CE GE : € Par eee ee Co CEG: © SORE — A: =F, Md] ZA > ii a: ASIAING « 7 A WAATA | \ y. a YEN = 9 a=W Al W/ NS | N= F AW ft rf cy | ee AD AAR An f AA > it eS AARANAARA AAUP \ ‘ c By NA pen ten: . AA AnAAAT NAY (NORA r “VA AREA Yael No. nannnnne A oe nn annnnnn Aw PAY A annannn aoe Ane Agan mah a r , nn Nene it WR vit Aeh AN nl weeite Aan AAaana VASA Va wae pri An ay AN Pate ant eer a al Sh Bia): nh cul nn wh AAW NANANaay aah ain Aaasennrwn Raa AR AoaanaaseanaaciaasS ws A NG a AA ar aan te = RIL Nip ge avd Ny al AARAAN WJ (Bist 18, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY: BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCLIOLOGICAE SOCIEa Vv On ChE Aw BRItAIN AND TRE EAN D: EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL, BY J. R. Le B. TOMLIN. £30088 WO 2ST 19 LO—IQ12. Marginella chalmerst Tomlin and Shackleford. Lonpon : Dulau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W. LEEDS: Taylor Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: Sherratt & Hughes, St: Ann’sSt. BERLIN: Friedlaender & Sohn, Carlstrasse 11. oth Aine i) ay) ant) a Tisece th my eter Sitch a ee ] CONG Nass VAUGHAN, J. W. Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of S. Wales Cooper, J. E. Note on Decollated Shells ; Cooper, J. E. Pisidium supinum A. Schmidt in Bice, Cooper, J. E. Assemania grayana in E. Suffolk ; GYNGELL, W. Crepidula fornicata L. on the Lincolnshire coast.. GYNGELL, W. Hygromia rufescens m. sinistrorsum at Bete rborouen a LoncsTaFF, M. JANE. Non-Marine Mollusca found in the Parish of Mortehoe, N. Devon ws ee 6 at Roe GoDWIN-AUSTEN, Lt.-Colonel. The importance of the Animal in the Land Mollusca, shown by certain Evolutionary Bet in some Genera of the Zonitidee (Presidential Address) ... MASEFIELD, J. R. B. Limax tenellus Miiller i in Stas iorediebtie OLDHAM, C. Limax cinereoniger Wolf in N. Hampshire é TOMLIN, J. R. LE B. Notes on the Nomenclature of some Lifu Shells OverRTON, H. Pisidium supinum A. Schmidt in the Midlands ... TayLor, J. W. Helicella caperata m. sinistrorsum at Lewes SPENCE, G. C, Milax gagates Drap. at Eccles Jackson, J. W. Notes on Shropshire Mollusca WEAVER, G. H. Paludestrina jenkinsi in the New River DEAN, J. D. Periodic Variation in Limneea pereger Miiller OLpHaM, C. On the Range of Pisidium supinum A. Schmidt ToMLIN, J. R. LE B. Localities for Hygromia revelata Mich. TOMLIN, J. R. LE B. Descriptions of Four Supposed New Land Shells from British Somaliland ; sen Epitor. Pisidium personatum Malm at Merrenoeeers conveaition SIKES, F.H. A Preliminary Conchological Survey of Monmouthshire, itis some Notes on Brecknockshire ... Cooper, J. E. Obituary: A. Loydell Farrer, W. J. Vertigo pusilla Miiller and V. alipastitis ‘Alder at 2 Restle Jacxson, J. W. On the Habitat of Vitrea lucida Drap. at Grange-over- Sands a6 TOMLIN, J. R. LE B. New iievetovdehire Recor ADAMS, L. E. Paludestrina jenkinsi in West Sussex Sikes, F. H. The Non-Marine Mollusca of Friesland ... OLDHAM, C. Limax tenellus Miiller in Oxfordshire FocErTY, H. Carychium minimum near Limerick Page 68 iv. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912. page CoLLieR, E. Obituary Notice: G. W. Chaster S ue va 72 Cooper, J. E. Abnormal Radula of Vitrea lucida Dae ait ee 76 TomLin, J. R. eB. Land and Freshwater Mollusca at Cloghane, co. Kerry 77 HARGREAVES, J. Ne The iMiertiae Mollusca of the Workshive Coast and the Dogger Bank . Ss ey ise AG sete ... 80, 99 Notice to Members and others B08 sat ea 97 Wa tts, E..A. Curiously distorted Ametlonta cygneea Th ey ae 97 Focerty, H.) Shell Drift at Ballinacurra, Limerick ... " 98 LonestaFF, M. JANE. Additional Notes on the Non-Marine Mollisea of Mortehoe oo8 ae ... 106 ToMLIN, J. R. LE B. The inepersall ot Shells Dy Tasaais aia EELOS TomuiN, J. R. LE B. On Ethalia nevilli Sowerby ian 108 Srkes, F. H. Crepidula fornicata and Petricola pholadiformis in fe Medeor 108 Simpson, J. Notes on some rare Mollusca from the North Sea and Shetland-Fzerce Channel nid : a LOO) ApaAms, IL. E. Observations on the Pairing of Rees BiKer Jus ooo 116 SmirH, MAXWELL. Upon certain species of Land Mollusca living in he Southern Limestone Alps ae Pee a (AS) Jackson, J. W. Pyramidula rotundata var. alba at Meathop Fell sso Uh Jennincs, F. B. Helix nemoralis with formula 12045.. ne sos Ss Cooper, J. E. Paludestrina jenkinsi in Merionethshire See ESS Coorek, J. E. Pseudanodonta elongata Hol. in the Thames _... Ree iets) Smi1TH, E. A., and ToMLIN, ud R. LE B. Obituary Notice: The Rev. R. Boog Watson ... 139 Jackson, J. W. On the occurrence of Unio eatin Ton, in the British Isles .. " 142 GODWIN- AEE, iH Cater Sore Rewarke on the aetermuatien & Genera and Species (Presidential Address) aes ans « 14a Cooper, J. E. Vertigo substriata Jeff. in Bucks. eas 5 -. 146 DEAN, J. D. Claus. cravenensis Taylor var. albina nov. nee w= 146 Dean, J. D. Claus. bidentata Strom var. albina Mogq. : 146 VAUGHAN, J. W. Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Ross-shire oe some new County Records... ae se Peer 77) Cooper, J. E. Succinea oblonga in iMecone noaive ee Sts . 148 OLpDHAM, C. Ena montana Drap. in Bucks. ... ate ee we 148 OxtpHaM, C. Limax tenellus Miill. in Perth East ane : i, 448 ToMLIN, J. R. LE B. Vitrea radiatula Alder in Durcbenonsien be 148 Jackson, J. W. A double-mouthed Clausilia bidentata near Warton, W. Lancashire 90 noo sass abe ws) LOE TomMLIN, J. R. LE B. Owners Ilottiee ¢ Professor Boettger _... iat (hO2 STaLLEY, H. J. The Dispersal of Shells by Insects... an LO MELVIL1, J. Cosmo. An Enumeratiomof the Additions made to the Genus Latirus. Montfort since 1891, with descriptions of three new species ... 164 SPENCE, G. C. Note on Helix pomatia oan . 178 GYNGELL, W. Limneza pereger var. lacustris Leach nee without shell . 178 GYNGELL, W. An interesting Association of Species in Windermere seo DRS GYNGELL, W. Helix aspersa m. sinistrorsum at Scarborough ... hes PRLS MaRSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘* British Conchology,” part vii., 179; 192, 223, 294, 324 Massy, ANNE L. Note on an early Spinous Stage in Corbula gibba Olivi 191 CONTENTS. SPENCE, G. C. On the Dart of Helix undata Lowe “a Apams, L. E. Notes on the British Distribution of Testacella ... : HARGREAVES, J. A. Protective Resemblance in British Marine Mollusca Cooper, J. E. New County Records of Pisidium MusuaM, J. F. On the occurrence of Helix aspersa Miill. var. slabra Cale. in Mid-Lincolnshire 5a 500 900 200 . Apams, L. E. Vitrina hibernica Taylor and Jeffreys’ varieties of V. pellucida Miiller . ApAMS, L. E. eonchalosieal Notes from ix Plata, Dede ond Bombay GYNGELL, W. Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis: Their Colour and Band Variations and Distribution—some comparisons bo of Woopcock, R. Colour Varieties of Donax variegatus Gielin from the Channel Islands Fe aoe i ; si Horsey, Canon J. W. Index of Notes on the British NoneNarine Mol- lusca in vols. I—12 5 TomuIn, J. R. ve B. A Pichictore (Grows Gene L. in , Eeate.. HumpuHREys, G. Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith in Hampstead Bariae! spin TOMLIN, J. R. LE B. Succinea elegans Risso new to the Orkneys OLDHAM, C. Vertigo angustior Jeff. in Herts. TAYLOR, J. W. Biology of the Mollusca, based Shiite upon the study of one of our commonest species, Helix aspersa ads TOMLIN, J. R. LE B. Pisidium lilljeborgi Clessin in one Isle of Skye Cooper, J. E. Association of Ancylus fluviatilis and Velletia lacustris FOXALL, W. H., and OvERYToN, H. Pseudanodonta rothomagensis Loc. in Britain : Crisp, C. T. Cle, Bidentars m. dlaguonsna ¢ at Shginieas MASEFIELD, J. R. B. Testacella in Staffordshire OVERTON, H. On the occurrence of Clausilia dubia Drap. in Kent Epiror. Proposed Reprinting of vol. 1 of the Joznal of Conchology Notice to Members: Alteration of Rule 8 Jones, K. H. Notes on certain Terrestrial and lave Molinecs, fan Glengariff, Co. Cork Es Moss, W. Obituary Notice : Robert eaine ee Jones, K. H. A Note of the occurrence of Pisidium ijeborsi ‘Clesin i in the Island of Arran oe Jackson, J. W. Cypreea samnierine, in Son Graves sie LonesrarFr, M. J. Additions to the Mollusca of S. Devon, and the Record of a New Locality for Uncommon Species in N. Devon LonestaFF, M. J. Notes on the Non-Marine Mollusca of Mortehoe ine 3 Jackson, J. W. Pisidium amnicum Miill. near Hale, Westmorland SPENCE, G. C. Scalariform Helix aspersa Miill. OLDHAM, C. Note ona Colour Mutation in Hyalinia helvetiow Blum Jackson, J. W. Jaminia secale Drap. near Penrith . ToMLIN, J. R LE B., and L. J. SHACKLEFORD. Descriptions of two New Species of Marginella from S. Thomé Island ToMLIN, J. R. LE B. Land Shells from Largs ADAMS, L. E. The Track of imax flavus L. ToMLIN, J. R. LE B. Note on Cylindrella zequatoria Mor, ate OLDHAM, C. Helix cantiana Mont. preyed upon by the Song-Thrush MARQUAND, FE. D. New Records for Bedfordshire Ms OLDHAM, C. Paludestrina jenkinsi in Hampshire Vi. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912. page OLDHAM, C. Limax cinereo-niger in Westerness oO ska co yO) Cooper, J. E. Variation in Littorina littorea L. 340 KENDALL, Rev. C. E. Y. Some Notes on the New Taig Land: shell Helicella heripensis Mab. di aide 40 uh obo SYS Rogepuck, W. D. Census Authentications .. ae ate ss 49 ANNUAL MEETING. Notice to Members ... 8 ie oes RL Epiror. Obituary Notice: J. W. Baldwin ... 23D) O_puHam, C. Pisidium lilljeborgi Clessin and other Tisha in Garmanronenine 353 JENNINGS, F. B. Clausilia biplicata Mont. ... oa aoe err 2g ToMLIN, J. R. LE B. Land Shells from Scilly rat Bee anor) BLL Dan, J. D. Notes on the Scandinavian Molluscan Fauna ae a9) 9 BSS ApAMs, L. E. Conchological Notes from the Nile... Leh soa RES) LeMAN, G. C. Helix cantiana Mont. Eaten by Birds ... se [9360 INDEX .... sate site ao Ase Bs ae Ree 302 CONSTITUTION AND LISTS OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS 006 I, 129, 255 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... sus ae con WOH Whi, UDG, BA, QER. Dish, Bue PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY— October—November, 1909 sind ee aan oe ee 24 December, 1909—March, I9QI0 .., BY ae Nee aH 56 April —May, 1910 086 55 506 i Sos AN 95 June—September, 1910 és wee ap 200 fe) aie2 October— November, 1910 eh a are ae ane WAG) December, 1910—January, I9QI1.., a we as Oo) February—May, 1911 ... ban aa si ae aos, SI Wwe, WORT — 56 ; ae 000 ee ae oo 25D See ebemeNovembers com cae at seh oe ge 27/7) December, 1911-—February, 1912 goo bes ee Geo it March—May, 1912 a Be a a ap oe ANT June—September, 1912 sod $00 a was ao ASO) PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEEDS BRANCH— Annual Report, 1908-9 Sos ate ae “a ee 30 Annual Report, 1910... ye oh aes soft Be SS Annual Report, 1911... : ue ge a oa BS PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON BRAN Annual Report, 1909 oe a bad ne ms i. ae Rik Annual Report, 1910 200 ae ee ae an mh LS Annual Report, r91t ie sae ae oe 3 Bp sho Bowl LIST OF PLATES: Rev. RK. Boog Watson (Frontispiece)... i ae a be If Pseudanodonta ee Locard Ng fee i ee i, Robert Cairns me oie ia Barer ici tl Marginella dautzenbergi n.sp. ‘anndl M. ch vallenoret MMos » one IW. Utriculus tomlinianus Marshall; Cerithiopsis barleei v. alias Marshall; Eulima perminima Jeff. (?); Fusus consimilis Marshall; Fusus ebur Morch ; Odostomia delicata Monts. ; Odostomia multilirata Monts. ; and Odostomia verticalis Marshall ba ae oe 560 We CONTENTS. ILLUSERATIONS: IN- THE TEXT. Shell-Lobes in the Zonitide, fig. — — — fig. = — — fig. Genitalia in the Zonitidee, fig. 4 — — — fig. 5 Buliminus (Cerastus) featheri n.sp. — — boothi n.sp. Ennea orestias n.sp. a Buliminus (Zebrina) bibathoacts n.sp. Abnormal Radula of Vitrea lucida Drap. Distorted Anodonta cygneea L. : Pairing of Arion ater L. aye Ea Be ae Sev MLCT ET Double-mouthed Clausilia bidentata ... Latirus ernesti Melvill — (Peristernia) hesterze n.sp. — — jeanize n.sp. — — photiformis n.sp.... — praestantior Melvill ... — (Peristernia) sowerbyi Melvill Dart of Helix undata Lowe .. Track of Limax flavus L. Go N = Vil. - 97; 98 118, 119 161 169 170 171 173 174 176 210 321 SPECIES AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. Buliminus (Cerastus) featheri Tomlin... — — boothi Tomlin ... Ennea orestias Tomlin Buliminus (Zebrina) libbahensis Tonalin Pecten islandicus Miill. var. scotica Simpson... Venus fasciata da C. var. pallida Simpson Clausilia cravenensis Taylor var. albina Dean Latirus (Peristernia) hesterze Melvill — — jeanize Melvill . Gs o — liratulus Melvill (hew name for Bevictemnie ee Bese) — — photiformis Melvill Cerithiopsis barleei Jeff. var. interrupta Marshall Fusus propinquus Alder var. levis Marshall ... — — — var. howsei Marshall Fusus consimilis Marshall Donax variegatus Gmel. var. aurea Headland, Clathurella anceps Eichw. var. soluta Marshall — linearis Mont. var. minor Marshall Pleurotoma brachystoma Phil. var. alba Marshall Marginella dautzenbergi Tomlin and Shackleford — chalmersi Tomlin and Shackleford ... Utriculus tomlinianus Marshall Helicella heripensis Mab. var. lutescens Kendall and var. “alitieans Rendell: Vill. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH LIST. MARINE. Pecten islandicus Miiller var. scotica Simpson ... Venus fasciata daC. var. pallida Simpson Solariella ottoi Phil. Eulima subumbilicata Jeff. ... Bela cirrata Brug. Bullinella alba Brown var. aatiecia Beck Atretia gnomon Jeff. Cerithiopsis barleei Jeff. var. Antterrastia Marchal Fusus gracilis daC. var. glabra Verkr. ~—- propinquus Alder var. levis Marshall — — — var. howsei Marshall... — consimilis Marshall : Donax variegatus Gmel. var. tristis B., D. & D. — var. laeta B., D. & D. — -- -— var. aurea Wieodenel Clathurella anceps Eichw. var. soluta Marshall — linearis Mont. var. minor Marshall Pleurotoma brachystoma Phil. var. alba Marshall Utriculus tomlinianus Marshall LAND AND FRESHWATER. Pseudanodonta elongata Hol. Unio sinuatus Lam. id Clausilia cravenensis asilon v var. albiea Dean Helix aspersa Miiller var. glabra Calcara Pseudanodonta rothomagensis Loc. Valvata macrostoma Steenb. Helicella heripensis Mabille — — var. lutescens Kendall — — var. albicans Kendall 12, OCTOBER, 1912. page 114, 115, 285, 110 IIL 112 113. 326 339 115 189 224 225 226 229 244 244 245 297 299 393 334 - 138 142 146 217 274 316 345 345 346 N.B.—Owing to an unfortunate oversight, pages 19: and 192 haye been duplicated in this volume. Wor 213) aye JANUARY Ist, 1910. [No. 1. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R.LEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK, STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE RoAp, Hotty Houss, ALEXANDRA Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. PAGE Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland I List of Officers and Council for 1909-10 ee Hi 20) 6 2 List of Members: ... es a ee an sia feo if, 3 Bibliography hs : es 206 10 Notes on the Land and eae Monae of Sou waite J. WILLIAMS VAUGHAN _... ist II Note on Decollated Shells—J. FE. Coark ER Kia es 506 506 14 Pisidium supinum A. Schmidt in Bucks.—J. E. Cooper... as 14 Assemania grayana in East Suffolk—J. E. COOPER ... p00 36 14 Crepidula fornicata L. on the Lincolnshire Coast—W. GYNGELL ... 14 Hygromia rufescens m. sinistrorsum at Peterborough—W. GYNGELL 14 Non-Marine Mollusca found in the Parish of Mottehoes N. Devon— M. JANE LONGSTAFF ae Ss 15 Proceedings : Oct. 16, 1909 (Annual Mecenaye we 10, 1909 ste 24 pee LONDON: DuLau & Co., 37, SoHo SQUARE, W, LEEDS: Tayior Bros..SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHERratTT & HUGHES, St. Ann’s St. BERLIN : FrIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It. TO DIRECTORS OF MUSEUMS . AND Va COLLECTORS. TOR SAT a WORLD-WIDE COLLECTION OF LAND SHELLS, Representing Twenty-Eight Years’ Collecting by the late GENERAL EVEZARD, of the Bombay Army, at a cost of £2,000, irrespective of Exchanges with Friends and Personal Collecting in Western India. SOME THOUSANDS OF SPECIES NAMED AND LOCALIZED. All specimens preserved in glass-topped boxes, tubes, or mounted on micro-sections. THE ENTIRE COLLECTION ARRANGED IN SIX ees ACCOMPANIED BY MS. LIST. TO BE SOLD EN BLOC. OFFERS CONSIDERED. | AppLty TO GEOLOGIST, c/o THE Eprror, 42, ALEXANDRA ROAD, READING. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Gentleman travelling in these Islands will be glad to make COLLECTIONS OF MARINE, LAND, AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. For Terms, apply to A. A. JACKSON, 5, Thistle Street, EDINBURGH. EXCHANGE COLUMN. ANTED: Cyprzea, in exchange for Cyprza, Conus, Oliva, ete. E.R. SHOPLAND, St. Benedicts, South Lowestoft. ESTACELLA scutulum, Actcula lineata, Helix lamellata, H. Susca, Eumargarita helicina, Adeor bis subcarinatus, etc., offered for species not in collection. ar A. HARGREAVES, 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough. FFERED: Vetrea lucida, Helix virgata var. leucozona, var. rufulozonata, var. nigrescens, H. fusca, Limnea glutinosa, A. cygnea, etc. Wanted : Marine or other shells. Lists exchanged.—J. W. Bout, 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull. OR EXCHANGE : Ayalinia lucida, Paludestrina jenkinst, and var. carinata, Paludestvina ventrosa, for varieties of Land Shells not in my collection. — A. J. Moore, 9, Brook Street, Hull. ANTED: Pleurotomide, Pyramidellidz, Triforis, Rissoina.—J. R LE Be TOMLIN, 42, Alexandra Road, Reading. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. VoL. 13. JANUARY, 1910. No. 1. CONSTITUTION OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 1.—This Society shall be called “ Tbe Conchological Society of Great Britain and Frelanod.” 2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold- ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec- tions illustrative of the science. 3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members. 4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay- ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what- ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society with a view to their publication in the Journal. 5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society. 6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members. 7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian, an Editor, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. Any two of the following offices may be held by one person, viz. :—Treasurer, Secretary, Curator, Recorder, Librarian, and Editor. The President and Secretary of the Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officzo, also be members of the Council of the Society. 8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and the President is expected to give an address. A 2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, I9IO. 9.--The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings as they may think desirable. 10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings. 11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at tue previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the ensuing year. 12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members, appointed at a previous meeting. 13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the Council. 14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the Society. 15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned. The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings, due on the Ist January in each year. Bo R. LUCAS: LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1909-10910. PRESIDENT : LigeuT.-CoLt. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : EDWARD COLLIER. | Cc. E. WRIGHT. JOHN W. TAYLOR. HON. TREASURER: | HON. SECRETARY : 1%, IDS BOS WOCIK Rev. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD. HON. EDITOR: HON. LIBRARIAN: J. R. LE BROCKTON TOMLIN, M.A., | J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S. F.E.S. HON. CURATOR: | HON. RECORDER: ROBERT STANDEN. FREDERICK TAYLOR. COUNCIL: i, Cy SAMwWIMne. Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, R. WELCH, M.R.1I.A. M.A., F.R.S.E. Wie 18, JRIOWILIB,, IME. IDSC; CHARLES OLDHAM. J. W. BALDWIN. LEEDS BRANCH. LONDON BRANCH. PrEsiDENT, Pror. GARSTANG, M.A,, D.Sc. | PresipenT, REv.CanonJ.W.HORSLEY,M.A. Hon. Secrerary - F. BOOTH. Hon. SECRETARY : J. E. COOPER. LIST OF MEMBERS. Corrected to Dec. 17th, 1909. (With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = T.ife Member; P = has filled 1889. 1889. 1889. 1897. 1878. 1905. 1906. 1889. 1889. 1905. 1903. 1906. the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered). HONORARY MEMBERS. (Limited to ten in number). Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, 6 Malmogade, Copenhagen. Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris. Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, ID), Cog WoSeAXs Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main. Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53, Boulevard Léopold Grand, Ghent, Belgium. Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch. Strebel, Dr. Hermann, Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg. ORDINARY MEMBERS. Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering. Adams, F. E., St. Milburga’s, Kingsland, Shrewsbury. 1885. P Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey. 1895. 1908. 1907. 1907. 1908. 1897. 1899. 1907. 1907. 1905. 19OI. 1904. 1904. IQOI. 1897. 1899. 1897. 1895. 1897. 1907. 1899. 1904. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend. Bacchus, A. D. R., National Provincial Bank of England, Exeter. Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A. Baker, Mrs. A. L., 167, Hoddle Street, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia. Balch, F. N., 60. State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Baldwin, Joseph W., 61, Queen Street, Bromley Cross, near Bolton, Lancs. Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvi®, Paris. Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants. Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, R. Scuola Tecnica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy. Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Rodwell Hall, Trowbridge Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Elill, London, N. Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Ryecroft Manse, 7, Brook Street, Gloucester. Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire. Bles, Edward J., M.A , D.Se., The Mill House, Iffley, Oxford. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands. Bloomer, H. H., 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester. Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks. 4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, 1910. 1884. Bostock, Edwin D., Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire. 1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull. 1897.Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 7, The Square, Carshalton, Surrey. 1908. Brainerd, Mrs. H. D., Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A. 1879. *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curagoa House, 82, Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S. W. 1909. Brindley, G. W., Milford, near Derby. 1900 Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester. 1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere. 1905. Bromehead, C. N., Beverston Rectory, Tetbury. 1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., Englemoor, Heath- side Road, Woking, Surrey. 1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal. 1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull. 1906. Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings. 1902. Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California. 1891. Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne. 1906. Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., 73, Elsham Road, Kensington, W. 1893. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh. 191. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs. 1878. PCash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax. 1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering. 1892. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester. 1905. Charnley, Jas. Roland, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston. 1895. P Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport. 1889. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., The Blue House, Chignal St. James, Chelmsford, Essex. 1904. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. 1906. Climenson, Mrs. E. T., Shiplake Grange, Henley-on-Thames. 1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Balure, Perth. 1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester. 1898. PZ Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S., North Road, Berkhamsted. 1897. Cook, Rev. Thomas, Cliff College, Calver, near Sheffield. : T901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts. 1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, Highgate. London, N. 1890. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. 1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks. 1879. Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W. 1904. Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey. 1899. Darnbrough, Frederick, 12, West End Terr., Yarm Rd., Stockton-on-Tees. 1897. Z Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue del’ Université, Paris. 1909. Dawes, L., Hambledon, Hants. 1898. Dean, J. Davy, 84, Dale Street, Lancaster. 1909. Dickson, Robert Cecil, Dalnousie Villa, Carnoustie, N.B. 1909. Diver, Cyril, Priory House, Dover College, Dover. 1892. Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston, Lancs. 1907. Dupont, Evenor, Mauritius. : 1908. Idgar, H. F., 14, Woodside Park Gardens, North Finchley, N. 1895. Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd., Leicester. LIST OF MEMBERS. 5 190r. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester. 1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone. 1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Endclitfe Crescent, Sheffield. 1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire. 1901. Fnsor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness. 1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh. 1897.2 Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. 1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick. 1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks. 1890. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 73, Redbourne Street, Hull. 1909. Fisher, Mrs., Higham, Bassenthwaite Lake, Cockermouth. 1884. Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent. 1898. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., The Cottage, Lympstone, S. Devon. 1906. Fogerty, Harry, Edenville, Ballinacurra, Limerick. 1905. Foster, Miss Amy C. S., 45, Belsize Square, London, N.W. 1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle. 1904. Frew, Dr. Alexander, 12, St. James’ Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. 1906. Freyberg, Cuthbert, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand. 1892. Fulton, Hugh, River Side, Kew, near London. 1907. Z Gabriel, Charles J., 293, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia. 1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington. 1908. Gill, Mrs. A. E., 2, Stanley Bank, Steven Street, Stretford. 1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 1897. P Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S.,etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming. 1906. Gomez, A. da Costa, 23, Clifton Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1902. Gower, Harry D., 55, Benson Road, Croydon. 1904. Gray, Arthur A., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 1905. Green, Wm. A., 4, Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park, Belfast. 1904. Grierson, P. H., Kilcarberry House, Clondalkin, Dublin. 1906. Grint, Miss Grace M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N. 1907. Gripper, F. Il., Springfield, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells. 1901. Gubbins, Mrs., Westward Ho!, N. Devon. 1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 45, West Hill Road, Wandsworth, london, S.W. 1886. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. 1907. Gwyer, C. D., 303, Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1907. Gyngell, Walter, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough. 1909. Haas, Fritz, Zoological Institute, Heidelberg, Germany. 1905. Hainsworth, Sam, 60, George Street, Saltaire. 1906. *Hall, C. M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N. 1895. Hann, Rev. Adam, Kingarth, Radcliffe, Manchester. 1895. Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1887. lJlargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough. 1907. Harrington, Chas. P., Langlands, King’s Avenue, Clapham Park, London, S. W. 1909. Harrison, Richard, 19, Allen Street, Hulme, Manchester. 1904. Harrison, Russell C., 117, Tooting Bec Rd., Upper Tooting, London, S. W. 1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks. 1887. Harvard, T. Mawson, 4, Queen’s Leaze, Forest Hill, London, S.E. 1907. Hawkins, H. L., University College, Reading. 6 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, 1910. 1903. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham. 1887. Heathcote, Wm. Ienry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs. 1907. Henderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1896. Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool. 1887. Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby. j 1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon. 1895. Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester. 1893. Hill, John, Pike’s Villa, Little Eaton, near Derby. 1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 19c7._ Hindley, k. T., Challis, 112, Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea. 1906. Hlirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan. 1891. Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E. 1907. Horwood, A. k., Ivanhoe, Gwendolen Road, Leicester. 1907. Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth. 1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent. 1892. Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham Gardens, London, S. W. 1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. 1895. Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester. 1909. Huggins, Henry C., 13, Clarence Place, Gravesend. 1905. Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds. 1901. Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1891. Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 1904. Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, London, N. 1906. Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 1908. Jolliffe, J. E. A., 8, Dorchester Road, Weymouth. 1894. Jones, Kenneth Hurlstone, M.B., F.L.S., R.N. Barracks, Portsmouth. 1901. Jukes Browne, A. J., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Road, Torquay. 1907. Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., 88, King Richard’s Road, Leicester. 1897. Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent. 1902. Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, London, S. W. 1897. Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Kichmond, Melbourne, Victoria. 1889. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth. 1901. Laidlaw, F.F.,M.A.,Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C. 1899. Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea. 1879. Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex. 1894. Lawson, Peter, Jesmond Dene, 87, Finlay St., Fulham, London, S.W. 1905. Laycock, John, Sidney, Manitoba, Canada. 1900. Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland. 1906. Letson Bryan, Mrs. Elizabeth, Sc.D., Box 38, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islds. 1899. Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town. 1909. Linton, Mrs., Ye Olde Mill House, Castle Hill, Northallerton. 1897.2 Lodder, Miss Mary, 193, George Street, Launceston, Tasmania. 1908. Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., Highlands, Putney Heath, London, S.W. 1895. Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, London, W. 1898. Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire. 1891. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire, Se ee 1889. 1903. 1885. 1886. 190%, 1884. 1885. 1887. 1906. LIST OF MEMBERS. 7 MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield. McKean, Kenneth, Lambridge Lodge, St. Saviours Road, Bath. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon. Madison. James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Worcestershire. Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., Knyghtwood, St. Martin’s, Guernsey. Marshall, J. T., Herbert Villa, Prince of Wales Road, Bournemouth. Marshall, Arthur G., 66, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. 1887. Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 1904. 1905. 1889. Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin. Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk. 1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Seen 1909. 1891. 1904. 1907. 1909. 1906. Mercer, Jas. W., 13, King Street, Keone: Middleton, Ronen Sheepscar Foundry, Leeds. Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast. Milner, Miss Lucinda, Clevelands, Ellesmere Park, Eccles, Manchester. Milton, J. W., Harrison House, Crosby. 5 Monterosato, I] Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio, Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily. 1902. Moore, Chas. H., 5, Mill Street, Stocks Lane, Stalybridge. 1908. 1907. 1891. 196. 1907. 1905. 1903. 1887. 1891. Moore, Albert J., 9, Brook Street, Hull. Morey, Frank, F.L.S., Elm Grove, Newport, Isle of Wight. Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-[yne. Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand. Musham, J. F., 53, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks. Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford. Nash, P. B., Bruce Mines, Algona, Ont., Canada. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, London, E. Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, London, W. 1891. Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F-R.S., etce., The Red 1903. Igo. 1887. 1899. 1896. House, Berkhamsted. Northey, Rev. A. E., M.A., Lisworney, Torquay. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol. Oldham, Charles, Essex House, Wellington Road, Watford. Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast. Overton, Harry, 18, Tudor Road, Sutton Coldfield. 1905.Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan. 1903. 1900. 1904. 1902. 1886. 19o!. 1907. 1908. 1906. Pace, S., Milneholme, Hounslow. Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey. Parritt, H. W., 8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, London, N. Pattison, Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire. Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro. Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs. Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork. Plant, James R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester. 8 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, 1910. 1904. Platt, Thos. H., 52, Bishop Street, Moss Side, Manchester. 1886. Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W. 1905. Poole, W. G., South Lawn, Godalming. 1895. Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales. 1903. Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Llawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham. 1897. Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 53, West Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 1907. Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex. 1906. 1 Pritchard, G. b., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria. 1906. Z Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent. 1896. Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester. 1899. Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pillai Street, Triplicane, Madras, 5. India. 1906. MReynell, Alexander, Caerleon, Whyteleafe Road, Caterham. 1905. Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A. 1905. Reynolds, W. G., 15, Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N. 1896. Rhodes, John, F.E.S., 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington, Lancs. 1900. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall. 1906. Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 1898. Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere. O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 1907. Rolle, Hermann, Koniggratzer Str. 89, Berlin, S.W. 1901. Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 14, St. George’s Place, Brighton. 1905. Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk. 1893. Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh. 1892. Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S. W. 1908. Rumney, Thos., Watford Lodge, New Mills, near Stockport. 1906. Salisbury, Albert E., 64, Pemberton Gardens, Highgate, London, N. 1877. Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin. 1906. Schepmann, M. M., Bosch en Duin, Huister Heide, Utrecht, Holland. 1895. Z Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesfield. 1886. Scott, Thomas, LL.D., F.L.S., 280, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen. 1893. Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool. 1907. Shaer, Isidore, B.A., 25, Darlington Street; Cheetham Hill, Manchester. 1906. Sharp, C. J., M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool. 1904. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton. 1906. Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull. 1906. Shopland, Commander E. R., St. Benedict’s, Carlton Road, Lowestoft. 1895. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, London, W. 1896. Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire. 1906. Sikes, F. H., M.A., Woodstone, Rochester, Kent. 1905. Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen. 1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Wressel Lodge, Wimbledon Common, near London. 1886. ? Smith, Edgar A., 1.S.O., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. ; 1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter. 1899. / Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester. 1907. Smith, Maxwell, c/o Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co. (of New York), 41, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. 1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, London, S.W. ee a eee a ee ee ee ee ee Oe ay eee ——S LIST OF MEMBERS. 9 1900. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent. 1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., River Side, Kew, near London. 1907. Spence, G. C., 27, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs. 1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey. 1886. Standen, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1903. Stelfox, A. W., Delamere, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast. 1906. Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey. 1908. Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge. 1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D:, F.R.S.L.,; Arnside, Prestwich Park, Manchester. 1885. Z Storey, J. A., B.A., Mafeking Villa, Locking Road, Weston-super-Mare. 1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Priory Lodge, 16, New Walk, Leicester. 1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford. 1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, Polefield, Blackley, Manchester. 1906. Suter, Henry, Haslett Street, Eden Terrace, Auckland, New Zealand. 1895. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey. 1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., Fairoaks, Addlestone, Surrey. 1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs. 1907. Taylor, G. H., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester. 1897. Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., St. Matthew’s Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia. 1904. Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood. 1907. Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton. OP Taylor, John W., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds. 1901. Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand. 1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. 1908. Thomas, Rev. R. E., M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury. 1907. Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton. 1886. Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton, M.A., Stoneley, 42, Alexandra Road, Reading. 1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., St. Pierre, Victoria Parade, Deal. 1907. Upton, Charles, Homebush, Instow, N. Devon. 1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, vza Hereford. 1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris. 1902. Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N. 1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea. 1891. Walker, Bryant, 205, Moffat Building, Ietroit, Michigan, U.S.A. 1907. Wallis, E. A., Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough. 1g05. Walton, H. Maurice, Goodburne House, Richmond, Yorks. 1909. Ward, J. S. M., B.A., The Whym, Gomshall, Surrey. 190). Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge. 1886. P Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.L.S., etc., 11, Strathearn Pl., Edinburgh. 1908. Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, London, N. 1900. Webb, Walter F., 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A. 1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast. 1907. Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. ie) TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, IQIO. 1905. Whitehead, William, 26, High Street, Stalybridge. 1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., Brookside, Darley Knowle, Warwickshire. 1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool. 1906. Williams, Mrs. A. L., 593, Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IIl., U.S.A. 1906. Winkworth, John F., 290, Burdett Road, London, E. 1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. 1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs. 1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. 1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, London, W. 1903. Worsdale, R., 163, Dudley Road, Grantham. 1906. Wragge, Clement L., F.R.G.S., etc., 26, Jasper Road, Upper Norwood, London, S.E. 1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering. BIBLIOGRAPHY. (LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN). ‘‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” by JoHN W. Tay or (part 16, pp. 145-224 [not 244 as on cover] and § plates). Part 16 gives us the conclusion of Zonztzda, the Endodontide, and the beginning of Helictde. Mr. Taylor does not transfer Sphyradium to the Endodontide, as some authors now do, and presumably retains it in the Pupzde. Dr. Pilsbry’s arrangement is followed throughout, and it is a matter for great satisfaction that we have at length a universally accepted system of classification for the Helzczde and allied families. Considerable space in this part is devoted to brief notices of our fossil species, and a rather fuller account is given of Pyramzdula ruderata Studer on the chance of its still surviving in some of the unexplored parts of Scot- land. How problematical is the position of many of these fossil snail shells may be judged from the fine Oligocene species psezdoglobosa d’Orb., which has been variously referred tothe genera Heltcostyla or Thersites, while Pilsbry suggests a relationship to He/ix pomatia. Judging by Mr. Taylor’s figures, the shape of immature examples seems to negative the last suggestion ; adults certainly remind one of Australian shells of the /raserz and zncez type. The illustrations are as admirable as ever, and we should like to call special attention to the coloured plate of Vetvina and Hyalinia. We have never seen individuals of the latter genus so successfully depicted. Among the Vtrine three figures are given of V. hibernica Taylor. 11 NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH WALES. By JOHN WILLIAMS VAUGHAN. (Read before the Society, January 13th, 1909). WHEN the last edition of the “‘ Census of the British Land and Fresh- water Mollusca” was issued 1n 1902, very little seems to have been known of South Wales, and with the exception of those for the counties of Glamorgan and Pembroke the lists were very meagre, consisting of 24 species for Breconshire, 12 only for Radnorshire, 25 for Carmarthenshire, and 24 for Cardiganshire. Since that time I have done what I could to show that South Wales is much richer in mollusca than would appear from these lists. I have done nothing in Glamorganshire. In Pembrokeshire I do not think there is much more to be done since the very complete list of ‘Tenby and Neigh- bourhood Land and Freshwater Shells” was read before the Society on the 14th February, rgoo. I have, however, had the pleasure of adding one species to this list, viz: Ver/igo pygmca, of which I found a specimen under a stone near Gumferston. My principal researches have been confined to Breconshire and Radnorshire. Breconshire now has 64 records, and Radnorshire 47. In Carmarthenshire I have had two days’ collecting at Laugharne, and also some time in the neighbourhood of Llandovery. I have added 1g species to the Census. In Cardiganshire my researches have been confined entirely to the neighbourhood of Borth and Aberystwith, which seems to me to be a very poor locality for mollusca. I have only added four species to the list, making the very meagre total of 28. I hope next year to try the southern part of the county, and to bring it a little more into line with its five sister counties. I have to thank Messrs. C Oldham, F. Taylor, and J. W. Taylor for their kindness in verifying my finds, and also Mr. Roebuck for his assistance with the slugs. BRECONSHIRE AND RADNORSHIRE. Arion ater (L.).—Common everywhere. var. brunnea Roebuck.—Near Erwood village. var. aterrima Taylor.—Occurs on all the hills. Arion subfuscus (Drap.).—In a wood in Crickadarn parish, and the Darran Wood, Radnorshire. var. Cinereofusca Drap.—Llaneglws Grouse Hill, Breconshire. Arion hortensis Fér.—Common. Arion intermedius Norm.—Fairly common under stones. var. grisea Roebuck.—Near Pant Llyn Pool, Gwenddwr. I took a specimen of this mollusk on Llaneglws Grouse Moor, at an ie JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, Igio. altitude of over 1,000 feet, on peaty soil. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck says: “This is a most interesting record as it extends the altitudinal range to over 1,000 feet, and the habitat to peaty ground.” Arion circumscriptus Johnston.—Common in both counties. Limax maximus L.—Occurs in both counties, but is not very abundant. var. obScura Mogq.-Tan.—Gwenddwr, Breconshire. var. miilleri Mog.-Tan.—Cafan-ttwm-bach, Radnor. var. nigra Dum. & Mort.—Breconshire. var. fasciata Moq.-Tan.—Llangorse, Gwenddwr, Breconshire. Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. var. luctuosa Mogq.-Tan.— One specimen, near Aberedw, Radnorshire. Limax flavus L.—One specimen in Brecon on the pavement in Free Street. Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant.—Very plentiful on tree trunks and under stones. var. alpestris L. & P.—Near Pant Llyn Pool, Gwenddwr. var. obscura Moq.-Tan.— Upper Llaneglws, Gwenddwr. var. bettonii Sordelli.m—Aberedw Rocks, Radnorshire. Agriolimax agrestis (L.).—Much too plentiful everywhere. var. reticulata Moq.-Tan.—Near Aberedw, Radnorshire. Agriolimax levis Miiller.—Only in one locality, viz: The island in Llangorse Lake, where it occurs in considerable numbers under stones and on flags and reeds in company with Zovztoides nitidus. Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller).—Plentiful on island in Llangorse Lake. Punctum pygmzum (Drap.).—In moss, Cwmbach Dingle, Glasbury, Radnorshire. Balea perversa (L.).—My son, Mr. J. C. A. Vaughan, found a specimen on a tree trunk in a small wood close to the Wye, near Erwood, Breconshire. Azeca tridens (Pult.).— One specimen, Skreen Darran, near Erwood Station, Radnorshire. Carychium minimum Miiller.—In moss, Gwenddwr and Crick- adarn, under stones on Llangorse Island, Breconshire, and under stones in Cwmbach Dingle, Radnorshire. Planorbis spirorbis (I..).—Very plentiful and fine in a ditch running into Llangorse. I have not yet found it in Radnorshire. Planorbis carinatus Miiller.—The same remarks apply to this species. VAUGHAN: MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH WALES. 13 Planorbis contortus (L.).—Very plentiful in Llanbucklyn Pool, Radnorshire, and sparingly among water-lilies at the lower end of Llangorse Lake. Planorbis glaber Jeff. —A few inasmallstream, about half a mile from Llangorse Lake. Limnza palustris (Miiller).—Very plentiful, but of small size in Llangorse Lake. Physa fontinalis (L.).—I have found a few in Llangorse Lake, but they are scarce and very small. Unio pictorum (L.).—Very abundant in a pool near Glasbury, one of a chain of pools which mark an old course of the river Wye ; also in Llangorse Lake. Pisidium amnicum (Miiller).— var. laviuscula Moq.-Tan.—This var. seems to be the only form of this shell found in Llangorse. Pisidium obtusale Pfr.—Very abundant in Llangorse Lake. Pisidium gassiesianum Dup.—A few in the pools at Glasbury. CARMARTHENSHIRE. Arion ater (L.).—Very abundant everywhere. Arion subfuscus (Drap.).—Common at Laugharne. Arion hortensis Fér.—Abundant. Arion intermedius Normand.—Laugharne. Milax sowerbyi (Fér.).—Under stones at Laugharne. Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant.—In a wood on the Towy, near Llandovery. Vitrea lucida (Drap.).—Laugharne. Vitrea cellaria (Miiller).—Near Llandovery. Vitrea alliaria (Miller).—Llandovery. Vitrea radiatula (Alder).—In moss on road-side. Vitrea pura (Alder).—Parish of Llandeusant. Vitrea crystallina (Miiller).—Near Llangatdog. Pyramidula rotundata (Miiller).—Common everywhere. Acanthinula aculeata (Muller).—In moss, Laugharne. Carychium minimum Miiller— In moss, Laugharne and Llanwnda. Planorbis spirorbis (L.).—Common, Laugharne Marshes, and in a pond at Llanwnda Station. Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin).—Abundant, Laugharne Marshes -and Llanwnda. Pisidium gassiesianum Dup.—Laugharne Marshes. 14 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, I9QI0O. PEMBROKESHIRE. Vertigo pygmza (Drap.).—Gumferston, near Tenby. CARDIGANSHIRE. Planorbis spirorbis (L.).—Common in Borth Marsh, and near Aberystwith. Planorbis crista (L ).—Abundant in pools at Borth. Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin).—Borth Marsh and pool near Aberystwith. Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.—Pool, near Aberystwith. Note on Decollated Shells. —When collecting near Southwold this summer I met with many decollated specimens of Bithynta tentaculata, B. leachiz, and Limnea peregra in brackish ditches near the river Blyth. The decollation was most marked in Bzthynia tentaculata, some shells being reduced to 24 or 3 whorls; many specimens were also badly eroded. The shells of Zémmea peregra were also much eroded and very thin. In most cases the animals were in poor condition, from which I deduce that the deformity was due to the saltness of the water. Spherium lacustre was plentiful and large in some of these brackish ditches, but S. corneum was absent. Among the Zzmna@a peregra was one scalariform speci- men.—J. E. Cooper (Read before the Society, Sept. 8th, 1909). Pisidium supinum A. Schm. in Bucks.—Among some /%s¢d7a collected in the Colne at Iver, Bucks., are a few P. supinum. They were living in mud. This species seems to be found only in running water, and the finest examples live in sand.—J. E. Cooper (Read before the Society, Sept. 8th, 1909). Assemania grayana in East Suffolk.—As this shell has been found very sparingly in Suffolk hitherto (see Journal of Conchology, xiil., p. 281), it may be worth noting that it lives in abundance on the banks of the Blyth near Blythburgh. In size these specimens equal the finest I have from Sandwich and the Thames, and in colour they are superior, some of them being unicolorous of a deep claret-red tint.—]. E. Cooper (Read before the Soctety, Sept. 8th, 1909). Crepidula fornicata L. on the Lincolnshire Coast.—I found some twenty specimens, dead shells, somewhat worn, of this interesting mollusc on the shore at Cleethorpes, early this year.—WALTER GYNGELI (Head before the Soctety, Sept. 8th, 1909). Hygromia rufescens m. sinistrorsum at Peterborough.—Having an hour only at my disposal in this city last month, I found the above in a nettle-bed within a mile of the railway station. Though a dead shell, it is full grown, regularly and otherwise perfectly formed. As usual with sinistral monstrosities, further care- ful search revealed no further specimens. —W. GYNGELL (Read before the Soctery, Sept. 8th, 1909). 15 NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA FOUND IN THE PARISH OF MORTEHOE, NORTH DEVON. By M. JANE LONGSTAFF, F.L.S. (Read before the Society, February roth, 1909). IN 1907 a preliminary list of the non-marine mollusca collected in the parish of Mortehoe was given at the end of my husband’s list of the Insecta taken in the district.._ These mollusca were found be- tween September 9th and October roth, 1906, and between August gth and September 30th, 1907. I have revised this list, and am adding the names of specimens found between July 18th and the end of September, 1908. It happened that during both the earlier periods a dry east wind prevailed for a considerable time, especially during September, 1907, and I generally find that land mollusca are extremely shy of showing themselves when the wind is from that quarter. During my collecting time in 1908 every variety of weather was experienced, but the period was chiefly characterised by the prevalence of high winds, sometimes amounting to gales. , The parish of Mortehoe occupies the north-west corner of Devon- shire, and extends about three-and-a-half miles from north to south, and about three miles from east to west ; it contains 4,246 acres, and has a coast-line of about five miles. The north-eastern corner of the parish extending like a horn almost severs the western end of the parish of Ilfracombe; but, for the purpose of this paper, this, the ancient manor of Warcombe (lying between Lee and Bull Point Lighthouse) is treated as part of Mortehoe; the same is the case with the slopes of Pickwell Down (in the parish of George Ham) lying above Vention. The character of the district cannot be regarded as favourable to the existence of a large number of mollusca, both on account of its bleakness and its geological structure. A great portion has a con- siderable elevation, being more than 500 feet above the sea—the highest point attaining 688 feet—and is, therefore, much exposed. The prevalence of slates (Morte) and sandstones (Pickwell), the absence of limestone, and the scarcity of woods, form great hind- rances to many land forms finding suitable habitats, though the extensive dunes along the shore afford a wide range to the sand and sea-loving species. Aquatic species do not fare much better, for there is no river, the streams are very small and mostly swift-flowing, and there are but few stagnant ponds or ditches. 1 Printed for private circulation Nov., 1907. 16 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I3, NO. I, JANUARY, I9QI0. All the ponds from which shells have been collected are connected with streams which run into them, and after a more or less short course flow into the sea. With regard to the streams at Borough, both that running from the pond, and the distinct one at some little distance off, join a larger stream which falls into the sea at Lee. It may be noted that P. personatum occurs both in the pond and in the stream at Borough, whereas P. caserfanum has only been found | in the stream. The stream which runs into the sea near Bennetts- Mouth flows from Damage Pond, and P. casertanum occurs in both. The small stream in Church Close, where P. personatum is the only form hitherto taken, rises in the field above and has a very short course of about one mile to the sea. It is somewhat remarkable that I have not met with a single species of Planorbis in the district, though they occur in the ditches at Braun- ton Burrows about six miles off. Inland the most abundant species are Helix nemoralis, H. aspersa, Vitrea cellaria, and Arion ater; near the sea, //. virgata on the sand dunes and walls; 47. aspersa also occurs on the latter, It has been thought advisable to include in the list several of the rarer species taken at Croyde, Braunton, and Ilfracombe, some of which have not been found in the parish. These are all placed in square brackets, as well as the notices of species found by other persons. The rocks at Croyde and Braunton being of more or less similar structure, though of later age, do not render that part more favourable for land shells, but the numerous nearly stagnant ditches harbour many aquatic species. Limestone (Devonian), however, occurs at Ilfracombe, which makes that neighbourhood much richer in land mollusca. As these have been so ably worked out by Messrs. Tomlin, Beeston, and Wright, very little reference has been made to recent finds there. I may state, however, that I found, as they noted, Pyramidula rotundata var, alba very abundant at Hele in July, 1908, but I only met with two dead specimens of Vitrea Jucida Drap. in Rapparee Lane. The number of species found is fifty-seven; of varieties, thirty- two. Of these, twelve species and one variety were only taken outside the strict limits of the parish. The nomenclature adopted is that of the Zest of British LNon- Marine Mollusca, prepared by B. B. Woodward, and published by the Conchological Society, 1904; with the exception of the genera described by J. W. Taylor in his Alonograph of the Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of the British Isles, 1908. I must acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. B. B. Woodward for kindly naming the /istdia; also-to Mr. Taylor, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, and Mr, F. Partridge for similar help with other specimens. LONGSTAFF : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MORTEHOE. 9 Limax maximus Linné.—Not frequent. Wall of church; Twitchen garden and wood. var. fasciata Moquin-Tandon.—Twitchen, on a tree in the wood. Identified by J. W. Taylor, and stated by him to be ‘ much redder than usual.” var. muilleri Moquin-Tandon.—Twitchen, two specimens under stones, one remarkably fine. Identified by W. Denison Roebuck. Limax cinereo-niger Wolf var. ornata Lessona. — Borough Wood. Confirmed by Mr. Taylor. Two specimens under logs. One large, nearly black, keel greyish-white, with a row of elongated grey spots on each side, and indications of a second row near the shield. The other specimen is smaller, has a brownish tinge, and two complete rows of spots on each side of the keel. This seems to be the first recorded instance of the species being found in Devon- shire. Also another specimen in 1908 by the Rev. C. Chichester in the same spot. It is not in the last Census of the British Land and Freshwater Mollusca by L. E. Adams, 1902, nor in the List of Non- Marine Mollusca in the Victoria History of Devon, 1906, nor in Taylor's Monograph. Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant.—Twitchen, wood. Numerous on trees, more especially on the deciduous ones; they occur in clusters on the bark under moss, in which they make a hole and which they loosen all round. Sometimes also in the armpits of branches of firs covered by bundles of needles. One example was observed on the wall of the house. Identified by Mr. Taylor. None were met with in September, 1907, it being apparently too dry. Very abundant in 19c8, in similar positions, and in addition two specimens were taken at Lee under stones. Agriolimax agrestis Linné.—Twitchen, Borough Wood, Lee, etc. Common everywhere. [Milax gagates Drap. Sannin Typical for Galken inden stones at the roots of herbage on the cliffs. Identified by Mr. Taylor. Not recorded from North Devon in the last Census, nor in the Victoria History, but given by Mr. Taylor from North Devon, p. 147 and p. 281]. var. plumbea Moquin-Tandon.— Borough Field. In 1908 three specimens were taken under stones, one in company with Avion ater, the others with Agriolimax agrestis. ‘Twitchen garden, another example undera stone. Identification confirmed by Mr. Roebuck. Milax sowerbii Férussac.—Twitchen, Lee. [Also Braunton Burrows, by Dr. G. B. Longstaff. One of the specimens from the latter place had a remarkably bright amber-coloured keel, and the shell tinged with the same colour]. B 1S JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, IQIO. sub-var. plumbea Collinge.—Fire Beacon Hill, in a hedge. Identified by F. Partridge. Vitrina pellucida Miiller—Twitchen Wood, Woolacombe Golf Links, Fire Beacon Hill at the roots of grass ina quarry. [Croyde, among moss on the sandhills. Braunton, by Mr. G. C. Champion]. Vitrea crystallina Miiller.—Twitchen, numerous in moss at the foot of trees, adjoining the garden; near Bennett’s Mouth, among moss; Borough Wood, two specimens found by the Rev. C..Chi- chester and given to me. Not in the last Census, and no locality recorded for it in the Victoria History. [Taken by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin on Lundy (/. of Conch., vol. xii.. 1908, p. 121)]. Vitrea cellaria Miuller.—Twitchen, Borough, Lee, etc. Common throughout the district under moss, dead leaves, logs of wood, and stones. There appear to be two varieties: one paler and flatter, the other deeper in colour and slightly more convex. Vitrea alliaria Miiller.— Twitchen, wood and near the reservoir, Borough Wood; near Bennett’s Mouth; Flagstaff Hill, Lee. [Croyde]. Not so abundant as V. cel/aria and V. nitidula. var. viridula Jeffreys.—Flagstaff Hill, Lee. ‘Three specimens taken under stones in an old quarry; they all smelt strongly of garlic, and one is remarkably fine, being fully 6 mm. in width. The animal was much paler in colour than typical examples, only the head and tentacles being dark grey. This variety does not appear to have been recorded previously from this neighbourhood. The only notice of its occurrence in North Devon I have met with is that of Mr. Taylor, who states that Mr. L. E. Adams found it at Countesbury in August, 1892 (0p. ciz., part 14, 1907, p. 62). Vitrea nitidula Drap.—Twitchen, Borough, Lee, etc. Common. var. nitens Mich.—In the same localities as the type and as frequent. [Ilfracombe]. Vitrea pura Alder.—Borough Wood. Two specimens, both white, taken by Dr. Longstaff in 1907. Confirmed by Mr. Taylor. Not in the last Census, and though recorded in the Victoria History, no locality is given. [Taken by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin at Hele and Combe Martin, /. of Conch., vol. v., 1887, p. 182]. Vitrea radiatula. Alder.—Lee, two under stones, and. another under a log in fields. Confirmed by Mr. Taylor. Rare, only three specimens, two alive, the other dead. [Braunton Burrows, one under a stone in a ditch. Croyde, one among damp moss]. Not in the last Census, nor the Victorti History. Yhe absence of this species from the district is especially remarked on in the latter work. [Zonitoides nitidus Miiller.— Braunton Burrows, one living specimen under a stone in a dried-up. ditch, Croyde, one dead LONGSTAFF : NON-MARINE MOLILUSCA OF MORTEHOE. 19 among damp moss. Not recorded in the last Census for North Devon. Messrs. Beeston and Wright found it scarce at Braunton Burrows, and Mr. Tomlin common on Lundy (/. ef Conch., vol. x1., 1904, p. 79, and vol. xii., 1908, p. 121). Ilfracombe is the only locality given for North Devon in the Victorta History’). [Euconulus fulvus Miiller.—Braunton Burrows, one specimen under a stone in the same ditch as the last. Messrs. Beeston and Wright found it rare at the same locality. Mr. Tomlin states that it is not uncommon on Lundy. Not recorded in the last Census. Ilfracombe is the only locality given for North Devon in the Victorta FTistory |. Arion ater Linné.—Twitchen. Abundant. var. aterrima Taylor.—Twitchen, garden. var. castanea Dum. and Mort.—Twitchen, garden; Borough Wood, under a log. The specimen from the garden has the body a darker shade and the fringe brighter than that from Borough. The latter confirmed by Mr. Taylor. var. plumbea Roebuck.—Twitchen, garden. One form pale grey all over the body, the other darker on the back, paler on the sides ; foot fringe of both orange. [var. succinea Miiller sub-var. melanocephala I érussac.— Rapparee Lane, Ilfracombe, one specimen found by Dr. Longstaff. I record the occurrence of this sub-variety though outside the district as it does not appear to have been previously noted from North Devon. Mr. Taylor, however, states that Miss D. Mason found the variety and its sub-var. /vida at Okehampton (of. ciz., part 11, 1905, p. 182)]. Arion subfuscus Drap.—Twitchen, garden and wood ; Borough Wood ; Lee; near Bennett’s Mouth. Under stones and logs. First specimen taken at Twitchen identified by Mr. J..W. Taylor and re- corded by him (of. ci¢., p. 287). ‘This species is not recorded from North Devon in the last Census, nor in the Victoria History. var. aurantiaca Locard.—Twitchen, donkey path, under a stone ; near Bennett’s Mouth, numerous young ones. [Ilfracombe]. Not previously recorded from North Devon. The last-named speci- men was confirmed by Mr. Roebuck. Arion intermedius Normand.—Borough, under a stone in a field, by Dr. Longstaff. Neither in the last Census, nor in the Victoria History from North Devon, but Mr. Taylor records the type from Westward Ho, and the vars. pallida Mogq.-Tand. and plumbea Collinge, from Okehampton (of. c¢., part 12, p. 246). - var. plumbea Collinge.—Near Bennett’s Mouth, in a boggy place. Both this and the type were confirmed by Mr. Roebuck. 20 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, I910. Arion hortensis Férussac.—Twitchen; Lee. Typical form, abundant under stones. ; Arion circumscriptus Johnston.—Twitchen, wood, among moss and dead leaves; near Bennett’s Mouth. Confirmed by Mr. Roebuck. [Sphyradium edentulum Drap.—Braunton Burrows, one dead specimen in a ditch. Stated to be common on Lundy by Mr. Tomlin (J. of Conch., vol. xii., p. 121)]. Pyramidula rotundata Miller.—Common everywhere. Helicella virgata Da Costa-—Woolacombe, Fire Beacon Hill, ete. [Croyde, Braunton Burrows]. Extremely common on the sand dunes and cliffs near the sea. ete var. leucozona Taylor. — Braunton Burrows, by Dr. G. B. Longstaff. Identified by Mr. F. Taylor. oa var. lutescens Mogq.-Tand.—Woolacombe. [Croyde]. var. rufulozonata Taylor.—Woolacombe. Identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. This is much darker than the other specimens, which are yellowish like the type. [Croyde]. var. albicans Grateloup.—Woolacombe. [Croyde]. var. subdeleta Cockerell.—Fire Beacon Hill ; Woolacombe ; Vention. Identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. Helicella caperata Montagu.—Twitchen, pateleng Woolacombe, sand dunes; Fire Beacon Hill; Bull Point Lighthouse; Lee. [| Croyde, Rheninion Burrows]. Wen common. var. Ornata Picard.—Woolacombe, golf-links; Borough; Lee. [ Croyde]. [m. sinistrorsum.— Woolacombe, sand dunes, Aug., 1904, E, Collier]. Helicella barbara Linné.—Woolacombe, sand dunes, ‘and walls near the shore. Numerous, but not widely distributed. var. strigata Menke.—Woolacombe, with the type. Hygromia hispida Linné [= e/x concinna Jeffreys |.—Twitchen, Borough. Not recorded in last Census from North Deyon, but taken by Messrs. Beeston, Wright, and Tomlin. var. hispidosa Mousson.—Woolacombe; Lee. [Braunton]. Hygromia rufescens Pennant.—Twitchen, strawberry beds, wood, etc. Abundant. var. rubens Mog.-Tand.—Twitchen, one specimen under a stone in the garden. var. albo-cincta Cockerell.—Twitchen. Frequent. var. alba Moq.-Tand.—Twitchen, one specimen on a wall in the garden, by Dr. Longstaff. [All the above varieties were also taken at Hele, Ilfracombe]. LONGSTAIIF : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MORTEHOR. 21 [Acanthinula aculeata Miiller.—Woolacombe. One specimen found by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin recorded in /. of Conch., vol. v., 1887, p. 182. The Rev. C. Chichester has also taken this species at Woolacombe and has given me specimens]. [Vallonia excentrica Sterkii—Croyde. Among the roots of grass at the base of a wall near the shore. This was erroneously recorded in 1907 as V. pulchella Miller. Mr. B. B. Woodward corrected the identification]. [Vallonia costata Miiller—Saunton. Among the roots of grass at the base of a wallina lane. Neither this form nor the preceding recorded in last Census, but Mr. F. Partridge exhibited specimens of this from Braunton at the meeting of the Midland Malacological Society, October, 1898]. Helix aspersa Miiller.—Twitchen, Woolacombe, etc. Abundant. var. grisea Mogq.-Cand.—Twitchen. Identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. A thin brownish-yellow shell, somewhat. translucent and almost unicolorous, the five bands being narrow and scarcely discernible. var. flammea Picard.—Twitchen, on walls; this with slight variations is the commonest form in the garden. var. ZOnata Moq.-Tand.—Woolacombe, on the sand dunes. [var. exalbida Menke.—Woolacombe. Recorded by H. Beeston and C, E. Wright (J. of Conch., vol. xi., 1904, p. 78)]. Helix nemoralis Linné.—Mortehoe, Woolacombe, etc. Abun- dant in the gardens and hedgerows. Specimens of a reddish or yellow colour with a single dark band are more numerous than those with several bands. My husband drew my attention to three. indi- viduals on Pinus insignis, apparently feeding on the flower buds. Helix hortensis Miiller.—Mortehoe; Lee. Abundant in garden and hedgerows. Specimens of a yellow colour with five brown bands are numerous. There also occur: var. /ufea Mogq.-Tand., without bands; var. arenicola MacGill. ; var. roseolabiata Taylor. Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller.—Twitchen; Fire Beacon Hill; lee; Woolacombe; etc. Widely distributed at the roots of grass and among moss. Jaminia cylindracea Da Costa.—Fire Beacon Hill; Woola- combe golf links; Lee, Flagstaff Hill. [Croyde; Braunton, by Dr. G. B. Longstaff and Mr. Champion]. Not in the last Census, and no locality given for it in the Victoria History. [Recorded from the neighbourhood by Messrs. Beeston, Wright, and Tomlin. The latter found it common on Lundy]. [Jaminia muscorum Linné.—Braunton Burrows, by Dr. Long- staff and Mr. Champion. I found another example there under a stone in 1908]. 22 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY, 1910. Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—Near Bennett’s Mouth, one speci- men on a stone. [Braunton Burrows, by Mr. Champion. Among Typha latifolia. Vertigo pygmza Drap —Fire Beacon Hill, on a wall. [ Braun- ton Burrows, by Mr. Champion]. . [Vertigo moulinsiana Drap.—Braunton Burrows, numerous, in a ditch on rushes. I am indebted to the Rev. C. Chichester for introducing me to this locality ]. Balea perversa Linné.—Twitchen, on the base of a wall in the garden ; also on trees in the adjoining wood. Rare. [Braunton Burrows, one on a wall; Mr. Tomlin records it as abundant on Lundy]. Clausilia bidentata Strom.—Twitchen; Borough; Woolecemise: Lee; etc. Common on trees, walls, stones, cay among moss. Succinea putris Linné.—Near Bennett’s Mouth. Numerous. Not recorded in the last Census. [Taken by Messrs. Beeston and Wright at Braunton]. var. subglobosa Jeffreys.—Identified by Mr. Taylor. Woola-. combe, on the leaves of Veronica beccabunga. [Saunton, on the leaves of Alisma plantago; Braunton Burrows, by Mr. Champion]. Most of the specimens are small. [Succinea oblonga Drap.— Braunton Burrows, numerous on ie ground. The Rev. C. Chichester kindly introduced me to this locality]. Carychium minimum Miller.— Near Bennett’s Mouth and Borough Wood, one specimen in each locality among moss. [Single examples taken in a ditch at Braunton Burrows, and in moss at Croyde]. Not recorded in the last Census, and no locality given for it in the Victoria History. Found by Mr. Tomlin at Hele, and by Mr. Oldham on Lundy (/. of Conch., vol. v., 1887, p. 183, and vol. Xil., 1908, p. 140). Ancylus fluviatilis Miller. — Twitchen, reservoir; Borough, stream; Lee, stream; Woolacombe, pond. Abundant. Limnza peregra Miiller.—Twitchen, pond in garden ; sluice near station. [Saunton and Braunton, ditches]. Abundant. ; var. boissii Duprey.—Woolacombe, pond and stream. Shells small. Identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. var. vulgaris Mogq.-Tand.—Borough pond, numerous. Identi- fied by Mr. J. W. Taylor. All the specimens are decollated, and the erosion begins when they are quite young. [Limnza palustris Miiller.—Braunton, by Mr. Champion ; also taken there by Messrs. Beeston and Wright. Not in the last Census]. LONGSTAFF : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MORTEHOER. 23 Limnza truncatula Muller.—Borough ; Woolacombe, on the leaves of /ris pseudacorus. |Braunton by Mr. Champion]. var. minor Mogq.-land.—Borough, at the edge of little streams. Numerous. Confirmed by Mr. J. W. Taylor. {[Planorbis spirorbis Miller var. leucostoma.—This variety was identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. Braunton, by Mr. Champion. Not in last Census, and though recorded in Victoria History, no locality is given. The species was also found at the same place by Messrs. Beeston and Wright]. Pomatias elegans Miiller [= Cyc/ostoma Auctt.].—Woolacombe, on the golf-links. Many dead specimens taken in 1906-7. In July, 1908, the Rev. C. Chichester brought me four living specimens from the golf-links, and informed me that he had frequently taken them alive before. I afterwards found six others on a different part of the links. There had been rain in the morning, which had evidently induced them to come to the surface, and they were lying mouth downwards, partially buried in the sand under privet and herbage. Sphzrium lacustre Miler var. ryckholtii Norm.— Damage, pond. Variety identified by Mr. J.W. Taylor. Abundant in company with Prstdium casertanum Poli. Not recorded in the last Census. [Braunton Burrows is the only locality given for the species in North Devon in the Victoria History, and Messrs. Beeston and Wright state that they found it scarce in the dykes near there]. [Pisidium subtruncatum Malm [—P. /ontinale Jeffreys].— Saunton, ditch ; Braunton]. Pisidium casertanum Poli [=P. /fortinale of most continental writers, and also P. cimereum Alder]. Twitchen, pond in garden ; Woolacombe, pond; extremely abundant at Damage; near Ben- nett’s Mouth and Borough Stream. The specimens from these two last localities are stated by Mr. B. B. Woodward to be more roundly oval than usual. [Saunton, ditch. The largest specimen taken measures 5°0 mm. in length and 5°5 mm. in breadth. Mr. B. B. Woodward remarks that many of the specimens from this locality are remarkably thick, heavy and tumid]. [Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.—Saunton, ditch]. Pisidium obtusale Pfeiffer.—Woolacombe, pond. Pisidium gassiesianum Dupuy.—Twitchen, pond in garden. [ Braunton, by the Rev. C. Chichester]. Pisidium personatum Malm.—Church Close, stream, numer- ous; Borough, stream; Borough, pond. [Also specimens from ditches at Braunton and Croyde are probably this species]. Mr. B, B. Woodward considers all the specimens more oval than the type. i 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 385th (Annual) Meeting, October 16th, 1909. Held in the Institute of Journalists, London, E.C. Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen (President) in the chair. Among the members present were Mrs. Longstaff, Messrs. Cooper, Jackson, Collier, Kennard, E. A. Smith, Baldwin, Booth, J. W. Taylor, Roebuck, Bostock, TL. E. Adams, Winkworth, Masefield, Reynolds, H. B. Preston, Tomlin, Jones, Dacie, Fulton, Salisbury, Weaver, Hindley, Parritt, Vincent, Gripper, Carpenter, Beeston, Christy, Sikes, Brooksbank, Thos. Edwards, Oldham, and Canon Horsley. The Librarian reported that the usual periodicals had been received in exchange. Appointment of Auditors. Messrs. C. H. Moore and Fred Taylor were again appointed auditors. Appointment of Scrutineers. Messrs. Fred Booth and J. R. B. Masefield were appointed scrutineers. New Members Elected. Mrs. Frances Mary Fisher, Higham, Bassenthwaite Lake, Cockermouth. Henry Charles Huggins, 13, Clarence Place, Gravesend. J. S. M. Ward, B.A., The Whym, Gomshall, Surrey. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Cyril Diver, Priory House, Dover College, Dover. James W. Mercer, 13, King Street, Kettering. L. Dawes, Hambledon, Hants. Resignations. A. Abercrombie. Jas. C. Blackmore, F.C.S. V. B. Crowther-Beynon, M.A., F.S.A. Miss Glover. Mrs. Skilton. J. Grafton Milne. G. Bartlet Span. Members Deceased. Miss J. E. Linter. W. J. O. Holmes, F.L.S. Reports and Balance Sheet. The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 26), and the Treasurer’s Report, including Balance Sheet for 1908 and interim Balance Sheet up to October 13th, 1909 (see p. 27), were presented and adopted. Reports of the Leeds and London Branches (see p. 30) were presented and adopted. Election of Officers and Committee. The Scrutineers reported that thirty-seven valid papers had been received, and that the Officers and Council as nominated had been unanimously elected (see p. 2). PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 16, 1909. 25 President’s Address. Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., then delivered an Address, entitled : ‘©The Importance of the Animal in the Land Mollusca shown by certain Evolu- tionary Stages in some Genera of the Zonitidze.” Votes of thanks to the President for his address, and to the London members for their hospitality were unanimously passed. A vote of thanks was also accorded to the University Authorities at Manchester, for the use of the Museum buildings. Exhibits. By Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen: Specimens of Macrochlamys richilaensis, M. zemoensis, M. hardwicket, Austenta gigas, Khasiella vidua, to illustrate his address. By Mr. L. E. Adams: Non-marine shells from Uruguay and the Argentine. By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A sinistral Papa muscorum from Abersoch, North Wales, also Helix aspersa var. exalbida. By Mr. H. Beeston: A large series of Cornish non-marine shells. By Mr. F. Booth: Some choice examples of Somaliland land shells, including Buliminus somaliensts Smith, and Otopoma potrieri Bourg. By Mr. F. G. Bridgman: Rare Olzvide; a series of rare British Buccinide (including Zzomesus dalet and Tritonofusus jeffreystanus) ; also a number of shell sections. By Mr. E. Collier: A series of Irish non-marine shells, including a fine series of Helix nemoralis, H. ttala, Succinea oblonga, Pupa anglica, Vertigo angustior, Limnea involuta and L. praetenuzs. By Mr. J. E. Cooper: Two drawers of small British marine molluscs ; a series of Pteropoda and Heteropoda ; ‘‘ pens” of Loligo media to illustrate the variation in this species ; a collection of caddis-cases formed of shells ; decollated Bithynda tentaculata and B. leachz, and Pistdium supinum from the Thames. By Mr. J. C. Dacie: A long series of Littorina rudis, L. obtusata, L. littorea, and Purpura lapillus. By Mr. Thos. Edwards: Bucctnum undatum, m. acuminatum, m. carinatum, m. scalariforme, m. sinistrorsum, m. broperculatum ; Neptunea antigua, m. sints- trorsunt; all from the coast of Thanet. A/actra glauca type and var. luteola from Jersey. Also a fine example of Cardtum pseudolima. By Mr. G. K. Gude: An album of original drawings of Helicoids. By Mr. W. Gyngell : Some remarkable specimens of Anodonta cygnea, type and var. zucrassata, from Scarborough. By Rev. Canon Horsley: Fine series of Paputna tayloriana, Xesta citrina and FHtelicella splendida. Also sinistral Helirellx virgata and H. cantiana, and a dextral Physa acuta. By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Photo-micrographs of Vertigines, etc.; photos. of typical habitats of North of England species of mollusca. By Mr. J. R. B. Masefield: A prettily banded Cochlicopa lubrica, and a fine example of Acanthinula aculeata. : By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Pés¢dium sepinum from several Herts. localities, and some very fine Spherium lacustre. By Mrs. Longstaff; Plewrodonte acuta in great variety; also a fine series of Jamaican Helicoids ; several species of A/cadia from Jamaica, Corél/la rivolit from Ceylon. By Mr. H. B. Preston: Land shells from Fak Fak, Dutch New Guinea. 26 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY, I910. By Mr. W. D. Roebuck : Sinistral Limnea auricularia. By Mr. F. H. Sikes: A series of non-marine mollusca from Friesland. By Mr. J. Simpson: Some very rare marine shells from the Faroe channel, including Laeocochlis granosa and Danilia ottaviana. By Mr. E. A. Smith: An exceptionally large Lzttorina littorea, also a fine sinistral example and some curious abnormal forms. By Messrs. Sowerby and Fulton: Fine specimens of Xenophora solaris, X. exuta, X. calculifera, X. conchyliophora ; some very choice Sfondylus, etc. By Mr. J. Winkworth: A very good series of //elicella virgata from the chalk of Wiltshire and from the district between Winchelsea and Hythe. By Mr. C. E. Wright: Northants Mollusca, comprising some excellent sets of Helix nemoralis, H. pomatia, Physa acuta, Hyalinia lucida, H. itala, scalariform and sinistral, and many other species. By Mr. R. Standen: Young forms of Anodonta cygnea and Unio margaritifer ; Clausilia bidentata var. gracilior from Killarney; Balea ferversa in situ on Orthotrichum. ANNUAL REPORT. The Council is sorry to have to report a slight decrease in the membership of the Society. On the date of the last Annual Meeting there were 327, excluding the Honorary Members. Between that date and the end of the year, three mem- bers were elected, four resigned, one was struck off the list in accordance with rule 4, and two died, leaving 323. Since January, five have been elected, four have resigned and four have died, leaving 320 on the list—a decrease of seven for the year. The six members who have been removed by death are Messrs. R. D. Dar- bishire, Valentine Burgess, Alfred Leicester, Herbert Milnes, Robert Drummond and Miss J. E. Linter; all of these, having been enthusiastic members of the Society of long standing, and having rendered good service in the cause of Conchology, will be much missed. Obituary notices of some of these have appeared in the Jounal of Conchology, and it is a matter for congratulation that, through the generosity of a few of our members to whom Mr. R. D. Darbishire was person- ally known, such an excellent portrait of the deceased gentleman has been secured as the frontispiece of the just completed XIIth volume of the /ournal of Con- chology. Mr. Darbishire was an ex-President of the Society, and one of its first members. To the last he took the most lively interest in its welfare. He enriched the already fine shell collections of the Manchester Museum by large and valuable suites of specimens—the finest to be procured, and these through the courtesy of the Museum authorities are available for examination and comparison—a privilege of great service and value, often imparting much additional interest to our monthly meetings. Ten such meetings have been held during the year, the attendances being satisfactory. In addition to these meetings, two rambles for conchological search have been enjoyed by the northern members of the Society—one to Ingleton, the other to the Silverdale district. A rather larger number of communications and papers has been contributed by members, many giving interesting local details and locality lists of great service in determining the distribution of species. Many new records have been established and some of doubtful authenticity have been confirmed. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. TREASURER’S REPORT. The Statement of Income and Expenditure for the year 1908, by an oversight, does not seem to have been placed before you at the same time as usual. It reads as follows :— _ Statement of Income and Expenditure For THE YEAR 1908. Receipts. eee Expenditure. SS G3 ch Cash in hand ie 55 17 rr | Library Cards “ or oe Subscriptions a 37. il Printing /ozernal for Oct, 1907 14 12 8$ Two Life Membership Rts GO i © Do: doo) Jan..)t908) 1117 5 Advertisement... aes Oo 7 © Do. i do. Apr., 1908 11 10 103 Sale of Publications “iho Qo ig iim Illustrations OU 3 Reprints 3.8 © Stationery .. 3 I IO Bookbinding Teese 8) Secretary’s Expenses to Sept. 30th, 1908 A @ Treasurer’s Expenses 2 iO) © Recorder's Expenses OQ a 3 Cash in hand MS BB fi £102 12 9 £102 12 9 From this it will be noticed that there was a balance in hand of £48 2s. 4d. The finances of the Society as shown by the Interim Statement of Income and Expenditure for the present year, made up to October 13th, seem to be in a satis- factory condition. There.is at the momenta cash balance in hand of £25 11s. 7d., with outstanding liabilities of about £20. The subscriptions still to be paid amount to £36. Interim Statement of Income and Expenditure TO OCTOBER 13th, 1909. Receipts. be mescias Cash in hand bea AS 2B fA Subscriptions ce 41 I oO Two Life Subscription Bee 6 6 o| Sale of Publications se iy 2 6 | Advertisements... 008 2) 15 © | 4115 6 10 Expenditure. Cost of Journal for July, 1908 Do. do. Oct., 1908 Do. do. Jan., 1909 Do. do. Apr., 1909 Do. do. - July, 1909 Illustrations Reprints Stationery .. Library Garde . Taylor’s Monograph, pare XV. Curator’s Expenses Editor’s Expenses, 1908 ... Secretary's Expenses, 1908 Treasurer’s Expenses, 1909 Balance in hand £115 I5 UG Gh 12.8 114 13-2 © T2055 ay | GP = ©) 13 © © 719 O 610 Oo eee ee) O13 4 OES eS x © © © iw © Bj 4s AO) ©) AS iit 7 415 6 10 28 REPORT ON THE ACCELERATION OF THE CENSUS IN 1909. At the beginning of the year an effort was made to accelerate the completion of the Census, to which appeal conchologists very generously responded. A circular was printed and sent out by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, of Leeds, in conjunction with the Official Recorder. One side of this circular contained a list of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, for the purpose of indicating the blanks to be filled up for a particular county, and the other side contained lists of the counties and vice-counties for indicating the blanks to be filled up for a particular species. About 150 of these circulars were sent out, and the result—thanks to the active and hearty co-operation of British conchologists—has been eminently satisfactory. No fewer than 1213 of the blanks have been filled up for 106 counties and vice- counties, and the total number of authentications on the books now amounts to 9790, averaging 65°7 per cent. of species authenticated for each county or vice- county. The amount of the work done may be further appreciated, when it is borne in mind that the blanks filled up by the special effort this year amount to about an eighth part of the total number of authentications accumulated during a quarter of a century’s steady work. The following is a list of the vice-counties of the British Isles, showing the present state of the authentication-records—both the 1909 additions and the total to date. The counties are arranged in the order in which they have been least investigated. Name of Additions Total Name of Additions Total No. Vice-County in tg09. todate. | No. Vice-County in 1909. todate. 133 Longford doo = 2 77. Lanark 509 2 40 93 Aberdeen N. ... — 7 98 Main Argyll ... — 41 102 Ebudes S. 06 — 15 IoI_ Cantire fe — 43 97 Westerness... = 16 68 Cheviotland ... 15 ‘44 112 Shetland Isles _— 19 118 Tyrone ae 12 44 106 Ross East’ ... — 23 79 Selkirk eh Il 44 104 EbudesN. ... — 25 81 Berwick fe 6 47 10g Caithness 608 — 25 84 Linlithgow... — 48 72 Dumfries ee 2 26 88 Perth Mid ... ee 48 I11 Orkney Isles ... I 26 89 Perth North ... an 48 96 Easterness ... = 27 | 107 Sutherland E.... — 48 92 Aberdeen S. ... —_ 28 46 Cardigan 13 49 94 Banff Ke = 29 75 Ayr — 49 103 Ebudes Mid. ... — 29 86 Stirling ue I 50 99 Dumbarton ... — 31 3. Kirkcudbright — 50 108 Sutherland W. = 31 43 Radnor 29 51 95 Elgin 2 32 | 140 Galway East II 5! 74 Wigtown 16 33 48 Merioneth I 51 91 Kincardine — 33 50 Denbigh I 51 105 Ross W. oo 34 | 121 Cavan 4 54 137. Mayo E. = 34 go Forfar — 54 110. Hebrides — 35 44 Carmarthen BD 55 134 Roscommon — 35 71 Isle of Man 1K) 59 78 Peebles — 36 18 Essex S. as 9 59 71 Flint 3 40 | 143 Tipperary N. ... 4 59 132 Westmeath 3 40 76 Renfrew 2 59 REPORT ON THE CENSUS IN I90Q. Name of Vice-County Clyde Isles Roxburgh Kildare King’s Co. Cornwall E. Fermanagh Carnarvon Cornwall W. ..: Perth S. Hunts. Wexford Armagh Monaghan Sligo sia Average per County ’ Channel Isles... Queen’s Co. Fife and Kinross Leitrim - Pembroke Montgomery ... - Londonderry ... Salop Dorset Haddington Wicklow Kerry Hants. N. Monmouth Waterford Bedford York N.W. Cork S. Wilts N. Anglesey Galway W. Mayo W. nee Tipperary S. ... Edinburgh Cheshire Brecon Carlow Limerick Hereford . Down Devon N. Fs Isle of Wight ... Sussex E. Westmorland with Lake Lancashire Essex N. Additions ‘Total in 1909. to date. ae 59 18 60 15 60 I 60 32 61 25 61 II 62 2 62 — _ 62 19 63 16 64 4 64 = 64 12 65 65°7 20 66 17 66 — 66 3 67 2 68 = 68 20 69 6 69 2) 69 3 79 13 71 5 71 29 72 2 72 a= 72 a 73 25 74 5 74 I 74 25, 75 13 US) 7 75 4 75 3 75 44 76 26 76 13 77 4 77 35 78 18 78: 20 79 4 79 4 79 a 79 29 Name of Additions Total Vice-County in 1909. to date. Somerset S. 38 80 Cumberland 2D 80 Wilts S. 2 80 Donegal Bits 21 81 Northumberland S. 6 81 Notts — 81 Suffolk W. : 6 82 Gloucester E..., 4 $2 Bucks 32 83 Cambridge 24 84 Durham — 84 Glamorgan II 85 Norfolk W. I 85 Antrim 43 87 Worcester 7 87 Meath 4 88 Dublin 22 89 Cork N. 13 89 Clare sf 6 89 Lancashire W. 3 89 Louth I 89 Kent W. 9 OI Northants Tis 4 gI Warwick 5 oI Kilkenny 5 92 Gloucester W. 4 92 Sussex W. I 93 Somerset N. 5 94 Kent E. 16 96 Norfolk E. 6 06 York S.E. 3 96 Suffolk E. 27 O7, Berks 5 08 Oxford II 98 Hants S. 4 098 Devon S. 24 100 Herts 15 100 Lancashire S..., 6 100 Derbyshire — IOI Middlesex 17 102 Lincoln S. ; 4 102 Staffordshire .. 4 104 York N.E. I 107 Lincoln N. 2 110 Surrey 12 112 York S.W. 2 Te York Mid W. — 114 Totals 1213 9790 Averages... 11°44% 65°77, 30 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, IQIO. It is perhaps not out of place to offer a suggestion, that, when the total number of authentications reaches the round figure of 10,000, which it will in all probability ’ do within the next few months, the Jounal of Conchology should print either a new ‘Census or a table of the blanks yet to be filled up. Meanwhile, it is much to be desired that special attention be paid to the working out of Scotland, for which there have been only 65 new records during the year. This portion of the kingdom is especially interesting in respect of the thinning out of our fauna as we go northward, and the interesting problems of geological and climatological influences and their effect on distribution. The greatest difficulty has been experienced in obtaining Scottish material or informations, doubtless in part attributable to the fact that Scottish malacologists are but few in number and widely scattered, which makes it needful that a special effort be made during the coming season to work up this portion of ourislands. Therefore the Recorder would be glad if all conchologists who have Scottish material in their possession, or who would volunteer to assist by making Scotland the scene of investigation, would place themselves in communication with him. A few remarks on the blanks for certain generally distributed species may be of interest. ; Agriolimax agrestis is still needed from Carmarthenshire only. Arion ater is needed from Sussex East, Ross W. and E., and Longford. Vitrina pellucida is needed from Wilts. N., Hants. N., Aberdeen N., Ebudes S., Shetlands, Longford and Mayo E. Alyalinia cellaria is needed from Aberdeen N., Westerness, Sutherland W., and Longford. Pyramidula rotundata is still needed from Aberdeen N. and Longford. Cochlicopa lubrica is needed from J.inlithgow, Aberdeen N., Banff, Elgin, Ebudes S., Longford and Roscommon. REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH For THE TWENTY-ONE MONTHS ENDING SEPTEMBER, 1900. Our report in the past has been the Annual Report of the Branch, issued in December of each year. The Annual Meeting of the parent Society being held in October, we have given our report to the end of the previous December, which, in the opinion of the Editor of the Jowrma/, is a little antiquated. On his suggestion, we have this year brought our report up to modern times by giving the particulars up to the end of September, 1909, which covers twenty-one months instead of twelve. During this period we have had twenty-four meetings —fourteen in the field and ten indoors—with an average attendance of six mem- bers, exclusive of visitors. The indoor meetings were held alternately at Leeds, in the Institute of Science and Art ; and at Bradford, in the Cartwright Hall. Our field meetings were held in the neighbourhood of the following places :—9gth May, 1908, Agbrigg, for the Barnsley Canal; 27th June, 1908, Keighley, for the old river bed and a visit to the Museum; 18th July, 1908, Malham Tarn; 15th August, t908, Micklefield and Aberford ; 12th September, 1908, Ingleton (Joint Annual Ramble with the members from Manchester) ; 12th April, 1909, Southport ; 8th May, 1909, Market REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH. 31 Weighton ; 22nd May, 1909, Darton, for Haigh Canal; 12th June, 1909, Bulcliffe Woods and the Coxley Valley; roth July, 1909, Skipton; 2nd August, 1909. Sedbergh ; 11th September, 1909. Silverdale (Joint Annual Ramble with the members from Manchester); 25th September, 1909, Collingham Bridge. Our indoor meetings were devoted to the exhibition of specimens. In regard to the British land and freshwater shells, the exhibits were commenced in the order adopted by the Society’s list, and we have now reached Aygvomia rufescens, having commenced with Vetrzza and Ayalinia. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.Z.S., has, as in the past, given papers on the habits, morphology, and distribution of each species down for exhibition. That the members have fully appreciated Mr. Taylor’s interesting and instructive remarks is shown by their attendance during the winter months, when only on rare occasions has any member been absent. Three other papers were given—two by Mr. W. H. Hutton, one on the Feeding Habits of 47207 ater, and a second on the Breeding Habits of Helzx ashersa ; Mr. F. Rhodes gave a paper on the #acda#s ofevand7 he pursued in making shell sections. There was no addition to the Yorkshire list of mollusca during this period, nor is it likely, as the list is apparently complete. Several additions were made, however, to many of the Yorkshire drainage areas, notably A/Zz/ax gagates, from a garden at Shipley; Testacella scutulum from Idle; and Paludestrina jenkins? from the river Aire at Skipton, and from the canal at Darton near Barnsley ; thus giving three localities in the West Riding for this species. The Branch has been officially represented at the meetings of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and reports when made have appeared in the Vaturalzst. The membership at the present time is nineteen, with two corresponding members. F. BootH, Hon. Sec. