acca AINA SANNA TN ANANSI AAACN
eI
SNe
Ee, <4
y id
eS
Z]
iam Healey Dall.
A
Hl
AVA AV AVA ANY
if ad * AM SL A, “we YW 5s é., ae “ ~ . “li OF AL OCH ny Maj) Xe ! ee FETs a> J2f
THE
TOU RNAL
OF
CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS The QUARTERLY JOURNAL of CONCHOLOGY.
VOL. IL
L390 43's 2. | (LEG ZLAAV3 41
Pondon: DAVID BOGUE, 3, St. MarTIn’s LANE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C.
LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET.
Phi
fl
1 int Ls
INDEX TO VOL. III.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
\ PAGE. A white variety of Succinea elegans Risso—J. D. Butterell 240 A list of the shells of the ‘‘ Lower Tees” Yorks.—C. Ashford 278 A list of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca- observed in the neighbour-
hood of Beverley—J. D. Butterell Ai 289 Additional notes on Helix arbustorum —J. W. Taylor : 302 Authenticated list of Land and Freshwater Methees of Western Sussex, with a few observations on the distribution and habits of some . species—W. Jeffery a 305 A parasite of Limnzea truncatula 329 A few remarks on the species of Astarte—J. G. ‘Jeffreys, Tuy, 1D). F.R.S. 233 Bulimus acutus v. bizona in the Isle of Wight—Chas. Ashford 116 Bibliography of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the county of Sussex—W. D. Roebuck ... 318 Catalogue of the Polynesian Mitridz, with remarks on their geographical range, Station and descriptions of eee new species—A., Garrett 20 & I Cyclostoma elegans in the Lake district—R. Scharff .: 178 Circe versus Gouldia—Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F. R. Sub BELLAS: 209 Descriptions of new species of Land Shells from the east coast of Africa— ; J. W. Taylor 142 Description of a new species of the genus Conus—G. B. Sowerby, junr. 234. meee Tene of a new species of the genus Ennea from West Africa— e . A. Smith, F.Z.S. is 301 Destruction e shell-life by floods—C. Ashford __.. 195 Fresh-water Mussels in the Ouse and Foss—Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. 268 Helix virgata monst. sinistrorsum and H. caperata v. albida near Yar- mouth, Isle of Wight—C. Ashford . 73 Helix aspersa monst. sinistrorsum at Redcar-—Rev. W. C, Hey, 1 M ee 74. Hyalina Draparnaldi (Beck) in England —Mrs. Fitzgerald 177 List of the Land and Freshwater shells found at Hornsea—J. D. Butterell 136 Lymneea peregra var. picta in Derbyshire—Rey. H. Milnes, M.A. ie 2053 List of Mollusca obtained in South Carolina and Florida (prineipally in in” 7S the Island of Key West)—J. C. Melvill, M.A., She 155 Limnza truncatula var. albida at Folkestone—Mrs. F Pesala 232
List of shells collected at Burlington, Bempton, te and Flambro’ Head, Yorks.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. as
il.
