Council in taking over the stock of these from Mr. J. W. Taylor has been fully justified.
The List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca, published by the Society in 1892, is now exhausted, and it has therefore been thought advisable to issue a new one, based on the list drawn up by Mr. B. B. Woodward, and in course of publication in the Journal. Mr. Woodward has, however, been so drastic in his exclusion of varieties that it is thought his list, in its present. form, would hardly fulfil the wishes of British collectors; the Council, therefore, propose to appoint a Com- mittee to insert such as are likely to meet the approval of working members.
The Council has had peculiar satisfaction in accepting the invitation of the President to hold the first meeting on Irish soil, regarding it as a fitting tribute to the energy and enthusiam displayed by the Irish members in the work of the Society.
Interim Balance Sheet. The Balance Sheet for the year 1902 has been published in the April number ot the Journal (see vol. 10, p. 305). Below is given a statement for the current year up
PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 14, 1903. 23
to Sept. 10. There still remains the July number of the /ozzal to be paid for, and there is sufficient cash in hand for this purpose. Subscriptions still to be paid amount to about £10 to £12, so there should be adequate resources for the remain- der of the present year. Statement of Income and Expenditure for the year 1903 up to Sept. Io.
RECEIPTS— Zo eh EXPENDITURE— HL G5 Gh Cash in hand.. hae .. 16 1 0 | Library Cards se O19 2 Sribsomafoue a 53. © O| Taylor’s Monograph, pt. g.. © & 2 Two Life Composition Fees 6 6 oO} Printing—
Sale of Publications.. i LONE 2) Journal—July, 1902, to Donations— April, 1903 (4 numbers) 53 13 2 W. E. Hoyle, Revised List of Marine Library Cards 0 19 2 Mollusca (1,000 copies) 6 5 O J. Cosmo Melvill, Reprints ... Be SOE ae /iesO) ene Illustrations 2 0 O Stationery... ; sneer Oie. 5 ————._ 219 2 | Illustrations — Dyers of Shells... ar Aiea ged ole) \eTo) Bookbinding... cee esi) cuulege, 0) Cash in hand... ie ooo BO i’? © £94 8 8 A948) 8
324th Meeting, October 14th, 1903. Mr. Edward Collier (Vice-President) in the chair.
Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
The following Lincolnshire mollusca presented by Mr. C. S. Carter: Amphi- peplea glutinosa, Telney ; Clausilia rolphi, Maltby Wood, Louth; Helix virgata, var., Red Hill, Goulesby ; HZ. rupestris, St. Ponton ; and Bulizminus obscurits var. alba, Hubbard’s Hill, Louth.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Members Elected. P. H. Grierson, The Land Commission Office, Dublin. Hugh McClelland, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield. J. N. Milne, Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast. A. W. Stelfox, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast. Gerald M. Taylor, Rossall School, near Fleetwood.
Candidate Proposed for Membership. Gordon Dalgliesh, Clairval, Collings Road, Guernsey. Resignation.
R. Gaskell. Papers Read.
“** Report on the Wirral Peninsula Ramble, July t1th, 1903,” by R. Standen. ‘‘Jaminia muscorum m. sinistrorsum,” by J. W. Baldwin.
“* Note on the Land and Freshwater Shells of Lancaster,” by J. D. Dean. **Land Shells at High Altitudes,” and ‘‘ Helex nemoralis m. stnistrorsum in
Switzerland,” by Edward Collier. Exhibits.
By Rev. R. W. J. Smart: Living Zestacella maugei, from garden at Bideford, North Devon.
24 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Jaminia muscorum mm. sinistrorsum and other shells, from Abersoch, to illustrate his paper.
By Mr. Edward Collier : Swiss Mollusca, to illustrate his notes.
By Mr. J. D. Dean: A series of Mollusca from the neighbourhood of Lancaster, to illustrate his paper.
By Mr. Thomas Edwards: Some scalariform and deformed examples of Buc- cinum undatum, from the Isle of Thanet.
By Mr. W. Moss: Ayalinie, from Farce Isles.
By Mrs. J. M. Blundell: A small, globose, yellowish-red variety of Cyprea arabica from Mauritius. ;
A series of Zrivéa were shewn by Messrs. Standen, Jackson and Baldwin. The chief peculiarities of structure and life-history, so far as it is known, of this interest- ing group of small cowries were pointed out by Mr. Standen. A particularly fine series of 7yzvia europea, shewing growth stages and local variation, was exhibited.
325th Meeting, November 11th, 1903. Mr. Charles Oldham in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Member Elected. Gordon Dalgliesh, Clairval, Collings Road, Guernsey.
Candidates Proposed for Membership. Miss Gwynedd Scott, West Quarter, Hexham. J. R. Redding, 173, Clonliffe Road, Dublin. Resignation. A. E. Wilson. Member Deceased. Isaac C. Thompson, F.L.S.
Resignation of Recorder.
A letter was read from Mr. Lionel E. Adams, explaining that in consequence of his leaving Stafford, and his future movements being uncertain, he had felt it necessary to resign the Recordership. It was announced that Mr.*Charles Oldham had, at the request of the Council, undertaken to discharge the duties of the office until the next Annual Meeting.
Papers Read. ‘* Obituary Notice of the late Isaac Cooke Thompson, F.L.S.,”’ by W. E. Hoyle. “The Reproduction and Nomenclature of Paludestrina taylori,” by J. W. Jackson and F. Taylor. ‘‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Grange-over-Sands: Further Obser- vations,” by J. W. Jackson and C. H. Moore. “*The Type of Cyprea caput-anguis,” by L. St. George Byne.
Exhibits.
By Mr. F, Taylor: Helix acuta, adult and perfect, taken along with beetle elytrze from stomach of common toad (Bufo vulearis) at Conway, North Wales.
By Mr. A. W. Rymer Roberts: Papa anglica, from near the Ferry Hotel, on the Furness side of Lake Windermere; Vertigo antivertigo, from a very restricted area near Winster, Westmorland ; Planorbis contortus and P. albus, from Winder- mere, and Vedletia lacustris, White Cross Bay, Windermere.
Series of British examples of the genus Unzo were exhibited, including U. tusmi- dus of an unusual triangular form, from River Lea, Waltham Abbey, Herts., by Mr. W. J. Hall; U. pictorwm, from Canal, at Marple, Cheshire ; a series shewing (a)
PROCEEDINGS : DECEMBER 9, 1903. 25
specimens with golden nacre and attached pearls; (4) a set of small but perfect pearls ; (c) a series of young shells from earliest stages of growth, by Mr. R. Standen. Specimens of U. margaritifer, U. tumidus, and U. pictorum, from the ‘‘Oldham” Collection, were shewn to illustrate locality variation ; and a series of very large and ponderous shells, from a pond at Ward End, near Birmingham (‘* Darbishire ”’ Collection) were interesting as shewing an apparent connection between U. tumidus and U. pictorum.
326th Meeting, December oth, 1903.
Mr. Edward Collier (Vice-President) in the chair.
Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
By Miss J. E. Linter: Zornatellina peponum Gld., 7. macrophala Ancey, T. abbreviata Ancey, Maui, Sandwich Islands.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
**A short account of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Haselmere, Surrey,” by Ch. Pannell (from the author) ; Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoolo- gischen Gesellschaft, 1889-1903 (from the Soctety); and the usual periodicals
received in exchange. New Members Elected.
Miss Gwynedd Scott, West Quarter, Hexham. J. R. Redding, 173, Clonliffe Road, Dublin.
Candidates Proposed for Membership. Fred Booth, 43, Victoria Road, Saltaire, Yorks. Henry William Parritt, 8, Whitechapel Park, Upper Holloway, London, N. Resignation. W. H. Johnson. Member Deceased.
P. Brooke Mason, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S. (Past President). Papers Read.
London Branch; Annual Report.
‘© The Marine Mollusca of Tenby and Neighbourhood : Further Contributions,” by J. Williams Vaughan.
“Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Brecon,” by J. Williams Vaughan.
‘* Freshwater Shells of Naples and the Neighbourhood,” by Raffaele Bellini.
‘© Report on the Droylsden Ramble,” by Fred Taylor.
‘© Succinea oblonga Drap. var. alba n.,”’ by C. E. Wright.
‘* Sepia burnupe n.sp. from Natal,” by W. E. Hoyle.
‘‘The Structure and Life-History of Anodonta cygnea: a Resumé,” by W. J. Hall.
Exhibits.
By Mr. C. E. Wright : Szccexea oblonga and var. alba from Braunton Burrows, near Ilfracombe ; Amphipeplea glutinosa var. alba, Deal, Kent ; Helix hortensis var. undulata, Weekley, Northants; var. d¢margznata, Rothwell; var. cztrzno- sonata, Kettering, Northants; and 4. caperata var. ochroleuca, Tenby.
By Mr. F. F. Laidlaw: Shell and animal of Volva dirostris L., Cape Patani.
By Mr. A. Leicester: Zestacella scutulum from garden at New Ferry, Cheshire.
By Mr. R. Standen: Weptenea antigua var. striata, dredged in forty fathoms, off Limerick ; Vzvzpara vivipara, River Soar, Kegworth, Leicestershire ; very large Unio pictorum, from German Pool, Poynton; Lzmnaea palustris var. albida, from Whittingham, Lancs. : Guzdlachia beddomet Petterd, Tasmania ; Pompholyx effusa Lea, Klamath Lake, California ; Lazfz¢a carinata Jouss., Isle of Bourbon ; Lzthotes rupicola, Bladford, India ; and a set of Melanopsis dufourt Feér., from Morocco ; upon the decorticated apex of the shell an alga has grown, the filaments of which,
26 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
by entangling grains of sand and particles of clay, have ultimately formed a large knob, which gives the shells a most singular appearance, and has probably some value as a means of protective concealment. The body whorl of the shells is quite clean, and would appear to have been buried in the sandy mud, the apex alone protruding.
By Mr. C. Oldham : Anodonta cygnea, Tatton Mere, Cheshire, showing curious malformation due to injury to mantle at an early stage of growth.
By W. E. Hoyle: Sepia burnupi, the type specimens.
On behalf of Mr. F. J. Partridge : Vitvea rogerst, Dudley Castle, Worcestershire ; Ancylus fluviatites, Innisfallen, Killarney (a new record for Kerry) ; and a series of North Devon Mollusca, including thirty-eight new county records.
On behalf of Mr. L. E. Adams: Helix pomatia, from open downs near Reigate, Surrey, probably gnawed by rats.
In illustration of Mr. Hall’s paper, a series of locality sets of Anodonta cygnea was exhibited by Messrs. C. Oldham, W. J. Hall, J. W. Baldwin, J. T. Wads- worth, J. W. Jackson, J. W. Vaughan, and R. Standen ; the latter also showed mounted sets of G/ochidia (both dry and in situ upon fins and tail of Stickleback) ; and young shells in earliest stages of growth after passing the Glockidza stage.
It was decided to hold the following
Special Exhibits at future Meetings:
January 13th, 1904 - - - Dreissensia polymorpha.
February toth, 1904 - - - Limnza palustris.
March oth, 1904. - - - British Pectens. ————?4-0->—____
A Standard of Value for Exchanges.—I think a discussion in the Journal would be useful as to some recognized value system for exchanges. Most of our collections are no doubt mainly built up by exchanges, but as a matter of honour and morality we should no more desire to ‘do’ others than to be ‘done? when exchanging. Personally I have often found great generosity amongst brother conchologists, and I trust have been not ungenerous myself either in exchanges or in giving. But I have not infrequently found that would be or actual exchangers offer what practically comes to the equivalent of ‘‘Twopence for your half-crown!” To-day, for example, an American conchologist (who shall be nameless because, no doubt, he acts in ignorance of comparative values) sends me two species which I find marked in an American dealer’s catalogue (a useful one obtainable from W. F. Webb, Albion, New York) at 20 cents and 5 cents respectively. In exchange he would like certain shells from Asia, which I find priced in another catalogue at from Is. to8s. How many from this list of desiderata he wanted me to send I do not know; but as I sent him an Orthostylus priced at 4s. in exchange for his specimens which came altogether to the value of 75 cents, I hope he will not be disappointed. Some time ago I drew attention to the disappointment that ensued when in exchanging with continental conchologists one received as distinct species shells hardly worthy of a varietal name and belonging to a very common species. I suppose I have had 4. virgata sent to me under forty different names, and the same may be said to a somewhat less degree of H. lucast, H. pisana, &c. The late Mr. Layard used to feel strongly, and write amusingly, about the desirability of the establishment of some sort of standard value as a basis of exchange, and I think a correspondence in your columns on this point would be useful.—[Rev.] J. W. Horsiry (Read before the Society, May 13, 1903).
27 SEPIA BURNUPI nsp. FROM NATAL.
By W. BE. HOYLE, D.Sc.
(Read before the Society, Dec. 9, 1903).
PuateE I,
THE Shell only is known; it is very long and narrow, and compara- tively thick, and may be roughly likened in shape to a spear-head : the greatest breadth is well in front of the middle, the lateral margins are evenly curved, and the anterior end bluntly pointed. The chztin- ous margin (almost entirely lost) appears to have been very narrow. The dorsal surface is smooth, its two lateral thirds being covered by an extension of the chitinous margin; along the middle line is a raised fillet, about one-fifth as broad as the shell; in the young shells it becomes evanescent in the posterior third, but in the larger speci- mens continues till interrupted by the breaking of the shell. The ventral surface is strongly convex, except for a narrow groove down the centre, which is more pronounced in the young shells; the /ast Joculus has an index of about thirty-four in the larger shells and forty-six in the smaller; the striated area is convex except for the median groove above mentioned, hence the thickness of the shell ; the zuner cone is but feebly developed, its two limbs are narrow chitinous fillets, which simply curve round the striated area, forming no definite conical depression ; on the other hand, the outer cone, formed by a posterior expansion of the chitinous margin, is large and well developed ; the sfzme is conical, acute, and curves very slightly towards the dorsal surface.
DIMENSIONS. Register number 188 189 190 IgI — (broken anteriorly) (broken) (broken) mm. mm. mm. mm. Length - 49 45 117 112 Breadth - 9°75 8 19 20
The above measurements can only be taken as approximate, as the specimens are all somewhat damaged.
The species above described is based on an examination of five shells, numbered in my register 188-192; they were obtained as follows :—
188\ Umkomaas, Natal, collected by Mr. Burnup, numbered by him
189 1943, and sent to me by Mr. J. H. Ponsonby.
190) Port Elizabeth, Natal; given to the British Museum by Mr.
Igt H. A. Spencer, and registered go-12-14-42, 43, 44. I am
192] indebted to Mr. E. A. Smith for the opportunity of examining these specimens.
28 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
The new species is very similar in general to SS. capensis,’ but is much longer and narrower, and lacks the well-developed internal cone. As compared with S. e/ongata® it is broader and thinner, but re- sembles it in the development of the outer cone. It is to be hoped that Mr. Burnup may be fortunate enough to procure complete examples of this interesting form.
Some Results of a Flood in North Ireland.—‘‘’Tis an ill wind that blows nobody good” is a trite saying, and the hurricane on the morning of February 27th last that left a zone of devastation across Ireland and England, in breaking through the embankments that guard from the sea large areas of reclaimed land ia North Derry, let the flood waters of the Burnfoot River into one intake. With this flood came large masses of fine vegetable débris swept from the banks of the river and this with the débris, many tons in weight, from the flooded area, over a mile square, was stranded on the inner slopes of the embankment between the inner and outer breaks and at the mouth of the river also, where it covered an area of over 200 square feet. Feeling sure this would have small land shells in it, I examined it at once and finding plenty of Hyalinia crystallina and Helix pulchella on the surface I soon had a large bag full of the wet mass draining off. Bringing this home I turned it into a large tub of fresh water to get rid of the salt, for the sea had also broken into the intake after the river-water had softened the inner slopes. On pressing a wire sieve on the mass the finer part came to the surface and was skimmed off, and this operation was repeated till most of the portion containing the small shells had floated through. This I found a very much quicker way than the usual one of drying all the mass, as the remainder could now be washed through the sieve under the tap and all the finer part drained in a gauze sieve and dried; this I do on old thick photo-blotting boards. When dry I sifted a little of it into several grades and examined for shells, the following species being présent. I have plea- sure in sending the remainder not examined for distribution among those members who care to look through it. The farms are submerged at high tide from two to about eight feet, and great masses of the débris are all over the embankment and likely to be available for collectors for months to come. List of species :—
Vitrina pellucida (some alive) Pupa cylindracea Hyalinia cellaria LP. muscorum
HI, alliarta and var. vir7dula Vertigo pygma@a
HI. crystallina V. substriata
Helix pygmea V. antivertigo
Ai. pulchella (very plentiful) Carychium minimum AI, hispida Alexia denticulata LH. tnlersecta (=caperata) Planorbis spirorbis Hi. nemoralis Paludestrina jenkinst Hi. aspersa P. ulve
f. rotundata Pisidiume sp. ?
Cochlicopa lubrica R. WELCH (Read before the Soctety, March 11, 1903).
1 Férussac & d’Orbigny, ‘‘ Céphalopodes acétabuliféres,” Seiches, pl. 7, 1835-48. -2 Op. cit., pl. 24, fig. 7-10.
29 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
The Nautilus, vol. 16, no. 12; vol. 17, nos. 1-7, April-Nov., 1903.
*‘Mollusks occurring in Southern California,” by R. E. C. STEARNS [several species introduced]. ‘‘ Descriptions of new Japanese Land Shells,” by H. A. PILs- BRY and Y. HiraAse[Chloritis tosanus, Eulota cavetectum, Arinia japonica, nn.spp. |. ‘<Tllustrations of some Japanese Land Shells ” [given in plate accompanying Hirase’s catalogue]. ‘‘ Habits of Acanthopleura granulata,” by S. H. HAMILTON [dorsal eyes enable it to see the coming waves]. ‘‘ Temple Prime” [obituary notice] by S. Ray- MOND RosBerts. ‘‘ Conus prometheus Hwass [C. zecholiz Wilson a synonym]. “‘Miodontiscus n.n. for Miodon,” by W. H. DALL.
“Montana Shells—Pyramidula strigosa,” by MORTON J. ELROD [vars. enumer- ated and described]. ‘‘ Writings of Jas. G..Cooper on Conchology and Paleontology,” by W. J. RAYMOND [catalogue of writings with lists of species described ].
*“ Notes on Eastern American Azcylz,” by B. WALKER [catalogue with descrip- tions and figures]. ‘‘ Two new species of Eocene Fossils from the Lignitic of Alabama,” by T. H. Atpricu [Umbraculum elevatum, Gastrochena striata figd. }. ** New Pisidia,” by V. STERKI [P. ohzoense, P. mainense]. ‘‘A proposed study of Goniobasis,” by A. C. BILLUPS [suggestions for a monograph].
‘* Notes on Eastern American Anucyli, by B. WALKER. ‘‘ Descriptions of new Japanese Land Shells,” by H. A. Prispry and Y. HIRASE [ /Japonia sadoensis, Chloritis tosanus, Kaliella xentca]. ‘‘A proposed Study of Goniobasis,” by A. A. HINCKLEY [comments on Billups’ paper supra]. ‘‘ Descriptions of new Achatin- ellidee from the Hawaiian Islands,” by D. D. BALDWIN [Amastra henshawi, A, saxicola, A. senilis, A. fosstlis, nn.spp.]. ‘*A new Preurotomaria” [P. hiraset, Japan], by H. A. Priuspry. ‘‘ Death of two New Caledonian Conchologists, Richard Rossiter and Julien Bernier.”
‘*Two new Mollusks from the West Coast of America,” by W. H. Datu [Szea- retus noyesit, Tonicia arnheimi|. ‘* Pleistocene Mollusks of White Pond, New Jersey,” by F. C. BAKER [13 spp. enumerated]. ‘* On Cataloguing a Collection of Shells,” by Mrs. M. B. WILLIAMSON [practical suggestions]. ‘* New North American Pisidia,” by V. STERKI[P. ashmunz, P. daniels, nn.spp.]. ‘‘ Notices of new Japanese Land Shells,” by H. A. Prtspry and Y. HIRASE [Zz/ota euterpe, E. marginata, E. conomphala, Hirasea planulata, Katliella tncensa, nn.spp. |. ‘* Obituary notice of George T. Marston.” ‘‘ Land Shells of Curacao,” by H. A. PILSBRY [Cirozella gloynit, Succinea gyrata, omitted from Smith’s catalogue].
“* The specific value of Unzo declivis Say,” by L. S. FRIERSON [a good species, figured]. ‘‘A new species of Metzgerta [MZ. californica],” by W. H. DALL. ‘‘ New Land Shells of the Japanese Empire,” by H. A. PItsBry and Y. HirasEe [Zu/ota 5 nn.varr., Zornatellina kitatwojtmana, Kaliella nestotica, Sitala nujinana nn.spp. |. ‘“Note on the family Septidze,” by W. H. DALL [defence of generic name Seféa]. “*On some new Land Mollusca from Middle America,” by C. F. ANCEy [Strepto- styla sumichrasti, S. clavulata, nn.spp.]. ‘‘A partial list of the Marine Mollusks of San Salvador, Bahamas,” by F. C. BAKER. [29 spp. enumerated].
‘*A new genus of Trochide,” by W. H. DaLt [Stylodates eneus, n.g., n.sp., off Hawaiian Islands]. ‘‘ Distribution of Jamaican species of Colobostylus,” by P. W. JARVIs [with maps]. ‘‘A new Jamaican Colodostylus [C. nuttdz],” by H. A. PILs- BRY. ‘‘ Notes on the Mollusk Fauna of San Nicholas Island,” by H. N. Lowe [list of 26 forms]. ‘*‘ New Japanese Marine Mollusks,” by H. A. Pitspry [Phas?- anella tréstis, Gtbbula vittata, G. incarnata, Monilea nucleolus, nn.spp.]. ‘‘ Large fresh-water Pearl.”
30 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
*¢Some notes on the genus Fuleur,” by C. W. JOHNSON [distribution and evo- lution]. ‘‘ The greatest American Planorbzs,” by H. A. PILSBRY [P. magnificus, 36 mm. in diameter]. ‘‘ Observations on the Byssus of Unionide,” by L. S. FRIER- son. ‘“‘A new Guppya[G. mtamzens¢s| from Florida,” by H. A. Pirspry. ‘‘New Land Snails of the Japanese Empire,” by H. A. PrtsBry and Y. H1rASE [Genesella moellendorfiana, Pristiloma japonica}. ‘* New Pisidia,” by V. STERKI [P. com- planatum, P. vowelli, P. cunetforme]. ‘*‘ New Land Snails from South America,” by C. F. ANCEy [Egiphragmophora orophila, E. turtont, Porphyrobaphe sarcostoma). “« Shells of Douglas Co., Central Washington,” by H. A. PiLspry [list of 12 forms]. “* Schismope rimulozdes (Cpr.) at San Diego,” by H. A. PILSBRY.
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 50, no. 4; vol. 51, nos. 1, 2, 1902-1903.
*“Note sur quelques especes du genre Pecten, nouvelles ou mal connues,” by A. Bavay [P. vescoz, P. coudetnz, nn.spp., P. elegantissimus, P. mundus, figd. |. “Description d’une espece nouvelle du genre M/arginella” [M. fischeri, figd.], by A. Bavay. ‘“‘ Description dun Ova [O. rubrolabiata, figd.], nouveau provenant des Nouvelles Hébrides,” by H. FiscHER. ‘‘Critical Notes on Hervier’s Mono- graph of the Columbellidze of New Caledonia, with C. Zervierz,nom. nov.,’*byS. PACE. “Une grande Vénus | V. fallax Millet] du miocene supérieur de Anjou,” by G. F. DOLLFUS.
“* Contribution a la faune malacologique terrestre et d’eau douce des files Obi et Iolo,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG [list of spp., 14 described with figs., 5 nn.spp.].° “Sur les variétés du Cerzthium zebrum (Kiener,” by L. VIGNAL [17 characterised and figd.]. ‘* Variété nouvelle de Cyprea[C. asellus v. bttentata] provenant de la Nouvelle Calédonie,” by P. GERET. ‘‘ Liste de coquilles recueillies au Val-André (Cétes du Nord),” by M. LAvezzari. ‘‘Sur le genre Bauxza,” by M. A. CazioT [3 spp. with synonymy]. ‘‘ Nouvelles remarques sur les faunes Australes du globe,” by C. F. Ancrey. ‘‘ Variétés. Les Sociétés Malacologiques (szz¢e); la Société Malacologique de France (fz) ” [abstract of publications].
‘‘Faune Malacologique terrestre de l’Ile des Cocos dans |’Océan Pacifique,” by C. F. ANcEy [6 spp., none new]. ‘‘ Faune pliocenique de Karikal (Inde Fran- caise),”” by M. CossMANN [31 nn.spp., mostly figd.].
Journal of Malacology, vol. 10, nos. 1-3, Mar.—Oct., 1903.
* Malacological Notes,” by E. R. SyKrs [Plicaxzs n.n. for Rhodina; Leptacha- tina henshawt, n.sp., figd.; Hzucataulus Kobelt unnecessary]. ‘‘ Supposed new species of Helicina and Bulizmulus from Costa Rica,” by H. B. PRESTON [Z. gemma, B. nubilus, figd.]. ‘‘A classified list of the Helicoid Land Shells of Asia,” part 5, by G. K. GuprE. ‘On some species of Slugs collected by Mr. Fruhstorfer,” by W. E. CoLuInce [5 spp. figd., none new]. ‘‘ Notes on Slugs and Slug-like Mol- luscs,” by W. E. CoLLINGE [Lzmax umbrosus Phil. not a synonym of Z. flavus ; Microparmarion introduced from Borneo to Kew].
““A Revision of the Columbellidz of the Persian Gulf and North Arabian Sea, with description of C. caliope n.sp.,” by J. CosMo MELVILL. ‘‘ The Anatomy of certain species of Ceratisolen and Solecurtus,” by H. H. BLOOMER [C. legumen, S. strigillatus, S. candidus, with figs.]. ‘‘ Classification of the British species of the genus So/en Linné,” by H. H. BLoomMEr. ‘‘ On the Origin and Function of the Fourth Aperture,” by H. H. BLoomer [an accessory food-providing organ]. “A classified list of the Helicoid Land Shells of Asia,” part 6, by G. K.GUDE [Dyakza smithiana, Chloritis tabularis, Helicostyla talautana, nn.spp., figd.]. ‘‘On anew genus and species of the family Phenacohelicidee,” by H. SUTER [Ranfurlya con- stancee, Auckland Island, figd.]. ‘‘ Description of new Land Shells from the Austro-Malayan Region,” by E. R. Sykes [Xesta sulcatula, Planispira albopicta, Papuina callosa, P. wallaceana, P. pyrgus, Leptopoma adiplochilus, L. lamellatum, Palaina ponsonbyi, Omphalotropis waigiouensis, Helicina varians].
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 31
“< Descriptions of new species of Wassa, Purpura, Latirus, Voluta, Conus, Stomatella, etc.,” by G. B. SoweRBy [V. optima, P. eudeli, L. singularis, V. dohrni, V. planicostata, C. boubeee, S. exquisita, Spondylus occidens, S. reestanus, nn.spp., figd.]. ‘* Notes on, with illustrations of, Austro-Malayan Land Shells,” by E. R. Sykes [figs. of spp. previously described]. ‘‘ Contributions to a Know- ledge of the Mollusca of Borneo,” part 1, by W. E. COLLINGE [Damayantia sim- rotht, D. rugosa, Collingea eranna, Parmarion shelfordi, Atopus shelfordi, un.spp. figd.]. ‘‘A classified list of the Helicoid Land Shells of Asia,” part 7, by G. K. GubE. ‘‘ Figures and descriptions of supposed new species and varieties of Zea, Macrochlamys, Cochlostyla, Strophochetlus (Borus), Odontostomus (Moricandia), Leptopoma, Cataulus, Coptocheilus, and Tropidophora,” by H. FULTON [Z. oleacea, C. delicata, S. separvabtlis, O. toleratus, L. plactdum, L. albicans, Cataulus connec- tens, Coptocheilus perakensis, T. perfecta, T. plurilirata, nn.spp., figd.]. ‘*On the ‘name Lima elliptica,” by E. R. SyKeEs [preocce. Lima gwyni n.n. suggested]. **Note on a malformed specimen of Cerastisolen legumen L.,” by H. H. BLOOMER. The Naturalist, nos. 555-563, April-Dec., 1903.
“*Testacella scutulum in North Lincolnshire,” by the Rev. E. A. WooDRUFFE- PEAcocK. ‘‘ Yorkshire /zsz,” by the Rev. W. C. Hey. ‘‘ Snails on Roof of Bridlington Priory Tower,” by E. P. BLACKBURN [Aygromia hispida]. ‘‘Amphi- peplea glutinosa at Tetney, Lincolnshire,” by H. WaLuis Kew. ‘‘ Spherium corneum on the Toes of Toads,” by H. WALLIS KEw. ‘‘ Mollusca at Caistor, Lin- colnshire,” by C. S. CARTER [list of 34 spp.]. ‘‘ Mollusca at Grantham,” by the Rev. E. A. WOODRUFFE PEACOCK [list of 14 spp. out of 67 taken]. ‘‘ Nest and Eggs of Limax flavus,” by W. DENISON ROEBUCK [in earth in a plant-basket, Leeds]. ‘‘Limax cznereo-niger at Careby, Lincolnshire,” by the Rev. E. A. Woop- RUFFE PEACOCK. ‘‘Note on a Two-Banded Shell of Helicigona arbustorum from Wensleydale,” by H. Watiis Kew [v. ézfascéata n.]. “Snails and Spiders on Towers,” by H. WaLtis Kew. ‘‘Shore-Collecting near Scarborough and Filey,” by the Rev. W. C. Hey. ‘‘ Mollusca at Huttoft Bank, Lincolnshire,” by C. S. CARTER [Io spp. recorded]. ‘‘ Avzon ater v. alba L., in North Lancashire,” by S. L. Perry.
Journal of Applied Microscopy and Laboratory Methods, vol. 6, nos. 4-6,
April and June, 1903.
““ A new agent for use in Tide-Pool Collecting,” by F. M. CHAMBERLAIN [copper sulphate]. ‘‘ Hints on Collecting Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by BRYANT WALKER.
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, nos. 394-398, Aug.-Dec., 1903.
‘* Question sur le croisement d’animaux de races différentes,” by A. DE ZULUETA. “Etude sur quelques coquilles de la région Circa-Méditerranéenne, établie avec le concours de M. Fayot,” by Commandant CazioT [He/zx, 3 spp., none new]. “Helix nictensis (note complémentaire),”” by Commandment Cazior [several varr. characterised].
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 12, nos. 4 and 5, April and May, 1903.
“* A new Irish Vertigo,” by BROCKTON TOMLIN [v. Ae/dz]. ‘* Notes on the Mollusca of Co. Kilkenny,” by P. H. GRigRSON [list of species with counties where found]. ‘‘Some Irish Nudibranch Molluscs” [6 spp. Dorzs beaumontz n.sp.]. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vols. 54
and 55, 1902 and 1903.
“‘ New Land Mollusca from Idaho,” by H. A. PiusBry [Pristzloma tdahoense]. ‘¢ Synopsis of the Carditacea and of the American species,” by W. H. DALL [genera Cardita, Venerteardia, Calyptogena, Thecalia, Milneria, Erycinella, Condylocardia recognised, list of spp., 5 nn.]. ‘* Mollusca of Western Arkansas and adjacent
32 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I, JANUARY, 1904.
States, witha Revision of Paravitrea,” by H. A. PILsBRy [list of spp., several new;
Paravitrea, 10 forms characterised, with key for determination, 3 plates]. ‘‘ Notes
on the Conrad Collection of Vicksburg Fossils, with descriptions of new species,”
by T. L. CAsey [many nn.spp., Phandella, Microdrillia, Cochlospirella, nn.genn. ].
‘Additions to the Japanese Land Snail Fauna,” by H. A. PILsBry [Clausi/a,
6 nn.spp., figd. ].
‘Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” part 9, by J. W. TAYLOR.
This instalment contains accounts of Lémax cinereo-niger, L. tenellus, L. flavus,
L. arborum, and Agriolimax agrestis in the elaborate style to which previous parts
have accustomed the reader.
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 26, part 2, Dec., 1902. ; “* Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the Miocene Limestone near
Edithburg,” by H. BasEDow [5 nn.spp., figd. ].
Memoirs of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 2, part 1, 1902.
‘* The Cretaceous Mollusca of South Australia and the Northern Territory,” by
R. ETHERIDGE, Junr. [several nn. spp. figd. ].
Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 47, part 3, April 23rd, 1903.
‘* Notes on the type specimen of Lo/igo eblane Ball,” by W. E. Hoyts [ 7oda- ropsis eblane of which 7. veranyi is a synonym].
Arkiv for Zoologi utgifvet af K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, vol. 1, parts I and 2.
**On the adaptations to a Molluscivorous Diet in Varanus niloticus,” by E.
LONNBERG [alteration in form of teeth due to change of food].
“A Short Account of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Haselmere, Surrey,” by C. PANNELL (Haslemere Micros. and N.H. Soc., Science Paper, no. 2) [an annotated list of the mollusca of the district].
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 16 (n.s.) part 1, Sep. 1903. **Geology of the Valley of the Lower Mitchell River,” by J. DENNANY and
D. CLarK [list of fossils], ‘On some Australian Tertiary Pleurotomarias,” by
G. B. PRITCHARD [P. éass¢ n.sp. ; list of Tertiary forms. pl. 13, 14]. ‘On some
new species of Victorian Mollusca,” no. 6, by G. B. PRITCHARD and J. H. Gat-
LIFF [Zenatia victoria, Modiola victoria, nn.spp., figd.]. ‘Catalogue of the Marine
Shells of Victoria,” part 7, by G. B. PrircHarD and J. H. Gar.irF [97 spp.
bivalves of families Castrochzenidz to Lucinidzel.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 42, no. 173, April- May, 1903.
‘fA new Freshwater Molluscan Faunule from the Cretaceous of Montana,” by TimoTHy W. STANTON [several new species figd.]. ‘‘On some names (chiefly Linnean) of animals and plants erroneously paired in synonymy,” by Marchese A. DI GREGORIO [in favour of retention of Linnean specific name even when it re- peats the generic name].
The Annals of Scottish Natural History, nos. 46-48, April-Oct., 1903. ‘Helix lamellata Jeff., in Midlothian, and Planordzs spirorbis Miill., in Fife,”
by W. Evans. ‘‘ Vertigo pygmea, etc., in Mid-Perth,” by ROBERT GODFREY.
‘‘ Synopsis of the family Astartidz, with a Review of the American species,” by W. $H. Dati (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, pp. 933-951, pl. 62, 63). [A. polaris, A. alaskensts, A. bennetti, A. soror, A. lWozona, A. vernicosa, nN. spp. two genera, Lzrodiscus and Astarte recognised].
USS) ) 189 J 190 | 1g!
1g2 |
ILA IE Il
SEPIA BURNUPI, n.sp.
From Umkomaas, Natal.
Collected by Mr. Burnup.
From Port Elizabeth, Natal.
Presented to the British Museum
by Mr. H. A. Spencer.
Plate I.
192
191 189 SEPIA BuRNuPI, NATAL.
188
190
Journal of Conchology, Vol. 11.
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Woe tints APRIL, 1904. No. 2.
THE FRESHWATER SHELLS OF NAPLES AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD.
By Dr. RAFFAELLO BELLINI.
(Read before the Society, December 9th, 1903).
INFORMATION regarding this important and rich section of the local fauna has hitherto been grouped with that concerning the land shells; therefore, so far as we know, there exists no monograph on the sub- ject, and the works in which the freshwater shells of Campania are described have hardly a historical value. Except for the information derived from the work of Philippi’ and Costa? in the first half of the last century, we have no particulars respecting the shells which abound in the springs and stagnant waters near Naples. This information, moreover, incomplete when published, has now but slight value, as some species have since been excluded and others added ; further, habitats have been changed and nomenclature modified.
Costa in his “Catalogo dei testacei delle due Sicilie” gives a list of the authors who have dealt with this subject, obviously, however, derived from a different source from the list in his “Fauna del Regno di Napoli.” Philippi’s classical work is therefore at present the best authority upon the subject.
1 ‘‘Enumeratio molluscorum Siciliae,” 2 vol., 1836-1844. 2 “Catalogo dei testacei delle due Sicilie,’ Napoli, 1829 ; ‘‘ Fauna del Regno di Napoli,” Napoli, 1839. c
34 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904.
The present paper is the result of some years of enquiry. I have had the good fortune to be able to inspect Costa’s collection, and also various specimens determined by Philippi himself, as well as my own collection, whilst those of Cavaliere Praus and of my friend the late Baron Castriota-Scanderbeg, rich in forms determined by Philippi, Tiberi, Blanc and Monterosato, have provided me with valuable materials for study.
The greater number of species and individuals are found in the volcanic regions of Vesuvius and the Phlegraean fields, which extend to the edge of the Sorrentine calcareous ridge, and are rich both in streams and stagnant waters. The Sorrentine peninsula, which boasts little level land and consequently little water, is poor in freshwater specimens, but owing to the composition of the earth, abounds in land shells.’
Naples and the surrounding district are watered by the Sebeto and Sarno rivers. The first, known also as the Rio della Maddalena, rises in Bolla, near Vesuvius, and crosses the marshes north-west of Nola, where it divides into rivulets and irrigation channels, and finds its outlet in the Bay of Naples, near the Ponte della Maddalena. This little river separates the Vesuvian or basaltic from the Phlegraean or trachytic region. The Sarno is formed by the union of three streams at the east of San Severino (Salerno), flows from east to west, and discharges into the Gulf of Naples north of Castellamare and south of Torre Annunziata.
Stagnant waters where freshwater shells may be collected are the Lago di Patria, at the end of the Phlegreean fields, the little lake of Astroni, at the bottom of the crater of the same name, the fountains of the royal park of Capodimonte, of the Villa Nazionale and Botanical Garden in Naples, and a few places in the Sorrentine peninsula and in Capri.
In all twenty-five species of freshwater shells, with numerous varieties, are found in this region; in the calcareous district there are only three species.
In enumerating these species I have adopted a mean between two extreme positions: that which differentiates every recognisable variety as a species, and the other which groups the forms under certain designations. A species is not an invariable quantity, and conse- quently, in the sense used by Linnzeus and Lamarck, no longer exists, but there are many types with decisive characters, and not very clearly related to surrounding forms. It is questionable whether we ought to
x R. Bellini, ‘‘Molluschi extramarini dell’isola di Capri,” Bold. Soc. Zool. [tal. vol. 1, xg00; “‘Alcune osservazioni sulla distribuz. ipsometrica dei molluschi terrestri nell’isola di Capri,” Rendiconto del Convegno in Napoli dell Unione Zoolog. Italiana, 10-13 Aprile, 1901.
BELLINI: FRESHWATER SHELLS OF NAPLES AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 35
give all these forms distinguishing names, for if, on the one hand, an elaborate system of classification provides material for a new Linnzeus, on the other hand—zomuna si nescis perit et cognito rerum. We must, therefore, admit a large number of varieties, derived sometimes from an unknown type, and bound together by transitional forms which seem at present to follow no definite law.
The freshwater shelis of Naples may be divided into the following faunulze :-—
(t) Faunula fluviatilis, comprising the forms inhabiting clear rapid streams (Sebeto, Sarno). Here Limnea and Planorbis are absent, but the following may be baleen:
Ancylus fluviatilis Unio requient Bithynia tentaculata | Spherium corneum Valvata piscinalis Pisidium casertanum Neritina fluviatilis P. amnicum
(2) Faunula lacustris, poor in species (Astroni and Lake Patria) ; the following occur:
Limnea stagnalis Physa contorta
L. palustris Bithynia tentaculata L. limosa B. rubens
L. peregra Valvata piscinalts Planorbis complanatus Pisidium casertanum
(3) Faunula palustris, including two kinds of ground, which may be termed the “station of plants” and the “station of swamps.” It is rich in species and comprises the marshes and the channels of
the Sebeto:
Limnea stagnalis Physa hypnorum
L. palustris Lithynia tentaculata L. truncatula B. boissteri
L. auricularia B. rubens
L. limosa Valvata piscinalts L. peregra Spherium corneum Planorbis complanatus Pisidium pusillum P. carinatus P. casertanum
P. subangulatus P. amnicum
(4) Faunula fontana, inhabiting still clear waters (Fountains of Capodimonte, the Villa Nazionale and the Botanic Garden):
Limnea palustris Pseudamnicola macrostoma L. auricularta Bithynia tentaculata Flanorbis fontanus B. boisstert
P. complanatus B. rubens
Physa fontinalis Pisidium pusillum
P, hypnorum
36 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904.
(5) Faunula limphana, comprising certain springs in the Sor- rentine Peninsula and Capri:
Ancylus fluviatilis Pseudamnicola macrostoma Limnea truncatula d
All the freshwater shells of Naples originated in the tertiary period and have undergone progressive development from the inferior pliocene to present times; more than a third were already differentiated in the pleistocene, but the varieties are all more recent. The follow- ing genera originated in the jurassic period:—P/avorbis (in the lias vide Sandberger), Physa, Limnea, Neritina (one of the oldest; JV. liasina Dunker, occurs in the Schlotheimia angulata beds of Wurttem- berg, and the species became more abundant in the upper eocene), Pseudamnicola, Valvata, Unio. Of cretaceous origin are Azthynia (B. precursor Sandb., is the earliest from the cretaceous rocks of Hanover), Séerium (English wealden). ‘The following are tertiary :— Ancylus (eocene), Pisidium (inferior eocene of Paris), Anodonta (inferior miocene of Germany).
Of the species the least abundant are those of pliocene origin. This fact agrees with all geological principles, because few species have been able to endure the climatic changes that took place in this and later periods. Our fauna belongs to the same type as that of Central Europe, which took its rise in the Alpine regions; the species that constituted that primitive fauna gave rise to others which have varied more or less according to their distance from the centre of dispersion.
The geographical distribution of the Neapolitan freshwater shells is very extensive because the dispersal of these organisms is in direct relation to their size. Our fluviatile mollusca have originated in the zone called Bourguignat! “de création,” or better, by Locard? ‘‘d’ap- parition.” This zone lies between 25° and 36° N. lat., and coincides with a series of mountain chains stretching from the Atlantic to the Caspian, We may seek the origin of our species in the Alpine centre, one of three parts into which the zone is divided.
GASH ROERO DA: PULMONATA.
LIMNZIDA,
(1) Ancylus (Ancylastrum) fluviatilis Muller.—“Verm. Hist.,” LI.; pi 201, nr. 386, 1774; Drap:, “Labl. Moll|a ser sp.47 eile “Moll. Sic.,” I., 1836, p. 120; [IL 1844, p. 93. In) colonies impclear and running waters on stones (Sebeto, Monte S. Angelo, Castellam- mare, Sorrento and Meta).
1 ‘‘Malacologie de 1’ Algérie,” 1864, vol. 2, p. 366. 2 ‘Etudes sur les variations malacologiques de la faune du bassin du Rhone,” II., p. 241.
BELLINI : FRESHWATER SHELLS OF NAPLES AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 37
Var. margaritacea A. Costa.—“‘Statist. fisica dellisola di Capri,” 1840, p. 65; Bellini, “I moll. extramar, dell’isola di Capri,” 1900, p. 52. Very rare variety, in a fountain called “marroncella” (Capri). We may consider this form as a local modification of the type, from which it differs in the sinuosity of the anterior margin, while the shell is internally pearly. The author thinks A. sargaritaceus to be allied to A. sémuatus Brard, a synonym of A. sémplex, a variety of A. fluviatilis.
Bourguignat' admits in Europe 35 species of Avwcy/us; but we believe that only two live in Central and Southern Europe—4A. fluviatilis and A. lacustris. The first constitutes the type of the sub- genus Ancylastrum Mogq.-Tand., 1853 (summit of the shell inclined to the right), the second, the subgenus Ve//etia Gray, 1840 (summit of the shell inclined towards the left). This last is of eocene origin, and more ancient than the first, which appears in the miocene.
(2) Limnza stagnalis L. sp.—‘‘Syst. Nat.,” Ed. X., 1758.1, ian Cece PC Osta Catals test. Cue) SICilies, 182g, pacvile mm gor Phil; “Moll. Sic.” Il, 1844, p. 120. Not very abundant and dispersed in small deep waters (Sebeto, lake of Astroni, etc.).
The type of this species has been the origin of many discussions; according to Bourguignat? the type lives in the Danube, near Belgrade, and 1s common in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, rarer in France, Italy, and Russia. But Locard* admits as type the figure given by Kobelt in his monograph of European Zimncee,* agreeing with the Linnean type and with figures of Lister and Gualtieri.
(3)L. palustris Mull. sp.—‘Verm. Hist.,” II., 1774, p. 131, n. Beoncbuccup) = Costa «Catala tests, due) sicilie,” 1820, p) evil Cac/iso) einen VOM SICs.? Ie 1530, 0p) 140) Ll. p. 120, 1344. In numerous colonies (Paludi, Sebeto, Astroni, Botanical Garden). Smaller and less swollen than the preceding species. Type and varieties very common.
Var. corvus Gmelin.—-“Syst. Nat.” Ed. 13, 1778, p. 3665 (Helix) ; Drap., “Tabl. Moll.,” 1805, pl. IL, f. 40-41 (Helix palustris var. major); Phil., “Moll. Sic., I., 1836, p. 146 (var. a). Shell of large size, violaceous internally.
Vat tuscar Piciier 4 Deutsch: Moll:,” 1820, 1. p. o2, t. 1v., 25. Smaller than the type, but more swollen.
Var. elongata Locard.—‘‘Etud. sur les variat. malac.,” I., 1881, P- 337. Spire elevated, low aperture and deep suture.
t ‘Etude synonimique sur le genre Ancylus,” Sfic. Malac., p. 139. 2 Spic. Malacol., 1862, p. 96.
3 ‘‘ Etudes sur les variation des mollusques,” iii., I., p. 339.
4 Malakoziol. Blétt., p. 168, t. ii., f. 1, 1871.
38 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I1, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904.
(4) L. truncatula Miller sp—‘“Verm. Hist.,” II., 1774, p. 130, n. 325 ; Limneus minutus Drap., “Tabl. Moll.,” 1801, p. 51; Phil, “Moll Sic,” I., 1836, p. 147, and M5 1844, p: 121 (Za maa): Rather common in numerous colonies in muddy waters (Sebeto, Castellammare). Locality first cited by Philippi (II., p. 121).
The geographical area of this species is very extensive and geologic- ally it is ancient. The individuals differ much in the various localities.’
This Zzmnea is well distinguished by the cutting off of the whorls and by its tetragonal aperture, these are differences from young individuals or varieties of Z. palustris. We may give the name of LZ. minutus, following Draparnaud, to the small varieties with deep suture.
Var. neapolitana n.f.—Shell smaller and less lofty; ovoid aperture; yellowish color. Not common, in the channels of the Sebeto.
(5) L. auricularia L. sp.—‘‘Syst Nat.,” Ed. X., 1758, vol. L, p. waa (felix) Costa, O: G:, “Catale test. due) Sic;,/) p.cynegnauao: pars (Helix). In small deep waters amongst aquatic plants (Sebeto and Botanical Garden).
A very variable form living in Europe and Tibet. Philippi says he has never found this species in the Neapolitan region (“ Moll. Sic.,” Ol [Os 220),
(6) L. limosa L. sp.—“Syst. Nat.” Ed. X., 1758, I, p. 774 (Helix); Gmelin, “Syst. Nat.,” Ed. XIII., 1778, p. 3667 (Helix zeres) ; Drap., “Hist. Moll.,” 1805, p. 50, t. il, f. 30-31 (Lemnceus ovatus) ; Costa, “‘ Catal. Test.,” 1829, p. cvii., nr. 41 (A. émosa); Idem, p. cvii., nr. 39 (Z& auricularia non. L., pars); Phil., “‘Moll. Sic.,” L, p. 146; IL., p. 120 (Z. ovatus). In stagnant waters in numerous colonies (Sebeto, Astroni and Sarno). A very variable form; consequently it is impossible to establish a careful synonymy.
(7) L. peregra Miill. sp—‘“Verm. Hist.,” II., 1774, p. 130, n. 324 (Buccinum); Phil., “Moll. Sic.,” I., p. 146; II., p. 120; Chemnitz, “Conch. Cab.,” IX., t. 135, f. 1244. Common, with its varieties, in running waters and fountains. Longer and less swollen than the preceding species.
Var. paupercula Pollonera.—“ Moll. fluy. viventi. del Piemonte,” Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Torino, vol. 4, 18809, p. 4. Smaller, brittle and thinner.
1 See Clessin: ‘‘Limnza truncatula,” (alakozdologische Blitter, 1879, p. 30, f. il.
BELLINI: FRESHWATER SHELLS OF NAPLES AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 39
Var. gibilmannica O. G. Costa.—“ Corrisp. Zoologica,” p. 113, Meson einem VOM Sic Vyeps U2nyot. 20, fh) Ceeasovides). A cylindrical shell; five whorls slightly channelled, the lowest angular; deep sutures.
L. peregra is a very variable form and we may number as many varieties as habitats.' This and the preceding species are modifica- tions of same specific type, whose innumerable variations have been distinguished by more than 300 names.
The genus Zimnea Brug., 1791, comprises forms very variable and united by intermediate links. The simplicity of aperture, the uni- formity of color, the variability of columella, even in species of the same genus and locality, the difficulty of observing the animals are reasons that hinder the deduction of sure conclusions. The habitat also is of little importance, because a species may reproduce in every region of the earth; Z. minuta, L. stagnalis, L. auricularia and L. peregra gives us a very good example. Consequently specific characters are established on the proportions of the spire and on the extension of the last whorl.
The Zimnee live upon aquatic plants and ascend on the branches for respiration on the surface of the water; often they turn over and by their locomotor train of mucus go trailing along the surface of the water as on a solid body. When the water is low and they cannot submerge themselves they adhere by the mouth to a submerged body and close it by mucus. Some species live also out of the water, like L. peregra; others may frequently crawl for days on plants and moist ground.
In Zimnee, as in other freshwater shells, we often note the erosion of the shell; this phenomenon may be hereditary, and Locard’ thinks it an anomaly of individuals that pass a certain time out of water and have the shell incrusted by earthy substances and cryptogams; Gassies* supposes the cause of this corrosion to be an aquatic Myria- pod, and Fischer’ believes that the molluscks take the calcareous matter from other shells, when they need it. He has made convincing experiments on this subject.
(8) Planorbis fontanus Lightfoot.—/P//. Trans., XXVI., L, Denote tn 7oor Drape. Hist,” p47, tll, f 20-22) (707 Stud.). In limpid waters on plants (Villa Nazionale, Naples).
1 Taylor, J. W.: ‘The variations of Limmea peregra Miill.,” J. Conch., vol. 7, p. 284, October, 1890.
2 ‘Etudes sur les variations malacologiques,” etc., vol. 2, 1881, p. 479.
3 ‘‘ Tableau méthodique et descriptif des mollusques de l’Agénais,” p. 167.
4 Journal de Conchyliologie, 1852, vol. 3, P- 303-
40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, I904.
(9) P. complanatus L. sp.—‘“Syst. Nat.,” Ed. X., 1758, vol L., p. 769 (Helix) ; Muller, “Verm. Hist.,” II., 1774, p. 160 (P. wmbeli- catus); Drap., “Hist. Moll., p. 45, t. i., f. 11, 12, 15 (P. marginatus), Costa, “Catal. test. due Sicilie, 1829, p. evil, nr 36, pars (eel carinata) ; Phil., “Moll. Sic., L, p..145; IL, p. 119 (P. marginatus). The most common species of Pheiaiedis with us, abounding in stagnant waters and rivulets in numerous colonies.
P. complanatus is common in the Mediterranean littoral, Europe and Siberia, and frequently varies. The type must have the inferior keel and it is allied to the following species, from which it is distinguished by the thickness and less compression of the last whorl. The. shell is always incrusted by vegetal organisms which conceal its color.
Var. submarginatus De Crist. et Jan.—“Catal.,” 1871, XX., n. 9, 12. Less common.
(10) P. carinatus Miller.—‘Verm. Hist.,” 1774, IL., p. 157 (zon Studer). More common and localised than the preceding, with which it lives together, also thinner and more pellucid than P. complanatus and with the keel central.
The last two forms of Planorbis are united by the variety swbmar- ginatus. The keel is inferior in P. complanatus, central in P. carinatus and occupies an intermediate situation in the above-mentioned variety.
(11) P. subangulatus Phil.—“En. Moll. Sic.,” II., 1844, p. 119; toxxi. ft 6. Bourse, Malac: “Allgentey 1S64. pe i532, time eon Locard, “Conch. Portugaise,” 1899, p. 179. In company with the other species. The original locality cited by Philippi is ‘in rivulis prope Panormum frequens.”
I have never found P/anorbis corneus near Naples, though Philippi has seen it (I., p. 146); but his citation is not confirmed in the second volume of his work.
PHYSIDA.
(12) Physa contorta Mich.—Aul/, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1829, tf 3% p: 268, f 15-16; Phil) {Mollie Sicy, 7 ssp a7 etsy aerate eae rivularts), I1., p. 120 (P. contorta). In small clear waters.
(13) P. fontinalis L. sp.—‘Syst. Nat.,” Ed. X., 1758, vol. i., p. 127 (Bulla); Miull., “Verm. Hist.,” IL, p. 165 (Planorbis bulla) ; @osta, “Catal: test: de! Sic.) mé20; p. evil, nies Ca//aa) ene “Moll. Sic.,” Il., p. 120. In clear waters on ane plants. This FASO, living in Southern Europe and the Canary Islands (Webb & Berthelot), is allied to P. contorta, a distinctly southern form, but the shell is less swollen.
BELLINI: FRESHWATER SHELLS OF NAPLES AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. AI
Var. major Locard.—“ Etud. sur les variat.,” I., 1881, p. 312. Larger; rare.
(14) P. (Aplexa) hypnorum L. sp.—‘“‘Syst. Nat.,” Ed. X., L., p. 727 (Bulla); Mill., “ Verm. Hist.,” II., p. 169, nr. 35.4 (Planorbis turritus). Not common, on plants, near borders of rivulets and on moist mosses. This species is well distinguished by its yellow gold color, its lustre and elongated form.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. HYDROBIID.
(15) Pseudamnicola macrostoma Kuster sp.—‘“‘Chem. Conch. Gaby vedy nova, 1845) ps 73, t 13) & 5-7 (Laludina); Fitzgerald, “Land Shells of Capri,” 7. Conch., 1877, vol. i, p. 12 (Bithynia similis, non Drap.). Very rare in Capri with Axncylus margaritaceus and also in a fountain in the Botanical Garden.
The species of the genus Pseudamunicolt Paulucci, 1878, were included by some authors in the American genus Amzzcola Gould et Hald., from which they were separated by the characters of the radula, which is furnished only with a small basal tooth.
(16) Bithynia tentaculata L. sp.—‘“‘Syst. Nat.,” Ed. X., L, p. ieee) Miller sesVierm: Iriists, lp. 185) mr, 372 Vera zaculator) ; Drap., ‘“Tabl.,” 1801, p. 41 (Cyclostoma impurum) ; Costa, “Catal, test, Gue Sicilie,” 1826, jo. lkewig, ial wig (zie 14) 2 12anibe “Moll. Sic.,” I., p. 148 (Paludina impura), II., p. 122. Common, with its varieties, in numerous colonies, in every water or fountain. This form is ancient and dates from the miocene period to the present. Very variable; the extreme variations of form are: var. coda, swollen, and var. producta, elongated.
Var. producta Menke.—‘“‘Syn. method. molluse.,” 1830, p. 41. More elongated than the type and large; pale yellowish in color; rare.
Var. ventricosa Westerlund.—‘‘Fauna Sueciae,” 1873, p. 460 (=var. neapolitana Blanc, tn schedis). Swollen form.
Var. codia Bourg.—‘“‘Spic. Malac.,” p. 136, t. vili., f. 5-7, 1862. Also more contracted variety and the last whorl occupies almost the whole shell. The type lives in Pisa, and is common in Central Italy.
Var. sebethina Blanc (cz schedis).—Coutagne, ‘Note faune malacol. bass. du Rhone,” I., 1881, p. 24; Locard, “Catal. génér. moll. terr. et fluviat. de France,” p. 224, 1882; Locard, Ann. Mus. Fist. Nat. de Genéve 1894, p. 85, pl. v., f. 3. Rather a common form in the River Sebeto.
Var. fulva Locard.—“ Etudes sur les variat.,” etc. Reddish color; common.
MOS, [OL AOE
?
42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904.
Var. cornea Locard.—“ Etudes sur les variat., etc.,” 1881, p. 367. Pale yellowish in color and translucent. Very common.
Var. cinerea Locard.—‘‘ Etudes sur les variat., Cie.” 1881, p. 367. > P- 397 Grayish in color, translucent, often incrusted. Common.
(17) B. boissieri Charp. in Ktister-—‘‘Die Gattung. Paludina,” p. 35, t. vil., f. 30, 32; 1852. Not common, in stagnant waters. The type lives near Rome.
Var. curta Paulucci.—/z Caroti, “App. sulle Paludinacee ita- liane,” Boll, Soc. Malacol. Ital., 1883, vol. ix. Last whorl of the shell more swollen than in the type; it is allied to B. leaché var. ttalica Paulucci.
(18) B. rubens Menke sp.—‘Synops. method. mollusc.,” 1830, Pp: 134 (Laludima); Phil) <* Moll. Sic Ip) 143) eeap ees Originally cited as living in the Lake of Patria (Philippi and Kuster), it is found common in the channels of the Sebeto and in the fountains in the Botanical Garden.
This species differs from £2. ¢entaculata by its smallness, ovoid form, transiucidity, reddish color and white operculum. It is the southern representative of B. leachi Shepp. var. tvoscheli Wiegm., which does not live in Italy. The swollen varieties pass into B. orsini Charp. in Kust., distinguished by last whorl being swollen and elongated. The type of Menke lives in Sicily.
VALVATID.
(19) Valvata piscinalis Miiller sp.—‘‘Verm. Hist.,” IL. p. 172, nr. 358 (Werita); Drap., ‘‘Tabl.,” 1801, p. 39 (Cyclostoma obtusum) ; Phil. 1, p. 147, IL, p. 121.. In clear and limpid waters; mot common.
Var. parthenopza n.f—More elongated ovoid aperture; cham- ferings less deep; reddish yellow color with horny lustre. In the channels of the Sebeto.
NERITID.
(20) Neritina fluviatilis L. sp.—‘“‘Syst. Nat.,” Ed. X., 1758, L, p. 777 (Werita) ; Costa, “Catal. test.,” p. eviii., nr. 45 (lVertfa). In the river Sarno upon submerged stones in shallow water.
aE Je CVO ODA TETRABRANCHIA. UNIONID&, (21) Unio requieni Mich.—‘‘Compl. hist. moll.,” 1831, p. 106, tal. xvi., f. 24. In the river Sarno. A very variable form allied principally to U. péctorum, the separation being only possible in the
BELLINI: FRESHWATER SHELLS OF NAPLES AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 43
best specimens; it is smaller and more elongated and the beak less developed and the cardinal tooth shorter.
In the last few years the European fauna has been enriched by so many named Uziones that Morelet' jestingly wrote: ‘elle rivalisera bient6t, au moins dans sa nomenclature, avec celle de l Amérique du Nord.”
CYRENIDA.
(22) Spherium corneum L. sp.—‘‘Syst. Nat.,” Ed. X., I, p. 768 (Zellina); Miull., “Verm?Hist.,” II., p. 202, nr. 307 (Z. rivalis); Phil., “Moll. Sic.,” II, p. 30 (Cyclas). In shallow and muddy waters in numerous colonies.
(23) Pisidium.pusillum Gmel. sp.—‘“‘Syst. Nat.,” Ed. XIII, 1788, p. 3231 (Zellina) ; Drap., ‘“Tabl. Moll.,” 1801, p. 105, pars (Cyclas fontinalis); Phil., “Moll. Sic.” IL, p. 31 (2 fontinale) ; Costa, O. G., “Fauna Siciliana, Fasc. I., fig. 2 (Galileja tenebrosa). Not common, in fountains in the Botanical Garden, and in the channels of the Sebeto.
The smallest of the European species of this genus. The genus Galileja, established by the late Prof. Costa on specimens from the Vaccarizzo rivulet, near Gibilmanna, in Sicily, cannot be accepted, because it is founded on the characters of the hinge, which are very variable in species of these genera; and we must also reject the specific name ¢exebvosa, because the crust covering the individuals examined by him is common to almost al! freshwater shells, arising from the confervee that grow in earthy matters on the shell. These cryptogamous plants and the shell grow simultaneously and conse- quently the color is concealed.
(24) P. casertanum Poli.i—‘“‘Test. Utr: Sic.,” 1, 1791, p. 65, Pexvinn en (Caxazau) es COsta, «Catal test. SIG, DP) XXVill, Nt.) TO (Cardium). A species localised in a few places. ‘The type of Poli lives in the Royal Park of Caserta; but the form is very variable and rich in numberless synonyms.
Wai, Scneais IP“ MoM, Sie; Ii, jon Sep ta ackie, ire J p. 31. More inequilateral and less thick than the type.
(25) P. amnicum Miller sp.—‘“Verm. Hist.,” IT., p. 205, nr. 389 (Tellina); Drap., “Tabl. Moll.,” p. 186 (Cyclas palustris) ; Drap., “Hist. Moll.,” p. 131, t. x., £ 17-18 (Cyclas palustris). Common in muddy waters (Sebeto) near aquatic plants. Also from the Sarno (Philippi), but in this locality I have never found it.
Young specimens are allied to P. casertanum.
x ‘Moll. terr. et fluviat. du Portugal,” Paris, 1845. p. 108.
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45
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS, LANCS., AND DISTRICT.
By JOHN W. JACKSON anp CHAS. H. MOORE.
(Read before the Society, November 11, 1903).
'
In July last we spent some time in the above neighbourhood hunting for shells. We had not much hope of finding anything new to the district, as Mr. Standen worked it pretty thoroughly in 1897." We are, however, pleased to be able to add several species to his list, some of these being particularly interesting, notably Vitrea lucida, of which we found two specimens.
Our researches were not confined to Grange itself, but excursions were made to places near at hand. Several days were occupied, both in company and individually, in searching Eggerslack Wood, where Mr. Standen made most of his finds; it is by far the most pro- ductive place in the whole district. The moss-covered stone walls in this wood yielded a rich harvest in the way of Vertzgines, one of the writers taking over one hundred and twenty specimens of V. alpes- tris, This species, on reference to Mr. Standen’s list, will be seen to be an addition to the district. In company with the above we found Vertigo pusilla, V. pygmea, Punctum pygmeum, Vallonia pulchella var. costata, all fairly numerous, with odd specimens of the various V7¢vee, Cochlicopa lubrica, Balea perversa, etc.
Amongst the undergrowth and under the stones lying about in the wood, the following species were fairly numerous :—ffelicigona arbus- torum, felix nemoralis,. Hygromia rufescens, Acanthinula aculeata, Flygromia hispida, Pyramidula rotundata, Vitrea cellaria, V. alliaria, V. nitidula, V. pura, and var. nitidosa, Euconulus fulvus, Vitrea crystal- lina, Cochlicopa lubrica, and var. lubricoides, and Vitrina pellucida. Dead branches and sticks yielded Vertigo substriata (sparingly), Ena obscura (common), Sphyradium edentulum, Clausilia bidentata (com- mon), and var. ¢umzdula, Cl. laminata (sparingly). Under some large stones colonies of Jaminta cylindracea were found, including two speci- mens of the var. a/ba, and one or two approaching the var. curfa. Carychium minimum was also common amongst the moss and dead leaves. Avion ater and Limax arborum were fairly numerous in the wood, and Avion hortensts was observed under stones on the Winder- mere Road. Here also occurred Aygromza granulata.
The chief attraction to this wood was the hope of taking Acicula lineata, recorded from there by Mr. Standen; a single specimen of it was taken by one of the writers in March of this year. We were
J. Conch,, vol. 9, p. 113, 1898.
46 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904.
on the point of giving up our search when three dead specimens were turned up. ‘This put new life into us, but notwithstanding our efforts, no living examples were found.
We must not omit to mention here that we received a permit to go anywhere about the wood, through the kindness of a gentleman stay- ing in the neighbourhood. This helped us considerably, as we had then no fear of being molested for being off the public track through the wood.
By far the commonest shells of the district appeared to be Pyra- midula rupestris, which occurred on almost every wall, and Aygromia rufescens, with its vars. rubens, albo-cincta, and alba. One specimen of the latter species had the spire remarkably produced.
Another day was spent in exploring Holme Island opposite Grange, which is practically an outlier of mountain limestone, connected with the mainland by a causeway. It is about eleven acres in extent, the greater portion being under cultivation, and we had not much hope of any success here. We confined our researches to the extreme point of the island where it juts out into the sea, and here amongst the rocks and vegetation were found :—Ae/zx aspersa, H. nemoratlis, Hf. hortensis, Hygromia rufescens, Hy. hispida, Helicella caperata, Pyramidula votundata, Vitrea alliaria, V. nitidula, Cochlicopa lubrica, Vitrina pellucida, Clausilia bidentata, and Jaminia cylindracea.
The remainder of the day was spent in examining the hedges at Low Meathop, where Pomatias elegans has been known to occur for several years. A number of the type, along with the var. ochroleuca, were taken, as well as specimens of Helix aspersa, Hl. hortenszis, Hygromia hispida, Fly. rufescens, vars. rubens and depressa, Vitrea cellaria, V. alliaria, Ena obscura, Clausilia laminata, and Jaminia cylindracea,
On returning to Grange, the cliffs on Lindale Road were examined, and here Hedicella caperata and var. ornata occurred commonly, with several of the species mentioned above. ‘The chief prize, however, was Vitrea lucida.
The following day was spent at Cark and Holker, where we added several freshwater shells to our list. In a brook not far from the station we found Limnca pereger, L. palustris, L. truncatula, Plan- orbis albus, Pl. contortus, Neritina fluviatilis, Valvata piscinalts, Ancylus fluviatilis, and var. albida, and Physa fontinalis. We then proceeded on through Holker, collecting specimens of Vertigo alpes- tris, V. pusilla, Punctum pygmeum, Balea perversa, and various other species from the walls along the road. Our return journey led us through Cartmell to Grange, and in the hedges we found a repeti- tion of several of the species mentioned above, including Helix aspersa and H. hortensis vars. lutea and coalita.
JACKSON AND MOORE: MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 47
It will be seen from the above result of our researches in this district, that its molluscan fauna 1s comparatively rich, and would ‘well repay more systematic research than our limited time allowed. We would suggest that future workers might profitably investigate that portion of the district unexplored by us, lying north of a line drawn from Eggerslack Wood through Cartmell to Holker. Hum- phrey Head, the nearest station to which is Kent’s Bank, about two miles from Grange, might also be worked, as quantities of dead shells are to be picked up at the base of the steep cliffs, having been washed down from above. Amongst the shells thus found are Helix aspersa, Hl. nemoralis, H. hortensis, Hygromia rufescens, Pyramidula rotundata, Vitrea cellaria, V. alliaria, V. nitidula, Clausilia bidentata, and Pomatias elegans. Very good specimens of Clausilia bidentata and its var. cravenensis are to be found clinging to the rocks, and doubtless if the cliffs were scaled, and the rocks examined carefully, many other living species would be acquired.
Of the species mentioned in the above paper, we find that the following are additions to the records for district 69 of Mr. Lionel E. Adams’ last Census :—
Vitrea lucida, Planorbis contortus, Punctum pygmeum, Acicula lineata, Vertigo pygmea, Leritina fluviatilis.
V. substriata,
Note on the Land and Freshwater Shells of Lancaster.—Preparatory to an exhaustive list of the mollusca of this district, a few notes on the most interest- ing species may be acceptable. This list is confined to the millstone grit formation, and as the limestone begins about Carnforth, a radius of six miles may be roughly taken. In the canal are Planorbis umbilicatus, P. albus, P. fontanus, Valvata piscinalis, V. crastata, Neritina fluviatilis, Dreissensta polymorpha, Physa fonte- nalis, and several of the commoner species. On the canal margins are Hyalnia nitida, H. radiatula, H. pura var. nitidosa, Helix gvanulata; in the deeply- wooded cutting south of the town are Vertigo edentula, Helix aculeata and Hyalinia fulva. In the river Lune are Uxzo margaritifer and Limnea auricularia. Ina ditch near Lady’s Walk, at the north-end of the town, subject to additions of salt water from the river, is Pzszdzum pusillum var. grandis and deformed specimens of Planorbis umbzlicatus. The typical land shell of the district is Heléx rufescens. Felix nemoralis and H. hortensts axe fine, but extremely local, the former pre- ferring high ground above Scotforth, and the latter the river valley. A. caperata occurs on the Morecambe road. At Caton 4. pygmea is common on dead oak leaves, and on the river bridge one specimen of Clauszlza laminata has been found. In a pond close to the salt marshes of the river estuary is Sphertum lacustre var. ryckholtiz, Out of a total of fifty-four species, the following are not included in the Census for 1902: Hyalinia radiatula, H. fulva, Helix pulchella, H. eranulata, Clausilia laminata, Spherium lacustre, Pisidium pustllum, Dretssensia polymorpha and Unio margaritifer, the two latter names, however, are by no means new records.—J. Davy DEAN (Read before the Society, Oct. 14th, 1903).
IMPERFORATE HALIOTIS TUBERCULATA.
By E. D. MARQUAND, A.L.S.
(Read before the Society, Februry 10, 1904).
AxgoutT eleven years ago Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., announced in the Conchologist, vol. 2, p. 75, the presentation to the British Museum of an Ormer shell, in which the characteristic perforations are entirely absent: a pecularity which, Mr. Smith remarked, “appears to be of the greatest rarity, for I only find that one notice of its: occur- rence has ever been published; nor has it been observed by any of the conchologists and others whom I have consulted.” The record alluded to occurs in Jeffreys’ ‘Brit. Conch.,” vol. 3, p. 281, where the author states, speaking of Haliotis tuberculata, that ‘fone in Mrs. Collings’ collection has no orifice, although it is about an inch and a quarter in length.”
I am pleased to be able to record the occurrence of another example, which was found on the famous shell beach at Herm, about thirty years ago, by the late Mrs. R. 3S. Boley, of Guernsey, who treasured it as a curiosity, until I informed her of its extreme rarity; and a few months before her death she most kindly presented it to me. This specimen is smaller than the others, being only 12 milli- metres in length, whereas the one mentioned by Jeffreys, which I have lately had an opportunity of examining, is 28 millimetres long, and the British Museum example Mr. Smith says measures two and a quarter inches (56 mm.).
Jeffreys was mistaken in supposing that the imperforate specimen he mentions was ‘in Mrs. Collings’ collection,”—but the error is easily explained. In the early sixties Jeffreys used to come over to Guernsey shell-collecting, and became very intimate with the Lukis family, more especially with the late Dr. F, C. Lukis, who was an ardent conchologist. This gentleman’s two sisters, the late Mrs. Collings, the wife of the then Seigneur of Sark, and Miss Lukis, who is still living, had also studied the shells of these islands, and, of course, submitted their collections for the inspection of the author of “British Conchology;” and so, quite unintentionally, Mrs. Collings got the credit of possessing a shell which had really been found by, and had always belonged to, her sister.
Miss Lukis, who distinctly remembers showing the shell to Jeffreys, tells me she found it alive on the north coast of Guernsey; but she does not recollect noticing any peculiarity about it at the time; and it was only after the shell had been cleaned (it still shows traces of animal matter) that the absence of holes was discovered.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904. 49
I cannot say what the outside of this original specimen is like, as it is gummed down on a tablet; but in the Herm example a series of tubercles replaces the apertures, so that, without close examination, there is nothing externally to mark its peculiarity. Hence, I imagine it would be difficult to detect the absence of holes in a small living Ormer. If another specimen could be found alive, the dissection of the animal would settle the interesting question whether or not the slit in the mantle is, as Mr. Smith suggests, altogether wanting.
Report on the Wirral Peninsula Ramble, July 11th, 1903.—During the walk from Meols station to the shore a few common mollusca were picked up, but our principal object was to reach the locality of Barnea candida at the submerged forest between Leasowe and Hoylake. The remains of this ancient forest are covered by a thick bed of peat, in which stand the stumps of numerous trees—oak, willow, alder, birch, and elm being easily distinguishable. On the surface of this bed many freshwater shells may be found, very fragile, but perfectly recognisable, their presence denoting that before the sea overwhelmed this tract a swamp or freshwater lake covered the spot. Where Birkenhead Docks now are was once the heart of a forest of birch (‘‘Birchen Wood” it was anciently called). The boundary of this submerged forest we can only approximately trace, but it is cer- tain that all writers, ancient and modern, describe this bay as having been inhabited by man and beast at an early period. According to ancient maps and records, the devastation of the Wirral shore-line must lave been very great. Formerly, from the Ribble to the Dee, and from a great distance seaward, extend- ing inward up the valleys of these rivers, the country was clothed with trees. All this wooded country has now utterly disappeared, with the exception of the rem- nants visible at low tide. Fortunately the tide was sufficiently low for our purpose, and very soon we came across some fine colonies of Barnea candida, the mollusks making their presence known by the spirts of water from their siphons, as we walked over the sodden and slippery peat. The peat, where they occur, is simply honeycombed with their countless burrows, and it was an entirely new experience to most of the party to break off portions of the wave-worn peat ridges, and find them full to overflowing with individuals in all stages of growth. After obtaining as many of these shells as desired, and picking up a few of the common littoral shells, we left the shore for the sand-hills, and were pleased to find that the colony of Helix acuta had not been destroyed by the encrcachments of the sea, or the con- struction of the immense new breakwater. Under the stones behind the sea-wall Flelix nemoralis, H. caperata, and Jaminia muscorum occurred, and in the moist places Szccinea elegans. We made a careful search amongst the sand-hills for the **pockets” of wind-blown shells, which are in some places so productive. The results obtained from the sifting of a number of ‘‘ pockets” does not indicate a great abundance of mollusca in this locality; we only got Vitrzna pellucida, Helix acuta, HH. hispida, H. caperata, H. nemoralis (juv.), H. aspersa (juv.), Vitrea pura, Jaminia cylindracea, J. muscorum, Vertigo pygmaa, Cochlicopa lubrica, Succinea elegans and Paludestrina stagnalés.—R. STANDEN (Read before the Soczety, Oct. 14,
1903).
50
NOTES ON THE GENUS AMPULLARIA.
By WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, A.M., Sc.D.
(Read before the Society, February 10, 1904).
TuE first reference to the shells of this genus as distinguished from Helix, Planorbis, etc., is to be found in the “Museum Calonnianum,” in 1797. This publication was a sale catalogue issued, without any name of author or publisher, by G. Humphrey, an auctioneer and dealer, to whom had been consigned the collection of M. de Calonne, driven from France by the political troubles of the Revolution of 1793. The book is rare and was doubtless sent out to such amateurs as the seller thought likely to participate in purchases. For some reason, however, the collection was not sold at the time.
The shells contained in the Calonne collection comprised, among others, the collection originally belonging to M. Hvass, sometime Danish Consul at Paris, to whom the monograph of the genus Conus in the “Encyclopédie Méthodique” is due. Hvass was a bachelor, who lost his fortune by the outbreak of the French Revolution, which obliged him to sell his shells, which were bought by M. de Paris, from whose possession they passed into that of M. de Calonne. Shortly afterwards Hvass died. The collection seems to have been sent to England and sold as a whole to G. Humphrey, together with a manu- script by Hvass in which they were classified. I was informed by the late Sylvanus Hanley and J. Gwyn Jeffreys that the tradition was that - Humphrey put the manuscript into the hands of E. M. DaCosta, by whom it was seen through the press, and who made a few alterations, though as a whole the arrangement of Hvass was not changed. Most of the copies (I have seen five, of which I own two, while another is in the Library of Congress)! bear annotations and changes in a hand which agrees well with that of Humphrey’s labels, some of which were preserved in the Jeffreys Collection now in the U.S. National Museum. One copy, which has passed through the hands of Spengler, Coun- seller of State Thomsen, Roding, H. Beck, R. Berg, O. A. L. Morch and myself, has a contemporary MS. note in the supposed hand ot Humphrey, adding to paragraph 1, page 5, the words, ‘‘from a mscr. of Mr. Hvas.” There is also a note by Morch stating that Roding received from Humphrey colored plates illustrating part of the col- lection; which I suppose may have been what has been noted in bibliographies as the ‘“‘Museum Hunfredianum,” a work which appears to have been wholly lost.
1 Acopy is in the library of the Manchester Museum.—W.E.H,
DALL: NOTES ON THE GENUS AMPULLARIA. 51
However great an improvement on the contemporaneous classifica- _ tions the work of Hvass may have been when it was written, it contains nothing which is of scientific value at the present time. Owing, doubtless, to the prevalence of war, it was unknown on the continent, and unreferred to in systematic conchology until nearly fifty years later, when, in 1845, Menke took notes from the copy above described. About half-a-dozen copies are known.
I have held that, as an anonymous pamphlet not issued for sale and bearing the name of neither author nor publisher, it is not entitled to be cited for systematic names. As there are neither diagnoses, nor figures given or cited, it was barred by the British Association rules of 1842. From the history which I have recorded above, it is evident that if anyone is given credit for the names (should they be cited) it should be Hvass and not Humphrey. I may add that a large number of the best known names in the science would be overthrown and reduced to synonymy if the names of the ‘‘Museum Calonnianum” are accepted, and without the slightest benefit to science. Among them is the name of the genus which is the subject of these notes.
Popularly known as the “Apple Snail” we find it called Pomus, and, though five nude specific names are given in the list, only one of them is identifiable, P. ampullacea, of China, to which is added as a synonym ‘Helix ampullacea Linn.”
The following year appeared the “‘Museum Boltenianum” in which, though no diagnoses were given, full citations of name, volume, page and figure of previous authors were provided, and there seems to be no way in which we can consistently refuse to adopt the Boltenian name if we accept any names given without a diagnosis, as has now become a common practice.
Bolten proposes the name /%/a (a ball) for the apple snails, and divides the forms commonly included under Ae/ix ampullacea Linné, into six species, retaining the name ampudlacea for one of them. ila had not previously been used by any binomial author for a genus of animals. Bolten specifies no type and his list includes both Asiatic species, with a calcareous operculum, and American forms with a horny one. In 1799 Lamarck proposed the name of Ampullaria with the sole example cited Helix ampullacea L. ‘The original type of this species—for which the name ampullacea must be preserved, in contradistinction to those allied forms previously associated with it— is the shell figured from the origina! by Philippi in his monograph of Ampullaria (“Conch. Cab.”, ed. Kiister, p. 62, pl. 20, fig. 6), uReer the name of 4. Limn@i; and also by Reeve (Conch. Icon.”, 3% Ampullaria, pl. 24, fig. ey This is an Asiatic species with a cal” careous operculum. But Lamarck, like his contemporaries, included
52 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904.
a number of species under the name ampullacea, and the trivial name “cordon bleu,” which he used with it was applied to an American’ species by Favanne. In 1801, in his “Systeme des animaux sans vertébres” (p. 93), Lamarck adds to his diagnosis the statement “muni d’un opercule corné.” This must be taken as settling the name of Ampu/laria definitely on the species with a horny operculum, leaving those with a calcareous operculum to carry the Boltenian designation, Pia. Gray (1824) and Guilding (1828) afterwards divided the genus in the same sense. Gray’s AZarisa being intended to cover Ampullaria s.s., and not the Helix cornu-arietis which has so persistently and inaccurately been asserted to be the type of AZazisa.
It is a somewhat singular fact that the Old World forms appear to be dextral with an externally calcareous operculum, or sinistral with a horny one; while those of America all have an operculum externally horny, and are dextral. Of the latter South America is the great metropolis, most of the species being found in the Caribbeean or Atlantic drainage. In the highlands of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, a small group of species is found in which the pillar is heavy and callous, the umbilicus closed with a pad of callus, as in WVatica clausa, while the other characters are as usual in Ampullaria. Ampullaria columellaris Gould may serve as type of this section which I propose to call Lzmnopomus.1 ‘The sinistral forms with a horny operculum are wholly African. The forms with a calcareous oper- culum and dextral, globose shell, are African or Asiatic. The eggs have a calcareous coat and are laid in large masses on the stems of reeds above water. They are usually, when fresh, of very attractive colors—crimson, pale pink, or bluish green—which are apt to fade when the egg-mass is dried or put in alcohol. The nepionic shell has spiral rows of delicate hairs and a well developed operculum before it leaves the egg-shell, the Oriental species even have the shelly coat of the operculum developed before hatching.
The following key will enable one to trace the subdivisions of the
group :—
Operculum externally calcareous. Pila. Respiratory siphon long. Shell solid. Color uniform
or spirally banded. Fila s.s.
Shell very delicate. Color nebulous. Saulea.
Operculum externally horny. Ampullaria.
Shell dextral. Respiratory siphon long. Pillar not callous, umbilicus open. Shell globose, Ampullaria s.s.
1 A. castillot Sowerby, appears also to belong to this group.
DALL : NOTES ON THE GENUS AMPULLARIA. 53
Shell planorboid. Ceratodes | Pillar callous, umbilicus filled with callus. Shell globose. Limnopomus. Pillar appressed, spire depressed. Shell few whorled, spirally sculptured. Pomella. Respiratory siphon absent or obsolete. Shell globose, Asolene. Shell sinistral. Umbilicate, form trochoid. Lanistes. Imperforate, form bulimoid. Meladomus.
A very detailed account of the habits and mode of respiration of the American Ampullaria is given by Bavay (/. de ConchyZ., vol. 23, pp. 298-305, October, 1875), and of the Asiatic form by Ramanan CE Walacol vols 10, pp. 107-182, December, 1903), AV partial synonymy of the various groups follows, from which the main systematic vicissitudes through which they have passed may be deduced. The soft parts of Zimnopomus, Pomella, Lanistes and Meladomus are still in need of description and illustration.
Genus PILA (Bolten). Type Helix ampullacea Linneé, Asia.
1797. Poms (Anonymous) Mus. Calonnianum, p. 58, [sole ex. Helix ampullacea L.., China].
1798. /2/a Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, ed. i., p. 145, ex parte.
1799. Ampullarta Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 76, ex parte.
1817. Conchylium Cuvier, Régne An., ii., p. 426, ex parte.
1821. Ampullaria Sowerby, Genera, iv.; A. rugosa Lam.
1828. fachystoma Guilding, Zool. Journ., iii., p. 536 [A. globosa Swainson, type, p- 539: Not Pachystomus Latreille, Diptera, 1809, nor Gray, 1840].
1840. Pachylabra Swainson, Malac., p. 339 [A. globosa Sw.].
1842. LPornus Sowerby, Conch. Man., ed. ii., p. 235; (Err. typ.).
1847. Pomus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 148 |H. ampullacea L.}.
1854. Ampullaria H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., i., p. 345.
1859. <Ampullaria Chenu, Man. de Conchyl., p. 313.
1883. <Awpullaria Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii., p. 276.
1885. Pachylabra Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 757 [H. ampullacea L.].
Subgenus SAuLEA Gray. Type Helex vitrea Born, Sierra Leone. 1867. Sazlea Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 1,000 [not Sazla Gerst., Coleoptera, 1858]. 1871. Sazzlia Crosse, J. de Conchyl., xix., p. 144. 1883. Saz/ea Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch., ii., p. 276. 1885. Saudea Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 757.
Genus AMPULLARIA Lamarck. Type Werita urceus Miiller, Mississippi.
1799. Ampullaria Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 76, ex parte. 1801. Ampullavia Lamarck, Systeme, p. 93>
54
I8to. I8It. 1817. 1824. 1828. 1830.
1840.
1842. 1854.
1859. 1883.
1885.
1799. 1801.
1828.
1837. 1840.
1842. 1845. 1854. 1859. 1883.
1885.
1847.
1853. 1850. 1883. 1885.
1837. 1838. 1840. 1842. 1846. 1846. 1854. 1859. 1883. 1885.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904.
Ampullarius Montfort, Conch., ii., p. 242 [A. wrceus Brug. |.
Pomacea Perry, Conch., expl. pl. 28, [P. maculata P.}.
Conchylium Cuvier, Regne An., il., p. 426, ex parte.
Marisa Gray, Phil. Mag., \xiii., p. 276 (AZ. tntermedia Gray].
Anpullaria Guilding, Zool Journ., iii., p. 536.
Marissa Menke, Synops., ed. ii., p. 49, in synonymy [not A/arissa Walker, Lepidoptera, 1854).
Marisca Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus., pp. 59, 89 (err. typ.) [not A/arésca Gistel, Aves, 1848].
Amphibola Sowerby, Conch. Man., ed. ii., p. 63 [not of Schumacher, 1817].
Pomus H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., i, p. 346 [not of Mus. Calon- nianum, 1797].
Pomus Chenu, Man. de Conchyl., i., p. 313.
Pomus Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii., p. 276.
Ampullaria Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 757 [A. zrceus Miill. }.
Section Cerafodes Guilding. Type Planorbis cornu-arietis Lamarck, S. America. Planorbis Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 76, [not of (Geoffroy) Miiller, 1774]. Planorbis Lamarck, Systeme, p. 93. Ceratodes Guilding, Zool. Jouri., i1., p. 537 [sole ex A. cornu-artetzs Linné]. Ceratodes D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Mér., p. 335. Ceratodes Swainson, Malac., p. 339. Ceradotes Sowerby, Conch. Man., ed. ii., p. 204. Ceratoides Catlow, Conch. Nom.. p. 193; in syn. Marisa H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., i., p. 347 [not of Gray, 1824]. Marisa Chenu, Man. de Conchyl., 1., p. 314. Marisa Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii., p. 277. Marisa Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 757.
Section Zémnopomus Dall, nov. Type Ampullaria columellarits Gould, 1848, Peru. Section Pomella Gray.
Type Ampullaria megastoma Sowerby, La Plata. Fomella Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 148 [type A. nxerttoddes D’Orbigny, 1837 =A. megastoma Sby., 1825]. Pomella H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., i., p. 348. Pomella Chenu, Man. de Conchyl., i., p. 314. Pomella Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii., p. 276. Pomella Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 757.
Subgenus ASOLENE D’Orbigny. Type Helix plate Maton, La Plata.
Asolene D’Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Meér., p. 364. Asolena Troschel, Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg., 1838, u., p. 279. Ampulloidea D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Mér., p. 379. Amputloides D’Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 2. Asolena Herrmannsen, Index Gen. Malac., i., pp. 45, 84. Asolen Agassiz, Nomencl. Index, p. 103. Asolene H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., i., p. 349. Ampulloidea Chenu, Man. de Conchyl., i., p. 314. Asolene Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii., p. 276. Asolene Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 757.
DALL : NOTES ON THE GENUS AMPULLARIA. 55
Genus LANISTES Montfort.
Type Cyclostoma carinatum Olivier, Africa. 1810. Lanistes Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii., p. 122 (ZL. olzvderz Montfort. [The name does not occur in the Museum Calonnianum as has been asserted. : Not Zandstes Swainson, 1840= Lazzstina Gray, 1847]. 1840. Lanztes Swainson, Malac., p. 339 [Z. geenatca Swainson]. 1854. Landstes H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., i., p. 349. 1859. Lanistes Chenu, Man. de Conchyl., i., p. 314. 1883. Lanzstes Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii., p. 277. 1885. Lanistes Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 757.
Subgenus (?) MELADOMUS Swainson. Type Meladomus bulimoides Swainson, Africa. 1840. JZeladomus Swainson, Malac., p. 340. 1854. MJeladomus H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., i., p. 349. 1859. Meladomus Chenu, Man. de Conchyl., i., p. 314. 1883. MJeladomus Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii., (Ds Die 1885. Meladomus Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 758 [AZ oltvacea Sowerby].
+o
Helix cantiana Montagu at Tooting Common, Surrey.—I am not able to trace that H/e/¢x cantiana has ever been set down as occurring at Tooting Common —that is actually in London, and within five miles of Charing Cross. As, however, it will in all probability sooner or later be reported from thence, I think that the fact, positively known to me, that it has (quite innocently) been introduced there recently, in tgo1, should be placed on record. A young friend wrote to me, in 1902: ‘* My colony of Helzx cantiana on Tooting Common is flourishing.” This was the first intimation I had of the matter, and I at once asked for particulars, explaining at the same time the scientific importance of placing them on record. My friend replied : ‘I did not realise what I was doing at the time. The snails were some that I brought from Hastings, and finding that I had more than were needed for my collection, not wishing to kill them unnecessarily, I placed them on the Common.”—WILLIAM WHITWELL (Read before the Society, Sept. 9th, 1903).
Land Shells at High Altitudes.—During a visit to Switzerland this year we went for ten days to Arolla, at the head of the Combe d’Arolla, in the Canton Valais. The Grand Hotel Kurhaus, where we stayed, is situated in a pine wood, about 350 feet above the river, and an altitude of 6,850 feet above the sea. The pine wood only stretches for a short distance above the hotel, and as usual no shells were found in the wood, but just above the limits of the trees I found under stones Hyalinza radzatula and var. viredescentz-alba, Conulus fulvus, Patula rupes- tris, and P. ruderata, and also Czonella lubrica. These were all found at an altitude of 7,000 feet or over. During our visit we went one day for an excursion to the Lac Bleu de Lucel, and returning by the Cascade des Ignes, and from there up a very rough stone gully in the direction of the Aiguilles Rouges, we found four specimens of Helix arbustorum var. alpicola fully 7,500 feet or over. I have never before found shells at so high an altitude, and should be glad to know if they have been found higher than this in Europe.—EDWARD COLLIER (Read before the Society, Oct. 14, 1903).
56 A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS
A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF BRECONSHIRE AND RADNORSHIRE.
By J. WILLIAMS VAUGHAN.
(Read before the Society, December g, 1903).
As I have never heard of any attempt at an enumeration of the molluscan fauna of these inland counties, I thought that the following list of the species I have myself found might be of interest to members, especially as I find, on submitting them to the Recorder, that twenty-six are new records for Brecon and four for Radnor. The new records are indicated by an asterisk.
*Vitrina pellucida Drap. Velinnewydd. *Vitrea crystallina (Miull.). Cwmbach Quarry. Llandefalley. *V. cellaria (Miull.). Common in many places. *V. alliaria (Miller). Common. *V. nitidula (Drap.). Plentiful, Velinnewydd. *V. pura (Alder). Near Velinnewydd—type and var. mctidosa Fér. *V. radiatula (Alder). One specimen, Velinnewyed. *Euconulus fulvus (Miull.). Cwmbach Quarry, Llandefalley. *Pyramidula rotundata (Mull.). Everywhere. *Hygromia fusca Mont. Near Pontybatt, on road between Brecon and Hay. H. hispida L. (=concinna Jeff.). Bronllys Castle and Llande- falley churchyard. *H. rufescens (Penn.). Priory wall, Brecon. *Vallonia pulchella (Mull.). Llangorse. *Helicigona lapicida (L.). Talgarth. *H. arbustorum (L.). Two specimens on road near Velin- newydd. Helix aspera Mull. ‘Talgarth, Bronllys and Llyswen. H. nemoralis L. Common. H. hortensis Mill. Common. *Ena obscura Mill. (=Aulimus obscurus). Garden wall, Velin- newydd. *Cochlicopa iubrica (Miill.). Llanvillo. *Jaminia cylindracea (Da Costa). Llandefalley Rectory gardens. Clausilia bidentata (Strom.) (rugosa Drap.). *Succinea putris (L.). Velinnewydd mill stream, *Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. Velinnewydd brook. *Acroloxus lacustris (L.). Llangorse Lake. Limnza auricularia (L.). Llangorse Lake.
VAUGHAN : MOLLUSCA OF BRECONSHIRE AND RADNORSHIRE. 57
L. pereger (Miill.). Common.
Var. maritima. Llangorse Lake. *L. truncatula (Miill.). Velinnewydd. L. stagnalis (L.). Llangorse Lake. *Planorbis albus Mill. Velinnewydd. P. crista (L.) (=aautileus Lehm.). Llangorse Lake. *P, fontanus (Lightfoot). Llangorse Lake. Bithynia tentaculata Leach. Llangorse Lake. *Valvata piscinalis Mill. Llangorse Lake. *V. cristata Mill. Llangorse Lake. Anodonta cygnea (L.). Llangorse Lake. Sphzrium corneum (L.). Velinnewydd. Pisidium amnicum (Mull.). Llangorse Lake. *P, henslowianum (Shepp.). Llangorse Lake. *P. subtruncatum Malm (=/oniinale Jeff.). Llangorse Lake. P. pusillum (Gmel.).
* * * * *
The following species I have so far only found in the adjoining county of Radnor:—
*Helicella caperata (Mont.). Railway embankment near Erwood Station.
*Balea perversa (L.). Skreen Darran.
*Planorbis contortus (L.). Llanbuckbyn pool.
*Physa fontinalis (L.). Llanbuckbyn pool.
————--0-@—___—_
The Type of Cyprza caput-anguis Philippi.—With a view of ascertaining whether the type of this species was really lost, I wrote to Dr. Philippi himself. His son kindly answered my enquiry as follows :—
“¢ Santiago, 15 Juin, 1902. Monsieur !
Le typ de Cyprea caput-angués se trouve ici au Musée, faisant part de la collection de coquilles que mon pere a vendu au Gouvernement de Chili il fait long temps, la méme qu'il avait apportée d’Allemagne.
Votre tres devoué, FEDERICO PHILIPPI.” —L. St. G. BYNE (Read before the Soctety, November 11th, 1903).
Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Switzerland.—Whilst staying a few days at Corbeyrier sur Aigle, in July last, I found within one hundred yards of the Hotel Victoria a very fine specimen of the above, fully grown, and of the typical five-banded form. I also took most of the species that I found there in 1896, but in addition I got Helix Japicida and a fine series of “7. hortensis vars. incarnata and /zlacina. EDWARD COLLIER (Read before the Society, Oct. 14, 1903).
58
THE SEVENTIETH BIRTHDAY OF HERMANN STREBEL (Jan. 1st, 1904).
(Read before the Society, March 9, 1904).
Ir is not in the least extraordinary for a man of affairs to devote his leisure to scientific study, but it is quite unusual for him to show such power that learned men who have made it their profession regard him as a distinguished authority. This is the case with our fellow con- chologist, Hermann Strebel. When fifteen years old he went to Mexico and stayed there as a merchant until 1869, that is a period of twenty years. At Vera Cruz he became acquainted with Dr. Hermann Berendt, who introduced him to the delights of zoology and archeology, thus stimulating the scientific activity which, after his return home, Strebel at once began to exercise with all the activity of his nature. At first he turned his attention to working out his zoological collections. His book on the fauna of Mexico was finished in 1882, after six years’ work; it ranks among the best and most detailed faunistic monographs, and gained for the author the undivided esteem of all contemporary authorities. ‘The chief value of this book lies not so much in the fact that it increases our knowledge of Mexican zoology as in the scientific treatment of the subject, and in the state- ment and solution of many problems regarding form and colour to which his skill was peculiarly adapted. Another important feature is the demonstration of groups of forms, still in the course of transmuta- tion, in accordance with our modern theory of evolution and with the recent discoveries of paleontology. All, this, together with a large number of illustrations, either photographed or drawn by the author, did much to recommend the book; it was, as Mr. Pilsbry, one of the first authorities, has said, ‘ahead of the times.”
After the completion of this zoological work Strebel turned his attention to Mexican archzeology, which he had been studying for some years. His writings on this subject are comprised in ten treatises containing 118 plates, the last of them is still in the press. The two volumes on Old Mexico and the more recent studies of ornaments and earthen vessels are the most important, though all are pre-eminent and have done more, perhaps, than the zoological works to mark Strebel’s career as that of a great scholar.
Besides devoting himself to productive work he took a great interest in the scientific life of his native city. He was a permanent and active member of the Commission for the Natural History and Ethnological Museums; for thirty years, too, he has been one of the most energetic and respected members of the Natural Science
THE SEVENTIETH BIRTHDAY OF HERMANN STREBEL. 59
Association. Because of his scientific importance, and no less on account of his simple, straightforward nature, the people of Hamburg have been accustomed for years to look up to him as the senior member of the circle of naturalists. Very hearty and memorable expression was given to this esteem on his seventieth birthday, which was celebrated on January 1st this year. In the forenoon Dr. Melle appeared to present congratulations from the Senate, the School Authority and the Managing Committee of the Ethnological Museum. After him Dr. Wilhelm Spengel brought a diploma conferring on Mr. Strebel the honorary degree of doctor of philosophy in the University of Giessen. Diplomasand congratulations were received from a large number of other learned societies, the list of these runs as follows :— Leipziger Museum fur Volkerkunde; the Anthropological Society, Washington; Sociedad cientifica ‘‘Antonio Alzate” in Mexico; Society of Naturalists in Basle; Société des Américanistes de Paris; the Conchological Society, England; the Anthropological Societies of Berlin and Vienna; and the Malacological Society, London. Con- gratulations were sent by the directors of the Museums in Berlin, Paris, Cambridge, Stuttgart, Lubeck and Manchester, also by the chief representatives of Ethnology and Malacology.
In the evening Dr. Strebel’s family and their nearest friends gathered round a hospitable board. The toasts were, at first, of a somewhat serious character, but a lighter tone was quickly intreduced and sustained by some poems specially written for the occasion by Professors Seler, Schubert and Pfeiffer.
The Society’s address, for the text of which it is indebted to Mr. Edward Fiddes, M.A., was as follows :—
HERMANNO STREBEL
viro clarissimo atque doctissimo Societas Conchologica apud Britannos Hibernosque instituta Salutem dat
In nomine societatis nostrae quae tanti gaudii doctorum particeps esse vult tibi vir venerande gratulamur quod nunc annos septuaginta vitae tuae complevisti. Quis enim ignorat te multa ad incrementum scientiae contu- lisse, per multos annos per magnum laborem ad antiquitatem Mexicanam animum intendentem? Nec vero studia nostris simillima a te aliena sunt. Nam opera tua de conchis illius regionis, quae multas res antea obscuras illustrarunt, notissima sunt nec dum cura de hac parte naturae apud doctos manebit, tuum nomen ex memoria excidere patientur. Utinam per multos annos per annos felices vivas valeas scientiam augeas.
R. F. ScHarrr, Preses. Kal. Jan., A.S., MCMIV. GULIELMUS E. HOYLE, Secretarzus.
To this the following reply has been received from Dr. Strebel :—
60 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, I904.
PAPENSTRASSE 79, HAMBURG, ri, Januar, 1904. HERRN Wm. E. HOYLE
Secretar der Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Hochgeehrter Herr!
Unter den vielen Ehrungen und Anerkennungsbeweisen, die mir gelegentlich der Vollendung meines siebzigsten Lebensjahres dargebracht sind, hat mir die iiberaus freundliche und mich ehrende Begriissung der Conchological Society eine besondere Freude gemacht. Ich bitte sie hoch- verehrter und lieber Herr Hoyle der Gesellschaft daftir meinen aufrichtigen und herzlichen Dank iibermitteln zu wollen.
Thr sehr ergebener, Dr. HERMANN STREBEL
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND
327th Meeting, January 13th, 1904. Mr. Alfred Leicester in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: Papers on Italian Mollusca by Dr. Raffaele Bellini (/vom the author), and the
usual periodicals received in exchange. New Members Elected. Fred Booth, 43, Victoria Road, Saltaire, Yorks. Henry William Parritt, $8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, London, N. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Thos H. Platt, 73. Clarendon Road, Manley Park, Manchester. R. E. J. Stone, Asliffe, 78, Woodstock Road, Oxford. Resignation. W. D. Brown. Member Deceased.
W. D. Crick. The Hermann Strebel Celebration.
It was reported that notice had been received of the intention of various scientific associations to celebrate the seventieth birthday of the distinguished traveller, Hermann Strebel, of Hamburg, on January Ist, 1904, and that a letter of congratu- lation, signed by the President and Secretary, had been sent in the name of the Society. Dr. Strebel’s reply was read to the meeting, and it was announced that the letter and reply would be published in the Journal.
Papers Read.
‘*Landshells of Majorca,” and ‘‘Fish and Paludestrina jenkinsi,” by the Rev. Canon Horsley.
“Note on Petricola pholadiformis,” by Hugh Watson.
“* Dreissensia polymorpha: Its Characters and Life History,” by R. Standen.
Exhibits.
By Mr. C. Oldham: Amalia gagates var. rava, Dundalk, Co. Louth—on behalf of Mr. P. H. Grierson; and Ayalinta lucida, from near Plymouth—on behalf of Mr. L. E. Adams.
Many characteristic series of Dretssensta polymorpha from British and foreign localities were shown by Messrs. R. Standen and J. W. Jackson, together with many sets of Jocal interest from the Manchester Museum, and from the Society’s collections to illustrate Mr. Standen’s paper.
i att
PROCEEDINGS : FEBRUARY I0, 1904. 61
328th Meeting, February roth, 1904. Mr. chanics Oldham in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: G. K. Gude: “A classified list of the Helicoid Land Shells of Asia,” parts 7
and 8 (from the author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange. Donation to the Illustration Fund announced and thanks voted: The Hon. Secretary 8/-. New Members Elected.
Thos. H. Platt, 73, Clarendon Road, Manley Park, Manchester. R E. J. Stone, Asliffe, 78, Woodstock Road, Oxford.
Candidates Proposed for Membership. Miss A. L. Massy, 9, St. James Terrace, Malahide, co. Dublin. W. R. Sherrin, 38, Fielding Road, Chiswick, London, W
Resignation. C. B. Crampton, M.B.
The Statement of Accounts FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1903, having been signed by the Auditors was laid before the Meeting.
RECEIPTS— fh tah EXPENDITURE— > fo G3 & Balance in hand ia .. 16 1 © | Library Cards ou: © i 2 Subscriptions... .» 71 © O| Taylor’s Monograph, parts 8 Two Life Members’ ees ie GN |G) 50, and 9 a3 o10 6 Sale of Publications .,. ... 26 16 2 | Printing Jowz poly, 1902 Donations : —July, 1903 iis 62 12 2
W. E. Hoyle, Library Printing List of Marine Mol-
Cards ... 019 2 lusca ae 50 © 5 ©
J. Cosmo Melvill, Conn: Reprints 9 19 6
bution to Illustration Illustrations ... 9 8 o PwC! 66 ao .. 2 O O| Stationery 3 16 10 Bookbinding... © 3 © Recorder’s Expenses . 012 0 Treasurer’s Expenses i 1@ Secretary’s and Editor’s Ex- penses... ts Marea ONZE ONS Balance forward... 505 ite) ed) Pale Bun eed £123 2 4
Audited and found correct, ey J. W. JACKSON. oie a C. STUMP.
Papers Read.
“Notes on the genus Amfullarza,” by W. H. Dall.
“‘Tmperforate Haliotes tuberculata, by E. D. Marquand.
‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Ilfracombe and District: Supple- mentary List,” by H. Beeston and C. E. Wright.
Exhibits.
By Mr. J. W. Jackson: A fine series of Werztina fluviatilis from the canal at Lancaster, showing colour variation and growth stages; He/ex asfersa from Caton,
62 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904,
near Lancaster, and from Chatham—the former being remarkably heavy and solid, although from the millstone grit formation—contrasted with the latter, from the chalk, which were unusually thin, almost approaching var. Zezzzor in texture.
By Mr. F. Taylor: On behalf of Mr. A. G. Stubbs—A set of water-colour drawings of varieties of British shells.
By Rev. L. J. Shackleford: Strvombus bubonius, Conus genuanus, Siphonalia buxea, Cyprea picta, C. lurida, C. spurca, and series of Triton, Pecten, etc., all from Cape Verde Islands.
By Messrs. H. Beeston and C. E. Wright: A series of North-Devon mollusca to illustrate their paper.
By Mr. R. Standen: Ayalinza (Polita) glabra Studer, Switzerland (from the Crosse collection), compared with Whalley examples of Vztvea vogersi Woodward (from the Oldham collection), showing the specific difference most markedly; Caracolina asturica Mich. and C. constricta Boub., from Spain; Z7zgonostoma holosericea Stud., Switzerland; 7. dzodonta Muhlf., Servia; Petasta btdens Chem., from France; Unio scobinata Lea, Cambodia, and U. spzzosa Lea, Southern States of America; Vitrina (Semtlimax) diaphana Drap., from Trieste; anda living specimen of Planorbis complanatus m. scalariforme, from Didsbury.
A large series of Limncea palustris was shewn from the ‘‘Oldham” and ‘‘ Darbi- shire” collections in the Manchester Museum, the latter being especially rich in fine series of the very large specimens obtained by M. Hazay, near Budapest, Hungary. Local examples were shewn by various members.
329th Meeting, March 9th, 1904. Mr. Edward Collier in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: “¢ The Nudibranchiate Molluscs of Ballynakill, etc.,” by G. P. Farran (from the author) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Members Elected. Miss A. L. Massy, 9, St. James Terrace, Malahide, County Dublin. W. R. Sherrin, 38, Fielding Road, Chiswick, London, W. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Professor Raffaello Bellini, R. Scuola Tecnica, Chivasso, Turin. George Hubbard Clapp, 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. Arthur H. Gray, 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Frederick B. Jennings, 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, London, N. Thomas Taylor, 4, London Road, Blackpool. Resignations. The Rev. A. B. Kendig, D.D.
Mark Stirrup, F.G.S. Paper Read.
An account of the celebration of the seventieth birthday of Hermann Strebel in
Hamburg. Sepsis
By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Fessurella volcano, Acmea patina, A. scabra, A. scutum, A. pelta, A. spectrum, A. incessa, A. persona, and A. paliacea ; Crepidula rugosa; Cructbulum spinosum ; and Lotta gzganiea, from Californian localities.
By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A fine series of Pecten maximus, from Brixham, shewing remarkable variation in colour of interior of shell, varying from pure white to deep purple red.
By Mr. R. Standen (on behalf of the Manchester Museum): (a), Buccenum undatum v. flexwosum, and a bi-operculate specimen of this species, pe 90 faths. off Unst. Shetland ; (4), a series of shells dredged from brackish water in Kiel
PROCEEDINGS: MARCH 9, 1904. 63
Bay, including Astarte borealis, Cardium edule, very small and thin, Scvobicularia piperata, Tellina balthica, Saxicava rugosa, Dreissensia polymorpha, Mya arenaria and MY. truncata, very small and stunted forms of each, and a peculiarly dwarfed form of Cyprina zslandica, not measuring more than 1°75 inches in length; (c), an interesting series of thin-shelled, elongate, and highly-coloured Cardium edule, from Shurmish Kul, Jaman Klich, and Jaksi Klich, three large lakes formed by the drying up of the Aral Sea, where they have accustomed themselves to the brackish water, and occur in company with Adacna vitrea, Neritina fluviatilis, Dretssensia polymorpha, Hydrobia ulve, etc.; (@), Cardtum edule from Lake Mareotis, the Bitter Lakes, Suez Canal, Port Said, and the freshwater lakes at Ramleh, all shew- ing much variation from ordinary marine forms of cockle.
A large series of British Pectens was exhibited, including very beautiful sets
shewing colour variation, from Hastings and Oban, and locality sets from many other places. Special Exhibits at Future Meetings.
April 13th - The Genus Aporrhais. May 11th eae Planorbis carinatus and P. umbilicatus. June 8th - The Genus Pupina.
Members are requested to bring or send specimens for comparison and discussion.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
The Nautilus, vol. 17, nos. 8-10, Dec. 1903-Feb. 1904.
“A new Californian Zrivza [ 7. ritterz],” by W. J. RayMonp. ‘‘ Note on Murex marcoensts Sowerby,” by F. C. BAKER [=AZ. messorius]. ‘New Land Snails from South America,” by C. F. ANcEy [Buliminus blanfordianus, Iquico, Bolivia]. ‘‘A new Sczsszella [S. dallz] from Patagonia,” by PauL BARTSCH.
“ Gundlachia and Ancylus,” by WM. H. DALu [‘‘ Gundlachia is merely an Ancylus which . . has been able to form a calcareous epiphragm and survive the winter . . . and to secrete an enlarged and somewhat discrepant shell during its second summer.” ] ‘‘ Structure of the Shell of Uzo,” by L.S. FRIERSON. ‘‘Land Shells of Mount Desert, Maine,” by H.S. Coron [lists from several localities]. ““New Land Snails from South America,” by C. F. ANcry [Aulémulus 2 n.sp., Odontostomus 3n.sp.]. ‘*‘ New Japanese Land Shells,” by H. A. Pruspry and Y. HIRASE [ Jafonza toshimana, Eulota endo, Macrochlamys tzushichitojimana (!) AZ. decens, Punctum infans, Kaliella sororcula, nn.spp. |.
‘« Shell Collecting Days at Frenchman’s Bay,” by DwiGHT BLANEY. ‘‘ Obser- vations on the Genus Quadrula,” by L. S. FRIERSON [specimens found of several species with eggs in the gills]. ‘* The Mollusks of Cedar Lake, Indiana,” by F. C. BAKER [list of 15 spp.]. ‘*‘A new Floridian Amznzcola |.A. angustina,’| by H. A. PitsBry. ‘* Notes on the Nomenclature of the Pupacea and Associated Forms,” by W. H. Datu [suggested by Mr. B. B. Woodward’s ‘‘ List of British Non-Marine Mollusca, 7. Conch., vol. 10, p. 354-5]. ‘* Descriptions of new Japanese Land Shells,” by H. A. PILsBry and Y. H1RAsE [Zulota chishimana, Alyceus awaensis, Succinea ikiana, Vertigo japonica, Nesopupa tamagonarz, nn.spp.]. ‘* Ancylé ad- hering to Water Beetles,” by C. W. JOHNSON.
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, nos. 399-401, Jan.-March, 1904.
** Les précurseurs des idées modernes sur l’origine des perles,” by ALFRED GIARD. ‘‘ Mollusques terrestres de la haute-vallée du Verdon (Basses-Alpes),”’ by E. Marcier [22 spp. recorded]. ‘‘Le Laboratoire de Malacologie du Muséum,” by L. JOuBIN.
64 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 2, APRIL, 1904.
“Sur quelques Hélices Xérophiliennes du groupe Variabiliana, recueillies aux environs de Dieppe (Seine-Inférieure),” by Louis GERMAIN.
“ Coquilles fossiles trouvées en 1903 dans les sables de Saint-Cobain (Ypré- sieo), by —. LHOMME.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 13, nos. 1 and 2, Jan. and Feb., 1904.
“‘ Decalcification of Freshwater Shells,” by R. WELCH. ‘‘ Temporary Disap- pearance of Paludestrina ventrosa,” by R. WELCH. ‘‘ Ceczlianella acicula in Ulster,” by P. H. Grierson. ‘‘ Marine Mollusca of Achill,’ by A. L. Massy [16 spp., including Volsella phaseolina and Modiolaria costulata new to district].
The Journal of Malacology, vol. 10, no. 4, Dec. 2Ist, 1903.
‘On the Respiratory and Locomotory Habits of Amzpzllaria globosa Swainson,” by V. V. RAMANAN. ‘‘ The Anatomy of Pharella orientalis Dunker, and Tagelus rufus Spengler,” by H. H. BLooMER. ‘Otto Franz von Moellendorff,” by Dr. W. Kosett. ‘‘ Some Notes on the so-called Appendix of Helzcella barbara (L).,” by H. OverTON [regarded ‘‘ as a degenerate dart-gland rather than an appendix or mucous-gland.”] ‘‘A Classified List of the Helicoid Land Shells of Asia” (part 8, conclusion), by G. K. Gupg. ‘On a small collection of Marine Shells from Surprise Island,” by E. R. SYKEs [list of 52 spp. ]-
The Naturalist, no. 564, Jan. 1904.
“Shore Collecting at Withernsea, etc.,” by T. PetcH [Lamellidorts aspera new to district]. ‘‘Avion ater var. albolateralis Roeb., in North Lanes.,” by Sy 1G oad
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, n.s. vol. 6, no. 4, Dec. 1903. ‘Notes on the Physical Conditions existing within the Line from Start Point to Portland,” by H. M. KyYLe [lists of Mollusca from various stations].
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 55, part 2, April-Sept. 1903. ‘©A new Japanese Pleurotomaria |P. hiraset, figured],” by H. A. PILSBRY. ‘¢ Variations in the Snail-Genus Ashmunella,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Annales de la Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique, vol. 37, 1902. “© Note concernant la découverte du Petricola pholadiformis L. en Belgique,” by P. Dupuis and Dr. Purzeys. ‘‘Contribution a la paléontologie de l’Eocéne belge: Amplosipho,’ by E. VINCENT. ‘‘ Petrcola pholadtformes Ie Vay eke Loppens. ‘‘ Exhibition d’un collier préhistorique fait de coquilles étrangeres, d’age éocéne, recueilli dans la grotte de Remouchamps (fouilles de mars 1902,)” by MM. RaAHIR and VAN DEN BRoEcK. ‘‘Lucina voldert Nyst,” by E. VINCENT.
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 36th year,
part 1, Jan.-March, 1904.
“¢ Streifziige in Siiditalien,” by W. Kopett. ‘‘ Diagnosen neuer A/urella- Arten,” by W. Kopett (JZ. galdensis, M. saprensis, M. coccovellé, MI. marateensis). “‘Drei neue Najadeen aus Tonkin,” by H. ROLLE [Ayriopses goliath, Unio (Quadrula) liedthke’, U. (Nodularia) gracillimus, nn.spp-]. ‘‘ Die systematische Stellung der chinesischen Zzmea,” by W. KoBet [Pseudelina n.g. for Ennea incisa and E. martensiana}. ‘‘Lo Bianco, Dr. Salvatore, le pesche abissali eseguite da F. A. Krupp col Yacht Puritan,” by W. Kopext [review]. “* Unsere Kenntnis der Fauna Europza,” by W. Kose rt [list of 18 spp. from Roumania]. ‘‘Diagnosen neuer Arten,” by H. ROLLE [Systrophia, Bulimulus 3, Bulimus ?, Nenia, nn.spp.). ‘‘ Cassidaria echinophora \., forma gigantea,” by W. KoBELT [specimen 109 mm. long, 83 mm. wide].
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Blown JULY, 1904. No. 3.
THE LAND SHELLS OF MAJORCA.
By THE Rev. CANon HORSLEY.
(Read before the London Branch of the Conchological Society on Jan. 8, 1904, and before the Society on Jan. 13, 1904).
A FEw notes on the land shells of the little known Island of Majorca may be interesting, although the time I spent there—from Nov. 17th to Dec. 8th, 1903—seemed to coincide with helicidal preparations for hybernation, and as at the beginning of December some exceptionally cold rain and wind (for Majorca) occurred, no doubt.some species hybernated earlier or more deeply than usual. In fact towards the end of my time A. pisana, H. virgata, H. pyramidata, and £7. splendida were almost the only species to be found still on herbage or shrubs.
I was unable to obtain in London Dr. Hidalgo’s list of the land shells of the Balearic Isles until after my return, and a letter to him from Palma elicited no reply, so that I had no guidance as to what species I might expect to find. I now find, however, that, writing in 1878, he describes seventy-two species of land shells as belonging to the Balearic Isles. Of these, however, twenty were not found in Majorca, thus reducing the number to fifty-two. It will be seen, however, that I can add two or three to his list. The majority of species are found on both sides of the Mediterranean, but fourteen
E
66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
species are said to be peculiar to the Balearic archipelago. The affinity of all seems, as might be expected from the geological history of the islands, to be more Spanish than Italian, French, or Algerian. It is the section /acosta of the subgenus and genus /e/icel/a that is especially characteristic of the Balearic Isles.
Dr. Hidalgo’s list is as under, those recorded from Majorca being marked Ma. :—
1. Limax variegatus, Ma. 37. Helix botssyi, Ma.
2. L. agrestis, Ma. 38. A. carol, Ma.
3. L. mazoricensis, Ma. 39. H. apicina, Ma.
4. Amalia gagates, Ma. 40. Hf. conspurcata, Ma.
5. Zestacella haliotzdea, Ma. 41. H. vostata, Ma.
6. Succinea debilis, Ma. 42. H. aculeata.
7. Leucochroa candidissima, Ma. 43. A. rupestrts.
8. L. cariosula, Ma. 44. H. pygmea.
9. Helix aspersa, Ma. 45. Hyalinia fulva.
10. A. lactea, Ma. 46. Hy. crystallina.
11. A. punctata, Ma. 47. Hy. nitida.
12. H. vermiculata, Ma. | 48. Hy. lucida, Ma.
13. A. graelistana, Ma. | 49. Hy. balmez, Ma.
14. H. balearica, Ma. | 50. Bulémus decollatus, Ma. 15. A. minoricensis, Ma. | 51. B. quadridens.
16. H. splendida, Ma. | 52. B. acutus, Ma.
17. H. pisana, Ma. | 53. 2. ventrosus, Ma.
18. A. lanuginosa, Ma. | 54. B. solitarzus, Ma. 19. H. murales. | 55. Achatina actcula, Ma. 20. H. ebusttana. | 56. Ferussacia lubrica, Ma 21. H. cespitum, Ma. | 57. &. folliculus, Ma. 22. H. variabilis, Ma. 58. F. bourguignatza. 23. H. lineata. 59. Pupa polyodon. 24. A. submertdionales. 60. P. granum, Ma.
25. H. newka, Ma. 61. P. umbilicata, Ma. 26. H. majoricensis, Ma. 62. P. minutissema, Ma. 27. H. trochoides, Ma. 63. P. codia.
28. H. terrestris; Ma. 64. Claustlia bidens, Ma. 29. H. pyramidata, Ma. 65. Zruncatella truncatula, Ma. 30. H. lenticula, Ma. 66. Cyelostomus elegans, Ma. 31. A. cardone. 67. Tudora ferruginea, Ma. 32. H. prietot, Ma. 68. Alexia myosotis, Ma. 33. H. homeyert, Ma. 69. A. payraudeaut. 34. A. nyelt. 70. A. balearica, Ma.