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH. Since our last Annual Report ten meetings have been held. Five of these were field meetings. The localities visited were Rickmansworth on May Ist, 1909; Runemede on July roth; Hampton Wick on August 7th ; Iver on September qth; and Burnham Beeches on September 25th. Jain interfered with outdoor work on four occasions, and but few members were present. Of the mollusca collected, the following are worth mentioning :—Fine Viv¢para conterta at Runemede ; a good gathering of Prs¢dium supinum at Hampton Wick ; Ancylus fluviatilis, Neritina fluviatilis vax. nigrescens and Pistdium henslowianum at Iver; Vitrea radiatula, Acanthinula lamellata, A. aculeata, Limax tenellus, and Acicula incata at Burnham Beeches. We have again to thank Canon Horsley for kindly placing a room at our dis- posal for the winter evening meetings. There was a fair attendance at these ; many interesting shells were exhibited, and several notes read. J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec. 2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I, JANUARY, IQIO. 386th Meeting, November roth, 1909. Mr. Edward Collier in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : “Manual of Conchology,” part 79, by H. A. Pilsbry ; ‘‘ The Cephalopoda Dibranchiata of the Coasts of Ireland,” by Anne L. Massy (/vom the sd are)8 and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Member Elected. Cyril Diver, Priory House, Dover College, Dover. Candidate Proposed for Membership. Richard Harrison, 19, Allen Street, Hulme, Manchester. teose Papers Read. “©On the Habitat of Mea lucida Drap. at Grange-over-Sands,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S. ** Timax tenellus Miiller in Oxfordshire,” by Chas. Oldham. *¢ imax cinereo-niger \Nolf in North Hampshire,” by Chas. Oldham.’ “On the Range of Prstdtum supinwum Schmidt,” by Chas. Oldham. “* Limax tenellus Miiller in Staffordshire,” by J. R. B. Masefield, M.A. “ Paludestrina jer kinst in West Sussex,” by Lionel E. Adams, B.A. “© Non-Marine Mollusca of Friesland,” by F. H. Sikes, M.A. “Localities for Zygromza revelata Michaud,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A. © Pistdium supinum Schmidt in the Midlands,” by H. Overton. “ Vertigo pusilla Miiller and Vertigo alpestris Alder at pugs by W. J. Farrer. “ Paludestrina jenkinst in the New River,” by Geo. H. Weaver. ‘©The Marine Mollusca of the Yorkshire Coast and the Dogger Bank,” by J. A. Hargreaves. Exhibits. By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Series of mature and immature V7trea /uczda from Grange-over-Sands, to illustrate his paper. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: V2tvea lucida from Grange-over-Sands ; and a fine set of Valvata piscinalis from Haweswater, Silverdale. By Mr. Fred Taylor: Living specimens of Zes¢ace/la haliotidea from Brighouse, and of 7. scutalum from Broadbottom. By Mr. G. C. Spence: Internal shells of Zzmax maxtmus from Withington ; Pyramidula rotundata var. alba from Castleton, Derbyshire; e/zcella caperata from Port St. Mary ; Heléx hortenszs from Deeside, Aberdeen, and Ludgershall, Wilts. ; anda very fine fossil Vetr7na pellucida, obtained from material filling the interior of one of the large Helix nemorals from Dogs’ Bay, Roundstone. By Mr. C. H. Moore: A large series of shells obtained at Bardsley, Dyserth, Monsal Dale, Miller’s Dale, Ilfracombe, Lynmouth, Clovelly, Braunton, etc. By Mr. Chas. Oldham : Spherium lacustre var. brochoniana, Weston Turville Reservoir, near Aylesbury, Bucks. ; Pes¢dzi ammitcum var. Jlavescens, Grand Junction Canal, Harefield, Middlesex ; /amznza secale, Aldbury, Herts. ; Bithynta leachi and Paludestrina jenkins?, River Colne, Watford, Herts. ; Pyramidula rotundata var. alba, Aldbury, Herts. ; Prstdium pulchellum Aldenham, Herts. ; Vertigo antivertigo, Watford, Herts. ; and Pzszdzum supinim from various locali- ties, to illustrate his note on that species. RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS. SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,888 species). Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species. : Smaller Catalogue (with Prices) Post Free. SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED. Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly. PLAN AND FULL PRICE-LIST POST=FREE. SOWERBY & FULTON, River Side, KEW near LONDON, WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A., HAS ON SALE THE FINEST STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS IN AMERICA, AS WELL AS A VERY GOOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE. I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Collectors having Duplicates in Quantity to dispose of, or will buy Entire Lots or Collections for !mmediate Cash. _ WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER. I particularly desire aJjl kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicidee. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported hy many prominent Naturalists of the district; deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already ee are: “« Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Laucashire and Adjacent Counties”; ‘‘ On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag? ; and Gnes, which contains much valuable information “of local and general interest. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr, W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. PRICES OF BACK VOLUMES OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. f. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ...... 21/- nett. Vols. Ul., 11., 1V., & VII. . Each To the Public, 15)=; to Members and to the Trade, 11/S. Vols. V., & Vi. ... ... ... (Out of Print). To be had only from Dutau & Co., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. MANUAL OF GONCGHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junv., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Gonchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. : Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $300 Colored Edition.— Plates cuetolly colored by hand, per pait- =~ - ge = A280 Sty 2. $5 Oe Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, editi :n strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo First Series.— Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series.— Pulmonata. — Eighteen volumes including the Monography of Helicide, Bulimidze, and Urocoptide. mie The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED ‘TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Nore 13): APRIL Ist, 1910. [No. 2. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1873. BEING 7HE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER? J.R.LEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK, STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE Roan, Hotty House, ALEXANDRA Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. PAGE The Importance of the Animal in the Land Mollusca, shown by certain Evolutionary Stages in some Genera of the Zonitidz ieee Address)—Lr.-COLONEL GODWIN-AUSTEN a6 5100 33 Limax tenellus Miiller in Staffordshire—J. R. B. MASEFIELD. S62 42 Limax cinereo-niger Wolf in North Hampshire—C. OLDHAM 6 42 Notes on the Nomenclature of some Lifu Shells—J. R. LE B. ToMi IN 43 Pisidium supinum Schmidt in the Midlands—H. OVERTON ... ae 45 Helicella caperata m. sinistrorsum at Lewes—J. W. TAYLOR ois 45 Milax gagates (Drap.) at Eccles—G. C. SPENCE at soe Bop 45 Notes on Shropshire Mollusca—J. W. JACKSON 3 : 506 46 Paludestrina jenkinsi in the New River—Gro. H. WEAVER . ioe 47 Periodic Variation in Limneea pereger (Miiller)—J. D. DEAN.. aie 48 On the Range of Pisidium supinum Schmidt—C. OLDHAM... sac 53 Localities for Hygromia revelata (Michaud)—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN ... 53 Descriptions of Four Supposed New Land Shells from British Somaliland—J. R. LE B. ToMLIN ... 54 Proceedings : Dec. 8, 1909; Jany. 12, ie Feby. 9, 1910 3 ; "March 9, 19f0.. : 56 Pisidium personatum 1 Malm at Mortehoe: a Correction—EpIToR ... 60 A Preliminary Conchological Survey of Monmouthshire, with some Notes on Brecknockshire—F. H. SIKEs .., sad noe 408 61 Obituary : A. Loydell—By J. E. CooPrer “ 64 Vertigo pusilla Miill. and-V. alpestris Alder at Keswick—W. ie FARRER 64. LONDON: Dutavu & Co., Lrp., 37, Sono SQUARE, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHerratt & HuGuHEs, St. ANN’s ST, BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It. List OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. LisT: Om BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSGCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By LIONEL E. ADAMs, ba Published by authority of the Conchological Society. Price Sd. each ; 2S. 6d. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. Dutau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order. A POGKET-GUIDE TO THE BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA: Being a Complete Guide to the Species and Varieties enumerated in the Conchological Society’s Present List. A few copies left. - Eighteen Pence Post Free. Obtainable only from The Author, E. W. SWANTON, HASLEMERE. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the district, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are : “© Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties”; ‘*On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag”; and others, --which contains much valuable information of local and general interest. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. Go Les) THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. VoL. 13. APRIL, 1910. No. 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ANIMAL IN THE LAND MOLLUSCA, SHOWN BY CERTAIN EVOLU- TIONARY STAGES IN SOME GENERA OF THE ZONITID-. (Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 16th, 1909). By [.t.-CoLoneL H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F.R.S. I IMAGINE there can be very few field conchologists, who, after a certain number of years’ work, do not find themselves taking occasional notice of the animals of the shells they are collecting, attracted either by colour, form or habit. | As such observations increase, notes and comparisons are made of the form of the foot, of the eye-tentacles and other external parts of the body of species met with, until at last the interest is divided between the shell and the animal. Having reached this stage, a further advance is in view of the conchologist, an advance, if he makes it, he will never regret, viz.: the examination of the internal characters, bringing about a knowledge of the general plan of the organs of the body, and the functions they have to perform. When this stage of research has been reached, interest in the mollusca is more than doubled, the ultimate results are far reaching, extending and leading on to phylogeny and physiology. Having myself gone through these stages from the purely concho- logical to the more detailed malacological, it is my excuse this evening for selecting the latter as the subject of my address to this Society, and I shall try to show by a few examples that the animal is well worthy of attention. I will go even further to show that the exclusive study of the shell, which represents after all, only what the animal constructs in its lifetime, is unsatisfactory, becfuse it leads to no true result. Species after species may be created on shell character with all minute differences in the shell described, yet their accurate classification based on this single character must be faulty, and deductions having regard to distribution and relationship of comparatively little weight. Deduc- Cc 34 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, 1910. tions of this nature can only be attempted when every character of the animal is putin the scale ; not a single character should be omitted on the plea of its being unimportant. When saying so much in favour of the animal, it must not be under- stood that I underrate the work of the conchologist. The study of the shell has occupied the minds and time of a long list of naturalists, who have made the shells of the mollusca, as it were, time-pieces in geology ; what a blank would that science be without the mollusca. For combined with the biological side, it gives us an insight into the physical conditions existing when strata were laid down, and con- chology and malacology thus work side by side. Fic. 1.—Shell lobes. A.—Jacrochlamys indica Godwin-Austen. Viewed from the right side. Aa.—M. petrosa Hutton, mantle edge removed, showing shell lobes. B.—Parvatella flemingi Pfr., natural size. View of right and left side. Ba.—The right shell-lobe and right dorsal lobe, x 3 Be Al.—Macrochlamys richilaensts Godwin-Austen. Right side, shell removed, x 2. GODWIN-AUSTEN : IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL IN LAND MOLLUSCA. 35 For my Presidential address, I have therefore thought a few instances of evolution that have come under my observation might interest the members of this society, evolution being certainly one of the most absorbing branches of natural history work. It will recall at once to the minds of our members the work of Professor Darwin. The great master’s name will, this year, appear in the Presidential addresses of many societies, both in this country and abroad, and it must not be absent from the pages of our own. The memory and labours of the eminent zoologist, to whom all naturalists owe so much in stimulating research, has met with due honour this summer, the great assemblage of scientific men at Cambridge, from every quarter of the globe, testified most strikingly to the reverence in which his name and work is held. The evolutionary stages I have to describe were noticed in certain genera of the Zonitidee, a family which has an enormous tropical and sub-tropical range, and is therefore one better known to those who have collected in the east. Some well marked characters distinguish the family one, viz.: the construction of the foot being remarkably different from that of the Helicide. Mr. B. B. Woodward very re- cently in his Presidential address’ to the Malacological Society, when referring to the work of Darwin, says very truly and tersely—‘‘ Every organism possesses an inherent capacity to vary in a greater or less degree in certain directions more or less peculiar to itself.” This can- not be better exemplified than in the diversity of form presented by the extremity of the foot in the Zonitidze. The mucous gland varies from being flat, wide and open, or overhung by a lobe, which may be short, curving over, or very elongate ; in other cases the foot is com- pressed at the sides, keeled, truncate, the mucous gland a narrow slit, or this last becomes very small and hidden by a lengthened fleshy lobe. From South Africa, I have very lately received through the kindness of two of our members, Messrs. Burnup and Ponsonby, a species with the extremity of the foot quite unlike anything I have seen from India or the Malay Archipelago. Thus more often a specific character, it is in some cases of generic value. The next very variable external character is found in the mantle, particularly in what have been called the shell-lobes. To exemplify the various forms that these lobes assume, I show in the Figures 1 to 3 those of the genera, A., A’.— Macrochlamys; B.—Parvatella; B'.—Euaustenia; C.—Cryptaustenia ; D.—Austenia ; E.—Girasia; and F.—Crvyptogirasta. In Macroch- Zamys, which has a well formed coiled shell, these lobes are in the earliest stage of development, they are more or less tongue shaped, short, or extremely long as in JZ, fetrosa (Fig. 1 Aa). Proceed. Mal. Soc., vol. viii., no. 5, p. 275. 36 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO: 2, APRIL, *19i0. When the animal is in full activity, during the rainy season, these lobes are in constant movement from side to side over the surface of the shell, contracting and expanding to their full length. Passing to Euaustenia and Parvatella, more closely allied to AMacrochlamys than Fic. 2.—Shell lobes. B!.—Auaustenta cassida Hutton. View of right and left side. C.—Cryptaustenia succinea Reeve. From life, natural size. Ca.—Ditto. From spirit specimen, right and left’side, x 2. any of the other genera we are dealing with, and to Cryplaustenia, both with well formed shells, the shell lobes have become much broader, given off lower down on the side of right dorsal lobe, form- ing on the right side of the animal a broad rounded lobe, and on the left side, parallel with the mantle zone and above the left neck lobe, another broad lobe, but you must note they are not united. They can be expanded to such an extent as to come in contact, and thus they completely hide the shell. In Austenta we have a somewhat similar form of shell-lobe, only GODWIN-AUSTEN : IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL IN LAND MOLLUSCA. 34 that they are both smaller, they do not meet, the left is marginal over Ries 5 LETTE ort a BieGhae sor ARN < R as t Wis wy GEES as ahaa a pas preety aust AEB Su mm Paired te git bu Fic. 3.—Shell lobes. D.—Austenta gigas Benson. Animal spirit specimen, shell removed, dotted line on viscera sac marks extension of shell-lobes in life. Da.—Austenia butlert Godwin-Austen. E.—Girasia hookeri Gray. Viewed from right, left, and dorsal side. Three-quarters natural size. Ea.—Shell. ‘Yhree-quarters natural size. Eb.— Girasia crocea Godwin-Austen. From life. 34 natural size. F.—Cryptogirasia rubra Godwin-Austen. Right and left side, from life. Fa.—Shell magnified, and natural size. 38 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, 1910 Fic. 4.—Genitalia. A.—Macrochlamys indica Godwin-Austen, X 3. B!.—LZuaustenia cassida Hutton. B.—Parvatella flemingi Pfr. Ba.—Ditto. Coiled Coecum from the other side. G.—Syama annandalei Godwin-Austen. I1.—Ozytes ovobia Benson. Orit Sale GODWIN-AUSTEN : IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL IN LAND MOLLUSCA, 39 the peristome, and they leave the greater part of the shell exposed. This shell is spatulate with few whorls (Fig. 5 Da). Next, coming to Girasia (Fig. 3 E and Fig. 5 E) the shell-lobes are still further developed, and are not only in contact but are actually united and grown together, leaving but a small part of the shell exposed to view; the line of junction is marked by a distinct cicatrix, from the place of origin of growth of the lobes near and above the respiratory orifice. It is interesting to note that with this expansion and development of the shell-lobes, the shell of G7raséa is a very rudimentary membran- aceous one (Fig. 3 Ea). Coming in as a link between the genera Austenta and Girasia, we have the large Burmese Girasia resplendens and G. magnifica, the shells of which are like those of Avstenia gigas, the type of the genus, and as another intermediate link, we find a form from the base of the Darjiling Hills not so rudimentary in shell character as presented in Girasia hooker. Lastly, we have the genus C7vyftogirasza (F.), in which the shell is reduced to a small calcareous disc (Fa), covered completely by the mantle, and in which no cicatrix can be detected marking the junc- tion of the shell lobes. We have here a most beautiful and instructive sequence from species with large substantial coiled shells, to others more simple, to one where the shell is almost lost, while the course of evolution in the direction of the slug-like form is indicated by the growing together of the shell-lobes. Here environment plays a prominent part in pro- ducing the growth of these shell-lobes. Where these species are found in the finest stages of growth, the rain fall is very heavy, and lasts for a long time in the summer months. The heat is very great, and the air is usually in a state of complete saturation, conditions most suitable to the rapid growth of the animal, but less favourable to the formation of shell. Species of Gzvasza removed from the open air to the drier ‘atmosphere of a room, very soon begin to lose vitality, and the extensible shell-lobe soon shrinks and dries up. The life history of these eastern molluscs and the variation of form they present foster the views held by several malacologists, that our European genera, Limax, Arion and Geomalacus, are the outcome of a similar phase of development, from shell-bearing genera long passed away. We can imagine (the distribution of land and sea being different) that this part of the world enjoyed a far warmer and moister climate, that with subsequent changes to colder and drier conditions the ancestral genera became extinct, leaving a great gap and scanty evidence of relationship to the genera they are now associated with. I next take a case of modification occurring in the internal anatomy 40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, I9I10. rmp PY) ; S am or Fic. 5.—Genitalia. A!.—J/acrochlamys richilaensis Godwin-Austen. Ata.—JZ, zemoensis Godwin-Austen. H.—Khasiella vidua Hanley and Theobald (W. Blanford, mss.). Ha.—Ccecum more enlarged. K.—Bensonta jacguenonti von Martens. var. kurramensis Godwin-Austen. E.—Girasita hookeri Gray. Position of shell and dorsal lobes, the former grown together on the line running from the respiratory aperture ; left dorsal lobe turned back to show the position of the respiratory and anal orifices. al.g. albumen gland; a@.ov. anal orifice; am.ov. amatorial organ; ca. ccecum of the retractor penis; ef. epiphallus; ~ foot; #% kalc-sac; gen.ap. generative aperture; 4.d. hermaphrodite duct; Za.2. left dorsal lobe; Zs.2. left shell lobe; ov. oviduct; 777.2. retractor muscle of penis; 7.5.2. right shell lobe; #7. prostate; sf. spermatheca; v.d. vas deferens. ; GODWIN-AUSTEN : IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL IN LAND MOLLUSCA. 4i which throws some light on the evolution of the family we are dealing with. In the genera which compose the sub-family AZacrochlamyine, viz.: Figs. 4and5, Aand A'.—Macrochlamys ; B'.— Euaustenia; B.— Parvatella; G.—Syama ; H.—Khastella; 1.—Oxytes; &.—Bensonia; the retractor muscle of the male side of the genitalia is attached to the periphery of a peculiar tightly wound ccecum. In some genera, such as Oxyfes and Lezsonia, this is hidden in a mass of muscular tissue, partly concealing the coil. Its more general form is very well exemplified in MJacrochlamys hardwicket (A.), and it is invariably present in both the large and the smaller species of the sub-family, in fact itis its most distinguishing character. The exception to the rule has occurred in two species from Sikhim, viz.: AZ. rhichilaensis (Fig. 5A) and JZ. semoensis (Fig. 5A'a). In the first the male organ differs remarkably from that of typical Macrochlamys—the kalc-sac is very long, quite a flagellum, and close to where the retractor muscle is given off there is a long free coecum openly coiled ; this undoubtedly represents the closely wound ccecum in the type species and the sub- family generally, to the side of which the retractor muscle is usually attached. In the other species, JZ. zemoenszs, the retractor muscle 1s attached to the side of a free ccecum, having a slight but open coil. Other species will perhaps be found (an enormous number have yet to be dissected) in which this character will occur, and I would sub- mit this variation is indicative of the free ccecum being the ancestral and oldest form, the coiling being a subsequent packing away of this accessory organ. This departure in form, as it were, in the genitalia of these eastern Himalayan species, appears to me of considerable interest in the gradual modification of special organs, » organs the function of which can only be guessed at. It shows (and it must have been a very slow process indeed) how evolution has effected morphological changes in this family of land molluscs, changes in the animal going on quite irrespective of changes in the shell. In the genera I have referred to in this address, the form of the shell is most variable, as many members of the society know well, and a glance at the examples J have brought here illustrating the genera will show this to those who are not so well acquainted with them. In conclusion, I would beg the members of this society to consider what a service they would be doing for our branch of natural history, if they would preserve a few of the animals of the species they collect; even some species of our own island fauna are not thoroughly known. This applies with greater force to those who may go abroad, and to those whose friends are collecting for them in distant quarters of the globe. 42 LIMAX TENELLUS Miller IN STAFFORDSHIRE. By J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A. (Read before the Society, November roth, 1900). DurinG the week-end, 16th to 18th October, I had the pleasure of staying with my friend Mr. Charles Oldham, at Watford, and he kindly showed me the Hertfordshire habitat of this slug, which used to be considered a rare species. | We found it in some numbers crawling up beech trunks, and under pieces of decaying bark. Returning to Staffordshire I went on Saturday, 23rd October last, to Dimminsdale, near Cheadie, where there is a number of old dead . and decaying beech trees, covered with Polyporus versicolor and other species of fungi. Here I soon found several specimens of Limax arborum, L. cinereo-niger, and Arion subfuscus, and my son, Mr. W. G. Masefield, on removing a loose piece of bark, revealed a slug which I at once recognised as Zizmax tenel/us. All the slugs we found have been submitted to Mr. C. Oldham and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, and the latter kindly reports upon them as follows :— Limax tenellus var. cerea, one, a fine adult. cinereo-niger var. (uctuosa, two, minute. A iy var. efasctata, several, small. arborum, type, numerous, immature. i. es var. deffoniz, one, immature. Arion subfuscus var. cinereofusca, one nearly full grown, several immature. The county record of Staffordshire now includes all the British slugs except Zestacella scutulum and T. mauget. Since writing the above I again visited Dimminsdale, near Cheadle, Staffs., on the 4th November, and searching with a lantern on the beech trees took three more specimens of ZL. ¢eve//is, which shows, I think, conclusively that this slug is indigenous in this dale, but has been overlooked before. Mr. Roebuck has seen and identified these further specimens and also specimens of Z. cinereo-niger, L. arborum, Arion circumscriptus, and A, subfuscus var. brunnea, taken the same night. Mr. Roebuck, im returning the species, says:—~ Ihe) con- signment is interesting by its collocation of species and the only likely one that is absent is A. tnfermedius. L. cinereo-niger and A. subfuscus are always likely to occur where Z. ¢eve//us does.” —————— 2.6 Limax cinereo-niger Wolf in North Hampshire.—-On October roth, 1909, I found several immature examples of this slug feeding on fungi in the pine-woods near Silchester.—CHAS. OLDHAM (Read before the Society, November 10th, 1909). NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOME LIFU SHELLS. Byalie Reb OM EEN Mea. (Read before the Society, March oth, 1910). Mangilia (Cythara) euselma M. &S. (/. of C,, viii., p. 284). Mangilia eudeli Sow. (type in Brit. Mus.) described in /. ef Matac., viii, p. 102, is identical. The brown banding varies very much in extent and character, sometimes becoming rather blotchy, sometimes reduced to a few dots. The name ewse/ma has four years’ priority. Mangilia (Glyphostoma) latirella M. & S. (lc. p. 287). Examples of gatdei Herv., and its var. drachyspira Herv. in the Brit. Mus., received ex awc¢., make it clear that /at/re//a and gaidet var. brachyspira are identical, and the latter name has priority. I may add that Mr. Melvill very kindly had the type specimen of /atrve//a down at the Brit. Mus. for comparison. Clathurella episema M. & S. (1c., p. 294). This name yields in priority to e~zonata Herv., which was described in the Journ. de Conch., vol. 44, no. 2. This number of the Journ. de Conch. bears date April 1896, but did not appear till October 1897 (cf. Melvill in J. of Conch., viii., p. 419), which gives the name eugonata a priority of one month! The identity of the two species is established by an author’s example of euzonata in the Brit. Mus. Mr. Melvill has very kindly verified the dates for me. Mr. Edgar Smith entirely confirms the three identifi- cations given above. Mangilia (Glyphostoma) notopyrrha M. &S, (Lc., p. 288). This very pretty and distinct little species has been recently distri- buted under the name of alostrigatum Baird. An examination of Baird’s type, however, which is in the Brit. Mus., and was described in 1873, shows that his species is the same as apiculatum Montrou- zier (1864)—a common New Caledonian species. Mr. Smith also concurs in this identification. Pleurotoma (Drillia) regia Beck (/. of Conch., vili., p. 94). The rather common Lifu species catalogued under this name was described and figured by Souverbie as P. rougeyroni (Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 187). It is unquestionably close to vegza Beck, but in the JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, 1919. 4 , > latter the granules are much finer and less prominent, the aperture is somewhat more elongate, and the colour is pink and not red. On the whole I should consider the two distinct. P. vegza was described from Amboina. In the same volume of the /. of C., p. 397, the authors of the Lifu List also catalogue “ Dri/lia rougeyront Souv. = D. barkliensis H. Adams.” ‘This record and that of D. regia presum- ably refer to the same species, but in that case the authors must have been misled by the worn state of their specimens into identifying them with dark/iensis—a well known and readily distinguishable Mauritian. species. ; Pleurotoma abbreviata Reeve. The Lifu form has been recently described by Sowerby as var. lifuensis (Proc. Malac. Soc., 1907, p. 300). Rissoina catholica M. & S. (/. of Conch., viii., p. 306). R. zonula M. & S. (ibid. p. 308). Except for the rufous banding of 2. zuma, I fail to see any differ- ence between these two, after a careful examination of descriptions and figures, and of examples in the British Museum received from the Manchester Museum, and consider that they should be united. Colour is never a constant characteristic in Azssozna, in species where it occurs—e.g., in A. rugulosa Hutton, A. variegata Angas, and &. fasciata A, Ad. ‘The banded form may stand as var. zonuw/a._ Mr. Melvill fully agrees in the propriety of uniting these two species. Rissoina (Zebina) curta Adams (/. of C,, viii., p. 119). The author’s name should be ‘Sowerby,’ as given later on p. 412. The prior name for this species is #. tridentata Michaud. Mr. Mel- vill is-surely: night in considering Lu/ima dentiens Dkr. the same species. Rissoia pyrrhacme M. BeS. (Ley Seo) Le This species has been made the type of Odtortio, a new sub -genus, of Odostomia (v. Hedley in Mem. Aust. Mus., 1899, vol. 11, p. 412 ; and Dall & Bartsch’s Mon. of West Amer. Pyramidellid Mollusks, 190g, p. 16). “see Bt Syrnola jaculum M. &S. (7 of C,, viii., p. 304). This is almost certainly identical with Onene aciculina Soureic in Journ. de Conch., 1865, p. 150, from New Caledonia. A specimen of the latter, received from Mr. Sowerby, agrees in every respect ; and I find that M. Bavay has also surmised the identity of these two. species. SOD: Syrnola violacea M. &S. (/. of C,, vill, p. 304). Identical with. Odostomia bulimoides Souverbie, which has priority. TOMLIN : NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE OF LIFU SHELLS. 45 It is somewhat variable in colour, like Syrnola lutea Garrett, and may also be reddish-brown or violaceous with a yellow apex. The name wiolacea may stand varietally for the violet form. Pyrgulina gliriella M. & S. (l.c., p. 303). See also /. of C.,, ix.; p. 185, where the new genus Herviera is created by Messrs. Melvill & Standen for this species and another. Dall & Bartsch, in their recently-published Monograph referred to above, consider Herviera to be synonymous with Elodiamea De Folin, but this does not yet seem certain. Thave lately received Herviera g/iriella from Jinituan Island, one of the Philippines (coll. Quadras). Pisidium supinum Schmidt in the Midlands.—On August the 21st last, while on an excursion with the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society to Wyre Forest, I had the good fortune to secure two specimens of Pisédzzm supinum Schmidt. On the way back to Bewdley Station our path skirted the Severn for some distance ; here I noticed the river bed appeared very hard and stony and seemed a likely habitat for this shell. I examined the spot and was delighted at securing two specimens (one immature) in the living state; these I at once sent to Mr. B. B. Woodward who kindly verified them for me. This is the second locality recorded for this species and I feel sure there is no reason to doubt it will be found in many other districts. Last Easter I had the good fortune to collect a very fine series of this shell in the Thames at Twickenham. Other species I noticed at Bewdley were the following :— Agrzolzmax agrestis, A. levis, Arion ater, A. sub- fuscus, A. hortensts, Pyramidula rotundata, Limnea truncatula, and Bithynia tentaculata, and no doubt had I had more time at my disposal many other species would have revealed themselves. —H. OVERTON (Read before the Society, November 1oth, 1909). aA Helicella caperata m. sinistrorsum at Lewes.—Mr. C. H. Morris, of Lewes, informs me that on October 30th last he was fortunate in finding on the golf links at Lewes a full grown sinistral shell of this species. The shell is per- fectly adult with a form and markings of typical character.—JNo. W. TAYLOR (Read before the Society, December 8th, 1909). -Milax gagates (Drap.) at Eccles.—On November 20th, 1909, I found under rockery stones (limestone) in a friend’s garden at Eccles, near Manchester, two Milax gagates associated with Axton hortensis, Limax maximus and Agriolimax - agrestis.—-G. C. SPENCE (Read before the Society, December 8th, 1909). 46 NOTES ON SHROPSHIRE MOLLUSCA., By J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S. (Read before the Society, May reth, 1909). Last Easter I visited Shropshire with a party of geologists, and during a stay of seven days made a few notes on the mollusca of this somewhat neglected county. Our centre was at Craven Arms, and excursions were made each day to the various places of geological interest round about. The results are somewhat disappointing, but this is due to the fact that it was, on the whole, rather too early for many species of mollusca. The weather, too, was not altogether suited to their requirements, the nights being very cold and at times frosty. Again, one had necessarily to keep in view the main object of the expedition—geology—and, therefore, I was unable to devote as much time to shell-hunting as I should have liked. The following notes are copied verbatim from my diary. Quarries in Aymestry limestone, Weo Edge, near Craven Arms:— Arion ater var. rufa, A. subfuscus, A. circumscriptus, Agrtolimax agrestis var. sylvatica and var. reticulata, Vitrina pellucida, Vitrea crystallina, V. cellaria, V. nitidula var. helmi, V. pura and var. nttidosa, Pyramidula roetundata, Helicigona arbustorum, Helix nemoralts, Cochlicopa lubrica, Clausilia bidentata, all occurred fairly commonly under the loose stones in the quarries. Arion circumscriptus and Vitrea nitidula were also common in a quarry in the Upper Ludlow near Onibury; Helix nemoralis was abundant on roadside banks from Onibury to Norton. On the slopes of Norton Hill (Lower Ludlow) just above the river Onny I found Agriolimax agrestis var. sylvatica and var. reticulata, Vitrea nttidula, Arion hortensis, A. circumscriptus, Hygromta hispida, and Cochlicopa lubrica. Limnea pereger occurred in a brook near Stokesay Castle Hotel. On the Onny river near Horderley—Caradoc sandstones, shales, etc.:—Limax maximus, Agriolimax agrestis, A. levis, Vitrina pellu- cida, Vitrea crystallina, V. nitidula, Arion ater, A. hortensts, Pyra- midula rotundata, Helix nemoralis, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Clausilia bidentata, all under stones at river side. Arion ater (type) was also exceedingly common on the banks of the Bishops Castle Railway, and Helix nemoralis and LH. hortensis— dead adult and living juvenile shells—were common amongst herbage at the roadside. JACKSON : NOTES ON SHROPSHIRE MOLLUSCA. 47 Quarry in Wenlock limestone near Much Wenlock :—Agyviolimax agrestis, Vitrina pellucida, Vitrea cellarta, V. alliaria, V. nitidula, Axton hortensts, Pyramidula rotundata, Heltcella ttala, H. caperata and var. ornata, Hygromia hispida, Helix nemoralis, Ena obscura, and Clausilia bidentata var. parvula, amongst stones and scanty vegetation. Ancylus fluviatilis and Anodonta cygnea were noticed in Belswar- dine Brook, Shineton; and He/¢x hortensrs vars. and HZ. cantiana were very common on hedge-banks from Buildwas, through Farley, to Much Wenlock (Wenlock shales and limestone) Dr. J. Cosmo Melvill was the first to record AZ. cantiana for this neighbourhood (J. of Conch., 12, p. 295). At Ludlow— Lower Old Red sandstone — Agriolimax agrestis, Vitrea cellaria, Arion ater var. castanea and var. succinea, A. circum- scriptus, Hygromia hispida, Helix aspersa, FH. nemoralis, and H. hortensis, were common among refuse in a sandpit. Agriolimax agrestis and Vitrina pellucida were also common under stones at Ludlow Castle. Bridges near Ratlinghope—purple slate of Upper Longmyndian :— Vitvina pellucida, Vitrea alliaria, and Hygromia hispida, common under slabs of slate. Whilst in the district, I visited Shrewsbury Museum, and on look- ing over the magnificent series of Roman remains from Uriconium I noticed a bowl full of /Ve/7x aspersa, labelled ‘‘H. pomatia.” This has no doubt been rectified by now, but I mention it here in case the species has been recorded as HZ. pomatia. Errors of this kind have unfortunate powers of vitality. Nore (added Jan., 1910).—I find to my great regret that I am, unfortunately, too late to prevent the above wrong identification from being placed on record, as on refer- ring to ‘The Roman Fort at Manchester, 1909,’ p. 68 (footnote) I notice the following remark:—“ . . . . . specimens of Helix fomatia were found at Wroxeter and are preserved in the Shrewsbury Museum.” From the few observations I was able to make, I cer- tainly think the district of South Shropshire shows promise of yielding a fairly large list of species if systematically worked. Paludestrina jenkinsi in the New River.—I recently found this species in the New River at Palmer’s Green (Middlesex), where both the type and var. cavinata are very plentiful; in fact, it is certainly the commonest mollusc in that portion of the New River. I have also met with it in the New River at Ches- hunt (Herts.).—Gro, H. WEAVER (Read before the Society, Nov. roth, 1909). 48 PERIODIC VARIATION IN LIMNAZEA PEREGER (Miller). By J. DAVY DEAN. (Read before the Society, May rath, 1909). THE following notes are the outcome of original observations made for the purpose of finding out the causes for periodic variation in certain colonies of Zimnea pereger. The facts obtained would seem to show that we may have here, not only an explanation of the specific phase, but a clue also to the wider subject—the arrested variation of freshwater mollusca. In the first place, the life-history of Lzmnea pereger is largely governed by the nature of the habitat, and it is not unusual to find the finest shells in a small ditch which, in the heat of summer, is not water so much as jungle—a dense patch of high grass and yellow-flag. And it is found that so much does the regular and natural occurrence of such extremes as this affect variation, and govern the life-history of any particular colony subjected to these conditions, that we are compelled to consider the aspect as one of primary importance. For those colonies, so subjected to extremes, are nevertheless perfectly self-contained and perfectly balanced by a natural law. To give, then, the primary analysis so gained by the facts provided. I.—UNRESTRICTED LOCALITIES :—by which is meant a sheet ot water which provides the species with the necessary conditions for life at all seasons of the year, and at which the seasonal variations in temperature, food supply, etc., are not sufficient to do more than cause a temporary or individual deviation trom arecognized form. It is probable that under this heading may be classed most of the smaller short-spired forms. II.—RestricTED LocaLitiEs:—by which is meant a sma!l water area which is liable to extremes of temperature, water-supply, sudden access of current, drought, food-supply, and seasonal variations which are sufficient to cause individual and racial variation in the form of the shell, and to affect and completely alter the life-history of the species. It is probable that under this heading may be classed the larger forms, acwmnata, oblonga, ovata, patula, etc. The fereger fall into two groups corresponding with these divisions, thus :— I.—-The ANNUAL forms. II].—The BIENNIAL forms, showing three phases : A.— Simple alternation. B.—Reverting alternation. C.—Arrested gradation. DEAN: PERIODIC VARIATION IN LIMN4EA PEREGER., 49 I1.—The Annual Forms: Unrestricted Localities. These forms may be considered to be, to a certain extent, fixed, although individual variation is present. A number of localities in the south of England as well as several of the North Lancashire localities have been placed under observa- tion. The results all tend to show that the average life of al! the smaller forms is a matter of from 13—16 months. The breeding season seems to be annually fixed, but may be early or late according to the nature of the locality; it may be short or prolonged, but is more often a short period of a few weeks’ duration. More frequently the breeding season is in the early summer, and the young ferever _ grow during the summer and autumn a shell varying from 34—32 whorls. Then, as in all the groups, a winter check-period of about three months intervenes, lasting till the end of February, when no growth of the shell goes on. The next season, the reproductive period again comes on, and the final quarter or half whorl is added to the shell. The mature feveger then rapidly die off, giving place to the young of the new generation. But, probably owing to the extreme cold of some of the more northern waters, it is not uncom- mon to find instances where the breeding season is deferred to a short period in August, and it is only an exceptionally hot summer that has any effect on the regularity of that period. Most of these forms are very small, with perhaps an average size of rr—12 mm. length. The spire varies only slightly, the shells ranging through the smaller lacustrine forms to the more acuminate truncatula-like shells of the limestone wells. It will be remembered that at these latter localities the conditions are often as constant for a considerable period as those obtaining in the larger water-areas. In all these shells the one definite winter growth-check is a marked feature. Shells from normal localities show this growth-mark at the end of the third or between the third and fourth whorl. Shells from a retarded locality show it generally at the completion of the second whorl. It is extremely rare for individuals, even at a late locality, to survive a second winter, provided the reproduction period has been given normal conditions. Before going on to consider in detail the phases in life-history of the Biennial forms, it may be of interest to notice the effect of ex- ceptional circumstances in the case of a habitat which, under normal conditions, possesses all the essential features of an unrestricted locality. This habitat is a small artificial trough placed at the base of a limestone cliff and receiving water from fissures in the limestone. The form of shell is similar to the .shells of the limestone wells described above. The animals breed in August, and attain maturity D 50 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, I9QIO. the following year. During the wet summer of 1907 the tank-water was in constant flow. The feveger were of a dwarf size and did not deposit egg-masses till the summer of the year following, and, having passed through an additional growth-period, by this time the shells were quite unlike any taken previously. The important point here is the possible relationship of climatic influence with development, and consequently with the vital question of reproduction. Unfortunately for the simplification of a theory, however, the clue to a fuller solution seems to begin and end here, for we find in similar localities a dissimilar state of things for the same period. II.—The Biennial Forms: Restricted Localities. A.— Simple alternation. In the first place, we may take as a generally accepted fact that the larger forms are usually longer-lived. | What is the life-history? Observations show that these large forms exceed the average life of the smaller forms by fez to fourteen months, and, what is more remarkable, that these larger forms may make their appearance one year and not the next. Such periods may be regularly alternate, year in and year out—in other words the variation may be biennial. The fuller explanation of the phase will be given by the life-history. Egg-masses are deposited in May and June, and the young fereger grow by the late autumn a shell of two complete whorls. ‘There is no evidence of a reproduction period the summer following, but the steady addition of shell-growth is maintained until by the late autumn a shell of four complete whorls has been formed. In the early summer of the third year the final growth is added, and reproduction takes place. By the end of July the mature individuals have died off, and the new generation has taken their place. An examination of the matured shells shows the two distinct growth-checks at the completion of the second and fourth whorls. It is, perhaps, unfortunate that only one instance of this phase has presented itself, but the example is valuable as showing the simplest form of periodic variation. The form of shell is intermediate between the annual types and the larger ovate and acuminate forms of the following groups. B.— Reverting alternation. So far the matter has been fairly simple. There has been through- out the constant appearance of a racially distinct type, and the first stage towards development is shown in the case of simple alternation just given. But there is another feature present in the life-history of most of these larger Zereger, and it is from this stage that the subject becomes DEAN : PERIODIC VARIATION IN LIMNAZA PEREGER. 51 a more difficult one. For it is here that we have to deal with those localities which are liable to the greatest extremes in temperature and vegetation growth and subject to agricultural interference. The life-history, however, of certain colonies of large acuminate and ovate forms seems to be the same. ‘Taking that history forward from the time of the appearance of the large form, we find egg-masses beginning to be deposited at the end of March or beginning of April, and the young grow during the first year a shell of from 3—3$ whorls. A slight further increases takes place the following spring, but now note the discrepancy in size coupled with the following fact: We find these small individuals—some of them only one-third the size of their parents—depositing egg-masses, and many of them forming a lip to the shell. The following statistics from two quite parallel cases are from averages :— Size of shell in 1906 1907 1908 1909 ovata - 20mm. - tIomm. - y = 22 wn, acuminata 20mm. - Fy sane, Y - 118 mm. A division in the colony now seems to take place, and a period of high mortality follows, what we may term the intermediate period of reproduction. At such a time a collector will be very puzzled to know whether or not he is examining mature /erveger, and he will incline to the belief that the shells are full-grown because a certain number show a well-defined lip. To distinguish between the two forms, we may call the larger the *“*Alternates” and the small intermediate form the ‘‘Revertives.” The idea being that these latter represent a force which reverts to the normal type, and, further, that it is because of the presence of this force that we have arrested variation in freshwater mollusca. Now follows the most vital period in the life-history of the colony. The struggle for existence is becoming acute, and apparently the battle is all in favour of the young of the new generation. Their development is, at any rate, on a different scale to that of the pre- ceding and still existent generation. For it must be remarked that each appearance of the mature Alternates is followed immediately by a multitudinous progeny, and if we consider the restricted nature of many localities, we may find that the growth and consequent development of individuals is inversely proportionate to the number present ; and, conversely, that the Alternates attain their finest development at a time when that number is below the normal. The next season shows an apparently inexplicable state of things, if contrasted with that of two seasons ago, or if judged apart from the preceding facts. 52 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, I9IO. Assiduous working of the locality will reveal a number of immature shells, still very small, and perhaps isolated examples of the Alter- nate type, which latter we may presuppose to be the direct descend- ants of the former generation of Alternates. (This period in the phase is indicated in the example given by an arrow, thus Y). A year later the big form again makes its appearance, reproduction takes place, and so the history repeats itself. Thus we have in these cases of Revertive Alternation a period of three years elapsing between each appearance of the major form. C.—Arrested gradation. It is not possible at the present to do more than suggest the nature of this phase. There are localities at which a large ovate form of pereger makes a regular appearance each year. Once every five or six years a maximum size is seen to be attained, to be frequently followed by a considerable falling off the following year. It 1s prob- able that at these localities the circumstances favourable to extreme variation have reached the optimum. It seems fairly evident that both Alternation and Reversion are present during the same period, and in this connection it should be noted that there is ample proof that cross-breeding between the two generations takes place. With these facts alone, it will be seen that it becomes extremely difficult to get conclusive evidence, and we can only take the facts obtained and consider them in the light of the preceding phases. A final word as to the support given to these facts by the observa- tions of other workers. In the Proceedings of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club, Messrs. Boycott and Bowell instance the following cases of periodic variation under Zimnea limosa VL. :— ‘“Owing to various causes we have not been able to give this periodic variation sufficient study, but the general result of our researches is to show that in a series of favourable seasons the size of average specimens gradually increases till a maximum is attained ; and then, as a rule, these large-sized specimens pro- duce a very numerous progeny of small specimens, which in their turn present us with offspring larger than themselves, and soon. Ina pond under observation, at Sissinghurst in Kent, a biennial change has occurred with some regularity during the last few years, a /adzosa form producing large Zmosa, and these in their turn reverting to /adiosa in successive seasons.” ON THE RANGE OF PISIDIUM SUPINUM Schmidt. By CHAS. OLDHAM. (Read before the Society, November t1oth, 1909). DuRING the past summer I have taken /usedium supinum at several places in the Grand Junction Canal; in Middlesex, at Harefield; in Hertfordshire, at Rickmansworth, Tring and Wilstone; in Bucking- hamshire, at Marsworth and Slapton; and in Northamptonshire, at Blisworth. In every case this species was associated with P. amnicum and P. henslowanum, and usually with P. subtruncatum. ‘Vhe bed of the canal is, in most places, stony, but here and there some silt and mud provide congenial quarters for bivalve mollusca. Perhaps the favourite habitat of swum was in the silt that had collected about the roots of Potamogeton pectinatus, a plant that grows sparingly in patches in the stony bed, but at Slapton I took several specimens in thick black mud in which Unio tumidus and U. pictorum were living. In all the localities I have mentioned the dominant form is the type, in which the umbones are furnished with appendicula similar to those in P. henslowanum, but at Harefield, Wilstone and Marsworth I took a variety in which the appendicula are lacking. At Marsworth, associated with the other two, a third form occurs. This is oval, not unlike typical P. pusé//um in outline, very glossy, strongly striated, and lacks the appendicula. It may be worth*men- tioning that in embryonic shells of the typical form that I extracted from specimens taken at Rickmansworth in July, the appendicula were situate in the middle of the valves, as they are in P. hens/owanum of that age, and not at the umbones as they are in mature shells. Mr. B. B. Woodward, in looking over my collection recently, kindly called my attention to specimens of P. swpimum which I had over- looked. I collected them in the Union Canal at Aylestone, near Leicester, in July, 1892, and in a pond at Kelsall, Cheshire, in June, 1894. The shells, in both cases, are of the non-appendiculate variety. ——_———_$-e-@—— —— Localities for Hygromia revelata (Michaud). — This species has been recorded from ‘‘ Plymouth,” but this rather vague indication covers Such an exten- sive area that I feel justified in recording that I recently found the shell in a typical habitat on the cliffs above 1Whitsand Bay, beyond Rame Head. This is, of course, on the Cornish side of Plymouth Sound. I have also collected A. 7xevela/a at the Lizard, Land’s End, and Kynance Cove.—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN (Read before the Soctety, November 10th, 1909). zt The usual local spelling. 54 DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR SUPPOSED NEW LAND SHELLS FROM BRITISH SOMALILAND. Banas Eg OVINE wIVIEVAUE mek) pir (Read before the Society, March goth, 1910). Tue four following species which I describe as new came from a small collection of mollusca made by Mr. W. Feather, of the British Somaliland Fibre and Development Company, and have been placed in my hands by Mr. Fred. Booth. They were all collected on Gan Libbah, at an elevation of about 5,600 feet above sea-level, in British Somaliland. Buliminus (Cerastus) featheri n.sp. Shell broadly ovate, somewhat elongate, perforate, pale fawn colour; whorls 84, first whorl flattened at apex, later whorls closely obliquely striate, the striz on the earlier whorls regular and closely set, less so on the penultimate and on the last whorl irregular or obsolete ; suture rather lightly impressed ; the umbilical area considerably excavated ; perforation deep, narrow; columella reflexed over the umbilical area ; aperture oblong, slightly angled at the base of the columella ; labrum narrowly reflexed. Alt. 29 mm. ; diam. maj. 14 mm. ; diam. min. to mm. Aperture, alt. 13 mm. ; diam. 38 mm. Only a few specimens were collected, all of which were dead ; in the specimen figured the upper whorls are more or less bleached. Though there is nothing very remarkable about the appearance of this species, | am unable to find that it has already been described. I name this species after Mr. W. Feather, who made this collec- tion in Somaliland. Buliminus (Cerastus) boothi n.sp. Shell ovate, perforate; colour pale buff, sparsely and very irregu- larly dotted with darker markings, which are translucent when the shell is held up to the light ; whorls 8, closely and regularly obliquely TOMLIN : SUPPOSED NEW LAND SHELLS FROM SOMALILAND. 55 striate from the second whorl onwards, the striz on the last whorl becoming less regular, and sometimes obsolescent ; suture slightly impressed ; umbilical area rather narrow, and the perforation ex- tremely small; columella considerably reflexed over the umbilical area ; aperture long, oval; labrum very slightly reflexed. Alt. 19 mm. ; diam. 10 mm. Aperture, alt. g mm.; diam. 6 mm. It appears to be rather a variable species in dimensions ; another adult example measures alt. 22 mm.; diam. 11 mm. The spots are most irregularly placed, and sometimes tend to coalesce into small blotches. This species was found alive in some numbers, but very few were adult. It is dedicated to Mr. F. Booth. Ennea orestias' n.sp. Shell cylindrical, perforate; whorls 114, broadest at the sixth and seventh whorls, and thence to the base gradually decreasing in dia- ‘meter ; sculpture consisting of oblique, rather distant, longitudinal striz, with lines of growth often visible between the striz; suture impressed ; umbilicus very small and deep; labrum and columella widely reflexed ; aperture almost square, with one prominent parietal lamella, and on the columella two rather less strong lamellze, seated deeply within the aperture. Alt. 6°5 mm. ; diam. 3 mm. (in the broadest part). This shell is not unlike Exnea uvula Desh. from Réunion, but is smaller, narrowed below, not so strongly striated, and has lamellee on the columella. The latter are too far inside the aperture to be visible in the figure. > . . I Oper Tias, belonging to the mountains. 56 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, 1910. Buliminus (Zebrina) libbahensis n.sp. Shell elongate, fusiform, rimate, smooth, and shining; suture lightly impressed ; whorls 103, cream coloured, very beautifully and closely painted with narrow, longitudinal, wavy lines of white, and also sparingly and irregularly with broader lines of various shades of brown ; body-whorl with a narrow, rather faint peripheral dark line ; aperture auriform, dull red inside; labrum very slightly reflexed ; columella strongly thickened and reflexed, margined with white, with a strong internal fold. Alt. 21 mm. ; diam. 7 mm. Aperture, alt. 7 mm. ; diam. 4 mim. Two living specimens. ——_—. #- ©- e—____ PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 387th Meeting, December 8th, 1909. Mr. R. Standen in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : ‘©On the Evidences of a Former Landibridge between Northern Europe and North America,” by Dr. R. F. Scharff (from the author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Members Elected. Richard Harrison, 19, Allen Street, Hulme, Manchester. James W. Mercer, 13, King Street, Kettering. L. Dawes, Hambledon, Hants. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Rev. T. T. Levett, F.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. F. R. Tindall Lucas, Lampton Lodge, Spring Grove, Isleworth. J. Moorcock, 91, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E. Miss Hilda Townend Gnosspelius, Silver Holme, Newby Bridge, Ulverston, Lancs. " ‘ Resignation. Reginald H. Barker. PROCEEDINGS: JANUARY 12, I9QIC. 57 Member Deceased. Thomas Bird Hall. Papers Read. * Felicella capervata m. stnistrorsum at Lewes,” by Jno. W. Taylor. “ Nitlax gagates (Drap.) at Eccles, near Manchester,” by G. C. Spence. Exhibits. By Mr. G. C.-Spence: Living specimens of Afz/ax gagates to illustrate his note ; also photographs of various slugs. By Mr. Walter Gyngell: Some fine examples of Anodonta cygnea from Scar- borough. By Mr. R. Standen: A fine series of Ancylus, Physa, Testacella, Parmacella, etc., from the ‘‘ Darbishire ” collection in the Manchester Museum ; among the Physe@ were two remarkably fine specimens of Physa gigantea Michaud, from the Rilly Limestone (Lowest Eocene) of Rilly-la-Montagne, near Kheims. It was decided to have the following special exhibits at future meetings :— British Clausiliide ... ae ae January 12th, 1910 Genus Eulima ... - ie a February 9th, 1910 Cylindrellide ... bo, “xa “re March goth, 1910 388th Meeting, January 12th, 1910. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : ‘“A Catalogue of Kecent Cephalopoda, second supplement, 1897-1906,” by Dr. W. E. Hoyle; ‘‘ Non-Marine Mollusca of Norfolk,” by A. Mayfield ; ‘‘ Four New Land Shells from the Philippine Islands,” by Paul Bartsch ; ‘‘ A Monograph of West American Pyramidellid Mollusks,” by W. H. Dall and P. Bartsch; “Report on a Collection of Shells from Peru, with a Summary of the Littoral Marine Mollusca of the Peruvian Zoological Province,” by W. H. Dall; ‘‘ Revision der Unterfamilie der Orthalicinen,” by Dr. H. Strebel ; ‘‘ Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles [Nova Guinea],” by A. Bavay (from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Members Elected. Rev. T. T. Levett, F.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. F. R. Tindall Lucas, Lampton Lodge, Spring Grove, Isleworth. J. Moorcock, 91, Broadfield Koad, Catford, S.E. Miss Hilda Townend Gnosspelius, Silver Holme, Newby Bridge, Ulverston, Lancs. Candidates Proposed for Membership. M. K. Saggu, M.R.A.S., etc., Common Room, Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C. H. O. N. Shaw, F.Z.S., Skreen’s Park, Roxwell, near Chelmsford. R. Woodcock, Fauvic, Jersey. Resignation. Henry Suter. Members Deceased. A. Loydell. Kenneth McKean. Papers Read. “* New Herefordshire Records,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A. ** Additional Notes on the Non-Marine Mollusca of Mortehoe,” by M. Jane Longstaff, “Obituary of A. Loydell,” by J. E. Cooper. 58 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, I9IO. Exhibits. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor : A fine series of Helicosty/a, including 1. pudibunda, H. carinata, BR. electrica, H. cryptica, H. semper?, and many cther rare and beautiful species and varietal forms, chiefly from the ‘‘ Quadras ” collection. By Mr. R. Standen: Shells of Placenta orbicularvis, and a specimen of the same which had actually been in use as a ‘‘ window-pane” at Goa, Western India (from Manchester Museum collection). ; By Mr. E, Arnold Wallis: A remarkable malformation of Anodonta cgnea, from the Valley pond, Scarborough. By Mr. J. Davy Dean: A series of local forms of Helix, Vetrea, and Succinea, from the collection of the late Mr. C. S. Coles, chiefly from Hampshire and Surrey localities. Mr. Coles, although never a member of the Conchological Society, was well known to many members of it as an enthusiastic collector of shells, and his demise will be a matter of deep regret to his numerous corres- pondents and personal friends. By Mr. C. H. Moore: A small series of Lifu mollusca. A large series of the British Clausiliidee was shown by Messrs. R. Standen, J. Kidson Taylor, E. C. Stump, C. H. Moore, E. Collier, and the Manchester Museum (‘¢ Oldham ” collection). Mr. Collier's seriés included white forms of C. bidentata and laminata; sections of C. bédentata and cravenensis; and clausia of C. bédentata. 389th Meeting, February 9th, 1910. Mr. R. Standen in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : ‘* Diagnoses of New Cephalopods from the Hawaiian Islands,” by S. S. Berry ; “Notes on the Philippine Pond Snails of the Genus /7vzpara, with Descriptions of New Species,” ‘‘Three New Land Shells from Mexico and Guatemala,” “A New Species of Certthiopsis from Alaska”—all by P. Bartsch; ‘‘ On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave Earth,’ Dog Holes, Warton Crag,” by J. W. Jackson ; “‘On the Geographical Distribution of Mollusca in South Lonsdale,” by Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall, J. D. Dean, and W. M. Rankin ( Vee the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Members Elected. M. K. Saggu, M.R.A.S., ete., Common Room, Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C. H. O. N. Shaw, F.Z.S., Skreen’s Park, Roxwell, near Chelmsford. R. Woodcock, Fauvic, Jersey. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Norman G. Hadden, Levant Lodge, Earls Croome, Worcester. George Shrubsole, Ellesmere, Fields Park Road, Newport, Mon. Papers Read. “‘ Note on Carychium minimum,” by H. Fogerty. “¢ Pyramidula rotundata var. alba at Meathop Fell, Westmorland,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S. PROCEEDINGS : MARCH 9, Igfo. 59 Exhibits. By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Pyramidula rotundata var. alba, from Meathop Fell and Eggerslack Wood, Grange ; /amtnia muscorum, type and var. edentzla, Vallonia costata and V. excentrica, Meathop Fell; Acanthinula acuieata, Eu- conulus fulvus, Jamtma secale, Clausilia bidentata and abnormality, Helicella caperata vars., Grange-over-Sands, eritina fluviatilis from brook at Cark ; Paludestrina stagnalis from the marsh near Grange; /aminda secale, Cochlicopa lubrica, Helicella ttala, Limnea pereger and L. truncatula from Kendal. By Mr. F. Taylor: Land and freshwater shells from the Isle of Man, collected September, 1909, including several new county records—Aplecta hypnorum, Pist- dium subtruncatum, P. nitidum, P. obtusale, P. pustllum. Mr. Taylor reported finding several specimens, type and vars., of Limax cinereo-niver, Asrtolimax levis, and Avion intermedius, in the Ramsey district, these being new county records. By Mr. G. C. Spence: From canal, Lancaster, Jan. 11th, 1910—Dyetssensia polymorpha, Bythinia tentaculata, Neritina fluviatilis, Spherium corneum, Limnea pereger, Physa fontinalis, Planorbis vortex, Valvata piscinalis, and Pisidiunt henslowanum. By Mr. C. H. Moore: A number of Olives of various species. 390th Meeting, March gth, toro. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: ‘The Luminous Organs of some Cephalopoda from the Pacific Ocean,” by W. E. Hoyle; ‘‘The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa from collections made by Cyril Crossland in the years 1901 and 1902;—On some Species of Solenidz,” by E. A. Smith and H. H. Bloomer; ‘‘Anatomy of Zagelus gibbus and 7. dzvésus,” ‘‘On the Anatomy of Ezszs macha, Solen fonesti and S. viridis,” **On the Anatomy of certain species of Solenidze,” ‘“‘Anatomy of various species of Solenide : Addenda et Corrigenda,” ‘On the Anatomy of Lyszs (Solen) magnus Schumacher,” ‘Anatomy of species of Sz/¢gua and Enszs,” ‘‘The Anatomy of Pharella orientalis Dunker and Zagelus rufus Spengler,” ‘Classification of the British species of the Genus So/ez Linneé,” ‘‘ On the origin and function of the Fourth Aperture in some Pelecypoda,” ‘‘ The Anatomy of certain species of Cerati- solen and Solecurtus,” ‘‘ The Anatomy of the British species of the Genus So/e7,” pts. 1., 11, ii., iv., ‘‘On some malformed specimens of Anodonta cygnea 1..,” “Notes on some further malformed specimens of Azodonta cygnea 1.” (1900), “Notes on some further malformed specimens of Azodonia cygnea 1..” (1902), all by H. H. Bloomer (from the respective authors), and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Members Elected. Norman G. Hadden, Levant Lodge, Earls Croome, Worcestershire. George Shrubsole, Ellesmere, Fields Park Road, Newport, Mon. Candidates Proposed for Membership. _ C. Theodore Cribb, The Vicarage, Shipley, Yorks. . Harry L. Stephenson, 73, Colwyn Road, Dewsbury Road, Leeds. Herbert H. Booker, 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield. W. T. Elliott, D.D.S., F.Z.S., 63, Temple Row, Birmingham. 60 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, 1910. Papers Read. ‘*Observations on the pairing of A7zoz atex (L.),” by Lionel E.-Adams, B.A. ‘* Upon certain species of Land Mollusca living in the Southern Limestone Alps,” by Maxwell Smith. ‘< Crepidula fornicata and Pelricola pholadiforjis in the Medway,” by F. H. Sikes. ‘“* Notes on the nomenclature of some Lifu shells,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, MYA.) EES: ** Descriptions of four supposed new Land Shells from British Somaliland,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S. Exhibits. By Mr. I’. H. Sikes: Specimens of Crepedula fornicata and very large Petricola pholadiformes from the Medway, to illustrate his note. By Mr. B. Rk. Lucas: A number of living examples of Terrestrial Mollusca, collected during a recent visit to Madeira. By Mr. G. C. Spence: Claustlia bidentata var. gracilior, Hyalinia fulva, A. pura, Hl. crystallina, H. nitidula, Hygromia hispida and a number of other terrestrial species collected during February last at Marple, Cheshire ; also Clazsz/za bidentata, C. laminata, Cochlicopa lubrica, Hygromia rufescens, Hyalinia nitidula, Aly. glabra and others from Brungerley Bridge, Waddington, near Clitheroe, all taken during February last. By Mr. C. H. Moore: An interesting series of New Zealand marine shells. By Mr. R. Standen: Sets of Cozzzes mustcus from various Polynesian localities, and a string of ‘‘shell-money” from the Admiralty Islands, composed of the apical portions of this cone rubbed flat and formed into regular discs of uniform size. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: A beautiful series of varietal forms of He/zx aspersa ; curiously eroded Planorbis corneus, H. cantiana var. albida, and Hf. virgata var. maculata from Scarborough; A. arbustorum var. fusca from Durham; white varieties of H. hispida, Clausilia luminata, Cl. brplicata and Jaminia cylindracea ; Cyprearashlerghana, Cyp. sulcidentata var. xanthochrysa, Cyp. cribrarta var. trans- Jucida and a number of other fine examples of Z77vza and Cyprea; Conus sonatus from Andaman Islands, C. wi/¢atus from Panama, C. 2ebulosus from West Indies, and a very beautiful series of C. ammirals from Mauritius, Ceylon, Moluccas, and Philippines. As a special exhibit, very fine series of Cylindrellidz, including about one hundred of the known species, were shewn by Messrs. Ed. Collier, R. Standen, J. W. Baldwin, and Mrs. Gill. The ‘‘ Layard,” ‘‘ Darbishire,” and general collections in the Manchester Museum were also exhibited. Mr. Collier gave an interesting résumé of the life-history and geographical distribution of the group— which according to the latest classification must now be known under the name Urocoptide. We drew attention to the eccentric form, and beauty of sculpture, which characterise many of these curious shells. Pisidium personatum Malm at Mortehoe —a correction.—Mr. B. B. Woodward writes me as follows: ‘* Fasedvzm personatiun from Church Close, Mortehoe (v. supra p. 23) proves—or at least the specimens received from Mrs. Longstaff prove—on a recent and more thorough investigation to be P. s27¢¢du. This is an addition to the Mortehoe list.” —ED. 61 A PRELIMINARY CONCHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MONMOUTHSHIRE, With some Notes on Brecknockshire. IB Jy Jal, SIOKOLS,) IIA (Read before the Society, June cth, r9c9). A FORTNIGHT of leisure, and a request from the Recorder of the Monograph were the two pre-disposing causes that induced me to turn my attention last Easter to Monmouthshire, and, indeed, one cannot help wondering, when one thinks that it has for its eastern boundary the most beautiful of British rivers, namely, the winding Wye, that more conchologists have not, before this, been tempted to take a trip, in which the study of shells and scenery could be profit- ably combined. At any rate, the ill wind which has left so many gaps in the census list blew me some considerable good, and at the end of the tour I was able to add 28 fresh records to the Monmouth list and rr to that of Brecknock. My head-quarters were made at Chepstow, Monmouth, and Abergavenny, in order to include as much of the county as possible, and I have set down a full list of the shells found, in case any other collector may wish to make a more systematic survey than was possible in the time at my disposal. Should this be the case, I should recommend the beautiful Piercefield Woods at Chepstow, the ponds by the railway at Troy, Monmouth, and the Clydach Valley, which extends to both counties, as being likely to produce some of the still missing species. The weather was fine when I searched there and so far as could be made out some of the species (e.g. Pomatias elegans) had not come out, and in addition I could only give part of a day to each place. Perhaps one might add that many of the previous records were due to Mr. E. J. Lowe, who lived at Chepstow, but, as I was there informed, when asking for his address, he has been dead some years. All the shells and slugs have been sent to Mr. W. D. Roebuck. * — Monmouthshire records; + — Brecknockshire records. Arion ater.—Common. var. Castanea.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow; Piercefield Woods, Chepstow ; Clydach Valley, Brecon. - var. Succinea.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow; Piercefield Woods, Chepstow ; Monmouth. var. bicolor.—Piercefield Woods, Chepstow. 62 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, IQIO. Arion hortensis.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow; Piercefield Woods, Chepstow. Arion circumscriptus.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow ; Llanerchoedd- land Wells, Brecon ; Piercefield Woods, Chepstow. *Vitrina pellucida.—Common. Hyalinia cellaria.—Common. var. complanata.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow. Hyalinia alliaria.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow. *tHyalinia helvetica.—Abergavenny; Wynd Cliff, Chepstow Llanerchoeddland Wells, Brecon. Hyalinia nitidula.—Common. Hyalinia pura.—Common. var. nitidosa.—With type. *Hyalinia crystallina.—Common. *Euconulus fulvus.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow ; Piercefield Woods, Chepstow; Symonds Yat; Penpergwm, Abergavenny ; Clydach Valley, Brecon; Rhyd Goch Falls, Brecon. +Zonitoides excavatus.—Clydach Valley, Brecon. *+Punctum pygmzum.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow; Symonds Yat ; Rhyd Goch Falls, Brecon. *+Pyramidula rupestris.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow; Clydach Valley, Brecon. + Pyramidula rotundata.—Common. var. pallida.—Chepstow (Castle). var. pyramidalis.—Chepstow (Castle). *+Acanthinula aculeata.—Wynd Cliff, Chepstow ; Symonds Yat ; Rhyd Goch Falls, Brecon; Llanerchoeddland Wells, Brecon; Erwood, Brecon. Helix aspersa.—Common. var. undulata.—Chepstow (Castle). Helix nemoralis.—Most varieties common. var. undulata.—Piercefield Woods, Chepstow. Helix hortensis.—Most varieties common. m. aff. scalariforme.—Monmouth. Helicigona arbustorum.— Chepstow ; Piercefield Woods, Chepstow ; Monmouth; Penpergwm, Abergavenny ; Clydach Valley, Brecon ; Symonds Yat. var. flavescens. — Chepstow; Monmouth; Clydach Valley, Brecon. var. canigonensis.—Clydach Valley. Helicigona lapicida.— Wynd Cliff, Chepstow ; Chepstow ; Llanerchoeddland Wells, Brecon ; Clydach Valley, Brecon, Helicella virgata.—Chepstow. SIKES: PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF MONMOUTHSHIRE. 63 tHelicella caperata.—Common. var. fulva.—Caldicot Level. var. subscalaris.—Caldicot Level. Hygromia rufescens.—Piercefield Woods, Chepstow ; Symonds Yat ; Penpergwm, Abergavenny ; Abergavenny. Hygromia hispida.—Common. var. concinna.—Common. *Hygromia fusca. — Piercefield Woods, Chepstow ; Clydach Valley, Brecon. Vallonia pulchella. — Caldicot Level; Piercefield Woods, Chepstow. Ena obscura.—Common. *Pupa cylindracea.—Common. *Clausilia laminata.—Piercefield Woods, Chepstow; Penpergwm, Abergavenny. var. alba.—Piercefield Woods, Chepstow. Clausilia bidentata.—Common. var. everetti.—Monmouth. Cochlicopa lubrica.—Wynd Cliff. Chepstow; Piercefield Woods, Chepstow. Succinea putris. — Chepstow; Caldicot Level; Monmouth ; Symonds Yat. var. alba.—Caldicot Level. Succinea elegans.—Troy, Monmouth. *Carychium minimum.—Common. Pomatias elegans.—Common (dead shells). *Limnza palustris.—Penpergwm, Abergavenny. Limnza truncatula.—Common. var. elegans.— Boughrood, Brecon, Limnza pereger.—Common. var. inflata. —Troy, Monmouth. var. acuminata.—Abergavenny. var. boissyi.—Caldicot Level. var. Ovata.—Abergavenny ; Caldicot Level. *Limnza auricularia.—Canal (Mon. & Brec.). *Physa fontinalis.—Troy, Monmouth. *Aplecta hypnorum.—Caldicot Level. Planorbis albus.— Monmouth. *Planorbis crista var. levigata.—Caldicot Level. *Planorbis umbilicatus.—Canal; Caldicot Level. *Planorbis spirorbis. — Caldicot Level; Penpergwm, Aber- gavenny; Canal, 64 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, APRIL, I9Q10, Ancylus fluviatilis. —Monmouth; Canal. var. capuloides.—Llanerchoeddland Wells, Brecon. *Acroloxus lacustris.—Troy, Monmouth. ;Vivipara vivipara.—Canal (Brecon). Bythinia tentaculata.—Common. *+Valvata piscinalis.—Caldicot Level; Troy, Monmouth; Canal (Brecon). _ Anodonta cygnza.—Canal (Mon. & Brec.). *+ Anodonta anatina.—Canal (Mon. & Brec.) ; uaa Yat. var. moulinsiana.—River Wye at Monmouth. *Spherium corneum.—Tintern; Symonds Yat; Canal. var. flavescens.—Canal (Mon. ). *Pisidium amnicum.—Troy, Monmouth ; Canal. *Pisidium fontinale.— Troy, Monmouth. *Pisidium pusillum —Penpergwm, Abergavenny ; Caldicot Level. *Phytia myosotis.— River Wye. Paludestrina jenkinsi.—Caldicot Level. OBITUARY.—A. LOYDELL. By J. E. COOPER. (Read before the Society, January rath, tgto). THE Society loses an energetic, if unobtrusive, member in A. Loydell, who died after a short illness on January 1st, 1gro. Mr. Loydell was born near Northampton, but lived nearly all his life in London. He was a keen naturalist, though, being of a retiring disposition, he probably did not get the credit for all his field-work. As a conchologist he contributed to the county records of Northamp- tonshire and Middlesex—a list for the latter was published only last year in collaboration with the present writer. Geology claimed part of his brief holidays and for several years past he had been accumu- lating material for a new “ Flora of Middlesex” in co-operation with some of his botanical friends. Vertigo pusilla Miill. and Vertigo alpestris Alder at Keswick.—I was fortunate enough yesterday (September 15th) to find a colony of the above two species on the Borrowdale Road, Keswick. Both species were found together, in the proportion of about one of the former to two of the latter, beneath the top stones of a dry wall. In about fifteen minutes I took over 100 specimens.—W. J FARRER (Aead before the Soczety, November 10th, 1909). RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCGICAL WORKS. SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,888 species). : Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species. Smaller Catalogue (with Prices) Post Free. SALE. - PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED: Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, etce.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly. : PLAN AND FULL PRICE-LIST POST=FREE. SOWERBY & FULTON, River Side, KEW, near LONDON, WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A., HAS ON SALE THE FINEST STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS N AMERICA, AS WELL AS A VERY GOOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE. I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Collectors having Duplicates in Quantity to dispose of, or will buy Entire Lots or Collections for Immediate Cash. WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER. I particularly desire all kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicidze. REPRINTS. UTHOKS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6; 8 pp.; 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. > 16 pp., 10/6. 59 2 » 4/9, ” 6/6. », I10/-. > 12/6. - 100 59 >) 6/6, 29 9) -- ” 12/-. ; hop 15/-. ADVERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page ee aa) 2O)ee Quarter Page ne 4 7/-. Half Page... aan ep 12/6: Six Lines or under ... eee Or One-third Page ... Re Reo ES Every additional Line ism Os SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. —_-:::—_ ED PRICES OF BACK VOLUMES OF . THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. I.-(in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... .... 21/- nett. Vols. Il., HI., 1V., & VIl.—XI. Each i To the Public, 15/=; to Members and to the Trade, 11/3. Vols. V., & Vi. eee oes see (Out of Print). To be had only from DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, SoHo Square, W. MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume) yc) Gs no Colored Edition.—Plates carefully. colored by hand, per part - = - mG Gis ae eee ee a cee Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eighteen volumes including the Monography of Helicidee, Bulimidz, and Urocoptide. mS The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. << See en en ee A ee RBs 2+ d 2s A EPP Vor. 13). JULY ist, 1910. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1873. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND [RELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. LREASUKEK: J.R. te B.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,|} E. 0. BOSTOCK, STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE Roab, Hotty House, ALEXANDRA Rpb., READING. BLACKPOOL. SYONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. On the Habitat of Vitrea lucida (Drap.) at Grange-over-Sands— ee J. W. JACKSON she Bas ee “fee a ane Be 65 New Herefordshire Records—J. R. 1 B. ToMLIN _... ; ee 68 Paludestrina jenkinsi in West Sussex—L. E. ADAMS ... ses Bae 68 The Non-Marine Mollusca of Friesland—F. H. S1Kes... ae an 69 Limax tenellus Miiller in Oxfotdshire—Cuas. OLDHAM stg ake 71 Carychium minimum near Limerick—H. FOGERTY .. Be or 71 Obituary Notice: G. W. Chaster—E. CoLilier ee ue oh 72 Bibliography. ae Be a oe sa An ae ae 74 Abnormal radula of Vitrea lucida (Drap.) (with figure)—J. E. Coorrr 76 Land and Freshwater Mollusca at Cloghane, co. Kerry—J. K. Le B. TOMLIN aS): a a6 ais ye oe oe ee 77 The Marine Mollusca of the Yorkshire Coast and the Dogger Bank— J. A. HARGREAVES .. aes Eo the ae ee got $0 Proceedings: April 13, 1910; May 11, 1910 ... ae oe eee 95 LONDON: Dutau & Co., LTp., 37, Sono Square, W. LEEDS: Taytor Bros... SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHerratrr & HuGHEs, Str. ANN’s St. BERLIN: FrigptaENDER & Soun, CARLSTRASSE It. LIST OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen. LIST OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF ‘LTHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By LION, 2. “A DANS? Bex. Published by authority ‘of the Conehological Society. _ Price SG. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if caxh is sent with order. ; The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the district, deals with all branches of Natural. History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are: “¢ Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Laucashire and Adjacent Counties’; ‘* On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag” 5 and others, which contain much valuable information of Jocal and general interest. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. Wrsrern, 139, BearRice TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vou. 13. JULY, 1910. No. 3. ON THE HABITAT OF VITREA LUCIDA (Drap.) AT GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. By J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S. (Read before the Society, November roth, 1909). IN 1903, whilst spending a holiday at Grange-over-Sands, I had the good fortune to come across two examples of Vitrea /ucida (Drap.) (one dead and one living) whilst working the cliffs on Lindale Road for mollusca. This addition to the Census was recorded in a paper I wrote in conjunction with Mr. C. H. Moore.’ This discovery remained unique for several years, and in 1906” I expressed the opinion that the shells might have arrived there with greenhouse refuse, probably thrown down from gardens above. I had not, however, then visited the top of the cliffs and could only judge from down below. On the occasion of the joint ramble of the Society to Grange on June icth, 1908, another specimeti (dead) was taken by Mr. J. Davy Dean,’ and in August of the previous year Mr. G. H. Taylor found an empty shell of this species on the cliffs.“ In 1908 I visited Grange again in company with Mr. R. Standen and Mr. J. Kidson Taylor, and a systematic search among the herbage on the cliffs resulted in the acquisition of fourteen examples,’ all adult and half ~ the number living. ‘The largest, found by my wife, measured 15 mm, in diameter. These were all found on the rock-ledges at no great distance from the ground. This year I have had exceptional opportunities of thoroughly investigating the habitat, having obtained permission to explore the wood and grounds above the cliffs. [he habitat, which forms part of J. of Conch., xi., pp. 45-46. J. of Conch., xi., p. 361. J. of Conch., xii., p. 221. 4 J. of Conch.. xii., p. 156. 5 J. of Conch., xii., p. 329. OQ wu ww 66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 3, JULY, IQTO. the extensive grounds attached to Blawith House, consists of quite primitive woodland, more or less clothed with a thick natural wood composed mainly of hazel, ash, oak and hawthorn, with occasional hollies and other trees and shrubs, the relics, no doubt, of the dense primeval forests recorded by Tacitus as covering almost every part of the coast and the interior of the country around Morecambe Bay— with the exception of some portions of the higher ground—at the time of the great invasion of the district by the Romans under Agricola, A.D. 79. The hazel is by far the most abundant tree and the locality was formerly well-known for its rich harvest of nuts each autumn, There is no trace at all of it ever having been a garden and no introduced trees, such as conifers, have been planted there. Practically no soil covers the surface of the ground, which consists principally of angular limestone débris, resulting from the disintegration of the underlying rock. Every additional Line foe s/O8 SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. PRICES OF BACK VOLUMES OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. f. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to justify the reprinting of necessary parts) ... ... .... 21/- nett. Vols. Il., {01., 1V., & Vil.—XIl. Each To the Public, 15)-; to Members and to the Trade, 11/3. Vols. V., & VI... ... 7... (Out of Print). To be had only from DuLAu & Co., Ltd., 37, SoHO SQUARE, W. MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. — Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, per part - - - sea Per See ae Hee hal eae ican Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series. — Pulmonata. Twenty volumes including the Monography of Helicidee, Bulimidze, and Urocoptide. SMS The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON ; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Wor. 13): OCTOBER ist, 1910. [No. 4. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1873. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R.veB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| Rev. L.J:SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK, _STONELEY, - 66, GRANVILLE Roan, Hotty Housz, ALEXANDRA Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. PAGE Notice to Members and others... se a os ae see OF, Curiously distorted Anodonta cygnzea (L.) (with figures)—E. A. WALLIS 97 Shell Drift at Ballinacurra, Limerick—H. FoGerty ... ws ae OS The Marine Mollusca of the Yorkshire Coast and the Doge Bank - (concluded)—J. A. HARGREAVES _ ... 99 Additional Notes on the Non-Marine Moliizen of Mortchoe= _M. Jane LoncGsraFrr UWes : sae ee OO The Dispersal of Shells by Insects—J. R. LE B. Roatan 505 SOS On Ethalia nevilli Sowerby—J. R. LE B. ToMLIN .. Aah see aLOS Crepidula fornicata and Petricola pholadiformis in the Medway— PF. E. SIKES . oe : aS a ae oe t= 108 Notes on some rare ele ae the North Sea and Shetland— : Faeroe Channel—J. SIMPSON ius Be . 109 Observations on the Pairing of Arion ater (L) (vith Figo) — L. E. Apams ne ; 116 Upon Certain Species of tac Molleses teins in the Soithern Limestone Alps—MAXWELL SMITH =e oes oue 20 Proceedings: June 8, 1910; September. 14, 1910... : sore N22) Pyramidula rotundata var. alba at Meathop Fell—J. W. ocak. 124 Bibliography bap a i ae ee as ae Suan aS LONDON: Dutau & Co., LTD., 37, Sono Square, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHeRratt & HuGHEs, Sr. ANN’s ST. BERLIN: FrrepLaENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It. Members are requested to be more prompt in notifying any change of address. LIST OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen. List OF | BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA, PREPARED BY. A “COMMITTEE OF TH -CONGCHOLOGICAEY SO Gini Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; SS. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. ByotLlO NEA: | ASW Ss). ane Published by authority of the Conechological Society. Price 3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square,-W., post free if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the district, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are: ** Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties’; ‘* On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag”; and others, which contain much valuable information of local and general interest. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. Wesrern, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, I.ANCASHIRE. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. WO, 18 OCTOBER, 1910. No. 4. NOTICE TO MEMBERS AND OTHERS. THE Council of the Conchological Society wishes it to be clearly understood that, for the future, lost numbers of the /ournal will not be replaced gratis, unless the loss be notified to the Hon. Secretary during the year in which such number or numbers were printed. This rule applies both to members’ copies and to exchanges. wee 0 @ 0 H—___- CURIOUSLY DISTORTED ANODONTA CYGNAA (L.). By E. ARNOLD WALLIS. (Read before the Society, May 11th, rgro). In March, 1898, while the Vailey Pond at Scarborough was being cleaned out, I found a remarkably distorted Anodunta cygnea. The pond is noted for the somewhat curious variety of this bivalve which occurs in it. ‘The specimens are all very dark in colour and peculiarly heavy and tumid, and more or less distorted specimens have not infrequently been taken there. There are no weeds in the pond. The bottom is of soft fine mud with a great many stones among it. The specimen, photographs of which, taken by Mr. Wilfrid Jackson, are reproduced, was lying between two stones, but was not in any way G 98 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1910. wedged between them. As will be seen in the photograph showing the shell from beneath the two valves are not symmetrical, though both show the same depression about the middle. The two out-growing portions which start from the umbones are the most remarkable features. They, too, are unsymmetrical, the left hand one being more pronounced and itself very much distorted. The colour is yellowish brown with streaks of dark green. Unfortunately I did not preserve the animal, but I remember that it, too, was deformed, and there were parts of the body corresponding in shape and position to the outgrowing portions in the valves. My knowledge of shells is not sufficient for me to be able to form any opinion as to the cause of this curious malformation, but I think it may probably be due to an accident having happened to the animal in early life. ; The photographs are life size. Shell Drift at Ballinacurra, Limerick.—Since writing’ the short note on Carychium minimum, 1 have further examined some of this drift, and append a list of the species found in it. Mr. R. Welch, of Belfast, and-Mr. A.:S. Kennard have also looked over some boxes of drift that I sent them, and have given me lists of what they have found, so that the following may be taken as a fairly representative list of the shells in the drift of the Ballinacurra Marshes near Limerick :—Ayalinéa cellaria, Hl. nitidula, H. pura, H. crystallina, H. fulva, Punctum pygmaeum, Pyramidula rotundata, Helix nemoralis, Hygromia rufescens, H. hispida, H. gran- ulata, Vallonia pulchella, V. costata, V. excentrica, Pupa cylindracea, Vertigo antivertigo, V. pygmead, V. edentula, Balea perversa, Clausilia bidentata, Cochlicopa fubrica, Succinea putris, S. elegans, Carychium minimum, Acme lineata, Limnea palustris, L. truncatula, L. pereger, Planorbis marginatus, P. vortex, P. spirorbis, Ancylus fluviatilis, Bythinta tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis, Neritina fluviatilis, Paludestrina jenkinst.—HARRY FOGERTY (Read before the Soctety, June 8th, 1910). r t J. of Conch., vol. 13, p. 71. hs Re edie Pi ie ibs? 99 THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST . AND THE DOGGER BANK. By J. A. HARGREAVES. (Read before the Society, November roth, tgo9). (Concluded from page 94). Eulima skin (da Costa).—Rare at Scarborough (Bean). -Eulima bilineata (Alder).—Dogger Bank (Brady, L. & M.); Scarborough (Bean) ; several from shellsand, Scarborough. Stilifer stylifer (Turton).—Filey (Miss Backhouse, fide Leckenby); on Ech. saxatilis, Scarborough (Bean). Czcum imperforatum (G. Adams).—Scarborough (Bean). Czcum glabrum (Montagu).—Scarborough (Bean). Turritella communis Lamarck.—Dogger Bank (Brady); off Redcar (D.F., J.H.); Saltburn (M.L.T.) ; Scarborough (Bean) ; very rarely dead shells on rocks at Scarborough. _var. nivea Jeffreys—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); occasionally at WNedcar (VWV.C.H.). var. gracilis Jeffreys.— Dogger Bank (L. & M.). Trichotropis borealis Broderip & Sowerby.—Dogger Bank (L. and M., Jeff.); Scarborough (Bean); I have had a few from trawlers. .. Aporrhais pes-pelecani (Linné)..—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); one dead (Parke); Redcar, not common (W.C.H.); South Bay, dead. Filey fishermen regard this as a great rarity. It is known to them as the “ Dogger Shell.” Buccinum undatum Linné.—Dogger Bank (Brady, L. & M.); rare, chiefly half-grown (Parke); Redcar, abundant (D.F., J.H.); Saltburn and Staithes (J.H.); Scarborough ; Kilnsea (T.P.). At very low tides numbers of this species may be seen on the flat reefs in the South Bay; the specimens are generally thick and short. The species is used largely at Scarborough for bait in autumn and winter, but.the specimens are not obtained locally but from the Norfolk coast, the fishermen stating that the shells are not so hard, and the “fish ” better for bait. var. littoralis King.—Dogger Bank (L. & M.). var. Striata Pennant.—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); occasionally from trawlers. var. pelagica King.