Limnzea palustris y. albida at Lewes—C. H. Morris __... ie5 392 Limneea palustris v. albida—Mrs. Fitzgerald ae BOs ... 240 Life History of Helix arbustorum—J. W. Taylor 241 List of species and varieties of Succinez collected in Hungary—Mrs Fitzgerald... : sco yl Note on Bulimus detritus—Philip B. Mason, LS, 118 Note on Bulimus heterostomus of the ee I. of Wight—C. Ashford 129 Notes from the Isle of Wight—C. Ashford.. : 5 bag weliey Note on Planorbis corneus—J. D. Butterell 137 Note on the shells in the neighbourhood of Bristol—J. W. Cundall ... 1 37 Note on Helix rosacea (Petterd)—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. ... 175 Note on the association of species—J. D. Butterell ... os ee 7/71 Note on Yorkshire shells—Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. 178 Note on the anatomy of Helix hispida and H. Cantiana—C. Ashford . 239 Note on Bulimus Goodallii—C. Ashford 5 240 Note on Gundlachia—J. S. Gibbons, M.B.... 267 Note on the specific distinctness of Helix Chilowéensis—J. H. “Thomson, C.M.Z.s. os ; ae 273 Note on Testacella Maugei—J. D. Butterell wi cs pon ey) On Rhytida caffra—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. : 95 On the association of Limnza glabra, Hee hypnorum and Planorbis spirorbis—-W. Nelson.. 115 Observations on the genus Astarte, with a list of the known recent species—E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. 196
On the action of the heart in the Helicidee during Hibernation—C. Ashford 321 On the MacAndrew collection of British shells—A. H. Cooke, M.A.,
YAS stg JO Proposed system of Cenchological ocality records—W. D. Roebuck 138 Proposed Monograph of the Unionidze of North America... on0 LAO Proposed International Conchological Congress at Venice 600 176 Planorbis complanatus m. sinistrorsum—Miss F. M. Hele _... 232 Suggestions for a serial arrangement of the variations of our banded land
shells—C. Ashford aa a 89 Succinea Pfeifferi at Folkestone—Mrs. Fitzgerald oC ye Bea 7/7/ Sutherland and Caithness field notes—W. Baillie fi a 207 The mollusca of Bristol and vicinity—J. W. Cundall oh fe) 260 The mollusca of Birstwith, Yorkshire—F. T. Walker... wee 275 Unio iluteolus and its allied forms—Prof. F. M. Witter 500 poo) UY/3} Yorkshire localities for Sphzrium and Pisidium—J. Wilcock Sek 327
~ NEW SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.
Bulimus Bawriensis—Taylor ae Sick a RE AS ,, | Zanguebaricus—Taylor a uae Ke Bie 143 Conus Brazieri—G. B. Sowerby, junr. ah Loe ace Mop 2a Ennea Martensi—Smith BG oe 300 as 301 Helix arbustorum v. marmorata—Taylor 208 bbc eae e249 5, arbustorum v. PE ee ite. Set ee oto 250
», dubia—Taylor ... : oe on aK soo 4 Mitra eburnea—Garrett 506 aie ee cia Sei 15
»» eburnostoma—Garrett rz ied ee uk Reta) i
iil.
PAGE
Mitra humeralis—Garrett ... “ies sae Bik 360 18 >, propinqua—-Garrett eae wits 206 was foo 22 », Spiripuncta—Garrett ... ue ais ih A 27 >, subtexturata—Garrett oh Ao ah x AAS) », JLahitensis—Garrett ... see oss ate at 30.
Pupa turricula—Taylor ... — aos as ob peg », sexdentata—Taylor ... mat ae ane Lae 144
Strigatella zebra—Garrett BE rs aa ae sees TS
Turricula bicolor—Garrett ... xy oe 5A ae 38
35 castanea—Garrett a0 me Ge ae he 2 3 flexicostata—Garrett % ae Ba aaa 46 a festiva—Garrett oe as st ae aoe |) 2G) Ae fusco-nigra—Garrett BS ae at ae 47 3 Hoyti-—Garrett See » see Ber ac ney i instricta—Garrett ... woe so oe. a 48 », levicostata—Garrett ... i Ban Bar Hast 250 oe modicella—Garrett ape oa coy ails 53 5 pulchra—Garrett ee ae Fa ans fs 56 as Peaseii—Garrett ... aah aoe ast whe 57 », propinqua—Garrett ... a ee Fee Soe cays) an unilineata—Garrett ze ae “oe oes 60 SPECIES OR VARIETIES NEW TO BRITAIN MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME.
Helix arbustorum vy. conoidea Westerlund ... ae ae see AY] is 5 v. marmorata Taylor is es ie 249 55 5 v. pallida Taylor as leh na aie ooo . AO Ae os v. Repellini Charp. ... Ad ae. a 304 »» aspersa v. grisea Moq.-Tandon ae Se oa sho iL!
Hyalina Draparnaldi Beck ... : es ane cee 177
Limnezea auricularia v. ampla Hartmann... sie 676 joan eg
Ks truncatula v. albida.. was we ae au 232 Planorbis complanatus monst. sinistrorsum... ae BoC UR 232 Succinea elegans v. albida ... neh se ah ine 240
99 Pfeifferi Rossm. cae nee the eh ee eG.
LIST OF AUTHORS WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THIS VOLUME.