35. H. ponsi. 71. A. dentieulata. 36. H. pollenzensis, Ma. 72. A. firmint.
There is no public collection of natural history objects in the island, nor could I hear of any private collector, though probably some exist. The island can roughly be divided into a large plain, highly cultivated, in which land shells would not naturally abound; very stony hills, bare but for a scanty growth of prickly and aromatic — shrubs and scattered fir trees; and the mountains which are still more
HORSLEY : LAND SHELLS OF MAJORCA. 67
bare of vegetation. Therefore, prima facze, it would hardly seem a ‘snaily’ land. I may add that fowls, the great enemies of the collectors of land shells, abound. ‘Therefore, especially in November, to “leave no stone unturned” is the conchologist’s motto, and to search banks is not so lucrative. I found, however, what British experience would not lead me to anticipate, that young fir trees, about three feet high, were the favourite resort of two species, 4. pyramidata and ZH. shlendida.
I will now give a few notes on the species I found.
Helix aspersa is apparently the largest shell of the island, as I saw no trace of fomatia, though that was noted in Barcelona. It is invariably large, with a width of 1°75 inches. ‘The only variety I noticed was var. zzdalata. Itis eaten and sold in the market at Palma, but it did not seem to be very common. ‘The shells, contrary to English use, seem rarely to become decorticated.
H. balearica.—Adult specimens were hard to find. Immature shells were more common, but might be confused with those of other species. One specimen I took on the battlements, of the Lonja, an ancient building in Palma, and one in the garden below. Others on old olive trees inland.
H. splendida.—First found between La Puebla and Alcuida on shrubs and small trees, nearly always on young fir trees, rarely on others, and rarely more than one on a tree. They secrete much thin mucus, and the shells are found on cleaning to be much more delicate than their resemblance to 4. hortensis would lead one to expect. The variety 00040 is more common than the type. Of ninety-seven gathered one day, forty-two were of this variety, which would seem as worthy of a varietal name as var. fersont, which is simply (123)(45). The characteristic band grouping of the e/ices, 7.e., 1(23)45, was also common. I found four beautiful specimens pure white with trans- parent bands. Later, I found A. sflendida by Porto Pi, on the lower parts of the hills. Here again it was hardly worth while to look for them except on young fir trees, which is curious considering how with us conifers are avoided by shells. One fine dark specimen like var. ¢ersoni I found here, its banding being (123)45.
H. pisana was perhaps the most common shell, especially by the sea. Yellow and white varieties were more plentiful than the type, and the shells generally were finer than in England. Some were very broadly banded, but the var. “eo/ata was also found. Many of the common yellow forms were almost orange in tint.
H. lanuginosa was not very common. Covered with short hairs it is yet somewhat like HZ. zzcarnata which is, I think, hairless.
H. cespitum seemed local. It much resembles H wizgafa but is larger and less common,
68 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
H. virgata (or H. variabil’s to adopt the more sensible name of continental conchologists).—Whereas in England we are accustomed to find the type and the yellowish and the whitish (a/ézda not alba) forms associated, and in about equal proportions, the type here seemed not so common, and var. aldida hardly found. ‘The well marked var. vadiata I found both inland and by the sea. The com- monest form was a greyish yellow with one or more brown Zones or markings above the periphery. No forms were large and it seemed to be here of a decadent race.
H. caperata.—Two specimens seem to Mr. Edgar Smith to be HZ. caperata, but it is difficult to distinguish between this and boissyt, and Dr. Hidalgo is doubtful of its having been found in Majorca.
H. conoidea.—The same, I think, as Dr. Hidalgo’s &. ¢rochoides, is local. I first found it on the sea shore shrubs near Lagos de St Ponsa, but afterwards, finer and much more well marked and varying, at Belver. They are beautifully marked little shells and vary very much. ‘There is one curious variety in which all the shell except the white apical whorl becomes chocolate. It seems to bear somewhat the same relation to A. acuta, as regards marking, habits, etc., as Vertigo does to Pupa. ‘The slightest touch makes them drop from twig or blade, so that I found it best to hold a glass tube under them into which they dropped on their support being touched. They much resemble the seed vessel of a plant on which they are often found. They were in copula on December 8th.
H. (Turricola) terrestris was plentiful, and finer inland than by the sea. Moquin-Tandon, I believe, makes the fasciated variety the type, and the uniformly grey shells var. gvisea, Here, however, var. gvisea prevailed, and any with dark bands were rare. I found one curious scalariform specimen.
H. pyramidata I found about Cas Catala. It looks like a pyramidal variety of 7. v~gaz¢a until the flat base and the absence of umbilicus is noted. I found it almost exclusively on young fir trees. It has its beautiful var. xadzata like Hl. virgata,
H. lenticula was common under stones in comparatively damp places, @e., not much on the hills. It resembles our Patula rotundata but has not its markings.
H. prietoi is more easily distinguished by being strongly ribbed, especially on the lower side, and having a cristate keel.
H. ponsi I found sparsely under stones. It somewhat resembles H. caperata, but has a strongly marked keel.
H. boissyi is another of this group much resembling its congeners. H. apicina was common on sandy places with low vegetation. I
HORSLEY : LAND SHELLS OF MAJORCA. 69
am not clear that the series found at Belver Castle is the same as the larger form from other places in the island.
H. rupestris was plentiful on a limestone wall near Inca. The sandstone about Palma is probably too rough for it. This is not in Dr. Hidalgo’s list for Majorca, though recorded from Minorca.
H. acuta is common almost everywhere, but was much smaller than in England. Adults seemed very few proportionately to the young of this year. These young ones, about the size of Pufa secale, I found clustered by hundreds on twigs of a hawthorn, looking like some disease of the tree. The variety articulata, and even var. nigrescens, | found at Belver Castle and elsewhere.
Leucochroa cariosula apparently hybernates early, for though dead shells were innumerable on rocky slopes near the sea, I found but few living specimens, and they all under stones. It forms a white paper-like operculum. The absence of a periostracum may cause specimens to be passed over as dead and bleached when they are not SO. Vitrea cellaria.—One specimen I found at Belver, but this was the only Vitrea I saw anywhere though turning over thousands of stones.
Stenogyra decollata was common on some hills under stones. I think it seemed to prefer a south aspect.
Ferussacia folliculus swarmed under stones, but was local. I found it more by waysides than elsewhere, and it probably requires more moisture than it would get on the steep and stony hills. It resembles, Zua /ubrica, but is larger and more acuminate, and the animal has a noticeable greenish yellow foot.
Pupa umbilicata I took from stones on the tcp of an old wall near Inca, but noticed none elsewhere. On the same wall I found two specimens of a small shell which I could not determine, acuminate, with six denticles, possibly it was Pupa polyodon.
Clausilia bidens var. virgata abounded everywhere. One day I counted sixty-one specimens under one stone about six inches by four. As far as I could see this was the only species to be found, though I expected others on the stony walls (hedges are unknown) and rocks.
Tudora ferruginea (called by some Cyclostoma fulvum) was common under stones by the sea and on the hills. It is of a warm purplish brown colour, but a clear yellow variety I found occasionally.
Shells of the H. lucasi group are the terror of collectors as such innumerable specific names are given to their varieties by continental conchologists. There seemed to me to be three species, distinct though of similar habits, form and markings.
70 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
1. H. punctata.—The largest and strongest, with a white lip.
2. H. lactea.—Lip and mouth generally dark brown or black. Called in Minorca ‘‘Monjas de boca negra.”
3. H. vermiculata.—More globose, lip white.
All these were common, but began early to hybernate, though in places their young were active. These, with asfersa, are commonly eaten, and sometimes seen in the market of Palma. A. vermiculata is called in Majorca ‘‘Viudas” and “Caragolas,” in Minorca ‘‘ Monjas de boca blanca,” and in Ivica “ Vacas.”
These are all I found during a diligent and daily search. Though November is the worst month in England, in Majorca it is the most pleasant as regards climate, and my daily expeditions, in a different direction each day, gave me the rest and invigoration I needed, and quite as many shells as I expected—thirty species in all.
I may add that, stopping a day at Cette in the south of France on my way home, I found Zomzites algivus fine and active in the afternoon, and also Helicella explanata which was not found in Majorca, and I also noted that HZ. aspersa, which was commonly eaten, was no larger than in England.
As for fluviatile and marine shells, I took out a scoop on the chance of being able to collect freshwater shells, but I found that over the greater part of the island a river means a stony channel in which water occasionally runs, and I did not reach Alcuida where an old marsh has been drained and the river canalized. Here some forms of Alexia might have been found.
As regards marine species (with which I have a very slight acquaintance) the island’s coast is so rocky, and the rocks are so washed by the sea, that beaches are rare and small. About three miles from Palma, however, there is a stretch of sand hills with a sandy shore. ‘There is here a strip of beach made entirely of broken, comminuted and bleached shells. ‘There are plenty of shells here, in some places they are washed into banks, but they are almost entirely bivalves of two or three species only, the most plentiful being Cardium edule, Pectunculus violacescens and P. glycimeris. Near here I found a remarkable raised beach, not many feet above the water, indurated to such an extent that I could not break off a specimen. This was full of shells, larger, of greater variety, and containing far more univalves amongst them, than the bay seems at present to produce,
On my way home, I found the sands at Cette a great treasury of shells and three trays full were the result of one afternoon’s stroll. Here also in the market, and included amongst the hors d’ceuvres at dinner, were living Zafes aureus and TZ. decussatus which seemed, with a clam, mussels, and oysters, to be popular food. I obtained
HORSLEY: LAND SHELLS OF MAJORCA. 71
from one old woman’s stall a remarkable series of two species of Zases shewing great variation in colour and marking, which our British Museum was glad to receive. Many men were engaged in the estuary dredging for. these with an arrangement of large iron teeth and a bag- net at the end of a heavy pole. At Cette there is the interesting and well equipped Marine Biological Laboratory maintained by the Uni- versity of Montpelier. It contains an excellent aquarium, and I was surprised to find that I was about the first English visitor. The collection of shells is fairly large but quite devoid of classification.
Protective form or colouring is somewhat strangely rare amongst molluscs, wherefore you will be more interested in two dry stems and ~seed vessels of plants from Belver Castle, near Palma. On one I have put some e/ix conoidea, on the other A. acu¢a, and you will observe how in colour and shape the shells resemble the dry seed vessels. The somewhat rare var. zigra of H. conoidea in which the shell is chocolate with the apex only remaining white much resembles small bird-droppings.
Report on the Droylsden Ramble.—A fair number of members met at Droylsden on Sept. 12 for this ramble, a few having come long distances in the hope of taking some of the more local freshwater shells that have been found in the district. We first visited the clay-pit near Cryer’s mill, where Mr. J. W. Jackson and myself took very fine Spherium pallidum during the summer of last year, and were disappointed to find that owing to the tipping of earth in the pond the bed of muddy clay in which the Sp/erza flourished had been covered, only a few dead shells rewarding our efforts. Taking to the towing path of the canal we went on through Droylsden to the Fairfield Locks, examining the canal as we went along; Padu- destrina jenkinst was still flourishing, and a few specimens of Physa heterostropha and Spherium pallidum were taken; on nearing the locks search was made for Paludestrina taylorz in its original locality but without success. From the locks we directed our course along the canal towards Guidebridge; with the exception of a few nice Physa heterostropha nothing of special note was found in this length until we reached the Guidebridge Spinning Co.’s cotton mill, here the water is very warm owing to the condensed steam, and Planorézs dilatatus swarmed on the walls just below the surface of the water; from this point to the junction of the Peak Forest Canal, the species occurred uninterruptedly along with the Physa, Planorbis corneus, P. albus, Limnea stagnalis, L. peregra, and Bithynia tentaculata; in the canal between the cotton mills at Ashton-under-Lyne, Spherium corneum, S. lacustre var. brochoniana and S. pallidum occurred ; the former species in very great abundance. On reaching the junction of the Peak Forest Canal we visited the short arm of the canal on the Cheshire side of the River Tame and found Paludestrina taylori in numbers on the moss-covered walls, in company with ASzthynza tentaculata and other common species of freshwater mollusca. During the ramble only one species of land mollusca Hyalinta nitida was found.—FRED TAYLOR (Read before the Soczety, December 9th, 1903).
THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF ILFRACOMBE AND DISTRICT.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST.
By H. BEESTON anp C. E. WRIGHT.
(Read before the Society, February roth, 1904).
HAVING spent part of August, 1903, in North Devon, we made the collection and study of the mollusca the chief object of our rambles, and have much pleasure in herewith recording the results of our researches.
In the Society’s Journal, sixteen years ago (vol. 5, p. 181-183, April, 1887) appeared a list of the shells of this district, by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, and to it we are indebted for localities of several species. We were quite unable to find some species mentioned by Mr. Tomlin in the spots indicated by him; either they had migrated, or died out, or our search was not sufficiently thorough, and consequently they were overlooked. We are also indebted to Mr. Fred Partridge, of Barnstaple, for localities of several species, which we were glad to be able to add to our lists (and cabinets). We have not consulted any other lists, which might have assisted in making this one more com- plete and comprehensive ; if any such exist for the district explored by us—except that by Mr. Tomlin—we should like to say that this one may be considered as supplementary.
The immediate vicinity of Ilfracombe (including the village of Hele to the east) we searched quite systematically, and the number of species discovered was very considerable. ‘These taken together with those from Mr. Yomlin’s list, show the district to be fairly rich in mollusca. ‘The terrestrial species predominate, however, the paucity of freshwater shells being caused by the lack of fresh water, streams and ponds being almost entirely absent. The slugs we did not feel particularly interested in, the species found being very few indeed, hence we are unable to make any addition to Mr. Tomlin’s list, with the exception of varieties. Both Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis were abundant in places, especially the latter, and from the list it will be seen that we succeeded in finding most of the recorded and named varieties. Places visited outside Ilfracombe were :—Lee to West ; Woola- combe, Braunton, and Braunton Burrows, to South-West ; Barnstaple and Bishop’s Tawton to South ; Hele and Berrynarbor to East ; Lyn- ton and Lynmouth to the East. It will thus be seen that the ground covered was rather extensive, and with the exception of Ilfracombe and its immediate neighbourhood, only very cursorily explored. There is very little doubt that if properly worked North Devon will compare very favourably with many other counties in the richness of its mol-
BEESTON AND WRIGHT: MOLLUSCA OF ILFRACOMBE. 73
luscan fauna. We would commend it to the notice of other conchologists as ground which will repay exploration.
The geology of the district presents little variety, consisting chiefly of rocks of the Middle Devonian system, at and around Ilfracombe, passing into the Upper Devonian near Braunton, five or six miles to to the southward.
In the following lists, where we are indebted to other workers or their lists for species, the initials show the source from which the information is derived (J.R.B.T.) = Mr. J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A. ; (F.P.) =Mr. Fred Partridge. The various localities have been kept separate in order to facilitate future reference. Specimens of those species marked with * have been sent to the recorder for iden- tification, and insertion in the Census List for Vice-County 4, North Devon, as they do not appear in the last Census, published in June, 1902, by Mr. L. E. Adams. The nomenclature followed in this paper is that of Mr. L. E. Adams, in ‘‘The Collector’s Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells,” second edition. In the following lists varieties marked ? are not given in Mr. Adams’ Manual, yet the shells are quite distinct and different from any of the others.
List OF SHELLS, VicE-County No. 4, NortTH Devon. I.— ILFRACOMBE.
Arion ater (Linné).—Fairly common under stones, at foot of walls, and rubbish heaps in gardens. ‘The black variety predominated, but the colour variation ranged from black through brown, slate, grey, to almost white, one or two specimens being nearly transparent, and very white.
A. hortensis (Férussac)—Common; “two albinos at Hele” @pkabi ie):
Amalia sowerbyi (=marginata) Férussac.—Common; ‘east side of Hele Bay” (J.R.B.T.).
Limax maximus (Linné).—Rare; ‘‘Combe Martin and Challa- combe” (J.R.B.T.).
Agriolimax agrestis (Linné).—Common everywhere.
Testacella haliotidea (Cuvier).—Mr. Tomlin records the find- ing of “four live specimens and one dead shell, under stones, buried deeply in the ground” at Hele Bay; long and diligent search was in our case quite unsuccessful.
Vitrina pellucida (Miiller).—Occasional dead shells under leaves and among grass. ‘Alive at Hele, Watermouth, Combe Martin Widmouth, etc.” (J.R.B.T.).
*Hyalinia draparnaldi (Beck).—Found in small colonies at three places, viz.:—Braunton Road, Rapparee Lane, Quay Field
74 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
Lane, at the roots of nettles, and under stones at the foot of walls.
Being in doubt about the identification of this species, we submitted specimens to Mr. J. W. Taylor, who verifies them as draparnaldi,
Hy. cellaria (Miiller),—Common, found with previous species. “Finest at Hele; some lovely (albino) specimens with the Testa- celles? (IR IBIS): ©
Hy. alliaria (Miiller).—Not common; Berrynarbor Road, Rap- paree Lane, with cellaria and draparnaldt. “ Hele, Combe Martin, Bittadon ” (J.R.B.T.).
Hy. nitidula (Draparnaud).—Sparingly with ce//arta. Mr. Tomlin says “equally common with 7. ce//aria,” but this was not our experience.
Hy. pura (Alder).—‘“ At Hele and Combe Martin” (J.R.B.T.). Helix rotundata (Miiller).—Fairly common under stones, at roots of nettles, and among decaying hedge-trimmings.
Var. alba (Moq.).—This variety predominated at Hele, as re- corded by Mr. Tomlin. ‘Elsewhere the variety never occurred,” but the shells were zo¢ “‘ of the extremely fine size” he mentions, having evidently deteriorated in this respect, the largest not measur- ing more than six millimetres in diameter.
H. aculeata (Miiller).—Woolacombe, Hele Bay (J.R.B.T.).
*H. pulchella (Miiller).—Scarce; one dead shell on wall near the harbour. ‘‘Occurred only twice on the cliffs between Ilfracombe and Lee (Torr’s Walk)” (J.R.B.T.).
H. aspersa (Miller).—Type shells abundant in the hedges and stone walls in nearly all parts of the district, with few varieties.
Var. nigrescens (Moq.).—Two specimens of this variety found at foot of a wall among coarse grass. Both type and varieties were very thin, and approached the form ¢evwzorv (Shuttl.).
H. nemoralis (Linné).—Not abundant, but appearing to exist in small colonies in favoured localities, especially in hedges and walls, where the growth of ivy is thickest. Most of the shells were thin (as were “7. aspersa and HY. hortensts), semi-transparent and very beauti- fully coloured and banded. ‘They occurred in the following places : (1) Berrynarbor Road (from Hele) ; (2) Combe Martin Road (beyond Hele) ; (3) New Barnstaple Road; (4) Torr’s Walk (towards Lee).
Var. rubella (Moq.).—ooo00 (scarce), 00300 (the commonest form except the type), 00300, 0030;, o3,,: The majority of these three forms are peculiarly mottled with red and white, and the third band is in most cases superimposed on a broader whitish sub-band, which gives the shells a very beautiful appearance (localities 1, 2, 3, 4, above).
BEESTON AND WRIGHT: MOLLUSCA OF ILFRACOMBE. 75
Var. rubella-roseolabiata (Taylor).—Three specimens only, (localities 1, 3, 4).
Var. rubella-roseozonata (Cockerell).—Two specimens only, (locality 3).
Var. libellula (Risso).—This variety is not strictly yellow, but tends to orange, and with the broad third band (00300) forms a very handsome shell. Forms 00000, 00300, 00300 (localities 1, 3, 4).
Var. castanea (Mogq.).—‘“ A single immature shell (oo000)” GRE Ty). |
Var. bimarginata (Moq.).— Two or three specimens only (localities 1, 3, 4).
Var. conica (Pascal).—One specimen only, (00300); locality 2.
Var. tenuis (Baudon).—Many of the shells were thin and semi- transparent. The following variations of type-bandings of shells were
noted :—123(45), 12345, 123n45, (12)3(45)> (12)3n45, (o only begin in middle of last whorl), (123)(45).
Band variations in this and the next species are according to Mr. L. E. Adams’ formula." .
It will be seen that there are six distinct varieties of this species, and no less than twelve forms of bandings.
H. hortensis (Miuller).—Very common in most places, much more so than 4. zemoralis. It occurred in almost every hedge-row, the var. fea always predominating. It was almost always associated with 4. zemoralis, and the two seemed to live indiscriminately to- gether, although in one or two localities only WZ. zemoralis was found.
Var. lutea (Mog. ).—Ubiquitous.
Var. albina (Mogq.).—Next to /uéea, this variety was commonest, 103(45), 1(23)45.
Var. minor (Moq.).—Only an occasional specimen.
Var. roseolabiata (Taylor).—One specimen (locality 2). This shell was rather peculiar, and can only be fully described as a/dina- voseo-labtata-conica,
Var. roseozonata (Cockerell).—Scarce (localities 1, 2).
Var. arenicola (MacGill).—Rare ; found in two places only (locality 1 and village of Slade).
Var. conica (?)—Rare; very tumid, with high spire.
Var. depressa (?)—Nearly all the var. a/ééna had depressed spires.
Var. olivacea (Taylor).—One specimen only (locality 4).
Var. bimarginata (?)—One specimen only (locality 4).
t See his “‘ Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells,” p. 67.
76 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
Var. citrinozonata (?)—A beautiful shell with transparent yellow bands, but scarce, and found only in one spot (locality 1).
Var. tenuis (Baudon).—Common ; in fact most of the shells were thin, but some more so than others.
Var. luteolabiata (L. E. Adams).—Three specimens. In this species forms of banding were many and extremely variable. Band variations: 12345 (type), (12345), 1(2345), (123)(45), 1(23)45s 12345, 1:345, 123(45), (12)3(45), 12345, 12345, (12)345, 19345, 13345, 0:345, :::4:, 00345, 103(45), 1(23)45.
H. rufescens (Pennant).—Not common anywhere; one or two small colonies at varying distances apart.
Var. alba (Mogq.).—Scarce. (Braunton Road, Berrynarbor Road, Rapparee Lane). ‘‘ Hele, Combe Martin Road ” (J.R.B.T.).
Var. albo-cincta (Cockerell).—Scarce. (Braunton Road, Rap- paree Lane).
Var. rubens (Moq.).—Rare; (Berrynarbor Road, Rapparee Lane).
*H. hispida (Linné).—Not common ; ‘ Sparingly, but widely dis- tributed” (J.R.B.T).
Var. depilata (Alder).—Only found in one locality (Braunton onic), “Oin CASE Silo Or Islele Isayy™” (p18),
Var. albida (Jeff.).—‘ A single adult on the Combe Martin Road” (J.R.B.T).
*H. granulata (Alder).—Not by any means common, only one small colony noted, near Ilfracombe, viz.: at foot of wall skirting Rapparee Lane among nettles and herbage in the immediate vicinity of Ilfracombe. At Berrynarbor an exceptionally large colony, consisting of many thousands was discovered. So thickly crowded together were the animals, that every plant stem, every leaf of ivy and bit of available vegetation was crowded with them, and in some places the snails were crawling over each other. They were also of very fine size.
“Decidedly rare ; it occured at Widmouth Cove, Hele, and else- where ” (J.R.B.T). :
*H. fusca (Montagu).—Very rare; two live specimens among herbage on Berrynarbor Road, and one other live one in Chamber- combe Woods. “One live and one dead shell under stones in Combe Martin Village” (J.R.B.T).
H. virgata (DaCosta). — Decidedly absent in the immediate vicinity of Ilfracombe. The nearest colony found was at Lee, two miles to the west, and another “on the slopes of ‘‘Little Hangman ’,” (J.R.B.T.) to the east.
Var. hypozona (Moq.).—“‘ Little Hangman ” (J.R.B.T).
Var. albicans (Grat.).—‘ Little Hangman ” (J.R.B.T).
BEESTON AND WRIGHT: MOLLUSCA OF ILFRACOMBE, 97)
Var. subalbida (Poiret).—“ Little Hangman ” (J.R.B.T). Var. lutescens (Mog. ).— Found with the type at Lee.
H. caperata (Montagu).—Common on the grassy slopes of Hele Bay, but small, approaching var. minor. ‘‘ Finest on the ‘ Hang- mane) (jsRSB1)):
Var. ornata (Pic.).—Found with the type, “at Combe Martin” (ERSBa): Var. obliterata (Pic.).—One dead shell.
Buliminus obscurus (Draparnaud).-_Not common as far as our experience went, Mr. Tomlin observes, ‘‘common in hedgerows on the road to Combe Martin; also plentiful in Hele Bay locality.” Possibly only a matter of more diligent search,
*Pupa cylindracea (DaCosta).—Common under ivy on top of old walls, and at roots of grass in fairly dry situations. ‘ Ubiquitous and generally very fine indeed ” (J.R.B.T).
*Vertigo moulinsiana (Duprey).—See below under Braunton Burrows.
*V. pygmza (Draparnaud).—See below under Braunton Burrows.
Balea perversa (Linné).—Rare; one living specimen among ivy in Chambercombe Woods. “A single live specimen in a copse south of Bittadon on slate” (J.R.B.T.).
Clausilia bidentata (Strom).—Found very plentiful at foot of stone walls in damp situations; also among moss. ‘“‘Plentiful every- where, (ER: B. i.)
Var. tumidula (Jeff.).—One specimen in Rapparee Lane. ““A swollen and stumpy form, corresponding to this variety occurred neagthersea, (JR. B.D. ):
*Cl. laminata (Montagu).—One live shell only of this species found, but exact locality uncertain, in all probability Chambercombe Woods.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).—Not very common anywhere; single specimens found under stones in danip situations (Berrynarbor Road). ‘‘Coombe Martin, Hele and Ilfracombe” (J.R.B.T.).
Carychium minimum (Miller).—“Plentiful with 4. rotundata var. alba” (J.R.B.T.). Nota single one rewarded our search, however.
Cyclostoma elegans (Miiller)—‘“Also common in the Hele locality; not found elsewhere. Most of the specimens were of a dark purplish colour” (J.R.B.T.).. Not even a dead shell did we discover, although diligent search was made for this species, both in the locality named and in other places.
*Succinea putris (Linné).—Among rushes in damp spots on the sides of the river Wilder to the south of the town.
78 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
Limnza peregra (Miller).—Scarce, and small in size. Three or four live shells found in a small spring near Rapparee Lane.
L. truncatula (Miiller).—Common, but small; found with Z. peregra. Also in Chambercombe Valley, and in damp ditches and puddles around the springs in various places outside the town.
The following short lists were the result of day excursions to the places named, and may serve as nuclei for further search.
II].—MorTHOE AND WOOLACOMBE (South-west).
Helix aspersa (Miiller).—Chiefly type shells. Var. exalbida (Menke).—One halfgrown shell and one full- grown specimen, found on a stone wall near Woolacombe. H. nemoralis (Linné).—Common, type bandings (vde//u) 12345, 12345- Var. libellula (Risso).—Chiefly 00300, ooo00 (one specimen). Var. libellula-bimarginata (Mogq.).—One specimen. Var. rubella (Mog. ).—0oo0300, 00000, 00340, 003:0, :030;. Var. roseozonata (Ckl.).— 00300, combined in same shell Var. roseolabiata aes) (one specimen).
III.—LrEE (To WEsT).
Helix hortensis (Miuller).—Common, chiefly type shells (12345) and var. /utea. H. virgata (DaCosta).—Rather local and not very common.
Var. alba (Picard).—Found with the type in the lane leading to Torrs’ Walk from Lee towards Ilfracombe, chiefly on stone walls and herbage, etc.
Var. lutescens (Pascal).—Fairly numerous.
H. rufescens (Pennant).—Type. Limnza peregra (Miiller).--Few and small. Ancylus fluviatilis (Miiller).—Not common. -
I1V.—BRAUNTON AND BRAUNTON BURROWS (TO SOUTH-WEST). Helix aspersa (Miiller).—-Common. H. nemoralis (Linné).—Common (12345). Var. rubella (Mogq.).—00300, 0,300 (with white sub-band). Var. libellula (Risso).—ooooo. Var. albina (Mogq.).—ooo00, 00300. Other bandings (in rubella and Jibellula) (123)(45), 123(45), (12)3(45), 12345, (12345). Var. bimarginata (Mogq.).—Scarce. The H. nemoralis are all well-grown, strong, fine shells, and are found inhabiting the clumps of thick marram grass and moss.
.BEESTON AND WRIGHT: MOLLUSCA OF ILFRACOMBE. 79
H. hortensis (Miiller).—Not so common as HZ. xemoralis. The
two species were not found together, as was the case at Ilfracombe. Var. lutea (Mogq.).—One specimen. Var. arenicola MacGill.—One specimen. Var. fuscolabiata (Von Martens).—One specimen.
Bandings 00345, 12345, (12)345, 10345, 12345.
H. virgata (DaCosta).— Common; thousands of dead and bleached shells were scattered about on the sand, mixed with H. hor- tensis, H. nemoralis, H. aspersa, H. acuta, etc.
Var. albicans (Grat.).—One specimen. Var. roseozonata (?)—One specimen. Var. subscalaris (?)—One specimen.
H. acuta (Miiller).—Extremely common; these snails must at times fairly swarm, as dead shells lie about among the sand in count- less numbers.
H. caperata (Montagu).— Ubiquitous.
Var. ornata (Picard).—Ubiquitous.
H. rufescens (Pennant).—(F.P.).
*H. pulchella (Miiller).—
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).—Very common.
*Pupa cylindracea (DaCosta).—
Var. albina (Mogq.).—One specimen.
P. muscorum (Linné).—
Var. albina (?)—One specimen.
*Vertigo moulinsiana (Duprey).—Fairly common in damp ditches on grass stems and rushes. (For the locality of this rare shell we are indebted to Mr. F. Partridge, Barnstaple).
V. pygmza (Draparnaud).—Several dead shells found among debris blown about by the wind, and collected into “pockets” on the lee-side of tufts of grass, etc.
Hyalinia cellaria (Miiller).—Fairly common in damp spots.
Hy. nitidula (Draparnaud).— Fairly common in damp spots.
Hy. alliaria (Miller).—Common.
*Hy. nitida (Miiller).—Scarce.
*Hy. fulva (Miiller).—One specimen.
From the dykes near the “Burrows” the following freshwater shells were obtained :—
Limnza peregra (Miller).—Common.
*L. palustris (Miller).—Common.
*Spherium corneum (Linné).—Common, but small.
*S. lacustre (Miiller).—Scarce.
*Planorbis albus (Miiller).—Fairly common
*P. spirorbis (Miiller),—Not common.
80 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
Succinea putris (Linné).—Small.
S. elegans (Risso).—Small.
*S. oblonga (Draparnaud).—This rare shell’s habitat was some time ago rediscovered by Mr. Fred. Partridge, of Barnstaple (to whom we are much indebted for kindly showing us the locality, and not only for this shell but for other uncommon species). We say rediscovered advisedly, because Dr. Jeffreys recorded the shell from Braunton Burrows (see “British Conchology,” vol. 1). He says, “I have found it among the sand hills on Crymlyn Burrows, near Swansea, and iz a similar situation on Braunton Burrows” (p. 154).
Var. arenaria (?) (Bouchard).—-Most of the shells seem to be of this form, being thick and very deeply coloured. Var. alba.—-One live shell, which was exhibited at the Society’s meeting held on Dec. 9th, 1903. Limnza truncatula (Miiller.)—| Common on the damp sand in Var. elegans (Jeff. ).— partially dried-up water-pans in company with S. oblonga.
*Pisidium fontinale (Draparnaud ).—Common.
*P, milum (Held).—Common.
*P. pusillum (Gmelin).—Common.
V.—LyntTon anD LYNMOUTH (to the East).
Helix nemoralis (Linné).—Common.
Var. rubella (Moq.).—o00300, 12345, (12)3(45), oo000.
This variety (00300) has in many cases a beautiful white sub-band upon which the dark third band seems to be superimposed, which give the shells a very handsome appearance.
Var. libellula (Risso).—oo300, 003300.
Var. bimarginata (Moq.).—ooooo,
Var. castanea (Moq. ).—ooooo (one specimen only),
Var. tenuis (Baudon).—Most of the shells are very thin, and required care in extracting the animal.
H. hortensis (Miiller).—Common. Bandings
Var. lutea (Mogq.).—Very common (00000). : 12345, (12345).
Hyalinia alliaria (Miller).—A few.
Hy. cellaria (Miller).-—A few.
Helix rotundata (Miiller).—Common.
Var. alba (Mogq.).—Local, but plentiful where they occur (F.P.).
*H. hispida (Linné).—Fairly common, the variety defi/ata (Alder) occurring occasionally.
*H. fusca (Montagu).—Not common, an odd live one here and there.
H. virgata (DaCosta),—Small colony on herbage near railway station,
BEESTON AND WRIGHT: MOLLUSCA OF 1LFRACOMBE. 81
H. lapicida (Linné).—Very common on stone walls after rain. Var. albina (Menke).—The percentage of this variety worked Out 33 7.. Buliminus obscurus (Miiller).—Not very numerous. *Pupa cylindracea (DaCosta).—Extremely common on stone walls with A. /apicida. Clausilia bidentata (Strom).—Ubiquitous. Var. tumidula (Jeff.).—A few found with type.
VI.—BaRNSTAPLE (TO SOUTH).
Helix aspersa (Miiller).—Type, fairly common. Var. undulata (Moq. ).—One or two shells only. H. nemoralis (Linné).— Var. rubella (Moq.).—oo300 (one specimen). Also at Bishop’s Tawton. H. hortensis (Miiller).—Fairly common. Bandings 00300 (rare form), 12045, ::345, 1:345, 12345. H. rufescens (Pennant).—Fairly abundant. Var. alba (Moq.).—One specimen. H. virgata (DaCosta).— Var. alba (Taylor).—Along left bank of river Taw. *H. granulata (Alder)—Plentiful, but local, of very fine size. *H. hispida (Linné).—Common. Var. depilata (Alder).—Odd specimens. Var. albida (Jeff.).—One specimen found with 77. fusca. *H. fusca (Montagu).—Not abundant ; very fine specimens found near Anchor Wood. H. arbustorum (Linné).—Scarce ; found near Anchor Wood. *Succinea elegans (Risso).—Found in wet ditch at foot of Anchor Wood. *S. putris (Linné). —Found in wet ditch at foot of Anchor Wood. Limnza peregra (Miiller).—Found in wet ditch at foot of Anchor Wood. *Aplexa hypnorum (Linné).—Found in wet ditch at foot of Anchor Wood. *Planorbis vortex (Linné).—Found in wet ditch at foot of Anchor Wood. *Unio margaritifer (Linné).—Common in river Taw at New bridge near Bishop’s ‘Tawton. *Paludestrina jenkinsi (Smith).—Found in vast numbers on the mud and weeds of river Yeo; so thickly clustered together are F
82 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
the shells that at low tide, for some distance from the side, they are quite half-an-inch deep, and make the water appear quite black. None of the shells are carinated.
In Twiss and Son’s Illustrated Guide to Ilfracombe is printed a list of shells of the neighbourhood, taken from Gray’s edition of Turton’s “Manual of Land and Freshwater Shells.” This list con- tains sixty-two species, some of which are questionable records. The following are a few of the most doubtful ones:—A. cantiana (Mon- tagu), HW. pisana (Miller) (locality given: a sandhill at Woolacombe), AZ. itala (Linné), Limnea auricularia (Linné), Nerttina fluviatilis (Linné).
The British Species of Vallonia.—Since the ‘‘List of British Non-Marine Mollusca” (/. Conch., vol. 10, p. 352) was written Dr. H. A. Pilsbry kindly sent me more examples of the American species identified by Dr. Sterki with Val/onia costata (Miill.). In these, which were well preserved, the strize on the nucleus could be clearly made out under an one-inch objective with a good light. A re-examination of my own series soon showed that I had been unfortunate in not having such well-preserved specimens as I thought and unwise in expecting a more pronounced sculpturing. Through the kindness of Mr. J. H. Ponsonby I have been able to inspect, at my leisure, his whole collection of this genus and I am now satisfied that Vallonia costata (Miller) is a valid British species. | Worn specimens of V. costata and casual examples of V. pudchel/a mislead me into thinking that linking-forms existed. Moreover, it proves on investigation that Vadlondza excentrica Sterki, is, as its founder pointed out (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad., 1893, p. 278) widely dis- tributed in Great Britain, and is easily recognised when once its. difference from Vallonia pulchella (Miill.) has been noted. V. excentrica was originally described (of. cét., p. 252) as follows:—‘‘Shell of medium size, with major diameter markedly longer, and with irregular, somewhat elongated umbilicus, at first rather narrow, then for the last 4 whorl rapidly widening; slightly rounded convex above, smooth or very finely irregularly striate, strongly and regularly at the umbilicus; nucleus smooth; pale horn colored, transparent or slightly opaque, with a somewhat faulty gloss; whorls 3-33, rather rapidly increasing with a moderately deep suture, the last comparatively large, well rounded, expanding near the aperture, not descending, or very little at the suture, aperture moderately oblique and inclined, & circular, subangular at the base; the umbilical margin somewhat protracted; peristome not everted above, very little at the periphery and moderately below, with a rather strong white lip, thinner at the ends, visible through the shell. | Diam.: maj. 2°3, mm. 1°8, alt. 1°1 mm.” The umbilicus in /% excentrica is not only eccentric as contrasted with that of V. pudchella but it is less open, and the sutures of the whorls within are more impressed. There are therefore three species of Val/onia in the British Islands, that have hitherto all passed under the name of V. pu/chel/a (Miill. ). From a preliminary inspection of the material in my collection it is apparent that all three also occur in the fossil state.—B. B. WoopWARD (fecezved December 12, 1903, and read before the Society, April 13, 1904).
83
THE ZEBRA-MUSSEL (Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas).
By R. STANDEN.
(Read before the Society, January 13, 1904).
OF all our British non-marine mollusca I consider the ‘“‘Zebra-mussel” second to none in the peculiar interest attaching to its rapid distribu- tion and life-history. A brief resumé of what is known on the subject may be useful to those members who are not fully cognizant of it, and will, I hope, give some additional interest to the special exhibition of Dreissensia shewn at this meeting.
During the later Tertiary times Dvezssens¢a was well distributed over Europe, and seems from some unknown cause to have died out, but during the past two centuries it has partially regained its position by migration from its original habitat, the Caspian Sea. It first appeared in this country in 1824, and there is very conclusive evidence to hand of its being a foreign importation—probably from Germany.
With its general geographical history I do not propose to deal, and shall only touch upon its local distribution in Lancashire and Cheshire, as ascertained from various authors, local collections, and my own experience. Those who desire fuller information may refer to the appended list of the principal authorities I have consulted, and more especially to Wallis Kew’s admirable work on the “‘ Dispersal of Shells” (93); this writer quotes exhaustively from many out-of-the-way sources, and gives the authors’ opinions as to the causes to which the rapid dispersal of Drvezssensza throughout this and other countries may be attributed, and the ingenious theories propounded by the earlier conchologists to account for it. The first Lancashire record I can find is by Captain T. Brown (44), who states that it was common in the Bridgewater Canal. David Dyson (’50) found it existing in great numbers in a reservoir at Beswick, covering the embankment stones at about three feet deep. He was led to investigate the reservoir by the discovery of the shells in the large old-fashioned stone pipes then used to convey the water to Manchester. It was found that these pipes, specimens of which may now be seen placed as curiosities in most of our public parks, had become so choked with the shells as to seriously diminish the volume of water and interfere with the supply, and it was almost an impossibility to clean them out. In spite of the absolute darkness in which these shells lived and throve, they were unusually well marked and brilliantly coloured. Then we come to the late Mr. John Hardy’s record (’65):—‘‘Old brick pits, Longford; and canals at Reddish and Bolton.” The late Mr. Thomas Rogers found it, about the same date, very common in the Bardsley Canal;
8 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904. 4 i ; 4
and Mr. R. D. Darbishire has it from the old reservoir at Bradford (near Manchester), and from the canal at Hatherlow. Mr, J. R. Hardy has in his collection specimens from a reservoir at Gorton, where it was, some years ago, very plentiful, but has since died off owing to the fouling of the water; also from “Ardwick Pond” where it covered the stones and piles, but this locality is, like some others of those already mentioned, long ago a thing of the past and quite EIMStOnIes
My first acquaintance with this shell dates from 1878, when I came across numbers of very small but well-marked specimens in the River Brock, attached to large stones. The following year I discovered it in abundance on the sides of bridges all along the Preston and Lancaster Canal—which, for the greater portion of its length, is the cleanest canal I know. Whilst collecting along the banks of this canal I have several times come across little heaps of freshly gnawed shells of Dreissensta amongst the herbage, close to the water’s edge, and believe this to be the work of water voles—the only instance I know of this mussel being preyed upon by any animal. From this canal came my finest and most treasured series, collected by my wife at Woodplumpton, in 1888. These are remarkable for their curious and varied abnormality. Some are broad and flat, rounded and bulged posteriorly; others seem to have had—when about half-grown —both valves opened to their fullest extent and fixed there, the gap being afterwards filled up, more or less regularly, with a secondary growth which has left the old edges of the shell projecting as a frill or flange; others, again, are almost globular, or shaped like a beech-nut. As a rule these abnormal specimens are in good condition, even the secondary growth being perfect as to epidermis and coloration. I have never been able to account for the protean shapes aSsumed by the shells from this locality during this particular season—the colour and markings, too, were unusually vivid in old and young, normal and abnormal alike, much more so than I have ever observed before, or since. One can well imagine that Pallas had some such series of specimens before him when he bestowed the specific name!
From 1887 onwards I obtained Drezssensta from Cadley Dam, Preston; canals at Tarleton, Droylsden, Ashton-under-Lyne, Clifton, and Ringley; and from a reservoir at Lowerhouse Printworks, Burnley, where it abounds in thousands on submerged tree-roots. In some of the localities named the increasing pollution of the canals near the towns is gradually killing off the Dredssezs¢a, and where it still survives under such adverse conditions it is difficult to find even a half-grown specimen in fairly good condition—the adults are so eroded and stunted as to be almost shapeless. Mr. B. R. Lucas finds it abundantly in canals at Chester and Middlewich; and Mr. C. Oldham
STANDEN : THE ZEBRA-MUSSEL. 85
reports it from the Shropshire Union Canal near Beeston Castle; from the Grand Trunk Canal at Lostock Gralam; and the Peak Forest Canal at Marple. In 1863 Mr. Leo H. Grindon found it swarming in the lodges of some print works at Handforth, where it caused great inconvenience by lining the inside of the water-pipes, but Mr. Oldham could only find a few dead shells there when he visited the place in 1887. Mr. J. W. Jackson found quantities of dead shells in the canal near Poynton, last year, but failed to discover any living ones on such portions of the walls as were accessible. Byerley (’53) and Bellars (’58) both, in their Cheshire lists, record Drezssens¢a from the Ellesmere Canal.
At the Annual Meeting of the Conchological Society held at Stafford in 1899, Mr. W. Wells Bladen exhibited a shell of Drve/ssensia containing a pearl, taken from the canal near Rugely. The pearl is attached, almost spherical in shape, and has a small protuberance at one side; it is 2 mm. in diameter, and is very fine in colour. ‘This is the first recorded instance of a pearl being found in this mollusc.
Dreissensia is apparently so nearly allied in form to AZp/lus that it is not surprising the question should have been raised as to whether it is not a marine form which has gradually accustomed itself, as other estuarine species have been known to do, to an admixture of fresh water, and ascended the streams until it became completely habituated to it. This explanation is probably true, for we find that it is reported as stil! living amongst marine mussels in the Aral and Caspian Seas, and the estuary of the Volga; in*both these situations it is, however, only found in such parts as are much impregnated with fresh water. Not- withstanding this instance of its retention of a semi-marine habit we may safely assume that it is now a true freshwater mussel, and conse- quently its development, so widely differing—as I shall presently shew —from all other freshwater Pelecypoda, is deeply interesting.
The mystery attending the long unknown reproduction and early life history of Dyezssensta has been satisfactorily elucidated by Dr. Korschelt (92), and when his paper on the subject came into the hands of the late Professor A. Milnes Marshall, he was much interested in it, and under his directions I commenced a series of observations with a view to following out those made by Dr. Korschelt, and, if possible, adding a little thereto. I procured a large quantity of healthy Dretssensta from the clean waters of the canal at Newsham, near Preston, bringing them away in situ on stones, etc., and placed them in a number of tanks brought as near as might be to the con- ditions under which the mussels had lived. They did very well in these aquaria, and were interesting creatures to watch, but I think we began too late in the season. However, our observations, so far as they went, coincided with Dr. Korschelt’s, and we proposed to go
86 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
on with them the following year, commencing earlier, but the untimely death of Prof. Marshall put an end to the project, and I have not since had an opportunity of going further into the matter—systematic- ally at any rate.
Development by means of pelagic larvee provided with a velum is generally characteristic of marine Pelecypoda, but not of freshwater forms. Spherium, FPisidium, and kindred genera develop their eggs in brood pouches within the gills of the parent, until the formation of the perfect animal is almost complete, and the young have already assumed the adult form on leaving the parent. The ova of the Unionideze also develop in the gills, and when the larve are expelled therefrom they have become so far developed, and furnished with shells and shell-hooks, as to enable them to attach themselves to the fishes upon which they live parasitically for a time—but they possess nothing in common with the free-swimming larvee of Ostrea, Mytilus, and other marine forms.
The ova of Dreissensia are deposited about the middle of June. They are remarkably small, with a scanty supply of yolk, and have an extremely delicate envelope. The mussel during oviposition slightly opens the valves of its shell and by snapping them quickly together ejects a tiny ball of ova. This process is repeated at intervals and may readily be observed in the aquarium. The balls of ova, which look like little whitish lumps of mucus, may be seen lying near the parents, and retain their cohesion for sgme time. The subsequent developmental stages, and especially the unequal segmentation of the ova, are processes which approximate very closely to the conditions which obtain among the marine mussels.
As the ova gradually develop the embryo first assumes a roundish oval shape, and then the shell-gland, an organ of extreme importance in the Pelecypoda, appears, and the embryo—or more correctly speaking the larva—shews as a broadly pear-shaped body, almost indistinguishable from the marine larve of Modiolaria or Cardium. This is the “‘Trochophore” stage, which in Spheritum, Pisidium, and Gastropods is passed through in a more or less modified form within the egg-membrane, but is preserved as a free-swimming or veliger stage in the case of Dvezssensta. Until their discovery by Dr. Korschelt veliger larvee were quite unknown in fresh water.
The development of the larva goes on until the shell-membrane has considerably increased in size, and presents the appearance of the bivalve mussel shell (fig. 1, s.). This condition continues for a long period, during which the characteristic velum,a fleshy organ fringed with cilia at its margin, appears. By means of the expanded velum, and ciliary movement, the larva can move very rapidly; and often when
STANDEN : THE ZEBRA-MUSSEL. 87
‘Fig. 2:
ul.
Fic. 1 —Young larva of Dyeissensia, with bivalve shell (s.) and velum (ve/.), seen from the side, @, anus ; 772, stomach ; #2, mouth; sv, abductor muscle (from Korschelt, "92).
swimming at full speed may be seen to stop suddenly and impart a spinning motion to its velum. At the slightest disturbance the velum retracts; the valves of the shell, which are only slightly open, snap
Iii, 2, Fig. 3.
Pa eaue
eS
\ \
Fic. 2.—Larva of Drezssensia, looking down Fic. 3.—Older larva of Drvetssensia, with
from above upon the velum, which is velum greatly expanded, seen from fully expanded; /, pigmentation of the side; #z, retractor muscles of the the velum (ve/.); £2, pigment beneath velum (ved.); £2, pigment; s, the the oral opening; s, shell, which is two valves of the shell (from Kor- for the most part concealed by the schelt, ’92).
velum,
together and the larva sinks to the bottom until the danger is past. The larvee swim in large numbers on the surface of the water, and I was able to capture many in the canal at Newsham, near Preston, by using a very fine net, on a perfectly calm and very hot June day. They are, however, so very small that it is easy to mistake them for rotifers—especially if the zone of cilia happens to be in active motion during examination.
Dr. Korschelt, in the course of his remarks, says:—‘“‘The chiet
88 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
features in the larval organization are recognizable from fig. 1,—the
bivalve shell (figs. 2—3, s.), the velum with its retractors, and a-
ciliation, also found in the larvee of other mussels, in the neighbour- hood of the anus. As in the Zvochophora, the oral opening lies behind the powerful zone of cilia on the velum. In older Jarve there appears behind the mouth a peculiar pigmentation, which often has a bilobed appearance (figs. 2-4, fz.), which I was at first inclined to regard as the earliest indication of the byssus-gland; the position of the latter, however, would not well agree with this. A closer investiga- tion of the subsequent stages will be necessary before we can decide whether a more important significance attaches to this formation.”
Fic. 4.—Older larva of Drezssensia, with expanded velum (veZ.), which in the figure is viewed
obliquely; 2, pigmentation of the velum: #7, pigmentation in the vicinity of the mouth; s, the valves of the shell (from Korschelt, ’92).
The larvae may be looked for at the end of June and early part of July. They swim about for eight days or so, feeding apparently upon minute floating alge; during this pelagic existence the foot makes its appearance, and shortly after the larva sinks to the bottom for good. The velum then gradually disappears; the mantle and gills develop; the foot attains larger dimensions, and is capable of being protruded a long way from the shell, and the young mussel now progresses solely by the aid of this vermiform organ, which, when stretched out, goes through the movements of a feeler, and fixing itself by its extremity, contracts and so drags the body after it. The foot has now become an organ of locomotion in place of the lost velum, and by its aid the animal crawls actively about amongst the stones and mud, and over the waterweeds, and thus consequently passes through a second freely mobile stage.
STANDEN : THE ZEBRA-MUSSEL. 89
Fig. 5.
Fic. 5.—Dorsal view of young Dreissensia crawling, with foot (/) much protruded (from Korschelt, 92).
By this time the little mussel is provided with an almost circular shell, which might be taken for a young SpAerium, and as it increases in size the growth of the foot is retarded, and gradually acquires the stumpy form possessed by the adult. The shell finally becomes fixed but still retains a certain amount of mobility, in that, under certain circumstances, ¢.g., scarcity of water, it is able to detach itself from its base and move slowly to another spot, and during the winter it hibernates, casting off its byssus, and retiring under the mud in deep water.
There is not the slightest doubt that in the different phases of mobile power exhibited by Dvezssensia during the early stages of its existence, we have the correct explanation of its astonishingly rapid dispersal. The ability of the larvz to rove about, and the ease with which they can be carried to a long distance by currents, give them a great advantage over other freshwater bivalves.
In its more adult stages its tenacity of life, adaptability to circum- stances, unusually rapid propagation, the power of attachment by a strong byssus to rafts of timber floating from place to place, cr to bottoms of boats—thus enabling it to advance up streams—together with other facilities for dispersal quite independent of man’s agency, have combined to make it one of the most successful molluscan colonists in the world. Altogether it is gratifying to think that Dr. Korschelt has, by his valuable discoveries, at last raised the veil of mystery which had previously hidden an unsuspected feature in the life-history of this shell, and helped materially to solve what was for long a profound puzzle to conchologists past and present.
The following is.a list of all the local, and the principal general literature connected with the subject that has come under my notice:— 25 SOWERBY, J. DE C., [November 2, 1824, presentation of specimen of a fresh-
water shell, probably the AZytilus polymorphus Gmel, 3363]. Trans. Linn, Soc., vol. 14, p. 585, 1825.
90 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
44 Brown, Captain T., ‘‘Illustrations,” ed., 2, 1844.
50 ~Dyson, Davin, ‘‘Land and Freshwater Shells of the District around Man- chester,” 1850.
53 ~BYERLEY, Isaac, ‘‘ Fauna of Liverpool,” Proc. Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1853-4, Appendix.
58 Beviars, H. J., ‘‘Illustrated Catalogue of British Land and Freshwater Shells,” 1858.
62. «JEFFREYS, J. G., ‘‘British Conchology,” vol. 1, 1862.
64. ~ Harpy, JOHN, ‘British Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca, with the localities of the Manchester species,” Report Manchester Sct, Students’ Assoc., 1864, Appendix.
65 Martens, E. von, ‘‘Eine eingewanderte Muschel,” Zool. Garten, Jahr. 6, 1865.
66 «Tater, R., ‘‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” 1866.
87 MELVILL, J. C., ‘‘ Mollusca,” Br7t. Assoc. Handbook, Manchester, 1887.
87 REICHEL, L., ‘‘ Ueber das Byssusorgan der Lamellibranchiaten,” Zool. Anz., vol 10, p. 488, 1887.
*91 Hicerns, Rev. H. H., Address to Liverpool Natural History Field Club, 1891.
g2 KorscHELt, E., ‘‘On the development of Drezssensta polymorpha,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), vol. 9, 1892.
93 ~Kerw, H. Wa tis, ‘‘The Dispersal of Shells,” Internat. Sci. Series, vol. 75, 1893. ;
95 Cooke, Rev. A. H., ‘‘Molluscs,” Cambridye Nat. Hzst., vol. 3, 1895.
796 «~OLpHAM, Cuas., ‘‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Cheshire,’
Naturalist, April, 1896.
Notes on Isle of Man Mollusca.—During Easter of this year I spent a few days in the Isle of Man, but as the weather was very cold, and the time of year early, it was not much use looking for land shells in a systematic way. I neverthe- less obtained the following, a record of which may be of interest :—
Douglas: Limax maximus, L. arborum, Agriolimax agrestis, A. levis, Milax sowerbyt, Vitrea cellaria, V. nitedula, Arion ater, and var. bicolor, A. intermedius, A. hortensts, A. fasciatus var. circumscriptus, Pyramidula rotundata, Helix aspersa, H. nemoralts.
Peel: Vitrea alliaria var. viridula, Helix nemoralis, Jaminia cylindracea.
Groudle Glen: Vitrea crystallina, Euconulus fulvus, Hygromia fusca, Cochl- copa lubrica, Clausilia bidentata, Carychium minimum.
Ballaglas Glen: Vitrea crystallina, Euconulus fulvus, Hygromia fusca, H. hispida, Helix nemoralis, H. hortensis, Cochlicopa lubrica, Actcula lineata—this shell occurred alive on the Cambrian Schists underneath masses of Marchantia bolymorpha, a plant which it appears specially to favour, and all found were the var. alba, a new record for the Island, and making a third station for the species.— B. R. Lucas (Read before the Society, April 13, 1904).
Fish and Paludestrina jenkinsi.—With reference to Mr. Dean’s note on ‘‘Fish and their relation to P. jenkins?,” (Journal, p. 15), I may say that where I have found the shell swarming there were no fish save a few sticklebacks and eels for it was in brackish water.—J. W. HORSLEY (ead before the Soctety, January 13, 1904).
gl PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND
330th Meeting, April 13th, 1904.
Mr. Edward Collier (Vice-President) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:
““Bezeichnung der verschiedenen Richtung von Farbenbandern, Rippen und Furchen bei den Schalen von Mollusken,” ‘‘Einige Schnecken der Cocoinsel,” “*Die geographische Verbreitung von Pomatias septemspiralis,” ‘‘ Einige neue Arten von Meer-Conchylien aus den Sammlungen der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition,” ‘‘Verbreitung der Meer-Conchylien an den Kiisten von West- und Siid-Afrika,” **Land-und Siisswasser-Conchylien von Ost-Borneo,”’ ‘‘Conchylien von Urmia See,” by Dr. Ed. von Martens (from the author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Members Elected.
Professor Raffaello Bellini, R. Scuola Tecnica, Chivasso, Turin.
George Hubbard Clapp, 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.
Arthur 11. Gray, 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
Frederick B. Jennings, 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, London, N.
Thomas Taylor, 4, London Road, Blackpool.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
The Rey. Chas. Chichester, Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple.
Frederic Henry Gravely, Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.
Russell Currie Harrison, 7, Foulser Road, Upper Tooting, London, S.W.
Resignation. The Rev. W. L. W. Eyre. Papers Read. “‘The British Species of Vallonia,” by B. B. Woodward. **Notes on Isle of Man Mollusca,” by B. R. Lucas. Exhibits.
By Mr. F. Taylor: Helzx pachygastra, H. badia, H. nigrescens, H. josephine, Bulimulus exilis, typical and varieties, and other shells from Dominica; also a fine series of living Ceczlozdes acicula from Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire.
By Mr. W. Moss: A series of South African land shells, including some remark- able forms of Zzmea, etc., which may prove new to science.
By Mr. B. R. Lucas: A series of the mollusca noted in his paper; also a small collection of land shells from Arles, France, including a series of Remdna decollata, of unusual form and colour, and in all stages of growth, taken out of a Roman sarcophagus.
By Mr. R. Standen: Cyvena sumatrensis from Borneo—one specimen cut open parallel to the umbones to shew interlocking of the peculiar ‘‘ hinge-teeth”’ as seen from the interior when the valves are closed.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: A number of shells collected recently in Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire, including Azeca tridens, Ena obscura, Cacilioides actcula, Ancylus fAuviatilis, Helix hortensis, H. arbustorum, H. concinna and Clausilia bidentata.
By Mr. T. H. Platt: Anodonta cygnea, Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, Spherium rivicola, Vivipara vivipara, and Ancylus fluviatilis from the Marple Canal—a portion of this canal having been run dry for repairs during Easter week an exceptional opportunity was afforded for the collection of an extremely fine series of shells.
A very fine selection of Aforrhazs was shown—including the four recent species, A. pes-pelecant, A. serrestanus and its var. macandree, A. senegalens?s, and A.
92 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I1, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
occtdentalis; also a good selection of fossil forms from the Manchester Museum collection. The principal exhibitors were Dr. R. F. Scharff, Messrs. R. Standen, and J. W. Jackson, and the ‘‘ Darbishire Collection,” which contains a fine series of British and Mediterranean locality sets, was alsoshewn. Mr. Standen gavea sketch of the life-history, habitats, and general distribution of the recent species, so far as is known, and drew particular attention to the influence of locality upon the varia- tion in form so strikingly shewn in the large series of 4. pes-pelecanz exhibited.
331st Meeting, May 11th, 1904. Mr. Edward Collier (Vice-President) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: The usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Members Elected. The Rev. Chas. Chichester, Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple. Frederic Henry Gravely, Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester. Russell Currie Harrison, 7, Foulser Road, Upper Tooting, London, S.W.
Names Struck Off the List.
The following names have been struck off the List in terms of Rule 4: H. K. Jordan, G. E. Mason, R. D. Sykes.
Papers Read.
“¢ The Cypreeidz of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, as exhibited in F. W. Townsend’s Collections, 1893-1904,” by J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen.
** Rostellaria delicatula: Notes on its Distribution and Limits of Variation,” by J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen.
“* Helix pomatia m. stntstrorsum in Surrey,” by F. B. Jennings.
Exhibits.
By Mr. J. M. Williams: A number of rare and choice varieties of Cypea, including C. Azcta with blue base; C. evosa with dorsal surface ashy blue and base white; C. ¢abescens var. pellucida; C. caurvica var. obscura; and a dark variety of C. errones from New Caledonia; C. brevidentata; very fine typical C. pulchella; and a small pale variety of C. capzt-serpentis.
By Mr. R. Cairns: Many fine specimens of Cyf7@a, including the new variety of C. caurica described in Messrs. Melvill and Standen’s paper; C. evosa var. nebrites; and varietal forms of C. z2czac.
By Mr. R. Standen: A remarkable form of Cygv@a talpa in which the rich black basal coating of enamel spreads half way up the side of the shell, and terminatcs in rows of spots and fleckings of rich brown.
By the Rev. L. J. Shackleford: Cypv@a /urida from St. Helena; Helix aspersa picked up on the beach at St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, and tenanted by hermit crabs.
By Mr. A. J. Jukes-Brown and the Rey. L. J. Shackleford: Unio nyassaensis and varieties, Spatha alata Lea, Paludina robertsonz Frfld., Physa nyassana, Melania tuberculata, Mel. admirabilis, Lanistes nyassana Dhyrn., LZ. solidus Smith, and Z. afinis Smith—all from Lake Nyassa, Central Africa, and collected last year by Mr. Philip Young.
PROCEEDINGS: MAY II, 1904. 93
By Mr. J. D. Dean: Limnea auricularia, Neritina fluviatils—a large number, all taken from one stone, to illustrate the abundance of this species in this particular locality; xa obscurva, and Hygromia rufescens, from localities near Lancaster ; also sub-fossil Szccznea from a deposit at Hale Moss.
By Mr. R. Welch: Vetvea lucida Drap., from Tenby, and Bushy Park, Dublin —-a new Irish locality; Planorbes carinatus, P. vortex, Limnea palustris, Physa fontinalis, and Valvata piscinalis from River Erne, Co. Cavan, Ireland.
By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Living sinistral Helix pomatza collected at Box Hill, Surrey, by Mr. F. B. Jennings.
By Mr. Cosmo Melvill: A fine example of Voluta bednali Brazier, being the specimen till lately in the collection of Dr. J. C. Cox, of Sydney. It is smaller than the one figured by Mr. G. B. Sowerby in Proc. AMfal. Soc., vol. 1, pl. 5, but as finely marked. Mr. Sowerby has kindly supplied information about this species. The type is still in the hands of Mr. Bednall, of Adelaide. The large and fine example figured as above is in the collection of Mr. J. J. Macandrew, of Ivy Bridge, Devon, and another somewhat juvenile specimen exists, but its location is unknown. These four constitute all that is at present known about this, one of the most beautiful, isolated, and bizarre of the genus. The locality is Port Darwin, N. E. Australia. The original types of Cyfre@a lentigenosa Gray, formerly in the Gaskoin collection, and of C. pyrzformis Gray, were also shewn.
The very fine series of Cyprea, and Rostellaria delicatula Nevill, from the Townsend collection was shown to illustrate Messrs. Melvilland Standen’s papers.
A large number of locality series of Plaz0 bis carinatus and P. umbilicatus were shewn from widely diverse stations in Great Britain and Ireland by Messrs. E. Collier, J. W. Jackson, B. R. Lucas, R. Welch, A. Stelfox, R. Standen, and from the collections of the Society, and Manchester Museum. A long discussion followed in which it appeared that whilst most members had little difficulty in picking out from a large series 4y/fica/ examples of either species, there are large numbers of what seem intermediate forms which are very puzzling even to an experienced collector. The question was raised of hybridity between the two, a point certainly worth investigating, and which, if proved, may account for the number of forms showing partial affinities with either species.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
“‘Descriptions of twenty-three species of Gastropoda from the Persian Gull, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, in 1903.” ‘‘On Berthais, a proposed new genus of marine Gastropoda from the Gulf of Oman.” ‘‘Note upon Oliva gibbosa Born, and its limits of variation,” by J. Cosmo MELVILL (Proc. Malac Soc., vol. 6, pt. 1, Mar., 1904, pp. 51-65).
“‘Bezeichnung der verschiedenen Richtung von Farbenbandern, Rippen und Furchen bei den Schalen der Mollusken,” by E. von MARTENS (Sz¢zungs-Ber. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, Jahrg., 1900, nr. 6/7).
‘‘FKinige Schnecken der Cocosinsel,” by E. vON MARTENS (St¢zungs-Ber. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, Jahrg., 1902, nr. 3).
‘“‘Die geographische Verbreitung von Pomatias septemspiralis Raz. (maculatus Drap.)” by E. VON MARTENS (S¢¢sungs-Ber. Gesellsch, naturf. Freunde, Jahrg., 1902, nr. 3),
04 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
‘““Finige neue Arten von Meer-Conchylien aus den Sammlungen der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition,” by E. VON MARTENS (Szfzungs-Ber. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, Jahrg., 1902, nr. 9).
“Verbreitung der Meer-Conchylien an den Kiisten von West- und Siid-A frika,” by E. von MARTENS (S2tzungs-Ber. Cesellsch. naturf. Freunde, Jahrg., 1903, nr. 4).
“Land-und Siisswasser-Conchylien von Ost-Borneo, by Dr. E. von Mar- TENS (S2¢zungs-Ber. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, Jahrg., 1903, nr. 9).
“‘Finige Conchylien von Urmia See,” by Dr. E. voN MarTENs (Sz¢zungs- Ber. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, Jahyg., 1904, nr. 1).
‘ Holocene Deposits at Clifton Hampden, near Oxford; I. Geology,” by T. Pears and L. RicHarpson; Mollusca, by A. S. KENNARD and B. B. WdOoDWARD (Proc. Cotteswwold Nat. Field Club, vol. 14, part 3, Nov. 1903).
‘“The Nudibranchiate Molluscs of Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, Co. Galway,” by G. P. FaRRAN (Rep. Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland, 1901, appendix 8, part 2) [Dorzs beaumontz n.sp., figured].
Due nuovi Molluschi fossili dell’ Isola d’Ischia,” by RAFFAELLO BELLINI (Boll. Soc. Zool. Ftal., (2), ann. 9, 1900, pp. 149-162) [Cassts tartmensis, Natica acuminata, figured, with general list of species].
‘(La Mitra zonata Marryatt nella fauna malacologica marina di Capri,” by RAFFAELLO BELLINI (Soll. Soc. Nat. Nadolt, vol. 17, 1903).
“TJ Molluschi extramarini dell’ Isola di Capri,” by RAFFAELLO BELLINI (Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital. (2), vol. 1, pp. 29-55, 1900 [67 spp. with varieties].
“¢T Molluschi del Lago Fusaro e del Mar Morto nei Campi Flegrei,” by RAFFAELLO BELLINI (Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli, vol. 16, 1902) [list of 63 spp., 8 figured].
“‘Notizie sulle Formazioni fossilifere neogeniche recenti della regione vulcanica napoletana e Malacofauna del Monte Somma,” by RAFFAELLO BELLINI (Bol/. Soc. Nat. Napolt, vol. 17, 1903).
‘‘Appendice alla Synopsis dei Molluschi terrestri e fluviatili della pro- vincia di Napoli,” by RAFFAELLO BELLINI (Rev. Jtal. Sct. Nat., ann. 19,
1899).
“¢T Molluschi dialcuni depositi Elveziani, presso S Genesio (Torino),” by RAFFAELLO BELLINI (Boll. del Naturalista, ann. 22, no. 10, 1902).
“* Description of Cerastus dinshawi, n.sp. from Aden. with a Note on Otopoma clausum Sby., and O. yemenicum Bret.,” by E. R. Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 5, part 5, June, 1903).
““New forms of Helicoid Land Shells,” by G. K. Gupr (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 5, part 4, April 1903) [ Zhersetes mertdionalis, Leptarionta venusta, Xesta adwipana, Guppya fultonz, nn.spp. |.
‘¢ Additions to the genus Streptaxis,” by G. Kk. GupE (Proc. Aalac. Soc., vol. 5, part 5. June, 1903) [4 nn.spp. ].
“‘Descriptions of Sixty-Eight new Gastropoda from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the
Indo-European Telegraph Service, 1991-1903,” by J. C. MELVILL and R. STANDEN
(Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 12, Sept. 1903).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 95
“Report on the Collections of Natural History made in the Antarctic Regions during the Voyage of the ‘‘ Southern Cross,” British Museum (Natural His- tory) [15 nn.spp. in all groups].
‘‘ Handbook of Instruction for Collectors,” British Museum (Natural History) [Mollusca, pp. 112-114].
‘‘On Helicina pterophora, n.sp., from Guatemala,” by E. R. SvKEs (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 5, part 1, April, 1902).
“‘ Description of Onithochiton (?) isipingoensis, n.sp., from South Africa,” by E. R. Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 4, part 6, Oct., 1901).
“ Description of Helicina pelewensis, n.sp., from the Pelew Islands,” by E. R. SYKES (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 4, part 6, Oct., 1901).
Mollusca and Brachiopoda, by E. R. Sykrs, E. A. Suir, and S. PAcE (Zoo-
logical Record, vol. 38, for 1901, and vol. 39, for 1902).
Jahresheft des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines des Trencsiner Comitates,
1890-1891.
‘*Nemely Trencsén varmegyei molluska ivarrendszere,” by K. BRANCSIK [list of 34 spp. of Helzczde, with notes]. ‘‘ Beitrage zur Kenntniss Nossibé’s und des- sen Fauna nach Sendungen und Mittheilungen des Herrn P. Frey,” by K. BRANCSIK [list of 80 spp., with notes].
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, nos. 402 and 403, April and May, 1904. “Note sur PAmsmonztes (Oppelia) baylec Coquand de l’Oxfordien inférieur des environs de Besancon,” by P. PETITCLERC.
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 36th year,
pt. 2, April-June, 1904.
**Streifziige in Siiditalien (Forts.),” by W. Kopetr. ‘‘Diagnosen neuer Murella-Arten (Forts.),” by W. KoBe.r [AZ mingardi, M. sirinensis}. “*Beitrage zur Molluskenfauna Schlesiens,” by O. GoLpFuss. ‘‘Die Systematik der Cyrenacea,” by W. H. Datu [abstract]. ‘‘Zwei neue Arten von Valvata Miiller,” by H. MENZEL [V. andreana, V. geyeri|. ‘‘Neue Clausilie (C. fischeri) aus dem oberoligocaen Landschneckenkalk von Hochheim,” by O. BoErrTGER. ‘‘Museum Loebbeckeanum,” by W. Kose vr [history and notice of opening]. ‘‘ Eine S¢ezo- evra (|S. rettert Rosen] aus Turkestan,” by W. KoBeLt. ‘‘ Zberus Montfort und Otala Schum.,” by W. KoBeLT [nomenclature].
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 13, no. 5, May, 1904.
“* Paludestrina (Hydrobia) jenkinst,” by R. WELCH [distribution notes]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 16 (i.S.), part 2, March,
1904.
“*On a collection of Upper Paleeozoic and Mesozoic Fossils from West Australia and Queensland, in the National Museum, Melbourne,” by F. CHapMAN. ‘‘ New or little-known Victorian Fossils in the National Museum; Part III., some Palzeo- zoic Pteropoda,” by F. CHAPMAN.
Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 5, no. 2, Jan., 1904.
“Additions to the Marine Molluscan Fauna of New Zealand,” by C. HEDLEY [11 nn. spp., Verticipronus, Incisura, nn. genn.] ‘‘On the occurrence of the genus Ptychoceras (?) and other additional fossils in the Cretaceous Beds of the Northern Territory of South Australia,” by R. ETHERIDGE.
The Nautilus, vol. 17, nos. 11 and 12, March and April, 1904.
‘Helix hortensts in New England,” by Rev. H. W. WINKLEy [possibly a sur- vival from the glacial period]. ‘‘A new species ot Perzploma [P. Sulcata] from California,” by W. H. DaLy. ‘A new Dentalium [D. vallicolens] from California,”
96 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3, JULY, 1904.
by W. J. RaymMonp. = ‘‘“‘ Notes on the Mollusca of the Bermuda Islands,” by C. Apporr Davis [Gastrochena mowbrayt, Cerithium albocoopertum, nn. spp. |. ‘Mollusca on Pike’s Peak, Colorada,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL [several spp. at 10,000 feet]. ‘* Molluscan fauna of one log,” T. voN HyYNING [634 specimens of II spp.]. ‘‘New species of Somatogyrus,” by B. WALKER [II nn. spp. figured]. “‘A new subspecies [dzscoddes] of Polygyra tridentata,” by H. Piuspry. ‘‘ Descrip- tion of two new tertiary fossils,” by C. W. JOHNSON [Canecellaria rapella, Linearia adevaricata].
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 51, for 1903, nos. 3 (received 21 Mar., 1904)
and 4 (received 4 May, 1904).
*‘Description de coquilles nouvelles de lIndo-Chine (3¢ suite),” by A. BAVAY and PH. DAUTZENBERG [Streptaxis, Ennea, Sitala, Boysidia, Clausilia, Diplom- matina, Helicomorpha, Platyrhaphe). ‘‘ Etudes sur la faune malacologique des iles Sandwich (5e partie),” by C. F. ANCEy [ Zornatellina, 4nn.spp.]. ‘‘ Description de coquilles fossiles des terrains tertiaires inférieurs (saz¢e),” by C. MAYER-EYMAR [14 nn. spp., mostly figured]. ‘‘ Description d’une espéce nouvelle du genre Glandina (|G. lamyz],” by H. FIscHER and C. CHATETET. ‘‘De Videntité d’une Arche figurée par Savigny (A7ca pharaonts P. Fischer) avec)’ A. ehrenberg? Dunker,” by Ep. Lamy.
Succinea oblonga Drap., var. alba. —Amongst a number of Swccénea oblonga which I collected near Ifracombe on Aug. 6th, 1903, were a few examples of a pure white form, which does not appear to have been hitherto noted and I propose to call var. alla. The rest of the specimens were very much darker in colour than any I have seen from other localities, but unfortunately the greater part were dead. The habitat is on some low lying land amongst sand dunes, and although the dry appearance of the ground shewed that it had not been covered by water for some time previously, the presence of a few Limnea truncatula indicated that such was not always the case.—C. E. WRIGHT’ (Read before the Society, December 9, 1903).
Helix pomatia m. sinistrorsum in Surrey.—While out with an entomo- logical friend at Box Hill, Surrey, on May tst, he picked up and brought me a few specimens of Helix pomatia, amongst which I at once noticed a sinistral speci- men. Although it is immature, and not in particularly good condition, I have thought this specimen worth exhibiting and recording, since Mr. Lionel E. Adams in his ** Manual” (ed. 2, 1896, p. 60), states that the sinistral form has not been F. B. JENNINGS (Xead before the Soctety, May 11th,
recorded from this country. 190}).
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
WO. iit, OCTOBER, 1904. No. 4.
ON SOME QUESTIONS OF NOMENCLATURE.
By A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, B.A., F.G.S.
(Read before the Society, September 14, 1904).
THERE is a rapidly increasing sense of dissatisfaction among zoolo- gists and paleontologists with regard to the existing state of things in the matter of nomenclature. The enforcement of the rule of priority has led to the digging up of so many ancient authorities and to the alteration of so many names, that one feels there are few of our old- established generic names which may not be dethroned and supplanted and one wonders which will be the next to go.
Now, if these changes of name were based on universally acknow- ledged principles, so that once altered there could be no doubt of the new name being accepted and adopted by all zoologists in every country, the inconvenience of the change could be endured, and zoological nomenclature would gradually become fixed and definite. But this is far from being the case. There are several points of prime importance which have never yet been decided by any authoritative body or congress ; moreover, changes are constantly being proposed by individuals without the sanction of any national committee or council. The consequence is that there is often a conflict of indi- vidual opinion, and in the absence of any tribunal to which appeal can be made, the ordinary naturalist is uncertain which name ought
properly to be used. G
98 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
As regards our own province of Mollusca, it is notorious that different countries are guided by different rules and customs in this matter, and even in our own country different authors. and publishing institutions use different names for the same shell. I propose to call attention to some of these cases in the hope that a discussion may lead to some more combined action being taken in the matter.
I pass over the question of pre-Linnéan nomenclature, and assume that all zoologists will eventually agree to take 1758, the date of the tenth edition of the “Systema Nature,” as the starting-point for binomial nomenclature. After fixing this date, the most important question that arises is whether generic and sub-generic names pub- lished without descriptions or figures in catalogues of old collections of shells should be admitted and adopted. It has generally been answered in the negative, and we find Dr. P. Fischer, on p. 319 of of his ‘Manuel de Conchyliologie,” formulating a rule to “reject every specific or generic name which is not based on a sufficiently clear description or on a reference to accessible illustrations (‘icono- graphie convenable’); as a consequence to beware of accepting the names printed in sale catalogues (Humphrey, Bolten, etc.), which are without value and without any definition, and only tend to foster the hydra of synonomy.”
Fischer himself, however, was not consistent, for he has accepted some of Bolten’s names, and also the names proposed by Morch in in his catalogue of Count Yoldi’s collection, issued in 1853. Morch’s names are indeed generally accepted, but they were not accompanied by descriptions or definitions of any kind; certain species are assigned to each and sometimes figures are referred to, but this has not prevented subsequent writers from giving different interpretations to his names, for it is not possible in every case to be sure what special characters Morch had in his mind when grouping certain species under a new name.
Quite recently, and in a communication to this Society,’ Dr. Dall has discussed the claims of the two publications which were specially mentioned and condemned by P. Fischer. He agrees with Fischer that Humphrey’s catalogue is not entitled to be cited, because it was issued without the name of either author or publisher, and because it gives no diagnoses and cites no figures. He maintains, however, that the case is otherwise with Bolten, in whose ‘‘Museum Boltenianum” (1798) “though no diagnoses were given, full citations of name, volume, page, and figure of previous authors were provided, and there seems to be no way in which we can consistently refuse to adopt the Boltenian name, if we accept any names given without a diagnosis, as has now become a common practice.”
t J. of Conch., vol. 11, p. 50.
JUKES-BROWNE : ON SOME QUESTIONS OF NOMENCLATURE, 99
Dr. Dall’s proviso just indicates the point that requires to be settled ; it may have become the common practice, and it may be a reasonable practice, but the principle involved has not been definitely accepted by any general committee or congress of delegates from the principal societies either in America or this country. Until it has been discussed and settled by such a congress in one or both coun- tries, it is open to any individual or society to dispute Dr. Dall’s opinion and to refuse acceptance of Bolten’s genera. Indeed, it is only of recent years that Dr. Dall has been of this opinion, for up till 1898 he refused to use Bolten’s names, though F. B. Meek had adopted them in’ 1876.
I am informed by Dr. von Maehrenthal that he would consider the catalogues of Bolten and Morch as “publications” according to the rules of the German Zoological Society, and would regard the names proposed by them as properly introduced into the Linnean nomen- clature, if they are accompanied by sufficient definitions or ‘‘indica- tions.” He adds that as some of the Bolten names are accepted by German conchologists it would be illogical to make any exceptions in favour of other better-known names. He admits, however, that the International Zoological Congress has not yet adopted any definition of what constitutes “publication.” Further, some names may have a sufficient indication and some may not, so that each case must be decided on its own merits.
The admission of Bolten’s names would lead to the displacement of many now in use, and it is consequently very desirable that this question should be authoritatively settled as soon as possible. The following are some well-known names which will have to give place to Bolten’s, if his authority and priority are admitted, and if the figures to which he refers are clearly recognisable :—
Pleurotoma will become Zurrts.
Fasciolaria ,, z Colus.
5 Melongena ,, Mi Galeodes. Fiulgur =i ms Busycon. Turbinella ,, ‘ Xencus. Cynodonta ,, a Vasum. Oniscia - 2s Morum. Ranella A a3 Bursa. Solarium ,, si Architectonica. Scalaria Bi Be Lipitonium. Corbis fe a Gafrarium.
Lithophaga ,, i Lithodomus.
The next point to which attention may be called is the care with which any of the older writers should be studied before any of their
100 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I904.
names are pressed upon the acceptance of modern zoologists. It is not sufficient to refer to one of these old authors for the purpose of seeing what names he used and what species are specified ; his treatise must be studied as a whole, and his method of arrangement and nomenclature must be thoroughly understood before any of his names can be allowed to displace others.
To illustrate this point and to demonstrate how careful the enquiry into the validity of any name should be, I propose to discuss the special difficulties which occur in the cases of three well known genera.
1. Nuculana vz. Leda.—The name Mulana, used by Link, in 1807, has been widely adopted as having priority over the Zeda of Schumacher (1817), but Dr. Dall considers that there is really no reason to suppose that Link intended to separate the elongate species from the Lamarckian genus /Vucuda under a new name of Wuculana.’
The facts seem to be that in 1807 Link published a catalogue of the Rostock Collection, in which he broke up several of the older genera, and proposed many new names; most of these are properly diagnosed and are available for use wherever they have priority, but he also seems to have altered some previously existing names simply for the sake of improving (in his opinion) the form or spelling of the name. ‘Thus without giving any reason he writes Zimaria for Lima, Harpalis for Harpa, Nassarta for Wassa, Pectintum for Pecten, and Anatium for Anatifera. Itis hardly necessary to point out that these are needless and inadmissible alterations.
The name /Vucula does not occur in Link, and it would seem that, as in the cases above cited, he meant to adopt Lamarck’s genus, but to alter the form of the name from Wucula to Muculana. As Dr. Dall remarks :—“ Link was enumerating the Rostock Collection, and since it happened that they had only one species, JV. rostrata, to represent the genus, it follows the modified name, but there is nothing in this fact nor in the diagnosis of Link to intimate that he intended to sub-divide the original (Vucula” (op. ctt., p. 572).
A mistake of this kind is a serious matter, for in the case of this genus, after being known as Zeda for the greater part of last century, the leading conchologists and paleontologists were. finally led to believe that Vaucu/ana was a genuine new name when proposed, and as in that case it clearly had priority of Zeda, it has been adopted in various private and official publications ; whereas, if Dr. Dall be right in his contention, the displacement of the name Zeda was an abso- lutely needless interference with established nomenclature.
It is, of course, quite possible that some conchologists will dispute Dr. Dall’s reading of Link, and no doubt it is a debateable question,
1 Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 572, 1898.
JUKES-BROWNE: ON SOME QUESTIONS OF NOMENCLATURE. tol
but this only makes it the more necessary that it should come before properly qualified committees for settlement.
2. Glycymeris v. Pectunculus.—The next instance of a name that seems to call for international settlement is that of Pectunculus, which is intimately associated with those of Mucula and Glycymerts. Both the names Pectunculus and Glycymerts had been variously used by different writers before 1758, but the first binomial author who used the names seems to have been Da Costa, in his “ British Conchology” (1778). This fact was pointed out by Dr. Dall in HSOS (Qe, Gey 1s Hy
Da Costa used the name Pectunculus for the group of shells already called Venus by Linneeus, and he applied the name Glycymerts to those members of the Arcidze which have a curved or bent hinge-line, as typified by the Avca glycimeris and the A. nucleus of Linneus. In 1799 Lamarck, apparently being ignorant of Da Costa’s use of the two names, gave the name Pectunculus to Arca glycimeris, and that of Glycimeris to the shell now generally known as Panofea, at the same time separating the Arca nucleus as the type of a new genus WVucula. It seems clear, therefore, that Lamarck had no right to use the names Pectunculus and Glycimeris in the way he did, because they were pre- occupied by Da Costa; and, further, that the name ectunculus, if available at all, can only be used for some sub-division of Vezus.
Lamarck, however, had a perfect right to separate the two Linneean Arce, and to make them types of the two new genera, but if we accept the /Vucw/a of Lamarck, the G/ycimeris of Da Costa must remain for the Avca glycimeris type. Thus, by a slightly different or more expanded line of argument, I come to the same conclusion as Dr. Dall, and need only add that Poli’s name Axinea (1795) is long antedated by Da Costa’s, even if Poli’s generic names could be accepted.
3. Modiola v. Volsella.—The next and last case that I wish to discuss is one on which opposite opinions have quite recently been expressed, and for which the decision of an international tribunal, or at any rate of an Anglo-American committee, is urgently needed.
The question is whether the Modiolus or Modiola of Lamarck (1799) ought to give way to the Volsella of Scopoli (1777). The Committee of this Society, which is responsible for the revised list of British Marine Mollusca, retained the name AZodiolus in the first issue of the list (rg01), but in their supplementary report of 1902 they recommended that the name Volse//a should be substituted, having evidently been converted to this opinion in the interval. The point on which this question depends is a curious one, and can only be decided after a fair consideration of the circumstances of the case.
102 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
As Scopoli’s “Introduction to Natural History” is a rare book, and as I have only been able to consult it through the kindness of friends who have sent me copies of the portions relating to this matter, it will be convenient if I explain his method of arrangement, for this is an essential part of the question. Scopoli divides the bivalves into two orders, under the headings ‘“‘Distributio I., cardine edentato,” and “Distributio II., cardine dentato.” Under the first head he ~ placed the genera Anomia, Ostrea, Mytilus, and others ; under the second head he placed the genera Volsedla, Pteria, Solen, and others. It is clear, therefore, that by his own method of arrangement Vo/se/la must be a group of shells which possess a toothed hinge, which Modiola does not. In other words, ‘‘cardine dentato” must be read into the definition of every genus included under his Distributio IT.
The first of these genera is Vo/sell, which is thus defined :— “Testa bivalvis, cardo sulcus longitudinalis, obsoletus, quem terminant denticuli exigul, vix manifesti. Mytilus modiolus Linn., dente unico. Gula soricis Lister, dentibus 1-2. Mytilus, L’aber Adanson, dentibus pluribus.”
Now, those who wish to substitute the name Volsel/a for Alodiola rely on the rule of taking the first species mentioned by the author of a genus as the type of the genus, whether he meant it so or not ; in this case it is Mytilus modiolus, which is the very species afterwards taken by Lamarck as the type of his genus JZodiolus (so spelt in 1799). If Scopoli had made no mistake there would be no more to be said, for the priority is unquestionable, but he described AZ. modtolus as having a single tooth (dente unico), and he expressly states that both his other examples have teeth, while in his definition of the genus he says it has small teeth at the end of the hinge. It is, there- fore, abundantly clear that he would not have put any shell into this genus if he had not believed that it possessed hinge-teeth. It is obvious that he intended to leave those species of the Linnean genus Mytilus which had no teeth under that name, and to create a new genus for those which had teeth (one or more).
How Scopoli came to imagine that JZ modio/us had a tooth at either end of the hinge, it is impossible to understand, and probably we shall never know, but as this species does not occur in the Mediterranean, he may only have known it from figures. Anyway, he did make an extraordinary mistake concerning it, and in conse- quence of this mistake it seems to me unreasonable and impossible to follow the usual rule of taking the first species as a type. It is in this case disqualified by the fact that its characters are not those of the genus Vo/sel/a, as defined by Scopoli himself. To make it the type of a genus with a toothless shell under the name of Volsella
JUKES-BROWNE : ON SOME QUESTIONS OF NOMENCLATURE. 103
would be to stultify Scopoli’s own work, when we desire to honour him by adopting his name in recognition of the fact that he was the first to separate certain shells from the Linnzan assemblage of JZyéilus. Common sense will surely tell us that we have no right to use any name in a manner which would reverse the obvious intention of the author in establishing the group it represents.
There is another consideration which leads to the same conclu- sion. Scopoli’s genus Volse//a is clearly a composite one, for it includes shells with three different types of hinge, so different that at the present day they would probably be regarded as belonging to different genera. One of these shells was afterwards taken by Lamarck as the type of his new genus AZodiolus, and no rule is broken by the acceptance of Lamarck’s name for this genus, because other species are left to represent Scopoli’s genus. It is, therefore, the Gula soricis of Lister or the AZptilus ?aber of Adanson, which should be taken as the type of the genus Volse//la. I have examined the second edition of Lister’s ‘‘Historiae Conchyliorum,” but am unable to find any shell bearing the extraordinary name of “Gula soricis,” nor anything that Scopoli could have taken for that name. As regards the Mytilus ?aber of Adanson, his figure is so bad that it may be called unrecognisable. Consequently, it seems’ to me that Scopoli’s genus Volse//a does not include anything that can be taken as a type and that the name should be dropped altogether. On this question I am pleased to find myself once again in accord with Dr. Dall (see op. cit.. p. 786), but I know that certain authorities in this country persist in taking the opposite view. ‘There is, therefore, need for an authoritative settlement of the matter.
From the instances above given I think I have shown how pressing is the need for the discussion of these questions of nomenclature by some duly qualified body. I see no reason why conchologists should wait till other zoologists begin to move. ‘The Conchological and Malacological Societies could appoint a British Committee, and the very formation of such a committee would probably lead to the appointment of others in America, France, and Germany. Each might draw up a report of its own conclusions, and then arrange for a conference to discuss the points on which they differ.
Testacella scutulum in Worcestershire.—On the morning of the 28th of March, whilst walking along Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Worcester- shire, I was delighted to find a fine specimen of Zestacella scutulum crawling along the gravelled footpath. The body is of a yellowish buff colour. Also on the 30th I found a much smaller specimen of the var. a/ézza, and on April 16th I found three more specimens like the first one.—J. MADISON (Read before the Society, June 8th, 1904).
104
OBITUARY NOTICE OF PHILIP BROOKES MASON.
By THE Rey. CHAS. F. THORNEWILL.
(Read before the Society, September 14, 1904).
PuiLtip Brookes Mason was born at Burton-on-Trent, on Jan. 2nd, 1842, and derived his second name from his mother, who survived him by a few months. He was educated at Burton Grammar School, and afterwards at Epsom College, and after a distinguished career at University College, London, returned to Burton to take up his father’s practice as a surgeon, which he gradually extended and developed, until he became one of the most popular doctors in the midland counties. But he was even better known as a naturalist of no mean order—shells, birds, insects of all descriptions—nothing came amiss to him, and his collections increased year by year, until at length it became necessary to adapt some buildings in the rear of his house, in order to provide a museum for their accommodation. His acquaintance with almost every branch of natural history was remarkable, and his collections were always readily thrown open for the inspection of naturalists, many of whom owe much to his kind- ness and hospitality.
He was President of the Conchological Society in 1893, was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1872, and of the Ento- mological Society in 1874; in 1884 he became a Member of the Societé Entomologique de France, and for the last ten years of his life he was a member of the Entomological Club.
Mr. Mason’s numerous professional engagements of course hindered him from doing much in the way of field work ; but he took a keen interest in all that was going on in the natural history world, and when the opportunity was given him he displayed all the ardour and faculty of observation which distinguish the born naturalist. The present writer well remembers a delightful excursion which he took, in company with Mr. Mason and his friend, Dr. Garneys of Repton, to the west coast of Scotland and Skye during the summer of 1873. Each member of the party collected something, Mr. Mason’s share being the plants, in which some noteworthy ‘finds’ were made; and at the conclusion of the trip, which lasted for three weeks, the three collectors met in succession at each other’s houses to divide the spoils and ‘fight their battles o’er again,’ amid the fumes of much tobacco. It was a memorable trip, and many a laugh have the three partici- pators enjoyed over it before two passed over to ‘the majority.’ Mr. Mason took a prominent part in the foundation of the Burton-on-
THORNEWILL: OBITUARY NOTICE OF P. B. MASON. 105
Trent Natural History and Archzeological Society, of which he was several times President, and to whose proceedings he made some valuable contributions; and this Society is still in a flourishing condition.
It is not generally known that Mr. Mason became the eventual possessor of the notorious ‘Shapira’ manuscript, which for a time deceived some of the most experienced authorities on such matters, but was at length discovered to be a remarkably clever forgery. He acquired several of the most notable entomological collections in existence, including the Lepidoptera of Mr. Edwin Brown, Mr. Douglas, and Mr. Wilkinson; the Coleoptera of Mr. Rye and the Rey. A. Matthews ; the Aculeate Hymenoptera of Mr. F. Smith ; and the Hemiptera of Mr. Douglas and Mr. Scott.
His natural history library, which has just been dispersed at Stevens’, was a very complete and valuable one. For several years past his health had been manifestly failing, and in spite of the unre- mitting attention of his devoted wife, he passed away on Nov. 5th of last year, beloved and lamented by a large circle of friends, both private and scientific. Mr. Mason left no family, and his various collections have passed into the keeping of his widow.
Report on the Miller’s Dale Ramble.—Owing to the number of species to be found in this dale and its close proximity to Manchester, it was again decided to have a ramble to this district, July 16th, therefore, again found us here. The day was favourable, and we were looking forward to a good bag. On arriving at Miller’s Dale station we were met by Mr. T. Hey, of Derby, who had brought up his party representing the Midland Railway Natural History Society, Derby. A move was then made towards the habitat of Cecz/oides acticula, for which the dale is noted, and a number of dead and living examples were soon collected. The other shells common in the dale were Helrx hortensis, vars. lutea, coalzta, etc. (still confined to the clump of nettles near the railway arches); A. arbustorum, the greater number of which were var. flavescens ; H. nemoralis (not common living, but quantities of broken shells were noticed strewn about). Two specimens of Flelicigona lapictda were found, and numerous examples of the following were taken: Pyramiduls rupestris, P. rotundata; Hygromia hispida ; Vitrea nitidula, V. alliaria, V. crystallina ; Euconulus fulvous ; Jaminia muscorum, J. cylindracea ; Claustlia bidentata; Ena obscura; and Carychium minimum. In the river we found numbers of Limuea pereger and Ancylus fluviatilis. Arion ater was the only slug noticed, this being very abundant, but no varieties were found.— J. WILFRID Jackson (Read before the Society, September 14, 1904).
106
RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF LIMAX TENELLUS AS A BRITISH SPECIES.
By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S.
(Read before the September Meeting of the Leeds Branch, and before the Society, September 14th, 1904).
Ir is a great satisfaction to be able to re-establish a species which has hitherto occupied but a precarious and doubtful place in the list of British mollusca, and I am now in a position to do this in the case of Limax tenellus, of which a number of living specimens have recently been sent to me for identification by the discoverer, the Rev. Robert Godfrey, of Edinburgh, who finds it is the common slug of the pine-woods of the Forest of Rothiemurchus, in the Vice-county of Easterness. ji
Mr. Godfrey had, at my request, been collecting living slugs during the past month or two in various localities in the highlands of Scot- land, with good success, the occasion of his activity in this direction being that we are endeavouring to obtain the various species of Arion from all the counties and vice-counties of the British Islands from which we have not yet seen them, in order that the maps given in the forthcoming part of Mr. J. W. Taylor’s Monograph may be the more complete.
Mr. Godfrey sent me the first two examples on the 27th of August, when I at once saw that he was right in suspecting them to be this species, though the slime was not quite so yellow as he has observed it in Switzerland. These two were immature, the smaller, which was very lively and active, being only about ten mm. long, and the other one, which was referable to the var. /fudva, twenty-five mm. in length when crawling, and darkish in colour, the yellow slime not being very evident. I at once congratulated Mr. Godfrey on his success, and asked for more specimens, in order that Mr. ‘Taylor and I might study them in bulk. He sent me about a couple of dozen on the 29th and 30th of August, which were all much lighter in colour than the first two, very yellow, and referable to var. cevea, their waxy- like appearance making the varietal name very appropriate and signifi- cant. The largest specimen measured thirty mm. in length when crawling, twenty mm. when at rest.
It was satisfactory to learn that the species is the common slug in the pine-forest of Rothiemurchus, although it is somewhat surprising that a species occurring so commonly should have escaped detection by conchologists all these years. Mr. Godfrey describes its chief haunts as being on old pine-branches lying half smothered in the masses of blaeberries, whortleberries, and heather. These branches
ROEBUCK : RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF LIMAX TENELLUS. 107
are covered with decayed pine-needles and other rotten vegetation, amongst which the slugs are concealed. Several examples were found under stones. Its ordinary companions are Zimax arborum (speci- mens of which sent to me were of the montane form, sub-var. alpestris, and also of the type-form, somewhat dark) and also Zimax cinereo-niger in its varieties maura and /uctuosa, as well as Arion subfuscus and A. minimus, but L. tenel/us outnumbers them all.
In general appearance the bulk of the specimens, those referable to var. cerea, have a decided waxy-yellow appearance in general, caused by the colour of the body-slime. The pedal or locomotory- slime is clear. In some cases, perhaps in most, the specimens are more or less faintly banded.
On the 3rd of September I sent an example to Mr. William Evans, F.R.S.E., of Edinburgh, which reached him just as he was setting off for the Forest, in Clackmannanshire. He made search there, and at once found several specimens, three of which I have seen and are referable to var. cervea. ‘They were found under rotten branches and chips of wood and pieces of bark lying on the ground in the fir woods, and one on a fungus—a species of Awssula. Its companions in this case were about a similar number of Avion subfuscus and one A, minimus.
On the 8th of September I received a collection of various slugs from Mr. Charles McIntosh, who had collected them on the 6th, about Inver, near Dunkeld, which is in the vice-county of Mid-Perth, which included various species of Avion and Limax, and—to my great gratification—a characteristic and unmistakable example of L. tenellus var. cerea.
On the 24th of September I received a similar mixed collection of slugs from Mr. George Sim, A.L.S., of Aberdeen, who had collected them the previous day at Invercannie, near Banchory, Kincardineshire, in which I was pleased to find a fine example of the var. cevea.
It is particularly satisfactory that the first record should be so promptly confirmed by similar ones from three quite different localities and counties, and we may now look confidently forward to hearing of others, in England as well as Scotiand.
The species is an unmistakable one when carefully examined, owing to its yellow body-slime, its black tentacles, and the very black and broad parallel retractor-muscles seen on the neck. It cannot be confounded with any other Zzmax; the only slug it can be really mistaken for in the field 1s Avion subfuscus, which it resembles some- what in outward aspect, in the same manner as Limax cinereo- niger in its completely black form, var. maura, is passed by as Arion ater by field observers who do not look sufficiently closely for the generic distinction.
108 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
In Great Britain Zzimax tenellus has been reported as found in five different counties.
The first record was of a single example of what was evidently the var. cerea, which was found by Mr. Blacklock, in County Durham, in a wood at Allansford near Shotley Bridge, and sent to Mr. Joshua Alder, who made a coloured drawing of it, which is now in the possession of the Rev. Canon A. Merle Norman, and was reproduced on one of the plates of Forbes & Hanley’s “ British Mollusca,” in 1853. This drawing, which I have seen more than once, 1s a charac- teristic portrayal of the species, and we can have little doubt as to its having actually occurred in Durham County. But it is remark- able that it has never been seen there since, and it would be of interest to re-examine the locality, especially if the woods have remained in the same state as when it occurred.
The second record was for North Mavine, in the Shetland Islands, on stones in the watercourse of a mountain mill, and appeared in Jeffreys’ ‘‘ British Conchology,” 1862, p. 156. The locality seems likely enough, but the habitat given is suggestive more of Agrtolimax /evis, and there is no evidence as to whether the slug was correctly identified nor as to who determined it, and therefore doubt as to specific identification is permissible. As an authority Jeffreys himself is out of the question, for by his own statement he never professed to know the slugs critically,
The third and fourth records were made by Mr. J. Conacher, jun., in Zhe Naturalist, for July, 1878, p. 177, where he recorded it as found in great numbers in hedge-bottoms, near Irvine, in Ayrshire, in June, 1878, and also on the Island of Bute, near Rothesay. Mr. Conacher particularly noted that the yellow colour was entirely due to slime, and that he also carefully examined the shield with a microscope, showing that he presumably did not mistake Avion sub- Juscus for it. In this case also it would be well to re-investigate the ““hedge-bottoms” and ascertain what species occur there. It is on the face of it an unlikely habitat, unless there is primitive pine-forest close by, and the date (June) is unlikely for an autumnal species like L. tenellus. Neither Mr. Conacher nor Mr. Whitwham, who also saw the slugs, both of whom were personal friends of my own for several years, were limacologists, and the modern study of limacology itself had not commenced in Britain at that date, so that it is quite possible they might have mistaken, say, Z. flavus for it.
The fifth and last record, for Yorkshire S.W., for Hemsworth and Sharlston, not common, given by Mr. Joseph Wilcock, in the Wake- field Naturalists’ Society’s Report for 1888, p. 28, may safely be disregarded, for Mr. Wilcock was not a slug-student in special,
ROEBUCK : RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF LIMAX TENELLUS. 10G
although a good conchologist, and the localities given are not likely ones, besides which the report includes various other improbable things, so that this record of Z. ¢ene/lus may be either a mis-print or an error of determination. At all events it is not proven.
' This species is omitted altogether from the current edition of the Conchological Society’s List, though it appeared in the former editions of 1883 and 1892, in the latter case with mark of doubt, so that the present record is equivalent to the addition of a new mollusc to the British fauna. ©
The addition to the catalogue of British mollusca will now stand as follows :—
Limax tenellus J/ider (em. WVilsson). vy. cerea Held. v. fulva Mormand.
The general distribution of Z. zeme//us is interesting, and fully bears out the soundness of the views so ably set forth by Mr. Taylor in his Monograph as to the origin and dispersal of molluscan life. It is one of the weaker forms of life which have been driven into the remoter and more uncongenial regions by the more dominant forms which are of higher and later development, and its range shows that Central Europe is most probably the centre of origin of our molluscan forms of life, and it is well known that the species which now inhabit that region include the strongest and most highly developed of all known to exist, surrounded on all sides by the weaker and more primitively organized forms.
Limax tenellus in Britain is in like manner driven to inhabit the remote fastnesses of pine forests and perhaps heathy tracts, where the higher forms which have ousted it from the best districts do not seem to occur, and where it is accompanied by similarly less highly deve- loped species.
Now that Z. ¢ene//us is ascertained to be truly a member of the British fauna, it would be well to have it carefully searched for, more especially in the autumn, which is its main time of occurrence, and on fungi, etc., in the deeper recesses of ancient pine forests through- out the kingdom.
IIo
THE CONCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GENERA AND SECTIONS OF THE PUPININZA.
By EDWARD COLLIER.
(Read before the Society, June 8th, 1904).
My principal purpose to-night is to bring before you the shells of the sub-family Pupining, and more particularly the differences between the various sections of the genus Pupina. I have up to recently arranged my shells after Paetel, who places the Pupininz in the family Cyclostomacea, but according to Fischer they belong to the family Cyclophoridze, which view I believe to be correct.
Paetel in his catalogue divides his sub-family Pupina into the following ten genera, viz.:—Megalomastoma, Tomocyclus, Cataulus, Rhaphaulus, Strepiaulus, Pupinella, Mesostoma, Pupina, Pseudo- pomatias and Bellardiella, but Fischer in his sub-family Pupinine has only five genera, viz.:—/upina (in which he includes as sub-genera Streptaulus, Pupinella and Anaulus or Rhaphaulus and places Bellar- diella as only a section of Pufpina), Hybocystis, Cataulus, Coptochetilus and AZegalomastoma in which he includes Zomocyclus as a sub-genus.
The Pupinine, with the exception of Megalomastoma and Tomocyclus, are all found in the region bounded by India, Burmah, through the lower part of China to Japan, down through the Philippine Islands and New Guinea, including the Solomon Islands, New Hebrides and New Caledonia to the northern part of Australia and the islands between there and Ceylon. In the Cambridge “‘ Natural History, Section Mollusca,” by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, this region coincides with what he calls the Oriental Region, with the addition of New Guinea and the neighbouring islands to the east, from his Australian Region.
Megalomastoma and Tomocyclus according to Fischer are all found in the West Indies and Guatemala, a very different locality from the Pupinine, but he only includes the true Aega/omastoma, with its section Farcimen and its sub-genus Zomocyclus. Paetel, however, includes in AZegalomastoma section Hatinesta, which Fischer puts in the Cyclostomatidz, because of the form of its horny operculum. Paetel also includes section Copzochetlus, which Fischer separates from Megalomastoma and makes into a separate genus, and as all the Coptochetlus come from the Oriental Region I have no doubt this will be correct. Paetel, however, gives two species of Coftocheilus, one from Guatemala and the other from Hayti, but on comparison these are not referable to Copfochetlus as there seem to be no generic differences between his Cofptochetlus gutldingianum Pfr, and his Megalomastoma antillarum Sow.
COLLIER : GENERA AND SECTIONS OF THE PUPININA. III
The following is the arrangement of Fischer as to the genera and section of the Pupinine.
Sus-Famity PUPININ. Genus Pupina Vignard, 1829.
Shell pupiform, or shaped like a Pupa, shining, glossy, sometimes transparent, epidermis in some species resembling a thin coat of varnish, peristome strong or reflected, mouth round, operculum circular, thin, membranous, underside flat, with a central nucleus.
Distribution: Indo-China, Japan, Malaysia, and Australia.
Section PupiNa sensu stricto (upupina L. Pfeiffer, 1876).
The edge of the columella with a transverse slit or channel to the
middle, and a second channel near the insertion of the parietal whorl.
Type P. keraudreni Vignard.
This is by far the most numerous section, as according to Paetel out of sixty-four species that he mentions, although many more species have been discovered since his work was published, more than one-half belong to this section. ‘There is, as you will see, a very con- siderable difference in the depth and width of these channels or notches. Some of them, as P. didentata of C. E. Beddome from Queensland, and P. pulchella of Mildff. from China, have deep and long slits or channels, with strong ribs or thickenings on each side, whilst others like P. keraudreni Vignard, from the Caroline Islands, have only very small and slight channels or openings.
Section Recistoma Van Hasselt, 1823 (=A/oulinsia Grataloup, 1841).
The edge of the columella channelled to the middle. The edge of the parietal wall plain.
Type 2. grande Gray.
Very different from the section Pupina in having only one channel and that at the base of the mouth.
Section BELLARDIELLA T. Canefri, 1883.
Type &. martensiana T. Canefri, from New Guinea. Basal channel open at the back behind the peristome.
Section Harcravesia H. Adams, 1870 (—A/yalopsis Pease, 1872).
Only one channel at the upper part of the opening.
Type 4. polita H, Adams, from the Solomon Islands.
Easily distinguished from /egzs¢oma as the channel is at the upper
part instead of the lower. Section Caiia Gray, 1840.
Without any channel.
Type C. lubrica Sow., from the Philippine Islands,
These four are the sections of what Fischer considers as true Pupine.
112 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
Sub-genus STREPTAULUS Benson, 1857. Shell shining. Peristome round. Atthe upper part provided with a sutural tooth, open from the interior to the exterior, looking like a siphon. Distribution: Himalayas.
Type S. dlanfordi Benson. The only species of this sub-genus.
Sub-genus PUPINELLA Gray, 1850.
Shell covered with a thin epidermis, mouth circular. The edge of the columella channelled at the base, peristome reflected, thick, operculum horny, multispiral.
Distribution: Philippines, Moluccas, Borneo.
Type P. pupiniformis Sow.
Section Pupinopsis H. Adams, 1866. A sinus or a tube to the posterior part of the mouth.
Type P. morrisonia H. Adams, from Formosa.
Sub-genus Anautus L. Pfeiffer, 1855 (=Rhaphaulus Pfr., 1857).
Shell pupiform, with an epidermis, umbilicated, mouth circular, peristome double, the internal continuous, the external dilated, per- forated near the insertion of the right edge by an open channel. The sutural canal open to the interior of the spire, operculum thin, horny, a little concave on the outside.
Distribution : Indo-China, Borneo.
Type A. dombycinus Pfr.
According to Michau ‘“‘ Pupina (Registoma) vescot Mor. lives in Cochin China at the foot of the banana trees and ascends their trunks and foliage after the rains.”
Benson says ‘The canal of the shell of Anaulus serves to maintain a communication with the outside air when the opening is closed by the operculum.”
In the Cambridge “Natural History,” (p. 157) the Rev. A. H. Cooke says “In certain genera of land operculates, e.g., Pupina, Cataulus, Pterocyclus, a slight fissure or tube in the last whorl serves to introduce air into the shell, which is perhaps otherwise closed to air by the operculum. In Awlopoma, which has no tube, the oper- culum admits free circulation of air. In certain other Cyclostomatidee the apex is truncated and air can enter there. De Folin closed with wax the aperture of C. e/egans and found that on placing it in a pneumatic machine the shell gave off air through its whole surface. On the other hand Cylindrella and Stenogyra decollata, on being submitted to the same test, shewed that the truncated part alone was permeable by air.”
' COLLIER: GENERA AND SECTIONS OF THE PUPININAZ. 113
Genus Hybocystis Benson, 1859 (humpbacked sack).
Shell oval, pupiform. The last whorl but one very large, flat on the ventral face, mouth circular or oval-angular, peristome double, reflected, thick, lip continuous to the upper part, operculum calcare- ous, concave on the outside, with a central nucleus.
Distribution: Indo-China.
Type 7. gravida Benson.
Genus Cataulus L. Pfeiffer, 1851 (spread out).
Shell perforated, pupiform, with a pointed apex, at the lower part surrounded by a narrow keel, mouth complete, prolonged at the base by the opening of a trench or gutter, almost circular, peristome dilated at the base, by the keel of the last whorl. Operculum horny, or- bicular, flat, multispiral, separable into several lamellze, nucleus central. Twenty-one species, all in Ceylon, except four from Southern India.
Type C. pyramidatus Pfr.
Section TORTULOSA Gray, 1847. Last whorl detached. Nicobar Islands? Type Z. tortuosus Chemnitz.
Genus Coptocheilus Gould, 1882 (notch-lip).
Shell subperforate, pupiform, with a pointed spire, mouth complete, subcircular, peristome double, the internal sometimes subcanaliculate near to the base of the columella, the internal dilated, operculum horny, multispiral.
Distribution: Philippines, Borneo, Indo-China.
Type C. altum Sow.
This genus comprises the species from Asia and Malaysia which
were formerly placed in the genus JZegalomastoma. Genus Megalomastoma (Guilding) Swainson, 1840 (large mouth-brim).
Shell hardly perforated, oblong turricular or pupiform, apex truncated, opening subcircular, peristome reflected, rather thin, frequently double, operculum horny, circular,
Distribution: Antilles.
Type WZ. axtillarum Sow.
Section FarcrmMeN Troschel, 1847. Peristome thick, reflected, simple. Type AZ. cylindraceum Chem.
Sub-genus Tomocyctus (Crosse and Fischer), 1872.
Shell turricular, truncated, opening sub-circular, peristome double, the outer one largely dilated, foliaceus, the upper edge interrupted and notched. Distribution: Guatemala.
Type Z. gealei Crosse & Fischer.
It4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
Since writing the above I have, through the kindness of Mr. Ponsonby, seen a copy of “The Cyclophoride” by Dr. Kobelt, pub- lished in July, 1902, and he separates AZegalomastoma from Pupina and makes of it a separate sub-family, Megalomastomatez.
The sub-family Pupinine he divides into two sections, viz.: Pupinelleze and Pupinez.
The following are the genera :—
Section I. PUPINELLEA.
Genus 1. Pseudopomatias Mlldff. - - 6 species. yo Bo Aeonocaes by IP, - - Se Pe Est SEZEPLA ILS Mb CRSOn a - - Ea ae » 4. Schistoloma Kob. - - =! 2 yiloh - (= Coptocheilus Gould). Ss seoriclosa a Gay. - - - 2 tae
(—Garaulis Nesbit):
Sub-genus a, Hucataulus Kob. 21 species. 3 B, Zortulosa Gray Ey eee » 6 FPollicaria Gould - - - 5 (=Aybocystis Bru.). mr fan Lupinelia Gray: Sub-genus a, Pupinella Gray 25 species.
RS B, Pupinopsis H.Ad. 4 ,, —29 _ ,, » 8. Lellardiella 'Vapp. : . : 2 tae i Oa eicdlepaaCox - - 2 a I fe
Making 88 species of Pupinellee.
Section II. Pupinreé, Genus 1. Pupina Vignard. Sub-genus a, Pupina Vignard 14 species. » B, Zylotechus Kob.&MIlff.72 _ ,,
5, C, Stphonostyla Kob. 2 , —88 _,, » 2 Hargravesia H. Adams : - Be iets » 3. Moulinsia Grat. - - = 4) Sap aie
(—=RKegistoma Van Hasselt). » 4. FPorocallia Mildff. - - - » 5. Callianella R. B. Newton - : 5 (=Cadllia Gray). Making 121 species of Pupinee.
Kobelt separates his section Pupinee, which includes what are considered as true Pupine into five genera, and the first one, genus Pupina, which has two slits or channels in the mouth, into three sub-genera.
COLLIER : GENERA AND SECTIONS OF THE PUPININA. 115
Genus Pupina Vignard. Section Pupina Vignard. Shell smooth, glossy, channels simple, the lower one like a slit in the rim, the upper one in some cases like a small semi-circular depression in the callus near the insertion of the parietal wall.
Section TyLotc@cuus Kob. and MIldff.
The upper canal formed between a tongue or strong rib on the callus and the edge of the parietal wall, which is sometimes much straightened.
Section SIPHONOSTYLA Kob.
The lower canal striking out and ascending the outside, covered with a thickening or callosity.
Two species, which I have never seen.
Genus Hargravesia H. Adams. Shell with only the upper channel or slit.
Genus Moulinsia Grat. (=Registoma Van Hasselt). Shell with only the lower canal, which breaks through the edge with a narrow slit, but is wider below, and often looks like a circular hole.
Genus Porocallia Mlldff. Shell as the next genus Ca//ianel/a, without any slit, but ,with a small pore or opening behind the mouth-edge. Six species, none of which I have seen.
Genus Callianella R. B. Newton. Shell without any slit or channel.
Report on the Fleetwood Ramble.—Attracted by former accounts of the richness of the molluscan fauna of this part of the Lancashire coast, it was agreed upon to visit it on August 13th last. Having arrived at Fleetwood we at once crossed over the ferry to Knott End, where an hour or so was spent on the break- water in search of shells. The chief attraction was Acunea testudinalis, recorded from there as being its southern limit. This we failed to find, but were rewarded with quantities of Purpura lapillus var. imbricata, great numbers of which were depositing their curious egg-capsules under the ledges of rock. A fair number of specimens of Chiton cinereus (= marginatus) were found, as well as specimens of Littorina littorea, L. xudis, and L. obtusata, the two latter species varying in colour. Patella vuleata was fairly common on the stones, and numerous valves of Cardium edule, Scrobicularia plana (=piferata), and Macoma balthica were lying about on the mud flats, where large quantities of Mytilus edulis were noticed also.— J. WiLFrip Jackson (Read before the Society, September 14, 1904).
116 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
WD. CRICK. FIGS:
By CHAS. OLDHAM.
(Read before the Society, September 14, 1904).
By the death of Mr. Walter Drawbridge Crick, at Northampton, on December 23rd, 1903, at the early age of forty-six, we have lost an enthusiastic conchologist, who was elected a member of the Society so long ago as March, 1886. Crick, who was born at Hanslope, in Buckinghamshire, on December 15th, 1857, evinced as a school-boy the scientific tastes which he was able to cultivate when he moved to Northampton, where the greater part of his life was spent. Here, as a young man, he attended classes in chemistry and geology, and after- wards devoted much of his leisure to the study of geology and conchology in the field. The demands made upon his time bya large business—he was engaged in the staple trade of Northampton, and at the time of his death was the head of an important boot and shoe manufacturing firm—restricted his active field work in later years ; but his love for natural science did not decrease, whilst the catholicity of his tastes is shewn by his knowledge of microscopy and archzeo- logy, and his interest in books and book-plates, coins and prints, of which he was a judicious collector. He was elected a member of the Geologists’ Association, London, in 1886, and a fellow of the Geological Society of London in 1892. During the eighties and early nineties he visited geological sections in all parts of Northamp- tonshire and the neighbouring counties, collecting fossils, particularly gastropods, a class of molluscs which had a special attraction for him. His name is associated with A/athilda cricki Hudl., and Trochus cricki Wilson. Asa conchologist he was primarily a collector, but that he did not neglect the more philosophical aspects of the science is apparent from a letter of Darwin’s, published in ature, only a few days before his death, in which reference is made to some obser- vations of Crick’s on the dispersal of freshwater bivalves. He was for many years President of the Conchological Section of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society, to whose proceedings he contributed several papers on conchological and paleontological subjects. His sole communication to the Journal of Conchology was a note on Achatina acicula in Northamptonshire (vol. 5, p. 151). Crick was a man of a fine presence and a hearty, genial manner. His kindly nature and integrity of character, coupled with an unbounded enthusiasm for whatever work he took in hand, won the esteem of all who knew him.
117
THE CYPRAZIDA@ OF THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND NORTH ARABIAN SEA, As Exhibited in Mr. F. W. Townsend’s Collections, 1893-1904.
By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., & ROBERT STANDEN.
(Read before the Society, May 11th, 1904).
THE following list is a fuller exposition of its subject than was given in the first Catalogue of the Cyprzeidee of the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea, published in tgor.’ Since that date Mr. Townsend has been very successful in obtaining a few species new to the region, as wellas at least two striking varieties. Ofsome species, e.g., C. ovata Perry (=curdus Lam.), C. ocellata L., and C. pallida Grey, the suites of specimens are exceedingly ample, and every possible shade of variation, in colour, texture, form, and dentition, is present. Of others, e.g., C. evosa L., so common in Indian seas further south hardly an example has been obtained. With the exception of the ‘“‘Brindled Cowry of the Persian Gulf,” C. princeps (== valutia Perry), which it is not yet certain really came from this area, we think all the Cypree@ that are to be found in the region are amongst Mr. Town- send’s superb gatherings.
The same symbols and abbreviations are here used as in our previous papers, e.g. :
I.—P.G., signifying Persian Gulf, inclusive of the Gulf of Oman, with Maskat and Jask, bounded eastwards by long. 59° 40’ E.
II.—M.C., Mekran Coast of Persia and Beluchistan, between long. 59° 48’ E., and R. Hab.
III.—1. India, meaning at this present opportunity merely the environs of Karachi Harbour, for we do not propose to include now any Cypreeide that have not been personally dredged or collected by Mr. Townsend, and accordingly make no mention of Bombay, Retua- girl, or Paugina, as on former occasions.
We may add, that Mr. Townsend, since returning to England, has personally gone through his collection with us, and for much. of the additional information now given we are indebted to him.
Cyprza annulus L.
P.G. Gulf of Oman, Maskat.
Very abundant, and from thence exported to India as an article of commerce (F.W.T.).
I. Karachi. A single dead specimen only occurred (F.W.T.).
Cyprza arabica I.
P.G. M.C. Generally common, principally occurring under rocks at low tide.
t Pvroc. Zool. Soc., October, 1901, pp. 382-399.
118 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
I. Fairly common at Karachi. All the specimens from thence, though fine, are slightly malformed, with conspicuous waterbreaks. Most of the specimens are small, but there is also a large form from Maskat, with the white dorsal patches remarkably distinct and quad- rate. Var. Aistrio Meusch. also occurs in considerable numbers.
Cyprza carneola L.
P.G. Four, somewhat thin and inflated, one being especially tumid and fore-shortened. Remarkably light forms also occur at Shaikh Shuaib Island and Henjam Island, while from Liujah at 3% fathoms dark examples were dredged alive, spirally four-banded with choco- late, and with lilac annulus just beyond the columellar and labial callosities extending dorsally. Found from low-tide mark to 3 faths.
M.C. Two from Charber. Two from Jask, on the border of P.G., very dark.
I. Rare in the district. Four from Karachi only, small, but adult.
It is evident that this species hardly thrives in any of these localities.
Cyprza caurica L.
P.G. Common in shoal-water amongst rocks. Fine, well-deve- loped specimens. One, quite adult, but dwarfed, similar to typical examples in disposition of markings.
M.C. Very rare, have only dredged four examples in eight years Ge Wiaak):
Var. oblongata Melv. ( Kiener, “Icon. Cyprea,” pl. x., fig. 3).