—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); not uncommon from trawlers, fine. m. acuminatum Broderip. Bi eek take gap): Bean’s own collection contains many acuminate forms. m. Sinistrorsum Jeff.—Bridlington (\V.C.H.). 100 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. 13, NO. 4, OCTORER, I9QTO. Liomesus dalei (J. Sowerby).—Dogger (Harman, King and others); Scarborough (Bean); Runswick Bay (J.M.). Neptunea antiqua (Linné).—Dogger Bank (Brady); Redcar from deepish water Gis W.H.C.); common from trawlers. var. acuminata Jeff.—Deep water outside Dogger (Jeff.). var. alba Jeff.—Dogger Bank (L. & M.). var. ventricosa Jeff.— Dogger Bank (LL. & M.). m. cinctum Jeff—Dogger Bank (L. & M.). Volutopsis norvegicus (Chemnitz).—Dogger Bank (LL. & M., King, Bean) ; off Redcar (D.F.); coast of Yorkshire (Jeff.); two specimens recently found in Scarborough harbour ; it 1s occasionally brought in by trawlers with Pecten opercularts. Beringius turtoni (Bean).—Dogger Bank, exceedingly rare (L. & M.); off Redcar in deep water (D.F.); Scarborough (Bean); trawled in deep water by fishermen. Tritonofusus islandicus (Chemnitz).—Off Redcar, one living and one dead shell (D.F. & W.C.H.); rare on Dogger Bank; an immature specimen from Scarborough harbour. Several Yorkshire records of this species are evidently errors for the much commoner gracilis, Tritonofusus gracilis (Costa). — Dogger Bank (Brady, L. & M.); Saltburn (M.L.T.); Teesmouth (M.I.T-.); frequently brought in by trawlers. In the autumn scores of specimens are brought into Scarborough with Buc. undatum and thrown overboard. They are from further south. var. convoluta Jeff.—Dogger Bank (Norman). var. belliana Jordan.—Dogger Bank, 30 fathoms (Marshall). A sinistral specimen from the Dogger Bank was exhibited by Mr. Tomlin, 7. of Conch., vol. x., p. 275. Tritonofusus propinquus (Alder).—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); comparatively abundant and of large size, but smaller and narrower in the Silver Pits where the water is deeper (Marshall); coast of Yorkshire (Jeff.); occasionally in Scarborough harbour from trawlers. I have never obtained this species from the Buccinum undatum bags from further south. Buccinofusus berniciensis (King).—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); coast of Yorkshire (Jeff.); very rare, I have had only one Yorkshire specimen ; Scarborough (Bean). var. elegans Jeff. Dogger Bank, 30 fathoms (Marshall). Ocinebra erinacea (Linné).—Redcar, dead shells, probably brought with ballast (D.F.); Scarborough (Bean); at times dead shells common in the harbour, but introduced. I have found young specimens in shell sand, but no adults; Flamborough (W.C,H.). HARGREAVES: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF VORKSHIRE COAST. 1oi Trophon muricatus var. barvicensis Johnston.— Dogger Bank, very fine, nearly an inch in length (L. & M.); coast of Yorkshire (Jeff.); from trawlers. Trophon clathratus var. truncata Strom. — Dogger Bank (L. & M.); Robin Hood’s Bay 30-35 fathoms (Brady); Scarborough (Bean); from trawlers ; Bridlington (W.C.H.). var. alba Jeff.— Dogger Bank, 30 fathoms (Marshall). Purpura lapillus (Linné).—Redcar, white and yellow vars., very common (D.F.); Saltburn, Staithes (J.H.); Huntcliff, a banded form (W.C.H.); very common, Sandsend ; very abundant along the rocky shores north and south of Scarborough. Enormous examples have been taken from Bridlington harbour, whilst the opposite extreme is reached on the Scars at Kettleness ; eggs may be found during the greater part of the year, even in December. Withernsea, Hornsea QMEBEAS ps dihe Wen) Cine): var, major Jeffreys. —Bridlington. var. minor Jeffreys.—Scarborough, Kettleness. var. Ovalis Jordan.—Scarborough (Marshall). m. sinistrorsum---One in Bean’s collection from Scarborough. Nassa reticulata (Linné).—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); Tees in deep water (M.B.A.); Redcar, dead (W.C.H.); Scarborough (Bean); Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). Nassa incrassata (Strom).—Dogger Bank (Brady, L. & M.); Teesmouth (D.F., J.H.); Redcar, very abundant (D.F., J.H.); Salt- burn, Staithes (J.H.); very common, Sandsend (M.V.L.) ; common on rocks at Scarborough and Filey. I have taken a variety almost crimson, but it is very rare. var. minor Jeff.cDogger Bank (L. & M.); Scarborough and Filey. var. Simulans Jeffreys.—Rare from trawlers; Scarborough (Marshall). Bela turricula (Montagu).—Dogger Bank (Brady); very fine L. & M.); rare (Parke); common in shellsand, Sandsend (M.V.L.); occasionally picked up on rocks at Scarborough. It is a common species in trawl ropes and nets; off Bridlington rather plentifully (W.C.H.); throughout the offshore area (M.B.A.). var. rosea M. Sars.—Dogger Bank (L. & M.). Bela trevelyana (Turton). — Moderately common off Robin Hood’s Bay (Brady); generally diffused throughout the North Sea 50-60 fathoms (L. & M.); Scarborough (Bean); sometimes cast ashore, Scarborough, Whitby, and Filey (Marshall). I do not find this species nearly as common as the preceding one, 102 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I910. Bela rufa (Montagu).—Dogger Bank (LL. & M.); Redcar (J.H.); common in shellsand, Sandsend (M.V.L.); pene euoase (Bean); shellsand, Scarborough. Mangilia attenuata (Montagu).—Scarborough (Bean). Mangilia costata (Donovan).—One in shellsand, Sandsend (M.V.L.); shellsand, Scarborough, rare ; Scarborough (Bean). Mangilia brachystoma (Philippi).—Dogger Bank (Marshall). Mangilia nebula (Montagu).—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); Scar- borough (Bean); shellsand, Scarborough. var. elongata Jeff. Dogger Bank (L. & M.). var. fusiformis Marshall.—_Dogger Bank (Marshall). Mangilia anceps (Kichwald).—Off Scarborough (Jeff.); Scar- borough (Bean); from trawlers, rare. Clathurella linearis (Montagu).—Dogger Bank (L. & M.); com- mon in shellsand, Sandsend (M.V.L.); shellsand, Scarborough, rare. Clathurella purpurea (Montagu).—-Scarborough (Bean). Actzon tornatilis (Linné).—Dogger Bank (L. & M., Brady); Redcar, deepest water only, one alive (D.F., W.C.H.); fairly common in trawl ropes and nets, but small; young, very rare in shellsand, Scarborough. if var. subulata S. V. Wood.—Dogger Bank (L. & M.). var. tenella Lovén.— Dogger Bank (L. & M.). var. bullzformis Jeff—Dogger Bank, 30 fathoms (Marshall). Tornatina truncatula (Bruguiére).—Redcar (W.C.H.); com- mon in shellsand, Sandsend (M.V.L.); also at Scarborough and Filey ; Scarborough (Bean). Tornatina obtusa (Montagu).—One in shellsand, Sandsend’ (M.V.L.); one in shellsand, Scarborough, and at Bridlington ; Scar- borough (Bean); Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.); Humber (Jeff.). Tornatina nitidula (Lovén).— Dogger Bank (LL. & M.). - Tornatina umbilicata (Montagu).—Dogger Bank (edly), 20- 40 fathoms (L. & M.); Scarborough (Bean). Diaphana hyalina (Turton).— Dogger Bank (L. & M. ); one in shellsand, Sandsend (M.V.L.); occasionally in shellsand, Scarborough.’ Bullinella cylindracea (Pennant). — Dogger Bank (Brady, L. & M.); Redcar (W.C.H.); Scarborough (Bean); occasionally from trawlers; several very young from shellsand, SoHo. NgIn 5 throughout aibhans area (M.B.A.). Haminea hydatis (Linné).—Scarborough (Bean). There an pears to be some doubt about this record. Roxania utriculus (Brocchi).—Dogger Bank (L. & M. Parke); Se. Mus.; MacAndrew collection ; Scarborough. rare (Bean) . : HARGREAVES } MARINE MOLLUSCA OF YORKSHIRE COAST. 103. Philine scabra (Miiller).—Dogger Bank (Brady, I. & M.); Scarborough (Jeff. and Bean); not uncommon in shellsand, Scar- borough ; throughout the offshore area (M.B.A.). Philine catena (Montagu).— Dogger Bank, 25-40 fathoms (L. & M.); shellsand, Sandsend (M.V.L.); Scarborough (Bean and Jeff.); the commonest species of this genus in shellsand, Scarborough. Philine quadrata (S. V. Wood).—Dogger Bank (Mennell, Jeff., L.. & M.); 45 fathoms (Brady); Scarborough, Whitby and Filey, occasionally cast ashore (Marshall). Philine punctata (J. Adams). — Scarborough (Bean, Jeff.); shellsand, Scarborough. The shellsand obtained in front of the Grand Hotel and Spa is the most productive for PAi/ine and Lissoa, whilst Odostomza is more plentiful nearer White Nab. Philine aperta (Linné).— Dogger Bank, one living (Parke). Limacina retroversa (Fleming).—Dogger (Bull); shellsand, Scarborough, rare (Rev. F. Woods). Limacina balea (Moller).— Off Flamborough, 40 fathoms (Bull, fide Victoria History). Aplysia punctata Cuvier.— Redcar (D.F.) ; Scarborough (Bean); living adult specimens may occasionally be taken in the South Bay, and I believe are fairly common on the Spital at Filey Brig. Pleurobranchus plumula (Montagu). — Salt Scar, Redcar (D.F.); Scarborough (Bean). Limapontia depressa Alder & Hancock.—On Vaucheria, in pools only reached by exceptional tides, Easington (T.P.). fEolidia papillosa (Linné).—-Sandsend (M.V.L.); Scarborough (J. Irving); Filey (T.P.); Redcar. f@olidella glauca (Alder & Hancock).—South edge of the Coal Pit, 23 fathoms (M.B.A.). ‘Cuthona nana Alder & Hancock.—Several stations, East of Yorkshire (M.B.A.). -Tergipes despectus (Jobnston).—Off Redcar (D.F.). -Embletonia pulchra (Alder & Hancock).—South Bay, Scar- borough (J. Irving). Galvina cingulata Alder & Hancock.—Inner Silver Pit (M.B-A.). Galvina tricolor arontien): —Inner Silver Pit, and several other stations in deep water (M.B.A.). Coryphella rufibranchialis (Johnston).—Dogger Bank (Brady); Scarborough (J. Irving) ; Redcar. Coryphella lineata (Lovén).— on Whitby, 34-36 fathoms (M.B,A.), 104 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1910, Facelina coronata Forbes & Goodsir.—Filey (T.P.); fairly common, Scarborough (J. Irving). Facelina drummondi (Thompson).— Off Scarborough, 23 fathoms (M.B.A.). Doto fragilis (Forbes).—Redear, brought in by fishermen (D.F.). Doto coronata (Gmelin).—Redcar, with previous species (D.F.); Staithes (A. T. Watson); Filey (1. P.). Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius).—Near Dogger Bank, 34 fathoms (Meyer); Redcar, West Scar (D.F.); off Flamborough ; frequently brought in by trawlers ; near Easington (T.P.). Scyllza pelagica Linné.—Two in pool in South Bay, Scar- borough, Aug., rgro (J. Irving). Tritonia hombergi Cuvier.—Tees (M.B.A.); off Flamborough (M.B.A.); Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). Tritonia plebeia Johnston.—Redcar, in old shells on fishing lines (D.F.); wherever Adcyontwm digitatum was abundant (M.B.A.). Tritonia lineata Alder & Hancock.—Scarborough at low water mark (Bean, Alder & Hancock). Archidoris tuberculata (Cuvier).—Saltburn (Baker Hudson); Sandsend, one (M.V.L.); Scarborough, both bays, common. Cadlina obvelata (Miuller).—Between tide marks, Scarborough (Bowerbank & J. Irving). Jorunna johnstoni (Alder & Hancock).—Two fine specimens in Halichondria, Sandsend (M.V.1L.); both bays, Scarborough; Redcar. Polycera quadrilineata (Miller), — Common in Dedesserta, Sandsend (M.V.L.); not uncommon, Scarborough (J. Irving); Redcar. Acanthodoris pilosa (Miller). — Staithes (A. T. Watson); Saltburn (M.L.T.); very common where A/cyontum gelatinosum is at all abundant, and is widely distributed (M.B.A.); Scarborough ; Redcar. Lamellidoris aspera Alder & Hancock. — Very common, Sandsend, both white and yellow vars. (M.V.L.); Withernsea (T.P.); Redcar; Scarborough. Lamellidoris bilamellata (Linné).—Saltburn (M.L.T.); “ pro- fusely covering a large rock,” Sandsend (M.V.L.); off Scarborough, 31 fathoms, fairly common (M.B.A.); Scarborough (J. Irving). Lamellidoris depressa Alder & Hancock.—Yorkshire (Alder). Goniodoris nodosa (Montagu).—Commonest nudibranch at Sandsend (M.V.L.); Redcar. Goniodoris castanea Alder & Hancock.—Sole Pit, east of Withernsea, 47 fathoms (M.B.A.). HARGREAVES: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF YORKSHIRE COAST. 105 - Ancula cristata (Alder).—Redcar, “common, east end of West Scar” (D.F.); Scarborough. Otina otis (Turton).—Redcar, occasionally found on West Scar (D.F.); Scarborough (Bean). Leuconia bidentata (Montagu).—Teesmouth (D.F.); Scar- borough (Bean); rare in shellsand, Scarborough. Alexia denticulata Montagu.—Middlesbrough (Dixon & Wat- son); Scarborough (Bean). Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Steenstrup).—Redcar, 1907 (Matura- list, April, 1908) ; Gristhorpe. Loligo forbesi Steenstrup.—Off Staithes (Veitch); Scarborough (Bean); brought into Scarborough harbour for sale for bait. It is caught in large numbers a few miles off ; very rarely portions of the pen may be picked up on the shore. Loligo media (Linné).—Scarborough (Bean). Sepia officinalis Linné.—Scarborough (Bean); at long intervals considerable numbers of the bones are cast up on the shore at Scarborough. Sepiola scandica Steenstrup.—Scarborough (Bean). Occasion- ally alive at Scarborough and Filey. It is very aptly described in Jeffreys’ Brit. Conch. as squatting like a frog. I have seen it discharge its ink, which mixed very slightly with the water as it rose to the surface in a kind of bubble. The discharge would be of no use for con- cealment. Sepiola atlantica d’Orbigny.—Coast to Dogger, sometimes as food for dabs and gray gurnard (M.B.A.). Rossia macrosoma (delle Chiaje).— Off the Tees, 40-60 fathoms (M.B.A.). Moschites cirrosa (Lamarck).—Living specimens occasionally to be had in the North Bay, Scarborough, and fresh specimens thrown up on the rocks. Gwynia capsula (Jeffreys).—Four miles off Robin Hood’s Bay, 30-35 fathoms (Brady). ERRATUM :—Page 8g, line 19, for “Patina” read “Helcion.” 106 - - shape fF ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MORTEHOE. By M. JANE LONGSTAFF,_F.L.S. (Read before the Society, January 12, 1910). THE mollusca here enumerated were collected between May 28th and June 1st, and between July 19th and September 23rd, 1909. ‘Those . which are new to Mortehoe parish—as previously defined—are dis- tinguished by an‘asterisk. Fresh localities for a few of, the rarer species occurring either in this district or in the immediate neigh- bourhood are also recorded.. The additions now made bring up the. total for the parish to fifty-two species and forty varieties. © . «= I must acknowledge my gratitude to Messrs. B. B,. -Woodward, : J. W. Taylor and W. Denison Roebuck for their kindness in deter- mining or confirming the names of species and varieties. Bee *“Limax cinereo-niger Wolf.—Borough Wood. Young specimen of the type form. Identified by W.D.R. *Agriolimax laevis (Mill.).—Pool Farm, under a stone at the edge of a ditch. Confirmed by W.D.R. [Two at the edge. of a pond at Croyde]}. *Milax gagates (Drap. ) var. rava psa —Twitchen, garden, numerous under stones in company with JZ, sowerbil (Fér.). Con-. firmed by W.D.R. = Vitrea radiatula (Alder).— Borough Wood, one living specimen. among dead leaves; Woolacombe, one dead, very large. Though Mr. Tomlin states this species to be common on Lundy, I have. so. far found it scarce in the Mortehoe district, and therefore think, it well to record new localities for it. aah ; Vitrea pura (Alder).—Borough Wood, four additional specimens. taken here ; Kitty Nest Cleeve, abundant on dead leaves. —s_. Seurontius fulvus (Muill.).—Kitty Nest Cleeve, eleven exainples : on dead leaves; Borough Wood, one living specimen among dead ° leaves. *Punctum pygmzeum (Drap.).—Kitty Nest Cleeve, eleven specimens among dead leaves. Confirmed by J.W.T *Arion ater (Linné) var. castanea Dum. and Mort., sub-var. livida Colb.—Pool Farm, under-a leg;- Confirmed by W.D.R. *Pyramidula rotundata (Miill.) var. pyramidalis Jeff.— Woolacombe, a single living specimen. Confirmed by W.D.R. LONGSTAFF:’ NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MORTEHOE. 107 *Helicella caperata (Montagu) var. fulva Moq. — Twitchen,’ garden wall. Only one specimen. Identified by W.D.R. Acanthinula aculeata (Miuill.).—Kitty Nest Cleeve. After hunting for this species in vain at Woolacombe, I found nine speci- mens in this wood near the house and two in Borough Wood. | *Helix nemoralis Linné var. minor Moq.—Twitchen, garden, Confirmed by W.D.R. *Vertigo pygmza (Drap.) var. quadridentata Stud.—Woola- combe. Two specimens adhering to stones in company with the type. Confirmed by W.D.R. Balea perversa (Linné).—Borough Woods, a single specimen among moss and dead leaves. *Clausilia. bidentata (Strom) var. tumidula Jeff.—Twitchen, garden. Identified by W.D.R. [Previously taken by Mr. Tomlin. near the sea in the neighbourhood of Ilfracombe, ‘and a single specimen is recorded by Messrs. Beeston and Wright from Rapparee Lane, Ilfracombe (J. of Conch., vol. v., 1887, p. 183, and vol. x1., 1904, p. 77)]. *Succinea elegans Risso var. berilloni Baudon.—Lee, pond, three fine specimens. [Two small dead specimens of the typical form were also found in a ditch at Braunton]. - ~Carychium minimum Miill.—Kitty Nest Cleeve ; Coney Park ; Borough Wood. Abundant at the two former localities. [Limnza pereger (Miill.).—Trimstone, West Down, adjoining Mortehoe parish... Numerous large specimens were taken in a pond in an old quarry, which Mr. J. W. Taylor considers approach the: varieties “ovata Drap. and *fontinalis Studer, respectively. The’ pond was only fed by surface drainage, and no other mollusca’ appeared to be present. | teats *Limnza palustris (Mill.).—Woolacombe. A _ single living specimen. Confirmed by J.W.1. ) [*m. decollatum. — Braunton. Three examples in a ditch.. Confirmed by: W.D:R.]. [Planorbis albus Mull.—Braunton. Confirmed by J.\.T.]. [Spherium corneum (Linné).—Braunton. Messrs. Beeston and. Wright found it-common but small. | I. only met with two examples, one of which is a fair size, measuring 11 mm. in breadth and 8 mm. in length]. © “Spherium lacustre (Miill.). Gratton quarry. This pond has only been in existence about thirty years, and at first it was dried up. in times of drought as it is only fed by surface drainage. There is 108 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1910. very little mud, the bottom being almost covered by broken pieces of Morte slate. Though some time was spent, only this species was taken, and but two specimens of it, one of which was alive and con- tained seventeen young shells. The only other locality where I have found the species is Damage, about one mile off, and there the shell is distinctly the variety ryckholti Norm., whereas here the shells are larger and flatter with less marked caliculation. They measure 9°5 mm. in breadth and 8 mm. in length. ¥Pisidium subtruncatum Malm.—Lee. Ina pond supplied bya stream which is joined higher up at Borough by two smaller streams previously mentioned. Only taken before at Saunton and Braunton. Pisidium casertanum Poli.—Lee, pond. Three of the speci- mens are of remarkable size, one measuring 7°25 mm. in breadth. *Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin).—Lee, pond. I have not pre- viously found this species in the district, but Messrs. Beeston and Wright state that it is common at Braunton (/. ef Conch., vol. x1., 1904, p. 80.). The Dispersal of Shells by Insects. —Cases of dispersal have been recorded fairly frequently with freshwater shells, but records of observations are rare in the case of land mollusca. It is, therefore, of some interest to be able to report the ab- duction of a Cyclostoma elegans. While botanizing at the foot of Lord’s Wood on the Great Doward Hill, a little below Symond’s Yat, my wife called my attention to a huge bumble bee flying slowly and laboriously along a few feet above the ground, obviously impeded by something it was carrying. On being netted and examined, the bee proved to have one of its hind tarsi firmly wedged between the shell and operculum of a full grown Cyclostoma elegans. Several attempts to release the leg were unsuccessful, so I let the bee fly off again with its ‘old man of the sea’. I do not imagine that the Cyc/ostoma would be carried far enough away to lead to any new result in colonization, but it shows in what unexpected ways shells may be transported.—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN (ead before the Soczety, June 8th, 1910). On Ethalia nevilli Sowerby.—This species was described by Mr. Sowerby in the Ann. and Mag. N.EI., 1905, p. 186. A recent examination of the type in the British Museum and comparison with the type of !Cyclostrema excavata Carpenter established their identity. Mr. Edgar Smith considers that this species would be best placed in Adeoyvbts. I have two specimens of it from Singapore (coll. Archer).—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN (Read before the Society, Sept. 14, 1910). Crepidula fornicata and Petricola pholadiformis in the Medway.—These two rather rare shells are found about six miles from Rochester and Sheerness. It is somewhat curious that the time of their discovery almost coincides with the laying- down of an oyster-bed in the same place eight years ago, but whether there is any connexion between the two circumstances is for others to decide. They are found in company with Cyp77na zs/andica (this also seems rather a strange shell to find in an estuary), Scrobecularza plana and Nassa reticulata.—F. H. SIKES (Read before the Society, March 9th, 1910), , ny Posh 7856, p. 169. 109 NOTES ON SOME RARE MOLLUSCA FROM THE NORTH SEA AND SHETLAND—FAEROE CHANNEL. By JAMES SIMPSON. (Read before the Society, April 13th, 1910). Ever since the inauguration of the international scheme for the investigation of the North Sea, but more particularly since 1905, extensive trawlings and dredgings have been done by the Scottish Fishery Board steamer, “‘Goldseeker,” in the North Sea and Shetland- Faeroe Channel. The following notes have reference only to the work done in the years 1905-6-7, and to the rarer species and varieties, or. those whose range is geographically or bathymetrically extended within the British area. Complete lists of all the mollusca collected will, in due course, be published by the bureau. To my old friend, Mr. J. T. Marshall, and to Herr Friele my thanks are due for the verification of some of the more obscure species; and to Prof. Darcy W. Thompson, director of the in- vestigations, for allowing me to work out the material. The following is a list of the stations as given in the published list. The depths are those from which the dredgings were taken up. STATIONS WITHIN THE BRITISH AREA. Station. N.Latitude Longitude G penis Station. N.Latitude Longitude G Depth In metres In metres 4 OezOus EZ ONVi: 108 34 58.17 1.03W. 97 6 60.35. 0.29E. 38 538.34 c.47E. 1377 Gbay 360.c0), 72.025. 107 2010 BBQ S72, 140 7 OKO eos, 134 41 BOR §- O@O\N. 98 Ta OUI. ogXO!Br 139 41c 56.35 o.10W. 89 9 61.30 ©62.04E. 361 44 56.20 1.49W. 41 fe) Giese o m7 ie 204 49 59°00 4 ooW. 49 IT 61.38. 0.41 W. 286 50° 59.21 5-00W., 125 12 GrO8 ThLOW, 93 52. . 5OL80 7.00W. 1000 19d 60.26 4.02W. 270 54 BOUO FOOWs wait 59.46 2.21W. 93 55 58.44 7,.00W., 108 21a) Goro2)) | 3213). 160 56 58.44 6.00W, 115 23 BO. O27) 18x 120 57 53.44 5.00W. 88 DRA SOS Tels 115 58 On AMnTAROON 5 un TOS 24 58.55 0.04. 133 STATIONS BEYOND THE BRITISH AREA. Station. N.Latitude Longitude — Depth Station. N.Latitude Longitude Depth (in metres) (in metres) 8 OIEgon | 203k: 365 17 OGURA Gee \we 150 slo) (HRC) ALU aI) 18 CONS SEAN 355 ‘16 62.00 6.12W. 130 19a 6. 60,40 4.50W. = 1078 HOA O40 55 20. 160 110 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.-13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, IQIO. -Neomenia carinata Tull.—St. 54, four specimens brought up in the small trawl. af Lepidopleurus cancellatus Sowb. —St. Ml, ONSS Sle Sify CWE: Broad bay ; common. Hanleya hanleyi Bean.—St. 16, one; St. 16a, one. Craspedochilus albus L.—St. 11, one; small. Nucula tumidula Malm.—St. 53, five alive and several valves. Nuculana lucida Lovén.—St. 9, several alive and dead. Malletia obtusa M. Sars.—St. 9, one valve. Limopsis aurita Brocchi.—St. 11, four alive and several valves. Limopsis cristata Jeff—St. 53, several alive and valves. Limopsis minuta Phil.—St. 9, three; St. 19b, several. -Barbatia glacialis Gray. —St. 19b, valve ; St. 53) valve. I con- “fdas both valves as semi-fossil. «Arca nodulosa Miill.—St. 11, one; 9 miles N. Wot LW, Renn Se sb, 250 m., one; St. r6a, four; St. 17, several; St. ae ‘one: and several valves. *’ > Eaiee p Bae Arca obliqua Phil.—St. rr, valves; St. 19b, valves. Bathyarca pectunculoides Scacchi.—St. 4, v valves: St. 9, several ; St. 10, four; St. 11, one; St. 12, two; St. 16, valves ; St. 16a, several ; Se W, OME valves ; St. 18, several valves ; St. 19, valves ; St. 21, valves ; St. 53, several; St. 56, two valves; St. 57, one; off Trumpan Head, Ioom., two. Modiolaria discrepans Leach. ig: 16, three, small, with frag- ments of adults; St. 23a, several fry ; St. 38, one baby and one valve ; St. 41, one and two broken valves. . Pecten islandicus Mull.—St. 19b, several specimens and valves. This confirms my previous record of this species living within the British area. As on the former occasion, they bélonged’ toa dwarf form which might be distinguished as- var. scotica. Pecten sulcatus Miill.—St. 9, three and yo. “Fale Sin 26a, one and séveral valves ; St. 18a, two ; St. 9b, several ; St. 21a, valves, Amussium hoskynsi Forbes.—St. 11, one valve; 9 miles N.W. i W. from 15b, one and three valves; St. 18a, one; St. 19b, two 8 and several valves. Fee Limea sarsi Lov.—St. 11, several, with many valves; St. 16a, valves common; St. 18a, two valves; St. rgb, several valves ; St. 34, one valve. : Ee Kelliella miliaris Phil. —St. 9, one; St. 10, several; 61°20’ N, 0°55 W., two valves. ‘SIMPSON : NOLTES.ON RARE MOLLUSCA: FROM NORTH SEA. II! Leptaxinus incrassatus Jeff.—St. ro, one; St. 11, two and several valves; St. 16, two valves; St. 16a, four valves; St. 18a, two valves ; St. 19b, one valve. Syndosmya longicallus Scacchi.—St. 8, one; St. 9, one and several valves. oe Tellina balaustina Linné.—1o0} miles N.W. from St. 7, 167 m., eight valves; St. 7, one and one valve ; St. ro, two small; 61°20’ N., 055 W., one valve. Venus fasciata var. pallida var. nov.—White, with no trace _of colour. Fair Isle bank, 80 m., several; Broad Bay, 11 m., two. Gari costulata Turton.—St. 4, valve; St. 12, two; St. 16a, one; St. 50, valve; St. 54, three; St. 55, several. Lyonsia norvegica Chem.—St. 8, one small; between Sts. to and 1I1, roo m., one; St: 16, four and several valves; St. 34, valve ; St. 50, one juvenile ; a ae off Trumpan ae Too m., one ‘broken valve. Thracia fragilis Penn. var. apache Jeff.—St.. 10, one. ' -Lyonsiella abyssicola M. Sars.—St. 53, one. Lyonsiella sp. ?— Fragments of another species of bas genus at Sts 154. - Poromya granulata Nyst. co Wiese Et, OMe rater St. 16a, two and several valves; St. 19b, one valve. Cuspidaria abbreviata Fbs.—Off-Trumpan Head, too 'm., one. , Cuspidaria costellata Desh.—St. 9, one; St. 10, two; St. 54, one valve; St. 56, one. ,.., eucpidaria cuspidata Olivi.—St. ro} miles N. 4 W. from 1, two and two valves; St. ro, one and one valve ; St. 38, three. | Cuspidaria rostrata Speng.—St. ro, _one vane ‘two valves. Cuspidaria lamellosa M. Sars.—St. 9, several; St. 16a, several ; St. 18, five; St. 53, three, two with the ribbing nearly obliterated. ‘Pulselliin lofotense M. Sars.—St. 8, one; St. 9, four. * Pulsellum lofotense v: var. affine M. Sars. a ro, several; St. 11, Stour; St 16a one. Entalina quinquangularis Forbes.—St. 7, one; St. 9, several. ~ Cadulus subiusiformis 2 M. Sars.—St. 9, several; St. 11, several ; St. 16a, two. - Cadulus jeffreysi Monts.—St. 9, several; St. 10, four; St. 16a, one; St. 18a, two; St. 54; two. Cadulus propinquus G. O. Sars.—St. 9, several. Dentalium agile M. Sars.—St. 9, several. 112 JOURNAL, OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I9IO. Lepeta cx#ca Miiller.—St. 10} miles N. } W. from 7, one fresh dead specimen. Lepeta fulva Miiller.—St. 4, several; St. 7, four; St. 11, com- mon; St. 12, several; St. 16, common; St. 16a, several; St. 17, two; St. rgb, several ; St. 21a, common; St. 55, several; St. 56, several ; St. 57, four; Fair Isle bank, 80 m., several. Lepeta fulva var. albula Jeff.—St. 11, several; St. 12, two; Siero, common ; St 16a, one >) Stn7. threes) St454OMe Sims 5ynte Une Lepeta fulva var. expansa Jeff.—St. 56, two. Moelleria costulata Mull.—St. 10 four; between Sts. 10 and rr, one broken; St. 11, five and several broken specimens; St. 16, one. Eumargarita greenlandica Chem.—St. 16, two; St. 17, several; St. 21, one; Fair Isle bank, one. Solariella cincta Phil.—St. 11, one baby ; St. 16a, four small ; St. 17, several. Solariella ottoi Phil.—St. 53, two dead but fresh, and one broken. Calliostoma occidentale Migh.—St. 7, one small ; St. 16, five; St. 16a, three small; St. 17, several small; St. 34, two; St. 53, one; Trumpan Head, one. Danilia otaviana Cantr.—St. 19b, one, fresh dead. Delphinoidea basistriata Jeff.—St. 11, one; 9 miles N.W. + W. from St. 15by One ls Ste; (One) St iGaseVverale note aSeVenale St. 18a, two. Delphinoidea levigata Jeff—o miles N.W. } W. from St. 15b, one dead and one broken. Delphinoidea areolata G. O. Sars.—St. 16a, one. Lacuna crassior Mont.—Fair Isle bank, common. _ Alvania jeffreysi Waller—St. 11, several; 9 miles N.W. } W. from St. 15b, three; St. 16, two; St. 16a, several; St. 17, several ; Steoamour Ot2tassthmee: Manzonia zetlandica Mont.—St. 11, three; St. 16, two; St. 17, OHSS Se Bi, OVOs Mie Bue, Ome, Natica pallida B. & S.—St. 6b, one fine, and one half-grown ; St. 9, one alive, and four dead; St. 38, several; St. 41, two. Natica affinis Gmel. —St. 16, one; St, 16a, three small; St, 17, one small; St, 53, two small. SIMPSON : NOTES ON RARE MOLLUSCA FROM NORTH SEA. 113 Natica clausa B. & S.—St. 16a, two small. Amauropsis islandicus Gmel.—St. 4, one; St. 16, one; St. E7three small; St. 41, one baby; St. 49, ome small; Fair Isle bank, two small; off Ross Head (Caithness), 78 m., one baby. Velutella flexilis Mont.—St. 16a, one dead. Newtoniella metula Lovén.—St. 10, four; St. 11, four good, and four broken; St. 16, several; St. 16a, several; St. 17, several Siezia, two; ot. 53, four: Cerithiopsis costulata Moller.—St. ro, one; St. 11, five; 9 miles N.W., + W. from St. 15b, one small and two broken; St. 17, five ; Ste LSBs Worse Lzocochlis granosa S. V. Wood.—St. 16a, four. Scala groeenlandica Chem.—St. 16, one small, dead and broken. Eulima subumbilicata Jeff.—-St. 53, two specimens which agree in most particulars with Dr. Jeffreys’ description of this species in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 370, with the exception that they are transparent and glossy instead of “creamy white,” and that the last whorl is nearer half the length instead of two- thirds. One is more slender than the other, and the outer lip does not project: with this exception, which may be an individual variation, they are identical, _ This species is described from a single specimen brought up by the “Porcupine” in 1870, from Atlantic Station 27. Eulima stenostoma Jeff.—St. 23, one; St, 23a, one; St. 38, one. Aporrhais serresianus Mich. —St. 6, one; St. 24a, two; St. 34, four juveniles ; St. 36, one adult and one baby; St. 38, four ; St. 39b, one and three babies ; St. 40, one juvenile ; St. 41c, several young ; St. 53, two juveniles. Buccinum undatum L. var. zetlandica Forbes.—St. 6b, two and several young; St. 7, common; St. 7a, one; between Sts. 11 and 12, several young; St. 24, one large, two small; St. 34, one adult, several small; St. 38, three; St. 41, three small; 61°20 N. QO Ee Wo, OMS. Buccinum humphreysianum Bennett.—St. 38, three small. Liomesus dalei Sow.— St. 10, one dead and broken; St. 34, one; Fair Isle bank, one dead and damaged. ; Neptunea despecta |..—St. 16a, one small. Il4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I9QIO. Volutopsis norvegicus Chem.— 314 miles N. } W. from St. 6, common; 42 miles from St. 6, three; St. 23a, one half-grown and one baby; St. 38, two. Beringius turtoni Bean.—313 miles N. $ W. from St. 6, four ; AA MWMilES HOM Is O, WMWSS Sl, ©, WOs S& TO, OES Si, 1a, OMe small; St. 23a, one small. Tritonofusus islandicus Chem.—St. 38, three. Tritonofusus gracilis Costa var. glaber Verk —St. 11, three small; St. 16, four juveniles; St. 16a, several small; St. 17, one broken specimen. Tritonofusus propinquus var. turrita Sars.—St. 6b, five ; 104 miles N. + W. from St. 7, one; St. ro, one; St. 38, several. Tritonofusus fusiformis Brod.—St. 9, three; St. 16, one; Ss Hep Woes, Buccinofusus berniciensis King.—St. 6b, three small; 314 miles N. 4 W. from St. 6, three; 42 miles from St. 6, one; St. 7, one small, and fragments; St. 7a, one; St. 9, three large, and one baby); St 10;onelbaby St) 12,one juvenile: ot iobsonermotEaye one) juvenile St. 26) sonern Stainvone ota se athneeysinall lp Stmay |r one small, broken, and one baby specimen were brought up in the small trawl net. ‘The baby was in its egg capsule. The fluid which surrounded it was of a pale transparent blue colour. Columbella halizeti Jeff—St. 7, one; St. 9, one; St. tr, SEVEN S Sis TEI, WSS Sie UO, UNOS SE Oe, OWES So Sa, Several. Admete couthouyi Jay.—St. 9, three; St. 19a, one. Bela cancellata Migh. var. declivis Lovén.—St. 16, several. Bela ovalis Friele.—St. 53, one. Bela exarata Moller.—St. 16, common; St. 16a, three; St. 53, two; St. 56, one. _ Bela cirrata Brug. (mdrchiz Malm).—St. 11, three good and three broken (St. 16, fivels St ar7thmeelwe Str Sasrone: Typhlomangilia nivalis Lovén.—St. 10, two. Spirotropis modiola C. & J.—St. 9, four adults and one baby ; St. 16, one good and two broken: St. 53, two. Thesbia nana Lovén.—St. 4, one small; St. 16, five; St. 16a, OME: Sh 17, sevemls Sin a, ONGs Sts Bia; Oe, Pleurotomella packardi Verr.—St. 53, one. Volutomitra groenlandica Beck.— St. 16, several; St. 16a, one ; St. 17, two, and two broken. SIMPSON: NOTES ON RARE MOLLUSCA FROM NORTH SEA. 115 Metzgeria alba Jeff.—St. 16a, several. Actzon tornatilis L. var. subulata S. V. Wood.—Broad Bay, IIm., one. Actzon tornatilis var. tenella Lovén.—St. 12, ten ; St. 50, one. Tornatina ovata Jeff.—St. 53, one. Diaphana expansa Jeff.—St. 10, one; St. 16a, one. Diaphana quadrata Monts.—St. 41, one. Scaphander lignarius L. var. curta Jeff. St. 6, common ; to miles N. } W. from St. 7, several; St. 7, common; St. 7a, com- mon ; St. 9, six and three white specimens ; St. 10, several ; between Sts. rr and 12, r1om., several; St. 23, four; St. 38, several ; St. 57, several. Scaphander punctostriatus Migh.—St. 12, two. Volvulella acuminata Brug.—St. 56, three. Bullinella alba Brown.—St. 16, three; St. 16a, six. Bullinella alba var. corticata Beck.—St. 10, several. Roxania utriculus Brocchi.—St. 6b, one; St. 16, three, small; St. 34, four, small; St. 38, one; St. 39b, three; St.-41c, two; St. 56, four ; St. 58, two, small. Philine quadrata S. V. Wood.—St. 7a, one; St. 34, one; St. BomuMee Ot ANG ONe = Stas N Ones Season One: Philine pruinosa Clark.—St. 61° 20 N., 0°55’ W., several. Philine finmarchica M. Sars.—St. 16a, one. Macandrevia cranium Miiller.—1o4 miles N. } W. from St. 7 three) St.7, sexeral, small); “St. 10, twoybroken); St..11, several ; St. 12, two; St. r5b, five; St. 16, common; St. 16a, very abundant; St. 17, several; St. 18a, several, small ; St. rob, several. Macandrevia cranium var. oblonga Jeff.—St. 16, two; St. 16a, abundant. St. 16a is remarkable for the abundance of this species and variety. On one occasion the small trawl brought up such a quantity as to fill a large tub, 90 per cent. being alive. Terebratulina septata Phil.—St. 19), three. Rhynchonella psittacea Chem.—St. 56, one semi-fossil under valve. Atretia gnomon Jeff.—St. 56. One specimen brought up in the small trawl perfectly fresh and to all appearance had been alive when taken up, $$ 0 ¢—__——— 116 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PAIRING OF ARION ATER (L). By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. (Read before the Society, March gth, 1910). Very little seems to be known of the breeding habits of our slugs i: we may judge by the lack of information contained in the text books. In Férussac’s work ' there are figures of the pairing of Zimax maxt- mus L, and Arion ater (L.), but all these are evidently drawn from memory and are wrong in detail; the descriptions, too, are vague and incomplete; these, however, are all that the student has to rely on, and even accurate figures of mere anatomical detail are quite inadequate to give an idea of the exact method of employment of the organs figured. I am glad, therefore, to have had the opportunity lately of an obser- vation which may help to supply the deficiency. In mid August, 1896, while searching for shells with Mr. C. E. Wright, of Kettering, one afternoon at Shepherdswell, near Dover, I noticed a couple of 4. afer pairing in an open field among the short grass, but supposing at the time that the act must be common enough to be well known I made no notes. Subsequently I learnt that how- ever common it may be, it does not seem to have been observed by British conchologists. Although I and many others have been on the look-out for the chance of an observation ever since, it was not until Sept. 1, 1909, that an opportunity presented itself while I was staying at Beeding in Sussex, and curiously enough Mr. C. Oldham wrote a few days afterwards to tell me that he had also witnessed a similar occurr- ence at Oxhey Woods near Watford on the afternoon of Sept. 4th, 1909. Is it meré coincidence that the only three occurrences that have been noticed by myself and many others, who have been on the look- out for thirteen years, and who spend much time in the country, should be all late in August or early in September, or can it be that the “season” of this species is restricted to a very short period of the year? I used to think that the pairing took place at night, but extensive lantern search always failed to discover it in the lanes round Stafford where the species was exceedingly abundant. I used to notice that hundreds would be found abroad about dusk, but very few late at night, and this was the case on the occasion about to be described. The habits of this species are generally diurnal or crepuscular, not nocturnal. On September 1, r1g09, after a spell of nine days’ dry weather, rain commenced steadily at 3 p.m., and the thirsty mollusks came ‘ “Histoire Naturelle, générale et particuligre, des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles” 1819). ADAMS : OBSERVATIONS ON THE PAIRING OF ARION ATER. 117 forth to enjoy it, swarming over the roads and hedges. At 3-30 p.m., I was returning from Henfeld to Beeding, examining the snails along the low stone and turf wall, which bounded one side of the tarred high road, when I came upon a large colony of A. afer, extending for 150 yards along the wall and also on the road. I saw at once that many were intent on pairing, so I proceeded to make notes and sketches, and as I stayed till darkness rendered observation impossible and examined more than twenty couples, I was enabled to follow the per- formance in all stages. At dark I left the spot, but returned in half an hour to find that the slugs had nearly all disappeared. The sequence of events was the same in all cases, varying only in the duration of time of the different stages. The procedure was as follows :—One slug would overtake another ; the pursuer would begin to eat the slime from the caudal extremity of the other, which would then turn and reciprocate the act. Then would ensue a circular procession similar to that in the case of Z. maximus, but at a much slower pace, and without any flapping of the mantle usual with that species. ‘Ihe processions that I timed lasted from ten minutes to an hour anda half. When the procession was completed, each would draw up alongside of the other, so that their genital orifices, from which the lower atria were slightly protruding, were opposed (Fig 1). Fic. 1 (nat. size).—A couple drawing alongside each other at the completion of the cir- cular procession. 0, 0, genital orifices. The upper atria were then gradually evaginated through the mouth of the lower atria, which organs seem to act as constrictors or sphincters. ‘The evaginated upper atria meet and adhere, '‘sucker’ 1 The inflated organs of a paired couple are joined by a neck of dead cream-coloured mus- cular tissue. The bulbs themselves are semitransparent bluish white. This neck of muscular tissue consists of the ‘sucker,’ the slightly evaginated spermatheca duct, and the epiphallus. These may be seen clearly if the organs of a paired couple be separated ; a separated organ presents the appearance of fig. 3. If the upper atrium as it lies in its natural position be slit open and turned inside out, a projected process, which resembles a schoolboy’s ’sucker,’ with a corrugated surface, will appear, also two holes, which may be squeezed so as to evert the two ducts communicating with spermatheca and epiphallus, fig. 4. In the act of coupling, the ‘suckers’ fit together as fulcra and holdfasts, while the spermato- phore of the one individual is projected into the spermatheca of the other. I have called this process the ‘sucker,’ as that is apparently its function in keeping the everted organs compactly together during the act of coupling, 118 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. £3, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I9IO. to ‘sucker,’ and become distended into spherical masses of 14 mm. diameter, the ‘suckers’ being apparently used as fulcra and _ hold- fasts, while the spermatophore and epiphallus of each is projected into the spermatheca of the other. They remain thus coupled from 15 minutes to half an hour (Fig. 2). Fic. 2 (nat. size).—A. ater in cop. viewed from above. I have been greatly helped in my dissections by the excellent figures in Mr. J. W. Taylor’s “‘ Monograph”; and it is due to the kindness of Mr. J. C. Melvill that I am enabled to reproduce the figure from Férussac’s work. 2 . Fic. 3 (enlarged).—Evaginated upper atrium separated from another in the act of coupling ; 1, epiphallus and spermatophore; 2, duct from spermatheca; 3, the ‘sucker.’ y Fic. 4 (enlarged).—-Showing upper atrium, dissected open, exposing—r, epiphallus; 2, en- trance of duct from spermatheca ; 3, the ‘sucker’ with corrugated surface. ADAMS: OBSERVATIONS ON THE PAIRING OF ARION ATER. 119 al Ao m Fic. 5.—Showing genital system (enlarged).—ag. albumen gland ; 4d. hermaphrodite duct ; ot. ovotestis ; od. oviduct ; vd. vas deferens ; ef. epiphallus ; sf. spermatheca ; wa. upper atrium ; Za. lower atrium; 7z. edge of mantle. Fic, 6.—A tracing by Mr, J, C. Melvill from Férussac’s work, 120 UPON CERTAIN SPECIES OF LAND MOLLUSCA LIVING IN THE SOUTHERN LIMESTONE ALPS. By MAXWELL SMITH. (Read before the Society, March gth, rgro). DuRING a stay at Cortina, last summer, I was enabled to observe a number of interesting facts in connection with the air-breathing mollusca of that region. The town of Cortina is situated in the Ampezzo Valley at the base of Mount Tofana; a region of interest to botanists, conchologists, and especially geologists. While not a part of the original Dolomites, which were examined by Dolomieu, the geologist, it contains many exposed cliffs similar to this magnesian formation. Thus it has received the popular name of “Ampezzo Dolomites.” To be exact the term Dolomite should be applied to the Fassa, Langkofel, Rosen- garten, and Schlern Mountains, and not to the Cristallo, Antelao, and other peaks of the Ampezzo district. The region is a diversified one. ‘The land is, in many parts, especially the lower valleys, well wooded, and watered by numerous streams. By the town the Ampezzo Valley is broadest. ‘lhis is at an elevation of 4,025 feet. The upper valleys, which are commonly plateau-like, are numerous. These are mostly around 5,000 feet. Above 7,500 feet no snails were found. ‘This might be accounted for by the early time of. collecting, before the winter snows had sufficiently melted on the mountain tops. I was fortunate in arriving during a wet season. ‘The rain was continuous for weeks in May and June, so this facilitated collecting in a region which under ordinary conditions is not so lucrative to the conchologist. I do not consider the following list nearly complete, but merely a preliminary account of the particular situations and habitats of the species secured, Euconulus fulvus Drap.—Taken under chips on a hillside at the base of rocks. ‘They, presumably, also live in the grass. Eulota fruticum Drap.—Two forms were taken in a station near the above. Canon Wiedemayr, who is conchologically well acquainted with the Tirol, has pronounced them : var. rosea. var. roseofasciata. Vallonia pulchella Miill.—In clearings of the forests, around stumps of fallen pine trees. ‘The pine woods do not appear objection- abie to the species. Sete SMITH: SPECIES OF LAND MOLLUSCA IN SOUTHERN ALPS. 121 Helicigona arbustorum Linné.—From fields in many parts. It is found over most of Central Europe. var. rudis Megerle.—Mount Faloria at 7,500 feet elevation. A single example, dead, was taken near the summit, in the bed ofa sand-slip. It may live on some of the inaccessible crags near by. This thin variety recalls those found in the French Alps and Switzer- land at high points. Helicigona cingulata Stud.—On the road-side walls between Belluno, in Italy, and a point near 2,500 feet, towards Cortina. This species appears to reach its greatest development in the lower regions, on the south side of the Limestone Alps, which are naturally more sheltered and warm in winter. During November I took it alive near Riva, at the head of Lake Garda. It may also occur on the north side of these mountains, but I am not aware of its existence there. Helicigona planospira Lamarck.—A characteristic species of the Eastern Alps, also extending south in Italy. I found it near the Austrian customhouse, on the Belluno road, at about 3,500 feet. Curiously it is replaced, at a lower elevation southward, by JZ. cingulata; and what is more remarkable another /e/écigona, viz., presli, takes its place in numbers at higher elevations. Thus we may understand that in the region of the Ampezzo :— Hf. cingulata inhabits the base of.the Alps ; HT, planospira principally around 3,500 feet ; fT, presli from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. The only one of the three that I found in company of another was HZ, planospira. It lives, under unusually favourable conditions, on the Mount Crepa cliffs with 47. pres’. Though the numbers are very limited, the individuals, being large and strong, constitute a healthy colony. Helicigona presli Rossm.-— Roughened specimens of this interesting species were taken on the aforementioned Mount Crepa, in the neighbourhood of Cortina. ‘The elevation of the cliffs, where they were found, is nearly 5,000 feet above the sea. ‘The locality, on the north, is an admirable one for snails. The walls are slanting and smooth, with numerous crevices, which in summer are a mass of creepers. ‘These are replaced by ferns where small springs trickle out of the rocks. The composition of the latter is a mixture of lime and sandstone. The whole place is sheltered by pines. A. presi was also taken on the Schluderbach road at 5,500 feet. Dead were seen higher at 6,000 feet. Small examples were taken in the Ampezzo Valley at 4,000 feet. Helix pomatia Linné.—Rather uncommon in the Ampezzo. 122 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, igfo. Helix nemoralis Linné.—From the lower and warmer situations near Cartina. Sphyradium edentulum Drap. Pupa secale Drap.—Both in the fields, as high as 4,500 feet. Clausilia plicatula Drap.—-Perhaps a variety. Found sparingly on the Mount Crepa cliffs with the following. Clausilia stenzi Rossm.—A very distinct form of this species. Mount Crepa, on moist slabs of limestone. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 393rd Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, June 8th, 1910. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : ““A Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight,” by Frank Morey, F.L.S. ‘¢A List of the Generic Names of Dibranchiate Cephalopoda with their type species,” by W. E. Hoyle, D.Sc., ete. ‘* Mollusca: Cephalopoda—Schultze, Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Siidafrika,” by W. E. Hoyle, D.Sc., ete. (presented by the respective authors). ‘* Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa, vol. ii.,” ‘* Memorials of Charles Darwin” (presented by the Trustees of the British Musewn); and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Member Elected. David Colwell, Heathcote, Lavender Vale, Wallington, Surrey. Papers Read. ; ‘The dispersal of shells by insects,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A. ; ‘Shell drift at Ballinacurra, Limerick,” by Harry Fogerty. Exhibits. By Mr. E. Collier: A fine series of Helix nemoralis from Lisdoonvarna Spa, co. Clare, found climbing on thorn fences in great abundance, varying from 00000 yellow and red to 12345 very dark coa/?ta; shells very large, variable, and glossy. Also from the golf links, Lahinch, but much smaller, badly weathered, and all one uniform colour. By Rev. L. J. Shackleford: Bucctnofusus berniciensis (King) brought in by a Fleetwood trawler—probably dredged on the Dogger Bank. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Helic?gona lapicida monst. scalartforme from the ¢ Winnats, Castleton, and Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire; Aygromza hispida var. alba and Ena obscura from Raven’s Tor, Miller’s Dale. By Mr. R. Cairns: A fine example of Cyprea caput-draconis Melv. from a reef at Easter Island; 772vza pes; and C. durtda of a peculiar greenish tint, which he believed to be due to a growth of algze over the dorsal surface of the shell during a resting stage, afterwards covered by another porcellanous layer. By Mr. R. Standen: Zestacella haliotidea from a garden at Didsbury. PROCEEDINGS : SEPTEMBER 14, I9QIo. 133 By Mr. R. Harrison: Zemnea stagnalis, L. peregra and L. palustris; Spherium corneum and Bithynia tentaculata from pits at Reddish—also examples of the same species from Reddish Canal, taken from a point where the water is warmed by the engine water from adjacent cotton mills, and in consequence the Bzthyzzas, especially, are particularly clean and free from the black incrustations so frequently seen on shells from the pits and canals around Manchester. By Mr. T. H. Platt: Helicigona arbustorum and Helix hortensts from Miller’s Dale. By Mrs. Gill: Cypr@a aurantia, C. mus, C. scottt, C. stercoraria and varieties, and other species. By Mr. G. C. Spence: Pomatias elegans from wood at end of Promenade, Arnside, Westmorland ; Clauszlia bidentata, a curious variety from Malham; 7. cantiana and H. lapic¢da from Wensley Dale; H. arbustorum and “‘love-darts,” from Barnard Castle; A. hortenszs from Greeta Bridge; living H. pomatia, collected by Mr. H. J. Stalley at Titsey Hill, Surrey, and a number of interesting photographs of the same. By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Acanthinula lamellata var. albida from Kildale, Yorks., collected by Rev. J. Hawell; a remarkably fine example of Asmonztes excavatus from the Coral Rag, Shotover, presented to the Manchester Museum by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins. 394th Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, September 14th, 1910. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : ‘* A Buried Valley at North Sea Landing, Flamborough.” ‘‘ Classified List of Organic Remains from the rocks of the East Riding of Yorkshire,” ‘* Recent Geological Work in the Humber District,” ‘‘ Bibliography, List of Papers referring to the Geology and Paleontology of East Yorkshire and North Lincoln- shire, 1906-9,” by T. Sheppard; ‘‘Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” part 17, by John W. Taylor; ‘‘ Manual of Conchology,” part 81, by H. A. Pilsbry; ‘‘On some Land Shells collected by Dr. Hiram Bingham in Peru,” ‘‘ Summary of the Shells of the genus Conus from the Pacific Coast of America in the U.S. National Museum,” by W. H. Dall; ‘‘ Concholo- gische Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg,” by Dr. H. Strebel; ‘‘On the occurrence in England of Valvata macrostoma Steenbuch,” by A. S. Kennard and A. W. Stelfox (from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Arthur Walton Rowe, M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate. A. M. Oliver, 1, Fenham Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Papers Read. “ Succtnea oblonga in Merionethshire,” by J. E. Cooper. “© Paludestrina jenkins¢ in Merionethshire,” by J. E. Cooper. ‘* Helix nemoralzs with band formula 12045,” by F. B. Jennings. *©On the dart of Helix undata Lowe,” by G. C. Spence. ‘© A double-mouthed Clausilia bédentata near Warton, W. Lancashire,” by J. W. Jackson, F.G.S. ‘On Ethalta nevilli Sowerby,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A. 124 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I9I10. Exhibits. By Mr. J. E. Cooper: Paludestrina jenkinsi from Barmouth ; Agriolimax levis from Towyn ; Punctum pygmeum, Zonetotdes nitidus, Vallonia excentrica, Succinea oblonga of a peculiar greenish colour, taken at an altitude of 500 ft., along with S. pztr7s, near Aberdovey. By Mr. J. W. Taylor: An interesting series of varietal forms, including Helicigona arbustorum var. maynard Caziot, from the Alpes Maritimes ; var. depressa from Heidelberg; var. difasctata from Aysgarth; Helix asfersa var. monozona from S. Hants. ; var. #2207 from near Cardiff ; var. z7so/zta from Trapani, Sicily ; 4. coste Benoit, from Monte Pellegrino, Sicily ; A. mazzelld var. fasczata from Monte Pellegrino; HH. aspersa var glabsa Calc., from Rand churchyard, S. Lincoln; 7. /apicrda var. mznor, from La Preste; AH. evtcelorum var. minima from Wheatley, near Oxford ; Pzufa trzplicata Studer, from Botzen, Tyrol; WZ. vireata var. radiata, from Freshwater, Isle of Wight ; Ppa margtnata var. b2- granata Rossm., from Wood Eaton, Oxford ; and a beautiful set of A. hortenszs, collected by Mr. C. E. Wright near Northampton. By Mr. G. C. Spence: Some very small Helix aspersa and H. nemoralis var. albolabiata, from Port St. Mary, Isle of Man; 12/6. 100 oy) Oe) 6/6. »” Oi ”? 12/-. rH) 15/-. ADVERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page Bi Gar a Oye Quarter Page Se : 7/-. Half Page... nas ... 12/6. Six Lines or under ... ce lO One-third Page ... Sebel: Every additional Line Tale t=) 6; SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. —_——————————TarnnnnnnnTEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEIEEIEEEEEEEEEEEEEREEEEEEEEEEEee ete PRICES OF BACK VOLUMES OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ...... Q1/- nett. Vols. If., W., 1V., & Vil.—XII. Each To the Public, 15;-; 10 Members and to the Trade, 11/3. Vols. V., & Vi. ... =... ~... (Out of Print). To be had only from DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, SoHo SQuaRE, W. - MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each yolume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - ~- - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, per part- - - ae - ao Ae ee ee a ee DOO Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00 First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series. — Pulmonata. Twenty. volumes including the Monography of Helicidee, Bulimidz, and Urocoptide. QMS The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual. have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Vor. 13}: JANUARY ist, 1911. [No. 5. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ONGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: HON. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R. LEB. TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. OD. BOSTOCK, STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE ROAD, Hotty Houss, ALEXANDRA Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. Sons Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britainand Ireland 129 — List of Officers and Council for 1910-11 ... oan sae se sco. 030) List of Members... san aes ra ake Sen ET Helix nemoralis with jcemita 12045— F. B. JENNINGS ie ee oO Paludestrina jenkinsi in Merionethshire—J. E. Cooper Bue 530 kayo) Pseudanodonta elongata Hol. in the Thames—J. E. CoorEr BH8 aS Obituary Notice: The Rev. R. Boog Watson (with Portrait)— EpGAR A. SMITH and J. R. LE B. TOMLIN 8 139 On the Occurrence of Unio sinuatus Lam. in the British Tes], W. JACKSON = - 142 Some Remarks on the Detennmaon a Genera and Crane (Presi- _ dential Address)—Lv.-Cot. GODWIN-AUSTEN ©... ae oo ala! Vertigo substriata Jeff. in Bucks.—J. E. Cooper ae nas =a 40 Clausilia cravenensis Taylor var. albina nov.—J. D. DEAN ... .. 146 Clausilia bidentata Strom var. albina Mog.—J. D. DEAN _... 146 Land_and Freshwater Mollusca of Ross- Sue: with some New County - Records—J. W. VAUGHAN ... sor s can LAY Succinea oblonga in Merionethshire—J. E, Coonan ne eo LAS Ena montana Drap. in Bucks.—C. OLDHAM ... ane oe er 4gS Limax tenellus Miill. in Perth East—C. OLpiaAm ... .. 148 Vitrea radiatula (Alder) in Dumbartonshire—J. Rk. LE B. Tom. IN . 148 Proceedings: Oct. 15, 1910 (Annual Meeting) ; Nov. 9, 1910 anoee v-lte) LONDON: Durau & Co., Lrp., 37, Sono SQuarE, W. “LEEDS: ‘TAYLOR Bros., SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHERRATT & HUuGHEs, St. Ann’s St. BERLIN : FrizDLAENDER & SoHN, CARLSTRASSE 11. SPECIAL EXHIBITS for next THREE MEETINGS: Jan. 11th - Porphyrobaphe. Feb. 8th - British Unionide, March 8th - Amphidromus. ; LIST OF — BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen. nisi Om BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. ByCLIONEE. Be sA DANS, Bx. Published by authority of the Conechologieal Society. Vrice Sd. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order, The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the district, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are : “Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties”; ‘* On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag”; and others, which contain much valuable information of local and general interest. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. EXCHANGE COLUMN. OOD Exchange in Marine Species offered for fine specimens of Volta vespertilio, type and vars.—l.EWIS J. SHACKLEFORD, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool. 129 THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vou. 13. JANUARY, 1911. No. 5; CONSTITUTION OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 1.—This Society shall be called “Che Conchological Society of Great Hritain and Frelanod.” 2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold- ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec- tions illustrative of the science. 3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members. 4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay- ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what- ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society with a view to their publication in the Journal. 5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society. 6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members. 7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, two elected Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian, an Editor, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot ; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. Any two of the following offices may be held by one person, viz. :—Treasurer, Secretary, Curator, Recorder, Librarian, and Editor. The President and Secretary of the Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officzo, also be members of the Council of the Society. 8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and the President is expected to give an address. On the conclusion of his term of office, he shall become an ex officto Vice-President of the Society and an ex officio Member of the Council. 9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings as they may think desirable. I 130 JOURNAL OF MONCHOLOGY, VOT. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, IQITI. 10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings. 11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the ensuing year. 12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members, appointed at a previous meeting. 13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the Council. 14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the Society. 15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned. The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings, due on the Ist January in each year. —— 3.6.) & LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR tojio0-1911. PRESIDENT : Rey. CANON J. W. HORSLEY, M.A. VICE-PRESIDENTS : 1 senecred W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc. J 5 J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A. EDWARD COLLIER 1B IR.) ILIGCAS L. E. ADAMS, B.A. | Jp ©; WODIEAMOLI Lg N,, 10,Se.,, 7.1L,S. WILLIAM CASH, F.G.S., F.R.M.S. | Rev. Canon A. M. NORMAN, W. E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., F.L.S., D.C.L., F.R.S., ete. EES W. D. ROEBUCK, F.L.S. Lr.-Cor. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, | 8. F. SCHAREF, Ph.D., M.R.LA. eS. EDGAR A. SMITH, L.S.O., F.Z.S. Pror. S. J. HICKSON, D.Sc., M.A., | EF: RB: SYKES, B.A., F.Z.S. F.RS. JOHN W. TAYLOR. HON. TREASURER: | HON. SECRETARY : 1s, ID, BOSTOCIK Rey. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD. HON. EDITOR: | HON. LIBRARIAN : | J. R. LE BROCKTON TOMLIN, M.A., | TI. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S. 181d aSh HON. CURATOR: | HON. RECORDER: ROBERT STANDEN. FREDERICK TAYLOR. COUNCIL : CHARLES OLDHAM. CHAS. E. WRIGHT. JOHN RAY HARDY. 18 Cy SU Wine, R. WELCH, M.R.1.A. J. W. BALDWIN. LONDON BRANCH. PRESIDENT, REV.CANon].W.HORSLEY,M.A. Hon. SECRETARY < J. E. COOPER, LEEDS BRANCH. PRESIDENT, Pror. GARSTANG, M.A,, D.Sc. Hon. SEcrETARY - F. BOOTH NSW OY WISE YL 183 12 RSS} Corrected to Dec. 14th, toro. (With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled 1889. 1889. 1897. 1878. 1905. 1906. 1889. 1889. 1905. the office of President ; “post packets have. been returned undelivered), HONORARY MEMBERS. (Limited to ten in number). Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris. Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, ID,Coy UeSoAs Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main. Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53, Boulevard Léopold Grand, Ghent, Belgium. Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch. Strebel, Dr. Hermann, Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg. O Pf Taylor, John W., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds. 1903. 1906. 1885 1908. 1907. 1907. 1908. 1897. 1899. 1907. 1907. 1905. 19O!. 1904. 1904. IQOT. 1897. 1899. 1897. 1895. 1897. 1907. 1899. TQIO. 1904. ORDINARY MEMBERS. Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering. Adams, F. E., St. Milburga’s, Kingsland, Shrewsbury. .P Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak ill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey. 1895. Amold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend. Bacchus, A. D. R., National Provincial Bank of England, Exeter. Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A. Baker, Mrs. A. L., 167, Hoddle Street, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia. Balch, F. N., 60. State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass.. U.S.A. Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Baldwin, Joseph W., 61, Queen Street, Bromley Cross, near Bolton, Lancs. Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvi®, Paris. Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants. Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, Rk. Scuola Tecnica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Rodwell Hall, Trowbridge. Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, N. Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Epworth Villa, New Road, Windsor. Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire. Bles, Edward J., M.A., D.Sc., The Mill House, Iffley, Oxford. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands. Bloomer, H. H., 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester. Booker, H. H., 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield. Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks. 132 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, IQIT. 1884. Bostock, Edwin D.. Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire. 1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull. 1897.Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 7, The Square, Carshalton, Surrey. 1908. Brainerd, Mrs. H. D., Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A. 1879, “Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S. W. 1909. Brindley, G. W., Milford, near Derby. 1900. Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester. 1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere. 1905. Bromehead, C. N., Beverston Rectory, Tetbury. 1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., Englemoor, Heath- side Road, Woking, Surrey. 1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal. 1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull. 190%. Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings. 1902. Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California. 1891. Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne. 1906. Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., c/o The Secretary to the Administration, Entebbe, Uganda. 1893. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh. 1901. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs. 1878. PCash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax. 1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering. 1892. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester. 1905. Charnley, Jas. Roland, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston. 1889. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., The Blue Ilouse, Chignal St. James, Chelmsford, Essex. 1904. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. 1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Balure, Perth. 1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester. 1898. PL Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S., 55, Newhall St., Birmingham. 1910. Colwell, David, Heathcote, Lavender Vale, Wallington, Surrey. 1897. Cook, Rev. Thomas, Cliff College, Calver, near Sheffield. T1901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts. 1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, Cadboro, 53, North Road, Highgate, N. 1890. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. 1910. Cribb, C. Theodore, The Vicarage, Shipley, Yorks. ; 1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks. 1879. Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, S.W. 1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W. 1904. *Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey. 1899. Darnbrough, Frederick, 12, West End Terr., Yarm Rd., Stockton-on-Tees. 1897. Z Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue del’ Université, Paris. 1909. Dawes, L., Hambledon, Hants. 1898. Dean, J. Davy, 84, Dale Street, Lancaster. 1909. Dickson, Robert Cecil, Dalhousie Villa, Carnoustie, N.B. 1g09. Diver, Cyril, Priory House, Dover College, Dover. 1892. Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston, Lancs. 1907. Dupont, Evenor, Hell-Bourg, Réunion. 1910. Dyke, F, M.,B.Sc. (Lond, ), Bimblefell, Springfield Rd. , Kingston-on-Thames, LIST OF MEMBERS. 133 1908. Edgar, H. F., 14, Woodside Park Gardens, North Finchley, N. 1895. Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd., Leicester. 1901. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester. 1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone. 1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Endclitfe Crescent, Sheffield. 1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire. 1910. Elliott, W. T., D.D.S., F.Z.S., 63, Temple Row, Birmingham. 1901. *Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness. 1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh. 1897. Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. 1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick. 1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks. 1890. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 581, Anlaby Road, Hull. 1909. Fisher, Mrs., Higham, Bassenthwaite Lake, Cockermouth. 1884. Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent. 1898. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., The Cottage, Lympstone, S. Devon. 1906. Fogerty, Harry, Chamber of Commerce, Limerick. 1905. Foster, Miss Amy C. S., 45, Belsize Square, London, N.W. 1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle. 1906. Freyberg, Cuthbert, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand. 1892. Fulton, Hugh, River Side, Kew, near London. 1907. 7 Gabriel, Charles J., 293, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia. 1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington. 1908. Gill, Mrs. A. E., Dinant Cottage, 1, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy. 1910. Gnosspelius, Miss Hilda T., Silver Holme, Newby Bridge, Ulverston. 1886. Z Godlee, Theo.. Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 1897. P Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S.,etc., Nore, Hascombe,Godalming. 1906. Gomez, A. da Costa, 23, Clifton Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1902. Gower, Harry D., 55, Benson Road, Croydon. 1904. Gray, Arthur F., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 1905. Green, Wm. A., 4, Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park, Belfast. 1904. Grierson, P. H., Kilcarberry House, Clondalkin, Dublin. 1906. *Grint, Miss Grace M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N. 1907. Gripper, F. H., Springfield, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells. 1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 45, West Hill Road, Wandsworth, S.W. 1886. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. 1907. Gwyer, C. D., 303, Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1907. Gyngell, Walter, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough. 1909. Haas, Dr. Fritz, Senkenbergisches Museum, Victoria Allee, 7, Frankfurt- am-Main. 1910. Haddon, Norman G., Levant Lodge, Earl’s Croome, Worcs. 1905. Hainsworth, Sam, 60, George Street, Saltaire. 1906. *Hall, C. M., 33, Goring Koad, Bowes Park, London, N. 1895. Hann, Rev. Adam, 1, Park Terrace, Halifax. 1895. Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1887. Ilargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough. 1907. Harrington, Chas. P., Langlands, King’s Avenue, Clapham Park, London, S.W. 1909. Harrison, Richard, 28, Allen Street, Hulme, Manchester. 134 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, I9If. 1904. Harrison, Russell C., 117, Tooting Bec Rd., Upper Tooting, S.W. 1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks. 1887. Harvard, T. Mawson, 4, Queen’s Leaze, Forest Hill, S.E. 1907. Hawkins, H. L., University College, Reading. 1903. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Koad, Grantham. 1887. Heathcote, Wm. Ilenry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs. 1907. Tienderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C., USA 1896. Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool. 1887. Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby. 1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon. 1895. Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester. 1893. Hill, John, Pike’s Villa, Little Eaton, near Derby. 1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 19c7. Hindley, Rk. T., Challis, 112, Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea. 1906. TFlirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan. 1891. Tlorsley, Rev. Canon J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, S.E. 1907. Horwood, A. k., Ivanhoe, Gwendolen Road, Leicester. 1907. Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth. 1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent. 1892. Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., ete., 30, Collingham Gardens, London, S. W. 1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. 1895. Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester. 1909. Huggins, Henry C., 13, Clarence Place, Gravesend. 1905. Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds. Igor. Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1891. Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 1904. Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, N. 1906. Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., WoSe AN 1908. “Jolliffe, J. E. A., 8, Dorchester Road, Weymouth. 1894. Jones, Kenneth Ilurlstone, M.B., F.L.S., The Manor House, St. Stephen’s, Canterbury. 1901. Jukes Browne, A. J., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Road, Torquay. 1907. (Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., 88, King Richard’s Road, Leicester. ° { 1897.Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent. ; 1902.Z Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, S. W. f ' 1897. eo Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Kichmond, Melbourne, ictoria. 1889. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth. 1901. Laidlaw, F.}.,M.A., Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C. 1899. Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea. 1879. Laver, Ilenry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex. 1894. Lawson, Peter, Jesmond Dene, 87, Finlay St., Fulham, London, S.W. 1905. Laycock, John, Sidney, Manitoba, Canada. 1900. Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland. f _1g10. Levett, Rev. T. T., F.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. 1899. Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town. 1909. Linton, Mrs., Ye Olde Mill House, Castle Hill, Northallerton. LIS? OF MEMBERS. 135 1897.2 Lodder, Miss Mary, 193, George Street, Launceston, Tasmania. 1908. 1898. 1910. 1891. 1889. 1903. 1886. 1905. 1884. 1885. 1887. 1906. 1887. 1904. 1905. 1889. 1880. 1909. 1891. 1904. 1907. 1909. 1906. I9IO. 1902. 1908. 1907. 1891. 1906. 1907. 1905. 1903. 1887. 1891. 1891 1903. Igol. 1887. 1910. 1899. 1896. IP P Ie Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire. Lucas, F. R. Tindall, Lampton Lodge, Spring Grove, Isleworth. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire. MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. McClelland, Hugh, Stretton, Balsall Street, Berkswell, Warwickshire. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon. Madison. James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Worcestershire. Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., Knyghtwood, St. Martin’s, Guernsey. Marshall, J. T., 11, Prince of Wales Road, Bournemouth. Marshall, Arthur G., 66, Victoria Street, Westminster, S. W. Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin. Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk. Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. Mercer, Jas. W., 611, Chorley Old Road, Bolton. Middleton, Robert, Sheepscar Foundry, Leeds. Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast. Milner, Miss Lucinda, Clevelands, Ellesmere Park, Eccles, Manchester. Milton, J. W., Harrison House, Crosby. Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio, Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily. Moorcock, J., 91, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E. Moore, Chas. H., 103, Mottram Road, Stalybridge. Moore, Albert J., 9, Brook Street, Hull. Morey, Frank, F.L.S.,Wolverton, Carisbrooke Rd., Newport, Isle of Wight. Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand. Musham, J. F., F.E.S., Haylands, Selby, Yorks. Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford. Nash, P. B., Bruce Mines, Algona, Ont., Canada. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, E. Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, London, W. .PNorman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L.. F.R.S., etc., The Red House, Berkhamsted. Northey, Rev. A. E., M.A., Lisworney, Torquay. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol. Oldham, Charles, Kelvin, Boxwell Road, Berkhamsted. Oliver, A. M., 1, Fenham Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast. Overton, Harry, 18, Tudor Road, Sutton Coldfield. 1905.Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan. 1903. 1900. 1904. Pace, S., Milneholme, Hounslow. Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey. Parritt, H. W., 8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, N. 136 1902. 1886. I9OI. 1907. 1908. 1900. 1904. 1886. 1905. 1895. 1903. 1897. 1907. 1906. 7 1906. L 1896. 1899. 1906. 1905. 1905. 1896. 1900. 1906. 1898. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1911. Pattison, Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire. Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro. Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs. Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork. Plant, James R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester. Platt, Thos. H., Harpurhey Mill, Rochdale Road, Manchester. Ponsonby, John H.. F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, 5. W. Poole, W. G., South Lawn, Godalming. Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales. Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham. Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 53, West Cromwell Road, London, S.W. Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex. Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria. Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham. Kent. Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester. Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pillai Street, Triplicane, Madras, S. India. Reynell, Alexander, Caerleon, Whyteleafe Road, Caterham. Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A. Reynolds, W. G., 15, Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N. Rhodes, John, F.E.S., 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington, Lancs. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall. Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere. O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 1907. 19OI. 1905. 1893. 1892. Rolle, Hermann, Koniggratzer Str. 89, Berlin, S.W.. Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 14, St. George’s Place, Brighton. Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk. Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh. Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, S.W. t910. Z Rowe, A. W., M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate. 1908. 1910. 1900. Rumney, Thos., Watford Lodge, New Mills, near Stockport. Sagegu, M.K., M.R.A.S., etc., Common Room, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C. Salisbury, Albert E.,,Danetree, Clarence Street, Loughborough. 1877. P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin. 1906. Schepmann, M. M., Bosch en Duin, Huister Heide, Utrecht, Holland. 1895. Z Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesfield. 1886. 1893. 1907. 1900. IQIO. 1904. 1906. 1909. 1910. 1895. 1900. Scott, Thomas, LL.D., F.L.S., 280, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen. Shackleford, Kev. Lewis John, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool. Shaer, Isidore, B.A., 25, Darlington Street, Cheetham Hill, Manchester. Sharp, C. J., M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool. Shaw, H. O. N., F.Z.S., Skreens Park, Roxwell, near Chelmsford. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Peper Harow Rectory, Godalming. Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull. Shopland, Commander E. R., St. Benedict’s, Carlton Road, Lowestoft. Shrubsole, George, Ellesmere, Fields Park Road, Newport, Mon. Sich, Alfred, I’. E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. Sikes, F. H., M.A., Woodstone, Rochester, Kent. List OF MEMBERS. 137 1905. Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen. 1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Wressel Lodge, Wimbledon Common, near London. 1886. P Smith, Edgar A., I.S.O., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S. W. 1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter. 1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester. 1907. Smith, Maxwell, c/o Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co. (of New York), 15, Cockspur Street, London, S.W. 1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, S.W. 1900. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent. 1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., River Side, Kew, near London. 1907. Spence, G. C., 27, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs. 1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey. 1886. Standen, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1903. Stelfox, A. W., Delamere, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast. 1906. Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey. Iglo. Stephenson, H. L., 73, Colwyn Road, Dewsbury Road, Leeds. 1908. Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge. 1896. Stonestreet, Kev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., c/o The New Church Book Depot, 18, Corporation Street, Manchester. 1885. Z Storey, J. A., B.A., Mafeking Villa, I.ocking Road, Weston-super-Mare. 1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Priory Lodge, 16, New Walk, Leicester. 1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford. 1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, Polefield, Blackley, Manchester. 1895. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey. 1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., 8, Belvedere, Weymouth. 1910. Tattersall, W. M., M.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs. 1907. Taylor, G. H., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester. 1897. Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., St. Matthew’s Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia. 1904. / Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood. 1907. Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton. 1901. Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand. 1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. 1908. Thomas, Rev. R. E., M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury. 1907. Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton. 1886. Tomlin, J. Kk. le Brockton, M.A., Stoneley, 42, Alexandra Road, Reading. 1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O.,R.E., 30, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol. » 1907. Upton, Charles, Homebush, Instow, N. Devon. 1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, wza Hereford. 1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris. 1902. Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N. 1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea. 1891. Walker, Bryant, 205, Moffat Building, ]etroit, Michigan, U.S.A. 1907. Wallis, E. A.. Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough. 1905. Walton, H. Maurice, Goodburne House, Richmond, Yorks. 1909. Ward, J. S. M., B.A., The Whym, Gomshall, Surrey. 138 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Volt. 13, No. §, JANUARY, TOIT. 199). Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge. 1908. Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, London, N. 1900. Webb, Walter F., 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A. 1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast. 1907. Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., Brookside, Darley Knowle, Warwickshire. 1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool. 1906. Winkworth, John F., 290, Burdett Road, London, E. 1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. 1910. Woodcock, R., Fauvic, Jersey. 1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs. 1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., I'.G.S., 39, Barton Road, Cambridge. 1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.5., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, W. 1903. Worsdale, R., 102, Dudley Terrace, Dudley Road, Grantham. 1906. Wragge, Clement L., F.R.G.S., etc., Perth, Western Australia, 1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering. Helix nemoralis with formula 12045.—The form of Hel¢x nemoralis in which the third band alone is missing seems to be generally regarded by conchologists as scarce, so it may be worth while recording the capture of a well-marked specimen with that band formula, 12045, this spring. It was taken from a fairly large colony in a hedge-bank at Chingford, Essex, early in May. Additional specimens have since been searched for without success.—F. B. JENNINGS (fead before the Soczety, Sept. 14, 1910). Paludestrina jenkinsi in Merionethshire.—Having a short time to wait one day at Barmouth Junction, I spent the interval fishing in the surrounding ditches. The result was Planorbis spirorbis, a few Pisidia, and one specimen of Paludestrina renkinst. The last-named appears to be a new record for this part of Wales. Fresh- water shells are strikingly few on this coast. Planorbis spzvorbis, Linnea pereger and L. ¢vuncatula are found sparingly ; other species of Planorbis and Linea seem to be entirely absent.—J. E. CoopPER (Read before the Soctety, Sept. 14, 1910). Pseudanodonta elongata Hol. in the Thames.-—Mr. Fritz Haas has re- corded (Proc. Mal. Soc., June, 1910) the occurrence of P. elongata Hol. in the Thames. It seems remarkable that this shell should have escaped notice so long. So far as I can learn, the only valid external difference between Pseudanodonta elongata and small specimens of Anodonta cygnea lies in the beak sculpture. In Anodonta this consists of a series of concentric ridges, while in Pseudanodonta it is irregularly nodulous. I have taken one living specimen of what I suppose to be Pseudanodonta elongata at Long Ditton, and several dead shells at Molesey. A few of these are sent for exhibition and criticism. —J. E. CooPER (Read before the Society, Nov. 9th, 1910). 139 OBITUARY NOTICE. THE REVEREND ROBERT BOOG WATSON, ID, WolboSep 18sGeSoy IalsoSnsso By BOGAR A, SIMOMME, WS.Ob, AIS Io IRs 1a; 1B IMO)WOL ION, WIGAN, WITH PORTRAIT. (Read before the Society, Nov. oth, 1910). Our science has suffered another great loss by the death of the Rev. R. Boog Watson, at Edinburgh, on June r3th, rgro, after a long period of ill-health, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. He had a severe illness early last year, from which, however, he rallied wonderfully, but his strength had failed for many months, and he passed away very peacefully. Born on September 26th, 1823, he was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and at Lille, and took his B.A. at Edinburgh University. After a course of study at the New College, Edinburgh, he was licensed by the Free Presbytery in 1847, and in 1854, on the out- break of the Crimean War, he went out as Chaplain to the 93rd Highlanders. Invalided home after a nearly fatal attack of dysentery, he recovered sufficiently to undertake garrison work at Dover in 1856. In this year he married Janet Cowan, daughter of the founder of the firm of Alexander Cowan & Sons, papermakers, and immediately afterwards went out to India, and acted as Chaplain to the Highland Brigade in the Mutiny. ; Owing to a return of his illness he was again invalided home. In 1864 he accepted an appointment to the Scots’ Church in Madeira, and in the course of his ten years’ tenure of that office was enabled to investigate the remarkably mich land molluscan fauna of the Madeiran group, in co-operation with Lowe and Wollaston, as well as the marine shells. On returning to Edinburgh, he devoted himself chiefly to his favourite sciences of geology and conchology ; and in 1876, at the request of his friend, Sir Charles Wyville Thom- son, he undertook to work out all the mollusca which had just been brought back by H.M.S. ‘Challenger”’—with the exception of the Cephalopoda and Pteropoda. In 1878, however, the failure of the City of Glasgow Bank com- pelled him to give up his well-earned leisure and to return to work; and he accepted the call of the Free Church congregation at Cardross, Dumbartonshire, where he remained till his retirement from active -work in 1808. Residence in a country district of course deprived him of easy access to books and collections, and he therefore returned all the i4o JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1011. material he was working at to the “Challenger” office, but Sir C. Wyville Thomson’s urgent representations induced him to resume his studies in part, though he limited his investigations to the *Gastero- poda and Scaphopoda—about 1,300 recognisable species in all. The results of his labours appeared in the fifteenth volume of the ‘Challenger ” series in 1886, and as an illustration of the thorough- ness of his methods it may be mentioned that he worked at the Museums of Paris, Berne, and Geneva, as well as at the British Museum, before the Natural History portion was moved to South Kensington. In 1891 he was President of the Conchological Society, and in 1892 the University of Edinburgh conferred upon him the degree of WEED: Of the nature of Dr. Watson’s work there is only one opinion. His descriptions, at times almost too detailed, are excellent, and he spared himself no trouble in their preparation. He was personally known for many years to one of the writers, who must bear witness to his pleasant and friendly amiability. For nearly twenty years he spent part of the summer in Switzer- land, especially in the Rhone Valley, and his favourite haunt was Bel Alp, where he did much climbing and botanising, and fraternised with such men as Bishop Ellicot, Edward Whymper and Prof. Tyndall. He contributed the following three papers to the Journal of Conchology :— Circe versus Gouldia (vol. 3, p. 299). The Marine Mollusca of Madeira (vol. 6, p. 365). The Relation of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Madeiran Islands to Those Known Elsewhere (vol. 7, p. 1). The following is believed to be a complete list of his other writings on conchology :— A.—On the Great Drift Beds with Shells in the South of Arran.— Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1864, xxili., pp. 523-546. B.—On the Marine Origin of the ‘‘ Parallel Roads” of Glen Roy.— Phil. Mag., 1865, xxx., pp. 452-3. c.---Notes on the Boulder-Clay at Greenock and Port Glasgow.— Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1866, v., pp. 258-261. p.—Notes on Dredging at Madeira. Elhlas JO, 222s E,—On some Marine Mollusca from Madeira, including a New Genus (Chascax) of the Muricide;a New Eulima (£. patvensts) ; Brit. Assoc. Reports, 1871, t He used the term Gasteropoda as employed by Cuvier, it being equally correct as Gastropoda, which has found general acceptance. SMITH AND TOMLIN: OBITUARY NOTICE—REV. R. B. WATSON. 141 and the whole of the Avssoe of the Group of Islands.—Proc. LOO, SOC WSPR. Vila, WO FUIHAS. F.—On the Generic Peculiarities of the Distinctively Madeiran Achatine.—FProc. Zool. Soc., 1875, pp. 677-680. cG.—Notes on Lowe’s Ms. list of Webb’s Type Shells from the Canaries (1829); and onthe Annotations thereon of d’Orbigny (1839), and I.owe (1860).—Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 1876, pp. 516-524. H.—Note sur les Coquilles Terrestres Communes a Madere et a d’autres contrées, considérées au point de vue de la Distribu- tion des Espéces.—Journ. de Conch., 1876, pp. 217-232. 1.—Some Notes on the Madeiran Mollusk identified by the Rev. R. T. Lowe as Achatina follicu/us Gron.—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, PP. 333-334. j.—Surl’animal du Aingicula auriculata,—Journ. de Conch., 1878, Pp. 312-313. K.—Mollusca of H.M.S. “Challenger” Expedition.—Parts 1.-xx., 1878-1883. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 1879, xiv., pp. 506-7, 508-529, 586-605, 692-716; xv. (1881), pp. 87-126, 217-230, 245-274, 388-412, 413-455, 457-475 3 Xvi. (1883), pp. 247-254, 324-343, ZES-B72, SYABOe, FOL 5 27k (MSE) 0, AOMo, Wczeeyo, 284-293, 319-340, 341-340. These are practically reproduced in his “Challenger” Reports. L.—On the Cerithiopsides from the Eastern Side of the North Atlantic, with Three New Species from Madeira.—Journ. Linn. Soc., xix. (1885), pp. 89-95. M.—Report on the Scaphopoda and Gasteropoda collected by H.M.S. “Challenger,” during the years 1873-76. In Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘‘Challenger” during the years 1873-76. Zoology, vol. xv., pp. i.-v., 1-680, 691-756, pls. 1-50 (1886). n.—Notes on the Gastropoda in ‘‘Challenger” Narrative, vol. I., pp. 894-897. o.—Notes sur habitat de Ovuda carnea Poiret.—Journ. de Conch., 1892, p. 208. p.—On the Marine Mollusca of Madeira; with Descriptions of Thirty-five New Species, and an Index-List of all the Known Sea-Dwelling Species of that Island.—Journ. Linn. Soc., 1897, FEVhy [DOs BRSBAO), 142 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF UNIO SINUATUS Lam. ON ALIS JHISIICUS Is! USILIZS), By J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S. (Read before the Society, Nov. goth, 1910). For some considerable time past I have been accumulating material for a paper on the distribution of the Pearl Mussel (Margaritana margaritifera 1.) in the British Isles, and in the course of my work I have seen and examined specimens from some thirty or more dis- tinct localities in the United Kingdom, as well as from several places on the continent and North America. ‘This has, naturally, necessi- tated access to several individual collections, the most important being that of Mr. R. Standen, who possesses perhaps the finest series in the country. In working through this latter collection, paying particular attention to the hinge-teeth, I was somewhat surprised to come across a single specimen labelled : “ R. Clouden, Dumfries (1865), v. sezwata (Peace Collection),” which possesses well-developed lateral teeth, as well as very strong pseudocardinals. ‘This specimen, Mr. Standen tells me, was presented to him by the late Mr. R. D. Darbishire, along with others from various localities, all of which formed part of the ““Thos. Peace Collection,” acquired some twenty years ago by Mr. Darbishire. The shell is in good preservation, hardly eroded at the umbones, and measures antero-posteriorly 112 mm., dorso-ventrally 62 mm., laterally 34 mm. ‘The habitat, R. Clouden, or Cluden Water, a rivulet in South-west Dumfriesshire and a tributary of the R. Nith, is mentioned by Rimmer in his Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles, London, 1880, p. 16, as a locality for var. stxwata of the Pearl Mussel. Although I examined carefully the hinges of scores of others, many of which have been recorded as var. s¢wuata Lam., I failed to dis- cover any more which possess these lateral lamelle. This feature, as is well known to most conchologists, 1s characteristic of the genus Unio, but is quite absent in Afargaritana, to which genus the true pearl mussel belongs. It is, therefore, quite evident that there has been some want of observation in the past as to this point, collectors simply relying on the outward appearance of their shells, without examining the hinge, and have thus wrongly applied Lamarck’s specific name s¢zuata to shells of AZ. margaritifera L.,which possess an indented or sinuate lower margin. A new name will, therefore, be required for this form in place of the so-called var. szmuvata (Auct.), which should be struck out of the Society’s List in order to prevent further confusion. As far as I can ascertain, this indented form of JZ, JACKSON : ON UNIO SINUATUS IN ‘THE BRITISH ISIES. 