Asiniorrel, Gy oe ee 73 ee) 116, wee 132, 195, 239, 240, 278, 321 Baillie, W. aes i 3 Se 297 Butterell, Vo 1D. aS ah 136, 137 tae 240, 277, 289 Cooke, A. ee M.A, BZ . Be ag 340 Cundall, J. W He cai he : 137, 260 Fitzgerald (Mrs. ), J. oe bee ae ae 177, 232, 240, 274
I
Garrett, Andrew uae ide a Ae Gibbons, J. S., M.B. ser ye is Ke 95, 175, 238, 267
iv.
PAGE. Hele (Miss) F. M. : ian sie ae sa ao, Re Hey (Rev.) W. C., M. a at se Pa Boe 74, 178, 268 Jeffery, W. Bee ie e305 Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, LL. Dy, EaRe Se NOM S., “&e. ie nee 233 Mason. Philip B <3 a sa foo WES Melvill, J. Cosmo, M.A., So) eae sa ae ae 155 Milnes (Rev.), H., M.A. ng le Par So foo UGS Morris, C. H. a oe aay vee ah or 302 Nelson, W.- .. 500 Sas Ue he ie Spe BLS Roebuck, W. Denison see sas ene one aos Ue BIS Scharff, Re eh ue au nae Bis po Gf) Smith, E. Ae RAZA: a: ee Ber nee ... 196, 301 Sowerby, G. B., junr .. he ae oe Be ano BVA Taylor, J. W. Lak dcp les At 142, 241, 302 Thomson, J.-H., C.M.Z.S. no bod 160 60 aso. BB Walker, F. T. 00 400 ie Wwaee lice ee 275 Watson (Reyv.), R. Boog, Bee H.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c. is wae, 200 Wilcock, J. ee 60 sats 600 ane 327 Witter (Prof.), F be ane se ne “ids can) 19/2
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
74, 97, 154, 179, 235, 286, 328.
PROCEEDINGS OF CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
86, 119, 145, 282, 330, 390.
THE
JOURNAL
OF
CONCHOLOGY.
CATALOGUE OF THE POLYNESIAN M/TRID#, WITH
REMARKS ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE, STA-
TION, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SUPPOSED NEW : SPECIES.
By ANDREW GARRETT.
The family JA@ztrzde, which includes some of the most beautiful shells as regards elegance of form, sculpture and color, is represented in Polynesia by nearly 200 species, many of which are very rare.
They inhabit various stations; many being strictly reef shells, where they lurk in holes and crevices under sea-weed, but are most generally concealed under stones and blocks of dead coral. Others burrow in sand or sandy-mud at various depths; some delight in stony ground inside the reefs, where they remain concealed under clumps of coral during the day, and like the sand species are nocturnal in their habits. All the species belonging to the section or subgenus Zvers/zna are found beneath
B
2 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.
water-worn stones in the middle region of the littoral zone, on rocky coasts usually associated with WVerzte.
Every species enumerated in the following list were collected by the writer, so that the habitats, station and geographical range may be relied on as trustworthy.
Further exploration will I am sure add many more species to the list and modify the geographical range of others.
In addition to the 167 species collected by myself, I have added 29 species on the authority of other authors.
The Polynesian shells which have been described under the name of Zhala,a subgenus of J/tride, are much more nearly related to Pleurotomide than with the former family, and with the exception of Thala alba and T. sa/tata, which are true Jtre, I have excluded the others from this catalogue.
The structure of the folds or wrinkles on the columella are not true plaits, but simply more or less irregular transverse rugosities precisely of the same structure as observed in certain species of Clathurella and Cithara.
In fact the earliest known species was described by Dr. Mighels, under the name of Plewrotoma todilla. Myr. Reeve in his Monograph of A/angelia has described a Philippine species under the name of Mangelia solida. ‘The latter is exactly the same shape, and the granulate sculpture, linear aperture and the columellar wrinkles do not differ from Polynesian species.
The above two species, together with 7/ala angiostoma Pease, and 7. exguisita and violacea Garr.,should be embraced in a new genus and removed to the family Pleurotomide.