Rare in this region.
I. Three from Karachi very finely marked and fresh, of high polish ; base flesh-coloured; dorsal surface with golden-brown suffu- sion, centrally blotched with bright sepia. Another smaller example is paler, dorsally slightly recalling C. zabescens.
Var. Cairnsiana nov. .
I. Karachi. A very fine example, surpassing in coloration others of this same variety from Borneo and the East Indies.
Curtly abbreviate in form, roundly ovate, laterally somewhat thick- ened, extremely polished; dentition, labial, and columellar teeth about 17-18, pale flesh-coloured, the interstices and most of the basal surface bright carnation or orange-red ; basal and lateral spots tinged with violet ; dorsal surface grey, suffused with close brown flecking, lateral spots large, extremities carnelian.
This variety, which we dedicate to Mr. Robert Cairns, of Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne, whose fine collection of Cyfv@a is so well known, is precisely to the typical form of caurica what coloba Melvill (=greegori Ford) is to cruenta Gmel. It is, however, far more infrequent. By their varieties the two species are linked closely together, though not sufficiently to bear the suggestion that they
MELVILL AND STANDEN : CYPRASIDA! OF THE PERSIAN GULF. 119
might be merged in one. It is always possible to define them, in our opinion.
Cyprza erosa L.
P.G. Rare, but widely distributed. Found usually on muddy sand, near rocks, at low water, to seven fathoms.
The largest specimen comes near var. phegedina Mely.
Var. nebrites Melv.
M.C. One very fine example. Charbar, five fathoms.
This variety, were it not for the lateral blotches, which are more than usually pronounced, might be considered a form of ocel/ata L., almost identical with var. Aalatha.
Cyprza felina Gmel.
P.G. Gulf of Oman, Maskat.
M.C. Rare. Found at half-tide mark, never much below that, under rocks.
Var. fabula Kiener.
P.G. Gulf of Oman, Maskat, Charbar.
Very finely coloured and large.
In the survey of Cyfrea the variety was given specific rank. Having seen of late years some intermediates, we think its right arrangement is as above.
Cyprzea fimbriata Gmel.
PCa ey) Dalats
Generally found among coral-sand and alge, at from five to ten fathoms.
M.C. Charbar. Not yet found eastward of this place (F.W.T.).
Var. macula Ad. (sp.).
P.G. Occurs with the type.
C. hirundo L. P.G. Fine examples, accidentally mixed with fimdbriata, and so excluded from our last enumeration.
Cyprza lamarckii Gray. Three small, but typical examples, from Karachi.
Cyprza lentiginosa Gray.
P.G. Shaikh Shuaib Island, five to ten fathoms, coral and stones, Dabai.
M.C. Locally general.
Jask, seven fathoms.
Ke Karachi:
This select species is found locally plentiful in the above localities, especially in the Persian Gulf, the forms obtained for the Telegraph Cable are of lighter texture and more graceful form, slightly pyriform,
120 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
than the heavier, darker, laterally thickened Karachi examples, but these two extremes are insensilly joined by intermediates.
Cyprza listeri Gray. . P.G. Gulf of Oman: Ras el Hadd, near Masa Rare.
Cyprea mauritiana L.
P.G. Gulf of Oman, Maskat.
Obtained from the natives, who said they had found them on rocks at extremely low tide (F.W.T.).
Cyprza moneta L.
P.G. Gulf of Oman, Maskat.
Exported in quantity to India, along with C. annulus LL. These two so-called species are probably but the extremes of one variable mollusc,
Cyprza ocellata L PG MRE. le
The finest series, probably, that has ever been collected, numbering many hundred examples, arrived from Karachi in greater part, some from other portions of the Mekran coast, and from Dabai, Persian Gulf.
The variation is considerable ; from the simple normal oval shell, with speckled or lineate base, dorsally-coloured fulvous or raw sienna, flecked with close round white spots, many eyed, to the large, very highly coloured form, with unusual suffusion, intensified dottings and ocellations, which constitutes the var. calophthalma.
The chief variation, however, consists not so much in form as in colour. A pale pinkish-livid or grey shell, from Karachi, is most pecu- Jiar and remarkable. In form and marking it is as the type ; the basal lineations are faint, but normal. The colour, however, shows no trace of brown. ‘This very rare variety we propose to designate as var. pelidna (réhu6vos, livid).
The form with the ocelli absent ( fa/atha) has only, so far, occurred once in the Persian Gulf.
Two particularly dwarfed examples were dredged, lat. 18° 58’ N., long. 71° 45’, 40 fathoms.
Cyprea onyx L.
P.G. Adhering to the telegraph cable from fifteen fathoms, mud, principally at the head of the Gulf. Between Bushire and Fao, on on the telegraph cable, ten to twenty fathoms. Var. adwus¢a ouly.
I.—Karachi; occurs very sparsely. Type absent, vars. adusta and succinala are slot equally represented.
MELVILLE AND STANDEN: CYPRHIDA OF THE PERSIAN GULF. 121
_Cyprza pallida Gray.
AGS oO MEG al
Generally distributed over the whole area. Many hundred fine examples, mostly from Karachi, or Dabai, Persian Gulf, exhibit the following variation, linked by intermediate forms. ' (a). Dorsal surface pale blue-grey, or cinereous, mottled indis- tinctly with brown, dorsal blotch often quite absent : laterally spotted.
(4). Dorsal surface golden-brown, beautifully centrally-blotched with umber, literally suffused with very dark brown or grey.
Every intermediate gradation seems to occur.
_ Cyprea pulchella Sow. Var. pericalles, nov. (repixaAAns, very beautiful). _ Shell uniformly smaller, very polished, in form like the type, dorsal markings similar, and as variable, with occasional dark sepia blotches, more or less distributed in various examples, labial teeth 19-22, typical, columellar teeth not extended far over the base, but more so than in the allied pyziformis Gray. The sequence would seem to be: C. pulchella Swn. var. pericalles M. & S. C. pyriformis Gray. var. smttiit Sowb. (Smaller than type, labial teeth suffused with red, otherwise as in pyriformis). C. pyriformis ty pica.
P.G. Four miles north of Barkha Island, at forty fathoms.
Gulf of Oman. ‘Telegraph Cable, from fifty fathoms, mud. Off Mussandam, on the cable, forty-seven fathoms ; also from Fao, on the cable, fifteen fathoms, a young shel).
Typical C. pulchella has not, so far, occurred.
Kiener figures the var. pericalles (‘Genre Porcelaine,’ pl. xxiil., fig. 2a) mentioning it as the young form (p. 26). Our specimens, twelve or more in number, are, however, mostly adult, exhibiting a dwarf race of this very beautiful and still uncommon species. The average dimensions are long. 32 mm., lat. 18 mm., as contrasted with typical pulchella in our collections from China, whose measurements are: max., long. 46 mm., lat. 26 mm. ; min., long. 37 mm., lat. 22 mm.
Cyprza pulchra Gray.
P.G. Shaikh Shuiab Island. Not hitherto found alive here.
Mussandam, Elphinstone Inlet. One very large living specimen (1903). Long. 55mm. Lat.32 mm. This fine example is of a plain shining dun colour dorsally, (cf Kiener, Ic., pl. xv., f. 3).
Gulf of Oman.
122 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
A dark fawn-coloured example, with semipellucid appearance was dredged off Nuyat at seven-ten fathoms.
Cyprza ovata Perry (Conch., pl. xxi., fig. 3, 1811).
Cyprza turdus Lam. (Anim. sans Vert., vii., p. 392, 1822).
1eKEa IMLS 1%
Everywhere in the greatest plenty and variety: a remarkable series of the species, several hundreds in number, exhibits all the limits of variation.
When young the dorsal surface is generally dark cinereous brown, the shelly deposit, especially laterally, being thin and unformed. Later, when full growth is attained, the sides have a whitened callous appearance, the deeper coloured maculations only being partly visible.
Cyprza ovata seems to vary chiefly
(az) in size: the following are maximum and minimum measure- ments—long. 53, lat. 35 mm.; long. 22, lat. 15 mm.
The large pyriform examples (Ayriformis Sowb.) mainly come from Karachi. Further west, especially in the Persian Gulf, the form is stunted, incrassate, ovate, the colouring bluish grey, occasionally white (xivea Gray). The base in fresh specimens is often tinged with ex- tremely pale pink.
The most frequent cowry of the region, it abounds principally amongst Pearl Oysters, with C. /extzginosa Gray, and C. fimbriata L.
Cyprza talpa L.
P.G. Maskat.
Very rare: we have only seen one example from the above locality, brought in by fishermen.
Cyprza ziczac L.
P.G. Thumb Island, Gulf of Oman, Maskat. Muddy sand and stones at seven to fifteen fathoms ; very beautiful varieties occur but the species is always rare.
Trivia globosa Gray.
P.G. Gulf of Oman. Lat. 24° 58’ N., Long. 56° 74’ S., 156 fathoms. Rare.
I. Lat. 18° 58’ N., Long. 71° 45’ E. Forty fathoms. Rare.
Trivia oryza Lam.
I. Karachi. Rare.
Trivia scabriuscula Gray.
P.G. Gulf of Oman. Malcolm Inlet.
Dead examples at twenty-four fathoms, mud. Lat: 24-057 Ne long. 57. 59 E., thirty-seven fathoms, sand and mud.
123
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
332nd Meeting, June 8th, 1904. Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Alexander Frew, M.B., C.M., 12, St. James Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. C. A. Benn, B.A., F.G.S., Pudleston Court, Leominster. Rev. W. A. Shaw, Hazelbeech Rectory, Northampton. Papers Read. “The Conchological Differences between the various Genera and Sections of the Sub-Family Pupinine,” by Edward Collier. “* Testacella scutulum in Worcestershire,” by J. Madison. “Scalariform MVatéca catena,” by Bartlet Span.
Resignation.
Exhibits.
By Mr. J. Madison: Testacella scutulum, from King’s Norton, Worcestershire.
By Mr. R. Standen: 7ovtulosa tortuosa Chem., Nicobar Islands ; /wsms poly- gonoides Lam., Red Sea; Rapa bulbus Wood, Port Elizabeth, South Africa ; and Columbarium pagoda Less., Nagasaki, Japan; a fine series from the Manchester Museum collection.
By Mr. J. D. Dean: Sefzola scandica, from Southport, also coloured drawings of the same from life.
G. A. Booth.
By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Fine series of Pomatias elegans, and var. ochroleuca, Claustlia bidentata and var. cravenensis, C. laminata, Jaminia cylindracea, Vertigo pygmea, V. pusilla, V. substriata, Sphyradium edentulum and var. columella, Ena obscura, Vitrea cellaria, Euconulis fulvus, Punctum pygmaeum, and Acanthinula aculeata, all from Silverdale, Lancashire.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: Aygromia concinna, Physa fontinalis, Planorbis albus, and Limnea truncatula from Compstall and Romiley ; Vitrea alliaria and var. viridula, V. nitidula, V. crystallina, Zonttordes excavatus, and Vivipara vivipara, some of these, though adult, did not contain embryos, query, males—all from Bardsley ; Acroloxus lacustits, FPistdium obtusale, P. gasstestanum, and Physa fontinale, from Middlewood ; Helix mnemoralis var. roseolabéiata and Cueciliotdes acicula, from Miller’s Dale.
A very fine series of the genus Pugzra and its allies were shewn by Mr. Edward Collier and Mr. R. Cairns. The specimens from the ‘‘Layard” and general col- lections in the Manchester Museum were also exhibited.
333rd Meeting, September 14th, 1904.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
‘¢Tinfluenza dei mezzi come causa di variazioni e di dispersioni nei molluschi,” by Dr. R. Bellini (from the author) ; ‘‘ Handbook to the Natural History of Cam- bridgeshire,” by J. E. Marr and A. E. Shipley (from the secretary) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
124 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
New Members Elected. Alexander Frew, M.B., C.M., 12, St. James Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. C. A. Benn, B.A., F.G.S., Pudleston Court, Leominster. Rev. W. A. Shaw, Hazelbeech Rectory, Northampton.
Candidate Proposed for Membership. Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., Government House, Mombasa, East Africa.
Member Deceased.
The death was reported of Dr. Eduard von Martens, of the Museum fiir Natur- kunde, Berlin, elected an Honorary Member of the Society in 1886. Resignation. C. H. Morris. Papers Read.
““W. D. Crick, F.G.S.: Obituary Notice,” by Charles Oldham.
“** Obituary Notice of Philip Brookes Mason,” by the Rev. Chas. F. Thornewill.
“*Re-establishment of Zimax tenellus as a British Species,” by W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.
‘*On some Questions of Nomenclature,” by A. J. Jukes-Browne, F.G.S.
‘© Radnorshire Slugs,” by W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.
‘Report on the Fleetwood Ramble,” ‘‘ Report on the Miller’s Dale Ramble,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.
Exhibits.
By Mr. T. H. Platt: Helctgona arbustorum, Helix hortensis and Planorbts corneus, from Castle Hill, Scarborough ; Anodonta cygnea and Bithynia tentaculata from Cheadle, Staffs. ; Zrphea crispata, very small specimens in situ in a lias limestone boulder, from Whitby.
By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A fine series of varietal forms of Helix pisana, Heli- cella virgata, and some interesting scalariform examples of Helécella caperata and. Hf, virgata, from Tenby, 1904.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: A large series of marine and terrestrial shells, from Tenby, collected during a recent visit.
By Mr. W. J. Hall: A series of Helicigona arbustorum, type and vars. fescescens and flavescens, also a number of Pupe and Clauszlie, from the Jura Mountains, collected July, 1904, at an altitude of 3,000 to 3,500 feet.
By Mr. R. Standen: Paludestrina jenkinst, collected by Mr. G. Shrubsole from the Monmouthshire canal and a ditch at St. Brides, near Newport, Mon.
By Rev. Canon Horsley: Helicigona arbustorum var. canigonensis from a restricted habitat a few yards square, where it occurs with type and other varieties, near Dover, 1904.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Series of Purpura lapillus var. imbricata, shewing variation in colouring and size, Littorina littorea, L. obtusata, L. rudis (vars. ), Patella vulgata, series of embryonic shells of Z. vzdis, taken from the oviduct of specimens when cleaning, all from Knott End, Fleetwood. Large specimens of Patella vulgata and Littorina littorea, from Larne Harbour, Ireland, for comparison with above. Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum (dead) from Ballycastle, County Antrim, Ireland.
By Mr. Edward Collier : Szecctnea oblonga, Vertigo moulinsiana, Limnea trun- catula var. elegans, very large and occurring with the above, from Braunton Burrows; Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida and a sinistral Helicel/a caperata, from Woolacombe, North Devon, August, 1904.
By Rev. C, Chichester: Zestacella haliotidea from his garden at Barnstaple.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 125
By Mr. C. Oldham: Paludestrina jenkinsz, beautifully clean and very large specimens, Valvata piscinalis var. antigua, Great Budworth Mere, Cheshire, Helicé- gona arbustorum, Marianglas, Anglesea, Limn@a stagnalis var. fragilis, and Succinea putris, both from Llyn Coron, Anglesea.
By Mr. P. H. Grierson: Vitrina pelluctda var. depresstuscula, Collon, County Louth; Planorbis nautzleus and var. crésta, many examples having two-thirds of the last whorl disunited, also P. Zarvus, including one scalariform example, Ennis- kerry, County Wicklow.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
“Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” by JoHN W. TayLor (part 10, pp. 105-160, pl. 7, 13, 14, 16, 17. [This instal- ment completes the account of Agizolémax agrestis, and treats of A. fevzs, A. levis campestris, Milax gagates, and M. sowerbe).
‘©QOn the Mollusca procured during the ‘Porcupine’ Expeditions, 1869-70, Supplemental Notes, part 1,” by E. R. SyKEs (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol 6, part 1, March, 1904, pp. 23-40, pl. 3. [List of species belonging to genera not treated by Jeffreys ; Retusa marshalli, Cylichna obscura, nn. spp. figured].
“‘ Descriptions of Twenty-three Species of Gastropoda from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, in 1903,” by J. CosMO MELVILL (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 6, part 1, March, 1904, pp. 51-60, pl. 5).
‘“‘ Berthais gen. nov.” [for Svala intertexta Melvill and Standen, and Oxodza egregia A. Ad.]; ‘“‘ Note upon Oliva gibbosa Born, and its Limits of Varia- tion,” by J. Cosmo MELVILL (Pro-. Malac. Soc., vol. 6, part 1, pp. 61-65).
‘‘Sur la synonymie de la petite Pintadine de la Méditerranée,” by A. GIARD [Melagrina occa Reeve, 1857] (Comptes rendus Soc. Biol., Feb., 1904, vol. 56, p- 255).
“Torigine parasitaire des perles d’apres les recherches de M. G. Surat,” ‘‘Sur la production volontaire des perles fines ou margarose artificielle,” by A. GIARD (Comptes rendus Soc. Biol., Octobre, 1903, vol. 55, pp. 1,222-27).
“Tépithélium sécréteur des perles,” by ALFRED GIARD (Comptes rendus Soc. Biol., Dec., 1903, vol. 55, p. 1618). [Comparison of recent statements as to mode of secretion].
‘Handbook to the Natural History of Cambridgeshire,” by J. E. Marr and A. E. SHipLey. [Mollusca, pp. 114-138, treated by H. H. BRINDLEY, with Notes and a Table of the Local Varieties of Lzmnea peregra).
‘Some remarks on the genera Damayanti Issel, Col/ingea Simr., and /sselentza Clige,” by WALTER E. COLLINGE (Proc. Malac. Soe., vol. 6, part I, pp. 9-12, March, 1904). [Reply to criticisms of Godwin-Austen]. ‘r
‘“‘L’influenza dei mezzi come causa di variazioni e di dispersione nei mol- luschi,” by Dr. RAFFELLO BELLINI (Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli, vol. 18, 21 pp., 1904). [Classification of causes and statement of general laws regulating their action].
‘fOn a small collection of Marine Shells from Surprise Island,” by E. R. SYKES (Journ. Malac., vol. 10, part 4, pp. 137-138, 1903. [List of 52 spp., with brief notes].
126 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
‘Description of Marginella lateritia n.sp., from the Andaman Islands,” by J. C. MELVILL and E. R. Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 5, part 6, October, 1903).
“*List of the Marine Mollusca recorded as found in Suffolk,” by the Rev. CARLETON GREENE (Suffolk Inst. Archeol. and Nat. Hist., vol. 2, pt. 3, 1903).
‘*New Molluscan Genera from the Carboniferous,” by Grorce H. Girty (Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus., vol. 27, pp. 721-736, pls. 45-47, 1904). [Lzmecpecten, Pleurophorella, Clavulites, Schuchertella).
“Mollusca,” by E. R. SYKEs, assisted by E. A. SMITH (Zoological Record, vol.
40, 1903).
The Nautilus, vol. 18, nos. 1-5, May-September, 1904.
““Two new species of Pleurotoma [P. (Genota) stearnsiana, P. (Antéplanes) cataline), from California,” by W. J. RayMoND. ‘‘ Descriptions of new Japanese ‘Land Shells,” by H. A. Pruspry and G. Hirase [Zudlota emtnens, Punctum elachistum, P. apertum, Zonttoides chishimanus, Macrochlamys chaunax, Torna- tellina monodonta, Carychium nipponense, Alyceus oshimanus, Stenothyra formo- sana, Melania hahajimana| ‘‘ A singular Eocene T7urdznella [T.. (Psélocochlis) McCallie), by W. H. Dati. “New Varieties of American Limneas,” by F. C. BAKER. ‘“ Limax maximus L. in California,” by P. BARTSCH.
“On the Generic Position of Zeredo fistula H. C. Lea,” by C.W. JOHNSON [belongs to Zevedina}. ‘‘ A new species of Plewrotoma [P. (Genola) riversiana], from the Pliocene of California,” by W. J. RAYMOND. ‘‘ Notes on Eastern American Ancylt, I1.,” by BRYANT WALKER [Zerrissia rivularis (Say), figured]. ‘‘A Dredging Trip to Santa Catalina Island,” by H. N. Lowe [list of about 150 spp.]. *“ Notes on a few Shells,” by C. F. ANCEy [criticisms of newly-proposed species].
**Notes on Eastern American Ancy/z, II.,” by BRYANT WALKER [figures of several species]. ‘‘A new Ompbhalina [O. pilsbryz] from Alabama,” by GEORGE H. Ciapp. ‘* A Molluscan Stampede,” by T. vaN HyNING [Physa gyrina in large numbers leaving a stream and going into a hole from which a spring issued]. “‘Descriptions of new Japanese Land Snails” [Azlota irredivia, E. tokunoshimana, E. pressa), by H. A. PirsBry and Y. Hirase. ‘‘Limax maximus and other Slugs in California,” by R. E. C. SrEaRNS.
“List of Alabama Shells collected in October and November, 1903,” by A. A. HINKLEY [annotated list]. ‘*‘The Land Shells of Ironbound Island, Maine,” by D. BLANEY [24 spp.]. ‘‘ Notes on some Cape Cod Mollusca,” by C. W. JOHNSON.
‘* South-western Shells,” by J. H. FERRIsSs [narrative of collecting trip; Ash- munella walkeri, Oreobelix clappi nn.spp.]. ‘‘ List of Alabama Shells collected in October and November, 1903,” by A. A. HINKLEY. ‘‘ The Cambridge Natural History : Errata Corrected,” by R. E. C. Stearns. ‘‘ Plectopylis in the Riukiu Islands,” by H. A. PitsBry [P. (Szvzcola) hirasez, n.sp.]. ‘* A new Lower Cali- fornian Sonorella” [S. lohrit lioderma| by H. A. PitsBry. ‘‘ A new locality in South Carolina for Recent and Fossil Mollusks,”. by FRANK BurRNs [Myrtle Beach].
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 52, no. 1, June, 1904.
“* Quatriéme Contribution a l’étude de la Faune Malacologique du Nord-Ouest de l'Afrique,” by PAUL PALLARY [annotated list and numerous new spp. figured]. “*Remarques sur le Columbella terpsichore Sowerby et sur PEuchelus erythreensis Sturany,” by H. FiscHER [former= At¢telia fauroti Jousseaume, latter = Clanczlus gennest H. FISCHER.
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, part 3, July-September, 1904. ** Streifziige in Siiditalien,” by W. Kose.t, ‘‘ Ueber einige von Herrn, G,
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 127
Paganetti-Hummler entdeckte Hohlenschnecken,” by R. STuRANY [Serrulina collast n.sp., Corfu, Pholeoteras n.g. for P. euthrix, n.sp. Herzegovina]. ‘‘ Ueber Kreta-Mollusken,” by R. StuRANY [Clauszla holtzi, n.sp., figured]. ‘‘ Eine neue Form der Palludinidengattung A7zmericza im Mainzer Becken,” by O. BOETTGER. ‘* Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Mollusken fauna Danemarks,” by C, A. JENSEN and C. SELL [list from the Soborghus So.]. ‘* Eine mer kwiirdige Abnormitat von felix pomatia L.,” by W. KoBELT [one-third of the mouth closed by a calcareous mass]. ‘‘Verzeichnis der in den Banden 1-35 des Nachrichtsblattes enthaltenen Arbeiten,” by AMALIE KOBELT.
Journal of Malacology, vol. 11, no. 2, July 11th, 1904.
“Qn a collection of Marine Shells from Port Alfred, Cape Colony,” by EDGAR A. SMITH [53 spp. figured, with notes on a few others]. ‘‘ Note on Cordlla erro- nella, Nev., MS.,” by G. K. GuDE [redescribed with figure]. ‘‘ Description of a new species of Arzunculus [A. pallaryi| from Algeria,” by W. E. CoLLINGE. ‘¢Some recent Slug Papers,” by D. F. HEYNEMANN [abstracts]. ‘‘ Note on Testacella haliotidea Drap.,” by the Rev. A. H. Cooke [habitually crawls on the surface]. ‘‘ Note on Parmacella deshayeste Moq.-Tand.,” by W. E. COLLINGE.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 55,
part 3, October-December, 1903; vol. 56, part 1, January-March, 1904.
“¢ A new American Genus of Arionide,” by H. A. PILsBry [Zacoleus for Z. zdahoensts n. sp.]. ‘* A List of Shells collected in Western Florida and Horn Island, Mississippi,” by E. G. VANATTA [/trinella mooreana, Erycina floridana, Cuna dalli nn. spp. figured]. ‘‘ Mexican Land and Freshwater Mollusks,” by H. A. PILsBRY [numerous new species]. ‘‘ Anew Hawaiian Limnea [Z. awaz- ensis],” by H. A. PILsBRY.
** New Japanese Marine Mollusca : Gastropoda,” by H. A. PILsBry [numerous species figured]. ‘‘ The Larval Eye of Chitons,” by HAROLD HEArH [observations in development and homology].
Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 48, part 3, 1904. **A Diognostic Key to the Genera of Recent Dibranchiate Cephalopoda,” by WILLIAM E. HOYLE.
The Naturalist, nos. 569-571, June-August, 1904.
‘*Lincolnshire Mollusca,” by D. M. C. WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK [ Helix nemoralts v. lébellum]. ‘‘Shells at Hornsea Mere,” by T. PEtTcH [Pisidium nitidum). “‘ Helix lamellata, etc., near Scarborough,” by W. C. Hey. ‘‘ Molluscs at Tetney,” by THomMaAs CasTLe. ‘‘ Molluscs at Hebden Bridge,” by J. E. CROWTHER. “ Paludestrina jenkinst in Spen Valley,” by THOMAS CASTLE.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 13, nos. 6-8, June-August, 1904,
“The Mollusca of Bushy Park, Dublin,” by R. WELCH and A. W. STELFOx [annotated list of 62 spp.]. ‘‘The Common Mussel in Belfast Lough,” by Sir ROBERT LLOYD PATTERSON [quantity collected, price and destination]. ‘‘ Notes on the Mollusca of North Cork and Waterford,” by P. H. GRIERSON [list of 72 spp., with localities].
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 406, August, 1904. *‘Faune du Tumulus de Saint-Christophe, prés Grasse (Alpes-Maritimes),” by — CaziorT [2 nn. spp., fossil].
$$$ Oo >—_——_——
128 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904.
Radnorshire Slugs.—Last year I had several consignments of slugs and snails from Radnorshire, obtained for the purpose of filling up blanks in our know- ledge of Welsh mollusca. From Mr. F. Hall, of Bank House, Pen-y-Bont, was received a most valuable series, the interest of which was enhanced by the obser- vations given in his letter. This included a small specimen of Zestacella haliotidea, a fine and very characteristic adult example of Lzmax maximus var. ferussacit, an equally fine one of var. fzzctata with the black spots few and far between, one half-grown of var. fasciata of a rich warm shade of brown in the markings, and several juvenile specimens of the typical var. sy/vatica. Of Arion ater there were but one or two very minute young examples of a palish brown colour, a few of A, circumscriptus, and numerous typical specimens of A. hortensis. The specimens of Agriolimax agrestis were numerous, and included one or two of var. zzg7a, and one or two of var. drunnea Taylor (which is the same as British collectors have hitherto called var. ¢vzs¢is, but not the real ¢rés¢¢s as originally described). The other specimens were of the two main varieties, the immaculate var. pa//da, and the maculate var. 7etzcu/ata (which is the correct name for the spotted form which British malacologists have hitherto called sy/vatzac, but which is not the true sylvatica of Draparnaud). There were various shells included in this consignment. A couple of examples of the fine Ayalinta lucida, some of H. nitidula and H. alliaria, one or two Helix hortensis var. lulea 12345, several of Hygromia hispida, and of Pyramidula rotundata, and one of Vitrina pellucida, all of which have been seen and confirmed by my friend Mr. John W. Taylor. Mr. Hall’s letter states that it is the smaller kinds of slugs that are the most destructive, fields being simply covered with them. He mentioned, writing 9th November, that he was unable then to get the large black A7zoz ater, which is common at Pen-y-Bont in the early summer, but he supposed they are now apparently gone into winter quarters. He writes that the large dark-grey shell-snails (meaning Helix asfersa) are absent from that side of the county, and that the thrushes give a good account of the Helzx hortensis to feed their young, after breaking the shells on a stone. Regarding
Testacella, he mentions that they grow to a good size at Pen-y-Bont, but are scarce. |
From Mr. L. McKarg, schoolmaster at New Radnor, I received a boxful collected by the boys for me, mostly Agrzolimax agrestis of the usual two main forms, Zal/zda and reticulata, but also including a var. drunnea, and one or two var. nigra. There were several Arion hortensts, and what is not included in my other consignments, a few Limax arborum, typical and small in size. From Miss E. P. Tudge, of Knighton, I received through the kind intervention of Mr. A. W. Weyman, of Ludlow, a large number of examples of Agriolimax agrestis of the usual two main varieties, pallida and reticulata, and an abundant supply of specimens of Helix aspersa var. flammea; and from a lady correspondent at Pen-y-Bont, who merely signs her initials H.F.J., I received an abundance of the same forms of 4. agrestzs and several Avion hortensts, the largest examples of which were somewhat paler than the others, and all of them with the foot-soles deep yellow. Regarding the Agriolimax agrestis, in all the consignments it is to be observed that they are all very deeply coloured, and very few pale ones among them ; this intensity of colour- ing being what is usually observed at this late period of the year. It was for the purpose of being able to colour the map of this species for Great Britain a uniform red that we needed these specimens, and it is a satisfaction to know that we have now seen and authenticated the existence of this ubiquitous animal through all the counties and vice-counties of Scotland, England, and Wales, without one single exception.—W. DENISON ROEBUCK (Read before the Leeds Branch, and before the Society, September 14, 1904).
Frontispiece.
JournaL or ConcHoxoey, Vol. 11.
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THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
ANNUAL MEETING, OCTOBER IST, 1904.
129
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Monn 1: JANUARY, 1905. No. 5.
Constitution & Dist of Members
OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
GREAT BRITAIN, AND IRELAND.
1.—This Society shall be called “The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Freland.”
2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold- ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec- tions illustrative of the science.
3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.
4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay- ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what- - ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society with a view to their publication in the Journal.
5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society.
6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.
7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian,
I
130 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, I905.
and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed enve- lope, addressed to the Scrutineers. The President and Secretary of the Leeds and ‘Lsndeon Branches and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officio, also be members of the Council of the Society.
8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and
- the President is expected to give an address.
9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings as they may think desirable.
10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.
11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the ensuing year.
12.The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members, appointed at a previous meeting.
13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the Council.
14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the Society.
15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.
+ 6-¢—____
LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1904-1905.
PRESIDENT : G. W. CHASTER, M.R.C.S.
VICE-PRESIDENTS : R. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A., F.G.S. | Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, EDWARD COLLIER. M.A., F.R.S.E. R. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D., M.R.ILA.
HON. TREASURER: | HON. SECRETARY : ED Ops OICK Vio 18 JslOWILIS,, Wile, 1DLSe:
HON. LIBRARIAN : F. F. LAIDLAW, B.A.
HON. CURATOR: | HON. RECORDER : ROBERT STANDEN. CHARLES OLDHAM.
COUNCIL :
ALFRED LEICESTER. WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc. J. WILFRID JACKSON.
195 (6, Saplomier ¢. E. WRIGHT. WILLIAM MOSS.
LONDON BRANCH.
PRESIDENT - Rev. J. W. HORSLEY. SECRETARY J. E. COOPER.
LEEDS BRANCH.
SECRETARIES { I ee aneuae.
131
EVs OR MEMBERS:
Corrected to Dec. 31, 1904.
(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled the office of President ; “post packets have been returned undelivered).
HONORARY MEMBERS
(Limited to ten in number).
1889. Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, Vestregade, Copenhagen. 1889. Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. 1889. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris. 1897. Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A. 1878. Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main. O. P Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds. 1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway. 1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Fichtestrasse 15, I., Leipzig.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
1903. Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering.
1885. P Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey. 1899. Appleton, Thos. Alf., M.R.C.S., 46, Britannia Rd., Fulham, London, S.W. 1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend, Kent.
1886. Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.
1897. Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, Hawaiian Islands.
1899. Baldwin, Joseph W., 472, Darwen Road, Dunscar, near Bolton, Lancs.
1895. Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.
1886. Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., St. John’s College, Grimsargh, Preston, Lancs.
1903. Becher, Major E. F., R.A., 2, Berkeley Villas, Pittville, Cheltenham
1901. Beeston, Harry, Hawkestone, Havant, Hants.
1904. Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, R. Scuolo Tecnica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy.
1904. Benn, C. A., B.A., F.G.S., Pudleston Court, Leominster.
1901. Bentley, R. H., 33, Church Crescent, Muswell Hill, London, N.
1go!. Birley, Miss Caroline, 14, Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, London, W.
1897. Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, 31, New Road, Driffield, Yorks.
1897. Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., Falkirk, Chatley Road, Clifton, Bristol.
1899. Blackshaw, James C., 158, Penn Road, Wolverhampton.
1899. Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.
1897. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.
1895. Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Zoological Department, University, Glasgow.
1897. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire. —
1899. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.
1897. Bolton, Herbert, F.R.S.E., Museum, Bristol.
1904. Booth, Fred, 43, Victoria Road, Saltaire, Yorks.
1884. Bostock, Edwin D., Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire.
1897.Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 7, The Square, Carshalton, Surrey.
1896. Brass, John George, The Grove, Barnard Castle, Durham.
1879, *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curagoa House, 82, Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S.W
132
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1905.
1900 Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.
1890.
Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.
1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., Pyrford Vicarage,
1896. 1897.
1879. 1902. 1888.
1891. 1893. I9OI.
Woking, Surrey.
Burgess, Wm. Valentine, Davenham, Wythenshawe Road, Northenden, Manchester.
Burnup, Henry Clifden, c/o John Watson, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.
Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.
Button, Fred. L., 969, Broadway, Oakland, California.
Byne, Loftus St. George, M.Sc., Ermefield, Ivybridge, Devon.
Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancs. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs.
1878. PCash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax
1903. I9ol. 1892. 1905. 1895. 1887. 1904. 1889. 1904. 1836. 1880. 1898. 1897. TQOI. 1892. 1895. IQOI. 1890. 1888. 1899. 1903.
1886. 1897. 1904. 1893. 1903. 1886. 1899. 1897. 1898. 1892. I9OI. 19OI.
1892. 1895.
Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.
Chadwick, Wm. H., Harrogate, Nether Street, North Finchley, London, N. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester. Charnley, Jas. Robert, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston. Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport, Lancs. Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorks.
Chichester, Rev. Charles, Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple.
Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, nr. Chelmsford, Essex. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.
Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth.
Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.
Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., University, Birmingham.
Cook, Rev. Thomas, Whinwood, Westcliff Grove, Harrogate.
Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts.
Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, Highgate, London, N.
Corker, Jas. S., Rose Lea, Mellor Road, Mellor, near Marple.
Cox, Jas. C., M.D., F.L.S., Sydney, N. S. Wales.
Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, Essex. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.
Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W.
DaCosta, Solomon I., 9, Gloucester Square, London, W. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W. Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey. Daniel, A. T., M.A., The Grammar School, Uttoxeter, Staffs. Darbishire, A. D., B.A., University, Manchester.
Darbishire, Robert D., High Elms, Victoria Park, Manchester. Darnbrough, Frederick, Croft Villa, Eaglescliffe, Yarm-on-Tees. Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de 1’ Université, Paris.
Dean, John D., 84, Dale Street, Lancaster.
Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston, Lancs. Drummond, Robt., 20, Upper Talbot Street, Blackpool. Dyson, W. O., 41, Whiteley Street, Oldham.
Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston, Lancs. Edwards, J. Sumner, Oak Lodge, Harehill Avenue; Leeds.
LISt OF MEMBERS. 133
1895. Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd, Leicester. 1901. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.
1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone, Kent.
1904. Z Eliot, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., Brockwell, Triangle, nr. Halifax.
1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
1901. Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness, Lincolnshire.
1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.
1897.Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. 1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.
1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.
1890. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 73, Redbourne Street, Hull.
1884.Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.
1886. Fitzgerald, Mrs. J., Kapai, Maidstone Road, Headcorn, Kent.
1898. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 14, Owen Street, Hereford.
1904. Frew, Dr. Alexander, 12, St. James’ Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow.
1892. Fulton, Hugh, 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, near London.
1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington
1898. Glover, Miss Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport, Lancs.
1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.
1897. Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey.
1902. Gower, Harry D., 55, Benson Road, Croydon.
1904. Gravely, F. H., Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.
1904. Gray, Arthur A., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, U.S.A.
1886. Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Gt. Barford Vicarage, St. Neots, Huntingdon.
1904. Grierson, P. H., Land Commission Office, Dublin.
1901. Gubbins, Mrs., Westwood Ho!, N. Devon. es
1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, London, N.W.
1886. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.
1897. Tall, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.
1902. Hall, W. J., Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.
1902. Hampson, Travis, Nuthurst, Hartopp Road, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldfield. 1895. ann, Rev. Adam, Wesley House, Rochdale.
1895. Hardy, John Ray, Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.
1895. Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester. 1887. llargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorks.
1897. Harrison, Miss G. M., 14, Queen’s Road, Southport, Lancs.
1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.
1904. Harrison, Russell C., 7, Foulser Road, Upper Tooting, London, S.W. 1887. Harvard, T. Mawson, 23, Northbrook Road, Lee, London, S.E.
1903. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham.
1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs.
1896. Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool.
1887. Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.
1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon. 1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester. 1893. Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.
1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.
1886. Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.
1891. Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E. 1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.
134 1892.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. If, NO. 5, JANUARY, I905.
Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham Gardens, London, S. W.
1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., Director of the Manchester Museum,
1895.
I9Ol. 1886. 1891. 1904. 1894. Igol.
University, Manchester. Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester.
Jackson, J. Wilfrid, 18, Bedford Avenue, Manley Park, Manchester. James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro.
Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, London, N.
Jones, Kenneth Turlstone, M.B., F.L.S., R.N. Barracks, Chatham, Kent. Jukes-Browne, A. J., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Road, Torquay.
1897.Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.
1902. 1897.
1887. 1889.
1901. 1899.
1870. 1894. 1900. 1878. 1899. 1903. 1896.
Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, London, S. W.
Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria.
Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 9, Queen’s Road, Bromley, Kent.
Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth.
Laidlaw, F. F., B.A., University, Manchester.
Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, R.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea, S. Wales.
Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.
Lawson, Peter, 11, The Broadway, Walhant Green, London, S.W.
Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland.
Leicester, Alfred, Scottdale, New Ferry, Cheshire.
Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.
Linter, Miss J. E., Saville House, Twickenham.
Linton, John, 25, Wordsworth Road, Smallheath, Birmingham.
1897.Z Lodder, Miss Mary, Bank of Australasia, Launceston, Tasmania.
1895. 1808. 1891.
1889. 1903. 1885. 1886. 1884. 1885. 1887.
1887.P
1904. 1897. 1889.
Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, London, W. Lucas, B. k., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire, S. Wales.
MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield.
McKean, Kenneth, Lloyds, London, E.C.
McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. Madison, James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Worcestershire. Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., 14, Saumarez Street, Guernsey.
Marshall, J. T.
Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. -
Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin.
May, William Lewis, F.R.S. Tasm., Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.
1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.
189l. 1888. 1904. 1879. 18Ql. 1902. 1891.
Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds.
Milne, J. Grafton, Holly House, Plaistow, London, E.
Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast.
Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Darley House, Berkeley St., Cheltenham. Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
Moore, Chas. H., 5, Mill Street, Stocks Lane, Stalybridge.
Moss, William, I’.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
1903. 1899. 1887. 1891.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 135
Nash, P. B., 135, Melfort Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
Neild, J. E., Gilda Brook Road, Eccles, near Manchester.
Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, London, E.
Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West Kensington Park, London, W.
1891.P Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle D.C.L., F.R.S., etc., The Red
1903. 19ol.
1901. 1887.
1899. 1896.
1903. 1900.
House, Berkhamstead. Northey, Rev. A. E., M.A., Lisworney, Torquay. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol.
Oelrichs, W., 22, Hackins Hey, Liverpool.
Oldham, Charles, Brook Cottage, Knutsford, Cheshire.
Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast.
Overton, Harry, Ingleside, Innisfallen, Highbridge Road, Wylde Green.
Pace, S., Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth. Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey.
1882. P Parke, George H., F.L.S., etc., St. John’s, Wakefield, Yorks.
1904. 1887. 1808. 1902, 1886.
Igo!. 1896. 1904. 1886. 1898.
1895. 1903. 1897.
1896. 1899.
1904. 1896. 1900 18098,
Parritt, H. W,, 8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, London, N.
Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.
Partridge, F. J., 75, High Street, Barnstaple, N. Devon.
Pattison, Ernest, 52, Regent Road, Leicester. ;
Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock Oxfordshire. :
Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.
Percival, A. Blayney, Somerset Court, Brent Knoll, Somerset.
Platt, Thos. H., 73, Clarendon Road, Manley Park, Manchester.
Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.
Poore, Arthur S., Heather View, West Heath Road, Bostall Heath, Abbey Wood, Kent.
Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.
Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham.
Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 3, Sydney Terrace, Fulham Road, London, S.W.
Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.
Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., Kollur, Kistna District, S. India.
Redding, J. R., 17, Victoria Villas, Clontarf, Dublin.
Rhodes, John, F.E.S.. 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington, Lancs.
Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.
Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere.
O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
19OI.
1893. 1892.
Rooth, J. A.. M.R.C.S., 14, St. George’s Place, Brighton. Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh. Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S. W.
1877.P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin. 1895.Z Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesfield.
1904.
1886.
1893. 1904. 1904.
Scott, Miss Gwynedd, 4, The Terrace, Riding Mill-on-Tyne.
Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 3, Menzies Road, Torry, Aberdeen. Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, 24, Chatburn Road, Clitheroe, Lancs. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Hazelbeech Rectory, Northampton.
Sherrin, W. R., 38, Fielding Road, Chiswick, London, W.
136 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1905.
1895. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate Rd:, Chiswick, London, W
1896. Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.
1884. Skilton, Mrs. Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.
1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Wressel Lodge, Wimbledon Common, near London.
1903. Smallwood, Henry W., Holly Mount, Church Road, Moseley, Birmingham.
1903. Smallwood, Jas. Clarence, Holly Mount, Church Rd., Moseley, Birmingh’m.
1886. Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon.
1886. ? Smith, Edgar A., 1.S.O., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S. W.
1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.
1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.
1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, London, S.W.
1896. Smith, Wm. Rayson, Harleston, Norfolk.
1900. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent.
1886. Z PSomerville, Alex., B.Sc., F.L.S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow.
1887. Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., Castellar, Crieff, N.B.
1902. Sorby, Henry Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., Broomfield, Sheffield.
1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, near London.
1892. Span, Bartlet, Woodlands, Tenby, South Wales.
1900. Stacey, John, 22, Nithdale Road, Plumstead, Kent.
1886. Standen, Robert, 113, Sewerby Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester.
1888. Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent.
1903. Stelfox, A. W., Oakleigh, Ormeau Road, Belfast.
1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., Arnside, Prestwich Park, Manchester.
1904. Stone, R. E. T., Asliffe, 78, Woodstock Road, Oxford.
1885.Z Storey, J. A., B.A., Mafeking Villa, Locking Road, Weston-super-Mare.
1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough.
1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.
1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester.
1899. Sturt, W. Neville, India Office, Westminster, London, S.W.
1805. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.
1888. P Sykes, Ermest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., etc., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s Inn, London, W.C.
1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs. 1897. Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., St. Matthew’s Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia. 1904. Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood. O P Taylor, John W., F.L.S., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds. 1901. ‘Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand. 1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. 1886. Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton, M.A., Estyn, Chester. 1898. Turner, E. Hartley, A.C.A., 33, Bairstow Street, Preston, Lancs.
1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire, S. Wales; winter address: St. David’s, London Road, Guildford.
1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.
1902. Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.
1902. Wadsworth, J. T., 15, Deramore Street, Moss Side, Manchester. 1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea, S. Wales. 1891. Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 137
190). Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.
1886. P Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.L.S., etc., 11, Strathearn Pl., Edinburgh. 1900. Webb, Walter, F., 416, Grand Avenue, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.
1895. Webb, Wilfred Mark, F.L.S., Odstock, Hanwell, London, W.
1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, U.S.A.
1895. Welch, Robert John, 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.
1897. West, H. J., 167, Goodrich Road, Fast Dulwich, London, S.E.
1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., Underhill, Kidderminster Road, Hagley, near Stourbridge.
1901. Wilde, J. W., 17, Hendon Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham.
1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.
1891. Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., 14, Upper Mount Street, Dublin. 1890, Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.
1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
1886. Z Woocward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, London, W. 1903. Worsdale, R., 75, Dudley Road, Grantham.
1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.
Testacella haliotidea var. flavescens Moq.-Tand.—I received a consignment of eleven Testacella haliotidea Drap. from Mr. Chester G. Doughty, of Martlesham Rectory, near Woodbridge, Suffolk, last Sept. 23rd. They were of the normal size and colouring, excepting one individual which’was not only somewhat larger, but _ also of a uniform bright canary colour. The pigment was rather fainter on the foot of the mollusc, but above the pure yellow colouring made the shell with its brown epidermis a very conspicuous object. In the normal forms the shell is by no means conspicuous. This striking variety of 7: haliotz zea is no doubt the variety flavescens of Moquin-Tandon (‘‘ Hist. Moll. France,” 1855, p. 39) and is referred to in the ‘‘ Monograph of the L. and F. Mollusca of the British Isles,” part 8, p. 9, as not yet having been recorded in this country. Mr. Doughty took the slugs in the night-time, crawling on the gravel paths of the rectory garden, Martlesham, near Woodbridge, Suffolk.—Rev. S. SPENCER PEARCE (Read before the Society, November 9th, 1904).
Report on the Northwich Ramble, roth Sept., 1904.—Though Northwich in itself is far from a conchologist’s paradise, the neighbourhood affords a few interesting species, and well deserves a visit, but the short time at our disposal and the distance to travel to get to good ground left little time for collecting. The route followed was the Warrington Road, then past the Island Works, across the Ferry, to the Upland Reservoir; en route, the ever encroaching Paludestrina Jenkinst was found in company with Valvata cristata. A few Ancylus fluviatilis were got out of the Upland Reservoir ; other shells were very scarce, a feathered conchological party having established itself on the reservoir from the neighbour- ing farm. Marbury Mill was next reached, and the members gathered a few Jaminia anslica and J. cylindracea from the small colony there. The next object was to collect Unzo tumzdus, and the nautical talents of the party were shown to great advantage in navigating an ancient boat across Budworth Mere. The Unios were plentiful, but nearly all dead, and the Anodons were in rather better condition. Other shells were gathered, but are included in the list for the district, and need no further mention.—B. R. Lucas (Read before the Society, October 12th, 1904).
138
THE ORIGIN OF THE LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA AT PRESENT LIVING IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October rst, 1904).
By R. F. SCHARFF, Pu.D., M.R.I.A.
WHEN collecting land and freshwater shells you have no doubt attempted to satisfy your curiosity as to the reason why some species should be extremely restricted in range, whilst others may be found distributed all over the country. The solution of this problem is not easy, and in many cases we are as yet far from being able to point to a satisfactory cause of such dissimilarity in range. In order to ascer- tain the cause which produced these conditions, it is desirable, in the first instance, to make a detailed study of the history of the species and of the means of their dispersal.
As regards the various modes by which the land and freshwater mollusca have become dispersed over the British Islands, the most natural and at the same time the usual one is either by slow progres- sion on land for the terrestrial species, or by water for the aquatic forms. But we are especially indebted to Mr. H. W. Kew’ for his care- fully collected statistics as to other means of dispersal possessed by land and freshwater mollusca. From the facts examined by him, he thinks that “it may be safely concluded that the local distribution of the smaller bivalves has been influenced in a marked degree by aquatic insects” (p. 69); though in speaking of land-shells he acknowledges (p. 119) “that we have little or no actual evidence of precise modes of dispersal, even for short distances on land.”
The belief that terrestrial mollusca are able to cross the ocean by occasional means of dispersal, is largely based on Dr. Wallace’s assumption that all animals now inhabiting truly ‘‘oceanic islands” must have reached them either by crossing the ocean or that they must be the descendants of ancestors which did so. More recent researches, however, into the fauna and flora of several so-called “oceanic islands” tend to shew that these were really parts of larger land-masses, and that we are not justified in the supposition that the animals and plants inhabiting them were obliged to cross the ocean to reach them. ‘The evidence, therefore, on which Dr. Wallace relied to prove his theory is not so convincing as he thought.
Some naturalists have spent much thought and labour in speculat- ing on the possible modes of accidental or occasional dispersal, in order to explain the presence of land mollusca on what they consider true ‘oceanic islands.” Yet drift-timber, as Mr. Kew acknowledges, has never been known to carry molluscs or their eggs (p. 138), and I
1 Kew, H. W., ‘The Dispersal of Shells,” London, 1903.
SCHARFF: ORIGIN OF LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 139
know of no authenticated record of a living terrestrial mollusk having been carried across the sea to an island and established itself there by any means except by man. We must also remember that un- successful attempts at colonization by man, often in most suitable localities, clearly indicate to us how very small must be the chance of the ultimate establishment of a new colony on an island as the result of the transportal of a few individuals by accidental means under the forces of nature.
On the other hand, we do possess positive proof that terrestrial species, particularly suited to withstand the deleterious action of sea- water, have been stranded on islands probably for many centuries, and yet have not become established there. I need only refer to Cyclostoma elegans, which has been picked up on the Irish coast, and specimens of which must be constantly washed up on the shore owing to the facility with which it floats on the surface. It has not, however, succeeded in securing a permanent abode in Ireland.
Though I do not believe that the molluscan fauna of the British Isles owes its presence there, in any appreciable degree, to occasional means of introduction from the continent by birds, drift-timber, or hurricanes, local distribution is no doubt somewhat influenced by these causes. I fully agree, however, with Mr. Kew in his opinion “that both snails and slugs, during the last three centuries at least, have been more dispersed by human agency than by all other causes together” (p. 178). Nevertheless, among the species of land and freshwater mollusca inhabiting the British Islands, there are only few which can be reasonably regarded as human importations. Mr. Adams,” for instance, in his excellent little manual, expresses the opinion that four terrestrial species were thus introduced into our fauna, viz., Helix villosa, H. terrestris, Stenogyra goodallt, and Clau- silia parvula. Similarly Helix pomatia, H. aspersa, H. cantiana, and the freshwater species Physa acuta, Planorbts dilatatus, Drets- sensia polymorpha, and Spherium pallidum are looked upon by some authorities as recent introductions. Now these, after all, are only about a dozen out of nearly one hundred and forty species known to inhabit the British Isles, so that there seems to be no reasonable doubt that the remaining one hundred and twenty-eight species are mostly indigenous to these islands. If these reached us from the con- tinent they must either have come by land or by accidental dispersal in remote times. It is impossible for us, in the present state of our knowledge, to arrive at a clear estimate of what proportion of these one hundred and twenty-eight species reached our islands by migration
1 Throughout this address I have adhered to the old nomenclature, as I understood that many members were not sufficiently familiar with the revised one, and had not yet adopted it.
2 Apams, L. E., ‘“‘The Collector's Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells,” second edition, Leeds, 1896. aoe :
140 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1905.
over a former land-connection which may have joined them to the continent, rather than by an accidental or occasional means of distribution. But it is also possible that some species may have originated in the British Islands. We know from Messrs. Kennard and Woodward’s! researches, that at least twenty-seven species of our present land and freshwater fauna already inhabited these islands in Pliocene times, and one hundred and six during the later Pleistocene period. ‘To judge from the presence in caves of the remains of such large creatures as the Mammoth and the Irish Elk in both England and Ireland, we must conclude that the British Islands were joined to the continent in recent geological times, during which the cave deposits were formed. No necessity, therefore, appears to exist for the assumption that any considerable number of our land and fresh- water mollusca colonized these islands by the difficult and hazardous method of crossing the ocean, when they could do so more conveni- ently by means of a land-passage.
Edward Forbes, who was one of the first naturalists to study the subject of the origin of the British fauna, laid down his views in a very remarkable and fascinating memoir.? In it he expresses the opinion that the British Islands have acquired their fauna and flora by colonization from another neighbouring land, or from several, previous to isolation, and that the greater part of the animals and plants have migrated to our area over continuous land before, during and after the Ice Age (p. 65). The great mass of our pulmon- iferous molluscs are believed by Prof. Forbes to have arrived during the Post-Pliocene period, 7.¢., in Pieistocene times from the Germanic regions of the continent (p. 9). But these species, he says, are deficient westward—in Ireland, for instance, the migration of those less speedy of diffusion, which are now peculiar to England, having been arrested by the breaking-up of that land passage which connected England with Ireland. A little earlier in the history of the British Islands there occurred, according to Prof. Forbes, an incursion of northern animals and plants, transported to our area by floating ice from the north, and stranded on mountains which appeared as islands.
More ancient still is his Kentish fauna, which includes such species as Helix pomatia, H. obvoluta, H. cartusiana, Clausilia ventricosa, and Buliminus montanus. ‘The Devon fauna is another and yet older fauna and more southern in character. Prof. Forbes remarks that it is well seen in the south-east of Ireland, Helix pisana being a mol- luscan representative.
——
t KgeNNARD, A.S., and Woopwarp, B. B., ‘‘ The Post-Pliocene Non-Marine Mollusca of the South of England,” Proc. Geologists’ Association, vol. 17, 1901.
2 Forbes, E., ‘‘On the connection between the Distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles and the Geological Changes which have effected their Area, especially during the Epoch of the Northern Drift,” Afesmoir Geol. Survey, vol. 1, 1846.
SCHARFF: ORIGIN OF LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. I4!I
The south-west of Ireland was considered by Forbes to be the district in which the most ancient British living organisms are found. This view is based entirely on the occurrence of certain plants, as no terrestrial animals peculiar to the district were then known to the learned author; of course we now know that the remarkable slug Geomalacus maculosus inhabits that very region.
The hypothesis which he offered to account for this interesting flora is that the plants migrated northward in Miocene times from Spain over a land connection which united it with Ireland, and that the great mass of this southern flora was exterminated in Ireland during the Ice Age, the remaining few being the sole relics of this most ancient of our island flora.
Great advances have been made in our knowledge of the fauna inhabiting the British Islands since Forbes’ days, so that we now have better means to revise the deductions formulated by this dis- tinguished naturalist, from a study of the distribution of our native animals. Before doing so, however, it may be of interest to com- pare the views of more recent observers on the origin of our land and freshwater mollusca with those advanced by Prof. Forbes. Dr. Wallace’ while merely repeating Forbes’ explanation of the poverty in species of Great Britain, as compared with the continent, and of Ireland as compared with Great Britain, gives us nothing new. In fact he does not even allude to Forbes’ recognition of the complex origin of the British fauna, and seems to have given the subject little independent thought. He merely states that the submergence in glacial times destroyed the fauna in the British Isles, and that when England became continental the existing animals entered the country (p. 338). But he thinks sufficient time did not elapse before sub- sidence again occurred, cutting off the further influx of purely terres- trial animals, and leaving us without the number of species which our favourable climate and varied surface entitle us to. Dr. Wallace then proceeds to give us a long list of species and varieties peculiar to the British Islands, but does not inform us whether they have originated there since the Glacial period, or in what manner their present distribution has been brought about.
Dr. Kobelt? regards the fauna of Ireland as an impoverished branch of the English fauna. He does not believe in the pre-glacial origin of such southern species as Helix acuta, H. pisana, H. revelata, and Pupa anglica, or of Geomalacus and Testacella, as he presumes none of them have ever been found in pre-glacial deposits. A later immi- gration or even an artificial introduction appear to him more probable (p. 220).
1 Watrace, A. R., ‘‘Island Life,’ second edition, London, 1892. 2 Koper, W., ‘‘ Studien zur Zoogeographie: die Mollusken d. Palzarkt. Region,” Wies- baden, 1897.
142 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1905.
The views of Forbes, Wallace, and others, in so far as these authors derive the molluscan fauna of the British Isles from the continent, when the latter was connected with our islands, have been adopted by Mr. John W. Taylor,’ but in many other respects he abandons the precepts of former writers and strikes out an entirely indepen- dent line of thought. He looks upon the north central European region as the birthplace of the chief types of life at present occupying the terrestrial portion of the globe, where he maintains that the highest forms of life are found. From this region the most adaptable and dominating forms are supposed to emerge and to radiate outward. Mr. Taylor divides the British Isles, from a molluscan point of view, into a western or Celtic and an eastern or Teutonic province (p. 402).
Messrs. Kennard and Woodward? express themselves very differ- ently from Mr. Taylor. They urge that our non-marine mollusca have reached this country from various sources. ‘“ A large number,” they say, ‘‘are boreal, some travelled hither along the now sunken land to the north of Scotland, whilst others may have journeyed hither through Siberia and the continent ; some have come from the south by the old land connection between England and the continent ; others, the so-called Lusitanian forms, have reached us from south-west Europe ; a few species may be endemic” (p. 254). That I am in perfect agreement with these views, rather than Mr. Taylor’s, may be gathered from a perusal of my work on the “ European Fauna.”* I may acknowledge, however, that I fail to fully grasp Mr. Taylor’s reasoning on which he bases his arguments that our mol- luscan fauna has originated in North Central Europe—the modern Germany. He hints (p. 387) that during former arrangements of land and water this active centre of evolution may have been else- where, yet on his map he represents even the mollusca of Australia as having travelled to their present abode over a formidable ‘series of land-bridges from Central Europe.
The only safe criterion on which we can base our views as to the place of origin of our species seems to me the consideration of their past and present distribution. When we examine the present range of our one hundred and twenty-seven species, we find among them a number with a general distribution over the British Islands, such as Helix nemoralis, Flyalinta cellaria, and Limnea peregra, and others with a local distribution such as Geomalacus maculosus, Helix obvoluta, and Dreissensta polymorpha, Lasts of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, such as those which have been drawn up by Messrs. Taylor,
1 Taytor, J. W., “‘A Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” vol. 1, Leeds, 1894-1900.
2 Kennarp, A. S. and Woopwarp, B. B., ‘‘The Post-Pliocene Non-Marine Mollusca of the South of England,” Proc. Geologists’ Association, vol. 17, 1901.
3 Scuarrr, R. F., ‘‘ The History of the European Fauna,” London, 1899.
SCHARFF : ORIGIN OF LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 143
Roebuck, and Adams, and are being continued by others, enable us to determine the exact range in the British Islands of every species now living there. On the other hand, Messrs. Kennard and Wood- ward have devoted a good deal of attention to the study of the past range of these species in our islands.
Now, among the three species I mentioned as having a very wide range in our area, yalinia cellaria has occurred in various Pleisto- cene deposits, but the other two—AHelix nemoralis and Limnea peregra—have even been discovered in beds of Pliocene age. As regards their distribution beyond the British and Irish area, Helix nemoratts occurs from Southern Spain and Portugal to Scandinavia, and from Central Italy to Northern Germany, but it is absent from Russia, Eastern Hungary, and Turkey. Ayalinia cellaria has a still greater distribution, being found all over Europe and Asia Minor as well as on the Atlantic Islands and in Eastern North America ; while Zimnea peregra is likewise found in the whole of Europe and besides in Western Asia and Northern Africa. The range of these three species is continuous over the whole area which they inhabit.
The continental range of the three local species, Geomalacus maculosus, Helix obvoluta, and Dretssensia polymorpha, is very different. The first only occurs in Northern Spain and Portugal. Felix obvoluta is essentially a Central European species, ranging from Hungary to Denmark, and in the west just crossing the Pyrenees. Dreissensia polymorpha is a typically Eastern species, but appears to have spread from there through Russia and Germany as far as England and France. None of these three have occurred in English Pleistocene or Pliocene deposits.
We are not justified in establishing generalisations from so few examples as those quoted, but it seems as if species with a wide range in the British Islands were more ancient and consequently had also a wider continental distribution than those which have a local range in our islands. This hypothesis is probably correct in most cases, but it cannot be relied upon as being always applicable. Among the ancient types of molluscs a certain number no doubt persist, but others would gradually become extinct in certain areas, leaving patches of small colonies in specially favoured localities. We ought to find the remains of such species in Pleistocene and Pliocene deposits, but as everyone knows, our geological strata do not give us a complete picture of the fauna of past ages, and many recent species are almost certainly ancient, of which we possess no fossil remains. In such cases “discontinuous distribution” as shown by Geomalacus maculosus undoubtedly indicates that we have to deal with ancient vanishing types. Then, again, we have to take into consideration that certain species among our land and freshwater mollusca are
144 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, I905.
endowed with much greater power of dispersion into new areas than others. Hardy forms, like Helix nemoralis, probably spread very much more rapidly than species like “e/¢x fusca, which is confined to damp and shady glens and wcods, so that the latter with a rather local range might yet be an ancient species.
To judge from the present and past range of our land and fresh- water mollusca, I think we may safely conclude that they have originated in widely-separated areas of our globe, and have found their way to these islands by different routes. How long they have lived in this country it would be difficult to estimate. It is quite possible, however, that some may have come in early Tertiary times, when the distribution of land and water was vastly different from what it is now.
It was not my intention, in the limited time at my disposal, to give you a complete survey of the history of our land and freshwater mollusca. I merely wished to acquaint you with my views as to the manner in which this study should be prosecuted. No one has as yet worked out the problem with the amount of research and investi- gation that the subject demands. It is certainly a most complex problem, the solution of which will require years of painstaking thought and study. If my address has awakened, in the younger members especially, a desire to take up this enquiry, I can assure them that they will find it most fascinating, and I should feel also that my object of presenting these few notes to you has been amply fulfilled.
$6
Vivipara contecta var. atro-purpurea nov. at Wicken Fen, Cambs.— Whilst collecting shells at Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, in August, 1889, and August, 1900, I found a few Viwipara contecta, about one-half of which were bandless and of a uniform dark-purple colour, and during August of the present year in the pit-holes on the ‘* Poor Man’s Land,” Wicken Fen, I again found the same form along with the type. The nepionic whorls in these bandless specimens are bright translucent white, striated faintly, and contrasting strongly with the dark colour of the rest of the shell. As this dark-purple form does not appear to have been previously noticed, I have pleasure in proposing the varietal name afro- purpurea, to which variety of V. uvzvépara it corresponds.—FRED. TAYLOR (ead before the Society, October 12, 1904).
Limnza stagnalis var. umbilicata.—A specimen of Limne@a stagnalis col- lected by me from a pond at Bell Isle, near Leeds, on the 25th of October, 1904, shows the mouth of the shell differing very much from the type, being more elon- gated with a slight bulging in of the centre of the outer lip; the shell has alsoa small umbilicus into which I inserted a bristle to the depth of ;5;ths of an inch and in some cases a quarter of an inch. Out of a dozen shells collected, all had the mouth of the shell thus modified, and all the large ones, with the exception of two, the small umbilicus. I have shewn specimens to Mr. Taylor and Mr. Nelson, of Leeds.—-W. HARRISON Hutton (Read before the Society, November 9th, 1904).
145
NOTE ON THE NAME GLYCYMERIS. By WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, A.M., D.Sc.
(Read before the Society, December r4th, 1904).
Messrs. Dautzenberg and Dollfus have an interesting discussion on nomenclature in a late number of the current volume of the /owrnal de Conchyliologie (pp. 109-122), in which they advocate going back for “generic” names to the limit of printed books on natural history. As this question is purely academic, the rule having been settled otherwise for more than a century, it would not call for discussion except of an academic kind. But, in the course of the article, the authors announce that the name G/ycymeris was used by Huddesford in his binominal index to the 1770 edition of Lister’s ‘“ Historia,” thus antedating the use of the same name by Da Costa in 1778. If this statement was correct it would have numerous consequences in the present nomenclature of mollusca. It is, therefore, of some im- portance that the facts of the case should be stated with precision, so that unnecessary changes shall not be initiated by persons relying upon this statement and unable to consult a somewhat rare book.
Huddesford gives ¢wo indices in the text which he adds to the im- pression of Lister’s engravings.
The second is entitled “Index alter, conchyliorum classes complec- tens, juxta methodum celeberrimi Caroli a Linné, et ad Tabulas Listerianas accommodatus,” and extends from page 2 (07s) to page 77. It contains the Linnean genera in the order in which they occur in the Systema Naturze, and the specific names under each in similar order, not alphabetical, and on the right hand of these names are references to the plate and figure of Lister when the author could identify Lister’s figures with any of the Linnean names. In this index the name G/ycymeris does not anywhere occur.
It may be noted in passing that the word glycymeris means a “succulent morsel” and was applied by early writers to such bivalves as were esteemed especially delicious eating.
The first index has the following title :—‘ Index alphabeticus, conchyliorum classes exhibens eo ipso Ordine in quo disponunter a Listero.” If we include a short sub-index of the anatomical plates, it extends from page 1 to 12 inclusive, and contains the names and tabular classifications used by Lister, alphabetically arranged and with references to the number of the copper plate upon which they will be found engraved by the Misses Lister. ‘These frequently refer to ancient works from which some of Lister’s figures seem to have been copied, as “ Mytulopectunculus berberoides Fab. Col.” etc., and the nomenclature is that of Lister or the cited authors and 7” uo case
K
146 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1905.
Linnean, though frequently expressed in one, two, or three words, on page 4, line 3 from the bottom, we find the words “ Glycemeris Chama Aldrovandt,” with a reference to plate 414. Turning to plate 414 we find it to represent the first species of Lister’s group of Chame, under which it is also indexed on the same page above cited. The engraving is lettered: ‘‘Sectio 10, cap. J de Chame, ab altero tantum latere fere naturaliter Hiantibus, Chama Glycimeris Aldrovande, Mare hispanie mediter.”
It seems then, that, so far, from the word Glycemerts being used in this instance in the sense of a Linnean genus, it is really used in a specific sense, as a species Glycemeris of the group Chame, to which it had been referred by Aldrovandus. ‘This being the case, the first use of Glycymeris for a genus in the Linnean sense becomes that of Da Costa in 1778, as I have elsewhere shown 77 extenso.
New Records for West Lancashire.—One morning, early last month, Mr. J. W. Jackson and I left Silverdale station and struck a footpath across the lime- stone fells leading to the church. We soon reached a favourite hunting-ground ; the little hollow known as Bank Well, where a search was at once made for Vertigo pygmea, obtainable here in fine condition. Working at the base of a low limestone cliff, and almost at the roadside, I was surprised to tind in the soil Ceczliotdes aetcula, and a combined search soon yielded nearly a score of specimens. Besides occurring in the moss and earth at the base of the cliff, several were found in the earth-filled crevices in the cliff-face. They had evidently been washed down from above, as after heavy rain the water drains through at this point and collects in the tarn just below. Comparison should be made with the Millers Dale habitat for this shell, z.e., the ‘‘over-grown talus at the foot ofa series of carb. limestone cliffs” (J. Conch., vol. 10, p. 303, 1903). A further search of the immediate locality was entered on in the hope of getting living specimens, but instead Helzcel/a ttala was found to be in possession of the grassy slopes, and as a new record, was duly ““boxed.” Leaving this spot, much elated, we regained the Arnside road. On the top of a mossy wall, covered in parts with ivy (a typical habitat), Mr. Jackson found what we had long been in search of—Véertigo alpestris. Only three living examples were taken, with several dead ones, but this scarcity may be attributed to the lateness of the season. It was found in company with VY. puszlla. Vertigo alpestvis has been recorded for South Lancashire by Dr. Gilbertson, who found it at Clitheroe (Jeffreys, ‘‘ Brit. Conch.,” vol 1, p. 260), but the most strenuous efforts on the part of later conchologists have failed to corroborate this. A later record is that of Roughlee Valley, Pendle Forest (7. Cozch., vol. 9, p. 221, 1899). Refer- ence should also be made to the records for Grange-over-Sands and Cark (_/. Conch., vol. II, p. 44, 46), which districts, although included in Vice-County 69, have per- haps a more direct geological bearing on the above than Clitheroe. —J. Davy DEAN (Read before the Society, December 14, 1904).
147
NOTES ON A CHARA AND SHELL-MARL DEPOSIT AT HAWES WATER, SILVERDALE, LANCASHIRE.
By J. DAVY DEAN anv J. WILFRID JACKSON.
(Read before the Society, December 14, 1904).
PLATE III.
For some time past we have been investigating the vast deposit of shell-marl in this neighbourhood with a view to ascertaining the number of species it contains. ‘The Hawes Water under discussion lies to the north of Silverdale station, and must not be confounded with the larger Hawes Water near Shap.
There are two tarns, the largest of which occupies an area of about twelve acres, and is connected with the smaller tarn, called Little Hawes Water—a mere pool compared with the other—by a narrow stream. Both tarns are fed by the various drains from the rising land round about. They are reputed to be of great depth, and viewed from the west side, where the shore shelves out and then appears to drop almost perpendicularly, they certainly look it. We had intended to obtain a boat for the purpose of ascertaining the exact depth by soundings, but were unable to do so.
With the exception of the southern end, the two tarns are shut in by high land, gradually rising from about twenty-five feet above sea level to ninety feet or more, with higher altitudes here and there, such as Challon Hall Allotment, 150 feet, and Trough Plantation, 240 feet. The rock of the surrounding district is mountain limestone. At the south end of this bath-shaped depression it is more or less open, and here a small stream issues from the large tarn, and, passing the sides of Hawes Water and Leighton Mosses, receives their numerous drains on its way to the sea.
The deposit, consisting of a mass of comminuted chara stems with dead shells scattered indiscriminately through it, occupies a great part if not the whole of the basin described above, and it is evident from this that the tarns had formerly a much larger extent than at present and might possibly have been united. The severance of these, and the narrowing of their limits, may have been brought about by the usual process of the gradual filling up of a lake, partly by the washing of detritus down from the adjoining slopes, and partly by the succes- sive generations of chara decaying and falling to the bottom along with the numerous dead shells of the mollusca inhabiting the lake.
The marl is, for the most part, covered by a bed of peat; a good section, however, presents itself at the north end of the large tarn, where no peat rests on it, and where it forms a series of low abrupt cliffs, from three to five feet high, encircling almost the whole of this
148 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I1, NO. 5, JANUARY, I905.
end. These cliffs are entirely composed of marl with no other admixture, except perhaps occasional long black stems of plants, resembling Equiseta, and at one point a number of angular limestone boulders are included. There is also a thin seam of remains of mosses, about three inches thick, at a depth of four feet from the surface. Thinking we should bottom the deposit, we dug down here for over a foot, but were not successful. A sloping beach extends from the foot of these cliffs, and is strewn with immense numbers of dead shells, bleached quite white, and composed for the most part of Limnea pereger and Bithynia tentaculata. The long series of white cliffs and the shell-strewn beach make the shore a conspicuous object when seen from the main road some distance away.
The vast number of shells accumulated here is the result of the water of the tarn being driven up against the small cliffs by prevalent south-west winds, consequently large masses of deposit are under- mined and eventually fall down. In course of time these masses are disintegrated by the action of the water, and the shells freed from the matrix. They are then deposited in various degrees of fineness and weight, and occur in long rows fringing the shore, while the vegetable débris washing up from the tarn, mingling with them, gives the place the appearance of a sea beach. In some cases the mass seems entirely made up of Zzmnca pereger, in others Lithynta tenta- culata appears to predominate, and in one or two cases the opercula of the last-named species occur to the entire exclusion of anything else, except perhaps shells of Valvata piscinalis and V. ristata. Planorbis crista occurs also, but is generally found under the water’s edge.
Although this mechanical sorting is useful in some respects, it does not necessarily follow that the shells thus accumulated are derived from the deposit itself, for mixed with them are many dead shells of terrestrial origin (¢g., Carychium minimum, Cochlicopa lubrica, flygromia hispida, etc.), together with dead aquatic species washed up from the tarn. To be absolutely sure of the species actually occurring in the deposit, we brought away large pieces of it to wash and sort out at home, with the result that we found the following :—
Bithynia tentaculata - Common. Limnea pereger . Common. Valvata piscinalis 2 Common.
V. cristata - : Not common. Planorbis crista - Rare. Pisidium obtusale - Common.
P. pusillum - = Common.
P. gassiestanum - - Rare.
All the shells of the /esédia had both valves adherent ; the oper- cula of Lrthynia also occurred in various stages of growth, There
DEAN AND JACKSON : CHARA AND SHELL-MARL AT HAWES WATER. 149
were two forms of Limnca pereger, both small, one having a long spire and the other a short one. Of Valvata piscinalis, the form antigua appeared to predominate, with occasional examples of depressa. The shells of V. cristata were only small, and could not be compared with the specimens found by Mr. Welch in the shell-marl at Bally- finragh Lough, Portaferry, Co. Down (Jrish Waturalist, vol. 11, p. 46, 1902). Planorbis cristata occurred very sparingly, only about half-a- dozen specimens were obtained from some pounds of material.
Having looked through a large amount of literature bearing upon the geology of this and adjoining districts, we cannot find that there has been any previous attempt properly to investigate this deposit, which is a matter for some surprise, considering that such a fine section is available. ‘Che only exception is its mention by Mr. David Dyson, in his somewhat scarce and little-known work,! which runs as follows :— ““ Haweswater, or Hazewater, is a small lake or tarn situate in the township of Silverdale, in the parish of Warton, in the county of Lan- caster. Its extent is about twelve acres, and its depth varies from thirty to forty feet. The water is very clear, and without any admix- ture of sea-water. The shells thrown up at the north side of the tarn are all dead, without epidermis, but perfect in form, and purely white ; and there can be little doubt that living specimens exist in vast numbers at the bottom of the water. The tarn is surrounded on all sides, except the north, by peat-bog, which rests on a layer of shells from two to three feet thick. A vertical ridge of rock forms the northern boundary of the tarn, having a sloping beach formed princi- pally of the detritus of the shell (Aithynia tentaculata) in question. The rocks of the district consist entirely of mountain limestone, with the usual veins of iron and copper, and with some traces of old red sandstone. There is a smaller tarn very near, called Little Hazewater, very deep, but containing very few shelis. The people in the neigh- bourhood use the shells for strewing on flagged floors, instead of sand; and the deeper layers, which are finely pulverised, are used instead of lime for whitewashing, being a very pure white. A more extensive deposit of the shell (4zthynia tentaculata) is to be seen on the Burton and Yealand Mosses, through the centre of which the Milnthorpe turnpike-road passes. The extent of this morass is two or three hundred acres, a great portion of which rests on a thick layer of shells, many of them unbroken, but all without epidermis, and all purely white.”
This, however, is not his own wording, he having borrowed it from the correspondence of a scientific friend of the name of Walling. It would, therefore, be interesting to know who this Mr. Walling was, and if he has written anything on the matter, and we should be glad
x ‘The Land and Freshwater Shells of the District around Manchester, 1850.”
150 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1905.
if any of our members could help us in this respect, as our own efforts have failed to glean any information concerning him.
The matter having been thus neglected we devoted much of our time and energy to it, and trust that the results so far obtained will be not unworthy of the attention of our fellow-workers.
For the purpose of ready reference, we have arranged the species found in the deposit, along with those now living in the neighbour- hood, in a table which will be found at the end of the paper. In this table we have queried several of the shells in the column marked “In deposit,” owing to the fact that they were found amongst the débris on the shell-beach and not in the actual deposit. Although having a bleached semifossil appearance, we thought it better to do this, in order not to lead to any misconception.
Three of them—Pisidium pulchellum, Spherium corneum, and FPlanorbis fontanus—we have not yet found living in the tarn or its immediate neighbourhood, but the last occurs plentifully in Bank Well, not far from Silverdale station.
A similar deposit evidently occurs in Crummockdale, near Clapham, and is referred to by Mr. Hugh Richardson, in his paper on the mollusca of the neighbourhood of Clapham, Yorkshire,’ wherein he mentions the following species from “ lake-marl ” :—
Spherium corneum (L)., | Planorbis nitidus (Miull.), Pisidium —————— ? Limnea peregra (Miill)., Valvata piscinalis (Miill.), L. palustris (Mull.).
V. cristata Mill.,
He also states that there is little or no peat above it.
Mr. R. Welch informs us that he has worked similar deposits in Ireland, and through his kindness we have been able to examine and compare specimens of the marl from such places as Carra, Co. Mayo; and Kilnamadoo, Enniskillen. These, however, are more compact and bear every appearance of having been subjected to more pressure.
As mentioned by Dyson, there is a more extensive deposit on the Burton and Yealand Mosses, but we have not yet investigated it sufficiently to say much about it. We have casually examined a portion known as Hale Moss, where we found several species of land and freshwater shells in a semi-fossil condition. These were on the surface of what appeared to be a dried-up morass, the place appear- ing quite white as seen from the road. The following are the species obtained :—Limnea pereger, Bithynia tentaculate, Hygromia hispida, fly. rufescens, and Succinea elegans.
The last species possesses a remarkably thick shell, and also occurs living in the small tufts of grass growing on the deposit. Judging from the living shells, they are all referable to the var. ochracea, but at first sight they strongly resemble .S. od/onga.
t J. of Conch., vol. 5, p. 60, 1886.
DEAN AND JACKSON : CHARA AND SHELL-MARL AT HAWES WATER. 51
To investigate thoroughly the exact area of these deposits, it would be necessary to be on the spot more often than was possible for us, in order to examine the various drains which are cut through the peat and deposit periodically. We were fortunate on one occasion in being there when one of these was cut, and observed the junction of the peat and marl. ‘This was very clearly defined, there being no gradual pas- sage of the one into the other, as might be expected.
No doubt much remains to be done as regards ascertaining the number of species in the deposit, its depth, and the probable time taken in forming it; but these are more or less geological matters, and would not, therefore, come within the scope of this Journal. Notwithstanding this fact, we hope to pursue our investigations still further, with a view to elucidating one or other of these points.
Regarding the living shells of the district, we are hoping to publish a list in due course, including a general survey of the mollusca of this region, using Morecambe as a base from which anyone conchologically inclined might profitably make excursions.
We will now conclude by tendering our best thanks to those who have helped us to make this paper as complete as possible. More especially are we indebted to Mr. R. Welch for aid in the preparation of the block for illustration; to Mr. C. Oldham for the identification of doubtful Pistdia ; also to Messrs. R. Standen, A. S. Kennard, and J. Postlethwaite, secretary of the Keswick Literary and Science Society, for their kind advice and assistance.
TABLE SHEWING THE SHELLS FOUND IN THE DEPOSIT, AND THOSE LIVING IN THE DISTRICT AT THE PRESENT TIME.
SPECIES. IN DEPOSIT. LIVING. Limnea pereger - Common | Ditch, E. side. Lithynia tentaculata - 2 5 4 Valvata piscinalis - 59 Connecting Ditch. V. cristata - “ Fairly Com. | Bank Well. Planorbis crista - Sparingly P. albus - - ? Connecting Ditch. P. contortus - - ? se ‘5 P. fontanus - - ? Bank Well. Spherium corneum - E Pisidium pulchellum - ?
P. pusillum - , Common Beaune sna) emo aera P. obtusale - - Common 3 2: P. nitidum - - ? Connecting Ditch. P. milium - ee Rare »
9 Succinea elegans ou ? N. end.
152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
334th (Annual) Meeting, October 1st, 1904. Held at the Manchester Museum. Dr. R. F. Scharff, M.R.I.A. (President) in the chair.
Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
Specimens of Limax tenellus and white examples of Lzmax arborum, from Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
“*Some Nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar,” parts 3 and 4, by Sir Charles Eliot ( from the author), and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. J. Wilfrid Jackson and J. T. Wadsworth were appointed Auditors.
Appointment of Scrutineers. Messrs. R. Cairns and R. J. Welch were appointed Scrutineers.
New Member Elected. Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., Government House, Mombasa, East Africa. Resignations. Miss E. P. F. Bury, Mr. J. H. Killingbeck, Mr. G. M. Morris. Member Deceased. Mr. J. G. Shillito. Annual Report and Balance Sheet.
The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 154), and the Treasurer’s Report, including the Balance Sheet for 1903 (see p. 61), and the Interim Balance Sheet up to September 22nd, 1904 (see p. 155), and the Recorder’s Report (see p. 155), were presented and adopted. ;
Report of the Leeds Branch. The Report of the Leeds Branch from 1898-1903 (see p. 156) was presented
and read. Election of Officers and Council.
The Scrutineers reported that sixty-three valid papers had been received, and that fifty-nine voted for the entire list as nominated by the Council. The Officers and Council on the list (see p. 130) were therefore declared to be duly elected.
President’s Address.
Dr. R. F. SCHARFF then delivered his Valedictory Address (see p. 138) on “The Origin of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” on the conclusion of which a cordial vote of thanks was tendered to him on the motion of Mr. Charles Oldham, seconded by Mr. J. R. B. Masefield.
Exhibits.
By Mr. Edward Collier: A nearly complete series of Odda, Chlorit?s, and Planz- spira, and a fine series of the smaller British land and freshwater shells, including Succinea oblonga and Vertigo moulinsiana from Braunton Burrows, North Devon, and Helicella caperata monst. stntstrorsum from sandhills, Woolacombe Bay, North Devon, collected in August last.
By Mr. J. M. Williams: Very choice specimens of Ol’va medtocincta, Cyprea argus, & curious green variety, C. cruenta, with rich purple mouth, varieties of C. caurica, and C. pulchella var. pericalles M. and S.
By Dr. K. H. Jones: New species of Zemnea and Pecten collected at Shantung, China.
3y Mr. Bartlet Span: A fine scalariform JVatica catena from Tenby,
PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER I, 1904. 153
By Mr. J. E. Cooper : Punctum pygmaeum from Marden Park, Surrey.
By Mr. Fred. Taylor: Vewzpara contecta, a bandless, uniform, dark purple variety, equivalent to V. wivépara var. atvo-purpurea, from Wicken Fen, Cambs., a remarkable scalariform Planorbis cormeus, and a series of British Vertzgines.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: An interesting series of shells obtained by Mr. J. D. Dean and himself from the ‘‘ Chara Marl” deposit at Hawes Water, near Silverdale, Lancs., with specimens of the deposits and maps and sectional plans ; also a set of the shells now living in the vicinity.
By Mr. Thomas Edwards: A series of Helicidse from U.S. America ; a fine set of sinistral, acuminate, carinate, scalariform and other monstrous forms of Bzcezz2m undatune ; Purpura lapillus, type and vars. ; Weptunea antigua monst. contrarium —all from Thanet coast, Kent.
By Mr. C. E. Wright: Selected varieties of Helicidze and Zzmnea, from Hants., Kent, Northants, Sussex, Dorset, Leicestershire, Norfolk, and Guernsey, including many beautiful and uncommon forms of Helix nemorvalis and H. hortensis.
By Mr. W. Denison Roebuck: A living example of L2max tenellus from Kin- cardineshire, taken 23rd Sept., 1904, at Invercannie near Banchory, by Mr. George Sim, and sent along with a variety of other slugs to Mr. Roebuck ; also living examples of an almost albino form, with black eye-specks, of the tree slug, Zzmax arborum, taken near the Botanic Garden, at Old Aberdeen.
By Mr. Lionel E. Adams : Specimens of the various bivalves used as food in the United States under the general name of ‘‘ Clam,” as exhibited at the St. Louis Exhibition, and presented to the Manchester Museum by H. F. Moore, Esq., of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Washington.
By Mr. J. T. Wadsworth: Barnea candida, preserved with siphons extended, from Meols, Cheshire, and Microscopic sections of the luminous organs of certain Cephalopods—(a) from the mantle of Adraliops7s; (6) from the siphon, and in front of the eye, of Pyroteuthis margaritifera ; {c) from the mantle of Aisézopszs atlanteca ; also the epithelial organ of Polypus arborescens.
By Mr. R. Drummond: 7Zeredo megotara from floating timber, Blackpool.
By Mr. E. D. Bostock: Very large Ancylus fluviatelis var. capuloides.
By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: A keel-less form of Heléczgona lapicida from Derbyshire.
By Mr. R. Standen: Dretssens¢a polymorpha from most of its British localities, a fine series, illustrating the extreme variation of the species, and including some ‘*historic ” sets, collected many years ago, in localities now obliterated, by some of the older Manchester naturalists.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: Anodonta cygnea and Unio tumidus, caught whilst spin- ning for pike in the river Trent, at Lanham, near Nottingham.
By Mr. J. D. Dean: Limnea pereger and Pisidium pustllum, from Knott Hollow, Ulverston, alt. 500 ft. ; Planorbis albus, Pl. fontanus, and Valvata cris- tata, from Bank Well, Silverdale.
By the Manchester Museum: Twelve large drawers of European land shells ; mollusca of Lakes Tanganyika, Nyanza, and Nyassa, and other shells; the whole being a selection from the extensive collection of mollusca recently presented to the Museum by Mr. R. D. Darbishire; a set of Rostellaria delicatula Nevill, from the Persian Gulf (Townsend Collection), showing growth stages and variation in the denticulation.
The Shell Gallery was also thrown open for the inspection of members, a number of special exhibits being on view in the side cases, including shell-boring mollusca, Cardztum, and other shells from Lake Baikal, Sea of Aral, etc., illustrat- ing influence of freshwater upon marine forms ; pearl-bearing mollusca, ete.
154 ANNUAL REPORT.
DuRING the past year ten meetings of the Society have been held from October 14th, 1903, to September 14th, 1904. Between the last Annual Meeting and the end of the year five members were elected, three resigned and two died, and there appeared in the list published on the Ist of January 278 names. Since then 17 members have been elected (one of whom, Mr. G. H. Clapp, had previously been a subscriber), 10 members have resigned, three have been removed from the list for non-payment of their subscriptions, and two members have died, so that there are now 279 ordinary memhers on the list. The four members whose loss by death the Society has to deplore are, Messrs. W. D. Crick, I. C. Thompson, J. G. Shillito and Dr. P. Brookes Mason, an ex-president. | One honorary member, Dr. Eduard von Martens, has also passed away, leaving not only the Society but the whole conchological world poorer for his loss.
Without including the number of the /ozsnal for October, 1904, which will be published to-day, four instalments have been issued during the year, containing 136 pages, two plates, and several woodcuts.
Amongst other papers was published a new and revised ‘‘ List of British Non- Marine Mollusca,” by Mr. B. B. Woodward. To this a large number of varietal names were added by Messrs. Lionel E. Adams and R. Standen, and thus enlarged it has been issued by the Society as an official publication and a considerable number of copies have been sold.
The Library still continues to increase, the additions being principally in the form of Journals and Transactions received in exchange. The Deutsche Malako- zoologische Gesellschaft has supplied the volumes necessary to complete the set of its publications in the Society’s Library and welcome donations have been received from Dr. Bellini, Dr. Eduard von Martens, Messrs. G. P. Farren, G. K. Gude, and Chas. Pannell.
Donations to the Society’s Cabinet have been received from Miss J. E. Linter and Mr. C. S. Carter.
The Council has to report, with great regret. that Mr. Lionel E Adams has found it necessary in consequence of his leaving Stafford and of the uncertainty of his subsequent movements to resign the office of Recorder. They requested Mr. Charles Oldham to discharge until the Annual Meeting the duties of the office, -which he has effectively performed and they have much satisfaction in nominating him for election as Mr. Adams’ successor.
In this connection the Council think it desirable to remind the Society that the distinguishing feature of its records of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca is that no specimens are entered unless they have been seen by the Society’s Recorder. This plan ensure the authenticity of the Society’s official list. The Recorder will at all times be glad to receive specimens from members for identification, especially from those counties which remain blank in Mr. Adams’ recently published ‘‘Census” (see vol. 10, pp. 217—231).
During the summer rambles to Miller’s Dale, Fleetwood and Northwich have been arranged and been attended by a fair number of members; accounts of these will in due course appear in the /ozrzal.
The special exhibits at the monthly meetings have included selected genera representative of all divisions of the mollusca. The bringing together of such a large number of specimens of various species has been of great value to the members present and has given rise to the discussion of a great many interesting questions.
The demand for the Society’s publications continues satisfactory; the amount received last year was £26 16s. 2d., for the present year up to date the sum has been upwards of £10.
ANNUAL REPORT. 155
Waving heard that the seventieth birthday of Hermann Strebel was to be celebrated by his friends and colleagues on January Ist, the Council sent an address of congratulation in the name of the Society, signed by the President and Secretary. An account of the proceedings at this celebration, including the text of the address and Dr. Strebel’s reply, has already appeared in the Jounal.
In conclusion the Council feel that they have to record a year of undiminished activity in the prosecution of the objects of the Society and they look forward with confidence to its increased activity in the future.
Treasurer's Statement.
The statement of accounts for the year 1903 will be found published in the April number of this year’s Journal (p. 61), from which it will be noticed that a balance of £18 8s. 9d. was brought forward. In bringing before the Society the interim statement for the present year, made up to September 22nd, it is gratifying to note that the finances of the Society are now in a very satisfactory condition, there being a balance in hand of some £14, and unpaid subscriptions to the extent of another 415. The outstanding accounts do not at the present time exceed £1, with the exception of the amounts paid for postage of the /ozna/, etc., which will be more than covered by the sale of publications, payment for which has not yet been received. :
Statement of Income and Expenditure for the year 1904 up to September 22nd. ~
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See neNAe E. D. Bosrock. Recorder’s Report.
Since the publication of the Census in the Journal of Conchology (vol. 10, pp. 217-237) 696 new comital records have been registered, the bulk of which, thanks to the valuable assistance of Miss Massy, Messrs. R. Welch, P. H. Grierson and H. L. Orr, have come from Ireland ; from Scotland, on the other hand, whence information is particularly desired, hardly any new records have been received.
In England, Mr. F. J. Partridge has done valuable work by contributing thirty- nine new records from North Devon ; and in Wales, Mr. J. Williams Vaughan has added thirty-one from Brecon and Radnor. Reference to the Census will show that records of even the common species are wanting for many counties, East Cornwall, North and South Wilts, West Suffolk, Hunts., Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Flint having been almost entirely neglected. The scientific value of an exact knowledge of the distribution of our land and freshwater mollusca is obvious, and it is earnestly
156 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1905.
hoped that members who have opportunities for collecting will make an effort to further this end by forwarding specimens to the Recorder for registration. Helix excentrica, H. costata, Pistdium henslowanum, P. pulchellum and P. obtusale have been accorded specific rank in Mr. B. B. Woodward’s list, which has lately been adopted by the Society, and records of the occurrence of these are desired from all districts.
As I have been obliged to relinquish the recordership, members are requested to forward all specimens for registration to my successor, Mr. C. Oldham, Brook Cottage, Knutsford, Cheshire. LIONEL E. ADAMS.
REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH.
Annual Reports for the periods ending April 15th, 1899; May 12th, 1900; August 24th, 1901 ; December 13th, 1902; and the 12th December, 1903.
It is the wish of the members of the above club that a short resumé of the several reports should be written for insertion in the /Jozrial of Conchology, to bring up-to- date the conditions and researches of the Society.
There have been slight fluctuations in the number of members on the books, caused by death and other reasons. But during the present year the society has practically recovered itself, and the regular attendance and energy shewn by its members prophesy well for its future.
Yorkshire itself has been well surveyed in former times, and has a fair re- presentation of species and varieties of the British Mollusca, therefore it is a difficult matter to extend its series, although this has been done by the addition of one species new to the county (PAysa heterostropha), and one new species to the West Riding (Paludestrina jenkinsz), both recorded by Mr. Castle, of Heckmond- wike. New species have also been added to several drainage areas, that were not new to Yorkshire itself. Biological work has also been carried on by Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., Mr. W. Nelson, and Mr. H. Crowther, F.R.M.S.
Numerous papers have been read on the Physiology, Habits, Geographical dis- tribution, etc., of Mollusca, also the interest of the meetings has been much enhanced by the quantity and variety of exhibits shewn. The club has been officially represented at all the meetings of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and reports have duly appeared in The Naturalist, the organ of the union.
The following short extracts will shew the past and present condition of the club:
Annual Report read 15th April, 1899. Mr. H. Crowther held the position of president, with Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and Wm. Nelson as joint secretaries. Eight meetings were held during the year with an average attendance of eight members, from a roll of 12 on the books. Several papers were read and exhibits were shewn at all the meetings. The club had to mourn the loss, through death, of a young and extremely capable member, Mr. E. Berry Smith.
Annual Report read 12th May, 1900. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., president, with Mesdames Brierley and Crowther as joint secretaries. Six meetings were held this year with an average attendance of 8 members, with a roll of 10 and 2 associates on the books. The exhibits were numerous and several papers were given. The club again this year mourned the loss through death of two of its indefatigable working members, Mr. Joseph Whitwham and Mr. W. I. Broadhead.
Annual Report read August 24th, 1901. Mr. H. G. Brierley as president, with Mesdames Brierley and Crowther re-elected as joint secretaries. Six meetings were held with an average attendance of 8 members from a roll of 10. The interest was well kept up by the papers given and exhibits shewn.
PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 12, 1904. 157°
Annual report read 13th December, 1902. Mrs. Brierley held the position of president, with Mr. W. Cash as secretary. Seven meetings were held during the period (16 months) with an average attendance of 7. Two members resigned, and one new member was elected. The usual reading of papers and exhibition of specimens were a feature of the year’s progress.
Annual report read 12th December, 1903. Mr. Wm. Nelson, president, and Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., as joint secre- taries. Eleven meetings were held during the year, with the small average of 4 members per meeting, sickness being the cause of the small average. Only two papers were given, but the exhibits were numerous as in other years. The club lost 3 members by resignation, ill-health and other work being the reasons.
FRED Boorn, yee: J. E. CrowvHer, f JJoumt Sees:
335th Meeting, October 12th, 1904. Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange.
Papers Read. ““ Report on the Northwich Ramble,” by B. R. Lucas. ** Vivipara contecta var. atro-purpurea nov., at Wicken Fen,” by Fred Taylor. Exhibits.
By Mr. T. H. Platt: Helix nemoralis, H. hortensts, Helicigona lapicida var. nigrescens, H. arbustorum, Claustlia bidentata, and Cecilioides acicula, from Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire.
By Mr. W. D. Roebuck : Zzmax tenel/us (living) taken since the annual meet- ing (when Scotch examples of this species were shown) at Epping Forest.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: A number of interesting examples of the borings of mollusca (Helix nemoralis and H. arbustorum) underneath ledges of limestone in the Derbyshire Dales, illustrated by photographs taken recently by Mr. R. Welch. A fine specimen of rock with similar holes from Great Orme’s Head (collected by Mr. R. D. Darbishire) was also exhibited.
By Mr. R. Standen: A fine example of the boring of Zeredo palmulata in mahogany, together with a series of the shells and ‘‘ pallets.”
By Mr. F. Taylor : A fine series of Vvzpara contecta, to illustrate his note.
336th Meeting, November 9th, 1904.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
The usual periodicals received in exchange.
Candidate Proposed for Membership. J. R. Charnley, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston. Papers Read.
*“Notes from the River Weser”; ‘‘ Notes from Venice”; ‘‘ Azodonta cygnea attached to foot of Plover”; ‘‘ Do Swans and Ducks eat Anodonta cygnea?” by Lionel E. Adams.
“* Helicella caperata m. stnistrorsum,” in Northants,” by W. A. Shaw.
““Umbilicated Limnea stagnalis,” by W. H. Hutton.
“* Vertigo moulenstana Dupuy, in Berkshire,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin.
** Destruction of Potatoes by Slugs,” by E, W. Swanton.
158 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1905.
“* Testacella haliotidea var. flavescens Moq.-Tand.,” by the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. “* Pistdium nitidum var. splendens Mog.-Tand., in West Lancashire,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson. Exhibits. By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: Examples of land and freshwater shells from Venice and the River Weser, to illustrate his notes.
By Mr. R. Standen: A fine series of Drezssensza polymorpha, small clumps of shells of all ages, 27 sztz, on shells of living Azodonta and small stones projecting from the mud of a reservoir at Butterley, Ambergate, near Derby, collected in October last, by Mr. Thomas Hey. Also specimens of Zimnea stagnalis with umbilicus, shewn to illustrate Mr. W. H. Hutton’s note.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Péstd@um nit¢dum var. splendens, P. obtusale, and P. gasstestanum, from Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lancashire, to illustrate his paper ; Clausitlia laminata, an elongate form, alt. 20 mm., from Oakwood, Romiley ; also Cl. bidentata var. parvula, 8 mm. by 2°5 mm., from Ravensdale, Derbyshire.
On behalf of Mr. R. Welch: Helzcella ztala, living, from Rosapenna, Co. Donegal, Ireland, shewing large size combined with rather high spire, as compared with the large flat forms from Dover, Folkestone, etc. ; also living specimens of Helix nemoralis and Helicella barbara from the same locality. The whole illus- trated by photographs of their habitat among the sand dunes.
A fine set of the two British species of Vzvifara was exhibited by Messrs. Collier, Oldham, Stump, Jackson, Moss, and Standen, from most of the present known and ‘‘ historic” localities, and an interesting discussion took place.
337th Meeting, December 14th, 1904. Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Member Elected. J. R. Charnley, F.Z.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston.
Candidates Proposed for Membership. W. Harrison Hutton, 44, Dial Street, Leeds. W. G. Reynolds, 15, Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N. Members Deceased. Rk. A. Philippi (hon. member); C. G. Barrett; Rev. John Hawell. Papers Read.
** Notes on a Chara and Shell-Marl Deposit at Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lanca- shire,” by J. Davy Dean and J. Wilfrid Jackson.
“© Note on the Name Glycymeris,” by W. H. Dall.
‘© Conchological Notes from the United States,” by Lionel E. Adams.
““ New Records for West Lancashire,” by J. Davy Dean.
“© Vallonia excentrica Sterki in Ireland,” by Charles Oldham.
Exhibits.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: A series of Semi-Fossil Mollusca from the Hawes- water Chara-Marl Deposits, recent shells from the same vicinity, and a set of photo- graphs, to illustrate Messrs. Dean and Jackson’s paper.
By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: A series of land and freshwater shells, from the United States, to illustrate his paper.
By Mr. J. D, Dean: Shells, from West Lancashire, mentioned in his note.
PROCEEDINGS: DECEMBER 14, 1904. 159
By Mr. Thos. Edwards: Bi-operculate Buccinum undatum, and some remark- able carinate examples, with a well-defined slit in the carina, giving the shells a pleurotomoid appearance, from the Isle of Thanet, Kent ; also a magnificent speci- men of Cardium pseudolima Lam., dredged in deep water off Zanzibar—this is a very striking shell, the specimen shown weighing two pounds, and measuring six- teen inches in circumference.
By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Zzmnea stagnalis, a fine labiate form, from Pit Lane, near Radcliffe.
By Mr. L. St. G. Byne: Cyprea physts in fine condition, dredged alive by fishermen, near Oran, Algeria.
By Mr. C. Oldham : On behalf of Mr. P. H. Grierson, Helzx ztala var. lewcozona, Carrickmacross, Co. Monaghan, and var. /entzginosa, from Trim, Co. Meath ; HM. votundata var, alba from Lagon Bridge, and Vadlonta excentrica Sterki.
By Mr. R. Standen : Phaszanella australis. a large series of the principal colour varieties of this beautiful species ; a fine series of Azemecra decollata was shewn from many European localities, also from the United States (introduced), and the influ- ence of habitat upon size, and coloration of a species, was strikingly demonstrated by the exhibit.
It was decided to hold the following
Special Exhibits at Future Meetings:
January, 1905 - Varieties of Helix aspersa. February, 1905 - Varieties of Helix nemoralis. March, 1905 - Varieties of Helix hortensis.
The above with special reference to the list recently issued by the Society.
Scalariform Natica catena.—The accompanying photograph of a curious scalariform monstrosity of /Vatica catena may be of interest to members. I found the shell on the Laugharne (Caermarthenshire) beach, and have seen nothing like it in any collection.—BARTLET SPAN (Read before the Society, June 8th, 1904).
160 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
‘‘Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna der Magalhaen-Provinz,” by HERMANN STREBEL (Zool. Jahrbticher, Syst., vol. 21, pp. 171-248, 6 pls.). [An elaborate critical review of the spp. of 77ophoz, of which 24 are recognized,
16 being described as new].
The Journal of Malacology, vol. 11, no. 3, Sept. 1904.
**On some New Species of Melania (MZ. eruginosa, M, dulcis, M. fortitudinis, M. lauta), and Juliennia [_/. carinata] from Yunnan and Java,” by HuGH FULTON. “On a Collection of Land Shells from Gebi Island, Moluccas, with Descriptions of New Species” [Papuina fallax, Albersia subspherica, Leptoperna gebiensts|, by Hucu Futron. ‘‘ Note on Leptopoma crentlabre Strubell,” by HuGH FULTON [Shell figured by Kobelt under this name is probably 7. halmahericum var.]. ‘On certain Deposits of Semi-Fossil Shells in Hamakua District, Hawaii, with Descrip- tions of New Species,” by H. W. HENSHAW [Swcc¢évea 4 nn.spp. figured ; list of 46 spp.]. ‘* Report on Semi-Fossil Land Shells found in the Hamakua District, Hawaii,” by C. F. ANCEY [Pseudohyalina meniscus, Vitrea hawaiiensts, Punctum hornert, Endodonta henshawt, Tornatellina rudicostata, T. cyphostyla, nn.spp.figd. ]. The Nautilus, vol. 18, nos. 6, 7, Oct., Nov., 1904.
“* A New Oyster [O. avroszs] from the Eocene of Alabama,” by T. H. ALDRICH. “*New American Lymnias, II.” [Z. decollata oronensts Maine; L. randolphi, Alaska,” by F. C. BAKER. “‘ A Glimpse at the Shell Fauna of Delaware,” by S. N. Ruoaps [List of 38 spp. with localities]. ‘‘ A Peculiar Halzotis,” by F.W. KrELsry [No apertures nor indication of them]. ‘‘ Panopea bitrumcata Conrad,” by C. W. JOHNSON [Figure and synonymy]. ‘Notes on Eastern American Ancylz, II.,” by BRYANT WALKER [IO spp. figd. ]. ‘‘[ Validity of Bolten’s Genera],” by W. H. DAL. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft.
“ Streifziige in Siiditalien,” by W. Koserr. ‘Zur Kenntnis der Naiaden von Goyaz,” by H. vON IHERING [Notes on 4 spp.]. ‘‘ Zur Rettung unserer Mollusken Fauna,” by S. Brusina [Criticism of Bourguignat, list of 16 Croatian Ammertcia, Cerithium sykestt n.sp.}. ‘* Zwei neue Buliminus Arten [B. stlvestris, B. karago- znensis] aus Centralasien,” by BARON ROSEN.
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 52, no. 3, October, 1904.
‘* Descriptions de quelques nouvelles espéces du genre Pecfen et rectifications,” by A. Bavay [Chlamys hiraset, C. ambiguus, C. wilhelmine, C. webert, C. jous- seaumel, C. cythereus, nn.spp. figd.]. ‘‘ Description @un Amzssium [A. stboge] nouveau dragué par le Siboga dans la mer de Celebes,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG and A. BAvAY. ‘‘ Addition a la faune Malacologique du Golfe de Gabés,” by PauL PALLARY [numerous nn.spp. and notes on old ones with figs. ].
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. 14, nos. 2-5. ““The Molluscan Fauna of the Dells of Wisconsin,” by F. C. BAKER [21 spp.
with localities]. ‘‘ Notes on Planorbis truncatus Miles,” by F. C. Baker [distinct
from P. trivolvis|. ‘* Notes on the Pleurotomidze, with Description of some New
Genera and Species,” by THos. L. Casry [Divided into 8 tribes: Lophzotoma,
Tomopleura, Glyptotoma, Cochlespiropsis, Protosurcula, Hosurcula, Megasurcula,
Hernisurcula, Orthosurcula, Tropisurcula, Surculoma, Microsurcula, Lyrosurcula.
Leptosurcula, Eodrillia, Ruscula, Varicobela, Fusitoma, Eoclathurella, Helenella,
nn.gg. ; many nn.spp. ].
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 13, no. 12, Dec., 1904.
** Vertigo angustior in Co. Carlow,” by P. H. GRIERSON,
Plate I.
192
189
lil, 191
188
190
Journal of Conehology, Vol.
SEPIA BURNUPI, NATAL.
Journal of Conchology, Vol. 11.
ROSTELLARIA
DELICATULA,
Nevill.
Plate
II.
JOURNAL OF ConcHoLoey, Vol. 11. PLATE
VIEWS OF THE NORTH END OF HAWES WATER, SILVERDALE,
showing cliffs of Chara and Shell marl.
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Worn a1, APRIL, 1905. No. 6.
ROSTELLARIA DELICATULA Nevill. Notes upon its distribution and limits of variation.
By JAMES COSMO MELVILL and ROBERT STANDEN.
(Read before the Society, May 11, 1904).
PLATE II.
Tuis particularly attractive Gastropod, always inhabiting abyssal dep‘hs, was described in 1881,1 by the late Mr. Geoffrey Nevill, but not figured ; his account of it being here transcribed as follows :—
Rostellaria delicatula n. sp.
“Distinguished at once from all the other living species of the genus by its thin, delicate, and translucent substance, in these respects showing a highly important approach to some fossil forms. Colour a pale ochraceous brown, lineated on the last whorl with four narrow white bands, each of which terminates in one of the four projecting digitate processes of the outer lip, one only of these bands appearing in the middle of the preceding four whorls; spire not quite half the entire length, apex moderately acute; whorls 103, moderately con- vex, the last conspicuously tumid and like the preceding one, marked with a slight sutural depression, produced at the base into a short canaliculation, relatively less developed than in any of the other known species, this ‘‘canal” is slightly tortuously deflected, more conspicuously so than in R. magnus Chemnitz; the first three or four whorls are sculptureless, the next three or four inconspicuously
1 Nevill, Journ. Asiat, Soc. Bengal, vol. 50, pt. 2, p. 262, 1881. L
162 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
but regularly spirally striated, strize about ten in number, filiform and slightly punctured, becoming obsolete on the last two whorls, except at the base of the last of all, where they reappear more coarsely developed than before; there are also five varices, somewhat incon- spictous, at intervals on the last four whorls, which also show, under a lens, minute longitudinal striation, the striz close set, fine and flexuous; zperture oval, rather large, with the peristome thickened and denticulated with four equidistant, relatively somewhat small, digitate processes.
“Tong. 76, diam. 28; from the apex to suture of the last whorl 293, from base of the aperture to end of the “canal” 6% mill.
“This highly interesting and very characteristic form, quite unlike any other of the seven known living species of the genus (as restricted) was dredged in deep water off Cheduba, Arrakan Coast, by Surgeon J. Armstrong, late Naturalist to the Indian Marine Survey.”
“This species has now become recognised as a quite characteristic inhabitant of the infra-littoral of the Bay of Bengal at and near the too-fathom contour, as far as this has yet been explored by the ‘Investigator,’ from Arrakan to the Godavari. The living animal is a bright pink, and it has imparted to the spirit in which it was preserved a beautiful magenta colour, which has stained permanently the packing material, the legs and branchiz of some Penzi, and the soft tissues of a Chetopod and of some other mollusks, contained in the tin in which it was first placed. The eyes are very large. The animal is possessed of great vitality, and though coming from a considerable depth, lives happily for days in a bucket of sea-water, and appears to be unaffected by prolonged deprivation of water in the moist atmos- phere of ship-board.
“The type appears to have been described from an abnormally thin and varicose shell, which also, judging from the slight development of the digitate processes of the outer margin of the aperture, was probably young. The thinness of the type specimen is perhaps to be explained by its having come from a greater depth, our present series showing that the thickness of the shell varies inversely as the depth.”?
‘“‘ Many specimens in various stages of growth from station 119, 95 fathoms. This form, already noticed to be characteristic of the Bay of Bengal infra-littoral at and near the 1oo-fathom contour from Arrakan to the Godavari, is now found off the Kistna Delta, about 70 miles further south.” ”
It has been dredged by Mr. Townsend in various stations as enumerated in the following paragraphs :
1 Wood-Mason and Alcock, 4un. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vol. 7, pp. 16-17, fig. 3, 1891. 2 Wood-Mason and Alcock, dun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vol. 8, p. 444, 1891,
MELVILL AND STANDEN : ROSTELLARIA DELICATULA. 163
Persian Gulf. Gulf of Oman. Latitude 24° 49’ N., longtitude 55° 56 E., 250 fathoms, mud, all young. Near this sounding six fine examples occurred from 200-400 fathoms.
Off Jask, latitude 25° 19’ N., longitude 58° ro’ E., also south of Ras Jazin at 140 fathoms, 7th April, 1903, many adult, with a few Conus (Conorbis) coromandelicus KE. A. Smith (previously only found in the bay of Bengal by Messrs. Wood-Mason and Alcock during the ‘“‘Tnvestigator ” Expedition), and a large number of Echinodermata.
Juvenile examples were rare in shell-sand, which has proved most prolific in new forms of deep-sea mollusca, in the Gulf of Oman, Latitude 24° 58’ N., longitude 56° 54’ E., 156 fathoms, and, likewise, in March, 1904, it was dredged at 175 fathoms, in some abundance, with Conus coromandelicus in small quantity.
Off Ras.Maidani, at 180 fathoms, it occurred with a few of the rare Pleurotoma navarchus M. & S.*
Mekran Coast. Latitude 24° 59’ N., longtitude 60° 58’ E., 170 fathoms, April 8, 1903, all in juvenile state. No other species of mollusc occurred, but many prawns and shrimps came up in the dredge at the same time.
The mean temperature of the water in the localities affected by this Rostellaria, is, according to Mr. Townsend, 62° Fahrenheit.
Mr. Townsend having called our attention to some variability in this species, as regards the number of denticles on the outer lip, a close examination of all the examples received from him shews the following result :—
(a) lip with three processes (¢rzdenticilata). (ee four if (quatuordenticulata). Geass five a (guinguedenticulata).
Of these (4) is the normal form as originally described by Mr. G.
Nevill, and the proportion of frequency or the reverse seems to be nn(@)) a is (O) (@) 2 : ae (O),
In marking, size, form, and every other particular save that just mentioned, there is a wonderful uniformity in all that we have examined.
Rostellaria curvirostris Lam. and R. curfa Sowb., also occurring in the same seas, are likewise apt to vary somewhat in the number of denticles on the outer lip, normal examples possessing seven in both
instances. ————+-e-¢— —__—_
1 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 12, plate 21, fig. 15, p. 310, 1903. The type, now in the British Museum, is larger and finer than the five or six specimens subsequently dredged, but all were alive. All have deep-sea breaks on the body whorl, Itis one of the finest of the abyssal forms of Pleurotoma,
164 THE REV. JOHN HAWELL, M.A,, F.G.S., &c. By BAKER HUDSON.
(Read before the Society, February 8th, 1905),
JoHN HaweELt, first a servant of God, was equally servant of his fellow countrymen and science and history will remain his debtors. A true gentleman, courteous and thoughtful for others, he not only won the hearts of those with whom he was in daily contact but, his sympathies being large, he earned the cordial respect of all who made his acquaintance.
For over twenty years he was the central figure in Ingleby-Greenhow, a little village hiding itself away in a corner of the hills in North Cleveland. It was not, perhaps, a place where there seemed at first glance great possibilities for the naturalist, but Mr. Hawell settled down to work, and very soon convinced his friends that there was oppor- tunity and the man. I have said his sympathies were large, and whilst he made geology his special study, the history and archeology of the district claimed no small share of his attention. In 1889 he edited and published “The Registers of Ingleby-juxta-Greenhow,” and within recent years has assisted the Yorkshire Parish Register Society by editing the Registers of Stokesley. In 1891 he was elected president of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club, and not a little of the present prosperity of that association is due to his efforts, a fact which was recognised by his re-election over 1893-4, 1895-6. He undertook to edit the “Proceedings” of the club and contributed thereto several valuable papers dealing with the geology, physiography and mollusca of North Yorkshire, but his activities were not merely local, for as a member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and presi- dent of the geological section, divisional secretary for N.E. Yorks. he did useful work, besides contributing papers to the “ Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society,” his last contribution to the literature of paleontology being a paper on “The Bajocian Plant Beds of Yorkshire.”
Though a native of Cumberland, Cleveland was very dear to him, and one of his last acts was to bequeath to the Dorman Memorial Museum at Middlesbrough the whole of his large and catholic collec- tion of rocks, minerals and fossils, together with a fine selection of American Unios and a smaller, but fairly complete, collection of local land and freshwater mollusca. He further bequeathed his scientific books to the same institution, thus leaving behind him a memorial which, intended to still serve those of kindred spirit with his own, will ever mark him for honour.
Mr. Hawell died at the early age of forty-nine leaving a widow to mourn his loss.
165
CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE UNITED STATES.
By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
(Read before the Society, Dec. 14, 1904).
DurRInG last spring and summer I had the opportunity of studying and collecting land and freshwater shells in the Mississippi valley, from St. Louis to New Orleans, and the results were most interesting. The Mississippi and its tributaries are invariably muddy, muddier than the Nile or Euphrates, or indeed than any rivers I have ever seen, the reason being that the great central plain of North America is composed mainly of post-glacial alluvium (the Loess of the Cham- plain period). In spite of their muddy character, the British collector will be surprised to find that mussels of the U70 margaritifera class flourish exceedingly, and form a large industry. In the main river and its tributaries are found over four hundred species, some of the thickest-shelled species being used for the manufacture of pearl but- tons, the leading centre of the industry being Muscatine in Iowa. The fishing is conducted chiefly along the Iowa and Illinois shores of the Mississippi, and in the Iowa and Cedar rivers. The mussels are dredged by drag-rakes, often worked by steam winches. In 1808, 1,434 hands were employed in the button factories in Muscatine. In the same year, 3,950 tons of mussels were sold to button manu- facturers, the price averaging £2 per ton.’
Most of the ponds resemble our British ponds in clay districts, seldom clear, but usually unproductive. Some ponds in St. Louis yielded Planorbis trivolvis, which takes the place of our PZ. corneus; Physa heterostropha, and some Spheria, resembling our S. pallidum, which by the way is probably an American importation.
Land shells are not found by road-sides, or in hedge-banks, which are scarcely ever seen, but must be looked for under logs in woods. I found an abundance of species at the foot of a wooded bluff of limestone, about twenty miles from St. Louis. This spot in flood- time is often fifteen feet under water for a week at a time, yet the shells are always in evidence as soon as the flood has subsided. Rattlesnakes and copperheads infest the bluff, so I was obliged to use a stick to search crevices and turn over loose stones. ‘The monotony of the dead level of the Mississippi valley is relieved by the rising ground on which Vicksburg is situated, undulations on the famous battle-field reaching a height of three hundred or four hundred feet
1 For the above particulars I am indebted to Mr. H. M. Smith’s ‘‘Report on the Mussel Fishery and Pearl Button Industry of the Mississippi River,” B22. U. S. Hirsh Commz., vol. 18, 1889, an abstract of which I am preparing, at the Editor’s request, to lay before the Society.
166 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
above the river level. The loess of this district is, I believe, known as the “orange sand,” and is of great thickness. While exploring the battle-field, I searched for land shells, but did not find a single recent species. However, in the deep road cuttings I found abun- dance of semi-fossil shells, weathering out of the sandy walls, often at a depth of twenty feet. These were all representatives of recent species, which I have taken living in Missouri, and are interesting, as they are all land shells—loess shells being usually aquatic: Afe/zx exoleta Say, H. tridentata Say, Hf. hirsuta Say, HY. concava Say, and “7. solitaria Say.
In St. Louis and in New Orleans I took two series of Physa, very distinct from each other, and not corresponding to any of the very numercus forms in the Natural History Museum at New York, where I took my captures for identification. In this collection there is a very extensive representation of P%. heterostropha from all parts of North America, where it varies as much as Limnca peregra does here. I have lately had the opportunity of comparing my specimens with those in our National Collection at South Kensington, with Mr. E. A. Smith, and we came to the conclusion that both sets of shells belonged to the species P2. heterostropha. On the same occasion I had with me some 2%. helerostropha from Dukinfield, some P%. acuta from Kew Gardens, and some P2. acuta taken by myself at Ostend. Now, each of these five sets of shells was distinct in some particulars from the rest, and yet they blended with each other, so that it was impossible to draw a distinct line between them; and the same blending was noticeable with these five sets with many sets of D2. heterostropha and Ph. acuta in the museum cases ; and the conclusion which we came to was that, as far as the shells go, there is no specific line to be drawn between the two species, a conclusion that I had previously formed. As far as my observation goes, the animals of both species are alike, and I may remark that Moquin-Tandon’s description of Ph. acufa and Binney’s of Ph. heterostropha are not sufficiently contrastive to be helpful. If further investigation should combine the two species, P. acuta Drap. has the priority.
(CI AN IMDS)
No conchologist can visit the United States without being interested in the subject of clams—z\e., bivalves other than oysters. At the St. Louis Exhibition, in the U.S. Fishery Building, which was one of the most interesting and instructive of the many attractions, there was an exhibit of thirty-two species of clams used as food or bait. They are enumerated in the following list. A set of these was kindly given to me by Mr. H. F. Moore, and presented to the Manchester Museum, by whom the gift has been gratefully acknowledged.
ADAMS: CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE UNITED STATES. 167
List OF SPECIES.
Flat Razor Clam (S¢/igua patula).—Alaska; California.
Long Clam or Soft Clam (J/va arenaria).—Atlantic coast to S. Carolina.
Hen Clam or Surf Clam (.Sf7s/a simz/is).—S.E. of United States. Spisula solidissima, found all along the Atlantic coast, is also known as the Hen Clam or Surf Clam.
Giant Clam (7Z7vesws nuttall’).—Pacific.
Florida Cockle (Cardium robustum).—Florida.
Giant Scallop (Amussium magellanicum),—New Jersey ; Labrador.
Scallop (Pecten ventricosus).—Pacific.
Hard Clam or Round Clam (Venus s¢millima).—This, in Cali- fornia, takes the place of the better known Venus mercenaria, the Hard Clam of the Atlantic coast. It is also known by the Indian name ‘‘Quohog.”
Californian Mussel (AGtidus californicus).—Pacific coast.
Common Scallop (Pecten irradians).—Atlantic..
Common Mussel (47 ti/us edulis).— Atlantic and Pacific.
Ribbed Mussel (J/odiolus plicatulus).—Maine; Georgia.
Californian Cockle (Cardium corbis).—Pacific.
J (Zivela crassatelloides).—-California.
Florida “Quohog” ( Venus mortont).— Florida.