143 margaritifera appears to be known in France as the var. elongata Lam., and this name might very well be adopted in this country. The var. avcuata Barnes, met with in North America, also appears to be this form, but Lamarck’s name has precedence over this. It will be necessary now to carefully examine all previous records of the so-called var. s/muata to see if the shells possess lateral teeth or not. As mentioned previously, I have already examined a large number recorded as var. s¢zuata, and have noted the entire absence of lateral teeth therein. These, therefore, have no relation with the Lamarckian species, but belong to Margaritana margaritifera (1..). The Dumfries specimen is undoubtedly Unzo stnuatus Lam., and agrees in all its particulars with the descriptions and figures given by Rossmassler,! Moquin-Tandon,? and others. It is, however, the only specimen I have as yet seen from this locality, and I should be glad, therefore, to hear from other collectors who may have specimens from there in their collections. I should also be glad if anyone possessing British specimens of the Pearl Mussel would communicate with me and send a list of what localities are represented, in order to complete my paper on the species. A good opportunity presents itself here to call attention to the paper I wrote, in conjunction with Mr. A. S. Kennard, on the occur- rence of Unio margaritifer in the Pleistocene strata of the Thames.® The shells referred to in this paper were dredged at Mortlake,* and were recorded as the var. s¢zwate Lam., but owing to the incrustation of carbonate of lime, both inside and outside, the hinge-teeth were not properly examined. Dr. Fritz Haas, of Frankfurt, to whom one of the Thames shells was sent, has since kindly pointed out to us the fact that the Thames mussel possesses lateral teeth, and is, therefore, the Unto sinuatus Lam., and not Margaritana margaritifera (L.), as given in our paper.’ A careful examination of the specimens in our hands confirms this fact. The Thames specimens, therefore, being Unio sinuatus Lam. and not Margaritana margaritifera (L.), Dr. R. F. Scharff’s statement in his European Animals,® “that the Pearl Mussel is absent from the South-east of England—the area so characteristic of the Germanic species ”—still holds good. Iconographie, 1836, i., p. 22, pl. 13, f. 195 3 and 1854, iil., p. 38, pl. 70, f. 853, 853a. Hist. Nat. Moll. de France, 1855, p. 567, pl. 48, f. 1-3. Journ. of Conch., vol. xii., p. 321. Mr. Kennard tells me they have since been dredged at Barn Elms, E. Surrey. 5 See also his paper on ‘‘ Unio, Margaritana, etc., in the Thames Valley,” Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. ix., pt. ii., June, 1910, p. 106, in which this is discussed. 6 London, 1907, p. 72. FW NH 144 SOME REMARKS ON THE DETERMINATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. (Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, Oct. 15, 1910). By Lr.-Cot. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F.R.S. THE few remarks I have to make this evening are the outcome of some work I have been engaged upon during the last few months. Those who have worked much at the land mollusca know how diffi- cult it is to deal with certain species when locating them in generic position. ‘This is particularly the case with a type of shell more or less thin and delicate, of few whorls, these rapidly increasing in size, of subdued tint, and often shiny and polished. Such shells come from all parts of the world, and Vitvina pel/ucida may be taken as the type of the form. The earlier conchologists (and it is not so many years ago) placed all shells partaking in any degree of this shape in the genus Vit77na, and it is often done up to the present time. Even shells much more heliciform found their way into Vitrina—and at that period no deductions of any value on distribution or relationship were possible in this particular group of shells. It was not long, however, before the great difference was noticed in the external form of the animals of true palzearctic Vz¢rina and the Asiatic and tropical species, and a large number became transferred to Flelicarion, and other genera sprang into existence. e/icarton is, even up to the present day, the happy resting place of all sorts and kinds of land shells which happen to be thin and globose and with no definite shell characteristics. Fortunately, although shell character is unsatisfactory, in the ex- ternal structure of the animals and internal anatomy there are many very clearly discernible characters which make comparison much more easy, rendering generic and specific determination more satis- factory. ‘Trusting it will not weary you, I will mention a few which can be observed. First, the external. I will not occupy time by referring to all these, but refer to one which has been of help to me. On removing the animal from the shell, there is the visceral sac. From the mantle zone the wall of the branchial cavity, and the vicinity of the heart and kidney is often beautifully mottled or streaked ; the patterns are most varied, in one or more colours, in round spots or streaks; and although they are not absolutely identical in every specimen, yet on GODWIN-AUSTEN : ON DETERMINATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 145 the whole it is a distribution of colour typical of the species. The spotting in some cases is continuous to the apex ; in other instances there is no spotting, but some particular uniform tint pervades the whole visceral sac. I was particularly struck by this when going over a large series of species of A/acrochlamys trom Sikhim, and quite recently another collection from South Africa. In Szecinea I have noticed much variation of this kind in species from Europe and Asia, and have made careful drawings of the same. Other characters are internal, and unfortunately require dissection, and every one knows amongst them every kind of modification is met with. I will only refer to one character which is not widely known, but is common to all the land mollusca in some shape or other. I refer to the spermatophore. It occupies an important place in the life of the animal ; it is only present at the highest stage of its exist- ence, and therefore is of considerable importance in determining the relation of genera one to the other. I have found most interesting variation in the details of its form even in species of the same genus. As far as I have ascertained, there is a very large number of European species in which it has never been observed and described. This is undoubtedly due to the great difficulty of securing species at the right season. Mr. John W. Taylor, who has done such valuable work in the morphology of the land mollusca of our own country and the continent, gives in his Monograph a drawing of the spermatophore of Flelix aspersa, modified after Moquin-landon, also of Helix wirgata and of Amalia sowerbyt, the latter both in process of formation, and after transfer, when complete, into the spermatheca; also another, after Moquin-Tandon, of Arion ater or A. rufa, and I would refer those wishing to know more concerning its functions, etc., to read Mr. Taylor’s description. Mr. W. Moss has, I know, also photographed some. It may be noticed how the form differs even in these four examples ; still greater are the differences between those of. the Asiatic and African species I have observed, particularly species of Feltatus from the latter country, hitherto placed in AZelicarion. Vhe spermatophores of this South African genus are most beautifully spined, and as these are constructed organs that are known to only a few, I have brought two here to-day in order that you may observe what really beautiful objects they are and the wonderful structure they present. Both these spermatophores are nearly perfect. They donot apparently keep this perfect form long, and are generally more or less broken up, emptied, and absorbed. I have been particularly fortunate in finding so many. They are hardly to be sought for— the labour of examining specimen after specimen would be so great —but they turn up from time to time in the process of dissection. J 146 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, IQIT. The details in form vary greatly in different species ; as you may note, the spines of the two I have brought differ very greatly, and I could show half-a-dozen more. It can readily be understood what a valuable character this becomes in the identification of species of shells from Africa, Madagascar, the Mauritius, South Sea Islands, etc., indiscriminately placed in He/icarton. Still more, how valuable it is, combined with other characters, in placing genera in their true family position, for we may presume that the process that goes on during the period of formation of an organ of this kind is one far older in time than many modifications of the external form of the animal or of the shell that may be brought about. In making these remarks I know full well only a few of our mem- bers can undertake investigation of these obscure characters, but all can aid those who do, in preserving the animals at a time when one is most likely to secure the spermatophore of the dozens of species we know now little or nothing about. ——_———— $-e@-@—_____{_ Vertigo substriata Jeffreys in Bucks.—On September 3rd, 1910, I found a few V. substrviata at Burnham Beeches. This appears to be a new record for Bucks. On the same day Mr. F. M. Dyke took a single V. pusz//a, thus confirming the previous record for Bucks.-—a solitary specimen found at East Burnham a few years ago by Mr. Wallis Kew.—J. E. Cooper (Read before the Society, Nov. 9th, 1910). Clausilia cravenensis Taylor var. albina nov.—In September last, one of my enthusiastic friends, Mr. T. H. Newlands, gave me some snails which he had collected from the limestone near Crosby Ravensworth, in Westmorland. I at once detected, among a number of the type, a pure white example of this species, the first I had either seen or heard of. Claustlia cravenensts, deservedly, now ranks as a species in the Census Lists published by Mr. J. W. Taylor in co-operation with this Society and its workers.—J. Davy DEAN (Kead before the Society, Nov. 9th, 1910). Clausilia bidentata Strom var. albina Moq.—In May, 1908, I took near Burton-in- Kendal and in Westmorland, the rarely occurring albino of this species, not hitherto recorded for this district.—J. Davy DEAN (Read before the Society, Nov. 9th, 1910). 5 147 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF ROSSSHIRE, WITH SOME NEW COUNTY RECORDS. By J. W. VAUGHAN. (Read before the Society, Nov. 9, 1910). WHILE spending three weeks this July at Strathpeffer, I devoted some of my spare time to slug and snail hunting in the hope of adding to the rather meagre county records. The geological forma- tion is igneous rock, and a great part of the surface is covered with pine wood and peat. I found the land mollusca scarce and difficult to find. The freshwater forms were most abundant in a small loch called Kinellan, and in the Strathpeffer Curling Pond. ‘The large fishing lochs, Luichart and Garve, seem to be barren of molluscan life, at least I found nothing in either of them. Slugs, especially Arion circumscriptus and Agriolimax agrestis were abundant in the garden of the Spa Hotel. The pearl fishery in the rivers Blackwater and Conon was once quite an important industry, and, when the water was low in the summer, provided several families with the means of livelihood. Now, I am told, only one or two pearl fishers remain. I found the U. margariiifer abundant in the Conon, and got eight or ten living shells in a very small distance. I have to thank Mr. W. D. Roebuck and Mr. F. Taylor for kindly verifying my specimens. The following is a list of the species I found, the new county records being marked with an asterisk *. East Ross. * Arion subfuscus.—Common round Strathpeffer. *Arion hortensis.—Scarce, Spa Hotel Garden. Arion circumscriptus.—-Common. var. neustriaca.—With the type. Agriolimax agrestis.— Abundant. var. pallida.—Abundant with type. var. reticulata.—Abundant with type. *Hyalinia radiatula.—One specimen under a log of wood, Garve. Helix hortensis.—Two specimens: one, Spa Hotel garden, and one, Pontin. *Limnza pereger.—Common round Strathpeffer. *Limnza truncatula.—Scarce; Loch Kinellan and Curling Pond. *Limnza palustris.—Scarce; Loch Kinellan. *Ancylus fluviatilis.—Peffer Stream, near Achterneed. Planorbis contortus.—Abundant in Curling Pond; scarce Killenan Loch. 148 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, IOQII. *Pisidium subtruncatum.—Killenan Loch. *Pisidium pulchellum.—Killenan Loch. Pisidium pusillum.—Killenan Loch. Pisidium fontinale.—Curling Pond. Pisidium milium.—Curling Pond. *Unio margaritifer—Common in the Rivers Conon and Black- water. *Paludestrina stagnalis.—In great abundance on the mud at Dingwall, Cromarty Firth. West Ross. *Paludestrina stagnalis.—Abundant, but of small size, on the mud at the head of Loch Brome. —_———_ } - @ » ____—__ Succinea oblonga in Merionethshire.—At the edge of a small stream, some 500 feet above sea-level near Aberdovey, I took a few Szccznea oblonga in June. They had thin pale green shells, very different in colour from those found at Braun- ton Burrows. It seemed to me remarkable to find S. 0d/oga so high up on the hills. Associated with them was a small form of S. fztz7zs; the latter occurred sparingly elsewhere, but a careful search in other similar localities failed to pro- duce any more S. oblonga.—J. E. Cooper (Read before the Society, Sept. 14, 1910). Ena montana Drap. in Buckinghamshire.—Buckingham may now be in- cluded in the short list of counties in which 27a montana is known to occur. On August 7th, 1910, I took many specimens associated with 2. odscura and Claustla Jamtnata, on the trunks of beeches in a wood at Great Hampden.—Cuas. OLDHAM (Read before the Soctety, Nov. 9th, 1910). Limax tenellus Miill. in Perth East.—As the distribution ot Z7max ftenellus is still imperfectly known, it may be well to record the occurrence of the slug in East Perthshire. On October 6th, 1910, I found it in abundance, feeding on fungi in the birch forest of Pitlochry. Most of the examples noticed belonged to the var. cimcta, but a few were referable to the var. cevea. Associated with the Z. tenellus were Arion ater, A. intermedius, and A. subfuscus vax. succimea and var. fuliginea.—CHaAS. OLDHAM (Read befcre the Society, Nov. 9th, 1910). Vitrea radiatula (Alder) in Dumbartonshire.—Amongst a few land shells collected by the late Dr. Boog Watson at Cardross, there is a specimen of the above species, as well as one of the var. wzridescentz-alba Jeff. The Recorder tells me that this is a new record for Dumbartonshire..—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN (Read before the Society, Dec, 14th, 1910). 149 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 395th (Annual) Meeting, October 15th, 1910. Held in the Museum, Manchester. Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., President, in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and special thanks voted : ““Obras Malacoldgicas, parte i., Estudios preliminares sobre la fauna Malaco- logica de las Islas Filipinas (plates 1 to 99),” by J. G. Hidalgo (presented by Mr. J. W. Taylor). Mr. J. W. Taylor also presented to the Society a very handsome framed enlarged portrait of the late Mr. R. D. Darbishire, a gift which was much appreciated by the members present. Appointment of Auditors. Messrs. C. H. Moore and F. Taylor were again appointed Auditors. Appointment of Scrutineers. Mr. Platt and Mr. Spence were appointed Scrutineers. New Members Elected. Arthur Walton Rowe, M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S. A. M. Oliver. Candidate Proposed for Membership. W. M. Tattersall, M.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester. Reports and Balance Sheet. The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 153), and the Treasurer’s Report including Balance Sheet for 1909 and Interim Statement to Oct. 6, 1910 (see p. 154) were presented and adopted. Reports of the Leeds and London Branches (see pp. 155-6) were presented and adopted. The Librarian’s Report was presented and adopted. The Recorder’s Report was presented and adopted. Alteration in the Rules. On behalf of the Council, Mr. J. W. Taylor moved—That Rule 8 of the Con- stitution be amended to read as follows, and that it be retrospective in operation :— ‘*The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and the President is expected to give an address. On the conclusion of his term of office he shall become an ex officio Vice-President of the Society and ex officio Member of Council.” That Rule 7 be altered to read :— “©Two elected Vice-Presidents ” in place of ‘‘ Four Vice-Presidents.” This motion was carried unanimously. Election of Officers and Council. Dr. W. E. Hoyle, by virtue of the above alteration of rules, becoming an ex- officio Vice-President and ex-officio Member of the Council, requested that his name should be deleted from the ballot-paper. The Council therefore substituted the name of Mr. John Ray Hardy. ; With this alteration the Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council as nominated had been duly elected (see p. 130). i50 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, 191i. Election of Honorary Member. On behalf of the Council, Mr. Edward Collier moved and Mr. R. Standen seconded :— ““That Mr. John W. Taylor be elected an Honorary Member of the Society in place of Dr. Rudolph Bergh deceased.” The motion was carried with acclamation. In acknowledging the honour of his election, Mr. Taylor took the opportunity to briefly review the genesis and progress of the Conchological Society and of the Journal of Conchology. The Society was instituted about thirty-five years ago, the project being con- ceived by four enthusiastic conchologists, who constituted the Society at its inception. From this humble beginning has developed the powerful and prosperous Society to which we are all proud to belong. These four conchologists were Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., Curator of the Leeds Museum, but unfortunately no longer a member of the Society ; the late Mr. W. Nelson who, as the oldest and most experienced conchologist, was unanimously chosen as the first President ; Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., who was chosen as first Secretary, and for many years ably filled that onerous and honourable position ; and Mr. J. W. Taylor. It was not only the first organization of its kind in this country, but the direct parent of the more recently-established Conchological Societies of London and else- where, which were definite offshoots from our Society and the outcome of its success. The Society did not, however, spring up spontaneously, but resulted from the issue of the Journal of Conchology, which had been established by Mr. Taylor some two years previously—February, 1874—for the purpose of popularising and extending the influence of the study, and to bring into closer relationship and friendship the few and scattered conchologists of that period. The /owrnal was edited by Mr. Taylor for twenty-one years, from the moment of its inception, and by its means a most powerful impulse was given to the study, which led to a great increase in the number of its votaries. At the end of that period the publication—having survived all its youthful perils and occupying an assured position in the scientific world—was handed over by Mr. Taylor to the care of the Society, which its influence had helped to establish, as he was desirous of devoting his available time solely to the preparation of the great Monograph, now in course of publication. In conclusion, Mr. Taylor expressed his grateful acknowledgments for the unanimous and cordial way in which the motion had been received, and said what a great source of pleasure and satisfaction it was to him to receive this token of their kind appreciation of his long labours to promote the welfare of the Society and the progress of the study of Conchology. President’s Address. Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., then delivered an Address, en- titled :—‘** Some Remarks on the Determination of Species.” A vote of thanks to the retiring President for his Address was unanimously passed. A vote of thanks was also accorded to the Manchester University Authorities for the use of the Museum buildings. An invitation was received, through Mr. Masefield, to hold the next Annual Meeting at Hanley, Staffs. Exhibits. By Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley : Hemzplecta javanica, Java; Ampullaria poltta, Java. By Mr. Edward Collier: (a), series of Helix nemoralis, collected in May last at Lisdoonvarna Spa, Co. Clare, climbing high up in a thornhedge. edz asfersa and PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 15, 1910. 151 H. hortensis—one specimen 00005—from Croyde Bay, North Devon. (6), set of shells from a rainwash in North-west Donegal, viz., Vitrea crystallina, V. pura, Euconulus fulous, Punctum pygmeum, Sphyradium edentulum, Vallonia pulchella, Zua lubrica, Pupa anglica and var. alba, P. cylindracea and var. albina, P. mus- corum and var. albina, Vertigo substriata, V. pygmea, V. pusilla, V. angustior, Claustlia bidentata, Carychtum minimum, Ovatella bidentata, Acicula lineata and monst. szvzzstrorsum. (c), A fine series of West Indian Uvocoptide (Cylindrellide). (2), Land shells from an old collection, bought in London from dealers named Humphrey and Mawe, one hundred years ago. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Band forms of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis— a large proportion of the known forms, most effectively displayed on an entirely novel plan, being represented in the collection. By Mr. John R. B. Masefield: Living Zzmax tenellus from Cheadle, Staffs., and series of Physa from Staffordshire canals. By Mr. Thos. Edwards: A large series of Bucctnum undatum m. sinistrorsum, m. acuminatum, m. carinatun, m. sebscalariforme, and m. bioperculatum 3 var. setlandica, and var. striata; Lb. humphreysianum ; and series of British Odostomda. By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: A fine series of examples of the genus Chama, including C. frondosa, C. lazarus, C. pacifica, C. arcinella, C. fibula, C. brassica, C. venosa and others. By Mr. A. Hartley: A pure white variety of Acteon tornatilis collected at Southport ; and a specimen of He/zx asfersa with ‘‘ dart” fixed inside the shell and covered over with nacreous shell substance. By Mr. W. M. Tattersall ; Caldostoma granulatum dredged from 35 fathoms off the ‘* Chicken Rock,” Isle of Man. Also a beautiful series of rare marine shells dredged, mostly from great depths and alive, off the south and west coasts of Ire- land, and including the following species :—Pinna fragilis, Tritonofusus tsland- zcus of unusual size—185 mm. in length—57 fathoms off the Fastnet ; a series of growth stages of 7. propinquus, 82 fathoms off the Fastnet ; Meptunea despecta and Buccinofusus bernictens?s—series of young, adult and varieties, 320-372 fathoms off Tearaght ; Z77tonofusus fenestratus off Cleggan Head; Leomesus dalet 550 fathoms, off Clogher Head ; Auccenune humphreysianum off Mine Head ; Cassz- daria rugosa off Kerry coast ; Clio pyramidata and C. cuspidata, 250 fathoms ; Cavolinia inflexa and C. traspinosa; Aporrhais serrestanus, young, from 363 fathoms, adult from 454 fathoms ; Cadliostoma suturale, 363 fathoms; Dentalium striolatunt, 600-660 fathoms ; Lntalina qguinguaneularis, 480 fathoms; Palliolum vitreum var. abyssorum, 363-700 fathoms; and Cardeéum fasctatum from Rosse’s Point, Co. Sligo. By Mr. J. E. Cooper: Pseudanodonta elongata Hol. from River Thames; and Vertigo substrzata from Burnham Beeches, Bucks. By Mr. G. C. Spence: A series of Uvocoptide from Cuba ; Helicella acuta from Isle of Man; British C/auszlee ; photographs of pairing of //. pomatia ; and living animals and ‘‘ darts” of Leffax?s wndata from Madeira. By Mr. J. M. Williams: Dwarf forms of Cyprea tigris, C. pantherina, C. arabica, C. errones, C. carneola, C. onyx var. adusta, C. stercorarta, C. lurida, C. ventriculus, C. pulchra, C. vitellus, C. arvabicula, C. tessellata, C. helvola, C. tsa- bella, C. muliaris, C. turdus, C. spurca, C. caput-serpentis, and C. subviridis ; also unusually large specimens of C. witellus, C. onyx var. adusta, C. carneola, C. helvola var. argella, and C. pyrums; C. vitedlus recently dredged off the Fiji Islands ; and C. zosata from Cape de Verde Islands. By Mrs. A. E. Gill: Fine series of Cyprea, Conus, Harpa, Rostellaria, Scalaria, Hlelix, and Cochlostyla. 152 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, 19ii. By Mr. Fred. Taylor: A beautiful set of Zémn@a palustvts var. albida from Southport : out of 1080 specimens examined, 25 were this rare albino form. By Mr. J. Davy Dean: Helécéde arranged in the form of a ‘‘ genealogical tree” to illustrate Pilsbry’s system of classification. A series of small mollusca from Lifu. Clausia of many British and Continental Clausiliz ; albino examples of Clauszlia cravenensis, C. laminata, and C. bidentata; Hyalinia lucida from Grange-over- Sands; H. helvetica from Leicester ; ZH. cellaréa var. compacta from Halifax ; A. lucida, Pomatias elegans, etc., from Belgian localities; and a double-mouthed C/az- stlia bidentata from Melling. By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: AZacrochlamys pedina, Ariophanta levipes and varieties, .4. bajadera, specimens of Onchidiwm, etc., recently collected by him at Bombay. By Mr. R. Woodcock: A fine series of colour varieties of Pecten varius and P. opercularis ; Lutraria oblonga; Psammobia vespertina; Pectunciulus glycimerts; some pretty varieties of Donax fpolttus, with scarlet or blue umbones, all collected recently at various localities in Jersey. By Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: Helex hortensis, type, var. coaltta, and var. /zdacina, from Leicestershire; var. coa/tta and var. zzcarnata, Peterborough ; var. fers, var. sabarenzcola, var. lutea, and var. zucarzata, Northants; var. /tea and var. albina, Crowland ; type and var. o/¢vacea from Deeping, S. Lincolnshire—all ob- tained during the present year. By Mr. C. H. Moore: Forty-four species of land and freshwater shells collected within a radius of four miles from Stalybridge. By Mr. Rk. Cairns: A fine series of Cyfrea tigrzs and its principal varieties ; Planorbts corneus var. albida from Ashton-under-Lyne. By Mr. J. W. Jackson: A series of Mollusca obtained from ‘ Cave-earth ’ at Dog Holes, Warton Crag, including examples of Pyrvamidula ruderata; also a large number of locality sets of Alargarztana margaritifera, from his own and Mr. R. Standen’s collections. By Mr. Rk. Standen: A series of Odovtostomus and Macrodontes from S. America. Pedicularia albida, P. californica in situ on Gorgonia and Allopora, P. elegantissima, P. pacifica, P. sicula in situ on corals, and P. (Dentiova) rubida from Samoa. Aporrhats pes-pelicane from numerous British and Mediterranean localities; A. serrvestanus from Sicily and West of Ireland coast ; A. occ¢dentalés from Labrador ; A, macandree from Shetland; A. fes-graculi and A. pes-carbonis from Sicily; and A. senegalensis; Spherium pallidum from most of its known British and North American localities, including a set of the original specimens first taken in the neighbourhood of Manchester by the late Mr. R. D. Darbishire. By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Varieties of Pecten ofercalaris from Scottish localities ; Helix nemoralis var. tenuts—weight 33 grains—from Isle of Man; a set of remarkably broad banded yellow 00300 H. nemoralis, Hope, Derbyshire ; varieties of H. hortensts from Chatburn, Lancashire. By the Manchester Museum: A number of special groups from the reserve collections, viz., (a), The ‘* Neave Collection” of Rhodesian Mollusca containing examples of several new species. (4), The ‘* Harmsworth-Jackson Collection” of Franz Josef Land Mollusca. (c), Purpura lapillus from a large number of British localities, illustrating local variation in form, size, and coloration. (da), British Littorinide and Patellide trom many localities, some interesting examples of the latter forming burrows in rock, and curious tracks on shale due to the browsing of the limpets on Confervee (R. D. Darbishire Coll.). (e), Ovala and Amphifperas. (/), British and exotic Lemnecde, including many large and beautiful specimens of PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 15, I9IO. 153 Limnea stagnalis from Hungary (Hazay Coll.). (g), Marine Mollusca from Singa- pore (Archer Coll.). (4), Tasmanian Marine Mollusca (Miss M. Lodder Coll.). (2), The collections of Zxnea, Glandina, Streptaxts, Partula, Papuina, Chlorea, Amphidromus, and Ceylon and Madeira Land Shells. ANNUAL REPORT. At the last Annual Meeting the membership, including the ten Honorary Members, stood at 330. During the year the deaths of seven members have been reported, and seven members have tendered their resignations. As a set-off against these losses, twenty-two new members have been elected, so that our membership now stands at 338—the largest in the history of the Society. The deaths referred to are those of Prof. Dr. Rudolph Bergh, of Copenhagen, who was elected an honorary member of the Society in 1889 ; Dr. G. W. Chaster, of Southport, sometime President of the Society, and one who maintained an enthusiastic interest in its affairs, and was actively engaged in conchological research up to the time of his deeply lamented death in May last ; and Messrs. A. Loydell, Kenneth McKean, T. B. Hall, W. J. O. Holmes, and Dr. Frew. When obtain- able, obituary notices in reference to some of these have already appeared in the Journal. During the year nine ordinary meetings have been held at the Manchester Museum, and a special joint meeting of the Leeds Branch and the Manchester Branch was held at Leeds University on July 2nd. This last-named meeting deserves more than a passing notice, as it marks a new departure, and was very much enjoyed by those who were privileged to take part init. In the afternoon a meeting was held, presided over by Prof. Garstang, at which Mr. J. W. Taylor gave a deeply interesting address on the species Helictgona arbustorum, dealing with its malacological as well as conchological characteristics. The address was illustrated by a large number of specimens exemplifying the varieties and monstrosities of the species and also allied forms. During the evening an opportunity was afforded for a more informal interchange of observations on conchological matters and experi- ences in collecting. A similar meeting will be held in Manchester shortly. Northern members also took part in a ramble to Gisburn, Yorks. The Journal of Conchology—the thirteenth volume of which commenced in January—has been issued regularly each quarter ; and some fifty papers and notes by members have thus been permanently recorded. Members are strongly urged to take still fuller advantage of the opportunity afforded to embody in such notes their observations, especially such as bear upon the life-history of mollusca. Whilst on the subject of the /ozez7za7 the Council desires to emphasize a recent notice to the effect that lost back numbers can only be replaced gvatzs, either to members or those with whom we exchange, provided that the fact that numbers are missing be notified to the Secretary during the year of issue. Considerable financial loss has been recently entailed upon the Society through laxity in this respect. Ata recent meeting of the Council it was unanimously decided to nominate Mr. John W. Taylor—one of the two remaining founders of the Society—and author of the ‘‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” for the position of Honorary Member, vacant through the lamented death of Dr. Bergh. In ratifying this nomination by election, the Council feels that the Society will do honour to itself whilst conferring well deserved honour upon one who has done so much for the Society and for conchological research in general. 154 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. TREASURER’S REPORT. Statement of Income and Expenditure Receipts. Cash in hand ... Subscriptions Two Life Membership Fees Advertisements Sale of Publications ise irae 48 2 4 715 1 © 6 6 oO 4, 2B © wy 2 © oib 3 a FoR THE YEAR 1909. Interim Statement of Income and Expenditure Receipts, Cash in hand Subscriptions One Life Subscription Heel Sale of Publications Advertisements LMS aay 59 2 § 33 10 O 3h @ Il 14 7 I BD Wit £107 12 11 TO OCTOBER 6TH, IQIO. 13, NO. 5, JANUARY, igIi. Expenditure. 8 a Library Cards ue © 1s a Printing Jos sal for July, foes 12 8 114 Do. do. Oct., 1908 13 2 oO Do. do. aides UOOG) 1B 2 Be Do. do. Apr.,1909 13 7 O Do. do. July, 1909 13 0 O Illustrations ... 0 719 O Reprints 6 10 O Stationery B i ©) Taylor's Monograph, eats ie OB 2 Curator’s Expenses for 1908 i © © Secretary’s Expenses to Dec., 31st, 1908 {cet OOk2 SpE TMES Recorder’s Expenses, 1909... 6 2 Editor’s Expenses to Dec., 1908 5 Old © Treasurer’s Banences 1980) ZOO London Meeting Expenses... 2 19 6 Cash in hand . ES 2S Suge So Expenditure. 5 Sch Library Cards ts Ns 0 2 0 Cost of Jozrnad for Oxi, 1909 13 8 5§ Do. do. Tae I91I0 13 4 6 Do. do. S30 17 Surrey con ND) i WR 129 Kilkenny 5 = 9 64 Vork Mid W.... — — 114 no Cwiloedime! soo 22 wi Ol 63 York S.W. 2 To pra! 60 Lancashire W. a 2 ii 54 Lincoln N. 2 ith? 38 Warwick Si Ot a ae 16 Kent W. a ao iene « Ot Totals ... 1,213 542 10,395 34 Gloucester W. 4 — 92 In conclusion the time has now arrived—as indicated in last year’s report—at which it would be a great convenience to workers to have the Census reprinted up to date, and if proofs were sent to workers it would probably be the means of many further blanks being filled up before it is finally printed off. The work of authentication is still actively proceeding, and the active and systematic co-operation of all the members is desired. 396th Meeting, Nov. oth, rg10. Held at the Museum, Manchester. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : Z **On anew Labradorean Species of Onchidiops?s, a Genus of Mollusks new to Eastern North America ; with Remarks on its Relationships,” by F. N. Balch (/7o the author) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Member Elected. W. M. Tattersall, M.Sc. Resignation. W. Whitehead. Member Deceased. Rev. R. Boog Watson, LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.S.E. 160 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, IQITI. In reference to the above the following resolution was passed :—‘‘The Council and Members of the Conchological Society desire to place on record their sense of the great loss sustained in the lamented death of the Rev. Dr. R. Boog Watson, of Edinburgh, sometime President of the Society, and instruct the Secretary to convey to the relatives their most sincere condolence.” Great regret was expressed that owing to information of Dr. Boog Watson’s death, which took place in June, not having been received v itil recently, the vote of condolence was so delayed. An obituary notice, by E. A. Smith, 1.5.0. and J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A., was read, and will be published in the January number of the /ozsnal of Conchology. Papers Read. “¢On the Occurrence of Helix aspersa L. var. glabra Calc. in Mid-Lincolnshire,” by J. F. Musham, F.E.S. “Protective Resemblance in British Marine Mollusca,” by J. A. Hargreaves. ‘“ The Dispersal of Shells by Insects,” by H. J. Stalley. * Claustlia cravenens?s Vaylor var. albzna nov.,” by J. Davy Dean. ‘¢ Vertigo substriata in Bucks.,” by J. E. Cooper. “ Pseudanodonta elongata Hol. in the Thames,” by J. E. Cooper. ‘‘Tandand Freshwater Mollusca of Ross-shire, with some New County Records,” by J. Williams Vaughan. “* Timax tenellus in Perthshire East,” by Chas. Oldham. “ Ena montana in Buckinghamshire,” by Chas. Oldham. ‘‘ Obituary Notice: The Rev. RK. Boog Watson, LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.S-E., ete,” by E. A. Smith, ISO: andi. Roig -ckton’ lomlim Mea" “On the Occurrence of Unio sinuatus Lam. in tne British Isles,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S. Exhibits. By Mr. Chas. Oldham: #xa montana from Great Hampden, Bucks., to illus- trate his paper. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Very fine examples of Cyprea exusta, C. nigro- punctata, C. rveevet, and many beautiful varieties of less common species. By Mrs. Gill: Species of Vtrina from Tasmania, and a series of Parfzz/a, Cyclostoma, Choanopoma, and Trochatella. By Mr. C. H. Moore: A number of land shells from Grange district. By Mr. J. A. Hargreaves: dca virginea in situ amongst Nullipore, to illustrate his note. By Mr. G. H. Taylor: Peszdiam nitidum, Spherium corneum, anda stunted form of Lizmea glabra from Bowlee, near Manchester. By Mr. J. E. Cooper: Pseuvdanodonta elongata, to illustrate his note. By Mr. G. C. Spence’: A number of fine Uvocoptade and Placostylus. By Mr. Fred. Taylor: Very large Pesedé¢um casertanum Poli, approaching the variety czzereum Alder, from Filton Hill, near Oldham ; Physa fontznals and a form of Physa shewing some affinity with /?. eterostropha or P. gyrina, from Barlaston, Staffs. ; and a beautiful example of a large Zzwax, as yet unidentified, from Blandford, Dorset (coll. A. D. R. Bacchus). By Mr. E. Collier: Hel@x aspersa and HA. hortensis, from Dingle, Co. Kerry. By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: OUnzo stnuatus Lam., from River Clouden, Dum- fries, River Danube, and fossil from River Thames, to illustrate his paper; also a ‘“co-type ” of Psesdanodonta elongata var. nicavica from Neckar, Heidelberg. ser BULOW COLLECTION of RHCENT SHLLS MEssrs. SOWERBY & FULTON have now on Sale, in detail, the magnificent collection formed by Herr Carl Biilow, of Berlin. The collection contains about 20,000 species, represented by very fine specimet!s, and includes many rarities, Further particulars may be had of SOWERBY & FULTON, RIVER SIDE, KEW, near LONDON. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A., THE FINEST STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS IN AMERICA, AS WELL AS A VERY GQOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE. I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Collectors having Duplicates in Quantity to dispose of, or will buy Entire Lots or Collections for Immediate Cash, WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER. I particularly desire all kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicide. REPRINTS. UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints te be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— : 25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6. S pp., 4/6. 12 pp:, 8/-- 16 pp., 10/6. 59 29 ” 4/0. ” /6. May LOvee 29 12/6. 100 55 a OO 39. Qi, -8 eno Toles eri ADVERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page ad = -20)-. Quarter Page ach : 7/-. Half Page... Sais ine L240; Six: linesor under }.\00°..1,5 370: One-third Page... poe Sy =; Every additional Line ere 5/08 SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. FOR SALE. Offers wanted for the FIRST SEVEN: VOLUMES of the JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY (Complete, in Parts); and for the FIRST EIGHT VOLUMES of TRYON’S MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY (vol. 1 bound, coloured plates; the o‘her volumes unbound, plain plates.) Also for disposal, a LARGE COLLECTION of SHELLS, CABINETS, and BOOKS (collected by the late Dr. Viner, of Bath). R. FICKLIN, Avonside, London Road, BATH. MANUAL OF GONCHOLOCY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates nN colored by hand, per part - ~-.—- - - - - - - - $5 00 Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, ae in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to. 25 copies - $8 oo First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series. — Pulmonata. Twenty volumes including the Monography of Helicidze, Bulimidz, and Urocoptide. (es The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. : INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR ; KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Vor. 13]. APRIL Ist, 1911. (No. 6. A s0e JOURN AL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE OKGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Of GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ’ PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. : Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R.LEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S., Rev. L, J. SHACKLEFORD,| E. 0D. BOSTOCK, STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE Roap, Hotty House, Via Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. PAGE A double-mouthed-Clausilia bidentata near Warton, W, Lancashire— J. W. JACKSON... si tae a eee as M cee Obituary Notice: Professor Boettger—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN ... a 162 The dispersal of Shells by Insects—H. J. SrALLEY ... sis Een LOB An Enumeration of the Additions made to the Genus Latirus Mont- fort since 1891, with descriptions of three new species—J. Cosmo MELVILL 164 Note on Helix pomatia 178 Limniea pereger var. lacustris Leach living withoutshell—_W. GYNGELL 178 ‘An interesting association of species in Windermere--W. GYNGELL... 178 Helix aspersa m. sinistrorsum at Scarborough—W. GYNGELL Seyi URS) Additions to ‘‘British Conchology,” part vii. (to be continued)— J. T. Marsuay At 72@ wl 179 Proceedings: December 14, 1910; January If, IgII ... 190 LONDON: Durau & Co., Lrp., 37, SoHo Souake, W. LEEDS: Tavioxr Bros.. Sovertign St. | MANCHESTER: Suekratrr & HuGHEs. St. ANN’S S7. BERLIN : FrigDLAENDER & SoHN, CARLSTRASSE 11. a Special Exhibits for April 12th—The Genns Odontostomus. May toth—The Genus Neritina. June 14th—The Genus Gibbus. | LIsT OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. LES Ou BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSGA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF JHE: GONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. BY IONE EGE. ADAMS, Bea: Published by authority of the Conehological Society. Price SQ. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the district, deats with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already aie are : “* Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties * “On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave-Earth,? Dog-Holes, Warton Crag”; and “others, which contain much valuable information of local and general interest. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. WerSrERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. EXCHANGE COLUMN. OOD Exchange in Marine Species offered for fine specimens ‘of Volu¢a vespertidio, type and vars. —LEWIs J. SHACKLEFORD, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. OL. 13. APRIL, 1911. No. 6. A DOUBLE-MOUTHED CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA NEAR WARTON, WEST LANCASHIRE. By J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S. (Read before the Society, September 14th, 1910). WHILST examining a mossy wall at Yealand Conyers, near Warton, one wet day a few weeks ago, I had the good fortune to discover a rather fine example of Clausilia bidentafa which possesses an ad: ditional or second aperture. The animal was busy climbing the wall in search of food at the time of its capture, and I noticed that its body protruded from the secondary mouth, which is situated about half-a-whorl distant from the original one, and faces to one side. Whether the formation of this second aperture is due to some de- rangement or obstruction of the clausium or not, is very difficult to decide. The new mouth is quite perfect and well formed, but only partially covers the hole pierced in the shell-wall, the jagged edge of which shows at one side (see figure). Dual-mouthed examples of this species are not uncommon ; one from Luton, Bedfordshire is figured by Mr. J. W. Taylor in his “Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” vol. i. (1900), p. 119. Some further remarks on this pheno- menon will also be found in the “‘ Lancashire Naturalist,” Nov., 1910, pp 275-276, and Dec., 1910, p. 307. K 162 OBITUARY NOTICE. PROFESSOR DR. OSCAR BOETTGER. BAY Jfo IRo iim 18, ALO MOG ION, Miloalcs 18s )Bose (Read before the Society, Jan. 11th, rot). WE HAVE to deplore the loss of another eminent conchologist—one who was well-known by correspondence to many of us. We owe the following details of his career to an able article by his friend Dr. W. Kobelt, published in the ‘“‘Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malak. Ges. 1910, Heft iv.” Oscar Boettger was. born on March 31st, 1844, and was the son of a well-known professor of chemistry at Frankfurt-am-Main—Dr. Rudolf Boettger, the inventor of gun-cotton and safety matches. He was a born collector and at an early age began to study the fauna of his native place. While yet a schoolboy he came under the influence of the famous paleeontologist Hermann von Mayer, and of Otto Volger, and it was probably due to the latter that Boettger, on leaving school, resolved to follow the mining profession, and in 1863 entered the School of Mining at Freiberg. Unfortunately an accident under- ground compelled him to give up mining engineering, and he decided to take up teaching. In 1866, therefore, he entered the University of Giessen, and soon after graduating there received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Wurzburg. In 1873 he received an appointment as Professor of Natural Science at his native town of Frankfurt. Henceforth his studies were pretty equally devoted to three subjects—the Reptilia, Fossil Mollusca, and Recent Mollusca, and he soon became a recognised authority on all three. Up to April, r9r0, according to a list of his own compilation, his published papers amounted to 324. His forte lay in the working out of travellers’ collections, and his infinite patience in the determination and revision of critical forms will be greatly missed. He was an influential member of the directorate of the Neue Zoologische Gesellschaft, and from 1896 the editor of their official organ. He had an altogether remarkable talent for rousing an interest in nature, though his methods were often far from conventional and by no means to the satisfaction of his superiors—especially in later life when he developed sundry eccentricities that laid him open to raillery. But he was to be seen at his best as a teacher on one of his regular weekly excursions round Frankfurt with his pupils, and any naturalist of the younger generation in Frankfurt is almost sure to have derived his first impulse from these rambles. There was, unfortunately, a TOMLIN: OBITUARY NOTICE—DR. BOETIGER. 163 long break to his activity in this direction; for nearly nineteen years, from 1878 onwards, under the influence of a nervous disorder, he utterly refused to come outside his house and garden, and it was only in 1897 that his brother induced him to come out of doors one evening after nightfall, by the promise of a rare stamp which he had brought from America! They even visited a tavern together, and from that evening Boettger was cured. During this voluntary imprisonment he accomplished the best of his systematic work, and was never at a loss for material owing to his world-wide correspondence. Great was the jubilation over his first re-appearance at the local Natural History Society—the ‘“ Beetlebox,” and he almost at once resumed his professorial work. At the beginning of 1908 a marked failing in his powers was noticeable, but he fought bravely against disease and we find him, as late as the end of last summer, working hard to complete his Cata- logue of Reptilia and Amphibia. He succumbed, however, to cancer on September 25th. His collections and library pass to the Senckenberg Society, of which he was an original member. The Dispersal of Shells by Insects.—I have been much interested in read- ing in the current number of the /ozra/ of Conchology the extract, on page 108, from Mr. Tomlin’s paper on ‘‘ The Dispersal of Shells by Insects,” for an exactly similar incident occurred to myself when out with a small party of boys on June 11th, 1907, ina lane near Upper Beeding, in Sussex. In my case also it was a huge bumble-bee with one of its hind legs held firmly between the shell and the operculum of a fine specimen of Cyclostoma elegais, but the bee was only able to progress in a series of short flights, rising about two feet into the air, and then being dragged down again by the weight of the snail, reaching the ground in each case some four or five feet from its last resting place. This difficulty in progression may have been due to tiredness, for both bee and snail were smothered with dust, and had, I should say, come some distance along the dusty road and hedges. Our attention being attracted by the very loud ‘‘ buzzing and bumbling” made by the bee in its vigorous efforts to get rid of its encumbrance, the creatures were caught, but in endeavouring to release the bee from its trap we only succeeded in snapping its leg, when, however, it flew off briskly with what sounded like a happy and relieved hum. The snail was retained, and next day was still holding the piece of leg firmly. I do not think I have seen the animal since. It is curious that two, such similar incidents should have been observed in such widely separated parts of the country, and one wonders why the bees should ‘‘interfere with” the snails so as to get caught in this way. Were both incidents merely accidents, or were they attempts at egg-laying in the snail-shells ? Do bees do such things? Mr. Tomlin tells me that certain beetles habitually breed in snail-shells. The incident is recorded in the 1907 Report of the Christ’s Hospital Natural History Society.— H. J. STALLEY (Acad before the Society, Nov. gth, 1910). 164 AN ENUMERATION OF THE ADDITIONS MADE TO THE GENUS LATIRUS Montfort, Since 1891, with Descriptions of Three New Species. By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc. (Read before the Society, Dec. 14th, 1910). TWENTY years ago I attempted an “ Historical Account ” with Catalogue! of the Fasciolarioid group separated under the collective name of Zatirus Montfort, this now being inclusive of Peristernia Morch, and Leucozonia Gray. Since that time, so far as I can ascer- tain, twenty-one species have been added to the genus as new, including the three being described at this opportunity, or else, as in case of Latirofusus nigrofuscus ‘Tate, now referred to the genus, after being at first located elsewhere. With regard to the rrr species enumerated and catalogued in the paper just alluded to, I see no reason why they should not all be maintained. Accordingly the sum total is ncw augmented considerably, not only by the twenty-one species commented on in this paper, but also by the admission of Zaron dubius Hutton,*an anomalous Novo- Zealandic shell, with a latiroid radula, which has lately been incor- porated in the genus by Mr. H. Suter, under the name of Ladzrus huttont. \ should, however, conjecture that as the name dudius has only been once used, and that varietally’? in the genus, Hutton’s appellation may be allowed to stand. Latirus ( Peristernia) fischertanius Tap.-Can. likewise, considered in my first paper a Coralliophila or perhaps gina, is now reinstated, and these swell the total of recognised species to 134 altogether. It will be noticed, however, that AZefzgeria alba (Jeffr.) is excluded. This is the Zatérus albus Jeffreys in Wyville Thomson, “The Depths of the Sea,” p. 64 (1873), and the Rev. A. M. Norman, F.R.S., when propounding the new generic name JZefggeria for it, remarks* “The shell is not properly referable to Zatirvws, and Dunker and Metzger have established a genus (J/eyeria) to receive it, but AZeyerza, as well as Meyertna and Meyerella have all been previously employed and, therefore, the dedication of the genus to Metzger is suggested.” It is an Arctic species, occurring in Norway and the Faroe Channel, and has been recorded as British. Although thus expunged from the genus, some authors consider it still a very near ally, and group it in the same family, considering that it bears the same relation to the 1 Mem. and Proc. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soc., ser. iv., vol. 4 (1891). 2 Trans NZ. Instit., xl., pp. 360 sqq. 3 L. iriserialis Lam. var. dudius Petit, /. de Conch., iv., p. 75, t. 2, f. 9, 10 (1853). 4 Norman in /oz7n. of Conch, ii., pp. 56, 57 (1879). MELVILL: ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS LATIRUS. 165 typical Latiri that the Arctic Admeze Kroyer does to Cancel/arta Lam., whilst others relegate it to the neighbourhood of Sewz/usus Swainson, and Ptychatractus Stimpson, in the family Turbinellidz. Certain of the additional species are very conspicuous and handsome, notably Z. prestantior Melv., with its elegant contour, ample dimensions, and warm Indian-red coloration. LZ. maximus Sowb. is also very noticeable, especially for size. L. abnormrs and singularts, both of Sowerby, are bizarre and unusual in form, while L. arabicus Melv. is so like a Fusws, superficially, as, at first, to have been included in that genus. Others, eg., LZ. rudol/pii Braz. and corallinus Mely., rank amongst the smallest species of the genus ; and -of the three new species, Z. esfere and jeani@ are both select and brightly coloured species, while photiformis, as its name implies, bears a resemblance to a member of the beautiful genus Pos. It is an enigma why so attractive an assemblage of shells has never, in the past, received the due attention it deserved. Both in sculpture, variety of form, size, colour, and other characteristics, they are nearly all of surpassing interest, and we trust that in the near future some student will be led to examine the recent species in connection and comparison with the many fossil forms now described, and so pre- pare the way for an exhaustive monograph of the whole group. ‘The tertiary and post-tertiary species are particularly numerous and varied. In my first account of the genus I endeavoured to preserve the genus feristernia as separate from Latirus. ‘The extrenies may be distinct, but they naturally blend together with intermediates, and it is more convenient to treat all the species as coming under one generic headship. When the anatomy is more fully known perhaps some permanent alteration may be made; but the proposed grouping seems natural, and, in my humble opinion, the genus is as well fixed” as, say, ALitra, or Marginella, or others with plaited columellee. 1. Latirus abnormis Sowb. Latirus abnormtis Sowerby, Journ. of Conch., vii., p. 369, 1894. bs fi rf “Marine Shells of S. Africa” (Appendix), Os Way tis 9s Latirus imbricatus Sowb., “Marine Investig.: South Africa,” p. 96, Di, Mey te Ty Cea, flab. : Natal. As its name implies, a somewhat anomalous species, showing no columellar plication. It is of a fair size, the type measuring long. : 57, lat.: 23 mm. As just noted above, Mr. Edgar A. Smith has united with it, as synonymous, the Z. aubricatus of the same author, also reported from South African seas (cf. Proc. Malac. Soc., v., p. 369). 166 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IgIt. 2. Latirus alboapicatus Smith. Latirus alboapicata E. A. Smith, Journ. of Conch., vol. x., p. 250, [Dl 1Was 1 Bj NOX, ,, alboapicatus EH. A. Smith, Proc. Malac, Soc. London, vol. v., P. 369, 1903. The following is a free English translation of the author’s Latin description :—Shell fusiform, rufescent, white towards the apex, and below the centre of the body whorl girt with a pale band; the spire is elongate, rather turreted, whorls 74, the two nuclear big, smooth and rounded, the third possessing about twelve longitudinal ribs, the remainder lightly concave above, sloping, below nodulously ribbed, spirally lirate ; the body whorl is girt with about eight ribs, becoming evanescent towards the base; the mouth is oval, produced anteriorly into an oblique recurved canal, rufescent within. Columella with a thickened callus, and furnished with a smali tubercle close to the lip. SLO YES ANS CHOIR WP Ffab. : Durban. The author points out the contrast given in the large white apex compared with the rufous lower whorls of the species. The type, . presumably unique, is said to be in the possession of Mr. Anderson. I have an unnamed shell in my collection which may possibly be a form of this, but I am not certain about it at present. 3. Latirus andamanicus Smith. Lattrus andamanicus E. A. Smith, Ann. & Mag., NV. Hist, ser. vi., vol. 14, p. 164, pl. ili., f. 9 (1894). This is a fusiform species, whitish, covered with pale olive epider- mis, eleven whorled, three being nuclear, white, smooth, polished, the remainder rather convex, upper whorls longitudinally ribbed, the ribs becoming more or less obsolete on the two lowest whorls, all succinct with three or four conspicuous lirations, with filiform spiral striee intermingling. Aperture white, columella arcuate, having two obscure oblique plaits, canal nearly straight, narrow and elongate. Long.: 50; fat.: diam. 12 mm. Hab.: Two specimens! dredged by s.s. “ Investigator,” off Port Blair, Andaman Isles, in 112 fathoms. Not seemingly dissimilar in some respects from ZL. arabicus Melv., but differing in the character of the spiral lire, and the evanescence of the coste on the penultimate and body whorls. The columella of arabicus is sometimes 3-4 plicate, though the plicze are obscure. 1 One of the specimens is in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), the other in the Indian Museum, Calcutta (E. A. Smith). MELVILL: ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS LATIRUS. 167 4. Latirus arabicus Melvill. Fiusus arabicus J. C. Melvill, Alem. AMlanch. Soc., vol. xlii., no. 4, p. 16, pl. i., f. 6 (1898). Latirus arabicus J. C. Melvill, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. 1901, vol. i., part 2, p. 418. Shell attenuately lanceolate, slender, cinereous or cinnamon-brown, darker over the ribs, nine whorled, two being apical, smooth, brown, the remainder constricted suturally, ventricose, Jongitudinally thickly- ribbed, ribs of the two lowest whorls 8-10 in number, these being spirally crossed by revolving liree or riblets, the interstices being granuloso-lirate, mouth ovate, canal straight, prolonged, lip within plicately striate, columella seven-plaited, plaits oblique, rather obscure. Long.: 34; diam.: 10°50 mm. Hlab.: Maskat (Muscat), Persian Gulf, at entrance to the Gulf of Oman, 15 fathoms, sand and mud. Mekran Coast to Karachi (rare), F, W. Townsend. At first deemed a Fusus, there can be no doubt now as to the proper location of this species. With Z. andamanicus Smith, it stands somewhat alone in the genus, not far, perhaps, removed from L. lanceola Reeve (Conch. Icon. Turbinella,” vol. iv., f. 12, 1847), but with a ‘facies’ all its own. 5. Latirus aurantiacus Verco. Latirus aurantiacus J. C. Verco, Trans. Royal Soc., S. Australia, VOL WL, DO. SO, Jol we, it, ze (TBOS)), The following is a condensed description of this interesting unique shell, which I only know by figure and description:—Shell very solid, rusty salmon coloured, whorls six, somewhat convex, roundly angled just below the middle, provided with 8-9 well marked nodules. Spiral lirx 8-10 in number, various in size, crossed by longitudinal scabrous distant incremental lines. | Sutures marginate, body whorl with nine coste, the spiral lire here being almost equidistant, 16 in number, with occasional intermediate spiral threads. Umbilicus small, columella straight below, canal equalling ¥% of the whole aperture, slightly recurved. Outer lip acute, inner thin, glistening pearly white tinged with ferruginous, operculum ovate, acute, with anteriorly situated nucleus. Long.: 46; diam.: 27 mm. ffab.: Backstairs Passage, S. Australia, 18} fathoms, dredged alive. One unique example in the author’s (Dr. Joseph C. Verco) collection. Allied, according to the author, to Z. concentricus Reeve. 168 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQTI. 6. Latirus burnupi Smith. Latirus burnupi EK. A. Smith, Aun. Natal Govt. Afus., vol. 1., part 1, p- 34, pl. vii., f. 7 (June, 1906). Shell whitish, fusiform; covered with a thin fuscous epidermis, spire acuminately coniform, whorls 8-9, sloping above, then concave, finally convex, provided with eight strong rounded ribs, attenuate above, the spiral liree being thin and crowded, slightly granulate below the suture, the ribs of the last whorl disappearing below the centre, one lira below the periphery very conspicuous, the aperture rosy-purple, within lirate, canal hardly oblique, the columella adorned with a rose-purple callus, thrice plaited. HOPS B33 CCH.& WES, OHI, /fab.- Port Shepstone, Natal (Burnup). The author adds that this species is near Z. fuvidus A. Ad. and Z. marie Crosse. Four specimens recorded, but I have not seen them. 7. Latirus (Peristernia) corallinus (Melv. & Standen). Peristernia corallina J. C. Melvill & R. Standen, dun. & Mag., N.H. SSG Wil WO WA, fo, BOS, OL SAG i, wh (TOs), Latirus (Peristernia) corallina (Melv. & Stand.), Zrans. Linn. Soc., London, vol. xiil., p. 109 (1909). ? WVassaria moraica Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. xxxiv., p. 462, pl. xliv., f. roo (1909). A small species, often more or less flesh-coloured, with much superficial resemblance to a Coral/iophila ; indeed, the assumption 1s that it probably inhabits corals. First noticed off Maskat (Muscat) in the Persian Gulf and entrance into the Gulf of Oman (F. W. Townsend), it has been found now to occur much further south, viz., during the Stanley-Gardiner expedition to the Seychelles, Cargados, &c. (1905), the exact locality being “Amirantes Isles, at 34 fathoms, amongst polyzoa and shell-rubble.” I have queried above the possible synonymy of Wassaria mordica Hedley, with this species. The description and most excellent figure seem to me precisely to tally ; while, at the same time, a small element of doubt must continue to exist both in this and in every similar case, until the actual type specimens have been brought together for examination and due comparison. ‘This last species was found at 5-10 fathoms, off the Hope Islands, N. Queensland, and also has been dredged by Mr. John Brazier, in 30 fathoms, off Darnley Island (C. Hedley). I may add that Ladirus fischertanus Vapp.-Canefri, Journ. de Conch., vol. Xxx., p. 33, pl. ii., f. 8, 9 (1882), comes nearest to ZL. corallinus. It is from New Caledonia, and differs mainly in being of more obese form, with the canal produced and slightly recurved. Mouth narrowly MELVILL: ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS LATIRUS. 169 oblong. Ribs stouter than in the fellow species. It likewise has the aspect of a Coralliophila. All the examples I have seen, however, are of uniform shape and size. ‘The mouth is similarly coloured very pale carnation, In my former paper on the genus Zadirvus' (1891) this was relegated, but erroneously, to the genus Exgiza. My two specimens are both precisely similar, and, as already observed, are of the same alliance as Z. coral/inus. Indeed, it is possible inter- mediaries may some day be found to occur. A small shell hitherto considered a dwarf variety of Z. pulchellus Reeve, may also, with certainty, be placed in the neighbourhood of this group. 8. Latirus ernesti Melvill. Latirus ernesti J. C. Melvill, Proc. Matac. Soc., Lond., vol. ix., p. 147, 5 (Ci@xO)), Searle, dal. Hlab.: ““ Ad Antillarum insulas.” This little brightly coloured species, of which the type is unique in the collection of Mr. Ernest R. Sykes, at ‘\Weymouth, is allied to the much larger Z. turritus Gmel., and craticulatus LL. It also may be compared with /autus Reeve, this, however, being a much more obese species in contour. The colour is bright rufous-ochre, spirally lined, form attenuate-fusiform, solid in substance, whorls 6-7, spirally tornately-lirate, liree white, unequal, increasing in number on each whorl, till the penultimate possesses six and the body whorl twelve. the interstices are microscopically delicately alveate-decussate, aperture ovate, outer lip thickened, columella twice-plaited, canal short. IL OBE WAR GMalls & 15 Woven 9. Latirus funebris Preston. Latirus funebris H. B. Preston, Journ. of Conch., vol. xii., p. 33, fig. : (1907). A small fusiform species, dark purplish brown in colour, with closely arranged longitudinal ribs, intersected by spiral grooves, outer lip serrate, columella twice plaited, canal abbreviate. Long.: 153 dam.: 5 mm. Hab. : West Indies. t l.c., p. 45. 170 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQII. The author rightly compares this shell, of which I have five examples from the collection of the late Sir R. W. Rawson, K.C.M.G., with a species I myself discovered in March, 1872, on the Florida Keys, where it occurred at Key West at low tide rarely and locally, amongst blocks of coral, often tenanted by Paguri, indeed it was difficult to get good specimens. ‘This shell, named by me in MS. and afterwards (1878) described’ by Mr. G. B. Sowerby as Z. cayohuesonicus, is undoubtedly near fwnebvis, but I think absolutely distinct. As Mr. Preston well points out, the whorls are more ventri- cose, sutures impressed, surface cancellate. 1o. Latirus (Peristernia) hesterz sp. nov. L. testa fusiformi, paullum attenuata, solidula, laté stramineo-ochracea, ad suturas et infra pertphertam ad basin ultimt anfractus castaneo brunnea, anfractibus 7-8, quorum apicales 1 leves, nitidi, brunnet, ceterts apud suturas multum tmpressts, ventricosts, longitudinaliter crassicostatis, costis paucis, ultimum ad anfractum sex, spiraliter undigue ineguiltratis, lirts magoribus cum minortbus alternantibus, apertura ovata, intus pallidée straminea, labro paullum tncrassato et effuso, margine columellart obscurissime triplicata, canalt lato, pro- longato, recurvirostrt. [LOPE & QELS Verse Ge vat sean, Hab; ? but probably Mauritius. An elegant, brightly coloured species, nearly allied to Z. me/anorhyn- chus, Vapp.-Can., but differing in its much more attenuate contour, and enhanced sutural impression, the whorls on that account shewing greater ventricosity. The ribs are more numerous too, eight on the body whorl of melanorhynchus, which is almost black tipped at the base, while in Z. Aestere the coloration is a warm chestnut brown. It gives me much satisfaction to pay a small tribute to a near relation in thus adopting her Christian name for this species, my aunt, Mrs. Fenwick, wife of the late Col. Thomas Fenwick, R.E., resident several years in Mauritius, from whence she obtained for me the first collection of shells 1 ever possessed. 1 Proc. Zool, Soc., Lond., 1878, p. 796, pl. xlviii., f. 4. MELVILL: ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS LATIRUS. 171 I must tender Mr. G. B. Sowerby my thanks for having put before me the claims of this species to recognition. It is at present unique in my collection. Latirus (Peristernia) jeaniz sp. nov. L. testa ovata, abbreviata, pyramidato-fusiformt, solida, letissimé flavo- ochracea, anfractibus ad 8, quorum apicales duo albi, vitret, perleves, ceteris arcte longitudinaltter costulatis, et spiraliter liratulis, lirts super costas albescentibus et sepius incrassatis, nitidiusculis, apertura ovata, intus pallidé puniceo-suffusa, labro tenut, columella triplicata, plicts obscurts, canalt lato, brevt. LOS, § B22 Ibs % WT Tryon. flab. : Mauritius. A most attractive, pretty species, allied to Z. (Peristernia) liratus Pease and gemmatus Reeve; from the former of these, which is the nearest akin, it differs in the complete absence of any darkly-shaded equidistant longitudinal bands, so conspicuous a feature in /ratus, and from which it takes its name.' Seven examples of this species have been in my possession for many years, having been obtained in 1869 with others, from a new island, afterwards named Barkly Island, that came into being after a tropical cyclone near the harbour of Port Louis. ‘The molluscan proceeds are wonderfully rich and varied, and they were well investigated by, among others, Sir Henry Barkly, the governor of the island at the time, Sir David Barclay, Bart., M. Robillard, and Mr. Nicholas Pike, formerly U.S. Consul for Mauritius, who has published in an interesting volume an account of the cyclonic disturbances of roth, rith and 12th March, 1868, with an account of the scientific exploration subsequently carried out by him? and others. I embrace the opportunity now given me with 1 It will be necessary to change this name, now all the species are merged in Ladirus, owing to there being a ZL. lyraius Reeve, 1847. I therefore propose the name /zratulus for the species named Peristernia lirata by Pease in 1368. 2 Subtropical Rambles, by Nicholas Pike. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Searle, 1873. Chen, XXi., pp. 246-281, is devoted to an account of Barkly Island and its Natural History, including the Molluscs: It is there mentioned that ‘‘a peculiar characteristic of very many of the shells when first discovered was their yrilliant colour, particularly those of shades of yellow. As many as 350 species have been found here, the Cones, Cyprzas, Mitras, Pleurotomas and Tritons being very valuable. * * * It is a misnomer to call this an zs/and, for there is not an inch of land on it, nothing but a pile of coral and shell débris raised in the centre, and sloping to the reefs oneither side. On the east the surf i is always rolling in, but on the west side it is still water.” (1. c. p. 264). 172 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQIT. unusual pleasure to name this shell after my aunt, Miss Jean Melvill, who has always evinced much affectionate appreciation of my con- chological studies. 12. Latirus maximus Sowerby. Latirus maximus G. B. Sowerby. The Conchologist, vol. i1., pp. 139-140, fig. (1893). This fine addition to the genus, of which I have a large and impos- ing specimen ‘ex auctore,’ is described as fusiform-turbinate, solid and heavy, smooth, fuscous, or white filleted and banded with fuscous. Spire shortly turreted, obtuse, suture irregularly impressed, whorls obtuse-angled, provided with broad ribs; body whorl sub-quadrate, constricted below the middle, spirally sulcate towards the base, shortly caudate, aperture ovate, white, finely lirate, columella with white callus, lightly granulate, plaits inconspicuous. Long.: 90; adtam.: 50 mm. Hab. : 1. S. Thiago, Cape de Verde Isles (Eudel). The above is a free translation of the author’s Latin description. In my specimen there is not the slightest sign of columellar plication, the granulosity at the base of the columella is interesting and dis- tinctive. ‘The great ponderosity doubtless gives the shell its chief claim to be allied with the Zaé77, otherwise it might be considered by some a Fusus, or even a Siphonatlia, 13. Latirus pagodzformis Melvill. Latirus ( Peristernia) pagodeformis J. C. Melvill, Ann. and Mag. N. sbi, Kem Wien WO Ay 1D, SG), IL the Me, G (CSCO). An attenuate species, fusiform, fuscous-brown, often whitening on the rib-centres, below spirally fusco-zonate ; ten whorled, the three nuclear are pale brown, smooth, vitreous, the remainder swollen, much impressed suturally, roundly-costate longitudinally, thickened, ten in number round the body whorl, uniformly spirally filostriate ; the interstices closely squamulate ; aperture ovate, within ashy-grey or palest violet; lip thin, simple, columella smooth, shining, obscurely obliquely four-plaited, canal long, slightly recurved, tinged with brown. NWI AS HUES OPO watan, Flab. : Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, adhering to the telegraph cable at 20-25 fathoms, mud. Lat. 25° N., Long. 63° E. (F. W. Townsend). The above is a translation of the original Latin description. It is not a species prone to vary ; and has been received now from two or three contiguous dredgings. MELVILL: ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS LATIRUS. 173 14. Latirus (Peristernia) photiformis sp. nov. Feristernia cremnochtone J. C. Melvill, var. photiformis nov. Mem. and ErO Cy Manele SOC ws eine, mVOl yeaa spar Al (1891). L. (P.) testa fusiformt, mediocrt, solidula, castaneo-brunnea, anfractibus 83, quorum apicales 24, albi, leves, ceteris sex apud suturas impressts atgue tncrassatis, undique et arcté longitudinaliter rotundicostatis, costis crassis, spiraliter filoliratis, lirts tnequalibus, magnis cum minoribus alternantibus, costis hic illic omnino albts, apertura ovata, labro subeffuso, columella carnea, paullum excavata, triplicata, plicts nequaquam conspicuts, canals brevt. LORE? 222 CORO 3 WO 0000, ffab.: Mauritius. I had some time ago come to the conclusion that this little shell was quite distinct from both Z. (Pertsternia) cremnochione, with which it was at first associated as “var. B photiformés,” and also from Z. (Peristernia) canthariformts, which I also described in the same paper. ‘This last really seems a nearer ally, although quite distinct, being of a different build and form, and with longer, somewhat recurved, canal. The coloration is likewise different, and the shell larger in proportion than photiformis. Peristernia nana ( Reeve), an ally, differs in greater ventricosity of whorl, and difference of sculpture. The name proposed for this new species, applied, as has already been observed, in 1891 varietally, may be conveniently now adopted specifically. It is bestowed in consideration of its superficial likeness to Phos roseatus Hinds. 15. Latirus prestantior Mely. Latirus prestantior Melvill, Mem. and Proc. Manch. SOCs, SR hy vol. 5, p. 92 (1892). L. testa fusiformt, turrita, solida, rufo-fuscescente, anfractibus 10, longutudinatiter fortiter angulatim crassicostatis, transversim undique regulariter flolivatis, ad suturas levibus, duabus vel tribus lirts in 0%) 174 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQII. medio anfractuum omnium apud angulos costarum distinctioribus, canalt producto, aperture fauce intus fortiter costulata, albida, columella quadriplicata. DPE Bie 8 /Loiise & wae, Ffab. ; Mauritius. Shell rufous-brown or Indian-red in hue, elegantly fusiform, turreted, somewhat solid, possessed of ten whorls, all regularly ornamented with thick longitudinal ribs, crossed transversely (excepting at the sutures, where the shell is smooth) with equidistant filamentous liree. The canal is produced, the mouth distinctly ribbed within, the colu- mella four-plaited, white. There exists some little resemblance to Fasctolaria filamentosa Lamarck, in miniature, or, among the Lafirt, to LZ. gracilis Reeve, and especially Z. concentricus, also of Reeve, next which it must be placed. ‘The specimen, at present the only one known, is recorded as coming from the Island of Mauritius, from whence also about a score of other species of the genus are derived, many among the most brightly coloured and select in design. It has never as yet been figured, and I am glad to be able to rectify this omission at the present opportunity. I do not think it can be mistaken for any other species. I consider it the finest Zafzvus I have been privileged to describe. ‘The type is in my collection, being, as just observed, unique. His 16. Latirus pulleinei Verco. Latirus pulletnet Jos. C. Verco, ‘Trans. Royal Soc., S$. Australia, p. 90, "pli, fies 1) 1a; mbe(rSos5)) The following is an abbreviated description taken from the original. MELVILL: ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS LATIRUS. 175 A broad, eight-whorled shell, with elongate spire, regularly convex whorls, covered with uniform spiral lire, 22 in number on the body whorl. Aperture obliquely oval, outer lip simple, thin, finely crenate, canal abbreviate, surface coloured with curved longitudinal rust- brown streaks on the summit of the ribs, Long.: 51.5; dam.: max. 19°5 mm. Hab.: Eyres’ Sand Patch, West Australia, many dead (R. H. Pulleine and Jos. C. Verco). Larg’s Bay, St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia (DD. J. Adcock). Also found sub-fossil in dredgings from Port Adelaide (Dr. Perks). Comparison is made by Dr. Verco with Z. walker? mihi, also an Australian species, but there is not much in common between them. I have discovered three examples of Z. fulleinet in my collection, obtained at the sale of Dr. J. C. Cox’s collection in London in 1904 : these, though not adult, and the largest only measuring long. 32 mm., are in good condition, and recognizable. ‘The longitudinal ribs are seen conspicuously on the upper whorls, in two examples being tinged with red-brown, while the longitudinal coloration (as Dr. Verco has well pointed out) is continued on the body whorl, though the ribs have become obsolete and evanescent. On a label with these speci- mens is written, in Dr. Cox’s handwriting, “Given me by Mr. Pulleine, said to be from South Australia,” so I conjecture these are from Eyres’ Sand Patch, as given above. One of them I have placed in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. History). It seems a very good addition to the genus, being one of the most fusoid of all in appearance. Since writing the above, I have obtained another example from Mr. Sowerby of very much the same dimensions. 17. Latirus (Peristernia) rudolphi Brazier. Peristernia rudolpht J. Brazier, in A. U. Henn., Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S. Wales, vol. 1x., p. 186, fig. (1894). A very small and somewhat obscure species. The shell is rightly placed in this genus, in my opinion, though I cannot discern any columellar plication in any of my specimens, which I received direct from Mr, Arnold Umfreville Henn, who was, I believe, its discoverer in company with Mr. Brazier. The nuclear whorls are glossy, luteous, and bulbous, whorls intensely impressed, subangled, ribs few, stout and thick, speaking proportionately, spiral lirations also coarse and conspicuous. Mouth oval, canal abbreviate. Long) 7 ata.) 2) Wn. fab. : S. Australia. 18. Latirus singularis Sowerby. Latirus singularis G. B. Sowerby, Journ, Mualac., vol. x., p. 74, pl. v., fig. 10, 1903. 176 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, 1911. Shell elongate, fusiform, fuscous, solid; spire elongate-pyramidal ; whorls six, spirally lirate, convex, longitudinally striato-laminate, the apical smooth, the next three longitudinally plicato-costate, the penultimate angular, suture most narrowly canaliculate ; body whorl angular, prolonged, concave and attenuate below the middle to the base; widely rostrate at the base, with umbilicus nearly closed, aperture oblong, within pale yellowish, glabrous; lip acute, angled posteriorly, columella slightly arched, smooth, not plaited. GPE FOE CCM. Bap sie flab, ——? The above is a condensed translation of the author’s Latin des- cription. I have never seen this species, and am inclined to agree with Mr. Sowerby, that it is possible it may belong to the genus Hlemifusus yather than Zativus. At all events it is a form that deserves more study. 19. Latirus (Peristernia) sowerbyi Melvill. Latirus (Pertsternta) sowerbyt J. C. Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., WO; Wills Joe BU, lis. The following is taken from the original Latin description :—Shell moderate in size, fusiform, attenuate both apically and basally, solid, whorls seven, actual apex small, smooth, the remaining whorls slightly impressed at the sutures, thé upper becoming rapidly attenuate, the body whorl much exceeds all the others, attenuated at the base, pro- longed, adorned with thickened ribs, of a brown-black or chestnut colour, spirally thickly lirate, the liree irregularly white-pustuled, especially towards the base, the aperture is white or violet, pyriform, canal produced, columella shining, and obscurely thrice plaited. LONE WO) CHO? 3 Tons Hab. - Galapagos Isles (?). I have seen four examples of this pyriform little species. The locality though probably correct, is not absolutely certain. Mr. Sowerby kindly presented me with a co-type, the actual type having been placed by him in the British Museum, MELVILL : ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS LATIRUS. a7 20. Latirus spiceri Ten. Woods. Fusus spiceri Venison Woods, Proc. Royal Soc., Tasmania, p. 137, 1876. a3 2 BS Paetel Catalog, p. 55, 1887. Derbigapisus nigrofuscus Yate, Proc. Royal Soc., South Australia, vol. TU Wop JORVEE Wg [D. ae Obs 8g 1 By UIOU a lo Co WEreo, tld, D. HOF, USOKe Shell attenuate, straightly and narrowly fusiform, solid, cinnamon- brown or dark brown, whorls eight, two (?) being apical, the rest slightly impressed suturally, compact, shining, irregularly and rather incrassately longitudinally ribbed, crossed spirally with thickened, coarse lire, the interstices slightly squamulate, lowest whorl pro- longed, ribs evanescent below the middle to the base, aperture narrowly oblong, outer lip thin, contracted suddenly towards the base, the canal being somewhat prolonged, columellar margin almost straight, obscurely and obliquely twice plicate. Long.: 25; diam.: to mm. Hab.: Dredged alive, St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia (Matthews), (Verco), Spencer Gulf, 13 fathoms (Verco), shell sand, Aldinga Bay (Kimber), Encounter Bay (Adcock), Middleton, South Australia (specimen in coll. Rev. Lewis J. Shackleford, from which the above rough description was taken). I am indebted for the sight of this shell to the Rev. Lewis Shackleford, and have no hesitation in pronouncing it a true Latrus, the columellar plicze are distinct and oblique, and it belongs to the same section of the genus as aureocinctus Sow., and angustus Smith. It seems to me that Latirofusus Cossmann, had best be retained for fossil species only. I have not seen a recent form really adapted to this genus. 21. Latirus walkeri Melvill. Latirus walkert J. C. Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., vol. i., 0, BBR, jOl, x0, 1H, ©, TOOK. 3 Jos. C. Verco, Trans. Royal Soc., S. Australia, p. 91, 1895. The following is a translation from the Latin description :—-Shell pyramidato-fusiform, attenuate, rather solid, ash coloured, apex acute, whorls seven to eight, longitudinally thickly ribbed, regularly and uniformly spirally very closely rugoso-striate, aperture oblong, canal produced at the base, recurved, columella hardly plaited. Inner lip distinct and continuous. Long.: 25; diam.: 8 mm. 6. - Cossack, West Australia (J. J. Walker). Of this I only possess one co-type in my own collection, but it is represented by the original type in the National collection, and I have L 178 JOURNAT, OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, !Q1T. seen about eight or nine examples altogether, barely differing, except insize. The above measurement was taken from the largest obtained. I do not think it can be compared with Z. fz//einet Verco, the shells are so abundantly distinct. . Both were described within a very few months of each other. It only remains for me to thank the Editor of Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., for having kindly lent the process blocks, belonging to the Society, of Z. ernest? and sowerbyi, for the purpose of reintroduction into this paper. I only wish it had been possible to illustrate all the species, but in every instance references have been given to the original figures. Note on Helix Pomatia.—I have a couple of captive Helix pomatia which are kept in a wooden box. At the bottom is a sod on which, of course, the grass has by this time died off. On looking into the box a few days ago, I find that all the dead grass has been collected and formed into a heap in one corner under which the snails are now hibernating. (One has formed the usual epiphragm, the other has not). Query : What method is adopted in the collecting and transporting of the grass ?—Gro. C. SPENCE (Read before the Society, Jan. 11th, 1911). Limnza pereger v. lacustris Leach living without shell.—Whilst collecting specimens of this species in Derwentwater last summer, I was surprised to come across two specimens quite shell-less. They were crawling upon the stony bottom of ‘the lake in about one foot of water.—W. GYNGELL (Read before the Soczety, Jan. 11th, 1911). An Interesting Association of Species in. Windermere.—In June, 1910, where the lake washes the shore of what is called the Colgarth estate, a mile or so north of Bowness, I found the following species on the shingle bed which forms the margin of the lake, and in some two or three feet of water, all within fifty yards length of the shore. Lemmca peveger var. lacustris, L. palustris (a short and decollate form), //anorb7s albus, Physa fontinalis, Ancylus fluviatils (fine speci- mens including type-colour and var. a/béda, the latter being quite common), and Spherium corneum v. flavescens. The Planorbzs is generally regarded as inhabiting slow-running streams and stagnant water ; I have, however, found it crawling! on and under the stones of one of our swift-running Yorkshire moorland streams, — W. GYNGELL (Read before the Soczety, Jan. 11th, 1911). Helix aspersa m. sinistrorsum at Scarborough.—To the records of sinistral monstrosities I have pleasure in adding a full-grown and perfect example of the above, found by myself this autumn on the Castle Hill, Scarborough, —W, GyYNG ‘BILT (Read before the Society, Jan. 11th, 1911). 179 ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. ’ By J. T. MARSHALL. Pram WO. { With the consent of the author, it is proposed to publisha Reprint of Part VII. of his work on ‘‘ Additions to British Conchology,” which was withdrawn from the pages of the /oznal in 1902, and printed separately for private circulation. Tn accordance with the previous parts, the nomenclature followed is that of Jeffreys’ ‘‘ British Conchology,”except where altered on stated grounds. —ED. ]. References to the previous parts are as follow :— Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology,” Part 1., /oerm. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii., no. 8; Part 11., 1894, nos. 10, IT. Alterations in ‘British Conchology,” Part 111., Jorn. o7 Conch., 1895, vol. viii., MOS Uy 2 Additions to ‘* British Conchology,” Part 1v., Journ. of Conch., 1897, vol. viii., nos. 10, 11, 12; Part v., 1898, vol. ix., nos. 2, 3, 4; 1899, vol. ix., nos. & ©, no BH UCT), WoL io, IOS) C, NG, Wis ert: Wo, Tey, Wo, IO, ima, ws 1902, vol. 10, nos. 6, 7. Notes on the British Species of Bucctnum, Fusus, etc., Journ. of Malac., 1902, vol. ix., no, 2. Additions to ‘* British Conchology,” Part vi1., Conclusion and Supplement, printed for private circulation, 1903. ) Marsenia perspicua |.—For the necessary change in this generic name see Journ. of Conch., 1895, pp. 35-6. In establishing itself for breeding purposes among compound ascidians, this species has the faculty, according to Giard, os assuming the different colours and appearance of the particular species of ascidian it may choose for a host, and Professor Herdman has related a very striking case in point in the Conchologist for 1893 (no. 6, vol. 1i.). Gwyn Jeffreys and others have described and figured the shell of the female as-the type. In the shell of the male, which is rare, and known as var. /enfacu/ata, the spire is much smaller and flattened, and the aperture less curved at the outer margin, var. lata -Jeffr.—In this variety, the upper edge projecting over the aperture is much narrower than in the type, and the spire is similar to that of the male, minute and depressed. It is surprising that Jeffreys should have found this variety only “in deep water off Unst,” as it has occurred to me in various places, and will, I think, be found generally diffused with the type, and in equally shallow water. At any rate the following localities may be depended upon— Sutherlandshire from haddocks (Baillie)! Jersey, Penzance, Torbay, Weymouth, Mayo, Sligo, Portrush, and Caldy Island. Jeffreys has described the animal of this variety in his Appendix,! from which t Brit, Conch., vol, v., p. 216. 180 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQII. it would appear that the mantle is closely and minutely tessellated, instead of being covered with coarse tubercles ; he says nothing as to sex. The shell is intermediate between the male and female forms. The former, when viewed with the mouth towards the observer, is the shape of a young //a/zofis of the same size, whereas the var. /a/a is broader and more boat-shaped ; while the shell of the female (or type) is still more boat-shaped or convex, and the over- Japping part of the shell is much broader. Again, with the shells in the same positions, the whole interior of the spire is visible in the male, in the /z7a form it is only partially so, while in the female it is wholly concealed in the semi-tubular inner lip. The measure- ments are :— Type form (female) length 0°65in., breadth 0°450 (Jeffreys). Lata form - 99 OP’ BBiliNle, sg OATS Tentaculata form (male) ,, o*4oin., 9 OZIS Now, it would be desirable to have the sexes of this species con- firmed, as it appears to me that the var. /afa is more likely to be the male than Montagu’s form ¢eztaculata, for the following reasons :— (1) I find the var. /a¢a nearly everywhere I find the type, instead of in the single and isolated locality given by Jeffreys. (2) Ihave rarely found a specimen of the var. ¢entacu/ata—three specimens from three different localities—though Jeffreys says that ‘‘ both sexes are found together.” (3) The var. /afa is uniform, and does not appear to possess a separate male and female form, analogous to the type, as it should do to be consistent. It is important to observe that far from being a new variety from the Shetlands, the /a¢a form was known to Sowerby, who figures it well in his “ Index,” with the exception that the spire should be depressed instead of pointed. It was also known to Forbes and Hanley, who figure it as var. /evfaculata, with the following significant observation: “Whether a still more depressed form, marked by Mr. Jeffreys as Marsenia complanata Leach, be distinct, is yet to be seen.”’ Gwyn Jeffreys, again, meant to figure the var. fetaculata, as he inscribes on his plate the synonymous name comp/anata, but he actually figures the var. /afa. Ido not know of any good figure of the true tentaculata form. Gwyn Jeffreys may have been himself mistaken in saying that Mr. Peach, ‘‘whose observations were continued regularly for ten years,” was mistaken in ‘‘supposing that his specimens belonged to the species called fezfaculata by Forbes and Hanley; they are un- doubtedly the typical form.”* But they may very possibly have 1 Brit. Moll., vol. 111., p. 350., 2 Brit. Conch., vol. iv., p. 238. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 181 been the Zafa form. And when he further says “‘ that the other form [¢entaculata| is the male is manifest from the description of M. Bouchard and Dr. Johnston,” the doubt in my mind is whether this “other form” was the /afa or fentfaculata one. And as he is wrong in his reference (p. 235) to the figure in “British Mollusca” as L. tentaculata, which is certainly not that, his reference to the figure of the animal would presumably be equally wrong, and that animal more likely to belong to the var. /a¢a. There is clearly some con- fusion over these three forms, and unfortunately since I have given attention to the point I have not captured any living specimens. Jeffreys’ figures of the type and var. /a¢a are perfect. Sowerby’s type figure is unlike ; it never has such a raised spire ; but the body- whorl would well represent that of the var. ¢entaculata — flatter, narrower, and straighter at the outer edge. The figure of Zamellaria fatens Mull. in Sars’ work’ also well represents our /a¢a form, which I take to be the same species; the figures are identical ; and should it prove to be not the male of JZ ferspicua, 1 should consider it a separate species under Muller’s name. Gwyn Jeffreys thinks that JZ. prodita Lov. “inhabits the coast or Shetland,” as he ‘‘ dredged off Unst, in 110 fathoms, a ZLamellaria of an unusually large size, more than an inch long; but it was handled too roughly, and the shell broken to pieces.”? Velutina plicatilis Mull. — Bogany Point, Bute, 12-15f., one specimen (A. Brown); Loch Fyne, 25f., one specimen (ioster and MacAndrew) ; Brora, one specimen cast ashore in weed (Baillie) ! Inverary, Loch Fyne, 15f.; Lamlash, 18f. A species singularly unattainable, but on one occasion Mr. Dawson obtained six speci- mens of this rare mollusc from a tuft of seaweed drifted ashore at Cruden, two of them being alive; and ten fine specimens, all living, were dredged off the Faroes in 1907 by the Scottish Fishery Board (Simpson) ! V. levigata Penn.—The spire in this species, though usually twisted upwards, is occasionally sunk within the circumference of the shell. Two remarkable specimens from the Outer Hebrides are regularly oval, and have the outlines and spire of MWarsenia perspicua. var. candida Jeffr.—Sutherlandshire (Baillie) ! var. tenuis Jeffr.—Shetlands, 78f. (Jeffreys) ; Sutherlandshire, from haddocks (Baillie)! Moray Firth; Oban. ‘This is much smaller than the type, and the sculptured ridges are variable. Some of these shells are as thin and membranous as V. plicatclis, and lose their shape after the animal is extracted. t Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 150, pl. 12, f. 4 a-e. 2 Brit. Conch., vol. v., p. 216. 182 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, 1911. Morvillia undata Brown has been dredged by the ‘Triton’ in the Shetland-Faroe Channel, 327-430f A good figure of it will be found in Sars’ work. Capulus hungaricus 1..—This occasionally attains a large size. I have one from Torbay 24in. by 2in. ; Jeffreys had another from Algiers exceeding 2in. in length, and he noticed a larger specimen from the Bay of Naples in Dr. Tibert’s collection. Trichotropis borealis Brod. and Sow.—This is rarely dredged in the perfect condition indicated by the published figures, living as it does on rough and stony ground, and the spire is nearly always longer than in those figures. Jeffreys’ generic one is the best and most correct, but his dimensions are extreme. var. acuminata Jeffr.