I also exclude from the AZ¢rzde Mr. Pease’s genus M7tropsis, which undoubtedly belongs to the family Co/umbellida.
¢ 1Mitra
99
2?
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZA.
adusta Aart. ambigua Szazzs. annulata /eeve astricta Reeve ... amphorella Zam. ... ancillides Szvazns. aurora Dohrn anthracina Peeve alba weasens. assimilis Pease... abbatis Chem. brumalis Reeve... eardinalis Gvov.- ... chrysostoma Szwazns. chrysalis /eeve coronata Chem. coerulea Reeve cucumerina Zam. caeligena /eeve digitalis Chem... episcopalis Z.
eburnostoma Gavvr. ...
eburnea Gaz7. fasciata Mazz... fusescens Pease... flammea O. & G. ferruginea Zam. fulva Szwazzs. filosa Born. humeralis Gazz. ignobilis Reeve interlirata /e¢ezie latruncularia Reeve
x < | Viti Islands.
XC oo
KG KR KE OK KE XSL
a ao
EE. Polynesia.
W. Polynesia. wm oO], |2 SIS la(Slele q si ||Sla o | & |) os | iS et al! Mitt | ay aA | ee eI n a |g | 3/S] Al |e 50} O | op | | Oo Si siagifyors O|alslai Clo Bn |M Ic) ||O ln iran aaa S|) 86 |] Se |] se lll Se] Se x | x lx |x |} |x | x 4 |] S< |] S| se tll S¢ |] Bs X|X|XI1 x I] xX] Xx xX) xX)|X]»x x x |x] x x | x1 x] x Ilx |x x1x}x]xilx]x x|x}]xix | 2S |) SS i SS I SS eX i| x|x | x |x all Be Nes fh OS PSS Ios “|x| x]x il x |x | Xx x | | | fal Sd iH} |
x
x | Panmotu Islands.
x
x
| Marquesas Isles.
x | Sandwich Isles.
x
“e
GARRETT: ON
34 Mitra lugubris Szazns.
oe)
be)
miriculata Zam. micans /eeve ... nevia Szwazvs. nexilis AZarz. nebulosa Swazzs. ... oleacea /Reeve ... propinqua Garr. peculiaris Reeve pontificalis Zam. peregra Reeve ...
pellis-serpentis Reeve
papalis Z. procissa Leeve robusta Reeve ... rubritincta Reeve retusa Lav. subtexturata Gav. serpentina Lam. sphaerulata JZaz7.... Splripuncta Garr. scabriuscula Z. typha Reeve tabanula Zawz. testacea Szwazis. tessellata AZart. texturata Zam... tuberosa Reeve turgida Reeve ... Ticaonica Reeve telescopium ecve Tahitensis Garr. ustulata Reeve...
POLYNESIAN MITRID.
W. Polynesia.||E. Polynesia. 18/8) 4/-)3/ Sle |s a/e(S|2i21S/ ela l)2 C/S|S/2(4 (Sei 21a E14 hslol4)4|2/ 8) As| Stak] || Se == 0) Sb an|"6 Is 2) S| Sia SSS SS || Lralsl ails TIOlalhZ| S| Slo/Sisis > 14 |AIM 1D IO [a | |S | x x |x ix |x x x x x x|xlx)x}xi_x]xlx x A| xX | x x |x |X x x|x]xixixix|xlx)x{x x|x}x] x} x x | x x x x |x| x x xX | x x |x 1x x x x x 2S |) oX | OS Se x | x x fal al cal liscalli<a lal en eee x | x x | x | Ix | x x X 1x1 x | Xx x |x| x bales Sec iss ies le fssiiez iL |X |x| x] x] x Ses) x | x | xa x | x bts
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
67 Mitra versicolor AZarz.
68
23
99
9
be)
Sp. sp.
sp. Sp.
Strigatella acuminata Swazvs.