Round Clam (Sexidomus nuttallt, S. aratus).—California.
Cuneate Clam (Grathodon cuneatus).—Gulf coast of U.S.
: (Platyodon cancellatus ).—California.
Alaska Surf Clam (.Spisu/a planulata).-—Alaska,
} (Donax levigata).— Used for making “clam juice” for flavouring. : (Meretrix nimbosa).—¥ lorida.
Deep Water Clam (Cypvina tslandica).— Atlantic.
Horse Mussel (47/ytilus modtolus).—Pacific and Atlantic.
Pacific Coast Scallop (Pecten caurinus).—Pacific.
California Little Neck Clam (Zages straminea and also Chione simillima).— California.
Bloody Clam (4vca pexata).—Used for bait only, the crimson juice being pungent and injurious as human food.
Razor Shell Clam (Zvs/s disectus).—Used for bait only.
By no means all of these are to be found in all the markets, some being very much less esteemed than others. The clam most com- monly met with in the eastern states as far west as the Mississippi is the “hard clam,” or “round clam” (Venus mercenaria) sometimes known by an Indian term, “ Quohog.” In contradistinction to this is
1 These have no specially distinctive names, being sold as simply ‘‘ clams,”
168 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
the “soft clam” (AZya avenaria), so called on account of the thinness of its shell. This species is so much esteemed that its special culture has been instituted and flourishes, and a series of shells in various stages of growth formed a most interesting exhibit at St. Louis. These two species are found in immense quantities on the North American coasts, the muddy or sandy bays being especially adapted to bivalves. I have eaten our British species of AZya and many species of Venus and Tapes, and found them remarkably good, and I have wondered whether ignorance or prejudice was the cause of their being neglected by even our fishermen, who will often eat limpets (Pavel/a vulgata), which I always found remarkably tough. In many parts in the Medi- terranean, however, various species of Venus are offered for sale in the markets. I noticed with surprise that Cyprina tslandica was in- cluded in the American list, as it is, as far as my British experience goes, very tough and tasteless, and often harbours a large parasitic worm. The horse mussel (AZytilus modiolus) is said by the Manx fisher- men to be harmful at a certain season of the year, causing a painful swelling of the throat. I am told that the large flat razor clam (.Sc/igua patula) of the Pacific coast is the clam par excellence, but as the only examples I have come across were preserved in formalin I was com- pelled to forego the experience.
aa OO London Branch—Annual Report.—Since our last report eleven meetings of this Branch have been held. During thé winter the undermentioned members
kindly invited us to inspect their collections:—Dec. 4th, 1903, Dr. Appleton; Feb. 4th, 1904, Mr. J. C. Dacie; March 4th, Mr. T. Mawson Havard; Apmil 8th, Mr. H. W. Parritt. There was a fair attendance at each of these meetings (except that on April 8th) and the members present much appreciated the courtesy of their hosts. On Jan. 8th, 1904, the Rev. Canon Horsley read a paper (illustrated with numerous specimens) on the land shells of Majorca; this has been published in the /oz7zal of Conchology. The field meetings were better attended this summer. On May 7th we visited Broxbourne, the weather was very wet and collecting was unpleasant work; however, 28 species of land and freshwater mollusca were noted including Segmentina nitzda. On June 4th the locality chosen was Grays, Essex, where Assiminea grayana occurs in abundance on the river bank with the usual estuarine shells. July 2nd was another very wet day. At Swanley we found swarms of the common snails on the roadsides. Nothing rare turned up, but beautiful series of Helix hortensts and H. nemoralis were collected, including a large number of the rare band formula 00300 in H. hortensis. The August meeting was at Uxbridge, when a fair number of mollusca were collected, including Vevzpara contecta. On this occasion Mr. F. G. Bridgman kindly entertained the members present to tea at the Piscatorial Society’s lodge. The last field meeting was on Sept. 3rd, at Wold- ingham, 22 species of mollusca were noted, the best finds being Acanthinula aculeata and a subscalariform Helécella virgata. Our best thanks are due to the Rey. Canon Horsley, who on July 14th exhibited, and afterwards distributed to the members present, a large number of marine shells from Ceylon and the Indian Ocean.—J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec., 16th Sept., 1904 (Read before the Soctety, January 11th, 1905).
169 ON THE DATES OF PUBLICATION OF D’ORBIGNY’S “MOLL. VIV. ET FOSS,” “PALEONT. UNIV.” and ‘““PALEONT. ETRANGERE,”
By © DAVIES SHERBORN
(Read before the Society, February 8th, 1905).
D’OrsiGny’s “MOLL. viv. ET Foss.”—According to the Bull. Soc. géol. France (3), ili., 1846, 805, parts 1—6 (480 pp.) appeared in 1845. According to the 476/. Francatse, parts 1—3 were recorded 16 May, 1846, and contained “about 15 sheets and 15 plates.” Wiegmann, Archiv, 1847, p. 379, says: “Im vorigen Jahresbericht S. 414 ist das erste Heft eines Werkes von d’Orbigny erwahnt worden; Mollusques - vivants et fossiles ct. Im Jahre 1845 sind auch bereits die folgenden 6 Hefte, mit denen der erste Band geschlossen ist, erschienen.” This evidence is so conflicting that we can get nothing definite, so I sug- gest that the simplest way to proceed is to accept the.dates given by the author himself and date as follows :—
up to p. 432* d’Orbigny quotes 1845 9 576 » » 1846 59 605 3 .9 1847
D’Orsieny’s “Pat. Univ.”—According to the Bull. Soc. géol. France (3), iil., 1846 (the only record of the appearance of the work that I can find) part 1 was received 16 March, 1846 (p. 381); parts 2 and 3, 18 May, 1846 (p. 499), while on p. 805 of the same volume it is stated that two parts appeared in 1845 containing 160 pp. and 4o plates. Here again I think we should accept the statements of the author as follows :—
up to p. 208* d’Orbigny quotes 1845 Re 368 ay a 1846 ” 392 tr ” ”? 1847
D’Orpicny’s “Pat, ETRANGERE.”’—This I have not accessible yet. It is obviously on similar lines to the above two works as some of the plates bear the three titles in their head-lines, though with differing plate numbers. I should adopt precisely the same plan of quotation for dates as suggested for the two above named works. The only record that I can find is Bull. Soc. géol. France (3), ui., 1846, 499 and 805 and the information there given is that part 1 was received on the 18 May, 1846, and contained 80 pp. and 20 plates. M. Paul Klincksieck, of Paris, has kindly informed me, through M. Justen (Dulau and Co.), “La Pal. étrang. est un extrait de la Pal. Univ. comme l’indique un Catal. de l’éditeur Gide (fas de Bertrand) que
* 7.e. to the end of the sheets on which the year occurs.
170 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
je possede. Avec Pal. univers. on a créé ensuite: Moll. viv. et fossiles. Il y a 3 signatures ou numérolations différentes pour les planches ! Publication ultra confuse dont feu le Dr. Paul Fischer m’avait donné la clé ; cela remonte 4 15 ans. Je vous envoie ce que j’al, l’un com- plete autre, les textes sont les mémes mais les pages ne cadrent pas et ’un de mes textes est incomplet. Inutile de chercher 4 compléter ou un autre example. Publication a peu pres inconnu.”
Not one of these three works proceeded further than the first volume, they all deal with Cephalopoda, and apparently are formed of the same material in differing arrangements to suit the varying titles. So far as IT am able to judge the “‘Moll. viv. et foss.” was the first to appear (a remainder of the text of this was issued by Delahaye in 1855 with a new title page dated 1855 which was pasted on the fly of the original title page, carefully torn out), the “Pal. Univ.” and the “Pal. Etrangere” probably coming out together soon afterward.
Pisidium nitidum var. splendens in West Lancashire.—In Whit-week last, whilst searching for shells in the neighbourhood of Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lancashire, I was fortunate in finding this somewhat rare form. It occurred, along with other freshwater shells, in the ditches and pools in the vicinity of the tarn, and being so very large and light coloured, I was unable to identify it with anything I had seen before. I therefore sent specimens to Mr. C. Oldham, who referred them to the var. splendens of P. nitedum. Mr. J. W. Taylor, to whom I also sent specimens, confirmed this identification. The shells are lemon coloured, and beautifully striated, the largest measuring length 5 mm., breadth 5°5 mm. The other Pes¢dia occurring with it were P. obfusale and P. gasstestanum (=meliune). Apart from the discovery of so rare a form, the species is an addition to the census for West Lancashire. —J. WILFRID JACKSON (Read before the Soczety, Nov. 9th, 1904).
Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy in Berkshire.—I am glad to be able to extend the known range of this species to another county, the habitat being almost precisely similar to that in which I discovered it in Wicken Fen. The new locality is near Bradfield in Berkshire, where I obtained it in marshy ground when sweeping the herbage for coleoptera. Sphyradzwm edentulum Drap., of an unusual size, occurred at the same time. Judging by my own experience, autumn sweeping with a brown holland bag on a strong steel frame is a profitable method of obtaining Vertigos. —J. R. Le Brocxron ToMLIN (Read before the Society, November 9th, 1904).
Helicella caperata m. sinistrorsum.—Whilst searching an old limestone quarry at Stanwich, Northants, on Saturday last, October 22nd, I found a reversed spect- men of Helicella caperata var. lutescens, also an old and broken specimen of Ena montana, which I presume must have been brought with some young beech trees in the vicinity, as it is not recorded for our county hitherto. — Rey. W. A. SHAW (Read before the Society, November 9, 1904).
171 CARL EDUARD VON MARTENS: An Obituary Notice.
By Dr. W. KOBELT.
(Translated from the ‘‘ Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft,” and read before the Society, March 8, 190s).
PLATE IV.
Car Eduard von Martens was born in Stuttgart, on April 13th, 1831, and was the only son (along with three daughters) of Dr. Georg von Martens, an official in Wurttemberg Civil Service. The boy, who at an early age showed unusual intellectual power, found the best possible guide in his father, who was highly gifted both as an artist, a naturalist, and an author. His “Journey in Italy” was for a long time in many respects the best extant regarding that peninsula, and is to-day an important source of information for anyone who wishes to learn the condition of Italy one hundred years ago. He had an accurate knowledge of the fauna and flora of Wtrttemberg, and was a keen collector of shells. He transferred his predilection to his son, and this influence was strong enough to overcome that of school. Although young Eduard threw himself with enthusiasm into the study of the dead languages, and although a “philological vein” was clearly perceptible even in his old age, natural science maintained the upper hand. As Meissner states in the biographical sketch published on the celebration of his seventieth birthday, from which the facts of the present notice are largely taken, snails were, even in his school-days, the chief occupation of the boy, and the whole family shared in his work. His favourite sister, Louisa, who died in 1894, and was a gifted painter, retained a special interest in this study throughout her life, and to her pencil his first great work on the mollusca of his journey to Eastern Asia is indebted for its illustrations. Her eager co-operation, however, had this result, that Martens left his own not inconsiderable powers as a draughtsman undeveloped.
In addition to the snails, attention to languages was not omitted. In the autumn of 1849 von Martens was able to enter the University of Tubingen, where he devoted himself to the study of medicine. There was at that time no independent curriculum of natural science, and the naturalists of the first half of the last century were almost without exception physicians or errant theologians. The chief influ- ence exerted on him was that of Quenstedt, the paleontologist, and when the young physician after the State examination in June, 1855, proceeded to the title of doctor, he gained his degree by a dissertation on the distribution of the European land and freshwater Gastropoda. He never once made practical use of his medical qualifications. In 1870 and 1871 he considered the question whether he ought not to devote his professional knowledge to the sick and wounded, but he
172 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
did not feel sufficient confidence todo so. In 1872 the University of Rostock showed its insight by conferring upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, oxorts causa. Soon after his graduation, he removed to Berlin, to study under Johannes Muller, and very soon came into connection with the Zoological Museum, whose director, Liechtenstein, at once recognised his merit, and on the rst of Nov., 1855, appointed him assistant in that institution, and entrusted to him the care of the department of Mollusca.
From that time his life is inseparably connected with the concho- logical collection of the Zoological Museum in Berlin, and his whole working power was devoted to it. Even his travels were planned in the interests of the museum. The journey to Italy, which he made with his father and sisters in 1856, was intended firstly to refresh old family recollections in Venetia, and then to see the peninsula as far as Naples in the good old times, when one still drove through the country in a carriage, and actually learned to know it. He then undertook his long journey to the Far East, China, and Japan, on board the ‘‘ Thetis,” which greatly widened his horizon as a naturalist, and provided him with a rich harvest for the Museum ; it also taught him very effectively the unpleasantnesses which fall to the lot of an investigator on an expedition whose leader has no sympathy with his pursuits, and rather regards him as a fifth wheel on the waggon. He therefore abandoned the ‘‘ Thetis ” on the 16th March, 1862, and made his way alone through Sumatra, Java, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Borneo, reaching home only at the end of December, 1864.
The working out of his rich collections occupied ten years. He lived the uneventful learned life of the scholar, and its stages were marked only by the appearance of his works. In 1873 he became Privat-dozent ; in 1874, Extraordinary Professor ; in 1877 he received the title of Second Director of the Zoological Museum ; and in 1898 he was made Privy Councillor. From 1883-87 he was temporarily head of the Museum, with the possibility of being nominated First Director, but he willingly gave up the prospect of these administrative duties ; the conchological collection was more attractive to him than the title of Director.
In addition to his own collection and a very important one from Albers, he was able to acquire for the Museum, two other large private collections—that of Dunker by purchase, and that of Paetel by gift. The amalgamation and working out of these collections, and the preparation of a catalogue of the whole, supplied material for a lifetime of uninterrupted research. Unfortunately, he was not able to complete this work, and he was not willing to agree to a partial pub- lication. He could only devote a portion of his time to the collection, for after the commencement of the period of colonization, consign-
KOBELT : CARL EDUARD VON MARTENS. 173
ments from Eastern and Western Africa, New Guinea, and the Melanesian Archipelago, crowded upon him in an almost alarming manner. Science owes to him a series of important works, embracing almost the whole of the molluscan fauna of these regions, but von Martens often complained that he was constantly occupied with the arrangement of these acquisitions, and had no time for real work. That was his view of the matter; others regard his latest works on Weber’s Fresh and Brackish-Water Mollusca of the Indian Archi- pelago, on the Mollusca of German East Africa, and the Seychelles, and on the Mollusca of Central America as patterns of carefully worked-out faunas, and as “real work” in the highest sense of the term.
But still these investigations constituted only one part of the weight of labour which rested on Martens. We must not forget that he was also the first authority to whom anyone turned who required information not only about mollusca, but also on other zoological ques- tions, and that he gave his views on both important and unimportant questions with inexhaustible patience. For this work he had one very important qualification—he had his knowledge not only in his head, but also systematically arranged on paper. From the beginning of his scientific activity, he had noted down everything which interested him, and that meant practically the whole range of zoology, and arranged the material in small portfolios. When a question arose, he needed only to open the proper receptacle, in order to get the required information. Many zoologists have enjoyed the benefit of this “paper memory,” including the author of these lines, in more instances than one.
In spite of several peculiarities which seemed to mark him out as a bachelor, von Martens had the happiness of finding a companion for life in Camilla Wagner, who seemed to have been created exactly to suit him. He lived with her for more than thirty years an ideal married life, and a daughter, who inherited-the artistic gifts of the family, completed his happiness.
Distinctions and honours he never sought, but nevertheless they descended upon him in rich measure. His power of work remained with him to the end. It was permitted to him to complete some important works commenced in his later years, and to live out to its natural boundary a rich and happy career. Honour be to his memory, peace to his ashes!
Vallonia excentrica Sterki, in Ireland.—In a parcel of shells which Mr. P. H. Grierson sent me recently to record were specimens of a Vad/onia, collected by him at Mornington, Co. Meath, in October, 1904. The shells agreed with the description of V. excentrica (antea p. $2), and Mr. B. B. Woodward, to whom I submitted them, has kindly confirmed my identification. This species probably has a wide range in Ireland, but, so far as I know, has not been recognised hitherto. —CHAS. OLDHAM (Read before the Soctety, December 14th, 1904).
174 NOTES ON TAPES.
By THE REV. CANON HORSLEY.
(Read before the Society, March 8, 1905).
CoNVALESCING at Cette during February, and enjoying the sun and the seabreezes on the miles of sandy shore the Mediterranean here presents, I devoted myself largely to the observation of the marine
shells of the sea on the one side of the town and those of the Etang (or lagoon) of enormous size, which stretches between Cette and the real mainland on the other. As the great Canal du Midi pours into this the shells herein have a somewhat estuarine character. I know little of marine shells—I might be described, perhaps, as a mere Heli- cologist—but as of all the terrestrial species 7. exp/anata was the only one not entirely hybernating (though A. gzsana would soon emerge) I collected the numerous bivalves and less common univalves of these shallow and rockless expanses of water. Between sixty and seventy species I distinguished in spite of my ignorance, and in spite of the ab- sence of any landward wind that would cast fresh shells upon the shore. In some places, especially on the Etang, shell beaches were formed, and a tube simply thrust into them came up full of the prevalent forms. Scores of fishermen, perhaps hundreds, seem to spend all their time in gathering shellfish, especially oysters, Zafes (called in French “‘moules”) and mussels. The oysters of the sea command a higher price than those of the lagoon. All three are very largely eaten raw, and provided as hors d’ceuvres at the beginning of every déjeuner in a restaurant or hotel. There are here apparently three species of Zapes—T. decussatus, the large, strongly decussated, form, not so common, and not varying so remarkably in colour and marking, as 7. awreus. I think there is an intermediate form, Z: zztermedius, to judge by the names in the local (and scandalously unarranged) collection in the Marine Labora- tory, established here by the neighbouring University of Montpellier. This may, however, be but a larger form of 7. aureus. I have separated those that seem to be of this kind. Z. aureus gains its specific name from the bright yellow colouring of the interior of the shell, but this colouring is by no means constant, in fact, it is hardly found in the majority of specimens. It does not seem to disappear when dead shells bleach upon the shore. The very varying markings and tints of the shells appear in the youngest shells in the same way that the pig- ment-glands that form the bands of 4. memoralis begin to operate directly the shell has left the egg. | With regard to the colouration of T. aureus, or of its periostracum, I noticed (1) that the tints lost some tone or depth when the animal was extracted. Some that when alive were of a slaty blue, or pinkish lilac colour, were less attractive when
HORSLEY : NOTES ON TAPES. 175
opened and cleaned; (2) that if you boiled the shells to kill the animal, while, of course, the markings remained, the differences of colour largely disappeared. In fact much the same result of a rusty colour followed as when a lobster is boiled. Is this commonly observed amongst marine shells? I have not found it to happen with terrestrial species. And if so, what is its cause? I may mention that no salt was put into the water. TZafes decussatus varies but little in colour; T. aureus very much. One definitely named variety in each is that in which there is an angular pattern over all the shell. This is var, texturatus. T. aureus varies greatly. It was an amusement to the old women in the market to see me turning over their mounds of this species in seach of well-marked specimens or variations. They are estuarine, or found only in brackish water (though the water of the
Etang is so saline that salt-making flourishes here) and they are pro- cured by means of a long pole with a heavy iron rake (teeth about the size of those of a reaping machine) witha bag net beneath. With this they scratch the bottom of the canal or the lagoon (some of them just under my bed-room window) and then with much labour hauling the bag to the side of the boat they wash away the mud, and discarding stones, refuse, and other kinds of shells, they are rewarded by two or three for each laborious scooping. It is hard labour and only a few pints seem to be a day’s result. | Considering the popularity of this kind of food im all the country round about, one wonders why typhoid does not abound. Into this canal, beneath my windows, through which sea water flows with some rapidity, run drains from every house, and women come across the road to empty their slops. I questioned a merchant on this point, and he admitted that when strangers came and ate “des coquillages” they were liable to typhoid ; but that it did not seem to affect the natives. He himself, however, —perhaps from having spent some time in prejudiced England— avoided these molluscs. The mussels also for food are largely scraped from the walls of the canals, which make a Venice of this town.
0g
A Plover with Anodonta cygnea attached to its Foot.—Seeing in the “Surrey Mirror,” October 21st, 1904, that a peewit had been found on Gatton Park estate with a freshwater mussel attached to its foot, I went the following day to investigate the matter. The keeper shewed me the bird and the mussel, which latter proved to be a three-parts grown 4. cygmea, measuring 44+ by 2! inches, which I have pleasure in now exhibiting. The lake on the estate swarms with this species, the Zed/lens?s form predominating, and a large part of the shallow end of the lake being dry from want of rain, flocks of plovers come to feed on the exposed shore. The bird in question had plunged its whole foot above the ankle into the upright posterior end of the shell, which had closed uponit. The bird was found about sixty yards away, a helpless prisoner.—LIONEL E. ADAMS (ead before the Society, November 9th, 1904), :
176
THE SUB-GENUS CASMARIA H. and A. Adams OF CASSIS Lamarck.
By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.
(Read before the Society, March 8, 1905).
CASMARIA was instituted by Messrs. H. & A. Adams in 1853 for a series of the lesser helmet shells, the testaceous portion of which, to quote the authors’ definition,’ is ‘smooth, whorls simple or sub-plicate, spire somewhat elevated, inner lip smooth, outer lip simple usually, or slightly crenate internally.” It is equivalent to Cass¢dea Swainson, 1840, in parte, zoz Link, 1807; this last being identical with Cypre- cassis Stutchbury, 1837, C. 7ufa L. being the type. —The name Casszdea had previously, however, been used by Bruguitre in 1789, as a synonym of the whole genus Cassés (Klein, 1753) Lamarck, 1799, taken en dloc.
Doubtless it is hard, if not impossible, to create sub-divisions that satisfy in every point. In many respects C. zdex I.., for instance, shews a near alliance with C. glauca L., or C. coronulata Sowb., both included in another sub-genus, Plalium Link, 1807, Bezoardica, Schum., 1817. Both these last are smooth species, once spinosely spirally noduled below the sutures and, like C. widex, have the outer lip four or five-spined towards the base. Varices are supposed to be always present, but I have a perfectly smooth example of C. glauca without any sign of this, while, on the other hand, Mr. Standen has lately kindly presented me with a very beautifully variced example of vibex, perhaps a monstrous form, but scarcely distorted. At all events, the Brothers Adams admit but six species in their catalogue of Casmaria, as follows :—
1. achatina Lamk. 2. paucirugis Menke. 3. pyrum VLamk.
4. guadrata Link.
5. turgida Reeve.
@, erie? Ip
Of these, (1) C. achatina Lamk. is typically very distinct, being smooth, shining, rounded, hardly if ever noduled, but variegated and tessellated with light and dark shades of brown and grey, in an areo- late manner, lip either smooth or very obtusely denticulate within. Mr. G. W. Tryon, in my opinion, is quite correct in merging under this species, as a good variety only, C. pyrum Lamk., marked (3) in the list just given, although in its typical form it looks peculiar, being thinner and more inflated than C. achatina, of a uniform bay or pale
t ‘Gen. Recent Mollusca,” vol. 1, p. 216,
MELVILL: THE SUB-GENUS CASMARIA OF CASSIS. 177
dun colour, and varying from being quite smooth to being ornamented with one spiral series of nodules. C. ceylenica Lamk., very well figured by Kiener,' is a thicker form, lip very incrassate, with large deposit of enamel on the columella, dorsally twice spiraily noduled, painting obscurely areolate. (2) C. paucirugts Menke, again, seems but a form of C. Ayrum, the style of painting, though obscure, being almost identical.
Since Adams’ day, a few additional species of Casmaria have been described, amongst them C. sophie Brazier and C. glabrata Dkr. The former of these is a large, globular, solid, but inflated species, white, smoothish, ornamented with four spiral rows of chestnut biotches on the last whorls; while the latter is a thin, narrow, smooth shell, with elevated spire, and outer lip with no painting, quite smooth and plain. This may very likely be a form of C. widex L., while the former (C. sophie) seems a very distinctively marked large variety of C. pyrum. 1 give this opinion with all reserve, never having seen a specimen.
(6) C. vibex L. is a most distinct species, the shell being whitish or greyish-brown, shining, varices usually absent, excepting in case of monstrous forms, which occasionally shew a reduplication of lip, outer lip 3-5 spined towards the base, obscurely thrice spirally zoned with dark-grey, and often longitudinally flame-marked and lined, flames usually few and distinct, outer lip varying in incrassation, transversely painted with dark-brown lines.
C. erinacea L. is precisely to this what C. ceyanica is to C. achatina —a dwarf, much thickened form, spirally noduled at the sutures, outer lip often peculiarly incrassate and pronounced. Doubtless Adams considered it a synonym of C. wdéex, or else, being a Linnean species, they would have taken due notice of it. Amongst many specimens of C. erinacea | have handled, are several with a row of tessellated maculations at the suture, and another near the base, forming thus a complete link, so far as marking is concerned, with C. forguata Reeve. This Tryon retains as a true species, with some little reservation. In its typical: form, C. Zorguata is small, thin, particularly smooth and shining, with the peculiar markings as just given.
C. kalosmodix Melv. was described * in 1883 from the more typical of two examples. Allied as it is, doubtless, to C. vex, and perhaps being best considered as a sub-species, it will always be recognizable, and is to be differentiated by the complete absence of any spines on the lower portion of the outer lip, as well as, in the type, by the very close longitudinal brown lines, these not being flamed or fulgurate, but almost straight. Another example came into my possession last
te; Coq Viv. Gasszs,,” ipl. 13, f. 26. 2 Journ. of Conch., vol. 4, p. 43.
178 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
year, at the sale of the late Mr. Hugh Nevill’s collection, at Stevens’ auction rooms ; this was from Ceylon. It resembles the example in the British Museum (Natural History) in being almost an albino, but the shape more oblong and laterally compressed than in C. videx, and the outer lip are identical in all three. As yet, I know of no other examples extant. (5) C. ¢urgida Reeve, quoted on Adams’ list, is referred to C. achatina by Tryon. I think it should be placed here. It is a large, more inflated form, with decidedly ventricose whorls than is usual, affording it subspecific characters, with the whole edge of the inner lip denticled, the teeth somewhat variable. It is just possible C. glabrata Dunker may be a form of this rather than of typical vdex.
Lastly, C. cenutlabris Menke, 1828, is unknown to me. It is entered in Paetel’s catalogue as belonging to the sub-genus Casmaria, and reported from Javanese waters. C. guadrata link, mentioned (4) in Adams’ list above, I have likewise, so far, failed to identify.
The following is a summary of the conclusions just arrived at :—
CASSIS (Klein) Lamarck. Sub-genus Casmaria H. and A. Adams, 1853. 1. C.achatina Lamk. var. Pyrum Lamk. (sp.). var. paucirugis Menke (sp.). ar. ceylanica Lamk. (sp.). IA. . Sub-sp. sophiee Brazier (sp. ).
B, (Cy Woe IL, var. evinacea L.. Gos var. forguata Reeve (sp.). 2a. Sub-sp. turgida Reeve (sp.). 2B. Sub-sp. ? glabrata Dunker (sp.). 2c. Sub-sp. kalosmodix Melvill e 10)
Species vel varietates incerte : C. guadrata Link. C. tenuclabris Menke.
Opercula of Bithynia tentaculata.— Messrs. Dean and Jackson in their paper on ‘‘ A Chara and Shell-Marl Deposit at Haweswater ” (aztea p. 148) mention that in one or two cases the deposit on the beach consisted entirely of opercula of Bithynia tentaculata. This reminds me that in July, 1903, I visited Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, and found the shore in one place white with opercula of this species. At various other points along the shore a belt of foamy scum had drifted to the edge of the lough, which, when examined, yielded myriads of opercula together with a few dead shells of the species, and a few empty shells of Valvata pisctnalés and Planorbis contortus.—A. L. Massy (Read before the Society, Feb. 8th, 1905).
179
INTERNATIONAL RULES OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Adopted by the International Zoological Congress.
(Communicated to the Society, March 8, 1905).
PREFACE.
IF it is true that one cannot write a language correctly without know- ing the grammar, it is also evident that one cannot express oneself accurately in regard to a science of which one has only an imperfect knowledge of the technical terms. Nomenclature is the grammar of the natural sciences: it was defined for the first time by Linné in his “ Philosophia Botanica,” in 1751. Applied at first only to the veget- able kingdom, it was systematically introduced into the animal kingdom by the celebrated Swede in 1758.
Since that distant epoch, zoology has made great progress; the number of known species of animals has increased enormously ; classification, then scarcely even sketched out, has acquired a preci- sion and a complication of which Linné never dreamed. The very rules which he proposed, although they have remained on the whole valid, have been found to fall short of the exigences of modern science.
More than once already it has been felt needful to remodel the Linnean code, and nomenclature has been enriched by new rules answering in a more or less happy fashion to the needs of the period.
This necessity has never been more keenly felt than during the last twenty years, in consequence of the discoveries resulting from the great maritime explorations and the expeditions into the interior of continents previously closed to civilized nations. From this felt want, leaving out of account the old attempt of Rudolphi, and taking note only of recent proposals, the following schemes have arisen :—
1. ‘The rules of STRICKLAND elaborated in 1842-1843 by a com- mission of which DARWIN was a member, rules which were adopted in 1845 by the American Society of Geologists and Naturalists, and in 1846 by the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
2. Therules relating to Paleontology, elaborated by M. DouviLLe, and adopted by the International Congress of Geology at Bologna in 1881.
3. The rules adopted by the Zoological Society of France in 188t as the result of a report by MAuRICE CHAPER in the name of a Com- mission of which R. BLANCHARD was a member.
4. The rules adopted in 1885 by the American Ornithologists’ Union, and concerned especially with Ornithology.
180 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
5. The rules adopted in 1894 by the German Zoological Society after a report by J. V. Carus, L. DopERLEIN, and K. Mosius
6. The Merton rules referring to Entomology, adopted in 1896 by Lorp WaALSINGHAM for the publications issuing from his private museum.
It will be seen, therefore, that proposals have not been wanting and we might mention even more of them,’ but all have made the mistake either of being applicable only to one division of the animal kingdom (such for example as fossils) or of being only the expression of per- sonal opinions or of emanating simply from learned societies acting on their own initiative.
Such a state of things must inevitably be prejudicial to scientific progress, and it is, therefore, easy to understand why the founders of the International Zoological Congress should have considered one of its most urgent duties to be the recasting of the rules of the Zoological Nomenclature, taking account of the animal kingdom in its entirety, and treating the question from an international standpoint.
The first International Congress met at Paris in 1889, and Professor R. Blanchard presented a detailed report,* the discussion of which occupied several days. _ Notwithstanding the attention devoted to this important question, it was not possible to do more than examine a portion of the work and ratify part of its conclusions.* The continua- tion of the discussion was adjourned to the Second Congress, which was fixed for Moscow, in 1892.
On this occasion Professor R. Blanchard presented a new report upon the questions which had been adjourned, the detailed discussion of which occupied several sittings. With very few modifications the conclusions were ratified in their entirety.’
The International Congress had thus accomplished an important
1 See the report of R. Blanchard, quoted later on, Bul. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 14, p. 213 et seqq., 1889.
2 R. Blanchard, ‘‘De la Nomenclature des Etres organis¢és, Rapport presenté au Congrés international de Zoologie,” Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 14, p. 212-282, 1889. ‘‘ Rapports pre- sentés au Congrés international de Zoologie,” 160 p., Svo., Paris, 1889 (cf p. 87-157). ‘‘ Compte rendu des Séances du Congrés international de Zoologie,” 1 vol., 513 p., 8vo., Paris, 1896 (cf. P: 3337404).
3 ‘*Regles de la Nomenclature des Etres organisés, adoptées par le Congrés international de Zoologie. Compte-rendu des séances du Congrés international de Zoologie,” publié par R. Blanchard, Paris, au siége de la Société Zoologique de France, 1 vol., 8vo., 1890 (¢/. p. 419-424).
4 R. Blanchard, ‘“‘ Deuxiéme Rapport sur la Nomenclature des Etres organisés,” Jfew. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 6, p. 126-201, 1893.
5 “Reégles de la Nomenclature des Etres organisés, adoptées par les Congrés internationaux de Zoologie” (Paris, 1889; Moscou, 1892). Congres internat. de Zoologie, deuxieme session, Moscou, 1892 (cf 2e partie, supplément, p. 72-83).
BLANCHARD : INTERNATIONAL RULES OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. I81
task ; it had established a body of rules which marked indubitable progress. These rules were adopted by the Zoological Society of France, by other learned societies, and by a number of zoologists.
Nevertheless, these rules were at variance in certain particulars with those which had been independently promulgated by the German Zoological Society in 1894. Agreement was urgent, and at the third International Congress at Leyden, in 1895, Professor Schultze called attention to this pressing need. He proposed the nomination of a Commission whose duty it should be to combine ina single code with a common text, issued in three languages, the rules for the denomina- tion of animal forms, established and recommended in different coun- tries and different languages.
The proposal of Professor Schulze was adopted, and on the 18th September, 1895, a Commission was elected, composed of Professor R. BLANCHARD (Paris), Professor J. V. Carus (Leipzig), Dr. F. A. JENTINK (Leyden), Dr. P. L. Sciater (London), and Dr. C. WARDELL StTILES (Washington).
This Commsssion met at Baden-Baden from the 5th to the oth of August, 1897. It decided to propose at the Fourth Congress, which was to meet at Cambridge in 1898, the creation of a Permanent Inter- national Commission, composed of at least seven members, which should take account of all propositions regarding nomenclature which might be addressed to the Fifth and any subsequent Congresses, and should also make a report to the Conference on these propositions. The Commission also resolved to ask the Congress at Cambridge to resolve that no project, modification, amendment, or addition to the rules adopted by the International Congress should be brought before the Fifth or any subsequent Congress without having been submitted to the Permanent International Commission at least a year before the meeting of that Congress.
The Conference at Baden-Baden further discussed the code ot Nomenclature which the Congress at Leyden had authorized it to establish. Excepting on some secondary questions, it adopted unani- mously a body of rules which were to be, and eventually were, submitted to the Congress at Cambridge in 1898. It was further decided to present to the Congress three official versions of these rules —the German by Professor J. V. Carus, the English by Dr. C. W. STILEs, the French by Professor R. BLANCHARD, and it was ruled that in case of doubt regarding their interpretation, the French text should be the standard.
These decisions were faithfully carried out. The three versions above-mentioned were published shortly after the Conference of
182 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
Baden-Baden,’ and Dr. C. W. Stiles made a report to the Congress at Cambridge on the work of this Conference.
Dr. Sclater then proposed to enlarge the Permanent International Commission by the nomination of ten new members, and to remit to it all questions relating to zoological nomenclature and to request it to present a definitive report to the Fifth International Congress.
This motion was adopted ; the Congress at Cambridge proceeded to the election of the new members, and the Permanent International Commission was then composed of the following fifteen members :— Messrs. R. BLANCHARD (Paris), J. V. Carus (Leipzig), R. COLLETT (Christiania), R. Horst (Leyden), F. A. JENtrnkK (Leyden), F. C. von MAEHRENTHAL (Berlin), H. SaunpERS (London), F. E. ScHuLZzE (Berlin), P. L. ScLater (London), D. SHarp (Cambridge), E. Simon (Paris), L. STEJNEGER (Washington), Cu. W. Stites (Washington), TH. STUDER (Berne), and R. R. Wricut (Toronto).
Professor BLANCHARD was elected President of the Commission, and Dr. C. W. STILES, Secretary.
The Fifth Congress met at Berlin in tgo1, when a special section of nomenclature was established, the proceedings of which will be found in the report of that Congress.” Dr. Stiles presented the report on the work of the Permanent Commission, and it was decided not to fill up immediately the places of Messrs. Saunders and Sclater who had resigned. Amongst other matters, all modifications which the Commission had adopted unanimously and which had been submitted to the Congress at Cambridge without arousing opposition, were adopted. Finally, a sub-committee composed of Messrs. BLANCHARD, F. C. von MAEHRENTHAL, and C. W. STILES was appointed, the duties of which were as follows :—
1. To codify the rules of nomenclature, separating the rules from the recommendations.
2. To draw up an official text in French, German, and English.
3. To introduce any necessary editorial corrections without alter- ing the meaning either of the rules or recommendations.
The task thus laid down was a very delicate one; it could not be carried out by correspondence, and it was absolutely necessary that
rt ‘‘ Régles de la Nomenclature zoologique proposées au Congrés de Cambridge par la Com- mission internationale, BZ. Soc. Zool. Hrance, vol. 22, p. 173-185, 1897; also published separately.
*“Report on Rules of Zoological Nomenclature to be submitted to the Fourth International
Zoological Congress at Cambridge by the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature.”
“Bericht tiber Regeln der Zoologischen Nomenclatur dem Vierten internaticnalen Zoolo-
gischen Congresse in Cambridge vorzulegen von der Internationalen Nomenclatur-Commission, ” Zool, Anzeiger, vol. 21, p. 397-411, 1898; also published separately.
2 ‘Verhandlungen des V. Internationalen Zoologen-Congresses zu Berlin, rg01,” Jena, 1902 (cf. p. 874-890).
BLANCHARD : INTERNATIONAL RULES OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 183
the three members of the sub-committee should meet and devote to the revision entrusted to them the time required by such a difficult work. Various circumstances combined to prevent such a meeting ; Dr. Stiles in particular was recalled by his official duties to America immediately after the Berlin Congress, and was unable to return to return to Europe until the Congress at Berne, in August, 1904 ; and hence it is that the code of rules which the Congress at Berlin had decided to publish appears only after a delay of three years.
In consequence of the resignation of Messrs. Saunders and Sclater, above mentioned, and of the death of Professor J. V. Carus, the Inter- national Commission became reduced to twelve members. A number of these had not actually taken part either in the Congress at Berlin or in that at Berne, and hence the Commission thought it desirable to modify its constitution, and to divide itself by lot into three sections, the members of one of which should retire in succession every three years, and be replaced by members newly elected, those who retired being eligible for immediate re-election ; in this way the continuity of the work of the Commission would be assured.
The Congress at Berne adopted this proposal unanimously, and the course above mentioned was immediately adopted. The. twelve members of the Commission were divided by lot into three groups, the first group retiring at once ; seven new members were then elected, so that at the present moment the Permanent International Commis- sion is composed of the following members :—
Retiring in 1907 -—Dr. R. Horst (Leyden), Dr. F. A. JENTINK (Leyden), President D. Starr JoRDAN (Palo Alto, California), Prof. F, E. Scouuze (Berlin), Dr. L. STEJNEGER (Washington D.C.).
Retiring in 19Z0 :—Prof. R. BLANCHARD (Paris), Prof. L. JouBIN (Paris), Dr. Cu. W. Stites (Washington, D.C.), Prof. TH. STUDER (Berne), Prof. R. R. Wricut (Toronto).
Retiring in 1913:—M. Pu. DauTzENBERG (Paris), Dr. W. E. HoyLe (Manchester), Prof. L. von Grarr (Graz), Prof. F. C. von Maru- RENTHAL (Berlin), Prof. H. F. Oszorn (New York).
Professor BLANCHARD is President of the Commission, and Dr. von MAEHRENTHAL and Dr. STiLes Secretaries. They constitute an Executive Committee which receives all questions relating to nomen- clature, and according to circumstances either decides them at once or refers them to the Permanent Commission.
At the end of the Sixth Congress (15-20 August, 1904) Messrs. BLANCHARD, VON MAEHRENTHAL, and STILES remained for some time at Berne in order to complete the task which the Congress had entrusted to them. From the 21st to the 28th of August they met daily at the Zoological Institute of the University. Their task is now
184 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
completed, and they hand over for publication the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.
These rules are drawn up in three languages, according to the reso- lutions of the Congress, the French version being the standard in case of uncertainty. They represent the code officially recognised and adopted by the International Congress, and hence they supply for the present needs of nomenclature the most rational and at the same time the most practical basis, being founded as far as possible on common-sense and strict equity. They include, further, two kinds ot formulz which may be easily distinguished : Auw/es, properly so called, the systematic application of which is imperatively needed, for they will introduce into zoology a uniformity now sadly lacking; and Recommendations, which are only counsels dictated by experience and the feeling of justice.
In publishing to-day these International Rules, the Congress makes no pretension to having finally completed a definitive task. Just as the rules which were sufficient for the time of Linné are not adequate for our needs, so the code which we consider sufficient to-day will surely be judged incomplete by our successors. Science is constantly pro- gressing, and in its progress new questions arise for which new solutions must be found.
Furthermore, it is impossible to compel the zoologists of different countries to make use of these rules, and the International Commission has no idea of posing as a legal tribunal which would have no means of enforcing its decisions. It considers that it will be sufficient to appeal to the good sense of zoologists and to invoke the interest for science which inspires them, in order to induce them to adopt the rules which have been so long discussed by learned men of all countries, and whose only object is to establish between naturalists a uniformity of language without which science would be only a chaos of vain words.
The International Commission as now constituted will perform the needful duty of studying all questions relating to nomenclature which may arise from day to day ; it will study them ina spirit of moderation and be careful to maintain in nomenclature those conservative prin- ciples without which there can be neither uniformity nor tradition.
Every zoologist has the right, we might almost say the duty, to sub- mit to it the difficulties which present themselves to him ; it is not a tribunal giving sentence without appeal, but a council of friendly colleagues who have made a special study of the principles of nomen- clature and are familiar with the difficulties presented by their practical application ; it will examine impartially the questions submitted to it, seeking the most judicious solutions according to the recognised rules,
BLANCHARD: INTERNATIONAL RULES OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE, 185
and will submit them in its report to the International Congress, which will then decide the questions with full knowledge.
In consequence of the scattering of its members, the Permanent International Commission is officially represented by its Executive Committee, to which all communications should be addressed. It cannot study the questions with full utility unless they are submitted to it at least a year before the Trienmial Congress.
The Permanent Commission is at the present moment occupied with very important questions which will only come up for discussion at the Seventh Congress at Boston in 1907. In order to render this discussion more fruitful it has been decided to publish these questions as soon as possible, in order that all zoologists interested in them may have time for their consideration. There will no doubt be many of these, and it is likely that in many cases the required solution will be suggested by some naturalist who is not a member of the Commission.
In thus making appeal to the enlightened consensus of all zoologists, in holding at the time of each Congress open sittings where all will be able to take part in the discussions, the Permanent International Comunission believes that it is doing a most useful piece of work, and will thus establish an agreement which each day will render more complete on one of the most delicate and one of the most fundamental questions of zoology. RAPHAEL BLANCHARD,
President of the Permanent International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. BERNE, August, 1904.
[Questions for the consideration of the Commission may be addressed to Dr. F. C. von MaArxHRENTHAL, Zoologisches Institut, BERLIN.
It is proposed to publish the Rules and Recommendations in the next number of the /ournal.—W.E.H. ].
186
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
338th Meeting, January 11th, 1905. Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : ‘“‘fapanese Oyster Culture,” by Dr. Bashford Dean (from the Secretary), and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Members Elected. W. Harrison Hutton, 44, Dial Street, Leeds. W. G. Reynolds, 15, Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N. Candidates Proposed for Membership.
W. A. Green, 4, Salisbury Terrace, Belfast. J. G. Hamling, F.G.S., The Close, Barnstaple. H. M. Walton, B.A., Goodbourne House, Richmond, Yorks.
Resignation.
L. B. Brown. Members Deceased.
J. G. Brass. F. P. Marrat. Papers Read.
“‘Report of the London Branch.”
«Notes on the homing instincts in Slugs and Snails,” by Chas. Pannell.
‘<¢ Freshwater Shells in masses in shell-marl,” by R. Welch.
Exhibits.
By Dr. H. Laver: Specimens of Crepédula fornicata which appears to be gaining ground in the neighbourhood of Colchester and may perhaps become a nuisance to the oyster fisheries.
A series of varieties of Helix aspersa was exhibited by Messrs. Baldwin, Collier, Jackson, Lucas, Moore and Wadsworth.
339th Meeting, February 8th, 1905.
Held by invitation of Mr. Edward Collier at his house.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
The usual periodicals received in exchange.
Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
Specimens of Vztrea hammonzs (Strom. ) Pilsb. and Vallonia excentrica from Edgeworth, Pa., U.S.A., from Mr. G. H. Clapp.
New Members Elected.
W. A. Green, 4, Salisbury Terrace, Belfast.
J. G. Hamling, F.G.S., The Close, Barnstaple.
li. M. Walton, B.A., Goodbourne House, Richmond, Yorkshire.
Papers Read.
““The Rev. John Hawell, M.A., F.G.S.,” by Baker Hudson.
‘©On the Dates of Publication of D’Orbigny’s ‘Moll. viv. et foss.,’ ‘Paléont. univ.,’ and ‘Paléont. étrangére,’”’ by C. Davies Sherborn.
“*Opercula of Bythinia tentaculata,” by Miss A. L. Massy.
Exhibits.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Very large Carddem edule from Ayrshire.
By Mr. C. Oldham, on behalf of Mr. E. W. Swanton: A fine scalariform example of //ygvomia rufescens, taken at Haslemere, Surrey, 1904.
PROCEEDINGS : MARCH 8, 1905. 187
A special feature of the evening was the exhibition by Mr. Ed. Collier of his collection of He/éx memoralzs, in which the colour gradations incident to locality and change of food, endless combinations of band formule, as well as curious abnormalities, were shewn to perfection in the extensive series of carefully selected examples gathered together by him during the course of many years. Mr. Collier demonstrated the chief characteristics of the ‘‘varieties” acknowledged in the Society’s List.
Mr. J. W. Baldwin also exhibited some curious local varieties.
340th Meeting, March 8th, 1905.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
Battleti de la Institucio Catalana d’Historia Natural, nos. 1-24 (except nos. 2, 4-8, 22, and 23); and series 2, vol. 1; and vol. 1, nos. £, 2; and the usual period- icals received in exchange.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Alexander Abercrombie, Stainswood, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Resignation.
A. T. Daniel. Names Struck off the List.
It was reported that the following names had been struck off the List of Mem- bers in terms of Rule 4: J. H. James. F. Stanley. The Statement of Accounts FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 3Ist, 1904, having been signed by the Auditors, was laid before the meeting.
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Papers Read.
** Obituary Notice of the late Dr. Ed. von Martens,” by Dr. W. Kobelt.
““ Prof. Lang’s Breeding Experiments with Helix hortensis and H. nemoralis,” by A. D. Darbishire.
‘ Obituary Notice of the late F. P. Marrat,” by J. Cosmo Melvill.
“The Sub-Genus Casmarza of Cassis,” by J. Cosmo Melvill.
** Four Colour Varieties of Cyf7a,” by J. Cosmo Melvill.
“The Mussel Fishery and Pearl Button Industry of the Mississippi,” by L. E. Adams.
“* Additions to the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Northamptonshire,” by the Rev. W. A. Shaw.
188 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1905.
‘“ Notes on Zafes,” by the Rev. Canon Horsley. “«Tnternational Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, adopted by the International
Zoological Congress.” Exhibits.
By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: Species of Cass¢s and Casmarza, to illustrate the Paper on that subject; as well as certain uncommon forms, colour varieties, or monstrosities of Cyprea :—(1) C. sulcidentata Gray var. xanthochrysa Mely., 1888. A golden ochreous colour variety ; dorsal surface very faintly thrice-banded with darker shade of the same hue ; originally in the collection of the late Rev. J. Smythe. (2) C. tessellata Swn. A fine live specimen ; the dorsal and lateral blotches deep blackish-brown. From the same collection. (3) C. cvossed Marie. A monstrous New Caledonian form of C. s/o/ida L., being rostrate, 1 inches in length. (4) C. cribrarvia L. var. exmouthens?s Mely., 1888. Two examples, one very finely marked, from New Caledonia. (5) C. pyvum Gmel. var. petitzana Crosse and Fischer. A dwarf variety, from New Caledonia. (6) C. caurica L. Two ex- amples, precisely similar, of a pellucent form, perhaps identical with var. pallida Dautzenberg (/owsn. de Conchyl., vol. 50, p. 317, 1902). Likewise four very marked and hitherto unnoticed forms, especially a black variety of C. Zyax L.
By Rey. Canon J. W. Horsley: A fine series of varieties of 7afes aurea and T. decussata to illustrate his paper ; He/rv aspersa var. undulata, semi-transparent and vividly marked, from the Paris market; also a shell of 4. aspersa which had been blown out to sea, and afterwards cast up again, encrusted with Se:puce and other marine growths.
By Mr. R. Standen: A set of Anodonta cygnea, including a remarkable trun- cated specimen almost square in shape; and Unzo pzctorum, illustrating growth stages, all from New River, Cheshunt, Herts.
By Mr. Bartlet Span: A fine group of thirteen specimens of Plerza hirundo Scopoli, attached to a branch of Azdtzpathes, trawled from sixty faths., Bay of Biscay.
By Mr. C. Oldham: On behalf of Rev. W. A. Shaw, a set of shells from Northamptonshire to illustrate his note.
A large number of varieties of Aeléx hortenszs were exhibited by Messrs. Ed. Collier, R. Welch, and A. D. Darbishire. The ‘‘Oldham” and ‘‘Darbishire ” sets from the Manchester Museum were also shewn. Mr. J. R. Redding also sent for exhibition a most interesting series of the type form and varieties from Drumcondra, Finglas, Cabra, Royal Canal, and other localities for this scarce Irish species in the Dublin area.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIELY’S LIBRARIAN).
Journal of Malacology, vol. 11, no. 4, 1904.
** Descriptions of some new species of Cingalese and Indian Marine Shells,” by H. B. Presvon[Cythara, Clathurella, Thala, Nassa (Phrontis) 2, Murex (Ocinebra), Coralliophila, Mucronalia, Styloptygma, and Mactra 2, all figd.]. ‘‘ Descriptions of Twelve new species and one variety of Marine Gastropoda from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1902-1904,” by J. Cosmo MELVILL [Ach’s, Réssotna, Ethaha, Omphalius, Turritella, Lulim- ella, Odostomia, Osctlla 2, Mumiola, Eulima, Mangilia, Daphnella, all figd.]. ** Note on Metra stephanucha Melv., with description of a proposed new variety,” by J. CosMo MELVILL. ‘*On some Non-Marine Shells from the Austro- and Indo-Malayan Region,” by E. R. Syxrs [Zvochomorpha 2, Albersia, Plantspira 3,
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 189
Obba, Papuina 3, Perrteria, Leptopoma 2, Ameria, all figd.]. ‘‘The Helicoid Land-Shells of Asia: Corrections. and Additions,” by G. K. GUDE [Cathaica stur- anyt, C. hermannt, nn.spp.]. ‘‘ Note on Two varieties of Arion sabfuscus Drap.,” by W. E. CoLLince.
The Nautilus, vol. 18, nos. 8-10, Dec. 1904-Feb. 1905.
““New forms of Polygyra from Alabama,” by Gro. H. CLapp [P. daréata n.sp., P. stenotrema seminuda n.var.]. ‘* New species of Buccznum from the Kuril Islands,” by H. A. PitsBry [B&. zuclitum, B. chishimanum]. ‘* On the Northern- most Habitat of Zzguus fascéatus on the Florida East Coast,” by C. B. Moore. ‘*New Land Snails from North Carolina,” by H. A. Pitspry [ Polygyra appressa tryontana, P. wheatleyt clingmantca]. ‘‘* Agriolimax agrestis in Colorado,” by T. D. A. CocKERELL. ‘‘Margartitana margaritifera in Pennsylvania,” by CHAs. H. ConNER. ‘Arion cércumscriptus Johns. (fasctatus Nilss. pars)” [new to N.Y.], by T. D. A. CocKERELL. ‘‘ Albino Polygyra monodon and P. hirsuta,” by T. VAN Hyninc. ‘‘ Geographic Range of Polygyra tridentata discotdea in Indiana,” by L. E. DANIELS.
**On an interesting Fossil Unio [U. crassidens Lam.] from Winconsin,” by GEORGE WAGNER. ‘‘On the Species of JMZartesia of the Eastern United States,” by Cuas. W. JOHNSON [JZ striata, M. cunetformis, M. caribex). ‘* Note on the Nomenclature of the Snails usually called Ppa,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL [Pupzlla Leach preferred]. ‘*‘ Notes on the Nomenclature of Pupillidze,” by H. A. PILSBRY. ““ New Species of Pistdiam” [P. limatulum, Alabama], by V. STERKI.
“*Sensitiveness of Snails to Weather Conditions,” by J. B. HENDERSON, jun. “*Note on Lucina (Multha) chiltrent Gray, and on a New Species from the Gulf of California,” by W. H. Datu [former from Brazil, not California ; species from California is Z. xantust n.sp.j. ‘* Further Notes on the Species of Martesia,” by C. W. JOHNSON [JZ. fragilis and AZ, semicostata to be added]. ‘‘ Notes on some Preoccupied Names of Mollusks,” by W. H. DALL [ Parmulophora n.n. for Parmu- lina, Patinigera n.n. for Patinellaj. ‘A New Oreohelix” [O. strigosa metcalfei, New Mexico],” by T. D. A. CoCKERELL. ‘‘ Names in the Pupillide,” by W. H. DAL. ‘* The Pupillidee of Risso and Jeffreys,” by H. A. PILsBry.
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 52, no. 4, Dec., 190.4.
*‘Variations et cas tératolologiques chez le Afurex brandaris L.,” by PH. DAUTZENBURG [8 forms described]. ‘‘ Notes Critiques et Synonymiques,”’ by C. F. ANCEY.
Nachrichsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Heft 1,
Jan.-Mar., 1905.
“Zwei Nachrufe,” by W. KoBELT [Obituary notices of D. F. Heynemann and Ed. von Martens}. ‘‘ Eine verschollene Capylea” [C. philippit, Naples], by W. Kopeir. ‘‘ Anatomie und systematische Stellung von Xerocampylea Kob.,” by P. Hesse [a sub-genus of Ayzuteczcola). “* Biicherschau,” by O. BOETTGER [critique of Lehmann, ‘‘ Schnecken u. Muscheln Deutschlands,” Zwickau, 1904]. *“Schnecken aus dem Tsad-See,” by O. BoerrGEerR [3 spp. recorded]. ‘* Ueber Heterostylie bei Schneckenschalen und ihre Erklarung,” by O. BorrrGcer. ‘*Ver- doppelung eines Auges bei einer He/ix,” by Frrvz WikGMANN [posthumous]. ‘* Uebelriechende Schnecken,” by P. Hesse. ‘‘ Stenogyra octona L. und Physa acuta Drap. eingeschleppt in Danemark,” by HENRIK SELL.
The Naturalist, nos. 573-578, Oct., 1904-March, 1905.
““Belemnite Nomenclature,” by G. C. Crick. ‘‘ Re-establishment of a dis- carded British Slug” [Zémax tenellus] ; ‘* Molluscan Fauna of Langstrothdale,” by W. DENISON RoEBUCK [List, with localities]. ‘*‘ Mollusca of Driffield and Neigh- bourhood,” by the Rev. E. P. BLACKBURN [List, with localities].
199 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 6, APRIL, 1904.
** Limax tenellus in Yorkshire,” by J. E. CRowrHer. ‘‘ North Lincolnshire Mollusca,” by the Rev. E. A. WoopRuFFE-PEAcocK [Anodonta cygnea and vars. of Helix]. ‘‘ Helix nemoralis L., in North-west Lincolnshire,” by the Rev. E. A. WoOODRUFFE-PEACOCK.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 14, nos. 1-3, Jan. to Mar., 1905.
‘* Notes on the Mollusca of N.E. County Wicklow,” by P. H. GrreRSON [List of species with notes and localities]. ‘‘ On some Irish Specimens of a large Squid, Sthenoteuthts pteropus,” by A. R. NICHOLS.
Arkiv for Zoologi, vol. 2, parts 1-2, 1904.
‘““Mollusca und Brachiopoda gesammelt von der Schwedischen Zoologischen Polar-Expedition nach Spitzbergen, dem Nordéstlichen Gronland und Jan Mayen im J. 1900,” by R. Hace [Portlandia holthoffi, n.sp.).
Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 28. ‘“Notes on South Australian Marine Mollusca, with Descriptions of New Species,” part 1, by J. C. Verco [Casstdea sinuosa, Cancellaria pergradata, Stephoma nucleosranosum, Nacella crebristriata, nn.spp. }.
Buttleti de la Institucié Catalana d’Historia Natural, vol. 1, nos. 1-3; vol. 2, nos. 9-15 ; vol. 3, nos. 16-21, and 24, series 2, vol. I, nos. 1-9, vol. 2, nos. I, 2, Jan., 1901-Feb., 1905.
**Excursid Malacologica a Gaya” [15 spp.], and ‘* Algunas especies del género flex recullidas a Vilarrodona (Ribera del Gaya)” [23 spp. ], by J. MALUQUER Y Nicotau. ‘‘ Nova forma d’Helix [H. ripollica] pera la fauna catalana,” by P. Facor. ‘‘ Moluschs terrestres de Menorca (Balears),” by SOLE y Pia. ‘‘Les dents dels moluschs,” by D. J. MALUQUER.
**Contribucid a la Fauna Malacologica de Catalunya. I., Molluschs recullits en la Montanya de Montserrat,” by J. MALUQUER y NICOLAU [List with notes and localities]. ‘‘ Excursid a Rippoll y Nuria (Pireneu Catala)” [13 spp. recorded], by E. FERRER DatMau. ‘‘ Contribution a la Faune Malacologique Maritime de Vilassar de Mar (province de Barcelone Espagne,)” by A. DE ZULUETA [List of 170 spp ].
““ Moluschs terrestres y d’aigua dolsa, recullits en la comarca d’Artesa de Segre,” by J. MaLuquer y NicoLau [List with localities]. ‘‘ Alguns moluschs Marins de Masnou,” by J. MALUQUER y NICOLAU [188 spp.]. ‘‘ Moluschs de Montserrat,” by ANTONI DE ZULUETA [7 spp.].
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 4, ann. 35, nos. 409, 412, and 413, Nov., 1904-Mar., 1905.
“Note sur Helv aferta,” by COMMANDANT Cazior [Literature and distri- bution]. ‘‘ Elevage de Helix pomatia,” by PAUL MARTIN.
** Coquilles fossiles trouvées en 1904 dans les sables yprésiens de Saint-Gobain (Aisne),” by —. LHomME. ‘‘Sur quelques especes nouvelles ou peu connues des couches calloviennes de Villiers-sur-Mer,” by J. RaspatL. ‘‘Sur la Pupa anglica, type de la faune dite lusitanienne,”’ by E, MARGIER [to be generically distinguished under Lazvia].
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 16, part 2, April-August, 1904.
“* The Cell-Lineage and Early Larval Development of Fvoxa marina, a Nudi- branch Mollusk,” by D. B. CasTEEL. ‘‘ The Fossil Land-Shells of Bermuda,” by ADDISON GULICK [List of spp., with notes, 6 nn.spp. figured]. ‘* New Japanese Marine Mollusca ; Pelecypoda,” by H. A. PrusBry [17 nn.spp. figured].
BIBLIOGRAPHY. I9I
Transactions of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club.
“The Published Records of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the East Riding, with Additions,” by T. PETCH [several spp. recorded additional to last “* Census.””]
“Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Mollusken-Fauna der Magalhaen-Provinz, II., Die Trochiden,” by HERMANN STREBEL (Zool. Jahrbiicher, Syst., Suppl. 8, p. 121-166, pl. 5 [an elaborate discussion of the forms discovered, 5 nn.spp. ].
““Alcuni nuovi fossili sinemurani,” by R. BELLINI [several new forms described ].
“L’Elveziano nelle colline di Chivasso presso Torino,” by RAFFELLO BELLINI [list of fossil shells, some still living in the Mediterranean].
Nature Study, vol. 13, no. 148, October, 1904. ** Molluscs in South Yorkshire ” [few spp. from Shipley Glen].
Freshwater Shells in Masses in Shell-Marl.—I have read with interest Messrs. Dean and Jackson’s account of the Hawes Water shell-marl (azz/ea, p. 147) as we have so many deposits of this nature in Ireland, usually under peat bogs. There are, however, lakes in Ireland such as Lough Talt, Co. Sligo, where masses of a Chara and a shell-marl form the bottom deposits. At Lough Talt this is dredged up by the farmers to “lime” boggy land with. This particular deposit is very friable, unlike some of the very compact shell-marls of Co. Fermanagh, which are, in some cases, now under tillage, the overlying bog having been cut away. Some of these Irish deposits have much larger quantities of shells in them than others, the species pretty much as given for that at Hawes water. Little ‘‘pockets” or masses of shells occur, and the way in which these may collect can be observed on the shores of many lakes, especially on those along the western border of the central limestone plain of Ireland. In Scarriff Bay, Lough Derg, masses of dead shells, very largely composed of Bzhynza may be found, rapidly undergoing a sort of con- solidation, indeed, the first stages of fossilization; the decaying Chara stems and lime deposited in hot weather as the mass dries, compacting the whole pretty firmly together. Large areas of marl, I am told, occur along portions of Lough Cara shores, Co. Mayo, exposed many years ago by drainage operations which lowered the level of the lake. As I hope to visit this deposit this season I will not do more than mention it now. While visiting Portmore Lake, Co. Antrim, some years ago with Mr. R. Ll. Praeger I found masses of Azthynza stranded on one part of the shores. A small proportion of Va/vata pisctnalis was with them. Afterwards Mr. Praeger came across a shell strand at Menlo on Lough Carrib composed of many species. The Portmore shells were almost all adult, a few, though empty, still had the operculum on the shell. This was at the end of May and as I have found similar masses in early June on shores of Lough Neagh and some Fermanagh lakes I take it these are the adults dying off just as Zimenea pereger and some other fresh- water species do at this season. In the spring of 1897 great quantities of very young Limnaa pereger (possibly killed by late frosts) came ashore in Lough Neagh, all along the shallow rocky portion of Cranfield Point. At some points where tree roots had stopped the drift the mass was fully ten inches deep. This also contained many juvenile Physa fontinalis and some /%stdza. A little to the north of this large quantities of drift shells collect in some winters in the little bays; a bagful has yielded ten freshwater and about four or five land species.—R. WELCH (Read before the Society, January 11th, 1905).
FOUR COLOUR VARIETIES OF CYPRAA.
By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.
(Read before the Society, March 8, 1gos).
THE following have mostly been in my possession for many years.
1. C. asellus L. var. vespacea nov.—Bears a certain superficial resemblance to C. clandestina \.. var. artuffeli Jouss., being almost invisibly thrice-banded, bands very pale-fawn, shape as in ordinary asellus, ‘This is almost certainly conspecific with the shell figured by Sowerby (“‘Thes. Conch.,” pl. 30, f. 327) as being in Mr. Jonathan Rashleigh’s collection.
2. C. lynx L. var. michaelis nov.—A rare colour variety, in which a black suffusion more or less clothes the whole dorsal surface. I have only seen six or seven examples of this form, one in Mr. J. Michael Williams’ collection, three in that of Mr. R. Standen, one in my own, one in the British Museum, and finally one in that of Mr. R. Cairns.
3. C. ocellata L. var. pretiosa nov.—A wonderfully beautiful dwarfed and subpellucent form. Base quite immaculate, with none of the usual lines or maculations, dorsal surface yellowish-fawn, almost transparent, pattern very obscure, the ocellations, few in number, appearing as smaller shaded ochreous spots. Locality unknown.
4. C. scurra L. var. standeni nov.—A remarkably pale variety, and inclining to translucidity. Base palest fawn, teeth apparently un- coloured, but with a lens the faintest touch of red is perceptible, markings dorsally typical, but lateral maculations absent. Mr. Cairns writes that a specimen in his possession approaches this, but it is evidently of exceedingly rare occurrence.
Do Swans and Ducks eat Anodonta cygnea ?—I have never heard ques- tioned the propriety of Linné’s specific name for the above species, but experience in many branches of natural history tends to make one sceptical of even the most familiar legends, and therefore I was not surprised at the negative results of the following experiments. | Having procured an ordinary specimen of 4. anatzna, measuring 2{ by 13 inches, I proceeded to a neighbouring common, and called
up a flock of tame ducks, which came expecting to be fed. I threw the mussel.
down before them, and they gathered eagerly roun | it, but after examining it closely they turned away and waddled off with a universal chorus of disappointment. I tried a second flock of ducks and three flocks of geese with exactly the same result. Two couples of tame swans acted in a similar though rather more dignified manner, nor would they have any more to do with a young 4. cygnzea ; and yet presumably Linné had some reason for his appellation. —LIONEL E. ApAMs (Read before the Soctety, November 9th, 1904).
JOURNAL OF CoNncHOoLOoGy, VoL. 11. PLATE 4.
ogee
yy:
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,
VOL. 11. JULY, 1905. No. 7.
PROFESSOR LANG’S BREEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH HELIX HORTENSIS AND H. NEMORALIS; An Abstract and Review. :
By A. D. DARBISHIRE, M.A.
(Read before the Society, March 8, 190s).
PROFEssoR Lang’s experiments' with the above-mentioned snails deserve careful study from the student of organic evolution in general, because they compel him to ask himself what he means when he states that Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis are distinct species ; and from the student of heredity in particular, because the results of breeding different varieties of HZ. fuvtenses are adduced as a “brilliant confirma- tion of a part of Mendel’s law.” A knowledge of Mendelian principles that will enable the reader to understand their connection with Lang’s results is easily acquired; but a clear appreciation of the nature of these principles is not widely distributed. It is in the hope that members of this society may start experiments and obtain results as interesting as those of Professor Lang that I give some account of the manner in which those experiments were carried out.
The snails were kept in wooden boxes, whose floors were perforated, the holes thus made were covered with fine wire gauze; on the floor of the box above the gauze was spread a layer, a few inches thick, of a mixture of peat and wood-earth. A lid, which provided ventilation but prevented the escape of the young, was formed of a horse-hair or
xr ‘“‘Ueber Vorversuche zu Untersuchungen iiber die Varietatenbildungen von Aedix hortensis Miiller and Helix nemoralis L.” Festschrift zum sicbzigsten Geburtsiage von Ernst Flaeckel, Jena, 1904, p. 439.
2 W. Bateson, ‘‘ Mendel’s Principles of Heredity” ; A. D. Darbishire. Manchester Memoirs, yol. 48, no. 24, p. 19, 1904.
N
194 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
wire net stretched across an iron frame. ‘The mesh of this net must be so smail that the young, which are only three mm. in diameter when they emerge, cannot escape through the interstices. These boxes may be kept either outside or indoors ; in the latter case, the earth should be sprinkled lightly with water every five or six days. Lang found that families which he kept in some large cellars, where the windows were open winter and summer, flourished better than those out in his garden. The food, which was given every eight or ten days, consisted of carrots, dried hop leaves, or macaroni; and great care was taken to remove from the boxes the remains of the previous meal.
Before starting a breeding experiment with a hermaphrodite animal it is necessary, in order to be certain of the parentage of each indi- vidual, to determine whether self-fertization occurs or not; it was established that in the case of HZ. hortensts and HZ. nemoralis that this did not take place.’ It was also discovered that the sperm acquired by snail a from copulation with snail 4 is capable of living a very long time in the vesicula seminalis of @; for example, one of the snails in experiment 49” was fertilized in 1go0, and without further copulation produced four families in the years Ig00, 1901, 1902, and 1903.
Professor Lang’s experiments fall under two headings: (1), matings between varieties of Ae/zx hortensis ; and (2), crosses between Helix hortensis and H. nemorats.
MATINGS BETWEEN VARIETIES OF H. HORTENSIS.
The two varieties of this species that were experimented with were the five-banded variety whose formula is 12345, and the bandless variety with formula oo000. ‘Three kinds of pairs can be, and were, made: a, 12345 x 12345; 4, 00000 x 00000; and ¢, 00000 x 12345.
A. 12345 x 12345.°
The author divides the result of this type of mating as well as that of the next into two classes, one in which, while it is certain that the mother of the brood was five-banded, it is not quite certain that the father bore this character ; and another, in which it is quite certain that both parents were five-banded. The chief value of the records of broods which fall into the first class lies in the information which they supply as to the order in which the bands appear during ontogeny.’
The record of broods which fall into the second class shews that five-bandedness breeds true; for of the 142 snails which reached a diameter of seven mm. all were five-banded with a single exception,
I p. 443. This and the following references to pages refer to Prof. Lang’s memoir. 2 p. 486.
3 PP. 453, 454, and 474.
4 For brevity’s sake, | shall denote 12345 by 5 and cooco by o,
DARBISHIRE ; PROFESSOR LANG'S BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. 195
in which band 3 was missing, a state of affairs which is described by the formula 12045 ; this occurred in experiment 35, and Lang states that it is the sole instance of what may be regarded as a mutation which has occurred in his experiments.
B. 00000 x 00000.
Here, again, I pass over the description of the cases in which it is not quite certain that the father was unbanded, and proceed to those in which it is certain that both parents were unbanded. The families produced by ox 0 fall fairly sharply into two groups: one in which the broods are composed entirely of o ; and another in which both o and 5 appear.
To the first group belong experiments 43, 44, and 48 ; though it must be noted that in experiment 43, out of thirty-five young with formula oo000, one shewed a faint indication of banding?; that in experiment 44, out of the fifty-seven young, one example shewed an “uncertain indication of bands 1, 2, 3”;? and that in experiment 48 none of the young had arrived at anything like maturity.’
To the second group belong, for example, crosses 41 and 42: in the former, of the 78 young, 77 were o, and one was 00300—this probably was a young stage of an adult whose formula would be 5, because no banded individuals which exceeded seven mm. in dia- meter had any other formula than 5*; another example of the second class on which Lang lays much stress is cross 42, in which of forty-one examples (none of which were larger than 5°5 mm.) thirty-one are without discernible banding, while ten are 00300, 7.¢., snails which, for the reasons just mentioned, will probably become adult as 5.
C. 00000 x 12345.
The results of this type of mating fall into two classes: one in which all the offspring are o; and another in which the broods consist of o and 5.
To the former class belong experiments 49—54. It must, however, be noted that of the fifty-nine offspring in experiment 49, two shew the faintest suggestion of banding; and that there are ill-defined indications of band 3 in isolated examples of the sixty offspring in experiment 53. Owing to the fact that the young were born before the parents were isolated in experiment 49, it could not be deter- mined whether the brood was produced by the o or by the 5 or by both ; in experiments 50, 51, and 52, the o (of experiment 49) was
Deeps 4ozs
2 p. 482.
3 Pp. 484.
4 Moreover, the condition 00300 though perhaps even commoner than 12345 in /fedéx nemloralis, is very rare indeed in H. hortensis, in which the variability of the bands is much less definite than in A. nemoradlis,
196 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
the mother; in experiment 53, the 5 (of experiment 49) was the mother, and the records of these families shew, as far as they go, that the result of ¢ ox @ 5 is not different from that of 9 ox 6 5.
To the second class belong experiments 55-66, of which experi- ment 55 may be taken as an example: of the fifty-nine young, thirty- seven were unbanded, and twenty-two were banded.
Lang’s Interpretation of the Result of the Matings of FT. hortensis.
Lang maintains that the results of experiments 49-54 shew that unbandedness is a dominant character in the Mendelian sense ; and that five-bandedness is recessive. The results of experiments 1 to 38 are consistent with this, for, as we have seen, five-bandedness breeds true, while o x o sometimes produces only o, and sometimes o and 5, in experiment 42 in the proportion three to one. ‘The appearance of 5's from o x 5 in experiments 55-66 is attributed by Lang to an impurity in the strain of the o’s; the possibility that the unbanded parents in these cases may have been heterozygotes, will be dis- cussed later.
Cross BETWEEN H. NEMORALIS AND H. HORTENSIS.
In only one instance has this cross been successful. “The specimen of 7, hortensis had the formula o'; the A. xemora/ts was a 5 with fusion of bands 1 and 2 together, and 4 and 5 together ; the lip of the shell was, characteristically, black-brown. There are six offspring that have attained an age at which they can be described.” ‘The following is a summary of their characters :—
a, In size they are intermediate between the two parents (only four of the six are full-grown).
é, In three of them the altitude of the shell is much greater than that of either parent.
c, All of them are unbanded, 7.2, like the H ortensis parent.
d, The lip in the four cases in which it is described, is dark, z.e., like the 4. zemoralis parent.
é, The shape and size of the lip is like that of A. ortensts.
Lang proceeds from this description of the hybrids, to a discussion of the specific distinctness of /7. hortensis and H. nemoralis, and deals with the evidence for the existence of natural hybrids between them in the field. He cites the work of Coutagne,* who sums up his conclusions in five theses, three of which I quote here :—
1 From the fact that no mention to the contrary is made, it may be concluded that the H. hortensis had a white lip to its shell.
2p. 497-
3 ‘‘ Recherches sur le polymorphisme des Mollusques de France.” Lyon, 1895.
DARBISHIRE : PROFESSOR LANG'S BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. 197
t. In certain stations, such, for example, as those studied by Muller in Denmark, there exist two groups of Ae/ices, of which we will call the one A. nemoralis and the other H. hortensis, between which intermediates are not found. In the former group, the shell is larger, more depressed, the epidermis less shiny, the lip brown or black ; in the latter, the shell is smaller, more globular, more shiny, and the lip is white.
2. In other localities, in the neighbourhood of Orsay, for example, these two groups of /e/ies live together, and still present the same peculiarities and differences ; but there occur besides a certain number of intermediate forms, apparently hybrids, the paucity of whose numbers, no less than the complete absence of intermediates in the preceding case, points to the existence of a real genealogical barrier between the two groups.
3. The differential characters which enable one to separate FT, nemoralis and Hf. hortensis with certainty when they are found associated in one colony are variable and subject to inversion, in such a way that it is not always possible to dis- tinguish with certainty from the shell alone,’ the A. xemoralis from a station a, for example, from the HZ. Zortensis of station 4 of another locality if one has not got as points of comparison the 4. hortensis of station a or the neighbourhood, and the ff. nemoralts of station 6 or the neighbourhood.”
An actual case which illustrates the state of affairs on which the third generalization is based is the following :—Coutagne collected in one locality, on April 22, 1879, 242 H. horiensis and 26 H. nemo- ralts. Of these 242 HZ. hortensis, 113 were of a lemon-yellow colour, were unbanded, and had dark lips; while of the A xemoralis, nine shells had five bands ; three had four bands ; seven had three bands ; one had two bands ; and six had no bands.
Coutagne’s verdict on this case is:—‘‘The A. hortensis of the form medanostoma are not hybrids ; for these black-lipped individuals are all unbanded ..... , whereas the H. wemoralis are banded in the proportion of sixty-one per cent.» Jf ¢#e H. nemoralis were purents of the 113 tndividvals which I have called H. hortensis var. melanostoma, ¢here ts every reason to believe that this character of banding would appear at least in some cases in these 113 individuals.” *
Now, Lang has shewn that the offspring resulting from the union of a five-banded “4. nemoralis and an unbanded //.. hortensis are: (a) unbanded; (0) like WH. Aortenszs in the form of the shell and mouth;
I /.é., without the dart.
2 Quoted from Lang's Memoir, p. 499.
3 2.é., in the 26 snails there were 80 bands out of a total possible 130 = 26 X 5. 4 My italics.
198 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. Ii, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
and (c) have dark lips. And though this does not prove that Coutagne’s 113 black-lipped A. ortensis were hybrids, it shews that the argu- ment by which he seeks to prove that they are not, is invalid.
-It is not uninteresting to compare, in the light of the suggestion that all black-lipped A. ortensis are hybrids, this statement of Ashford :—‘‘ The rapid fading of the peristome tint appears to be peculiar to HZ. hortensis as distinguished from A. xemoralis. In fact it is an accidental colouring in the former case, and a normal one in the latter”,! with a number of cases collected by Giard, and described
in a paper entitled ‘““Caracteres dominants transitoires chez certains hybrides.””?
REMARKS ON PROFESSOR LANG’S MEMOIR.
There are two points of view from which the phenomena of heredity may be regarded, the Mendelian and the biometric ; and the manner in which material is collected by one who looks at it from the one point of view is not the same as that employed by one who regards it from the other.? The way in which Professor Lang’s data were col- lected does not admit of their description in terms of the law of ancestral heredity.*
The results obtained with the five-banded and unbanded varieties of A. hortensis afford an instance of what has been called the Mendelian phenomenon ; but when Professor Lang states that they constitute a “brilliant confirmation of a part of Mendel’s law” he makes a statement the truth of which depends entirely on our con- ception of the expression “Mendel’s law.” If he does not mean any more than that the phenomenon he is dea'ing with is the same as others which are called Mendelian, I believe his conclusion is justified ; but if he means that his experiments afford conclusive evidence of the existence in the gonads of Helix hortensis of definite unit-bearing elements representing either five-bandedness or un- bandedness, I do not believe that he is justified.
That the explanation of these phenomena is not so simple is made probable by comparing the differences between the parentages in matings of type o x 5, which gave both o and 5, with those which produced only o. The simple Mendelian explanation which naturally suggests itself, and which Lang himself suggests, is that in the first case the o was DD and in the second DR. There is no a fostertort evidence for this to be derived from an examination of the parentages
1 ‘British Land and Freshwater Shells,’ by L. E. Adams, p. 72. Adams has confirmed Ashford’s statement.
2 Comptes Rendus Soc. Biol. Séance du 28 Mars 1083, vol. 55, p. 410.
3 See Darbishire, Manchester Memoirs, vol. 49, no. 6, p. 17, 1905.
4 Karl Pearson, Biometrika, vol. 2, p. 211.
DARBISHIRE : PROFESSOR LANG'S BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. t69
of the supposed DD and DR parents. For the o parent of experiment 49, in which its behaviour is consistent with the theory that it was a dominant, and the o parent of experiment 55 which Lang suggests was a hybrid, both appeared in the brood produced in experiment 28 in which both o and 5 appear, and which appears under the heading of ‘experiments 1n which it is certain that the mother was o, but in which it is not quite certain that the father bore this character.”? There zs a rather interesting difference between the ancestry of the snails used in experiment 49 and those used in experiment 55, but it lies not in a difference for which there is only @ prior evidence in the ancestry of the o, but in an actual difference in that of the 5 ; for, while in experiment 49, in which the o appeared to be dominant, the 5 was of parentage 95 x ¢?5; inexperiment 55 where the o appeared to be a hybrid the parentage of the 5 was 90x ¢?0; and it looks as if the less pure-bred a five-banded snail were, the more power it had of transmitting its five-bandedness; a state of affairs which is com- parable with what seems to obtain in the case of my mice, namely, that the more pure-bred an albino is, the less power it has of trans- mitting its whiteness to its offspring when crossed with a Japanese waltzing mouse. But that this difference in the parentage of the five- banded parent is not the only factor which may account for the production of o and 5 from o x 5 is evident from the fact that in experiment 59 where this occurs the 5 is of parentage 95 x 6? 5 and not o x o. The only common factor which I can trace in the characters of 5’s which when mated with o’s have produced o and 5, is that there is a considerable tendency to the fusion of bands in the banded parents in experiments 55 and 59.
Flelix nemoralis and H. hortensis can be distinguished from one another by the fact that the former usually has a dark, and the latter a pale, lip; but dark-lipped A. Zortensts are not rare, and pale-lipped HT, nemoralis are occasionally found. An experienced conchologist can separate the two species at a glance by the general look and size of the shell. But if his verdict is questioned, an examination of the dart decides the matter ; the darts of the two species are quite discontinu- ously distinct. Conchologists believe that the sum of the distinguishing characters justifies them in pronouncing &. Aortensis and HY. nemoralis distinct species ; and their conviction is not shaken by the discovery that these two snails are sometimes mutually fertile. One looks forward with the greatest interest to Professor Lang’s description of the dart of the wemoralis x A. hortensis hybrid. Many of the facts he has already recorded are of great interest. The altitude of the shell in three of the hybrids was greater than that of either parent
I p. 476.
s 200 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO 7, JULY, 1905.
—a phenomenon that may be of reversionary significance ; one hopes that it will be possible to know exactly how much greater this altitude is by the aid of suitable measurements.
The fact that o is dominant over 5 not only within the limits of one species but also when the o character is borne by one species and the 5 is borne by another, suggests a line along which a closer knowledge of the nature of unit-characters may be sought. The application of the knowledge acquired by Lang’s experiment with H1. hortensis and H. nemoralis to Coutagne’s observation is very sug- gestive, for it shews how necessary to a naturalist who aims at interpreting his observations in the field is the knowledge acquired by experiment..in the laboratory. F
In conclusion, I express my thanks to Mr. R. Standen for giving me the benefit of his conchological knowledge, and to Mr. E. Collier for giving me the opportunity of examining his collection of Helix nemoralts,
—————_4-@+-@______
Additions to the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Northamptonshire. —Acicula lineata, February 22, 1898, a single living specimen in a rotten elder stump in Maidwell Dales. Vertigo substriata, March 24, 1903, several living specimens from a small colony at Haselbeech ; the habitat is in a withy bed amongst the fallen leaves, dead rushes, and moss. In March, 1904, I found several dead shells in company with V7. pusi//a in the rejectamenta of the river at Cranford, close to a similar withy bed. Axa montana, a single dead specimen at Stanwick, Oct. 22, 1904. <Afplecta hypnorum, May 14, 1904, close to Castle Ashby station ; smaller specimens, not plentiful, in Sulby Reservoir, in Sept., 1903. Linnea pereger, a pretty lineated form from Naseby Reservoir. Spherium pallidum, July 16, 1904, one specimen at Far Cotton, two near Blisworth station. Padlades- trina jenkinst, July 16, 1904, two specimens in the canal near Blisworth station.— [Rev.] W. A. SHAW (Read before the Soctety, March 8, 1905).
Hydrobia jenkinsi in Rivers.—A young conchologist, Mr. Cecil Birts, of Welling, sends me for identification specimens which are undoubtedly A. jes&zzs2. The point of interest is that they were found by him in the Cray at Crayford, about three or four miles above where the Cray joins the Thames. The river is fairly rapid and is a clear chalk water. The shell, therefore, seems to be ascending from brackish into fresh water, and I do not think it has been noticed so far away from estuaries—at any rate in Kent, where it was first determined.—[ Rev. Canon] J. W. Horsey (Read before the Society, May toth, 1905).
Vertigo substriata (Jeff.) m. sinistrorsum,—Amongst a number of Vergo sudstriata, collected in 1898, at Shipley Glen, Yorks., by Mr. Fred Booth, one full-grown sinistral example occurred, which remained unnoticed until quite recently when Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, on looking over the set, detected this great rarity. This makes an interesting record, as I am not aware of any prior instance of sinis- trorsity in this species. —R. STANDEN (Mead before the Soctety, May 10th, 1905).
201
INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Adopted by the International Zoological Congress.
Continued from page 18s.
RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
General Considerations.
ARTICLE 1.—Zoological nomenclature is independent of botanical nomenclature in the sense that the name of an animal is not to be rejected simply because it is identical with the name of a plant. If, however, an organism is transferred from the vegetable to the animal kingdom, its botanical names are to be accepted in zoological nomen- clature with their original botanical status; and if an organism is transferred from the animal to the vegetable kingdom, its names retain their zoological status.
RECOMMENDATION.—It is well to avoid introducing into zoology as generic names such names as are in use in botany.
Art. 2.—The scientific designation of animals 18 uninominal for subgenera and all higher groups, binominal for species, and tri- nominal for subspecies.
Art. 3.—The scientific names of animals must be words which are either Latin or Latinized, or considered and treated as such in case they are not of classic origin.
Family and Subfamily Names.
Art. 4.—-The name of a family is formed by adding the ending idae, the name of a subfamily by adding zzae, to the root of the name of its type genus.
Art. 5.—The name of a family or subfamily is to be changed when the name of its type genus is changed.
Generic and Subgeneric Names. Art. 6.—Generic and subgeneric names are subject to the same rules and recommendations, and from a nomenclatural standpoint they are co-ordinate, that is, they are of the same value.
Arr. 7.—A generic name becomes a subgeneric name when the genus so named becomes a subgenus, and wice versa.
Art. 8.—A generic name must consist of a single word, simple or compound, written with a capital initial letter, and employed as a substantive in the nominative singular. Examples: Canis, Ferca, Ceratodus, Hymenolepts.
RECOMMENDATIONS. —The following words may be taken as generic names :
a. Greek substantives, for which the rules of Latin transcription (see Appendix F) should be followed. Examples: Azcylus, Amphibola, Aplysia, Pompholyx, Physa, Cylichna.
202 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
6. Compound Greek words, in which the attribute should precede thé principal word. Examples: Stexogyra, Pleurobranchus, Tylodina, Cyclostomum, Sarcocystis, . Peélodytes, Hydrophtlus, Rhizobius. ;
This does not, however, exclude words formed on the model of Heppopotantus, namely, words in which the attribute follows the principal word. Examples: Philydrus, Biorhiza.
c. Latin substantives. Examples: dzzcella, Auricula, Dolium, Harpa, Oliva. Adjectives (Prasina) and passed participles (Productus) are not recommended.
ad. Compound Latin words. Examples: Steliger, Dolabrifer, Semifusus.
e. Greek or Latin derivatives expressing diminution, comparison, resemblance, or possession. Examples: Dolzum, Doliolum ; Strongylus, Eustrongylus ; Limax, Limacella, Liniacta, Limacina, Limacttes, Limacula ; Lingula, Lingulella, Lingu- lepis, Lingulina, Lingulops, Lingulopsis ; Neomenia, Proneomenta ; Buteo, Archt- buteo; Gordius, Paragordius, Polygordius.
jf. Mythological or heroic names. Examples: Oszris, Venus, Bristnga, Velleda, Crimora. If not Latin, these should be given a Latin termination (degirus, Gondulia).
g. Proper names used by the ancients. Examples: Cleofatra, Belisarius, Melania.
h. Modern patronymics, to which is added an ending to denote dedication :
a. Names terminating with a consonant take the ending zzs, za, or zum. Examples: Selysius, Lamarckia, Kollikeria, Myilleria, Stalia, Kréyeria,
Loaniezta. B. Names terminating with the vowels e, 7, 0, wz, or y, take the ending US, @, OY 272. Examples: Slaznvillea, Wyvillea, Cavolinia, Fattoa,
Bernaya, Quoya, Schulzea.
Y. Names terminating with @ take the ending za. Example: Danaia.
6. In generic names formed from patronymics, the particles are omitted if not coalesced with the name, but the articles are retained. Examples: Blatnvillea, Benedenia, Chiajea, Lacepedea, Dumerilia.
e. With patronymics consisting of two words, only one of these is used in the formation of a generic name. Examples: Selystus, Targtonta, Edwardsta, Duthiersia.
¢. The use of proper names in the formation of compound generic names is objectionable. Examples: Zugrimmia, Buchiceras, Heromorpha, Mobiusé- Spongia.
2. Names of ships which should be treated the same as mythological names ( Vega) or as modern patronymics. Examples: Blakea, Hirondellea, Challengeria.
7. Barbarous names, that is, words of nonclassic origin. Examples: Vazzkoro, Chilosa. Such words may receive a Latin termination. Examples: Vetus, Fossarus.
k. Words formed by an arbitrary combination of letters. Examples: eda, Clanculus, Salifa, Torix.
7, Names formed by anagram. Examples: Dacelo, Verlusta, Linospa.
Art. 9.—If a genus is divided into subgenera, the name of the typical subgenus must be the same as the name of the genus (see iNiEltn. 25
Art. 1o.—When it is desired to cite the name of a subgenus, this name is to be placed in parenthesis between the generic and
the specific names. Example: Vanessa (Pyrameis) cardus.
INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 20
G2
Specific and Subspecific Names.
ART. 1r.—Specific and subspecific names .are subject to the same rules and recommendations, and from a nomenclatural standpoint they are co-ordinate, that is, they are of the same value. :
ART. 12.—A specific name becomes a subspecific name when the species so named becomes a subspecies, and wice versa.
ArT. 13.—While specific substantive names derived from names of persons may be written with a capital initial letter, all other specific names are to be written with a small initial letter. Examples: Rehizostoma Cuvieri or Rh. cuviert, Francolinus Lucani or F. lucant, Hlypoderma Diana or Hf, diana, Laophonte Mohammed or L. moham- mead, Géstrus ovis, Corvus corax.
ART. 14.—Specific names are :
Adjectives, which must agree grammatically with the generic name. Example: Zelts marmorata.
6, Substantives in the nominative in apposition aol the generic name. Example: Fels leo.
¢. Substantives in the genitive. Examples: vosae, sturionts, anttl- larum, galltae, sancti-pault, sanctae-helenae.
If the name is given as a dedication to one or several persons, the genitive is formed in accordance with the rules of Latin declination in case the name was employed and declined in Latin. Examples: Plinit, Aristotelis, Victorts, Antoni, Elisabethae, Petri (given name).
If the name is a modern patronymic, the genitive is always formed by adding, to the exact and complete name, an 7 if the person is a man, or an @ if the person is a woman, even if the name has a Latin form ; it is placed in the plural if the dedication involves several persons of the same name. Examples: Cuuéert, Mlobiust, Nutiest, Mertanae, Sarasinorum, Bost (aot Bovis), Salmont (not Salmonis).
RECOMMENDATION.—The best specific name is a Latin adjective, short, euphonic, and of easy pronunciation. Latinized Greek words or barbarous words may, however, be used. Examples: gywenocephalus, echinococcus, ziczac, agute, hoacth, urubttinga.
Art, 15.—The use of compound proper names indicating dedica- “tion, or of compound words indicating a comparison with a simple object does not form an exception to Art. 2. In these cases the two words composing the specific name are written as one word with or without the hyphen. Examples: sazctae-catharinae or sanctaecathar- inae, jan-mayent or janmayent, cornu-pastoris or cornupastoris, cor- anguinum oY coranguinum, cedo-nulli or cedonulls.
Expressions like rudis planusque are not admissible as specific names.
ArT. 16.—Geographic names are to be given as substantives in the genitive, or are to be placed in an adjectival form. Examples :
204. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. TI, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
sancti-pault, sanctae-helenae, edwardiensts, diemenensis, magellanicius, burdigalensis, vindobonensts.
RECOMMENDATION. — Geographic names used by the Romans or by Latin writers of the middle ages are to be adopted in preference to more recent forms.
Words like dordeazstazus and vzennenszs are poor, but are not to be rejected on this account.
ART. 17.—If it is desired to cite the subspecific name, such name is written immediately following the specific name, without the interposition of any mark of punctuation. Example: Rana esculenta marmorata Hallowell, but not Rana esculenta (marmorata), or Rana marmorata Hallowell.
Art. 18.—The notation of hybrids may be given in several ways ; in all cases the name of the male parent precedes that of the female parent, with or without the sexual signs :
a. The names of the two parents are united by the sign of multipli- cation (x). Example: Capra hircus $ x Ovis aries? and Capra hircus x Ovts artes are equally good formulae.
6. Hybrids may also be cited in form of a fraction, the male parent forming the numerator and the female parent the denominator Capra hircus
Ovis aries — that it permits the citation of the person who first published the Bernicla canadensts Rane.
Anser cygnotdes
Example : This second method is in so far preferable
hybrid form as such. Example:
c. The fractional form is also preferable in case one of the parents Tetrao tetrix x Tetrao urogallus ie
Gallus gallus u the latter case, however, parenthesis may be used. Example: (Tetrao tetrix x Tetrao urogallus) x Gallus gallus.
is itself a hybrid. Example :
ad. When the parents of the hybrid are not known as such [parents] the hybrid takes provisionally a specific name, the same as if it were a true species, namely as if it were not a hybrid ; but the generic name is preceded by the sign of multiplication. Example: x Core- gonus dolosus Fatio.
Formation, Derivation, and Orthography of Zoological Names.
Arr. t9.—The original orthography of a name is to be preserved unless an error of transcription, a dufsus ca/amt, or a typographical error 1s evident.
RECOMMENDATION.—For scientific names it is advisable to use some other
type than that used for the text. Example: Aaa esculenta Linné, 1758, lives in Lurope.
INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 205
ArT. 20.—In forming names derived from languages in which the Latin alphabet is used, the exact original spelling, including diacritic marks, is to be retained. Examples: Se/ys7us, Lamarckia, Kollikerta, Miilleria, Stalia, Kroyeria, Tbanezia, Mobiust, Medict, Cazzekt, spits- bergensis, tslandicus, paraguayensis, patagonicus, barbadensts, fardensts.
RECOMMENDATIONS.—The prefixes sub and pseudo should be used only with adjectives and substantives, s#d with Latin words, psew/o with Greek words, and they should not be used in combination with proper names. Examples : szd- viridis, subchelatus, Pseudacanthus, Pseudophis, Pseutomys. Words like szb- welsont and pseudo-grateloupana are not recommended.
The terminations o¢des and 7des should be used in combination only with Greek or Latin substantives; they should not be used in combination with propzr names.
Geographic and patronymic names from countries which have no recognized orthography or which do not use the Latin alphabet, should be transcribed into Latin according to the rules adopted by the Geographic Society of Paris (see Appendix G).
Author’s Name.
Arv. 21.—The author of a scientific name is that person who first publishes the name in connection with an indication, a definition, or a description, unless it is clear from the contents of the publica- tion that some other person is responsible for said name and _ its indication, definition, or description.
ArT. 22.—If it is desired to cite the author’s name, this should follow the scientific name without interposition of any mark of punctuation ; if other citations are desirable (date, sf. 7., emend., sensu stricto, etc.), these follow after the authors name but are separated from it by a comma or by parenthesis. Examples: Primates Linné, 1758, or Primates Linné (1758).
RECOMMENDATION.—When the name of the author of a scientific name is abbreviated, the writer will do well to conform to the list! of abbreviations pub lished by the Zoological Museum of Berlin.
ART, 23.—When a species is transferred» to another than the original genus or the specific name is combined with any other generic name than that with which it was originally published, the name of the author of the specific name is retained in the notation but placed in parenthesis. Examples: Zexia /ata Linné, 1758, and Dibothriocephilus latus (Linné, 1758); Fasctola Pe jaate ee 1758, and Distoma hepaticum (Linné, 1758).
If it is desired to cite the author of the new combination, h's name follows the parenthesis. Example: Zzmnatts nilotica (Savigny, 1820) Moquin-Tandon, 1826. :
Art. 24—When a species is divided, the restricted species to which the original specific name of the primitive species is attributed may
1 Liste der Autoren soologischer Art- und Gattunzsnamen susaminengestellt von den Zoologen-ides Museums fiir Naturkunde in Berlin, Berlin, 2 vermehrte Auflage, 8°, 1896,
206 JOURNAL OF GONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
receive a notation indicating both the name of the original author
and the name of the reviser. Example: Za soliéum Linné, partim,
Goze. The Law of Priority.
- ART, 25.—The valid name of a genus or species can be only that name under which it was first designated in the condition :
a. That this name was published and accompanied by an indica- tion, or a definition, or a description ; and
b. That the author has applied the principles of binary nomen- clature.
Application of the Law of Priority.
Art. 26.—The tenth edition of Linné’s Systema nature, 1758, is the work which inaugurated the consistent general application of the binary nomenclature in zoology. The date 1758, therefore, is accepted as the starting point of zoological nomenclature and of the Law of Priority.
Art. 27.—The Law of Priority obtains and consequently the oldest available name is retained :
a. When any part of an animal is named before the animal itself; 6. When the larva is named before the adult ;
c. When the two sexes of an animal have been considered as dis- tinct species or even as belonging to distinct genera ;
ad. When an animal represents a regular succession of dissimilar generations which have been considered as belonging to different species or even to different genera.
Art. 28.—A genus formed by the union or two or more genera or subgenera takes the oldest valid generic or subgeneric name of its components. If the names are of the same date, that selected by the first reviser shall stand.
The same rule obtains when two or more species or subspecies are united to form a single species or subspecies.
RECOMMENDATION.—In absence of any previous revision, the establishment of precedence by the following method is recommended.
a. A generic name accompanied by specification of a type has precedence over a name without such specification. If all or none of the genera have types specified, that generic mame takes precedence the diagnosis of which is most pertinent.
b, A specific name accompanied by both description and figure stands in prefer- ence to one accompanied only by a diagnosis or only by a figure,
c. Other things being equal, that name is to be preferred which stands first in the publication (page precedence).
Art 29.—If a genus is divided into two or more restricted genera, its valid name must be retained for one of the restricted genera. If
INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 207
a type was originally established for said genus, the generic name is retained for the restricted genus containing said type.
ART. 30.-—If the original type of a genus was not indicated, the author who first subdivides the genus may apply the name of the original genus to such restricted genus or subgenus as may be judged advisable, and such assignment is not subject to subsequent change.
In no case, however, can the name of the original genus be trans- ferred to a group containing none of the species originally included in the genus ; nor cana species be selected as type which was not originally included in the genus, or which the author of the generic name doubtfully referred to it.
RECOMMENDATION—In selecting a type, authors should govern themselves by the following :—
a. A genus which contains a species bearing the same name, either as a valid name or aS a synonym, takes that species as type.
6. Select as type some species which the original author studied personally, unless it can be definitely shewn that he had some other species more particularly in mind.
c. If the original genus has already been divided without designation of type, the type should be restricted by elimination, namely, by successively rejecting all the species which have already been transferred to other genera ; the type is then selected from the species which remain.
If the genus contains both exotic and non-exotic species, from the standpoint of the original author, the type is to be selected from the non-exotic species.
d. Select as type the species which is best described, or best figured, or best known.
Art. 3f.—The division of a species into two or more restricted species is subject to the same rules as the division of a genus. But a specific name which undoubtedly rests upon an error of identifi- cation cannot be retained for the misdetermined species, even if the species in question are afterwards placed in different genera. Example : Zenza pectinata Goze, 1782 = Cittotenta pectinata (Goze), but the species erroneously determined by Zeder, 1800, as “‘ Tenia pectinata Goze” = Andrya rhopalocephala (Riehm); the latter species does not take the name Axndrya pectinata Zeder.
Rejection of Names.
ART. 32.—A generic or a specific name, once published, can not be rejected, even by its author, because of inappropriateness. Examples: Names lke Polyodon, Apus, albus, etc., when once pub- lished, are not to be rejected because of a claim that they indicate characters contradictory to those possessed by the animals in question.
ART. 33.—A name is not to be rejected because of tautonymy, that is, because the specific or the specific and subspecific names
208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
are identical with the generic name. Examples: Zrutta trutta, Apus apus apus.
ART. 34.—A generic name is to be rejected as a homonym when it has previously been used for some other genus’ of animals. Example: Z7ichina Owen, 1835, nematode, is rejected as homonym of Zrichina Meigen, 1830, insect.
ART. 35.—A specific name is to be rejected as a homonym when it has previously been used for some other species or subspecies of the same genus. Example: Zenza ovilla Rivolta, 1878 (n. sp.) is
rejected as homonym of Z: ovz//a Gmelin, 1790. When in consequence of the union of two genera, two different
animals having the same specific or subspecific name are brought into one genus, the more recent specific or subspecific name is to be rejected as a homonym.
ART. 36.—Rejected homonyms? can never again be used. Re- jected synonyms can again be used in case of the restoration of erroneously suppressed groups. Example: Zenza Guard: Moniez, 1879, was suppressed as a synonym of Zienza ovil/a Rivolta, 1878 ; later it was discovered that Zwnza ovilla was preoccupied (Zenta ovilla Gmelin, 1790). TZienia ovil/ia, 1878, is suppressed as a homonym, and can never again be used ; it was still-born, and can not be brought to life, even when the species is placed in another genus (7hysanosoma). Tenia Gtardi, 1879, which was suppressed as a synonym, becomes valid upon the suppression of the homonym Teenta ovilla Rivolta, 1878.
1 Besides the special journals and special nomenclators of various groups, authors will find the following publications very valuable in determining whether any given subgeneric, generic or supergeneric name is preoccupied, and if authors will consult these works before publishing new names, considerable confusion and later change of names will be avoided.
C. D. SHERBORN, Judex animalium sive index nominum que ab A.D. 1758 generibus et speciebus animalinum intposita sunt. Societatibus eruditorun adiuvantibus a Carolo Davis SHERBORN confectus. Sectio I a kalendis januariis, 1758 usque ad finem decembris, 1800. Cantabrigiae, 1902, 8°-
S. H. ScuppEr, Womenclator zoologicus. An alphabetical list of all generic nantes that have been employed by naturalists for recent and fossil animals from the earliest times to the close of the year 1879. In 2 parts: 1, Supplemental list. 2, Universal index. By Samuel H. ScuppEr. Washington, 1882, 8°-
C. O. WartTEeRHOUSE, /nudex zoologicus. An alphabetical list of names of genera and subgenera proposed for use tn zoology as recorded in the Zoological Record, 1880-1900, together with other names not included in the Nomenclator soologicus of S. H. Scudder. Compiled .. by Charles Owen WATERHOUSE and edited by David SHarp, London, 1902, 8°
The Zoological Record, XXXVIII. [et seqq.]. Betug rvecords of zoological literature relating chiefly to the year roor [et seqq.]. London, 1902 [et seqq.]., 8° Index to names of new genera and subgenera.
Register sum zoologischen Anzeiver. Herausgegeben von J. VY. Carus. Jahrgang t-10 (1878-87), 11-15 (1888-92), 16-20 (1893-97), 21-25 (1898-1902). Leipzig, 1889, 1893, 1899, 1903, 8°
{A card list of names of genera and species published since 1900 is being compiled by Dr. Field of the Concilium Bibliographicum, Ziirich.—W.E.H.]
A homonym is one and the same name for two or more different things. Synonyms are different names for one and the same thing.
INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 209
RECOMMENDATIONS.—It is well to avoid the introduction of new generic names which differ from generic names already in use only in termination or in a slight variation in spelling which might lead to confusion. But when once intro- duced such names are not to be rejected on this account. Examples: Picus, Pica ; Polyodus, Polyodon, Polyodonta, Polyodontas, Polyodontus; Macrodon, Microdon.
The same recommendation applies to new specific names in any given genus. Examples: zecator, necatrix ; fercigera, fercifera ; rhopalocephala, rhopaliocephala.
If from the radical of a geographic name, two or more adjectives are derived, it is not advisable to use more than one of them as specific names in the same genus, but if once introduced, they are not be rejected on this account. Examples: hispanus, hipanicus ; moluccensis, moluccanus; sinensis, stnicus, chinensts ; cylonicus, zeylanicus. i
The same recommendation applies also to other words derived from the same radical and differing from each other only in termination or by a simple change in spelling. Examples: cerzleus, ceriuleus ; silvestris, sylvestris, silvaticus, sylvatz- cus; littoralis, litoralis; autumnalis, auctumnalis; dama, damma; fluvialis, fluviatilis, fluviaticus.
AGP P ENED EX:
A.—It is very desirable that the proposition of every new systematic group should be accompanied by a diagnosis, both indi- vidual and differential, of said group in English, French, German, Italian, or Latin. This diagnosis should state in what museum the type specimen has been deposited, and should give the museum number of said specimen.
~ B.—-In publications issued in any other language than English, French, German, Italian, or Latin, it 1s very desirable that the explanation of figures be translated into one of these tongues.
C.—The metric system of weights and measures and the centi- grade thermometer of Celsius are adopted as standard. The micron (o,oo1™™”) represented by the Greek letter », is adopted as the unit of measure in microscopic work.
D.—The indication of enlargement or of reduction, which is very desirable for the comprehension of an illustration, should be expressed in figures rather than by mentioning the system of lenses used.
E.—The indication of enlargement or reduction of an object is ‘usually linear. The sign of multiplication is used for enlargement, and the fraction for reduction. Examples: x 50 indicates that the
object is enlarged 50 times; + indicates that it is reduced to th. 50 fe)
If it is desired to specify that the enlargement is linear, surface, or mass, this may be done as follows: x 50’ indicates linear enlarge- ment ; x 50° indicates surface enlargement; x 50° indicates mass
enlargement. fe)
210 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
F.—Transcription of Greek Words.
The following table indicates the manner in which Greek words should be transcribed.
€=¢ (wdXeos) — Hyalea, ~ot Hyalaea. n =e (mepnvn) — Pirena, zof Pirina. final 7 = a = (weupijvn) — Pirena, of Pirene. 6 = th (700s) -— Tethys, zot Tetys. ihm (oaNias)) — Balia, zot Balea. k == ¢ (trmoxpyvn) — Hippocrena, zvf Hippochrenes. Bas a5 (a5) —- Xenus, Xenophora. p=r (atepov) — Pterum. v=y (vBos) — Hybolithus, zof Hibolites. at = ae (Avacos) — Limnaea, zot Limnea. av == au (ydavkés) — Glaucus. eo =! (et Qos) -— Chilostomum, vot Cheilostoma. ev = ¢H (evpos) -—— Eurus. @, OL = 0¢€ (otxXEw) — Dioeca, Dendroeca, ot Dioica, . Dendroica. final ov == wm (epirrwv) — Ephippium, zot Ephippion. final os == ws (oudados) — Euomphalus, zo¢ Euomphalos. ov = 4 (Xovtjpiov) — Luterium, vot Loterium. yy = ng (ayyapeta) — Angaria. YX = nch (ayxuttopov) — Anchistomum, vot Angistoma. yk = uc (ayxwtpov) — Ancistrodon, zof Agkistrodon. p = rh (peo) — Rhea. € = he (€ppaia) — Hermaea, xo¢ Ermaea.
G.—Transcription of Geographic and Proper Names.
The geographic names of nations which employ the Latin char- acters are to be written with the orthography of the country in which they originate.
The following rules apply only to the geographic names of countries which have no true alphabet or which use letters that are different from the Latin alphabet.
Names of places, however, which have been established by long usage, preserve their usual orthography. Examples: A/gvers, Moscow.
1.—The vowels a, ¢, 7, and 9, are pronounced as in French, Italian, Spanish, or German. ‘The letter e is never mute.
2.—The French sound uz is represented by # with dieresis, as in German.
3.—The French sound ow is represented by w as in Italian, Spanish, German, ete.
INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 2i1
4.—The French sound ez is represented by @, pronounced as in the French word @z/.
5.—The long sound of a vowel is indicated by a circumflex accent; the interrupted sound is indicated by an apostrophy.
6.—The consonants 4, d, f, 7, k, 4, m, ”, p, 7, %, 4, v, and 2, are pro- nounced as in French.
7.—The letters g and s always have the hard sound as in the French words gamelle and strop.
8.—The sound represented in French by c# is designated by sf. Examples: shertf/, Kashgar.
9.—Kh represents the harsh guttural; gh represents the soft guttural of the Arabs.
to.—Zzh represents the sound which terminates the English word path (@ in Greek). DA represents the sound which commences the English word ¢hose.
11.—Aside from such employment (9, 10) of the letter 2 modi- fying the letter which precedes it, 2 is always aspirated; the apostrophy is therefore never used before a word commencing with /.
12.—The semi-vowel represented by y is pronounced as in yode.
13.—The semi-vowel zw is pronounced as in the English word Witham.
14.—The double sounds a, ‘ch, ts, etc., are indicated by letters representing the sounds which compose them. Example: Jatshim.
15.—The # is pronounced gz as in setgneur.
16.—The letters x, c, and g are not used, since they are duplicates of other letters representing the same sounds; but g may serve to indicate the Arabic gaf and the soft aspirate may be used to repre- sent the Arabic azz.
An attempt should be made to indicate as exactly as possible, by means of the letters given above, the local pronunciation without
trying to give a complete representation of all the sounds which are heard.
SSS nO eS
Paludestrina jenkinsi in the New River.—P. jenkinsé has found its way into the New River at Hoddesdon, Herts. In company with Mr. Jennings, of Edmonton, I took about fifty specimens from a piece of boarding built into the river bank to support it. The river flows fast at the spot where they were taken, which might account for the fact that none were dredged up on either side of the boarding. The pace of the stream would probably have washed them off the mud and grass-banks, <Axncylus fluviatil’s was found sticking to the boarding in com- pany with the Paludestrina, the locality certainly favouring the former rather than the latter, which I have hitherto only taken in sluggish streams and ditches. A further search may reveal that they are strays from a colony living in some slower- flowing reach of the river, that have been washed down the stream, till they found a foothold on the boarding. —ARTHUR G. SruBBs (Read before the Society, April 12, 1905),
212
AN ACCOUNT OF THE MUSSEL FISHERY AND PEARL-BUTTON INDUSTRY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
(Read before the Society, March 8th, 1905).
THE following account of the Mussel Fishery and Pearl-Button Industry of the Mississippi has been extracted from the careful and interesting Report’ on the subject by Mr. Hugh M. Smith, of the U.S. Fishery Commission, who, when in charge of the U.S. Fishery Building at the St. Louis Exhibition, kindly presented me with a copy.
The manufacture of buttons from the native fresh-water shells began in the United States in 1891, the inauguration of the business being made possible by the high tariff on imported buttons imposed by the tariff bill of 890. This levied a duty of 2.5 cents per line per gross on shell buttons and 25 per cent ad valorem. On account of an abund- ance of suitable mussels in the vicinity, Muscatine, Iowa, was selected as the site of the first factory and has now become the centre of the industry with more than thirty factories. In 1898 a remarkable development of the business was witnessed, some sixty factories being started, chiefly in Iowa and Illinois. Button making gives employment to large numbers of people, who would otherwise be idle, at what are considered good wages for such labour. It also supports a very important fishery at which many hundred persons make a living. Besides the people thus directly connected with the business, many others in more than a score of towns are benefited, including mer- chants, machinists, boatmen, draymen, and transportation companies.
While there are probably 400 species of mussels found in the Mississippi and its tributaries, comparatively few are adapted to button- making. Shelis must be of sufficient thickness, uniform colour, and sufficient toughness to withstand the necessary treatment without cracking or splitting. Dead shells are useless unless quite fresh.
The principal species used is the ““Niggerhead” (Quadrula ebena) which is about 3 inches in diameter. This shell, which much resembles Cyprina tslandica, has a smooth outside; while many other species are covered with warty knobs, which cause the shells to split in the drilling process. Other species which are also utilised, though to a less extent, are the “Bullhead” (Pleurobema esopus); the “Yellowback” (Lampsilis anodontoides); the “Black sand shell” (Lampsilts rectus) ; the “Slough sand shell” (Lampsilts fallactosus); the ‘‘Mouquet” or “Mougat” (Lampsilis ligamentinus); the ‘“Deerhorn” or “Buckhorn” (Z77#-
t ‘The Mussel Fishery and Pearl-Button Industry of the Mississippi River,’ U.S, Fisk Commission Bulletin, vol. 18, for 1898.
ADAMS: MUSSEL FISHING AND PEARL-BUTTON INDUSTRY. 213
gonia verrucosa); the “Butterfly” (Plagiola securis) ; the “ Blue-point” (Quadrula undulata); the ‘‘Hatchet-back” (Symphinota complanata); and several species of “‘Pocket-book clams” (Lampsilis capax and L. ventricosus). A number of animals prey on the mussels, among them the muskrat, mink and the racoon, the muskrat being specially destructive. Catfish are also said to eat mussels, and hogs are very injurious in some places. During floods shifting banks of mud and sand often cover the mussel beds and so destroy vast quantities. The pollu- tion from city refuse is perhaps the most serious cause of damage. In 1897 there were, between Burlington and Clinton, in Iowa, 300 mussel fishermen, and in 1898 the number between Fort Madison and Sabula was 1,000. At Muscatine alone 100 were employed. When the fishermen find a good mussel-bed they sometimes earn $30 a week, the probable average, however, being about $10 a week. To secure the mussels the men use large hand rakes, “tongs” and sometimes large rakes hauled by a windlass. The hand rake has a wooden handle 14 to 20 feet in length, the head of the rake having 12—14 iron teeth five inches long, and the head also forms a basket of wire netting to secure the shells. The rake is used from an anchored boat; the handle is placed over the fisherman’s shoulder and the rake is placed upstream to the full length of the pole. The man then works the rake towards his boat, being aided in this by the action of the current on a broad wooden piece nailed crosswise near the base of the handle. The ‘‘tongs” or “‘scissor-rakes” are used in water from ro to 15 feet in depth. ‘They are formed of two rakes meeting when the scissors are closed.
The large “drag-rake” worked with a windlass has the appearance of a flat cage, with long teeth projecting obliquely downwards from the lower margin. ‘There is one large rake at Muscatine worked from a steam scow. Another curious contrivance is the ‘‘Crowfoot.” It consists of an iron rod, six feet long, to which are attached at intervals of about six inches a series of four-pronged hooks, somewhat re- sembling the large “‘triangle” used for pike fishing. At the ends of the iron bar a rope is tied and to the middle of this is fastened the rope by which the instrument is pulled along. The fisherman throws the “crowfoot” overboard and allows the boat to drift down the stream dragging the instrument with it, the hooks, as they pass over the open mussels, enter the shells which close upon them and are thus secured.
In winter mussel fishing is carried on through the ice by means ot the long hand rake. The following account will show how remarkably prolific a mussel bed may be. At Leclaire, Iowa, in 1890 there was a bed about a mile long and 100 yards wide which had been worked
214 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
for several years, winter and summer. On one occasion, in the winter of 1898—99, 142 men were digging mussels at one time, and up to the latter part of February they obtained 500 tons. One man can dig 600 to 800 pounds of shells daily on such a bed. Some fishermen have large house-boats which are moored at places convenient to the fishing-grounds and serve as dwelling houses for the family. After capture the mussels are taken ashore and boiled for fifteen minutes in large iron tanks, after which the animals are extracted, and the shells taken to the market or the factory. The “meats,” as the animals are termed, are mostly wasted, though in some places they are used as food for hogs and poultry, and a certain amount are salted down as bait for sea fishing. It will be readily understood that such constant fishing has considerably reduced the supply of mussels in many sections, and a period of close time is under consideration. The decrease in supply has been brought about not only by the unremitting activity of fishing operations during the spawning time, but by the wanton destruction of shells too small for manufacturing purposes, enormous quantities being left on the ice to freeze and die. Moreover the growth of the shells is very slow, the time required for a “nigger- head” to reach a size of three inches being not less than ten or twelve years, while a shell 4°5 inches in diameter is from fifteen to eighteen years old.
The prices which the fishermen receive for the shells vary consider- ably, depending on the supply and demand, and on the species of shell. The standard is the “‘niggerhead.” In 1897 the market value of this species in Muscatine ranged from 4o to 62 cents per roo lbs. Shells were cheaper in 1898 than at any previous time, but in February, 1898, there was a scarcity of shells at the factories and prices went up to $18 and $20 per ton. By July, 1898, the prices had fallen to 30 cents per 100 lbs. for small “niggerheads” and 35 cents for large ones. The ruling prices for other shells in 1897 were, per 100 lbs., as follows: Sand shells, $1°70; muckets, 30 cents; deerhorns, $2; pocket-books, so cents. In roo lbs. of sand shells there are about 900 valves; of niggerheads 970 to 1,000 valves. In 1897 thete were 3,817 tons of
mussels sold for $43,998, and more than this quantity during the first six months in 1898,
At the factories the shells are stored in covered sheds, the different kinds being usually kept in separate bins. Boys then sort the shells in sizes, three sizes of niggerheads being usually recognised. ‘Che sorted shells are placed in barrels of fresh water for three to six days to render them less brittle. The next step is the cutting or sawing of the rough “blanks,” during which process the shells have to be kept wet with a constant jet of fresh water, The saws are hollow circular
ADAMS : MUSSEL FISHING AND PEARL-BUTTON INDUSTRY. 215
tubes with teeth at one end which, as they rotate in a lathe, are pressed against the shells, and the “blanks” thus cut out are forced back through the tubes into a receptacle. The daily capacity of the largest factories is 700 to 1,000 gross of finished buttons. The unit of measure of the size of buttons is the “line,” which is one-fortieth of an inch (not one-twelfth). From roo lbs. of niggerheads 34 gross of of 16-line buttons or 15 gross of 24-line buttons may be cut. One medium sized niggerhead can be cut into four or five 18-line or 20-line blanks. The largest deerhorns may be cut into 25 or 30 blanks. In the factories from 30 to upwards of 200 people are employed, males and females being in about equal numbers. The best wages are paid to cutters, who are always men, 5 to 10 cents a gross (14 dozen) being paid for “rough blanks” according to size. Skilled men can cut 150 to 200 gross per week and can earn $15, but the average is $8 to $1o. The average wholesale price for finished buttons is double that of the blanks of corresponding size.
The second step in the making of a complete button is the dressing or grinding of the back of the blank to remove the epidermis and make an even surface, to accomplish which each blank has to be held with the finger against a revolving emery wheel.
Turning or ‘“‘facing” is the next process, similar to preceding, gives to the front of the button its form including the central depression. This is followed by drilling three or four holes for the thread. The final polishing is done by causing a quantity of buttons to rotate together in a vessel containing a chemical—possibly an acid.
From 50 to over go per cent. of material is waste after the blanks have been cut and the accumulation of this is often a nuisance. A certain proportion is utilised for road making and some for feeding poultry. The fine powder left after drilling, grinding, &c., being almost pure carbonate of lime has been esteemed highly as a fertilizer.
The United States Fish Commission, though it has no jurisdiction over the Mussel Fishery (this being vested in the States concerned), has given in this Report some exceedingly wise and practical recom- mendations regarding the measures that seem necessary for prevent- ing the further depletion of the Mussel beds—suggesting (1) The pro- hibition of the gathering of small Mussels; (2) A period of close time at the spawning season ; (3) Prevention of damage by sewage and factory refuse; (4) A restriction of the depletion by prohibiting the ship- ment of Mussels to distant States; (5) Recommendation of care and economy in cutting out the blanks.
SSS Eo
216
THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TENBY AND | NEIGHBOURHOOD: A FURTHER CONTRIBUTION.
By J. WILLIAMS VAUGHAN...
(Read before the Society, December 9, 1903).
I Have been able to add several species to the list given by Mr. Bartlett Span in his paper read before the Society on the 8th of March, 1899, and thanks to his kindness I am also able to give the result of his further researches. As Mr. Span remarks, this is a difficult and dangerous coast to dredge properly, especially this year, which has been so stormy; but if the dredge could have been properly worked I have no doubt a considerable number of species would have been added to the list, which now consists of 227 species.
I am anxious that my list should be as complete as possible, and if any member happens to have any species from Tenby or the neigh- bourhood not included in either list, I should be much obliged if he would let me have the name and exact locality.