—Oban, 25f., Aberdeenshire. This is well figured in ‘f British Mollusca.” Cancellaria virtdula Fabr. (Tritontum virtdulum Fabr., Faun. Greenl., p. 402) may be looked for on the British coasts, as it was dredged by the ‘Lightning’ 55 miles off the Butt of Lewis in 450f., by the ‘Porcupine’ 4o miles off the Shetlands in 345f., by the Scottish Fishery Board between the Orkneys and Faroes in 588f., and midway between the Shetlands and Norway in 197f. (Simpson)! It was also dredged by the ‘Triton’ in the Shetland-Faroe Channel in 500-550f., and by the ‘Porcupine’ on the Channel slope in 305-567f. An Arctic and Norwegian species, and fossil in the Red Crag and Bridlington deposits. It is the C. couthouye of Jay and the Admete viridula of G. O. Sars,’ whose figures of it are excellent, and the animal was described by Jeffreys in the ‘Valorous’ Report.” Canon Norman has introduced this shell as a British species from Station 65 of the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition of 1869,’ although in dealing with other species from that station he rules it out, and expressly so in his introductory remarks‘ on the ground of the ‘temperature being below freezing-point.” Aporrhais pes-pelecani L.—Scilly Isles (J. Kk. Taylor, Journ. of Conch., 1908, p. 169). Confirmation would be desirable. Mr. E. Marquand cites for this species “ Herm beach, dead (Tomlin),” but I am doubtful if it has been found in any of the Channel Islands. There are none in the Jersey Museum, and a series of six specimens in the Guernsey Museum are from the English coast. Mr. ‘Tomlin writes me that it was a much worn shell, not worth keeping ; that he does not claim it as a native, and that it was probably a ballast shell. 1 Moll. Reg. Arct. Nory., p. 213, pl. 13, figs. 1 a b, 2. 2 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, p. 322 (printed 1876 in separate copy by error). Op. cit., 1899, vol. iv., p. 137. 4 Op. cit., 1890, vol. v., p. 456. MARSHALL: ADDIVIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 183 I have in my mind one shop at least in Guernsey where numbers of A porrhais may be seen ornamenting boxes and other fancy articles, which are imported. A. serresianus Mich.— Dredged at many stations in the ‘Porcu- pine’ Expedition of 1869 —S.W. Ireland, 113-180f.; W. of Ireland, 85-1230f.; Little Minch, 45-5o0f. ; off Lerwick, 10-66f. ; and N. and E. Shetlands, 66-345f. (Jeffreys); Valentia, 112f. (Norman); from Faroe trawlers (Simpson)! and by the Scottish Fishery Board in the North Sea, 48-76f., and off the Butt of lewis, 545f. (Simpson) ! also Shetland-Faroé Channel, 516-570f. (‘Triton,’) and English Channel 358-69of. (‘Porcupine’). Mr. James Simpson has a specimen which was trawled to the N.E. of Aberdeen in gof., and my collection con- tains another trawled E. of the Shetlands in 4of.! Most of the specimens from the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition were young, in which stage they are very delicate in texture, and bear no resemblance to the adult form. I think Gwyn Jeffreys’ record from the ‘Little Minch’ is almost certainly a mistake. Sowerby’s figure represents the fol- lowing variety, and not this. var. macandrez Jeffr.—Shetland-Faroe Channel 57of. (‘ Tri- ton’). Gwyn Jeffreys has redescribed the animal in the ‘ Lightning ’ Report.’ In Britain this variety is confined to a very limited area of the Shetland seas. Cerithium metula Loy.—Vidlin Voe, E. Shetlands, 20f. Flugga Light, N. Shetlands (Simpson)! The rows of nodules that ornament this species are not always uniform in size, the upper row occasion- ally being much less developed than the lower two. Authors do not seem to be agreed as to the type-form. Sars’ figure is perfect, and is described by him as half-an-inch in length, with 15 whorls ; Forbes and Hanley’s are equally good, with one-third-of-an-inch and 12 whorls; while Jeffreys figures an elongated monstrosity, wholly unlike the type, and gives it eight-tenths-of-an-inch and 18-20 whorls. Actual typical specimens will be found to measure four-tenths-of-an-inch and possess 14-15 whorls. C. reticulatum Da Cos.—This shell varies extremely in size, varicosity, and nodulosity, while the spiral riblets vary in number from three to four. Many named species and varieties have been originated from these peculiarities, some of which occur on our coasts. Gwyn Jeffreys writes that “our shell has never less than four rows” of nodules,® and his figure exhibits that number ; but his generic figure has three, while some of our largest specimens t_ Since these pages were written my collection of British shells has passed into the hands of J. R. le B. Tomlin, Esq., M.A., of Stoneley, Reading, so that all references herein to my collection should obviously be attributed to Mr. Tomlin’s. 2 Proc. Zool. Soc., June, 1885, p. 51. 3 Brit. Conch., vol. iv., p. 260. ©) 184 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, I9QI1. have only three. Var. sadertinum Brus. is more peculiarly three- rowed. My largest types are five-eighths-of-an-inch in length, and the smallest one-eighth-of-an-inch ; the latter resemble C. pusi//um Jeftr., but have a different apex. The large type-form lives under stones and in seaweeds between tide-marks, while the smaller and more slender one is common in the coralline zone. An extreme form is cylindrical, and does not exceed one-third-of-a-line in width, while another has the outlines of Cestthiopsts tubercularis. ‘The sea-shore at Falmouth consists largely of this species, and the finest specimens come from Helford River in Falmouth Bay, and Milford Haven. Jeffreys’ figure has the spire too attenuated ; that figure more nearly represents the form called by Continental writers var. zadertinum Brus., which is not uncommon on some of our coasts. Forbes and Hanley figure the type well, together with the next variety. var. Simplex Jeffr.—The peculiar ornamentation of this varie is not always well defined. ‘The shell is smaller than the type, does not exceed ten whorls, and is limited to Guernsey and its islets. ar. lactescens Jeffr.—Weymouth (Damon) ! Guernsey, Scilly, ‘Tenby, Killala Bay, and Bundoran. A rare variety. Certthium procerum Jeffr. has been dredged by the ‘ Lightning’ 60 miles off the Butt of Lewis in 500 fathoms, and also by the ‘ Triton ’ between the Hebrides and Faroes. C. tuberculatum L.=C. vulgatum Bruguiere 1s in the same category as Bulla striata Bruguiere, both species having been found ina rolled condition on different parts of the Jersey coast. Gwyn Jeffreys gives a good figure in his Suppiementary Plates, of which Sowerby’s is a copy, though these figures represent, not the type, but a specimen of the var. alucastrum Brocc. Triforis perversa L.—-This is nowhere common on our coasts in a living state. In South Devon it usually appears in rock-pools at very low water, and more rarely as a parasite on compound ascidians, with Certthiopsts tubercularis var. pallescens Jeffr.—Scilly Islands (Burkill and J.T.M.) ; Channel Islands, Eddystone, and Torbay. Some of the Scilly speci- mens are pure white. No British specimens attain the size of those from the Mediter- ranean, for which sole reason the latter is held by some writers to be the type shell, and a distinct species from the British one, T. adversa Mont. Caemsey produces our largest examples, half-an- inch in length, and Scilly the smallest, one-eighth-of-an-inch, while those from the Mediterranean range from one-tenth to a full inch in length. Immature shells are pyramidal and keeled at the base. A small and slender form from Scilly has a deeply-incised suture and a MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 185 square base. From the same district I have a monstrosity which has only two rows of tubercles; these tubercles are larger than usual, and oblong ; the shell has 13 whorls, and does not look like a monstrous form, but it corresponds to the var. clarkit of Certthiopsts tubercularis. Another smaller specimen, but mature, has two rows of tubercles on all the whorls except the last, which has the usual three. Forbes and Hanley figure the prevalent British form, Jeffreys a medium one. ‘The two extreme forms—var. odesu/a Bucq. and var. attenuata Monts.—are found in the Channel and Scilly Islands. A fossil species of the Crag, Zeocochlis granosa S. Wood, was dredged by the ‘ Porcupine’ 40 miles N.W. of the Shetlands in 345f. (Jeffreys), and also on the Channel slopes in 257-5 3o0f. Cerithiopsis tubercularis Mont.—There seems to be no doubt that this species is quasi-parasitic, though not invariably so. On the South Devon coast I find them living in the weeds of rock-pools at low water, but quite as commonly under stones, embedded mouth downwards in the integument of compound ascidians, and sticking out like spines, with an occasional Z7iforis perversa among them, Dr. Tiberi has recorded the same species living in the tunic of Ascidia mentula at Naples, in company with AZodiolaria marmorata. The Rev. Prof. Gwatkin writes me in reference to the foregoing :— “Ttis particularly interesting to find that C. ¢wéercularts is parasitic. So I had gathered from the peculiar wire-drawn teeth, the mounting of which is most difficult. The only parallels I know are the Pedicu- Zarias and Sistrum spectrum, which are both known to live on corals. But the radula of S. spectrum is quite different from that of any other of my Sestrum—a dozen or more . . . . ‘The other species of Cerithiopsts are unknown to me, but it would be interesting to know whether they have similar teeth.” Like the last species, C. tubercularis is extremely variable in size and shape. From the Scilly Islands they are particularly varied in form and sculpture. ‘Occasionally specimens have four rows of tubercles on the lower whorls ; and the apical or top whorls in fresh and perfect specimens, when examined under a microscope, are seen to be very finely and closely ribbed lengthwise.”! The latter char- acter I have not been able to detect. Although the apical whorls are usually abruptly narrowed or pinched up above the spire, in a few cases they are regularly conical with the rest of the spire. var. albescens Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1889, vol. vi., p. 56.— Jersey, Guernsey, Scilly, and Killala Bay. Some of the Scilly speci- mens are bicoloured, the last whorls only being white. 1 Jeffreys, Moll. ‘ Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine,’ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 59. 186 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQIT. var. acicula Brus., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 259.— Scilly Islands, gof.; Achil Island. A very elegant form. var. nana Jeffr.—Scilly Islands (Burkill and J.T.M.); Land’s Ind, Falmouth, Eddystone, ‘Torbay, Freshwater West, Aberdovey, Skegness, Killala Bay, Bundoran, Iona, and Loch Boisdale. Not C. tubercularis var. nana of Searles Wood, which is C. concatenata. This variety is characterised by its dwarf size and spindled shape, the last whorl being contracted and narrower than the preceding one, although spindle-shaped examples are found of all sizes. It 1s generally an eighth-of-an-inch long, but my smallest are only half that length, and the width is of every degree. This cannot be the male, as queried by Jeffreys, for though widely diffused it does not occur everywhere with the type, while in some instances it forms the majority; nor have I ever taken a living specimen with the type from seaweeds or ascidians ; probably it has a distinct habitat. British examples embrace a form intermediate in size between this and the type, which is C. wxzma Brus., and, according to Weinkauff, C. weg- lecta C. B. Adams. var. Clarkii Jeffr.—Sark, Scilly, and Torbay. This variety is very rare. A similar form (C. dc/ineata Hornes) is regarded by Continental writers as a distinct species, presumably because their specimens are found in colonies like other species, that they resemble one another, and are all of a definite shape — short, stout, and spindle-shaped, like a large var. zaxa, whereas British examples are variable in form, and are met with rarely and singly; I have not seen two alike. Jeffreys writes of this variety :—‘‘ I must still retain my own opinion that C. clarkii, alias btlineata or coppole, is merely a monstrous or irregular form of C. ¢ubercularis. One of my speci- mens, which has only two rows of tubercles on the lower whorls, has three rows on two of the upper ones.”’ Gwyn Jeffreys appears to me to have erred in supposing that because var. clarkiz and C. bilineata have two rows of tubercles, they must be identical. But the tubercles of the two forms are not quite the same, and I have previously mentioned an analagous form of Z7éforts perversa, Pro- fessor Sars has recorded another of Cerithium metula, and _ still another will be found in my notes on the next species. Probably this aberrant form will ultimately be met with throughout the genus, as I have a two-rowed specimen from the Algerian coast of C. horrida Jeffr., which is a treble-rowed species. An enlarged figure of var. clarkdéz will be found in “ British Mollusca” (pl. ciii., fig. 6); but like Sowerby’s figure, except that it has two rows of tubercles, it is otherwise unlike. The Rev. R. Boog Watson, writing 1 Moll, ‘ Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine, Proc, Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 59. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 187 of this form, says that he owes “‘a sight of the Mediterranean shell to the Marquis di Monterosato,” and that it “has an embryonic apex of 2} whorls, which are dull and roughish,” This clearly marks it off from C. ébercularts, and though he does not give a figure he adds—‘“ The figure in ‘ British Mollusca’ leaves very much to be desired ; it wants the apex, it presents a quite fictitious mouth and pillar, and fails to catch the general sculpture and the ornamentation of the base.”' Neither Clark’s original specimen, nor either of mine, possess the apex, nor have I seen a British specimen with that part perfect. A new and undescribed species of Cerithiopsis dredged by the ‘ Porcupine’ on the Adventure Bank in gaf., by the ‘Shear- water’ in the same district in r2ot., and off the Tripoli coast in 14of,, resembles this and C. éc/tneata in every respect but that of the apical whorls, which are essentially different; I propose to name it C. papillaris on account of the form of the tubercles. Among other forms of C. ¢ubercularis is one in which the upper row of tubercles in each whorl is more or less aberrant, becoming thread-like towards the apex; and in another, which is more of a monstrosity, the last whorl has no tubercles, being ornamented with spiral ridges only. Of the four-rowed monstrosity mentioned by Jeffreys I have seen but one British example; it must be very rare; but I have three specimens from the Tripoli coast, and these have in addition an extra keel round the base. Another unnamed variety, from the Scillies and Torbay, has smaller and more crowded tubercles, with one of the whorls variced ; and a remarkably graceful pyramidal form comes from the same districts. Jeffreys figures the type well; Sowerby’s is too broad, the tubercles are wrongly con- tinued to the base, and the characteristic apex is omitted. C. barleei Jeffr—tr12 to 40 fathoms, scarce everywhere except in the Scilly Islands. S.W. Ireland (R.I.A. cruise); Wexford coast, 4of. (Walpole) ; Guernsey, 2o0f.; Land’s End; Eddystone, 3of. ; off Berry Head, Torbay, and Babbacombe Bay, 12-15f.; Freshwater West ; off Cork Harbour, 26f. ; Lundy Island and the Irish Channel, 20-40f.; off Loch Ryan, 27f.; Ailsa Craig, 25f.; Iona, 2of. It has not hitherto been recorded from the Hebrides, where it appears to be very rare; I have only a single specimen from each of the three Hebridean localities I have given. Although personally I have not dredged largely among the Hebrides, I am very well acquainted with their molluscan fauna, having when a young collector received many a parcel of dredged material from Mr. Barlee, Mr. MacAndrew, Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, and especially Admiral (then Captain Bedford), who was for some time on the survey of the Hebrides. 1 Cerithiopsides from the N. Atlantic, Journ. Linn. Soc.,,1885, vol. xix., p. 93. 188 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQII. When Gwyn Jeffreys described this species it was rare and im- perfectly known, so that he was unable to give many particulars concerning it, while some of those he did give are not borne out by further research. The shape and colour particularly have to be qualified. Instead of being ‘an elongated pyramid with a broadish base,” that applies to only about ten per cent. of the specimens ; the great majority are cylindrical or tubular, similar to his figure, and exhibit no difference in outline from that of C. tudercularis, which he describes as ‘“cylindro-pyramidal,” and which applies quite as well to one species as the other. Sowerby’s supplementary figure is from a pyramidal specimen, and would answer for Jeffreys’ type in that respect, but it is coloured dark brown, while the author described his shell as “pale yellowish white.” At the same time, it may be stated that there are specimens quite as dark as any C. ¢ubercularis. The Rey. R, Boog Watson gives an excellent figure of the conical form,! presumably from Madeira, but no habitat is given and no colour mentioned. Having examined many hundreds of specimens, I know of few species so closely allied as this and the last. It is impossible to separate them by the form alone, and any attempt to do so fails ; two specimens perfectly alike may be placed side by side and taken for one species, when one would be found with a keeled and convex base, the other plain and slightly concave, and these seem, with the embryo, to be the only permanent and reliable characters between the two species. It is true the bulk of C. éar/ee¢ are paler than C. tubercularts, but in this they only resemble the var. a/bescens ot the latter. ‘he apical whorls of this species are four, sometimes five in number, the upper two or three being smooth, and the next two striated longitudinally and more or less keeled. Gwyn Jeffreys’ statement that it is “‘finely and closely striated in the direction of the spire” is ambiguous ; if by this is meant spiral, it is incorrect. The circumbasal keel in the two species is occasionally beaded, thus making an incipient fourth row of nodules on the last whorl; but the circumcolumnar keel, which winds round the canal, is present only in adult C. éubercudaris ; immature specimens rarely possess it, and as this is the principal specific character, and the two forms when immature are both pyramidal in shape, they cannot in that stage be separated when they are both of the same colour, except by the ‘embryo, which in C. fudercularis is smooth. The colour ranges from pure white through every shade of yellowish white and pale brown to dark brown; in some cases they are bicoloured. Some of the specimens from the Channel and Scilly Islands are of a rich ruby r Cerithiopsides from the N. Atlantic, Journ. Linn. Soc., 1885, vol. xix., pl. 4. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY, 189 brown, the ruby tint vanishing in dead specimens and leaving them of various shades of brown. Sowerby’s figure in respect of colour just hits these specimens. I also have this dark-coloured form from several parts of the Mediterranean, under the name of C. sca/aris Monts. Although a more variable shell than even C. ¢tubercularis, C. barleet seems to have no forms quite corresponding to the var. zawa or var. clarkii of the former ; but there is a dwarf form not much larger than var. mana, and the var. clarkiz is nearly represented by the var. interrupta, to be mentioned presently. Usually the rows of tubercles in both species are longitudinally straight, but in a few cases they are disposed diagonally, as in C. diadema Wats. A conical form from Scilly is white, with aberrant tubercles, and is strikingly like Cerithium metula. var. scalaris Marsh., Jowrn. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 259 (by error as C. fubercularis var. scalarts) belongs to this species and not to the last, as indicated by the absence of the keeled base. It is a very distinct form, and immature specimens especially are strikingly different from the same stage of the type. ‘The whorls are flattened and turreted as in Odostomia scalaris, the embryonic ones are not so suddenly pinched up, and the rows of tubercles are more equalised. It is found only in the Scillies, where it must have a different habitat from the type, as all the specimens are more or less encrusted with a species of nullipore. There are several forms of this variety ; one is exceedingly slender and needle-shaped, which, with a similar form of the type, corresponds to C. /wbercularts var. acicula. In these three attenuated forms the nodules are smaller and crowded together, and the shells are almost of the same width throughout. var. interrupta Marsh., n.var.— Having but two rows of tubercles on the four upper whorls, and three rows as usual on the four lower. One specimen from Guernsey, and half-a-score from the Scillies. Searles Wood, in his third volume of ‘‘ Crag Mollusca” (p. 52), writing of C. tubercularts, says :‘‘ C. barleet 1 do not know.” But in his Addendum (p. 181) he adds: “ Jeffreys sent me his British recent specimens from which he formed two distinct species, C. dar/eez and C. pulchella. It does not appear to me that these shells present sufficient differences from ‘fudercularis to entitle them to specific isolation, but they have their exact representatives among the Crag specimens. Under these circumstances I have still retained them under the specific name ¢ubercularts. My var. subulata represents C. barleet, and my var. xana, C. pulchella.” Subsequent authors have disregarded this identification of C. da7leer, perhaps because Searles Wood himself repudiated the specific distinctness of the recent shell from the Crag one, or perhaps because his figure of var. swbu/ata is 190 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQIT. so unlike C. dar/eer, which is not subulate as compared with C. ¢uder- cu/aris, Contrasted with his own figure of the latter, that of var. subulata is only half the width, much more cylindrical, with a produced base, and small crowded tubercles, characters which do not apply to C. barleet. (To be continued ). oe 00 ee eS PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 397th Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, December 14th, 1910. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : ““The West American mollusks of the genus 4/aéa,” by Paul Bartsch (/vom the author), ‘*The Manchester Museum Report for the year 1909-10.” ‘‘ Manuel de Conchyliologie,” by Dr. J. C. Chenu, 2 vols. (presented by the Manchester Museum); and the usual periodicals received in exchange. Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted : By Mr. J. A. Hargreaves: Acmea virginea in situ amongst Nullipore, from Scarborough. Mrs. R. Boog Watson has presented to the Society a large photo- graph of her late husband, the Rev. Rk. Boog Watson, L.L.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.S.E., a gift very much valued by the members. Candidates Proposed for Membership. Keppel H. Barnard, B.A., Etwas, Farnham, Surrey. Rev. F. H. Woods, Bainton Rectory, Driffield. D. J. MacLeod, Hof Ter Meere, 13, Reigerstraat, Ghent, Belgium. Papers Read. “¢ On the genus /a¢irws, with descriptions of new species,” by J. Cosmo Melvill, MOAR, DSc. KlesS ** Notes on the British distribution of Zestacella,” by Lionel E. Adams, B.A. ““Vitrea vadiatula Alder, in Dumbartonshire,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, MA aS. Exhibits. By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: A number of types or co-types of species of Laterus described during the last twenty years, to illustrate his paper. By Mr. Chas. Oldham : A very large and perfect specimen of the large form of Neptunea antigua, dredged in seventy fathoms on the ‘* Witch Grounds,” in the North Sea, east of the Moray Firth. By Mrs. Gill: A number of very choice exotic He/*cedie, including Helix imperator, H. pyrostoma, H. cunninghamz, etc, By Mr. G. C. Spence: A series of Arachypodella, Eutrochatella, and other exotic operculate land shells. By Mr. J. Ray Hardy : Double-mouthed Clausiléa bidentata from Lathkill Dale, Derbyshire, and a curious abnormality of C7. /amznata from Mansfield. PROCEEDINGS: TANUARY II, I9IT. 19! By Mr. Ed. Collier: Double-mouthed Claustiia plicata Drap., collected at Innsbruck, Tyrol; L2m2ea palustr?s v. albtda, from Southport, 1910, and the original specimen of this variety collected in 1876 at Blowick, near Southport, for comparison with the later specimens which are almost smooth, whereas the 1876 example is curiously malleated ; | Lzmnea stagnalis vy. albtda from Folkestone ; varieties of Helex memoralzs from Birdlip and Limerick, exhibiting curious band forms, By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Some exceedingly fine specimens of Afar-garttana margaritifera from Glencar River, Co. Kerry, measuring six inches in length, also an abnormal form of this species from the river Strule, Co. Tyrone ; series of fossil Fisidza from the chara and shell-marl deposit at Haweswater, Silverdale, including Pisidium pusillum, P. obtusale, P. nitiduin, P. gassiesianum, and P. steenbucht, the latter being an important discovery. (These specimens have been kindly authenticated by Mr. B. B. Woodward). 398th Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, January 11th, rort. Mr. James Cosmo Melvill in the chair. The librarian reported that the usual periodicals had been received in exchange. New Members Elected. Keppel H. Barnard, B..\., Etwas, Farnham, Surrey. Rev. F. H. Woods, B.D., Bainton Rectory, Driffield. D. J. MacLeod, Hof Ter Meere, 13,Reigerstraat, Ghent, Belgium. Candidate Proposed for Membership. Griffith Humphreys, 1, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W. Resignations. S. Hainsworth. John Rhodes, F.E.S. Thomas Rumney. Member Deceased. J. A. Storey, B.A. Papers Read. “Obituary Notice-—Prof. Dr. Oscar Boettger,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.,F.E.S. ‘* An interesting association of species in Windermere,” by W. Gyngell. ** Helix aspersa m. stnistvorsum at Scarborough,” by W. Gyngell. “* Limnea pereger var. dacustizs Leach living without shell,” by W. Gyngell. ‘* Note on Heltx pomatia,” by G. C. Spence. Exhibits. fawyeni By Mr. J. C. Melvill: Specimens of a new La¢zvus of the group Pertsternia from the island of: Mauritius, which he proposed to describe under the name Jeanie. By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A fine series of species of Partula, shewing some variety in coloration, and all in excellent condition ; also Cochlicopa dubrica from Bromley Cross, and its variety Aya/ina from the Winnats, Derbyshire. By Mrs. J. Carphin: Specimens of Pseedoglessula siostedt? A Ailly, from Cameroons, West Africa. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: M/acandrevia cranium from Shetland, and a fine set of Diplomorpha layardi and D. delatour? from the New Hebrides. SPECIAL Exuipir or LPorphyrobaphe: The chief exhibit of the evening was a fine collection of the Bulimoid group of mollusca now separated under the genera 192 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 6, APRIL, IQIT. or sub-genera Porphyrobaphe Shuttleworth, Zigwus Montfort, Corona Albers, Flemibulimus v. Martens, and Orthalicus Beck (inclusive of A/etorthalicus Pilsb.). In the classification of these groups, few in species, but mainly differing in the sculpture of their nepionic whorls, and the dentition of their radulz, Pilsbry (Man. of Conch., 1899) and A. Strebel (Revision der Unterfamilie der Orthalicinze, 1909) must be followed. The last mentioned work is, perhaps, the fuller in detail, and contains a larger number of individual delineations of forms of the various species. Besides the collections belonging to the Manchester Museum, the principal exhibits were from the collections of Mrs. Gill, Messrs. Edward Collier, R. Cairns, and J. C. Melviil, and, taken together, nearly all the described forms were shown, with the exception, perhaps, of the few newly introduced species of Dr. H. Strebel. Conspicuous among them was a full series of that most beautiful of all the species Metorthalicus adamsoniz Gray, shewing variety in coloration, size, and depth of colour. The young of this species, with an egg of the same, was among the series. One specimen, which had been acquired at the sale of Mr. T. Lombe Taylor’s collection in 1879 by Mr. J. C. Melvill, had attached to it an interesting label in the handwriting of Mr. Hugh Cuming, which may be considered worth transcription, and reads as follows :—‘‘I have just received this most beautiful rare shell, two good ones, and one bad one. If you refer to Plate 26, fig. 165, of Reeve’s Conch. Icon. you will see what a contrast there is betwixt the 10 guineas shell and the one I have the pleasure of sending to you. Mr. White paid Mr. Reeve 10 guineas for it. The other I shall put into my cabinet ” (H.C. to T.L.T.). The date of this note is probably 1853. A New Granada and Columbian species, it was not found in any comparative frequency till comparatively recently, and held the position of one of the most sought after shells in existence, whose place has been now taken by Met. labeo Brod., an extraordinary species with remarkably swollen and pustulate lip, the body of the shell being warm chestnut colour with a single central trans- verse band. A specimen of this was exhibited by Mr. Melvill, from Chachapoyas, Andes of Peru. At the sale at Stevens’ Auction Rooms of Mr. DaCosta’s collection, in 1907, two examples of this occurred shewing variety, one being without the central band. These specimens, or at all events, one of them, were purchased for the National collection at South Kensington. Other rarities shown were Tholus buckieyi Higgins, from Ecuador, two of the original specimens discovered in 1871 by the late Mr. Buckley, and which were sold by him to Mr. Melvill the following year, with a third very similar example from Dr. Cox’s collection. This species with its elongate form, thick corrugate substance, and pinkish-lilac interior, seems allied in some respects to /lacostylus Beck from the New Caledonian region. Likewise various forms of Meforthalicus yatest Pfr., sublabeo Dohrn, vicarius Fulton, Pow/rstanus Pfr., approxtmatus Fulton, atramentarius Pfr., Fraser Pfr. var. bvevispzra Pilsb., a remarkable form which at one time was called “* Victor Pfr.” but whether the true species is uncertain. Likewise attention was drawn to the rare Porphyrobaphe Grevilli Pfr. also collected in Ecuador by Mr. Buckley, Hemzbulémus irts Pfr. = Wallistanus Mousson, and 4. dennzisonz Reeve. This last species described as an Achatena originally, is conspicuous for its truncate columella. The true ‘‘Bulimus ” destzzsont also of Reeve, was shewnby Mr. Melvill. It is now included by Dr. Strebel (though not by Pilsbry) in the same genus Hemibulimus, but if this be the case, the specific name of one will have to be altered, even though it forms the type of the saé-genzs Mytorthalicus Strebel. Taken altogether, the extreme beauty and fine condition of the species shewn rendered the opportunity one of the most successful for some time past, and proved the utility of co-operation being invited, and a special subject for the evening selected. BULOW COLLECTION of REGENT SHELLS. Messrs. SOWERBY & FULTON have now on Sale, in detail, the magnificent collection formed by Herr Carl Bulow, of Berlin. The collection contains about 20,000 species, represented by very fine specimens, and includes many rarities. Further particulars may be had of SOWERBY & FULTON, RIVER SIDE, KEW, near LONDON. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, ae U.S.A., THE FINEST ‘STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS IN AMERICA, AS WELL AS A “VERY GOOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE. I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Collectors having Duplicates in Quantity to dispose of, or will buy Entire Lots or Collections for Immediate Cash. WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER. I particularly desire all kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicidz. REPRINTS. -UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded ioe publication) : — 25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6. S pp.: 4/6 : 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6. 59 2 ” 4/6. ” 6/6. an - LOf=. 56 12/6. 100 ” ce) 6/6. 2) Q/-. " or) iZice ” I5/- ADYERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at thé following rates :— Whole Page a ...- 20/-, Quarter Page bbe - 7/-- Half Page... ok pal 2/0; Six Lines or under ... con SYK One-third Page... .. 8/-, Every additional Line vse Sef 6, SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. FOR SALE. FFERS wanted for WOOD’S INDEX TESTACEOLOGICUS, revised edition, 1856, haif morocco. CHENU’S MANUEL DE CONCHY- LIOLOGIE, 2 vols., 1859-62, half morocco. BROWN’S RECENT CON- CHOLOGY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 2nd edition. Also for SALE a Large Solid MAHOGANY CABINET, two tiers, thirty-four drawers. Particulars from R. FICK LIN, SHERBORNE, 330, WELLS Roab, BRISTOL. MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. — Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, per patt- - = Se hom Ma oun Puan tM enone GNIS) )o Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, editien strictly limited to 25 copies - -$8 oo First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series. — Pulmonata. Tweail® volumes including the, Monography of Hele Bulimidaepatid Urocoptidze. Wee- The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U:S.A.; = oF ; fe aan KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR A R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Vor. 13] JULY Ist, 1911. [No. 7. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R.1EB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S,,| Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK, STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE ROAD, Houtry House, ALEX ANDRA Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. PAGE Note on an Early Spinous Stage in Corbula gibba Olivi—ANNE L. IMEASSW? Seis enN oc Ma S60 ate ial wie a08 ee LO Additions to ‘‘British Conchology,” part vii. —J. T. MARSHALL (continued) Ss a, aos vis ae sie a ei LO? On the Dart of Helix undata Lowe—G. C. SPENCE (with figures) 210 Notes on the British Distribution of Testacella—L. E. ADAMS ... 211 ~ Protective Resemblance in British Marine Mollusca—J. A. HARGREAVES 215 New County Records of Pisidium—J. FE. Cooper ... aa ve. 216 On the Occurrence of Helix aspersa Miill. var. glabra Calc. in Mid- Lincolnshire—]J. F. MusHAM se is ae ae non NY) Proceedings: Feb. 11, 1911; March 8, 19113 April 12, 1911; May 10, I19II ... Bae Ba are eR ie wie ees M7: LONDON: Dutau & Co.. Lrp., 37, Sono SQuarE, W, LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHrrrarr & HuGHEs, Str. Ann’s St. BERLIN: FrRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11, SL I SLES I EE rere | LIsT OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. z 3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen. LIstT OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE . : OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By LIONEL -E; ADAMS,’ B.A. Published by authority of the Conchologieal Society. Price 3d. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the district, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. ‘ Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are : ““ Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties”; ‘‘ On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag”; and others, which contain much valuable information of local and general interest. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, 1 Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE- | EXCHANGE COLUMN. DWARD COLLIER, GLEN Esk, WHALLEY RANGE, MANCHEST desirous to receive Large Series of Helix memoralis and Hf. horteisz. all parts of the country, especially Rare Colours and Band-Formulas. 4 in the best of condition. Good Exchange offered in British and Foreign and Freshwater Shells. He is also desirous of exchanging with Collectors Continent any species of the Section Zachea, especially H. nemorals and G labiata. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. WO We JULY, 1911. No. 7. NOTE ON AN EARLY SPINOUS STAGE IN CORBULA GIBBA (Olivi). By ANNE L. MASSY. (Read before the Society, March 8, rorr). Ir does not seem to have been previously noticed that very young examples of Corbu/a gibba have spines on the right valve at the anterior side of the beak. A specimen measuring °5 mm. in length and ‘75 mm. in breadth possesses three spines, graduated in size, the one furthest from the beak being the largest. At this stage the right valve scarcely exceeds the left in size. A specimen 1 mm. in length and 1°25 mm. in breadth has five spines in the same position. These young specimens were obtained during investigations carried out on board the fishery ‘cruiser “ Helga,” of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, and were dredged or taken in tow-nets attached to the trawl in the following hauls :— November, 1904, 3 miles N. } E. of Black Head, Co. Clare, sound- ings 164 fathoms; May, 1905, 174 miles S.W. § W. of Coningbeg Lightship, 40 fathoms; and February, 1906, 15 miles W.S.W. of Chicken Rock, Calf of Man, 35 fathoms. Mr. Farran, who has examined a series of these shells with me, is satisfied that they are undoubtedly the fry of Corbula gibba. One of the above gatherings contained also a series of very young specimens without spines and more or less of the adult shape. The shells are much broader in proportion to the length in youth. With the above observation may be compared Professor Petersen’s! suggested identification of Saxicava arctica with Saxtcava rugosa on the ground that in his experience all the specimens with longitudinal ribs furnished with spines are small, and that the spinous ribs appear to vanish with age. t Det videnskabelige Udbytte af Kanonbaaden ‘‘ Hauchs” Togter. Copenhagen, 1889-93, Pp. 93. : M ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” By J. T. MARSHALL. Parr VII. (continued from page 190). C. barleei was originally dredged in Plymouth Sound by Mr. George Barlee, to whom it was dedicated by Gwyn Jeffreys, although Mr. Barlee had some difficulty at the time in persuading Searles Wood and Gwyn Jeffreys to recognise his species. At the time of his dis- covery, Mr. Barlee was systematically working out the Devon and Cornwall coasts with all the zeal of.an enthusiast, but when he reached the Land’s End he was persuaded to transfer hisenergies to the Hebrides and Shetlands, so that he stopped short of the Scilly Islands. Had he gone on to the latter district, I have no doubt he would have done justice to what I consider to be the most promising dredging field in the British Islands, and one which is full of possibilities. It is almost untouched ground, and will well repay the practical dredger. It is true Lord Vernon did some dredging from his yacht in Scilly waters one summer in the sixties, but he was disappointed in not obtaining what he wanted, “‘large shells,” while the fine “rubbish ” he threw away. Mr. Barlee’s conversion to conchology, at the mature age of forty- five, may be worth recording. It arose out of a visit to Paignton during a period of his life in which he had sustained a deeply-felt loss ‘in an only child, a young boy, which seriously affected his health, and Paignton was one of the many places he visited in his search for forgetfulness. Walking on the beach one day, he noticed two ladies in front of him continually bobbing up and down picking up some- thing, and on reaching them learnt that it was a lady and her daughter engaged in the congenial occupation of picking up shells, with which the beach was then plentifully strewn after a storm. He courteously assisted them, and was subsequently invited to pay them a visit, when he was shown their collections, became interested in learning the names of their shells, and finally took to collecting them for himself, until it aroused in him a zeal and enthusiasm such as he had never before experienced. ‘Thereafter he was never so happy as when he was out collecting or dredging, which he pursued with the greatest avidity, only interrupted by repeated attacks of illness, which laid him prostrate in his cabin for a week at a time, and then going at it again night and day until another period of prostration came upon him ; and although he never got over the loss of his boy, he found in conchology a never-failing solace. His fine collection, in the Oxford MARSHALL? ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 193 University Museum, should be seen by all conchologists. It will either fill them with despair or urge them to greater emulation. Unfortunately, Mr. Barlee had no literary side to his conchological character, or we should probably have had some interesting account of his researches. He only made a list of the dredging spots and of the rarer species he found at each, which he afterwards gave to Mr. Damon of Weymouth. I had the use of this list in my early days when I commenced dredging, and found it of much value. C. concatenata Conti.—Scilly Islands (Burkill and J.T.M.); Channel Islands, Land’s End, Battery Rocks at Penzance, living in rock-pools at low water ; Eddystone, Torbay, Killala Bay, and Barra in the outer Hebrides, 12f, two specimens. ‘The latter locality is a remarkable one. Fossil in the Red Crag (S. Wood) as C, ¢ubercularis var. vana. var. lactea Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1891, vol. vi., p. 346.— Scilly Islands (Burkill and J.T.M.). Gwyn Jeffreys gives (name only) a var. alba from Guernsey in the Annals for 1859. I have similar specimens thence, but regard them as bleached or water-worn. Of the Scilly examples there is no doubt. A variety occurs at Guernsey, Scilly, and the west of Iheland, which has only four whorls besides the embryonic ones; these four whorls are of uniform width, and the length of the whole shell is one-tenth of an inch. Gwyn Jeffreys’ description does not mention the em- bryonic whorls ; they seem to be shed at a very early stage, for they are rarely present even in the young. However, the embryo consists of four smooth whorls, and scarcely differs in form from that of C, tubercularis. His figure is a good one of the type-form, which is a short cylinder; but many specimens are more regularly conical, like Sowerby’s. And his dimensions are not only extreme, but dispro- portionate, being too broad for the length ; the largest are o’rs5 in. by 005. His original figures in the Annals are conical, like Sowerby’s, and have eight whorls, six sculptured and two smooth embryonic ones, though here also he does not describe the latter, while he gives the number of whorls as seven. I have a specimen from Scilly ex- ceeding two lines in length, but that is quite exceptional. C. metaxz Del. Ch.—Scilly Islands (Smart and others); St. Martin’s Point and Fermain Bay, Guernsey, 12-22f. ; Eddystone, 3of. var. angustissima Forb., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii., p. 259.—Scilly Islands and Plymouth Sound. var. alba Marsh., loc. cit., p. 260.—Channel and Scilly Islands. The more specimens there are examined of this very rare species, the greater will the extent of its variation be apparent. Gwyn Jeffreys’ dimensions, which are right, indicate an obelisk rather than 194 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, IQII. a “cylinder.” Mediterranean specimens, which are not so rare, mostly belong to the var. angustissima ; these have 18 whorls, and are only 1-20th of an inch in the widest part. A fine example from Guernsey is 3gin. long, and has 14 whorls besides the embryonic ones; these latter are 4-5, quite smooth, with the extreme tip turned down or inverted. Although Jeffreys gives the number of whorls as 14-15, his figure has 10 only ;_ but Sowerby’s has 14, and is also the better figure. Still better is Boog Watson’s figure, with 13 whorls besides four embryonic ones.’ These apical whorls are rarely present, the deep suture favouring their early dislocation. C. costulata Moll.—Off the Shetlands, 111-155f. (Simpson)! the Minch 60-8of., and North Shetlands 345f. (Porcupine). The apical whorls of this shell are not so suddenly narrowed as in the foregoing species, and they consist of two only, the first one being smooth, and the second one striated longitudinally and keeled. Jeffreys gives the length as four lines, but his figure indicates three, which is more correct, and the usual number of whorls is ten. Sowerby’s figure (pl. xv., fig. 13) is not this, nor has it any resemblance ; but his supplementary figure has been taken from a specimen of this shell, though badly. Some of the Norwegian and Arctic specimens are larger and broader throughout, with the ribs coarse and blunt instead of fine and sharp. The Rev. R. Boog Watson considers that C. costu/ata seems ‘‘doubtfully entitled to rank as a Cerzthiopsts.”* The conchological characters of Certthium and Cerithiopsts are so intermixed in some species that only an examination of the animal can rightly determine their allocation. Several undescribed species from the Porcupine Expedition are in this category. I have a specimen of C. horrida Jeffr.* which was dredged off the Eddystone in 30f., but as it is an imperfect example, without the apical whorls, I think it better to wait for a more perfect one before adding it formally to the British fauna, the embryonic whorls being such a necessary feature in determining the species of this genus. C. horrida resembles C. metaxe in colour, in its obelisk-like shape, and in its sharp-pointed tubercles (not papillose, as erroneously figured by Jeffreys) ; but the whorls are not so convex, and it has only three instead of four spirals. It varies, however, in size and degree of sculpture quite as much as any of its congeners. Purpura lapillus I..—Gwyn Jeffreys has written that ‘the shell of the male P. /afil/us is longer, more slender, and has a 1 Cerithiopsides from N. Atlantic, Journ. Linn. Soc., 1885, vol. xix., pl. 4, figs. 10, 10a. 2 Challenger Gastropoda, p. 554. ; 3 Moll. Lightning and Porcupine, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 60, pl. vi., figs. 9-ga. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 195 finely tapering spire, with a plicated but not tubercular throat.” ? I think this must be erroneous. I have met with colonies of long-spired and also of short-spired forms, sometimes mixed and sometimes isolated. ‘There is a colony of the long-spired form now at Torquay which cannot all be males, and, moreover, their apertures are both plain and tuberculated, none of them plicated. I have looked over many groups of these molluscs, but have never been able to pick out the male from these outward characteristics. The tuberculations of the aperture are periodical marks of growth, and not of maturity. var. imbricata Lam.—This is a scarce variety, and very local. Ordinary imbricated or fimbriated specimens are not uncommon, chiefly from quiet bays where there is no surf, or from rocks rather low down the littoral zone. (There is one colony of them at Fleet- wood, and another at Cleethorpes.) The young also are frequently fimbriated. But in the true var. zéricata the sculpture is flounce- like and about tin. deep; it 1s, moreover, one of the handsomest of British shells, its snowy-white appearance and deep flounces giving it more the appearance of a tropical species than a sober British one. Rarely the shell is fawn-coloured. ‘There is a fine series in the Mac- Andrew collection at Cambridge, one of which is figured in Journ. of Conch., 1895, vol. viii., pl. iv., fig. 10. It is also well figured in “ British Mollusca” (pl. cii., fig. 2); but Searles Wood’s figure of the Crag form (tab. iv., fig. 6g), as well as Sars’ figure of the Norwegian form (tab. 23, fig. 15), are not this variety, but ordinary imbricated specimens. ‘This variety has only once been dredged in any number, and that by Mr. MacAndrew in Rhoscollyn Bay, and he parted with his surplus specimens to a shell dealer, who made a “corner” in them and doled them out at famine prices. A client, having seen one of these, wrote for more on approval, and received.a fine series of 20 at 7s. 6d., of which he was so enamoured that he could not part with them again, but kept the whole parcel for 47 ros. ! var. ovalis Jord., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii., p. 260; and vol. viii., pl. 4, fig. 16.—Paignton in South Devon (Jordan and J.T.M.); Morthoe in North Devon (Cooke) ; Scarborough. var. major Jeff.—Solent and Conway Rivers (Cooke) ; Laugh- arne sands (Williams-Vaughan) ! Swanage. ‘This is very large and coarsely ridged, and the aperture is without the usual tubercles or thickened margin ; the animal appears to prefer using its materials to enlarging its abode than to ornamenting it. Figured in Journ. of Conch., 1895, vol. vill., pl. 4, figs. 5 and 12. var. elongata S. Wood, Crag Moll., vol. i., p. 36, tab. 4, fig. 1 Brit. Conch., vol. iv., p. 282. 196 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, IQITI. 6c.—Burnham in Somerset (Bell, Jordan, and others) ; Torbay. This must take the place of var. gvact/?s described by me in Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 260. var. minor Jeff.—Moulin Huet, Guernsey. | Jeffreys’ locality for this variety is a cave in the Shetlands. He did not consider the Guernsey specimens identical, but having compared the two I find that they fairly agree ; the only character in which they differ is in the Shetland examples having a larger aperture, but that is in con- sequence of their being immature and lacking the thickened outer lip with its usual tubercles. | Otherwise, Guernsey and Shetland specimens in my collection are identical in shape, size, sculpture, and spire. Figured in Journ. of Conch., 1895, vol. vill., pl. iv., fig. 1-1. A very pretty form from Jersey is lavender-coloured, and deeply ridged ; it forms a colony on the rocks of St. Clement’s Bay, much lower down the littoral zone than usual. An interesting plate, illustrating many forms of this polymorphous species, will be found in the Cambridge Natural History, and reproduced in the Journ. of Conch. for July, 1895. ‘Two reversed specimens have been recorded— one from Scarborough, in the Bean collection, and the other from North Wales, in the Norman collection. There is also a specimen in the MacAndrew collection in the Cambridge University Museum. Mr. John Leckenby, of Scarborough, on one occasion offered £10 for a reversed specimen, but without result, and at the suggestion of — Gwyn Jeffreys started a small army of Scarborough women to collect the Purpure from the rocks at twopence a pint ; but the Scarborough coast-line having in time become exhausted, and this Amazon corps declining foreign service, they were then disbanded, no results having followed their campaign save many bushels of useless dog-whelks and an expenditure of #10 or #12! This is only half the tale. Mr. Leckenby subsequently heard, through a traitor in the camp, that two of the women, having ascertained that his agent only scanned them over previous to throwing them into his back yard, obtained access to this heap, and presented the same Purfure over and over again for measurement and pay ! Canon Norman has placed P. ¢etragona J. Sow. (a monstrous form of P. lapillus from the Crag) in the Muricide as a variety of AZ. erinaceus,' in consequence of Searles Wood’s son having found a similar but recent form on Felixstowe beach and wishing to transfer it to Murex, against the contention of Gwyn Jeffreys that it isa Purpura. But I think Jeffreys’ contention the right one. Searles Wood’s figures (four) clearly show the short and open canal of Purpura, only one of them (fig. 7b) having a superficial resemblance to a Afurex.” The 1 Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1899, p. 147.’ 2 Purpura tetragona S. Wood, Crag Moll., vol. i., p. 38, tab. iv., figs. 7 a-d. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 197 canal is short and open in Purpura, long and closed in Murex; but the closing in of the canal is very gradual, and only complete in aged specimens; while the sculpture also is that of Pwzpura, and not Murex. (See Gwyn Jeffreys and Searles Wood, junr., in the Annals for 1883, pp. 66-7, 143, and 208). Although P. Aemastoma 1. has been figured by Gwen Jeffreys in his Appendix, and by Sowerby in his “ Index,” its British origin is extremely doubtful. Judge Macculloch’s discovery of three specimens at St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey, is no doubt quite correct so far as it goes, but the same spot has been searched many times since without confirming its occurrence, and as many French vessels are constantly visiting that port, in all probability these specimens had a French origin. After more than one diligent search, I have been unable to trace these three specimens in the collection of Sir Edgar Macculloch, which came into the hands of the Guernsey Museum on his death in 1898. Among Sir Edgar’s foreign shells, however, is a tablet con- taining six specimens of this shell, three dead and three live, but as he kept no record cf localities, it is impossible to say which three, if any, are of Guernsey origin. [My notes on the genera Cassidaria, Buccinum, Buccinopsis, Triton, and /usus were published as a separate paper in the Journal of Malacology for 1902, vol. ix., no. 2. They are now revised and brought up-to-date for insertion in their proper order]. Cassidaria tyrrhena Chemn.—Since my account of this species was published ' Mr. F. W. ‘Wotton has received several very fine living specimens which were obtained by trawling off the south-west of Ireland in 50-6o0f., two of which he very generously presented to me. His largest specimen measured 3hin. by 2din., and contained the animal still showing signs of life. I have another fine specimen exceeding 3in. by 2in., dead but perfect, trawled in 5of. south of the Scilly Islands, in 1900. It has also been recorded “off the Kerry coast” (Tattersall). A fragment was dredged by the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870 on the Channel slope off the Scillies in 530f, and another fragment of C. echtnophora by the 1869 expedition off Donegal Bay in 183f. The Mediterranean form of C. ¢yrrhena is smaller and thinner than ours, and lives in shallower water. The Irish and Scillonian specimens belong to a larger and coarser deep-water form, which Monterosato calls var. ad/aztica. , Mr. E. A. Smith has conclusively shown? that AZorio Montf. has the preferential claim for recognition over Casszdaria, if the coleop- 1 Journ. Conch., 1893. vol. vii., p. 260, and 1804. p. 380. 2 Journ. Malac., 1895, vol. iv., p. 11. 198 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, IQII. terists will only adopt some other name than the former for the beetles. Buccinum undatum L.—Alderney, common on the shell-beach, and often large (Marquand) ; Guernsey, two small live specimens dredged (Tomlin). This is a most instructive species, no other affording better evidence of the effects of environment. Any one interested in the variation of species will find the study of this one most fruitful and interesting, while a series from various localities and depths will impart a good object lesson in the variability of species. These variations and mutations are without end, and all graduate one into the other. The form, texture, size, sculpture, etc., appear to depend entirely on habitat, and an experienced collector can readily tell, from the appear- ance of the specimen, the nature of the sea-bottom and the probable depth from which it had been procured. The Rev. Prof. Gwatkin gives the radula of Auccinum a very bad character asa help to specific distinction ; he writes me that “‘the radula varies so much in Buccinum that I consider it, for that family, worthless as a character, the indi- vidual variations being greater than the specific.” Herr Friele, of Bergen, has also studied this subject exhaustively throughout various species of Bucctnum and Fusus, and has arrived at practically the same conclusion.’ He found that different species, and even different genera, so interchanged and resembled one another, as to be useless as a guide to the determination of species. He further corroborated and supplemented these views in his later work on the results of the Norwegian Arctic Expedition. B. undatum is very scarce in the Channel Isles except at one part of Jersey facing the French coast, and I have never met with a speci- men from the other islands ; it is equally scarce in the Scillies. But, like Littorina littorea, B. undatum has of late years been coming into the Jersey shell-fish market in some quantities from the opposite ports of France, and the dead shells are to be found everywhere. These French specimens are small and immature, and of sub-littoral origin. Pure white specimens occur occasionally, but they are rare. var. flexuosa Jeff.—Very variable in size and texture, sometimes attaining a length of 5$in. in the West Orkneys and off Wick, while a small thin form lives in the former district and in the Shetlands with the var. zeflandica, and has the same silky epidermis. var. littoralis King.—The interior of this variety is sometimes orange-coloured, but more frequently purplish-brown. var. paupercula Jeff.—Specimens from Southampton Water do not exceed an inch in length ; many are smaller. 1 Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1879, vol. vi., p. 257. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 199 var. Striata Penn.—Off Cork Harbour (Votton) ! ! off Aberdeen (Simpson) ! North Rona, 45f ; Doggerbank, 3of. var. pelagica King. — Aberdeenshire (Simpson)! off Unst (Coulson) ; Shetlands (coll. MacAndrew). In this variety the last whorl is smaller and narrower proportionally, hardly projecting beyond the penultimate, and in British specimens the longitudinal mbs are evanescent or wholly wanting. My largest examples exceed 6$in. in length. It occurs in Norway, but of a smaller size and strongly mbbed. var, zetlandica Jeff.—Gwyn Jeffreys has described this variety as “destitute of ribs,” whereas he figures it with rather prominent ones, and this has given rise to some doubts as to whether the var. se//andtca is ribbed or not, especially as he compares it with B. humphreysianum, which is ribless, while this is rendered more confusing by its living on the same fishing-grounds with a dwarf and thin form of var. fexwosa, which is ribbed, in the Orkneys and Shetlands. But the real truth is, that the presence or absence of ribs is not a criterion of this variety, its only permanent characters being that it is dwarfed and thin. It is almost as variable as the type, and really runs into many forms when collected from different parts of the Shetland seas. It is seldom without traces of longitudinal ribs, especially on the upper whorls, and there is considerable variation in the size, comparative length of spire, and degree of sculpture. To give an idea of its extreme variability, I may say that I have specimens of it corresponding not only to the ribbed type, but to the var. s¢vzafa, the var. flexuosa, the var. pelagica, and the var. acuminata. In rare instances it is as finely striated as 2. humphreystanum, while on the other hand I have examples which are as much ribbed as any typical shell. Nor is Gwyn Jeffreys’ white specimen at all singular ; 1 have a series of them. Some large specimens of the sef/andica-striata form, which may be ascribed to either variety, have been trawled off Fair Isle, midway between the Orkneys and Shetlands. They are deceptive examples, and much resemble B. finmarkianum, from Upper Norway, etc., a species having several synonyms, but which perhaps is only an extreme form of 4. grenlandicum, Another very pretty form from the East Shetlands, 60-9of., is white, very finely striated, extremely thin, with a cinereous, silky, deciduous epidermis, a form which also occurs at Vardo, Finmark, in too-rsof.; this is B. schnelderi Verk. The same form was also trawled off S.W. Ireland, in 55f., by the Rev. W. S. Green, and off the south and west of Ireland, in go-18of., by the ‘Porcupine.’ 4. parvulum Verk. is different from this, and is a white variety of 4. grenlandicum, its specific identity being indicated by the size, contour, spire, embryo, and micro-sculpture. Jeffreys’ figure is much too large, and the spire too long for var. 200 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, I9QIT. setlandica ; that figure more correctly represents the thin deep-water form of var, fexvosa mentioned above; Sowerby’s figure would do for var. Paupercula, but not this ; while the figure in “British Mollusca” (pl. cix., f. 4) 1s perfect, as most of them are in this well-illustrated work. The Leckenby coliection contained an adult specimen of the var. paupercula, little more than half an inch in length, one of a pair said by Mr. Robert Damon to have been dredged in Weymouth Bay, and which changed hands for 10/-. On the other hand, specimens from Thurso and Wick are very large, coarse, and solid, attaining 6in, by 3hin.; this is the var. zzcrassata of King; but coarse and solid examples occur of every size. Monstrosities are numerous, and many of them have received special names. ‘Two splendid figures of ‘Vurton’s 4. carinatum will be found in Brown’s ‘‘ Recent Conchology,” and ‘‘Science Gossip” for Apr., 1894, contains figures of the curious malformation called monst. bioperculatum. As to the monst. ¢riopercu/aium Jeff., that was the outcome cf a too eager inquiry, accompanied by a liberal offer, made many years ago to the whelk-dealers for a specimen, and with the inevitable result—as nature could not produce one to order, a counterfeit was manufactured, and successfully palmed off to a dealer, but it did not travel any further. No genuine specimen of this “sport” has been recorded. In dealing with the phenomena of sinistral shells, Gwyn Jeffreys says that the animal “may be compared to the case of a man having his heart on the right and his lungs on the left side of his body. The structure of a mollusc is, however, not so complicated, and the con- sequence of such a reversal in the position of its organs is probably not very important to its economy.”! I do not know how Gwyn Jeffreys came to regard the lungs as being on one side only of the body, for as a matter of fact one lung is on the right and another on the left side, and in a sinistral case the right and left lungs would presumably be simply transposed. As to the consequence of a similar reversal of organs in the human subject, one instance has been placed on record of such a case, an account of which appeared in a Vienna paper in 1894, of which the following is a summary :— “A man, named Adolph Schlesinger, died in Vienna in November of that year, whose heart was on the right side, and almost all of * whose internal organs—milt, liver, and intestines—were found to be opposite their usual place, but who never felt any inconvenience from this cause. Having some years previously accidentally learned of the unusual arrangement of his internal economy, he offered to sell his body to the British Museum [? Royal College of Surgeons] for - 1 Brit. Conch., vol. i., Introduction, p. xxi. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 201 the immediate payment of a good round sum, but the offer was declined. He died of consumption, aged twenty-seven, and Prof. Schrotter said that Schlesinger might have lived to any age had his lungs been sound, while his family strongly objected to the fos mortem examination desired by the medical faculty.” Again, at an inquest held on an infant, at Battersea in London, in rgor, the coroner remarked that the Aost-mortem examination revealed that the child had its heart on the right side, a phenomenon so rare that it did not occur once in 10,000 cases. Modern medical works throw no light on these phenomena, but Pliny does say, in writing on the spleen:—“It is attached to the left side, opposite the liver, though sometimes this arrangement is found reversed; but that is a prodigy.”! B. humphreysianum Benn.—S.W. Ireland, 8of. (R.I.A. cruise) ; the Minch off Loch Boisdale, 72f., a very young specimen (J.T.M.); between the Butt of Lewis and St. Kilda, 90-100f., and North Sea, 74f. (Simpson) ! Some shells exhibited under this name at one of the Conchological Society’s meetings, and alleged as coming from Jersey, either could not have been this species or they could not have come from Jersey. var. ventricosum Kien. (Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii., p. 261).—South of Ireland (R.I.A. cruise)! Gwyn Jeffreys records in ‘British Conchology ” a var. /acteum, but without locality; that locality should be ‘“‘Shetlands.” A pretty variety, also from the Shetlands, has a white zone below the suture of each whorl, as well as on the outer lip. ‘his species can scarcely be mistaken for B. wxdatum var. setlandica ; \t has no palpable epidermis at any stage of growth, the aperture is reflected outwards, and the embryo is different. Sowerby’s is the better figure, but the apical whorls are incorrect ; they should be as Jeffreys’. The B. hydrophanum of Hancock was dredged by the ‘Triton’ in the Shetland-Faroe Channel, and the same species with B. mérchi Friele by the ‘Knight Errant’ in the same district. Buccinopsis dalei J. Sow.—Atlantic off Ireland, 345f. (R.L.A. cruise); west of St. Kilda, roof. (Hoyle) ; Aberdeenshire, 40 miles off Rattray Head (Kelly) ! Buchan Deeps, 70 miles east of Aberdeen ; North Sea, 53f.; Fair Isle Bank, midway between the Orkneys and Shetlands ; and off the Shetlands, r11f. (Simpson) ! West of Ireland (Irish Fishery Board) ! There is considerable difference between the shells of the male and female of this species, the former being oblong and the latter oval. Sowerby’s figure well illustrates the female form, and Jeffreys’ generic figure the male, though the latter has the whorls too convex t Book xi., p. 80, 202 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO; 7, JULY, IQIT. and the operculum is wrongly shaped. Jeffreys’ plate figure is much too broad, and it should not be spirally striated nor have such a broad glaze on the pillar. Gwyn Jeffreys has recorded a Buccinopsts striata, which he vaguely assigned as ‘another interesting addition to the Shetland fauna.” * Triton cutaceus L.—A very fine living specimen, dredged by me off St. Martin’s Point, Guernsey, in 22f., in 1885, exceeds the dimen- sions given by Jeffreys. This is the only example that has been obtained alive in recent years. Unfortunately, the operculum of this particular specimen was lost through being placed on a table-cloth while extracting the animal, and then whisked away, with several other small rarities, before it was remembered. Although very rare in a living state, dead specimens picked up on the shell beaches now and again clearly indicate its continued presence among the Channel Islands. Four dead specimens, though very much worn, are in the Guernsey Museum from the Macculloch collection, and another dead specimen was picked up on the beach at Alderney by a casual visitor in 1902. Guernsey examples belong to a form named by Locard T. danieli, which is larger and broader than the Mediterranean one, with a thinner and paler epidermis. T. nodiferus Lam.—No addition has been made to the “three living specimens” of this shell found off Guernsey in 1832. One of these recorded specimens is still in the collection of Dr. Lukis, now in the possession of his daughter. But since the death of the Doctor in 1865, this interesting little collection of Guernsey shells has been kept hidden away and doing no good to anybody, instead of being placed in the very excellent Museum established in that island. It may be that the “three living specimens” cited by Gwyn Jeffreys were survivals from a period when the species was perhaps less rare in the Channel Islands. I have never met with so much as a frag- ment of the shell, though I have thoroughly worked through the whole of the islands more or less since 1860. Murex erinaceus I..— Linné’s type-form, which is the var. sculpta of Jeffreys, has been dredged only occasionally off Guernsey, but in 1868 I discovered a numerous colony at Herm Island, during a very low tide, concealed under stones. Since then, though the species has always been plentiful at the same spot, they have reverted to the usual form common on our coasts. I cannot account for this curious circumstance. All specimens obtained from other parts of our coasts belong to the var. ¢aventina of Lamarck, which is the form figured and described (erroneously) in British works as the type.. In the true type form, the spiral ridges are vaulted where they cross the rt Wyville-Thomson, ‘‘ Depths of the Sea,” p. 463, with fig. p. 364. MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 203 longitudinal ones, and their edges are foliaceous. In the var. tarentina, the longitudinal ridges are varicose and the spirals are rope-like or semi-tubular; the term eviaceus would not apply to this variety. Specimens living between tide-marks are about an inch in length, and this is represented by Jeffreys’ gevervc figure, but dredged examples are larger, and sometimes attain the 2} inches assigned to the species by Jeffreys. A handsome form from Dublin Bay is elongated and narrow, with a deeper suture. The very young are scarcely distin- guishable from the same stage of Zvophon muricatus. Some writers allocate this species, on account of differences in the radula and operculum, to a separate genus Ocinebra, and the next species, for other reasons, to the genera Octnebrina or Corallinta, leaving Afzrex unrepresented in the British list. M. aciculatus var. badia Jeff.— Herm Island, at low water. var. elongata Monts. /ourn. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 261.— Occurs occasionally with the preceding. I have a specimen of JZ. brandaris L., adult but dead, winich was trawled 50 miles N.E. of Scarborough. It is not uncommon in the Mediterranean. Donovania minima Mont.—Living under stones and among sea-weeds in rock-pools. LL. o°2in., b. 0°75. ~— Scilly Islands (Smart and others). var. pallescens Jeff. — Guernsey, Sark, and Herm; Scilly Islands. This variety is either milk-white, pale yellow, or bi- coloured. A tablet of half-a-dozen specimens, containing the animals, is in the Millport Museum at Cumbrae, labelled in Dr. Robertson’s hand- writing, “Shore, Cumbrae.” ‘They undoubtedly belong to this species, but I have great doubts as to their origin, and think some mistake must have been made. No reliable record is obtainable north of Devon and Dorset. A variety from the Channeland Scilly Islands is destitute of longitudinal riblets on the last whorl, and more rarely on the penultimate also, while an attenuated variety comes from Guernsey. Jeffreys’ and Sowerby’s figures belong to a slender form, and the latter errs in having the edge of the aperture corrugated instead of plain ; these corrugations should be much fewer, and placed inside the aperture, as in Jeffreys’ figure. The generic name Zachesis being in prior use for the Reptilia, was superseded for Donovania \y Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus." Trophon muricatus Mont.—Bull Bay, N. Wales (Archer) ; Loch Fyne (T. Scott) ; Iona 20f., Loch Boisdale 3of. var. lactea Jeff.—Scilly Isles 4of., Iona 2of. 1 Moll. Mar. Roussilloi® vol. i., p. 112. 204 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, I911. The young differs from that of M/urex ertnaceus, which it much resembles, in being more. slender, the mouth more contracted, and the canal longer. T. barvicensis Johnst.—This and the last species vary consider- ably in their sculpture, both of spirals and longitudinals, and some- times approximate to each other in that respect, but each retains its own family resemblance. Specimens from the Doggerbank and Aberdeenshire are nearly an inch in length. Jeffreys’ figure is a good one, but exaggerated. T. truncatus Strom.—Between tide-marks in Antrim (Jeffreys) ; Bull Bay, N. Wales (Archer). The limit of the distribution of this species On our coasts is problematical. ‘The Rev. J. Smart obtained a dead and worn specimen at Scilly, and I have several young specimens from the same district. I have also found it as a sub-fossil in a raised beach on the Thatcher Rock, off Torquay. The record “ Poole”! was an error of identification. var. alba Jeff.—Doggerbank 3of., off Iona 2o0f., Aberdeenshire. var. scalaris Jeff.—Soay Isles, Iona (Somerville) ! the Minch off Barra 35f. An Aberdeenshire specimen in my collection is an inch in length. A very pretty variety from Skye has a purple ground with white ribs. The shell is variable in convexity of whorls, comparative length to breadth, and especially in the number of ribs; an adult from Skye has 15 ribs, while its fellow has 20. T. clathratus \.., which differs from the preceding in size only— and is in fact the type of the species, our shell being only the southern variety—is equally variable. Glacial specimens of it, with its var. gunnert (analogous to our 7. ¢runcatus and var. scalarts) are occasionally obtained in the Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetlands, and though some of them look remarkably fresh, I have never met with an undoubted recent specimen. Sowerby’s figures of Z. truncatus and var. scalaris (not scalartformis as printed) are incorrect; the type has no spiral ribs as there indicated, and the variety represents a worn specimen of the type. Excellent figures of var. guzveri will be found in Sars’ work,’ and of var. sca/arts in Searles Wood’s.” Fusus Brug.—Those interested in the nomenclature of this genus should read Mr. Edgar Smith’s notes on the ‘‘ Nomenclature of Cer tain Genera,” + which have been elaborated and exhaustively worked Cooper, Journ. Conch., 1894, vol. vii., p. 435+ Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., tab. xv. figs. 11, 11a. Crag Moll., vol. iii., tab. iii, figs. 18 a b (as var. gunners). Journ. Conch., 1901, vol. vi., p. 331: 8 kA N , MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 205 out by Prof. W. H. Dall in another paper on the ‘ Early History of the Generic Name /sus.”* ' Fusus antiquus L.—A “young and dead specimen” has been dredged by the Rev. J. Smart at Scilly; this is its furthest southern limit. The operculum is triangularly oval, dark horn-colour, very coarsely wrinkled, with a few faintly-impressed lines, and often a flexuous depression down the centre. Very rarely the shell 1s snow- white; I have two from deep water off the Shetlands, but these do not belong to the next variety. var. alba Jeff.—Off Cork (Wotton) ! off Aberdeen (Simpson) ! the Irish Sea, and off Peterhead in 60f. All the specimens I have seen of this variety are very finely striated, and one from Peterhead is entirely devoid of sculpture except the lines of growth, It attains 64in. by 3in., but one form of it from the Irish Sea, with the aperture expanded and reflected, is 6$in. by 4in. Some aged specimens of the latter have the outer lip formed of half-a-dozen separate layers added one over the other, making the edge a third-ofan-inch in thickness. ' var. ventricosa Jeff.—Great Fisher Bank, off Aberdeenshire (Simpson) ! Doggerbank, 30f. ‘This varies in the length of the spire, but the last whorl is always tumid and greatly expanded, trumpet- shape, like Zimnaea auricularia. Some of my specimens have hardly any spire, and the largest, from the Doggerbank, are 7in. by 4hin. It is yellowish-white externally, with the inside of a deep orange colour, and occasionally the upper whorls are carinated, as in the var. carinata. One monstrous specimen from Aberdeenshire has all the whorls strongly carinated. var. gracilis Jeff_—I know this from S.W. Ireland only. It is a very handsome shell, characterised by a long slender spire, a thin texture, and tumid whorls. Its dimensions are 6in. by 2$in. var. Carinata Turt.=var. s¢/vata Jeff.—One specimen from an Aberdeen trawler (Kelly) ! Bantry Bay, Irish Sea and Bristol Channel. My finest are from S.W. Ireland, and measure 6$in. by 3in. Some specimens approximate to /” despectus 1.. in sculpture, but the two forms can always be readily separated. Gwyn Jeffreys admits that this is / cartnatus Turt., but gives no reason for substituting a varietal name of his own, which was clearly not required. Var. carinata is also a more suitable name, as all the forms of 4) antiguus are striated. F. despectus \.., although a northern species, has been dredged by the ‘Porcupine’ in the Atlantic off Ireland, and by the ‘Challenger’ r Journ. Conch., 1906, vol. xi., pp. 289-297. - 206 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, IQITI. as far south as Portugal in 470f. (a young specimen). I have examples from shallow water in the Faroe Isles, where it seems, however, to be only partially established, and to be small and scarce. It is occasion- ally brought into Aberdeen by fishing-boats from Iceland and the Faroes (Simpson). As a general rule, and comparing large series with /. antiguus, F. despectus will be found to be appreciably longer in the spire and shorter in the body-whorl, in some instances very much so. The carinated sculpture is always present and conspicuous in /. despectus, and is a prominent feature of the shell; it is only now and again that a specimen with /ess prominent carinations approxi- mates to one of / antiguus var. carinata that is more than usually carinated. Prof. G. O. Sars and Mr. E. A. Smith consider the two forms distinct species, as to which I do not think there can be much doubt. Miss Elhott’s examples of var. cavimata in the National Collections are as characteristic as any that may be found, but these could never be mistaken for / desfectus ; while Sars’ figures are excellent representations of +. despectus, yet could not be mistaken for the most extreme examples of var. carinata. The Rev. Boog Watson writes with respect to / despectus :—‘* The identity of this species with / antiguus is very strongly supported, and is an opinion deserving the utmost respect. If it has not been followed here, the reason is that though my opportunities for comparison have been rather limited, I have an impression that the apex in the two species is different. On this point I had hoped for fuller information from Mr. Friele in his great work on the Mollusca of the Norwegian Northern Expedition.”' But that work was not forthcoming at the time. It has subsequently been published, and Herr Friele has figured the apices of both /& despectus and F. antiquus, but his figures are not convincing. I have an uninterrupted series of all ages of both species, and I must confess to finding the evidence negative, notwith- standing that there is an unusual amount of individual variation in the apex of both species. The most that can be said is that the extremes of both forms nearly approximate ; but they are not singular in that respect, nor would the mere presence or number of carinations in the var. carinata, however closely resembling those of / despectus, of itself constitute that species. The extreme variability of these stria- tions and carinations (hardly two specimens being alike) demonstrate their varietal character. 7: ¢urtoni has a correlative variety. F. norvegicus Chemn.—Great Fisher Bank, and from Aberdeen trawlers (Simpson) ! None of the figures or descriptions of this species indicate the presence of a large swollen excrescence on the upper part of the pillar, just at the entrance of the aperture, which occurs in about 1 ‘Challenger’ Gastropoda, p. 199. ea MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY, 207 fifty per cent. of adult specimens. ‘This excrescence if examined is found to wind itself inwardly round the pillar. Sowerby’s figure shows an indication of this swelling, though it is usually more prominent. I cannot imagine its utility, nor why it is present in only half the speci- mens. Jeffreys’ dimensions are extreme ; the usual size is 4tin. by 2in. A dwarf form from the Doggerbank does not exceed 3in. by rdin. F. turtoni Bean.—Aberdeenshire coast, 70 miles from land, in 4of., and from trawlers (Simpson) ! Peterhead, 43f. (‘Triton’ Expedi- tion) ! East Shetland fishing-banks, from trawlers. ‘This species lives in muddy ground in deep water far from land, rare; more often procured by deep-sea fishermen than by the dredge. ‘The colour is yellowish- white under the epidermis, and occasionally the inside is more or less tinged with purple; epidermis rather thin, deciduous, ranging from light-brown to olive-green, and frequently stained with ferruginous deposit. Round the periphery the spiral riblets are more prominent and irregular, and these sometimes develop into ridges or carinations (as in 2 antiguus var. carinata), thus making the whorls more or less angular at that part. ‘The operculum is large, elongated, and obliquely triangular (but varies greatly in length and width), dark horn-colour, highly glossy, closely wrinkled, with semi-circular striations, and having impressed lines (variable in number) radiating from the nucleus. This species is subject to more extreme variation than is generally supposed, and I regard it as by far the most variable of the genus, while the differences between the male and female forms are more than usually apparent. My smallest adult specimen, from the Shet- lands, is only 3in. by rHin., while the other extreme is represented by examples exceeding 5tin. by 24in., and there is every intermediate gradation of length and breadth. The whorls also are of every degree of convexity, and the aperture is especially variable according to age, as after it has reached maturity the outer lip is added to and reflected, and the operculum altered to correspond. The shell of the male, correctly figured by Sowerby and Jeffreys, has a comparatively small body-whorl and an elongated spire, and rarely exceeds 4din. by rdin. The young of this up to 2in. in length present a very droll appearance, being all spire. An extreme example of this male form from the Shetlands, having the spire abnormally elongated, and now in the collection of Mr. James Simpson, of Aberdeen, has been named var. attenuata,’ Vhe shell of the female, well figured by Forbes and Hanley,” is larger and broader throughout, the spire is not nearly so attenuated, the last whorl is very much larger and swollen, and the shell attains 5}in. by 2din. The young of both forms are easily dis- 1 Trans. Aberdeen W.M. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1893, p. 83 (with fig.). 2 Brit. Moll., vol. ili., p. 4323 vol. iv., pl. cv., fig. 4; and pl. cvi., fig. 3 (the same shell reversed). N 208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, I9QI1I, tinguished at all ages, and the adults have each the same number of whorls, 74. Bean founded this species on a specimen found in a Scarborough fishing-boat, but I have not been able to refer to his original descrip- tion and figure to see which of these two forms is the type. (Jeffreys’ reference in ‘' British Conchology” is wrong; instead of ‘* Bean in Mag. N.Hist., viti.,” it should be ‘Bean in Ioudon’s Journal, vol. vii., p-493, fig. 61.”) Canon Norman says the slender (or male shell) is the “typical Doggerbank form,”' but both forms occur on the Doggerbank as well as in the Shetlands and off the Aberdeenshire coast. He also adds that it is ‘‘well figured by Forbes and Hanley,” but a comparison of the latter’s figures and measurements will demon- strate that their type is the large and broad female form. Northern specimens are smaller than ours generally, rarely exceed- ing 4in. in length, and these exhibit a still further range of variation. Sars figures several; Friele has described one as /: oss¢ant; and Mid- dendorff another as / schantaricus; while Canon Norman has also described two specimens from Norway, apparently immature, one as var. brevispira and the other as var. fumida.* Specimens, however, the exact counterparts of the two latter are also found in our seas, some of them much more tumid than his figure, while as regards the short-spired form, some of my British specimens have very little spire indeed, measuring only qin. in length by 2$in. in width. That both slender and broad specimens also occur in Norway is evident from Sars’ figures, as he gives the immature forms both of the male (t. 14, f. 3b) and female (t. 25, f. 10). FE. schantaricus Midd.’ possesses no specific attribute apart from F. turtoni, and though Canon Norman “‘lays chief stress on the spiral grooving of the inside of the lip” (p. 354) that is merely the impress of the ordinary outer sculpture, which is occasionally observ- able (also with the purple interior) in the immature stage of 7. ¢urtont, and more frequently in / ¢s/andicus, a species similarly sculptured. Sars’ figure 3 (pl. xiv.) clearly shows the connection between the two forms. /: /urtoni also rejoices in several generic names. Prof. Dall has conferred on it that of Lerimgius, Herr Friele that of /amada, and Canon Norman that of Uo. F. islandicus Chemn.-—Off Milford Haven, the Bristol Channel as far as Lundy Island, and the Wexford and Waterford coasts, procured by trawling (Wotton) ! S.W. Ireland, 345f. (R.I.A. cruise) ; Porcupine Bank off the west of Ireland, 85f., and north of the “A Month onthe Trondhjem Fjord,” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii., p. 352. Loc. cit., p. 352, pl. xvi., figs. 1, 2. Loc. cit., p. 353, pl. xvi., fig. 3. OQ N H MARSHALI.: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY, 209 Hebrides, 185f. (‘Porcupine’); off the Fastnet, 57f. (Tattersall) ; North Sea, 74f., Great Fisher Bank, and S. and S.E. Shetlands, pro- cured from trawlers (Simpson) ! S. Ireland, a trawled specimen, and E. Orkneys, another trawled specimen (J.T.M.) ; Shetland-Faroe Channel, 640f. (‘Triton’). The records given inthe Linnean Society’s Journal! as to / ¢s/andicus being dredged by the ‘Triton’ off Peter- head were /apsus penne of mine for / gracilis. The operculum of / islandicus is obtusely triangular, dark horn-colour, large, solid, and closely and coarsely wrinkled in the line of growth. / 7¢s/andicus has a broad as well as a narrow variety. Some from the Shetlands are unusually slender, measuring 5-in. in length by 1tin. only in the widest part ; but rougher ground in the same seas yields a much more robust form, some of my specimens thence being fully 6in. by 2in. These forms will no doubt in time receive distinct varietal names. The normal dimensions of the type are 5in. by 1?in., though a specimen in Mr. F. W. Wotton’s fine series of this handsome shell from the Irish Channel is 5?in. in length, and is unique in having the epidermis perfect throughout, Another specimen from the same seas, in the collection of Mr. Bartlet Span of Tenby, is just short of 6in. in length, but has lost the bulbous apex. In these large specimens the epider- mis is usually more or less abraded. Mr. Bartlet Span found a specimen in Tenby harbour some years ago, which had most probably been cleaned out of a trawl-boat. The peculiar bulbous apex, which is supposed to be a specific character of this species, is locally variable. Specimens from Green- land, Finmark, and the Shetlands have the spire gradually tapering to a blunt point, while those from S.W. Ireland, the Irish Channel, and adjacent coasts have the prominent bulbous apex depicted in Jeffreys’ figure, which is much broader than the following whorls. ‘The shell is more attenuated than either Jeffreys’ or Sowerby’s figures, especially the lower half, and has a much longer canal ; Sowerby’s figure should also have the suture oblique and the whorls less tumid. An actual specimen placed over these figures will show how very much they are drawn out of scale. Sars gives an excellent figure of the northern form (wznus the bulbous apex) where, as in our seas, it is less rare than it used to be. Dr. Morch many years ago brought about twenty specimens from Greenland when on a visit to England, and these sold at from twenty to sixty shillings each. (To be continued). 1 Zoology, 1883, vol. 17, pp. 95, 96, 97. 210° ON THE DART OF HELIX UNDATA Lowe. By GEO. C. SPENCE. (Read before the Society, Sept. 14th, 1910). EarLy in 1910 Mr. B. R. Lucas paid a visit to Madeira and brought back a number of living 7. wxdata. He was kind enough to dis- tribute some of these and I became the possessor of a few examples which I dissected. I was at once struck with the peculiar form of the dart, which does not appear to have been previously figured and only very briefly described. -Pilsbry in the ‘‘ Manual of Conchology,” 2nd series, vol. ix., p. 292, mentions that the darts were unfortunately missing from the specimens he examined and refers to Morch in ‘Journal de Conchyliologie,” 1865, p. 390, who writes as follows: “‘J’ai vu un fragment du dard, qui est colossal, un peu tordu, avec une expansion latérale sur chaque £9) cété. Dart of Helix undata Lowe, Cross Section through Centre of Head % 5 of Dart of Helzx undata Lowe. As will be seen from the micro-photo, kindly taken by Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, the rounded stem rises from an expanded base, the latter having a hemispherical depression, slightly crenulate round the edges, in its basal portion. The stem develops two lateral expansions, forming a strongly twisted sharp-pointed lanceolate head. The expan- sions bear narrow loop-like markings at right angles to the central stem. The twist on the whole dart is very pronounced and viewed length- wise the dart has this appearance O€. Length 6mm. _ The surface is vitreous in appearance and microscopically papiliose. Mr. Lucas informs me he found two fossil darts in the deposit of Cani¢al, which appear to belong to the same species. The specimen figured is now in the Manchester Museum (no. H.E. 2314). NOTES ON THE BRITISH DISTRIBUTION OF TESTACELLA. By LIONEL E.. ADAMS, B.A. (Read before the Society, Dec. 14th, 1910). ON reading the lists of British localities of the Zestacel/e, so carefully compiled by Mr. Taylor in his “Monograph,” one cannot help being struck by the fact that in almost every case the records are from gardens, or at any rate from cultivated ground, or from ground immediately adjoining such, and the question immediately arises as to what extent the three species are native to the soil. I have been at some trouble to enquire into the particulars of those records where the nature of the habitat is not specified, with the result that in only one instance the collector specifies wild ground. This record is from Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, who replied to my enquiries as to his record for Z. Aaliotidea at Hele Bay, Ilfracombe, as follows :—‘‘ The Zestacel/la (of which we found some four living and a dead specimen) was, I should say, distinctly on wild ground. It occurred under stones in a little hollow on the cliff much over- grown with brambles.” On the other hand, further enquiry elicits the fact that gardens surround this little bay, and the slugs might possibly have escaped from these gardens. Concerning the following records from the “ Monograph” I have failed to gather any information, but in almost every case they may refer to gardens or cultivated ground. 2“ T haliotidea Drap. Wits. S.—Frequent at Devizes, also Trowbridge (J. E. Vise, Wilts. Mag., ix., no. 27, p. 178, 1866). BepDFoRD.—Abundant in the south of the county, F. W. Phillips, May, 1890. Monmourtu.—Plentiful at Mathem [? Malthern] near Chepstow, April 26, 1892, E. J. Lowe. The following, however, seem to refer to natural wild grounds. “ T. scutulum Sow. SomERSET N.—Leigh Woods, rare, T. G. Ponton, 1862 (Leipner’s Bristol List, 1875). SURREY—Headley Lane, under beech leaves near Box Hill, April, nooo! a DAN Cockerelly” rt ‘‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” J. W. Taylor, vol. il., part 8, p. g, et seq. 212 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, I9QII. cc T. maugei Fer. Wits. S.—Fields near Devizes, Mr. Cunnington (Woodward’s Manual, 1875, p. 298). GLAMORGAN.+ Bridgend, under leaves, in a little wood, July 1885 ! ys Barrett. ‘Mr. A. S. Kennard has found 7: maugez in a deposit of Holo- cene rainwash at Porlock. The records for ‘“T.eigh Woods” and ‘fields near” Devizes are too ancient to allow of discovering to what extent the ground was wild, and I have also failed to gain any information about the “little wood” at Bridgend; but these last three records seem to indicate wild, natural ground. It will be noticed that most of these records refer to the neigh- bourhood of the Bristol Channel, one to Bedford, and one to Surrey. The Bedford record does not seem to have been confirmed later, and possibly referred to gardens, as I never heard of Zéstace//e in the county when I used to explore it many years ago. The locality of the Surrey record is well known to me, and must be considered as adjoining cultivated ground. In two old-established nursery gardens in the neighbourhood both 7Z. haliotidea and T. scutulum are common. Indeed both these species are to be found in many gardens from Dorking to Nutfield, a distance of eleven miles, but hitherto not in uncultivated ground. The doubtful records, then, are practically narrowed down to the neighbourhood of the Bristol Channel, and the following facts favour the probability of the genus being indigenous in this district. 1.—All the three species are mentioned in the records. 2.—Judging by the foreign distribution of Z\ maugez, the locality is one in which we might expect it.” 3.—The autochthonous character of Z. mauget is confirmed by the occurrence of the Holocene shell; though it must not be forgotten that rainwash records are by no means always conclusive proofs of antiquity. That the genus is indigenous in other parts of Britain also is pos- sible ; but, I think, the evidence of these “garden” records is hardly convincing, and one cannot help wondering to what extent its British distribution is due to transportation in plant mould, either direct from continental nurseries, or from British nurseries which have been sup- plied from those on the Continent. It is easy to understand how these t Monograph, vol. il., Appendix, p. 263. 2 See Map in Monograph, p. 26. ADAMS: DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH TESTACELLA,. 