39 Turricula bp)
95
auriculoides Reeve brunnea ease
columbelleformis Avex.
litterata Zam. maculosa /ecve paupercula Z. virgata Reeve ... zebra Garr. amabilis /eeve aurantia Szazms.
amanda fecve ...
assimilis Garr. angulosa? Mart. bilineata Feeve bella Pease bicolor Garr. Cumingi Reeve
cadaverosa Reeve ...
concinna Reeve crocata Lam. consanguinea /teeve crebrilirata /Reeve concentrica Reeve cruentata Chem. cimelium Reeve crispa Garr. castanea Gavr...
x x | Viti Islands.
BRO ie Oh eRe Le
W. Polynesia.
Xam eae ENS
OS Ph eS OS
=
| Tonga Islands. | Samoa Islands.
x
oS os oS OS
x
os 0d oO OX
Se EK OS OX PKS
KE Ra OK
| Kingsmill Isles. | Caroline Isles.
x xX
KT IKE I
mS OS. OS 828
| Cook’s Islands.
De OS eS OK OS OK
| Society Islands.
XK OK OS KOK
| Panmotu Islands. | Marquesas Isles.
MOK KOS KS
x
5
E. Polynesia.
| Sandwich Isles.
x
6 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID@.
W. Polynesia.|E. Polynesia. ie | él. | ea\enee ter a | PS EE | 8 S2s/h22 228 S\s|e 7 |2/s S14 \al4 SSeS O14) 3/13 SPS Ve Se | C2 OS Blala| als | |s)o\|s/e : on g oN) o |l-4|).2/ a ale) SISle.slale|5)a\8/ 8 PIG AIMIO lO la | |e ln 100 Turricula diachroa Ads. G& Reeve| x | x | x IO1 Rs discoloria Reeve x 102 a exasperata Chem... x|x]x|x |x 103 au exquisita Garr. x x x |x| x 104 Emilie Schmelts... x 105 » flammulata Pease x |X| se Salas 106 x flexicostata Garr... sit x 107 or festiva Gazz. ... Sei | 108 a fusco-nigra Gary... x 109 sv fortiplicata Pease... | x 110 A Gruneri Reeve... x ie ~ Hoyti Garr ... peau oie? a3 TOCA (GROFF sce sa 113 en lyrata Lam ... BS alax IT4 a luteo-fusca Garr... x 115 3 luculenta Leeve soolf <1 38. 8 116 ‘ leucodesma /eeve Sa | I17 53 lauta Reeve ... soall 561] 58 |] 52 Il Se I] SS UI se |} 38 |] Se x 118 * laevicostata Gaz7r... | x 119g bes microzonias Lam. ...|x|x|x|x|x x | x 120 os mucro ata Szwazms. baile 121 sa millicostata Szvazzs. ... x 122 F, modesta Reeve ... x x 123 Me multicostata Szvazzs...| x x x} x | x 124 55 Michaui Cn ef Fisch.) x | x | 125 - modicella Gazv. ee | x 126 As nodosa Szazus. ... OS |) 234 SS) 56 |S I SII Se Ih xs 127 a obeliscus Reeve velo all | 128 a purpurata /eeve ... x 129 patriarchalis Gmel. ...| x x 130 ss IPAVCIICE), JRGBIE anc x x | x x | x 131 ns plicata A7Zezn... Pm, x ae fA porphyretica (Reeve ? x x
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID&..
133 Turricula pulchra Garr. ae 134 iG putillus Pease 135 Ks PEASE GaGP oo sai 136 x propinqua Gavr.... 137 an rosea Szwains... 138 ip rubra Szazus. 139 - subulata Zam... 140 ae semifasciata Zam... IAI a stigmataria Lam. 142 s speciosa Reeve 143 - tusa Reeve 144 ii unilineata Gaz7r. ... 145 Bs vittata Szvazzs. 146 a variata Reeve T47 vulpecula Ws... 148 be Zebuensis Reeve?... 1a 5, sp. 150 i sp. isl Ls sp. 152 “ sp. 153 ” Sp. 154 A Sanaa ca 155 Ae sp. we Soe 156 3 Sy es 157 Cylindra nucea Gron. 158 ss dactylus Z. 159 is crenulata Chem. 160 5 fenestrata Zam.
v161 Imbricaria Oliveeformis Szazzs. 162 55 COMICAL SOLE 163 i punctata Szvazzs. 164 i virgo Swazns.