I have to thank Mr. J. T. Marshall for his kindness and courtesy in naming and verifying any doubtful species. The arrangement and nomenclature are those of the Society’s recently published “‘List of British Marine Mollusca.”
Callochiton lzvis. Tenby, dredged.
Craspedochilus cinereus. Common everywhere.
Acanthochites fascicularis v. gracilis. Milford Haven.
Modiolaria costulata. Freshwater West, living.
M. discors. Near Manorbier.
Crenella rhombea. Freshwater West ; one valve.
Turtonia minuta. Freshwater West, in sea-weed washings.
Goodallia triangularis. Carmarthen Bay, Freshwater West.
Isocardia humana. Trawled off the Smalls.
Lucina borealis v. gibba. Caldy Roads, dredged living.
Lepton squamosum. Milford Haven.
Syndosmya prismatica. Tenby sands.
Tellina crassa. Milford Haven.
T. donacina. Milford Haven, odd valves.
T. pusilla. Caldy, found by Mr. J. E. Cooper.
Meretrix chione. Goodwick, odd valves.
Venus fasciata v. radiata. Freshwater West.
V. casina. Freshwater West; Milford Haven.
Tapes aureus. Caldy, found by Mr. J. E. Cooper.
T. pullastra v. ovata. Milford Haven.
VAUGHAN: MOLLUSCA OF TENBY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 217
Cardium nodosum. Milford Haven, living; Freshwater West, odd valves. ~ C. norvegicum v. gibba. Milford Haven.
Cultellus pellucidus. Milford Haven ; Goodwick.
Teredo megotara. Skomer Island, drift wood.
T. malleclus. Freshwater West, drift wood.
T. bipinnata. St. Bride’s Bay, drift wood.
Calliostoma montagui. Freshwater West; Milford Haven.
Lacuna parva. Freshwater West.
Phasianella speciosa. One specimen of this shell, which is, I believe, a common Mediterranean species, was found by Mr. Span on a stone covered with sea-weed, at very low tide-mark at Lydstep Haven; the operculum is complete, and Mr. Span has no doubt it was a living shell; it was submitted to and identified by Mr. J. T. Marshall.
Alvania cancellata. Freshwater West.
A. reticulata v. calathus. Freshwater West.
A. punctura. Freshwater West ; Carmarthen Bay.
Manzonia zetlandica. [Freshwater West.
Zippora membranacea. Carmarthen Bay.
Setia fulgida. Freshwater West, sea-weed washings.
Barleeia rubra. Freshwater West, in sea-weed washings, living.
Paludinella littorina. Sand Top Bay, Caldy.
Paludestrina stagnalis. Mudflats, mouth of Laugharne River.
Skenea planorbis. Freshwater West, in sea-weed washings, living.
Trivia europza v. minor. l'reshwater West.
Natica catena. A scalariform monstrosity, similar in shape to Vivipara vivipara, was found by Mr. Span, at Laugharne.
N. alderi v. lactea. Milford Haven.
Odostomia acuta. Tenby, dredged.
O. plicata. Caldy, in shell-sand, rare.
Brachystomia ambigua. Freshwater West.
V. angusta. Freshwater West.
Ondina warreni. Caldy, sand.
Pyrgulina decussata. Milford Haven.
Spiralinella spiralis. Freshwater West.
Turbonilla pusilla v. cylindrata) Freshwater West.
Eulimella commutata. Freshwater West.
Eulima bilineata. Freshwater West.
Tritonofusus propinquus. Off the Smalls, good specimens.
T. jeffreysianus. Lougharne, one much worn; Tenby sands, two ; off the Smalls, living.
Trophon clathratus. Off Caldy Point, dredged; Milford Haven.
218 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
Nassa pygmza. Freshwater West ; Milford Haven.
Bela rufa v. prelonga. Freshwater West.
Mangilia striolata. Freshwater West; found by Mr, J. E. Cooper. Clathurella leufroyi. Freshwater West.
C. reticulata. Freshwater West ; Milford Haven.
C. purpurea. Freshwater West.
Sepia officinalis. Carmarthen Bay, trawled.
ae es
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
341st Meeting, April 12th, 1905. Mr. Edward Collier (Vice-President) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange.
Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted : Specimens of Avicula hirundo, from Mr. Bartlet Span.
New Member Elected. Alexander Abercrombie, Staneswood, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Louis A. Breun, 4, Greek Street, Soho Square, W.
C. N. Bromehead, Merton College, Oxford.
W. J. Kimber, Aldinga, South Australia.
Resignation.
J. C. Blackshaw.
Papers Read.
““Notes on the West Cornwall District,” by C. E. Wright and Lionel E. Adams, B.A.
“* Mollusca collected at Cette, Herault, S. France, in February, 1905,” by the Rey. Canon Horsley.
“ Paludestrina jenkinst in the New River,” by A. G. Stubbs.
Exhibits.
By Mr. P. H. Grierson : Suceznea oblonga from Trim, Co. Meath ; Amphipeplea glutinosa of unusually dark colour, with very compact and solid shells, Ae/éce//a ttala var. hyalozonata, and Physa fontinalis, type and var. albina, from Longwood, Co. Meath, Ireland.
By Mr. C. Oldham: dmphipeplea giutinosa, from Packington, Worcestershire, collected by the late G. S. Tye, September, 1895.
By the Rey. W. A. Shaw: Vertigo angustior and V. antivertigo, collected from molehills in a marshy piece of ground at Haselbeech, Northamptonshire, on April Ist, last, in company with VY. pygnea. The above species have since been discovered in association in another similar spot in the vicinity.
By Mr. Kk. Cairns: A set of shells from the glacial drift deposits in the cliffs at Blackpool, including Cyprea (7rtvia) euvopea in good condition.
By Mr. F. Booth: A fine set of Sphkerteun pallidum, from the canal, Salter- hebble near Halifax.
PROCEEDINGS : MAY I0, 1905. 219
By Mr. H. Bolton: Lemnea, Planorbis, Ampullaria, Physa, and Cimicolaria rohlfsz, from Buda, Uganda.
By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A beautiful series of water-colour sketches from nature of the British land and freshwater shells.
342nd Meeting, May roth, 1905.
Mr. Edward Collier (Vice-President) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
** Report on a small collection of Helicoids from British New Guinea,” ‘* Descriptions of nine New Species of Helicoid Land Shells,” and ‘‘ The Helicoid Land Shells of Asia: Corrections and Additions,” by G. K. Gude (/rom the author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
Examples of Linea peregra from Mr. J. E. Cooper.
New Members Elected.
Louis A. Breun, 4, Greek Street, Soho Square, London, W. C. N. Bromehead, Merton College, Oxford. W. J. Kimber, Aldinga, South Australia.
Candidates Proposed for Membership. ~ William Freeman, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle. Samuel Hainsworth, 60, George Street, Saltaire, Yorks. John Laycock, 30, Herries Street, Ashton-under-Lyne. William Whitehead, 25, High Street, Stalybridge.
Papers Read. ** Tapes aureus and its Allies,” by A. J. Jukes Browne. “© Hydrobia jenkinsi in Rivers,” by the Rev. Canon Horsley. ‘“* Vivipara contecta (Millet) m. séwéstrorsum,” and ‘‘ Vertigo substriata (Jeff. ) m. sezestrorvsunt,” by KR. Standen.
Proceedings of the London Branch, by J. E. Cooper.
Exhibits.
By Mr. J. Cosm> Melvill: A few specimens of marine shells from Mochras Island, two miles from Harlech, Merionethshire. This island, composed of sand, and rising a few feet above the neighbouring sand dunes, is almost separated from the mainland by an estuary, exposed at low water. It is much belauded in the guide-books to North Wales as possessing an unsurpassed shell-beach. The Rev. Carleton Greene has furnished to one of these a list of the mollusca found. Cer- tainly rare specimens turn up from time to time, but the casual visitor for but an hour or two may be disappointed, as quantity exceeds quality in the proportion of a thousand to one. Cythera chione, Lutraria elliptica, Psammobia vespertina, Tellina crassa, Acteon tornatilis, Cypraea europea, Scalarta comnts, and others, some fifty to sixty species in all, rewarded an afternoon’s researches. All the Pelecypoda were dissociated valves. On the rocks in the vicinity the usual littoral species abounded.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: Vertigo edentula, Azeca tridens and var. crys/allina, from Ilkley, Yorkshire.
By Mr. William Moss: /elécarion cingulatus Melv. and Pons., from South Africa. Mr. Moss distributed specimens amongst the members present.
By Mr. E. J. Elliott: Aeléx aspera Fer., two fine specimens found in a bunch of bananas ; one was dead when discovered, but the other is alive, and feeds upon dandelion leaves. This species is a rather uncommon Jamaican mollusc.
220 JOURNAL OF. CONCHOLOGY, VOL. Ii, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
By Mr. F. Taylor: Zonztoides nitidus, type and var. albina, a very pretty form from Taly-bont Marsh, Conway Valley ; a fine series of Aszeca tridens var. crystal- Zina, also typical and cream-coloured examples from Addingham, Wharfedale, Yorks, Specimens were distributed amongst the members present.
By Mr. A. J. Jukes Browne: A series of Tafes from British and Mediterranean localities, to illustrate his paper. The fine series from Cette, France, presented to the Manchester Museum by the Rev. Canon Horsley, was also exhibited.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Helix hortensts, H. nemoralis varr. lbe/lula, eastanea, coalifa, and various band forms; AH. arbustorum var. flavescens, from Deepdale near Buxton.
By Mr. R. Standen: Vevzpara contecta m. sinistvorsum (to illustrate his paper); Acie banatica Rossm., Hungary, and A. polita Hartm., Bavaria ; sinistral Melantho decisa, Yennessee, U.S.A. ; Vivipara hungarica, males and females, from Budapest (Hazay, ‘‘ Darbishire ” collection, Manchester Museum); a fine series of Strombus pugelis and var. a/atus illustrating sexual dimorphism, as described by Mr. H. S. Colton (Waudzlus, vol. 18, p. 138, 1905).
By Mr. Fred Booth: Vertigo substriata, typical and sinistral, from Shipley Glen, Yorks.
A fine series of He/iczgona lapicida and varieties was shewn as a special exhibit by members present. Mr. E. Collier exhibited very prettily marked type from Corbeyrier, Switzerland, and var. gvzsea Moq.-Tand., La Preste, Pyrenees; Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, a large series from many localities, including several beautiful albino specimens collected some years ago in the Zoological Gardens, Regents Park, by Mr. RK. D. Darbishire, and a curious carinate form from Deepdale near Buxton; Mr. F. Taylor, a cream-coloured variety, and a keelless pyramidal example, bearing a strong resemblance to A. rizfescens ; also a fine set shewing growth stages, all from Cranham Woods near Gloucester. The series of specimens from the Manchester Museum was also shewn, including the very striking var. Hammulata Drap. from Catalonia.
a
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY'S LIBRARIAN).
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 1905,
pt. 2, April-Juni, 1905.
“* Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna des Kaukasus,” by BARON ROSEN [list of 63 spp]. ‘“‘Xezophora senegalensis P. Fischer”? [found at Cape Verde Islands, and not A. mediterranea, as stated by von Martens], by W. KoBE vt. ** Ueber einige peruanische Clausilien,” by PAUL EHRMANN [Venta callangana, n.sp.]. ‘* Aufforderung zur Anstellung biologischer Beobachtungen,” by P. HESSE. “«Binige Seltenheiten aus meiner Sammlung,” by G. BiiLow [chiefly Cardeum spp.; Gontodromus n.subg. of Amphidromus). ‘ Ein neuer Amphidromes” (A. biilow?, type of subg. Gonzodromus)], by HW. FRuuS?TORFER. ‘‘ Diagnosen neuer Murella-Axten” (Al. laurtensts, M2. castelluccens’s, Calabria], by W. IXoOBELT. *¢Zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna von Montenegro,” by J. M. Perk bok [list of 22 spp.]. ‘*Conchyliologisches aus Tirol,” by V. GREDLER [Planorbis gredlert in Toblacher See, Helix austriaca recorded from Tirol in error]. ‘* Die Conchy- lien des Loss des mittleren Donautales,” by S. CLESSIN [list of 40 spp. ].
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 221
The Nautilus, vol. 18, no. 12, April, 1905.
“* List of Shells from North-western Florida,” by B. WALKER. ‘‘ A new species of Medionidus” [M. sempsontanus, Calvary, Georgia], by B. WALKER. ‘‘ A new locality for Cerzon zncanum” [Baker's Hauloyer, Florida], by C. T. Simpson. ** Sexual Dimorphism in Strombes pugilus Linné,” by H. SELLERS COLTON. “* A new species of Somatogyrus [.S. walkertanus| from South Alabama,” by T. H. ALDRICH. ‘‘ New species of Lymnea” [L. owasccenszs, Owasco Lake, N.Y. ; 1. bryant?, Alameda Co., Cal.], by F. C. Baker. ‘‘Glochidia of Uno on Fishes,” by C. Hf. Conner. ‘‘ Notes on the Genus Aforema [preoccupied, Pan- acca suggested] Dall,” by W. H. Dati. ‘‘ Note on Zr2chodina Ancey” [pre- occupied, Petrzo/a suggested], by W. H. Datu.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 16,
part 3, Sept.-Dec., 1904.
‘* Descriptions of New Land Snails of the Japanese Empire,” by H. A. PILSBRY and Y. HrrRasE [ /apon7a, Alyceus 3, Clyclotus, Cyathopoma, Diplommatina 11, Eulota 3, Trtshoplita, Chlorites, Ganesella, Pupa, Trochomorpha, Sitala, Kaliella 6, Microcystina 2, Macrochlamys, Zonitotdes, Hirasea, Punctum 2, Opeas 3). ‘* New Clausiliidee of the Japanese Empire, X.,” by H. A. PILsBRy [14 nn.spp., several subspp. ].
The Naturalist, no. 580, May, 1905. “* Spherium pallidum at Salterhebble,” by F. Booru.
Annales de la Société Royale Zoologique et Malacologique de Belgique,
vol. 38.
** Récolte malacologique de M. Weyers dans le sultanat de Sambas (Bornéo),”’ by PH. DAUTZENBERG [Am phidromus weyerst, Modiola sambasenszs, nn.spp. figd. }. “La faune des Mollusques fossiles néogenes du périmetre du golfe de Naples,” by R. BELLINI. ‘* Le systeme é€ocene. L’étage sparnacien et sa faune en Belgique,” by O. VAN ERTBORN. ~*‘ Sur Vévolution des Mollusques,” by A. LAMEERE. ‘‘La classification des Lamellibranches d’apres les branchies,’ by P. PELSENEER. ‘‘ Les dépots quaternaires et leurs faunes. Causerie géologico-paléontologique,” by O. VAN ERTBORN. ‘* Un gite de Rostellarta ampla,” by ED. DELHEID.
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes (4), vol. 35, no. 414. **Des doubles emplois en nomenclature,” by —. PEZaN’r [plea for a method in rectifying synonymy ]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 17, part 2. **On the occurrence of two species of Crxydstoplax in the Tertiary Rocks ot Victoria,” by T. S. HALL [C. pretcharad?, C. gatliffi, nn.spp., figd. ]. **Report on a small collection of Helicoids from British New Guinea,” by G. K. GupE (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 6, p. 114-116) [Auplecta pratt? n.sp.].
‘‘The Helicoid Land Shells of Asia: Corrections and Additions,” by G. K. GuvE (/. of Malac., vol. 11, p. 93-97) [Cathaica, 2 nn.spp. ].
‘* Descriptions of nine New Species of Helicoid Land Shells,” by G. Kk. GubE (/. of Malac., vol. 12, p. 11-14, pl. 3) [Setala, Thalassia 2, Trocho- nanina, Charopa 2, Endodonta, Chlorttis, Plectotropis).
222 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
Mollusca collected at Cette, Herault, S. France, in February, 1905. —This list of the shells I found at Cette, in February, may help others when there
or thereabouts to know what to expect.
Mr. J. E. Cooper, the Secretary of the
London Branch, has kindly named them for me :—
Anomia ephippium Z.
Glycymeris violascens Zam.
Barbatia barbata Z. Mytilus edulis Z. Volsella barbata (Z.). V. adriatica (Zamz.). Modiolaria discors (7). Pinna fragilis Pez. Ostrea edulis Z. Pecten maximus (Z.). P. varius (Z.).
P. opercularis (Z.). Lima inflata Chenz. Syndosmya alba (Wood). S. tenuis (Montagu). Gastrana fragilis (/.). Tellina donacina Z.
T. tenuis Da Costa.
T. incarnata.
Donax trunculus Z. Mactra stultorum Z. M. glauca Born. Lutraria elliptica Lam. Meretrix chione (Z.). Venus verrucosa /.
V. gallina Z.
Tapes decussatus (Z.). T. texturatus Zam.
Petricola lithophaga fefz.
Cardium aculeatum Z. C. tuberculatum Z. C. edule Z.
C. paucicostatum Sov. Ensis siliqua (Z.). Macha strigillata Z. Pholas dactylus Z.
Barnea candida (Z.).
Patella vulgata Z.
Haliotis lamellosa Lam. Gibbula magus (Z.). Calliostoma striatum (Z.). C. granulatum (4o772).
C. ziziphinus (Z.). Phasianella pullus (Z. ).
P. vieuxii Payr.
Bolma rugosa L.
Zippora membranacea (/. Ad.). Calyptraea chinensis Z.. Natica catena (Da Cost). N. maculata Desh.
N. philippiana 7ec/, Cerithium vulgatum A7ze. Bittium reticulatum (D, Cos/a). Scala clathrus (Z.). Turritella communis Za. Aporrhais pes-pelecani (/.). Lotorium cutaceum (Z.). Cassidaria echinophora (Z.). Olivella mutica Say.
Murex brandaris Z.
M. trunculus Z.
Ocinebra erinacea (Z.). Latirus lignarius Z. Columbella corniculata Lam. Nassa reticulata (Z.).
N. mutabilis Z.
N. corniculum O/727. Cyclops neritea ZL. Scaphander lignarius (/. ). Haminea hydatis (Z.). Sepia officinalis Z.
—[Rev. Canon] J. W. Hors ey.
(Read before the Soctety, April 12, 1905).
London Branch.—The first ramble of the present season took place on May 6. A fair number of members visited Plumstead Marshes, under the leadership of Mr. A. S. Poore. The water in one or two of the ditches was found to be very strongly impregnated with iron; this seems to be unfavourable to molluscan life, as these ditches contained very few species, and these few were mostly covered with a thick nodulous deposit ; a number of examples of Limnea feregra in this condition were obtained.—J. E, Cooper, Hon, Sec. (Read before the Soctety, May 10th, 1905),
NOTES ON THE WEST CORNWALL DISTRICT.
By C. E. WRIGHT anv LIONEL E. ADAMS, E£.A.,
(Read before the Society, April 12, 1905).
THE Land’s End is a ¢erra incognita to most conchologists, and would well repay careful working at a more suitable time of the year than January when we made our pilgrimage in search of records to further the completion of the census.
With the exception of the serpentine promontory at Lizard Point, separated from the rest of the district by the Helford River, the entire formation alternates between shale and granite, both being unpromising from a conchological point of view. ‘The numerous streams, rushing from high inland sources over rocky beds without weed or moss, seem absolutely destitute of bivalves. Several millers and farmers living on these streams assured us that no mussels or shells of any sort inhabited them. Here and there, however, close to the sea we found a few stunted Zimnea pereger and Ancylus fluviatilis. Near Falmouth, in a brackish marsh close to Swan Pool, we found a few poor specimens of the following species Prs¢dium pusillum, P. _fontt- nale, Planorbis spirorbis var. ecarinata, Limnea pereger and L. truncatula. |
We searched the small peninsula of Pendennis several times in vain for Hygromia revelata, and also the Porthleven and Helston district which was singularly unproductive of nearly everything except /e/zx aspersa, which flourishes wonderfully all through the Duchy in spite of the poverty of the soil, and some of the Vz¢veas, which so often flourish on formations poor in lime, /. vogers¢ often occurring in colonies. V. ducida was widely distributed over the whole district, but required digging out of its winter quarters. In this region the animal of this species is remarkably light coloured, often with merely a faint bluish tinge, a strong contrast to the deep cobalt coloured specimens from Tenby and South Devon.
Hygromia revelata turned up at Nanjizal, about two miles from the Land’s End, among grass and moss on the stone walls on the cliff, and we also found it along the wall on the top of the cliff between St. Leven and Porthcurno. Near the latter spot, about half-a-mile inland is the little hamlet called Roskestal, where thirty-four years ago one of us spent the best part of a year in a farm house. Of course we paid a visit there, and while the hospitable people were preparing tea we strolled along the once familiar lane, and there again, close to the house, we came upon Aypy. revelata crawling on the moss which partly covered the old stone walls,
224 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 7, JULY, 1905.
Vhinking it possible that Geoma/acus might turn up in this particular corner of the island, we did not allow a slug to pass unexamined, and tuough we did not come across it, it is just possible that this Lusitanian relic may still linger in some unexplored ravine of this comparatively unworked coast. ;
One of the commonest species in this district, and indeed in all Cornwall and south-west Devon, is Aryvomia granulata; its distribu- tion extending all over the shale and on a great part of the granite. The shells of this species were often found to be as soft and collapsible as those of Aygromia fusca and Hyg. revelata—a perfectly compre- hensible state of things on a formation of granite and shale.
The Arions reminded one of Irish and South Welsh specimens; A. ater being often strongly banded and A. hortensis very brilliantly coloured.
The following species were added to the census list :—
Arion minimus.—One specimen, near Truro.
Vitrea crystallina.—Two specimens at Nanjizal, one being var. contracta West.
V. nitida.—Falmouth and Penzance.
Hygromia fusca.—Falmouth and neighbourhood; Truro and district.
Vallonia costata.—One specimen, Truro.
Pisidium gassiesianum = (lium). — Small stream near Penzance.
P. obtusale.—Brackish marsh by Swan Pool, Falmouth.
Vivipara contecta (Millet) m. sinistrorsum. — Instances of sinistrorsity amongst the Viviparidz are extremely rare, and as no occurrence of this “sport ? appears to have been recorded for V. coméecta, it is interesting to note that in the Manchester Museum collection there is a glass cube case containing a fine adult shell (normal) and five young ones, apparently taken from it, one of them being sinistral, the remainder dextral. This set of shells was formerly in the collection of the late Dr. Alcock, who, as is well known, collected the species in abundance at Southport, in 1864, or thereabouts, often in company with Mr. R. D. Darbishire, to whom he presented this choice group. It is probable that neither ever thought of recording this aberrant specimen, as I can find no mention of its occurrence in such of the Society’s records as I have access to, where one would have expected to see it noted.—R. STANDEN (ead before the Soczety, May 1oth, 1905).
225
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
WOit, tats OCTOBER, 1905. No. 8.
FREDERICK PRICE MARRAT.
By JAMES COSMO MELVILL.
(Read before the Society, September 13, 1905).
DurRInc the first week of November, 1904, there passed away at his residence in Liverpool, one who might well claim to be the ‘‘doyen” of the older race of British naturalists, one who had served his generation well in every way, and notably in furthering the study of the Mollusca. Mr. Frederick P. Marrat had long passed the allotted age of man, and was, at the time of his decease, in his eighty-fifth year. By a melancholy coincidence, his son died almost on the same day, and both were laid to rest simultaneously in Childwail Churchyard.
Mr. Marrat came of a naturalist stock, his father being Mr. William Marrat, of Boston, Lincolnshire ; and it was either this gentleman, or his eldest son, who discovered the two rare mosses, Aryum calo- phyllum ®. Br. and B&B. marratii Hooker f. and Wilson, in damp hollows amongst the sandhills on the Lancashire coast, near Southport, in 1854.’ Both are still hardly known outside the original habitat.
Mineralogy, and especially the study of Marine Mollusca, most attracted the subject of our notice from the first, although he did not neglect other branches of natural science ; and this interest, aided by a wonderfully clear and accurate memory, coupled with a love of
t c.f, Wilson, ‘Bry. Brit.,” addenda, p. xi., where the discoverer is alluded to as ‘‘ Mr. W. M. Marrat, of Liverpool.” P
226 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
scientific detail, was ardently sustained till the very end of his life. He became associated with the Liverpooi Museum more than forty years ago, about 1863, and in conjunction with Mr. T. J. Moore, the then able curator, and the Rev. Henry H. Higgins, for long a housenold word in Liverpool scientific circles, aided in the arrange- ment of the large natural history collections being amassed there. _
Towards the elucidation of the Mollusca, he contributed an able monograph of the genus O/va to Sowerby’s ‘Thesaurus Conchy- liorum,” 1S70-1871. In this he proposed many critical species, the majority of which are duly recognized at the present day. Sub- sequently, his ideas as to specific characters underwent a process of much modification and change, as evidenced especially in the genus Vassa, on which he wrote two or three treatises'; in one, proposing many new species, while in another he published phylogenetic tables, endeavouring to prove the exceeding proneness to vary in all the forms, and ultimately concluding that they @a// were descended from a common ancestor, probably /V. g/azs L. No one character, either as regarded form, colour, size, marking or sculpture, seemed to him otherwise than elusive to an extraordinary extent; but, in our opinion, his conclusions are too drastic, and we have been unable to detect the intermediate links in such overwhelming numbers as to reduce the species of the genus to an infinitesimal minimum. I recollect, also, his once telling me that he considered Cyprea aurantium probably to be only a large deep-sea form of C. mappa. But this, I think, was also rather a far-fetched conclusion.
I have been acquainted with Mr. Marrat since 1868-69, when I resided in Liverpool] for two years, and have always much admired and appreciated his love of accurate detail, his great acumen, unvary- ing good nature and common-sense.
It was he who, in 1865, catalogued the famous collection formed by the late Mr. John Dennison, of Liverpool, which was sold at Stevens’ Auction Rooms, on April 24 and five subsequent days, this being still considered the most distinguished collection of shells that has come under the hammer during the last halfcentury, the specimens realising in many cases remarkable and record prices. <A large number of these found their way to the Liverpool Museum, being specimens as a rule unsurpassed for fineness of condition, either through the instrumentality of the Rev. H. H. Higgins, Mr. Samuel Smith, late manager of the Bank of Liverpool and a well-known private collector, or Mr. Marrat himself.
t “On the Variation of Sculpture in the Genus WVassa”; Liverpool, May, 1876. ‘‘On Forty Proposed New Forms in the Genus Vassa’’; Liverpool, 1877. ‘‘ On the Varieties of the Shells of the Genus WVassa Lam.” ; Liverpool, 1880.
MELVILI : FREDERICK PRICE MARRAT. 22H),
I shall personally always feel much indebted to him for having kindly volunteered to name and classify the whole of my collections of the three genera he especially affected : Wassa, Oliva, and Margin- ella, thus adding much to the intrinsic educational value of the series.
Amongst the many subjects treated of in the scientific papers contributed by Marrat, the following seem especially deserving of passing notice at the present juncture :—
(a).—The fine Rostellavia martini, described as Gladius martinit,’ was the most important shell to which he stood godfather. Of this two specimens were obtained by the late Mr. Sidney Trice Martin, from Cebu, Philippine Islands, one of which (the type) is in the Liverpool Museum ; the other now in my collection ; while a third has been recently acquired by the British Museum (Nat. Hist. ).
().—In the genus AZarginella several species were described by him, mostly from the collection of Mr. Keen,’ of Liverpool.
(c).—Mollusca from the west coast of Africa, likewise, were of special interest to him, as evidenced by a paper from his pen, describing several forms of Marginellidee and Pleurotomidz, many collected by Captain Cawne Warren, or in the ‘‘ Keen ” collection.*
(Z).—And, finally, Zudima candida Marrat* is the noblest species of that interesting genus. It is now ascertained to come from the Island of Formosa.
Journ. of Corch., vol. 1, p. 244, with plate, 1877. Journ. of Conch., vol. 1, pp. 136, 179, 204, 1876-77. Journ. of Conch., vol. 1, p. 381, 1878.
Proc. Liverpool Phil. Soc., p. 339, 1880.
WN H
Note on Crepidula fornicata L.—Crepedula fornicata L. the ‘* crow-oyster,” originally introduced with American oysters, has been found in several of the rivers of Essex for eleven years or more. It would appear that the conditions in the Crouch river are particularly favourable to it, as it is fast becoming a nuisance to the oyster-men at Burnham-on-Crouch. In some parts of this river nearly every pebble and old shell has one or more (generally more) specimens on it. Clusters of five or six, one on the back of the other are common; one group found this year had no less than nine in this position. Some pebbles carry a cluster on both sides; even the neck of a broken bottle gave foothold to two inside and three outside. The lowest shell of a group is obliged to adapt its form to the pebble or shell to which it is attached, consequently some curious forms occur. Where the base is an old oyster the bottom Cvepzdu/a is remarkably flattened ; but whatever the shape of the lowest may be, those above it are usually normal in form,—J. E. COOPER (Read before the Society, September 13th, 1905).
228
REVERSED SHELLS IN THE MANCHESTER MUSEUM.
By R. STANDEN.
(Read before the Society, September 13th, 1905).
THE Rey. G. A. Frank Knight, in an interesting discourse delivered to the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, on ‘ Sinistrorsity in the Mollusca,” observed that there exists no list of the Mollusca in which the phenomenon of reversal of the shell-spire is known to occur. Although the compilation of such a catalogue would be beyond the powers of a single conchologist, it appeared that the work might be accomplished by co-operation, and as a first instalment I venture to offer the following list of reversed specimens contained in the Man- chester Museum. Perhaps its publication may incite other curators to contribute information on the same topic from the collections under their charge, and thus by degrees the list will approach completeness.
By way of introduction to the subject, I quote, with Mr. Knight’s permission, a few paragraphs from his lecture, explanatory of the subject of “‘ Sinistrorsity,” or reversal of the shell, which I find the majority of persons have a difficulty in understanding :—
‘“A univalve spiral shell is said to be ‘dextral’ when the mouth opens to the 77g#¢ hand of the observer, as he holds it with the spire pointing upwards. A univalve spiral shell is said to be ‘sinistral’ when the aperture is to the /e/f hand of the observer, as he holds the shell with its apex upwards. If we imagine the interior of the shell _to be a spiral staircase, then, as we ascend a dextra/ mollusc, the ‘axis’ or ‘columella’ of the stair would always be at our left hand, and similarly, if the mollusc be szzs¢ra/, the stair up into its interior would always curve round the axis on the right hand.
“The whole subject of convolution in the mollusca is one of extreme interest, and has excited the enquiries of eminent scientists. As far back as 1838, we find the Rev. Canon Moseley contributing an elaborate essay ‘On the Geometrical Form of Turbinated and Discoid Shells,’ which was published in the Pilosophical Transactions for that year. In this paper he proves that the laws which determine even such an apparently insignificant matter as the mode in which the shells of univalves are spirally twisted, are as mathematically true as the conic sections which regulate the orbits of the planets and comets! He shows that the size of the whorls, and the distance between contiguous whorls, in such shells as the common Zuwrritella of our shores or Planorbis of our ponds, follow a geometrical progression. The spiral formed is the “logarithmic,” of which it is a property that it has everywhere the same geometrical curvature, and is the only curve, except the circle, which possesses this property.
STANDEN : REVERSED SHELLS IN THE MANCHESTER MUSEUM. 229
Obeying this law the molluse winds its dwelling in a uniform direction through the space around its axis.
“Now it will be readily understood that, as the mantle of the molluse secretes the shelly integument, there is before the animal an almost infinite choice as to the way in which it will build up its home. So long as the form of the shell is regular, following out the principle of a cone curved into a spiral, and descending in a screw-like manner from the apex (or initial whorl) to the aperture, the animal may select almost any variety of convolution. If un- interfered with by any foreign obstruction, the animal, with unerring certainty, will mould for itself a habitation, which, as I said, will be finished with an absolutely perfect devotion to geometrical curves, proportion, and principles. It is therefore a fascinating study to observe how infinitely varied the series of curves may be, and how wide is the scope granted to every mollusc in the erection of its home, the only condition being that, in the case of the ‘‘regularly spiral” shells, the law of ‘the spire of the logarithm’ must be strictly adhered to.
“We observe then that, as the result of the unequality of growth in the mantle and shell, there arise spiral twistings, and these eventually produce an almost infinite diversity of curve. A series of torsional convolutions may be traced, for example, from the long, many-whorled Terebra, to the broad, flat, depressed Aa/of7s, and from that again right on to Patella, Or again the regularly built-up Zwrritelia may be pulled out into the fantastic contortions of Vermefus, and the un- rolling may be carried so far that the whorls are all straightened out into a single tube like Deztalium. Once more, when a shell such as Cyprea or Conus is examined, it is seen that the body of it is made up simply of the last whorl, with the ghosts, so to speak, of its pre- decessors visible in sma!l detail on what was once an elongated spire, But whether the spiral convolutions are visible in the adult stage, or only in the embryonic condition of the shell, the fact remains that the twist has exercised an important function in the life history of the mollusca. Prof. Sydney J. Hickson! cites ‘with approval Lang’s generalization on this subject.” ‘The formation of a spire-like shell, which has been recognised as the starting point in the development of the asymmetry of reptant Gastropods, was the only method by which complete protection of the whole body could be attained, and must therefore be considered to have been advantageous under the circumstances.’
‘““ Now all molluscs with spiral shells must, naturally, twist either to the right or to the left. And as a matter of fact, the vast majority of
1 ‘Torsion in Mollusca,” Journal of Conchology, vol. 9, pp. 9-15, 1808.
2 ‘*Text-book of Comparative Anatomy,” vol. 2, p. 150.
230 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
gastropods have dextral shells, it being the exception to find shells built up with a left-handed twist.
“But there is a subject to be investigated in connection with sinistral molluscs more intricate than that which merely concerns the reversed whorl of the external shell. ‘The further question arises, Is the internal animal, with its various organs, also reversed? Is there a strict correspondence between the shelly integument and the mollusc, so that, if the outside spiral is sinistral, the soft inside parts are also sinistrally placed? Now the answer here is very varied.
“First, in all cases where sinistrorsity occurs as an abnormal feature (z.e., where the type is usually dextral, and a left-handed individual is simply ‘a freak’), this correspondence is maintained. The internal organs in these instances are all ‘reversed’ too, the viscera being transposed in their relative positions. Second, in all examined cases when the shell is as often dextral as sinistral, z.e., where it does not seem that we can decide which is the really typical form as to the direction of the whorl, the same rule obtains—the position of the internal organs agrees with the shell. If the shell is sinistral, the ‘organs are sinistral; if dextral, the soft parts are dextrally arranged too. But in the case of genera which are normally sinistral, the same law does not hold. Among molluscs also, whose genus is normally dextral, but certain species of which are normally sinistral, the strangest variations occur. A shell twisted to the left may have the hody of the animal twisted to the right, and wice-verséd. In Limacina, Meladomus, and Lanistes, for example, the calcareous integument is sinistral, while the animal is dextral.!. What are we to make of this? How comes it that the internal animal, dwelling in a house built on a left-handed spiral, has all its visceral organs arranged as if they were designed to fit into a domicile reared on the principle of aright-handed spiral? The problem, which long seemed insoluble, has recently been carefully investigated, and most ingeniously ex- plained, through the researches of Simroth, of von Ihering, and especially of Pelseneer.
“ Briefly, the theory which these scientists have advanced is that of ‘hyperstrophy’ or ‘over-turning,’ and it amounts to this, that these abnormalities and discordances between shell and animal are the result, not of sinistrorsity, but of ultra-dextrality. Let us imagine a Physa-shaped shell, with a spire normally sinistral, and an internal animal also sinistral. Its spire is elongated, and it presents a comparatively tapering appearance. | Let us now suppose that this elongated spire is so depressed and pushed into the body of the shell that it projects very little above the level of the series of whorls. That would be a second stage towards complete inversion of the
tr Key, A. H, Cooke, ‘‘ Molluscs and Brachiopods,” Cambridge Nat. Hist., p. 240.
STANDEN : REVERSED SHELLS IN THE MANCHESTER MUSEUM. 231
visceral organs. Depress the remainder of the spire still more, and now the apex is flush with the rest of the whorls, and lies flat like the spring of a watch. The P#ysa-like shell has become a Planorbis- shaped shell! But now continue the depression of the apex, push it right through to the other side, and the discoid or planorboid shape gives place to an intermediate sub-discoidal form. Continue the process still further, and you have your Pfysa-like shell back again, but now with the whorls completely reversed! The sinistral shell, with its sinistrally placed viscera, first of all passed into what might be called a neutral stage, wherein it was hard to say whether its planorboid shape meant that it was sinistral or that it was dextral ; and from that it emerged into a pseudo-dextral, but really ultra- sinistral shell, but with its viscera still sinistral! Thus it would appear that the planorboid shape is really a kind of intermediate, half-way house between, on the one hand, sinistrorsity of both shell and animal, and, on the other hand, sinistrorsity of animal, but pseudo-dextrality of shell. Naturalists of an earlier day, such as Lamarck and Deshayes, puzzled with the apparent anomalousness of these phenomena, named the genus Planorbis ‘amphidromic,’ or ‘turning in both directions,’ as certain species seemed to choose one course and certain others a reverse direction. But this ingenious theory of ‘hyperstrophy,’ or the turning of a mollusc inside out like the finger of a glove, entirely explains what before was so obscure.'
“This process of turning inside out may take place in either direction ; in other words, there may -be ultra-sinistrorsity or ultra- dextrality. The former may be illustrated in the case of two fresh- water genera, Pompholyx from North America, and Choanomphalus from Lake Baikal; and the latter by the genera already cited— Limacina, Meladomus, and Lanistes.”
It may perhaps be added that the subjoined catalogue is a list, not of published records, but of actual specimens.
fe
NORMALLY SINISTRAL SPECIES.
Plectopylis plectostoma Gezzs. Tlelix queesita Desh. Japan. Khasi Hills, India. | H. filippina Aezede. China. Ariophanta cambogiensis Rve. H. subsimilis Des’. China. Cambodia. | H. cicatricosa A7Zzi0/. China. A. brookei Bens. Borneo. | Orthalicus regina /ér. Amazons. A. foveata Pfr. India. | Columna flammea JZarly72. A. rumphii Gr, Java. Prince Edward’s Island. A. janus 52. Malacca. | Partula canalis A/ozss. Samoa. A. leevipes A777. Bombay. | P. rubescens Ave. Upolu. A. thyreus Bezs. Nilghiri Hills, India. | P. amabilis 7/7. Marquesas Islands. A. regalis Bers. Borneo. | Amphidromus sinensis evs. Pegu. A. bajadera P/r. Bengal. | A. porcellanus JZouss. Java.
1 Admirably illustrated by diagrams in J. W. Taylor's J/onog. of the brit, L. and fF. IV. Moll., vol. 1, pp. 111, 112,
232
Amphidromus levis AZi/2. Borneo. A. furcillatus Afouss. Borneo. A. adamsi /ve. Borneo. A. quadrasi 7Zzdalgo. _ Balabac Island. A. sinistralis Ave. Java.
Achatina bicarinata Zam. West Africa. Buliminus tournefortianus /é.
Rhodes. B. tauricus Zang. Crimea. B. thiesseana Aouss. Greece. B. spoliatus Parr. Eleusis, Greece. B. domina Bens. Murree, India. B. quadridens AZi//. Alps. B. candelaris Pfr. Tibet. B. reversalis B/z. Transylvania. B. vibex //att. India. Draparnaudia lifuana Pelsdry. Lifu.
D. singularis Pfr. New Hebrides. Pupa capensis Azr7. Nord Hoek, S. Africa. . kurri Avauss. Baas Dorp, S. Africa. . kraussi M/¢s. Nord Hoek, S. Africa. . fabricana Crosse. N. Caledonia. . magdalena Azncey. . australis Ad. & Ane. . ponsonbyana AZ, & S. Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. Vertigo sinistrorsa Crawford. Algoa Bay, S. Africa.
Edithburgh.
Relacliacligslachas)
V. angustior Jeff. Ireland. V. pusilla AZZ. Britain. Diplommatina huttoni P/-. Trinidad. |
N. Caledonia. Philippines. Manila.
D. montrouzieri Crosse. D. morongensis A//larff. Palaina quadrasi A///drff- Opisthostoma mirabile Syzzth.
North Borneo. O. decrespignyi Adams. Borneo.
Cylindrella agnesiana C. B. Ads.
Jamaica. C. gracilis Wood. Jamaica. C. elongata Chem. Jamaica. Pleurotoma perversa Galé. California. Fulgur perversum Z. N. America. Neptunea harpa JZovch. Sitka. Pyrula citrina Lam. Red Sea.
Triforis carinatus JZoze47-. Lifu. T. perversus Z. Herm. T. corrugatus W272ds. Torres Straits. T. collaris //zzds. Lifu. T. tristoma Blainv. Lifu. T. connatus JZonty. Lifu. T. hindsi Desh. Lifu. T. sculptus Aezds. Lifu. T. violaceus Quoy. Lifu. T. carteretensis A/zzds. Lifu. T. cinguliferus Pease. Lifu. T. hilaris Hznds. Lifu. T. obtusalis Jozss. Lifu. T. ruber Ainds. Lifu. T. acutus Azer. Karachi. T. idoneus 47. & 5S, IXarachi. Limacina bulimoides D’ Ov, Britain.
L.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
retroversa Fem. Britain.
Limneza compacta Pease.
Maui, Sandwich Islands.
L. oahuensis Sov.
Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
L. swinhoei H. Ads. Formosa. Physa achaize Wesé. Greece. . berendti Dkr. Yucatan. . brazieri Syzzth. N. S. Wales. . diemenensis Sow. Tasmania. . diaphana 77-yo7-. Nevada.
. inflata Ad. & Ang. . pomelia Cozz, . integra Hald.
ahaha laclixclachaclaclaolgeliaeliacliaclaclixelae)ia-la-)lacliaclac
West Victoria. U. S. America. U. S. America.
. mamillata Soz. Jamaica. scalaris Jacq. Florida. incisa Gassies. Lifu. elata Gla. Mazatlan.
. nivalis Sow. Chile. tetrica Morel. Java. rivalis AZ, & R. Trinidad.
. elliptica Zea. U. S. America.
. martonelli Bowe. Spain.
5 Ganlen, /, Mauritius.
. jamaicensis Ads. Jamaica.
. cubensis P/r. Cuba.
. gabbi Zryon. Oregon, U.S.A.
. guadaloupensis A2scher.
Guadaloupe. P. multistriata Zate. S. Australia. P. teneriffee JZss. Teneriffe. P. tasmanica Pe?. Tasmania. P. nitens Phzd. Yucatan.
. canescens A7Zor7. W. Africa.
. aurantia Carp. Guatemala.
. tenuistriata Soz. Australia.
. madagascarensis 17077. Madagascar.
. spiculata Aart. Mexico.
. schmidti Dazk. Raikal.
. tropica Krazess. Cape Town. panamensis A7?/séer. Quito.
. badia Ad. & Ang. Arnheim.
eS V
Feito ro kgitgitd
. reevei dd. & Ang. . guilaini Cr. S Marie.
ola lacacliaclac sel acliacllaclia~ia-liac)iaclachac)ia7
. castanea Lam. . caledonica J7Zor?/.
. novehollandize B/laizv. . gibbosa Ged.
. proteus Sow.
Rockhampton, Queensland.
. newcombi dda. & Ang.
Mount Margaret, C. A. N. Australia. N. Caledonia.
. lessoni S7z2¢h. Marrabre. . tongana Qzoy. N. Holland. . maugere Quoy. Guatemala.
N. Caledonia.
Maie, N. Caledonia.
. obtusa Pfr. N. Caledonia. . fumosa Ped. Tasmania. . nasuta Law. Yahone. . doliolum Gas. Moiridon.
S. Australia.
Paramatta River, N. S. Wales. perlucida Gass. Island of Pines, N. Caledonia,
Physa auriculata Gass.
acNala-HacllacHachacKacNacla-leclacNachxelaolaellacliac
. hildrethi /Vz/t.
¢ STANDEN : REVERSED SHELLS IN THE MANCHESTER MUSRUM.
. acuta Drap Ostend.
frosheyi Lea. Texas. . pumila Lea. Florida. . fontinalis Z. Europe.
niagarensis Zea. Niagara Falls,U.S.A. S. America. S. America. . America. S. America. 5. America. . America. 5. America. . America.
hypnorum Z. heterostropha Say. gyrina Say.
aurea Lea.
politissima 77-yoz2. warreniana av. ancillaria Say.
ecaceccs NUNnNUnNnN
hale Zea. Texas. occidentalis 77-yov. California. . pyramidata Sow, Australia. . dombei Rossiter. Dombea. . purpurastoma 77st. Guatemala.
Physopsis africana A7azss.
P. angolensis J7Zor/. Angola. P. nyassensis S7z7th. Lake Nyassa. Isidora raymondiana 4r-gt. Algiers.
Natal, S. Africa.
Camptoceras terebra Bev.
Lanistes solidus Syzth.
L. nyassanus Dohrn, Lake Nyassa. L. bolteniana Chem. River Nile. L. intorta Zam. Gambia. L. olivacea Sow. Zanzibar. | L. lybicus 1077. Cape Coast Castle. | L. ovum Peters. Mozambique. | L. purpurea /on. Zanzibar. | Clausilia abietina Dupuy. Catalonia. | Cl. achaica Bétg. Greece. Cl. aculus Bers. China. Cl. affinze Ross. La Praste, Pyrenees. Cl. agesilaus vw. Mart.
Mt. Taygetws, Greece. Cl. albocincta Pfr. Spalato. Cl. alboguttulata Wagze. Milan. Cl. albopustulata Fér. Switzerland. Cl. almissana A%?s¢. Almissa. Cl. altritia Sizg. Hakone, Japan Cl. amorgia B/zg.
Moradabad, India. Lake Nyassa.
Island of Amorgos, Greece.
. aquila Parr, Greece. . armata Avist. Dalmatia . artifina Heude. China. . aurantiaca Béte. Japan. . bassiana Bze/z. Transylvania. . beboudi Dep. St. Marcellina. . beucadia ze. St. Maura. . biasolettiana Chaz. Trieste. . bicristata /rzv. Mt. Delphi. . bidentata Stvonz. Styria. . bidens Z. Italy. . bigibbosa Charp. Asia Minor. . bilabiata Syzth. Nippon. . bilabiata WVagzz, Caltoro. . biplicata AZont. England. . birugosa Parr. Santorin.
N. Caledonia.
. bizantina Charp. . blanda Ze.
. arcadica Bétg.
. bogatensis 4ze/z. . bohemica Cless.
. boissierl Charp.
. tau Bre.
. bosniensis Ze/.
. brevicollis P/.
. buschi Avesz.
. cana Held.
. ceerulea AE.
. canaliculata Pf. . candidescens Ze/. . caltaroensis Ays7z. . canescens /7a77-.
. catalonica Fag.
. cecillei PAz7.
. cincta Bovz.
. cinerea Phd.
. Clandestina ?ve.
. coarctata AZozss. . commutata Rve.
. compressa Pfr.
. concilians O. Schein. . conemenosa //te. . confinata Bens.
. confusa Bite.
. conspurcata Jaz. . corcyrensis .l/ouss. . corrugata Drap.
. corticina V. de B. . corynodes Held.
. crassilabris A7vis¢. . crenulata Phv/.
. crispa Lozwve.
. eristatella Avs¢.
. cruciata Sf.
. cumingiana Pf.
. curta sy.
1, cusmichii Aves/.
. cylindrica Gray.
. dacica Ai.
. dalmatina Partsch. . decipiens Rsv.
. deltostoma Lozwe. . derasa Afozss.
. discolor Pfr.
. dubia Drf. Carpathian Mountains. . elata Zod.
. elegans Bze/z.
. elizabethze 17677.
. epirotica Movs.
. epistomium A7st. . exarata Zo.
. fallax Rossm.
. fargesiana Hezde. . filograna Ze.
. fimbriata J///;
. foveicollis Pary.
. fragites Drap.
. freyi Bav. & Dautz, . fulcrata Ze/,
233
Crete. Dalmatia. Arcadia. Transylvania. Bohemia. Nahr el Kelb.
Hunan, China.
Croatia. Rhodes. Japan. Galicia. Santorin. Mt. Delphi. Campana. Cattaro, Hungary. Barcelona. China. China. Sicily.
, Pelim. Phthiolis. Carinthia. Cenigo. Hungary: Patrasso. Sicily. Cerigo. Dalmatia. Corfu. Crete.
Java. Switzerland. Lissa.
Alps. Madeira. Greece. Switzerland. Philippines. Trieste. Dalmatia. Simla.
S. Hungary. S. Hungary. Dalmatia. Madeira.
Transcaucasia.
Seripos.
Hungary. Valachie Canton Prevesa. Columbia. Dalmatia. Europe. Europe. Interlaken. Croatia. IXachetia. Europe. Tonkin. Spalato.
234
Clausilia furcilla West.
l. genezarethana 777s¢. . gibbula Rossm.
. gigas Molldrff.
. glauca Belz.
. gracilicostata Zg/. . gracilis Azs.
. grayana Pfr.
. grimmeri Farr.
. grisea Desh.
. homalorapha Pfr. . imitatrix Béég.
. incommoda £&é/e. . invalida AZouss.
. irregularis Zg/.
. isabellina Pfr.
. istriana A. Schum. . itala v. AZart.
. javana Pfr.
. josephine Big.
. kobensis Syzzth.
. kruperi Pfr.
. kuester1 saz.
. kutschigi A7st.
. labiata AZont.
. leevissima Ze.
. lamellosa Wagz. . laminata AZont?.
. lampedusze
. latestriata Bzelz.
. leucoraphe Blom. . leucostigma Zg/.
. lineolata Zo/.
. litotes Par7.
. loczyi Btteg.
. lorrani J/ke.
. lunellaris Pr.
. macarana Zo7.
. macrostoma A‘ves/. . maculosa Desh.
. madensis /a77.
. magistra Sow.
. marisi Sch.
- maritima Az. messageri Bavay & Dauts. . messenica JZart. SnillenteA/7=
. moesta fe.
. mouhoti P/7.
. monizeana Lowe. . moussoni Cha7/p.
. montana Sits.
. montenegrina A%is¢. . mucida ZeZ.
. munda sz.
. naevosa Zol.
. hegropontina P/7. . nigra Lowe. |
. nigricans Zapp.
. obtusa C. P/r,
. oliviert Voth.
. Opalina Ze.
. ornata Rossi,
Patros. Galilee. Treiste.
China. Transylvania. Sevastopol. Switzerland. Nauplia. Austria. Greece.
Candia
Malta. Malta. Corfu.
/igina. Istria.
S. Tyrol. Java. Athens. Athens. Psari. Corsica. Dalmatia. France. Dalmatia. Dalmatia. Marple, Cheshire. S. Europe. Hungary. Greece. Italy. Bavaria. Cancasus. China. Tiong Kong. Eubcea. Dalmatia. Maita. Attica. Hungary.
Transylvania. Patras. Tonkin. Messina. Zaros. Sarepta. Laos. Lisbon. Switzerland. Moldavia. Celtinge. Carniola. Smyrna.
Cephalonia
Eretria. Madeira. Bayonne.
Europe.
Europe.
Italy.
Croatia.
. orthostoma AZerke. . pachygastris Bz.
. peestana Phe/.
. pagana Ze.
. papillaris Pfr.
. parvula Sézd.
. pauli AZaz.
. penchinati Ag.
. perversa Z.
. pfeifleri A7ist.
. philippiana Pfr.
. phyllostoma
. platydera A/és.
. plicata Drap.
. plicatula A. Schum. . plumbea A. Schum. . porphyrea Ad ff.
. profuga Charp.
. pseudosyracusana Gals. . pulverosa Z.
. punctata AZzch.
. punctulata Avs¢.
. purpurascens J/zdd. . pyrenaica 47-97.
. regalis Bze/s.
. rolphi Leach.
. rossmassleri Pf.
. rugicollis Ze/.
. satura Ze.
. saxicola Rossi.
. sejuncta /Vest.
. semirugata ZZ.
. septemplicata P77. . similis Charp.
. solida Drap.
. solidula Drap.
. stentzi A. Sch.
. stolachi Cless.
. byzantina Char.
. straminicollis Parr. . Strangulata Fer.
. striata Pf.
. strobeli Porro.
. styriaca Sch.
. sublamellosa Bétg. . subvirginea Bite.
. sulcosa Wagiz.
. swinhoei Pj.
. syracusana Pz.
. taczonowski Leet. . teres Oliv.
. tetragonostoma P/7, . theissee Aiétg.
. timorensis JZss. . tridens Ch.
. tristrami P/.
. turgida Zo.
. turrita Pfr.
- ungulata Zo.
. valida Pfr.
. varians Ze7.
. vasta Bilge,
. ventricosa Drap.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
Hungary. Ziirich. Italy. Hungary. Trieste. Switzerland. Pyrenees. Barcelona. Britain. Dalmatia. Philippines. China. Japan. Budapest. Hungary. Hungary. Macao. Argos. Malta. Switzerland. France. Dalmatia. Pisano. Pyrenees. Kronstadt. England. Carinthia. Krassove. Herzegovina. Athens. Sweden. Dalmatia. Palermo. Switzerland. Provence. Nice. Dolomite Mts.
Crete. Hungary. Lebuan. Crete. Como. Styria. Crete. Crete. Gravosa. Formosa. Sicily. Peru. Crete. Enbcea. Patras.
Island of Timor.
Porto Rico. Tunis. Moravia. Candia. Syria.
Loo Choo Islands.
Tyrol. Nagasaki. France,
STANDEN ;:
. venusta Sch. . vetusta Ze,
. villae AZZ.
. virgata Jai.
REVERSED SHELLS IN THE MANCHESTER MUSEUM.
Greece. | Cl. vulcanica evs. Styria. | Cl. waageni SZo/. Lombardy. | Cl. walderdorffi Parr. Minorca. | Cl. yokohamensis Cy.
ABNORMALLY SINISTRAL.
Of rare occurrence. Gibbus lyonetianus 7a//as. Mauritius. | Limnezea peregra Z. Helix pomatia Z. France. | Planorbis spirorbis Z. H. aspersa JZ7i//. France. | Melantho decisa Say. H. nemoralis Z. Bundoran, Ireland. | Buccinum undatum Z. H. hortensis J/7i//. Devonshire. | Neptunea antiqua Z. H., arbustorum Z. Derbyshire. | N. contraria Z. Achatina panthera /¢. Madagascar.
AMPHIDROMOUS SPECIES.
Species in which the proportional numbers of Dextral and Sinistral specimens are about equal.
235
Corsica. Himalaya. Dalmatia.
Japan.
Tooting, Surrey.
Tenby. Tennessee.
Isle of Thanet.
Scotland. Vigo Bay.
Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is.
Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is.
Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is.
Saagioniah Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is.
Sandwich Is.
Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is,
Amphidromus appressus J7/ss. Java. | A. (Ach.) johnsoni ewe. A. citrinus 477. Siam. | A. (Ach.) concinna /Vewce. A. comes Pfr. Siam. | A. (Ach.) cucumis Gzz/. A. cambodgensis /v. Philippines. | A. (Apex) cestus ewe. A. entobaptus Dohrn. 1. of Busnanga. | A. (A.) cinerosa P/7. A. columellaris 47677. Tenember. | A. (A. perversa Swazns. A. jayanus Lea. Siam. | A. (A.) swifti Mew. A. interruptus 47/2/77. Sunda Island. | A. (A.) bicolor Gz. A. maculiferus Soz. Philippines. | A. (A.) decora Fér. A. melanomma P/7. Borneo. | A. (A.) mustellina A/ze%. A. niversus 47777. Singapore. | A. (A.) horneri Baldwin. A. perversus Z. Moluccas. | .\. (A.) consanguinea Syz7th. A. chloris Ave. Philippines. Buliminus dormant Szzzzer. Florida. | A. (\.) petricola Vez. Partula otaheitana 47g. Tahiti. | A. (A.) longispira Syzz//. Achatinella (E ibaa) variabilis A. (A.) adamsi Vez.
Newe. Sandwich Is. | A. (A.) lugubris Fer. A. (Eb.) albescens Gu/. Sandwich Is. | A. (Laminella) physa WVev0c. A. (Eb.) curta Vewc, Sandwich Is. A. (Ee b.) juncea Gz/. Sandwich Is. | A. (L.) straminea Ave. A. (Eb). lactea Gzz/. Sandwich Is. | A. (L.) citrina Pfr. A. (Achatinellastrum) bilineata Ave. A. (L.) alexandri (Vez.
Sandwich Is. | A. (L.) soror Wewe.
A. (Ach.) dunkeri Cuzg. Sandwich Is. | A. (L.) impressa Pease. A. (Ach.) olivacea Ave. Sandwich Is. | A. (L.) gravida Fér. A. (Ach.) prasina Ave. Sandwich Is. | A. (L.) venusta AZzgh. A. (Ach.) pulcherrima Sw. Sandwich Is | A. (L.) tetroa Pfr. A. (Ach.) castanea Rve. Sandwich Is. | A. (L.) sanguinea Mew. A. (Ach.) adusta Ave. Sandwich Is. | A. (L.) picta AZzgh. A, (Ach.) strigosa Gze/. Sandwich Is. | A. (Newcombia) °plicata Migh. A. (Ach.) vulpina 4é,. Sandwich Is. A. (Ach. )crassidentata Pf. Sandwich Is. | A. (N.) cumingi Veze. A. (Ach.) varia Gze/. Sandwich Is. | A. (N.) cinnamonia P/. A. (Ach.) stewarti 2ve. Sandwich Is. | A. (Amastra) elongata /Vewze. A. (Ach.) trilineata Gud. Sandwich Is. A. (Ach.) virens Gu. Sandwich Is. | A. (Auricula) labrosa Azcey. A. (Ach.) fuscozona S7zz¢h. Sandwich Is. A. (Ach.) fulgens Vews. Sandwich Is. | A. (Aur.) brunnea Smt. A. (Ach.) aagusta Svezth. Sandwich Is. | A. (Aur.) virens Gud. A. (Ach.) diversa Gzed. Sandwich Is. | A, (Aur.) dwighti /Vetwe,
236 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
Achatinella (Auricula) mighelsiana 7/7. A. (Par.) multilineata (Vezc.
Sandwich Is. Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) abbreviata Ave. Sandwich Is. | A. (Par.) grisea Vee. Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) rufa ewe. Sandwich Is. | A. (Par.) dolium Pfr. Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) producta Rve. Sandwich Is. | A. (Par.) tappanica C. B. Ads. A. (Aur.) adusta Ave. Sandwich Is. . Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) tenella Azcey. Sandwich Is. | A. (Par.) ampulla Gy/. Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) uniplicata Pease. Sandwich Is. | A. (Par.) redfieldi ewe. Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) triplicata Pease. Sandwich Is. | A. (Par.) splendida Vewe. Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) auricula Pfr. Sandwich Is. | A. (Par.) fasciata GoeZ. Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) crassula S7z¢h. Sandwich Is. | A. (Bulimella) rosea Sw. Sandwich Is. A. (Aur.) westerlundiana Azncey. A. (Bul.) candicans Pf. Sandwich Is.
Sandwich Is. | A. (Bul.) ovata WMezwe. Sandwich Is. A. (Partulina) tesselata ewe. A. (Bul.) decipiens Pf. Sandwich Is.
Sandwich Is. | A. (Bul.) rugosa ewe. Sandwich Is. A. (Par.) proxima Pease. Sandwich Is. | A. (Eburnella) fulva Pf. Sandwich Is. A. (Par.) ventrosa P/r. Sandwich Is. | A. (E.) hawaiensis Ba/d. Sandwich Is. A. (Par.) virgulata Mforch. Sandwich Is. | A. (E.) casta eve. Sandwich Is. A. (Par.) radiata Gi’. Sandwich Is. | A. (E.) rhodorraphe S7zzth.Sandwich Is. A. (Par.) marmorata Gld. Sandwich Is. | A. (E.) semicarinata Vezwc. Sandwich Is.
——— > + 82 —_—__—_————__
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
343rd Meeting, June 21st, 1905. Mr. Edward Collier (Vice-President) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Members Elected.
William Freeman, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.
Samuel Hainsworth, 60, George Street, Saltaire, Yorks.
John Laycock, 30, Herries Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.
William Whitehead, 25, High Street, Stalybridge.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Dr. H. Becker, Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
H. C. Napier, Headington Hill, Oxford.
James Simpson, 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.
Paper Read. ““Note on //ygromla riufescens m. stnestrorsum,” by the Rev. W. A. Shaw. Exhibits.
By the Rev. W. A. Shaw : Aygromia rufescens m. senistrorsum from Northants.
By Mr. Chas. Oldham : On behalf of Mr. W. Royal Dawson, Aedéx pomatia from Heacham, near King’s Lynn, Norfolk. The occurrence of 4. pomatza in East Anglia has not hitherto been recorded. ‘The habitat given—amongst ivy on walls— is also curious, and very suggestive of the habits of its ally, Z. asfersa.
By Mr. A. Abercrombie : A series of land and freshwater shells from the Bombay Presidency, and from Kashmir ; also /anthina fragilis from the Bombay coast.
By Mr. F. Taylor: Cochlicopa lubrica var. hyalina from shore fence, between the Pier and the ‘‘Dingle,” Colwyn Bay. The variety occurred plentifully, very clean and beautiful specimens, and all of the var. /dr¢co¢des in form. The few coloured shells found were all typical in shape.
3y Mr. R. Standen: A portion of the fine collection of Tasmanian marine shells recently presented, through the good offices of Miss M. Lodder, to the Manchester Museum, by the Victoria Museum, Launceston.
237
NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC : I., Notes on a Collection dredged near Karachi and Maskat.
By SIR CHARLES ELIOT, K.C.M.G.
(Read before the Society, September 13th, 1905).
THE specimens noticed below were dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European telegraph service, near Karachi, Maskat, and various points on the South Coast of Persia, but all, as it would seem, outside the Persian Gulf. The collection comprises the following
species : No. of Specimens.
1. Bornella digitata Adams & Reeve a5: 29 2. Pleurophyllidia semperi Gergh I 3. Pl. taeniolata Bergh I 4. Linguella sarasinica Bergh I 5. Thecacera maculata sp. ov. 2 6. Goniodoris modesta (?) 4. & 4. I 7. Chromodoris semperi Bergh I var. nigrostriata Eliot 4
var. tenuilinearis Farran 2
8. Chr. sannio Bergh I g. Chr. pusilla Bergh I to. Chr. petechialis (Gou/d) 4 11. Casella atromarginata 7. G A. Adams I 12. Platydoris townsendi sf. nov. I 13. Doridopsis miniata 4. & 7. 9 14. D. rubra (Ke/aart) 23 15. D. nigra (St2mpsor) 3
The pecular character of this list is due to the fact that it represents the results of dredging, not of shore ccllecting ; hence, no doubt, the paucity or absence of Platydoris, Duscodoris, Asteronotus, Hexa- branchus and other forms which are usually abundant in the littoral zone of the Indo-Pacific. But the genera and species are nearly all already recorded from that ocean and are mostly characteristic of it, as Bornella, Chromodoris, Doridopsts, which, in number of specimens, form the large majority of the collection. If the identification of No. 6 with Gonzodoris modesta A. & H. is correct, the only exception is Thecacera maculata. ‘The occurrence in these waters of a form hardly distinguishable from a British species is remarkable.
The collection, therefore, indicates that, as all our other information leads us to anticipate, the Nudibranchiata of the North-West Indian Ocean are at any rate largely the same as those found near the East Coast of Africa, the Philippines, and the South Sea Islands.
238 JOURNAL OF GONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
BORNELLID&.
Bornella digitata Adams & Reeve.
Eliot, “‘Nudibranchs from E. Africa and Zanzibar, V.,” Proc. Zool, Soc., 1904, vol. 2, pp. 100-102, and references quoted there.
Twenty-nine specimens from Karachi. The living animals are said to have been of a very light flesh colour, with red markings and a red ring or spot near the end of each branch of the cerata.
They all appear to belong to the type of 2B. digttata, not B. arbor- escens. The larger are about 30 mm. long., the smaller 15-20 mm. All have at least five pairs of cerata, and the larger have six or seven pairs. The first pair of cerata are nearly always trifid, occasionally quadrifid, and rarely bifid. The second, third, and fourth pairs are generally bifid, but some of them are occasionally trifid. The fifth, sixth, and seventh pairs are simple. The first pair usually bear two branchize—less frequently three. The second, third, and fourth two branchie, the fifth one branchia, and the sixth and seventh none. The rosettes over the mouth are well developed in all the specimens, and generally contain about twelve tubercles each. The rhinophore sheaths always bear three comparatively short processes in front, and a single conspicuously long one behind.
These specimens are somewhat more liberally furnished with cerata than those which I have found on the East Coast of Africa, and agree in this respect with those described by Bergh from the Philippines, and by Alder and Hancock from the East Coast of India.
PLEUROPHYLLIDIAD#.
It is somewhat remarkable that so small a collection should con- tain three species of this family, which is by no means abundant, though widely spread in the Indo-Pacific. - The Pleurophyllidiadee are rare in the littoral zone, and appear to frequent moderate depths, where they are generally found in sand or mud. ‘Two specimens belong to Pleurophyllidia and one to Linguella, which differs from the former genus in that the anterior margin of the mantle does not form an unbroken fold behind the rhinophores, but passes between them, and is continuous with the surface in front of them.
The species of Pleurophyllidia are characterized with a distinctness unusual in Nudibranchs. Besides the dentition, which is different for each known species, good characters are offered by the markings on the back which are generally longitudinal stripes, but sometimes tubercles, by the lamella in the underside of the mantle, and the papillae or other prominences on the tentacular shield.
Pleurophyllidia semperi Bergh. (PI. V., fig. 7).
Bergh, ‘‘Bidrag Monogr. Pleuropbyllidierne,” p. 37; 7d, “ Mal.
uch,” Semper’s Reisen, vi.. p. 240.
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 239
One specimen from Maskat, captured in 10-20 fathoms. The notes on the living animal say that the body was of a pellucid bluish tint with patches of dark sepia (almost black), and longitudinal lines of yellow. The rhinophores were tipped with lake. The sole of the foot was blue with a yellow border.
The preserved specimen is 13 mm. long and 6 broad, but much macerated, nearly all the skin, including the gills and side lamelle, being lost. All that can be made out is that the rhinophores are dark brown with vertical lamine, and that the back bears traces of thin longitudinal stripes of bright metallic white with a yellowish tinge.
The jaws are of a clear pale yellow, with 4-6 rows of distinct blunt denticles.
The radula consists of 35 rows, with from 30-35 teeth on each side of the rhachis. The rhachidian tooth is rather broad, with four strong denticles on each side of the central cusp. ‘The first lateral is rather large and clumsy, with four small irregular denticles on the outside. The rest are hamate, rather slender and elongate. The first five or six of them bear one or two small denticles near the apex. The remainder are smooth.
The coloration and dentition seem to indicate that this is P. semperi, though if I correctly understand Bergh’s description, the jaws bore no denticles in the specimens examined by him. The species is recorded from the Philippines.
Pleurophyllidia taeniolata Bergh. (Pl. V., fig. 1).
Bergh, ‘‘Bidrag Monogr. Pleurophyllidierne,” pp. 42-46.
One specimen from Maskat, captured in 37-38 fathoms. A sketch of the living animal represents it as moderately elongated. The back is pale bright yellow, marked with purplish lines. The side lamellee are reddish brown. ‘The sides of the foot and the tentacular shield are purplish black. ;
The preserved specimen, which is slightly bent, is about 42 mm. long and 21 mm. broad. ‘The colour of the back is greyish violet of various shades, in places very deep and nearly black. The mantle, tentacular shield and foot are all edged with pale yellow. Pown the back run 34 pale yellowish stripes, of which 19 are much more dis- tinct than the others. They are not quite straight or parallel to one another, and sometimes meet and unite. It will be noticed that whereas in the sketch the ground colour appears to be yellow with purple lines, the relative preponderance of colours is reversed in the preserved specimen. This isa not uncommon phenomenon in pre- served Nudibranchs. The foot is whitish with a faint pinkish tinge. ‘The gills and side lamelle are greyish, with traces of black
240 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I1, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
here and there. They are numerous, very thin, rather large and foliaceous. The rhinophores are close together, violet with yellow tips. They bear vertical lamellz. The mantle edge is continuous behind them and deeply indented. No caruncle is visible. The tentacular shield is pale violet grey with ample auriculate ends.
The jaws bear at least eight rows of denticles, behind which are smaller projections resembling a tessellated pavement.
The radula consists of 45 rows with a formula of about 55.1.1.1.55. The median tooth has a strong central cusp with one denticle on each side rather high up, and five lower down. ‘The first lateral bears 5-6 denticles on the external side, and the next few laterals 4-5. After that the number does not exceed three, and towards the end of the row is two or one only. The last 10-12 teeth are quite smooth. The teeth have slender projections behind the bases, as in Bergh’s figure (Joc. cit., plate vi., fig. 5).
In spite of some slight differences of colour, I think this specimen may be referred to P. ¢aeniolata, recorded hitherto only from Mozam- bique.
Linguella sarasinica Bergh. (Pl. V., fig. 2).
Bergh, “Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pleurophyllidien” Verh. K. K. zool.-bot. Geselisch. Wien, 1890, pp. 10-12.
One specimen from Charbar captured in ten fathoms. According to the notes, the animal, which varied its shape continually, was drab- grey, turning to slate-grey, with white spots surrounded by a margin of the same colour as the dorsal surface, but darker. ‘The under surface was ‘‘pellucid like a jelly fish.” The buccal mass was protruded (apparently during life) and pinkish.
The preserved specimen is nearly circular, being 15 mm. long and 14 mm. broad. The mantle margin is unusually broad, measuring 8mm. The back is brownish grey, bearing flat white tubercular spots with dark-grey centres. A few larger ones are set in approximately regular rows and are about 1°5 mm. wide. The rest are about half that size. The tentacular shield is covered with small white tubercles and the anterior part of the body is arranged in the manner characteristic of the genus. The foot and tentacular shield are bordered with white. The gills are set on the under side of the broad mantle edge, but no cleft is visible. They are twenty-five to thirty in number, and, as a rule, each large one is followed by two small ones. The side lamellae are not very numerous, being only about twenty. They are set slant- wise and not parallel to the sides of the body.
Vhe buccal mass is very large and of a bright orange colour. ‘The jaws bear at least six series of distinct denticles and smaller prominences behind them, resembling a tessellated pavement. ‘The
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC, 241
radula consists of thirty-two rows, containing about one hundred teeth, as a maximum, on each side of the rhachis. The rhachidian teeth are shaped much as in Bergh’s plates, with hollowed out bases, but the denticles are somewhat less numerous. There are generally seven or eight on each side of the central cusp, of which two or three are on the cusp itself. The first lateral is broad and bears five den- ticles on the outside: the next two laterals bear four or five denticles. After that the teeth appear bifid (except a few which are quite smooth), but below the two prongs there is often one and sometimes two small denticles.
This specimen is probably referable to Z. savasznica, recorded from the East Coast of Ceylon.
DORIDIDH PHANEROBRANCHIATA. Thecacera Fleming.
This little known genus appears not to have been examined since the time of Alder and Hancock. They describe three British species, and mention that Darwin found another in the Chonos Archipelago on the West Coast of South America.
Thecacera is practically a Polycera with large rhinophore sheaths. The three British species seem to be well distinguished from one another. 7. pennigera is white with spots of black and brilliant orange. It has no distinct oral veil, the branchiz are three, the extra- branchial appendages two, and the formula of the radula is 3+2. o. 2+3. TZ. virescens is peach-coloured with green markings. The rhinophore sheaths are smalland simple: the branchiz five, encircled with a row of obtuse tubercles: the formula of the radula 5+2. o. 2+5. TZ: capitata is white with greenish brown markings. It has a tuberculate oral veil and tubercles on the sides of the back : seven branchiz with a stoutish lobe on each side; and a radula with the formula 4+ 2. 0. 2+4.
The species described below is very closely allied to 7: pennigera.
Thecacera maculata sp. nov.
Cf. Alder & Hancock, “Mon. Brit. Nudibr.,” Zhecacera, gen. 5. Thecacera pennigera, fam. 1, pl. 21a.
Two specimens from Karachi, evidently much contracted and dis- torted. The largest, which is almost globular, is 6 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, and 6 mm. high. The smaller is somewhat more elongate.
The notes on the living animals say that they would not extend themselves, but remained curled up. The body was of a very light flesh colour, with black spots, and a few orange-red spots. In the smaller specimens both kinds of spots were much more numerous. The rhinophores and branchiz were splashed with orange red. The intestines showed through the semi-transparent body.
242 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
Both the preserved specimens are of a dirty opaque-white, with orange-yellow pigment on the appendages, rhinophore-sheaths and branchiz. The larger specimen has a few orange-yellow spots on the anterior part of the body, and a few large greenish-black spots here and there. In the smaller specimens the colours are similar, but both the black and yellow spots are much more numerous and more generally distributed, though smaller.
The anterior part of the body seems to be much as in Alder and Hancock’s plate of Zhecacera pennigera. No oral tentacles or oral veil are visible, and the anterior margin of the foot is so much con- tracted that its characters cannot be safely formulated. The foot, as preserved, is rather narrow and terminates in a distinct tail. The dorsal surface is smooth, and there is no trace of a mantle edge. The rhinophores are perfoliate, and surrounded on three sides by large and solid sheaths, which are open on the inside. The outline appears to have been as in Alder and Hancock’s plate, but it is difficult to be certain. The branchiz also appear to be as represented by Alder and Hancock, and may be counted as either three or five, the lateral plumes being deeply cleft. The plumes are stout and mostly bi-pinnate. Behind the branchiz are two stout cylindrical append- ages, quite simple and showing no trace of division, The integuments contain many spicules, which are fairly straight and bear numerous little knobs or short branches.
The central nervous system is yellowish, and markedly granulate. The cerebro-pleural ganglia are roundish, not distinctly divided into two halves; the pedal ganglia are pear-shaped. The jaws are yellowish-brown and bear a wing-shaped process as in Polycera. The cutting edge is irregular, but not denticulate. he radula consists of nine rows in both specimens, the formula being 9 x 3+2. 0. 2+3. The rhachis is bare, the two innermost teeth yellowish-brown, the three outer colourless. The first lateral is hamate, rather small, and has a projection on the side just above the base which is fairly long. The second lateral is considerably larger than the first, but with a narrower base. The lower part of the side projects considerably as a prominent ledge. The third tooth is much flatter, but bears a low cusp, and the base is prolonged into a short tail; this tail is visible also in the fourth tooth, which is a mere plate without any cusp. The fifth tooth is a small curved plate. The liver is greyish and not divided ; it is covered by the whitish hermaphrodite gland. The penis is long, and bears a thick armature of minute hamate spines.
This species approaches so closely to 7. pexnigera that one may doubt if it is not identical with it. ‘The difference in habitat and climate (7: fennigera being recorded only from the British coast) inakes identity improbable, but the only certain points of difference
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 243
are (1) that the third tooth has a distinct cusp, whereas in Alder and Hancock’s plate of Z: pennigera it is quite flat; and (2) that the spicules are straighter and more uniformly nodulous. It is also pos- sible that the animal may have a longer and more distinct tail than T. pennigera. It therefore seems best to regard the species as probably separate, and to await a further examination of the living animal.
Goniodoris Forbes. Ten species have been referred to this genus :
1. G, nodosa (J/g. ).
Zea Castanea Aeneas
Ba GdspersdeA sommes
“i. (Ge @lnniney le Ge JEL
5. G. modesta 4. & 7.
6. G. danielsseni Friele & Hansen. 7. G. flavidula Bergh.
8. G. obscura Stimpson.
9. G. punctata Bergh. to. G. barroisi Vayssiere.
The tropical forms are not well known. G. flavidula appears to be known only by a figure (Bergh, “‘Semper’s Reisen,” Heft v., pl. 25, fig. 10), and G. asfersa, G. citrina, and G. modesta have not hitherto been recorded since the publication of Alder & Hancock’s “Notice of a collection of Nudibranchiate Mollusca made in India” (doc. cit. infra).
The species here described is probably G. modesta A. & H., though as it is represented by only one small specimen, and as Alder & Han- cock apparently made their description only from a drawing, some doubt as to the identity is possible.
G. castunea is recorded not only from the Atlantic and Mediter- ranean, but also from Otago, New Zealand, the identification being vouched for by Bergh (‘‘Semper’s Reisen,” vi., ii., p. 89).
Goniodoris modesta (?) Alder & Hancock.
Alder & Hancock, ‘‘ Notice coll. Nudibr. made in India,” 77. Zool. OEM VOle 55 a 132) pla2, ties 12) 1804.
One specimen from Karachi. Mr. Townsend remarks of the living animal, “Colouring dark brown, more or less mottled; large branchize very light brown, small points (?) dark brown.” ‘The preserved speci- men is purplish brown with traces of lighter mottlings but no indica- tions of the pale margin mentioned by Alder and Hancock. Its total length is t2 mm., and the maximum breadth across the branchize 5.5 mm. A third of the total length is formed by the long thin tail, which is only 1.3 mm. broad. ‘The general shape is as described by Alder & Hancock. The sides of the mantle are thin and sinuated,
244 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
“meeting in a point behind the branchiz, and thence forming a slight crest to the tail.” The “two lobes before the dorsal tentacles,” however, were not visible, the mantle edge appearing to be rounded in this part. On the surface of the back, between the branchiz and rhinophores, are four ridges which may, however, be merely wrinkles caused by the preserving fluid, as the specimen is clearly contracted. The rhinophores are. large, perfoliate, with no trace of pockets. The branchiz appear to be three, entirely unconnected with one another, one on each side and one anterior, distant 4 mm. from the others. The side branchiz are very large and strong, resembling valves with five lobes. What I interpret as the anterior branchia is so small that its nature is doubtful, and it may be merely the jagged termination of a ridge. A rough pencil sketch which accompanies the specimen represents two large feathery branchiz only, one on each side, but as two is a very rare if not unique number for these organs, the presence of a third plume seems probable. ‘The foot is very narrow and grooved in front. The head and oral tentacles are retracted and not large.
The buccal mass is minute, but the buccal crop attached to it by a short stalk is clearly visible. A careful examination, however, failed to detect a labial armature. Alder & Hancock found none in G. citrina, and according to Bergh’s description it is hardly present in G. castanea. ‘The minute radula consists of 32 rows of transparent teeth with the formula 1+1. 0.1+1. The innermost teeth are relatively large, hamate, indented behind near the base, with a rather solid body but slender hook, which has a projecting margin without denticulations. [he outermost teeth were very small and flat, but with a minute hook, as in G. castanea.
é
Goniodoris modesta.—a, half a row of teeth; 4, first tooth separately; c, second tooth separately.
This form appears to be a Goniodorts, and to agree both in colour and shape with G. modesta, but the branchiz are neither as described by Alder & Hancock, nor as usual in the genus. Alder & Hancock
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 245
say, “No specimen of this very distinct species was in the collection,” from which it may be inferred that their description was made entirely from the drawing, so that mistakes may have occurred. The original drawing must have been better than my copy of the printed plate if it enabled them to see all the details they record.
DORIDIDA CRYPTOBRANCHIATA. Chromodoris Alder & Hancock.
About 130 species of this genus have been described, mostly from external characters only. Further examination and particularly a comparison of living specimens will probably show that this number ought to be considerably reduced. The best specific distinctions seem to be those afforded by the radula and labial armature, although these certainly vary in size according to the age of the individual and perhaps in other respects. ‘The coloration and pattern are strikingly varying, and animals of widely different appearance are found to be connected by intermediate forms. It would seem that the human eye is not quite impartial in estimating variations of colour. As long as the coloration is subdued and the pattern indefinite, considerable variation is accepted without question within the limits of a species. A striking example of this 1s Archidoris tuberculata, which ranges from clear pale yellow to dark brown, with or without mottlings of grey, green, or pink. But when the coloration is vivid and the pattern distinct and symmetrical there is a strong tendency to create new species, although the amount of variation may not be greater than that exhibited in A. tuberculata.
Of the species described here, CZ. sannio seems the most distinct, having tubercles on the back (an unusual character in this genus) and spherical glands below the mantle edge. Chv. semperi appears to be connected by clear intermediate links with Chr. nigrostriata and Chr. tenutlinearis, which must hence be regarded as varieties. This is a very interesting case of variation, because it shows how remarkably distinct lines, which appear specifically characteristic, can be broken up into spots and dots, producing a pattern in which there are no lines at all.
Chr, pusilla (hitherto known only by a figure) belongs to a group characterized externally by having a few longitudinal lines on the back, and internally by having bifid teeth, with a few denticles below the bifurcation. Chr. /éneata, Chr. hilaris, and probably Chr. magnifica all belong to this group, and are perhaps merely varieties of one species.
Chr. petechialis belongs to a group characterized externally by a coloured border round the mantle, and spots on the dorsal surface. The teeth are not bifid but denticulate and rather erect. CAr.
246 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
pallescens, Chr. inornata and probably many others which are im- perfectly described belong to this group.
Chromodoris semperi Bergh. var. nigvostriata = Chr. nigrostriata Eliot. var. venutlinearis = Chr. tenutlinearis Farran.
Bergh, ‘‘Mal. Untersuch.,” Sesper’s Reisen, xi., pp. 482-484; Eliot, “Nudibranchs from E. Africa and Zanzibar, 1V.,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. 1, pp. 394-395; Farran, ‘‘Opisthobranchiate Mollusca,” Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, p. 342, 1905.
In describing Chr. nigrostriata, I hinted that it might prove to be a mere variety of Chr. sempert, in spite of some marked differences of coloration, and the present series of specimens seems to show that the two forms pass into one another and cannot be satisfactorily separated.
One specimen from Karachi is described as follows in the notes on the living animal: ‘‘ Semi-transparent, slatey-greyish flesh colour with bright orange spots, and irregular spots and streaks of deep purple, almost black. The spots on the tail end are much clearer than those on the fore end. The upper part of the body is darker and brighter than the lower part. The six points (“¢., branchiee, as is shown by a rough sketch) are marked very prettily with a row of orange spots and an alignment of dark purple.” ‘These colours are still fairly well kept in the preserved specimen. ‘The ground colour is greyish, marked with fine black lines, which are often broken up into short streaks or dots, especially on the sides of the body and behind the rhinophores. The back and sides are covered with dull yellow spots which are specially thick near the branchiz and on the tail. The central part of the back, between the rhinophores and branchie, is darker than the next and almost black.
Length 21.5 mm., niaximum breadth 7 mm., height 6.5 mm. The shape is high and fairly stout. The texture is quite smooth and soft.
The foot is narrow, grooved, and expanded in front with tentacular angles. The tail projects behind. The mantle margin is very narrow and bears no visible glands or projections. ‘The oral tentacles are - longish and digitate. The pockets of the rhinophores and branchize are only very slightly prominent. The branchie are six, simply pinnate. ‘They bear an extremely elegant pattern, composed of two fine black lines between which is a row of yellow dots, on the outside, and of a single black line on the inside, at the bottom of which still remains a bright yellow spot.
The buccal mass is large, and the salivary glands long. ‘The labial armature is a complete and fairly strong yellow ring, composed of short, thick, mace-like hooks. ‘There are distinct prominences on each side of the main hook. ‘The yellow radula consists of 85 rows,
ELIOT: NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 247
containing about too teeth on each side of the rhachis. They are bifid, bearing one, often not very large denticle below the strongly hooked cusp. The innermost teeth are rather irregular, being some- times simply bifid, and sometimes bearing one or even two denticles on the inner side. The outermost teeth are low and bear three or four serrulations on the broad apex.
This specimen comes very near to the typical Chr. semperi as des- cribed by Bergh. ‘The only difference of importance is that it bears lines which are frequently broken up into spots, whereas the typical form has no lines but spots only.
Chr. semperi var. nigrostriata.
Four specimens from Maskat. The notes on the living animal say the body was pellucid blue with deep purple diagonal streaks and yellow spots. The branchiz pellucid yellow with a red alignment.
The largest preserved specimen is 35 mm. long, 11 mm. broad, and r5 mm. high, being thus high and fairly stout in build. In all the specimens the tail projects and, as preserved, is turned up. The ground colour varies in the different specimens from slatey-blue to grey, and bears two sets of markings. (1) A pattern of lines varying from deep purplish black to slate colour. In one specimen the lines are much as described by me (/oc. ci¢.) in specimens from Zanzibar, rather stiff and looking as if they were deeply engraved. In two they are thin, but rather more freely drawn, more curved, and with numerous branches. In the fourth they are not numerous, but much broader than in the ordinary specimens, being bands rather than lines. (2) Yellow spots which show traces of having been of a peculiarly vivid colour. They are not blotches, but roundish spots, the largest not more than 2 mm. in diameter, and most much smaller. They are arranged fairly symmetrically in the interstices of the dark lines, and form a more or less regular border round the mantle and the foot. The pockets of the rhinophores and branchiz are slightly raised. The rhinophores are long, deeply perfoliate, grey (probably representing red). The branchiz are longish, eight in number, simply pinnate, grey with remains of vivid yellow pigment inside, but no black lines. The mantle is moderately ample over the head. The foot narrow, expanded markedly in front, with a deep grove and tentacular angles, which are as much as 4 mm. long.
The buccal mass is rather large, and the salivary glands 12 mm. long and 2 mm. broad. The radula and labial armature are as des- cribed above for Chr. sempert, but the innermost teeth appear to have regularly a single denticle on the inside.
I think that the differences between these specimens and the specimen first described are not sufficient to constitute more than a
248 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
variety. The red lines on the branchize seem a connecting link between the elaborate pattern found in CAr. semperi and the pure red branchiz of Chr. nigrostriata from Zanzibar.
Chr. semperi var. tenuilinearis Farran.
Two specimens from Maskat, which agree with the above described var. nigrostriata in general characteristics, but differ somewhat in colour. They are about 20 mm. long. There are no notes on the living aninials.
The colour as preserved is pale greyish green of various shades. The rhinophores and branchiz are brownish grey, probably represent- ing an original red.
In one specimen there is a fairly regular reticulate pattern on the back and sides formed by the intersection of a few lines, which are mostly dark green of varying intensity, though some are black. In the interstices of the pattern are white spots, which are sometimes formed by the confluence of two or three smaller ones.
In the second specimen there are no lines at all on the sides, and the lines on the back are faint and appear to be of much the same colour as the rest of the dorsal surface, but to be rendered more con- spicuous by having a white stripe on each side. There are three rows of whitish spots on the back and two on each side of the body.
The labial armature and radula are as described for var. nzgrostriata. The innermost teeth are distinctly trifid.
These specimens, particularly the second, resemble very closely Mr. Farran’s Chr. tenutlinearis from Ceylon, from which they differ only in having whitish spots as well as lines.
Chromodoris sannio Bergh. (Pl. V., fig. 3).
Bergh, “ Mal. Untersuch,” Semfer’s Retsen, xvii., p. 939.
One specimen, apparently from Maskat.
The notes on the living animal say merely, ‘‘ Deep purple spots, orange round margin.’ According to a rough sketch, the back is yellowish with purple spots. Round the margin of the mantle runs a border of orange spots, separated from one another by equal inter- vals. The sides of the body are faintly purple, and the foot has a distinct purple border. ‘The rhinophores and branchie are purple.
The preserved specimen is stoutly built, 20 mm. long, 13 mm. broad, and 11 mm. high. ‘The back is arched; the colour is yellowish white. Round the mantle-edge are distinct traces of a border, con- sisting of alternate patches of orange and white. The sides of the body are sloping, but the free-mantle margin is not wide. The foot is rather narrow (6 mm.) ; the tail projects a little behind the body ; the back is covered with scattered, small-pointed tubercles, lighter in colour at the top. About twelve are rather larger than the others, and
ELIOYV : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 249
smaller ones are set in a circle round each of them, but there are others scattered between these figures, and the pattern is not very conspicuous or symmetrical. On the under side of the mantle margin, just to the left of the tail, are two spherical glandular bodies, with a diameter of about 2 mm. The foot is distinctly grooved in front, with projecting corners. The oral tentacles are retracted. The sheaths of the rhinophores are slightly raised. The edge of the branchial pocket is also slightly raised and turned outwards. The branchize are ten, simply pinnate. The anal papilla is central, and rather large.
The labial armature is faint, composed of bifid rods, set so as to make a tessellated pavement. The radula is small, colourless, and crowded. ‘The teeth are erect, with two prongs at the top, and 4-6 denticles below ; the outermost are lower than the others, and irregu- larly serrate at the top ; the innermost have an accessory denticle on the side nearer the rhachis, but I did not see more than one such denticle.
Chromodoris pusilla Bergh. (Pl. V., fig. 6).
Bergh, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vi., 1874, pl. 1, figs. 18-20; Z@,, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 9, 1887, p. 309, foot-note.
One specimen from Muskat. It is solidly built, being 19 mm. long, 6.5 mm. broad, and 6 mm. high. The colour is uniform greyish drab with five narrow stripes onthe back. ‘The inside of these stripes is only a little deeper than the rest of the ground colour, but the edges are bordered by darker lines. The medium stripe runs from the branchize to the rhiaophores. The two outermost form an ellipse passing round the rhinophores and touching the sides of the branchial pocket, but not extending behind it; the remaining two lines are intermediate and join this ellipse at the pockets of the rhinophores and branchiz. It would appear from the sketch and notes on the living animals that the original coloration was white and bright scarlet.
The back is flat and quite smooth. The foot is grooved in front and projects behind. The branchial and rhinophorial pockets are very slightly raised. There is hardly any mantle margin at the sides, and even over the head and tail it is narrow. The branchie are twelve and set in a complete circle.
The labial armature is yellow and continuous but divided into two halves by a deep groove. The elements are shaped like short hooks or maces and form a very elegant mosaic. ‘The radula consists of sixty-nine rows of yellowish teeth, of which there are at most fifty-five on either side of the rhachis. The teeth are bifid and bear usually four but occasionally five to six denticles below the bifurcation. The prongs of.this bifurcation and the upper denticles are rather long and
250 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
distinct, but when there are more than four the lower are small. The outermost teeth are lower than the rest, and squarish, with three or or four jags on the top. The innermost have on the inside one distinct denticle and two or three smaller ones. From the top they appear trifid.
To judge from its coloration this animal is Chromodoris pusilla, which is only known by a drawing made by Graeffe, and published by Bergh. It was apparently found in the Islands of the South Pacific.
The form is closely allied to Chr. lineata, Chr. hilaris and other striped species, and is probably merely a variety, but may be retained as a species, provisionally, since the coloration is very distinct.
Chromodoris petechialis' (Gould).
Gould, ‘‘ U.S. Exploring Exped.,” 1838-42, vol. 12, p. 296, atlas, figs. 391, 391a; Eliot, ‘‘ Nudibranchs from the Pacific,” Proc. Malac. S06, 1904, Ppp. 23 1-2:
Three specimens. The locality is not stated, but they are with others said to come from Karachi. The notes on the living animal say “‘ Pellucid substratum ; edge bright orange; irregular spots deep crimson.” The branchiz are said to have been anemone-like and colourless ; the rhinophores short and colourless.
The specimens are of much the same size and colour. That from which the following description is taken is about 11 mm. long, 7°5 mm. broad, and 4°5 mm. high. The general colour is a reddish- white, with a distinct light border, but no trace of the crimson spots, which have no doubt become diffused. The animal is quite smooth and soft, but not gelatinous. The foot is folded together, but appar- ently would not be narrow if spread out. The anterior margin bears a broadish shallow groove. ‘The tentacles are retracted. The mantle edge is ample, and overhangs the body all round. The branchize are twelve, set in a semicircle, with a short spiral at the ends, simply pinnate ; they are colourless, with white lines on the pinne. The rhinophores bear about twenty perfoliations, marked by white lines.
The intestines are mostly of a deep reddish-purple, and the buccal mass bears blotches of the same. The central nervous-system has a strong reddish-yellow tinge which is deeper on the pedal ganglia than on the cerebro-pleural. The labial armature is a complete ring, purplish towards the outside and greenish-yellow towards the inside. The elements are bent rods, with rather irregularly cleft ends. They are shorter on the inside than on the outside.
The radula is colourless and transparent, consisting of forty-five rows, containing at most about sixty teeth on either side of the rhachis,
r It is possible that these specimens are the same as the animal described as Chr. histrio by
Bergh in ‘The Danish Expedition to Siam,” 1889-1900, p. 184, pl. ii., fig. 22, but the name petechialis has priority.
ELIOL : NUDIBRANCUS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 251
which bears indistinct triangular thickenings. ‘The teeth are very erect ; those near the middle of the half-rows bear 7-8 denticles rather high up on the outer side ; the outermost are taller and more erect than is usual in the genus, and bear 4-5 denticles on the apex. The innermost are broad, and have a prominence on the inner side, bear- ing 3-4 ridge-like denticles ; the second are also broader than the others, but I could not see any denticles on the inner side.
This animal clearly belongs to the same group as Cr. petechialts, Chr. tumulifera, Chr. pallescens, and Chr. tnornata, and is perhaps best referred to the first of these species, though there are some differences of detail in the labial armature and radula.
Casella atromarginata (Cuv.).
Bergh, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy', vi., 1874, pp. 102-9 ; Ld., Semper’s Reisen, xvii, p. 942; Eliot, “ Nudibranchs from E. Africa and Zanzibar, IV.,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1904, vol. 1, pp. 399-400.
One specimen captured in ten fathoms off Tahiri.
The living animal is said to have been of a drab tint, thickly mottled with olive-drab; the sides olive-drab, mottled with white ; on the margin of the mantle was a dark purple edging. This colora- tion is illustrated by a rough sketch, which also shows the rhinophores as purple and the branchize edged with purple. There is no coloured border round the foot.
The preserved specimen is contracted longitudinally, with the result that it has become almost circular, being about 35 mm. long and 32 mm. broad, The foot is only 15 mm, broad. The mantle . margin is ample, thick, and undulated. The general effect of the coloration is drab, but it 1s composed of a reddish-brown ground, in which, apparently beneath the skin, are numerous aggregations of whitish dots ; these become yellower near the edge, imparting a dis- tinct yellowish tinge; the underside is similar, but darker. ‘The mantle margin is marked by a distinct black line between two white ones. ‘he rhinophores are large and black, the edges of the pockets slightly raised. The branchial pocket is also slightly raised and crenulate, but, as preserved, contracted and closed. The branchial circuit appears to be much larger than the aperture can ever have been, and it is not clear how the plumes emerge; they are simply pinnate, twenty-four in number, and arranged in a double spiral, each half of which contains eight plumes outside and four inside.
The buccal cavity is extremely large, particularly the anterior por- tion, and the radula is in comparison small; the formula is 225 x about 65.0.65. The teeth are colourless, crowded and very small. The cusps are tall, and all the denticles are low down and hard to see. In the interior part of the row there are generally five denticles, more
252 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
rarely six or seven ; in addition to this, the two innermost teeth bear two or three denticles on the inside. ‘Towards the end of the rows the teeth have only one or two denticles, and the outermost teeth are. quite smooth. :
This specimen suggests that C. cémcta and C. atvomarginata may be varieties of one species. The living animal seems to have had very much the coloration of C. cézcfa, but, as preserved, there is no reason why it should not be referred to C. atromarginata.
Platydoris Bergh.
This genus belongs to the group of Cryptobranchiate Dorids which have hamate teeth, no labial armature, and usually tripinnate branchiz. It is distinguished from the other genera by its peculiar hard consistency, and the armature of the genitalia. The outermost teeth are often serrulate. The animals are usually very flat, with broad mantle margins, and in the tropics are very common under stones in the littoral zone. Outside the tropics the genus is recorded from the Mediterranean, but the Doris planata A. & H. of the British coasts appears to be a Gettodoris, not a Platydorts. Pl. variolata has been removed by Bergh to Azzsodoris. The following list of species is taken from Bergh’s “System der Nudibr. Gasterop.,” with some additions and alterations.
ii, 1G BikyO) WZ. 2. Pl. philippi Bergh.
3. Pl. canariensis (J Ordbigny). 4. Pl. punctata (D’Orbigny). 5. Pl. angustipes (WZ0rch).
6. Pl. arrogans Bergh.
7. Pl. brunnea Bergh.
8. Pl. eurychlamys Bergh.
9. Pl. formosa (A. & /.).
ror) Bl elliotit{G4e e2aZ/5).
rr. Pl. striata (Ke/aart).
12. Pl. inframaculata (4draham). 13. Pl. coriacea (Abraham).
14. Pl. speciosa (Abraham).
15. Pl. murrea (Advaham).
16. Pl. scabra (Cuvier).
17. Pl. sordida (Quay & Gaimard). 18. Pl. vicina Bergh.
19. Pl. (?) variegata Bergh.
20, Pl. hepatica (Abraham).
21. Pl. tabulata (ddraham).
22, Pl. pulchra £/of.
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 253
Bo Ne wae silea: SOMO
24. PI. (?) papillata Z7/ro?.
25. Pl. herdmant Farran.
26. Pl. (2) spinulosa Farran.
27. Pi. townsendi sf. nov.
A good many of the above species are incompletely described, and
those marked with ? possess features not altogether in accord with the characters of the genus.
Platydoris townsendi sp. nov. (Pl. V., fig. 4).
One specimen dredged in 180 fathoms off Ras Maidani.’ When first dredged the animal is said to have been hard and horny, and apparently dead. After being kept in water for some time, it put forth branchize and rhinophores, and felt softer. A sketch accompany- ing these notes depicts a flat pinkish Dorid, with an undulated margin and three rows of darker spots of pinkish brown. ‘The rhinophores and branchie are also pinkish, the latter spotted, and six or seven in number, set in circle open behind. .
As preserved, the specimen is horny but flexible, with the dorsal surface finely granulated. The length is 52 mm., and the breadth 34 mm. ‘The mantle edge is wavy and ample, measuring 11 mm. at the sides, 9 mm. over the head, and 5 mm. over the tail. The colour has become a whitish yellow with reddish brown spots of irregular shape, very much darker at the edges, so that they have an annulate appear- ance. They are arranged in three rows, of which the median contains one behind and three in front of the branchiz (the foremost being between the rhinophores), the left hand row four, and the right hand row only two. There are also faint traces of spots round the margin. The spots are due to the interstices between the dorsal granules being filled with red pigment, the tips of the granules remaining yellow. This red pigment can be scraped off. ‘The underside of the specimen is pure yellow.
The tentacles are rather long and digitate. ‘The foot is grooved and notched in front, but not widely expanded at the side of the notch. The edges of the rhinophorial and branchial pockets are -slightly raised and irregularly crenulate. The rhinophores are large, yellow with a few reddish dots and thickly perfoliate. The branchiz are also yellow, spotted with reddish brown, six or seven in number, _ according as a branch on the right is regarded as a separate plume or not.
The labial cuticle contains a few rods, but nothing which can be properly called a labial armature. The formula for the radula is about 102 x 120, 0. 120. The teeth are longish and simply hamate,
x1 Apparently opposite Maskat, between Chahbar and Jask.
254 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1905.
but the outermost bear two or three accessory denticles below the main hook. The verge is armed with scales bearing large spines, pyramidical or slightly hooked.
This specimen bears a general resemblance to the figures of Kentrodorts annuligera (Bergh, ‘““Semper’s Reisen,” plate xli., fig. r), of Doris maculosa Quoy & Gaimard, and of Doris funebris Kelaart (Alder & Hancock, ‘‘ Notice coll. nudibr. made in India,” plate xxx., figs. 9 and 10) which Bergh in his memoir on the Opisthobranchs collected by Kukenthal in the Moluccas and Borneo (Adz. Senekend. Ges., vol. 24, 1898) considers to be synonyms. But it certainly is not A. annuligera, and D. maculata and D. funebris are spotted on the foot. Still it is quite possible that they may represent this animal as much as KA. annuligera.
Pl. herdmani Farran, from Ceylon (‘‘Opisthobranchiate Mollusca,” Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, 1905, p. 337) seems allied, but neither the colour nor the dentition are quite the same.
DORIDOPSID.
Doridopsis Alder & Hancock.
This is one of the most numerous, both in species and individuals, of the genera of Nudibranchs to be found in the Indo-Pacific. Of the forms mentioned below DY. xigra and D. rubra are very abundant, and D. miniata, though it has not been recorded since Alder & Han- cock, is said by them to be common on the East Coast of India.
As in Chromodoris, the external appearance and coloration are extremely variable, and it is difficult to distinguish between species and varieties. D. rubra, D. fusca, and D. brockit are perhaps all varieties of one species. 2). zigra is protean in its transformations. As there is no radula in this genus, and the internal organs offer few characters which can be used for classification, there is a danger not only of creating unnecessary species, but also of overlooking real but inconspicuous differences, and a closer examination of the texture and other characters. of the living animals than has hitherto been possible is much needed.
Doridopsis miniata Alder & Hancock.
Alder & Hancock, ‘‘ Notice coll. Nudibr. made in India,” p. 130, JO, SORT, WR, TE),
Nine specimens of this form from Karachi. They are in an un- usually good state of preservation, and, though there is no note as to the appearance of the living animal, seem to have maintained the original shape and colour. ‘The tubercles, foot and mantle edge are orange. ‘The surface of the back is of a darker purplish tint, but the whole animal gives a general impression of deep orange.
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 255
The texture is stiff and spiculous, and the shape very flat. The largest individual is 23 mm. long and ro mm. broad. The margin of the mantle is wide and undulated, and the margin of the foot almost equally so, there being thus a deep groove all round the animal be- tween the two laminze. ‘The back bears a number of small and rather distant tubercles ; they are irregular in shape, and bear secondary excrescences ; the largest are about 0°8 mm. high, but they become smaller towards the mantle edge ; they are connected by a network of slightly-raised spiculous lines, which is distinctly visible from the underside of the mantle edge and from the inside of the dorsal integu- ments. The rhinophore pockets are raised and smooth. The gill pocket is the same, not indented and turned outwards. ‘The gills are consistently five in number, but vary somewhat in position; in three specimens at least the arrangement is clearly that described by Alder & Hancock, the anus lying close to the root of the left anterior plume. The anterior margin of the foot is indistinctly grooved, and there are two flattish tentacles. ‘The intestines are yellow and of the usual type. From the buccal cone issues a long, thin, yellow tube, bent in the usual way and of almost uniform breadth until it expands into a globular dilatation, just before entering the liver. The verge is armed with numerous colourless spines, some simply hamate, and some recurved with the tip bent backwards. The numerous spicules are colourless, transparent, and of very various shapes; some are simple, generally tapering towards the ends, and either straight or bent ; others have an accessory branch, and are either shaped like a fork or the letter Y, or else are straight with a single short projection on the side, about the middle of their length. None, however, appear to be cruciform, or to have more than a single branch; they are arranged in a reticulate pattern, which stands out very strongly on the underside of the mantle.
I think this animal is Alder & Hancock’s D. miniata, of which they say that it is vermilion coloured, but that there is a variety (probably represented by the present specimens) much paler with the centre of the back nearly black. They do not, however, mention the expanded margins of the foot, which is one of the most prominent characters of the form here described.
The stiff consistency of this form might lead one to assign it to Doriopsilla, but the buccal ganglia have long connectives and are situated posteriorly.
Doridopsis rubra (Kelaart).
Bergh, “Danish Exped. to Siam; Opisthobranchia,” p. 190-1. Eliot, “ Nudibranchs from E, Africa and Zanzibar, VI.,” Proc. Zool SIG, LOOA, VOl. 2, p. 270:
256 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. "8, OCTOBER, 1905.
Twenty-three specimens, apparently from Karachi, though the locality is not stated. They vary in length from 1 cm. to 3.5 mm., and in most the back is strongly arched, perhaps merely as a result ot contraction. The red colour is still visible in a few specimens, and from their all being put together under one heading, it may be assumed that they were all of much the same colour in life. As preserved they are mostly purplish grey, with various lighter and darker mottlings of the same colour. The characters correspond with previous descriptions. The texture is smooth and flabby. The edges of the mantle and foot are thin, moderately wide, and much un- dulated. The branchiz are set very far back, and the pocket as preserved is very shallow. The anterior margin of the foot appears to be indifferently either grooved or entire.
Doridopsis nigra (Stimpson).
Alder & Hancock, ‘‘ Notice coll. Nudibr. made in India,” p. 128 ; Bergh, ‘‘ Mal. Untersuch.,” Semper’s Retsen, xvii., p. 964; Eliot, ‘“Nudibranchs, from E. Africa and Zanzibar, VI.,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1904, vol. 2, p. 275.
The collection contains only one individual, but, as it is described as “fa small specimen of a common species,” the form is probably abundant in these waters, as it is in most parts of the Indo-Pacific. It is rr mm. long and 8 mm. broad. The living animal is said to have been black or very deep purple, with a deep crimson line near the the edge. his probably means a line round the mantle margin. If so it has disappeared, but the margins of the foot have a distinct light border. The surface is quite smooth without tubercles and the branchiz are six. The animal should probably be classed under the variety of this polymorphic species known as var. afrovirtdts, although the hitherto recorded specimens of that variety had spotted backs.
The collection also contains two specimens possibly referable to this form noticed by me (doc. cit.) already. The integuments are extremely thick and tough, and I doubt if the animals are really D. nigra, but without a fuller account of their characters when alive it is impossible to be certain.
Faunistic Notes, —I found Spheriun Jacustre in abundance dead on the dried mud of a small pond, on a village green near Coldred, in Kent, on high ground far from water. No other molluscs were seen. The pond seemed too small and too close to houses to have been visited by wild fowl. I have found Stexogyra octona fairly abundant and breeding in the Tropical Fern Houses at Kew. I believe Mr. Sykes exhibited some from the forcing pits there some fourteen years ago. It seems quite established there. The colony of 7irricola terrestris, near Dover, is flourish- ing, though it does not seem to have extended its limits much.—[Rev. Canon] J. W. Horstey (Read before the Society, September 13th, 1905).
257 vee
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Wills “ante JANUARY, 1906. No. 9.
Constitution & List of ddeinbers
OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
1.—This Society shall be called “(he Conchological Society of Great Britain and Frelanod.”
2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold- ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec- tions illustrative of the science.
3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.
4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay- ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what- ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society with a view to their publication in the Journal.
5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society.
6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.
7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed enve-
R
258 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
lope, addressed to the Scrutineers. The President and Secretary of the Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officto, also be members of the Council of the Society.
8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and the President is expected to give an address.
9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings as they may think desirable. :
10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.
11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the ensuing year.
12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members, appointed at a previous meeting.
13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the Council.
14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the Society.
15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.
The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings due on the Ist January in each year. ————¢-e-¢—____
LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 10905-1906.
PRESIDENT : G. W. CHASTER, M.R.C.S.
VICE-PRESIDENTS : R. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A., F.G.S. | Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT,
EDWARD COLLIER. MiyeNey Wolk Sh) 95 ALFRED LEICESTER.
HON. TREASURER: | HON. SECRETARY : E. D. BOSTOCK. W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc.
HON. LIBRARIAN : F. F. LAIDLAW, M.A.
HON. CURATOR: | HON. RECORDER : ROBERT STANDEN. CHARLES OLDHAM.
COUNCIL:
WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc. J. WILFRID JACKSON.
B. R. LUCAS.
E. C: STUMP: C. E. WRIGHT. WILLIAM MOSS.
LONDON BRANCH.
PRESIDENT = Rev. J. W. HORSLEY. SECRETARY J. E. COOPER.
LEEDS BRANCH.
SECRETARIES { j. SE tei
259
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Corrected to Dec. 13, 1905,
(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has fille
1889. 18809. 1889. 1897.
1878.
the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered).
HONORARY MEMBERS
(Limited to ten in number).
. Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, Vestregade, Copenhagen.
Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.
Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, WaseAT
Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.
O. P Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds.
1905. 1889. 1889.
1905.
1903. 1905.
Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53 Boulevard Léopold Grand, Ghent, Belgium. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch. Strebel, Dr. Hermann, Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering. Abercrombie, A., Staneswood, Fallowfield, Manchester.
1885. P Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.
1899. 1895.
1886. 1897. 1899. 1895. 1903. 1905. 19OI. 1904. 1904. I9OTI. I9OI. 1897.
1897. 1899. 1897. 1895. 1897. 1899. 1897. 1904. 1884.
Appleton, Thos. Alf., M.R.C.S., 46, Britannia Rd., Fulham, London, S.W. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend, Kent.
Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.
Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Baldwin, Joseph W., 472, Darwen Road, Dunscar, near Bolton, Lancs. Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.
Becher, Major E. F., R.A., 2, Berkeley Villas, Pittville, Cheltenham Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. Beeston, Harry, Hawkestone, Havant, Hants.
Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, R. Scuolo Tecnica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy. Benn, C. A., B.A., F.G.S., Pudleston Court, Leominster.
Bentley, R. H., 33, Church Crescent, Muswell Hill, London, N. Birley, Miss Caroline, 14, Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, London, W.
Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Wesley House, Dixon’s Green, Dudley, Worcestershire.
Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., 36, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol. Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.
Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.
Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Zoological Department, University, Glasgow. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.
Bolton, Herbert, F.R.S.E., Museum, Bristol.
Booth, Fred, 43, Victoria Road, Saltaire, Yorks.
Bostock, Edwin D., Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire.
1897.Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 7, The Square, Carshalton, Surrey. 1879. *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill Street,
Sydney, N.S,W
260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
1905. Breun, Louis A., 4, Greek Street, Soho Square, London, W.
1900. Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.
1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.
1905. Bromehead, G. N., Merton College, Oxford.
1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., The Locks, Hurst- plerpoint, Sussex.
1896. Burgess, Wm. Valentine, Davenham, Wythenshawe Road, Northenden, Manchester.
1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.
1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.
1902. Button, Fred. L., 969, Broadway, Oakland, California.
1888. Byne, Loftus St. George, M.Sc., Ermefield, Ivybridge, Devon.
1891. Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancs. 1893. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh.
1901. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs.
1878. PCash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax
1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.
1901. Chadwick, Wm. H., Harrogate, Nether Street, North Finchley, London, N. 1892. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester. 1905. Charnley, Jas. Robert, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston. 1895. P Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport, Lancs. 1887. Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorks.
1904. Chichester, Rev. Charles, Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple.
1889. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, nr. Chelmsford, Essex. 1904. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.
1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth.
1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.
1898. Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., University, Birmingham.
1897. Cook, Rev. Thomas, Whinwood, Westcliff Grove, Harrogate.
T901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts.
1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, [lighgate, London, N.
1895. Corker, Jas. S., Rose Lea, Mellor Road, Mellor, near Marple.
1890. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. 1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.
1879. Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W.
1886. DaCosta, Solomon I., 9, Gloucester Square, London, W.
1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W. 1904. Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey.
1903. Darbishire, A. D., M.A., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, London, S.W. 1886. Darbishire, Robert D., High Elms, Victoria Park, Manchester. 1899. Darnbrough, Frederick, Croft Villa, Eaglescliffe, Yarm-on-Tees. 1897. Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de I’ Université, Paris.
1898. Dean, J. Davy, 84, Dale Street, Lancaster.
1892. Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston, Lancs.
1901. Drummond, Robt., 20, Upper Talbot Street, Blackpool.
1901. Dyson, W. O., 41, Whiteley Street, Oldham.
1892. Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston, Lancs.
1895. Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd, Leicester. 1901. Edwards, W. .H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.
1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone, Kent.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 261
1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Endclitfe Crescent, Sheffield. 1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
1901. Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness, Lincolnshire.
1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.
1897. Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. 1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick. 1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.
1890. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 73, Redbourne Street, Hull.
1884.Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.
1886. Fitzgerald, Mrs. J., Kapai, Maidstone Road, Headcorn, Kent.
- 1898. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 14, Owen Street, Hereford.
1905. Foster, Miss Amy C. S., 45, Belsize Square, London, N.W.
1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.
1904. Frew, Dr. Alexander, 12, St. James’ Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. 1892. Fulton, Hugh, Kew Gardens, near London.
1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington
1898. Glover, Miss Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport, Lancs.
1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.
1897. Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S., ete., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey.
1902. Gower, Harry I)., 55, Benson Road, Croydon.
1904. Gravely, F. H., Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.
1904. Gray, Arthur A., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, U.S.A.
1905. Green, Wm. A., 4, Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park, Belfast.
1886. Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Gt. Barford Vicarage, St. Neots, Huntingdon.
1904. Grierson, P. H., Land Commission Office, Dublin.
1901. Gubbins, Mrs., Westwood Ho!, N. Devon.
1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, London, N.W.
1886. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.
1905. Hainsworth, Sam, 60, George Street, Saltaire.
1897. Hall, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.
1902. Hall, W. J., Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.
1905. Hamling, J. G., F.G.S., The Close, Barnstaple.
1902. [Hampson, Travis, Nuthurst, Hartopp Road, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldfield. 1895. ann, Rev. Adam, Wesley House, Rochdale.
1895. Hardy, John Ray, Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.
1895. Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester. 1887. llargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorks.
1897. Harrison, Miss G. M., 14, Queen’s Road, Southport, Lancs.
1904. Harrison, Russell C., 17, Tooting Bec Rd., Upper Tooting, London, S.W. 1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.
1887. Harvard, T. Mawson, 23, Northbrook Road, Lee, London, S.E.
1903. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham.
1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., t19a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs.
1896. Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool.
1887. Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.
1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon. 1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester. 1893. Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.
1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.
1886. Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.
262 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. If, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
1891. Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E. 1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.
1892. Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham Gardens, London, S. W.
1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., Director of the Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.
1895. Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester. 1905. Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.
1901. Jackson, J. Wilfrid, 18, Bedford Avenue, Manley Park, Manchester.
1891. Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 1904. Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, London, N.
1894. Jones, Kenneth I1urlstone, M.B., F.L.S., R.N. Barracks, Chatham, Kent. 1901. Jukes Browne, A. J., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Road, Torquay.
1897. Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent. 1902. Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, London, S. W.
1897. Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond,’ Melbourne, Victoria.
1887. Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 9, Queen’s Road, Bromley, Kent. 1905. Kimber, W. J., Aldinga, South Australia. 1889. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth.
1901. Laidlaw, F. F., M.A., University, Manchester.
1899. Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea, S. Wales.
1879. Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex. 1894. Lawson, Peter, Jesmond Dene, 87, Finlay St., Fulham, London, S.W. 1905. Laycock, John, 30, Herries Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.
1900. Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland. 1878. Leicester, Alfred, 148, Liscard Road, Liscard, Cheshire.
1899. Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.
1903. Linter, Miss J. E., Saville House, Twickenham.
1896. Linton, John, 25, Wordsworth Road, Smallheath, Birmingham.
1897.Z Lodder, Miss Mary, Bank of Australasia, Launceston, Tasmania.
1895. Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, London, W.
1898. Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire. 1891. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire, S. Wales.
1889. MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. 1903. McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield.
1885. McKean, Kenneth, The Homestead, Monkton Combe, near Bath.
1886. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. 1884. Madison, James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Worcestershire. 1885. Marquand, Ernest D., Knyghtwood, St. Martin’s, Guernsey.
1887. Marshall, J. T.
1887.P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.
1904. Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin.
1905. Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh.
1897. May, William Lewis, F.R.S. Tasm., Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania. 1889. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.
1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. 1891. Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds.
1888.* Milne, J. Grafton, Holly House, Plaistow, London, E.
1904. Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast.
18709. 1891. 1902. 1891.
1905. 1903. 1899. 1887. 1891.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 263
Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Darley House, Berkeley St., Cheltenham. Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
Moore, Chas. H., 5, Mill Street, Stocks Lane, Stalybridge.
Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford.
Nash, P. B., 135, Melfort Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
Neild, J. E., Merlewood, Queen’s Road, Urmston, near Manchester. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, London, E.
Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, London, W.
1891. Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle D.C.L., F.R.S., etc., The Red
1903. 190.
1901. 1887.
1899. 1896.
1905.
1903. 1900.
House, Berkhamstead. Northey, Rev. A. E., M.A., Lisworney, Torquay. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol.
Oelrichs, W., 22, Hackins Hey, Liverpool.
Oldham, Charles, Brook Cottage, Knutsford, Cheshire.
Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast.
Overton, Harry, Innisfallen, Highbridge Road, Wylde Green. Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan.
Pace, S., Marine Station, Millport, N.B. Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey.
1882. P Parke, George H., F.L.S., etc., St. John’s, Wakefield, Yorks.
1904. 1887. 1898. 1902. 1886.
1gol. 1904. 1886. 1905. 13898.
1895. 1903. 1897.
1896. 1899.
1904. 1905. 1905. 1896. 1900 1808.
Parritt, H. W,, 8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, London, N. Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex. Partridge, F. J., 75, High Street, Barnstaple, N. Devon. Pattison, Ernest, 52, Regent Road, Leicester.
Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock Oxfordshire.
Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.
Platt, Thos. H., 73, Clarendon Road, Manley Park, Manchester. Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W. Poole, W. G., South Lawn, Godalming, Surrey.
Poore, Arthur S., Heather View, West Heath Road, Bostall Heath, Abbey Wood, Kent.
Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales. Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham.
Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 3, Sydney Terrace, Fulham Road, London, S.W.
Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.
Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pillai Street, Triplicane, Madras, S. India.
Redding, J. R., 17, Victoria Villas, Clontarf, Dublin.
Reynolds, Laurence R., P.O. Box 1293, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. Reynolds, William G., 15, Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N. Rhodes, John, F.E.S.. 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington, Lancs. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall. Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere.
O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
1901. 1905. 1893. 1892.
Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 14, St. George’s Place, Brighton.
Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk.
Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.
Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S. W.
264 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
1877. P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin.
1895. Z Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesfield.
1904. Scott, Miss Gwynedd, 4, The Terrace, Riding Mill-on-Tyne.
1886. Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 280, Victoria Road, Aberdeen. “yom
1893. Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, Lambeth Street, Queen’s Park, Blackburn, Lancs.
1904. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton.
1904 Sherrin, W. R., 38, Fielding Road, Chiswick, London, W.
1895. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, London, W.
1896. Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.
1905. Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.
1884. Skilton, Mrs. Mary. 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.
1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Wressel Lodge, Wimbledon Common, near London.
1903. Smallwood, Henry W., Holly Mount, Church Road, Moseley, Birmingham.
1903. Smallwood, Jas. Clarence, Holly Mount, Church Rd., Moseley, Birmingh’m.
1886. P Smith, Edgar A., 1.S.0., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S. W.
1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter. 1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.