213 worm-eating slugs increase and flourish when once they have found a lodging in a richly manured nursery garden. Now it would be very extraordinary if such creatures as the Zes¢a- celle, of native to the soil, existed only in gardens; and it might well be asked where they lived before the gardens were made. If it were suggested, in answer, that the gardens were built on spots where the slugs happened to be located, although (with the exception of three ambiguous records) no slugs were known to exist outside gardens, surely the likelihood of coincidence would be somewhat unduly strained. It is quite true that these slugs are liable to escape notice from their subterranean and nocturnal habits, and also from their protec- tive resemblance to small yellow pebbles when dug up covered with dirt ; that navvies breaking fresh ground are the least likely people to notice such things when dug up; that gardens are particularly likely spots for close observation, and gardeners, perhaps even more than ordinary conchologists, pay close attention to slugs. Yet these slugs may be frequently found on the surface in the day- time, crawling or feeding, and they frequently spend the day under stones, flowerpots, etc., where they may be easily found like other slugs ; and, considering the number of conchological observers who have worked over most parts of the British Isles during the last fifty years, would it not be very extraordinary if these peculiar slugs, generically unmistakable to the tyro, had not been observed if they existed in the wild and open country ? Now, when we consult Mr. Taylors maps of ‘ Distribution ’—by which, of course, we understand natural and not artificial distribution —we find thirty-three comital areas coloured on the strength of purely ‘garden’ records, and we are tempted to wonder how far this cor- rectly indicates the natural distribution. Of course it would be exceedingly difficult, and indeed often quite impossible, to draw the line between records of localities where a species is undoubtedly indigenous and those where it has been pos- sibly introduced; but in the case of TZestace//e one would have expected a warning of the possibility of artificial distribution—an indirect warning, however, we have, viz., the detailed list of ‘garden’ records. If these maps of distribution were intended to serve no further purpose than to satisfy one’s mere curiosity as to the various localities where a given species might be found, these notes would have no significance, but as the maps are intended to indicate, so far as may be, the natural situations of species from which scientific deductions may be drawn, it behoves one to guard against any disturbing factor. 214 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, IQII. As an example of the unsatisfactory nature of ‘garden records,’ when a comital area has been coloured red on the strength of one, I will instance AZz/ax gagates :— 1“ NORTHAMPTON.—Mr, Beeby ‘Thompson’s garden, Northampton, June, 1896 (L. E. Adams, Journ. Northants. Soc., 1896, p. 60).” This refers to a small colony which I once found under a plant m a town garden. Though the entire county has been worked very thoroughly by many conchologists, no other specimens have yet been found. I have never had any doubt as to their artificial introduction. * “ STAFFORD.—Grounds of Grammar School, Stafford, June, 1886 ! L. E. Adams.” This refers to two or three individuals that I found in the field close to a low wall separating it from a large vegetable garden. ‘This county has also been very thoroughly worked, but no other captures have been made. ° “ CHESHIRE.— Var. vava, nursery gardens, Sale, Feb., 1895 ! and Ashton-on-Mersey, Oct., 1892, C. Oldham.” Mr. Oldham informs me that he regards these slugs as undoubtedly introduced. In the Appendix in the same volume of the ** Monograph,” p. 282, there is the following record :— 4“ SuRREY.— Betchworth, Nov., 1906 ! Lionel E. Adams.” This, of course, was received too late to be of service for the map of distribution, which is, perhaps, just as well, as it refers to a colony in an old kitchen garden—the only locality for the species known in the county. No less than eleven out of the forty-nine comital areas are affected by ‘garden records’ alone, and perhaps some of those not specified as such may be so. It may be noticed that all the inland comital areas depend upon these records alone, and, as I have said, I have no doubt as to the artificial introduction of the species into Stafford and Northants, and have every reason to conclude the same with regard to Warwick and Middlesex. It is a species that is comparatively easy to acclimatise, and I know of no geological reason why it should not occur naturally inland in Britain, as it does on the continent, but the fact of its doing so is not convincingly proved by the single ‘garden records.’ 1 Monograph, vol. ii., p. 147. 2 Ibid. Ibid., p. 144. 4 Ibid., p: 282. io) 215 PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE IN BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. By J. A. HARGREAVES. (Read before the Society, Nov. oth, 1910). THE question of protection, and particularly colour protection in the British marine mollusca, does: not appear to have attracted much attention. In the volume on Molluscs and Brachiopods in the Cam- bridge Natural Fistory several instances are given of nudibranchs which are protective or warning in colouring or in habitat, or by disagreeable taste; but among the shell-bearing mollusca only three British examples are given, viz., Chiton, Littorina obtusata on Fucus vesiculosus and Flelcion pelluctdum on Laminaria. While admitting that Zztfortna obtusata may gain some advantage from its resemblance to the air-bladders of the cus, it must be but slight if pursued by animals of normal vision, as it is easily visible at a considerable distance; whilst it appears to me- that Helcion pelluct- dum is rendered more conspicuous by the blue rays which are claimed as protective. In this part of Yorkshire, however, we have a case of what I cannot but regard as colour protection, which is undeniably serviceable, the protection being so marked as to render the shell almost invisible even at close quarters. I refer to Acmea virginea (Miller) which on our coast is common, but is most difficult to find unless its habitat is known. Our rocks between tide-marks vary from an iron-stained sandstone to a bluish-black shale, and odd specimens of Acm@ea may be found ‘on rocks in pools drained by the tide but never left dry. If wanted in numbers, however, another method of search must be adopted. We have at Scarborough a nullipore Lzthothamnion polymorphum Aresch (kindly named for me by Professor Herdman, of Liverpool), which clothes many rocks with a pink coating, with which the ‘‘ pink- rayed limpet” harmonises marvellously. Not only is this the case but the mollusc is MUCH more abundant on the nullipore than elsewhere; so much so that I could gather more specimens on an average square yard of the nullipore than on a hundred square yards of uncoated rock. Even for an experienced collector it is necessary to examine the nullipore minutely over and over again to obtain all the specimens exposed, so completely does the background agree with the shell colour. 216 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, IQII. Mr. Herbert King, M.Sc., the Borough Analyst of Scarborough, has been kind enough at my request to analyse both mollusc and nullipore, and he tells me the shell and its contents gave 49/ of animal matter and 517 per cent. of organic; and the Poly¢hamnion in two examples gave 60/ and 577% or an average of 58°5° of mineral matter. He adds: “The metals present in the ash of each were similar, as one would expect, viz.: calcium, sodium, aluminium and a small trace of iron. A very minute quantity of what might be manganese was present, but with the small amount of material at disposal this could not be satisfactorily confirmed, even with borax bead nor as permanganate.” Presumably Acmea feeds on the nullipore, hence its abundance on it. When an adult Acmea is taken off the nullipore, it is found that the colour of the nullipore covered by the shell has disappeared, which I think makes it probable that Acmea, like Patel/a, returns to exactly the same place after feeding. I have written to three correspondents who have taken this species alive in different parts of the country, but except in the case of Prof. Herdman who tells me he knows it in similar situations, and remarks how very like it is to its background, I have not heard of others who have found it similarly placed. Possibly now that attention has been drawn to it, instances may be found elsewhere. I may add that Zonicella ruber (Lowe) also occurs on this nullipore, on which it is almost invisible. New County Records of Pisidium.—Merionethshire— P. per sonatum Malm, near Arthog ; P. obtusale Pfr., Barmouth Junction. Montgomeryshire— P. od/usale Pfr., near Glandyfi Junction. Cardiganshire—P. fersonatum Malm, Lyffnant Valley; P. subtruncatum Malm; Glandyfi. Middlesex—P. fersonatem Malm, Hampstead. East Suffolk—P. pudchellum Jenyns, Southwold. I have to thank Mr. B. B. Woodward for kindly identifying ?. personatum.—J. E. Coover (Read before the Society, Feb. t1, 1911). ————_$ +00 @—___ ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HELIX ASPERSA Miller var. GLABRA Calcara IN MID-LINCOLNSHIRE. Bye. MUSEVAM), EES: (Read before the Society, Nov. 9th, 1910). Ar the meeting of this Society, held on Sept. 14th last, Mr. J. W. Taylor exhibited two specimens of Helix aspersa, which he found referable to the var. g/abra of Calcara, and which were sent him by me. They were found quite accidentally in the churchyard of Rand St. Oswald, ten miles north-east of Lincoln, by a friend who was spend- ing the day angling in the beck which runs by the side of the church- yard. In one corner of this churchyard was a large irregular heap of stones, the bulk of them cobbles, as the district is gravelly, overgrown more or less with ivy. Turning the heap over, he found these specimens ; most of them are dead shells, but those which were alive show the same character- istics, so their smoothness can scarcely be attributable entirely to their age, or due to their being partly buried in sand. Several youngsters were left on the spot, showing, as far as my friend could judge, every likelihood of growing up like their parents. ‘These, I had hoped, would keep the colony flourishing, but on writing some days ago, after an interval of six months, I received the dis- appointing news that the stone-heap had been cleared away and the adjacent ground levelled, and all trace of the shells removed ; so we may consider it fortunate that this interesting aberration was recorded in time. I have not been able to secure more specimens from any other part of the county, but in May last a box of ZH, asfersa, similar to these, was sent me from Bracebridge-by-Lincoln Fen. ‘They consist of dead shells of a similar ground colour, but not so glabrous. ————~? -@-@—____ PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 399th Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, Feb. 11th, ro11. This meeting, to which members of the Leeds Branch had been specially invited, took the place of the ordinary February Meeting. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. The Librarian reported that the usual periodicals had been received in exchange. New Member Elected. Griffith Humphreys, 1, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W. Candidate Proposed for Membership. Miss Margaret C. March, Healey Grove, Burnley, Lancs. 218 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, IQITI. Papers Read. “Felix nemoralis and H. hortensis: Their Colour and Band Variations and Distribution,” by W. Gyngell. “Diloma nigerrimum Gmel. on the Coast of Chile,” by J. E. Cooper. “New County Records for Pzsidium,” by J. E. Cooper Mr. W. M. ‘Tattersall, M.Sc. gave an interesting address, embodying the results of some original researches into the Life-History of Litfordna littorea. Exhibits. By Mr. W. M. Tattersall: A large series of the British species of Zé¢toréna, showing extremes of variation in size and colour in different localities, to illustrate his address upon the Life-History of Lettorina littorea. By Mr. Rk. Cairns: A series of varieties of Cyprea staphylea ; also C. caput- draconis, C. nigropunctata, C. ettvina, and many other rare species among the smaller forms. By Mr. R. Standen: P/anorbts corneus taken near Manchester ; sets obtained from one pond during a number of consecutive years, showing a gradual change from typical horn colour, through straw colour to white, and on to normal form again. By Mrs. Gill: A fine set of 772¢gonza from Australian localities ; and a number of bivalves polished to show outer structure of shell. By Mr. J. E. Cooper: D2loma nigerrimum Gmel. from Chile; Pésddcum pulchellum from Southwold, P. pevsonatum from Hampstead, Arthog, and Llyfnant Valley. SPECIAL EXHIBIT. The chief exhibit of the meeting was a large and comprehensive collection of British Unronide, probably the finest series ever brought together in the British Isles. Besides the Manchester Museum collection (R. D. Darbishire coll.), large series were shown belonging to the Conchological Society (Oldham coll.), and from the private collections of Messrs. J. Wilfrid Jackson and R. Standen. In- cluded with the latter were fine series illustrating the Life-History of 4xodonta cygneda, from the glochidium to the adult. Specimens of various locality sets of Uzzo and Anodonta were also exhibited by Messrs. T. H. Platt, J. Ray Hardy, F. Booth, G. C. Spence, F. Rhodes, J. Madison, W. D. Roebuck, and Mrs. Gill. During the meeting, Miss Margaret C. March, who has been studying the British Useconzde at the Manchester University, gave a most interesting account of the variation in the shells of Uso pectorum, U. tumidus and Anodonta cygnea, which was listened to with great attention. The points dealt with by Miss March are embodied in the following abstract :— A.—Effect of environment : i., Marls or clays tend to produce animals with thick bodies and shells. ii., Current action in lock basin produces anteriorly truncated forms, with a forward throw of the umbo. ui., Animals living in water with excess of lime and absence of humic acid have thin shells. iv., The loss of the wing during the growth of Anodonta cygnea can be shown to be due to wearing. b.—Variation in umbonal markings: i., The three types of umbonal marking in Unio pictorum, U. tumitdus, and Anodonta cygnea grade into one another. U. dumidus appears to retain the least degenerate type, and therefore to be the most primitive. This is supported by the state of development of its teeth. c.—Relationship of British Freshwater Unzonzde: The intermediate stages between the Untones and Anodonta, can be filled in from American forms, giving a perfectly-graded series, from UY. dumedus through U. péctorum to S A. cygnea. PROCEEDINGS: FEB, II, IQIT. ; 219 p,—Ornament of the (/770nz¢de :—This is seen best in foreign forms, and can be ‘classified into the following types: i., Confined to the umbonal region, e.s., UO. tumtdus. ii., Occupying the whole valve in a more or less degenerate form, ¢.¢., Quadrula lacrymosa (Lea). iii., Occupying the whole valve and fairly regular, Parreysta myassaens7s (Lea). iv., Occurring after an unor- namented area as irregular pustulations, Quadrula pustulata (Lea). Relationships of the Umzontde:-—The older theory connecting them with the Trigontide is supported by their teeth and ornament. Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson gave a few short remarks on the Pearl-mussel, J/az- garitana margaritifera (L..), a very large collection of which was exhibited, the main contributors being the Manchester Museum; Dublin Museum ; Department of Agriculture of Ireland, Fisheries Branch (these two last collections lent to Mr. Jackson for the purpose of study) ; Messrs. R. Welch, R. Standen, J. Wilfrid Jack- son, and the Rev. G. A. Frank Knight. 400th Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, March 8th, torr. Mr. FE. Collier in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : ““ New Species of Shells collected by Mr. John Macoun at Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia,” by W. TH. Dall and Paul Bartsch. ‘‘ Descrip- tions of New Mollusks of the Family Vzt771e//caz from the West Coast of America,” and ‘*‘ The Recent and Fossil Mollusks of the Genus A/abezna from the West Coast of America,” by P. Bartsch ( from the respective authors) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange. New Member Elected. Miss M. C. March, Healey Grove, Burnley, Lancs. Resignations. Mrs. L. A. Baker. Professor W. A. Herdman. Papers Read. “* Note on an early Spinous Stage in Corbzla gibba,” by Anne I. Massy. “*Conchological Notes from La Plata, Durban, and Bombay,” by Lionel EF. Adams, B.A. ‘** Descriptions of new Colour Varieties ot Donax varzegatis Gmelin from the Channel Islands,” by k. Woodcock. Exhibits. By Mr. R. Woodcock : Specimens of Donax varzegatus, type and varieties, to illustrate his paper. By Mr. G. C. Spence: Planispira Medthked and P. obsensis from Obi Island ; specimens of Cerzon from Nassau, Bahamas, including an example of Cervo olans with double lip. By Mr. C. H. Moore: Fine examples of J/e/apium lineatum var. baulbtformis from New Zealand. By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Shells of Unzo tamdus from river gravel on the banks of the Avon near Bath. In the Special Exhibit of the Genus Amphedromus, a large number of species and varieties of the brilliantly coloured shells of this interesting group was shown by Messrs. J. Kidson Taylor, Edward Collier, J. R. Hardy, R. Standen, G. C. Spence, and Mrs. Gill; also the fine series in the Manchester Museum collection. Mr. Collier made some remarks upon the distribution of the genus, and pointed out the chief characteristics of the more remarkable forms. 220 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 7, JULY, IQIT. Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson also exhibited several examples of the Oligocene fossil form, Amphidromus elliptecus (J. Sow.), from the Bembridge Limestone, Isle of Wight. 4o1st Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, April 12th, 1911. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. The Librarian reported that the usual periodicals had been received in exchange. On behalf of Miss Chaster, of Southport, a handsomely-framed portrait of her brother (the late Dr. Chaster, sometime President of the Society) was presented and the Secretary was instructed to convey the warm thanks of the members to her for this highly valued gift. Candidate Proposed for Membership. Harry Allan, Junr., Silverstone, Cheadle Heath, Stockport. Member Deceased. Rev. A. E. Northey, M.A., Torquay. Exhibits. By Mr. A. W. Stelfox: Unio tumidus, U. pictorum (type, and a form approach- ing var. curv2rostvis) from canal at Weybridge, Surrey; Vertigo pygmea and V. substriata from N.E. shore, Clare Island, 1909. By Mr. R. Standen: Very large Petricola pholadiformis from Mablethorpe, Lincs., and a fine specimen of CalMostoma occidentale collected at Clee, Lincs., by Mr. Arthur Smith--this was found, along with other uncommon species, on the shore after a strong gale and heavy tide, when the tide-line débris was knee-deep. An interesting series of Aporrhazs pes-peltcant, showing gradations in growth from the earliest nepionic whorls to adult stage, from Southport; and growth stages in Strombus gigas, to illustrate the striking difference between juvenile and fully- grown specimens. emzfiusus tuba Gmel., and var. crasstcauda Phil., from China. Very fine and perfect Afeleagrina margaritifeva from Japan. By Mr. Rk. Woodcock: Some pretty examples of A/odvolarta discors found living in a sponge growing on FPecten opercularis; and Cardium exiguum from Jersey. By Dr. Kenneth H. Jones: Margaritana margaritifera from Glengariff; Limnea involuta from Barley Lake, Glengariff, and Zzunea fereger from an adjacent lough, some of which approach 7. ¢vvolufa very nearly in intortion of spire and general appearance. By Rev. L. Shackleford: Voluta pulchia, V. jamrachi, V. thatchert; varieties of V. flavicans; and a number of varietal forms of /. hebrea. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: A fine series of Cochlostyla, including C. electrica, and many scarce varieties of C. m2rabilis, C. fischer’, C. fulgetrum, C. pictor and C. ventricosa; Amphidromus dautzenbergt—the first co-type brought to this country, and the later described sinistral form of this rare species, from Muong- Kong, Tonkin. 5 By Mr. G. P. Richards: . Quarter Page Sa io 7. Half Page... ee wicte HG: Six Lines or under ... Seavey RiSh “One-third Page... BAG OIE Every additional Line one Os SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. PRICES OF BACK VOLUMES OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. §. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... ... Q1/- nett. Vols. If., Ul., 1V., & VIl.—XIl. Each To the Public, 15/-; to Members and to the Trade, 11/3. Vols. V., & Vi. ..._ ....”_... (Out of Print). To be had only from Durau & Co., Ltd., 37, Sono SQuarE, W. MANUAL OF GCONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. a ee See ny The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, ete. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 ‘Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, per pait- -— - ee en Ue CRON iG) Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00 First Series.— Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series.— Pulmonata. Twenty volumes including the Monography of Helicidz, Bulimidz, and Urocoptidz. §@s- The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED ‘'TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Vor. 13]. ~ OCTOBER Ist, 1911. [No. 8. EEE JOURNAL OF CONCHOL OG. Y.. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER : J.R. LEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK, STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE, Roap, Hotty House, ALEXANDRA Rp., READING. SLACK POOL. STONE, STAFFS. ee CONTENTS. PAGE Additions to ‘‘ British Coucheloey. * part vil. —J. T. MarsHaLu (continued) a é wits Bah ae Bee nae23 Vitrina hibernica Taylor and Teieye Varieties of Vitrina pellucida Miiller—I EB: ApAMS*® ;. :. os Re e282 Conchological Notes from La Plata, Durban ea Bombay—L. E. ADAMS “an sls 390 sist : bo Sen Trae 2315 Bibliography en sh BO a ta a ae sn 287 Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis :- Their Colour and Band Variations and Distribution—Some Comparisons—W. GYNGELL... 241 Colour Varieties of Donax variegatus (Gmelin) from the Cianitel Islands—R. Woopcock ie ae 2ad Index of Notes on the British Non- Marie AMainccat in Vols: 1.=Xil. -—REvV. CANON J. W. HORSLEY ... ee 24 A Prehistoric Cypreea tigris L. in Hants.—J. ie LE ‘B. ToMLin es! Proceedings: June 14, 1911 cee aes Aas ae net Bea 5S Bibliography - Au: ce vis ae shor) QR Paludestrina jenkinsi (Smith) i in Hampstead B phine Pond—GRIFFITH HUMPHREYS... S00 a6 = $0 as 54d sin aga ESR ES Berne, LONDON: Dutau & Co., Lrp., 37, Sono SQuarE, W. LEEDS: TAYLOR BrRos., SOVEREIGN St. |. MANCHESTER: SHerratr & HuGuEs, ST. Ann’s ST. BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11. LIST OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. je ae Slaek a sh BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE Ol THE CONCHOLOGICAL. SOCIETY. Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. Dutrau & Co., Lid., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent) with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. : Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the district, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are: “‘Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties”; ‘‘ On the Mollusca from the ‘Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag”; and others, which contain much valuable information of local and general interest. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN,. LANCASHIRE. of 71, LOSCOE ROAD, - - Wishes to SELL, TOGETHER or SEPARATE, the following of his Collection : CABINET, 5 ft. 4 in. high, 16 by 26 (20 drawers), mahogany front, glass door. containing 10 drawers BRITISH SHELLS, 2 drawers EUROPEAN. SHELLS, 3 drawers MINERALS (small), from Colonel Remmington’s Collection. 9 CASES, containing Smaller Species of MARINE SHELLS and Smaller Species of LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS. In TRAYS (G in each box) named & localised, FRY & SMALL SPECIES. 1 BOX containing OTOLITHS (Ear Stones) of British Fishes, in 12 Trays. 1 BOX containing FORAMINIFERA (11 Trays), many Typical Deep- Water Forms, mounted and named. ; 5 Vols. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys’ work, BRITISH CONCHOLOGY, pub. at £5 5s. To effect a Prompt Sale, £50 would be accepted for the whole. EXCHANGE COLUMN. FFERED :—Superb A/actra glauca and var. luteola, Lutraria oblonga, Donax @ variegatus, new vars. aurea, tristis, and laeta ; Alvania lactea, and some 80,000 specimens of Rare Channel Islands Marine Shells. Exchanges in British Marines, etc., desired. —R. Woopcock, MARINE BIOLOGIST, FAUVIC, JERSEY. 223 THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. VoL. 13. OCTOBER, 1911. No. 8. ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” IBY |Jo Wo IWUAIRSISUAIOIL, Part VII. (continued from page 209). F. gracilis DaCosta.—South Devon is the limit of this species, where it becomes rare. “The Alderney record’ was an error—a very pardonable one. I have seen Mr. Marquand’s shell, and it proves to be a worn and broken specimen of Auceinum undatum, stained brown by age, worn smooth by rolling, and the broken aperture reconstructed with the leathery integument of another marine animal. var. convoluta Jeff—Scilly Islands (Smart and others) ; the Smalls Light (Span)! and various other places, but sparingly. Variable in length and slenderness. My largest are 34-in. in length by 1-in. only - in the widest part, and have a deeply-channelled suture. A dwarf form from the Shetlands is half this size, with a finer apex, the young of which have the same proportions and might easily be mistaken for Ff. propinguus var. turrita, ut they are more coarsely sculptured. Some Scillonian specimens have a light yellow epidermis, with the sculpture less marked. ‘This variety is well illustrated by Forbes and Hanley (pl. ciii., fig. 3), and by Captain Brown (pl. vi., figs. 7, 9). var. belliana Jord. (Journ. ef Conch., 1890, vol. vi., p. 232).— Larger and broader. Off the Wexford and Waterford coasts, 20-3¢f. (Jordan and others) ; off Galley Head, S. Ireland (Wotton)! deep water off Montrose, Aberdeenshire, and Flugga Light, North Shetlands (Simpson) ! Doggerbank, 30f. ; Moray Frith, 24f. ‘This is the form figured by Forbes and Hanley (though not the type) as “dredged from the Doggerbank at the depth of 5of.”” var. coulsoni Jord. (Journ. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 232, 1890).— Smaller and narrower ; the usual deep-water form. Shetlands, from t Marquand, ‘‘ Marine Shells of Guernsey,” Trans. Guerns. Soc. Nat. Sci., 1901, p. 14 (separate copy’. : aoe 2 Brit. Moll., vol. iii., p. 418, pl. cili., fig. r. O 224 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO, 8, OCTOBER, IQITI. trawlers (Jordan and others); the Smalls Lighthouse (Span)! off Peterhead, 6o0f. ; West Orkneys, 45f. ; off the Butt of Lewis, go-r1oof. var. glabra Verk.'—New to Britain. Off the Shetlands, 155f. (Scottish Fishery Board) ! This was first recorded from Finmark by Mr. T. A. Verkriizen.. My specimens are small and thin, the epider- mis very delicate, silky, and highly polished, resembling gold-beater’s skin, and the spiral striz slight or totally absent. I have three specimens trawled from deep water in the Shetlands, and their appearance suggests a habitat in deep and still water, on fine sand or mud. Canon Norman dredged a small form of it at Drontheim, which is figured in the “Annals” for Noy., 1893, and Mr. James Simp- son has many specimens procured from the north side of the Shetland- Faroe Channel, 60-70f. ! The original Finmark specimens, of which Sars’ figure is a good representation, have an unusually short base and canal, somewhat similar to & curtus Jeff., from North America and the Crag, but those characters are not uniform in this variety. I do not know of any good typical figure of this common shell. Shetland specimens of / gvacz/is (as in the last species and the next) are more slender than usual, and Gwyn Jeffreys figures this slender form as his type; Sowerby figures an immature shell, the base being angulated in consequence of the last whorl not being fully developed; while Forbes and Hanley describe as their type ‘‘ the beautiful slender form that is most commonly preserved in cabinets,” but their figures illustrate the vars. be//rana and convoluta. Mr. Tomlin’s collection contains a reversed example. Specimens of this and the next species are occasionally dredged which are denuded of the epidermis and apparently dead and water-worn, yet still containing the animal and operculum. As I have explained with regard to examples of. Zvochus in a similar condition, these have been swallowed by fish and voided again, the action of the gastric fluid having meanwhile destroyed the epidermis. F. propinquus Ald.--- Not Dublin Bay nor Cork, which localities belong to the next species (Jeffreys); Birkdale (Heathcote); Llandulas (Archer); St. Andrew’s (M’Intosh); off Peterhead 60 f. (Triton) ! West Orkneys 45 f.; and North Rona. In the Report of the ‘ Valorous’ Expedition, Gwyn Jeffreys has mistakenly recorded this species from the Bay of Biscay 109-1380 f., by the ‘ Porcupine’ Ex- pedition of 1870, instead of from the West of Ireland, Stations 24 and 30, by the expedition of 1869; and Canon Norman has also mistakenly recorded it from N, of Hebrides, 189-530 f., ‘Porcupine’ 1869, instead of ‘ Lightning’ Expedition, 1868. 1 Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., pp. 271-2, tab. 4, fig. 7 (as Sipho glaber, from Vadsé and the Lofotens). ; MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 225 var. turrita M. Sars.—North Sea 74 f.; off the Shetlands rrr f.; midway between the Shetlands and Norway 59-73 f.; and North-East Shetlands, several specimens from Aberdeen trawl-boats (Simpson) ! Its dimensions are 14-in. by 2-in., the apex is much more pointed than in the type, and it is very rare on our Shetland coasts. One of my specimens is almost smooth. Searles Wood figures a specimen from the Red Crag (pl. ii. fig. 15) as what he considers “an abnormal form of /. propinguus.” It is not very well executed, but fairly represents this variety. Various misconceptions have centred round the identity of this shell, The specimens ascribed to it by Mr. H. K. Jordan’ are not of this variety, but small typical specimens. Some writers prefer to consider it a variety of # fortuosus, G. O. Sars, and it is so-described and figured by him, though from a poor specimen minus the apex.” The difference between Sars’ var. furrita and var. affenuatus* is not apparent, certainly not in the figures, and I consider them the same thing; while Gwyn Jeffreys held that & tortuosus G. O. Sars (non Reeve, which is /: sadinz Gray) is another variety of 2 propinguus.* However that may be, from my own speci- mens I can easily graduate vars. ¢urrita and aflenuwatus into typical fF. propinguus, from which they do not differ in any particular except that of proportion. Sars was mistaken in quoting /. a¢/enuwatus Jeff. as a synonym of his var. a¢fenwatus ; they have nothing in common ex- cept the name, ‘The latter, as well as foréuosus and turrita, are attenuated at each end, which gives them a cylindrical outline, whereas /. attenuatus Jeff. and F. constmtlis Marsh. are attenuated in the spire only, but have a short and broad base, which imparts a conical outline in comparison with the others. The two latter are also much larger shells, with a glossy surface and compressed whorls. Canon Norman is also “inclined to add as a wider variety” / delicatus Jeff.,’ but that again is quite distinct from F. propinguus or any of its varieties, all its affinities (except size) being with / sabini Gray. var. levis Marsh. n. var.—This is a small delicate form, with a light, silky, polished epidermis, and the whorls partially or entirely without the usual spiral sculpture. It corresponds with / gracilis var. g/abra, but is still smoother than that variety, and comes from the same British locality. As in the last three species, there is a broad as well as a slender variety, the result of depth and habitat. It flourishes best on the Doggerbank, where I have dredged it in comparative abundance and Journ. Conch., 18go, vol. vi., p. 233. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 272, t Loe. cit., p. 273, t. 15, fig. 5. Moll. Triton Exp., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1883, p. 395. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 142. . 25, fig. 11 (printed ro in error). Oa PWN H x 226 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 8, OCTOBER, I9QIT. of large size, the largest attaining 24-in. by r-in.; but on the edge of the Doggerbank and in the Silver Pits, where the water is deeper, they become smaller and narrower, like the Shetland form, although the latter district produces large specimens also in places. Mr. Richard Howse! first neticed and figured the small deep-water form, but mistakenly under the name of / gvracz/is var., which he described as “hispid, ti-in. by $-in., with seven whorls ;” and if it merits a varietal name that of var. Aowset would be appropriate. Some of my Shetland specimens do not exceed an inch in length by less than half that width. Searles Wood records and figures a reversed specimen found by Mr. A. Bell in the Red Crag (pl. 7, fig. 21). This is another instance in which Forbes and Hanley, Jeffreys, and Sowerby are at variance as to the type-form, and unfortunately the author did not accompany his description with a figure. Gwyn Jeffreys’ figure, description, and dimensions belong to the Shetland and deep-water form, while the other authors figure more southern - examples as the type; and although Forbes and Hanley give the di- mensions as 1$-in. by $-in., their figured specimen is 22-in. by 1 in. Captain Brown’s figures are not this, but the next species. F. jeffreysianus Fisch.—Bristol Channel (Wotton)! the Smalls Lighthouse (Span)! Milford Haven (Jordan) ; Tenby and Laugharne (Williams-Vaughan)! Brixham in S. Devon, from trawlers ; and occa- sionally cast ashore in Torbay by storms. It has been dredged on the north coast of Spain (Locard, ‘Travailleur’ Exp.), and I have a young specimen dredged by the Porcupine off Cadiz in 386 f. I incline to the opinion of Canon Norman, that this is “a large variety of / propinguus.” It is not only larger generally, but is much more solid and robust, and commences where the latter leaves off, viz., in the Bristol Channel, 7: propinguus tending north, and F#. Jehreysianus to the south. Its British range is from Exmouth in South Devon (Clark) to both sides of St. George’s Channel as far as the Smalls Lighthouse off the Pembrokeshire coast, which is_ its northernmost limit, meeting here and mingling with / propinguus, and so both partake somewhat of each other’s characteristics. Froma series of specimens from this district it is not difficult to graduate one form into the other, or to meet with examples that may be ascribed to either. Moreover, none of the characters ascribed to it by Jeffreys mark it off as a distinct species. ‘The comparative length of the spire is too variable to make it a specific test, and as to that of the smooth epidermis, Gwyn Jeffreys would probably now qualify his description after admitting that F sadint, & pygmaeus, F. propinguus, and Buccinum grentandicum are occasionally ‘finely and closely ciliated, t ‘ Notes on a Dredging Excursion off Dunbar,” Ann. Mag. N. Hist., vol. xix., p. 161 pl. 10, fig. 5. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 227 though the epidermis is usually smooth,” for some / jeffreysanus are certainly hispid even to the unaided eye. It is quite true that the young and fry “are as distinct from those of / propinguus as the adult of each from the other,” but neither is that a specific test. (It is curious, by the way, that in shape the young are the reverse to the adult shell, those of 7 Jefrevsianus being long and narrow, while those of 7. propinguus are short and stumpy). The shell becomes larger and more solid as it proceeds south, and attains its greatest development in Torbay and at Exmouth, my largest thence being 22-in. by 14-in., while the smallest, from the south of Ireland and the Pembrokeshire coast, are 12-in. by ?-in. All the published figures correctly represent the shell, the best perhaps being those of Captain Thomas Brown,’ who was the first to figure it,though mistakenly as the last species. His description, however, is unreliable, and he says a specimen was “found at Seaton, Northumberland, by Walter Trevelyan, Esq., and is in the cabinet of Sir John Trevelyan, at Wallington ;” but the figures are undoubtedly those of # jeffreysianus, and of the South Devon form. Sir Walter may without doubt have picked up a specimen of / propinguus at Seaton, but that cannot be the shell figured by Brown, and it is surprising to find Gwyn Jeffreys and others failing to recognise these figures. Sowerby figures the Irish form well. F. berniciensis King.—Aberdeenshire (Simpson and others) ! Channel slope 539 f. (‘Porcupine’); Atlantic off Ireland 345 f. (R.I.A. cruise)! Shetland-Faroe Channel 570 f. (‘Triton’). The finest come from the Doggerbank, and measure 4}-in. by 1f-in. Four prominent ridges (sometimes only three) encircle the periphery of each whorl. A specimen from the Doggerbank is peculiar in having the very different smooth and spiral embryo of / norvegicus. Gwyn Jeffreys’ figure is drawn out of scale; the spire is too slender and the last whorl too short and distended. Sowerby’s figure has the same faults. var. elegans Jeff.— East Shetlands 70 f. (Simpson and others) ! North of Unst (Jordan); Doggerbank 30 f., North Rona 45 f., and Fast Shetlands 100 f. Also N. of Hebrides 530 f. (‘Knight Errant’); Shetland-Faroe Channel 680 f. and 640 f. (‘Triton’); between the Hebrides and Faroes 155-632 f. (‘Porcupine’). L. 4-in., b. 12-in. ‘This lives with the type on the Shetland deep-sea fishing-grounds, whence Barlee and Jeffreys first procured it, and I have several speci- mens from the same locality. From the same region I have a fully adult specimen which is only half the usual size—2t-in. by 1}-in. “a Another variety,” with more tumid whorls and shorter spire, has been 1 Illust. Rec. Shells, 2nd ed., 1845, p. 8, pl. vi., figs. 11, 12. 2 Var. inflata, Jeff., ‘Valorous’ Moll., Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1877, p. 327. 228 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 8, OCTOBER, IQII. dredged by the ‘Porcupine’ 50 miles west of the Shetlands in 203 f., and north of Scotland in 290 f. (Jeffreys), but which does not differ, except in texture, from var. so/id@a G. O. Sars.’ I have two specimens that may pass for either of these varieties, one from the Shetlands and the other from the Doggerbank. All three varieties gradually merge from the type, and are only the extreme forms common to all the fusus family, and indeed to all univalves. F. fenestratus Turt.—This has hitherto been considered a very rare species. It lives in deep water, far from the coast, and has never been taken in private dredging except in one instance, a young speci- menyfrom) the) Minch in’ 72 f (7 DMS); Sot Inelandiiimmontee (Hapa Smith); S. W. Ireland 50 f. (R. I. A. cruise)! Channel slope 539 f., off Cape Clear 180 f., S. of Ireland 725 f., and W. of Ireland go f. (‘Porcupine’); off the Butt of Lewis 530 f. (‘Knight Errant’); Shet- land-Faroe Channel 530 f..(‘Triton’); off the Butt of Lewis 545 f., midway between the Shetlands and Norway 197 f., and off the Faroes 71 f. (Simpson)! It was also dredged by the ‘ Porcupine’ off the coast of Portugal in 220 f. Since 1892 specimens have occasion- ally been dredged in the west and south of Ireland, in company with Buccinopsis dalet, by the Irish Fishery Board. ‘Two or three speci- mens have also been trawled in recent years between the Pembroke- shire and Waterford coasts ; one of these is 24-in. in length, and has seven whorls besides the apical ones ; but for many years previously the only specimens known had their source from old Mr, Humphreys, the dealer, of Dublin, who obtained altogether during his career eight specimens, one of which is in my collection. It has also been recorded from Saddell, Clyde, 47 f., in the Scottish Fishery Board Report for 1897, but in view of the various mistaken records which I have cited from those Reports (and there are others which I have not cited) the identity of the species requires confirmation. My young specimen from the Minch has only 34 whorls, but is interesting as showing the embryonic sculpture, which 1s usually worn down in the adult. ‘The first whorl is quite smooth, the second has spirals only, and the third initiates the longitudinals and spirals which characterise the adult. Gwyn Jeffreys gives an excellent figure, but Sowerby’s is not like. A good many outlying members of this genus have been dredged between the Hebrides and Shetlands and the Faroes, as well as in the Atlantic, by the ‘ Lightning,’ ‘Knight Errant,’ ‘Triton,’ and ‘ Porcu- pine’ expeditions, including #: de/icatus Jeff., & hirsutus Jeff., & lachests Morch, /. sarsit Jeff., / sabint Gray, F. concinnus Jeff., F: turgidulus Jeff., &. togatus Morch, / moebii Dunk. and Metz., and 1 Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 278, tab. 14, fig. 2. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH, CONCHOLOGY. 229 fF. ebur Morch. But it should be noted as a significant fact that the discoverers and authors of these species did not attempt to claim for them a British origin. fusus turgidulus Jeff. was dredged by the ‘Porcupine’ 40 miles N.W. of the Shetlands in 345f.; also 60 miles N. of the Butt of Lewis in 155f. (Jeffreys). fF. ebur Morch, a Crag fossil, was dredged by the ‘Knight Errant’ 60 miles off the Butt of Lewis in 515f. Gwyn Jeffreys makes this a synonym of / sadint Gray,’ while Herr Friele says he has examined the type, and maintains their distinctness. Mohnia alba Friele was dredged by the ‘ Knight Errant’ in the Shetland-Faroe Channel in 540f., and AZ mohni Friele by the ‘Triton’ in the same locality in 64o0f. To the foregoing may be added another species, closely allied to fF. attenuatus Jeff.,? which was trawled in 1897 by an Aberdeen steam- trawler “onthe north side of the Shetland-Faroe Channel, on a small bank 60 to 70 fathoms deep, with very deep water on either side,” and which I propose to name F, consimilis n.sp. With two exceptions it agrees in every respect with Gwyn Jeffreys’ description of / atlenu- atus, so closely indeed as to suggest at first that those two exceptions may possibly be reconciled if more specimens come to hand; but one of them is fundamentally distinct. Gwyn Jeffreys writes that the spire of F. attenuatus tapers ‘‘to a very blunt and regular spiral point, which is not mammillar nor twisted,” while my specimen has a twisted and bulbous apex wider than the following whorl and similar to that of F. tslandicus, but not stiliform. He also describes the canal as “straight,” while in my shell it is much curved. All the other cha- racters given to / atfenuatus may be applied to this species—shape, size, Measurements, sculpture, epidermis, colour, etc. This specimen came into the hands of Mr. James Simpson, who generously gave it to me. / atfenuatus Jeff. is a very rare species, only one living and two dead adult specimens having been dredged by the ‘ Valorous’ in mid-Atlantic, and by the ‘Porcupine’ in the Atlantic off Ireland, while no figure of it has yet been published. The correct ‘ Porcu- pine’ localities for / atfenuatus are S. W. Ireland off Cape Clear 1207 f., and N. W. Ireland off Rockall 1215-1380 f., and not those recorded in error by Gwyn Jeffreys.” A specimen of F: conctnnus Jeff.* was found some few years ago on an Aberdeen trawl-boat by Mr. J. Simpson.’ It was an adult t Moll. ‘Valorous’ Exp., Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxv., p. 327- 2 Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. 18, p. 434, 1870, name only ; and Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1877 (mis- printed 1876 in private copy), p. 326. 3 Moll. ‘Valorous’ Exp., Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1877, p. 326. 4 Moll. ‘Triton’ Exp., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1883, p. 397, pl. xliv., figs. 8, 8a. 5 Trans. Aberdeen W.M. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1893, p. 84. 230 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 8, OCTOBER, IQII. example, perfect, but dead. The species was described by the author from a single specimen dredged by the ‘ Triton,’ in the Shetland-laroe Channel in 608 f., but this specimen more probably came from the deep-sea fishing grounds 70 miles east of the Shetlands, as trawlers cannot work their trawl deeper than about too f., and rarely at that. On another occasion, from the same source, Mr. Simpson found a living but immature specimen of another /wsws different from any species that I know. It is about the size of J /atericeus Moll., but differs from that shell in being still more slender, with more com- pressed whorls, no longitudinal ribs, and a bulbous apex.’ I am informed that of late years several species of the Echinodermata have been brought into Aberdeen from the same fishing grounds which had only been previously dredged in the Shetland-Faroe Channel, and I have myself described an Adu/a? from these fishing grounds, which if not well authenticated, might have been relegated to the Shetland- Faroe Channel. (In this connection, I may add that a more recent discovery of A. sémpsont in a Teredo-pierced piece of wood brings its habitat into complete harmony with that of A. argenteus Jeff., from frigid water in the Shetland-Faroe Channel). The results of the exploration of the Shetland-Faroe Channel by various expeditions has, of course, brought the question of the limits of the British area for zoological purposes into urgent prominence, and it is to be hoped that the British Association will soon take it in hand and issue some authoritative rules on the subject, as they have done in the matter of the Rules of Priority and Nomenclature. This boundary or zone must in any case be an arbitrary one, and for that very reason individual opinion cannot be expected to carry much weight. It is also the more necessary, not only because some rather wild ideas appear to be entertained as to what constitutes a British species or what are the limits of the British seas, but more especially because steam-trawlers are rapidly taking the place of the old sailing craft, and are now working nearly all the year round up to Iceland and the Faroes, bringing back with them various genera of marine animals ; while the change from sailing to steam trawlers is still more accelerated owing to the growing reluctance of fishermen to remain at sea more than from Monday to Saturday; they are all learning to appreciate their week-end on shore, and, once enjoyed, cannot be induced to sacrifice that privilege ; so that while steam-trawlers are easily manned, and can run home when they like, there is a difficulty in shipping hands for the sailing craft, who have to come home when they can. t Trans. Aberdeen W.M. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1903, p. 84. 2 Adula (Myrina) simpsoni Marsh., Journ. Malac., 1900, vol. vil., p. 167, figs. 1-3. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 2351 Nassa reticulata L.—Some specimens from Jersey are inter- mediate.between the type and var. z/¢#id/a. A short-spired .form (var. curta B. D. and 1).) occurs on the South Devon coasts, and has corresponding forms in the next two species. | The denticulations of the aperture are periodical marks of growth only, and not of maturity, a similar peculiarity obtaining in our other species of Massa as well as in Purpura lapillus. var. minor Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 261.—Coll. Clark (Jeffreys), and Torbay. This has the proportions of WV. pygmea, while an immature typical specimen of the same size is more conical and stumpy, and clearly indicates its immaturity. var. nitida Jeff.cHunstanton (Mayfield)! Falmouth (Norman and J. T. M.); Southampton Water. This was described and figured in British Conchology as a distinct species, but met with no acceptance. _N. incrassata Strom.—Variable in size, sculpture, and length of spire. Dredged specimens are always much smaller than those living between tide-marks. An example from Scilly is pure white. var. major Jeff.Chapple Island, Bantry Bay (Span)! This variety is only a line longer than the type, but it bulks largely. L, o’6in., b. 0-4. ; var. minor Jeff.— Generally distributed, but mostly dredged. Scilly Isles, Land’s End, Torbay, Scarborough, Bundoran, Achil Island, Dornoch Frith, Loch Boisdale, &c. Usually two lines in length, but some specimens from ‘Vorbay are still smaller. var. Simulans Jeff.—Occasionally with the type, though rare and _ solitary. Guernsey, Scilly Isles, Weymouth, Scarborough, Killalla Bay, Sound of Sleat, Barra. ‘Typical specimens frequently have a varix on one of the topmost whorls. N. pygmza Lam.—Some of the forms of this species run remarkably close to MV. incrassata, Usually the whorls are less tumid, the suture shallower, and the crossings of the cancellated sculpture produce granulations. instead of tubercles, while the young are more polished and not so angular at the base. Very rarely the shell is minus the specific varicose rib, and in a few cases the sculpture is regularly reticulated, the longitudinals and spirals being equalised and forming square spaces. Gwyn Jeffreys’ figure is a good outline, but it exhibits the sculpture coarser than JV. ¢ncrassata instead of finer. | (To be continued). to ios iw} VITRINA HIBERNICA Taylor AND JEFFREYS’ VARIETIES OF VITRINA PELLUCIDA Miller. By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. (Read before the Society, September 13th, 1911). In the “Irish Naturalist” for August, 1907, appeared a most inter- esting account by Mr. J. W. Taylor of an addition to the Irish mollusca, viz., Vitrina elongata Drap. (since altered to V. hibernica Taylor), which had recently been discovered by Mr. P. H.Grierson in co, Louth. It is just possible that conchologists will be interested in the con- fusion that there has been with regard to the British Ve¢rzna, and its alleged varieties, one of which bears such a remarkable likeness to V. Aibernica that one might almost imagine that Jeffreys had a speci- men of the Irish form before him when he wrote the description of V. elongata, Mr. Grierson very kindly sent me three living specimens, which I kept side by side with some V. pel/ucida for comparison. The differ- ence between the two species is very marked, and Mr. ‘aylor’s description and remarks on them are very accurate ; however, I have noticed two further points of difference, which I believe to be constant. 1.—In fellucida the rim of the respiratory orifice is coloured with black pigment, especially above, and this coloration is the darkest occurring in the animal, while in Acdernica the rim is colourless and is the lightest portion of the animal. 2.—The spatuliform lobe of the mantle, which extends over the nucleus of the shell in Azdernica, is marked with the darkest coloration to be found on the animal, while the same region in pellucida is perfectly colourless. When first I saw a shell of Azdernica it immediately suggested the elusive form of V. pec/ucida, named by Jeffreys var. depresstuscula, a satisfactory example of which I have never seen. I quote here what Jeffreys says on the subject in his “ British Conchology,” vol. 1, p- 157:— “War, 1, depresstuscula,—Shell rather oval and flatter on both sides ; spire scarcely raised above the level of the last whorl. V7. draf- arnalat and V. depressa Jeffr. in Linn. Trans. xvi., pp. 326, eee y ed ee Var. 1, neighbourhood of Swansea and Plymouth (J.G.J.). It approaches very near to /. major of the elder Férussac and V. draparnaldi of Cuvier, with which I at one time considered it to be identical.” Tt me ee ADAMS: VITRINA HIBERNICA AND V. PELLUCIDA. 233 Now, on examination of the Linnean Transactions referred to, we find under the name V. draparnaldi not only a very accurate descrip- tion of the shell of VY Aibernica, but also of the animal with the specific characteristic clearly set forth. It will be convenient to give the extract almost in full. “VITRINA. 1. MULLERI [=/el/ucida Mull. }. Animal albo-cinereum. Swstentaculum perangustum crassum. Pallit processus, albus. Testa orbiculata, utrinque convexa, hyalina, politissima, subvire- scenti-alba. Anfractus 3. Apertura subrotundo-lunata. Louse, Ores, IDEM, Ours. . . The shell differs from the following in the spire being more central and produced, and in the form of the aperture, which is slightly angular near the insertion of the columellar border. The size of the animal is also not so disproportionately large. 2. DRAPARNALDI. Animal griseum, testum valde superans. Swstentaculum permag- num. ; Testa depressior, spira parum exserta laterali, perlucida, sub- viridis. 248 - JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 8, OCTOBER, IQII. Helix (Euparypha) pisana, vol. i., 92, 230, 266, 333; vol. iv., 368; vol. v., 331; vol. vi., 146, 281; vol. vil., 265; vol. x., 299: Ena montana, vol. xii., 106. = obscura, vol. 1, 248 3 Volanva, O3ye0 li. Opeas goodallt, vol. i., 246 ; vol. 3, 240; vol. vi., 84. Cochlicopa lubrica, vol. 1., 97, 248. VAR FAIR OG toy Gy ZO) \KOle a, 220 AVON WM 4 BE, Cacilioides acicula, vol. v., 151 ; vol. vii., 42 ; vol. vill., 395 ; vol. 1x., 164, 297. Jaminia (Abida) secale, vol. i1., 5 ; vol. iv., 12, 68, 205. — (Lauria) anglica, vol. iv., 24; vol. v., 81; vol. vi., 265 ; vol. vii., 7. Wa sX 0a 70) Gn ere ae GUAT, OL Why BIO 2 WO ins, 1B, BIBS Wo, xk, 20K) — (Jaminia) muscorum, vol. iv., 44, 377 ; Vol. v., 360 ; vol. x1., 11; Ole XiMloy B95 Vertigo (Isthmta) minutissima, vol. v., 357 3 Vol. vi., 39. — (Alea) antivertigo, vol. v., 176; vol. ix., 280; vol, xil., 216, 265, 282. SS =] WUT, YO Wie, 1 3 VO 2k, BOC: == == Myenan, Vol Wk, SO 3 Goll, sl, AOS. ==) == noulinstara, Vol. Vy/A\5 30 VOlevi-y 349 5) VOlaIxs.2)107 5, aVOlpxia, LO % WO, Mille, WO, WOO, B12, BOG, 20)7 = — Lifeborsi, vol. xil., 212: — — alpestrts, vol. v., NASR Ws he, BO 8 VOL se, FO7, Qua s well hoy BRO § TOs Ao, FOO), 2G). == (Vertigo) pusilla, vol. v., 357; vel. vil., 7, 194; vol. ix, 1615 vol. xil., 64. — (Vertilla) angustior, vol. xil., 265. Balea perversa, vol. vi., 176, 421 ; vol. vil:, 40, 3893; vol. x., 312. Clausilia (Marpessa) laminata, vol. vi., 364. — (Alinda) biplicata, vol. i., 216, 247, 248; vol. 1x., 232, 331. — (Ptrostoma) bidentata, vol.1., 35, 36; vol. 11., 185 ; vol. iv., 224, AIS A MO NA, WOR WOly Wie, U7O3 WO Wily 207, 4122 WO Win BIAS VO: S54 Que. QD SG Wi, BOB MOLE py, DOH WO, Meg BOAR WOle wits. 228; vol. xii., 48. Succinea putris SNC/CLOMS. NOs 770240: srovlonga, Voli, 97 5 VOl. Vv O4; Vol. vils, 307504 ViOleexInnOO: Carychium mintmum, vol. ix., 301 ; Vol. Xil., 325. Phytia myosotis, vol. xit., 308. Ovatella bidentata HORSLEY: INDEX OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. 249 Ancylus fluviatilis, vol. i., 186, 215 ; vol. ii., 282; vol. iv., 376; vol. Wap OU 2 WOls Wik, Bee Acroloxus lacustris, vol. iv., 13, 127. Limnea (Radix) auricularia, vol. v., 369; vol. 1x., 282. — — pereger, vol. i., 1743 vol. ii., 80; vol. iii., 153; vol. iv., 80, 82; vol. v., 364; vol. vi., 284, 380; vol. ix, 112, 164. me burnetii, vol, iv., 124.5 VOlv., 180, 2607 vol. 1x, 252. — — involuta, vol. iv., 349, 355. — (Limnea) palustris, vol. i., 29, 139 ; Vol. iii.,.240, 392; vol. iv., AG UBM. UA, = == LOMCTIDIG, TON, IMllen BBA BOO § WO Wey TO 8 Wolk’ Wo, B20: = == MAGNONS, We ty BUSS TOL ive, 1A) S WO Wo, BOA S WO Wey IBD 2 WO Wile, Ais VOL Wilk, Ba 2 WO ms, wee e Wolk ok, 144. — (Leptolimnea) glabra, vol. \il., 115 ; vol. xu., 48, 192. Amphipeplea glutinosa, vol. i., 51; vol. 11., 6; vol. vi., 251. Planorbis (Coretus) corneus, vol. iii., 137 ; vol. iv., 228 ; vol. v., 363. — (Gyraulus) albus, vol. vii., 7, 209. — — glader, vol. 1., 6; vol. v., 218, 221. — — crista = == CHWUBMS, TO Wop BEF VOL Woy 15 Bay 27 & VOL he, SUS, B21, — (Planorbis) carinatus — — wumbilicatus, vol. ili., 232; vol. iv., 128; vol. v., 150; vol. Ville, BAS. — —- — ~Vvortex = == HiFaALUS, VOL wh, WHR § WOb Vay 23 5 VOL We, uO — (Bathyomphalus) contortus, vol. iv., 128, 224. — (LHippeutis) fontanus Seementina nitida, vol. v., 217; vol. vill., 70. Physa fontinalts, vol. iv., 84; vol. v., 185, 220. — acuta, vol. vi., 270; vol. xi., 19. — heterostropha, vol. 1x., 152; vol. x., 34. Aplecta hypnorum, vol. ill., 115 ; vol. iv., 25. Paludestrina confusa, vol. xii., 80. _ — jenkinst, vol. vi., 140; vol. vii., 148, 325, 414; vol. ix., 15, 89, I, BO 2 WO: 5 M2 GSAS Wolk wt, WE, Gey, Mee), Bite — taylori, vol. xi., 9. — ventrosa, vol. Vi., 140. — stagnalis, vol. vil., 252. Pseudamnicola anatina, vol. vi., 140; vol. Xi., UT. Bythinia tentaculata, vol. v., 315; vol. xi., 178. — leachi 250 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1911. Vivipara vivipara, vol. 1., 6; vol. iv., 116, 127. -— contecta, vol. iv., 214; vol. v., 80; vol. x\., 144, 224. Valvata piscinalis, vol. iv., 145, 173 ; vol. vil., 174, 188. — cristata, vol. ii., 185. Assemania grayana, vol. vi., 166; vol. xii, 190. Pomatias elegans, vol. i1., 178 ; vol. iv., 158; vol. xii., 323. Actcula lineata, vol. iv., 194; vol. vi., 161; vol. ix., 302; vol. xil., 19, 331. Neritina fluviatilis, vol. iv., 112. Dreissensia polymorpha, vol. vil., 404, 415 ; vol. x1., 83, 87. Unio pictorum, vol. iv., 224 ; vol. v., 331, 3743 VOl. Vil., 431. — tumidus, vol. v., 3743 VOl. xil., 122. — (Margaritana) margaritifer, vol. xil., 321. Anodonta cygniea, vol. X\., 175, 192, 318, 330. Spherium rivicola — corneum, vol. v., 363 ; vol. vil., 417. — lacustre — pallidum Pisidium amunicum — supinum, vol, Xil., 294. — henslowianum — subtruncatum — pulchellum — pusillum — attidum — obtusale — gassiestanum, vol. v., 176. —_——_e e &_—_—_—_ Nv mn _ A PREHISTORIC CYPRAA TIGRIS L. IN HANTS. IBS? Jo TRe is) 183, “AOU ION, Willy IF L1G. (Read before the Society, June 14th, rorr). THE Reading Corporation Museum has recently added to its col- lections some interesting relics of prehistoric man from pit dwellings at St. Mary Bourne, Hants. Amongst these is a specimen of sur- passing interest to the conchologist, viz., the complete outer lip of a large Cyprea. Careful comparison with all our large Cowries leaves no shadow of doubt in my mind that this lip is part of a C. tégris L. The teeth are considerably worn down in a way to suggest that it has been used as a file; it is also alternatively supposed to have been a charm. The edge, where it is broken away from the shell, has been evenly ground down. Monterosato, in his “‘ Notizie intorno alle Conchiglie Mediterranee” (Palermo, 1872) calls attention to a small collection of shells found at Pompeii and now in the Naples Museum, which includes two exotic species: Conus textile L. and Crprea tigris L. I noticed a similar collection recently in the museum at Pompeii which contained several exotic species, including quite a long series of Cyprea pan- therina 1.. The latter cowry is, of course, common in the Red Sea ; C. tigris is recorded from Aden (Shopland), but was not found by McAndrew in the Gulf of Suez. Since the above was written, Mr. J. W. Jackson has kindly called my attention to a record’ of Cyprea moneta \.. from a sandy layer above the Tertiaries at Frankfurt-on-Main. The author of the article, Dr. W. Wenz, says that the specimen is superficially weathered, but otherwise in good preservation, and that extensive prehistoric settle- ments of different periods existed in the immediate neighbourhood. I also find that Cyrprea tigris has been recorded by M. Locard from Lyon, in a paper entitled : “Note sur une Faunule Malacolo- gique Gallo-Romaine, trouvée en 1885 dans la nécropole de Trion, a Lyon.” This necropolis was unearthed on the southern flank of Mount Fourviéres, and was considered to date back to the end of the first century. . Twenty-one determinable species occurred, all but three being Mediterranean marine forms—either edible, or forms of the family Muricide for dyeing purposes. Of the three exceptions, the most interesting 1s Cyprea figris, and its presence 1s explained by M. t Nachr, Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1911, p. 104. 252 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 8, OCTOBER, IQ{TI. Locard as due to the part played in pagan times by this and other cowries in-connection< with the’ cult*of Venus, as-symbotic “of the generative forces of nature. The other two exceptions are Helix pomatia 1, and an elongate form of the same, called A. pyrgia by M. Bourguignat. M. Locard considers that-—judging from these shells—H. pomatia has degenerated and that the ancient examples -were larger and stronger than now-a-days. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND 403rd Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, June 14, 1911. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : ‘“New Species of Shells from Bermuda,” by W. H. Dall and P. Bartsch. “New Mollusks of the Genus Acs from the North Ailantic”; ‘‘ The Recent and Fossil Mollusks of the Genus Cerz/hzops7s from the West Coast ‘of America”? ; “© The Recent and Fossil Mollusks of the Genus A7¢¢izm from the West Coast of America ’—all by P. Bartsch (from the authors); and the usual. periodicals re- ceived in exchange. New Member Elected. | George Curtis Leman, 44, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C. Candidate Proposed for Membership. Mrs. Susan A. Hitchon, Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire. Papers Read. ‘A Prehistoric Cyfrea tigr?s L., in Hants.,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S. *¢ Paludestrina jenkinst Smith in Hampstead Bathing Pond,” by Griffith Humphreys. ‘“ Index of the Notes on Enteeh Non-Marine Mollusca in the Journal Of Con- cholog gy, vols. I—12,” by the Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley, M.A. ‘¢The Unnatural History of Snails,” by the Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley, M.A. Exhibits. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Amphiaroms levus var. kisserensts 3 A. hamatus ; many varietal forms of 4. adamsr; and very fine examples of Calocochlha semper and C. harford. By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A fine series of Helix mazzullit, H. Peony. Hi. ligata, and Hf. lactea var. alba. By Mr. C. H. Moore: A banded form of. (iid pereger from Poynton Towers near Stockport. By Mr. J. R. le Brockton Tomlin: Live shells from Sicily, including ie sicana Fer, H. mazzullit Jan ; Clausilia affinis var. ¢auromenizca Monts. ; 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 253 messanensis var. lauromenica Monts., A. meda Porro, H. timet Monts. 3; Czorella vescot Bet. ; Claustlia syracusana Vhil.; Pomatias dionysi West. ; Pufa rupes- tris Phil. ; Claustlia grohmanniana Phil. ; and A. murvalis Miill.. from the Forum at. Rome. By Mr. G. C. Spence: A series of the larger species of Cyléndrella ( Uvocop- tide), with examples of the various groups cut sectionally to show internal characteristics. In the Special Exhibit of the Genus Grééus, Mr. Edward Collier showed a considerable number—twenty-nine species—which he got principally from the Barclay and Da Costa Collections. Included in them was a very fine series of Grbdus _lyonettanus, one specimen of which, from the Da-Costa Collection, was taken alive over one hundred years ago, and is the specimen figured in Wood’s Jndex Testa- ceologicus. He also showed a specimen of m. s7zstrovsum from the Barclay Collection, of which there are only five specimens known. His series of Govzio- domus pagoda and Plicadomus sulcata and newton were also very fine and in good condition. Messrs. B. R. Lucas, J. W. Baldwin, and T. TH. Platt also showed a number of specimens of the genus, including a remarkable double-mouthed G. pagoda in the latter’s collection. Mr. RK. Standen exhibited the Manchester Museum Collection of this genus, which includes a fine example of the sinistral variety of G. lyoneteanes, formerly in the collection of the late Mr. Thos. Norris, and which was presented to the Museum by Mr. J. Ray Hardy. Only three other examples of this form appear to be on record, viz., one in the Paris Museum ; one in the Lyons Museum ; and another in the Lombe-Taylor Collection in the Caleutta Museum (v7de M. Dautzenberg in /owrnal de Conchyliologie, vol. \ii., p- 39, 1909). BIBLIOGRAPHY. (LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN). Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles, part 18 (pp. 305-368, and 5 plates), by JonN W. Taytior (Taylor Bros., Leeds). Another part of Mr. Taylor's magzum opus was published on June 17th, and he must have heaved a very big sigh of relief at leaving Hedix nemoral?s behind. Besides completing the monograph of that species, the present part deals with Helix hortensis and starts H. pisana. Two of the five plates give us really “excellent coloured figures of fifteen different forms of Helix aspersa, great care being evidenced in the selection of characteristic specimens. The special students of H. nemoralis will find in Mr. Taylor’s account a very complete compendium of everything bearing on the variation of their favourite species, and of the hosts of varietal names which have been put forward, especially by MM. Moquin-Tandon and Locard. We cannot give Mr. Taylor too much credit for the incidental illustrations which continue to be a feature of his work. We can testify to the excellence of Monterosato’s photograph from recent personal experience! A very full life-history of Drzlus flavescens L. (see page 333 of this part) was published a few years ago in the Transactions of the London Entomological Society. We found the female of this beetle commonly Jast March and April in Sicily in the shells of quite a number of different He/ccde. 254 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 8, OCTOBER, IQII. A List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Ireland (Proc. Royal Trish Academy, vol. xxix., section B, no. 3, with plate), by A. W. STELFOX. This excellent and thoughtful work is undoubtedly the most interesting con- tribution that has been made for some time to our knowledge of the terrestrial mollusks of the United Kingdom. The last Irish list was published by Dr. Scharff in 1892, since when an immense amount of field work has been done, and Mr. Stelfox tells us that there are now few, if any, districts which have not been roughly surveyed. We would call special attention to the remarks under L772@a pretenuts Bowell, with reference to the description of new species, and the lack of attention paid to possible effects of environment on the radula and genitalia of a mollusk. Mr. Stelfox has taken up a reasonable and quite intelligible stand- point with regard both to new species and to forms whose specific rank still hangs in the balance, and has given us a list which ought to prove an ideal basis—as well as an incentive—for future investigation. We are inclined to join issue with him over one point, and over one point only, viz., the inclusion of O¢zza of¢s Turton, which has such a purely marine habitat, whatever its affinities. Mr. Welch’s photographic plate, illustrating morphological variation in various species of Lzm- mea, etc., 1s excellent. The list is accompanied by a very complete bibliography, and by annotated lists of doubtful and introduced species. For the purpose of records, the system followed is that of Pizeger in his L72sk Topographical Botany. The country is split into forty divisions, and the symbols representing them are printed in an order corresponding to their relative geographical position. We are quite of opinion that Aygromza revelafa may yet turn up on the east coast of Ireland. Paludestrina jenkinsi (Smith) in Hampstead Bathing Pond.—Paludestrina jenkinst (Smith) is now abundant at the upper (enclosed) end of the Hampstead Bathing Pond, where sea-gulls congregate in winter. May not the somewhat unexpected appearance of this brackish-water species in similar localities be as- cribed to its distribution by these birds ?-—GrirritH Humpureys (ead before the Society, June 14th, 1911). | BULOW COLLECTION of REGENT SHELLS, Messrs. SOWERBY & FULTON have now on Sale, in detail, the magnificent collection formed by Herr Carl Bulow, of Berlin. The collection contains about 20,000 species, represented by very fine specimens, and includes many rarities. Further particulars may be had of SOWERBY & FULTON, RIVER SIDE, KEW, near LONDON. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A., HAS ON SALE THE FINEST STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS IN AMERICA, AS WELL AS A VERY GOOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE, I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Collectors having Duplicates in Quantity - to dispose of, or will buy Entire Lots or Collections for Immediate Cash. WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER. I particularly desire all kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicidz. REPRINTS. UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6. S pp-. 4 6. 12 pp., 8,-. 16 pp., 10/6. 590 9 i) 4/6. cE) 6/6. » IO-. 9 12/6. 100 95 5h OO. SP Oh=s So) alee ae ta, LSS: ADVERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page ae aoa) | AOE Quarter Page Boe : 7/-. Half Page... a fo eal 2yO} Six Lines or under ... aay Ir * One-third Page ... Bodeea Stove Every additional Line We el Oe SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. Rectangular, Round « Square Class-Capped Boxes, Cabinets, Cardboard Trays, Glass Tubes, &c., &c. RECTANGULAR G.C. BOXES. ROUND G.C. BOXES. 12” 14" 1", 1/0 doz., 11/0 gross. 1” diam., 1/0 doz., 11/0 gross. Oe RAE OOM AAO 5.,, 15/0: ~,; Leis, tS 435 14/07; Be OSM AD) <3 BOVOW sie 2 5 A SS AG /OO GUARANTEED BEST WORKMANSHIP. RUSSELL & SHAW, (1, John Street, Theobald’s Road, ESTABLISHED 1848. — LONDON, W.C, MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, IIlustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Gonchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four-parts in a volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, per part- - - eee yes SNS OS Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo First Series.— Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series.— Pulmonata. Twenty volumes including the Monography of Helicidz, Bulimidze, and Urocoptide. ES The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, ; P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. on pent Sas OD arin Vor. 13): JANUARY Ist, 1912. [No. 9. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: HON. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R.LtEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,] Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK, STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE Roab, OuLtTon Cross, ALEXANDRA Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFES. _ CONTENTS. ce Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland 255 List of Officers and Council for 1911-12 ve Ne tee cae 256 List of Members... : Bae 6 iS4/ Succinea elegans Risso new to the Oncor: R LE Bs. TOMEI se OA Vertigo angustior Jeff. in Hertfordshire—C. OLDHAM a8 264 Biology of the Mollusca, based chiefly upon a Study of one we our Commonest Species, Helix aspersa—J. W. TAYLOR ... 205 Pisidium lilljeborgi Clessin in the Isle of Skye—J. R. Le B. Toran 273 Association of Ancylus fluviatilis and Velletia lacustris—J. E. COOPER 273 Pseudanodonta rothomagensis Loc. in Britain—W. H. FoxaALu and H. OVERTON (with Plate).. a Ten 27.4 ~ Clausilia bidentata m. Acerersarn at Slipren = C. om Ouie a oa Testacella in Staffordshire—JoHN R. B. MASEFIELD ... eS On the Occurrence of Clausilia dubia Drap. in Kent—H. Cure LON 276 Proceedings: Sept. 13, 1911; Oct. 4; Ou (Annual oe Nov. 8, 1911 : ee oaT, Proposed Reprinting of Vol. 316 of the jouaal o @oncholooy .. 286 Bibliography ae Be a ae yo BS) Notice to Members : trenton ci Rule Sy are Bi SOe .. 286 PLATE 2. LONDON : Dutau & Co., LTp., 37, SoHo SQUARE, W. LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHerrart & HuGHes, St. Ann’s St. _ BERLIN: FrieptAENnDER & SoHN, CARLSTRASSE 11. SPECIAL EXHIBITS. Jan. 10 - - - Eucalodium and Allies. March 13 - - - Japanese Land Shells. LIST OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Sd. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen. Ss OE BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAT SOCIETY: Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. Dutau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free-if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. Annual Subscription, 5 - post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr W. Hi. Western, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. Rectangular, Round < Square Glass-Capped Boxes, Cabinets, Cardboard Trays, Glass Tubes, &c., &c. RECTANGULAR G.C. BOXES. 1’ « 14" x 1%, 10 doz., 11/0 cross. OM x18 4a, AS On Wes Se tse.) “ARO 345 x1 WO |: 20,50. |,, DeSer HS a 16/0 GUARANTEED BEST WORKMANSHIP. RUSSELL & SHAW, 11, JOHN STREEZT, THEOBALD ’S ROAD, ESTABLISHED 1S48. LONDON, W.C, ROUND G.C. BOXES. 1” diam., 1/0 doz., 11/0 gross. 23 EXCHANGE COLUMN, ete. URASSIC and other Fos-ils offered for Foreign Shells.—J. A. ITARGREAVES, 2, Stepney Road, Searborough. BE Cuance or Appress.—The Editor's Address after March 25th next will be Lakefoot, [familton Road, Reading. ie) On Sat THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. =e Oils e¥ JANUARY, 1912. Wo. \o. CONSTITUTION OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 1.—This Society shall be called “Che Conchological Society of Great Hritain and Fretand.”’ .—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold- ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec- bo tions illustrative of the science. 3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Ifonorary Members. 4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay- ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what- ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society with a view to their publication in the Journal. .—Composition lees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society. 6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members. shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, two elected Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian, an Editor, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed envelope, addressed to the Serutineers. Any two of the following offices may be held by one person, viz. :—Treasurer, Secretary, Curator, Recorder, Librarian, and Editor. The President and Secretary of the Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ev offczo, also be members of the Council of the Society. §.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and the President is expected to give an address. On the conclusion of his term of office, he shall become an ex officto Vice-President of the Society and an ex officio Member of the Council. 9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings as they may think desirable. cn 7.—I = Q 256 JOURNAL OF CONCHOTLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 9, JANUARY, L912. 10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings. 1t.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet of thea out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the ensuing year. 12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members, appointed at a previous meeting. 13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the Council. 14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the Society. 15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned. The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings, due on the Ist January in each year. ee SO LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1o1!1-1912. PRESIDENT : REV. CANON J. We HORSLEY) MIA VICE-PRESIDENTS : EDWARD COLLIER \ Bsa WY, JB, IBIONOUIS, MIAN ID, Se- 1B, IRs JILUCAS i arate 3 jlo IRs 13s IMUANSIEIMUSILID, Wl. A\. IL. BE. ADAMS, B.A. Jc Co MUSIEN MULL, Wie A\,5 IDS, 181, 'S. WILLIAM CASH, F.G.S.,-F.R.M.S, | Rev. Canon A. M. NORMAN, i, By COLLIN, WLSe., ILS, | D.C.L., PRS, ete. ip 12.S. | Wi DENISON ROMBUCK Halas: Lae, (COIL, TH. H. GODWIN- AUSTEN, | IR, 18 SCHARFF, Jn 10)... M.R.I.A. Rs IB\DXGUNIR ANG SMUMNSI US.O., 18,2, S- Prom S.J. HICKSON, D.Sc, a0 40) Es Ry SMECES wBUAD eZee PRS | JOHN W. HAVIOR. HON. TREASURER : HON. SECRETARY: iB, 10, BOS WOCIK. Rev. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD. HON. EDITOR : HON. LIBRARIAN : J. R. ve BROCKTON TOMLIN, DM. A., jo VXIUEIMRIOY JPACIKSON,, 18.G.S- FoE.S: HON. CURATOR : HON. RECORDER: ROBERT STANDEN. W. DENISON ROEBUCK; FLILIS: COUNECIs: 1, (C Sal WPMneY, CHARLES OLDHAM. Re WEE GH MAcTA: JOHN RAY IHIARDY. JV BATDWIN. FREDERICK TAYLOR. LEEDS BRANCH. LONDON BRANCH. PRESIDENT, Pror. GARSTANG, M.A., D.Sc. | PresipENT,REv.CanonJ.W.HORSLEY,M.A. Hon. Secretary - F. BOOTH. Hon, SECRETARY J. E. COOPER. i) ~r Sri ORs VisE VISE sisson Corrected to Dec. 21st, torr. (With year of election; O = founder, or original member; I. = Life Member; P = has filled the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered). TIONORARKY MEMBERS. (Limited to ten in number). 18S9. Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. 1889. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris. 1897. Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1D) Cog WS Are 1878. obelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main. 1905. Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53, Boulevard Léopold Grand, Ghent, Belgium. 1906. Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. 1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway. 1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch. 1905. Strebel, Dr. Hermann, Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg. O P Taylor, John W., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds. ORDINARY MEMBERS. 1903. Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Nettering. 1906. Adams, F. E., St. Milburga’s, Kingsland, Shrewsbury. 1885. ? Adams, Lionel Emest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey. torr. Allan, Harry, jr., Silverstone, Cheadle Heath, Stockport. 1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend. 1908. Bacchus, A. D. R., National Provincial Bank of England, Exeter. 1907. Baily, Joshua L., jr., Waverford, Pa., U.S.A. 1908. Balch, F. N., 60. State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass.. U.S.A. 1897. Baldwin, D. D.. M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, [Hawaiian Islands. 1899. Baldwin. Joseph W., 61, Queen Street, Bromley Cross, near Bolton, Lancs. Tort. Barnard, K. H., B.A., South African Museum, Capetown. 1907. Bartsch, Dr. Paul. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A, 1907. Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvi, Paris. 1905. Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. 1got. Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants. 1904. Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, R. Scuola Veenica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy. 1904. Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Rodwell Iall, Trowbridge. i901. Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, N. 1897. Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Epworth Villa, New Road, Windsor. 1S99. Bladen, \W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire. 1897. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire. 1895. Bles, Edward J., M.A., D.Sc., The Mill House, Ittley, Oxford. 1897. Bliss, Joseph. Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands. 1907. Bloomer, H. L., 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham. 1899. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll HLouse, Cirencester. roro, Booker, H. H., 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield. 1904. Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks. 258 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 9, JANUARY, I912. 1884. Bostock, Edwin D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffordshire. 1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull. 1897.2 Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 4, Burgh Park, Banstead, Surrey. 1908. Brainerd, Mrs. H. D., Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A. 1879. *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.. Curacoa House, 82, Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S. W. 1909. Brindley, G. W., Milford, near Derby. 1900 Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester. 1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere. 1905. Bromehead, C. N., Beverston Rectory, Tetbury. 1911. Brown, Edmund R., 235, Brunswick Street, Manchester. 1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., Hilden Manor, Ton- bridge, Kent. 1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal. 1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull. 190%. Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings. 1902. Button. Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California, U.S.A. 1891. Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne. 1905. Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., c/o The Secretary to the Administration, Entebbe, Uganda. 1893. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh. 1961. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs. 1878. ? Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax. 1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering. 1892. Champ, Ily., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester. 1905. Charnley, Jas. Roland, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston. 1889. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., The Blue Tlouse, Chignal St. James, Chelmsford, Essex. 1904. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. 1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Balure, Perth. 1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester. 1898. PZ Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S., 55, Newhall St., Birmingham. 1910. Colwell, David, Heathcote, Lavender Vale, Wallington, Surrey. 1897. Cook, Rev. Thomas, Cliff College, Calver, near Sheffield. 1901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Iferts. 1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, Cadboro, 53, North Road, Highgate, N. 1890. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. 1910. Cribb, C. Theodore, The Vicarage, Shipley, Yorks. 1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks. 1879. Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, S.W. 1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W. 1904. “Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey. 1899. Darnbrough, Frederick, 12, West End Terr., Yarm Rd., Stockton-on-Tees. 1897. 2 Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de 1’ Université, Paris. 1909. Dawes, L., Hambledon, Hants. 1898. Dean, J. Davy, 84, Dale Street, Lancaster. 1909. Dickson, Robert Cecil, Dalhousie Villa, Carnoustie. N.B. 1909. Diver, Cyril, Priory House, Dover College, Dover. 1907. Dupont, Evenor, Hell-Bourg, Réunion. 1910. Dyke, F. M., B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Easton Road, New Ferry, Cheshire, 1908. 1895. IQOI. i891. LIST OF MEMBERS. 259 Edgar, H. F., 14, Woodside Park Gardens, North Finchley, N. Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd., Leicester. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum. Victoria Institute, Worcester. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone. 1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Endclitfe Crescent, Sheffield. 1884. 1910. 19Ol. 1894. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire. Elliott, W. T., D.D.S., F.Z.S., 63, Temple Row, Birmingham. *Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh. 1897. Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. 1891. 1897. 1890. 1909. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 581, Anlaby Road, Hull. Fisher, Mrs., Higham, Bassenthwaite Lake, Cockermouth. 1884. 7, Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent. 1898. 1900. 1905. 1905. 1906. 1892. 1887. 1908. 1910. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., The Cottage, Lympstone, S. Devon. Fogerty, Harry, Chamber of Commerce, Limerick. Foster, Miss Amy C. S., Hendra, Alum Chine, Bournemouth. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle. Freyberg, Cuthbert, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand. Fulton, Hugh, River Side, Kew, near London. 1907. 2 Gabriel, Charles J., 297, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia. IQUI. Geiser, Samuel W., Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa, U.S.A. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington. Gill, Mrs. A. E., Dinant Cottage, 1, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Gnosspelius, Miss Hilda T., Silver Holme, Newby Bridge, Ulverston. 1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 1897. P Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S., ete., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming. 1906. 1902. 1904. 1905. 1904. 1907. 1890. 1886. 1907. 1907. 1909. 1910. 1895. 1895. 1887. 1907. 1909. 1904. 1889. Gomez, A. da Costa, 201, St. James’ Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. Gower, Harry D., 55, Benson Road, Croydon. Gray, Arthur F., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Green, Wm. A., 4, Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park, Belfast. Grierson, P. H., Kilcarberry House, Clondalkin, Dublin. Gripper, F. H., Springfield, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 45, West Hill Road, Wandsworth, S.W. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. Gwyer, C. D., 303, Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. Gyngell, Walter, 51, Gladstone Street, Scarborough. Haas, Dr. Fritz, Senkenbergisches Museum, Victoria Allee, 7, Frankfurt- am-Main. Hadden, Norman G., St. Audrey’s, Priory Road, Malvern. Hann, Rev. Adam, 1, Park Terrace, Halifax. Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, The University, Manchester, llargreaves, J. A., 2, Stepney Road, Scarborough. Harrington, Chas. P., Langlands, King’s Avenue, Clapham Park, London, S.W. Harrison, Richard, 28, Allen Street, Hulme, Manchester. Harrison, Russell C., 117, Tooting Bec Rd., Upper Tooting, S.W. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle. near Bradford, Yorks. 260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. VOL. 13, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1912. 1887. arvard, T. Mawson, 4, Queen’s Leaze, Forest Hill, 5.E. 1907. Hawkins, II. 1.., University College, Reading. 1903. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham. 1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs. 1907. IIfenderson, J. B., jr., T6th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington. D.C., WeSoA\ 1887. Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby. 1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riceard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon. 1895.2? Tlickson, Prof. Sydney J., D-se., MoA.. FIN. S., University, Manchester. 1893. Hill, John, Pike’s Villa, Little Eaton, near Derby. 1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 19¢7._ ITlindley, k. T., Langham, Kenley, Surrey. 1906. Ilirase, Y., Karasumaru. Kyoto, Japan. 1ott. Tlitchon, Mrs. Susan A., Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs. 1891. Ilorsley. Rev. Canon J. W., Detling Vicarage, Maidstone. 1907. Llorwood, A. R., Ivanhoe, Gwendolen Road, Leicester. 1907. Tfoward, Vernon, Carlton lodge, Eastgate, Louth. 1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, ent. 1892. WHoworth, Sir Henry Iloyle, K.C.1.B., M.P., F.R.S., ete., 30, Collinglam Gardens, London, S. W. 1886. ? Hoyle, W. F., M.A., D.Se., The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. 1895. Iludson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester. 1909. Huggins, Henry C., 17, Clarence Place, Gravesend. tort. Humphreys, Griffith, 1, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W. 1905. Ilutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds. tgol. Jackson. J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1891. Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 1904. Jennings, I. B., 152, Silver Street; Upper Edmonton, N. 1906. Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., ULSo\o 1908. “Jolliffe, J. ke. A., 8, Dorchester Road, Weymouth. 1894. Jones, Staff-Surgeon K. II., M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., k.N., c/o Admiralty, London, S.W. 1gol. Jukes Browne, A. J., F.R.S., F.G.S., Westleigh, Ash Hill Road, Torquay. 1907. Iendall, Rev. C. F. Y., 88, King Richard’s Road, Leicester. 1897.Z Ikennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent. 1902.Z Kensett, Percy I’., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, S.\W. 1897. Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Kichmond, Melbourne, Victoria. 1889. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth. 1got. Laidlaw, F.1'.,M.A.,Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C. 1899. Lancaster, Mrnest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea. 1879. Laver, Ilenry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex. 1894. Lawson, Peter, Jesmond Dene, 87, Finlay St., Fulham, London, S.W. 1905. Laycock, John, Sidney, Manitoba, Canada. 1900. Lebour, Miss M. V., Radclifie louse, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland. 1911. Leman, George C., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney, S. W. 1910. Levett, Rev. T. T., I'.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. List OF MEMBERS. 261 1899. Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town. 1909. Linton, Mrs., Ye Olde Mill House, Castle Hill, Northallerton. 1908. Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. i898. Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire. Ig10. Lucas, . Rk. Tindall, Tewin Vale, Welwyn. 1891. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire. 1889. MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. 1905. Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon. torr. MacLeod, D. J., Hof Ter Meere, 13, Keigerstraat, Ghent, Belgium. 1884. Madison, James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Birmingham. Toit. March, Miss M. C., M.Sc., Healey Grove, Burnley, Lancs. 1885. Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., 46, Kimbolton Road, Bedford. 1906. Marshall, Arthur G., 66, Victoria Street, Westminster, S. W. 1887. Marshall, J. T., c/o Editor of Journal of Conchology. 1887. P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 1904. Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin. 1905. Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh. 1889. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk. 1903. McClelland, Hugh, Stretton, Balsall Street, Berkswell, Warwickshire. 1886. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. 1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. 1909. Mercer, Jas. W., 611, Chorley Old Road, Bolton. 1891. Middleton, Robert, Sheepscar Foundry, Leeds. 1904. Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast. 1907. Milner, Miss Lucinda, Clevelands, Ellesmere Park, Eccles, Manchester. 1909. Milton, J. W., Harrison House, Crosby. 1906. Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily. 1910. Moorcock, J., 91, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E. - 1902. Z Moore, Chas. H., 103, Mottram Road, Stalybridge. 1908. Moore, Albert J., 9, Brook Street, Hull. 1907. Morey, Frank, F.L.S.,Wolverton, Carisbrooke Rd., Newport, Isle of Wight. 1891. Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. 19¢6. Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand. 1907. Musham, J. F., F.E.S., Waylands, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks. 1905. Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford. 1911, Nash, Rev. E. H., M.A., Wetley Rocks Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent. 1903. Nash, P. B., Bruce Mines, Algona, Ont., Canada. 1887. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, E. 1891. Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, London, W. 1691.2 Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L.; F.R.S., etc., Phe Red House, Berkhamsted. 1901. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol. 1887. Oldham, Charles, Kelvin, Boxwell Road, Berkhamsted. 1gio. Oliver, A. M., West Jesmond Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1899. Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast. 1896. Overton, Harry, The Newlands, Boswell Road, Sutton Coldfield. 1905. 2 Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan. p He we JOURNAL OF GONCIIOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1012. Pace, S., Milneholme, Hounslow. Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey. Parritt, IT. W., S, Whitehall Park, Upper Ilolloway, N. Pattison, Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer. M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire. Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro. Petty, S. L., Dykelands. Ulverston, Lancs. Phillips, Rk. A., Ashburton, Cork. Plant, James k., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester Platt, Thos. IT., Harpurhey Mill, Rochdale Road, Manchester. Ponsonby, John H.. F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, 5. W. Poole, W. G., South Lawn, Godalming. Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin. Criccieth, N. Wales. Preston, Ilenry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham. Preston, Ilugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 53, West Cromwell Road, London, S.W. Priske, Kk. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Eating, Middlesex. Pritchard, G. B., °.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds. Victoria. Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S.. 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham. Kent. Kagdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester. Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pillai Street, Triplicane, Madras, S. India. RKeynell, Alexander, Caerleon, Whyteleafe Koad, Caterham. Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A. Reynolds, W. G., 15, Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall. Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere. O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 1907. 19Ol. 1905. 1893. 1892. . £ Rowe, A. W., M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate. 1910 IQIO. 1906. Rolle, Hermann, Koniggratzer Str. $89, Berlin, S.W. Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 6, Richmond Terrace, Brighton. Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk. Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh. Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, S.W. Saggu, M. K., M.R.A.S., ete., Common Room, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C. Salisbury, Albert E., Rose Cottage, Havelock Street, Loughborough. 1877. ? Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin. 1900. Schepman, M. M., Bosch en Duin, Fluister Heide, Utrecht, Holland. 1895.2 Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesfield. 1886. 1893. 1907. 1906. Scott, Thomas. LL.D., F.L.S., 280, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen. Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool. Shaer, Isidore, B.A., 12, Seymour Road, Crumpsall, Manchester. Sharp, C. J., M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool. 1910. Shaw, H. O. N., F.Z.S., Skreens Park, Roxwell, near Chelmsford. 1904. 1906. 1908. 1910. 1895. 1906. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Peper Harow Rectory, Godalming. Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull. Shopland, Commander FE. k., St. Benedict’s, Carlton Road, Lowestoft. Shrubsole, George, Ellesmere, Fields Park Road, Newport, Mon. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. Sikes, F. H., M.A., Burnham Abbey, Bucks. > ae iisf OF MEMRBERS. 26 Gos 1905. Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen. 1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Homeside, Devonshire Place, Eastbourne. 1886. P Smith, Edgar A., 1.S.0., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum. Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter. 1899. / Smith. Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester. 1907. Smith, Maxwell, c/o Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co. (of New York), 15, Cockspur Street, London, S.W. 1894. Smith, Wm. Chasy, 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, S.\W. 1900. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent. 1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, IF. L.S., River Side, Kew, near London. 1907. Spence, G. C., 27, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lanes. 1906. Stalley, [lenry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey. 1886. Standen, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1IQ1I. Standish, C. M., Prospect House, Weldbank, Chorley. 1903. Stelfox, A. W., Delamere, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast. 1906. Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey. 1910. Stephenson, H. L., 73, Colwyn Road, Dewsbury Road, Leeds. 1908. Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge. NS OOM OMeStieets INewa Wel le eID pn Hea onlua. clon ile New (Church) Book Depot, 18, Corporation Street, Manchester. 1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Priory Lodge, 16, New Walk, Leicester. 1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford. 1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, Polefield, Blackley, Manchester. 1895. Swanton, FE. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey. 1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, b.A., F.L.S., 8, Belvedere, Weymouth. 1910, Tattersall, W. M., D.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs. 1907. Taylor, G. If., School Ifouse, Higher Blackley, Manchester. 1897. Taylor, Kev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., Drawer S, Nanaimo. British Columbia. 1904. / Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood. 1907. Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton. 1901. Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand. 1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street. Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. 1908. Thomas, Rev. R. E., M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury. 1907. / Thornton, I. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton. 1886.2 Tomlin, J. k. le Brockton, M.A., Stoneley, 42, Alexandra Road, Reading. 1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., 256, Southtown, Great Yarmouth. 1907. Upton, Charles, Homebush, Instow, N. Devon. 1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, vwéa Hereford. 1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris. 1902. Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N. 1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea. 1891. Walker, Bryant, 205, Moffat Building, Ietroit. Michigan, U.S.A. 1907. Wallis, E. A.. Springheld, West Parade, Scarborough. 1g05. Walton, H. Maurice, Goodburne House, Richmond, Vorks. 1909. Ward, J. S. M., B.A., The Whym, Gomshall, Surrey. 264 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 9, JANUARY, I912. 1909. Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge. 1908. Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, London, N. 1900. Webb, Walter F., 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A. 1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.T.A., 40, Lonsdale Street, Belfast. 1907. Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., Brookside, Darley Knowle, Warwickshire. 1911. Williams, James M. M., Imperial House, Pontlottyn, Cardiff. 1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool. 1906. Winkworth, John F., 290, Burdett Road, London, E. 1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. 1910. Woodcock, R., Fauvic, Jersey. 1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs. 1911. Woods, Rev. F. H., B.D., Bainton Rectory, Driffield. 1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., 39, Barton Road, Cambridge. 1886. 2 Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, W. 1903. Worsdale, R., 102, Dudley Terrace, Dudley Road, Grantham. 1906. Wragge, Clement L., F.R.G.S., etc., Perth, Western Australia. 1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering. Succinea elegans Risso new to the Orkneys.—Amongst a few common species of shells which I received recently from the Orkneys are examples of Succtnea elegans. These have been verified by Mr. J. W. Taylor, and the Recorder tells me that it is a new record for vice-county 111.—J. R. LE B. TomMuin (ead before the Soczety, Nov. 8, 1911). Vertigo angustior Jeff. in Hertfordshire. —In February, 1911, I noticed that in the earth cast up by moles in the low-lying pastures which border the large reservoir at Wilstone, near Tring, there were many bleached shells of mollusca. A section exposed by a ditch which traversed one of the meadows showed that the thin layer of alluvium overlying the chalk was crowded with shells. The associated species suggested that the construction of the reservoir about a hundred years ago had entirely altered the character of the place, transforming swampy ground into comparatively dry meadow land, and, incidentally, destroying the habitat of the mollusca. An hour’s search in the mole-hills yielded two specimens of Vertigo angustior, many V. pygmea, V. antivertigo, Jaminia miuscorum, Vallonia excenirica, Hygromia hispida, Succinea elegans and Cochlicopa lubrica. In smaller numbers, but conspicuous owing to their larger size, were Helix nemoralis and Helictcona arbustorum var. alpestris, whilst Succinea putris and Limneatruncatula were not uncommon. JI found two specimens of Cectlzotdes actcu/a and a few Euconulus fulvus, Carychiium minimum and Pistdium casertanum. — CHAS. OLDHAM (Read before the Society, Sept. 13th, 1911). Mace 0: Oh at age Dee Caw aay BIOLOGY OF THE MOLLUSCA: Based chiefly upon a study of one of our commonest species, Helix aspersa. Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, in the Town Hall, Hanley, Oct. 14th, rort. IBW OIE Wo IPAWAL{OIR. Av the request of the Council of our Society I have consented to fill the vacancy at this Meeting caused by our valued President being un- expectedly prevented from preparing the Annual Address which it has been always customary for our Chairman to deliver, but the intimation of the wish of the Council did not allow me much time for prepara- tion, so I decided to offer some notes which I had already partially prepared, bearing upon the “ Biology of the Mollusca,” and based chiefly upon a study of one of our commonest species, /ledix aspersa. Probably at no time in the history of the world have changes of the organic inhabitants of the more primitive regions of the earth proceeded with such abnormal rapidity as at the present day; changes which are almost entirely due to the enormous increase in the facilities for rapid locomotion, which bring within comparatively easy reach the most remote regions of the globe and subject the weak and simple forms of animal and vegetable life in the more primitive countries to the direct and immediate competition of the more advanced and dominant species. Rapid changes are thus caused in the fauna and flora of a relatively weak region by the extirpation or expulsion of the native organisms, which are supplanted by more highly organized and dominant species, purposely or involuntarily introduced by the agency of man, and trans- formations are thus effected which, in the ordinary course of diffusion, would have taken thousands of years to accomplish, but which may now be consummated even during the short span of an individual life. Not only have animals and plants been rapidly and entirely exter- minated, but man himself is almost equally subject to these natural laws, and races of men have been or are in process of being destroyed and have disappeared or will shortly disappear from the face of the earth ; and this destructive process will, with the continued improve- ments in quick and easy transport, become increasingly deadly, bring- ing the stronger and weaker races more quickly into close contact and competition, with fatal effects to the indigenous fauna and flora of the weaker regions of the globe, and this natural process is more or less in Operation in every country. . In this connection I may quote the remark of the late Capt. Hutton, our great authority on New Zealand, who stated in conversation with 266 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1912. our valued Recorder, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck. that he had verified that on the advent in any district in New Zealand of European mol- lusks, especially of the field slug Ag7iolimux agrestis, the new arrivals completely and quickly oust the native species, which have now to be carefully searched for in the remoter parts of the bush ; and he said that now-a-days half-a-dozen specimens would even in the best locali- ties be an ample reward for a whole day’s search, and this applies to other forms of life, and, I may add, in a lesser degree to most other countries, as even in the British Isles we possess many local and rare species representing the weaker and dying elements of our fauna, which are being gradually restricted in their range and slowly exterminated. In commencing it may be remarked that the great sub-kingdom Mollusca is a group characterized by the possession of a soft unjointed body, covered with a moist skin, but destitute of any internal sup- porting skeleton, as in man, or even an external one, as in the crab or lobster, to give firmness and strength to the limbs; but this is compensated for by its power to withdraw its soft body within the strong calcareous shell, where it is secure from many enemies. Flelix aspersa, or the snail, as it is familiarly called, is a representa- tive species, and though so lowly and despised a creature, has not only habits and peculiarities quite its own, but has also, contrary to the popular belief, a wonderful and complex organization, with organs physiologically and in some cases structurally quite similar to our own, and in certain points is more specialized or, as some would say, more advanced than man himself. . Our 7. asfersa is acomparatively modern species, probably evolved since the deposition of the Miocene strata, as it is found in many of the Pleistocene beds of Europe, but was unknown fossilized in this country until discovered by Mr. Lewis Abbott in the Ightham fissure in Kent, having previously occurred only in superficial deposits, in primeval refuse heaps, or kitchen-middens, and in the ancient British barrows or tumuli. It is now, however, one of the commonest of English snails, and is an exceptionally interesting species, as representing the highest stage of development which the AHe/rces have attained in this or any other country. It abounds in the south of England, becoming rarer and more local as we advance northward, its progress in that direction being hindered by the great Scottish rift (now utilized as the Caledonian Canal), which it has only succeeded in crossing at one or two points. This species was probably evolved in West Central Europe, and has spread therefrom chiefly to the west and south, its north-eastern extension being probably hindered by the competition of its close TAYLOR: BIOLOGY OF THE MOLLUSCA. 267 ally, the Roman snail Ae/ix pomatia, which occupies Central and Eastern Europe. Its natural range at the present day is the West of Europe and the circum-Mediterranean region, as it is quite unknown in Northern, North-Central, and Eastern Europe, except in a few isolated gardens, where it has been artificially introduced. Though naturally restricted to the areas described, this species, being one of the most highly organized and dominant Ze/rces in the world, is a great colonizer, and has by human and other agencies been accidentally or purposely transported to almost every part of the more temperate regions of the world; its superior adaptability and organization enabling it to maintain its foothold in new regions, and, like the white man, gradually to dispossess the more feeble species which had previously lived there. Being relatively so highly endowed and dominant, we may look for some display of intelligence, and careful observation has demon- strated that our 7. aspersa and other species share with man the love of home, for it will traverse broad dusty roads and climb rough walls to reach some favourite food, and when satisfied does not secrete itself near by, in any convenient crevice, but laboriously returns by the often toilsome and disagreeable path to reach its home before dawn. It has also been observed in the course of its nocturnal wanderings to describe by its path the same double-loop or figure of 8 as the common limpet does in its intertidal forages, and which when first discovered created such great interest. In connection with these more or less temporary retreats, I may allude to the more permanent ones which have been resorted to for centuries, and have by the constant attrition of the foot become quite deep and spacious. These retreats or galleries, which are mainly found in cliffs of carboniferous limestone with an east or north-east aspect, invariably take an upward direction, perpendicular to the bedding of the strata, and were formerly surmised to be the work of the Pholads or other marine-boring bivalves, but the char- acteristic ascending tendency of these helicidian cavities clearly dis- tinguishes them from those of the marine-boring bivalves, which usually descend, with the entrance opening above. The Uses to which this species was formerly put or even used for at the present day are far from being insignificant. In comparatively modern times this species with others was included in the AZaterva Medica, and was held in great esteem for a variety of ailments, while as a remedy for consumption and colds they are still in good repute in some parts of our own country, and they make an effective lini- ment for stains and bruises when melted down and mixed with ammonia, 208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13; NO. 9, JANUARY, 1012. As Food it has always been more or less in vogue, and although the snail was denounced in scripture as unclean and its use as food forbidden, yet the larger kinds have been held in esteem by many ancient peoples, even by the Chinese and Hebrews, for their nutritive and curative virtues; while the masses of shells found in the caves occupied by the primitive men of the Stone Age probably point to their indulgence in a similar taste. Amongst the Romans the prevalence of snail-eating is attested not only by their establishment of snail-farms, whereon these creatures were fattened for the table, but by their use of a special implement, the “‘Cochleare,” for their consumption, which, though a spoon at one end, had a spike at the other for the purpose of picking the animal from its shell. In Denmark, during the middle ages, the snail was regarded as a privileged and dainty food, and its use restricted by law to the nobility, the common people not being allowed to partake of it. Even at the present day, 47. asfersa and other snails are used largely for food, especially in Latin countries and during Lent. In Paris alone, more than fifty tons are used daily, a proportion of which belong to the present species. Though thus used as an article of food in all ages of mankind, yet the snail was an object of superstitious veneration, “Phe Gauls and the Druids regarded the snail (and by this // asfersa is probably more particularly intended) in an analogous way to that in which the Egyptian priests regarded the Scarabeus, or Sacred Beetle, that is, as a visible emblem of resurrection, a belief probably arising from its habits of hibernation and eestivation, which are apparent deaths ; the tombs of the ancient Gauls.often bear the sculptured figure of a shell, and this clearly shews that they regarded the snail as emblem- atic of a future life. The Romans, too, shared these beliefs in the symbolism of the snail, the superstition probably arising from the finding of living snails within the vaults of their forefathers, a circumstance which led to a belief in some mysterious connection or sympathetic bond between the silent snail and the spirits of the dead. ‘hese beliefs led to their incorporation in Roman funeral ceremonies, snails being eaten at the funeral repasts or around the tombs of those persons whose memory they wished to honour. The masses of shells in the cemeteries of Pompeii attest this custom amongst these ancient peoples. Having thus briefly glanced at some of the habits and uses of the snail, we will now consider the modifications of the shell and inyesti- gate the structure and functions of the various organs of the body. TAYLOR: BIOLOGY OF THE MOLLUSCA. 2609 The study of the variation of the animal and its shell is very important, for in these variations we see incipient species, and they are the visible tokens of the progress of evolution in the changes they are undergoing, unless they are atavic and thus reflect some past stages in the history of the species. Many naturalists view the shell merely as an exquisitely formed and beautifully marked object; but to the thoughtful student each species bears an impress upon its shell which unmistakably denotes its habits and mode of life. A region like the Channel Isles, markedly deficient in limestone, is exemplified by the shells of this species being small, thin, and trans- parent, and sometimes weighing not more than four grains, while from a suitable region shells are sometimes found weighing 120 grains or even more; and it is fully recognized that every well-marked district necessarily imparts to the shells and other forms of life permanently resident there a certain general character or facies, which will be in harmony with the geological, climatal, or other conditions to which they are exposed, and the more widely diverse in character the dis- tricts are, the more divergent are the shells found therein. To facilitate the study of variation, it is found necessary to classify the various modifications to which the shell is subject, distinguishing by special names those of the most striking character, and in this way many beautiful forms have become known to science. The INTERNAL structure of this snail is full of interest, and I will now briefly summarise the more salient features of its organization, and describe some of their physiological functions. The Nervous system, upon which all sensibility and motion are dependent, is composed of several paired medullary masses, or ganglia, which are closely adherent to each other, and surround the throat, the cerebral ganglia, or brain, being formed by paired masses of nerve substance above the gullet, from which all voluntary muscles and sense organs are innervated. The organs for the sense of Orientation and the perception of sounds or vibrations exist as a pair of sacs placed upon the pedal ganglia and surrounded by a network of nerves which connect with the brain. Within the sacs are large numbers of minute oval bodies which dur- ing life are in incessant motion or oscillation, due to the action of the cilia lining the sac, but in addition there are some long sensory hairs which are connected with and convey the impressions of sound or direction to the brain, Snails are generally thought to be mute, and really are so, but under certain circumstances, as when crawling over a thin sheet of glass or other suitable vibratory substance, they can produce musical sounds analogous to those produced by. drawing a moist finger along 270 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 13, JANUARY, IQ12. the edge of a wine-glass. This sound resembles an Afolian harp, and being usually heard at dusk or during the night, and the source of the mysterious sounds being frequently unsuspected, has often caused feelings of superstitious dread amongst those ignorant of its origin. The sense of Sight is possessed by almost all mollusks, but objec- tive perception is probably not very keen or definite. The eyes are placed at the tips of the upper tentacles, and can be withdrawn for protection within the body by special muscles, but their protrusion is mainly due to blood pressure and the action of the annular tenta- cular muscles. They are of complex structure, but differ from the human eye in so far that the optic nerve does not pierce the retina, and therefore does not form a blind spot. The Ovzchidium, a kind of marine slug, has, however, the eyes upon its back, constructed on exactly the same plan as our own, The sense of Smell is chiefly exercised by a special development at the tips of the tentacles of a large nerve which arises from a lobe of the brain and terminates in an external layer of olfactory epithelium; this position of the organ being probably an adaptation to and deve- loped by terrestrial life as in the more primitive aquatic mollusks, this sense is located within or at the entrance to the breathing chamber. The Alimentary or Nutritive system resembles our own in its general arrangements and in the functions of its organs, but differs in possessing only an upper jaw, which is of the type known as Odontognathous or toothed, and is placed at the entrance of the mouth ; it is composed mainly of chitin, and serves chiefly to hold the food while the sharp teeth rasp off particles, but it is able to bite out the piece if the food be soft. The teeth are exceedingly numerous, and arranged like a tessellated pavement in closely packed rows on the upper surface of the radular membrane or tongue on the floor of the mouth cavity. There are about 140 of these rows, with 100 or more teeth in each row, or about 14,000 teeth in all; but the identical teeth now seen would not be present during the whole life of the animal, as the membrane to which they are fixed is always growing forward, like a finger-nail, so that the teeth in front are constantly being worn away, while new ones are continually forming behind, which gradually come into use. Some species in this way are said to have twenty or more complete changes of teeth during the life-time of the animal. Locomotion is due to the alternate contraction and relaxation of the foot-muscles, and these contractions can be seen as dark waves passing from one end of the animal to the other ; I have invariably counted seven as clearly visible at one time in the present species. The speed at which these animals travel is not great, but when in TAYLOR: BIOLOGY OF THE MOLLUSCA. A / active motion 77. asfersa can travel one yard in twelve minutes, or at the rate of a mile in a little over a fortnight ; but at times its motions are much more deliberate, and may be no quicker than at the rate of a mile in nineteen weeks. The speed is greatly influenced, however, by the nature of the ground over which the creature crawls, as before it can be traversed it must be smeared with mucus or slime, which is poured out by a large gland, opening in front of the animal, and forms the track upon which the mollusk crawls, reminding one of the patent said to have been taken out for an engine to run along the roads and lay down in front as it ran the lines upon which it travelled. Judging from the weights this creature can carry without diminu- tion of speed, it would appear to have a great reserve of strength, as it can travel along a horizontal surface bearing or drawing a weight fifty times its own, or ascend vertically carrying a weight nine times that of animal and shell combined, which is equivalent to a person, Irke myself, ascending a ladder with a burthen of nearly a ton, or on fairly level ground being able to carry a weight of about four tons. Circulation of the Blood and Respiration are co-dependent and influenced by temperature, age and muscular movement. Respiration or breathing in this species averages about four inspirations per minute in summer, but oxidation is not confined to the lungs of the animal, as. the skin and tissues are permeated by various substances or pigments, called Enterochlorophylls, which form combinations with and draw oxygen within the system. _.The Heart, which is the source of circulatory activity, is not, like that of man, practically uniform in action at all temperatures, but fluctuates with and is dependent in its rapidity upon the degree of warmth to which the animal is exposed, and we may therefore expect what actually does take place—a very marked diurnal range in the rapidity of the heart’s action. On an ordinary summer’s dew, the heart will vary in the number of pulsations from thirty to sixty or more per minute. A young indi- vidual, whose heart is pulsating at about seventy times per minute, will rapidly increase that number to 110 or even more on being placed on the palm of the hand, and that number can be as quickly reduced to twenty or even ten per minute, by placing the creature in contact with a cold surface, until at a few degrees below freezing they are reduced to three or four per minute, and these of feeble character and small amplitude. “The heart is also very responsive to muscular movement, like our ow me AS snail, whose heart was pulsating sixty times per minute while at rest, immediately increased the rate to oreNgNg) when it prepared to emerge from its shell. ; R 272 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 9, JANUARY, I912. In its circuit of the body the biood is not strictly confined within ~ arteries, veins, and capillaries, as in our own bodies, but has alsa large spaces or lacunee interposed in the course of its circulation, and thus freely bathes the surface of many of the organs of the body. ‘The Reproductive System is of an hermaphrodite character, being composed of the union of the male and female organs in the same individual, but selffertilization does not take place, as the reciprocal union in sexual congress of two individuals is essential for effective fertilization ; this is secured by the exchange during coition of what are known as spermatophores, which are masses of spermatozoa cemented together in a special shape which is determined by the particular species to which they belong. This system of organs is especially remarkable for a very curious accessory, the ‘ Love-Dart.” ‘This peculiar weapon, which resembles a four-bladed dagger or stiletto, is developed in every full-grown speci- men at pairing time, and is mutually used by the snails in their preliminary coquettings when exciting each other to sexual congress, and as the darts are usually lost in these conflicts, they are often found lying on the ground in places where snails abound. In former times, and even by some recent authors, the darts were supposed to be forcibly ejected from the pouch and launched, like arrows, against their prospective partners, and illustrations have actu- ally been published showing the darts in transit through the air. “See to the fight the gentle warriors move, And dart with harmless force the shafts of love.” The symbolical fancy of Cupid with his darts would thus appear to have some foundation in actual life, at least so far as the mollusea are concerned. During these amorous preludes, the actions of the animals are very different from their behaviour at ordinary times, as they fondle, caress, and pat each other with their palpi, and exhibit every symptom of pleasure. The ocular tentacles also at those times curve downwards, as though looking at each other, a peculiarity only noticed at those pairing times and probably due to the withdrawal of blood to other organs. This love-making occupies a great deal of their time, as they have been observed engaged in this process for ten to fifteen hours at a stretch. The eggs are laid during the summer, usually about a week after pairing, and under ordinary conditions hatch in about three weeks or a month ; they are about one-sixth of an inch in diameter, of an oval shape, with an elastic membranous covering, and are buried in the ground at the roots of grass, etc. ; they vary in number but perhaps average about one hundred. TAYLOR: BIOLOGY OF THE MOLLUSCA. 273 During the development of the embryo within the egg, the wonder- ful phenomenon, -known-as~the “ Rotation of the Embryo,” takes place. This rotatory motion is due to the action of the cilial hairs with which the body of the developing mollusk is clothed, and it is remarkable that this motion almost exactly corresponds with the motion of the earth around the sun, the embryo not only revolving on its own axis, but circling round and round the circumference of the egg, like the earth in its orbit round the sun, and with exactly similar motions. This rotation is continued until the embryo is sufficiently advanced to crawl upon and eat its way through the egg-shell, and has then a whorl and a half of its shell already formed. They grow little during the first summer, but in the following spring they eat voraciously and grow rapidly, soon attaining their full growth, when their life cycle is repeated. Having now placed before you a short summary of some of the peculiarities of structure and habit of a typical mollusk, I trust it has tended to show those who have not hitherto given the subject much attention that there is a great and almost untrodden field of work in studying the organization and habits of these creatures, whose structure is in so many respects so wonderful, and without whose help stratigraphical geology could not have progressed so greatly. In conclusion, I cannot help expressing my regret at the enforced absence of our distinguished President, Rev. Canon Horsley, and I hope he may be able to be present and that we may be privileged to welcome an address from his lips at our next annual gathering. Pisidium lilljeborgi Clessin in the Isle of Skye.—I came across very fine ‘examples of this species last September in a small lake called Loch na Stairsach, ‘behind Broadferd, Isle of Skye, at an elevation of some 750 feet. Mr. B. B. Woodward has very kindly examined and verified the species. It was abundant in sandy gravel where a small stream, connecting with another loch, entered. This isan addition to the fauna of vice- county 104, Ebudes North.—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN (Read before the Soc vely, Nov. 8th, 1911). Association of Ancylus fluviatilis and Velletia lacustris. —In a slow-running stream at Leighton Buzzard, Bucks., I found in August last J e//e(7a lacustris and Ancylus fluviatilis living together on water-lily leaves. The specimens of Ve//etia were numerous and small, those of Amcy/us were few but of good size. The un- usual association of the two species seemed to me worth recording. —J. E. Cooper (Read before the Society, Nov. 8th, 1911). 274 PSEUDANODONTA ROTHOMAGENSIS Loc. IN BRITAIN. By W. H. FOXALL ann H. OVERTON. PLATE 2. (Read before the Society, Sept. 13, 1911). FOLLOWING upon the note on this species, forwarded on June 14th, 1911, we have now pleasure in being able to give a more detailed account. Specimens of this species were first collected by Mr. Foxall in the River Teme, now a tributary of the Severn, during the August of 1905, but owing to their similarity with Anodonta cygnea they had escaped notice as a distinct species. On recently visiting the locality specimens were again obtained. The nodules on the umbones of these being so prominent at once led to the identification of the species. In order to confirm this, a specimen was forwarded to Dr. F. Haas, Frankfurt, for examination, who identified it as being /’sewdanodonta rothomagensts and similar to those found in the Seine, as described by Locard in 18g0 in ‘Contributions a la Faune Malacologique Frangaise,” Xiv., pp. 12 and go, and figured in his book ‘“‘I.es Coquilles des Eaux Douces et Saumatres de France,” on p. 219. Dr. Haas raises some interesting questions with reference to the distribution of Psevdanodonta, particularly with respect to the rivers and streams in which the species have been found. Since Pseud- anodonta elongata is recorded from the Thames, and Psewdanodonta rothomagensis from the Seine, and now from the Teme, he asks whether the eastern streams possess the former and the western ones the latter, thus raising the question of original drainage and conse- quent stream basins. It will, therefore, be of much interest if e/ongata can be found in the Teme, and also vothomagensis in the ‘Thames. We are much indebted to Dr. Haas for so kindly identifying the specimen and raising the interesting point to which we have alluded. Clausilia bidentata m. dextrorsum at Skipton.—I am glad to be able to report the occurrence of a dextral Claws¢lia b¢dentata in this district. A specimen was brought to me amongst a number of the normal form by Mr. T. H. Holmes, who found them, in April, 1910, on an old moss-covered wall bordering a copse on the Grassington Road, just beyond the inhabited part of Skipton.—C. ‘THEODORE Cripp (Read before the Society, Sept. 13th, 1911). TESTACELLA IN STAFFORDSHIRE, By JOHN Rk. B. MASEFIELD. (Read before the Society, Sept. 13, 1911). Mr. Bryan, the Assistant-Curator at the Hanley Natural History Museum, who has probably studied the Staffordshire Zes¢ace//a more than any other malacologist, has sent me the following notes, which may be of interest in connection with Mr. L. E. Adams’s paper on the distribution of these slugs in the last number of the /owrnal:— “The only species of Zestucel/a recorded as baving occurred in Staffordshire is 7: haliotidea. The species was first recorded as an addition to the Staffordshire mollusca in 1897, when two specimens were found by Mr. Nicklin, who dug them up in his garden, near Trentham, from a depth of about twenty inches below the surface of the soil. One was an adult slug, and the other immature, and they were found about twelve yards apart. No further specimens were recorded until 29th July, 1905, when I received a half-grown specimen, found in a forcing-frame in a garden at Dresden near Longton. “On 21st April, 1906, I obtained an adult specimen from the same garden, where a few days later I saw two young mutilated specimens. ** About the middle of July, 1909, I turned up two more specimens in a garden at Shooter’s Hills, near Longton, from underneath loose bricks and a log of wood. On aist July in the same year, I obtained three more young slugs of this species ; and on 11th May, toro, two more adult specimens from underneath pieces of wood in the same locality. “All these specimens belonged without doubt to the species T. haliotidea, and I have not met with either Z. mauger or T. scutulum, although I cannot see why these latter species should not have been introduced as well as Z. ha/iotidea. “From the recorded habitats I have given, I think with Mr. L. E. Adams that the evidence is conclusive that the species has been artificially introduced into Staffordshire.” 276 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CLAUSILIA DUBIA Drap. ; TIN RESIN sles By H. OVERTON. (Read before the Society, Sept. 13, 1911). Durtine the autumn of 1897, whilst collecting in the district of Dover, I discovered a flourishing colony of C/auwsz/ia on and near one of the walls of the castle, and on reaching home these specimens were put on one side as being merely fine examples of C. d¢dentata Strom. Since that time, specimens from many localities have passed througly my hands, and I have also been afforded the opportunity of examin- ing numerous series belonging to other collectors. The specimens in question may be divided into two forms: one long and fairly stout in proportion to the length (average alt., 14°39 mm. ; average diam., 3°27 mm.); and the other short and of the same diameter, giving the shell a more tumid appearance (aver- age alt., 12°53 mm. ; average diam., 3°27 mm.). On comparing these latter with Enea forms of C. duéia Drap., I fail to discover any difference whatever, and have no hesitation in stating them to be this species, whilst on comparing the other form with C. cravenensts Vaylor from Westmorland, the shells appear to agree in every detail. Since these shells were all collected from one spot, and it is a fact that a complete series can be formed linking up the two extremes, it must obviously follow that C. cravenenszs Taylor is identical with C. dubia Drap. I may state that this opinion is also shared by Mr. A. S. Kennard, F.G.S., to whom I am indebted for some of the Continental forms with which my specimens were compared. That the shells in question are C. dubia Drap. there is not the slightest doubt. The lamelle are identical, and whilst inthe Dover specimens the rugze appear to have faint dots or ridges running parallel with the suture, giving the shell a similar appearance in texture to C. bidentata Strom, this feature can also-be-detected in C. dubia Drap. It is worthy of note that many continental authors have considered C. dubia Drap. to be a British species and there can be no doubt that this view is correct. 277 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 404th Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, Sept. 13th, 1911. Mr. J. W. Taylor in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : ‘* A New Species of U/zzo from the Yorkshire Estuarine Series ; with Notes on other Forms,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson. ‘‘The West American Mollusks of the Genus Nodulius,” by P. Bartsch. ‘‘ Fauna of the Gatun Formation, Isthmus of Panama,” by A. P. Brown and H. A. Pilsbry. ‘‘ A New Ecphora of the Chesapeake Mio- cene”; ‘‘ Manual of Conchology,” part 83, by H. A. Pilsbry (from the respective authors). ‘‘ Noticias sobre algunos Moluscos de Espaiia” ; ‘‘ El Museo del Insti- tuto Oceanografico de Ménaco”’; ‘‘ Moluscos de la Guinea Espafiola,” by J. Gon- zalez Hidalgo (per Mr. J. W. Taylor); and the usual periodicals received in exchange). New Member Elected. Mrs. Susan A. Hitchon, Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire. Papers Read. “*Pseudanodonta rothomagensis Loc. in Britain,” by W. H. Foxall and H. Overton. **On the Occurrence of Claustlia dubia Drap. in Kent,” by H. Overton. ** Clausilia bidentata monst. dextrorsum at Skipton,” by C. Theodore Cribb. ** Notes of certain Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca from Glengariff, County Cork,” by Staff-Surgeon K. H. Jones, M.B., F.G.S., R.N. “* Note on a Colour Mutation in Hyalinia helvetica,” by Chas. Oldham. ** Vertigo angustzor in Hertfordshire,” by Chas. Oldham. “ Vitrina hibernica Taylor and Jeffreys’ Varieties of Vetrzna pelluczda Miill.,” by Lionel E. Adams, B.A. “* Testacella in Staffordshire,” by J. R. B. Masefield, M.A. Exhibits. By Mr. J. Davy Dean: Hevzcella cespitum from Mentone ; Pupa ( Torguzlla) cinerea from Mentone (one example being abnormally long) ; Helicel/a ztala from Kendal Fell; Aygromia rufescens, peculiarly distorted, from Warton Crag ; also Pleurodonte strangulata from Jamaica. By Mr. C. T. Cribb: Claustlia bidentata and m. dextrorsum from Skipton, to illustrate his note. By Mr. H. Overton : Specimens of supposed Clauszléa dubia Drap. from Dover, and Pseudanodonta rothomagensis Loc. from River Teme, to illustrate his notes. By Capt. W. J. Farrer: Alargaritana margaritifera from Rivers Irt, Greta, and Derwent, Cumberland, including a curiously twisted specimen from the Irt. By Mr. Chas. Oldham: A series of Herts. Mollusca, to illustrate his note. By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A fine series of marine shells from Southport, collected during July of the present year. By Mr. C. H. Moore: A series of photographs of Heléx pzsana in situ in its natural habitat at Tenby. : By Rev. L. Shackleford: A fine specimen of Conus papilionaceus Hwass from the Gulf of Guinea, a species closely allied to and often confused with C. prome- theus Brug. The specimen agrees well with the figure in the ‘‘ Conchologia Iconica,” but is larger ; Voluta piperata Sow. var. macgillivrayi Cox, and Voluta 278 JOURNAL ‘OF CONCHOLOGY, Voi. 13, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1913 (VMamillana) mamilia Gray from Western Port, Victoria, Australia. This last is a fresh living specimen, about three-quarters grown, The great majority of examples hitherto taken have been dead shells obtained from the lobster pots and inhabited by a large hermit-crab, consequently the unique features of the apex have been lost. In the present specimen the apex is of a bright orange colour and very shiny, the sutures being represented by a very slightly indented and somewhat confused line. An article on this rare species by Dr. Ph. Dautzenberg, with a fine engraving of an adult specimen from the collection of the late C. E. Beddome, appeared in the Journal de Conchyliologre, vol. xlix., p. 10, 1901. Dr. Dautzenberg expresses the opinion that the unique character of the nucleus justifies the existence of the sub-genus MJame/lana established by If. Crosse for this single species. 405th (Annual) Meeting, held in the Town Hall, deere Staffs.,. Oct. 14th, Igtt. Mr. J. R. B. Masefeld, M.A., in the chair. The following members and others were amongst those present :— Mr. and Mrs. Gill, Dr. Wheelton Hind, Dr. Brooksbank, Rev. L. J. Shacikle- ford, Kev. E. 1H. Nash, Messrs. T. H. Platt, J. R. B. Masefield, Kk. Standen, KE. D. Bostock, J. Rk. Hardy, John Hill, C. 11. Moore, J. W. Baldwin, J. R. le B. Tomlin, J. Kidson Taylor, John W. Taylor, G. II. Taylor, I. Collier, W. T. Elliott, W. Wells Bladen, J. T. Stobbs, A. Tonkinson, B. Bryan, C. Gale, W. D. Roebuck, J. W. Cooper, J. M. Williams, J. W. Jackson, 11. Emmett, J. FP. Musham,- F. Barker, J. S. Gowshall, and J. Williams Vaughan. Appointment of Auditors. 2 G Messrs. J. W. Baldwin and C. H. Moore were appointed Auditors. Appointment of Scrutineers. Messrs. R. Standen and T. TH. Platt were appointed Scrutineers. Candidates Proposed for Membership. ee Rev. E. H. Nash, M.A., Wetley Rocks Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent. ~ James Moore More Williams, Imperial House, Pontlottyn, Cardiff. Owing to the shortness of the time at the disposal of the meeting. the various reports, having previously been presented at the Council Meeting, were taken as read. al Election of Officers and Council. The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for the ensuing year, 1g11-12, had been elected as nominated by the Council (see p. 256). Presidential Address. In view of the unavoidable absence of the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor ed very, kindly consented to step into the gap, and gave an address, illustrated by Jantenn slides, on ‘* The Biology of the Mollusca as exemplified by a study of Helix aspersa.” A vote of thanks to Mr. Taylor was passed unanimously. Exhibits. By Mr. J. M. Williams: Series of foreign marine shells to show diversity of colour and pattern, including some splendid varieties of Cyprea (ier ts L., C. rash- leighana Melv., C. aurantinm Mart., C. tessellata Sw., Turbo: petholatus L., Phasianella australis Gmel., a very dark Cyprea mappa L. from New Caledonia: and some fine examples of Haspu. SSA A ie eae See8 35 5 PROCMROINGS © CONS ARTO ca es 2 creer 279, By Dr. Brookslank.:-An extraordinary living specimen of Limmea, from Lake Windermere, resembling a large Zyechus in shape, apparently an abnormal Z. slagnalts. AY By Mr. F. HL. Sikes: A number of less common varieties of Helgcéaie, includ- ing an enormous /. asfersa from Russia; H. nemoralis var. fonnensis, Sandb., from Germany ; “4. seé/sené from Jericho; 7. dapictda var. abina Mke., from Switzerland; 4. zirgala var. d@la‘ata Sikes, from Kent; and //. arbustorum var. dnudulata Sikes, from Friesland. By Mr. J. Rk. B. Masefield : A complete collection of Staffordshire mollusca, ainong which were a particularly fine lot of Uvzontte, extremely large Lémiea fabra, from a locality at Cheadle now destroyed, and fine Sphertim ovale from Froghall Canal ; also various land and freslialer species from many localities, including two reversed Heltx pomatia (Vrance), and Scotch Cro Us Scag with pearls. as to which I cannot express any opinion, not having seen Professor Verrill’s shell. Pleurotoma nana lLov.—Aberdeenshire, West Orkneys 45f., E. Shetlands 20-40f., between the Orkneys and Shetlands 51-85f., and Flugga, North Shetlands (Simpson)! Shetland specimens are spindled, smaller, and narrower than those further north. Jeffreys figures the Shetland form, but gives the dimensions of the Norwegian one. ‘The latter is well figured by Sars. P. striolata Phil.—Freshwater West (Cooper)! Jersey, Babba- combe Bay, Achil Island, Killala Bay. The Mediterranean form differs from the British one in being only half the size, with coarser spiral striae. P. attenuata Mont. —Alderney (Marquand); Scilly Islands, one specimen (Smart); Aberdovey, Harlech, and Tenby. L. o'5in., b. o'150. The interior is occasionally coloured brown. Although Gwyn Jeffreys says this ‘‘ differs from P. s¢viodata in being more slender,” he gives it the same dimensions, which are incorrect. ‘There is a great similarity between the two species, and the extreme forms of each closely resemble one another, but when fresh the interstitial strize of P. striolata will always distinguish it. £. ¢ezuicosta Brugnone is a variety of this having visible spiral sculpture ; but Brugnone’s shell is a Ficarizzi fossil, and has not been recorded as recent. P. costata Don.—Whorls 7-8, the four lowermost having the specific sculpture, and the uppermost being similar to those of P. SAC Js OAS, 1D, Orit, Var. coarctata Forb. (Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 262).— Whorls 8-9; |. o*4in., b. o°15. In this variety the whorls are not only individually longer, but there is an additional one, and the colouring is of a linear character, somewhat similar to that of P. attenuata. Its supposed to be northern and the type southern, but there are a few exceptions in each case; I have dredged this at Guernsey and Scilly, and there is an intermediate form occasionally met with, in which the characters of both are combined. 1 Challenger Gastropoda, p. 350. 2 Sykes: Moll. ‘ Porcupine’ Exp., Proc. Malac. Soc., rgc6, vol. vil., pp. 179- 180, 3 Icon. Europ. Meeresconch., vol. ili., p. 282. MARSHALL : ADDITIONS ‘TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 303 ~. The.specimen ascribed by Canon Grainger to this species, from the Belfast deposit, is not this but P. drachystoma ; I have seen the shell. A very small and slender variety comes from Achil Island. P. costata has a closer affinity to P. s¢riolata than to P. attenuata, and Gwyn Jeffreys must have been thinking of the former when he wrote that ‘the spiral strize are closer and finer” than in P. a/tenuata, for in this species the spiral strize can always be seen with a lens, while 7 attenuata is apparently smooth, and requires a microscope to detect the spiral sculpture. His description errs in other respects, while the dimensions, as well as his figure, appertain to the var. coarctata. Nearly all the published figures are most unsatisfactory. Forbes and Hanley give three (pl. cxiv. a), of which their fig. 3 is a slender form of the type called by old writers var. mefca/fei, their fig. 4 is not applicable to any form of our shell, being too large and broad, while their fig. 5 is a good delineation of var. coarctafa, but by an oversight of the artist no dimensions are attached. Sowerby also gives three (pl. xix.), of which figure 21 is not this species at all, but P. dertrandi Payr., a Mediterranean species; fig. 22 is a back view of a narrow form, and the dimensions should be reduced one-half; though fig, 23 is a good one of. var. coarctata, and leaves nothing to be desired. Captain Brown’s figures, though poorly executed, give the best idea of the typical form.’ His /usus pyramidatus, on the other hand, is the intermediate form of this species, and not a variety of P. nebula as cited by Forbes and Hanley, Brown’s dimensions of “ three-eighths inch by ove inch” being an obvious error for gin. by din. P. rugulosa Phil.—Birterbuy Bay (Walpole); Scilly Islands, two immature specimens; St. Ives and Hayle in Cornwall; Achil Island. Very few examples of this species have been found on our coasts, and these are usually rolled or water-worn out of all resemblance to the rugulose Mediterranean specimens. ‘Those from Ireland differ in no respect from the Scilly and Land’s End examples; but it is an ex- tremely variable shell, and there are numerous foreign named varieties of it. P. brachystoma Phil.— Scilly Islands 4of., Fowey 16f., Babba- combe Bay and Teignmouth, fine; Milford Haven, Southport, Connemara, Arran 25f., Sound of Sleat Aol. Fossil in the. Belfast deposit (Grainger) ! ! Var. alba Marsh. n. var.—Shell white. Dredged off the Mull of Cantire in 27f In shape and sculpture P. dvachystoma comes very close to some of the dwarf forms of /. nebula, but the apical whorls differ materially. t Brown’s Ill. Rec. Conch., p. 6, pl. v., figs. 45, 46. 2 Loc. cit., figs. 19, 20. 304 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 10, APRIL, I912. P. nebula Mont.—Loch Inver 25f., Sound of Sleat 45f., Aber- deenshire. Var. abbreviata Jeff'—Torbay, Teignmouth, and Aberdovey. IE, Palins, 10; Or UAG’. Var. elongata Jeff.—Sanda Island 18f. (Knight)! off Rattray Head, Aberdeenshire (Simpson)! Loch Boisdale 30f. There is also another slender or elongated form having the length, colour, and sculpture of the type. Var. fusiformis Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii., p. 262.— Doggerbank 4of., the Minch 3o0f,, also dredged in the Shetlands by the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition of 1869. In this variety, which is also elongated, the last whorl is considerably more than half the shell; in the var. elongata the spire is the larger half. The Doggerbank specimens have the ribs nearly obliterated. Gwyn Jeffreys has not correctly described the sculpture of P. zebula. The spiral striae are usually unequal in size, especially on the last whorl, every third spiral being more prominent than the intervening two, and the third whorl has five rows of reticulated striz. Specimens from Scilly have the coloration and finer sculpture pertaining to the var. elongata. Sowerby’s is the best typical figure ; Jeffreys’ is a more slender form. P. laevigata Phil.—Scilly, a single specimen (Smart) ! Var. minor Jeff.—Tenby (Span)! Portstewart, Antrim (Knight)! Shellness, Connemara, Achil Island, Killala Bay, and Bundoran. ILy OOM, 1D; OO. The record of this species for Loch Fyne’ is almost certainly a mistake, And in this connection I may remark that the record for Cardium papillosum, also from Loch Fyne, published in the same Report (p. 116) is an error ; I have seen the shell, and it is a young specimen of C. edu/e. In the same category, from another of these Reports, must be placed Cardium tslandicum, from Campbelltown Loch (perhaps a mistake for Cyprina islandica, or for the young of C. echinatum, which it resembles); Pleurofoma carinata, Donovania mintma, &c., all from the Clyde. The only known habitat for P. devigafa was Guernsey, where it is now either extinct or dying out. Belgrave Bay in that island has undergone a great change since Mr. Gallienne collected them there more than forty years ago, and owing to a custom of allowing rubbish and ballast to be discharged, molluscan life generally has dwindled to very meagre proportions in that bay, ?. /evigata being now almost if not quite exterminated. During many visits to the island and numerous searches, I could only find an occasional dead specimen, 1 Scott: Ann, Rep. Scott. Fish. Bd. 1897, part ill., p. 118. ~-MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. ” 305 while other collectors have been even less successful. At Mr. Gal- lienne’s death I noticed in his collection a box containing many specimens. Its old neighbour, however, P. vwfa var. /acfea, still lives in the bay, as I have frequently found it there. During a recent visit which I paid to Guernsey, a final search among the miscellaneous stores in the Guernsey Museum brought to light the above-mentioned identical box with the specimens still in it, which enabled a fine series to be mounted and placed in the Museum collection. An intermediate form lives in gravelly sand at. low-water mark in Torbay, also at Jersey, Guernsey, Caldy Island, and Connemara. It is four lines in length and proportionally as broad as the type, with a shorter spire, longer body-whorl, and the typical sutural rim. It is a small type-shell rather than a large varietal one, and lives with the type in Guernsey and with the variety in Jersey. A monstrosity of this form from Jersey has a varicose rib on the last whorl, and the animal has thence started on a fresh growth and developed a body- whorl equal in size to the type. Jeffreys gives a good figure, and so does Sowerby, but that of the latter is the var. mznor. Forbes and Hanley described and figured the small form of this as P. nebula var, levigata,| and Canon Norman has bestowed on the large form the name of P. nebula var. vittata ;* but the latter is quite superfluous, P. /evigata being as distinct as any other member of the genus. It is true Philippi described the minor form as the type, the major one being unknown to him, and Gwyn Jeffreys’ freedom to transpose the two forms may be open to argument (it would perhaps have simplified matters had he named the Guernsey form var. mazor); but as a matter of fact P. /evigata and var. minor differ only in size, the “strap-like rim” of Gwyn Jeffreys, or the ‘fillet passing round the summit of each whorl” of Canon Norman, being common to all three forms I am treating of, though not present in all specimens. This character is consequent on the top of each whorl being welded on the periphery of the preceding one, which is so striking a feature in the common Mediterranean species Huthrta cornea L., though there again it is not present in all specimens. Another character in which P. levigata differs from P. nebula is in the aperture, which is longer and narrower, not inflected, and with a straighter canal, well exempli- fied in the figures of each given by Forbes and Hanley and by Sowerby. From a description left by Gwyn Jeffreys in his MS. notes, the animal of the var. nor does not differ from that of the type.* r Brit. Moll., vol. iii., PP. 467-80 ; and vol. iv., pl. cxiv., fig. 8. 2 Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1899, vol. iv., p. 135. 3 Moll. ‘ Porcupine’ Exp., Proc. Malac. Soc., 1906, p. 189. 306 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 10, APRIL, I9Q12. P. nivalis Lov.—S.W. Ireland 214f. (R.I.A. cruise)! off the Shet- lands r1rf. (Simpson) ! N.N.W. of Unst, 90-120f. (Jeffreys). Canon Norman cites “ ‘ Porcupine,’ 1869, N. of Hebrides, 170f.,”! but explains in a footnote that “ Jeffreys does not give the Station, and that depth is not recorded from any Station.” ~The Station was IX. of the ‘Lightning’ cruise, and the depth 170f.; it is not marked on the chart accompanying the Report, but is situated close to Station X. of that cruise, and is extremely interesting as being situated on a bank of a very limited area, with a bottom temperature of 41°7 degrees, in the midst of the deep and icy waters of the Shetland-Faroe Channel. P. carinata Biv.—Fifty miles off the Butt of Lewis, 18of. (‘Lightning’ Exp.); 40 miles off Valentia, rrof., and Atlantic off Scilly, 690f. (‘ Porcupine’ Exp.); off the Butt of Lewis 545f., and also midway between the Shetlands and Norway 197f. (Simpson) ! Canon Norman cites “‘‘ Porcupine,’ 1869, N. of Hebrides; probably Station 85, rgof., as the depth given by Jeffreys (18of.) is not given for any Station ;” but the exact locality and depth and expedition are the first [have named. This is the P. modiola of Crist. and Jan. P. rufa Mont.—Extremely variable as to the number and flexuosity of the ribs. The topmost whorl is quite smooth and glossy ; the second and third are evenly reticulated, in consequence of the spiral lines being equal in size and space to the longitudinal. It is rather common in the Channel Islands. Var. lactea Jeff.—St. Fergus, Aberdeen, a dead specimen from the shore (Simpson)! Jersey and Herm ; Iona, 15f., a dwarf form ; Frith of Lorne, 75f. The vars. angusta and cranchit are also occasionally white, and there are also pale brown, light yellow, and bicolored forms—all from the Channel Islands. Var. semicostata Jeff.—Freshwater West (Span)! ! Alderney (Marquand)! Sutton-on-Sea, Lincolnshire. : Var. ulideana Thomps.—Guernsey, Sutton-on-Sea, Dublin Bay, Iona. This variety is often broader than the type. Var. cranchii Brown.—Channel Islands. Var. angusta Jeff.—Channel Islands ; Belfast Lough. Var. prelonga Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 262.— Freshwater West (Span)! Guernsey, 2o0f., rare; Alderney (Marquand) ! Var. ecostata Marsh., op. cit., p. 263.—Lynn Deeps, 4of. P. rufa has many resemblances to P. Ayramidalis Strom ; not only the typical form, but all its varieties have representatives in the latter species. P. pyramtdalts is one of our Crag and post-tertiary fossils, and as recent it was dredged by the ‘ Lightning’ 50 miles off the Butt of Lewis in 18of. (To be continued ). rt Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1899, vol. iv., p. 135. 307 CYPRAA PANTHERINA (Solander MS.), Dillwyn, IN SAXON GRAVES. By J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S. (Read before the Society, January roth, 1912). WitH reference to Mr. Tomlin’s recent note on the finding of a Cyprea tigris in prehistoric pit-dwellings at St. Mary Bourne, Hants. (ante p. 251), it may be of interest to call attention to the fact of Cowries having been met with in Saxon graves in this country. In Faussett’s ‘““Inventorium Sepulchrale,” (1856), several records are given of the finding of Cowries associated with various other objects in Saxon women’s graves, excavated on Kingston Down (pp. 68 and 92), and Sibertswold Down (p. 133) in Kent. In each case the shell is referred to as Concha venerts, but the species is not defined. Another specimen of evidently the same form appears to have been met with in a grave near Wareham, Kent (see “ Archzo- logia,” WO, Boy jos i520) In a footnote to one of the Kingston. Down specimens (p. 68), ie editor (Mr. Charles Roach Smith) states:—‘This is one of the large Indian Cowries, classed by Linnzeus under the generic name of Cyprea. They were brought from the east by the Romans, and together with other kinds of Indian shells, are not infrequently found with Roman remains. The more beautiful kinds of sea-shells have, doubtless from remote antiquity, been often used as personal orna- ments, and as amulets, and hoarded as objects of curiosity. In Africa, the small Cowries are at the present day used as a medium of traffic. Douglas, who has engraved this very shell, classes it with the Ithyphallica of the ancients, and refers to the use of shells by the Romans, and by the lower class in the neighbourhood of Naples at the present day as amulets and charms. ‘These customs are well known ; but they do not seem to explain the presence of the Indian shell in the Saxon grave, which may probably be more simply and naturally accounted for by viewing it as an ornament, either personal or domestic.” The two examples from the Kingston Down graves are in the ** Mayer Collection” at the Liverpool Public Museum, and whilst on a visit there recently, I examined the specimens, and found them to be referable to the well-known Red Sea form, Cyprea pantherina GSol.), Dill. 08 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 10, APRIL, 1912. ) p » 19 This species I find has also been recorded (under the name Cyprea vinosa Gmelin) by Dr. Ph. Dautzenberg (Journ. de Conchy- fiologie, vol. liv., 1906, p. 260, text-figs. 1 and 2) from the Franco- Merovingian Necropolis of Nesles-lez-Verlincthun (Canton de Samer). Dr. Dautzenberg also refers in the same paper to a record by M. PAbbé Henri Debout of the presence of this shell (erroneously referred to C. avabica) in a sepulchre at Tardinghen, and from Dr. Tiberi’s Memoir on the shells met with in the excavations at Pom- peli (Le Conchiglie Pompetane, Napoli, 1879), we learn that many examples of this species were found, and that the shell in question was an amulet which the women carried in order to prevent sterility. The ladies attached as much value to this beautiful exotic shell as to Cyprea pirum and C. lurida from the Gulf of Naples, which were utilised in the same manner by the women of the lower class. Dr. Dautzenberg further states that, if the tomb from which comes the shell figured by him is that of a woman, we should be justified in assuming that the tradition which was current at Pompeii survived up to the Middle Ages. As mentioned previously, the examples recorded by Faussett were found in Saxon women’s graves. This significant fact would point to the same persistence of ideas. . [NotEe.— Cyprea pantherina is still found from time to time in some numbers in the more recent excavations at Pompeii.—ED. ]. Additions to the Mollusca of South Devon and the Record of a New Locality for Uncommon Species in North Devon.—During a short visit to Chagford in May, 1911, I met with the type of Vitrea radiatula Alder as well as the var. vividula Menke. A specimen of the former was also taken at Post Bridge. This appears to be a new record for South Devon, Other forms of interest found at the same time were :—Zonztoides nitidus Miill., and Helix hortenszs Mill. var. coalita Moq., both at Chagford. Since Helictgona arbustorum L. and Hygromta fusca Mont., are both somewhat rare in North Devon, the record of a new locality for them may be of some interest. In September, 1910, I found both species on the banks of the Exe, near Bampton. The latter was alive, but the former had been broken by some animal, probably a thrush. M. JANE LONGSTAFF (Read before the Soctety, Jan. 10th, 1912). Seas 309 NOTES ON THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MORTEHOE. INO, Be By M. JANE LONGSTAFF, F.L.S. (Read before the Society, January roth, 1912). ‘THE forms now added to the list of mollusca found in Mortehoe Parish here recorded were observed by myself during the summers of 1910 and 1911, and by Mr. Hugh Watson in 1903 and roto. The identification of all has been confirmed by Mr. F. Taylor, Mr. J. W. Taylor, or Mr. W. Denison Roebuck. The number of species previously noted was fifty-two, of varieties forty. This is now increased to fifty-eight species, and sixty-six varieties. One of the most note- worthy finds is that of Vztrea rogerst Woodward at Braunton, just outside the limits of the parish as previously defined. Mr. Hugh Watson sent a large series of //e/icella virgata DaCosta which he had collected at Woolacombe to Mr. W. D. Roebuck who observed that he had never seen a set “‘that so nearly approached the Tenby forms.” *Vitrina pellucida Mull. var. depressiuscula Jeff—Woola- combe. Not uncommon in 1903 (H.W.). *[Vitrea rogersi Woodward. Braunton. Four specimens taken on a wall by a stream in Sept., rgto. This species does not appear to have been previously recorded from North Devon. It has been confirmed by Mr. B. B. Woodward, Mr. Kennard, and Mr. F. Taylor]. Vitrea radiatula Alder.—Church Close, four specimens. Near Bennett’s Mouth, one. *Vitrea nitidula Drap. var. subnitens Bourg.—Woolacombe in 1910 (H.W.). *Zonitoides nitidus Miill.—Near Bennett’s Mouth. Two ex- amples were found by my niece, Miss Constance Turpin, in May, IgtI, on marshy ground. ‘Though previously taken at Braunton and Croyde, its occurrence in this parish has not been noted before. *Arion ater L. var. succinea Mill.—Near Bennett’s Mouth. A single specimen. *sub-var. plumbeo-pallescens Roeb.—Twitchen. One speci- men found under a stone in the garden. It was very pale grey, almost white, with a yellow fringe. Confirmed by Mr. W. D. Roebuck. *Pyramidula rotundata Miill. var. alba Mogq.—Woolacombe Down. Only three specimens were met with, under mossy stones in a Pickwell sandstone quarry. They were in company with the typical form, which was much more numerous. 310 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. IO, APRIL, 1912. *Helicella virgata DaCosta var. subalbida Poiret. ical: combe. Confirmed by Mr. J. W. Taylor. : *var. leucozona Taylor.—Woolacombe. Confined to a small area, where it is not uncommon, 1910 (H.W.). *var. ochroleuca Mogq.-Tand.—Woolacombe, rather rare in 1910 (H.W.). *var. nigrescens Grat.—Woolacombe, rather uncommon in 1910 (H.W..»). *var. coalita Stubbs. Uy asiscombe | rare, 1910 (H.W.) *Helicella caperata Montagu var. major Jeff.—Woolacombe, rare, accompanying the type, 1903 (H.W.). *var. subscalaris Jeffi—Woolacombe. Of all colours. Un- common, 1903 (H.W.). . *var. obliterata Pic.—Woolacombe (H.W.). monstr. sinistrorsum Woolacombe. Recorded by Mr. E. Collier in Journ. of Conch., vol. xi., p. 124. *Hygromia hispida L. var. albida Jeff—Woolacombe (H.W.). *Vallonia excentrica Sterki.— Woolacombe, 1903 (H.W.). *Helix aspersa Mill. var. albofasciata Jeff—Twitchen. Some of the specimens were sent to Mr. J. W. Taylor, who said they were not very characteristic, and that one was nearly allied to var. lammea Picard, sub-var. wadulata Moq.-Tand. ‘The var. CUMS! was also taken by Mr. Hugh Watson at Woolacombe. *var. conoidea Picard.—Woolacombe (H.W.). Helix nemoralis L.—Besides the vars. rube//a Mog. and Uibellula Risso previously mentioned, there have also been taken— *var. bimarginata Picard. —Twitchen. Confirmed by Mr. J. W. Taylor. *var. roseolabiata Kobelt. — Twitchen. Colles by Mr. J. W. Taylor. *Helix hortensis Mill. var. albina Moq.-Tand.—Woolacombe. Confirmed by Mr. J. W. Taylor. *var. tenuis + lutea Picard.—Twitchen. Confirmed by Mr. J. W. Taylor. *var. tenuis + castanea Taylor.—Twitchen. Identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. *Jaminea cylindracea DaCosta var. albina Mog.-Tand.— Woolacombe golf links. Uncommon with typical form, 1903 (H.W.). *var. gracilis Issel—Twitchen. [Braunton]. Identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. LONGSTAFF : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MORTEHOE. 3it *var. anconostoma Seon ne Identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. Hii Te Ra *Jaminea muscorum L. var. edentula Cless.—Woolacombe, 1903 (H.W.). *var. albina Meni Widele OEE 1903 (H.W.). *Phytia myosotis Drap. var. ringens. Turton.—Woolacombe sands, dead, 1903 (H.W.). Not in.‘ Victoria History” for North Devon ; a single specimen, however, was taken by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin on Lundy (Journ. of Conch., vol. GS [Os 2) *Ovatella bidentata Montagu var. alba Turton. —Woolacombe carne dead, 1903 (H. W.).. This species is recorded i in the “Victoria History,” but no locality is given. -Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. var. albida Jeff. LE Weolatomne ‘Re- corded by Mr. E. Collier in Journ. of Conch., vol: xi., p. 124.. The Rev. C. Chichester has also taken this variety pene Twitchen and Woolacombe. *Acicula lineata Drap.—Near Bennett’s Mowe One specimen was found alive by Miss C. Turpin in rotten wood in the stream. This appears to be a new record for North Dievon, as it is not in the “Victoria History” nor the Census. Pisidium amnicum (Miill.) near Hale, Westmorland. —I ‘recently came across a box containing a number of shells, which I collected in April, 1907, from a ditch near Hale Moss, Burton-in-Kendal, Westmorland, and amongst the various species is Pistdium amnicum, which does not appear to have been previ- ously recorded for that neighbourhood. Associated with it were Valvata piscinalis, Bithynia tentaculata, Planorbis umbilicatus, Limnea pereger, L. palustris, Helix nemoralis, Hygromta rufescens, and H. hispida (small form, probably not referable to this species, but to @. serxzcea Drap.).—J. WILFRID JACKSON, Jan., 1912. Scalariform Helix aspersa Miiller.—There is a very fine example of the above monstrosity from Folkestone, ex collection Wigglesworth, in the collection of the Accrington Museum. This specimen is not recorded i in Layla s Monograph. —G. C. SPENCE. 312 NOTE ON A COLOUR MUTATION IN HYALINIA HELVETICA Blum. By CHARLES OLDHAM. (Read before the Society, September 13th, 1912). AMONG some examples of Ayalinia helvetica that I collected at Berkhamsted in March, 1910, was an adult which exhibited a very unusual type of coloration. The shell was normally coloured, but the animal was milk-white. It shouid not perhaps, strictly speaking, be called an albino, but rather an instance of what Dr. H. Simroth in describing an analogous condition in Vivifara vivipara (‘“ Zoolo- gischer Anzeiger,” 1886, pp. 403-5) has termed ‘“‘rothalbinismus,” for the whole of the body with the exception of the foot-sole and the tentacles was sparsely and minutely freckled with red. The flecks were barely perceptible on the head and neck, rather more apparent on the tail and the sides of the foot, whilst at the edge of the mantle and around the pulmonary orifice, where in a normally coloured animal there is a black collar, they were so numerous as to be almost confluent. The eyes showed under a strong lens as faint reddish specks. It may be that these minute red flecks are a normal con- stituent in the coloration of A. helvetica, and that they are quite obscured by the darker pigment in a typically coloured animal. In typical V. vivipara the red spots are apparent, and in the aberrant animals described by Dr. Simroth they persisted, although all other pigment was suppressed. It is perhaps something more than coin- cidence that certain birds which have red in their plumage retain the red when other pigment is absent ; white grey parrots usually have red tails, and white bullfinches red breasts. BIBLIOGRAPHY. (LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN). Manual of Conchology: Structural and Systematic. Second series. — Pul- monata, vol. xx. (parts 79 and 80), by H. A. PitsBry, D.Sc. The first half of this volume, viz., parts 77 and 78, has already been noticed on page 74 of the current volume of the Jousna/. The two parts here reviewed constitute a monograph of the genus Partula, which was constituted a family— Partulide—by Pilsbry, in 1900. The species, which total 111, are grouped geo- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 313 graphically, and of these the Society Islands claim 44, the New Hebrides and Santa Cruz groups 17 species. The following sub-genera are established :— Marquesana for the six Marquesas species (type garymedes Pfr.) ; Leptopartula for arguta Pse. and turgida Pse.); Partiula s.str. for a large number of species of which otaheitana Brug. is the most familiar ; Samoana for six Samoan species (type canalis Mousson) ; Yhakombaua for trata Mousson, the only Partzzla with raised spiral sculpture ; AZe/aneszca for a large number of uniformly coloured species with- out bands (type ¢uznere Pfr.) ; Palaopartula for the Pelew species (type ¢hetzs Semper); Carolinella for the Caroline shells (type guamenszs Pfr.) ; and Marian- ella for the Marianne species (type g2bda Fer.). Dr. Pilsbry has had the advantage of the Hartmann Collection, now. in the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh, for reference. In the course of a very interesting introduction, he points out that Partulas are only found on the high isles of the Southern and Western Pacific, never on atolls, from which fact he infers that the present groups of islands are remnants of a former continent. It is, therefore, probable that the ancestors of this group lie buried in this submerged continent beneath the South Pacific Ocean. Several Eocene and Oligocene forms have been referred to Partizla by their describers, but Pilsbry says that such references are purely fanciful, and that the absence of characteristic apical sculpture (in well preserved examples) differentiates such forms from the Partudiwe. Partula americana Heilprin, from the Oligocene of Florida, is in reality a Ayperaulax (Bulimulide), and the European Eocene forms are inseparable from 4zz/iminus or Ena. Only some five new species are described, and the Monograph concludes with a list of species erroneously described as Partu/a, and in reality referable to Diplomorpha, Strophochetlus and other genera. Jaminia secale (Drap.) near Penrith, Cumberland.—In the course of re- arranging the British land and freshwater shells at the Salford Borough Museum, Buile Hill, Pendleton, I came across three examples of the above species, mounted in around glass-topped box, and labelled as coming from Penrith. The collec- tions are very old, and were formerly displayed at Peel Park, where they were for many years under the supervision of the then Curator, the late Major John Plant. Doubtless the above specimens represent examples sent to Major Plant for the Museum by one of the earlier conchologists—such as Thomas Gough or Thomas Glover, both of whom collected extensively in this district. The dis- covery of these specimens is, therefore, of some interest, as constituting a new record for Cumberland, as well as increasing somewhat the northern range of this species. Doubtless diligent search amongst the limestone rocks in close proximity to the town of Penrith will bring to light other examples of the species—J. WILFRID JACKSON. 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE | CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. - 407th Meeting, held in the Manchester ninieeuren pe 13th, ron Mr. FE, Collier in the chair. 1 The Librarian reported that the usual auchinees had been received.: t The Chairman announced that a large and valuable collection of conchological works from the library of the late Rev. Dr. Boog Watson had been presented to the Society by his widow, Mrs. Boog Watson, and that the following WeHtes of thanks had been forwarded to her for her exceedingly generous gift :— November 2ond, 1911. Mrs. k. BooG WATSON. Dear Madam— The President and Council of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland desire to tender to you their. warmest thanks for the be generous and very valuable gift of books from your late husband’s library. Not only do.they greatly appreciate the gift as a most serviceable addi- tion to the Library of the Conchological Society, but also as a much valued memorial of one who did so much for conchologicai science, and who was.so distinguished and honoured a member of the Society. It is especially gratifying that amongst the books are copies of Dr. Boog Watson’s own works—works which testify to the painstaking thorough- ness with which he conducted his researches, and which must be an example and an inspiration to future scientific enquirers. We are, Dear Madam, Yours faithfully, Signed on behalf of the Society, J. W. Horsey, Preszdent. J. Witrrip Jackson, Lzbrarzan. Lewis J. SHACKLEFORD, Secretary. The following reply has been received :-— 11, Strathearn Place, Edinburgh, Nov. 28th, 1911. | Dear Sirs— I, my daughter, Miss Boog Watson, and the family, thank the President and Council of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland for their kind acknowledgment of the books from Dr. Boog Watson’s Library. They are all much gratified to know that the books, which he so mun valued, have found a resting-place where they are appreciated and where they will be useful. We are sure that my hushand would have been much pleased with this arrangement. I am, Very truly yours, JANET WATSON. PROCEEDINGS: DEC. 13, I9QII. 315 It. was further announced that, owing to the value and rarity of many of these volumes, the Council had decided that these should be specially marked in, the Catalogue which was being prepared as being avazlable for reference only. - : New Members Elected. Edmund Ridsdale Brown, 235, Brunswick Street, Manchester. C.M. Standish, Prospect House, Weldbank, Chorley. Samuel Wood Geiser, Assistant in Biology, Upper. Iowa Waeeeie Wes Towa, U.S. A. Names Struck off the List. The fmowine names have been struck off the list in terms of Rule 4:— Miss G. M. Grint. By C. M. Hall. Paper Read. “© A Note on the Occurrence of Pesedium liljeborg? Cléssin in the Island of Arran,”’ by Staff-Surgeon Kk. H. Jones, M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., R.N. Exhibits. By Mr. J. D. Dean: Very fine specimens of Olivancillaria brastliana Lam. ; O. auricularia Lam. 3 and TZerebra salleana Desh., from Santos, Brazil; also a series of exceptionally large Paludestrina stagnalis (= Hydrobia ulve) from the salt marshes near Carnforth, Lancs. L By Mr. G. C. Spence: Examples of Holospira tryond Pfr., cut to show internal structure, from which he demonstrated the chief specific characters indicated by authors to distinguish between this species, Holospiva tetralasmus Pilsbry, and ZH. piloceri Pfr. ; apparently these shells agree so closely in external characteristics that it seems annoying to have to break a shell open to find out what it is! He also showed a specimen of Brachypodella seminuda C.B. Ad., with perfect spire, a con- dition in which this shell is rarely seen; and Caléaxt's layardt Ad. & Ang. 2 with embryonic shells, eight in number, in situ in body whorl of the shell. By Dr. Hugh Brooksbank : ygsomda revelata Mich., from some Cornish locali- ties, viz., Goldsithney, Marazion; Oct. 26th, 1910; Mousehole, Penzance, Oct. 28th, 1910; Nanjizal Bay, Land’s End, Oct. 31st, 1910; Rosemullion, Falmouth, Nov. 12th, 1911 ; it occurred in plenty, and in late autumn the eggs are so abundant as to show the whereabouts of the shells very readily. By Mr. R. Standen: An interesting series of Diplommatina from the Philip- pines. By Mr. T. H. Platt: A large number of species representative of the molluscan fauna of Lake Tanganyika ; and varieties of Paludina victorie Smith, from the south side of Lake Victoria Nyanza. oe By Mr. C..H. Moore: L2ttorina rudis var. jugosa from Tenby ; Lémnea stagnalis, semi-fossil, from a deposit at West Kirby, Cheshire; and a number of exotic Cerithiide. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Some very choice examples of Cyf7a tabesvens and its var. /atzor, C. pulchra, C. cinerea, C. pulex, C. subrostrata, and exceptionally fine C. cevvus, with richly coloured and dark base; also some pretty forms of A/tva pontificalis and M. episcopalis. ; By Mr. E. Collier: He/ix hortensts from Wallington, Surrey; a curious form of var. 7#carnata, with lip coloration ranging from white to deep black, the whole series otherwise showing uniform hortenszs shape. ; It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits at future meetings ; The Genus Eucalodium and its Allies - Jan. 10, 1912.- Japanese Land Shells - - -.. =. March 13, 1912. .: . 316 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 10, APRIL, I9Q12. 408th Meeting, held in the Manchester Museum, Jan. roth, 1912. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : “*The Recent and Fossil. Mollusks of the Genus A/vanza from the West Coast of America,” by Paul Bartsch (from the author). ‘‘Report on the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America,” 1857, by P. P. Carpenter (presented by E. W. Swanton), ‘‘Exchange List of Land and Marine Shells from Australia and the Adjacent Islands,” by J. C. Cox. ‘‘ Faune Malacologique Terrestre et Fluviatile de I’Ile de Saint-Domingue,” by H. Crosse. ‘‘ Des Tiphobies du Lac Tanganika,” by J. R. Bourguignat. “ Etude sur le Genre ‘Po:atias’ Studer,” by M. Caziot. “¢ Synopsis, etc., Molluscorum Viventium Testaceorum, anno 1877-1879 promulga- torum,” by W. Kobelt (presented by J. W. Taylor); and the usual periodicals received in exchange). Members Deceased. Robert Cairns. Mrs. A. Powell. Votes of condolence with the relatives were passed, and the Secretary was desired to’ express to them the deep sympathy with which the Council and Members had heard of their bereavement. Appreciative references were made to Mr. Cairns as a genial companion and a zealous conchologist, who will be a great loss to the Society. It was intimated that an obituary notice was being prepared, which would be read before the Society and published in the /ozrna/. Papers Read. “ Cyprea pantherina Sol. in Saxon Graves,” by J. W. Jackson, F.G.S. _ **Notes on the Non-Marine Mollusca of Mortehoe, North Devon,” no. 3, by Mrs. M. J. Longstaff, F.L.S. ‘¢ Additions to the Mollusca of South Devon and the Record of a New Locality for Uncommon Species in North Devon,” by Mrs. M. J. Longstaff, F.L.S. “* Notes on the Zucalodiide,” by G. C. Spence. Exhibits. By Mr. Edward Collier : Valvata macrostoma Steenb. near Lewes, and for com- parison V, pesceral’s from Lewes and Southport, the latter collected in 1876 ; also V. cristata from York ; Flanorbts vorticulus Troschel from Sussex ; and the same species from Poland for comparison. By Mr. J. Davy Dean: Valvata macrostoma from Karegnando, Tornea, Lapp- mark ; V7. /rze¢da from the same locality; and V. pzscizalzs from Muonioniska, Tornea—all within the Arctic Circle, and all from the Christiernenson Collection. The River Yornea divides Sweden from Finland for some distance and runs into the Gulf of Bothnia just in its most northerly part. Hyalinza petronella Charp. and AH. hammonzs Strom, both from Hasselfors, Nerike, Sweden; and also 4. hammonis Strom and ZH. zndentata Say from America for comparison. A. petror- ella is considered by Kobelt as a variety of . radiatula, and H. hammonzs is only synonymous with the same species. By Mr. J. W. Taylor: Living Vitrina hibernica from the Temple Demesne, Collon, Ireland, collected by Mr. F. H. Grierson ; and a dissection of the retractor muscle of Helicigona arbustorum by Miss Lebour. By Mr. C. H. Moore: A number of species of Cerzthiam, Conus, and Ancilla. By Mr. G. H. Taylor: Limncaa pereger var. expansa, from the Macclesfield Waterworks, Teg’s Nose, 1907 ; also the same form-from Windermere (collected by Dr. H. Brooksbank, Sept., 1911). PROCEFDINGS: FEB. 10, I9I2. ; 317 The Special Exhibit of the evening was the ELucalodiide, and many examples of the various sections of this interesting group of shells were shown by Messrs. Edward Collier, Rk. Standen, and G. C. Spence, the latter giving an interesting résumé of their chief peculiarities, distribution, etc. 409th Meeting, held at Leeds University, Feb. roth, 1912. This Meeting took the place of the ordinary February Meeting. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. The Librarian reported that the usual periodicals had been received in exchange. Candidates Proposed for Membership. George Howell Murdock, 49, Parliament Hill, Hampstead, N.W. Charles Jenkinson, 1, High Street, Kettering. Papers Read. ‘* Additions to the Census,” by W. Denison Roebuck. Mr. J. W. Taylor gave an interesting Address dealing with Hygromia rufescens, its Life-History, Habits, etc., illustrating his remarks by drawings on the blackboard. Recorder’s Report. The Hon. Recorder (Mr. W. Denison Roebuck) reported that the following new county records had been submitted for authentication, those marked with the asterisk (*) being presented to the Society’s Voucher Collection. By Mr. Charles Oldham :— Bucks.—Limax flavus from West Wycombe, 3rd February, 1912. By Mr. John E. A. Jolliffe :— Dorsev.—* Balea perversa from Ridgway Hill near Upwey, Oct., 1911. By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson :— WESTMORLAND. —Pisidium amnicum from ditch near Hale Moss, Burton- _ in-Kendal, 1st April, 1907. CUMBERLAND.—Pupa secale, Penrith. By Mr. F. H. Sikes :— Kent Easr.—Vivisara vivipara, Hyalinia fulva, from Yalding. (9) te] Noo Oo 9 Oo WwW W Ww N Pesos B28 Helix cantiana Mont. Preyed upon by the Song Thrush—C. OLDHAM 323 Additions to- ‘* British Conclolonys: ee vil. (continued)—J. T. MARSHALL (Plate 5) . ; a as hoo Sel New Records for Bedfordshire —E. D. Maodants is a mao 29) Paludestrina jenkinsi in Hampshire—C. OLDHAM... ... =~... 340 Limax cinereo-niger in Westerness—C. OLDHAM an ie sca BY) Variation in Littorina littorea L.—J. E. Cooper ate .e. 340 Proceedings : March 13, 1912; April 10, 1912; May 8, 1912 con. Sylil Some Notes on the New British Landshell, Helicella heripensis Mab. —Revy. C. E. Y. KENDALL .. oh ate ae fee en oA Census Authentications—W. D. RorBuck me 338 aoe oon 6y.ke) PLATES 4 AND 5. LONDON: Dutau & Co., LTD., 37, SoHo Squarr, W. LEEDS: Tavior Bros., SOVEREIGN ST. | MANCHESTER: SHerrarr & HUGHES, i St. Ann’s St. BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11. LIST OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen. TiS Oy yee = BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE ~OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H.. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. Rectangular, Round & Square Class-Capped Boxes, Cabinets, Cardboard Trays, Class Tubes, &c., &c. RECTANGULAR G.C. BOXES. ROUND G.C. BOXES. 12” 12" x 1", 1/0 doz., 11/0 gross. 1’ diam., 1/0 doz., 11/0 Toss. 2 x 12"x 1", 114 ;,.. 15/0. ,, 1. 4/30 aoe 3a" x26" x1 1/9 4; 20/0 .,, Deas WB! eo 1G Ose GUARANTEED BEST WORKMANSHIP. RUSSELL & SHAW, 11, JOHN STREET, THEOBALD ’S ROAD, ESTABLISHED IS4S. LONDON, W.C., EXCHANGE COLUMN, ete. NE Hundred Species and Varieties, British Marine and Inland Shells, offered in Exchange for Foreign Species—W. GYNGELI, 51, Gladstone Street, Scarborough. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY., WOls Tee JULY, 1912. No. 11. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MARGINELLA FROM SAN THOME ISLAND. By J. R. re B. TOMLIN ann L. J. SHACKLEFORD. (Read before the Society, May 8th, 1912). PLATE 4. Marginella dautzenbergi n.sp. (pl. 4, figs. 1 and 2). Shell obtusely ovate, smooth, polished, and very shining, yellowish or whitish, with six regular rows of dark red-brown spots on the body-whorl, the spots being at some distance apart, and at equal intervals. Reckoning from the apex, in the second and fourth rows the spots are generally somewhat lighter in colour than those in the other rows, and in worn specimens disappear entirely, giving the appearance of a four-banded shell instead of six-banded. In the mouth of specimens in good condition the spots can be seen shewing through. Spire very slightly or not at all raised above the summit of the outer lip; protoconch very blunt, often completely covered by a callus which is a continuation of the outer lip; whorls 44 in number ; suture slight, marked by a narrow band of the same colour as the spots on the body-whorl ; aperture elongate, narrow ; outer lip strongly thickened, finely denticulate within, in some cases two- or three-spotted in continuation of certain of the rows of spots, sometimes continuing above in the form of a callus as far as the apex of the spire ; columella with six to eight plaits. Long., 6°25 mm. ; diam. max., 3°5 mm. Hab.: S. Thomé Island, Gulf of Guinea. Not uncommon in coral gravel. This species reminds one a good deal of AZ. deburghie A. Ad. on a small scale, and the spots are of the same character, but of a browner colour. U 320 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. II, JULY, 1912. M. chalmersi n.sp. (pl. 4, figs. 3 and 4). Shell elongate, fusiform, smooth, shining, white with a very beauti- ful series of olive-green (or pale reddish) and black markings on the last whorl arranged as follows :—Immediately below the suture rather broad greenish streaks are set somewhat obliquely; then comes a band of upright longitudinal black strokes close together, the strokes beiag sometimes joined two or three together either above or below ; then a band of oriental characters, further apart and somewhat vari- able both in colour and form; then a solid band of yellowish-green ; then a band of black longitudinal strokes (the strokes being rather more oblique than in the second band) which sometimes unite to form characters ; below this is another solid band of yellowish-green, often interrupted ; then a band of upright black strokes, sometimes united as before; and finally five or six longitudinal green markings on the area at the lower end of the canal. Protoconch blunt, tipped with brown ; whorls 44, flattened ; suture but slightly marked ; aper- ture elongate, narrow ; outer lip thickened, denticulate within, with about six olive-green linear markings outside ; columella four-plaited. Long., 5 mm.; diam. max., 2°75 mm. Hab.: S. Thomé Island. In the few specimens so far received the system of banding is remarkably constant. One or two examples show traces of a line of greenish colour on the last whorl below the suture. The pale reddish-tint (instead of olive-green) is, we think, simply the effect of weathering. In form, this shell resembles AZ. fusiformis Hinds. M., bavayt Dautz., also from West Africa, is much larger and differently marked. This species is named after Mr. J. Chalmers, of the West African ‘Telegraph Company’s service, who discovered both these species in S. Thomé. ‘The types are in the Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., and specimens are also in the Manchester Museum. Land Shells from Largs.—I recently sent the Recorder a small box of shells collected at Largs by the late Rev. R. Boog Watson. The species are as follows :— flyahinia lucida Wrap., H. nttidula Drap., A. crystallina Miill., H. ce/laria Miill., A. alliarta Miller, A. pura var. mitidosa Gray, Arion hortensts Fér., Pyramidula rotundata Miill. sub-var. obscurvata D. & M., Vitrina pellucida Miill., flelix nemoralis L., Pupa cylindracea DaC., Claustlia bidentata Strém, and Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. Of these Hyalnia luctda is a new county record for Ayrshire.—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN (Read before the Soczety, March 13th, 1912). ———— 321 THE TRACK OF LIMAX FLAVUS Linné. By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. (Read before the Society, November 8th, tort). SOME five years ago I was much struck by certain peculiar mucus tracks on some old oak palings near Reigate. The peculiarity consisted in a doubling and twisting in a manner certainly not characteristic of Z. maxtmus or any other species with whose tracks I was acquainted, and for a long time I was filled with good intentions of visiting the spot at night when the slugs would be out travelling or feeding ; but, what with frequent absences abroad and laziness when at home, these went to serve a useful purpose elsewhere. However, during the spring of this year (1911) I came upon a patch of the same Feeding track of Liimax flavus; only a portion finished to show the character- istic cross lines. The arrows indicate the direction of progression. The tracks are sometimes three times the size of the figure. twisted doubling track on an old wooden drain-cover in our garden; and lifting this I discovered a fair-sized Z. flavus. That same night I visited the spot with a lantern, and found the individual in the act of writing his characteristic signature on the cover. Further visits to the old palings revealed several well-marked freshly made tracks, some two yards in length ; and now I found that the twists and curls occurred only here and there for a few inches, while the rest of the 322 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. II, JULY, I912. track was more of the ordinary character, and further observation proved what I had suspected, that the curly portions were spots where the slugs had paused to browse on that green lichen which covers old walls and palings. These feeding places leave permanent scars where the lichen has been eaten away, and may be seen all over suitable surfaces months after the shiny mucus has perished. When a freshly made feeding track is examined it will be seen to be crossed closely with semicircular mucus lines, which give the track a scaly appearance, reminding one of the ventral surface of a snake’s slough. I am still in doubt as to how these lines are made, but after much careful watching it would seem that they are formed by the mucus left round the edge of the front of the foot as the animal keeps shifting its position forward in the act of feeding, or else by the edge of the mantle which overhangs the head while feeding. There is no mistaking these tracks when once seen. My friend, Mr. C. Oldham, and I tested the correctness of the diagnosis in June last, visiting a series of walls and palings at night where we had noticed the tracks during the day, and in every case we found this species to the exclusion of any other. The typical travelling track of Z. #avus is also distinct from that of other species, being thinner, more disconnected, and altogether more erratic than that of Z. maximus. Both species are “homers,” but there is the following difference in their methods of performing the return journey—Z. flavus often crosses the outward track two or three times, whereas the return track of Z. maximus SNE: rarely crosses the outward track more than once. Limax flavus is not generally considered very common or abundant, escaping notice by its nocturnal habits, but this impression -often becomes modified when the characteristic and quite diagnostic tracks are looked for in suitable places. Since the above was written, Mr. Oldham has shown me a large number of similar tracks on beech trunks in Herts., where Z. flavus has not hitherto been observed, but where Z. arborum is very com- mon. The mucus of the tracks had perished, but the scars seemed too large to have been made by Z. arborwm, nor have I observed L. arborum to make tracks of this character. Z. flavus hides very effectively in the daytime, while Z. avborum is usually found in the crevices of the trunks, and I think if the trees were visited at night L. flavus would be found. — ————$-@e @——- 323 NOTE ON CYLINDRELLA AZEQUATORIA Morelet. Ie V5 IR 1, 184 ION OLIUN SS IMlade\s (Read before the Society, April roth, 1912). THIS species was described by Morelet in the Journal de Conchy- Htologie, 1873, p. 124, pl. v., fig. 1, and is given as having been collected by Dr. Destruges in the neighbourhood of Quito. Morelet comments on the locality as being the “furthest south” for a Cylindrella, and more recently Pilsbry, in the A/axual, has pointed out—evidently with some doubts in his mind—how far Quito is re- moved from other haunts of the genus. : I received recently from Mr. G. C. Spence a specimen of Cy/inxa- vella, purchased without data at the Cairns sale, which he thought answered the description of e@guatoria, with a request for verification if possible. This shell proved to be a typical example of C. sowerbyana Pfr. The type of C. eguatoria and the two other specimens which accom- pany it on the tablet in the South Kensington Museum are all poor and worn specimens, but enough of the sculpture remains to shew that they agree with sowerdyana in this as in every other particular. In order to confirm the identification, Mr. Edgar Smith, at my request, very kindly broke open one of the Morelet specimens. - It proved to have the perfectly plain internal spiral which is character- istic of sowerbyana. As this species comes from Cuba, we have. to suppose either the introduction of the species at Quito, which sounds unlikely, or an error in the locality given by Dr. Destruges. : C. sowerbyana was described by Pfeiffer in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1846, p. 116, so that @gwatoria Mor. sinks as a synonym. E Helix cantiana Mont. preyed upon by the Song Thrush.—In his Collector’s Manual, Mr. L. E. Adams states that he has never observed that birds feed upon Helix cantiana, and it may therefore be worth while to mention that in March, 1912, I noticed a “‘ thrush-stone”’ at Tring, Herts., which was surrounded by the broken fragments of between fifty and sixty shells of this species, whilst Medex nemoral’és—a more usual victim—was represented by only three shells. In West Hertfordshire I often see ‘‘ thrush-stones” where the smashed shells of //elzx arbustorum outnumber those of other species.—CHARLES OLDHAM (ead before the Society, April 10th, 1912). 324 ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” By J. T. MARSHALL. Part VII. (continued from page 306). PLATE 5. P. turricula Mont.—Herm beach (Tomlin). Mr. Tomlin’s Herm record, cited by Mr. Marquand,' requires confirmation. I do not think this species, common though it is, occurs in any of the Channel Islands, although Mr. Tomlin “certainly found an unmistakable ?. turricula on the shell-beach ” at Herm. var. rosea M. Sars.-— Connemara (Tomlin and Dodd)! Aberdeen- shire (Simpson)! Doggerbank, Belfast Lough, and Loch Linnhe. This variety is Zyifontum roseum of M. Sars, and no more than a tinted form of the type. var. ecostata Norman.2—Dublin Bay (Walpole de Norman). Found occasionally with the type, though at Portrush and Port- stewart it forms 25 per cent. of the specimens. In this variety the longitudinal ribs are more or less absent. P. turricula is an extremely variable species, either as regards size, degree of sculpture, or proportions of length to breadth. In the Nor- wegian seas especially it seems to reach its highest degree of develop- ment and variation. Doggerbank and Aberdeenshire specimens attain Zin. in length. It is usually white, but is sometimes lemon-coloured (especially from the west of Ireland), and more rarely tinged with pink. A small and stumpy form from the Kyles of Bute, in 18f., has the proportions of P. exarata Moll. The latter species was dredged by the ‘ Porcupine’ in the Atlantic off Ireland in 164-12 30f. (Jeffreys), and by the Scottish Fishery Board in the Minch in 63f., and off the Butt of Lewis in 545f. (Simpson) ! P. trevelyana Turt.—Brora, from haddocks (Baillie)! St. Andrew’s, from fish stomachs (M’Intosh); Scarborough, Filey, and Whitby, sometimes cast ashore; Frith of Lorne 75f.; Dornoch Frith. Individual specimens of this and the last species approach each other closely in shape and size, shouldering whorls, and longitudinal ribs ; but the sculpture of this is always finer, while the aperture is shorter and the canal more open. ‘The longitudinal ribs vary in number and size, and are sometimes altogether absent, the shell being then evenly decussated, while the young of this form have a considerable resemblance not only to P. ovalis Friele=P. exigua t Marine Shells of Guernsey, Trans. Guernsey Soc. Nat. Sci., 1901, p. 16, sep. copy. 2 Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1899, vol. iv., p. 133. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 325 Jeff., but also to P. tenuicostata M. Sars, though in the latter the sculpture is more flexuous. It was from examples of this decussated form that Brown described his P. veticu/ata, and Macgillivray his P. decussata, the latter, however, not being Fusus decussatus Couth., which is an allied though distinct species, dredged by the ‘Lightning’ midway between the Hebrides and Faroes in 5oof. and 56of. Sowerby’s figure is a perfect one of the prevalent British form ; in Jeffreys’ the ribs are coarser and the tops of the whorls shouldered, similar to the Greenland and North American form described by him as var. s/mithit,' which is characterised by the whorls being more angulated, and with fewer and stronger longitudinal mbs, though as a matter of fact specimens from all the above localities comprise every degree of sculpture and angularity. Var. s/thit Jeff. somewhat resembles P. exarata Moll., which is a rather critical species, inter- mediate between P. furricula and P. trevelyana. ‘The latter name seems to be in general use, though it is subsequent to P. reficulata Brown (1827). The above-mentioned P. ovadlis Friele=P. py gma Verr.= P. exigua Jeff., was dredged by the ‘Triton’ between the Hebrides and Faroes in 570f., and a single specimen by the Scottish Fishery Commis- sloners off the Butt of Lewis in 545f., (Simpson)! Gwyn Jeffreys mistakenly describes the whorls as concave instead of convex, his figure has 34 whorls instead of 44, and the dimensions should be Oizine by lOrK. “ P. galerita Phil., a rare Calabrian fossil,” has been figured but not described by Jeffreys’ as a British species. Sowerby? says it is not Philippi’s species of that name, and figures it as P. tcenorum S. Wood, a crag fossil; while Monterosato* holds it to be P. semztcolon S. Wood. However that may be, there are no grounds for considering it a British species beyond the fact that a dead specimen has been dredged ‘‘about fifty miles north of the Butt of Lewis.” Another member of this genus which may be looked for in British seas is P. decltvis Lov., which was dredged by the ‘ Lightning ’ off the Butt of Lewis in 189f., by the ‘ Porcupine’ off E. Shetlands in 64f., N. Shetlands 345f.,, and Channel slope 567f.; by the ‘Knight Errant’ in the Shetland-Faroe Channel 300-375f. (Jeffreys); and by the ‘Triton’ in the latter district in 640f. P. tenutcostata M. Sars was also dredged by the ‘Lightning Shetland-Faroe Channel in 550f., and by the ‘Porcupine’ on the Channel slope and in the Atlantic off Ireland in 420f. Another station in d in the 1 Moll. ‘ Valorous’ Exp., Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1877, vol. xix., p. 332 (sep. copy, printed by error 1876). 2 Brit. Conch., vol. v., p. 221, pl. cil., fig. 6. 3 Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, p. 16, pl. xxvi., fig. 6. 4 Nuova Riv. Conch. Med., 1875, p. 42. 326 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. II, JULY, 1912. the latter district was given by Gwyn Jeffreys as 664f.,! but that was an error; there was no dredging at that particular depth ; while Canon Norman takes at a guess the nearest depth to it, and gives 630f.2 Its occurrence in the Bay of Biscay is also erroneously recorded by Jeffreys. The geography of the latter author throughout the ‘Valorous’ Report is lamentably mixed, “‘ Bay of Biscay” being recorded for various stations hundreds of miles away. In point of fact, the “ Porcupine’ did not dredge at all in the Bay of Biscay, nor near it, and all records cited from that locality should be disregarded. Among other members of this genus from the surrounding seas are P. bwcarinata Couth., which was dredged by the ‘ Lightning’ between the Hebrides and Faroes in 17of., and by the ‘ Porcupine’ in the north and west of the Shetlands in 2gof. (Jeffreys); P. cinerea MOll., dredged by the ‘ Porcupine’ west of the Shetlands in 2gof. (Jeffreys); and P. morchit Malm==P. cirrata Brug., dredged in the Shetland- Faroe Channel by the ‘ Triton,’ and six specimens off the Shetlands in 155f. by the Scottish Fishery Board (Simpson) ! Marginella levis var. oblonga Jeff.—Guernsey 2of., Scilly 4of., Freshwater West. In my previous publication of this part I was made to say that “the embryo of this species is very similar in form and sculpture to that of Cla‘hure//a,” but that was an error of the printer in repeating a note on the same page appertaining to Ovw/a. Cypreza europza’ Mont.—Low water in the littoral zone. Varies considerably in size, outlines, and number of cross-ribs. The immature shell, which is a constant puzzle to young collectors, gives no promise of the adult stage, and undergoes several metamorphoses before attaining maturity. The very young shell of two whorls is expanded laterally, with a deep umbilicus, and resembles Lacuna pallidula of the same size; the third whorl gives it a globular appearance, the umbilicus becomes closed, and it then looks like a half-grown Sétlifer turtont minus the style; it next becomes oval, next elongate, next the outer lip overlaps, and then the shell becomes perfectly formed, but without sculpture ; this is added last, commencing from the inner margin and gradually extending across the back of the shell to the outer lip. Simultaneously with the appearance of the sculpture the coloured spots are added; there is no trace of them in the half-grown shell, and Jeffreys was mistaken in saying that ‘the coloured spots appear on the shell when half-grown ;” he was probably deceived by the dried remains of the animal. Some Continental writers and collectors divide the spotted from the plain specimens— t Moll. ‘Valorous’ Exp., Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1877, vol. xix., p. 330. 2 Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1899, vol. iv., p. 131. 3 Both words of this species as well as the last, and indeed all Jeffreys’ figure-names that require the diphthong 4, have been inscribed by the artist in error, &. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS lO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” B27, the one as ¢vifunctata and the other as ¢mmaculata, while Montagu described the spotted one as C. europea and the plain one as C. arctica. At Guernsey and Herm, where great numbers are collected for ornamenting boxes, they are known by the expressive name of ‘“‘negro-heads.” ar. minor Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii., p. 263.— Dredged in the coralline zone. Guernsey 2of., Killala Bay and Achil Island, Barra 4of. Figured in.‘ Crag Mollusca’ (vol. ii, pl. ii., fig. 6). There is another form living in the littoral zone which is intermediate in size between this and the type. C. moneta has been found on the shore at Jersey by Mr. Sturges Dodd, on the beach at Seascale, Cumberland, by the Rev. Charles Crawshaw, and at Tresco by Mr. Tomlin. It is an exotic species. Ovula patula Penn.—Scilly (Smart and others); Wexford coast 4of. (Walpole); Killala Bay. Very young shells have a prominent spire, which gradually becomes enveloped by the formation of the upper canal. The embryo is very similar in form and sculpture to that of Clathurel/a, and consists of three convex whorls transversely reticulated. Bullidzge Clark.—Canon Norman prefers to substitute Zornatina A. Ad., without explanation, for the well-known name U¢riculus Brown.’ The latter dates from 1844, and the former from 1850, so that on the ground of priority alone the change was undesirable. He has also included in it two species which are usually considered Cylichna (nitidula and umbilicata), while for C. acuminata he revives Voloula of Adams, although there is a prior genus of Volvudus, in addition to which ‘“‘ Lovén has examined the animal and ascertained that it is undoubtedly a Cy/ichna.”’ Then, for other species of Utriculus, he resuscitates the genus Diaphana Brown, in this follow- ing G. O. Sars, whereas Gwyn Jeffreys says that besides being an objectionable name, Brown himself cancelled Diaphana in favour of Utriculus ; while Boog Watson makes Voluula a sub-genus of Cylichna, Tornatina he makes a sub-genus of U¢riculus, and in regard to Diaphana he writes:—“G. O.-Sars rejects: Lovén’s. name of Amphisphyra in favour of Diaphana Brown; but this latter name was cancelled by its author in favour of Orin: and it 1s obviously impossible to accept do//, as Professor Sars has done.” Cylichna acuminata Brugui.—Generally, but sparingly, ds. tributed, in sand more or less muddy, in to to 90 fathoms. Off Berwick (Howse) ; Tan Spit, Cumbrae, locally abundant, Mr. Alfred Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1890, vol. vi., p. 63. ‘Brit. Conch.,’ vol. iv., p. 412. Op. cit., p. 410. ‘Challenger’ Gastropoda, p. 646. - uw NH 328 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I1, JULY, roti. Brown having dredged thirty living specimens in one haul; Brodick Bay 4of., Sound of Sleat 30-9o0f., and Gairloch 30f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Lamlash 10-25f.; Loch Fyne 35f.; Loch Linnhe 25f.; Loch Hourn 2of.; Loch Inver 25f.; Loch Leven 24f.; Minch off Barra 5of.; West Orkneys 45f. Jeffreys’ figure exhibits a conspicuous fold on the pillar, which is incorrect ; the shell at that part is merely thickened and _ slightly reflected, as in Sowerby’s. C. nitidula Lov.—St. Mary’s Sound, Scilly, 35f, rather plentiful in one particular dredging, and not hitherto recorded from the south ; Southport rtf, a single specimen. ‘The finest come from Stornoway, and are a line and a half in length; this is the var. major of Continental writers. The young of this and the next species are more easily separable than the adults; that of C. wmbdbilicata is more globular, with a de- pressed crown. I have already in a previous paper drawn attention to the transposition of Jeffreys’ figures of the two species. Sowerby’s figure of C. 2/¢tdula should not have a cup-shaped depression at the apex, and that of C. umbilicata (fig. 11) should be less oval, and exhibit spiral strize. C. umbilicata Mont.—Sutherlandshire (Bailie and J.T.M.); Scilly 4of., not uncommon (Smart and others); Guernsey 2of., rare ; Aberdovey, a dwarf form; Doggerbank 20-40f.; Connemara, Mayo, and Sligo; Tan Spit, Cumbrae, 15-20f.; off Iona 2o0f.; Stornoway tof., very fine. var. strigella Lov. (Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii., p.263).—Loch Fyne and various parts of the Scotch coasts (Forbes and Hanley) ; Stornoway tof., East Shetlands gof. In this variety, which is larger and coarser, the spiral sculpture is easily observable, and when the lines of growth are also coarser, which sometimes happens, the surface is decussated. In the latter state it is the Cy/ichna crebrisculpta of Monterosato. Gwyn Jeffreys was mistaken in assuming that this variety was described by Lovén from typical specimens in a fresh condition. C. umbilicata is very sparingly distributed throughout the Hebrides. From about twenty localities thence, only a few specimens have occurred to me in each dredging, but more numerous colonies are living at Iona, Cumbrae, and Stornoway, though not with C. nitiduda ; the only places where I have found the two species living together have been at Aberdovey and Stornoway, where they are about equally mixed. In the Kyles of Bute this species live in 8-14f., whence C. nitidula takes its place down to 24f. The shell is difficult to dis- ad = 7 KENDALI.: SOME NOTES ON HELICELLA HERIPENSIS. 347 2. At Kingscliffe, on Oolitic Limestone, 250 feet. DOMINANT WITH Flelicella virgata daCosta Agriolimax agrestis 1. Flelicella caperata Mont. Flelicella heripensis Mab. Flelicella ttala Va. Felix nemoralis Vu. flygromia hispida 1.. 3. At Ufford, on Oolitic Limestone, at 120 feet. DOMINANT WITH Flelicella virgata daCosta Flelicetla caperata Mont. (sub-dom. ) flelicella heripensis Mab. Flelicella ttala L. Flelicéella cantiana Mont. Pupa muscorum 1. 4. At Wansford, on Oolitic Limestone, at 150 feet. DOMINANT WITH Flelicella virgata daCosta flelicella caperata Mont. Flelicella heripensts Mab. Flelicella cantiana Mont. fygromia hispida 1... Flelix nemoralis 1. (2) East Sussex. t. Lewes (1908), on chalk, at roo feet. DOMINANT WITH flelicella virgata daCosta Flelicella heripensts Mab. Flelicella caperata Mont. Flelicella cantiana Mont. fHygromia hispida 1. Pupa cylindracea daCosta 2 Ovingdean, near Brighton, Nov., 1910, &c., on chalk, at 200 feet DOMINANT WITH Flelicella heripensis Mab. Agriolimax agrestis L. Flelicella virgata daCosta flelicella caperata Mont. Flelicella ttala 1. flygromia hispida 1. Vallonia excentrica Sterki (These are by far the finest specimens of /e/icella hertpensis that 1 have seen). 3 (e) South Hampshire. 1 have some specimens sent in 1907 to Mr. Dean and myself by the late Mr. C. S. Coles which he collected on Portsdown Hill. Mr. 348 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 13, NO. II, JULY, I912. Coles’ attention was drawn to the distinction between the two forms and he very kindly sent the whole of the specimens collected. Of these more than two-thirds were HY. caperata, presumably, therefore, the dominant. § 3. Nature of habitat. Occurring as it does so frequently, but not by any means invariably, with Fe/icella caperata it would seem that though the conditions of life required by both species are in the main similar, there must be other factors to take into account. My observations would seem to prove clearly that first He/ce/la heripensts is strongly calcophilic, as in every case in which I have met with the species it has been on a cal- careous soil. In Sussex and Hampshire it occurs on the chalk of the South Downs. In Leicestershire we find it on the Lincolnshire Lime- stone (Inf. Oolite) and in Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire on the limestones of the Upper Oolite. Moreover a careful consideration of the localities enumerated by Mr. Stelfox certainly shows up the the same fact. ; Again H. herifensis is certainly a xerophile, occurring always on DRY calcareous pastures. At Barnack I found many one day quite active, crawling on a limestone wall, with southern aspect, in the full sunshine of a hot September day. It is probably as little or less affected by drought even than the allied species of Ae/ice//a. Again, whether the plant associations supply any determining factor I am unable to say. At Ufford there is nothing to the eye remark- able in the habitat, yet curiously enough it is the locality for the rather rare butterfly Azge ga/atea Linn., which is exceedingly plentiful in this one spot, but seldom found elsewhere in the district. The food- plant of Avge galatea is the Timothy Grass, Phleum pratense, a very common grass on dry soils. ‘This spot is also the habitat of a some- what rare plant, the Pasque-flower, Anemone pulsatilla, a species given to growing on dry uplands. To sum up, I believe a dry calcareous pasture, not necessarily maritime, and at any ordinary altitude is the habitat most congenial to Helicella heripensis. 1 do not think it can be described as a “strong” species, as it seldom seems to be the dominant. It is closely allied in nature and mode of life to its near relative in the Candidula group, H. caperata, which, however, is a much stronger competitor in the struggle for associated life than A. heripensis and probably crowds it out in many places otherwise well suited for its existence. . The following analysis will show some of the facts as to association with the other mollusca, as evidenced by the records given above. ROEBUCK : CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS. 349 Where felicella heripensis is dominant, 7, virgata is companion dominant, with HI. cantiana Ff, caperata sub-dominant fT, ttala Where . caperata is the dominant, H1. virgata again is companion dominant, with HI, heripensis I HT. hispida sub-dominant Agriolimax agrestis | ff, hispida occurs in each case where H. heripensis takes the sub- dominant place, in which case A. wirgata may be absent and Agriolimax agrestis present. CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS. By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., Hon. REcorRDER. Anglesey : Among the shells in the Conchological Society’s Voucher Collection at Manchester is Vallonia excentrica, a few taken on Llanfaelog Common, which is new to the Census. Berkshire: Mr. Cecil P. Hurst has been working with much vigour and success Rivar Copse, which is on the western border of this county, closely adjoining Wiltshire. Here he has found Za mon/ana in fair number, and Azeca tridens in abundance along with a few of its var. crystallina, and Helicigona lapicida occurs there also. Examples of all these species have been kindly presented by Mr. Hurst to the Society’s Voucher Collection. Flintshire : Amongst some shells found in this county by the Rev. T. Shank- land there is a fine example of Aygromza fusca, found roth Oct., 1890, at Leet, Mold, which has been seen by Mr. J. W. Taylor, and is now in the Conchological Society’s Voucher Collection. It is a new county record for the Census. Herefordshire : I am indebted to Miss Margaret A. Boycott for a supply of garden slugs found at The Grange, Hereford, May 24th. They include Zzmax flavus, which is new to the Census, several half-grown examples; Arion hortensis was very abundant, small and very dark, and there was a single var. subfusca; Agriolimax agrestis var. reticulata one, adult ; of Alilax sowerby7z there were a few typical adults, and a large number of young ones which must be put down as var. zzg7escens, being very dark grey, almost black, and with dark footsole, and no trace of the brown pigmentation. Hertfordshire: Mr. Charles Oldham has sent along with other species two examples of Vertigo angusttor, a number of V. pyem@a, and of Vallonia excen- trica, and one of Caczlzotdes acicula, from mole-hills at Wilstone, Feb., 1911. Kirkcudbrightshire: Mr. E. Collier has sent a few slugs from Creetown, 28th May, 1912. One very minute Aron intermedius was a new record for the Census ; and with it were sent two typical 4. cércumscriptus, and a small example, very brilliant orange in colour, of A. subfuscus var. aurantiaca. 350 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. II, JULY, I912. Leicester with Rutland: Mr. C. E. Wright has kindly presented a small Vivi- para contecta from Caldicote, Rutland, to the Society’s Voucher Collection. Lincoln South: Mr. John F. Musham, F.E.S., has during the past winter and spring been examining shakings of moss from various parts of this vice-county, and in doing so has added two species to the known fauna— Vertigo substriata, one from Heighington, 16th Feb., 1912; Aygromia fiusca, one from the same place, 16th April, 1912. Mr. John W. Taylor has verified both these species, and the specimens will ultimately be placed in the County Museum at Lincoln. Merionethshire: Mr. F. H. Sikes, M.A., has kindly presented to the Society’s Voucher Collection examples of the following : One Pyramzdiula rupestris, one Zonttoides nitidus, and several Vallonta costata, all of which are new records for the Census, and were taken in August, 1910, at Llanbedr. Northamptonshire : The Rev. W. A. Shaw has sent for authentication the ex- ample of Spherium pallidum, an adult shell, taken by him at Far Bottom, near Northampton. Northumberland South : Mr. A. M. Oliver has submitted the following new records— Wallonia pulchella, one from the road-side at Halton, near Corbridge, 3rd Sept., 1910; Paludestrina stagnalis, common in the estuary of the River Blyth, 8th Oct., 1910; Presidium fonlinale, one from a stream near Kirkley, Ponteland, 13th April, 1912. We are indebted to Mr. Fred. Taylor for verifying the Paludestrina, and the others have been authenticated by Mr. John W. Taylor. Pembrokeshire: Mr. H. C. Napier has submitted examples of Vertigo antivertigo from marshes near Penally. Radnorshire: The Society has been much indebted to Mr. J. Williams Vaughan, J.P., for his numerous additions to the Census for the Welsh counties, and he has recently sent the following—Limnza palustris, a few found in the old moat round Llechrydd House, near Builth Road Station, 29th May, 1911; Lzmnea truncatula, several found at Pwl-patty, Glasbury Village, 26th April, 1911 ; Spherium lacustre, a few; Pisidium obtusale, a few; and Valvata cristata, one—all from a pool near the Wye in the parish of Llowes. Sussex East: Mr. A. W. Stelfox has submitted a number of new records for this vice-county, which have passed under the eye of Mr. J. W. Taylor. They include Bythinia tentaculata and Aplexa hypnorum, taken at Pevensey Level, 20th March, 1909; Anodonta cygnea, taken at Pevensey, Sept., I9I1; Planorbis cornéus and Pistdium amnicum, taken near Lewes, 13th Sept., 1911; Mr. LionelE. Adams, B.A., has submitted Pes¢deeum gasstescanum, taken in Sept., IQIIt, at Pevensey Level. Mr. E. Collier submitted P/amorbzs vortex from Malling Marsh, near Lewes, taken 19th Sept., 1911 (by a clerical error this was recorded as for Sussex ‘‘ West” in the /. of Conch., April, 1912, xill., p. 318). Worcestershire: Mr. N. G. Hadden has submitted Val/lonia excentrica, a few, and Prstdium gassiestanum, several, taken at Earl’s Croome ; Plano7rbzs glaber, two from a pool at Malvern ; Paludestrina jenkinst, plentiful at Mythe Toot, a backwater of the Severn, near Tewkesbury, just within the county boundary. Yorkshire South-East: Mr. J. W. Boult, of Hull, has kindly presented to the Society’s Voucher Collection some examples of Neretina fluviatilis, which is common in Sutton Drain, near Hull, but has not hitherto been authenticated from the East Riding of Yorkshire; Mr. J. W. Taylor has confirmed th identification. ErRAtUM.—On p. 309, line 11, for “* W. D. Roebuck ” read ‘* F. Taylor,” RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCICAL WORKS. SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species). Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 species. Small Catalogue (with Prices) Post Free. SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED. Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply EO ae PLAN AND FULL PRICE LISF POST FREE. SOWERBY & FULTON, River Side, KEW, near LONDON. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A., HAS ON SALE THE FINEST STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS IN AMERICA, AS WELL AS A VERY GOOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE. I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Collectors having Duplicates in Quantity to dispose of, or will buy Entire Lots or Collections for Immediate Cash. WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER. I particularly desire all kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicidz. Messrs. W. HEFFER & SONS, Ltd., Booksellers, Cambridge, have a Special Department for the SUPPLY and PURCHASE of Journals and Transactions of Scientific and Learned Societies. Correspondence In- vited. Foreign Books a Speciality. REPRINTS. UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6. § pp.. 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6. 50 a pe Ay 6: 3 976. ee lO/= sa 12/6: 100 ap gp Oe 9-9) = ao eae eee lStice ADYERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates — Whole Page ss zr S20 Quarter Page We : 7/-. Half Page... Aen 2 12/6. Six Lines or under ... aso IO, One-third Page... Be ge Oe) Every additional Line -/6. SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. MANUAL OF GONCHOLOCY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Sheils. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, [ier qant 262 eS gee oe eee) ie poe (eee a er See Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series. — Pulmonata. Twenty volumes including the Monography of Helicidz, Bulimidze, and Urocoptide. G@Ss~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Vou. 13]. OCTOBER Ist, 1912. [No. 12 THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R. LE B.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,] Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK, LAKEFOOT, 66, GRANVILLE ROAD, Ou.ton Cross, HamittTon Rop., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. PAGE Contents, List of Plates, etc. ... ie ee say nanee iL. Annual Meeting : Notice to Members ... Said gi ARE Teas pane SiS Obituary Notice: J. W. Baldwin—EviTor as ae 366 BSD Pisidium lilljeborgi Clessin and other Pisidia in Carnarvonshire— C. OLDHAM seb cc ate ais 5007, BRP? Clausilia biplicata Mont.—F. B. Scns aon ses Auk 354 Land Shelis from Scilly—J. R. re B. Tomrin ... ws 354 Notes on the Scandinavian Molluscan Fauna—J. D. DEAN e355 Conchological Notes from the Nile—L. E, ADAMS 0 359 Helix cantiana Mont. Eaten by Birds—G. C. LEMAN os Seo) Proceedings : June 12, 1912; Sept. If, 1912... ins ..- 360 Index ths ose AG ave A 50¢ be: AO LONDON: Dutau & Co., LTD., 37, Sono Square, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHerrarr & HUGHES, Str. Ann’s St. ~ BERLIN: FrRIEDLAENDER & SoHN, CARLSTRASSE 11. List OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Sd. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen. iS Oe BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH | LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. LIONEL E. ADAMS: BA. Published by authority of the Conchologieal Society. Vrice Sd. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order. é The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W..H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the District, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are : ‘Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of ee and Adjacent Counties” ; ‘‘On the Mollusca from the ‘ Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag”; and others, which contain much valuable maoeenation of local and general interest, Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, - Mr, W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. FOR SALE. OLS. 6 and 7 of Tryon’s Manual (first series), unbound, containing the Conide and Pleurotomide with plain plates, and Cyprea, Dolium, Strombus, etc., with coloured plates. —Apply to the Epiror. A 351 THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. WOlin 18. OCTOBER, 1912. INI@; 12, ANNUAL MEETING.—NOTICE TO MEMBERS. THe Annual Meeting will be held in the Linnean Society’s Rooms, by kind permission of their Council, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, W., on Saturday, October rath, at 3 p.m. Members who intend to exhibit are requested to furnish particulars of their exhibits and the amount of space required, without delay, to J. E. Cooper, 53, North Road, Highgate, N. One or two members have kindly volunteered to act as “ official introducers ” at the Annual Meeting. ‘They will wear red rosettes, and will endeavour to make members known to each other. Mr. J. C. Dacie has kindly offered to place his office (37, King William Street, London Bridge, E.C.), from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. on Friday, 11th October, and from 10 a.m. to 1 pm. on Saturday, r2th October, at the disposal of members who may wish to meet other members in the city, or who may wish to receive or write letters, etc. Members and Visitors are particularly requested to sign the Roll Book on entering the meeting. Exhibits may be addressed to— J. E. Cooper, c/o The Housekeeper, THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, BURLINGTON HOUvusE, PICCADILLY, W. W. 356 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912. Pupa anglica Fér., and the species characteristic of south-western EKurope—f/ygromia revelata Mich., Helix pisana Mill., and Testacela. Due perhaps to climate, or to a greater variety of habitat conditions, we have as dominants at this day throughout Scandinavia such species as Pyramidula ruderata Stud. and Eulota fruticum Mil. At Rosenland, in the province of Smaland—at a latitude correspond- ing roughly to that of Edinburgh—we have such a species as Ena montana Drap. ‘This is hardly an isolated case, for instance, C/aw- stla rolphit Leach occurs in Southern Norway, and Clausilia biplicata Mtg. in the south-west corner of the peninsula. A very interesting study lies in attempting to determine the prob- able origin of the Scandinavian fauna, and for a possible clue I have been directing my attention to the distribution of the later Teutonic species. Occurring in Southern Sweden and Eastern Norway— the Germanic province—are He/tceila strigella Drap., Clausilia plicatula Drap., Claustlia dubia Drap., Clausilia cructata Stud., and Clausilia ventricosa Drap. Southern Sweden has Aygromia bidens Chem. and Flygromtia incarnata Mull. Certain of our own western or Celtic species are entirely absent:—Myalinia helvetica Blum, Zonttoides excavatus Bean, Hygromta granulata Alder, and Pyramidula rupestris Drap. Helicella striata Mill. is recorded only for Oland, an island off the Swedish coast. The distribution of Zorguilla avenacea Brug. is of interest. Although recorded for the Kinnekulle Mountains near Lake Venern in Southern Sweden, and for Gothland in the Baltic Sea, the record here is Borgholm, Oland, 1880. The suggestion here, even if slight, of ‘a Gothland land-bridge, is not without a seeming support, if we study the maps appearing in Mr. Taylor’s Monograph on the British Mollusca. Ayalinta luctda Drap. is recorded by Dr. Westerlund for Gothland and Calmar, and again for Lund. ‘This last, with which might be included Skane, is so often an isolated record, that it suggests a separation from the rest of Scandinavia, at one time, and a union through Denmark. Flyalinia cellaria Mill. is in much the same position: recorded for the province of Skane, South Finland, on the opposite or Russian side of the Baltic, Gothland, Calmar, and Carlskrona. Hyadinia alliaria Miller has a similar distribution. Pyramidula rotundata Muller under such an hypothesis has a distribution quite intelligible. Re- ported as inhabiting Finland, it occupies also a tract across Central Sweden, and is recorded for both islands, Gothland and Oland. Flelix hortensis Miller occupies the Baltic provinces, is recorded for Gothland, and has perhaps thus spread westward through Central Scandinavia. elicigona lapicida V.. is recorded for Poland and Fin- land, and probably inhabits the Baltic provinces ; it is reported also DEAN : NOTES ON SCANDINAVIAN MOLLUSCAN FAUNA, 357 for both islands, Gothland and Oland, and has probably extended its range, though not so far, by a similar route. Mr. Stelfox says of this species that in Norway it is quite common in districts composed of granite and schist. Whether there were present the requisite con- ditions for dispersal in the case of a species like Helix pomatia L.. it is difficult to say ; its position in Eastern Sweden has been up to the present ascribed to artificial introduction. The geological formation in the Island of Gothland is Silurian limestone, the beds nearly horizontal, but with development of steep cliffs on the western coast. A similar Silurian formation occurs on the opposite, Russian side of the Baltic! In many parts there is an absence of overlying glacial drift, leaving the limestone exposed and giving the characteristic conditions of the “‘ limestone pavement.” A few of the plants do not occur on the Swedish mainland, though the flora is closely related to the flora of Oland and to the flora of the Russian provinces on the other side of the Baltic.!_ Gothland, like the mainland of Sweden, is a typical forest region. The historical deve- lopment of the flora of Gothland has been studied by Sernander. In the ‘“‘Littorina age” of post-glacial time, there was an extension of the sea in many parts of West Europe. The Baltic had probably been hitherto a fresh-water lake (‘the Ancillus (sic) Sea,”) but now became more extensive. ‘The lower layers of peat in Gothland date from these Ancillus~or Littorina periods (named after the character- istic molluscs); they contain a large number of plants, Phragmites being abundant. It is likely that the Littorina subsidence came about the end of the Neolithic period. At the present day there are two species of fresh-water shells with an eastern distribution—J’er7- tina fluviatilis L. and FPlanorbis corneus 1..—which, with Helix pomatia V.., characterize the Stockholm area. The northern boundary of Sweden is determined partly by the Tornea Elf and partly by the Muanio Elf; the Tornea Lappmark being in Finland and the Lulea Lappmark in Sweden. This remote land has one of the smallest faunas in the world. The village of Karesuando is the most northern in Sweden, and on the Muanio EIf. Muonioniska is a few miles further down the river. The region was, as I have said, visited by Linnzeus early in the eighteenth century, or exactly 180 years ago. The following species were collected by Herr Christiernensen on the Russian or Finland side near the above localities, which places may be taken roughly as lying about 200 miles within the Arctic Circle. From Muonioniska, visited in 1879, 1 “ The Vegetation of Gothland,” by H. Hamshaw Thomas. 354 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912. Curig lakes—(588 feet) I got a few P. pustllum and P. lilljeborgt ; and P, pusillum in Liynau Diwannedd (1,208 feet), the twin lakes on the western slopes of Moel Siabod. It is satisfactory to have established the occurrence of P. il/jeborgi in Carnarvonshire ; further search will probably shew that it has a wide distribution in the mountainous parts of Wales. Mr. B. B. Woodward, to whom the Pis¢dtia which are the subject of this note have been submitted, has kindly assisted me in determin- ing the species. Clausilia biplicata Mont:—I had the pleasure in October last of visiting one of the few remaining habitats near London for this extremely local British snail. The species was plentiful enough at the time of my visit on the bank on which it lives, and is apparently likely to remain so as long as the bank exists, but I am sorry to say that all the indications are that the bank will in a very few years have become a thing of the past. The grass and other vegetation on it was very scanty, probably owing to the phenomenal heat of last summer, but in spite of this shells were Surprisingly numerous, including many other species besides the Clazs¢lia. The majority of the shells, however, were unfortunately in very eroded condition, and I found it difficult to secure anything like a presentable set of C. dzp/icata. In view of the fact that in Mr. L. E. Adams’ ‘‘ Manual,” and also in one or two other works, this species is associated with willows, it may be as well to mention that, whatever may be the case elsewhere, the colony on. this bank has obviously no connection with willows, though there were certainly plenty of these trees on the banks of the Thames some little distance away. I will only add that I have written this note in the belief that it will interest northern conchologists to have some recent evidence (the Wilts. records given in this Journal, vol. xii., p. 181, by Mr. E. W. Swanton are all very old) that C. d¢A/zcata has still a claim to be con- sidered a British snail, although it seems only too probable that its ultimate extinction in the London district, owing to the constant extension of building operations, is merely a matter of a comparatively short time (Read before the Soctety, April 10th, 1912).—F. B. JENNINGS. [We think Mr. Jennings takes too gloomy a view of the prospects of C. dzp/icata on the Thames ; as there is at least one other spot where this species was flourishing last year. —J.E.C. ]. Land Shells from Scilly.—The following species were collected last June during a short stay on the Island of Tresco: Balea perversa, Succinea elegans, Zua lubrica vax. lubricotdes, Pupa cylindracea, Pyramidula rotundata, Helicella acuta, H. caperata, Felix nemoralis, Hygromia revelata, H. rufescens var. rubens, Planorbis spirorbis, and Limnea pereger. The Recorder tells me that Balea isa new record for Vice-County 1. I am inclined to think that the Scilly Isles ought to form a Vice-County to themselves. —J. R. LE B. TOMLIN. 355 NOTES ON THE SCANDINAVIAN MOLLUSCAN FAUNA. By J. DAVY DEAN. (Read before the Society, June 12th, 1912). I wanT, as far as possible, to sketch briefly in outline some features relative to distribution in Scandinavia, and, without detailing too fully the species or forms of the land and fresh-water mollusca, to endeay- our to find out how far the fauna resembles, and how far it differs from, Our own. We have in vol. v. of this Journal an excellent account by Miss Esmark of the shells of Norway, and she gives some glimpses of the difficulties to be surmounted before any serious distributional work can be accomplished. There are also many valuable notes concerning the range of particular species, which enable us to infer much as to the comparative strength or weakness of the various forms. I have not found myself quite in the same case with Sweden. Much of the literature on the shells of this country is either obscure or in publica- tions accessible only to those conversant with the Swedish language. However, a number of the shells of Sweden and Lapland has recently come into my hands, and these are very largely the basis of my notes. The collection is one made by a Swedish naturalist—Herr A. H. Christiernensen—between the years 1870 and 1g01. Not only does this collection reveal a power for discrimination between species, which is everything in pioneer work, but it shows that Herr Christi- ernensen realised the importance of exactly tabulating the locality and date of specimens collected. Further, there is a series of Arctic species from the Tornea Lappmark, the region visited by Linnzeus in 1732. Herr Christiernensen was an oologist, but exactly where resi- dent I donot know. All correspondence was done througn Goteborg. The Scandinavian species may be divided into western and Teu- tonic, as is the case with those of the British Isles. Extending far to the north are the primitive groups of species which, at the time of the earlier land-areas, spread through the Faroes and Iceland to North America, and are now spoken of as the Circumpolar forms. Looking at the fauna as a whole, we notice an absence of the true He/icel/as, and the presence of several Germanic or eastern Teutonic forms, such as Hyeromia bidens Chem., Helicella strigella Drap., Torquilla avenacea Brug., and Clausilia plicatula Drap. ‘There are no land operculates nearer than Jutland and Zealand, which are outside the scope of these notes. A conspicuous absentee is Helix aspersa Mill., absent also from Germany. There are absent also Hygromia rufescens Penn, and OBITUARY NOTICE. J. W. BALDWIN. J. W. Batpwin, who died at Bromley Cross on June 12th, be- longed to the old school of working-men naturalists, so characteristic of Lancashire, who thought nothing of spending whole nights in the open when in search of some particular rarity, and whose highest ambition was satisfied if they succeeded in their quest. He started as an entomologist, and compiled an excellent local list of Moctwas, and also made a small collection of birds’ eggs. But his later life he devoted to the study of shells, and for a working-man he amassed a really wonderful collection. He was a very regular attendant and exhibitor at the Conchological Society’s meetings, served for some years on the Council, and contributed several short notes to the /ourvna/. His most treasured ‘ find’ was the first recorded? sinistral example of /Jaminia muscorum L.. In vol. xil., page 325 of this Jowrnal he described a new variety (var. elongatum) of Carychium minimum from Chatburn. His name will, however, probably be remembered longest in connection with his entomological work, and his contributions on this subject to the periodicals. His training was that of a thorough field naturalist, and he had a most exact knowledge of the habits and habitats of the Lepidoptera of his own district. Unassuming, quiet, and genuine by nature, he was universally popular with the members who knew him in this Society, as well as in the Bolton Field Naturalist Society. He also took an active part in social and religious life. He leaves a widow and four sons. We are indebted for the above details to the proprietors of the ‘Lancashire Naturalist,” from which this account is extracted prac- tically verbatim.—EnITor. mis Of Onn Sb Mop 195 THe 353 PISIDIUM LILLJEBORGI Clessin AND OTHER PISIDIA IN CARNARVONSHIRE. By CHARLES OLDHAM. (Read before the Society, April roth, 1912). I spENT a few days in September, 1911, at Capel Curig, searching in the lakes and mountain tarns—with ultimate success—for P. ///7e- borg?, and incidentally I collected several other species of Prszdzum. In the mud of a small reservoir at Llanrychwyn (700 feet) P. swb- truncatum occurred in great abundance, but in the natural lakes and tarns: Mollusca were scarce, and an hour’s hard work often resulted in a blank or produced at best three or four specimens. The tarns, one and all, have hard, stony beds, almost devoid of vegetation. Here and there little patches of sandy grit may afford an anchorage for the roots of Lobelia dortmanna, Lsvetes, or Spar- ganium affine, but such conditions are not congenial for Pés7dza, and it was only where peaty mud occurred, capable of supporting 2gwz- setum and FPotamogeton, that one could hope for any measure of success. The lakes on the northern flank of the ridge which extends from Carnedd Llewelyn to the Conway Valley—Llyn Dulyn, Melyn- llyn, Llyn Cawlyd and the rest, away to Llyn y Pare near Bettws- y-coed—-have all been requisitioned as water supplies by the coast towns or by industrial concerns—lead-mines and the like. Their waters, after the long dry summer, were much below their usual level, and two long days’ hunting in them yielded nothing. The tarns in Nant Ffrancon and Nant-y-Gwrhyd gave better results. Ina small patch of peaty mud in Ffynnon Llugwy (1,786 feet) occurred a beautiful form of P. pulchellum, pale yellow in colour, thin in texture, and with the grooves in the line of growth much less _pro- nounced than usual. On the rocky shores of Ffynnon Lloer (2,250 feet) a little mud had accumulated in crevices between some of the big boulders, and by sifting this I got a few specimens of P. pusz//um and P. milium. A small form of Ancylus fluviatilis abounded on the stones in the bed of this tarn; and I also took a few small dark- coloured Limnaa pereger. Llyn Ogwen (984 feet) yielded a single P. obtusale and a distorted example of Planorbis contortus. In Llyn Idwal (1,200 feet) there is a considerable area of peaty mud, and here among Lgutsetum and Scirpus I got about a dozen specimens of P. lilljeborgt and one P. casertanum in an hour-and-a-half. The neigh- bouring Llyn Bochlwyd (1,900 feet) yielded only P. casertanum, as did Llyn Cwm-ffynnon (1,254 feet). In Llynau Mymbyr—the Capel 358 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912. Planorbis albus var. draparnaldi Beck, Planorbis rossmaessleri Auersw., Planorbis contortus 1.., and Valvata piscinalis Mull., were brought ; from Karesuando, visited in 1880, Vitrina angelice Beck, Hyalinia radtatula var. petronella Charp., and a form of Luconulus fulvus Mull. The fresh-water species include the two very remarkable forms— Valvata macrostoma Steenb. and Valvata frigida Westerlund, a large form of Limnaa pereger var. ovata Drap., interesting examples of var. acuminata Jeff., and a form of Spherium corneum L., perhaps extreme examples of the var. zuc/eus Stud. Into the question of the variation in the circumpolar forms, well represented in this collection, I do not feel at present competent to go, without further material, and without a closer knowledge of the American species. I may, however, call attention to the Vi¢rina angelice Beck, and Hyalinia petronella Charp. Vitrina angelica differs from V. pellucida in the greater contraction of the spire, and while this feature is not now considered of specific importance, yet there is present a subtle difference. A similar contraction of the spire will be noticed in several of these Scandinavian Helicoids, and I think a common-sense view is that it is due to climate, and the severe conditions during the growth periods. Myalinia vadiatula Alder is here represented by three, if not four, forms. ‘The shell corresponding to our type is the one known as Zammonis Strom, so labelled in this collection and in a series of shells sent by Miss Esmark to Mr. Edward Collier. Then from Jarlsberg in Norway we have a var. virescens, and there are representative examples from Norway, Sweden, and Lapland of the beautiful large form known in Scandinavia as Ayalinia petronella Charp. ‘This shell, seen at its best in the examples from Hasselfors, in Nerike, is a pure transparent white, larger, with less rapidly enlarging whorls than is the case with radtatula as we know it. Indeed, it is difficult-at first sight to reconcile it with that species, until we call to mind the parallel in- stance of cellarta Mill. and its var. compacta Jeff. The small hammonis is the later, stronger race, and the large fetrvnel/a is the earlier, more primitive form. My best thanks are due to my friends, Messrs. J. W. Taylor, Edward Collier, Arthur Stelfox, and J. W. Jackson, for help and kind sugges- tions in the preparation of these notes. 359 CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE NILE. By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. (Read before the Society, March 13th, 1912). A Trip up the Nile from Cairo to Assouan during the spring of last year (1911) gave me the opportunity of sampling the mollusca when- ever the steamer stopped. The only spots along the river where collecting is at all profitable are sandbanks, which are exposed as the river falls, and where the shore slopes gradually down to the water. Even in these situations only ‘‘dead shells” are to be found, as flocks of spoonbills, plovers, cranes, herons, and ducks of many kinds leave nothing eatable undiscovered. The banks, moreover, are for the most part perpendicular faces of clay. There are no calm backwaters with ‘“‘bulrushes” or other water plants, whatever there may have been in the time of the infant Moses; these have retreated further up stream with the crocodile and the Sacred Ibis. At intervals between Luxor and Assouan the small Corbicula flum- tnalis Mull. was common, and an occasional Jelania tuberculata Mull. occurred. At Assouan the natives sell necklaces of shells strung together, some of which are marine and of obscure origin, the only local material being the little solid Cleopatra bulimotdes Oliv., which is stained red, and strung through the mouth and a small hole roughly pierced in the body-whorl. Throughout the district of the first Cataract, this species and its variety ¢rifascéata occurred plentifully, always dead and bleached. I never found a “live” shell during the whole trip ; perhaps a dredge would bring living specimens from the mud at the bottom. As the river runs through absolute desert, and most of the existing vegetation along the banks is on land reclaimed from the desert, it is not wonderful that I did not find a single specimen of any land species. Helix cantiana Mont. Eaten by Birds.—As bearing upon Mr. Oldham’s note on page 323 of this volume, I may record that Helix cantzana swarmed at Westgate-on-Sea in June last, and there was ample evidence from ‘‘stones” of birds feeding on this snail. I found no trace of any other species among the débris.—G. C. LEMAN. - 364 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. page Clausitlia cravenensis var. albina nov., J. D. Dean . 146 — dubiaDrap.in Kent, H. Oration 276 — laminata new to Monnens aha.) (ae) — plicata Drap. with Double Mouth SOM Cloghane, Mollusca at Sao Tay Clyde Isles, Pesiddium llijeborgt ... 293 Collier, E., eee Notice: G.W. Chaster WD Colour Mutation in “Enalinee holiae- tica, C. Oldham 500 BRP — Varieties of Donax variegatus Gmel. from the Channel Islands, R. Woodcock . 244 Conchological Notes from La Plata, Durban and Bombay, L. E. Adams ae 000 sco QBS — —— from the ae We 1 Adams p00 BO) — Society, Geren a Proearess of the 150 Cooper J. E., Abporienal Rodale of ; Vitrea lucida 76 — Assemania grayana in Beet Suffolk o HA — Association of Ve ey nae tilts and Velletia lacustris 273 — New County Records of /7sz- dium 216 — Note on Decoltted Shells 14 — Obitary: A. Loydell 64 — Paludestrina jenkinst in Merio- nethshire.. 138 -- JRE supinuit In ae. 14 — Pseudanodonta elongata FFiall in the Thames 138 — Succinea oblonga iw Merionetn: shire . 148 — Variation iaeteor za ito ea i 340 -- Vertigo substriata in Bucks. ... 146 Corbula gibba O)., Early Spinous Stage 306 191 Cork West, ee Hier 27, P. obtusale and P. steenbuchi 289 Cornwall, ygromia revelata 3 — West (Scilly), Galea perversa... 354 County Records, New:— Anglesey ... 349 Ayr ee hire ZONE 42 Bedford ... 339 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912. County Records, New :— Berks. Brecon Bucks. Cardigan... Carmarthen Carnarvon Cheshire ... Clyde Isles Cork West re Cornwall West (Scilly)... Cumberland BN, Bil7n Devon North 5 17e South 00 II, 14, 16, At, 156, 14, 13; Dorset Dumbarton Durham ... Ebudes North Essex South Flint Galway East Hants. North South Hereford... Herts. Isle of Man Wight Kent East West 68, 264, 276, Kerry King’s Co. Kirkcudbright 5 Leicester and Rutland 53, ai, Lincoln South 317, Merioneth 138, 216, 342, Middlesex ; Ace Monmouth Montgomery Northants. Ni Northumberland SeunThve Orkney Oxford Pembroke Perth East Queen’s Co. Radnor Ross East West Selkirk Suffolk East Sussex East 0 ono BY, 148, 264, 14, Il, INDEX. 365 page County Records, New :— Sussex West... 68, 318, 342 Tipperary North ESS Waterford Ps soo Shiits) Westmorland ... o00 Yl Lly BULY/ Wexford ... 50 sao BL Worcester Sab 00 il Bifo) Yorks. South East » 350 Crepidiula fornicata L. and Peverola pholadijormis Lam. in the Med- way, F. H. Sikes - 108 — -— onthe Lincs. Coast, W. Gyngell ... ‘ 14 Cumberland, /amznza See 313, 317, 318 Curiously distorted Anodonta cygnea E. A. Wallis 97 Cyclostoma elegans carried by a bee 108, 163 Cyclostrema excavata Cpr.... .. 108 Cylindrella equatortza Mor., Note on, J. R. le B. Tomlin... 0 BAR Cypraea moneta at Frankfurt-on- Main ies 251 — pantherina at eauteatt 251 — — in Saxon Graves, J. W. Jackson ... 5G 500 S1°Y/ — figris in Elan, Prehistoric, J. R. le B. Tomlin 251 Dart of Helix undata Lowe, On the G. C. Spence 210 Dean, J. D., Clausthia fideniaie var. pene we . 146 — — cravenensts var. been nov. : ee 008 .-. 146 — Notes on the Scandinavian Molluscan Fauna 503, BEG — Periodic Variation in Limnaa pereger ... 48 Decollated Shells, Mas ¢ on, are E. Cooper sao. dl Descriptions of four uppeced new Land Shells from British Soma- liland, J. R. le B. Tomlin 54 — New Species of Latirus 170, 171, 173 — Two New Species of Marginella from San Thomé Island, J. R. le B. Tomlin and L. J. Shackle- ford 600 dc n65 BEC) page Determination of Generaand Species Some remarks on the, Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen .. us »» 144 Devon North, ee cimereoniger 17 — — New Locality for Un- common species in ses -- 308 — — Acicula lineata and Vit. rea Vogerst tee +e. 309 Devon South, Vetvea Hae OS Dispersal of Shells by Insects, H. J. Stalley ... 660 S00 ... 163 — — — J. R. le B. Tomlin: 108 Dogger Bank and Yorkshire Coast, Marine Mollusca of, J. A. Har- greaves ... .. 80, 99 Donax variegatus Gmneli var. aurea nov. é 900 + 245 — — var. nee TDD), new to Britain BA . 244 = — var. ae B. D. D. , hew to Britain ee a ... 244 Dorset, Galea perversa ..... 500 BY/ Double-mouthed Clausilia... 152, 161, 190, I91 Dumbarton, Vetvea radiatula . 148 Durban, Conchological Notes from, Ey Adamsi) se 500 BAG Durham, Cacttiordes nelle a 342 Ebudes North, Péstdium lelljeborgi 273 Eccles, Mtlax gagates and others at 45 Editor, Prstdtum personatum at Mortehoe—a correction LOO — Proposed Reprinting of vol. L of the ‘‘ Journal of Conchology” 286 — Obituary Notice: J. W. Baldwin 352 Ena montana in Bucks., C. Oldham 148 _ — new to Berks. ... ++ 349 — — new to Sussex West °. 342 — obscura new to Galway East ... 318 = — new to Essex South ... 342 Ennea orestias, n. sp. oc 55 Enumeration of the Aatitione made to the Genus Lad¢irus Montfort since 1891, with Descriptions of three New Species, J. C. Melvill 164 Essex South, Zna obscura... ves 342 Ethalia nevilli Sow., J. R. le B. Tomlin ... oe ... 108 Euconulus fulvus new to Bede --+ 339 — — new to Kent East odo BUY —= — newto Monmouth ... 62 362 EIN IBY), page fage Abnormal Radula of Vitvea lucida, Agriolimax levis new toIsle of Man 59 J. E. Cooper 76 | — — new to Kerry Biol 7 Acanthinula aculeata new to Beds. 339 | Alps, Land Mollusca in the Southern = — new to Brecon... 62 Limestone : 120 — — new to Carmarthen 13 | Ancylus fluviatilis and iz MR: — — new to Galway East ... 318 lacustris, Association of... 273, 340 -— — new to Monmouth 62 | _ — new to Beds. 55 RD) Acitcula ineatanew to North Devon 311 ; — — new to Ross East 5 AF Acmea virginea and Protective | Anglesey, Vallonia excentrica - 349 Colouring i 086 - 215 | Animal, Importance of the, in the Acroloxus lacusivis new to Mon- Land Mollusca, Lt.-Col. Godwin- mouth Bat 64 Austen nome (see also Ve/letza). Annual Meeting : NoticetoMembers 351 Adams, L. E., Conchological Notes Anodonta anatina new to Brecon... 64 from La Plata, Durban, and = — new to Monmouth 64 Bombay . 0 235 | — cygnea, curiously distorted 97 -—— — from the Nile a 359) | == — new to Galway East 318 — Notes on the British TBtettihatton — — new to Monmouth 64 of Testacella “ 211 | — — new to Sussex East 350 — Observations on the ae of Aplecta hypnorum new to Galway Arion ater 116 East ee as Due — Paludestrina jenkinst in West = — new to Isle of Man 59 Sussex 68 | — — new to Kent East Bly, — The Track of Wie fens 321 | — — new to Monmouth 63 — Vitrina hibernica Taylor and — — new to Sussex East 350 Jeffreys’ Varieties of V. pelluctda 232 | — — new to Wexford soo SLY Additional Notes on the Non- Marine Arion alex new to Brecon ... II Mollusca of Mortehoe, M. IF — — new to Carmarthen 13 Longstaff... : 106 | — — new to Radnor... II Additions to ‘ Breen Gonctoloays —- — Pairing of 116 (part vii.), J. T. Marshall 179, — cercumscriptus new to Brecon 192, 223, 294, 324 and Radnor 12 — to the Mollusca of South Devon — hortens?s new to Brecon Il and the Record of a new locality — — new to Carmarthen 13 for Uncommon Species in North — — new to Radnor... a6 il Devon, M. J. Longstaff 308 | — — new to Ross East LAT Agriolimax agrestis new to Brecon 12 | — ¢@ulermedius new to Brecon II ~~ — new to Carmarthen 157) — — new to Carmarthen 13 — — new to Radnor... 12 | — — new to Isle of Man 59 — laevis new to Brecon... 12 | — — new to Kirkcudbright... 349 INDEX. 363 page page Arion intermedius new to Radnor r1 | Bucks., Aza montana 148 — subfuscus new to Brecon 11 | — Lzmax flavus ... 317 — — new to Carmarthen 13. | — Léstdiume supinum 14, 53 — — new to Radnor... 11 | — Vertigo pustllaand V. substriata — — new to Ross Fast . 147 146, 156 Arran Island, Pistdiam Lilljeborgi... 293 | Puliminus boothi n. sp. 54 Assemania grayana in East Suffolk, — featheri n. sp 54 J. E. Cooper 14 | — libbahensis n. sp. : S56 Association of Azcylus Vaniaiie Bullinella alba Brown var. decortz- and Velletza lacustris 273, 340 cata Beck in the British Area — of Species in Windermere 178 I15, 330 Atretia gnomon Jeff. new to British Bythinia see Bithynva Area see zs 115 Ayr, Vitrea lucida ... no FAG, BAD Cectliordes acicula new to Durham 342 Azeca tridens new to Berks. BMG) || = — new to Herts. ... 349 -— — new to Radnor.. ; 12 | — angtica Bourg. . 2 IS ek cae oe of the Specific Cairns, Robert : Olney Notices . 290 Nee a ‘ eis Cardigan, New Records 14 Carmarthen, New Records... doo tie) Baldwin, J. W. : Obituary Notice... 352 | Carnarvonshire, Prsidzum lilljebor-o¢ Balea perversa new to Beds. 339 and other Ps¢dza in, C. Oldham 353 new to Brecon .. ; 12 new to Comer West (Scilly) at . 354 — — new to Dorset ... R07) — — new to Galway East 318 Ballinacurra, Shell Drift at, H. Fogerty . s00 OS Bedfordshire, New Iecoudet for, E D. Marquand 600 » 339 Bela ctrrata Brug. in the British Area 114, 326 Berkshire, New Records 349 Bewdley, Shells at . 45 Biology of the Moles! raed diets on a study of one of our common- est Species— Helix Bae By No Wo Taylor . 205 Birds Feeding on Saati 20%, 359 Bithynia leachi new to Beds. 336 — — new to Galway East ... 318 — fentaculata new to Galway East 318 — — new to Sussex East 350 Boettger, Prof. : Obituary Notice... 162 Bombay, Conchological Notes fom L. E. Adams o00 ABN Brecon, New Records II, 61 ‘* British Conchology,’ Additions to (part vii.), J. T. Marshall 179, 192, 223, 294, 324 — Somaliland, New Land Shells from, J. R. le B. Tomlin 54 Carychium minimum near Limerick, H. ae 71, 98 — new to Brecon. 12 — — new to Guimarien 13 — -— new to Galway East 318 -- — new to Monmouth 63 — — new to Radnor... noo, 2 Census Authentications, W. D. Roe- buck 317, 342, 349 — Report on Acceleration ae in 1909 co BS — Report on Ayaasrlsion ap in be) fe) .. 156 Cerithiopsis barleet Jeff var, Sophie rupta Nov. : . 189 — horrida Jeff. ftom the Eddy- stone . 194 Channel Isles, Galisinr Warietes a Donax variegatus Gmel. from the . 244 Chaster, G. W. : Ona Waite - 72 Cheshire, Peszdzum supinum ooo Clathurella anceps Eichw. var.soluta nov. ano : :.. 2907 — linearis Mont. var. mznor nov. 299 Claustlia bidentata new to Orkney 317 — — new to Selkirk... . 342 — — var. albina, J. D. Dean 146 — — with Double Mouth 152, 161, 190 — Obiplicata, F. B. Jennings - 354 360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 413th Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, June 12th, 1912. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : ““A Review of South African Land Mollusca belonging to the Family Zonztide,” part ii., by Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., etc., from the author. The usual periodicals had been received in exchange. Papers Read. “Notes on some Land Shells of Algeria and Tunis,” by Lionel E. Adams, B.A. ““ Notes on the Scandinavian Molluscan Fauna,” by J. Davy Dean. Exhibits. By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: Specimens of land shells from Algeria and Tunis in illustration of his paper. By Mr. J. Davy Dean: A collection of Scandinavian land and freshwater shells in illustration of his paper. By the Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: Polygyra thyroides Say, P. tridentata Say, P. monodon Rackett, Pyramidula alternata Say, P. ferspectiva Say, Cochlicofa lubrica Miill., Ay gromta rufescens Penn., and Succinea obligua Say, all collected at Goat Island, Niagara, last May; also Ayeromita vufescens Penn. and Vallonia pulchella Miill. from Quebec, and a Vertzgo from Montmorency. 414th Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, Sept. 11th, 1912. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : ““A Zoogeographic Study based on the Pyramidellid Mollusks of the West Coast of America.” ‘‘ Additions to the West American Pyramidellid Mollusk Fauna, with Descriptions of New Species,” by Paul Bartsch. ‘‘ Bemerkungen zu den Clavatula-Gruppen Perrona und Tomella,” by H. Strebel. ‘‘ Notes on Non-Marine Mollusca from some Irish Lakes, obtained by the late Major H. Trevelyan, F.Z.S., in 1911,” by A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward. ‘‘ The Marine Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition,” part ii., by J. C. Melvill and R. Standen. ‘‘ The Brachiopoda of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson. ‘‘ A Review of South African Land Mollusca belonging to the Family Zonz¢éde,” part ii., by Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange. Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted : From Mr. J. E. Cooper— Valvata cristata, Colyford, Devon S. From Mr. C. P. Hurst—Swccinea elegans, Kennet and Avon Canal, south bank, Great Bedwyn, Wilts. South. From Mr. Charles Oldham—Paludestrina jenkinst, Guyhirn, Cambridgeshire. From Rev. T. Shankland—Aygromia fusca, Leet, Mold, Flintshire, 10/10/90. From Mr. J. W. Boult—Weritina fluviatilis, Sutton Drain, Hull, Yorks. S.E. Hyalinia lucida, garden at Hull, Yorks. S.E. PROCEEDINGS : SEPTEMBER II, 1912. 361 Candidates Proposed for Membership. Miss Florence Jewell, Emsworth, Hants. Percival Ross Frames, P. O. Box 148, Johannesburg, South Africa. Members Deceased. J. W. Baldwin. Rev. R. Ashington Bullen. Papers Read. ‘** Obituary Notice: The Rev. Robert Ashington Bullen, B.A., F.G.S.,” by Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley. ‘“Conchological Notes from Scarborough,” by W. Gyngell. “Note on Urocoptis lata var. producta C. B. Adams,” by G. C. Spence. ** Activity of Avzon ater,” by Margaret M. Bliss. ““The Feeding Track of O.xystele impervia Menke,” by Keppel H. Barnard. “* Descriptions of Two New Species of A/areginella from Sao Thomé Island, Gulf of Guinea,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin and Lewis J. Shackleford. Exhibits. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Cyprea clandestina with yellow colouring on ex- tremities, from New Caledonia; and a set of the same species from Mauritius, remarkable for their pellucidity and coloration ; C. flaveola var. labrolineata, and a specimen of 771vza madagascariensis var. granulata Pease—a variety undoubt- edly based upon a juvenile shell. By Mr. R. Standen: A series of marine mollusca obtained during the Scottish Antarctic Expedition of 1902-4, including topotypes of some of the new species recently described by Mr. J. C. Melvill and himself in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. By Mr. A. E. Boycott : An interesting scalariform example of Zzmnc@a stagnalis from the canal near Hereford. By Mr. F. Taylor: Very fine and richly coloured Hel¢cella caberata and its var. obliterata from Conway. by Mr. C. H. Moore: Helix nemovalés of small form and varied banding ; Hf. caperata, H. hispida, Clausilia bidentata, Jaminia cylindracea, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Hyalinia pura var. nitidosa from Seascale, July, 1912. By Mr. G. C. Spence: Uvocoptis sowerbyana Pfr., and series of A/écroceramus and Macroceramius from Cuba. By Rev. L. J. Shackleford: J/arginella eveleight sp. nov., Marginella melvillé sp. noy., and A/arginella chudeaui Bavay, from S&o Thomé Island, Gulf of Guinea. By Mr. Edward Collier: Hyalinia helvetica Blum, HZ. nitidula var. nitens, Zonttoides excavatus Bean, and Hygromia granulata Alder from Friog and Arthog, Merionethshire. By Mr. W. Denison Roebuck : Limax arborum var. albinos from Berkhamsted, Herts., taken 26th August, 1912, by Mr. Charles Oldham—a perfect albino— not even pigmented on the eye-spots. Limax tenel/us from Surrey, collected by Mr. H. Wallis Kew, F.Z.S. This is a new county, still further extending the ring round London. 366 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912, page page Eulima subumbiticata Jeff. in the Hampshire, A Prehistoric Cyprea British Area co eS) tigris L. in, J. R. le B. Tomlin 251 Evolutionary Stages in Doorn acl +» 33 | — North, Limax cinereo-niger ... 42 — South, Paludestrina jenkinsi 340 Farrer, W. J., Vertigo pusilla and V. alpestvis at Keswick 64 Ferussactde, Classification of the... 75 Flintshire, Wygroma fusca - 340 Fogerty, H., Carychinm minimum near lamreniel 0 71 — Shell Drift at Ballinacurra, co. Limerick... 5, HOE an 108 Foxall, W. H. and H. Overton, Pseudanodonta rothomagensts Loc. in Britain ... 0 Dial Friesland, Non-Marine Mollusca ob F. H. Sikes 69 Fusus consimelis, n. sp. . 229 -— evracilis daC. var. See Wak 5 new to Britain > BBA — propinguus Alder var. ocasg nov. ee 900 nee 220 —- — — var. /evis nov. ... 225 Galway East, New Records 318 Glengariff, Mollusca from ... . 287 Godwin-Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. rien Some iRemarles on the Deter- mination of Genera and Species 144 — The Importance of the Animal in the Land Mollusca, shown by certain Evolutionary Stages in some Genera of the Zonztide... 33 Grange - over- Sands, Habitat of Vitrea lucida at, J. W. Jackson 65 Gyngell, W., Cvrepedula fornicata L. on the Lincolnshire Coast... 14 — Helix nemoralis and A. horten- sts, their Colour and Band Varia- tions and Distribution — some Comparisons : non AAU — Aygromia riufescens m. stnzs- trorsum at Peterborough 14 — Interesting Association of Spe- cies in Windermere sno WIS — Limnea pereger var. lacustris living without Shell ali7(S Habitat of Vetvea lucida at Grange- over-Sands, J. W. Jackson 65 Hale Moss, Pis¢dium amnicum 311, 317, 318 Hampstead Bathing Pond, Paludes- trina jenkinsé in, G. Humphreys 254 Hargreaves, J. A., Marine Mollusca of the Yorkshire Coast and the Dogger Bank 80, 99 — Protective Resemblance in British Marine Mollusca noo. Bills Helicella caperata new to Brecon... 63 — = m. senistrorsum at Lewes, J. W. Taylor 45 hertpensis Mab. sans Notes on 345 ae == aes nibeons nov. . 346 — — var. /utescens nov. » 345 flelicigona lapictda new to Berks. 349 Heltx aspersa from Uriconium 47 — mM. sznestvorsum at Scar- saarerens W. Gyngell 5 5S) — — Study of . 265 _ — var. glabra Calc. in Mid- Lincs. Be “ai apn 2t/ — cantiana Preyed upon by the Song Thrush, C. Oldham 323 — — Eaten by Birds, G. C. Leman ot t359 -—— memoralts and H. hortensis, Colour and Band Variations and Distribution — Some Compari- sons, W. Gyngell 5 iil — — with formula wae 3. Jennings .. . 138 -- Sine Note on, G. C. cone 178 — — sinistral.. : . 125 — undata Lowe, Dart of, G. C. Spence ° ; EZ LO) Herefordshire, New Rane 68, 349 Herts., New Records 349 — Faludestrvina jenkins7... 47 — FPistdium supinum seo — Vertigo angustior .. 264 Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., Index of Notes on the British Non- Marine Mollusca in Vols. I.— XII. : . 246 Humphreys, G., Paludestvina jen- Rkimsi in etamesioad Bathing Pond ee so 25a: Ayalinia, see under Euconzlus and Vitrea. Hyeromia fusca new to Flint — new to Lincoln South... new to Monmouth new to Tipperary North revelata, Localities for 53: refescems mM. siiistrorsum at Peterborough, W. Gyngell Importance of the Animal in the Land Mollusca, shown by Cer- tain Evolutionary Stages in some Genera of the Zozztide, Lieut.- Col. Godwin-Austen Index of Notes on the British Non Marine Mollusca in Vols. I.— XII., Canon Horsley ... “ Insects, Dispersal of Shells by, H. J. Stalley 6 ht o8 — —J. R. le B. Tomlin Interesting Association of Species in Windermere, W. Gyngell Isle of Man, New Records... Isle of Wight, Vert7go menztissima, V. moulinstana, and Swuccinea oblonga Jackson, J. W., A Double-Mouthed Claustlia bidentata near Warton, W. Lancashire ... Cyprea pantherina in Saxon Graves... On the Habitat oy Vitre ea Mae de at Grange-over-Sands ... — Jaminia secale near Penrith ... Notes on Shropshire Mollusca On the Occurrence of Unzo INDEX. page - 349 359 63 318 315 14 i>) LoS) . 24€ o MOR 1c8 65 313 46 stnuatus Lam. in the British Isles 142 — Pisidium amnitcum near Hale, Westmorland Pyramidula rotundata var. le at Meathop Fell.. Jaminia secale near petithe Je W. Jackson ... BUS. BMF Jennings, F. B., Clauszlia ee Mont. felix wabralis win fornia 12045 ; ‘i Jones, Staff- Suncor te ihe vA Note of the Occurrence of eaueune filjjeborg? in the Isle of Arran... > QUI . 138 293 367 page Jones, Staff-Surgeon K. H., Notes of certain Terrestrial and Fluvia- tile Mollusca from Glengariff, Co. Cork sno AS Kendall, Rev. C. E.Y., Some Notes on the New British Land Shell, flelicella hertpensis Mab. » 345 Kent East, Clausiiia dubia Drap. 276 — New Records 5 Buy — West, Pesidinim saubts Lesicaston BiG) Kerry, New Records 77 Keswick, Vertigo pusztlla and V. alpestrts ... als os soo OL King’s Co., New Records ... 5 BIS Kirkcudbright, Arzon zntermediws 349 Land and Freshwater Mollusca at Cloghane, Co. Kerry, J. R. le B. Tomlin 7, — — of Ross- shine: fh some New County Records, J. W. Vaughan . a= WAN —- — South TES, Tk Ww. Vaughan.. 11 — Mollusca Taine a in the eonhern Limestone Alps .. 120 — Shells from Langs. J. R. le B. Aormbiin — soe Be ait ZO — = ftom Selly, J. IR le B Tomlin ... . 354 La Plata, Concinaosicel Notes one L. E. Adams 5 BAG Largs, Land Shells POE: R. le B. Tomlin ... a0 > BO) Latiris, Ehtineration of Additions to the Genus since 1891, with Descriptions of Three New Species, J. C. Melvill ... 164 — hestere@ n.sp. ope 19/0) — jeanie n.sp. 5 AS — photiformis n.sp. he cba 9723 Leicester with Rutland, /Paludes- trina jenkinst 317 — — Lisidium peau 53 — — Vivipara contecta . 350 Leman, G. C., Helix cantiana eaten by Birds... . 359 Lewes, . caperata m. sznistrorsum 45 Lifu Shells, Notes on Nomenclature of, J. R. le B, Tomlin , 43 368 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, I912. page page Limax arborvum in Staffordshire ... 42 | Longstaff, M. J., Additions to the = — new to Brecon ... 12 Mollusca of S. Devon, and the — — new to Carmarthen 13 Kecord of a New Locality for — — new to Radnor... 12 Uncommon Species inN. Devon 308 — cinerveo-niger in Hants. North. 42 | — Non-Marine Mollusca found in — — in Westerness ... coo BAO) the Parish of Mortehoe _ 0 US = — newto North Devon... 17 | — — — Additional Notes 106 — — new to Isle of Man 59 | — Notes on the Mon-Marine Mol- — — new to Radnor... 12 lusca of Mortehoe (no. 3) 309 — flavus new to Brecon... 12 | Lost Numbers of the /ozzmal 97 ay = new to Bucks 317 | Loydell, A., Obituary Notice 64 = — new to Hereford 349 = = ie ‘Wrecks Oi, We 18 Marginella chalmerst n.sp. 320 Adams vee te ++ 321 | — dautzenbergt n.sp. : > Bit) — maximus new to Brecon and Marine Mollusca from the Now Radnor 12 Sea and Shetland-Fzroe Chan- — fenellius in Oncfordleiniiess C. Ola. nel, J. Simpson .. d 109 ham soo EP — of the Worenae Gone = = i Perth E, ©, Oldham 148 and the Dogger Bank, J. A. Har- — — inStaffs., J. k. B. Mase- greaves ... : om So, 99 field oe . 42 | — — Bretiaatine Resemblance Limerick, Carychium mitnzinum in... ae ie re a so, BiB near, H. Fogerty ve 71, 98 | Marquand, E. D., New Records for Limnea auricularia new to Mon- Bedfordshire . 339 mouth... a5 : 63 | Marshall, J. T., Additions (oeeate a = DEW WO Wesford SU ish Conchiolacy * (part vii.) — palustris new «© Brecon 13 179, 192, 223, 204, 324 atl Beto Calais, oe Masefield, J. R. B., Zemawx tenelius — — new to Monmouth 63 — — to Radnor... 350 ig SHS : a eee S50 is Testiola. in Stafis. . 275 — — new to Ross East 147 is a Massy, Anne I.., Note on an Barly Be EES, nee ie Bess pa ‘ aa Spinous Stage in Corbz/la gibba 191 Pe — Periodic Variation in, Meathop Fell, Pyramidiula rotun- J. D. Dean 48 data var. alba at 4 -124 ae — var. lacustris Living ee Crepidula fornicata L. ana without Shell, W. Gyngell 178 -etricola pholadiform7s Lam. i — truncatula new to Galway E. 318 ie F. H. Sikes ie — — new to Radnor... 350 | Melvill, J. C., An Enumeration a — — new to Ross East 147 the Aaiiitions made to the Genus Lincolnshire Coast, Cvepzdula for- Latirus Montfort since 1891, nicata LL. on the 14 with Descriptions of Three New — Mid, Helix aspersav. glabra Species Ral 164 Gale 217 Merioneth, New ecards fee 350 — South, Aygromia fusca and OF, Se FEORONS ca a Vertigo substriata a5 | eine ts One a _ ; == ertigo antivertego wes 342 or — Vatlonia excentrica 317 | Middlesex, Paludestrina jenkinsi... 47 Littorina littorea, Variation in, J. — fisidium supinium yar eng E. Cooper - 340 | Mtlax gagates at Eccles, G. C. Localities for Aygromza revelata, _ Spence 45 Ifo IRo Je 18, “Wormlitin, S40 1. 53 | — Sowerbye new to (Canmaniiben.. 13 ' @ ey a 1 369 page INDEX. page Mole-hills, Shells in . 264 Notes on Shropshire Mollusca, J. W. Monmouthshire, Preliminary Con- chological Survey of, F. H.Sikes 61 _ Monstrosities: 14, 25, 26, 59, 76, 97, 99, 100, 107, 122, 151, 161, 186, 190, I9I, 200, 279, See also Scalariform and Sinistral examples. Mortehoe, Non-Marine Mollusca of, aoe M. J. Longstaff 15, 106, 309 — fisidium personatum cor- rection) soo OD) Moss, W., Onitneay Nowe: Robt. Cairns . 290 Musham, J. F., Oeemrenee of H. aspersa var. Peis Cale. in Mid- Lincs. 217 Neritina fluviatilis new to Yorks. South-East 350 New Herefordshire Reeards, Ve R le B. Tomlin He 68 New Land _ Shells fron TER Somaliland ok 5 | BA New Records for Bedlioe seit, E. D. Marquand Fe 30 BRO) Nile, Conchological Notes from ihe, L. E. Adams 359 Non-Marine Mollusca onal? in ie Parish of Mortehoe, M. J. Long- staff san Ste 15, 106, 309 — — of Friesland, F. H. Sikes 69 Northants, Pesedz2m supinum 53 — Sphertum pallidum > BGI) North Sea, Rare Mollusca from the 109 Northumberland S., New Records 350 Note of the Occurrence of Piszdizm lilljeborg¢ in the Island of Arran, Staff-Surg. K. H. Jones 208 — onaColour Mutation in ya- linia helvetica, C. Oldham > Bue — on an Early Spinous Stage in Corbiula gibba, A. L. Massy ... 191 — on Cylindrella equatoria Mor., | J. BR. le B. Tomlin o BOR on Decollated Shelts, J. E. Cooper c00 Al — on Wale onpettios G. C. Sjrence 178 Notes of Certain Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca from Glen- gariff, Co. Cork, Staff-Surgeon K. H. Jones a6 soo Bey) Jackson ... 46 — on Some Rare Moluces from the North Sea and Shetland-Fzeroe Channel, J. Simpson . 109 — the British Distribution of Tee tacella, L. E. Adams 211 — Land and Freshwater Mollusca of South Wales, J. W. Vaughan 11 — Nomenclature of Some Lifu Shells, J. R. Je B. Tomlin 43 — Non-Marine Mollusca of Morte- © hoe (no. 3), M. J. Longstaff ... 309 -—— Scandinavian Molluscan Fauna, J. D. Dean 355 Notice to Members and oles 97, 286, 351 Obituary Notices : J. W. Baldwin ... 352 Professor Boettger 162 R. Cairns A 290 G. W. Chaster ... 2 A. Loydell sis 64 Rev. R. Boog Watson ... poo 1b3%0) Observations on the Pairing of Arion ater, 1, E. Adams 116 Occurrence of Claustlia dubia Drap. in Kent, H. Overton 276 — Helix aspersa var. glabra Cale. in Mid-Lincs., J. F. Musham ... 217 — Unio sinuatus Lam. in the British Isles, J. W. Jackson 142 Oldham, C., Zza montana in Bucks. 148 — Helix cantiana Preyed upon by the Song Thrush 5 BO2 — Limax cinereo-niger in North Hampshire soo AB ae = im Westeress .. 340 — — fenellus in Oxfordshire 71 — — = ineeerthpvastere ao — Note ona Colour Mutation in Hyalinia helvetica 0 Bue — On the oe of Biskdborp SUPINUM .. 53 — & ieee: 7a Geibine in RET 340 — Pisidium lilljeborgt and other Pisidia in Carnarvonshire 353 — Vertigo angustior in Herts. 264 Oleactntde, Classification of 74 Orkney, Clausilia bidentata 317 — Succinea elegans 264 370 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY;° VOL: 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912. page Overton, H., On the Occurrence of Claustlia dubia Drap. in Kent 276 — Lrsidiune supinum in the Mid- lands Nac aa aii ooo Abb) — and W. H, Foxall, Pseedano- donta vothomagensis Loc. in Britain... kad a 050 Al Oxfordshire, Zzmax tenellus in, C. Oldham .. one due “whe 71 Pairing of Aron ater Sas soo LUO Palestrina jenkinst in Hamp- stead Bathing Pond, G. Humph- reys ae sis Bue we 254 — — in Merionethshire, J. E. : Cooper oe one suo WAYS) — — inth “lew River, G. H. Weaver ... ae B58 Boe Uh — —- in West Sussex, L. E. Adams... o&s “e OS — — new to Hants South, C. Oldham a +63 ooo QO — — new to Leicester soo Qu — — new to Worcester ESO — stagnalis new to Northumb. S. 350 _- — new to Ross E. and W. 148 — — new to Wexford soo. BUY Partulide, Classification of the... 312 Pecten tslandicus var. scolica nov. 110 Pembroke, Verdzgo antivertigo .. 350 — — pySHeA... 000 vee 6-4 Penrith, Jamia secale near 313,317,318 Periodic Variation in Limnea pere- BA, Mo IDs DERI soe ea soo Cis) Perth East, Zzmeax stenellus ... 148 Peterborough, 7. rzfescens m. szzes- LY OVSUML +6 . 14 Petricola pholadiformis Lam. and Crepidula fornicata L. in the Medway, F. H. Sikes ... LOS Physa fontinalis new to Brecon ... 13 — -— new to Galway East ... 318 a — Monmouth a OR Phytia myosotis new to Monmouth 64 Pistdium amnicum near Hale, West- morland ... Bui, BF, Que — — new to Brecon... Pee ie} —_ — new to Galway East ... 318 — — newto Monmouth ... 64 == — new to Sussex East ... 350 = — new to Tipperary North 318 page 5 Pisidium cinereum new to Wexford 317 — gasstestanum new to Carmarthen 13 — — new to Hereford san (OS) -- —) new to Iing?s:Con es 38 a — new to Radnor... aie 13 — — new to Sussex East ... 350 — — new to Wexford ie Oy _- — new to Worcester s+ 350 — lilleborge and other J%stdza in Carnarvonshire, C, Oldham... 353 — — inthe Island of Arran 293 — — newtoCork West .. 289 — — new to Ebudes North... 273 — nitidum at Mortehoe ... son GO) — — new to Cardigan Eoslica) — — newtolIsleof Man ... 59 — obtusale new to Brecon a S = — new to Cork West ... 289 — — newtolsleof Man ... 59 — — newto King’s Co. ... 318 — — newtoMerioneth ... 216 — — new to Montgomery ... 216 — — new to Radnor... .» 350 — personatum new to Cardigan... 216 — — new to Merioneth boo ZIG) — — new to Middlesex poo ANG — pulchellum new to Ross East... 148 — — new to Suffolk East .. 216 — — new to Wexford soa QU — pusillum new to Cardigan... 14 — —— newtoCarmarthen ... 13 — — newtolsleof Man ... 59 — — newto Monmouth ... 64 — — new to Wexford ve Guy — steenbucht from Haweswater shell-marl ... B86 ... IOI — — newto Cork West’ ... 289 — subtruncatum new to Cardigan 216 = — new to Hereford po OS) — — newtolsleof Man ... 59 — = new todsent West) 9.5 317 — — newtoKing’sCo. ... 318 = — newto Monmouth .. 64 = — newtoNorthumb’land S. 350 — — new to Ross East .- 148 = — new to Wexford sao Sy — suptnum in Bucks. 14, 53 — => im Oaedouie ses ae LS — -— in Herts. gee sme 58 — — inLeicester ... ag — — in Middlesex ... Pa ie i j he ¥. INDEX. | page Pisidium supinum in Northants ... 53 — — in the Midlands 45 Planorbis albus new to Wexford 317 — carinatus new to Brecon coor LA — — new to Galway East ... 318 — contortus new to Brecon and Radnor : eh els — cornenus new to Sussex East . 350 — crista new to Cardigan 14 = — new to Monmouth 63 — Sontanus new to King’s Co. ... 318 = — new to Wexford coo Quy — glaber new to Brecon . s00 | «WA — — new to Galway East ... 318 — — new to Worcester 350 — spirorbis new to Beds. 339 = — new to Brecon ... 12 — — new to Cardigan 14 — — new to Carmarthen 13 — — new to Monmouth 63 — wumbilicatus new to Monmouth 63 — vortex new to Galway East 318 — — new to Hereford 68 — — new to Sussex East 350 — — new to Sussex West 318 — — new to Tipperary North 318 Pleurotoma brachystoma v. albanov. 303 Porphyrobaphe, Notes on 192 Prehistoric Cyprea pantherina 307 — — fzgrisin Hants., J. R. le B. Tomlin 251 Preliminary Condaltontian ‘Suis of Monmouthshire, with some Notes on Brecknockshire, F.H. Sikes 0 61 Presidency, Micron of Rule re- lating to . 149 Protective Resemblance in Tyee Marine Mollusca, J. A. Har- greaves ... : . 215 Pseudanodonta Vipneara rete in thie . ‘Thames, J. E. Cooper 138 — rothomagensis Loc. in Britain, W. H. Foxall and H. Overton 274 Punctum pygmaum new to Beds.... 339 == — new to Brecon ... 62 — — new to Monmouth 62 — — new to Radnor... 12 Pupa cylindracea new to Galway E. 318 == — new to Monmouth 63 — muscorum new to Galway East 318 371 page Pupa muscorunm new to Wexford ...- 317 — stmplex Gould.. . 286 (see also Hele Jaminia). Pyramidula volundata new to Brecon 62 new to Carmarthen — var. alba at Meathop Fell, J. W. Jackson 1 124 vuderata from Warton Cave- earth 200 coo UGH rupestrés new to Beds. 0 BRO) new to Brecon... OZ new to Merioneth soo 2i59) new to Monmouth 62 13 Queen’s Co., Vertigo moulinstana and Spherium lacustre... sco BUS Radnorshire, New nccords Il, Radula of Vitvea lucida, abnormal Range of Pestdium supinum, C. Oldham ... 5 : Bae Recorder’s Report on the pone tion of the Census in 1909, ee in 1910 ... ak 0 Reprinting of Vol. 1 of the ie os , proposed a ae 606 Roebuck, W. D., Census Authenti- cations ... 317, 342, Ross-shire, Land and Freshwater Mollusca, with New Records ... Rules, Alteration of 149, San Thomé Island, Descriptions of Two New Species of Alarginella from, J. R. le B. Tomlin and L. J. Shackleford ... 000 sr Scalariform Examples : Buccinum undatum flelicella ttala ... iia ee flelicigona lapicida _... oor Felix aspersa Limnea pereger Scandinavian Molluscan Fauna, - Notes on the, J. D. Dean Scarborough, A. aspersa m. sinis- trorsunt at, W. Gyngell Scilly, Land Shells from, J. R. le B. Tomlin ... 060 : wo 354 Selkirk, Claustlia nee wae 3 372 JOURNAL OF page Shackleford, L. J. and J. R. le B. Tomlin, Descriptions of Two New Species of Marginella from San Thome Island Shell - drift at Ballinacurra, co. Limerick, H. Fogerty .. 98 Shetland-Feeroe Channel, Rare Mol- lusca from the . 109 Shropshire Mollusca, Notes on, }. W. Jackson aie ah ooo | A) Sikes, F. H., Crepidula fornicata L. and Letricola pholadiformis Iam. in the Medway ... . 108 — Non-Marine Mollusca of Fries- land aN: nad al p00 9) — Preliminary Conchological Sur- vey of Monmouthshire, with some Notes on Brecknockshire 61 Simpson, J., Notes on some Rare Mollusca from the North Sea and Shetland-Fzeroe Channel... 109 | Sinistral Examples : Acicula lineata ... ‘ide ona UGG | Buccinum undatum ...25, 99, 151 Clausilia bédentata (dextral) ... 274 Cochlicopa lubrica Sei eS Gibbus lyonnetianus noo BER felicella cantiana a60 oso | QE — caperata . 20, 45 — itala 563 vel 500 BO — wirgata 25, 124 Helix aspersa 124, 178 — pomatia ago WO 27/0) flygromia rufescens ... 14 Limnea auricularia ... oon AD) Littorina littorea a Behe oP) Neptunea antigua pan one, 5) Physa acuta (dextral) ... oan BG Pupa muscorum wie 25 | Purpura lapillus 101, Ff | Tritonofusus gracilis 100, 22 Skye, Péstdtum Silljeborgi... » B7R Smith, E. A., and J. R. le B. Tom- lin, Obituary Notice—Rev. R. Boog Watson ; aba) {43i2) — Maxwell, Upon Cextete Guedes of Land Mollusca Living in the Southern Limestone Alps - Solariella ottoc Phil. in the British Area ood iy) 120 CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO, 12, OCTORER, 1912. page Some Notes on the New British Land Shell, Helice/la heripen- sis Mab., Rev. C. E.Y. Kendall — Remarks on the Determination of Genera and Species, Lieut. - Col. Godwin-Austen . + 144 Southwold, Shells at aS: Hep ieairAl 45 Lo) Spence, G. C., Aflax gagates at Eecles) i sf ops 15 — Note on Helix pean 178 — On the Dart of Helix undata - Lowe 210 — Scalariform Helix eee Spherium corneum new to Mon- mouth ... ee . 64 — lacustre new to Galway, Fast.. . 318 — — new to Queen’s Co. 318 — — new to Radnor... 350 — pallidum new to Northants ... 350 Sphyradium edentuluim and pani simplex Gould .. 286 Staffordshire, Lzmax Genelia: Gie@, AD — Testacella in, J. .B. Masefield 275 Stalley, H. J., The Dispersal of Shells by Insects .. 163 | Succenea elegans new to Orley Ji R. le B: Tomlin 264 — oblongain buehain sae Je E. Cooper . : 148 Suffolk East, Assemania grayana 14 Sussex East, New Records 350 — — Vertigo antivertigo 342 — West, Ena montana . 342 Paludestrina jenkinsi ... 68 Planorbts vortex Taylor, J. W., Biology of the Mol- lusca, Based chiefly upon a Study of one of our Commonest Species, Helix aspersa 500 BOG — LHelicella ae m. senistior- sum at Lewes.. ay so AIG Testacella, British Diane Aon 211 — in Staffordshire, J. R. B. Mase- field 5 ARS Thames, Pseudanodonla Aral Hol. in the, J. E. Cooper . 138 Tipperary North, New Records ... 318 Tomlin, J. R. le B., Descriptions of Four Supposed New Land Shells from British Somaliland 54 INDEX. page Tosa, Yo IR We 18° ehncl IL, Ife Shackleford, Descriptions of Two New Species of A/arginella from S. Thomé Is. 90 . 319 — Dispersal of Shells by Tees 108 — Land and Freshwater Mollusca at Cloghane, co. Kerry 77 — Land Shells from Largs 290, BAO — Land Shells from Scilly ws 354 Localities for Hyervomia revelata 53 — New Herefordshire Kecords 68 — Note on Cylindrella equatoria Morelet .. > B23 — Notes on “he Nomenslinne ot some Lifu Shells AS — and Edgar A. Smith: Givin) Notice—Rev. R. Boog Watson 139 — Obituary Notice—Prof. Beettger 162 — On £thalia nevillé Sowerby .. 108 — fisidium lilleborg¢ in the Isle of Skye > BAS — Prehistoric Cyprea Hews It | in Hants. fe .. 251 — Succinea Were new to he Orkneys 000 .. 264 — Vitrea radiatula in Daman tonshire e 148 Track of gnces flees, L. E. Agen 321 Unio margaritifer new to Ross East 148 Uniontde, Variation in the 506 ATs) Unio pictorum new to Brecon and Radnor ... Ae eS — stnuatus Lam., Oocmrence in the British Isles wis soo WD) Upon certain Species of Mollusca Living in the Southern Lime- stone Alps, M. Smith . 120 Utriculus tomlinianus n.sp. » BRA Vallonia costata new to Beds. 339 — — new to Galway East 318 — — new to Merioneth 50 — excentiica new to Anglesey ... 349 — — new to Herts. .. 349 — — new to Lincoln South 5 QF — — new to Worcester . 350 — pulchella new to Northumb. S. 350 Valvata cristata new to Beds. . 340 — — new to Radnor... - 350 _— — new to Wexford 5 Buy 373 page Valvata macrostoma Steenb. in Britain PE ZO5RES LO — piscinalis new to 5 Breas 64 -— — new to Monmouth 64 — — new to Wexford > Buy Variation in Lefforina littorea, J. E. Cooper ... a 340 — inthe Unzonzde 50 BUS — Periodic, in Limnea pemenin, J. D. Dean $0 AS Vaughan, J. W., Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of Ross-shire, with some New County Records 147 — Notes on Landand Freshwater Mollusca of South Wales II Velletia lacustris and Ancylus flu- zeatzlzes, Association of 273, 340 (see also Acroloxus). ; Venus fasciata var pallida nov. III Vertigo alpestris at Keswick, W. J. Farrer 64 — angustior in Seri, % C. Oldham: 264, 349 — aniivertigo new to Galway East 318 — — new to Merioneth 342 — — new to Pembroke 350 — — new to Sussex East 342 — minutisstma in the I. of Wight 76 — moulinsiana in the I. of Wight 76 — — new to Galway East 318 — — new to Queen’s Co. 318 — pusillaat Keswick, W. J. Farrer 64 = — in Bucks. 146, 156 — — new to Galway East 318 — — new to Waterford 318 Vertigo pygmaa new to Herts. 349 = — new to Pembroke 14 — substriata in Bucks. 146, 156 — — new to Lincoln South 350 Vice-Presidents, Alteration of Rules relating to ane . 149 Vitrea alliaria new to Carmarthen 13 — cellarta new to Carmarthen it — crystallina new to Carmarthen 13 -- — new to Monmouth 62 — helvetica, Colour Mutation in 312 ~- — new to Brecon... 62 — — new to Monmouth 62 — Juctda, Abnormal Radula of ... 76 — — new to Ayr 500, ACh BA Carmarthen .. 4 LoS) 374 Vitrea lucida, Wexford On the Habitat of, at Grange -over- Sands, J. W. Jackson... pura new to Carmarthen radiatula new to Carmarthen new to Devon South ... new to Dumbarton new to King’s Co. new to Ross Fast rogerst new to Devon North ... Vitrina hibernica Taylor and Jef- freys’ Varieties of V. pellucida, ; L. E. Adams -— pellucida, Jeffreys’ Warrteiies a new to Monmouth Pevepara contecta new to Beds. new to Leicester with Rutland A vivipara new to Brecon new to Kent East Voluta mamutla Gray - Wales, Notes on Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of South, J. W. Vaughan Wallis, E. A., Curiously istered A catenin cygnea JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1912, page page . 317 | Warton, Double-Mouthed Clausilia bidentata near, J. W. Jackson 161 Waterford, Vertigo pusilla... . 318 65 | Watson, Rev. R. Boog, Corres- 13 pondence relating to ‘We eae of 314 regal Obituary Notice . 139 308 Weaver, G. H., Pander TNA Jeit- 148 Bie in the New River 47 Westerness, Lema cinereo-niger in . 318 } ’ 147 C. Oldham : “1 ses 340 309 Westmorland, Pzszdzam amnicum 311, 317, 318 Wexford, New Records 5 Bi _ 232 Windermere, Interesting Associa- 232 tion of Species in, W. Gyngell 178 62 | Worcester, New Records . 350 . 339 | Pisidiume supinum, etc. wee 45 Yorkshire Coast and Dogger-Bank, 2 SO Marine Mollusca of 80, 99 64 | _ South East, Merzelina fluviatelis 350 > Bue . 278 or : ; Zonitide, Certain Evolutionary Stages in some Genera of the, Lieut.-Col. Godwin-Austen ... 33 Zonttoules excavatus new to Brecon 62 Il | — prttaus, new to Brecon 12 — — new to Merioneth . 350 97 | — — new to Wexford 0 By +04 Ss. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 13 PO F ‘ | pee 2s PLATE 2. Photo. by P. T. Deakin. FIG. Fic. Fic. Ifo 2) Oe RiGs 3: Pseudanodonta rothomagensts Loc. Natural size. P. rothomagensts shewing nodulous umbones. P. rothomagensts shewing wide gape of lower anterior margin. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PLAYTE 3. By kind permission of the Proprietors of the “‘ Lancashire Naturalist.” THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PLATE 4. Marginella dautzenbergi Tomlin & Shackleford (p. 319). ani goa ffl Wy Ulli a4 Fic 3. FIG 4. Marginella chalmersi Tomlin & Shackleford (p. 320). Photo. by J. W. Taylor. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. on Du WwW Now Utriculus tomlinianus Marshall (see p. 334). Cerithiopsis barleei var. interrupta Marshall (see p. 159). Eulima perminima Jeff. ? (see /. of Conch., vol. 10, p. 127). Fusus consimilis Marshall (see p. 229). Fusus ebur Morch (see page 220). Odostomia delicata Monts. (see /. of Conch., vol. 9, p. 334). Odostomia multilirata Monts. (see /. of Conch., vol. 9, p. Odostomia verticalis Marshall (see /. of Conch., vol. 9, p. Photo. by J. Wilfrid Jackson. RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS. SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK-OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species). Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 species. Small Catafogue (with Prices) Post Free. SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED. Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly. PLAN AND FULL PRICE LIST POST FREE. SOWERBY & FULTON, River Side, KEW, near LONDON. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A,, HAS ON SALE THE FINEST STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS IN AMERICA, AS WELL AS A VERY GOCOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE. I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Coaillectors having Duplicates in Quantity to dispose of, or wil! buy Entire Lots or Collections for Immediate Cash. WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER. I particularly desire all kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicidze. REPRINTS. UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis ; those who wish additional copies may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6. § pp., 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6. 50 ” ” 4/0. ” 6/6. » I0-. ” 12/6. 100 a 59 OG: Sa ee One: Rests wo: AG). ADYVYERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page Bee bevel, 2O fies Quarter Page aa : 7/\-- Half Page... BD WPica 120s Six Lines or under ... oe 3/0: One-third Page... eS Every additional Line sees 0% SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. PRICES OF BACK VOLUMES OF THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. 1. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ...... 21/- nett. Vols. If., Wi., IV., & Vil.—XUl. Each To the Public, 15 =; to’ Members and to the Trade, 11/3. Vols. V., & VI... ...... (Out of Print). ; To be had only from DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, SoHO SQUARE, W. MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junrv., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, ae are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, Se WANE = es a Serpe SS Se aioe aie Grete Seo Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, editicn strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00 First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series.— Pulmonata. Twenty volumes including the ~ Monography of Helicidze, Bulimidze, and Urocoptide. gs The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED ‘TrO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. i) nee VALS AA! nnn a> 5-58 > pio. o> ta eos 9s 3s Bek Ss SS =) ' ils ole ! } ip ~ pal AR as. Y Va A a 3S > a Pe Aaa SANG Veet n f N pen lat AA IA Aeneas ANA AR ALNA Vall wntath ont A A ta at acide Sh aA y ! ‘ ie a a ANCAAAN Wap SS OE EK CEE ce SEE KK CEE Ce ana .