1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, London, S.W. 1896. Smith, Wm. Rayson, Harleston, Norfolk.
1900. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent.
1886. Z PSomeryille, Alex., B.Sc., F.L..S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow. 1887. Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., Castellar, Crieff, N.B. :
1902. Sorby, Henry Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., Broomfield, Sheffield.
1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, near London.
1892. Span, Bartlet, Woodlands, Tenby, South Wales.
1900. Stacey, John, 22, Nithdale Road, Plumstead, Kent.
1886. Standen, Robert, 113, Sewerby Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester.
1903. Stelfox, A. W., Oakleigh, Ormeau Road, Belfast.
1904. Stone, R. E. T., Asliffe, 78, Woodstock Road, Oxford.
1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., Armside, Prestwich Park, Manchester.
1885.2 Storey, J. A., B.A., Mafeking Villa, Locking Road, Weston-super-Mare.
1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough.
1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.
1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester.
1895. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.
1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., etc., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s Inn, London, W.C.
1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs.
1897. Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., St. Matthew’s Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia.
1904. / Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.
O P Taylor, John W., F.L.S., North Grange. Horsforth, Leeds. 1901. Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand. 1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. 1886. Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton, M.A., Mathon Lodge, W. Malvern. 1898. Turner, E. Hartley, A.C.A., 42, Spring Gardens, Manchester.
1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire, S. Wales; winter address: St. David’s, London Road, Guildford. 1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.
1902, Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 265
1902. Wadsworth, J. T., Highfield, Palatine Road, Northenden, Manchester. 1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea, S. Wales.
1891. Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Ietroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
1905. Walton, H. Maurice, Goodburne House, Richmond, Yorks.
1905. Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.
1886. P Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.L.S., etc., 11, Strathearn Pl., Edinburgh. 1900. Webb, Walter, F., 416, Grand Avenue, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A
1895. Webb, Wilfred Mark, F.L.S., Odstock, Hanwell, London, W.
1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, U.S.A.
1895. Welch, Robert John, 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast. -1897. West, H. J., 167, Goodrich Road, East Dulwich, London, S.E.
1905. Whitehead, William, 26, High Street, Stalybridge.
1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., Underhill, Kidderminster Road, Hagley, near
Stourbridge.
1901. Wilde, J. W., 17, Hendon Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham.
1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.
1891. Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., 14, Upper Mount Street, Dublin. 1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
1901. Z Woodruffe- Peacock, Rev. HE. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.
1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.
1886. Z Woocward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, London, W 1903. Worsdale, R., 163, Dudley Road, Grantham.
1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
344th Meeting, September 13th, 1905. Mr. Edward Collier ( Vice-President) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: *‘Iconographia Moll. Fossil. in Tellure Tertiaria Hungaric, etc., inventorum,” “‘Fauna fossile terziaria di Markusevec in Croatia,” by Sp. Brusina; ‘‘ Marine Conchology of ‘Dee’,” by Jas. Simpson; ‘‘Opisthobranchiate Mollusca,” in Pearl Oyster Fisheries Report, by G. P. Farran; ‘‘ Variation in recent Mollusca,” ‘‘The genus Anoma Albers,” and ‘‘On some Marine Shells from the Austro- and Indo- Malayan Regions,” by E. R. Sykes; ‘‘Zoological Record, Mollusca, 1904, Brachiopoda, 1903-4,” by E. R. Sykes and E. A. Smith; and “Note on Zimax tenellus,” by W Evans (from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
Crepidula fornecata L., a number of remarkably aggregated groups from Mr. J. E. Cooper.
New Members Elected.
Dr. H. Becker, Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
H. C. Napier, Headington Hill, Oxford.
James Simpson, 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Miss Amy C. S. Foster, 45, Belsize Square, London, N.W.
Alan Owston, Yokohama, Japan.
Geo. T. Rope, Bloxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk.
Member Deceased. Rey. R. W. J. Smart, M.A.
266 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
Papers Read. ‘“Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific: I., Notes on a Collection dredged near Karachi and Muskat,” by Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G. “*Reversed Shells in the Manchester Museum,” by R. Standen. “Note on Crepidula fornicata L.,” by J. E. Cooper. “Do Swans eat Anodonta cygnea?” by Mrs. Jessie M. Blundell. ‘‘Faunistic Notes,” by the Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley.
Exhibits,
By Mr. Ed. Collier : Hedicella caperata, shewing great diversity of form, includ- ing var. ovata and a curious subscalariform specimen, also Patella vulgata, and a number of littoral marine shells, all from Croyde Bay, N. Devon.
By Mr. J. D. Dean: Vertigo alpestris from Devil’s Bridge, Kirby Lonsdale, Westmorland, the first record of this species for that county.
By Mr. R. Welch: Callostoma zizyphinus and var. lyonsz, from shore of Ards Peninsula, near Portaferry, inside mouth of Strangford Lough, and on Rock Angus, in the entrance channel. They occur along a shore area about three miles long, at low water mark. About seven of the variety are present for one of the type, and one hundred living specimens of the variety were picked up in one hour’s search. The variety Zyovsz is recorded in the British Association Dredging Report, 1857-8 as ‘‘ Dredged, 7-20 fms., rare, Castle Ward Bay, Strangford Lough.”
By Rev. L. J. Shackleford: A fine set of Bulimus aurts-vulpina, from St. Helena.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: Ancylus fluviatilis, large, but very thin and fragile, from a well at Stalybridge; Vitrea cellaria, Vertigo pusilla, V. alpestris, V. pygmea, Jaminia cylindracea, from Grange-over-Sands ; Vertigo pusilla and V. alpestris, from Cark, Lancashire.
By Mr. F. Taylor : Szccénea oblonga and var. alba, Vertigo edentula, and V. pygmea from Braunton Burrows; Helicigona lapicida and a beautiful set of var. albina from Lynmouth; Helicella virgata and var. alba, from Barnstaple.
By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Limnea auricularia vax. acuta, from Budworth Mere, near Northwich.
By Mr. W. Whitehead: Szccznea oblonga, Braunton Burrows; Helzczgona lapicida type and var. alba, Lynmouth ; Helicella virgata type, vars. /utescens and alba, Barnstaple.
By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Cyprea pantherina, a fine series of varieties, and C. mauritiana var. calx-equina M. and S.
By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Helce/la ttala, type and varr. albida, grisea, and leucozona, all of an extremely dwarfed form, from Monsal Dale, Derbyshire ; A. virgata, type and many varieties, 4. cantiana, Helictgona lapicida, Helix aspersa, Hi. hortensis, from Clevedon,:Somerset ; Vetrea pura, V. crystallina, Pyramidula rotundata, Hygromia hispida, Cochlicopa lubrica, Clausilia bidentata, Ena obscura, Pomatias elegans, from the Gorge, at Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol.
345th (Annual) Meeting, October 21st, 1905. Held in the Zoological Department, University, Liverpool, in conjunction with the Liverpool Biological Society. Dr. G. W. Chaster (President) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange. Appointment of Auditors. Messrs. J. Wilfrid Jackson and J. T. Wadsworth were reappointed Auditors.
> PROCEEDINGS : SEPTEMBER 13, 1905. 267
Appointment of Scrutineers. Messrs. J. R. B. Masefield and C. E. Wright were appointed Scrutineers. Honorary Members Elected. On the nomination of the Council, the following gentlemen were elected Honorary Members of the Society :— Professor Paul Pelseneer, of Ghent ; Dr. Hermann Strebel, of Hamburg.
New Members Elected.
Miss Amy C. S. Foster, 45, Belsize Square, London, N. W. Alan Owston, Yokohama, Japan. Geo. T. Rope, Bloxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk.
Candidates Proposed for Membership. Mrs. Miller Maxwell, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh. Walter Godfrey Poole, South Lawn, Godalming, Surrey. Lawrence R. Reynolds, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.
Annual Report and Balance Sheet.
The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 269), and the Treasurer’s Balance Sheet for 1904 (see p. 187), together with the Interim Balance Sheet up to October 15th, 1905 (see p. 270) were presented and adopted.
Reports of the Leeds and London Branches.
The Reports of the Leeds Branch and of the London Branch (see p. 271, 272) were presented and read.
Election of Officers and Council.
The Scrutineers reported that thirty-four valid papers had been received, and that all had voted unanimously for the list of names nominated by the Council. The Officers and Council on the list (see p. 258) were therefore declared to be duly elected.
Address.
After an adjournment for Tea, the members joined the Liverpool Biological
Society in order to hear an Address from Prof. W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S.,
on ‘“‘ The Visit of the British Association to South Africa.”
Afterwards the thanks of the Society were voted to Prof. Herdman for his address, to the Liverpool Biological Society and to the authorities of the University of Liverpool for their courtesy and hospitality.
Exhibits.
By Dr. G. W. Chaster: Jaminda triplicata Stud., an addition to the British terrestrial mollusca ; series of the British species of Vertigo and Jamznza ; abnormal forms of Limnea peregra ; white-shelled varieties of British mollusca, and typical forms gi the same; series of Szccénea oblonga from its known British and Irish statioyis; and Lizmnea involuta.
By Mr. Louis B. Breun: A drawing of Spherium rivicola with three siphons.
By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A fine series of Helix pomatia, colour varieties and growth stages, from Gallows Hill, Hertford; sets of Pzstdéa and Paludestrina ventrorsa, from Southwold, Suffolk ; Paludestrina jenkins¢ from (1) the New River, Hoddesden, (2) near Eastbourne, (3) neighbourhood of Yarmouth; many of these have coronets of spines instead of the thread-like keel of var. carinata; P. stagnalis of enormous size, some with twisted spires, from Southwold; also water-colour drawings of Helzcella virgata and its most striking varieties.
By Mr. Thos. Bird Hall: A very choice series of Cyprea, Conus, Marginella, Cassis, Harpa, Murex, Strombus, and Terebel/um, including some unusually beau- tiful forms of Cyfrea tigris, C. cervus, and C. scottz, one of which is perhaps the
268 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
largest and most extraordinarily-marked specimen known, C. mappa, C. vitellus, C. thersttes, C. helvola, C. stolida, Marginella psendofaba, Cassis coronuiata, C. areolata, Harpa conotdalis, Hl. rosea, Murex saulea, Stronibus papilio, Conus auristacus, C. victoria, C. nobilis, C. cedo-nulli, C. orbignyt, C. granulatus, C. vautiert, and Terebellum subulatum.
By Mr. B. R. Lucas: Sinistral living Valvata pisctnalis and var. antigua of same, from Budworth Mere, Cheshire; sinistral Bythinza orcula Bens., from Burmah ; some curiously deformed Planorbis corneus; and British taken Helzx villosa, means of introduction not ascertained.
By Mr. J. M. Williams : Two drawers of Cyprea tigrés, with localities, beautiful specimens of typical and varietal forms.
By Mr. R. Standen: Eggs of many exotic Helzces, Bulimz, Partule, and Lanistes, accompanied by the shells belonging thereto ; turreted forms of Plazorbis umbilicatus, from Didsbury ; sinistral specimen of Placostylus ouveanus var. lifu- anus Crosse; Spherium pallidum Gray, from all its recorded British localities ; a fine series of most of the known species of Odontostomus, from South America ; Vallonia excentrica, from U.S.A. ; and scalariform examples of Helictgona arbus- torum, Helix aspersa, and AZ. pisana.
By Mr. Thos. Edwards: Series of the British Rzssoe ; Avécula hirundo, taken off Eddystone ; Brcctnum undatum, fine series of scalariform, sinistral, acuminate, carinate, bioperculate, and curiously malformed examples from the Thanet coast ; Neptunea antigua, acuminate, sinistral, and malformed, from the Thanet coast ; var. contrarta, Red Crag, and from raised beach, Uddevalla, Sweden; (sus longevus, F. pyrus, and F. regulards, from Barton Clay.
By Mr. Edward Collier : Helix nemoralis, of very large size, from Donegal, Galway, Clare, and Kerry, Ireland ; also from Corbeyrier, Switzerland, to illustrate some of Mr. Welch’s ‘‘habitat”’ photographs.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: A series of photographs of typical habitats of British freshwater mollusca, including the late Mr. Thos. Rogers’ original habitat for Planorbis dilatatus at Pendleton ; Cheshire locality for the same at Dukinfield; present stronghold for the same in canal near Ashton, Lancs. ; Mr. F. Taylor’s original habitat for Paludestrina taylori at Fairfield Locks ; view of a very prolific locality for same at Dukinfield; habitat for Physa.heterostropha in canal near Ashton; sets of the shells of each species shewn to supplement photographs ; locality series of Paludestrina jenkins¢ with var. carinata, from Droylsden; Dukin- field ; Guide Bridge ; Ringley ; Sandbach ; Norfolk Broads ; Derby ; Beckton ; and Rainham. Also several Tasmanian and New Zealand species, very much resembl- ing P. jenkins¢ both in form and texture of shell, including Potamopyrgus corona, P. nigra, and Bithinella legrandiana; and two American species resembling Paludestrina taylori (=Ammicola brownti) and P. imitator; Helix pomatia m. stnistrorsum, from Box Hill, Surrey, second British record ; and photographs of ““snail-borings,” Silverdale, Lancs.
By Mr. C. E. Wright: Helix hortensts, a number of varieties and band forms from Oundle, Northants; Heléczgona arbustorum and vars. fusca and canzgonensis from Maidwell Dale, Northants; Ae/éx nemoralis, vars. contca and major, from Eastern Leicestershire ; Lzmn@a palustris, vars. roseolabiata, fasciata, alba, and albida; Planorbis corneus, shewing gradual growth from type to albino.
By Mr. R. Welch: A mass of Paludestrina jenkinsz, alive, from a new station, the river at Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, and a comparative series of the west coast of Ireland Helix nemoralis, including the large Valentia and Inishmurry Island forms, with the large heavy Dog’s Bay fossil form; also much smaller, though in some cases heavy, forms still living near Bunbeg, Carrickfin, Horn Head, Maghery, and Bundoran. Whole-plate photographs of the habitats were shown in some cases,
PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 21, I905. 269
also a large series of typical and special habitats of both common and rare species in Ireland and England, including Acécula lineata, Vertigo pusilla, Jaminia anglica, Succinea oblonga, Neritina fiuviatelis, Clausilia laminata, Cecitiordes acicula, Helict- gona laficida, H. arbustorum, Helix hortensis, Unio margaritzfer, and many others.
By Mr. A. W. Stelfox (per R. Welch): The results of a ten days’ holiday col- lecting in north-west Donegal, mainly near Bunbeg, a hitherto unworked district. Seventy-four boxes in all were shown, containing sixty-two species and. some varieties. Some exceedingly small forms of Hex nemoralzs from the coast-dunes, and a very thin form from the damp woods of Glenveigh, with a curious form of Limnea peregra var. candida [a complete list, with notes, will shortly appear in the Trish Naturalist).
Also, on behalf of Rev. W. A. Shaw, a sinistral Helic¢gona arbustorum, from Maidwell Dale, Northants.
ANNUAL REPORT.
Since the date ot the last Annual Report, ten meetings of the Society have been held, from October 12th, 1904—September 13th, 1905. On the date of the last Annual Meeting there were 279 members on the society’s list ; between that date and the end of the year two new members were elected, one resigned, and two died, so that the list published on the Ist of January last contains 278 names. Since that period sixteen members have been elected, two have resigned, two have died, and two have been struck off the roll for the non-payment of their subscrip- tions ; so that the list now includes 288 names, and the Council has to congratulate the Society on the net gain of nine members during the year.
Among the honorary members, Dr. R. A. Philippi, of Santiago, Chili, the veteran naturalist, many of whose works are numbered amongst the classics of conchological science, has died. By his loss, and by that of Dr. Eduard von Martens during the previous year, the number of honorary members has been reduced to eight. After careful consideration the Council has decided to recom- mend to the Society the names of Professor Paul Pelseneer, of Ghent, and Dr. Hermann Strebel, of Hamburg, for election in their stead.
The ordinary members whom the Society has lost by death are :—The Rev. R. W. J..Smart, M.A., Messrs. C. G. Barrett, J. G. Brass, F. P. Marrat, and the Rev. John Hawell. Obituary notices of the last two have appeared in the pages of the Journal.
Since our last annual meeting five numbers of the Journal have appeared, con- taining 160 pages, three plates, and a photographic group of the members present at the meeting last year.
During the year donations to the Cabinet have been received from Mersrs.
G. H. Clapp, J. E. Cooper, and Bartlet Span. ' There has been the usual increase in the Library, by reason of the valuable publications received from corresponding societies, and, in addition, most accept- able gifts have been presented by Prof. Sp. Brusina, and Messrs. Wm. Evans, G. P. Farran, G. K. Gude, J. Simpson, E. R. Sykes, and the Secretary.
The Library is not so much used by members as might have been expected from its wealth in works and tracts relating to the descriptive and faunistic sides of the science ; it is possible that this may be due to the difficulty of ascertaining what the Library contains, and that a new catalogue would bea valuable help in this respect. The Council has had under consideration the question of preparing and issuing a new edition of the catalogue, brought up-to-date, but this has hitherto been impracticable owing to the fact that none of the officers have been able to spare the time necessary for preparing such a catalogue for the press.
270 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906
The Recorder reports that during the past year 219 new comital records have veen registered. The majority of these are for Ireland, where Mr. P. H. Grierson has again done excellent work in extending the known range of many species. The Recorder has to thank Messrs. L. E. Adams, H. Beeston, J. E. Cooper, E. W. Swan- ton, J. W. Vaughan, C. E. Wright, and the Rev. W. A. Shaw, among others, for specimens from various English and Welsh localities. No fresh Scottish records have been established. A reference to the last-published Census (Journal of Conchology, vol. 10, pp. 217-237) will shew that the distribution of even some of the more common species is imperfectly known in Scotland, and it is hoped that members who have opportunities for collecting in that part of the kingdom, or who already have Scottish shells in their collections, will submit the specimens for registration. From the Society’s authenticated records it is now possible to define approximately the distribution of certain species in England and Wales, although with regard to even these many gaps require to be filled. It is surely only necessary to say that the wider our accurate knowledge of the distribution of any one species becomes the greater the value of the census as a whole, in order to enlist a wider interest in this branch of the Society’s work than has obtained in the past.
The practice of holding Special Exhibits of particular genera at the monthly meetings has been continued, and very interesting series of specimens of Heléx aspersa, Hl. nemoralis, and H. hortensts have been shewn.
A compliment has been paid to the Society in the election of its Secretary to serve on the Permanent Commission on Nomenclature of the International Zoo- logical Congress, and the Council has thought it well to print in the Jozrnal the recently-revised Rules‘on Nomenclature drawn up by the Congress, for the guidance of those members who are concerned with this subject, which is exciting so much interest and controversy at the present time. The Society has tried to take its part in the practical work of the subject by issuing lists of the British molluscan fauna; it. is believed that most of the names therein adopted will stand the test of further enquiry, and the Council recommends the members of the Society to make use of them in their publications.
Communications have been made to the monthly meetings by twenty-eight different members ; some of these are lengthy memoirs, others merely short notes. The Council cannot help thinking that the number of contributions might be largely increased if members would feel it an obligation to share with their colleagues the pleasure of their captures and the benefit of any information they may acquire. It is only by the spirit of mutual co-operation that a Society such as ours can main- tain a vigorous and useful vitality.
Statement of Income and Expenditure From January Ist to October 15th, 1905.
Receipts. Bs Ud: Expenditure. SRM CL Balance forward... ... I5 16 6] Plates and Drawings 5) ii) Subscriptions Se ... 33 16 9 | Bookbinding nee so O 8 © Lists of Mollusca ... POMC HAM plNepnints 4 9 0 Stationery... 38 PPE) ica PES) Journal, Oct., 1904 -. II 16 Oo po) HBbs ROOK coc poo), WS IW 1G Be April, 1905 Beau uitiee tit A, Taylor’s Monograph, parts T@, TR soc 4e8 5 OHO © Cash in hand a Soo HG
449 16 7 £49 16 7
PROCEEDINGS: LEEDS BRANCH. |. 271
The unpaid subscriptions amount to £41, and the outstanding accounts to 439 14s. 8d. There is further a sum to be received from the publishers and from the Secretary for publications sold during the year.
REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH. Annual Report for the Year ending December 3rd, 1904.
Mr. W. Cash, F.G.S., held the position of President, with Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., as Joint Hon. Secretaries, who, however, resigned in May. Mr. Taylor through ill-health and over-pressure of other duties, and Mr. Roebuck as he was leaving England for a lengthened tour _abroad. Messrs. F. Booth and J. E. Crowther were elected to fill the vacancies.
Four new members were elected, and eleven meetings were held during the year, with an average attendance of six members with a roll of eleven members on the books. Five of the meetings were held indoors, four in the rooms of the Y.M.C.A. at Leeds, and the fifth in the Church Institute, Bradford. Of the six meetings held in the field, one took the form of an excursion to Cleethorpes, Lincs., for the observation of Amphipeplea glutinosa, in one of its few northern habitats. Thesecond meeting was held at Cawthorne, to investigate the occurrence of Unio pictorurm in the lakes at Cannon Hall Park. Thethird meeting took place at Saltaire for a visit to Shipley Glen. The fourth meeting was held in connection with the gathering of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, at Lawns House, Farnley, Leeds, where by the kindness of Mr. A. H. Pawson, J.P., F.L.S., F.G.S., the President of the Union, the members were entertained at a garden party. A ramble took place in the morning to Bramley Fall Wood, to visit a local habitat for Zonttoides excavatus. Another meeting was held at Colton, near Leeds, for a visit to the ponds on Colton Moor, to search for Lzmnea glabra. The sixth meet- ing was held at Grassington, in Upper Wharfedale, in the hope of recording a Yorkshire locality for the recently re-established British slug, ZLemax tenellus, a. gratification which, however, was not realized ; there was too short a period of time to allow of a thorough search being made. The President entertained the members to tea in Grassington, after which Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., read a paper on the ‘‘ Recent Re-establishment of Zzmax tenellus as a British Slug.” This being the last meeting that Mr. Roebuck would attend for a long period, advantage was taken of the occasion to wish him and Miss Roebuck a pleasant and interesting time abroad and a safe return.
During the winter months two papers were given, and a number of varied and instructive exhibits formed a most interesting feature of the meetings.
No addition was made to the Yorkshire list of species during the year, though additions were made in two separate drainage areas, by the recording of Planorbis umbtlicatus from the old river bed at Keighley, Upper Airedale, by Messrs. F. Booth and F. Rhodes, and the recording of Zonztozdes excavatus for Upper Wharfedale, during a visit paid to Barden Bridge by Messrs. J. W. Taylor, W. Cash and W. Denison Roebuck.
The club has been officially represented at the meetings of the Yorkshire Natura- lists’ Union, and reports on investigations made on these excursions have appeared in The Naturalist, the organ of the Union. The year passed is considered by the members to have been a very satisfactory one.
F. Booru, 1 e J. E. Crowruer, J on. Secs.
272 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.
Since our last report six ordinary meetings and six field meetings have been held. The attendance has been somewhat irregular. At the winter meetings a variety of interesting shells were exhibited by different members. Dr. Rodman’s skiagraphs and Mr. F. G. Bridgman’s sections of Mollusca shewn on December 2nd, 1904, were particularly good. On January 6th, 1905, Mr. F. B. Jennings brought some beautiful specimens of Helicigona arbustorum to illustrate variation in this species. As usual, Mr. J. C. Dacie very kindly entertained our members one evening in March. The April meeting was held at the residence of the Rev. Canon Horsley, when he exhibited the marine shells he had collected at Cette (see p. 222 antea).
The field meetings were held at Abbey Wood, on May 6th; Epping Forest, June 3rd; Staines, July 15th; Broxbourne, Aug. 12th; Caterham, Sept. 2nd ; and Swanley, Oct. 7th. Generally speaking, Land Mollusca appear to have been unusually scarce this summer, the only noteworthy finds for the season were fine examples of Vivipara contecta near Staines, and Sphyradium edentulum at Mar- den Park and in Epping Forest.
oth October, 1905. J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.
346th Meeting, November 8th, 1905. Mr. Alfred Leicester (vice-president) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted. The usual periodicals received in exchange.
Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: Unio pictorum var. platyrhynchoidea, Anodonta cygnea varr. anatina-radata and ventrivosa, Hethersett, Norfolk ; Aelx pomatia, adult and. young, Gallows Hill, Hertford ; /a/audestrina ulve of large size, Valvata piscinalis, Spherium lacustre. Limmea peregra, Palu lestrina ventrosa, all from Southwold, Suffolk ; Vetvea rogers¢, Armwell, Herts. ; Paludestvina jenkinst from Acle, Hoddesden, and Littington.
New Members Elected.
Mrs. Miller Maxwell, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh. Mr. Laurence R. Reynolds, P.O. Box 1293. Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. Mr. W. G. Poole; South Lawn, Godalming, Surrey.
The sub-joined letters from Prof. Paul Pelseneer and Dr. Hermann Strebel were
read : “¢ Monsieur le Secrétaire,
Je suis particuliérement sensible 4 la résolution votée en ma faveur, par “The Conchological Society,” dans sa réunion annuelle.
L’ honneur qui m’est fait a d’autant plus de prix 4 mes yeux, quwil vient dune Association dont le mérite est grandement apprécié et qui jouit dans le monde scientifique d’une si juste renommée.
Veuillez présenter mes remerciements et mes salutations & mes nouveaux confréres, et accepter, avec mes voeux pour la prospérité de votre Société, l’assurance de mes sentiments dévoués.
PAUL PELSENEER,
53 Bd. Léopold, Gand.” Dr. Wm. E. Hoyle,
Secrétaire de the Conchological Society.
PROCEEDINGS : DECEMBER 13, I905. 273
“To the Hon. Secretary of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland : My Dear Sir,
Your esteemed favour of the 24th inst. informs me that the Conchological Society has resolved to elect me an Honorary Member. I accept this nomination as a great honour, which certainly will excite me to merit it. I beg you heartily to present to the Society my sincerest thanks.
Yours very sincerely, HERMANN STREBEL.” | Papers Read. ““On Variation in the Radule of certain Buccinide,” by M. V. Lebour. *“West Lancashire Non-Marine Mollusca: Morecambe and district,” by H.
Beeston. *¢ Mollusca of Silverdale district,” by R. Standen.
‘© West Suffolk Mollusca,” by R. Mayfield.
“* Helicella virgata,” by F. B. Jennings.
*« Sinistral Helzczgona arbustorum,” by the Rev. W. A. Shaw.
* Acanthinula laminata,” by J. W. Jackson.
Exhibits:
By Mr. W. J. Hall: Specimens of Terebratula biplicata, Sowerby, from the Rey. A. Dixon’s Collection of Cambridge Greensand Fossils, in the Manchester Museum, illustrating marked variations in form between the limits of extreme youth and old age. The gradation is so clearly shown as to prove undoubtedly the accuracy of the specific determination of the series, and suggests that when so- called new species of fossil shells are created, too little attention is devoted to this aspect of the question. Moreover, 7. dip/icata is apparently an ancestral form of several species of Yevedratila occurring in the succeeding chalk, as well-defined graduated series have been traced between them.
By Mr. T. H. Platt: On behalf of Mr. Thos. Taylor, Helix aspersa from Greymouth, New Zealand.
By Mr. A. Mayfield: A fine set of West Suffolk Non-Marine Mollusca, to illustrate his paper.
By Mr. R. Standen: Some remarkably large and massive shells of Lzmax arborum, from Armoy, co. Antrim; V7trea eglaber Studer, from Budapest, Hungary (ex. Crosse Collection); and Segmentina nitida from Pevensey Marsh, Eastbourne.
By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: Ancylus fluviatilis, a curious form taken from the old stone waterpipes of Bath Oolite, which for so long supplied Manchester with water. When these pipes were taken up in Mosley Street, in 1876, numbers of Azcylus were found inside them, apparently quite healthy in their dark subterranean abode. The shells are very thick, white, and much elevated, with a solid and somewhat eroded apex, the apical hook overhanging the posterior margin (var. gtbbosa Bourg. ).
347th Meeting, December 13th, 1905. Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: The usual periodicals received in exchange
Candidates Proposed for Membership. James R. Plant, M.R.C.S., etce., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester.
Clement L. Wragge, F.R.G.S., etc., 26, Jasper Road, Upper Norwood, London, S.E.
274 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906,
Resignations.
IDy% Jo Gs Coes John S. Edwards.
Names Struck Off.
It was reported that the following members had been struck off the roll in terms of Rule 3:
W. D. Crouch. W. Neville Sturt. A. Blayney Percival.
Papers Read.
“* History of the generic name Fusus,” by W. H. Dall.
““Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific, II.—Notes on Lofphocercus, Lobiger, Haminaa, and Newnesia,” by Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G.
** Christian Hee Hwass, 1731-1803,” by G. A. Gosch.
‘‘Observations on an attempt to breed from a Sinistral Helzx pomatia with notes on the reproduction of the dart,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.
“* Lemax tenellus in Buckinghamshire,” by H. Wallis Kew.
“* British species of Vallonza.” by J. E. Cooper.
‘Note on Vitrea cellaria,” by Thos. Edwards.
Exhibits.
By Mr. L. E. Adams: A number of Marine and Non-Marine Shells from Japan; also some toys and rude domestic utensils made of various shells and extensively used by the poorer Japanese. Mr. Adams gave an interesting account of his collecting experiences during a recent visit to Japan.
By Mr. R. Cairns: A fine set of Husttus veranyz Pfr., from Santo Domingo, Venezuela ; alt. 3,000 ft.
By Mr. T. Edwards: Vitrea cellarza, to illustrate his note.
By Mr. W. Moss: A series of species and varieties of Acavus from Ceylon ; also sets of Ofzsthostoma with enlarged photographs of the shells.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: A number of exotic Pelecypoda.
By Mr. C. Oldham : Sve-czxea oblonga from Inchamore, co. Meath, Ireland (per P. H. Grierson, Nov. 16th, 1905), a new county record.
By Mr. W. J. Hall: Shells of Helzx memoralis thinned down and in some cases worn through during the lives of the occupants by wind-blown sand on the dunes of Horn Head, N.W. Donegal. These form a notable example of ‘‘ natural sandblast,” and were collected by Miss Brittain and forwarded to the Manchester Museum by Mr. R. Welch, of Belfast. Also a series of calcareous deposits received from Mr. Welch, illustrating the origin of some limestone rocks. The series consisted of land, fresh-water, estuarine, and littoral débris, composed of fragments of shells, sea-urchins, foraminifera and calcareous plants. Some of the material had already become consolidated into rock, notably a shelly sand-stone from the bottom of a dried-up pool at Tranarossan, Rosguil, North-west Donegal. Amongst the land shells were Helzx memoralts, Helicella etala, and Succenea putris. Amongst the fresh-water Zimnea stagnalis, L. pereora, Planorbis spirorbis, P. umbelicatus, Valvata piscinalis, Bithynia tentaculata, Paludestrina stagnalis, and Spherium corneum. The marine shells consisted of Mytzlus edulis, Helcton pellucida, Anomia ephippium, Gibbula umbilicata, Rissoa parva, Bittium reticulatum, Cardium edule, Littorina littorea, L. obtusata, Purpura lapillas, and an undetermined species of Modiolaria. The calcareous plants included Chara and Melobesta.
It was decided to hold the following Special Exhibits at Future Meetings: January, 1906—The section Chlorza of Cochlostyla. February, 19095—White Varieties of British Non-Marine Mollusca.
March, 1906—British Vertiginide.
275
TAPES AUREUS AND ITS ALLIES.
By A. J. JUKES BROWNE, B.A., F.G.S.
(Read before the Society, May roth, 1905).
THE attention of this Society has recently been called to some of the species of Zafes occurring at Cette, in Southern France. Canon Horsley brought back from there a large number of prettily-marked specimens, and presented a good selection of them to the Manchester Museum, at the same time communicating some notes on them which were published in the April number of the Journal.
I am induced to offer some remarks on these specimens and on the species mentioned in his ‘‘ Notes on Zafes,” because the Medit- terranean forms have passed under so many different names that I think others beside myself must have found it difficult to decide what names, both specific and varietal, should be adopted for the specimens they happen to possess, more especially as: to those which are related to Tapes aureus.
By the courtesy of Dr. Hoyle, I have been able to examine all the specimens from Cette in the Museum, and I find them to include only two species. There are a number of typical 7: decussatus, with one example of the variety ztfermedia B.D.D. The specimens referred to Z. aureus by Canon Horsley are unquestionably the form known as ZLupes texturatus (Lam.), with many of its colour-varieties, but there is no specimen among them of typical Zapes aureus (Gmelin). Nevertheless, his nomenclature can be justified, because some authors consider 7: fexturatus to be only a well-marked Mediterranean variety of 7. aureus.
There is no intermediate form between Z. decussatus and T. fex- turatus, as Canon Horsley seems to have understood. The two species are quite isolated from one another, and the name znfermedia applies only to a form which is intermediate between the Mediter- ranean and British varieties of the species Z: decussatus.
Tapes decussatus Linn. need not detain us long. According to Gmelin, Hanley, and Dautzenberg, the type specimens in the collec- tion of Linnaeus came from the Mediterranean, and consequently the form there prevalent must be taken as the type. This differs from that common on British and North French coasts in being more regularly oval, less elevated posteriorly, more finely sculptured, and more brightly coloured with variegated browns and greys. Our variety is a more rectangular shell, higher from dorsal to ventral margin, thick and coarsely sculptured with dominant concentric ribs, dull coloured and seldom variegated ; this is the variety fusca of Gmelin, Messrs.
276 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus have, however, described a Mediterannean variety, which has the shape of fusca combined with the colouration of the type, and for this they proposed the name intermedia.’
Tapes aureus (Gmelin) is the next species to claim attention. It was based on the figure of an English specimen given by Lister (p. 404, fig. 249), and therefore there can be no doubt about the type, which is the form prevalent in the North Sea and the English Channel. It is a solid, triangularly-oval shell, generally inflated, with prominent umbones, sculptured by strong concentric grooves, which are crossed by obscure and irregular radiating lines. The lunule is defined by an impressed line. The inside is white with a tinge of golden-yellow in in the umbonal part of the shell, The muscular impressions are fairly large, and the pallial sinus varies in size but is generally small.
In the typical form, the ventral margin is strongly arcuate, and sometimes sinuous or irregularly curved; from this Jeffreys distin- guished a more regularly oval form by the varietal name of ovata ; and a rhomboid compressed form which he called guadrata. In 1893, the authors of “Les Mollusques Marins du Rousillon” described a rugose variety from the Bosphorus under the name of rugata (of. cit., vol. 2, p. 426, pl. 63, fig. 7).
Now, let us turn to the Mediterranean forms out of which a number of so-called species have been manufactured, Lamarck being respon- sible for five at least, and many others having been added by M. Locard. It is not necessary to discuss or even to enumerate all these, since they were all reviewed and grouped by the French conchologists, Messrs. Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, in their excellent memoir on the Marine Molluscs of Rousillon (vol 2, p. 414, et seg.). It seems best, therefore, to give first a resumé of the opinions held by these authors in 1893, and at the same time to indicate how far they have since been modified, according to information for which I am indebted to M. Dautzenberg. Afterwards I will state my own views on the subject of the specific value of their groups.
In the work above mentioned all the cognate forms are grouped under the specific name of Zapes aureus, and the authors describe this as a polymorphic species, among the various forms of which they distinguish “five principal varieties round each of which numer- ous variations of secondary importance may be grouped.” In point of fact they recognise one specific type and four sub-species, though they do not use these terms of nomenclature. Their five principal varietles are :—
x ‘Les Mollusques Marins du Roussillon,” vol. 2, p. 436, pl. 65, fig. 5, 1893.
JUKES BROWNE: TAPES AUREUS AND ITS ALLIES. 247) 9
Tapes aureus Gmelin, typical form.
: xt var. catlenifera Lam. $) ;, var. fexturata Lam. 3 b var. pulchella Lam.
rs *. var. elongata B.D.D.
There can be no doubt that the second and third of these names represent distinct natural groups which desevre to be distinguished by special names, whether we regard them as species or only sub- species, and that the last two are also well-marked forms. ‘They may be considered in the order above given.
1.—Tapes catenifer, or Zapes aureus var. catentfera, is smaller than typical 7. aureus, its average length being from 24 to 28 mm., while that of Z. aureus is from 26 to 32 mm., and sometimes up to 4omm. The shell is oval and often elongate-oval, less convex than T. aureus, and its substance much thinner. The concentric striation is finer and more regular and the radiating lines are obsolete or very faintly marked. Inside the colour is usually yellow or yellowish- white, but sometimes violet or purple. The muscular impressions are small, and the pallial sinus larger than in 7) aureus.
Under this head are placed the forms named by Lamarck florida, bicolor, and petalina, the first differing little from the type, the second being whitish with a blotch of brown on the posterior side, and the third being of a violet colour inside and darkly variegated outside. These are merely colour-variations, but the authors recognise two shape-varieties, viz., dourguignati (Locard), which is much elongated posteriorly, and gvangeri (Locard), which is regarded as a connecting- link with the next form Z: fexturatus, being larger and higher.
2.—Tapes texturatus. This is a larger shell, averaging 35 to 4o mm. in length, broadly and regularly oval, but generally more or less compressed. The concentric grooving is very fine, and the sur- face of the shell is always glossy and glistening, as well as being usually brightly coloured. In texture, it is very thin and brittle, thus contrasting strongly with the shell of Z: awvews. Inside it is either white, yellow, or purple, according to the external colour-variations. The muscular impressions are of moderate size but shallow, and the pallial sinus is not proportionately so large as in Z° catentfer.
In this group, the authors of the “ Mollusques du Roussillon” placed the Z. florida of Reeve (zon Lam.), the /loride//a of Lam., mabtillet, rostratus, nitidosus, and retortus of Locard, besides radzatus, /uteus, and other colour-varieties. M. Dautzenberg, however, has kindly informed me that he now excludes the Venus floridella of Lamarck, because, having examined the type, he finds that to be an
278 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
exotic shell, but Locard has described a form under this name which appears to be a purplish variety of Z. ¢exturatus.1 The varieties mabillet and nitidosa are more inflated than the type, rostrata is more oblique, ve¢orta oblique, short, and high, resembling 7. aureus in shape but having the other characters of fexturatus.
3.—Tapes pulchellus. With regard to the form called Zafes pulchellus, M. Dautzenberg informs me that the type does not exist at Geneva, but that the figures given by Delessert of Lamarck’s type in 1841 have more resemblance to a form of Z. rhomboides ( = vir- gineus), and he consequently would now exclude pulchellus from the aureus group. ‘To this I may add that Delessert’s figure appears to have been copied by Hanley in his ‘‘ Catalogue of Recent Bivalve Shells” (pl. 13, fig. 39, 1843), and that its resemblance to what we know as Z. wvirgineus is so great that I had so regarded it before becoming aware of M. Dautzenberg’s opinion.
4.—Tapes elongatus. Lastly, we come to the form described under the name of Zafpes aureus var. elongata,’ which is a local form found in the Gulf of Gabes, on the east coast of Tunis. It is a long, narrow, compressed shell, finely striated and glistening, of a light yellow or pink colour, either uniform in tint or with faint colour- tracery on the posterior part. In length it averages from 35 to 40mm. To judge from a specimen which M. Dautzenberg has kindly sent me, the shell is fairly stout, like that of Z. rhomboides and 7. aureus ; the lunule is not defined by an impressed line as in the latter, but re- sembles that of the former, so that it seems to me rather more nearly allied to rhombotdes than it is to aureus.
Before going further, it is necessary to say a few words on the names adopted for these main varieties or species. The form for which the name cadenifer was adopted by Messrs. Bucquoy, Dautzen- berg, and Dollfus is acknowledged to be the Venus deta of Poli (1795), and this name has priority over any of the Lamarckian names, but unfortunately it had previously been applied to another Venus by Linneus. It is true that Venus /eta Linn. isa Meretrix, and Venus leta Poli is a Zafes, so that no confusion could arise if Poli’s name were revived for the latter; but many conchologists adhere to the principle of ‘‘once a synonym always a synonym,” and the authors of the “‘ Molluscs of Roussillon” are evidently of this opinion, for they reject the name of /e/us and adopt that of catenzfer for this group. The name of /lorvidus stands first in Lamarck’s list, and he intended this for Poli’s type, but this also was a synonym, Poli himself having
1 Bull. Soc. Malac. de France, vol. 3, p. 283, 1886, and ‘Cog. Marines des cétes de France,” p. 294, 1892. It may be the 7. /loridella of Reeve, ‘‘ Conch. Icon.”
2 ‘Moll. Mar. du Roussillon,’ vol. 2, p. 429, pl. 64, figs. 11, 12, 13.
JUKES BROWNE: TAPES AUREUS AND ITS ALLIES. 279
described a Venus florida. It must be remembered, therefore, that the name Zapes catenifer stands for Z: /etus (Poli) and 7. Jioridus (Lam.).
The name ¢exturatus has also been considered by Hanley and others of doubtful application, because Lamarck gave for the locality of his type the “Indian Ocean.” On the other hand, he cites Chemnitz, ‘Conch. Cab.,” fig. 443, as an illustration of the species texturatus, and this figure is stated to be clearly meant for the Medi- terranean species. Nearly all subsequent authors have assumed that the name really belongs to the Mediterranean shell, and M. Dautzen- berg informs me that he has examined Lamarck’s types at Geneva, and has satisfied himself that the three specimens labelled ‘‘ Venus texturata” in Lamarck’s handwriting are specimens of this shell; so that there seems to be no doubt about the proper application of the name.
There remains only the question of the value of the groups to which these and the other names are attached. M. Locard has recognised no fewer than twenty-six different species of Zapes on the French coast ; M. Dautzenberg, on the other hand, thinks that it is better “to group under one name all forms between which it is easy to find many intermediate links” (of. c¢., p. 396). English concholo- gists will quite agree with him that mere variations of outline and colour are not of specific importance in the genus Zages, and that we must have regard to the “ensemble des caracteres.” It is the old story of “splitting” and “lumping,” and the question resolves itself into one of scientific proportion and convenience. I strongly dissent from minute splitting, but I am inclined to think that the principle of combining all the forms which can be connected by intermediate variations may be carried so far as to become inconvenient. Bino- mial nomenclature is itself a matter of convenience, and if we group too much it becomes trinomial or quadrinomial, for well marked local varieties must have a name.
I think the present case is eminently one in which the va media is the most satisfactory and convenient course. I should contend that the mere fact of two polymorphic specific groups being connected by some local intermediate forms is not sufficient to prevent our regard- ing both of them as species. Modern naturalists believe that all closely-allied forms have been developed from one common ancestor. In this process of development some of the mutations which formed links between some of the persisting varieties may also have persisted, others may have died out ; in the one case we have species that are more or less linked to one another by intermediate varieties, in the other we have isolated species ; but the latter may not differ more
280 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, TANUARY, 1906.
from the types of the connected species than these do from one another.
It seems to me that we have an illustration of this in the case of Tapes rhombotdes (=virgineus Auct.) and the Z. aureus group. The former differs from the latter chiefly in its rhomboidal shape, in hav- ing fewer concentric grooves, and a less defined lunule. Now it appears to me that a typical 7. fexturatus differs quite as much from T. aureus as the latter does trom 7: rhomboides ; and that if the last is regarded as a good distinct species, so also should ¢exturatus and catenifer in spite of the links which connect them with aureus.
I am not sure, however, that Z: rhomboides is an isolated species. Like Z. aureus, it is local in the Mediterranean, but the var. pulchella has by some authors been grouped under 7. aureus, and must there- fore be akind of link between them. Again, the author of Z. elongatus places it under Z: auveus, but it has almost as much resemblance to T. rhombotdes.
I should, therefore, arrange the species above mentioned and their principal varieties as follows :—
1. Zapes rhomboides Penn., with vars. curta and pulchella.
2.2? Tapes elongatus B.D.D.
3. Tapes aureus Gmelin, with vars. ovata, guadrata, and rugata.
4. Tapes catenifer Lam., with vars. bicolor, petalina, bourguig- nati, grangeri, and others.
5. Lapes texturatus Lam., with vars. mabiller, nitidosa, rostrata, recorta, and others.
The history of this group of species seems to be that they all sprang from a common ancestor in Miocene times, that they became differen- tiated in early Pliocene times. 7: rhomboides and 7. aureus seem to have attained their chief development in the colder seas; both are found fossil in the newer Pliocenes of England, and exist now in the North Sea and on the coasts of the Atlantic as far south as the Straits of Gibraltar. It is an interesting fact that Z: awreus is very rare in the western basin of the Mediterranean, but exists in the eastern basin. M. Dautzenberg informs me that he has a specimen from Venice and three typical specimens from Greece, besides the variety from the Bosphorus ; according to Middendorf, it also exists in the Black Sea. Zapes rhomboides seems to have been more abundant in the Mediterranean area during Pliocene times than it is now in that sea, having been recorded from the Pliocene deposits of Italy, Sicily, Rhodes, and Cos. On the other hand, Zafes aureus does not seem to occur in these deposits.
As 7. elongatus is also confined to the eastern basin of the Mediter- ranean, one may infer that it has been developed from one of these
JUKES BROWNE: TAPES AUREUS AND ITS ALLIES. 281
two forms, and I am inclined to regard it as having originated from T. rhomboides rather than Z. aureus. The probability of this will be increased if it should prove that Z: aureus is a comparatively recent immigrant.
Tapes texturatus and 7. catentfer, on the other hand, appear to have been develcped in the Medtterranean, though it is not quite certain whether Z; cafenifer did not also at one time exist on Atlantic coasts. TZ. ¢exturatus certainly does not seem to exist outside the Mediterranean, but M. Dautzenberg has sent me a shell from St. Lunaire, near St. Malo, which seems to form a link between 7° catfentfer and Z. aureus. It may be described as a thin-shelled and finely- grooved form of the ovate variety of Z. aureus. It has the inflated form of aureus, and may be regarded as a variety evolved during the differentiation of aureus and catenifer; and consequently as a link between them.
T. texturatus has been quoted from the Walton Crag, but with much doubt. Only one specimen was known to Searles Wood and figured by him in his “‘Crag Mollusca.”! He admits, however, that the form of the shell is somewhat different and that the lunule is not so distinctly marked, consequently he only “assigns it provisionally to what appears its nearest representative.” By the kindness of Mr. F. W. Harmer, I have been allowed to examine a nearly perfect specimen and several fragments which he obtained from the Walton Crag at Oakley and believes to be the same shell. I have compared them with many specimens of the recent species, and think they come quite as near to 7: catenifer as to TJ. texturatus. The perfect fossil is regularly oval, much compressed, and very finely grooved, with a longer and straighter dorsal margin than 7. ¢exturatus usually has, and it is less produced in front. It might well receive a special varietal name.
T. texturatus has even been separately entered in a list of British Pliocene fossils, as a living British shell, merely because Jeffreys and others regarded it as a variety of Z. aureus, and thus the real geo- graphical distribution of the species has been misrepresented because the two have not always been recognised as distinct species.
SSS SST SS SSS
Hygromia rufescens (Penn.) m. sinistrorsum,—On May 27th last, at East Haddon, North Hants, some school children shewed me a congregation of Zyeroma rufescens under some trampled nettles, one fell on my hand and I found it was a nearly full-grown sinistral specimen. As this form is, I believe, new to Britain, if indeed it is known at all, the find makes an interesting new record.—[Rev.] W. A. SHAW, Haselbeech Rectory, North Hants (Read before the Society, June 21st, 1905).
1 Vol. 2, p. 204, pl. 20, fig. 3, Pal. Soc., 1856.
282
ON VARIATION IN THE RADULA OF CERTAIN: BUCCINID&.
By M. V. LEBOUR, B.Sc.
(Read before the Society, November 8th, 1905).
sPLATE VI.
VaRIATION in the radula is by no means uncommon ia Gastropods. This has been chiefly investigated in Aucctnum and its allied genera, many species being easily obtainable. ‘The organ in these cases is simple and large enough to be readily seen, consisting of a long ribbon bearing many rows of chitinous teeth. In the Buccinide, Fasciolariidz, and others, there is a central plate and one lateral on each side, and these are divided into teeth, which are usually regular throughout the radula. It is the number of these teeth which varies very considerably, both in centrals and laterals, but in the former much more frequently than in the latter.
Bateson, in his “ Materials for the Study of Variation,” p. 262, draws attention to Friele’s work on Auxuccimum, and also refers to information given him by the Rev. A. H. Cooke on this subject. Friele has worked thoroughly on the radula of the Norwegian species of the genus Buccinum (Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., vol. 6, p. 257, 1879). In a most elaborate paper he shows how enormously the radula of Buccinum undatum varies, and also, in a similar way, other species of the same genus. He regards the radula as of little value for the identification of species in comparison with external characters ; closely-allied species, or what authorities have taken to be separate species, not presenting definite differences in the radula. Even in what we take to be distinct genera, we find sometimes that the forms of the radulee merge into each other. For instance, the typical radula in Bucctnum undatum has in each row a central plate bearing six teeth and a lateral plate on each side bearing four teeth. The typical form of Weptunea antigua has a central plate bearing three teeth and a lateral plate on each side bearing three teeth. Now, Bateson gives in his notes above mentioned a figure of a radula of Auccinum undatum, from Labrador, from the collection of the Rev. A. H. Cooke, having three centrals and three laterals on each side through- out, these showing the same form as the typical WVeptunea antigua. This certainly is a very unusual specimen, although Axecinum is extremely variable.
Having had exceptional opportunities in the laboratory of Arm- strong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, of examining the radule of Bucctnum undatum, Neptunea antigua, and (with fewer specimens) Volutopsis norvegicus, and Lucccinofusus bernictensis, J think the results
LEBOUR : [VARIATION IN] RADUL& OF BUCCINID&. 283
may be of some interest, although they go over much the same ground that Friele has already investigated so thoroughly, both in the above- mentioned paper and in the “Norske Nordhavs Expedition,” his illustrations in both papers being most profuse. I have not here figured any radulze of the genus Auccinum.
As was to be expected, there appears to be no correlation of variation with regard to the shell and the radula. Forty-eight speci- mens of Buccinum undatum from the North Sea, eighty miles E. by N. of the river Tyne, were examined ; thirty female and eighteen male. Twenty-three of these had a normal radula (¢.e., laterals four, centrals six), seventeen of which were females. The other twenty-five varied as follows :—
Centrals. Laterals. Number of Specimens. 7 - 4 ; 13 (Ago Oe): 42 . 4 : TG: 4s and4 - ands 2ai eh 7 - 4and3 - WEDS 8 : 4 = a (ng Bincl 1 ©), and ee smell lobe i Wie: 5 - 4 - A(e @ aioe a ©), 6 - i, ING! BS 1 Bie 5 - 5and4 - in Ge 6 - 4and6 - Ge
Out of ninety-six specimens of Luccinum undatum from 120-130 miles E. by N. of the river Tyne, forty had a normal radula, seven- teen of which were female. ‘The remaining fifty-six varied as follows:
Centrals. Laterals. Number of Specimens. Left. Right.
7 - 4 4 - BS (BO O13 &). 5 : 4 4 : 9 (52,464). 8 : 4 4 - A (iO BS) 6 - 3 R = moe
7 - 6 6 - ih
6 : 6 4 ; BEL, 26) 7 F: 5 5 Ff 3 (2 2 » I 3) 6 4 6 ; 5 (22,36) 3 r 5 5 F Gt:
(1 monstrous). 7 3 5 4 ; Ig.
From these numbers it will be seen that about 43 per cent. only are normal. The females do not vary so much as the males, and chiefly only in the centrals. The most frequent variation is seven centrals instead of six ; indeed, so common is this that Gray regarded
284 ' JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
this form as typical (“Guide to Mollusca,” part 1). The females show more regularity, only three out of fifteen specimens with irregular laterals being female. Out of nine specimens with irregular laterals five varied on the right side and four on the left. The above results agree fairly well with Friele’s numbers. I give one of his tables for comparison : :
“In twenty-seven specimens from Hammerfest and Vardo, the teeth were as follows ( Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., vol. 6, p. 257, 1879):
Central Plate. Lateral Plate. Cases. 5 : 4 6 - 4 - 12 7 5 4 7 2 6-8 - 4 - I 9 ; 4 i I 6 - 3 and 4 - I 7 - 3 and 4 - I 8 - 4 and 5 : I
It is thus seen that there may be as many as nine central teeth and as few as three; in the one case in which I found three centrals, one of the outside teeth was quite monstrous. ‘There may be as many as six laterals and as few as two. In many cases these are small knobs showing a tendency to multiply lobes. In most cases the variation continues throughout the radula. ‘Troschel (‘‘Gebiss der Schnecken”) expresses great surprise at a specimen haying six central teeth in front and five at the back, and, as is seen from the above table, Friele found one from Hammerfest having six in front and eight at the back. Two of my specimens were irregular in this way; one had seven centrals throughout and four laterals on one side, but the other side had three teeth for thirty rows and then a very small fourth for three rows, then three again and so on very irregularly. In the second specimen the irregularity was in the centrals and in one side. On one side were five laterals throughout, and on the other there were two and a very small third for thirty-one rows and then only two. The centrals were four and a small knob for five rows, then only four for three rows and so on.
The variations in /Veptunea antigua were much the same as those found in Buccinum undatum. ‘Thirty-two specimens from 120-130 miles E. by N. of the river Tyne were examined. ‘They were all much alike, large, with thick shells, and deep yellow inside. ‘Twenty- eight were female, and four male ; the females appear to eongregate together. Fourteen radule, thirteen of which were female, were normal, that is to say, they had three laterals on each side and three centrals. The other eighteen varied as follows :—
LEBOUR : VARIATION [IN RADUL] OF BUCCINID/L. 285
Centrals. Laterals. Number of Specimens. Left. Right. 2 : 3 3 ; Bec 4 ; 3 3 3 Ye I - 3 3 = Lins ea 3 : 4 3 : Ba ©, @) 3 ; 3 4 : BND 3 : 3 6 ; rig: 2 - 4 3 - Dg: 2 = 3 4 - Hie 3 : 5 4 ; i Wee % 5 3 3 5 iG): (1 bilobed).
In eight specimens, all female, from Berwick-on-Tweed, four were normal, the others varied thus :—
Centrals. Laterals. Number of Specimens. 5 ; 3 - 2 2 - 3 - el
(1 bilobed). 4 ; 3 : u
We see from these tables that although about 43 per cent. are normal, yet there is really more variation in this species than in Buccinum undatum, for if we counted as normal those specimens of Buccinum which have seven centrals, there would be a much smaller per-centage of variations. There may be as many as five centrals and as few as one in Weftunea antigua, and there may be six laterals, but I have not found less than three. The same tendency to multiply lobes is found in this species, and although most are regular through- out, yet one shows a curious irregularity (fig. 6); it is normal all through except one tooth, which bears two minute extra lobes. Another (fig. 11) has very irregular laterals on the right side, near the front they are almost normal, with a small extra lobe, but gradu- ally become monstrous with six irregular teeth. So far as can be seen from so few examples, the side variations are about equally distributed on the left and right side.
Ten specimens of Volutopsis norvegicus were examined. These were obtained with Bucctnum undatum and Neptunea antigua from the North Sea, 120-130 miles E. by N. of the river Tyne. There were eight female and two male; seven females were alike in the radula, having two teeth to each lateral plate and four to the central. This we may suppose to be the typical form. One female and two males had five centrals, and one male had a small accessory tooth between the two normal teeth of the right lateral plate, and a bilobed fourth central on the left side, thus showing a tendency to increase the number of teeth, as in Buccinum and Weptunea.
286 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, I905.
Four specimens of Buccinofusus berniciensis, which were with the Volutopsis, were examined ; two male and two female, each radula was different, and varied in the following way :—
Centrals. Laterals. Number of Specimens. Left. Right. I - iD 9 - Le I - n init - I Oe 1 &2small lobes - Fl 6 = in @. I - 9 9 - Loe
Two radule, also from the North Sea, kindly lent me by Mr. Joseph Wright, of the Hancock Museum, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, were also examined ; they were as follows :—
Centrals. Laterals. i - 8 right, 7 left. I - 9 left, ro right.
From these numbers this species appears to be exceedingly irregular as to its radula, and it is impossible to say which is the normal form from so few examples. Only one has the laterals the same both sides. As this is one of our rare British shells, it is difficult to get many specimens ; even to find four together is unusual good fortune.
I have to thank Mr. A. Meek, M.Sc., for providing me with the excellent supply of specimens which enabled me to make these observations.
Destruction of Potatoes by Slugs.—Whilst staying at Stour Provost, in North Dorset, last September, I was asked to examine a large bed of potatoes, said to be ‘‘ diseased.” The crop which had been dug out the preceding day was a fairly good one, and many of the tubers were very large. A large number of the potatoes were studded with holes, large and small, and the skin around the apertures was shrivelled and darkened. That slugs were responsible for the damaged crop was quickly apparent. They had attacked the tubers to such an extent that many were honeycombed throughout, and in section resembled a bath sponge. The slugs were of three species, viz.: Mclax sowerby¢, Agriolimax agrestis, and Arion hortensis, the last being by far the most abundant. As far as we could judge the potatoes were quite free from the Phytophthora infestans, De Bary. The variety was unknown. Of course, it is well known that slugs will eat potatoes, but I think it is of rare occurrence to find wholesale destruction of a crop in the manner indicated. Many gardeners visiting the Haselmere Educational Museum have remarked to me that slugs have been unusually abundant during the past spring and summer.—E. W. Swanton (Read before the Society, November 9th, 1904).
287 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN),
Iconographia Molluscorum Fossilium in Tellure Tertiaria Hungariae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Dalmatiae, Bosniae, Herzegovinae, Serbiae et Bulgariae Inventorum, by Sprripion Brusina. Atlas Folio; Zagreb (Agram) Croatia, 1902.
The compiler of this work, Professor Brusina, director of the National Museum of Croatia, has for many years made a special study of the malacological fauna which characterizes the Neogene or Mio-Pliocene deposits of South-eastern Europe. He has issued a large number of memoirs upon the subject, usually well illustrated, and has thus rendered most important services to this branch of Paleontology, the value of which either to the student or the systematist is very generally recognized. According to an announcement on the title-page, this ‘‘ Iconographia” forms a continuation of the author’s Monograph of 1897, called ‘‘ Matériaux pour la Faune Malacologique Néogene de la Dalmatie, de la Croatie, et de la Slavonie avec des espéces de la Bosnie, de Herzegovine et de la Serbie,” a work which is very necessary to consult, since it gives geological information respecting the various beds of the Neogene series and their shell contents, which is not repeated in the present book. It is, therefore, necessary to explain here that the Neogene Mol- lusca of this region of Europe are of lacustrine and fluviatile origim, having formerly inhabited a series of brackish-water lakes, which extended from the eastern boundary of the Adriatic Sea to the shores of the Caspian. In fact, the existing faunas of the Black Sea, the Aral, the Caspian, and other neighbouring inland waters are sup- posed to represent the remnants of the once prolific life of the Neogene period. In this area of Europe the Neogene deposits are divisible into the Pontian and Levantine or Plaisancian stages, which are respectively equivalent to the Upper- most Miocene and the Lowest Pliocene. A leading Lamellibranch genus of the Pontian beds is Comgerza, hence such deposits are known by the German geologists as “‘ Congerien-Schichten” ; whereas the Levantine beds are characterised by the great abundance of Vzvzparus (or Paludina), and have, therefore, been termed “* Paludinen-Schichten.” Coming to the work itself, we find it to consist of 1,582 lithographic figures, occupying 30 folio plates. These illustrations represent 424 species and sub-species, 46 undeterminable forms, and 190 entirely new shells, to which new specific names have been attached. Beyond a small Latin preface referring to the scope of the work, there is no descriptive text of the specimens figured, nor, as before observed, is there any intimation of the horizontal value of each species—only the genus, species, and its author, and locality, are given. With regard to the new specific names that are introduced, it is quite certain that Paleeontologists will be unable to recognize them until such time as the shells to which they refer are systematically described. The plates, however, are well executed, and as a reference work to the Neogene Mollusca of this region of Europe it is indispensable to the student.—R.B.N.
Nachrichsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 1905, pts. 3,-4, July-December, 1905.
**Die Konchylien aus den Anspiilungen des Sarus-Flusses bei Adana in Cilicien,” by O. BoETTGER [72°5 per cent. identical with those from the Medi- terranean region ; 30 per cent. with those of Germany; 8 nn.spp. in Daudebardia, Felix (Theba), Calostele, Lartetia 2, Paulia, Daudebardiella, n.g. 2). ‘* Einige Seltenheiten aus meiner Sammlung,” by C. BuLow. ‘‘ Neue Arten aus Erlangers Ausbeute,” by W. KoseLt [9 nn.spp. in Africarion, Bloyetia 3, Homorus 5). “‘Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna des Roten Meeres und des Golfes
288 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1906.
von Aden,” by R. Sturany [Levanderta erythreensis n.g., n.sp., Raéta jickelit, Drilha levanderi nn.spp. }.
“Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Land-, Siisswasser- und Brackwasser-Mollusken von Kamerun,” by O. Bortrcer [Zxnea (Gulella) acuditens, Achatina modesta nn.spp.]. ‘‘ Die Genera He/icel/a Fér. und Buliminus Ehrbg.,” by P. Hesse [from the unpublished writings of F. Wiegmann]. ‘‘ Einige Seltenheiten aus meiner Sammlung,” by C. BuLow [Aguillus nodiferus, etc.]. ‘* Verzeichnis der Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken Miinchens,” by W. BLUME [list of 75 spp.]. ‘‘ Vorlau- fige Mitteilung iiber die Mollusken-formen des Eppendorfer Moores bei Hamburg,” by C. LINDINGER [26 spp. recorded]. ‘‘ Neue Landschnecken von Bawean und Engano,” by H. FRUHSTORFER [Amphidromus 4 un.subspp.]. ‘‘ Das Versenden der lebenden Schnecken,” by P. Hesse [packing in paper recommended]. ‘‘Helix fetens von der Donau bei Donaustauf,” by S. CLEssIN. ‘‘ Sammlerkniffe,” by Dr. FRANK [hints for collecting].
The Nautilus, vol. 19. nos. 1-5, May-September, 1905.
“* Notes on some Freshwater Shells from the Yukon Territory,” by J. F. WHITEAVES [14 spp. with localities]. ‘* Lists of a few species of Land and Freshwater Shells from the Immediate Vicinity of James Bay, Hudson Bay,” by J. F. Wuireaves. ‘‘ A Second Contribution to West Coast Conchology, I.,” by HENRY HEMPHILL. ‘‘ Shell-Collecting on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, I.,” by W. H. Frucx. ‘‘ Cyprea xanthodon Gray,” by S. RAYMOND ROBERTS [3 specimens taken alive, Queensland].
““New Unionidee from Alabama,” by L. S. FRIERSON [Quadrula archeri, Q. vubtdula|. ‘*Ywo Undescribed Californian Shells, by W. H. DALt [IZurex santa- rosana, Alaba oldroydi). ‘* Shell-Collecting on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, I]J.,” by W. H. Fiuck [25 spp.]. ‘‘A Second Contribution to West Coast Conchology, II.,” by HENRY HEMPHILL.
“* Polygra decepta, n.sp.,” by G. A. CLApp [Blount Springs, Alabama]. ‘*‘ Note on a Variety of Crepedula nivea C. B. Adams, from San Pedro, California,” by W. H. Datu. ‘‘ Notes ona Collection of Shells from Bass Lake, Indiana,” by F.C. Baker. ‘‘ A New Species of Stccenea [.S. indzana, New Harmony, Ind.],” by H. A. Pitspry. ‘‘On some New Varieties of Cypvea,” by SLOMAN Rous. * Cycladidz of the Southern States,’ by V. SrerKi [19 spp. with localities and notes]. ‘* Shell-Collecting on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, III.,” by W. H. Fiuck. ‘* Natica intricatozdes on the Algerian Coast,” by C. F. ANCEY. ‘‘Plan- orbis alabamensis and P. dlatatus in the Floridian Pliocene,” by H. A. PILsBrRy. ‘Note on Canadian Uy20 luteolus,” by F. R. LATCHFORD.
“* Land Shells of the Florida Keys,” by H. A. Pitspry [catalogue with locali- ties]. ‘‘A New Californian Helix [H. (Epiphragmophora) sequoicola soguela),” by Rev. J. RoweLi. ‘‘ Remarks on some Land and Freshwater Shells from the New Hebrides, with Description of New Species,” by C. F. ANcEy [Physa layardi n.sp.]. ‘‘A Fossil Form of Oveohelix vavatai Pilsbry,” by T. D, A. COCKERELL. ““Note on a New Locality for Lyogyrus brownie Carpenter,” by H. F. CARPENTER [Roger Williams Park, Providence, R.1.]. ;
“*Notes on Young Unionide,” by L. S. FriERsON. ‘‘ New Varieties [vza#z- carum, norrisiarum| of Crepidula rugosa Nutt found on Watzca and on Worrisia,” by Mrs. M. Burton WILLIAMSON. ‘‘ A New Species of Lymnea[L. sterke] from Ohio, with Notes on Lymnea parva Lea,” by F. C. BAKER. ‘‘ Vertigo perry, n.sp.” [Rhode I.], by V. SreRKI. ‘‘ Shell Collecting on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, IV.,” by W. H. FLuck. ‘‘ List of Winconsin Shells,” by G. CHaD- WICK.
r]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE Ve
1. Pleurophyllidia taeniolata Bergh ... ati wake Page 239 2, 2a. Linguella sarasinica Bergh ... ee he edo 3. Chromodoris sannio Bergh ane Bae ae 4 ea 4. Platydoris townsendi sJ. nov, ae aa uh Ny ets 5. Lophocercus viridis Pease a BO 6, 6a. Chromodoris pusilla Bergh... nue aS a lo) 7. Pleurophyllidia semperi Bergh ae 288 8. Haminza simillima ease ane ie ath ese
Figs. 5 and 8 are from drawings by Mr. Cyrit CRossLanp,
the rest from drawings by Mr. F. W. TownsEnp.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vou I, liam Wo _
NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE [NDO-PACIFIC.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6.
The figures (with the exception of fig. 19) are tracings from photo- micrographs. Fig. 1 shows the normal radula of eptunea antiqua, and fig. 14 that of Volutops1s norvegicus respectively. The rest are
varieties.
Figs. 1 to 13.—Weptunea antigua. Figs. 14 to 16.—Vo/utopsis norvegicus.
Figs. 17 to 19.—Buccinofusus bernictensts.
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Worei1: ; APRIL, 1906. No. to.
EARLY HISTORY OF THE GENERIC NAME FUSUS.
By WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.
(Read before the Society, December 13th, 1905).
THE name /usus in conchology, though doubtless long in use collo- quially for spindle-shaped shells, appears to have been first introduced into literature and used systematically by Rumphius, in 1705, in his ‘‘ Amboinische Rariteit Kammer,” where the name appears as a sub- division of Bucctnum, to which are referred two species from Amboyna, identified by von Martens as Pusus forceps Perry and & nobilis Reeve, represented on Rumphius’ plate 29, figs. F. and G.
Klein, in 1753, used the name for a heterogeneous assembly, a subdivision of his class of “‘Cochlts rostrata,” excluding .Rostellaria and Megalatractus, and including the species mentioned by Rumphius together with species of Pleurotoma, Latirus, Fasctolarta, Melongena, Tritonidea, and Pusionella, as well as a number of species of Lamarckian Fusis. ;
In 1766 P. L. S. Muller published an edition of Knorr’s Dedicte Nature Select, in two volumes, folio, with text in parallel columns, of Germanand French. ‘The text, as in the original edition of 1754, is frankly polynomial, and the system of arrangement resembles that of Argenville (p. 34), and is followed by an explanation of the plates, of which only page 129 is devoted to the shells, for which are cited chiefly the appeliations given by Rumphius. Many of these, it will be remembered, are composed of two words. But the mere citation of the accidentally binomial name of a prelinnean author, is something very different from incorporating it into the Linnean nomenclature. Hence the occurrence of Rumphius’ names composed of one or two Latin words in the explanation of the plates of a book like this of
t
290 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
Miiller, in which the Linnean system of nomenclature is not anywhere adopted, does not give those names any standing. ‘Therefore, the occurrence of Fusus brevis Miller ex Rumphius, and Zurris baby- Jonica Miller ex Rumphius, has here merely an historic interest. As a matter of fact, Miller has misapplied Rumphius’ name to Hemifusus morio 1.., when it was originally given to a true /usus in the Lamarckian sense.
A conglomeration similar to that of Klein was called Fusus by Martini, in 1773, in the Catalogue of his Collection, and in 1777 the group was placed as a subdivision of Buccinum in the third volume of his ‘‘Conchylien-Cabinet.” His example was followed by Schroter in 1784. Argenville and Favanne did not use the name Fusus, but referred to the species as Buccina, as did Meuschen in 1787. Gual- tieri preferred Strombus. Favart d’Herbigny, in his Dictionary of Natural History of Zestacea (1775) uses Pusus for a number of the Rumphian /uvsz, but reserves the term ‘ Ausus proprius dictus’ for a species of Rostellaria,
This perhaps is as much as need be said for the non-binomial writers, though I may point out in passing, that several of these names, and of names in a similar case, in the 1789 reissue of Browne’s “ History of Jamaica,” have found their way into the recently- published Index Animalium, where among genuine binomial names they are manifest intruders.
The history ot the name /wsus under the Linnean system of nomenclature is as follows :—
Linné in 1758 included in the subdivision “‘Caudzger” of his genus Murex :—Rostellaria, Pleurotoma, Fusus, Melongena, Megualatractus, Trophon, Busycon, Chrysodomus, Septa, Fasctolaria, Pustonella, Euthria, etc.—perhaps the most undiscriminating hotchpotch on record for a single group of shells. The twelfth edition, 1768, made things, if possible, a little worse by the addition of A/e/anopsis and Tudicla, while Gmelin, in 1792, adds to the number of species with- out improving on their classification.
So far as I have been able to discover, and also according to Sherborn in the ‘‘ Index Animalium,” the first binomial writer to use Fusus in accordance with Linnean nomenclature, and to eliminate from the heterogeneous assembly of Linné a group under that name, was Helbling,’ who published a collection of miscellaneous shell- notes, under the title “‘ Beitrage zur Kenntniss neuer und seltener Conchylien,” in 1779. In this paper the name sus appears in sub- generic form as fo!lows :—
t Abhandl. einer Privatgesellschaft in Bohmen zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der
vaterlindischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte, vol. 4, pp. 102-131, pl. i.-lii., ee 17793 see also von Martens, Malak. Blétt., vol. 16, pp. 234-236, Dec., 1869,
DALL: HISTORY OF THE GENERIC NAME FUSUS. 2901
1. Murex (Fusus) granosus. Op. cit., p. 116, pl. 2, fig. 16
(=Pleurotoma kienert Doumet, Mag. Zool. | Guérin], 1840, pl. 10).
Bo Miurex (Fuss) vrvbicinus.. Op. cit. p. itr7, pl. 2, fig, 23
(=Pleurotoma interrupta Lamarck).
3. Murex (Fusus) polytropus. Op. cit., p. 119, pl. 2, figs. 24-25
(= Pleurotoma deshayestt Doumet, Zag. Zool., 1840, pl. 11).
4. Murex (Fusus) intertextus. Op. ctt., p. 120, pl. 2, figs. 26-27
(=Tritonium reticulatum Blainville, Mediterranean).
Passing over for the moment the effect of this state of affairs on nomenclature, we may note the subsequent contributions of authors to the literature of the subject, previous to the publication of the Mollusks of Lamarck’s “‘ Animaux sans Vertébres,” 1818-1822.
Linné had named a Rostellaria “Strombus fusus.” It was not sur- prising, therefore, that this shell should be regarded by collectors as the typical spindle shell, nor that the author of the anonymous “ Museum Calonnianum” (1797) should have reserved the name Fusus for two varieties of this Linnean shell and for them alone. . In the same work the genus /zsws is preceded by a genus Co/us, con- taining only one identifiable species, AZurex colus Linné, and this follows a genus Zurris. Under Zurrts all the species are nude names, but one of them, 7: dadylonica, has been identified tradition- ally with the Turris babylonica of Rumphius and Miiller’s ‘ Knorr,” a shell which later became the type of Lamarck’s genus /V/eurotoma.
In 1789, in the “ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” p. 15, in the “‘ Tab- leau Systématique des Vers,” Bruguiere has the following entry :—
“Genre 45. Fusreau. Fusus. Coguclle fusiforme sans varices, terminée a la base par un canal etrott,s droit, du—recourb#.” 2 0 AAS,
‘No type or species is mentioned, and it is obvious that the name might be applied on the basis of the diagnosis to any fusiform, non- varicose, canaliferous gastropod. No further data were furnished by Bruguiere, and it was only some twenty-six years later that the plates of the “ Encyclopédie,” containing species of Mzsws, were pub- lished by Lamarck, who had altered and improved the classification of his predecessor, so that it cannot be recognized as Bruguiere’s.
However, in 1798, Cuvier,’ cites as examples of Bruguiere’s genus ~ (which he regards as a subdivision of AZurex) the Murex fusus Linné, 1758, and Murex colus L., which are equivalent to RosteHlaria and Ffrusus of Lamarck’s “ Prodrome ” of the following year.
Of the shells which were generally grouped about AZurex colus -Linné, we find in 1798 a large number included by Bolten in a new genus, (Veptunea.? Colus is used by him for a series which begins with
t ‘Tableau Elém,” p. 403. 2 ‘Museum Boltenianum,” pp. 115-116, 1798.
292 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
Fasciolaria tulipa and includes Murex islandicus Gmelin, a Euthria (?) and a Mazzalina(?). Bolten’s Fusus follows. It begins with Fascio- laria trapezium and includes Latirus in the first section which has a plaited pillar ; the second section with a smooth pillar is made to include Murex tuba, M. ternatanus, M. morto, M. aethiops, M. vesper- tilio, and M. marroccanus of Gmelin. The Co/us group, including the great Murex aruanus Gmelin, is called Syrinx (not of Bohadsch, 1761), while for the Gladius of Klein, the Fusus of the ‘Museum Calonnianum,” the name Zvdia is proposed. Rumphius’ Zzrris is revived for the P/eurotoma group (the first species being Murex baby- Jonius Gmelin) following Muller and the “ Museum Calonnianum.” The following year Lamarck published his epoch-making “‘ Prodrome dune Nouvelle Classification des Coquilles,” in which the groups above discussed were given the following names and types :—
Rostellaria - Strombus fusus Linné, Fusus - - Murex colus Linné. Pleurotoma - Murex babylonius Linné.
In .1801 this was followed by his ‘‘Systéme des Animaux sans Vertebres,” where we find :—
Rostellaria - R. subulata Lam. Fusus - - F. longicauda Lam. Pleurotoma - P. babylonica Lam.
In 1802 Bosc! adopts Rostel/aria and mentions Lamarck’s other genera, but in his text includes them all under JZurvex. Roissy, in 1806,” adopts all the above-mentioned names of Lamarck with the same types. Montfort, in 1810, does the same, except that he modifies Rostel/aria to Rostel/um and Pleurotoma to Pleurotomus.
Link, in 1807, adopts the Lamarckian Pleurotoma and Rostellaria, but combines the Weptunea, Colus, and Fusus of Bolten under the first name. Perry, in 1811,*unites Fusvs and Pleurotoma under the name of AZurex, while retaining Roste/larta. In 1817, Schumacher’ accepts Lamarck’s names for the above-mentioned groups.
This brings us to the period of the ‘‘ Animaux sans Vertebres,” after which the influence of Lamarck prevailed to such an extent as to cause a general acquiescence in his nomenclature, the changes being chiefly of the nature of subdivisions, with which, on this occasion, we are not concerned.
It is evident from the foregoing :—First, that the first binomial use of the generic name /usus was by Helbling in the year 1779. Second,
x ‘Hist. Nat. des Coq.,” t- 4.
2 ‘Hist. Nat. des Mollusques,” t. 6.
3 ‘ Beschr. Rostock Sammlung,” Lief 3.
4 ‘‘Conchology or Natural History of Shells.”
5 ‘Essai d'un Nouveau Systéme des Habitations des Vers.”
DALL: HISTORY OF THE GENERIC NAME FUSUS. 293
that to the group which he thus named he referred four shells, which according to our present usage belong—two to Pleurotoma s.s., one to Drillia,and the fourth to Cumia, Third, that by the rules of nomen- clature the type of sus must be taken from among the species referred to it when first proposed, and, consequently, that type must be one of the four species just mentioned, neither of which belongs to the genus /usus as commonly understood.
Of these species, numbers one and three belong to typical Plexro- toma Lamarck, 799 ; number two to Driliia Gray, 1838 ; and number four to the subdivision of Co/ubraria, which was named Cumia by Bivona in 1838. The inclusion of the latter was not so remarkable as might at first sight appear, since there is an angle, almost a sinus, at the posterior portion of the outer lip and the shell is not tortuous as in the typical Colubraria.
If we take Helbling’s first species as the type, it will be a typical Pleurotoma, which would be most unfortunate, as this name has been universally accepted for one of the most prolific groups of mollusks and utilized in a modified way for the family to which they belong. Probably no name could be mentioned the change of which would produce in the literature of malacology so large a number of regret- able alterations in nomenclature, especially if such a well-known name as Fusus were substituted for it. It seems, therefore, better to pro- ceed by the method of elimination in order to decide on atype. The genus Drillia, to which one of the two remaining species belongs, was proposed by Gray in the January number of Jardine’s Magazine of Natural History for 1838. It is almost certain that this publica- tion antedates that of Bivona printed in the same year, but of which a copy does not seem to exist in the United States. The type of Drillia was D. umbilicata Gray, from Sierra Leone. If we assume the earlier publication of Dvid/za we must fall back on the Cumia reticulata of Blainville (as Zyitonium) which has been the accepted specific name of Bivona’s type. It is probable that less confusion will be caused by this arrangement than if either of the other species were selected as type; as the number of species of Cwmza is small, and fewer changes would be involved, especially if the typical Colubraria should prove to be distinct generically from Cuma.
Of the other groups to which the name /wsus has been aan Rostellaria will take the name Zvééa given by Bolten, Pleurvofoma will be called Zurris Bolten.
If, as I believe, all anonymous writings, or works without a definite publisher, should be excluded from consideration in matters relating to nomenclature, the names of the ‘‘ Museum Calonnianum ” will have no standing. Colus of that work will, therefore, not prevent the use
204 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
of Colus Bolten, if the latter is otherwise valid. For this last, WZurex islandicus might serve as type, thereby preserving Fascio/avia Lamarck.
It is an unfortunate fact that the abrogation of the original rule requiring a diagnosis to validate a genus, will result in a nearly complete obliteration of the Lamarckian systematic names among mollusks. Nearly all of Lamarck’s own genera of shells were antici- pated by Bolten, who seems to have been, in spite of certain infelicities in his system, far in advance of most of the conchologists of his time, and as scientific as one could expect at a period when no one knew much about the anatomy or precursors of the existent mollusk-fauna, and people were compelled to base their classification upon the shell-characters of a relatively small number of species.
The changes that will ensue on the application of the rules of nomenclature to the systematic names of Bolten and Lamarck are so great that I have thought it well to add to this paper the following list, in which in all the simpler cases the results are indicated. I have not included the Linnean genera adopted by Bolten and in which no change will occur, but only the new names introduced by Bolten, their type (¢.), or first species (1), and their next subsequent equivalents from Lamarck or his successors. When the equivalence is exact, the prior name is preceded by an asterisk as an indication that it will take precedence. In the other cases where the Boltenian genus is heterogeneous, an indication of its contents is given, but this is not complete except for the less complicated cases. The very complex cases, which will require special study to unravel, are indicated by a double dagger (f).
BoLTENIAN NAME, 1798. Post BOLTENIAN Nang, Etc.
*Sinum (haliotoideus Z.). Sigaretus Zam., 1799.
Albula (1. albumen Z.), *Natica Scopoli, 1777. *Cyphoma (¢. gibbosa Zam.). Ultimus JZonffort, 1810.
Volva (1. ovum Gel.). *Ovula pars Bruguitre, 1789.
Porphyria (1. porphyria Gwme/.). *Oliva AZartyn, 1784.
Cucullus (vot of Linné). *Conus Linné, 1758. {Pterygia (1. glabella Gmel.). Persicula Schum., 1817. *Morum (¢, oniscus Ged.) Oniscia Sowerby, 1825. *Galeodes (¢. melongena Gmel.). | Melongena Schum., 1817. *Thais (1. Purpura neritoides Zam.) Purpura Lam. non Martyn, *Drupa (1. horrida Zam.). Ricinella Schum., 1817. *Vasum (tr. capitellum Gmel.). Turbinella pars Zam., 1799. {Volema (tr. pyrum Gmel.). Turbinella pars Zam., 1799, etc.
Pyramis (¢#mature shells). *Strombus Lzuné, 1758.
Plejona (1. hebraea Zzv.). *Voluta (Z.), Scopolt, 1777.
Lambis (1. Strombus pugilis Z.). | Strombus pars Zénné, 1758:
DALL: HISTORY OF THE GENERIC NAME FUSUS.
BOLTENIAN NAME, 1798. Verpa (4 penis Gme/.). TAngaria (1. delphinus Ge/.). tPlanorbis (2. corneus Gme/.). tPomatia (1. aspersa Z. ). {Janthina (1. janthina Gmel.). Lampadion (1. carocolla Gme/.).
* Architectonica (1 perspectiva Gm. ).
Astreea (1. imperialis Gme/.).
Cidaris (xot of Leske, 1788). {Cerion (1. Turbo uva Gmed.). {Epitonium (1. scalaris Gmel.).
} Plotia (1. vibex Gmel.). {Strombus (1. palustris Gme/.). Lunatica (1. olearius Gme/.).
{Lunella (1. coronatus Gme/.). *Pythia (4. scarabeeus Gmel.). { Ellobium (1. auris-judz G'me/.).
} Helix (1. fasciata Gmel.). *Thiara (4, amarula Gmel.). *Pupa (1. fammea Gmel.).
*Oleacina (¢. Bulla voluta Gme/.).
tAmpulla (1. achatina Gmel.). {Neptunea (1. antiquus Gme/.). tColus (1. tulipa Gme/.), {Fusus (1. trapezium Gme/.). tSyrinx (1. aruanus Gmel.). *Tibia (4 fusus Zzzze).
*Turris (1. babylonius Gmmel.). {Tritonium (1. tritonis Z. ).
{Bursa (1. rana Gme/.). tCymatium (1. femorale Gmel.).
}Cabestana (1. cutaceus Gmel.).
fNucella (1. reticulata Zam.). Lagena (1. undosum Gmed/.). Nassa (1. sertum Zam. ).
295
Post-BOLTENIAN NaMgE, Etc. *Penicillus Brug., 1789. Dephinula Zam., 1804. Planorbis Zam., 1799. Helix pars Zam., 1799. Janthina Zam., 1799. Carocolla Schum., 1817. Solarium Zam., 1799. Astralium Zink, 1807 + Xeno- phora Fischer, 1807. Turbo pars Lamarck. Strophia Albers, 1850, etc. Scalaria Zam., 1801 + Turritella Lam., 1801 + Terebra Brug., 1789. Melania Zam., 1799, etc. Pyrazus Montfort, 1810, ete. Turbo Zinné, ex parte. Turbo Linné, ex parte. Scarabus Montfort, 1810. Auricula Zam., 1799 + Melampus Montfort, 1810+ Sidula Gray, 1840. Achatina Zam., 1801, etc. Melania Zam., 1799. Solidula Fischer, 1807. Glandina Schum., 1817 + Poly- phemus Aoxdfort, 1810. Achatina Zam., 1799. Trophon Montfort, 1810, etc. Fasciolaria Zam., 1799, etc. Fasciolaria Lam., 1799, etc. Fusus Zam., 1799, etc. Rostellaria Zaw., 1799. Pleurotoma Zav., 1799. Septa Perry 1811, etc., ot Triton- ium of Miller, 1776. Gyrineum Zink, 1807. Lotorium MZonéfort, 1810. Aquillus Afontfort, 1810. Cancellaria Zam., 1799, etc. Not Lagena Walker, 1784. Iopas Adams, 1853, etc.
206° JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
{Cantharus (1. tranquebarica Gm.) ‘Tritonidea Szwaznson, etc.
- }Distorsio (1. anus Gvel.). Distortrix + Areularia Zizk, 1807 +Gutturnium JZorch, 1852.
*Xancus (¢. Voluta pyrum Gwel.). ‘Turbinella. Zam., 1799. See above
Volema. *Pyrene (4 discors Gmed/.). Columbella Zam., pars. *Terebellum (7 Bulla terebellum Terebellum Zam, 1801. Gmel.). Mitra (1. papalis Ged. ). *Mitra Martyn, 1784.
*Vexillum (1. Mitra plicaria Zam.). Vulpecula Blainoille, 1824. {Purpura (1. Murex vitulinus Zaw.). Murex + Ocinebra + Vitularia + Phyllonotus, etc. (== Purpura, Martyn, 1784). *Murex (1. M. haustellum GmeZ.). Brontes Montfort, 1810. *Tudicla (1. Pyrula spirillus Zam.). Pyrella Swatnson, 1834. Pila (4 Helix ampullacea Gme/.). Ampullaria Zam. pars, 1799. Cochlis (1. Nerita spadicea Gme/.). Natica Scopolt, 1777.
*Vicus (4. Bulla ficus Gel. ). Pyrula Zam., 1799, Ficula Sz.ecn- SON, 1840.
*Rapa (4 Pyrula rapa Lam.). Rapella Swazuson, 1840.
*Busycon (1. Fulgur carica AZ¢/). -Fulgur AZontfor?, 1810.
*Harpa (1. ventricosa Zam). Harpa Zam., 1799.
Cadus (1. Dolium perdix Zam.) “YTonna Brunnich, 1772. tCymbium (1. Voluta zthiopica Melo Arod., 1826. Gmel.). Solen (1. S. siliqua Z.). *Solen Linné, 1758.
{Laternula (1. Mya truncata Gme/.) Mya (L.) + Zam., Auriscalpium Megerle,1811 + Anatina Zam., 1812. *Vulsella (4 Mya vulsella Gmed.). Vulsella Lam., 1799. Lithophaga (¢, Myt. lithophagus Z.) Lithophagus Weg., 1811. Mya (1. M. pictorum). Unio Refsiuvs, 1788 + Margaritana Schum, 1807. tMusculus Z. (1. Anodonta cygnea Anodontites Brug., 1792 + Ano- Ib, donta Zam., 1799 + Modiolus Lam, 1799 + Modiolaria Beck, 1840, Mytilus (1. M. ungulatus Gme/.). Mytilus Zinneé, ex parte. Pharetra (4. Lingula anatina Zam.).*Lingula Brug., 1797. Beguina (1. phrenetica Z7zwé). Cardita pars Zam., 1799. Mantellum (1. Lima excavata Gm.) Lima Brug., 1797. *Chlamys (1. P. islandicus AZi//.). Pecten Miller, 1776, ex parte. Pecten (1. P. maximus Gme/.). Pecten (Miller) Lam., s.s. *Amusium (¢ pleuronectes Gmel.). Amusium JZihfe/dt, 1811.
DALL: HISTORY OF THE GENERIC NAME FUSUS.
BOLTENIAN Name, 1798. Ephippium (4 E. sella Gye/.). Calopodium (¢ rostrata Zam.).
{Pinctada (1. Myt. margaritiferus Gmel.).
297
Post-BoLTENIAN Name, Etc. Sellaria Zzwk, 1807.
*Pandora Brug., 1797.
Avicula Brug., 1791 + Malleus Lam., 1799 + Margaritiphora
Megerle, 1811. Isogonum (1. Ostrea isognomum *Melina fefz., 1788. Gmel.). *Lopha (1. Ostrea cristagalli Gme/.) Ostrea Z., ex parte. Ostrea (1. O. virginica Gve/.). Ostrea (Z.) Zam., 1799. Mactra (1. M. glauca Gmed.). Mactra Z., 1758, ex parte. Tridachnes (1. gigas). Tridacna Brug., 1767 Tuceta (1. pilosus Gel. ). Glycymeris Da Costa, 1778, pars. tArca (7. A, cucullus Ged). Cucullea Zam., 1801, Arca Z., pars.
Trisis Oken, 1815.
Tapes Afegerle, 1811. Paphia Oken, 1815. Antigona Roemer, 1857. Venus Z., 1758, ex parte. Donax Z., 1758.
Not Corbula Brug., 1797. Cardissa AZegerle, 1811. Hemicardium Cuvier, 1817. Cardium Linné, 1758. Terebratula AZiéller, 1776. Anomia AZiller, 1776.
*Trisidos (4. A, tortuosa Gel. ). { Paphia (¢. ala-papilionis Bo/7. ). Gafrarium (¢, pectinata Z.). Cytherea (4 puerpera Z.). Venus (1. chione Gwel.). Donax (1. scortum Ged. ). Corbula (1. Macoma polygona C/.) *Corculum (¢. C. cardissa Ged. ). *Fragum (1. hemicardium Gve/.). Cardium-(1. C. costatum Z.). Anomia (1. dorsata Gme/. ).
Fenestrella (1. Anomia ephippium Ze):
The Shell Beach at Mochras Island.—To the scientifically-minded casual visitor to North Wales I hold with Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill that Mochras Island is a delusion and a snare. Ifa conchologist is in this neighbourhood and is not desirous of filling a clothes basket with old valves of Pecten maximus and Lutraria, etc., but is after something rare and strange, may I suggest that the train be taken to Harlech, instead of Llanbeder, the station for ‘‘ The Shell Island.” Herea short walk across the fields soon brings you to the beach, and continuing in the direction of Mochras Island a profusion of shells may be found, in almost perfect preservation. I was surprised at the number of So/ex ensis, S. vagina, S. stligua, and the rarer Cz/tellus pellucidus, in endless numbers, while among the smaller shells were dcls minor, Chemntilzia elegantissima, Onoba striata, Zippora membranacea var. venusta, Tor- natina truncatula, Clathurella linearis and Modiolaria marmorata all beautifully perfect. These were just a few picked up at random as time was short, no doubt other rarieties are to be found.—J. Davy DEAN (Xead before the Society, September 13th. 1905).
208
NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC.
II., Notes on Lophocercus, Lobiger, Haminza, and Newnesia. -By SIR CHARLES ELIOT, K.C.M.G.
(Read before the Society, December 13th, 1905).
PLATE V. LOPHOCERCIDA H. AND A. ADAMS.
For the previous literature of this family, anatomical and systematic, reference may be made to Bergh,’ Pilsbry,? and the authorities cited by these writers. More recently Mazzarelli® has given some further biological notes on Lobiger.
The Lophocercide are of moderate size, with thin bulloid shells, which do not nearly contain the body, and with variously developed lateral lobes. They can swim as well as crawl. The gill consists of a row of lamellze attached to the under-surface of the mantle. There are no jaws or stomach plates, but a large buccal crop is present, as well as a diverticulum of the cesophagus. The radula is ascoglossan. The sexual orifices are widely separate ; the male orifice lies under the right rhinophore, and is connected with the rest of the reproduc-
tive apparatus by an internal duct, not by an external groove. The members of the family, though nowhere common, appear to be
generally distributed in the warmer waters of the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Indo-Pacific, but have not hitherto been found on the west coast of America. The species show surprisingly little variety, so that some authors have thought there is only one for each genus. I myself am inclined to think that the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific forms can be distinguished, though they are nearly allied. Several species have been imperfectly described, but the following seem fairly certain.
Lophocercus.
1. Lophocercus sieboldi (—olivacea) Krohn. Med. and Atlantic.
L. antillarum (JZorch), Atlantic. 3. L. viridis Pease. Indo-Pacific.
N
Lobiger. 1. Lob. philippii ( = serradifalci)* Avohn. Med. and prob- ably Atlantic. 2. Lob. nevilli Prlsbry. Indo-Pacific. “ Malacologische Untersuchungen,” Semer's Reisen, VII., part 2, section ii., 1. p. 186, 7% “Man. Conch.,” vol. 16, p. 161, ff. Atti. Soc. Ital. Mus. Milano, vol. 42, part 3, p. 281, Nov., 1903.
4 Authors give the specific name variously, according as they consider that Zod. philippii Krohn can or can not be identified with the earlier Bullea servadifalci of Calcara.
W® nN
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM INDO-PACIFIC. 299
Bergh. and von Jhering unite the Lophocercide with the Lima- pontiadee, Elysiade, Phyllobranchide, and Hermeeida:, in the group Ascoglossa, which thus comprises animals of very different appear- ance, and is regarded as forming a connecting link between the Tectibranchiata and Nudibranchiata. As to the affinities of the Lophocercidze with the Bullacea, there can be little doubt. The external characters are very similar, and the main differences are anatomical ; the digestive apparatus, the peculiar gill, and the absence of an external seminal groove. But the recently-described genus NVewnesia (&. A. Smith, 1902) bridges over the gap to a great extent, inasmuch as it has a gill which appears to be intermediate between the structures found in Bula and the Lophocercide, a uniseriate though not ascoglossan radula, no jaws, and no stomach plates.. Some notes on this genus are appended to the present paper. Also, it would appear from Bergh’s investigations (Sewers Reisen, VIL, 1v., ili., p. 249) that in Af/ustrum there is an internal seminal duct and no external groove. Most of the characters of the Lophocercide (except the buccal crop and ascoglossan radula) are thus found in some members of the Bullacea.
Their affinities to the Elysiade and other families above mentioned are at any rate less obvious, and are denied by Pelseneer.’ The most recent writer on the subject, however, Bruel ® is inclined to emphasize these affinities.» ‘The most remarkable point of resemblance is the striking similarity of the digestive organs, but this may be explicable by similarity of diet. Nothing seems to be known of the food of the Lophocercide, but some Ascoglossa live on the juices of seaweeds, which are drawn up into the buccal crop and forced through the alimentary tubes by the muscular contraction of this organ. . No jaws are required for this process, and the radula is only used for scratch- ing the surface of the seaweed, which explains why the teeth are not worn away. Now, it would appear that the nudibranchiate type is the result of the larva breaking its shell and developing more or less symmetrically, whereas the tectibranchiate type, in cases where the shell is reduced or suppressed, is the result of the body growing over the shell without altering the asymmetrical position of the gill and other organs. If Zophocercus lost its shell and gill, so that the pericardium and renal organ were spread on the top of the visceral mass, it would become an animal not unlike /Placobranchus. But
x ‘Recherches sur divers Opisthobranches,” 1893.
2 ‘‘Geschlechts- und Verdauungsorgane von Cadifhylla mediterranea Halle,” 1904.
3 ‘‘Caliphylla steht, selbst unzweifelbar den Ascoglossen zugehirig, gleichwohl der Gat- tung Lobiger in eine Reihe von Charakteren die diese von jenen trennen (Lage der Niere, der aorta im Schlundring, doppelte Tentakel-nerven, Bau des Kropfes und der Oesophagusdriise) so
ausserordentlich nahe dass ein natiirliches System auch den Lodzger aus der Ascoglossengruppe nicht ausscheiden darf.” Z.c., p. 112:
300 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
assuming that Lophocercus and FPlacobranchus are developed from similar larvae, one of which develops as a Tectibranch, preserving its shell, and the other as a Nudibranch, breaking its shell, does it fol- low that for systematic purposes the two forms should be separated from the Tectibranchs and Nudibranchs respectively and united in one group?
Lophocercus.
This genus has usually been called Lophocercus by those who have treated of it separately (Krohn, Souleyet, Bergh, etc.), but Oxynoe by the authors of general works on conchology and malacology (Pilsbry, Fischer). It would seem that the former name is entitled to priority, and that the title Oxywoe Rafinesque, 1819, is really misleading, inas- much as the name cannot be shown to have been applied to this animal before 1863.
Rafinesque’ describes it thus: —“‘Oxynoe (mollusque) corps rampant a grande coquille dorsale extérieure, bulliforme, 4 spire simple, ventre ou pied étroit 4 branchies marginales striées transversalement, man- teau élargi en deux ailes latérales, deux tentacules non retractiles. Différent du genre Sigaretus par sa coquille extérieure, etc.” This description is not only inadequate, but it is impossible to say with certainty that it is an attempt to describe Lophocercus, since no notice is taken of the most characteristic external feature—the long tail. The older malacologists merely reproduce Rafinesque’s name without giving any further description, but in 1863 Morch described under the name of Oxynoe antillarum an animal undoubtedly belong- ing to the genus under consideration; and as this was the first definition of what is really meant by Oxynoe, the use of the name must be considered to date from that year, and not from 1819. But in 1847 Krohn gave a full description of the Mediterranean species, under the name of Zophocercus sieboldi, which, therefore, seems entitled to priority.
Forbes?” says :—‘‘ The animal for which I propose to constitute the genus Icarus, differs from Aplysia in having but two tentacula and in being prolonged posteriorly into a slender lanceolate tail. The dorsal shield resembles the shell of a Bulleea.” This description is recog- nizable, though not full, and if the law of priority is strictly applied, the genus should be called Zcarus ; but nothing would be gained by reviving a name which appears not to have been used by any other writer.
Lophocercus is evidently closely allied to Zodiger, but is distin- guished by its narrow foot, long tail, more distinctly bulloid shell,
1 Journal de Physique, vol. 89, 1819, p. 152. 2 ‘Report on Moll. and Rad. of Aegean,” 1844, p. 187.
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM INDO- PACIFIC. 301
and the absence of swimming lobes. It swims by strokes of its powerful tail, and the comparatively small wings seem not to be used for purposes of locomotion, but form a chamber which protects the fragile shell and the viscera below it. In internal anatomy the two genera are similar, but Zophovercus has a large buccal mass and a moderately large circular crop, whereas in Zodiger the buccal mass is small and the elongate coiled crop enormous. Much the same differ- ence is exhibited in the digestive organs of Cyerce and Phyllobranchus, which are otherwise closely related. Zodiger and Lophocercus have also each a characteristic form of salivary gland.
Lophocercus is recorded from several parts of the Mediterranean, including the Aegean, the West Indies, Cape Verde Islands, Zanzibar, Ceylon and Southern India, the Sandwich Islands, Tahiti, and the New Hebrides. Six species have been described: Z. steboldi (or olivacea), antillarum, viridis, krohni, delicatulus, and hargravest. Of these, Z. Arohni and L. hargravest are founded on shell characters of doubtful validity; and Z. delicatulus (G. & H. Nevill, 1869) seems the same as Z. wiridis (Pease, 1861). The remaining species are closely allied to one another, but Bergh (2c) somewhat doubtfully recognizes Z. steboldi and L. antillarum as separate, the difference being chiefly in the colour, The Indo-Pacific form seems entitled to specific rank, though by no means sharply distinguished. The most decided difference is in colour, as the body bears blue spots and ocelli, which are absent in the Atlantic and Mediterranean forms. Other points of difference in the shell, genitalia, and other organs are noted below, but in most cases it is hard to be sure that they are really permanent and characteristic of the species, not merely varia- tions depending on age or accident. Perhapsin the Pacific specimens the shell is narrower, the body more plentifully covered with papillee, and the wings more distinctly raised and united into a chamber enclosing the shell.
Lophocercus viridis Pease. (PLATE V., fig. 5).
Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861, p. 246; Amer. Journ, Conch., vol. 4, D745 pl. 8, fig, 25 pl. 12, hg. 25.
Six specimens from Zanzibar, dredged in one to two fathoms at low water. The notes on the living animals are as follows :—‘“‘ Colour bright yellowish green, covered with rings of dull yellow. The inside of each ring is bright blue, and each blue area has a clear black spot in the centre. There is a line of pinkish white projecting points down each side, above which, on the edges of the wings, is a similar line of pinkish zigzag points. These two lines meet behind and are continued as a median dorsal line down the tail. The rhinophores are the same colour as the body on their outer sides, the blue spots
302 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
extending over them. The foot is extremely long and narrow, with a translucent white border, which is wider in front ; this border contains a line of blue spots. The animal swims with rapid lateral movements of the tail, and when first caught was thought to be a smull fish.” Most of the specimens were small and immature, but one much larger than the rest was about 20 mm. long. .
As preserved, it is 17 mm. long; this includes the tail, which pro- jects as it did in life, but not the head, which is retracted into the shell. ‘The shell is 9.5 mm. long, and 6 mm. broad; the wings, which only partially cover it at the sides, are 7 mm. long and 2 mm. high. The shell is much as in Akera bullata, with a flat level spire of two or three whorls ; it is semitransparent and dull white, with inconspicu- ous opaque white striz. The general texture is very thin and fragile, Only the spire is hard and solid, and the inner lip is somewhat call- ous. ‘The aperture is as long as the shell, dilated below but narrow above and extending into a deep sinus along the suture.
Through the kindness of Mr. E. A. Smith, I have also been allowed to examine two specimens from the British Museum, sent by Mr. E. Thurston from the Madras coast. They are labelled Oxyzoe delica- tula Nevill, but I do not think this species can be separated from Lophocercus viridis Pease, which appears to have priority. They are about 30 mm. long (the tail being about 20 mm.), ro mm. broad at the widest part and 12 mm. high. The colour appears to have been much the same as in the Zanzibar specimens. One specimen is greenish with minute yellow mottlings, the other yellow with greenish mottlings. Both have some deep blue spots, which appear to repre- sent the remains of ocelli, and both have a row of deep blue dots on either side of the foot. The external characters and anatomy of all the specimens seem identical; where measurements are given they refer to the largest.
The body is covered with prominences or papillae, as much as rt mm. high, which vary in quantity in the different specimens, but are most numerous on the edges of the wings and upper part of the tail. The anterior margin of the foot is thickened, but no furrow is visible, The sole is a deep groove, seemingly adapted for clinging to stalks. The mouth is large and distinct, with no trace of oral tentacles. The rhinophores are about 3 mm. long, grooved and folded, but in all the specimens stiff and tightly rolled up, not free and foliaceous, as in Lobiger. The wings are fairly ample (about 8 mm. long and 6.5 mm. high) but do not cover the shell, immediately behind which they are united and continued in a low thin caudal crest. In some specimens there is a flat area behind the point of junction, and the crest does not begin till further back. |
The mantle closely follows the shape of the shell, and rises into a
ELIOT: NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM INDO-PACIFIC. 303
short spire. On this spire and on the anterior mantle edge are a few blue spots. Across the roof of the mantle chamber—that is on the underside of the mantle—runs the gill, which is an even band of lamellze, about 3 mm. wide. Between these lamellz are shorter ones. The pericardium, in which the heart is clearly visible, lies before the gill; behind the gill is an opaque white triangular organ, about 3 mm. long, which is apparently the post-branchial gland mentioned by Bergh.
TeExT Fic. 1.— The kidney of Lophocercus viridis.
T.J.E. del. a :
a, Gill filaments hanging down in mantle chamber,
é. Renal chambers. c. Blood spaces. Above the lamella, in the roof of the mantle, is a chamber traversed by tubes which are lined with projecting cells, This is apparently the renal organ. (Text Fig. 1).
304 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
On removing the mantle cavity the visceral mass is seen rising as a conical projection behind, while the outline of the buccal mass is clearly visible in front. The visceral mass lies quite freely in the cavity formed by the wings, not touching them at the sides and being free for a distance of 5 mm. behind. At that point it is attached to the foot by a large muscle which enters it medianly. It is yellow in colour and seems to be composed of the liver, of the hermaphrodite gland, which is mixed with the liver in parts, and of the mucous gland, which is opaque, solid and not ramified. The liver is a mass of minute ramified tubes and encloses a small round stomach. The course of the intestine is partly visible in the liver, and it terminates in a low anal papilla situated on the visceral mass, a little to the right of the median line. ‘The central nervous system is very difficult to see but is apparently as in Bergh’s plates of Z. anttllarum. ‘The eyes are visible externally only in one specimen and are situated just below the rhinophores on the outer side.
Text Fic. 2.—Three teeth of Lophocercus viridis.
The buccal parts are much as described and figured by Bergh for L. antillarum. The anterior portion is in some specimens roundish, in others distinctly divided into sacculations. The posterior portion is yellowish, semitransparent, with a faint longitudinal groove and twelve bright white transverse lines. The buccal crop is proportionally somewhat smaller than in Bergh’s figures. Both it and the anterior part of the buccal chamber are distinctly divided into two halves on the lower side. ‘The radula is of the usual ascoglossan type, but the teeth remain more or less in line and do not fall into a confused heap. In a large specimen there are to teeth in the ascending series and 30 in the descending ; in a small specimen there are 8 teeth in the ascending series, 13 in the descending, and 14 in the heap, but still more or less in position. (Text Fig. 2). They resemble those of Z. antillarum, but are perhaps somewhat straighter, and the serrulations even finer, The cesophagus is very thin, From its upper
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM INDO-PACIFIC., 305
_ surface arises a diverticulum, 4.5 mm. long, and studded with knobs. The salivary glands consist of a bunch of filaments at the end of a short, stout but tapering duct.
Just inside the mantle cavity is a large pear-shaped papilla on which the female orifice is situated. The penis, which lies behind and below the right rhinophore, is exserted in the largest specimen and is white, 1.5 mm. long and very thin, but thicker at the base.
I think this species may on the whole be referred to Z. wiridis Pease, though differences in the details of coloration are not wanting, I have compared the Pacific specimens with others brought by Mr. Crossland from Boa Vista, Cape Verde Islands, which seem referable to LZ. sieboldt (olivacea).
Lophocercus sieboldi Krohn.
Two specimens from Boa Vista, Cape Verde Islands, are probably referable to this species. ‘The tails have been broken off (possibly by autotomy) but are preserved. The body is about 12 mm. long and g mm. broad. The tail about 19 mm. long.
In most points, such as the branchia, buccal mass, salivary glands, diverticulum on the cesophagus, etc., these specimens closely resemble those from the Indo-Pacific. The radula is not appreciably different. It contains 11 teeth in the ascending series, 25 in the descending, and 12 in the heap. Perhaps the following points constitute real differences,
There is no trace of blue spots or ocelli. The colour appears to have been olive with yellowish markings. In one specimen a rich, bright olive green predominates, in the other yellowish brown with a little yellowish green here and there. The shell is milky white, semitransparent, and covered with a perfectly colourless transparent periostracum. It is smooth, not striated, but bears a few marks like scratches. It is somewhat broader in proportion than the shell of the Pacific form, the measurements being about rr mm, long by 9 mm. broad, as against ro mm. by 6 mm. for Z. viridis. In both specimens there are traces of a furrow on the anterior margin of the foot. The visceral mass is flatter than in Z. wrzd7s, and adheres to the foot over a wider area. The wings do not seem to form so distinct a chamber and are flattened out at the sides as if they were used as a creeping surface. But possibly this configuration is chiefly due to a difference of attitude. There are only a few minute yellow papille on the wings and caudal crest. On the roof ot the mantle cavity is a tri- angular area which may represent the postbranchial gland, but it is colourless and not chalky white as in the Pacific specimens. But this white colour may be merely due to a secretion and not indicate
a difference of structure. There is perhaps a real difference in the U
306 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
form of the penis. As in the Pacific specimens it is enclosed in a bag, situated under the right rhinophore, and connected with the female branch by a thin duct which is partly embedded in the body wall. The bag contains not only a soft conical organ as in the Pacific specimens, but also attached to it a thick strong convoluted tube ro mm. long.
It would appear that this species should be called Z. sieboldi, not olivacea, since if Rafinesque’s description is set aside, Krohn’s specific as well as his generic name must hold good.
Lobiger.
This genus is easily recognized externally by its remarkable wing- like swimming lobes, which give it somewhat the appearance of a dragon-fly. The shell is flatter than in Lophocercus, and the foot broader. The internal anatomy of the two genera is much the same, except that in Zodzger the buccal crop is very large and elongate, the salivary glands racemose, and the teeth bear three minute denticles at the tip.
Five species have been described: Z. serradifalci or philippit, L. souverbit, L. viridis, L. nevillt,and LZ. wilsont.1 Some details respect- ing the synonymy, etc., are given by E. A. Smith,” who states that the types in the Bntish Museum show that Z. pellucidus is not a separate species. Z. souverbii Fischer from the West Indies is said to be characterised by having only two swimming lobes, one anterior and one posterior ; and Pilsbry has proposed a new subgenus for it, Dipterophysis. But as Lobiger is known sometimes to cast off its lobes, it is eminently probable that this species was founded on a mutilated specimen. Z. zzdsoné Tate from South Australia is possibly a valid species, though imperfectly described. It is of a pale green colour, with oblong rounded lobes, and a very narrow, pointed, smooth tail. Z. pictus Pease (or L. viridis Pease, for he seems to have called it by both names) is described and figured as having four tentacles and has been made the type of a subgenus Prerygophysits by Fischer.* Some authors have regarded this form with scepticism, and it must be admitted that Pease was often inaccurate, but it is noticeable that Pelseneer* describes and figures Z. philippii as having two pairs of tentacles, and the prolongation of the lips into buccal tentacles does not imply any great morphological change. Pease’s account may, therefore, prove correct. G. and H. Nevill described very imperfectly a form from Ceylon under the name of Z. v/rtd/s, which was altered
1 L.corneus Mérch seems to be a name without a description.
2 ‘Notes on the genus Lodiger,’ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vol. 3, p. 308-311, Apr., 1889. 3 ‘‘Man. de Conchyl.,” p. 571.
4 ‘Rech. sur divers Opisthobranches,” p. 19, 1893.
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM INDO-PACIFIC. 307
by Pilsbry (“ Manual,” p. 168) to Z. nevi//i on the ground that viridis is preoccupied by Pease’s species. The specimens from the British Museum described below are said to belong to this species, and as the specimen from Zanzibar is identical with them, it would appear that the hitherto commonest Indo-Pacific form should be called xeve/dz. I think it quite possible that this species is the same as Z. viridis, but, as explained above, do not feel justified in rejecting Pease’s state- ment that that animal had four tentacles. Smith (Zc.) seems doubtful whether this Z. wevi//t (=. viridis Nevill) is a separate species, but the specimens which he examined had lost the wings. It appears to be distinguished from the Mediterranean form by a different general coloration, blue lines and blotches on the mantle, which can be seen through the shell, and long narrow wings with indented margins, whereas the wings of the Mediterranean form are oblong, ‘rounded, and with entire margins. Perhaps, also, there is a difference in the structure of the penis.
Lobiger is recorded from much the same area as Lophocercus : the Mediterranean, West Indies, Zanzibar, Ceylon, South Australia, and Tahiti.
Lobiger nevilli Pilsbry.
Pilsbry, “‘ Manual,” vol. 16, p. 168; E. A. Smith, Zc, p. 311.-
Text Fic. 3.—Zobigex crawling.
One specimen from Chuaka, Zanzibar, dredged in two or three fathoms. The notes on the living animal are as follows :—‘‘ General colour bright green. Four large wing-like appendages. Shell large, not enclosed in mantle, and marked by thin dark green lines, expand- ing here and there into blue blotches. Foot long and narrow.. Parts inside the wings light green ; the wings have an indented margin, and a not very definite white border. Inside this is a light yellow band, and at the base of each indentation is an orange blotch. There are
308 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. IO, APRIL, 1906.
brown spots on the upper surface of the foot and wings, as well as more numerous but smaller white ones. The animal was not observed to swim, but crawled, with the wings folded over the shell.” It is probable, however, that it can swim like the Mediterranean species.
In the preserved specimen the head is retracted into the shell, which is 6.5 mm. long and 4 mm. broad. The tail projects 4 mm. behind the shell. The front wings are 6 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad ; the hinder are somewhat larger, being 8 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. Each of them has four or five lobes and indentations on either side. The shell as it lies on the animal superficially resembles half a bivalve ; it is thin and fragile, but somewhat thicker on the left side, where there is a small concealed spire; ovate, striate, white, semitransparent, with a transparent epidermis. The aperture is as long as the shell, broad helow, but narrower above. The mantle is thin and yellow, with five dark longitudinal stripes, which are visible through the shell and give it the appearance of being itself striped.
Through the kindness of Mr. E. A. Smith I have also been able to examine two specimens from the British Museum, labelled “Zodzger viridis G. and H. Nevill, Tuticorin, S. India, from E. Thurston, Esq.” The shells of both have been removed and the wings and tail broken off. One has also been eviscerated. The carcases are about 20 mm. long, to mm. broad, and 14 mm. high. The colour is dirty olive with dark brown lines and spots on the mantle. There are traces of tubercles at the points where the wings are broken off. All three specimens appear to belong to the same species. The measurements given below apply to the largest.
The foot is not a groove as in Lophocercus, but a flat sole about 6 mm. broad, with a fairly ample margin. The rhinophores are grooved and folded, ample, flexible, and somewhat foliaceous. They do not form a continuous veil over the mouth, but are continued in a fold at the side of the head. Under this fold is a brown groove which can have nothing to do with the reproductive system, as it is found on both sides of the head.!. At the sides of the mouth are rudimentary oral tentacles.
The mantle cavity is much as in Lophocercus, but opens more decidedly on the right and not in front. The branchia is clear yellow in colour and large, being 15 mm. long and 4 mm. broad. The auricle lies at the side of the branchia, about the middle, not at the end. The kidney appears to consist of tubes in a chamber above the branchize, and to be much as in Lophocercus, but is less well pre- served than in that genus. I could not find a postbranchial gland like that of Lophocercus.
1 This is perhaps the ‘‘ Flimmerrinne” figured by v. Jhering for Z. pAz/zfp7 in his paper, ‘* Zur Kenntniss der Saccoglossen,” WV. Acta Leop. - Carol, Acad., vol. 58 (1892) 1893,
ELIOT: NUDIBRANCHS AND TFCTIBRANCHS FROM INDO-PACIFIC. 309
The visceral mass lies horizontally and is not at all raised. It adheres to the floor of the branchial chamber throughout its whole length. It consists chiefly of the liver, which is composed of closely packed tubes. ‘The stomach is enclosed in the liver, which is traversed by several ducts opening into it. ‘The hermaphrodite gland is spread over the surface of the liver and is whiteish, but in places reddish. In the lower portion of the visceral mass lies the large opaque white mucous gland.
The central nervous system appears to be as in Z. philipfpiz, but the ganglia are distinctly granulated."
The buccal mass is small, about 3 mm. long and 1.2 mm. bread, and consists of a round antechamber with dilatations at the side followed by a narrower portion which bears about 12 transverse striations on the upper surface. ‘The crop is enormous compared to the size of the other organs. It consists of a flattish tube about 2 mm. wide, bent on itself four or five times and deep yellow in colour. As it lies, the length is about 5 mm., but if straightened out it would be 20 or 25 mm. long. It shows signs externally of being divided by a whiteish furrow representing the lumen which is about .5 mm, wide, and not always strictly median. ‘The radula contains 6 teeth in the ascending series, of which the first is rudimentary, and 9 in the descending series. (Text Fig. 4). In the heap are more than
b a T.J.E. del. Text Fic. 4.—a. Three teeth from the radula of Lobiger nevilli.
6. A smaller tooth from the heap. 20 teeth of various sizes piled together quite irregularly. The teeth are yellowish at the base and colourless in the upper part. The shape is much as in ZL. philippit, but perhaps a little stouter and more even. In the figure they are shown as seen somewhat from below, which
1 See Vayssiére's figure, ‘‘ Opisth. de Marseille,” Suppl., pl. iii., fig. 4o.
310 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
makes the lateral expansions conspicuous. ‘lhe teeth are attached to the lingual ribbon by ligaments at their bases. On the tip uf each are two notches, one wider and rounder than the other, which form three small denticulations. Some of the smaller teeth in the heap show a striation like that of Zophocercus, but much stronger. It is not, however, visible in the teeth which are in the row. The salivary glands are grape-like clusters of simple or compound ovate bodies. The cesophagus is very thin. On it rises a large diverti- culum, much as in Zophocercus, 5 mm. high and studded with simple and compound knobs.
The female orifice is just inside the mantle cavity. Behind it can be seen clearly the mucous gland and two spherical spermathece, one larger than the other. The penis is in a bag, hanging freely on the inner side of the body wall under the right rhinophore. The slender vas deferens is free as it enters the bag, but further back is attached to the body wail. The penis is flattish, curved and tapering. ‘The duct can be clearly seen traversing it to the very tip, and the whole organ is divided by transverse striations into a series of segments. This conformation seemed quite clear in all the specimens, but is not indicated in Bergh’s figures of Lodiger philippii (l.c., pl. 13, figs. 36, 37).
BULLACEA.
These forms have mostly been treated conchologically. The most important information as to the anatomy and systematic morphology is given by Bergh.1 The more typical Bullids seem to fall into the two genera Bulla and Haminea, of which the former has no perios- tracum on the shell, small parapodia and a narrow radula with the formula 1.2.1. 2. 1., while Hamin@ea has the shell covered with a periostracum, larger parapodia, and a wider radula, with a formula varying from 50. 1.50 to 8.1.8. The shape of the stomach plates is also somewhat different in the two genera. Ap/ustrum (—=AHydatina) though sometimes confounded with these genera differs widely in the male genitalia and digestive organs. The species described below seems referable to Haminea.
Haminza simillima. (PI. V., fig. 8).
Pease, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. 4, p. 72, pl. 7, fig. 3, and pl. 12, iat, Paiig
Two specimens found on seaweed at half-tide on Prison Island, Zanzibar. When alive they were about 15 mm. long, and 5 mm. across the shell. The head and body were well extended, but the shell was not nearly covered. The ground colour of the body is described as having been light green and white, with numerous distinct
1 ‘‘ Malacologische Untersuchungen,” Sewtfer's Reisen, VII, iv., 3, page 2097.
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM INDO-PACIFIC. 311
bright orange spots. The part covered by the shell was of a darker and somewhat bluish-green, bearing dull orange spots and also bands and blotches of dull red bordered with white. One of the specimens had a few dark violet spots here and there; in the other specimen they were absent.
As preserved the animals are much hardened and contracted, but not withdrawn entirely into the shell, the margins of which are still covered with the various flaps of the body. Most of the flesh is quite hard and deep dark brown in colour; only the liver is soft and greenish. The shell is white, fragile, inconspicuously striated, and covered with a yellowish periostracum. It is shaped much as in Pease’s figure (as reproduced in Pilsbry’s “ Manual”) but is slightly narrower in proportion to its length. The rhinophores, gill, etc., appear to have dried up and could not be found.
T.J.E. del.
Text Fic. 5.—a. Two median teeth of Haminea sinillima. 6. A lateral tooth of Haminea simillima.
The labial armature is much as in H. xatalensis, and consists of slightly bent rods ; they are hooked at the tip, and slightly thickened. The radula consists of 35 and 32 rows in the two specimens. In one there are from eight to ten teeth on each side of the rhachidian tooth; in the other the number of laterals was not found to exceed eight. The rhachidian tooth is broad with three cusps, which vary somewhat in shape, and have a sort of hood at the top, but have not rounded out- lines and are thin or pointed. The laterals are hamate. The shaft is at first very erect, and then bends rather suddenly backwards. - (Text Fig. 5). The first lateral is broader than the rest, and its hook is straight or slightly inclined away from the rhachis, whereas the hooks of the others are inclined towards the rhachis. This difference of direction gives the middle of the radula a confused appearance.
312 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
The stomach is armed with three strong brownish-yellow plates, look- ing much like small Chitons half rolled up. They bear about ten furrows on the dorsal-surface. The second stomach is studded with minute grey prominences.
The living animal corresponded pretty closely with Pease’s descrip- tion of his Haminea stmillima, though not entirely agreeing with his figure. The species seems allied to A. natalensis, recorded from Natal, Mauritius, and Mozambique, which has also a narrow radula, but there seem to be specific differences in the teeth, shell, and stomach plates. The external appearance of 4. zata/ensis when alive is unknown. ;
Newnesia antarctica E. A. Smith.
Smith, “‘Southern Cross ” Collections, Mollusca (Brit. Mus.) 1902, pp. 208-9, pl. xxv., figs. 1-6.
Mr. E. A. Smith has kindly allowed me to examine four specimens of this interesting Mollusc dredged by the ‘Southern Cross” off Cape Adare. ‘They are not in very good preservation, the tissues having become soft and partially decayed, but the main features of their anatomy seem quite clear. The shells of all have been removed, together with a portion of the visceral mass, but are described in the paper cited above, and said to resemble those of Aydatina (Aplustriumy).
The bodies are of a uniform dirty yellow, and all of much the same size, being about 21 mm. in length, 15 mm. in height, and 13 mm. in breadth. There is a large head-shield, somewhat curved inwards in front, and prolonged behind into two well-developed grooved processes. In one specimen the anterior corners amount to rudimentary tentacles. The orifice of the penis is situated under the right anterior corner. No rhinophorial lamelle were visible under the sides of the head-shield, though considering the state of pre- servation their absence is not certain. There are no parapodia or lateral wings, though it seems probable that the animal cannot withdraw entirely into its shell. The foot is large, 15 mm. long and 13 mm. broad. The free portion behind measures 6 mm. and the anterior margin is not grooved. In the sole is a large submedian slit-like opening, leading into a gland 6 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad. This gland appears to have no connection with the body cavity ; it is solid, without a lumen, and of cheese-like consistency. On the left of the visceral mass and behind it is a fold of skin which forms a cup-shaped rim, within which the viscera lie, but there is no such fold on the right hand side.
The mantle cavity is open on the right but notin front. It is rather large, the roof measuring 12mm. by 9 mm. From the anterior portion
ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM INDO-PACIFIC. 313
of the roof hangs the gill. It is a strap witha rounded end, 8 to 9 mm. long and 4 to 4.5 mm. broad, bearing on either side transverse lamellz set in about seven groups, each group containing seven or eight lamellz. On the floor of the chamber below the gill, and close to the genital papilla, is a second gill-like organ about 3 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide, composed of about ten lamelle. It is apparently an osphradium. The renal organ is composed of numerous fine ramifying tubes. The pericardium and heart apparently lie in the left anterior part of the mantle chamber, but could not be identified with certainty in any specimen.
The buccal mass is 7 mm. long and 5 mm. broad. It is not striated. The mouth opens into a spacious chamber with puckered walls. The deep brown radula consists of a single series of from 22 to 25 teeth, of which from 10 to 15 seem to be in use. It is not ascoglossan ; the anterior teeth show signs of being worn out, and no doubt disappear in the usual way. Seen in the profile the teeth are very erect. (Text Fig. 6). The back part of each is broad at the base and hollowed out so as to receive the anterior part of the succeeding tooth. Each tooth bears from three to five denticles which are sometimes rather irregular in shape and almost double.
®
Text Fic. 6.—Three teeth of Wewnesia antarctica.
There are no jaws and no buccal crop. The salivary glands are whitish, thick, and foliaceous, about 4 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad, with very short ducts.
On leaving the buccal mass, the alimentary tract dilates at once into a large tube which is bent on itself. The first bend (5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad) bears a smooth diverticulum on the top about 1.5 mm. high. The second bend is 8 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. The tube bears inside about ten longitudinal lamellae studded with prominences. Inside the lamellz can be seen yellowish folliculate bodies which are apparently glandular.
Somewhat embedded in the front of the liver, but not enclosed by it, is the small round stomach, The interior is lined with irregular
314 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. iI, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
soft folds, but shows no trace of plates. From it issues the intestine.
Round the buccal mass is set a collar of ganglia consisting of three pairs on the top and at the sides (cerebral, pleural, and pedal) and one pair (buccal) below. To the right lies a single ganglion, perhaps the ganglion genitale. All the ganglia are quite separate and the commissures fairly long. Under the viscera was found the visceral ganglion, but no eyes could be discovered. Smith says, Oculi tnter bases tentaculorum sttt,
There is a distinct seminal groove running from the female orifice to the right anterior corner of the head. It is bounded by distinct ridges, and in the most extended specimen is 6.5 mm. long, but in most much shorter. ‘The internal bag containing the penis is about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. The organ is not well preserved in any specimen, but appears to be small, faintly grooved and attached to a glandular mass at the bottom of the bag. In any case the structure appears to be simple, and there is no trace of any long convoluted tube.
At the end of the mantle chamber on its right edge is a large prominence about 6 mm. long and 4 mm, broad. It has a free pointed flap at the top, 1.5 mm. long, and a crescent shaped opening. From the lower part of this prominence issues the seminal groove. The crescent-shaped opening, which is doubtless the female orifice, leads into a laminated chamber. Of the internal reproductive organs nothing could be ascertained except that the hermaphrodite gland and the mucous gland are united to the visceral mass in the usual way.
In spite of the unavoidable lacune in the above description, it appears pretty certain that this animal belongs to the Bullacea. Its nervous system and reproductive organs seem to be muchas in Bwd/a, but in other respects it diverges widely from the typical members of the group, and its nearest ally is perhaps Déaphana. Neither Newnesia nor Diaphana have parapodia, jaws, or stomach plates, and the radula is very narrow, being triseriate in Diaphana, uniseriate in Newnesia. Utriculus ( Retusa) may also be allied. It is said to have the posterior corners of the bead shield developed into tentacular processes, and no parapodia, but differs in having stomach plates, but no radula. The gill of /Vezenesta is peculiar, being a broad strap, not pointed or plume-like, bearing simple lamellz on both sides.
If this gill, instead of hanging freely, were attached to the mantle and bore lamella on only one side, it would have much the same form as the gill of the Lophocercidz. The digestive organs also show points of similarity. In both forms there are no jaws and no stomach plates, but there is a uniseriate radula and a diverticulum on
ELIOT: NUDIBRANCHS AND TECTIBRANCHS FROM INDO-PACIFIC. 315
the cesophagus. It is true that the radula of Vezwzwesza is not asco- glossan, but the teeth fit into one another and are not unlike those of Phyllobranchus. On the other hand JVezwnesta differs from the Lophocercide in having no parapodia, no buccal crop, no internal seminal duct but an external seminal groove. In spite of these differences it appears to me to illustrate how the Lophocercidz may have been developed from the Bullacea.
—_—________$ - @-@_
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
348th Meeting, January roth, 1906. Mr. Alfred Leicester (Vice-President) inthe chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Members Elected. James R. Plant, M.R.C.S., D.P.H., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester. Clement L. Wragge, F.R.G.S., F.R.Met.Soc., etc., 26, Jasper Road, Upper
Norwood, S.E. Candidates Proposed for Membership.
W. Ruskin Butterfield, Corporation Museum, Hastings. TF. H. Sikes, 13, Mornington Avenue, West Kensington, W.
Resignations.
Rev. H. Glanville Barnacle. W.O. Dyson. Geo. H. Parke.
It was reported that between the sending to press of the Proceedings of the last meeting and the end of the year Mr. W. Neville Sturt had paid his subscription and tendered his resignation, and it was resolved that the resignation be accepted, and Mr. Neville Sturt’s name expunged from the list of those removed from the Roll
in terms of Rule 3. Member Deceased. R. C. Chaytor. Papers Read.
‘**On the danger of using corrosive sublimate to sterilize highly-polished shells,” by B. R. Lucas. **On the Radula of Vitrina rogersi compared with that of other Species of the
Genus,” by W. Moss. Exhibits.
By Mr. A. Mayfield: Specimens of Helix aspersa from Claremont, Capetown, H, pisana from Grass at Hout Bay, Capetown, Paludestrina from Aldeburgh.
By Mr. F. B. Jennings: A series of examples of Cyfrea obvelata Lam., from Tahiti, 1904, collected by Mr. C. L. Wragge; also a large white variety of the same, unlocalized, for comparison.
By Mr. B. R. Lucas: Examples of Cyfvea to illustrate his paper; also Spherium rivicola from Shropshire Union Canal, Chester ; ygromta hispida and var. albida from Barnton; larva of Ocypus olens feeding upon Vitrina pellucida from Whoolton, co. Durham ; two varieties of Cyfrea mappa; and Vallonia excentrica from below Barnton.
By Mr. W. Moss: A large series of British Vitvee from many localities ; also many foreign species, to illustrate his paper.
316 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRIL, 1906.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: Large Cardiuwm edule from Scotland. A series of the Genus Ch/or@a was shown as a special exhibit by Messrs. J. C. Melvill and Edward Collier; also from the ‘‘ Darbishire Collection” in the Man- chester Museum. All but four of the known species were exhibited, together with examples of the allied Genus Covasta for comparison.
349th Meeting, February 14th, 1906.
Mr. Charles Oldham in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : “¢ Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna der Magalhaen-Provinz,” by Dr.
H. Strebel; ‘‘ Catalogue of Operculate Land-shells,” by Messrs. Sowerby and
Fulton (from the respective authors) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange. Donation to Cabinet announced and thanks voted : By Mr. Bartlet Span: Zevebratula cranium dredged in the Bay of Biscay. Donation to the Illustration Fund announced and thanks voted : From Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., the sum of £1 6s. od.
New Members Elected. W. Ruskin Butterfield, Corporation Museum, Hastings. F. fi. Sikes, 13, Mornington Avenue, West Kensington, W.
Member Deceased.
The death of Mr. William Nelson, an original Founder and Honorary Member
of the Society, was announced, and the Secretary was instructed to convey to Mrs. Nelson an expression of the Society’s sense of Mr. Nelson’s services to the science of conchology in general as well as to the Society in particular, and also of its sympathy with his family in their bereavement.
Statement of Accounts. The statement of income and expenditure for the year 1905 having been signed
by the Auditors was presented.
Receipts. ie aw
Cash in hand, Jan. 1, ae 15 16 6 Subscriptions a 58 Il 9 Advertisements ... ee I 0 O Sale of Publications... 20 15 II £96 4 2
Expenditure. &
Printing Journal for Oct. 1904 11
) 99 Jan. 1905 12
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» » July, 1905 13
99 53 Oct. 1905 II
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oof QO &
PROCEEDINGS : MARCH 14, 1906. 317
Paper Read. ‘* The Prevention of Corrosion in Shells,” by L. St. G. Byne. Exhibits.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Physa anctllaria Say with well defined white bars indicating growth-stages, from Frankfort, Maine, U.S.A.
By the Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley: Helev pisana, H. splendida, and Tulora Jerruginea from Majorca; 2. hortensts var. monozona from Swanley, North Kent.
A large number of white forms of British Non-Marine Mollusca were shewn as a special exhibit by Messrs. Baldwin, Jackson, Standen, Moore, and Whitehead, and a fine series trom the Manchester Museum Collections was also exhibited.
350th Meeting, March r4th, 1906. Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
“*On the Mollusca of East Greenland, I. Lamellibranchiata,” by Adolf Sverin Jensen (from the author), and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
Donation to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted:
Specimens of Lettor¢na rudis var. 7ugosa from the Orkney Islands, .rom Mr. J. C. Dacie. ;
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
J. W. Boult, 50, Waslington Street, Newland, Hull.
V. B. Crowther-Beynon, M.A., F.S.A., The Grange, Edith Weston, Stamford.
Harry Fogerty, 21, Henry Street, Limerick.
Robert Godfrey, M.A., 46, Cumberland Street, Edinburgh.
Alexander Reynell, 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London, S.E.
C. J. Sharp, M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool.
Commander E. R. Shopland, Weeting, Sheringham, Norfolk.
Edward Step, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey.
Lt.-Col. W. H. Turton, D.S.O., R.E., Harley House, Clifton Down, Bristol.
Papers Read. ‘““Jaminia triplicata Studer, a new British Terrestrial Mollusc,” by Dr. G. W. Chaster. ‘©A Single Haul of Land Mollusca,” by F. H. Sikes.
Exhibits.
By Dr. G. W. Chaster: Jaminia triplicata Studer from Brandon, Suffolk, and Batzen, Tyrol; and _/. d¢granata Rossm. from Wiesbaden, to illustrate his paper.
By Mr. C.. P. Richards (on behalf of Miss A. C. S. Foster): A remarkable specimen of Cyfrea arabica, adult, with greatly produced spire; the mouth reduced to two-thirds its normal length by the wedging in of a stone or piece of shell at the anterior end; this the animal has coated with a thick layer of enamel, giving rise to a large livid coloured callosity.
By Mr. J. C. Dacie: A series of very large Lzttorina rudis var. jugosa Mont. collected by him last summer in the Orkneys, on a promontory (Plutonic) called ‘*Bigging Brough,” facing the Atlantic; the rock weathers into grooves about an inch in depth which are filled with shells of this variety only, all found elsewhere on the shore being of the normal form. The variety appears to possess a wonderful fitness for resisting the powerful spray which more often than not washes violently over the rocky platform.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: Series of Spherium pallidum, Valvata piscinalis, Palu- destrina jenkinsi and var. carinata from a pond at Droylesden, Lancs,
318 JOURNAL OF CONCHQLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 10, APRII, 1906.
By Mr. J. Laycock: ZLo/égo media L.. (male) from Colwyn Bay.
By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Zmnea stagnalis, a dwarfed form, from pond, West Kirby, Cheshire.
By Mr. J. W. Jackson (on behalf of Mr. A. Leicester): A Vertigo from near Southport, of a form quite unknown to all the members present, it being sinistral, but certainly neither V. Azsz//a nor V. angustior; it may be an undescribed species. Also photo-micographs of above, and of V. pusz/la and V. angustzo7 for comparison.
By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Aythinza tentaculata var. albida from the Bolton Canal.
A very extensive series of the British Vertiginidze, comprising sets showing variation in size and colour from many localities was exhibited by the President, Dr. G. W. Chaster, Messrs. Oldham, Standen, Moore, Jackson and Collier; the latter also showed, for comparison, 38 species of Ppa and Vertzgo from the Alps, the Pyrennes, Norway, Greece, Abyssinia, and the Cape. Specimens were also shown from the collections of the Society and the Manchester Museum.
It was decided to have the following special exhibits at future meetings:
April 11 ae a The Genus Vallonia.
IES Oe ake .. The British Trochide.
June 13 es .. The Genus Cataulus. a
Limax tenellus in Buckinghamshire.—On October 15th last several speci- mens of Z7meax ¢enellis were found by Mr. B. T. Lowne and the writer in Burnham Beeches, Buckinghamshire. They were distinctly, rather brightly yellow in colour, with blackish-grey tentacles ; and according to Mr. J. W. Taylor, to whom one was submitted, they pertain to the var. cevea Held. The other slugs of the place— undoubtedly a remnant of primitive forest—were Lzmax arborum, 1. cinereo-niger, Arion subfuscus, and A. minimus.—H. WALLIS Kew (Read before the Society, December 13th, 1905).
‘“‘Do Swans eat Anodonta cygnea ?.’’—In answer to this question in your last issue, I wish to reply that they certainly do so, and in large quantities. About twenty-six years ago I went to reside at Birchmore House, near Woburn, Bedford- shire, my husband farming its lands. The mansion of our landlord, the Duke of Bedford, Woburn Abbey (so-called from its having been built upon the site of an abbey of the White Cistercians) was about two miles distant ; the Park, in which it stood, was only separated by a road from our farm. The first autumn I lived there, I was told by the old groom whom we had taken with the house, that the swans had flown over from the Park to one of our ponds, as they did every year at that time, to eat the mussels out of the pond. I had not then taken up the study of shells, and did not know there were any but marine mussels. Out of curiosity I went to see, and thus first made their acquaintance. At my approach the swans flew away, and over a high wall which formed the boundary of the Park; leaving behind them, on the banks of the pond, numbers of empty shells. Many of them had only one valve broken, and that, the one lying uppermost, so I was able to pick up both right and left whole valves of very large specimens, such as I now know to be Anodonta cygnea ; beautifully zv¢descent within. During the twelve years we occupied that farm His Grace the Duke’s swans never failed to spend several weeks of the late autumn, coming daily to enjoy the freshwater mussels of what, tradition said, were originally carp-ponds of the Abbey monks,—JEsstE M. BLUNDELL (Read before the Society, September 13th, 1905).
319
JAMINIA TRIPLICATA Studer, A NEW BRITISH TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSC.
By GEORGE W. CHASTER.
(Read before the Society, March 14, 1906).
In July, 1904, I spent a few days at the quaint, old-world village of Brandon, in Suffolk, whose chief industry, flint working, has been carried on uninterruptedly from prehistoric times. _ I was principally occupied in collecting Coleoptera and it was by a mere chance that I came across the mollusca which are the subject of this note,
The chalk uplands near the town have been mined for flint from time immemorial and are riddled with disused shafts, which, in the course of time, become filled up, leaving mere hollows in which grow rank grass and nettles. It was after sweeping several of these hollows that I noticed in my net some remarkably small /amnze, resembling J. muscorum in miniature. When I afterwards examined the two full- grown specimens obtained, the mouth was seen to be tri-dentate. A day or two later I attempted to procure more examples, but the scorching heat of the sun’s rays was so great as to make collecting utterly impossible. On reaching home I became convinced that my find was quite distinct from /. muscorum, It seemed to agree in its characters with the continental species, /. ¢viplicata, and I sent it to Mr. B. B. Woodward with a request that he would compare it with typical specimens of the latter. He and Mr. E. A. Smith kindly complied and absolutely confirmed my tentative diagnosis.
There still remained one point to clear up. Gwyn Jeffreys in his “British Conchology” mentions a variety of Pupa marginata which he considered identical with the Pupa dfgranata of Rossmassler. It seemed necessary to find out what this Pupa marginata var. bigranata of Jeffreys really was. Dr. Dall of the U.S. National Museum at Washington kindly searched the Jeffreys’ collection and wrote as follows :—‘“‘In the Jeffreys’ collection there is a fine lot of P. d/granata Rossm., and another of P. “7plicatz Studer, marked ‘Burgundy.’ There is only a single specimen, mounted on a slip of card marked ‘var. bigranata’ (of Puba marginata). ‘The locality of the English ‘bigranata’ is given as Richmond. ‘Lhe ¢rép/icata Studer is a smaller shell by a good deal, smoother, and lighter coloured than the (also Burgundian) d¢granata. The English specimen is a little weathered, but it agrees with P. ¢riplicata and not with P. digranata Rossm., so far as its general form and size are concerned. Some of the P. ¢vip/i- cata seem to agree in the armature of the mouth with the English specimen, though we have none labelled var. dcdentata, Without
320 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I0, APRIL, 1906.
claiming to be an authority on these minute animals I am of the opinion that Jeffreys’ Richmond specimen belongs to the species of Studer and not that of Rossmassler.”
Jaminia triplicata is conspicuously narrower and shorter than any of the forms of J. muscorum. The length of continental specimens ranges from 2°5 to 3mm. My Brandon examples measure just 3 mm. The apex of the shell is proportionately more conical. The mouth is furnished with three teeth in the type form; the tooth on the base of the penultimate whorl having the form, when viewed from below, of a short ridge, instead of being a minute rounded elevation, as in P. muscorum and P. bigranata.
For the present, therefore, it seems necessary to eliminate /aminia muscorum var. bigranata from the British list.
In conclusion I must offer my hearty thanks to Dr. Dall and Messrs. B. B. Woodward, E. A. Smith and J. W. Taylor for the kind assistance they have so courteously given me.
OE
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
The Nautilus, vol. 19, nos. 6-10, Oct., 1905-February, 1906.
** Description o. a New Species of Gonzobasis [G. columbtensts| from British Columbia,” by J. F. WaHITEAvEs. ‘‘ Notes on the Pleistocene Fossil Shells of Posey County, Indiana,” by L. E. DANirts. ‘‘ Notes on Alocellendorffia and Stegodera”’ [divided into subgenera, AZ. (7rzhel’x) htraseana n.sp., Formosa], by H. A. Pitspry. ‘*‘ A New Subspecies of Polygyra ferrissi (P. 7. sericea), by J. H. Ferriss. ‘‘The Snails of New Mexico and Arizona,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL [Review of Pilsbry’s work].
“* Descriptions of Two New Forms of Polygyra” [P. smithz, P. inflecta approxt- mans], by GEO. H. CLapp. ‘*On Cypreeide ” [several nn.varr.], by S. Rous. “« Shell Collecting on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, V.,” by W. H. FLuck. “* New Varieties of North American Pisidia,’ by V. STERKI. ‘‘ Massachusetts Slugs,” by T. D. A. CoCKERELL.
“¢ Some notes on living Stvombus pugelis” [use 01 operculum in progression and organs of sense], by H. S. Cotton. ‘‘A New Chiton [ 7ozzcella blaney2] from New England,” by W. H. Dati. ‘‘ A New Brackish-water Snail [Paludestrina salsa] from New England,” by H. A. Pitspry. ‘‘ Carychium nannodes n.sp.,” [Huntsville, Ala.J, by Geo. H. Ciappe. ‘‘Is Cochlicopa rowellé a Californian Shell?” by H. A. Pruspry [further evidence desired]. ‘‘ Achatina gracilior Boettger [=A. papyracea var. adelinae Pilsbry] ; ‘‘ Paysa rhombotdea,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL [name praeocc., Azmerosa suggested]. ‘‘ November Snails,” by V. STERKI [half-a-dozen spp. recorded].
‘New and Little-Known Species of Amnicolide,” by BrRyANT WALKER [Somatogyrus substriatus, S. humerosus, S. quadratus, S. strengt, S. biangulatus, S. excavatus, nn.spp., Florence, Ala.]. ‘‘ A New Tertiary Planorbis” [P. florts- santensis, Colorado], by T. D, A, COCKERELL. ‘An Ordovician Gastropod re-
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 321
taining Colour Markings” [Straparollina harpa, figured], by P. E. Raymonp. “<Shells of Prince Edward Island,” by Gro. H. CHapwicx [list of 27 spp.]. ** Note on some Forgotten Mollusk-Names,” by Wm. H. DALL [Benson, /oze77. Astat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 24, 1855, Shells of Chusana, and Revision of Planorbis]. “*Samuel Hart Wright” [obituary notice], by C.W.J. ‘‘ Note on Vitrina pfeiffert Deshayes,” by W. H. Dati.
“* Vitrea rhoadst and Succinea retusa magister,” [figured], by H. A. PILsBRY. “* Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Frenchman’s Bay, Maine” [15 additional spp.], by Dwicur Bianey. ‘‘ Description of New Species of Achatinellide [ Partulina flemingt, P. lemmont, P. carnicolor, P. kaaeana, nn.spp.] from the Hawaiian Islands,” by D. D. BALDwin. ‘‘ New and Little-Known Species of Amnicolidz ” [Somatogyrus tennesseensts, S. aldricht, Amnicola pilsbryi, nn.spp.], by BRYANT WALKER. ‘‘ New Varieties of North American P2szdia,” by V. StERKI. ‘‘A New Locality for Planorbis nautileus Linné” [ Algonquin, Ill.], by F. CoLLINS BAKER.
The Journal of Malacology, vol. 12, nos. 2-4, June-December, 1905.
*“Description of a New Flammulina [F. laingz| from New Zealand,” by HENRY SuTER. ‘On Chloritis (Austrochloritis) pelodes Pfr. and pseudo-prunum Pils.,” by H. C. Furron [synonyms]. ‘On Drymeus euryostomus Phil. and D. hamadryas Phil,” by H. C. FuLron [synonyms]. ‘‘ Descriptions of New Species of Papuina, Planispira (Cristigébba), Strophochetlus (Borus), and Drymaeus,” by H.C. Futron “Note on Three Species of Pelecypods,” by EpGAarR A. SMITH [Crassatelloides ponderosus, Arca pistachia, Cardium bechct}.
““Notes on a Collection of Californian Nudibranchs,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL and Sir CHaRLes Evior [Dorzdopsts reticulata, Acanthodoris rhodoceras, Janolus caruleopictus, Spurilla chromosoma, nn.spp. ; Déivona, n.gen. ; Phyllobranchopsis enteromorphe, n.gen., n.sp.]. ‘* The Genus Cataulus, with descriptions of New Forms [C. smzthz, C. prestont, C. congener, nn.spp., Ceylon],” by E. R. SyKrs. ““ Bionomical Considerations in Gastropod Evolution,” by J. R. AINsworTH Davis.
**Supplement to the Revision of the New Zealand Polyplacophora, with Descriptions of the New Species,” by HENRY SuUTER [Callochiton empleurus, Ischnochiton fulvus, n.sp., Plaxiphora murdochi, n.sp., and others figured]. ‘A few Notes from the Antipodes,” by H. SuTER [Paryphanta hochstetteri, Scalaria selebora, New Zealand Pleurotomide]. ‘‘On the Habitat and Food of Helix desertorum,” by the Rev. A. H. Cooke [nourished probably by minute organisms in swallowed sand]. ‘‘On the anatomy of /xszs (Solen) magnus Schumacher,” “* On the anatomy of certain species of Solenidze,” and ‘* Anatomy of various species of Solenidze, Addenda et Corrigenda,” by H. H. BLooMER. ‘‘ Limnea parva,” by T. D. A. CocKERELL [praeocc. ].
{Our members will regret to hear that the /ourral of Malacology ceases with this issue, and will feel grateful to Mr. Collinge for the devotion to science which has led him to continue its publication so long].
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malacozoologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 38,
part I, Jan.-Mar., 1906.
“‘Zur Regulierung der Malacologischen Nomenclatur,” by H. von IHERING. “Bemerkung iiber die Gattung Pho/znula,” by J. THIELE. ‘‘ Eine neue Levan- tina” [L. chanzirensts], by W. Koreit. ‘* Ein neues Italienisches Zospewm [Z. venetum],” by C. POLLONERA. ‘‘ Uber eine Reihe von Nacktschnecken, die Herr Dr. Cecconi auf Cypern und in Palaestina gesammelt hat,” by H. Simroru. “ Einiges aus Vorderasien,” by I. NAGELE [Fruticicola (Theba) elie, Buliminus (Amphiscopus) ridens, Pupa (Orcula) robusta nn.spp.]. ‘* Ueber Lartetta Bet. und iiber D. Geyers Beitrige zur Vitrellenfauna Wiirttemburgs,” by O. BOETTGER.
v
322 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I0, APRIL, 1906.
‘‘Einige Seltenheiten aus meiner Sammlung,” by C. Butow. ‘Einfluss des bewegten Wassers auf die Gestaltung der Muscheln aus der Familie Unionidze Flem.,” by H. Seti. ‘‘ Ueber Cantareus s. Tapada apertus Born im Terrarium,” by H. HonicmMann. ‘‘ Limnea (Gulnaria) ovata Drap. var. Kohler, var. nova,” by H. HoniGMaNN. ‘‘ Ueber neue Funde von Cyclostoma elegans Miiller,” by Hans MENZEL.
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 53, nos. 1-3, May, 1905-Feb., 1906.
“‘ Etude sur les Coquilles de quelques Cyfrea,” by A. VAYSSIERE. ‘Sur quelques especes nouvelles, mal connues ou faisant double emploi dans le genre Pecten,” by A. BAvay. ‘‘ Note sur la Section Pyvazus dans le genre Potamides et description d’une espece nouvelle [P. xochebrunez, Turonian of Angouléme],” by L. VIGNAL.
“* Liste des Mollusques recoltés par M. le Capitaine de frégate Blaise au Ton- kin, et description d’especes nouvelles,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG and H. FISCHER.
‘* Sur quelques espéces ou varietés nouvelles du genre Pecten,” by A. BAVAY [P. (Chlamys) tamst, P. (C.) nympha, nn.spp. figured]. ‘‘ Sur quelques coquilles oubliées du Muséum de Paris,” by A. Bavay [7 nn.spp. figured]. ‘‘ Relevé des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la peninsule arabique,” by C. F. ANCEY [list of 95 spp., Buléminus dautzenberge, nn. for B. jousseaumet Smith preeocc. }. “¢ Revision des Dreissensidze vivants du systéme Européen,” by S. BRUSINA [Con- geria 1 sp., Dretssensia 9 spp. recognised]. ‘‘ Sur ?Omphalotropis annatonensts Pfr. et les formes voisines,” by C. F. ANCEY [v. samtoensts n. figured]. ‘* Sur quelques Arches actuelles nommées par Lamarck dans le collection Defrance {Musée de Caen),” by IX. Lamy. ‘‘ Notes critiques et synonymiques (szz¢e),” by CC. F. ANCEY.
Annales de la Société Royale Zoologique et Malacologique de Belgique, vol. 39. “* La Biologie des Eaux Potables,” by AD. KEMNA [few mollusca recorded].
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes (4), vol. 35, 36, nos. 416-425, July, 1905- Mar. 1906. ;
“* Etude sur quelques espéces de la région circa-Méditerranéenne,” by COMAND- ANT CazioT. ‘‘Géonémie de I’ Helix aspersa,” by E. Pacorre [request for material]. ‘‘Sur la Distribution Géographique de l’Helix aspersa Miiller,” by L. GERMAIN [general account with references].
“Etudes sur quelques espéces de la région circa-méditerranéenne, établies par M. Caziot avec le concours de M. Fagot,” by COMANDANT CazioT [Rumina decol- lata, Helix candidissima). ‘* Acclimatation de ? Helix (Bulimus) acuta Mueller dans le Pas-de-Calais,” by A. GiarD. ‘‘ Présence de ? Helix acuta dans le Nord,” by Dr. BouLy DE LEsDAIN, J. Gopon, A, LABEAU.
“Supplement 4 la Faunule Malacologique des environs de Saint-Malo,” by Pu. DAUTZENBERG and P. DuroucHoux [50 spp.]. ‘‘ Sur la dispersion vers le nord d’Helix limbata Draparnaud,” by A. GIARD.
“* Les Dépdts jurassiques de la Normandie comparés 4 ceux du Jura suisse,” by Ep. GrepPin. ‘‘Supplément 4 la Faunule Malacologique des environs de Saint- Malo,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG and P. DuRoucHOUx [63 spp.]. ‘‘Helix introduits dans les départements du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais,” by A. GIARD [13 spp.].
““ Nouveau genre le Céphalopodes de I’Eocéne des environs de Paris,” by G. DE ALESSANDRI [Belosepiella parisiensis, figured]. ‘‘ Supplément a la Faunule Mala-
cologique des environs de Saint-Malo (fi), by PH. DAUTZENBERG and P, Duxoucuovux [70 spp. }.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 323
Arkiv for Zoologi, vol. 2, part 4, 1905.
‘© Mollusca und Brachiopoda gesammelt von der schwedischen zoologischen Polar expedition nach Spitzbergen, dem nordostlichen Gronland und Jan Mayen i. J. 1900; part 2, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Placophora, und zwei vorher nicht erwahnte Lamellibranchiata,” by R. Hace | Bucctnum bromsz, n.sp. figured].
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 57,
part I, 2, Jan.-August, 1905.
“‘New Japanese Marine Mollusca,” by H. A. Pitspry | Z¢alella, n.g. for E. floccata Sowerby ; 16 nn.spp.]. ‘‘ Mollusca of the South-Western States, I. Urocoptide ; Helicide of Arizona and New Mexico,” by H. A. Pitspry [Annotated catalogue with numerous nn.spp.]. ‘‘ Mollusca of the Flint and Caroline Islands in the Central Pacific,” by H. A. Prrspry and E. VANATTA [Liotia voy?, n.sp.].
“Senility among Gastropods,” by BURNETT SMITH. ‘‘ Notes on some Hawaiian Achatinellidz and Endodontide,” by H. A. PILSBRY and E. G. VANATTA (Cyclamastra, Helicamastra, nn. sectt, Amastra discus, Endodonta thaanumi, FE. tuctifera, nn.spp.]. ‘*‘ On Two Hawaiian Cerithiidze” [C. thannumz, C. hawatense), by H. A. Pitssry and E. G. VANATTA.
The Naturalist, nos. 581-590, June, 1905-Mar., 1906.
**Variety of Paludestrina jenkinsit |v. aculeata),” by H. OVERTON. ‘‘ Mol- luscan Mixes” [Note on preoccupied generic names]. ‘‘ Hel¢x hortensis Miiller,” ‘by Rev. E. A. WoopRUFFE-PEACOCK [in Broughton Wood, North Lincolnshire]. ** Louth Mollusca,” by C. S. CARTER [6 spp. recorded]. ‘‘ Paludestrina jenkinsi at New Holland,” by W. H. Hurron. ‘‘ Notes on some Speeton-Clay Belem- nites,” by T. SHEPPARD.
The Apteryx, vol. 1, no. 3, July, 1905.
*‘ Unios of New England,” by C. ABBoTT Davis [list with localities]. ‘‘ Notes -on R.I. Mollusca.”
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 14, no. 10—vol. 15, no. 3, Oct., 1905-Mar., 1906.
“* Notes on the Invertebrate Fauna of Skerries, Co. Dublin,” by NATHANIEL COLGAN [list of Mollusca]. ‘‘ Notes on the Mollusca of Co. Louth, by P. H. -GRIERSON [annotated list with localities]. ‘‘ Geomalacus maculosus on Deenish Island, Co. Kerry,” by S. W. Kemp.
“*Land and Freshwater Mollusca of N.W. Donegal. 1, Bunbeg, Gweedore, Horn Head, and Glenveagh,” by A. W. STELFOx. ‘2, Rossgnill Peninsula and -Sheephaven,” by R. WELCH. ‘‘ New Molluscan Records from Co. Tyrone,” by J. N. MILne and A. W. STELFOx [16 additional spp.]. ‘‘ A new Station for He/ix virgata” [Magheramourne], by J. N. MILNE and A. W. STELFOX. ‘‘ Mollusca from Roscommon,” by R. WELCH [10 spp. ].
Nature Study, vol. 14, no. 157-160, July-December, 1905.
““The Banded Shell, Helix nemoralis,’? ‘‘The Black Slug, Arzon ater,” by W. H. Hurron [nothing new]. Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d’Historia Natural, vol. 2, no. 6-9, June-
Dec., 1905.
““Etude sur quelques He/zix de la Catalogne,” by COMANDANT Cazior [. zuluetaz n.sp., H. conica, 3 nn.varr.].
‘Contributions 4 Ja Faune Malacologique de la Catalogue,” by P. Facor [Claustlia debilis, Pomatias alopioides, P. organiacus, nn.spp. ? ]
Transactions of the Aberdeen Working Men’s Natural History and Scientific Society, no. 2, 1902-03. ** Marine Conchology of ‘ Dee,’” by JAMES SIMPSON [list of spp. with notes].
324 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. IO, APRIL, 1905.
Transactions and Proceedings and Report of th: Royal Society of South:
Australia, vol. 29, Dec., 1905.
** South Australian Nudibranchs, and an Enumeration of the known Australian: Species,” by H. BasEpow and C. HEDLEY [6 nn.spp. figured]. ‘* Report on the Mollusca collected by Mr. H. Basedow on the South Australian Government North- West Expedition,” by C. Hepiey [Zhersites basedowi, Xanthomelon radiatum, X. asperrimui, nn.spp. figured]. ‘* Notes on South Australian Marine Mollusca,. with Description of New Species, part 2,” by J. C. Verco [Cadlostoma ztetzt, Gena terminalis, Astele calliston, Clanculus leucomphalus, nn.spp. figured]. ‘‘ On Naticoid genera Lamellaria and Caledoniella from South Australia,” by H. BAsE- DOW [3 nn.spp.].
Journal and Proceedings of the Hamilton Scientific Association, session: 1904-5, no. 21. ““ Notes on a few Deep-Sea Dredgings, etc.”
Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 6, no. 2, 1905.
““ Mollusca from One-Hundred-and-Eleven Fathoms, East of Cape Byron, New South Wales,” by C. HepLery [numerous nn.spp. figd.]. ‘‘On a Large Example of Megalatractus aruanus L.,” by C. HepiEy [length 1 ft. 10°75 in., weight 10 lb., 12 ozs.].
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. 15, no. 3.
“The Molluscan Fauna of McGregor, Iowa,” by F. C. BAKER.
‘“‘Annotationes Concilii Bibliographici,” vol. 1, Ziirich, 1905.
[Gives a useful account of the various activities of the useful institution under Dr. Field’s direction at Ziirich].
‘‘Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Mollusken-fauna der Magalhaen-Provinz,” by Dr. HERMANN STREBEL [Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 22, p. 575-666, pl. 21-24, 1905].
[Deals amongst other matters with the Pleurotomidz, and the genera Authria,.
Columbella, and Tritow, numerous new species being described and figured].
“‘QOn the Mollusca of East Greenland. I., Lamellibranchiata,” by A. S. JENSON (Meddel. om Grinland, vol. 29, p. 289-362, 1905].
[Contains a discussion of the Fossil Quaternary Mollusca of Greenland ].
‘‘Nagra smarre iakttagelser rorande faunan i Bohuslan i mars manad, 1902,” by EINAR LONNBERG (Ofvers. k. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1902, p. 169- 174, 1902).
[Several Nudibranchs recorded with notes].
““Recent Mollusca: A Catalogue of Operculate Land-Shells,” by SowERBy and FULTON (8vo., 11pp., London, 1906).
[A useful list of genera and species, but from its nature necessarily incomplete].
‘Variation in Recent Mollusca, Presidential Address,” by E. R. SYKEs (Proc. Mala:. Soc., vol. 6, p. 253-271, 1905).
‘The Genus Anoma Albers,” by E. R. SyKes (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 6). p- 253-271, 1904).
‘‘On some Non-Marine Shells from the Austro- and Indo- Malayan Regions,” by E. R. Sykes (/. of Malac., vol. 11, p. 87-92, pl. 11, 1904 [{1 nn.spp. figured].
““Fauna Fossile Terziaria di Markuseveg in Croazia,” by S. BRUSINA (Glasnik Naravosl. Druzt., vii.) [annotated catalogue with several nn.spp., and list of Dreissensiidee of Dalmatia, Croatia, and Slavonia].
325
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
WOT.) Tt = JULY, 1906. IN@. ii,
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF THE DISTRICT AROUND SILVERDALE, LANCASHIRE,
By R. STANDEN.
(Read before the Society, November 8th, 1905).
In September and October last I stayed at Silverdale, West Lanca- shire, close to the shore of Morecambe Bay. Whilst there I made some observations relating to the habits and life-history of certain land-shells, which may be of useful interest to some of my concholo- gist friends.
The whole area of my researches is situated on the mountain limestone, which, however, does not here attain any great altitude. The district is fairly well wooded almost, in places, down to the waters edge, with here and there dells, or glens, strewn with huge rounded limestone boulders, and full of luxuriant vegetation, remind- ing one strongly of the little glens, so prolific in mollusca, in County Antrim, north of Ireland. My investigations extended to and included Arnside Knot (522 feet), a picturesque bit of Westmorland, a flank of which (Far Arnside) stretches out promontory-like into the bay. I worked inland as far as Warton Crag (400 feet), Storr’s Moss, Leigh- ton Moss, Haweswater Tarn, and also paid a short visit to Grange- over-Sands, which is separated from Arnside by the rivers Kent and Winster. The flora of the whole region is rich and diversified, and altogether it is an ideal spot for any naturalist, whatever his or her particular bent. Its richness in molluscan life has already, to some extent, been shewn in various papers contributed to this Journal, but much virgin ground still remains unexplored.
The climbing habits of many of our British land shells are well known, and have been noted by various authors, but the spectacle of ffelix nemoralis and H. hortensis scaling the topmost twigs of the
W
326 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
hawthorn bushes in springtime is always interesting, however familiar it may become to the conchologist as time rolls on. Inland, there is usually plenty of scope for 7. zemoradlis to indulge in this propensity when so inclined, and if opportunity offers, it is not content with bushes, but ascends tree trunks to a height of many yards. The members of the great colonies on the sand dunes of our coasts have, however, perforce to make shift with the marram grass, dwarf sallows, and other seaside plants. In the case of these and some others of our larger He/ices, there seems little doubt that this climbing propensity has an intimate connection with the pairing instinct. The same is true of Pomatias elegans, Ena montana, and probably also of za obscura, and the Clausiiie—but Clausilia laminata and C. bidentata, with which I am best acquainted, may be found on trees all through the spring, summer, and autumn. In early spring C. /aminata ascends trees to a great height, and I have found it thirty feet or more from the ground, on beech and other trees, and that not singty but in numbers, on several occasions when I have, out of curiosity, followed up the slime tracks of our most notably active climbing slug, Zimax arborum, which makes nought of ascending tall trees to the very top- most branches. But although the pairing instinct may safely be accepted as the explanation of the climbing of our larger He/ices during the earlier part of the season, I have always observed the actual pairing taking place on or near the ground, and it will not account for similar climbing tendencies on the part of juvenile snails during late autumn, of which some notable instances have from time to time come under my observation.
I devoted much of my time to “sweeping ” with a half-circle net of stout canvas, or “‘ beating” into an umbrella for Coleoptera and other insects—an occupation which reveals an infinity of otherwise hidden life—keeping at the same time a keen look-out for anything of interest conchologically. As on prior occasions at this time of the year, I speedily noticed the wonderful abundance of mollusca, mostly juvenile, which came into the net and umbrella—an abundance all the more remarkable when contrasted with the extreme scarcity of shells observed when searching this district during the last week of June and first week of August this year, when the weather was extremely hot and everything dry and parched.
The old wall-fences, crowned in many places with the luxuriant masses of ivy in full bloom, which is everywhere such a prominent feature throughout this district in autumn, are an especially favourite haunt of Helix aspersa and Hygromia rufescens, and beating the ivy brought down young shells in showers. So abundant was 77. rufescens that it became in places a perfect nuisance, and many of the captured
STANDEN: TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF SILVERDALE DISTRICT. 327
insects were spoilt by the slime on the net. Alongside a wood at Windy Scout, near Warton Crag, it was so plentiful on everything, that sometimes I had quite a teacupful of shells in the net at one time, and had to empty it after every few strokes. On one occasion when there had been rain overnight, the wet limestone roads were dotted over with this species, evidently attempting to cross, and one could not walk near the roadside without crunching the shells under- foot. I have an idea that thrushes, hereabouts at anyrate, do not eat fT. rufescens, or surely they would soon thin its numbers. There are plenty of thrushes about, and “thrush-stones” abound, but I only saw broken shells of “7. aspersa around them. Of course, this is not proof positive, as a thrush would not require a stone to break 7, rufescens, but could easily crush such a fragile shell with its beak ; still, seeing that the birds go to the trouble of breaking the larger shell, it denotes a marked preference for it over the smaller species crawling about conspicuously in the immediate vicinity of the “thrush- stones. Mice, however, do a considerable amount of destruction amongst this and other small species, and also A. nemoralis and FHelicigona arbustorum, judging from the numbers of gnawed shells to be found under stones in this neighbourhood.
Patches of grass on the sea-cliffs, clumps of tall bracken, or the thick growth of ivy spreading over the ground in the woodlands, when swept yielded enormous quantities of very young Sphyradium edentulum, with from three to four whorls. The adult shells of this species have a habit of climbing into the blackberry bushes, and ensconcing themselves at the base of a prickle, but their attachment is so slight that it is difficult to secure them when in this position, owing to their dropping when the bushes are shaken. Vertigo pygmea is fond of climbing up the tall grasses—known locally as ‘sedges ” growing in damp places, and in a ditch near Warton Crag many specimens occurred at about three feet from the ground, perched in the little cup-like glumes of the grass seeds, and at the junction of the leaves with the stem. On some of the ancient moss-covered wall fences, probably dating back to the time of the Enclosure Act, which came into force in this neighbourhood during the reign of George IIT, Vertigo alpestris and V. pusilla abound. Both species are especially common in the vicinity of Haweswater Tarn, and invariably occur just under the topmost stones. V. swéstriata is not so partial to the tops of the walls as the above-named species, but mostly lives at the grassy base, and is common also underneath mossy stones and logs in the woods. This district would appear to be the great metropolis, in Lancashire, for these three interesting little species, until of late years considered such rarities, for the older conchologists do not seem to have had the knack of discovering them in any quantity.
328 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
On one occasion, whilst “ beating” the tall Junipers on Arnside Knot, I was somewhat surprised when a number of fully-grown Fygromia fusca came tumbling down into the umbrella ; with them came also Balea perversa, which as everyone knows, is a capital tree- climber, but I have never before seen it on Juniper, a tree whose armature of spiny leaves would seem to offer but little attraction to any snail, and which the average conchologist may, 1f provided with nothing but bare hands, quite pardonably pass by. But I have had a little prior experience, since on one occasion in August I “beat” out numbers of very juvenile HZ. zemoralis from the Junipers growing on the ‘‘limestone-pavement” on Hampsfell (727 feet), above Grange-over- Sands. Most of my conchological friends, I find, look upon H. fusca as a ground-loving species, with a special liking for the Great Hairy Woodrush (Zuzula sylvatica) and—the testimony of authors notwith- standing—it is not generally credited with more than adventuring upon an occasional excursion over the grass and other herbage, and I have often heard expressions of surprise at failure to find it during summer in some of its well-known haunts. As a matter of fact, this snail is a habitual climber, and ascends trees, chiefly Beeches and Poplars, but more particularly Alders, where it lives during the summer months, clinging to the undersides of the leaves, and feeding upon them, and falls to the ground with them in September and October. It then occupies itself with the business of reproduction, laying its eggs amongst the dead leaves, and thus it is we find it most commonly and remarkably active during the late aftumn and winter months or very early spring.
Along the cliffs, from Arnside Knot to Jenny Brown’s Point, Jaminia cylindracea and /. muscorum are extremely abundant, and Pyramidula rupestris abounds, both on the cliffs and the inland walls. The limestone cliffs are in many places cracked and lined with small fissures, and these are a favourite haunt into which the two species of Jaminia retreat in dry weather, emerging in such numbers after the face of the rocks has been well wetted by a good shower, as to remind one of the clustering swarms of fleas which I have often seen on a hot summer’s day ringing the entrance hole of a sand-martin’s nest ! Both species seem as a rule to live in separate colonies, though they may sometimes be seen together on the same stone. Adult specimens of both species from the cliffs are, at this season, very much weathered at the apex. /. cylindracea when living on the cliffs is of a more robust growth and darker in colour than those on the mossy walls inland, where a much longer and usually more delicate and somewhat translucent formy occurs. In an old quarry at Lindeth, the stones lying about were studded with shells of this species in all stages of growth, and I counted to7 individuals on a stone measuring about ten inches by eight.
STANDEN: TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF SILVERDALE DISTRICT. 329
At Woodwell, a charming little dell near the village, masses of Galium aparine, growing over some tall bushes to a height of six or eight feet, swarmed with Hygromia granulata, which fell into the umbrella by scores when the bushes were beaten. With them were also many half-grown Hedicigona arbustorum, a species not at all common in this district, nor indeed in the county generally; the largest colony I know of being at Caton, near Lancaster, and it was taken sparingly by Mr. J. W. Jackson in Eggerslack Wood, Grange- over-Sands, in July, 1903, which about completes the record for this side of the County Palatine. The Woodwell shells are of the large, somewhat depressed and richly-coloured dark form one usually asso- ciates with “7. avdustorum when occurring at low altitudes, in this instance certainly not more than twenty-five feet above sea-level. The wealth of molluscan life about Woodwell, with its amphitheatre of trees growing from the talus of huge blocks of limestone fallen from the cliffs above, and overgrown with a thick coating of ivy, moss, and geranium, would astonish a young collector. In the woods around, search underneath the stones and dead branches yielded plenty of Vitrina pellucida, Carychium minimum, Vitrea alliaria, and var. viridula, V. crystallina, V. cellaria, V. nitidula, and its vars. nitens and helmi, V. pura and var. nitidosa, V. rogerst, Euconulus fulvus, Flysromia hispida, Cochlicopa lubrica, and most of the species already mentioned. Clausilia laminata and C. bidentata are common on the trees and rocks. I took some particularly fine C. d:dentata var. craven- ensts on the rocks and wall round the well itself. This large and distinctive form, which some of our continental friends would not hesitate to claim as a good ‘‘species,” and I should be strongly inclined to agree with them, has always in my experience occurred on rocks and walls, and I have never found it indulging in the arboreal habits so commonly observed in the type.
At a spot called the Cove, on the Silverdale shore, the grassy slopes swarm with Aelicella caperata of a small form, with very sober colour- ing, and scarcely a trace of the variation one usually looks for in this pretty little shell. Pomatias elegans is common there also, in the wood on the top of the cliff, and many dead shells which have fallen from above, may be found on the beach at the cliff base, or lodged on the ledges. All the living shells found were immature. The first record for this species in the Silverdale district-—and for the county— is that by Mr. R. Scharff in the Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 178, 1881; and not long afterwards it was taken by Mr. J. Ray Hardy about a mile inland, in a coppice and hedgerow in Ford Lane; and again by Mr. J. B. Dixon, in 1902. It has since then been taken on Humphrey Head (172 feet) on the opposite side of the bay by Mr. C. H. Moore. It also occurs about four miles away at Low Meathop,
330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. Ii, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
Westmorland, in a similar habitat to that at Ford Lane; and is plentiful on the “‘screes” at the summit of Arnside Knot. It would be interesting to ascertain the source of the trees in the coppices where this species now lives. The plantations do not appear to be much more than half-a-century old, judging from the dimensions of the trees, which are mostly Birch, Beech, Elm, Sycamore, and various Firs, and there seems to be reasonable ground for suggesting that the species has been introduced along with the young trees. In this dis- trict Vallonia excentrica seems to be the predominant form of the interesting group to which it belongs, though a considerable colony of V. costata occurs at the westward base of Warton Crag. V. pulchella does not occur to my knowledge anywhere in the district, and I am disposed to think that when the typical characters of the three Vallonig, now established on the British list, are better understood, and collectors have become more familiarized with them, it will prove the scarcer one generally throughout the British Isles.
eee
Sinistral Helicigona arbustorum.—On October 7th I was fortunate in find- ing a sinistral specimen of Helzczgoaa arbustorum, which Mr. Wright, who was with me at the time, kindly exhibited with his set from Maidwell Dales, Northants. On July 26th, at Duston, near Northampton, I found one specimen of Helix hor- tenses var. ¢ncarnata with the rare banding in black 00005.—Rev. W. A. SHAW Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton (ead before the Society, November 8th, 1905).
Do Swans and Ducks eat Anodonta cygnea?—On reading Mr. L. E. Adams’ remarks under the above heading (p. 192) it struck me that the following circumstance might possibly be worth recording. During a stay in the Waveney Valley in the autumn of 1904, I noticed on September 30th, in a sedgy corner of a meadow adjoining the river, in the parish of Wortwell, several specimens of Anodonta cygnea, the valves of which had been broken, and the soft parts in many cases more or less completely removed. The grass and sedge at, the water’s brink were worn and trampled down, as if the spot were frequented by some animal or animals of considerable size and weight, and I thought at the time that otters must have been at work there. On several subsequent visits to the place I always found a good number of these mussels strewn about the ground, a few being quite entire and unbroken, with the animal inside alive ; others smashed as to their valves and having a part or the whole of their contents gone. On one occasion I saw some swans (of which there are several about that part of the river) standing and sitting about at this very spot; and though I did not see any of these birds actually engaged in bringing up the mussels from the bottom, I came to the conclusion that they must be in the habit of visiting the place for that purpose. I once watched a party of grey or Royston crows plucking these molluscs out of the mud of the river Alde at low tide, each bird carrying off its prize into the middle of a meadow in order to enjoy it unmolested. —G. T. Ropk (Read before the Society, Dec. 13, 1905).
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331
CHRISTIAN HEE HWASS: 1731-1803.’
Note by C. A. GOSCH, Attaché to the Danish Embassy in London, communicated by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., &c.
(Read before the Society, December 13, 1905).
DETAILS concerning the personality of the author of the article on the genus Conus in the “‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” in 1792, have long been wanting. Mistaking the name for a Dutch one, I sought in vain. At length a valuable clue was disinterred from a paper by Dr. W. H. Dall’ “On the genus Ampullaria” (antea, p. 50). Thus directed to the right, Danish, source the task became simpler, and through the great kindness of my friend Mr. C. A. Gosch, Attaché to the Danish Embassy in London, correct details as to the life of Hwass are now set forth. What the source of Dr. Dall’s information may have been I am unaware, but it is evident that the personal histories of father and son have become mixed. B.B.W.
Mr. Gosch’s? note is as follows :—
CurRIsTIAN HrEE Hwass® was born in 1731. His father was a clergyman, and he qualified himself for the church but never took orders. For some years he was tutor to the sons of a very wealthy merchant of the name of Ancher, and with the eldest son he travelled for two or three years in Sweden, Germany, Italy, France and England. Hwass was a man of varied interests, much refinement and taste, and in 1772 he was made Manager of the Royal Theatre at Copenhagen, which is a state institution, a post which he retained until 1778, when he resigned. Meanwhile he had, through his wife, come into possession of a not inconsiderable fortune, rendering him independent.
In 1780 he left Denmark and settled in Paris. His object in so doing was twofold: first, to procure the best possible education for his son of whom he had great expectations; secondly, to carry out a literary project which had occupied him for several years, viz., a
r The data given by Dall, ahove referred to, were derived from manuscript notes by the late Dr. O. A. L. Mérch, which the former had no opportunity of verifying, and, as coming from a distinguished Danish naturalist, naturally accepted as correct. Bruguiere (*Encycl Meéth.,” Vers., vi., p. 598) i in prefatory remarks on the article Conus, says: ‘‘Le “travail que je présente i ici sur les Cones m’a été communiqué par M. Hwass, Conseiller de Justice du Roi de Dannemarck, qui a bien voulu le détacher d'un autre plus considérable, actuellement sous presse, qui renferie
le catalogue systematique des coquilles précieuses qui compose sa collection.” The original drawings for this latter work became the property of Schumacher (see his + Essai Pp. 205, 1817); ; also Chemnitz, ‘Conch. Cab.,” xi., p. 211, and Bosc, ‘‘ Hist. Nat. des Coq.,’ » V.-, p. 108, 1802, for
further notes on Hwass. Chemnitz calls him “ Herr Justizrath Hwass,” and ae term * Consul” used in this connection by the translator employed by Dall to put Mérch’s Danish notes into English, is probably a Zafszs for ‘* Councillor.”
2 Mr. Gosch is author of that very useful reference book, ‘‘Udsigt over Danmarks Zoologiske Literatur,” in 4 vols., 8vo. Kjébenhavn, 1870-78.
3 Sohe signed himself, but ordinarily the name is spelt “ Hvas.” I believe there is a branch of that stock in Norway who call themselves ‘‘ Hwas.”
332 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
complete edition of the writings of Tycho Brahe, the astronomer. It is known that in 1777 he obtained the loan of the original MSS. of Tycho Brahe from the Royal Library at Copenhagen, and that he returned them in 1778.
In 1787 he visited England with his family, and on this occasion he made arrangements with certain English publishers who were to undertake the publication jointly. The printing is stated to have been begun, but interrupted by the outbreak of the French Revolution. It appears from the statements of Hwass himself, that he hoped to resume this great undertaking in more tranquil times, but he never succeeded in doing so. Ina letter to a relative in Denmark, that is still preserved, he says that he and his family had passed through the troubles of the Revolution without suffering any injury, though in Copenhagen it had been reported that he and his son had been killed, and that his wife had had to seek refuge in a convent.
After 1794 he spent the greater part of the year at Auteuil, and finally he settled for good at Passy, where he died in 1803. His widow and son continued to Jive in the same house until they both died in 1824.
Neither Hwass nor his son Christian Hwass ever occupied any official position. They simply lived ou their means. They were both known for their hospitality to Danes who visited Paris. -
The father possessed not only a collection of shells, but also a valuable collection of pictures, which he had been able to bring together during the social trouble in France. It is known that his son inherited the pictures, but the same is not known with certainty as regards the shells, but there-is no reason for doubting it as far as I am aware.
C. Hwass, Jun., was not married, and at his death, or at any rate at the death of his mother, which took place a few months after his, the whole of his property came into the possession of an old servant of theirs, a certain Mme. Martin. How she came into possession of it is not known ; but of course she sold it privately. In fact there was strong suspicion of foul play.
————_~$+ 6
Helicella virgata var. hypozona in the Isle of Wight.—While staying in the Isle of Wight early in October, I visited the downs in the neighbourhood of Freshwater in an unsuccessful endeavour to find Helicella barbara L., recorded from there (as Bulémus acutus) in the late Mr. C. Ashford’s ‘‘ List of Isle of Wight Mollusca,” published a few years ago in Sctence Gossip. Not even a dead shell was to be seen, but ona grassy slope, near the foot of High Down, I found four specimens of Hf. virgata var. hyfozona, and as this curious variety does not seem to be one of the most widely distributed forms of A. virgata, I have thought the locality worth recording.—F. B. JENNINGS, October 18th, 1905 (Xead before the Society, November 8th, 1905).
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A LIST OF WEST-SUFFOLK NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
By A. MAYFIELD.
(Read before the Society, November 8th, 1905).
IN the last edition of the ‘Census of the British Land and Fresh- water. Mollusca” only eighteen species are recorded from West Suffolk. In the hope that, with the publication of the next edition of the “Census,” vice-county 26 may appear less of a “dark corner,” I have compiled the present list and forwarded the shells collected to the Society’s referees.
For the purpose of briefly describing the soils and sub-soils, West Suffolk may be conveniently divided into four nearly equal parts, by two lines: one drawn longitudinally from Thetford to Sudbury ; the other at right-angles to the former from Newmarket to Stowmarket. Of these four divisions, the north-east (1), south-east (2), and south- west (3), are mainly agricultural, and the land-molluscs inhabiting them chiefly of the hedgerow-loving kinds. The aquatic species are those preferring the ponds, ditches, and other small bodies of water. In the two eastern divisions (1 and 2) the chalk (which forms one continuous stratum under the whole of the vice-county) dips toward the south-east, producing a gradual change southwards and eastwards from light lands upon a subsoil of chalk to heavy lands upon a sub- soil of yellowish-grey clay overlying the chalk.
In the south-west division the chalk is covered with layers of sand, gravel and brick-earth. Here is the highest ground of the county, viz., a tableland lying to the south-west of Bury St. Edmunds, the most elevated spot being mid-way between the villages of Rede and Depden, where the elevation reaches 420 feet. This district is, or was, the home of Axa montana.
In the north-western division (4) are two distinct districts widely differing from the agricultural lands already mentioned. In the extreme north-west there is a tract of fen-land, called the Mildenhall Fen, varying from two to about twenty feet above sea-level. Here all the more common aquatic species are abundant. East of this fen is another tract of level ground, with an average elevation of 150 feet. Here the chalky subsoil is thinly covered with sand. In a few places agriculture is attempted, the areas broken up for this purpose being called ‘‘ brecks,” on account of which the whole district is known as the “ Breck District.” For miles, however, the land is solely occu- pied by rabbit-warrens, covered with short grass, moss, and bracken. A peculiar feature of the Breck district is the occurrence of wild plants, insects, and birds, which are usually to be met with only upon
334 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. Il, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
the grassy denes of the east coast. The most satisfactory theory put forward to explain the phenomenon is that estuarine arms of the Wash formerly extended as far as this neighbourhood, along the valleys now occupied by the Little Ouse and Lark streams. The molluscan fauna is extremely meagre ; the only species I have met with on the warrens are /Ve/icella caperata, Vallonia excentrica, Jant- inta muscorum, Vertigo pygmea, and Pisidium gasstestanum.
Along the valley of the Little Ouse there are patches of peat-land, e.g., at Rushford, Knettishall, Hopton, and Redgrave. At Knettis- hall the peat is remarkably rich in the fossil remains of freshwater molluscs and those terrestrial species usually inhabiting wet places. This molluscan “ cemetery ” contains the shells of Agriolimax leuts, Hygromia hispida, Cochlicopa lubrica, Succinea elegans, Acroloxus lacustris, Limnea stagnalis, L. pereger, L. palustris, Planorbis spir- orbis, P. carinatus, P. corneus, P. umbilicatus, P. albus, Bithynia tentaculata, B. leachit, Physa fontinalis, Valvata piscinalis, and Pisidium corneum. All of these species except Acroloxus lacustris are equally abundant in or near the neighbouring ditches. For the capture of fluviatile species, the lower parts of the Little Ouse, Lark, and Stour, provide good hunting-grounds. The following list of eighty-three species is certainly not a complete enumeration of all that occur in West Suffolk. Several others have been elsewhere recorded, but I have excluded all records except those of recent date. The species in the list, with the one exception of Hxa montana, have been met with in the localities mentioned within the last two or three years.
I beg to offer my sincere thanks to Messrs. W. R. and G. W. Church of Bacton, for help in collecting shells from various localities; to Mr. Claude Morley, F.E.S., Ipswich, for a list of species found by him at Brandon and Tuddenham ; and to Mrs. Caton and Mr. J. H. Sikes for lists of shells taken at Great Fakenham and Bury St. Edmunds. Records quoted from these lists are marked (M.), (C.), and (S.), respectively. I am also indebted to the Rev. E. M. Bloomfield, of Guestling, near Hastings, for some records of shells found in the neighbourhood of Bury St. Edmunds by the late Mr. Skepper about 1865 and 1866. I have not, however, quoted from this list (except in the case of Ena montana) for reasons already mentioned, but I have been guided thereby to several productive localities which would otherwise have been missed.
The numbers placed before locality names refer to the four sug- gested divisions of the vice-county.
Limax maximus Zzné.—(1) Wetherden, Badwell Ash, Elms well. (2) Rougham. (4) Bury St. Edmunds.
MAYFIELD: WEST-NORFOLK NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. 335
L. flavus Zézné.—(2) Sudbury. (4) Bury St. Edmunds, Milden- hall.
L. arborum Aouchard-Chantereaux.—(1) Plentiful at Haughley, on willows. (2) On elm, Rattlesden. (4) Brandon (M.).
Agriolimax agrestis (Zzzé).—Common everywhere except on the warrens of the Breck district.
A. levis (Miller).—In damp places. (1) Wetherden, Great Ash- field, Drinkstone, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury. (3) Whepstead.
Vitrina pellucida (A@i//er).—Common. (1) Great Fakenham (S.), Drinkstone, Thurston, Haughley, Walsham-le-Willows, Elmswell, Wetherden. (2) Felsham, Cockfield, Hitcham, Rattlesden. (3) Whepstead. (4) Hengrave, Bury St. Edmunds, Brandon (M.).
Vitrea crystallina (J@i/ler).— Common. (1) Drinkstone, Thurston, Wetherden, Haughley, Wyverstone, Walsham-le-Willows, Knettishall. (2) Hitcham, Buxhall. (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall.
V. cellaria (J@i//er).—Common. +(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Haughley, Redgrave, Wyverstone. (2) Felsham, Hitcham, Chels- worth, Lavenham. (3) Whepstead. (4) Tuddenham (M.), Bury St. Edmunds (S.).
V. rogersi &. B. Woodward.—Common. (1) Wetherden, Drink- stone, Haughley, Walsham-le-Willows, Elmswell. (2) Felsham, Bildeston, Lavenham. (3) Whepstead. (4) Hengrave.
V. alliaria (A/i/er).—Rare. (4) Brandon (M.).
V. nitidula(Draparnaud).—Common. (1) Wetherden, Drinkstone, Haughley, Walsham-le-Willows, Great Fakenham (S.). (2) Rattlesden, Felsham, Cockfield, Hitcham, Lavenham. (3) Whepstead.
V. pura (A/der).—Rare. (1) Great Fakenham (S.), Haughley.
V. radiatula (4/der).—Rare. (1) Haughley. (4) Brandon (M.).
Zonitoides nitidus (J/i//er).—-Rather rare. (1) Great Faken- ham (S.), Wyverstone. (4) Brandon (M.).
Euconulus fulvus (d/iéi//er).—Uncommon. (1) Drinkstone, Knettishall. (4) Tuddenham (M.).
Arion ater (Zizné).—(1) Wetherden, Haughley, Redgrave. (4) Lakenheath (M.).
A. intermedius Vormand.—Among dead leaves. (1) Wetherden, Haughley, Drinkstone, Knettishall, Wyverstone. (4) Hengrave, Risby.
A. hortensis /érussac—Common everywhere in gardens and under dead leaves.
Punctum pygmzum (Dragarnaud).—(1) Drinkstone, Haugh- ley, Great Fakenham (S.). (2) Rattlesden.
330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. Il, JULY, 1906.
Sphyradium edentulum (Yraparnaud).—Rare. (1) Under ivy on old wall at Walsham-le-Willows.
Pyramidula rotundata (J/ii//er).—Common. (1) Wetherden, Haughley, Walsham-le-Willows, Great Fakenham (S.). (2) Felsham, Hitcham, Chelsworth. (3) Whepstead. (4) Bury St. Edmunds (S.).
Helicella virgata (Da Costa).—Not common. (1) Great Faken- ham (S.), Haughley. (2) Lavenham. (4) Bury St. Edmunds, Brandon (M.).
var. lineata O//v:.—Haughley, Lavenham, Bury St. Edmunds.
var. maculata J/oguin-Zandon.—Great Fakenham (S.).
var. albicans Gvrate/oup.—Brandon (M.), Great Fakenham GS, Lavenham, Bury St. Edmunds, ;
H. itala (Zinxé)—Common. (1) Great Fakenham (S.), One- house, Haughley, Wetherden, Elmswell. (2) Great Finborough, Felsham, Cockfield, Rattlesden, Bildeston, Lavenham. (3) Whep- stead. (4) Bury St. Edmunds, Lackford.
var. alba Zay/or.—Great Fakenham (S.), Lavenham. var. leucozona Moguin-Tandon.—Whepstead, Gt. Finborough.
H. caperata (J/ontagu).—Common. (1) Great Fakenham (S.), Onehouse, Haughley, Wetherden, Elmswell, Walsham-le-\Villows, Knettishall. (2) Great Finborough, Felsham, Cockfield, Bildeston, Rattlesden, Hitcham, Chelsworth, Lavenham. (3) Whepstead. (4) Tuddenham (M.), Bury St. Edmunds, Thetford Warren, Santon Downham, Hengrave.
var. bizonalis Moguin-Tandon.—E\mswell. var. ornata /icard.—Great Fakenham (S.), Brandon (M.), Santon Downham, Tuddenham.
H. cantiana (JZovtagu).—Not common. (2) Plentifulat Hitcham, Bildeston, and Chelsworth.
H. cartusiana J7/i//er—(1) A single dead specimen at Great Fakenham (C.). This is the fourth East Anglian locality in which this species has been found.
Hygromia granulata (4/der).—(1) Knettishall. (4) Brandon, Tuddenham (M.), Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
var. cornea /effreys.—On the banks of the River Lark at Mildenhall.
H. hispida (Zzxé).—Very common in all the districts except the
warrens. The var. hispidosa J/ousson is the prevailing form. var. depilata <A/der.—(1) Haughley, Redgrave, Walsham-le- Willows. (2) Lavenham.
var. albida /efveys.—-(2) Felsham. (3) Whepstead.
MAYFIELD: WEST-NORFOLK NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. 337
H. rufescens (ennant).—Very common, abundant almost every-
where.
var. rubens Aloguin-Tandon.—(1) Walsham-le-Willows. (2) Chelsworth. (3) Whepstead.
var. alba Aoguin-Tandon.—(1) Wetherden. (2) Lavenham. (3) Whepstead. (4) Mildenhall.
Acanthinula aculeata (J/i//er).—(1) Among dead leaves, Haughley, Drinkstone.
Vallonia excentrica Szerk:—(1) Knettishall, Westhorpe. (4) Herringswell.
V. costata (d7i//er).—(4) Hengrave, Tuddenham.
Helicigona lapicida (Z/vné).—(1) Great Fakenham (C.). (2) Milden, Chelsworth, Lavenham. (3) Whepstead.
H. arbustorum (Z/mné).—Rare. (4) Mildenhall.
Helix aspersa 4J7Zi//er.—Common in all districts.
var. flammea Picard. —(1) Haughley, Wetherden. (2) Whep- stead, Lavenham. var. zonata Moguin-Tandon.—(2) Felsham, Lavenham.
H. nemoralis Zizné.--Moderately common ; not so plentiful as
FT. hortensis.
var. rubella Moguin-Tandon.—(1) Great Fakenham (C.), Red- grave. (4) Mildenhall.
var. libellula /7sso.—(1) 12345, 00300, (12345), 00000, Great Fakenham (C.), Redgrave. (2) Rattlesden, Buxhall, Hitcham, Bildeston, Chelsworth, Lavenham. (3) Whepstead. (4) Tuddenham, Mildenhall.
var. Olivacea /sso.—(4) Mildenhall.
var. lilacina.—(1) Great Fakenham (C.).
H. hortensis J7Zii//er.— Common throughout the: agricultural
districts.
var. albina Moguin-Tandon, and var. lutea Aoguin-Tandon.— (1) Onehouse, Haughley, Walsham-le-Willows, Ixworth, Ixworth Thorpe, Wetherden, Elmswell. (2) Rattlesden, Great Finborough, Felsham, Cockfield, Hitcham, Bildeston, Chelsworth, Milden, Laven- ham. (3) Whepstead. (4) Bury St. Edmunds.
var. incarnata MZoguin-Tandon.—(2) Lavenham.
Ena montana Drafarnaud.—TVhis species has been found in several spots on the high lands south-west of Bury St. Edmunds. The late Mr. Skepper records in 1866 :—‘‘Twenty specimens among dead beech leaves, Drinkstone Park; two specimens, Hartest.” I have searched for it several times and in various places in the neighbour- hood, but up to the present I have been unsuccessful,
338 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
E. obscura Mi/ler—Not common. (1) Walsham-le-Willows, (2) Chelsworth, Felsham.
Cochlicopa lubrica (AZii//er).—Common. (1) Great Fakenham (S.), Haughley, Elmswell, Knettishall. (2) Chelsworth. (4) Tudden- ham (M.), Bury St. Edmunds, Hengrave, Mildenhall.
Jaminia cylindracea (Da Costa).—(1) Haughley, Walsham-le- Willows. (4) Hengrave.
J. muscorum (Zizné).—(1) Knettishall. (4) Brandon, Tudden- ham (M.), Santon Downham, Thetford Warren, Herringswell.
Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud).—Rare. (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall, dead shells.
V. pygmza (Drafarnaud).—(1) Haughley. (4) Tuddenham (M.), Herringswell.
Balea perversa (Zinné).—Rare. (1) On old wall, under ivy, at Walsham-le-Willows.
Clausilia laminata (A/ontagv).— Rare. (1) Haughley. (2) Hitcham.
C. bidentata (S/*ém.).—Common. (1) Haughley, Wetherden, Elmswell, Westhorpe, Walsham-le-Willows. (2) Rattlesden, Hitcham. (3) Whepstead. (4) Hengrave.
var. everetti AZ/er.—(1) Haughley, Walsham-le-Willows.
Succinea putris (Zvné).—(1) Redgrave, Knettishall. (2) Sud- bury. (4) Brandon (M.).
S. elegans /7sso.—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Redgrave, Walsham- le-Willows. (2) Lavenham, Sudbury, Chelsworth. (4) Tuddenham (M.), Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
Carychium minimum J@i//er.—(1) Drinkstone, Wyverstone. (2) Rattlesden. (4) Brandon (M.), Hengrave, Mildenhall.
Ancylus fluviatilis 1@///—Rare. (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall.
Acroloxus lacustris (Zéné).—Rare. (1) Great Fakenham (S.), Knertishall, dead shells. (2) Sudbury. var. albida /effreys.—Great Fakenham (S.).
Limnza auricularia (Zinné).—_(1) Great Fakenham (S.) (2) Sudbury. (4) Mildenhall.
L. pereger (A@i//er em).—Common. (1) Great Fakenham (S.), Wetherden, Westhorpe, Redgrave, Walsham-le-Willows, Knettishall, Great Ashfield, Wyverstone. (2) Lavenham, Sudbury. (4) Bury St. Edmunds (S.), Brandon (M.), Lackford, Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
L. palustris (Mi//cr).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Redgrave, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury. (4) Bury St. Edmunds (S.), Brandon (M.), Mildenhall,
MAYFIELD: WEST-NORFOLK NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. 339
L. truncatula Jiler.—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Haughley, Wetherden, Wyverstone, Knettishall. (2) Lavenham, Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall.
L. stagnalis (Zizné).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), reais Walsham-le-Willows. (2) Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Bury St. Edmunds, Mildenhall.
Planorbis corneus (Zzné).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Red- grave, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall.
P. albus AMii//er.—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Knettishall (2) Sud- bury, abundant. (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
P. carinatus JAfiller.—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Redgrave, Knettishall. (2) Lavenham, Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Bury St. Edmunds (S.), Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
var. disciformis /effreys.—Great Fakenham (S.), Knettishall.
P. umbilicatus J/i//er.—(1) Redgrave, Knettishall. (2) Laven- ham, Sudbury. (4) Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
P. vortex (Zinné).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Redgrave, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Bury St, Edmunds (S.), Lackford, Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
P. spirorbis (Zimné).—(1) Haughley, Wetherden, Westhorpe, Walsham-le-Willows, Redgrave, Wyverstone. (2) Lavenham. (4) Mildenhall.
P. contortus (Zznmé).—(1) Redgrave, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Lackford.
P. fontanus (Lighéfoot).—(1) Knettishall. (2) Sudbury. (4) Mildenhall.
Segmentina nitida (Mii//er).—Rare. (4) Mildenhall.
Physa fontinalis (Zzmné).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Wyver- stone, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall.
Aplecta hypnorum (Zvné).—(1) Haughley, Wetherden, Wyver- stone. (4) Tuddenham (M.).
Bithynia tentaculata (Zinné).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Red- grave, Knettishall. (2) Milden, Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Lackford, Mildenhall.
var. producta (J/enke).—Great Fakenham (S.).
B. leachi (S#efpard).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Knettishall, abundant. (2) Sudbury. (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall.
Vivipara contecta (d///et).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Redgrave, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury. (4) Mildenhall.
Valvata piscinalis (J7/://er).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Knettis- hall. (2) Sudbury. (4) Mildenhall,
340 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
"Vi. cristata Miiller.—(1) Great Ashfield, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury, (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
Pomatias elegans (A/ii//er).— Rare. (2) On a hedgebank at Lavenham.
Neritina fluviatilis (Z7mné).—Rare. (4) Brandon (M.), Milden- hall.
Unio pictorum (Zimze).—(1) Gt. Fakenham (S.). (4) Mildenhall.
Anodonta cygnza (Livné).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.). (2), Sud- bury. (4) Mildenhall.
var. anatina Z7zné.—-Mildenhall.
Spherium corneum (Zmé).—Common. Great Fakenham (S.), Redgrave, Walsham-le-Willows, Knettishall. (2) Sudbury, Lavenham. (4) Mildenhall.
var. flavescens MMacgi//ivray.—Knettishall, Sudbury. var. pisidioides Gray.—Lavenham. Great Fakenham (S.).
S. lacustre (d@i//er).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.), Walsham-le- Willows. (4) Mildenhall.
Pisidium amnicum (Mii/ler).—(1) Great Fakenham (S.). (4) Brandon (M.), Mildenhall, Barton Mills.
P. pusilium (Gme/in).—(+:) Haughley, Wetherden, Wyverstone. (2) Hitcham. (4) Brandon (M.).
P. obtusale Pfefer.—(1) Haughley, Wyverstone. (2) Lavenham, Sudbury.
P. gassiesianum Dupuy.—Rare. (4) Santon Downham. Ina ditch on Thetford Warren.
SSS EE —E—— SS
British Species of Vallonia.—I can confirm Mr. B. B. Woodward’s remark (antea, p. 82) that the embryonic shell in British specimens of Va/lonza costata is smooth. The embryonic whorls of living shells collected in marshy ground, where there would be no likelihood of the costze being abraded, were just as smooth as the nucleus of VY. pulchella, when viewed under a one-inch objective. So far I have not succeeded in taking all three forms of Va//onza together, though I have found V. pulchella with V. costata at Llandudno, and V. costata with V. excentrica at Aldeburgh and near Chiswick. In the Holocene deposit at Uxbridge, however, Mr. A. Loydell has noted all three together. It may be heresy to say so, but I think that V. excentrica will eventually be considered merely a variety of /. pz/- chella. My reason for saying this is that if a good series of the two forms is taken, it is quite possible to grade one into the other. Until the shell is nearly mature, there is no difference between the two, and the eccentricity of the body-whorl seems to be a very variable quantity. It would be interesting te have other members’ views on this point. —J. E. Cooprer (Read before the Soczety, Dec. 13th, 1905).
AN ATTEMPT TO BREED FROM A SINISTRAL HELIX POMATIA, With Notes on the Reproduction of the Dart.
By J. WILFRID JACKSON.
(Read before the Society, December 13th, 1905).
On May roth, 1904, I received from Mr. F. B. Jennings, of London, a very fine and almost full-grown sinistral specimen of Hedix pomatia which a friend of his had had the good fortune to find at Box Hill, Surrey, on the rst of the month. In coming through the post the lip of the shell was unfortunately fractured, but the snail eventually made this good. After exhibiting the specimen at one of the meetings of the Conchological Society I entered into negociations with Mr. Jennings with a view to retaining possession of the snail for breeding experiments, and Mr. Jennings very kindly allowed me to keep it. As he had also sent me a living dextral specimen I decided to make experiments with them after the manner adopted by Mr. R. Standen! with a sinistral He/?x aspersa some years ago.
The following are the more interesting notes from my diary, and for convenience I have adopted the abbreviations as under:—D= dextral snail; D.s.=dart sac; S.=sinistral snail; G.o.=generative organ.
May 14TH, 1904.—Placed both snails in a large glass tank bedded with earth, pieces of chalk, and limestone mortar. Put ina supply of cabbage leaves which the snails commenced to devour at once. Noticed |S. had repaired its shell.
May 15TH.—-Noticed very strong desire to pair on the part of both snails. Animals in peculiar position, foot-sole to foot-sole, and standing erect on tips of tails, and fondling each other with tentacles and palpi; mouths also in close contact. Snails emitting a curious sibulant smacking sound. G.o. of DV. protruded forcibly towards base of right tentacle of S., but genital aperture being on left side in S. coition impossible.
May 16TH.—Snails have evidently been very active during night. Quantity of thick slime about. Found one dart in mass of mucus. Dart perfectly formed with exception of annulus which is missing. In the evening noticed D. was partly out of shell and had turned back its head and was gnawing away at the aperture of its own shell, the noise being quite audible. Later—both snails feeding quietly.
May 23RD.—Snails very active and feeding voraciously on lettuce, S. occasionally eating limestone mortar.
t J. Conch., vol. 7, p. 33:
342 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
June 2Np.—Snails lovemaking again with bodies raised and fondling each other exactly as on first occasion. .s. of both pro- truded. 4S. extended p.s. downwards projecting and withdrawing dart very rapidly for some time, but did not strike D. with it. D. then projected dart rapidly and withdrew it slowly. Organ extended o'7s inch. _S. then became very active and rearing above D. slowly forced it back into its shell until only tips of tentacles were visible. G.o. much exserted but dart not used. J. then forced .S. over in same way and projected p.s. slowly against right side of S.—dart protruded nearly to annulus.
Later.—Both very much excited and projecting darts simulta- neously, crossing them repeatedly with a thrusting motion. Then heads of each came side by side, S. thrusting dart wildly into space. About an hour afterwards they adopted peculiar attitudes; foot-soles pressing tightly together and bodies raised until the snails were standing quite 3°5 inches high on their tails. _G.o. in each in rapid motion. They then bent over sideways until their heads nearly touched the ground, and from that position they slowly regained the vertical again. At 8 p.m. snails separated; J. crawled away and began feeding, 5S. quiet. ;
LaTER.—Snails together again in same corner of tank. G.o. not protruded at first, but snails afterwards became very active, S. using dart freely, and D. receiving a vigorous stab, suddenly withdrew into its shell, exuding a quantity of mucous, carrying with it the dart from S., which had slightly penetrated the skin just below the left tentacle. Dart afterwards came floating out in the mucus. .S. appeared to take little notice of the loss of its dart, and did not retire into its shell.
JUNE 3RD.—Snails still in same position as when last observed, but towards noon they separated. J. very sensitive; .S. sluggish ; both inclined to feed.
JUNE 4TH.—-Snails together again nearly all day. No signs of effective pairing observed. On separating, both ascended to cover- glass, and became quiescent. Fragment of dart found adhering to lettuce leaf. Noticed that S. had increased its shell considerably— in fact, o°5 inch—and had also formed its lip.
JUNE 5TH.—Observed 5S. eating limestone mortar.
JUNE 16TH.—After resting from the 6th instant, snails commenced love-making again, and kept this up for fully three days, going through exactly the same peculiar movements as on previous occasions. At one time 5S. thrust its dart into G.o. of D., driving D. backwards, and D. retaliated by thrusting G.o. into the mouth‘of S.
June 18TH.—Found one whole dart and the fragment of another in a mass of mucus,
JACKSON: ATTEMPT TO BREED FROM A SINISTRAL HELIX POMATIA. 343
From this date the snails became very inactive, often spending weeks at a stretch suspended from the cover-glass of tank by a thin film of white mucous round mouth of shell. One or other of them would occasionally crawl round tank, and once I noticed S. had turned back its head, and was gnawing the lip of its shell, in the same manner as I had seen D. doing early on in the year.
On October 4th I put both snails away in a wooden glass- lidded box, with soil at bottom, to hibernate. I examined them again on November 24th, and noticed that S. had formed a thin white opaque film within the aperture of the shell. This was stretched tight across, and in the middle there was a thick strip of mucus by which the shell was suspended from the glass. At the junction of this strip with the white epiphragm there was a dark red blotch resembling blood. The white film mentioned above was not the usual winter epiphragm this species makes, but was quite thin, and more like parch- ment. This may have been brought about by keeping the snails indoors, as I can hardly see that it could be from want of lime, as I kept box and tank well supplied.
On March rath, 1905, I noticed D. had formed a thin white epiphragm, like that of .S., but much further in the shell. On April 16th, I cleaned out the old tank, and prepared it again for the snails. About an hour after I had put them in I noticed that S. had revived, and was crawling about and eating freely; D., however, remained dormant.
I put in some fresh food on April 30th, and as D. was still dorm- ant, I took it out and examined it, and found the epiphragm was broken, the snail evidently having been out. On touching a portion of its foot, which was protruding from the shell, it made very feeble movements. On May oth I found Z. dead; S. was in good con- dition and fairly active. From this date onwards there was nothing special to record, as my experiments were practically at a stand-still.
I wrote to several friends for living Hex pomatia, but it was not until September 17th that I received several specimens, through the kindness of Mr. A. G. Stubbs. These I introduced to the tank, and they at once commenced to crawl round, being afterwards joined by S. .S. looked very thin, and crawled along with difficulty. On look- ing closely at it, I noticed an injury to the edge of the mantle, and that G.o. was much swollen and protruding slightly. It did not live long after this, for on going to the tank on Sept. 24th I found it dead.
I was keenly disappointed at this loss, as I had prepared for photo- graphing by flashlight the extremely curious and interesting move- ments observable in the snails during lovemaking. Early on in their attempts at pairing, not having a camera at the time, I made one or
344 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
two rough drawings of the snails in the position of foot-sole to foot- sole and organs extended. These drawings I have given to Mr. J. W. Taylor, as he thinks they may be of use to him in his Monograph.
Although the attempt to effect a union between a sinistral and dextral Helix pomatia was not successful, the observations I made are not uninteresting as shewing the method adopted by this species in pairing, and also how soon a new dart may be formed when one is lost. The nearest approach to actual coition occurred when 5S. exserted G.o. and p.s. and thrust dart into G.o. of 2. The genital organs on this occasion were close together and almost merging into each other.
The use of the Helicine dart was fully demonstrated on each of these occasions and confirmed the opinion held by most naturalists nowadays that its function is to induce excitement prior to sexual union. In all I obtained five darts, only three, however, being per- fect; the time occupied in their renewal being from twelve to fourteen days. This time, however, is the time which elapsed between each of their attempts at pairing, and the formation of the dart may, of course, have been completed in less than twelve days.
Both snails were infested with mites which ran all over the body and in and out of the branchial orifice without the slightest heed being paid by the snails. The only time that they appeared to notice them was when a mite ran along the tentacle and over the eye, when the snail would give a slight twinge and withdraw its tentacle. ‘This I observed more than once.
Having in mind Dr. Scharff’s query in this Journal (vol. 4, p. 310) as to whether molluscs are able to distinguish sounds, or merely con- cussions, in order to be aware of danger, on several occasions I gave the glass tank a sharp knock when the snails were going through their curious actions, and on each occasion they instantly withdrew their heads and tentacles and remained quiescent for a short time, still retaining the position of foot to foot. I am inclined to think that it was more the concussion than the sound which affected them, as the snails were subjected to plenty of sounds and noises of one kind or another, which they did not appear to notice. No doubt the high pitch of excitement to which the snails had worked themselves would materially affect them on these occasions and tend to make them more sensitive than usual.
Regarding the sense of smell in these creatures I noticed that the snails in many instances lowered their tentacles when eating, but whether for purposes of sight or smell I cannot say (see this Journal,
vol. 4, p. 312).
JACKSON: ATTEMPT TO BREED FROM A SINISTRAL HELIX POMATIA. 345
With reference to the growth of the shell in the case of the sinistral specimen, I can only say that to all appearances this was put on during the snail’s active movements, as there was no indication of its having buried itself for the purpose, although this appears to be the rule (see A. H. Cooke, “Molluscs and Brachiopods, Cambridge Nat. Hist.,” p. 40).
In concluding my observations I wish to tender my best thanks to Mr. R. Standen for his kindly help and advice, and also for looking after the snails on one occasion when I was absent from home.
The Occurrence of the White Form of Helicigona lapicida (L.).—The occasion of this special exhibit of white varieties of British land and freshwater shells affords a good opportunity for enumerating some specimens of He/tc7eona lapicida vax. albina not hitherto recorded. In my collection I have a number of this form, which were presented to me by Mr. R. D. Darbishire in 1901. These he tells me were collected by him some fifty years ago on a rough wall in the Zoological Gardens, Regents Park. From Mr. Darbishire I have also a white specimen, labelled ‘‘ Matlock,” which he says he obtained many years ago on some old walls on the hill-side to the northward of Monsal Dale Station, Derbyshire. On reference to the pages of this Jornal, I notice a number of records of the white form of this species taken in recent years, and for the sake of ready reference I append the list, including a few records from other sources :—1880. RIMMER, R. “The Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles” [Went Vale, - Yorks. (Hebden) ; Reigate (Saunders) J. 1883. HELE, F. M. (Miss)—/. Covch., vol. 4, p- 27 [One specimen found near Leigh Court]. 1885. FirzGERALD, H. PuREFOY —/d., p. 337 [Two specimens obtained at Preston Condover, N. Hants.]. 1887. PEARCE, Rev. S. SPENCER—/. Conch., vol. 5, p. 255 [Taken on several occasions during 1883, and again in 1887, in the vicinity of Wells, Somersetshire]. 1888. MELVILL, J. CosMo—/. Covch., vol. 5, p. 316 [Two specimens in his collection from Matlock, collected by Mr. Thomas Glover, of Manchester, who found a colony of them on Aug. 16th, 1879]. 1893. MILNES, Rev. HERBERT—/. Conch., vol. 7, p- 278 (Matlock, one specimen (H. E. Craven) ; two specimens (T. Glover, 1879); three specimens, (G. W. Chaster, 1892)]. 1896. ADAMS, LIONEL E.—/. Conch., vol. 8, p. 167 [One specimen collected by Mr. H. Westley at Ewell, near Dover, in 1895]. Zom. cet., p. 228 [One dead specimen found by Mr. A. Loydell at Brackley, Northamptonshire]. 1896. ADAMS, LIONEL E.—‘‘ The Collector’s Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells” [One specimen taken by himself at Ewell, near Dover, on trunk of Birch; says form is rare]. 1904. BEESTON, H. and WRIGHT, C. E.—/. Covch., vol. 11, p. 81 [Give the percentage of the white form at Lynmouth as 3} per cent.]. Messrs. F. Taylor and T. Whitehead also exhibited a number of this form from Lynmouth at the Conchological Society’s meeting in September, 1905. These were collected during the previous month. Messrs. R. Standen and J. Ray Hardy both possess specimens from Matlock, collected by Mr. Thomas Peace. It would appear from this list that the white form has become more common in recent years, since, as pointed out by Mr. Melvill ( 7. Conch., vol. 5, p. 316) it was apparently unknown in this country when Jeffreys\published his ‘‘ British Conchology ” (1865).—J. WILFRID JACKSON (Read before the Soctety, February 14th, 1906).
WEST LANCASHIRE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA: MORECAMBE AND DISTRICT.
By H. BEESTON.
(Read before the Society, November 8th, 1905).
Tue following list has been compiled from notes and observations made during a ten days’ visit in the month of August, 1905, to Morecambe and district.
The area explored—only a comparatively small one—extends from Heysham, about two miles south of Morecambe, to Bolton-le-Sands, four or five miles to the north-east, and as far inland to the east and south-east as the right bank of the river Lune.
Geologically considered, the district seems of little interest to the conchologist, the soil consisting for the most part of boulder clay and drift materials, and when compared with the country lying to the north and north-west across Morecambe Bay, where the mountain limestone formation is much more in evidence, appears somewhat poor in molluscan fauna; the number of species found being com- paratively few, especially of the genera Vertigo, Jaminia, Balea, etc. The results were very meagre and disappointing. Probably more diligent search under suitable hygrometrical conditions would result in a larger number of the smaller shells being found, as the last Census List (1902) shows a fairly large proportion of the genera mentioned recorded for West Lancashire, of which the district around More- cambe forms a part.
The slugs also were conspicuous by their absence, the only one which appeared at all common being the black slug, Avion ater.
Or the terrestrial snails, eighteen species were identified, and of the freshwater fifteen species, but of the latter the Lancaster and Preston Canal, which runs from Lancaster through Bolton-le-Sands and Carn- forth, accounted for nine, leaving six other species confined to the ditches and ponds elsewhere.
A curious fact connected with these water shells is that not a single species found in the canal was to be found in the ditches or ponds in other parts of the district; while those species common to the ditches were absent from the canal. This may have been only a coincidence, as further search in the locality may alter this seemingly anomalous circumstance. ‘The point is merely mentioned for what it is worth, but it would be interesting to know whether conchologists working in other parts of the country have met with a similar experi- ence at any time.
Of the land shells, the only one at all common was Hygvomia rufescens, which, although small, seemed to be the tenant of almost
BEESTON: WEST LANCASHIRE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. 347
every hedgerow and roadside bank, the varieties rwbens and adlbo-cincta being more abundant than the type. Me/ix nemoralis turned up in two places only, the variety 7wde//a predominating ; and of . hortensis only a single specimen was discovered. . asfersa seemed fairly well distributed, but not at all abundant anywhere, the variety a/bo-/asciata occurring tolerably frequently ; this species, together with HZ. ru/escens, was certainly the commonest shell in the district.
The genus V7trea it will be seen from the appended list is fairly represented, three species being found, viz., cellaria, alliaria, and nitidula. Ot Pyramidula rotundata three specimens were all that rewarded our search, and in one locality only. Ae/ice//a is represented by one dead shell, viz., caperata; but Hygromia furnished three species, one of which, Hy. granulata, constitutes an addition to the Census List for Vice-County 60.
Helicigona arbustorum appears to be rare, four shells only, two of which are variety flavescens, rewarding a search of nearly half-a-day. One dead specimen of Cochlicopa lubrica was all that could be found; and of the genus C7Zawsz/za the only representative is dzdentata.
Succinea putris was found in only one locality—a damp ditch by the roadside—crawling on the leaves of Veronica beccabunga (the brooklime) the shells being dwarfed and few in number. Zimnea pereger and L. palustris were obtained sparingly from the ditches in the meadows lying to the east of the town of Morecambe, but as the soil is of a peaty character, the shells were small in size and somewhat thin in texture. In the Lancaster and Preston Canal WVeritina fluvia- tidis—possibly the very commonest shell in the district—was found in great abundance. ‘The stones in the shallow water near the sides were crowded in places with the molluscs which were even crawling about on the mud at the bottom. Nearly all the shells of this species were either badly eroded all over, or thickly incrusted with a deposit of lime, and appeared quite white as the animals crawled about on the stones. Scarcely a shell was perfect, and only the very youngest showed the markings distinctly. In consequence, too, of this erosion (or incrustation) the shells had a curiously distorted and mis-shapen appearance, being very thick and heavy, thus favouring the idea of being incrusted rather than of being eroded.
Dreissensta polymorpha was not atall abundant, and instead of being found in clusters and great abundance, as is generally the case, the shells were attached singly to stones on the bed of the canal. On the stonework of the bridges, where the shells are usually found in great quantities, not one could be found. <Axzodonta cygnea, with its variety anzatina, now finally reduced from specific rank to that of a variety, was common in the canal, but not attaining a very large
348 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 11, JULY, 1906.
size, the largest obtained measuring 42 by 34 inches. Of Spherium, only S. corneum (single valves) can be recorded, except one immature specimen ; and Pisidium amnicum was the sole representative of this genus.
The figures prefixed to the species refer to the numbers as found in the Conchological Society’s “List of British Non- Marine Mollusca,” published in 1904, and the nomenclature used is that of the same list. Species not recorded in the last Census List are marked with an asterisk (*); these have been submitted to the Society’s Recorder, Mr. Charles Oldham, to whom I am indebted for looking over the specimens collected and rendering valuable assistance to me in com- pleting the annexed list. ©
TERRESTRIAL SPECIES. No. in Conch. List.
7. Agriolimax agrestis (Zn). var. albida (/icard).—Lane leading to canal from Torres- holme. 14. Vitrea cellaria (AZil/er). var. complanata /effreys.—_Torresholme ; Bolton-le-Sands. 16. V. alliaria (J/i//er).—Fields between Heysham and River Lune. 17. V.nitidula Draparnaud.—By-road to canal from Torresholme. 24. Arion ater (Zzxé).—Common along canal side at Hest Bank, and Bolton-le-Sands. 33. Pyramidula rupestris (Drafarnaud).—Wall at Bolton-le- Sands. 34. Pyr. rotundata (A7Zil//er).—Upper Heysham. 39. Helicella caperata (A/ontagu).—Road-side bank near Hey- sham (one dead shell). *4s. Hygromia granulata (A/der).—Canal-side at Bolton-le Sands (one specimen only). 46. Hyg. hispida (Zzxé).—Heysham. var. depilata 4/éer.—Torresholme. var. hispidosa dZousson.—Canal-side, Bolton-le-Sands. 49. Hyg. rufescens (Pennant). var. rubens Moguin-Tandon.—Bolton-le-Sands; Heysham; Torresholme. var. depressa Zuy/or.—Bolton-le-Sands, (one specimen). var. albo-cincta Cockerell.—Heysham. 58. Helicigona arbustorum (Ziwv2é). var. flavescens MMJoguin-Tandon.—Canal-side at Bolton-le- Sands (three specimens).
BEESTON: WEST LANCASHIRE NON- MARINE MOLLUSCA. 349 No. in Conch. List.
59. Helix aspersa A/i//er.—Heysham ; Torresholme. var. flammea /icard. — By-road to canal from Torres- holme (one specimen). var. albo-fasciata /efreys.—Same locality (two specimens). 61. H. nemoralis Zévné.—Heysham ; canal-side at Bolton-le- Sands ; road from Heysham to Torresholme. var. rubella A/oguin-Tandon.—Canal-side, Bolton-le-Sands. Bandings : 00000, 12345, (12)345, (123)(45), 123(45),
12345, (12)3(45)s 12345, 12345, 1(23)(45), (12)345 (Seven. teen shells).
var. libellula A7sso.—Canal-side, Bolton-le-Sands; road from Heysham to Torresholme. Sandings: oo000, 00300, 12345, 12345, 2345, (123)(45), Ons4:, (12)3(45); (thirteen shells). var. bimarginata A/oguin-Tandon.—Ten shells of varieties rubella and ltbellula were of this form. var. undulata Gez¢e/omo.—Canal-side at Bolton-le-Sands ; (five specimens). : 62. H. hortensis J/i//er.—By-road to canal from Torresholme; (one specimen only). 70. Cochlicopa lubrica (Jil/er).—Canal-side near Hest Bank ; (one dead shell). 76. Jaminea cylindracea (Da Costa).—Torresholme ; Bolton-le- Sands. var. curta (Wester/und).—Wall at Bolton-le-Sands. 92. Clausilia bidentata (S¢ve).—Found with No. 76 in the same localities.
AQUATIC SPECIES.
95. Succinea putris (Z7zé).—One or two small shells in a damp ditch, crawling on Veronica beccabunga, in the by-road from Torresholme to the canal.
104. Limnza pereger (d/ii//er em).—Ditches near Heysham.
107. Lim. palustris (J/ii//er).—Ditches near Heysham.
var. lacunosa Ziegler. — Ditches near Heysham; (one specimen).
113. Planorbis albus (J/er).—Canal, Bolton-le-Sands.
120. Pl. umbilicatus d/s//er.—Ditches near Heysham.
121. Pl. vortex (Zinzné).—Same locality as 120.
123. Pl. spirorbis (Zimvé).—Same locality as 120.
127. Physa fontinalis (Zzzvé).—One specimen only in the canal, Bolton-le-Sands.
350 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. Iii, JULY, 1906. No. in Conch. List.
138. Bithynia tentaculata (Zve).—Canal at Hest Bank, and Bolton-le-Sands.
143. Valvata piscinalis (AZi//er).—Same localities as 138.
148. Neritina fluviatilis (Z2né).—Same localities as 138. Shells badly eroded, markings almost obliterated, and only discernible in young specimens.
*150. Dreissensia polymorpha (7a//as).—Same localities as 138. Found singly attached to stones on the bottom, and not on the sides, of the bridge walls, where they are usually found clustered thickly. Like Werttina fluviatilis, the shells were badly eroded, the posterior end of the shells being chalky-white through erosion and loss of epidermis.
155. Anodonta cygnea (Z/zvé).—Canal, Bolton-le-Sands. var. anatina Z/né.—With type. *158. Sphzrium corneum Zizné.—Canal, Bolton-le-Sands. Only single valves and one immature shell found. 161. Pisidiumamnicum (d/i//er).—Canal, Bolton-le-Sands. One shell only.
——__—_~$-@-¢—___
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.
351st Meeting, April 11th, 1906. Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : The usual periodicals received in exchange. Donation to the Illustration Fund by Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., £1 5s. New Members Elected. J. W. Boult, 50, Waslington Street, Newland, Hull. V. B. Crowther-Beynon, M.A , F.s.A., The Grange, Edith Weston, Stamford. Harry Fogerty, 21, Henry Street, Limerick. Robert Godfrey, M.A., 46, Cumberland Street, Edinburgh. Alexander Reynell, 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London, S.E C. J. Sharp, M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool. Commander E. R. Shopland, Weeting, Sheringham, Norfolk. Edward Step, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey. Lt.-Col. W. H. Turton, D.S.O., R.E., Harley House, Clifton Down, Bristol. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Francis Edward Adams, Carysfort, Shrewsbury. Mrs. Emily J. Climenson, Shiplake Grange, Henley-on-Thames. Miss Grace M. Grint, 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N. Charles M. Hall, 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N. Alexander Macindoe, M.D., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon. Marchese di Monterosato, 2, Via Gregorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily. Percy E. Radley, F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent. John Ritchie, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. M. M. Schepman, Rhoon near Rotterdam, Holland.
PROCEEDINGS: MAY, 9, 1906. 35t
Resignation.
H. Bolton, F.R.S.E.
Member Deceased.
Mrs. J. Fitzgerald.
Papers Read.
““ Conchological Notes from Japan,” by Lionel E. Adams.
“* Notes on British Land and Freshwater Shells in the Collection of the late Thomas Glover,” edited by his daughter, M. Glover.
“Further Note on French Shell Names,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.
“* Vertigo alpestris in Westmorland,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.
Exhibits.
By Mr. Charles Oldham : Zestacella haliotédea, Adlington, Cheshire.
By Mr. John Roseburgh: Heléczgona ardustorum, 1,600 feet above sea-level, near Loch Skewe, Dumfriesshire. A collection of shells from the counties of Roxburgh and Selkirk, including the following, which are new county records :— RoxpurGH—/lanorbis nautileus, Faugh Hill Moss; Vallonia excentrica, Easter Langlee ; Ayalinia fulva, Ellwyn ; Sphyradium edentulum, Ellwyn; Aelicella caperata, Melrose Road, Joppa ; Spherium corneum, Housebyres Moss ; Anodonta cygnea, River Tweed, Rutherford Ferry. SELKIRK—Ze/liczgona arbustorum, Sel- kirkshire; Sphereum corneum and S. nucleus Selkirk Common; Helzx aspersa, H. hortensts Galashiels (in gardens); Aeltcella caperata Galafool; Acroloxus lacustrés Pot Loch; Clauszlia bidentata Caddon Fool. DUMFRIES—Zelictgona arbustorun Grey Mare’s Tail.
By Mr. F. Taylor: A number of beautiful drawings of species and varieties of British non-marine shells, by Mr. A. G. Stubbs.
By Mr. R. Cairns: Budémeus maritsianus Pfr., from Venezuela.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: A series of French He/ices to illustrate his note. Also a series of dwarf forms of Cyfrea including C. lucida, 24x13 mm., C. pulchra, 26x15 mm., C. arabica, 25X15 mm., C. stercoraria v. rattus, 34x21 mm., C. turdus, 19°5 X 13°5 mm., C. evosav. nibrites, 20 x 13 mm., C. lynx, 21°5 X 13°5mm., C. carneola, 18°5 X 13 mm., C. caput-serpentis, 21 x 16 mm., C. caurica v. oblongata- nana Melv., 22 x 13 mm., principally from East Indian localities.
Series of Vallonta from many localities were exhibited by the President (Dr. G. W. Chaster) and Messrs. E. Collier, R. Standen, J. W. Jackson, J. W. | Baldwin, F. Taylor, R. Cairns, C. H. Moore, and J. D. Dean; also specimens . from the Society’s Cabinets, and the Manchester Museum Collections.
352nd Meeting, May gth, 1906.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:
“Land and Freshwater Mollusks,” Harriman Alaska Expedition, vol. 13, by Dr. W. H. Dall ( from the author), and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Members Elected.
Francis Edward Adams, Carysfort, Shrewsbury.
Mrs, Emily J. Climenson, Shiplake Grange, Henley-on-Thames.
Miss Grace M. Grint, 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N.
Charles M. Hall, 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N.
Alexander Mackindoe, M.D., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon.
Marchese di Monterosato, 2, Via Grogorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.
Percy E. Radley, F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent.
John Ritchie, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
M. M. Schepman, Rhoon near Rotterdam, Holland.
\
352 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Charles W. Johnson, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
Albert E. Salisbury, 64, Pemberton Gardens, Highgate, London, N.
Henry J. Stalley, Thornton House, Christ’s Hospital, West Horsham, Sussex.
Mrs. Alice L. Williams, 593, Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.
Papers Read. **Note on Odostomia lutea Garrett,” by J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen. Exhibits.
By Mr. R. Cairns: A series of Helix nemoralts varr. alboladiata and citrinozonata, collected by him on the previous day in the Winnats Pass, Castleton, Derbyshire He had found these varieties in unusual abundance, and all of the uniform bright yellow colour so characteristic of the species generally t in this locality ; dark-banded and other coloured forms being rarely seen.
By Mr. L. St. George Byne: A fine example of Cyprea carneola L., measuring 99 X 54 mm.
By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: Helv pisana from Tenby, and Odostomia rufula Souverbie from New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands.
By Mr. R. Standen: Bucctnum undatum m. sintstrorsum from the Manchester Market.
By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A white variety of Gébdula magus from Abersoch, Carnarvonshire.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Pisidium henslowianum and P. subtruncatum from the canal near Lancaster.
By Mr. B. R. Lucas: A fine series of non-marine shells collected recently during a short stay at Sligo, Ireland. The actual time spent in collecting was only six hours, made up of brief intervals snatched during car drives, but a total of 60 species, many in excellent condition, was obtained, including such forms as Aczeula lineata and var. alba, Vallonia excentrica, Acanthinula aculeata, A. lamellata, Valvata cristata, etc., in abundance. The list is only 13 short of the number recorded for the Sligo district (/r¢sh Mat., Sept., 1904).
A fine series of nearly all the British Trochidze was shewn from the collections of Messrs. R Welch, J. W. Baldwin, J. W. Jackson, J. Laycock, C. H. Moore, Rk. Standen, A. Leicester, R. D. Darbishire, and the Manchester Museum.
353rd Meeting, June 13th, 1906.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:
**Storia del Dentalium politum di O. G. Costa,” ‘‘ Articolo sulle Auriculide, Assiminidee, e Truncatellidze dei mari d’Europa,” and ‘‘ Articolo sul Pecten oper- cularis e sue forme,” by the Marchese di Monterosato; ‘‘Check List of the Mollusca of New York,” by Elizabeth J. Letson; ‘‘Notes on Japanese, Indo-Pacific, and American Pyramidellide,” by W. H. Dall and P. Bartsch; ‘‘ Descriptions of two new Naiads,” by Paul Bartsch (from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Members Elected.
Charles W. Johnson, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
Albert E. Salisbury, 64, Pemberton Gardens, Highgate, London, N.
Henna Stalley, Thornton House, Christ’s Hospital, West Horsham, Sussex.
Mrs. Alice L. Williams, 593, Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
A. G. Marshall, Clovelly, Park Road, Wallington, Surrey.
George Baxter Pritchard, F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.
Henry Suter, Haslett Street, Eden Terrace, Auckland, New Zealand.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 353
Papers Read.
“* Obituary Notice of the late William Nelson,” by W. Denison Roebuck.
“* Vallonia costala + excentiica,” by Lionel E. Adams.
** Bulimus fasciatus Turt. [= Helecella barbara 1..] in lancashire,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.
“ Testacella haliotidea at Godalming,” by O. H. Latter.
Exhibits.
By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: Specimens of Va//onza from Kettering, to illustrate his paper. ;
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: S7Zigua patulr Dixon; Mottolr falcata Gld.; M. stylina Cpr.; Platyodon cancellatum; Nucula proxima Say; Yoltta limatiula Say ; Azomza glabra Ver., from Californian localities.
By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: Helicella barbara from near Bispham, Lancs.
By Mr. W. Whitehead: Claustha bidentata var. cravenensis Taylor, and Ancylus fluviatilis, from River Doe, Ingleton, Yorks.
A particularly fine series of the genus Cataulus was shewn by Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill, Ed. Collier, B. Rk. Lucas, R. Cairns, R. Standen, and the Manchester Museum. Practically all the known species and varieties of this interesting genus were exhibited, but in the discussion which followed there was a general opinion that too many species had been made out of what may be merely local forms of the same thing.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
The Nautilus, vol. 19, nos. 11—13, vol. 20., nos. § and 2, March—June, 1906.
“On Sifidaria pentodon and its Allies,” by E.G. VANATTA and H, A. PILSBRY [descriptions and figures of about ten species and varieties]. ‘‘ Dredging in Frenchman’s Bay, Maine,” by DwiGHTt BLANEY. | ‘‘ Shells of Grant, Valencia Co., New Mexico,” by H. A. Pitspry [list of 20 species]. ‘On a New Floridian Cailiostoma” [C, (Letotrochus) marione], by W. H. Dati. ‘Note on 7rev7a acutidentata Gask.,” by F. L. BuTYON [long lost sp. rediscovered].
‘* Note on a new variety [Ayporhyssa] of Certthidea sacrata Gld., from San Diego, Cal.,” by S. S. Berry. ‘‘ Additional Notes on Bzfidarta pentodon and B. tap- paniana, by V. STERKI. ‘* Description of new species of Achatinellidze from the Hawaiian Islands,” by D. D. BALDWIN [Partulina coopert, P. fulvicans, Amastra sinistrorsa, A. leva]. ‘‘ Notes on Carychium and description of a new variety ” [C. extle canadense figd.], by Geo. H. Ciarp. ‘* A new subspecies [a/gonguznensis] of Polygra multilineata Say,” by WM. A. Nason. ‘“‘ Lymnaea hinkleyi n.sp.” [from E. Idaho], by F. C. BakER. ‘* Note on some names in the Volutidee,” by Wo. H. DALL [Adelomelon n.n. for Scaphella, Harpulina for Harpula, Maculope- plum n.g. for V. junonia).
‘* Shell Collecting on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, vi.,” by W. H. FLruck [5 new spp. mentioned, not described]. ‘‘ A new Chinese S7fa/a” [S. hangchow- ensis| by H. A. Prtspry. ‘‘ New species of Prstdéume” [P. proxtmum, Washington, B.C.], by V. SteERKI. ‘‘The Manatee Snail, Bulémelus dormant” [economic value]. ‘*Collecting in the Everglades,” by A. G. REYNOLDs. ‘‘ Output of American Pearls.” ‘‘ Cochliopa rowelli in California,” by J. RowELL. ‘‘ On the generic name Anostoma,” by H. A. PinsBry. ‘On the Pathology of Ssherium,” by V. STERKI,
354 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
“ Baiphragmophora kelletti (Fbs.) and £. stearnstana (Gabb),” by Gro. H. CrappP [specifically distinct, figd.]. ‘* Mollusks of Oklahoma,” by Jas. H. FERRIS [28 spp.]. ‘‘ New species of Pestdium,” by V. STERKI [P. mznusculum, P. fragillimum, Wisconsin; P. levissimuz, P. subrotundum, Michigan; P. fersonz, Louisiana, &c.]. ‘‘A new Spherium [S. stamineum forbes? | from Illinois,” by F. C. BAKER. ‘* List of Wisconsin Shells, Freshwater Univalves,” by C. H. CHADWICK. ‘‘ Note on the Manatee Snail,” by CHas. T. Simpson.
The Naturalist, nos. 591 and 592, April and May, 1906.
“‘ Limnea peregra monstr. stntstrorsum, in Durham,” by C. T. TRECHMANN. ‘Notes on Sinistral Shells of Lzmnea peregra,” by J. W. TAyLor. ‘‘On the Belemnites of the Chalk of Yorkshire,” by C. DAVIES SHERBORN. ‘‘ Note on a rare form of Actznocamax (A. grossouvret) from the Chalk of Yorkshire,” by G. C. Crick. ‘* Cectliotdes acicula, &c., in East Yorks.,” by Miss L. F. PIERCY.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 15, no. 4, April, 1906. :
“ Bucctnum and Patella Kjokken-médding, at Cranfield, Co Down,” by R. WEtcH. ‘* Helicella zakarensis in Co. Down,” by A. W. STELFOX. ‘* Helix virgata in Co. Down, by J. N. MILNE The Annals of Scottish Natural History, no 57, Jan., 1906.
‘‘Tand and Freshwater Molluscs of St. Kilda,” by J. WATERSTON and J. W. TAYLOR [list of 21 spp.]. ‘‘ Land Shells at Balelone, N. Uist, Outer Hebrides,” by J. WATERSTON [14 spp.]. ‘‘ Land Shells in Orkney,” by R. GopDFREY [14 spp ]. La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, nos. 427 and 428, May and June, 1906.
*‘Coquilles marines de Cancale,” by H. Marte [Fissurellidze discussed]. ‘Etude sur les Helix de la section Elisma,” by E. Cazior. “ Distribution géo- graphique de l Helix candidisstma,” by L. Navas [additional localities]. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malacozoologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 38,
1906, part 2, April—June.
‘¢ Emil Adolf Rossmaessler,” by W. KoBELT. ‘‘ Einfluss des bewegten Wassers auf die Gestaltuug der Muscheln aus der Familie Unionide Flem.,” by HENRIK SELL. ‘Zwei neue Macrodontes-Arten,” by J. THIELE [MW kontgswaldi, M. simplex, Rio grande do Sul]. ‘‘ Nachtrag zur Mollusken-Fauna Miinchens,” by W. BLUME [7 additional spp.]. “* Beitrage zur Molluskenfauna des kroatischen Karstes,” by TH. KorMos [23 spp., Xevophila veglana, n. sp., 2 nn. varr.]. ““ Ueber eine Reihe von Nachtschnecken, die Herr Dr. Cecconi auf Cypern und in Palaestina gesammelt hat,” by H. StmrotH [Limax cecconti, Agriolimax cyprius, Amalia cypria, nn. spp.]. ‘* Neue Formen und Fundorte der Genera Pomatzas Studer [P. mostarensts] und Auritus Westerlund,” by ANTON WaGNER. “Die Conchylienfauna eines pleistocinen Tufflagers im Tale der schwarzen Laaber bei Regensburg,” by S. CLESSIN [93 spp.]. ‘‘ Die Mollusken von St. Jodok a. Brenner,” by W. BiuMeE [52 spp.]. ‘‘ Zur Molluskenfauna von Montenegro,” by OTTo WOHLBEREDT.
Annales de la Société Royale Zoologique et Malacologique de Belgique,
vol. 40, 1905.
‘* Les Ptéropodes des terrains tertiaires et quaternaires d’Italie,” by RAFFAELLO BELLINI. ‘‘ Animaux marins vivant dans l’eau saumatre,” by K. LOPPENs. Butlleti de la Institucié Catalana d’Historia Natural, vol. 3, no. 4, April, 1906.
‘<Moluschs marins de Catalunya,” by D. JosepH MALUQUER y NICOLAU. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 57,
part 3, Sept.-Dec., 1905.
“‘New Land Mollusks ot the Japanese Empire,” by H. A. Pitspry and Y. HirASE [numerous nn. spp. with diagnostic keys of Ganesella and Zonitide]. ‘Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Taiwan (Formosa) with
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 355
Descriptions 0. New Species,” by H. A. Pirspry and Y. HiraseE [29 nn. spp.,
making total known 127 land shells, 26 aquatic]. ‘‘ Hawaiian Species of Ezdodonta
~ and Ofeas,” by H. A. Pitspry and E. G. VaNnarva [4 nn. spp. figd.]. “On some Pacific Cerithiidze” [C. voyz, C. mestot¢cum nn. spp.], by H. A. PILsBry and
E. G. VANATTA.
“Check List of the Mollusca of New York,” by Exizaperu J. Lerson (New York State Museum, Bull. 88, Zool. 11, May, 1905, 112 pp.) [with synonyms, references and localities].
‘Articolo sulle Auriculide, Assiminidz e Truncatellide dei nari d’Europa,” by the MARCHESE DI MONTEROSATO (Waturalésta Siciliano, vol. 18, no. 6, 1906).
“Articolo sul Pecten opercularis e sue forme,” by the MARCHESE DI Mon- TEROSATO (Waturalista Sictliano, vol. 18, no. 7, 1906).
“Storia del Dentalium politum di O. G. Costa,” by the MarcuEsE pi MONTEROSATO (Anu, Mus. Zool. Univ. Napold, vol. 1, no. 27, 1905).
“Mollusca,” by E. R. Sykes and E. A. SmirH. ‘‘ Brachiopoda,” by E. R. SYKEs and E. A. SMITH (Zoological Record, vol. 40, part 8, vol. 41, parts 7-8).
“Note on Limax; tenellus (Miill.) with Exhibition of Living Examples from the Forth Area,” by WiLLIAM Evans (Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. 16, part I, p. 22-24).
“‘The Opisthobranchiate Mollusca,” by G. P. FaRRAN (Report Pearl Oyster Fishertes, Gulf of Manaar, vol. 3, no. 21, pp. 329-364, 6 pls.) [Nudibranchia 8 nn.spp., Tectibranchia 7 nn.spp. ].
Department of Agriculture, &c., for Ireland. Fisheries Branch. Scien- tific Investigations, 1902-3, no. 3.
“The Molluscs and Brachiopods of Ballynakill and Boffin Harbour, Co. Galway, and of the deep water off the West and South-West Coasts of Ireland,” by E. R. Sykes. ‘On specimens of 7yracheloteuth?s and Cirroteuthis, from deep water off the West Coast of Ireland,” by W. E. Hoy e.
‘‘ Thomas Martyn and the Universal Conchologist,” by W. H. Datt (Proc. U.S, Nat, Museum, vol. 29, pp. 415-432).
—__#-0-@ —___
Conchological Notes from Japan. —After just missing the Russian fleet our ship full of contraband of war arrived safely at Nagasaki two days after Togo had so satisfactorily arranged matters in the Corean Straits, and forthwith I entered upon a two-months’ study of the natural history as well as of the other attractions of the Flowery Land. Iam sorry to say that I found the collecting of land and freshwater shells disappointing in results. Though it was the rainy season, and during and after days of torrential rain I searched rocky roadside cuttings covered with moss _ and creepers, mossy stone walls, heaps of promising vegetable refuse among the fallen stones of ancient graveyards and in the shady groves of temples, and this in a sort of exaggerated Devonshire climate with subtropical heat between the showers, my success was not great. Round about the little peninsula that forms one side of Nagasaki harbour was any quantity of A, szeboldiana Pfr., but they were without exception immature and therefore useless; this was the only shell I came across in the district. My researches extended throughout June and July, a season in which in these latitudes one ‘expects to find the adult snails pairing, feeding or eestivating ; but as a matter of fact adult shells were scarce, young unformed last year’s specimens being sometimes the only ones in evidence. The shortness of my stay, of course, prevented my ascertaining their times of hibernation, spring emergence,
356 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. II, JULY, 1906.
&c. One species of slug (Phylomecus béliniatus Bens.) I found fairly commonly in Nagasaki, Kobe, Shimonoseki and Yokohama. Another larger and yellow- coloured I heard of but failed to secure. The only public collection of land and freshwater shells that I know of in Japan is a most complete and well-arranged one in the museum of the Tokio University, through which Professor Ijima was good enough to guide me. One day in a country graveyard near Yokohama I found a promising heap of leaves and stones, and as I was busily engaged upon this I was accosted by an old gentleman dressed in a large pair of spectacles and a very scanty pocket-handkerchief and holding a gorgeous paper umbrella over his shaven head. As my knowledge of Japanese is not extensive I could only conjecture that he wished to enquire what I was doing amid the ashes of his ancestors. Being accustomed to similar enquiries under similar circumstances I had ready a reply that I have always found receive respectful credence in many countries, viz.:—that I was a doctor and was collecting snails as medicine. | Evidently much impressed he helped me in my search in odd corners of the graveyard and we finally parted with oriental compliments and salutations. The result of our combined labours was the following Claust/ie which Mr. E. R. Sykes has been kind enough to identify for me. Cl. japonica Crosse; Cl. aculus Bens., and Cl. hyferolia Mart.; also Eulo/a voodwintt E. A. Smith. Not far from the famous waterfall at Kobe I came across a colony of Zulota aperata, all of which are of a smaller and rather thicker appear- ance than the type in the National Museum at South Kensington. Here I would pay a tribute to the courtesy of the country people who would frequently help me when they came upon me collecting; men, women and children would bring me frogs, newts, beetles, crabs, &c.,and whenever I rewarded a small boy with a coin, it was always evidently quite unexpected. Indeed the only act of discourtesy I experienced was from a sampan man who, on receiving not more than double his proper fare for pulling me on board my ship, vented his wrath upon me in words which showed his acquaintance with English or American firemen. Ponds and ditches were usually destitute of molluscan life, partly perhaps on account of the enormous quantity of frogs and sometimes crabs, which might feed on the spawn and the young snails, but probably more because the hill streams which feed the ponds and ditches are dry during the greater part of the year. In the neigh- bourhood of Kobe I came upon a wide ditch-cutting about seven feet deep with a clear sandy bottom and steep sides. The ditch was dry when I commenced to walk along the bottom but numbers of A/e/ania Libertina Gould were crawling about on the sand. Presently a tremendous downpour commenced on the neighbouring hills and in ten minutes a torrent of water two feet deep was rushing down to the sea. In some of the more stagnant ditches between paddy fields I found a few Paludina japonica Mart., a few small Anodons and dead valves of ordinary looking Spherza. At Yokohama I came upon Ganesella japonica Pfr., and at Kobe several Ez/ota similar’s Fér., which species Mr. E. A. Smith informs me is widely distributed in the Far East in rice districts. Leaving Japan we proceeded to Java, but here my researches resulted in absolutely nothing as far as non-marine mollusks were con- cerned, my wanderings being confined to the plains on the coast where no rain had fallen for two months, and dust was thick everywhere. The rivers and ditches are muddy creeks without weeds of any kind, and the stagnant marshes at Sourabaya
were apparently destitute of every sort of animal life. I was informed, however,
that in the forests among the mountains land shells were in great profusion. — LIONEL E. ADAMS (Read before the Society, April 11th, 1906).
357
THE
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
WO Tet OCTOBER, 1906. IN@; 12
OBITUARY NOTICE OF THE LATE WILLIAM NELSON. Born 1835 November 9—Died 1906 January 28.
(Read before the Society, June 13th, 1906).
PLATE VII.
By the death of William Nelson, of Leeds, which happened at his residence at Crossgates, on the 28th of January, the Conchological Society loses one of its founders, and co-editor with Mr. John W. Taylor of the first volumes of this Journal. He has so seldom been seen at its meetings of late that possibly but few of the members can realize the value of his work, his example, his influence, to the Society during its period of early development, but that it was adequately appreciated may he seen in the fact that he was the only British resident to receive the honour of being selected one of the ten Honorary Life Members, a position in which he succeeded so eminent a malacologist as J. R. Bourguignat.
Mr. Nelson was a worthy representative of the working-man class of naturalist, and he was a genuine naturalist from a very early age. Born on the eastern side of Leeds in November, 1835, he was but a child of four, when after a long illness, he was sent to Askern, where he lived with an old man, Mellor by name, who had a collection of butterflies, and in whose company the little boy, seeing Painted Ladies and Marbled Whites, was first fired with the love of nature. This was re-awakened when in 1859, beginning to work at his trade of currier at Wakefield, he came into contact with the naturalists of that town and their collections. The specific impetus that made him a conchologist came from listening to a lecture on the subject of shells given at Leeds by the celebrated marine zoologist, the Rev. Thomas Hincks, B.A. His activity and energy soon manifested itself and about 1862 he gathered kindred spirits unto himself and founded an East End Naturalists’ Society in Leeds, and in Birmingham—in which
Y
358 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1906.
city he spent several years from 1864—he took the first prize for a dis- play of shells at an Industrial Exhibition in 1865, and formed a small conchological society, of which he acted as secretary. He was an active member of the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society, of which he was afterwards made a life member, and to which he contributed a valuable paper on ‘'The Limneeide of Birmingham,” thus early showing his bent for the study of that group, of which he made a specialized collection, probably one of the best ever put together. He returned to Leeds about 1871, and continued to live there the remainder of his life, taking active part in the various societies, the Leeds Naturalists’ Club, the Co-operative Field Club, the Conchological Club (now the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland) and the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
It was but a short while after his return to Leeds that he and three others founded the Conchological Club—and he was its first president, afterwards taking his turn of all the other offices—-and it was about the same time that he assisted Mr. Taylor when he commenced the Journal of Conchology.
As a man and a naturalist he was loved and appreciated by all who knew him, and his well-knit sturdy form, his fine round open countenance, with close-trimmed hair and beard, were always a welcome sight to his many friends, while his conversation—enlivened by an inimitable and subtle dry humour, devoid of all Ib ee —ess always enjoyed at a naturalists’ gathering.
Scientifically he was not a prodigal writer—his excessive caution and distrust of his own judgment prevented him from publishing much—and there are but few papers of his in print. Most of them deal in a pleasant chatty way with his excursions in search of natural history objects, one of them, dealing with his visit to Loch Skene on a conchological visit to see and collect Zimnea burnetti, being par- ticularly interesting; unfortunately, however, it only appeared in a Leeds newspaper’s weekly edition. Some of his notes appeared in “The Naturalist,” others in this journal in its earlier volumes. But if he was not a prolific writer himself, he had the sublime gift of inspiring enthusiasm in others, and there are naturalists more than one who owe to him the inspiration which brought them into the field. He was a happy combination of the all-round naturalist, who knows most of the objects he sees and takes a delight in all the phenomena of nature, with the specialist whose particular line of research was pursued with persevering ardour. So besides knowing much field-botany, entomology and ornithology, he was before every- thing a student of land and freshwater mollusca—and of the Limneeidz in particular. He was also a student of general literature and particularly partial to the homely verse of Burns,
OBITUARY NOTICE OF WILLIAM NELSON. 359
He was twice married—and he leaves children of two families, besides grandchildren. For some years he had been failing in health and strength, being subject to heart-weakness, and liable to hemiplegic attacks. It was one of these that prostrated him on the evening of Sunday, the 21st of January, after he had spent his Saturday afternoon . in collecting a remarkable form of Zimmnea stagnalis at Belle Isle, Middleton, near Leeds, and his Sunday in arranging some of his shells and a week later, 28th, he passed away.
His fine collection of shells and his library of conchological works he bequeathed by his will to his friends Mr. Taylor and Mr. Roebuck, to be by them disposed of for the benefit of the four young children of his second marriage, and it is much to be desired that in some manner they may be acquired for the benefit of his native town.
R.
—— —+e-¢—___
Further Notes on French Shell Names.—The Rev. Canon Horsley has already (/. Conch., vol. 9, p. 15) made some remarks on the tendency on the part of certain continental conchologists to split up and name, as species, mere varieties of common shells. He also gives a list of some shells he received in exchange, many of which are referable to H. virgata. Having recently had a similar experience, I can fully sympathise with him and also add a number of other ‘*species”’ to his list, these being:—. melantozona Caziot, H. mucinica Bet., Hi. peregrina Loc., H. azamt Loc., H. grannonensis Bgt., H. angustiana Loc., HT, evenosi Loc., A. wnifasctata Poir, H. mendranot Serv., H. palonica Serv., H. acomptiella Loc., H. limbifera Loc., H. gindelont Loc., A. lineata Oliv., H. sub- neglecta Bgt., H. pyramidata Drap., H. mtsarella Loc., nearly all of which I can find among the varieties of H. vzvgata. In the same way H. pictonam Begt., and Z. olisippensts Serv., aré merely varieties of 7. cagerata. On calculation it will be seen that H. vzrgata rejoices in no less than 35 names. This wholesale species- making is strongly to be deprecated. One cannot contemplate with equanimity the possibility of these named forms being recognised and added to some future British list as ‘‘species” by persons smitten with a desire for notoriety!—J. WILFRID JACKSON (ead before the Society, April 11th, 1906).
———¢-e-¢—___—_
Vertigo alpestris in Westmorland. —In reference to a note in the Proceedings of the meeting on Sept. 15th, 1905 (aztea p. 266), pointing out the Kirkby Lonsdale record as being the first for the above species in Westmorland, it will be of interest to know that it has been previously recorded for that county from three different localities: Forbes & Hanley, ‘‘Brit. Moll.,” vol. 4, 1853, p. 107, mention it as a variety of ““pygma@a” and say ‘‘Mr. Gough observes that at Kendal it is chiefly found on slate.” . Further, in Jeffreys’ ‘‘ Brit. Conch.” vol. 1, 1862, p. 260, will be
- found:—“Grassmere (J.G.J.); near Ambleside, on slate (Miss Sarah Bolton).” Out of respect for the older collectors, as well as the fact that the supposed first record for the county has been copied in other journals, it is desirable that these prior records should not be lost sight of.-—J. WILFRID JACKSON (Read before the Soczety, April 11th, 1906),
THE PREVENTION OF CORROSION IN SHELLS.
—
By L. St. G. BYNE, M.Sc.
(Read before the Society, February, 14th, 1906).
StncE the publication of my two former papers upon the important matter of the Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets, I have had a few instances of this mischief brought to my notice. In all these the symptoms have been the same, and very characteristic, namely, the white powdery efflorescence and the vinegar-like aromatic odour. This latter is a most fortunate thing, for it enables specimens which have become affected to be at once dealt with. The only affected shell in my own collection so far has been a Cypfrea argus, which I at once burnt. One correspondent cracked up his spoilt shells and gave them to his fowls to peck at.
There is a spurious form of trouble which is that of bleaching by the sun on tropical shores. I had an example of C. argus from North Borneo bleached snow-white all over the dorsal surface.
Nothing has since transpired to make me alter my opinion that the mischief is the result of the action of Bacilli. I have been led to this by extensive chemical experiments, which show that the white efflorescence is mainly composed of calcium butyrate, produced by the action of butyric acid on the calcium carbonate of the shell structure. This butyric acid must be the result of the presence of the bacillus of butyric fermentation. I fail to see what other explanation there can be. Pieces of animal left in the shells may be responsible. I have dealt with this fully in my second paper.
I willingly admit that I have never isolated any definite bacillus, as I have neither the knowledge nor means of doing so. It should be possible for a bacteriologist to obtain a culture by placing sterilized glycerine in a glass bell jar containing corroded shells.
I have not seriously considered the action of dam, because it has not come into any case that I have looked into. In the National Collections, South Kensington, where corrosion is rife, the rooms, etc., are very dry. Nor does the suggestion of Mrs. Kenyon that “saline particles” are responsible recommend itself to me.
The method of prevention I now recommend is of the simplest nature. ‘The shells must first be thoroughly soaked in water, rubbed with soap, and then perfectly dried. They are then to be rubbed over with a small quantity of linseed oil, any excess being removed with a rag. I am quite sure that this treatment will act efficaciously. I formerly recommended soaking the shells in a solution of corrosive
BYNE: PREVENTION OF CORROSION IN SHELLS. 361
sublimate (mercuric chloride), but this is cumbersome. I find it a good plan to take the drawers out of my cabinet about once a month and leave them in the air for a day. This does away with chance of mustiness and damp. I have a great objection to the smell of oil of cloves, and should never use it. I shall be pleased to receive criticisms or suggestions.
EACLE EED AGA Rade ee Se
Acanthinula lamellata (Jeff.) at Grange-over-Sands, Lancs., and Notes on various other Species.-—In the middle of October last I paid a visit to Grange- over-Sands, and in company with Mr. J. D. Dean further explored that conchologist’s paradise, Eggerslack Wood, in the hope of increasing my set of Aczcula lineata, of which I took three specimens in 1903. The weather was anything but congenial, heavy showers being the order of the day, and as the few previous days had been very cold, a big ‘‘ bag” was hardly to be expected. Under these unfavourable conditions I set to work to search the moss and dead leaves, when to my surprise, instead of Aczcu/a I found a living full-grown Acanthinula lamellata under a dead branch of elm, the nearest holly being ten yards away. This, I find, is a new record for District 69. As I have always associated holly leaves with this species, having taken it amongst them in Ireland, I commenced to hunt amongst the dead leaves strewn about, but failed to discover any more specimens. [I also tried other hollies further up the wood, but with no better success. Here, however, Euconulus fulvus and Acanthinula aculeata were common on dead holly leaves. Slugs were com- mon in many parts of the wood, Agriolimax agrestis, Arion ater, A. hortensts, A. minimus, Limax maximus, and L. arborum being the chief species. At one place I noticed a fine specimen of Arion ater var. alba on the same stone as a typical specimen. Shells on the whole were scarce, the absence of otherwise com- mon species being noticeable. Even Vertigo alpestris—an abundant shell here— only occurred in small numbers on the walls surrounding the wood. V. pusilla occurred sparingly. Clausilia bidentata and Cl. laminata were fairly common on dead logs and climbing up trees. /amznia cylindracea was, as usual, very prolific. So also was Pyramidula rupestris.
Leaving the wood I went in search of Helécella caperata, which, with its var. ornata, I found common on the cliffs on Lindale Road, and swarming over the wet rocks and herbage at the foot of the same. Amongst the herbage there was a quantity of tansy, and I have observed a partiality for this plant on the part of H, caperata in other localities. Most of the shells here were full grown and of a large size, and with them were many immature Aygromza rufescens and Vitrea cellaria. The latter species, however, was not so active as H. caferata. It was on these cliffs that I found a couple of specimens of Vetrea /uctda in 1903, and as no further specimens rewarded my search, and not having heard of any having been taken there since, I have come to the conclusion that my specimens must have arrived there with greenhouse refuse, most probably thrown down from gardens above. As H. capferata proved so plentiful here, I was led to try the colony of Pomatias elegans about a mile and a half along the Meathop Road, but notwith- standing my most strenuous efforts, I failed to find a single specimen either young or old. It seems a remarkable thing that this apparently well-protected shell should disappear in this way early in the autumn, and as I had the same experi- ence at Silverdale last autumn, I should like to know whether this is general throughout the country. At both the above places the shells are quite common during the spring and summer.—J. WILFRID JACKSON (Read before the Society, November 8th, 1905).
362 NOTE ON ODOSTOMIA LUTEA Garrett.
By J. COSMO MELVILL and ROBERT STANDEN.
(Read before the Society, May goth, 1906).
ODOSTOMIA LUTEA Garrett, a smooth, oblong, fusiform species from New Caledonia and Lifu, is most variable in coloration, so much so indeed, that there can be but little doubt that it has been thrice described, under different specific names. We think it worth while to give, in each instance, the original descriptions more or less in full, | as follows :—
1. Odostomia lutea Garrett.1—“‘Shell elongate, subulate, smooth, shining, luteous-yellow; spire long, the upper half tapering more rapidly than the lower; apex acute; whorls 9-10, flatly convex, last one sub- angulate near the base, obsoletely striated by lines of growth; suture impressed and margined beneath; aperture widely ovate, about one- fourth the length of the shell; peristome thin, nearly straight, obsoletely angulated at the base; columella slightly callous, somewhat reflexed so as to form a slight umbilical fissure, and distinctly plaited. Length 7 mm.
fTab.: Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett.)
Three examples found on a sandy mud-flat.”
2. Odostomia rufula Souverbie?.—‘ Testa fusiformi, sat solida, nitida, levi, longitudinaliter tenuissime striata, striis prope labrum magts conspicuts, bast vix conspicue spiraliter striata, rufulo-fulva, bast flavidulo-alba; anfr. 9? (apice fracto et anfr. 7 modo numerante), sutura impressa dadiscretis, subconvexts, ultimo Y% longitudinis vix aguante, Apert. pirtformi, superne angulata, marginibus callo tenut junctts, labro sub-acuto, columella subobliqua, superne plicam subascen- dentem gerente. Long. (apice fracto excluso) 7, lat. max. 24% mill; apert. 2 mill. longa, 1% lata. (Mus. Burdigalense). Spec. 2 vidi.
Var.: 2 alba, fulvo untzonata.
ffab.: Ins. Lifou (Loyalty), Archip. Caledon. (R. P. Lambert).
Coquille fusiforme, assez solide, lisse, luisante, tres finement striée longitudinalement, les stries pres du labre étant plus apparantes, a peine visiblement striée spiralement 4 la base, fauve roussatre, d’un blanc un peu blond a la base; tours 9? (sommet fracturé et dans cet état en ayant 7) séparés par une suture imprimée, subconvexes; le dernier égalant 4 peine le 4% de Ja longueur totale. Ouverture piri- forme, anguleuse dans le haut, a bords réunis par une mince callosité,
1 ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of marine shells inhabiting the South Sea Islands,” Prec. ce Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 236, pl. 3, fig. 50, 1873. ‘Descriptions d’espéces nouvelles de l’Archipel Calédonien,” Journ. de Contes vol. 23, p. 290-291, pl. 13, fig. 7, 1875. ;
MELVIIL AND STANDEN: NOTE ON ODOSTOMIA LUTEA. 363
labre subtranchant; columelle suboblique, portant dans le haut un pli subascendant. (Musée de Bordeaux.) Vu 2 examplaires.
Var.: 8. De coloration blanche, avec une zone transverse fauve.
fTab.: We Lifou (Loyalty) (R. P. Lambert).”
3. Syrnola mossiana Melvill & Standen.i—“S. ¢esta attenuata, levi, nitida, delicatula, anfractibus septem, supré subventricosts, apud suturas pallide ochraceo cinctis, ultimo anfractu recto, prolongato, in medio ochraceo cincto, apice obtuso, apertura oblonga, labro exteriore simplice, columella uniplicata. Long. 7-50 mill, Lat. 2-25 miill.
ffab.: Lifu.
A few specimens only. The shell is smooth, whitish, shining, pyramidal, whorls seven, the upper ones somewhat ventricose, the last whorl straight and produced, with a pale ochraceous median band, this band being also perceptible around the sutures of the upper whorls. The apex is obtuse, outer lip simple, columella with one fold or plait. We have much pleasure in associating with this shell the name of Mr. William Moss, of Ashton-under-Lyne.”
Dr. Andrew Garrett described his O. /u¢ea from the unicolorous yellow-brown or raw sienna form, which with several gradations runs into the vufula of Souverbie. This is, perhaps, the commonest variety. Smooth, with white ground, once spirally fasciated with pale yellow or chestnut banding.
Of Syrnola mossiana, the type, now in the Manchester Museum, exhibits an albino state, entirely unicolorous white, but, in the original description, the banded variety is mentioned. A comparison of all these forms in our own, the British Museum, and the Manchester Museum collections convinces us that it is necessary to amalgamate the three so-called species under the prior name of O. /ufea Garrett.
It is by no means always easy to separate shells of the larger and more attenuately fusiform Odostomza from other allied genera, e¢.g., Styloptygma and Syrnola. As regards this present species it seems to embody in it certain characteristics of both these last-named genera. Both it and O. versicolor M. & St., from Lifu, which, indeed, possesses close affinities with O. aciculina Souv., if indeed, it be not a form of it, are, to our mind, satisfactorily separable from Odosfomia but placed in one or other of the kindred Adamsian genera. ‘The late Dr. Arthur Adams’ differentiations of certain genera in this family are unfortunately frequently vague and unconvincing, and it is to be wished that a monographer could be found to undertake the herculean task of sorting out the ‘Augean stable’ where at present repose the multitudinous members of the ancient, but complex, family of Pyramidellidee.
x ‘* Notes on a Collection of Shells from Lif and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, &c.,” Journ. Conch., vol. 8, p. 122, pl. 2, fig. 16, 1895.
364
VALLONIA COSTATA + EXCENTRICA.
By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
(Read before the Society, June 13, 1906).
Ir will be seen at a glance that the specimens, which are herewith submitted for inspection, bear the same relation to V. costata that V. excentrica bears to V. pulchella; that is to say that they are of the ribbed costata form with a very pronounced eccentricity. I picked them out of a number collected round Kettering ; unfortun- ately, as they were long since dead, it was too late to submit them to an expert in radulz for examination. The eccentricity of these specimens, as also of V. excentrica, seems to arise in the following manner :—Towards the end of the second year’s growth the shells of some individuals expand slightly more than usual, though not assum- ing the expanding trumpet-mouth of the adult of three years’ growth ; then the animals hibernate, and the next spring, on emerging from winter quarters, drained of much of their vigour, are obliged to continue the shell-growth on a more economical scale, and the con- tinuation of the outline of the shell is accordingly contracted in the process.
We find this same eccentricity occasionally in Planorbis corneus Linnég, and always in the case of Cori/la erronea Alb., and C. odonto- phora Benson. A similar contraction of the last whorl is common in Limnea peregra Mull., and Z. stagnalis Linné, but in these cases the eccentricity of outline is not noticed as in discoid shells, which are viewed and figured from a different point of view. I think, too, that the peculiar distortion of Gzbéulina lyonetiana Pallas is due to the same cause, and doubtless many similar examples will be familiar to most conchologists.
Now, in the case of the foreign examples. mentioned, the irregu- larity of outline is, as far as I am aware, universally characteristic ; but if it were not, and symmetrical individuals were found to exist, would these be recognised as worthy of separate specific rank ? So far, the occasional eccentric Planorbis corneus have found no advocate for even varietal differentiation. It would, of course, be very unscientific to cavil at the value of specific differences, merely because of the minute size of such objects as the Va//onre, but it would be reassuring to have some particulars of the intermediate forms, if such there be. Tryon (“‘ Manual” (2) vol. 8.), describes eight species in the “Audchella group,” and in the “‘costafa group” five species with four varieties of costafa. The radula of V. pulchella is described as having 65-68 transverse rows of 27 teeth, and that of
ADAMS: VALLONIA COSTATA+EXCENTRICA. 365
V. excentrica 81-84 transverse rows of 29 teeth. Presumably, we may take it for granted that a sufficiently long series of radule have been found to be constant, and that there are no intermediate forms. It may be as well to defer giving a special name to V. costata of the eccentric form until the radula has been examined, and it would also be interesting to note whether symmetrical and eccentric individuals
interbreed. eee Oe
On the Danger of using Mercuric Chloride in the Sterilization of Highly-Polished Shells.—Sometime back, after reading Mr. Byne’s paper in this Jouszal (vol. 9, p. 172, 1899), I thought it advisable to sterilize my shells, and started, unfortunately, on some of my best, viz., Cyprea pallida (Gray) ; these shells of the dark type had a brilliant polish and free from any markings or spots other than the natural ones on the shells. I soaked them for two days in warm water at about 37°C., then put them in a solution of mercuric chloride, 1 gramme in 500cc. of water. They remained in this for twenty-four hours at 37°C., were then taken out and allowed to dry without polishing. I made sure that the HgClz solution was not acid, yet when I started to polish up the shells with a clean duster I found that the lustre was considerably impaired, and that the shells were marked nearly all over with bright yellow metallic looking spots that seem to have got underneath the enamel of the shell, and through microscopic cracks in the enamel; there being no chance of reducing mercuric chloride to metallic mercury, in the present case the only thing I can suggest is the formation of a thin film of mercuric sulphide through decomposition of traces of organic substance in the shell itself, containing a sulphur compound.—B. R. Lucas (Read before the Soctety, January 10th, 1906).
Testacella haliotidea at Godalming.—Last evening I captured five specimens of Zestacella halotidea upon a stone wall bounding the garden of one of my colleagues here. The slugs were apparently crawling down the wall from the ivy which climbs thickly over the top. They were about fiye feet above the ground. I imagine that the recent heavy rains had driven them out of the ground, and that they had taken refuge in the ivy, and on the return of hot dry weather were making for their usual subterranean quarters. I have never heard of this slug being taken here before, though I have lived here for over fifteen years and have always kept a look out for it for the sake of our museum collections. —OswaLp H. LATTER (dead before the Society, June 13th, 1906).
Numerous Species in a Restricted Area.—In a small wood at Georgenthal, Thuringia, about fifty yards square, I found in May, 1904, the following species :— Helix pomatia, H. nemoralis and varr. potretia and gmelinia, A. hortensts and varr. quingue-vittata, lutea, bawudonia, bouchardia, H. strigella, H. frucicum, H. incar- nata, H. lapictda, A. ttala, A. obvoluta, H. personata, H. hispida and varr. concimna and albida, H. arbustorum var. canigonensis, H. rotundata and var. alba, Buliminus montanus, B. obscurus, Claustlia biplicata, Cl. laminata, Cl. plicatula, Azeca tridens, Cochlicopa lubrica, Vitrina pellucida, Hyalina helvetica, Hy, nitidula, Hy. crystallina, Hy. cellarta.—Y¥. H. S1KES (Read before the Soczety, March 14th, 1906).
366
THE GENUS DORIOPSILLA Bergh.
By SIR CHARLES ELIOT, K.C.M.G.
(Read before the Society, September r2th, 1906).
In this Journal (antea pp. 254-5) I described specimens of Doridopsis miniata Alder & Hancock under that name and stated that they had the central nervous system arranged as in Doridopsis. A further examination, however, made with sections has shown me that this statement is incorrect and that the nervous system is asin Dortopsilla. The species must accordingly be called Doriopsilla miniata (A. & H.). The difference between the two genera is that in Doriopsz//a the buccal ganglia lie immediately behind the rest of the nervous system, whereas in Doridopsis they are situated some way back ona constriction of the cesophagus and are united to the central nervous system by rather long connectives. Not only is it often difficult to determine the position of the buccal ganglia in preserved specimens by ordinary dissection but the digestive tract of Doriopsilla is supported by threads which can easily be mistaken for the long buccal connectives of Doridopsis.
Though the position of the buccal ganglia may seem a somewhat minute character, it is of considerable structural importance, for it would appear that these ganglia must be regarded as marking the commencement of the cesophagus, whereas the part of the alimentary tract lying in front of them corresponds to the buccal mass of Dorids, which possess a radula. The difference between the arrangements found in Doridopsts and Doriopsil/a is further explained and illustrated in a paper by me on the Nudibranchs of Southern India and Ceylon which will shortly appear in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
I have also examined by sections the animal described by me as Doridopsts reticulata Cockerell & Eliot (Journ. Malacol., vol. 12, p. 41, tgo5) and think that it is likewise referable to Dortopsilla. The real buccal ganglia are not, as stated, 4 mm. behind the central nervous system but immediately behind it and are united by short connectives to the part that seems to correspond to the pleural ganglia. The arrangement of the alimentary tube differs in some particulars from that found in J. minzata. The part in front of the nerve collar is broad and pouch-like. Just under the nerve collar is a valvular apparatus, separating this anterior dilated portion from the narrow posterior portion, which is long and bent. __ Before entering the liver the alimentary tube dilates again into a pouch, divided by the con- striction. Under the buccal parts was found a large bilobed gland, but its connection with the alimentary tube, though probable, could
ELIOT: THE GENUS DORIOPSILLA. 367
not be demonstrated. It is possible that in life the valvular apparatus does not lie so far back.
G f Ll ‘ pte / A # 7 a ME ; Zz ere f ¢ E x Y 7 F, f. =< Poonme ne = i t d.- VINBIGOMT LS oS \ 0 ‘ Sp EEN = “a si . eg an x | ngs ef ae re NE, a A rg x 7 & ba . ms ? me se stot : ye
The figures will, perhaps, make the matter plainer. 4 represents the anterior part of the alimentary tube with the central nervous system and & the same organ in section. The meaning of the letters is as follows: @ mouth; @ dilated anterior portion of the alimentary tube; ¢ central nervous system; d@ eye; e buccal ganglia; / buccal connectives; ¢ valvular apparatus.
a A
Bulimus fasciatus Turton [=Helicella barbara (L.)] in Lancashire.—I have recently become possessed of several letters written by the late Mr. Thos. Glover, and in one of them, written in 1887, which contained a list of species collected by him, I was interested to find a reference to the occurrence in Lan- cashire of Bulimus fasciatus. He quotes as the locality—‘‘ On the beach between Rossall and Fleetwood.” Several of our members have, since Glover’s time, care- fully searched this part of the coast without success. Mr. J. Ray Hardy, however, informs me that in 1892, whilst staying at Bispham along with his nephew Mr. George Hardy, he discovered a large colony of this species in company with A. caperata and H. virgata, on the grassy banks of an old bye-lane, known locally as the ‘‘ Roman Road,” leading from the village of Bispham to the sea-shore. It occurred in abundance from the shore to about a hundred yards up the lane. This isolation of the colony probably accounts for the species being overlooked by other observers, and as its occurrence has not hitherto been noted I am pleased to have the opportunity of placing on record what must be to Lancashire conchologists an interesting observation, inasmuch as it constitutes the sole record of this species for the county.—J. WILFRID JACKSON (Read before the Soctety, June 13th, 1906).
368
NOTES ON THE BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS Collected by the late Mr. THOMAS GLOVER.
By His DauGHTER, MARIA GLOVER.
(Read before the Society, April 11th, 1906).
Mr. J. Witrrip Jackson, of Manchester, whilst on a visit to Southport recently, called to see my father’s collection of shells, and incidentally mentioned that a few notes on the British land and freshwater species contained therein would be much appreciated by the members of the Conchological Society, especially as my father never published any of his observations. Acting on his suggestion I have made out the following alphabetically arranged list, with the habitats and the approximate dates when the shells were collected, and hope the same may not be uninteresting.
I think my father began to take an interest in conchology about the year 1821, when he went to reside at Sharston, near Manchester, and became acquainted with several conchologists there, and he retained a keen interest in the study as long as he lived.
In my list I have kept to the old names used by my father and have placed, where necessary, the modern names in brackets imme- diately following them. My father’s actual notes are copied verbatim and are initialled T.G. |For many years prior to his death I entered keenly into his conchological pursuits and accompanied him on many of his excursions. Where dates are missing the year when the species were collected is uncertain.
Ancylus fluviatilis d/7//7—Very fine in Bassenthwaite Lake; also in the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 1835.
A. [Acroloxus] lacustris Zézné.—“Found frequently on the stems of Typha and other aquatic plants about Blackpool and Freckleton, Lancs., 1824.—T.G.”
Azeca tridens (/u/t.).—On stones near the Ribble at Gisburn Park, Yorks., not common, 1830.
Achatina [Czcilioides] acicula (J/i//er).—Walls of Hastings Castle, 1842.
Balea perversa (Zizné).—-On apple aiid willow trees at Freckle- ton, Lancs., 1828.
Bulimus obscurus (J///.) [=Ena obscura].—Near Lancaster, 1831.
B. fasciatus Zwrton [—Helicella barbara (Z.)].—Llandudno and Tenby, 1838. On the beach between Rossall and Fleetwood, Lancs.
GLOVER : NOTES ON BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. 369
B. bifasciatus (Pu/¢.) [= Helicella barbara (Z.) v. bizona].— Tenby, 1838.
— Carychium minimum J/ii/ler.—Chester.
Clausilia rugosa Dray. [—Cl. bidentata (S7vo.)].— Gisburn Park, Yorks., 1830; plentiful on limestone rocks, near Matlock, 1877.
Ci. laminata (J/onz.).—Gisburn Park, Yorks., 1830.
Cyclostoma [Pomatias] elegans (d/7i//er).—Banks of the Wye at Clifton; and at Torquay, 1838. °
Helicella fulva (J/i//.) [—Euconulus fulvus (J///.)].—Near the aqueduct at Lancaster, 1829.
Helix [Helicigona] arbustorum(Z7z7é).— Preston, Lancashire; Matlock, Derbyshire.
var. flavescens.—Ashford, Kent, 1852; Matlock, 1877. var. cincta.—Matlock Bridge, near the Iron Chalybeate Well, 1879. Helix aspersa JZii//er.—Common on nettles on the Cambridge Road, Southport, 1880. var. unicolor.—Dawlish, Devonshire, 1840. var. exalbida.—Dawlish, Devonshire, 1840. monst. sinistrorsum.—-Cheltenham, Glos., one specimen, 1877. H. [Helicella] caperata (dont. ).— var. gigaxii.—Southport. var. major.—Birkdale, 1877. var. ornata.—Plentiful at Southport, 1873.
H. [Hygromia] fusca (d/ox/.).—Preston, Lancs., and Gisburn Park, Yorks., 1830; Hough-end-Clough, near Manchester, 1826.
Helix ericetorum (4/i/.) [=Helicella itala (Z.)].—
var. alba.—-Scarborough, 1840. var. instabilis —Doohulla, West of Ireland, 1860. var. leucozona.—Dublin and Tenby, 1850.
H. hortensis Wii/ler.—‘‘Very common. It occurs plain, white, yellow, reddish, brown, rarely with one or two stripes, not unfrequently with four, but more commonly with five stripes. The stripes are often confluent. JI have found some very dark confluent specimens at Matlock Bridge, not far from Smedley’s, 1879.—T.G.”
var. fuscolabiata.—Pinner, Middlesex, 1842.
var. incarnata.—Matlock and Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire ; Ashford, Kent. .
var. lutea.—Preston, Lancs., 1837; Matlock Bank, Derbyshire.
var. Olivacea.—York, 1847.
var. roseolabiata.—Pinner, Middlesex, 1842.
var. pallida.— Matlock.
H. [Helicigona] lapicida (Z77é).—Plentiful at Matlock Bridge, along with a few specimens of var, a/bina, 1878.
370 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I2, OCTOBER, 1906.
H. [Vallonia] pulchella (47/.).—Arnside, Westmorland.
H. [Pyramidula] rupestris (Draf.).—Arnside; and Furness district, Lancs.
H. nemoralis Zizxé.—“A very variable shell occurring almost everywhere, though the varieties are somewhat local. They vary in color, being white, yellow, red, or brown. They are commonly either plain or with one, three or five stripes, rarely two or four stripes. Occasionally they are found with the margin of the aperture white, in which case the bands are usually transparent lines. —T.G.”
var. albolabiata.—Oban, 1850.
var. Carnea.—Miller’s Dale, 1873.
var. castanea.—Between Naze and Freckleton, Lancs., 1824.
var. hyalozonata.—Llandudno, on the road to Conway, for half a mile on each side of the road, 1853.
H. pomatia Zzuné.—In the year 1877, my father, who was then above 80 years of age, spent a whole day with a friend hunting for these shells among the Cotswold Hills, near Leckhampton. ‘They found a considerable number.
H. pygmza Drap. [—Punctum pygmzum].—Among dead leaves and stones in gravelly soil, Lancaster, 1833. Mr. James Glover, of Lancaster, used to collect the leaves and put them in water. The sediment frequently contained a number of shells,
H. [Hygromia] rufescens (/ez.).—
var. alba.—Windsor and Richmond, Surrey, 1840. H. [Helicella] virgata (Da Costa).— var. alba.—Clontarf, near Dublin; also in Connemara~ between Clifden and Roundstone, W. of Ireland, 1850. var. leucozona.—Exeter and Exmouth, 1838. var. submaritima.—Blowick, near Southport, 1872.
H. pisana dZi//er.—Tenby, 1838.
Limnza auricularia (Z7zzé).—Aigburth, near Liverpool, in ditches, nearly dried up in summer, not common, 1836.
Neritina fluviatilis (Zéxé).—Plentiful on the weir across the river Lune just above Lancaster, 1830.
I found they were still there in 1874, but I am told they have now disappeared.
Paludina achatina (Dra/.) [—Vivipara vivipara (Z7nné)]. Canal at Birmingham ; also at Tunbridge, 1842.
P. vivipara (Auctt.) [—Vivipara contecta (A/7/et)].—Plentiful in ditches at Birkdale.
When a small reservoir at Beswick, near Manchester, was emptied and cleaned out some years ago, there were large numbers of this species in the mud, and the children of the neighbourhood enjoyed
GLOVER: NOTES ON BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. 371
eating them, calling them “Winkles.” I believe my father introduced them into the reservoir, as he was fond of trying to naturalize shells in places which he thought suitable.
Physa acuta Drap.—Plentiful in some of the glass-houses at Kew, 1839. /
Planorbis albus J@i//.—Prestwich Clough, near Manchester.
P. contortus (Zzuxé).—“Occurs near an old horse-tram line which crosses the Ribble a little above the railway bridges and runs up a steep hill into Preston. The shells are found in a ditch about half-way up the hill, 1834.—T.G.”
P. corneus (Z.) var. albina.—York and Scarborough, 1847.
Pupa [Jaminia] secale Dva~.—Kendal, Westmorland, 1835.
Succinea pfeifferi Aossm. [=S. elegans 2%sso var.].—Plentiful at Beaumaris ; also at Egremont, 1836.
Vitrina pellucida (4@//er).—“Common about Preston among leaves in shady woods; also about Blackburn, Hough-end-Clough, etc., 1820.—T.G.”
Valvata piscinalis (JZi//er).—On the weir at Lancaster, 1830.
BIVALVES.
Anodonta cygneza (Z.).— var. cellensis.—A specimen was found in the Island-pond at Smedley Old Hall, Manchester, in 1830. Length 3°62 ins., breadth 6°5 ins. var. pallida.—Plentiful at Bedford, 1845. Length 0°87 ins., breadth 1°87 ins.
My father was always an early riser, and in the year 1845, before railways intersected the country, we were posting to Cambridge. When we reached Bedford it was midnight, and no horses could be procured, so we were obliged to sleep there. Next morning, when the rest of the party were just creeping down to breakfast, my father came in from his early stroll triumphantly producing a goodly number of Cygnea paliida, a shell then new to him.
A.contorta [=A. cygnza, distorted var.].—Repton, Derbyshire, 1836.
Cyclas amnica //em. [—Pisidium amnicum 47/7i//.].—Plenti- ful in the river Lune at Lancaster, 1830.
C. calyculata Dras. [=Spherium lacustre (d/ii//.)].—Ponds at Chorlton, Lancashire, and Sale, Cheshire, 1828.
C. cornea Dray. [=Sph. corneum (Z.)].—
var. flavescens.—-‘‘Found in the year 1835 near Ambleside under stones in the river which flows into Windermere. It is a light yellow colour.—T.G.,”
372 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1906.
I was at Windermere in 1902 and found the shell swarming along the western side of the lake.
C. pusilla Zurton [=Pisidium pusillum (Gmelix)|].—“Very common in ditches that are at times nearly dried up. It is particularly abundant near the signal posts opposite Liverpool, 1836.—T.G.”
Dreissena [Dreissensia] polymorpha (P.//as),—“ Is supposed to have been introduced by some foreign vessel. Be that as it may, it has become universally distributed throughout the kingdom. It is difficult to say how it got into the reservoir at Beswick, but it has increased there to a marvellous extent.—T.G.”
Mysca pictorum 7Zwrfon [=Unio pictorum Z.].—“Common in canals. _It is particularly fine in the great military canal, Kent.— WsGe?
M. solida Zurton [=Unio tumidus fe/z.].—‘‘Occurs in deep slow rivers. It may be found near Welshpool.—T.G.”
Unio deshayesi J/Zch. [—Unio pictorum Z.].—‘‘Has been found in the river Weaver above Weaverham; also at Bolton Bridge, Yorks., a short distance below a place called the Strid.—T.G.”
U. margaritifer (Z.).—River Lune at Caton, near Lancaster; Conway at Llanrwst; and in the river at Ambleside, 1835.
var. Sinuata.—-Windermere, 1835.
———__—-e-@—__
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
“ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,”
by JOHN W. TayYLor (part 12, pp. 225-280).
This part concludes Arion hortensts and contains A. ctrcumscréptus, A. tnter- meadius, Geomalacus maciulosus, Vitrina pellucida and commences the genus Hyalinza (for which name the author justifies his preference). There are photographs of characteristic habitats of each species by R. Welch of Belfast. An appendix of eighteen pages containing much information regarding the various slugs brings our knowledge of these down to date. The coloured plate—particularly successful as regards the AZz/aces—includes four varietal forms of Agr zolimax agrestis, four of Ag. levis, six of Melax gagates, and six of AZ. sowerbyt.
‘“‘“A Pocket Guide to the British Non-Marine Mollusca,” by E. W. Swan’ron
(Lockwood, 2/6).
The author has taken the last *‘List of British Non-Marine Mollusca” published by the Conchological Society, and has described each species and variety. A number follows the name of each species indicating the extent of its range as given in the latest census published by the Conchological Society. The ten alien species are described in small type, and the sixteen fossil forms in italics,
IND Eexe
Abnormalities (see Monstrosities, Scalariform, Sinistral examples)
Acanthinula lamellata in Lancs., J. W. Jackson ...
Accounts, statement (see Spalance Sheet).
Acicula lineata, new to Northamp- tonshire .. 4
Acroloxus Theses zs, New to recon shire 2
— new to Sellenk :
Adams, L. B: - Cononalaiicel Notes from Japan od 55
— — from the United Seis
Do Swans and Ducks eat Azo-
donta cygnea? : 530
Mussel Fishery and Pearl
Button Industry of the Missis-
sippi river i
Plover with Anodonta: cyenen
attached to its foot a
— Vallonia costata+excentrica ...
and C. E. Wright, West Corn-
wall district
Additions to the Land “aah F desi water Mollusca of Northamp- tonshire, Rev. W. A. Shaw ..
Ampullaria, Notes on, W. H. Dall
Ancylus fluviatilis, curious form... — Kerry
— new to Breconshire
Anodonta cygnea attached to foot of Plover, L. E. Adams
— Do Swans eat? Jessie M. Blundell 2 2a: aye
— — L. E. Adams
— new to Roxburgh
Afplecta hypnorum, new to North- amptonshire ae
— new to North Devon ...
page
361
200
56 351
355 165
192
212
175 364
223
200 50 273 26 56
175
318 192 351
200 8I
Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, Cypreide of, J. C. Melvill and R. Standen
Attempt to breed from a sinistral flelix pomatia, with notes on the reproduction of the dart, J. W. Jackson ... Js Fis
Balance Sheet €1, 187
— — Interim 22, 155
Baldwin, J. W., /aminia mus- corumt mM. Stnestrorsum 00
Balea perversa, new to Radnorshire
Beeston, H., West Lancashire Non- Marine Mollusca: Morecambe and district Be side
—andC. E. Wright, Land and Freshwater Mollusca of IIfra- combe and district A
Bellini, Raffaello, ireohmeren Shells of Naples and the aaa hood : :
Berkshire, Vertigo aan notre in, J. R. le B. Tomlin
Bithynia tentaculata, A. L. Massy
Black sand shell
Blue point ...
Blundell, Jessie M., ine Gane and Ducks eat Anodonta cygnea?...
Boltenian names compared with later aa 500 50¢
Breconshire and Radnorshire, Land and Freshwater Mollusca, J. W. Vaughan...
— new County Records ...
Breeding experiments with He/ix hortensis and Hf. nemoralis, A. D. Darbishire
British fauna, additions :
Saminia triplicata
opercula,
373
page
346
72
33 170 178 212 213 318 294
56
56 193
329
374
British fauna, additions : Limax tenellus... Paludestrina anatina .. Vallonia excentrica, Ireland ... See also County Records
British Isles, Origin of Land and Freshwater Mollusca, R. F. Scharff .
— Land snl Reameioe Shells collected by Thomas Glover, Maria Glover
— Species of eM, Cooper ... #
— — B. B. ‘Woodheral EOE
Browne, see Jukes Browne
J E.
Buccinide, variation in radule of, M. V. Lebour ...
Buccinum undatum m. sinistror- sume
Buckhorn 6 :
Bulimus fasciatus in n Ihemeasbite..
Bullhead
Butterfly Be Bu
Byne, L. St. G., Prevention of corrosion in spall
— Type of Cia ae ape Philippi ..
Cectlioides acicula, new to West Lancashire : a
Cardium pseudolima, ee specimen
Casmaria H. & A. Adams, sub- genus of Cassis Lamarck, J. C. Melvill . F
Cassts eee rugis, note on, one F. Kenyon .
Cette, Herault, S. range Mol- lusca collected at, Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley .. at
Chara and Shell- seal Doped 2 at Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lan- cashire, J. Davy Dean and J. Wilfrid Jackson :
Chaster, G. W., Jaminza Werueie Studer, a new British terrestrial mollusc ..
Clams, list of apes ae
Claustlia bidentata, new to Selkirk
-— Jaminata, new to N. Devon ...
Cochlicopa lubrica, new to Brecon- shire
page
106 II
173
340
352
367
360 57
146 159
176
12
222
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1906.
Collier, E., Conchological differ- ences between the Genera and Sections of the Pupininze
— Helix nemoralis m. stntstrorsum in Switzerland .
— Land Shells at th ohitindles..
Colour varieties of Cyprea, J. C. Melvill . 60
Conctolacteel diiisenccs paki the Genera and Sections of the Pupinine, E. Collier ...
— Notes from Japan, L. E. Ales
— — from the United States, L. E. Adams
Cooper, J. E., British Specie wt Vallonia ee Towa
— Crepidula for Dhaai
— London Branch, ramble is
Cornwall, West district, C. E.
Wright and L. E. Adams
Corrosion in Shells, Prevention, L. St. G. Byne... County Records, new: Berkshire Breconshire Devon, North ... Dumfries Lancashire, North — West : Northamptonshire Radnorshire Roxburgh Selkirk ... ac Westmorland 266 Crepidula fornicata, J. E. fccors Crick, W. D., See Notice, Cc Olina Cross between Helix 2e/10) ane and H. hortensis tan Cyprea asellus L. v. pene nov. caput-auguts, Type of... carneola, large specimen caurica LL, var. cazvrnsiana nov. lynx var. michaelis nov. ocellata var. prettosa nov. — pulchella var. pertcalles nov. ... — scurra var. standent nov. Cypreide of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and North Arabian Sea, J. C. Melvill and R. Standen
718)
146
page
IIo
Oy 55
192
IIo
355
165
340 227 222
223 360
170 56 8I
351
361
170
200 57
351
351
361
227
116
196 192 ye
352 118 192 192 121 192
117
Dall, W. H., History of generic name Fusus 200
— Note on the name Crane
— Notes on the genus Ampullaria
Darbishire, A. D., Lang’s breeding experiments with . Helix hor- tensts and Hl. nemoralis
Dates of publication of D’Or- bigny’s ‘‘ Moll. viv. et foss.,” **Paléont. univ.” and ‘‘Paleont. étrangere, C. D. Sherborn
Dean, J. D., Fish and their relation to Paludestrina jenkinst
— New Records for West Lan- cashire ...
— Shell beach at Mosinee Teena
— and J. W. Jackson, Chara and Shell-marl deposit at Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lancs.
Deerhorn
Destruction of Botatoes by Shigs E. W. Swanton sis :
Doriopsilla, Six C. Eliot ... :
Zebra-
Drewssensia polymorpha, Mussel, R. Standen ace report, F,
Droylsden Ramble, Taylor ... :
Eliot, Sir C., Genus Doviopsilla...
— Nudibranchs from the Indo- Pacific: I. Notes ona collection dredged near Karachi and Maskat .
— Nudibranche and Teclibranoiis fromthe Indo-Pacific: II. Notes on Lophocercus, Lobiger, Ha- minea, and Mewnesia..
Lina Tee: new to Martane: tonshire..
— obscura, new to Beceananite i: Epping Forest, Zzmax tenellus in Euconulus fulvus, new to Brecon- shire ee 508 aan Exchanges, Standard of Value, Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley
Faunistic Notes, Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley... an
Fish and Paludestrina foeiet. Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley
— — J. D. Dean.. 36
Fleetwood Rapalills, report J. W. Jackson... : 5c
NDEX.
page
289 145 50
193
169
15 146 207 147
212
286 366
83
71 366
237
208
200)
Flood in North Ireland, results, R. Welch French Shell
Jackson .. 860 ‘
Freshwater Shela in masses in Shell-marl, R. Welch...
— of Naples and Neighbourhood, R. Bellini
Fusus, History of Gane Name W. H. Dall :
Glover, Maria, British bike Aaa Freshwater Shells collected by the late Thos. Glover .
Glycymeris, Note on he “Name, W. H. Dall
= artis, IMs Vc Jukes Browne .. :
Godalming, Testienellic henorenne at, O. H. Latter
Gosch, C. A., and B. B. Wendl ward, Biographical Notice of Christian Hee Hwass ... =
Grange-over-Sands, Lancs., and District, Observations on the Molluscan Fauna, J. W. Jack- son and C. H. Moore... :
yl. OW.
Pr
Haminea simillima
Hatchet-back
Hawell, Rev. B. Hudson
Hlaliotis tuberculata, Teoria) E. D. Marquand bo 305
Helicella caperata m. sinistrorsum, Rev. W. A. Shaw
— — new to Radnorshire
— new to Roxburgh ...
— new to Selkirk is
virgata var. hypozona in the
Isle of Wight, F. B. Jennings
FHelicigona arbustorum, new to Breconshire
— — new to Dumfries
— new to Selkirk
— — sinistral, Rev. W. A. Shen
lapicida, new to Breconshire...
— — occurrence of white form, J. W. Jackson ... 6
Helix aspersa, new to Selkirk
— cantiana at Tooting Common, Surrey, W. Whitwell ...
— fusca, new to N. Devon 76, 80
John, Obiccany
376 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1906.
page
Helix granulatanew to N. Devon 76 81
— hispida, newto N. Devon $80 81 — hortensis and H. nemoralis, Lang’s breeding experiments,
A. D. Darbishire ae poo, OR — — newto Selkirk... wy) SIL — nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in
Switzerland, E. Collier seen Sy — pomatia m. sinistrorsum in
Surrey, F. B. Jennings 96 -—- — as to breed, J. W.
Jackson .. a erie ed — Joico, new to ‘N. Deron x05 A) High Altitudes, Land Shells at,
18, Collie. 2 coc 55
Highly- polished Shells, canoes oe using mercuric chloride in steri-
lization, B. R. Lucas ... 05 History of generic name ee Viele Dalli= 2s 289 Horsley, Rev. Canon ‘Ik W., Faunistic Notes 080 256 — Fish and Paludestrina eo 90 — Hydrobiajenkinst in rivers... 200 — Land Shells of Majorca suo OF — Notes on 7apes aoe 174 — Mollusca collected at Cette, Herault, S. France... 222
— Standard of Value for iaigeheme 26
Hoyle, W. E., Isaac Cooke Thompson spo 14
— Sepia burniupt n.sp. fon Natal 27
Hudson, B., Obituary Notice of
Rev. jona Hawell ... .. =164 Hutton, W H., Lzmnea anal
var. Seay. a 144 Hwass, Christian Hee, C. i Goa
and B. B. Woodward .. Be SBN Hyalinia di eee new to N.
Devon ... soon 7/3} — fulva, new to N. even coo 8) — — new to Roxburgh .. x40) SSIQL — ztitida, new to N. Deven saan 7iS) — pulchella, new to N. Devon... 73 Hybrid Helices ... LOO fydrobia jenkinst in rivers, Row,
Canon J. W. Horsley .. 555 ACO Hysromia fusca, new to Brecon
Shiney wee ; se SO
— rufescens m. eee rorsuN, Rave
W. A. Shaw we or
Alysromia rufescens new to Brecon- shire
Ilfracombe and District, Land and Freshwater Mollusca, supple- mentary list, H. Beeston and C. E. Wright
Imperforate Haliotes ieeninen, E. D. Marquand
International Rules of Zoplasiel
Nomenclature ... See 7/0) Ireland, North, Results of a Flood, R. Welch — Vallonia excentrica in, C. Ola- ham
Irish Land ee Taher ele Mol- lusca, R. Welch
Isle of Man Mollusca, ain B. R. Lucas
Jackson, J. W., Acanthinula lamel- lata in ener ;
— Attempt to breed froma Guise Helix pomatia, with notes on the reproduction of the dart ...
— Bulimus fasciatus in Lancashire
— French Shell names
— Occurrence of white form ee Hlelicigona lapicida
— Presidium nitedum var. Guzen in West Lancashire :
— Report on Fleetwood Ramble
— — Miller’s Dale Ramble 13
-— Vertigo alpestrts in Westmor- land
— and J. Davy Dea Chara anal Shell-marl deposit at Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lancs.
— and Chas. H. Moore, Observa- tions on the Molluscan Fauna of Grange-over-Sands, Lancs., and district
— and Fred. Taylor, Observations on habits and reproduction of Paludestrina taylort ;
Jaminia cylindracea, new to Brecon- shire 900 :
— muscorum mm. stnistrorum, J. W. Baldwin..
— triplicata, a new THs) (nes. trial mollusc, G. W. Chaster.. Japan, Conchological Notes fo
L. E. Adams
page
56
201
147
319
355
INDEX.
page Jennings, F. B., Helcella virgata
var. Aypozona in the Isle of
Wight a5 ano BAB — Helix pomatia m. See “orsunl
in Surrey 96 Jukes-Browne, A. J., Ouctions SF
Nomenclature ... : sda, GH — Tapes aureus and its allies 275
Kenyon, Agnes F., Note on Casszs pauct-rugzs Menke ... Sool aun
Kerry, Ancylus fluviatilis 26 Kew Gardens, Physa acuta at,
W. Whitwell 19 Kew, H. Wallis, Zz#ax hier in
Buckinghamshire 318 Kobelt, W., Obituary Notice of
Carl Eduard von Martens 171 Lancashire, Acanthinula lamellata,
J. W. Jackson ... 361 — West, new records for, : Des
Dean . 146 — Non-marine Mollnseal More-
cambe and district, H. Beeston 346 — fisidium nitidum var. splendens
in, J. W. Jackson ly, Lancaster, Note on Land and Fveshe
water Shells, J. D. Dean 47 Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
Breconshire and Radnorshire,
J. W. Vaughan... 56 — — of Ilfracombe and seine
supplementary list, H. Beeston
and C. E. Wright 72
— Shells of Lancaster, J. Davy Dean 47
— — at high altitudes, E. Collier 55
— — of Majorca, Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley ..
Lang’s Breeding Eereene: men Helix hortensts and Hf. nemora-
65
lis, A. D. Darbishire ... 193 Latter, O. H., Zestacella IEP TED
at Caan ue 356 Lebour, M. V., Nena in the
radulz of oueae Buccinide ... 282 Leda v. Nuculana, A. F Jukes-
Browne .. age 100 Leeds nent Report I <6, 271 Liniax tenellus asa British species,
re-establishment of, W. Denison
Roebuck 106
Limax tenellus at Epping Forest
—-— in Buckinghamshire, H. Wallis Kew 5
Limnea palustv7s, new to N. Devan
— pereger, new to Northampton- shire
-— stagnalis var. iuneane W. H. Hutton ...
— truncatula, new ie Brean
Limmnopomus, new subgenus
List of Members 30 Bp WB, =) Otncers andi@ouncilis-s) 25 130; Lobiger
— nevillt
London Branch, annual cone 168 —_— — Sr epes FE. i ee Lophocercus.. :
— szeboldét ...
— viridis ...
Lucas, B. R., Dewner of asfiavs meruric chloride in sterilisation of highly-polished shells
— Notes on Isle of Man Mollusca
— Report on Northwich Ramble
Madison, J., Zestacella scutulum in Worcestershire... 38
Majorca, Land Shells of Ren J. W.. Horsley.
Manchester Museum, shells, R. Standen
Marine Mollusca of Tenby and neighbourhood; Further contri- bution, J. W. Vaughan
Marquand, E. D., Imperforate fLahotis tuber aia
Marrat, F. P.. Obituary Notice by J. C. Melvill :
Martens, C. E. von, Onitee Notice by W. Kobelt ...
Mason, P. Brookes, Obituary Notice by Rev. C. F. Thornewill
Massy, H. L., Opercula of Bzthynza tentaculata 30
Mayheld, A., West- Suffolk Now marine Mollusca
Melvill, J. C., Colour varieties : Cyprea ...
— Obituary Notice Marrat ... ee bak
— Subgenus Casmaria H. A. Adams of Casszs aes
reversed
Of ear siPs
377
page
157
I7I 104 178 333 192 225
176
378
Melvill, J. C., and R. Standen, Cypreeidee of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea
— — Note on Odostomia lutea ...
— — Rostellaria delicatula, Notes upon its distribution and limits of variation
Mendel’s law :
Mercuric chloride, panees Oi seine insterilization of highly-polished shells, B. R. Lucas
Miller’s Dale Ramble, Report, I
W. Jackson... a 13 Mochras Island, Shell Reh alts Jo 104 IDEN oc Modiola v. Volsella, A. I “oikas: Browne .. is Mollusca collected at Cx, Herault, S. France, Rev. cf W. Horsley .. ne iiomerasites: Ancylus fluviatilis
Anodonta cygnea Buccinum undatun, opexen:
late... =——)——caninatern.
Cypraa .
—ar tea
See also Scalariform and Sine: tral examples.
Moore, Chas. H., & J. W. Jackson, Observations on the Molluscan Fauna of Grange-over-Sands, Lancs., and District au:
Morecambe and District: West Lancashire Non-marine Mol- lusca, H. Beeston
Mougat
Mouquet
Mussel Fishery ancl pearl ieuton Industry ofthe Mississippi River, L. E. Adams se
Naples and Neighbourhood, Fresh- water Shells, R. Bellini
Natica catena, scalariform, Bart- let Span... j
Nelson William, Cituany Notice
New Genera and Subgenera, Lz7- nopontus
New Records for ere ancashite: J. Davy Dean ...
page
117 362
161 193 365 105, 297
Io!
222
273 26
62
159 188
317
45
346 212 112
212
33
159 357
52
146
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1906.
New River, Paludestrina jenkinst in, A. G. Stubbs ue one Newnesia antarctica New Species and Varieties: Chromodorts sempert v. nigro- striata Cyprea asellus v. BIER — caurica Vv. cairnsiana — lynx v. michaelis — orcelata v. pretiosa — pulchella v. Pericalles Linnea truncatula v. neapolt- tana one Platydoris to aiosanib i Sepia burnupi ... Thecacera maculata < Valvata piscinalis v. parthe-
nopaa Niggerhead ... oe es Nomenclature, International Rules 179 — Questions of, A. J. he Browne... Non-marine Mollises of We
Suffolk, A. Mayfield ...
Northamptonshire, Additions to Land and Freshwater Mollusca, Rev. W. A. Shaw
Northwich ace Report, B. R. Lucas :
Note on Casszs pou Agnes F. Kenyon
— oon the Land and Fresheetes Shells of Lancaster, J. D. Dean
— on the name Glycymeris, W. H. Dall 50 Sot
Notes on the genus Witton W. Hz. Dall...
— on Isle of Man Molluscs B. R. Lucas ...
Nuculana v. oda, A. ie Jukes Browne . <6
Nadine an ie renee Pacific: Notes on a collection dredged near Karachi and Maskat, Sir C. Eliot.. ‘
— and Teetibranchs from ‘hemes Pacific: Notes on Lophocercus, Lobiger, Haminea & Newnesia, Sir C. Eliot
page
211 312
247 192 118 192 192 I2I
38 253
27 241
42 212
201 97
333
200 137 12 47 145 50 go
100
237
2098
Obituary Notices: Crick, W. D. . Hawell, Rev. J. Marrat, F. P. Martens, C. E. von Mason, P. B. Nelson, W. ... Thompson, I. on
Observations on the Habits aa Reproduction of Paludestrina taylorz, J. W. Jackson and F. Taylor ...
—on the Molluscan Fauna of Grange-over-Sands, Lancs., and
District, J. W. ae and C. H. Moore 80 Be
Occurrence of the white aoe of Flelicigona Jlapicida, J. W. Jackson ..
Odostomia WGb Th C. Melvill cued R. Standen oc 900 — rufula=O. lutea Oldham, C., Obituary Notice of W. D. Cask sh — Vallonia excentrica in Ireland Opercula of Lithynia tentaculata, A. L. Massy i ‘ d’Orbigny’s ‘‘ Moll. viv. et fie 5 ‘*Paléont. univ.” and ‘‘ Paléont étrangére,” C. D. Sherborn ... Origin of Land and Freshwater Mollusca of British Isles, R. F. Scharff ...
new to Brockton
Paludestrina anatina, Britain, J. R. le Tomlin ...
Paludestrina jenkinst, Fish He Rev. J. W. Horsley 6
— — Fish and their relation to, J. D. Dean stele
— — in the New Riven ve G. Stubbs §... n0%
— — new to N. Devon ...
— — new to Northamptonshire...
— taylor?, Observations on Habits and Reproduction of, J. W. Jackson and Fred. Taylor
Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, Zestacella haliotidea var. flavescens
INDEX. page Pearl-button Industry and Mussel 116 Fishery of the Mississippi River, 164 L. E. Adams 225 | Pectunculus v. Ghapnevis A. I. 171 Jukes-Browne ... 104 | Pelseneer, Paul, elected honorary 357 member.. 14 | — Letter acimowledeing Section, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and North Arabian Sea, Cypreeidee of, J. C. Melvilland R Standen 9 | Physa acuta at Kew Gardens, W. Whitwell 6 — — and PA. eerornonie pos- sible identity 45 | — fontinalis, new to Radnorehive Pisidium Tea new to N. Devon 3 345 | — henslowianum, new to nerecont shire 362 | — mlum, new to N. Devon 362 | — nitidum var. splendens in West Lancashire, J. W. Jackson 116 | — pusellum, new to N. Devon ... 173 | subtruncatum, new to Brecon- shire 006 ace Planorbis albus, new to Breconshire 178 — — new toN. Devon . d — contortus, new to Redmorchine — fontanus, new to Breconshire... HOS) |) nautilus, new to Roxburg — spirorbis, new to N. Devon ... — vortex, new to N. Devon 13° Platydoris townsendi, new species Plover with Azodonta cygnea at- tached to its foot, L. E. Adams Pocket-book clams.. : TT | Potatoes destroyed by Stags, E. W. Swanton : 9° | Prevention of corrosion in Shells, Ibs Sie Co IBsyiaSo00 is 15 Pupa cylindracea, new to N. Devon ... 5 iy WIC 211 | Puypinine, GConcolenicalierences 81 between the genera and sections, aoe E. Collier oes Pyramidula rotundata, new to Breconshire .. 9 Questions of Nomenclature, A. J. 137 Jukes-Browne ..
379
page
212 IOI
267 272
166
97
380
Radnorshire and Breconshire, Land and Freshwater Mollusca of, J. W. Vaughan...
— new county records 060
— Slugs, W. Denison Roebuck ...
Radulee of certain Buccinidee, varia- tion in, M. V. Lebour..
Rare or Local Irish Tem ona Freshwater Mollusca, R. Welch
Re-establishment of Lzmax tenellus as a British species, W. Denison
Roebuck Report, Annual 22, 154 -—— Leeds Branch ... 156 — — London Branch 168
Droylsden Ramble, F. Taylor Fleetwood Ramble, J. W. Jack-
son 450 ah 300 do — Miller’s Dale Ramble, J. W. Jackson .. 00 13
— ‘Nontinetdh Revaisle, B. R Lucas
— Wirral Peninsula Ramble, R. Standen..
Reversed Shale in ihe Mancneste! Museum, R. Standen . :
Roebuck, W. Denison, Re BSE: lishment of Lzmax tenellus as a British species ...
— Radnorshire Slugs
Rostellaria delicatula, Notes upon its distribution and limits of variation, J. C. Melvill and R. Standen... Bee
Sandblast, natural ...
Scalariform examples: Hygromia rufescens Natica catena Planorbis parvus Scharff, R. F., Origin of Land ava Bresewaten Mollusca at present living in British Isles ... oBe Sepia burnupi n. sp. from Natal, W. E. Hoyle Seventieth ine of eene Strebel . ; 20 Shaw, Rev. Ww. A., Additions to Land and yeasts Mollusca of Northamptonshire ... : — Helicella caperata m. stntstror- sum
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.
page
16
100 269 271 272
274
186
159 125
II, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1906.
Shaw, Rev. W. A., Aygronia rufescens Mm. Sénistrorsum
— sinistral Helicigona arbustorum
Shell Beach at Mochras Island, J. D. Dean so
Shell-marl, Freshwater arelle in masses in, R. Welch
Sherborn, C. D., Dates of publica- tion of d’Orbigny’s ‘‘ Moll. viv. et foss,” ‘‘Paléont. univ.” and “‘Paléont. étrangére.”’... be
Sikes, F. H., Numerous species in a Saartisisd area BS
Silverdale, Lancs., Chara aaa Shell- marl deposit, ik D. Dean and J. W. Jackson ...
— terrestrial mollusca, R. Senden
Sinistral examples: Buccinum undatum flelicella caperata Hlelicigona arbustorum felix nemoralis ae FHleltx pomatia ... 6 93 — — attempt breed irom HHyevomia rufescens Jaminta muscorum Vertigo substriata Vivipara contecta See also Reversed Shells in the Manchester Museum Slough sand shell . : Span, Bartlet, Selbeition Nevis catena 000 Spherium lacustre, Devon 300 — — new to Roxbarehe — new to Selkirk — lacustre, new to N. Devon — nucleus, new to Selkirk — pallidum. new to ta ae shire 5 6 Sphyradiun Leena new to Roxburgh : Standard of Value for Exchanges Rev. J. W. Horsley
Standen, R., Report on Wirral Peninsula Ramble
— Reversed Shells in the Mone chester Museum
— Terrestrial Mollusca of Giver dale
new to N.
page
281 330
297
Ig!
169
365
147 325
352 170 330
57
96 341 281
II 200 224
228 212
159
79 351 351
79 351
200
Standen. R., Vertigo substriata m. Senestrorsum . Vivipara contecta m. stntstror- sume ac Zebra-mussel (D, ELS SENSTA one morpha)... 30 and J. C. Melvill, Cosette of Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea : — Note on Odostomia lutea . — Rostellaria delicatula, Notes upon its distribution and limits of variation Fe ad Strebel, Hermann, elected honorary member.. — Letter cs iedeines Sleciton — Seventieth birthday Stubbs, A. G., Paludestrina Jenkins in the New River Succinea elegans, new to N. Devon — oblonga, new to N. Devon — — var. alba, C. E. Wright — putris, new to Breconshire ... — — new to N. Devon ... 77 Suffolk, West, Non-marine Mol- lusca, A. Mayfield Swans and Ducks, do they eat Anodonta cygnea? L. E. Adams — — Jessie M. Blundell...
Swanton, E. W., Destruction of Potatoes by Slugs 90
Switzerland, Aeléx nemoralis m. senistrorsunt in, E. Collier
Syrnola mossiana= Odostomia lutea
Tapes aureus and its allies, A. J. Jukes-Browne ...
— catentter
— decussatus
— elongatus
— Notes on, Rev. J. w. Horsey
— pulchellus ioe "
— texturatus
Taylor, F., Report on Drovicden RemiNe 500
— Vivipara Ppteci var. boropure purea nov. at Wicken Fens, Cambs. ...
Tenby and Neeuboureadh te Mollusca; further contribution, J. W. Vaughan
INDEX, page Terrestrial Mollusca of Silverdale, 200 Lancs., R. Standen ~ Testacella haliotidea 6 224 | — — at Godalming, O. a Tae — — var. flavescens, Rev. S. 83 Spencer Pearce.. DAO — scululum in NVOreesteaiire. Ne Madison 117 | Zhecacera maculata 362 | Thompson, Isaac Cooke, by W. E. Hoyle ... Thornewill, Rev. C. F, Oisinensp 161 Notice of P. Brookes Mason ... Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton, Palu- 267 destrina anatina see new to 273 Britain ... ;
3) == Vertigo ponenctane in Berke:
shire ann Tooting Common, TOPE ane
81 at, W. Whitwell .
80 Type of Cyprea Ap pobearair
a6 Philippi...
Ss Onio margaritifer, new to N. Devon
United States, Coachollesierl Notes 333 L. E. Adams ee 192 | Vallonta, British Species, B. B. 318 Woodward ak ‘ = = Jo B. Cognex : atts 286 | — costata + excentrica, L. E. Adams ... : 57 | — excentrica in eel c Old. 363 ham 30 — — new to Rorburen ups — pulchella, new to Breconshire... 275 | Valvata cristata, new to Brecon- 277 shire 275 | — pescinalis, new to Braconeliine 278 | Variation in the Radule of certain 174 Buccinide, M. V. Lebour 278 | Vaughan, J. W., Land and Fresh- 277 water Mollusca of Breeonshire and Radnorshire :
71 | — Marine Mollusca of Tenby aad Neighbourhood; a further con- tribution
144 | Vertigo alpestris in Vilestxouind, J. W. Jackson ... 600 — — new to West Demenshine a
216 | — — new to Westmorland
55
57
56
216
359 146 266
382 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. I2, OCTOBER, 1906. page Vertigo moulinsiana in Berkshire, ‘White form of Helic¢gona lapicida, J. R. le B. Tomlin = 170 occurrence of, J. W. Jackson... == — new to IN. Devon’ <. 77. 79 | Whitwell, W., Hex cantiana at — substriata m. sintstrorsum, R.- Tooting Common an Standen.. ... 200 | — Physa acuta at Kew Ganiecey — — new to ‘Northariptonenire:.: 200 | Wicken Fen, Cambs., Vigan — pygmea, new to N. Devon Wil contecta var. atro-purpurea nov. — — new to West Lancashire ... 146 F. Taylor Vitrea alliaria, new to Breconshire 56 | Wight, Isle of, Leneie, nese — cellaria, new to Breconshire ... 56 var. hypozona, F. B. Jennings —- erystallina, new to Breconshire 56 | Wirral Peninsula Ramble, R. — nitidula, new to Breconshire... 56 Standen .. r —- pura, new to Breconshire 56 | Woodward, B. B., Paes) Spaeks — radiatula, new to Breconshire... 56 of Vallonia is Vitrina pa ae new to Brecon- — and C. A. Gosch, Biographical Shire i 56 Notice of Christian Hee Hwass, Vivipara contecta m. Sees Orsen 1731-1803 R. Standen : 224 Worcestershire, Tesiaccila ee — — var. atro- Surpwreas nov. at in, J. Madison . . Wicken Fen, Cambs., F. Taylor 144 | Wright, C. E., Succinea oblonga Volcella v. Modiola, A. Je Jukes- var. alba : Brownen - ror | — and L. E. Adams, West Gear Welch, R., Freshwater Shells in wall’disuitet oF as — and H. Beeston, Land and masses in Shell-mar] IQI Eycchwatee. WISI — Rare or Local Irish Land ont 7 Sky tenes of Wr Freshwater Mollusca ... 16 convenes ice Westmorland, Vertigo alpestris in, Yellow back see 300 J. W. Jackson ... 359 | Zebra-Mussel eee poly- — — — newto ... 266 morpha), R. Standen ... ———_¢-e-@—____
page
345
Son
Ng)
144 332 49
82
331 103
96 223
WP 212
83
ee
Vote (1): JANUARY 1st, 1904. [No. 1.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E. D. BOSTOCK, THE Owens CoLvece, STONE, MANCHESTER, 2 STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
PAGE Constitution and List of Members 05 oe nes fe I Observations on the Habits and Reproduction of Paludestrina taylori —J. W. Jackson and F. Taytor... one sor soe 9 Paludestrina anatina Drap., new to Britain—J. R. te B, TomLIN. ... II Jaminia muscorum m. sinistrorsuam—J. W. BALDWIN ae ae II Note on Cassis paucirugis Menke—Mrs. A. F. Kenyon... is I2 Report on the Miller’s Dale Ramble—J. W. Jackson me eee TS Isaac Cooke Thompson, F.L.S.—W. E. Hovyte... ia aaah 14 Fish and their Relation to Paludestrina jenkinsi—_J. D. Dran oe 15 Rare or Local Irish Land and Freshwater Mollusca—R. WELCH... 16 Physa acuta Drap. at Kew Gardens—W. WHITWELL ait Sth 19 Proceedings of the Society, September 9 to December 9, 1903 ee 20 A Standard of Value for Exchanges—Rev. J. W. Horsey ass 26 Sepia burnupi n.sp. from Natal—W. E. Hovte ... ane at 27 Some Results of a Flood in North Ireland—R. WELCH... ae 28 Bibliography... ike see 29 PLATE I.
LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SovEREiGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ann's Sa. BERLIN: FriepLaENDER & SoHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.
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The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hove, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
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BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.
PREPARED BY A A COMMITTEE - OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Second Edition, Revised.
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List OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.G:S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Sd. each; 2S. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
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DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. _ THE. REV. i be COOKE. MLAs Sh Zr abe Re SY ICES BA. cESZ.S: B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.
Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all the important current publications.
Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol. All communications to W. E. CoLi.iNGr, The University, Birmingham.
MESSRS. SOWERBY & FULTON
Have pleasure in informing their Clients that they have
FOR SALE, SHELL-BY-SHELL, The Important & Extensive Collection
RECENT MOLLUSCA,
FPORMED BY... Dr JAMES: C..COX,
Author of ‘‘ A Monograph of Australian Land Shells,” &c., &c.
ADDRESS :—
SOWERBY & FULTON, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
REPRINTS.
UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—
25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6. 50 re) » 4/9, ry) /6. 9» 10/-. ” 12/6. 100 oe) 9 6/6, ”? 9i- ry) 12/-. ” 15/-.
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PRICES OF BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to
justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... ... 21/- nett. Vols. II., Hil., IV., & VII.... to the Public, 8/=, to Members, 6/=. Vols. V. & VI. ... ... ... (Out of Print). Vol. VII. ... ... ... ... ... to the Public, 20/-, do. — 15/=.
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The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean eopies of vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II; vol. viii., part I.
MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells.
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,_
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Gonchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00
Colored Edition.— Plates er caleted yy hand,
per part- - - : 5 = 22S $500 Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in ree colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed.
QS The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Vor. 11]. APRIL 1st, 1904. [No. 2. Roe 4 A. pp ue
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND [RELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc:, E. D. BOSTOCK, THE, OWENS COLLEGE, STONE, - MANCHESTER. STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
The rechten Shells of Monks and the Neshsregd ene. R.
BELEINE.2 <4. 33 Further Observ atone on the Molluscan aang. a Genee. over- bGarid:
and District—J. W. JACKson and C. H. Moore S00 45, Note on the Land and Freshwater Shells of Lancaster—J. D, DEAN 47 Imperforate Haliotis tuberculata—E. D. MARQUAND... We ae 48 Report on the Wirral Peninsula Ramble—R. STANDEN “on er 49 Notes on the genus Ampullaria—W.. H. DALL.. s 50 Helix cantiana Montagu, at Tooting Common, Site yw. Wuitweut. 55 Land Shells at High Altitudes—EDWARD COLLIER .., 5 55 A Contribution towards a List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of Breconshire and Radnorshire—J. WILLIAMS VAUGHAN so 56 The Type of Cyprzea caput-anguis Philippi—L. St. G. BYNE ae 57 Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Switzerland—EpDWarD COLLIER 57 The Seventieth Birthday of Hermann Strebel ... an Be Opie 58 Proceedings of the Shae see 13 to March 9, 1904 i... hae 60 Bibliography je aR at 63
see A
LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SoveREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ann’s Sq. BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.
€
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society i isthe promotion of Conchology, by the holding of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a. Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second- Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M., at he Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership £3 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W.E,. Hoy te, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
JUST PUBLISHED. | LIST OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. 5. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen ;~ post free if cash is sent with order.
LIsT OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.
_ PREPARED. BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Second Edition, Revised.
4d. each; 3S. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEL Eu ADAMS, BoA.
Published by authority of the Conchological Society,
Price 3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen..
The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU' & Co., 37, Soho Square, W,. or from the SECRETARY.
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
[DREISSENSIA POLVMORPHA: Wanted, typical series, especially from South of England and Continental localities. Good Exchange.—R. _ STANDEN, 113, Sewerby Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester.
1-1 TES file
THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.
Established in 1890 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology,” Edited by
WALTER E. COLLINGE, B.Sc.,
President of the Midland Matacological Society. With the co-operation of - DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. CHARLES. HEDLEY, F.L.S. pebEs RT We A: TH COOKE MAS HS. ke Re SVICES; B.A, E-Z.S: : B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S. Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all the important current publications.
Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol.
All communications to W, E. COLLINGE, The University, Birmingham.
MESSRS. SOWERBY & FULTON
Have pleasure in informing their Clients that they have
FOR SALE, SHELL-BY-SHELL, The Important & Extensive Collection
RECENT MOLLUSCA,
FPORMED-BY Dr. JAMES -C.:COX,
Author of ‘‘ A Monograph of Australian Land Shells,” &c., &c. :
ADDRESS —
SOWERBY & FULTON, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
REPRINTS.
UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—
25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp., 4/6.
12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6. -50 29 22 4/6, ” 6/6. 9 10/-. 9 12/6. 100 ” 2» 6/6, We) g/-. or) WEE ” 15/-. ADYERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page = SON) oe Quarter Page ; ae eeilies Half Page... Sr Bare hop Six Lines or under ... eee WER YAO} One-third Page... Se Set Every additional Line meee Os
SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.
PRICES OF BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to justify the reprinting of necessary parts) ... 21/- nett.
Vols. II., Hi., 1V., & VII. ... to the Public, 8/=, to Members, 6/=. Vols. V & VI. ... (Out of Print).
Vol. VILL... le. a. oe to the Pablic, 20/-, do. 15/-. Separate Parts of Vols. I.—VII. do. 1/-, do, 9d
The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II; vol. viii., part I.
MANUAL OF CONGHOLOGY:
A Systematic, IIilustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells.
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in “parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00
Colored Edition.— Plates Se colored bye hand,
per part- - - - - - - $5 00 Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidee) completed.
mS The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED ‘TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, esas
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
pviow,- (11: _ JULY Ist, 1904. [No. 3.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGYCAL eS ONETLE LY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: | Hon. TREASURER: W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E. D. BOSTOCK, THE Owens CoLLece, STONE, MANCHESTER. STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
PAGE, The Land Shells of Majorca—The Rev. Canon IJoRSLEY ... on 65 Report on the Droylsden Ramble—FRED TAyYLor ... oe ee 71 The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Ilfracombe and District ; Supplementary List—H. BErston and C. E. Wricur se 72 The British Species of Vallonia—B. B. Woopwarpb vs at 82 _ The Zebra-Mussel (Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas) R. STN ES ie 83 Notes on Isle of Man Mollusca—B. k. Lucas ee ie 5M go. Proceedings of the Society, April 13-—May II, 1904 3 aa OI Bibliography oe ae dtc ste bin bo By oh 93 Succinea oblonga Drap. var. alba—C. E. WRIGHT ... ane Be 96 Helix pomatia m. sinistrorsum in Surrey—F. B. JENNING:... ad 96
LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo Squarr, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SoveREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. ANn’s Sq BERLIN : FrRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.
CONCHOLOGICAL RAMBLES IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MANCHESTER.
July 16. Miller’s Dale. Central, 1-48. = Leader 7]. W. Jackson.
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT —_— BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the -publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 p.M., at the Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and are oper(10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staft. ees
The Subscription is 5/- per annun; life membership 43 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoyts, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not iv arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6'- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
JUST PUBLISHED. LIsT OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., : and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. .
3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
LIsT OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.
PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Second Edition, Revised.
4d. each; 3S. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH © LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By VION PEE: ADAMS, B.A.
Published by authority of the Conehological Society,
Price 3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen.
The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W., or from the SECRETARY,
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
ACRODONTES pautistus Thr... Strophochetlus kronet Uhr., S. erythrostoma Pils., S. yporanganus Ihy., offered in exchange for other Exotic Shells. Also Binney’s Structure of Foreign Plants, 1871; Brady and Parker’s Crag Fora- minifera, 1866; Dixon’s Geology of Sussex, 1850; Davidson’s Prachiopoda of Pentland Hills, 1868; Kirby and Brady’s Entomostraca, 1874; Morris’s Cata- logue of British Fossils, £843; Memoirs of Geological Survey, 1849-61; Mur- chison’s- Siluria, 1854, offered in Exchange for works on Evolution and Geographical Distribution.—Miss LIn'rER, Saville House, Twickenham,
THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY, Established in 1890 as ‘* The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.” Edited by ;
WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., President of the Midland Malacological Society. With the co-operation of
DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. THE REV. A. H. COOKE, M.A., F.Z.S.. E. R. SYKES, BAL, F.Z:S. B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.
Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca. In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all the important current publications.
Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol. All communications to W. E. COLLINGE, The University, Birmingham.
MESSRS. SOWERBY & FULTON
Have pleasure in informing their Clients that they have
FOR SALE, SHELL-BY-SHELL, The Important & Extensive Collection
RECENT MOLLUSCA,
FORMED BY Dr.-JAMES: G- COX.
Author of ‘* A Monograph of Australian Land Shells,” &e., &c.
ADDRESS :—
SOWERBY & FULTON, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
REPRINTS. UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp., 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6. 50 |, es EM OG 7p /6. »> ~10/-. 2/0. 100 oe) 2 6/6, ry Q-. oe) 12/-. 19 15/-. SSS ADYVERTISEMENTS
Will be inserted at the following rates :—
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SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR,
SE
PRICES OF BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Vol. 1. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to
justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... 4... >... 21/= nett. Vols. Hi., WEE., 1V., & VIN.... to the Public, 8/=, to Members, 6/-. Vols. V., & Vi. ... ... ... (Out of Print). Vol. VII... to the Public, 20/-, do, . 15/-. Separate Parts of Vols. I.—VII. do. 1/-, do. 9d
The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of vol. v., parts 6 and I0; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II; vol. viii., part I.
MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:
FOUNDED BY THE LATE
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 ss
Colored Edition.— Plates cain colored Be hand, per:part -° - - - - > peo hee 'oo
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidee) completed.
gS" The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR :
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
52
VoL. 11]. OCTOBER ist, 1904. [No. 4. -
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY,
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER : W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E. D. BOSTOCK, THE Owens COLLEGE, STONE, MANCHESTER. STAFFORDSHIRE. CONTENTS. PAGE On some Questions of Nomenclature—A. J. JUKES-BROWNE 506 97 Testacella scutulum in Worcestershire—J. MADISON ... é 103 Obituary Notice of Philip Brookes Mason—Rev. C. F. TE ORNS 104 Report on the Miller’s Dale Ramble-—J. WiLFRID JACKSON... See OS Re-establishment of Limax tenellus.as a British Species—W. DENISON ROEBUCK a aes T 3g ate 56 Be avai LOO The Conchological Differences betwee the Genera and Sections of the Pupinine—EDWARD COLLIER . 58 Jor oe wrens) LIG Report onthe Fleetwood Ramble—J. Wien TReson as LS W. D. Crick, F.G.S.— Charles Oldham sad 116 The Cypreeidze of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, saa Nott acne Sea, as exhibited in Mr. F. W. Townsend’s pine 1893- 1904 —J. C. MELVILL and R. STANDEN bhi 117 Proceedings of the Society, June 8—September 14, 1904 Bite ent 23 Bibliography it é we te as wat ee te 5 Radnorshire ee se ee ROEBUCK ... ar ee eel ZS.
LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, SoHo SQuaRE, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SOVEREIGN ST. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. ANN’S SQ, BERLIN : FrRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It.
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT ane BRITAIN AND IRELAND. —
The Object of the. Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of
¥. : N ake
Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, ~~~
and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 p.M., at the Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. .
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and ;
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff. The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership £3 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given,
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E, Hovis, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum,
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
LIsTv OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
see
Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the ‘CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Sd. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
LIST OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.,
PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Second Edition, Revised.
4d. each; 3S. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
Published by authority of the Conchological Society,
Price 3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen.
The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W., or from the SECRETARY.
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
Wa British specimens of Dredssensia polymorpha, Limnaa stagnalis,
Limnea auricularia, Vivipara contecta, and Vivipara vivipara from various localities. Good exchange given.—ARTHUR G. STuRBS, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.
LARGE Number of Land, Freshwater and Marine Shells, both British and Foreign, to Exchange for others not in my Collection. Foreign Correspon- dence especially invited.—A. HARTLEY, 19, Thorp Garth, Idle, Bradford, Yorks,
THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.
Established in 1890 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.” ; Edited by WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., President of the Midland Malacological Secreey With the co-operation of
DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. PEE REV A Hs COOKE, SM. ALi 735.0 7 R, SYIKES. BA, ZS) B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.
Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca. In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts-of all the important current publications. Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol. All communications to W. ¥.. COLLINGE, The University, Birmingham.
RECENT MOLLUSCA, CLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCICAL WORKS.
SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). SOME PARTICULARS OF THE LARGEST & FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD At March Ist, 1904—Number of Cabinets 64, containing 1,205 drawers,
28 glass cases. Number of Species of Shell: Land (Inoperculate) ~— ... 7,123 », (Operculate) at 2179 Marine and Freshwater 9,777 Pelycypoda & Brachiopoda 3,309 Total 22,388
CATALOGUES CONTAINING 12,000 SPECIES. SALE, PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
SOWERBY & FULTON, Kew Gardens, near LONDON,
REPRINTS.
UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—
25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp.; aie 12 pp., 8/-- 16 pp., 10/6. 50 9 ” 4/9, ” 6 29 10/-. ” 12/6. 100 ” re) 6/6, 9 9} ae ” 12/-. ” 15/-.
ADVERTISEMENTS
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Whole Page me =f, 20). Quarter Page ays hl se Half Page... is ... 12/6. — Six Lines or under ... eee Os One-third Page 8/-: Every additional Line eats 2/0"
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PRICES OF BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to
justify the reprinting of necessary parts) 21/- nett. Vols. Hi., UNE., IV., & VII.... to the Public, 8/=, to Members, 6/=. Vols. V., & Vi. ... ... .... (Out of Print). Vol. VIII... ... ... + to the Public, 20/-, do. 15/-. Separate Parts of Vols. 1.—VIl. do. 1/-, do, 9d
The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of vol. v., parts 6. and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II; vol. viii., part I.
MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY:
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells.
GEORGE W. TRYON, ce
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. . Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00
Colored Edition.— Plates erenly colored by hand,
per part--- - EC eae Te - - - - $5 00 Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in Siete colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed.
Sas The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., : Charing Cross Road, LONDON;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Vorg- 11}. JANUARY ist, 1905. B AAlENTOn a
THE
JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER : W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E. D. BOSTOCK ‘THE UNIVERSITY, $ STONE, MANCHESTER. : STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
Constitution and List of Members ; a es a4 Testacella haliotidea var. flavescens—Rev. S. sheecek PEARCE .. Report on the Northwich Ramble—B. R. Lucas
The Origin of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca at Present eee in the British Isles (Presidential Address)—R. F. SCHAREF ms
Vivipara contecta var. atro- papas nov. at Wicken Ifen, Cambs. — FRED. TAYLOR 6c Sp sles 586
Limnzea stagnalis var. ambien Ws Hiasicon HUTTON . Note on the Name Glycymeris—W. H. Dai New Records for West Lancashire—J. Davy DEAN
Notes on a Chara and Shell-Marl Deposit at Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lancashire—J. DAvy DEAN and J. WILFRID JACKSON :
Proceedings of the Society, October 1 to December 14, 1904 ... Annual Report and Balance Sheet
Scalariform Natica catena—BARTLET SPAN
Bibliography
PLATES IUl., 111, and FRONTISPIECE.
LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W.
LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St, Ann's Sa.
BERLIN: FrRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the promotion.of Conchology, by the holding of
Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, ©
and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.m., at the Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and are open (10 tod daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership £3 3s. 2 Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given. _
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoye, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
LisT OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
LIsT OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA,
PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE :-<CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Second Edition, Revised.
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THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEE* 2. ADAMS; BAe
Published by authority of the Conechological Society,
Price 3. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen.
The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W., or from the SECRETARY.
PORTRAIT GROUP.
Copies of the Frontispiece may be had from the Secretary, price 3d., post-free, if Stamps are sent with Order.
Pas er
THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.
Established in 1890 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.” Edited by WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., President of the Midland Malacological SOREL With the co-operation of
DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. ey RE VA. H: COOKE, McA., F:7.S. > E. RASVIES, BA., EZ.S. B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.
Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca. In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all the important current publications. Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per “lk Al communications to W. FE, COLLINGE, The University, Birmingham.
RECENT MOLLUSGA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCICAL WORKS.
SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G.B. SOWERBY, 1860). SOME PARTICULARS OF THE LARGEST & FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD At March Ist, 1904—Number of Cabinets 64, containing 1,205 drawers,
28 glass cases.
Number of Seagies of Shell: Land (Inoperculate) a 7,123
» (Operculate) BAe 2179 Marine and Freshwater - OTT
Pelycypoda & Brachiopoda 3,309 Total 22,388
CATALOGUES CONTAINING 12,000 SPECIES, SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells.
FOUNDED BY THE LATE GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate ~
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored - Edition.— Plates ceeny colored by hand, . Per spart 5-7) Ss rein Bh ee es SSO
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies -. $8 oo
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidee) completed.
§iS~> The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED ‘FO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Pcst Office as Second-Class Matter.
—— ist 1905.
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE. CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: | Hon. TREASURER: W. EB. HOYLE; M.A., D.Sc., 1a 1D)S ABKORSS SKC, eels THe UNIVERSITY, STONE,
MANCHESTER. STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
Rostellaria delicatula Nevill—J. Cosmo MELviLt and R. SranpEN The Rev. John Hawell, M-A., F.G.S.—BAakER Hupson ~Conchological Notes from the United States—LIionEL E. ADAMS London Branch—Annual Report ..
On the Dates of Publication of D’ Orbigny Sieh Moll. viv. et foe etc. —C. DAVIES SHERBORN
Pisidium nitidum var. splendens in West shea sa W. JACKSON Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy in Berkshire—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN Helicella caperata m. sinistrorsum—Rev. W. A. SHAw sve Garl Eduard von Martens: An Obituary Notice—Dr. W. KoBELrT ... Vallonia excentrica Sterki in Ireland—C, OLDHAM Notes on Tapes—Rey. Canon HoRSLEy.. - ; A Plover with Anodonta cygnea attached 6 its otal BE: Waynes The subgenus Casmaria of Cassis—J. Cosmo MELVILL
- Opercula of Bithynia tentaculata—A. L. Massy International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature Proceedings of the Society, January 11—March 8, 1905 Bibliography 560 Freshwater Shells in esse in Shell Marl—=R. ‘Weicu Four Colour Varieties of Cypreaa—J. Cosmo MELVILL . Do Swans and Ducks eat Anodonta cygnea—LIONEL E. ADAMS
a
LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Tayor Bros., SOVEREIGN ST. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ann's Sa. BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It,
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science. :
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M., at the Manchester Museum, the University, Manchester.
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership £3 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W.E, Hoyte, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
— SSS LIsT OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
LIstT OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.
PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
Second Edition, Revised.
4d. each; 3S. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH | LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEL. E. ADAMS, -B.A.
Published by authority of the Conchologiecal Society,
Price SQ. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen.
The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W., or from the SECRETARY.
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
Ee REV. CANON HORSLEY, Walworth, S.E., has a large
quantity of good land shells, of many genera, that he wishes to exchange for foreign Helicidee only.
THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.
Established in 1890 as ‘*‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.” Edited by WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc.,
President of the Midland Malacological Society. With the co-operation of
DR. JOSEF. F. BABOR. — CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. SPEER ORE Vx Ac COOKE: MA. i: Zi9.0.. Bs R. SYIKES: BYAS; ZS; : B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.
Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca. In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all the important current publications. Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol. All communications to WV. EK. COLLINGE, The University, Birmingham.
RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCICAL WORKS.
SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species). - _ i 5 Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species. Small Catalogue (with prices) Post Free. SALE, PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply - Promptly at Moderate Prices. Plan of sizes, with prices, post free.
Sowerby’s Illustrated Index of British Shells (the latest completed work on the subject), containing Coloured Figures of all the known Recent Species with Names and other informa- tion. (Edition 1887). By G. B. Sowerby (3).. With 26 Coloured Plates (750 figures).
Imperial 8vo., cloth, price 35s. (30s. nett).
Address: SOWERBY & FULTON, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOCY:
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells.
GEORGE WW. TRYON, Junr., —
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Tanctislepieal Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY.A.. -PIESBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Gassinice: is oublished by subscription, in — parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, - per part- - - Sel Sa to + le See = le Spano Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed.
Q—@S~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Pest Office as Second-Class Matter.
Vou. 11]. JULY Ist, 1905. [No. 7.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E D. BOSTOCK, THE UNIVERSITY, cay STONE,
MANCHESTER. STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
PAGE. Professor Lang’s Breeding Experiments with Helix hortensis and
H. nemoralis : An Abstract and Review—A. D. DARBISHIRE ... 193 Additions to the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Peg osm pLOnshiie
—Rev. W. A. SHaw.. Ses ee E ioe : 200 Hydrobia jenkinsi i in Rivers REY, Canon J. W. HORSLEY ... i) 200 Vertigo substriata (Jeff.) m. sinistrorsum—R. STANDEN Se =i Ee 200 International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature a af Fi 201 Paludestrina jenkinsi in the New River—A. G. SruBgs a 211 An Account of the Mussel Fishery and Pearl Button pees of the
Mississippi River—LIONEL E, ADAMS one 212 The Marine Mollusca of Tenby and. Net vousnoon A Panne Con:
tribution—J. WILLIAMS VAUGHAN.. Ee ete Proceedings of the Society, April pee 10, 1905 «.. set San Nee Ais, Bibliography He ct : ei nee ae ate bea) 2220 London Branch, Proceedings—J. E. COOPER ... , 222
Mollusca collected at Cette, S. France—Rev. Canon J. w. Ponciee 222 Notes on the West Cornwall District—C. E. Wricur and L. E.ADAMS 223 Vivipara contecta (Millet) m. sinistrorsum—R. STANDEN ae AB ee PORN
PLATE IV.
LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo SQuare, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, Str. Ann's Sa. BERLIN: FrRIeDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It.
~ THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of
Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, — and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.m., at the Manchester Museum, the University, Manchester.
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester MOUSSE and are open (10 to d daily) to Members on application-to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is 4/- per annum; life membership 43 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year-in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W.E. Hoye, D-Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member-who-is not in arrear with his subscription._ Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sént (and made payable) to the Hon. Freasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
List OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. Wi WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
| SSO | BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.
PREPARED. BY A COMMITTEE OF; THE: CONCHOLOGICAL SOGIE EY,
Second Edition, Revised.
4.d. each; 3s. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEE«<EB. ADAMS, Bax
Published by authority of the Conchological Society,
Price $d. each ; 2S. Gd. per dozen.
The above may. be had from Messrs. DULAU & Co., 37, Soho Square, W.,
or from the SECRETARY.
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
HE REV. CANON HORSLEY, Walworth, S.E., has a large quantity of good land shells, of many genera, that he wishes to exchange for foreign Helicidz only. -
A ne
THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY. Established in 1890 as ‘The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.” Edited by WALTER E. COLLINGE,- M.Sc., President of the Midland Matlacological Sore, ; With uns co-operation. of
DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. MPR Ay He COOKE MAS EZSS -B RUSVKES, Bote on 9-6 B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.
Indispensable to ali Students of the Moliusca. In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews-and Abstracts of all the important current publications. Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol. c All communications to W. ¥. Cour. INGE, The University, Birmingham.
RECENT MOLLUSGA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONGHOLOGIGAL WORKS.
SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST: STOCK OF SHELLS IN -THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species).
Specimens sent on approval. ‘Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species. Small Catalogue (with prices) Post Free. SALE, PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly at Moderate Prices. Plan of sizes, with prices, post free.
Sowerby’s Illustrated Index of British Shells (the latest completed work on the subjec t), ~~ containing Coloured Figures of all the known Recent Species with Names and other informa- tion. (Edition 1887). By G. B. Sowerby (3): With 26 Coloured Plates (750 figures).
Imperial 8vo., cloth, price 35s. (30s nett).
- Address: SOWERBY & FULTON, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
x REPRINTS. UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s cha ges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) : —
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MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells.
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Banenologica Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part. embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. |
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume) - - - $3 ies
Colored Edition.— Plates cretny colored by hand,
per part- - - = she oi oe eae Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed.
@S- The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class- Matter.
Vou. 11], OCTOBER ist, 1905. [No. 8. Re ob Oef ‘ ite
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. .
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E oO. BOSTOCK, Tue UNIVERSITY, STONE,
MANCHESTER, < STAFFORDSHIRE. PAGE. Frederick Price Marrat—J. Cosmo MELVILL... Be aa son) eI Note on Crepidula fornicata L.—J. E. Cooper ab Ee oT Reversed Shells in the Manchester Museum—R. STANDEN w- 228 Proceedings of the Society, June 21, 1905... a Ean 1 » 236
Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific : I., Notes on a Collection dredged near Karachi and Maskat—Sir Cuas. Exiot, K.C.M.G. 237
Faunistic Notes—Rev. Canon J. W. Horsiey... Oss sia 5 250
LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Taytor Bros., Soverzicn St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ann’s Sa. BERLIN: FrIEDLAENDER & SouNn, CARLSTRASSE 1t.
SSS ES SE ERY SIP BT SB arse PLATE V. will be issued with the next
number of the Journal.
‘LHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the:promotion of Conchology, by the holding of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M., at the Manchester Museum, the University, Manchester.
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is d/- per annum; life membership £3 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoye, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains-all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum,
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
LIisT OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. Wi WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the GONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Sd. each; 2s. Gd. per dicen post free if cash is sent with order.
LEST Or BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSGA.
PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Second Edition, Revised.
4d. each; 3S. per dozen ; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEL. E. ADAMS, Baw
Published by authority of the Conchologieal Society,
Price SQ. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen.
The above may be had from Messrs. DULAU & Co., 37, Soho Square, W.; or from the SECRETARY.
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
A HARTLEY, 19, Tuorp Garru, IDLE, BRADFoRD, YORKS.—Ayalinia
nitidula var. heli, species of Ver t2e0, and many other good shells offered in exchange for Helix lapicida var. albina, FH. pomatia var. albida, Lina montana var. albina, and other shells not in my collection, British or Foreign
RS. SMART, ParkHAM Recrory, BrpEFrorp, N. DEvon, has for disposal the Collection of British Shells formed by the late Rev. R. W. J. Smart.
4 ay ie i
THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.
PAE Ses in 1890 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Baler ley: a Edited by WA LTER E. COLLINGE, M. Se.,”
President of the Midland. Malacological Sheen, With the co-operation of
DR. JOSEF. F. BABOR. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S, THE REV. A, H. COOKE, M.A., F.Z.S. E. R. SYKES, B.A, F.Z.S. B. B. WOODWARD, ¥.G.S.
Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca. In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on.recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all the important current publications. Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol. AM communications to W. EK. COLLINGE, The University, Birmingham.
RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCICAL WORKS.
SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species).
Specimens sent on approval.
Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species.
Small Catalogue (with prices) Post Free. ‘ SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND .ARRANGED.
Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly at Moderate Prices. Plan of sizes, with prices, post free,
Sowerby’s Illustrated Index of British Shells (the latest completed work on the subject), containing Coloured Figures of all the known Recent Species with Names and other informa- tion. (Edition 1887). By G. B. Sowerby (8). With 26 Coloured Plates (750 figures). Imperial 8vo., cloth, price 35s. (30s nett).
Address: SOWERBY & FULTON, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
REPRINTS.
UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints te be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :
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ADVERTISEMENTS
Will be inserted at the following rates :—
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PRICES OF BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to
justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... .... 21/- nett. Vols. Il., HE., IV., & Vil. ... to the Public, 8/-; to Members, G/=. VolIs2V.,, Ga2VIin os 8. 2. (Out ‘of Print), Vol. Vill. ea ... >.» to the Public, 20/-, do. 15/-. Separate Parts Bi Vols. I.—VIl. do. 1/-, do. 9d -
The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of vol. v., parts 6 and 103 vol. Vi. :, parts I, 5, and II; vol. viii., part I.
MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in. parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part: embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, per part- _- - Aa) BS SEs eee rr
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, editicn strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed.
QS The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED. TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
OG! 25sf Jey
“U1. Helson” Relief Fund.
Mr..WILLIAM NELSON, of Crossgates, one of the four original Founders of the Conchological Society, its first President, and for many years a Co-Editor of the Journal of Conchology, being now in needy circumstances, has addressed to the Conchological Club a pathetic appeal for help in his extremity.
Mr. NELSON is well known in conchological circles for his enthusiastic efforts to popularize and diffuse an apprecia- tion and love of conchology, and for his profound knowledge of the biology, distribution, and variation of the Liumnwide, to whose study he has dedicated the leisure hours of the greater part of his life, and of which group his collection is believed to be almost unrivalled.
After a long and laborious life, Mr. NELSON, who is now seventy-one years of age, has latterly suffered from a series of severe attacks of heart-failure and partial paralysis; each attack has left him feebler and more crippled than hefore, and at last has entirely incapacitated him from following any employment whatever, and therefore cut off the income from his labours upon which himself and household have
In response to Mr. NELSON’S appeal, a small Com- mittee has been appointed to raise a und for his benefit, as it was felt that in addition to his personal friends, there are probably many others who would gladly aid him in his hour of need, and thus enable him to pass his declining years in comparative comfort and freedom from actual want.
The generous response of the few gentlemen named below, to whom his sad case has been disclosed, justify the expectation that as a result of this appeal, many other kind and willing helpers will be found, anxious to co-operate, and enable us to eventually publish a large and satisfactory final list.
Preliminary Dist of Subscribers.
Rk. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A., F.G.S., Victoria Park, Manchester, =e
a Life Annuity of ze ab ne oe bon a 2 2a) A. H. Pawson, J.P., President of Conchological’Club, Leeds » 0 O IDin, Gr, E CHASTER, President of Conchological Society 225.0 Dr. R. F. ScHARFF, Director of National Museum, Dublin yD J. ae MELVILL, M. ee , Vice-President Conchological Society 2 2 0 K. D. Bosrock, F.L.8., Treasurer of Conchological Society ... a) Dr. W. E. Hoyvue, M.A., Director of Manchester Museum, and
Hon. Secretary of C ‘onchological Society ae @ E. A. SMITH, F.Z.S, Assistant ERE Zoological Denainene
British Museum... me : bat hs toot ©) H. CrowTukr, F.R.M.S., Curator, ae iareoeiin Ba a it i © Dr. Crorr, President of Leeds Naturalists’ Field Club we ab 0) W. E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., F.Z.S., Lecturer on ae .
University, Birmingham : oc ms i bok © C. OLDHAM, Referee of Conchological Society ek © E. Couuier, Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester Wo do H. G. BRIERLEY, Clough Edve, Huddersfield Ire eeX0) t. WILSON, J.P., Westwood, Armley 4 ene @) J. H. Ponsonsy, F.Z.S., 16, St. James Street, ieee Lk @ @ T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., Curator, Municipal Museum, Hull, and
Hon. Secretary of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union 010 6 H. C. Marsu, F.E.S., Vice-President of Leeds Naturalists’ Club 010 6 F. W. Branson, F.L. ©, Wynneholme, Headingley 010 6 C. E. Wricut, Woodside, Kettering 010 6 J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle 010 6 A HARTLEY, Idle, near Bradford 010 0
Further Subscriptions may be sent to any of the addresses below, and will be gratefully acknowledged. F. Bootu, 42, Victoria Road, Saltaire ; W. CasH, Commercial Street, Halifax ; J. W. Tayior, North Grange, Horsforth.
Vor. 11]. JANUARY Ist, 1906. — [No. 9. | Rock AD 7
THE
JOURNAL
OF CONCHOLOGY. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., Bee. BOS TOC K, THe UNIVERSITY, STONE, MANCHESTER. STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
PAGE Constitution and List of Members ie 3 YOST Proceedings of the Society, September 13 to Deconies 13,°1905.... 265 Annual Report and Balance Sheet Sc se ce aE ie, S209 Tapes aureus and its Allies—A. J. JUKES Brown .. ae Reiners Hygromia rufescens (Penn.) m. sinistrorsum—Rev. W. A. SHAW ... 281 On Variation in the Radule of certain Buccinide—M. V. Lesour 282 ‘Destruction of Potatoes by Slugs—E. W. Swanron... ws Siz) R260 Bibliography one aa aah as See Hs as Side 27,
PLATES V. and VI.
LONDON: Dutau_ & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Tavior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ans ee:
BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M., at the Manchester Museum, the University, Manchester.
: The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application-to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hovis, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every -Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
<e
LIisT OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA,
Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
List oF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA,
PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF: THE. CONCHOLOGICAL’ SOCIETY.
Second Edition, Revised.
4d. each; 3S. per dozen ; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEL: E ADAMS: BA
Published by authority of the Conehologieal Society,
Price 3d. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen.
The above may be had from Messrs. DULAU & Co., 37, Soho, Square, W.., or from the SECRETARY.
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
- HARTLEY, 19, Tuorp Garru, IDLE, BRADFORD, Yorks.—Ayalinia . mitidula var. helmi, species of Vertigo, and many other good shells offered . in exchange for Helix /apicida var. albina, H. pomatia var. albidi, Ena montana var. a/bznza, and other shells not in my collection, British or Foreign.
RS. SMART, ParRKHAM RECTORY, BIDEFORD, N. DEvoN, has for disposal the Collection of British Shells formed by the late Rev. R. W. J. Smart.
THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY,
Established in 800 as ‘The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.” j Edited by WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., President of the Midland Malacological ne aie Wi:h the co-operation of
DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. THE REV. A. H. COOKE, M.A., F.Z.S. E.R. SYKES, B.A., F.Z.S. B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.
Indispensabie to all Students of the Mollusca. In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca, and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all the important current publications. Fully Illustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol. All communications to W. K. COLLINGE, The University, Birmingham.
RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCICAL WORKS.
SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD
(at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species).
Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species. Small Catalogue (with prices) Post Free. SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly at Moderate Prices. Plan of sizes, with prices, post free.
Sowerby’s Illustrated Index of British Shells (the latest completed work on the subject), containing Coloured Figures of all the known Recent Species with Names and other informa- tion. (Edition 1887). By G. B. Sowerby (8). With 26 Coloured Plates (750 figures).
Imperial 8vo., cloth, price 35s. (30s nett).
Address: SOWERBY & FULTON, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
REPRINTS. UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. ‘is forwarded for publication) :—
25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp., 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6. 50 ” » 4/9, »” 6/6. 9» I0/-. ” 12/6. 100 ” ” 6, 9 Op oor 2] re) 15/-.
ADYERTISEMENTTS
Will be inserted at the following rates :—
Whole Page ane Se eee2O) =: Quarter Page ue ee Tilee Half Page... ae eee 210 Six Lines or under ... sam 03) Oen One-third.Page ... ce soya Every additional Line wc + =/6,
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PRICES OF BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to justify the reprinting of necessary parts) ... 21/- nett. Vols. Il., UL., 1V., & VIE. ... to the Public, 8/-; to Members, G/=.
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The Editor will be glad t» give ONE SEILEING each for clean copies of vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I,_5, and II; vol. viii., part I.
MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY:
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells.
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in-
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- -vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - ae 00
Colored Edition.—Plates eal colored. by — hand,
per part- - - - - Su Ae eee Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, ses in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidee) completed.
(@S- The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
* va
APRIL 1st, 1906. [No. 10.
THE
TOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: Wok. HOYLE, M.A Diset Be Die UG) SAL OOK. THE UNIVERSITY, - STONE,
MANCHESTER. STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
Early History of the Generic Name Fusus—W. H. Datu The Shell Beach at Mochras Island—J. Davy Draw ...
Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific: II., Notes on Lophocercus, Lobiger, Haminzea and Newnesia—Sir CHAs. Evior, K.C.M.G.
Proczedings of the Society, January—March, 1906 Limax tenellus in Buckinghamshire—H. WALLIS Krew ““Do Swans Eat Anodonta cygnea ?”’—Jrsste M. BLUNDELL
Jaminia triplicata Studer, a new British Terrestrial Mollusc —G. W. CHASTER
Bibliography
LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, Sono SQuare, W. LEEDS: Vayior Bros., SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E.Cornisu, Sr. Ann's Sa.
BERLIN: FriepraENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND -IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of ; Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, t and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at-7 p.M., at the 4 Manchester Museum, the University, Manchester. 2
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and ‘ are open (10 to 4 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff. ;
The Subscription is 4/- per annum; life membership 43 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given,
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E, Hovis, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all itS proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
List OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
hist. B: BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.
PREPARED BY A> COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL (SOCTELY:
Second Edition, Revised.
4d. each; 3S. per dozen ; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By cE FONP Aa Bio ADAMS) BA:
Published by authority of the Conchological Society, 4
Price $C. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen.
The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W., or from the SECRETARY.
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
A HARTLEY, 19, THorp GarrH, IpLE, BRADFORD, YorkKs.—A number . of foreign species and varieties of C/awsze and other land shells to exchange for Claustiie and other foreign land shells not in collection.
HE MANCHESTER MuskEuM has a large quantity of Duplicate Land Shells from the Pacific Islands for exchange.-—Apply tothe DIRECTOR.
FOR SALE.
The DUPLICATES of a LARGE COLLECTION
OF
FOREIGN
Land, Freshwater & Marine Shells.
PRICE LISTS sent on Application. ; SELECTIONS OF SHELLS sent on Approval.
Miss LINTER, Saville House, TWICKENHAM.
RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCGICAL WORKS. SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AN!) FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March ist, 1904, 22,388 species).
Specimens sent on approval.
Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species. Small Catalogue (with prices) Post Free.
SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE.
COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly at Moderate Prices. Plan of'sizes, with prices, post free,
Sowerby’s Illustrated Index of British Shells (the latest completed work on the subject), containing Coloured Figures of all the known Recent Species with Names and other informa-
tion. (Edition 1887). By G. B. Sowerby (3). With 26 Coloured Plates (750 figures). Imperial 8vo., cloth, price 355. (30s nett).
Address: SOWERBY & FULTON, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
REPRINTS.
UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—
&
25 copies, 4 pp.; 3/6, 8 pp.» 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6. 50 ” »” 4/ > ” 6/6. 99. - 1O/- ” 12/6. 100 »” » 6/6, 2 Q/-- 5) 12/¢, oe) I5/-. ADYVYERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page es ion OY: Quarter Page Ass ae tees Half Page... ue fee TANG: Six Lines or under ... qr 3] Os One-third Page... dane eee Every additional Line omens Os
SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.
PRICES OF BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Vo
I. I. (in the-event of a sufhcient number of orders being received to
justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... ... 21/- nett. Vols. t., HIE., IV., & VII. ... to the Public, s =, 10 one. 6/-. Vols. V., & Vi. :.. |... (Out of Print).
Vol. Vill... ... .. -. to the Public, 20/-, do. 15/-. Separate Parts of Vols. 1.—VI. do. 1)/-, do. 9d
The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II; vol. viii., part I.
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells.
c
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
A x Va , FL EO Re ee ee
* -%
SA? OP wea:
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
‘ parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Boy . Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 ~ Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, ,
PET Pat: Sei ee a Ses Se Es Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored : and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00,
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- _ graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed.
§E- The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received. high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells ~ —
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED ‘TO—
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
‘Vou. 11]. JULY 1st, 1906. [No. 11.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND I[RELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc. Ex Dy -BOSTOCK, THE UNIVERSITY, STONE, MANCHESTER. f STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
PAGE,
Observations on the Terrestrial Mollusca of the District around Silverdale, Lancashire—R. STANDEN ane 30 sa8 eh S25 Sinistral Helicigona arbustorum—Rey. W. A. SHAW ... 6 Selene 3o0 Do Swans and Ducks eat Anodonta cygnea ?—G. T. RorE ... 330
Christian Hee Hwass: 1731-1803—G. A. GoscH and B. B. WoopwaRD 331 Helicella virgata var. hypozona in the Isle of Wight—F. B. JENNINGS 332 Contributions towards a List of West-Suffolk Non-Marine Mollusca
—A,. MAYFIELD 400 als 30 vee speua> SOS British Species of Vallonia—J. E. ‘CoopER oats 340 An Attempt to Breed from a Sinistral Helix pomatia—J WILFRID
JACKSON a6 341 The Occurrence of the White Fo: orm of Helicigona lpicida (L. ).—
J. WILFRID JACKSON nate hy? AB4S West Lancashire Non-Marine Mollusca : "Morecambe: and Denice
H. BEESTON ... oss ws ioe 340 Proceedings of the Society, hota. 1906 - ais Bic sete 7350 Bibliography sac one ee Bone sia Conchological Notes ea Japan—LIoneL. E ADAMS os seal: 5355
LONDON: Dutavu & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Tavior Bros., SOVEREIGN ST. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ann’s Sa. BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It.
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the nolan of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, ; and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M.; at the Manchester Museum, the University, Manchester.
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museu and are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership £3 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoytx, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.
LIsT OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. 5. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Sadi. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
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THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEL Boo ADANES,: BA: Published by authority of the Conchologiecal Society,
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The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W., or from the SECRETARY. -
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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - -. $3 00
Colored Edition.— Plates ao colored by hand, Cperpat we ee La, gon
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo
‘First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed.
(s- The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED LO
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Vou. 11], OCTOBER Ist, 1906. [No. 12.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:
W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E.. DXvBOSLO:C Ke THE UNIVERSITY, STONE, MANCHESTER. STAFFORDSHIRE.
CONTENTS.
PAGE Obituary Notice of the late William Nelson—k. bia 357 Further Notes on French Shell Names—J. WILFRID ‘JACKSON Bm 359 Vertigo alpestris in Westmorland—J. WILFRID JACKSON... io 359 The Prevention of Corrosion in Shells—L. St. G. BYNE ... 360 Acanthinula lamellata (Jeff.) at Grange-over-Sands, Lancs., and Notes on various other Species—J. WILFRID JACKSON an 361 Note on Odostomia lutea Garrett—J. Cosmo MELVILL & R. SPTANDEN — 362 Vallonia costata + excentrica—LIONEL E. ADAMS ... 364. On the Danger of Using Mercurie Chloride in the Sterilization ‘of Highly-Polished Shells—B. R. Lucas .... ace ate 365 Testacella haliotidea at Godalming —OswaLp H. LATTER ... sine 365 Numerous Species in a Restricted “Area—F. H. S1KES Bae boo 365 The genus Doriopsilla Bergh—S1r CHARLES ELIOT 5 : 366 Bulimus fasciatus Turton {= Helicella barbara (L.)] in Lancashire— J. WILFRID JACKSON 357 Notes on the British Land and “Freshwater Shells collected by the late Mr. Thomas Glover—By his daughter, MARIA GLOVER ... 368 Bier en AD Se ae bee a Fee aah sae 372 Index oe ion ai Ys sel sae a Ra 373 TITLE-PAGE AND CONTENTS 1O VOL. I1. PLATE VII.
LONDON? Dutavu & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Tavyior Bros., SovEREIGN ST. | MANCHESTER: SHERRATT & HUGHEs, St. Ann’s ST. BERLIN: FrIeEpLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It.
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN. AND IRELAND.
The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by. the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 p.M., at the Manchester Museum, the University, Manchester.
The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Staff.
The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 3s. Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W.E. Hoyts, D.Sc., is the organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.
Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer. All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary:
List OF
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.
Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order.
LIsT OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Second Edition, Revised.
4d. each; 3S. per dozen; post free if cash is sent with order
THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. Published by authority of the Conehological Society,
Price $C. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen.
The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., 37, Soho Square, W., or from the SECRETARY.
EXCHANGE COLUMN.
K. GUDE, 114, ADELAIDE Roan, Lonnon, N.W., will be glad to meet (. with eee fiir Malacologie, vols. 1 and 2; Malak. Blatter, vol. 15, sheets 9, 10, 11 ; vol. 16, sheets 6, 7, 8 or vols. 15 and. 16 complete. Zoological Record : Mollusca for 1865, 1866, 1887. Blanford, Contrib. Indian Malac., parts I, 7,8, 9. Gassies, Faune Conch. Nouvelle Calédonie, part 2.—Cash or Exchange.
FOR SALE.
The DUPLICATES of a LARGE COLLECTION
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Miss LINTER, Saville House, TWICKENHAM.
REGENT MOLLUSGA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS,
SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND. FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species). Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species. Small Catalogue (with prices) Post Free. SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly at Moderate Prices. Plan of sizes, with prices, post free.
Sowerby’s Illustrated Index of British Shells (the latest completed work on the subject), containing Coloured Figures of all the known Recent Species with Names and other informa- tion. (Edition 1887). By G. B. Sowerby (3). With 26 Coloured Plates (750- figures), Imperial 8vo., cloth, price 35s. (30s nett),
Address: SOWERBY & FULTON, Kew Gardens, near LONDON.
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UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—
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i ’
4 : iy NAA Paw
MANUAL OF pONCHOLOY:.
A Systematic, Miustrated Monography of the "Recent Species of Shells. |
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE
Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.
The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume.
Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume) - - - $3 00 ~
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand,
per part- - - wore | i aio OE act ee Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00
First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- graphy of the great family Helicide) completed.
@s~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,
P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., Charing Cross Road, LONDON;
R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
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