165
bb)
Vanicorensis Q. ef G.
{
W. Polynesia.
x | Viti Islands.
x xX
SEX eM coe eas
x
OS PS PS OS POMS OR OR OS
| Tonga Islands. x | Samoa Islands.
XX, XX
| Kingsmill Isles.
x
| Caroline Isles.
x
| Cook’s Islands.
| Society Islands.
OS ON GON) Se Oh ee Oh” ON
| Panmotu Islands. | Marquesas Isles.
x Ok 2h OS OS OK ONS
| Sandwich Isles.
7
E. Polynesia.
x
8 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.
W. Polynesia. E. Polynesia. | | | Al . 1 . wm Jil O13) 61 Bila] ae] O| 2 ieee elSieie S/S(8 (218 8/8 iS)e\3 Slo |e |S 2h] 4] S |S ost teal ay) Otel B/ G12 \alalala)Sim|2yOlsls | 0) © onl I O) 4) Sle SSS (SSS elelais = |S 3/7 Si Ol1O| Siaia = 1 1a |R4 10 |O |ud 10a | | ee cea "TE ae a Nn |e 166 Mitroidea multiplicata Pease ...) | |x x
167 Dibaphus Philippi C7osse ... x x ale pesle (a: NINN! NIN! NN! WM) MN) MN) KN SUB ube PIbE pet IIBSt pea bt bel bs O;VO1TO!1O]/O}_O} 0) 0/0) 0 O1O}0!0}/ 0} OO} 0} 0/0); 0 2.) 2.) G4] A) Ol A.) O] O) .) a. nin! n n|n NIM! nN! mn) nN BE /SO | 69) YO |] | SE] LNINO | ret SE] |] St] 0] SO] Se)
Lon!
|
132 species were found in Western Polynesia, 72 of which did not occur to our notice in Eastern Polynesia.
In Eastern Polynesia we obtained 96 species, 35 of which were not found in Western Polynesia.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 9
Genus MITRA Lamarck.
1. Mitra adusta Martin. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. iv., fig. 25.
Excepting the Marquesas, we obtained this species in all
parts of Polynesia, but comparatively rare in every group except
the Viti Islands, where they occurred in abundance in a single
location in the eastern portion of Vanua Levu. They were
found congregating in numbers of all ages, beneath large masses of dead coral near low water mark.
Reeve’s figure is much lighter colored than any South Sea examples, and has the appearance of a weathered shell.
2. Mitra ambigua Swainson. Reeve, 1. c., pl. ii., fig. 8a, 8b.
Not uncommon under large blocks of coral near low water mark, Viti Islands; more rare at Samoa and very scarce at the Society and Panmotu Islands. Examples obtained at the two latter groups are less than an inch in length and have the subsutural band very clearly defined.
Viti specimens attain a length of two inches, which is smaller than Reeve’s figure of a Philippine shell. Our shells are darker colored, more slender, and the aperture more contracted than the above mentioned figure.
3. Mitra annulata Reeve. l.c. pl. xiv. fig. 193.
A rare species, found burrowing in clear sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone, inside the reefs at the Society Islands.
Mr. Reeve who records it from Zanzibar, does not mention the color; and his figure which agrees very closely in shape and sculpture with our shells, is, like many of his figures carelessly colored.
Society Island examples are livid-white, sometimes stained with light ferruginous, and more or less mottled and
IO
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
longitudinally striped with brown. Aperture wh.te, with a slight orange-brown tinge deep in the throat.
The transverse ridges are rather sharp, their interspaces with or without the smaller ridges, and longitudinally with closely-set incised lines.
It is closely allied to, but quite distinct from JZ. flammea Quoy and Gaimard (not of Reeve), and JZ. zuterlirata Reeve.
Paetel records it from New Caledonia.
‘The animal is creamy white, profusely maculated with small irregular opaque-white spots, and the anterior portion of the foot, base of tentacles and siphon tinged with brown.
4. Mitra astricta Reeve, l.c., pl. xxiv., fig. 188.
This somewhat rare species only occurred to my notice at the Sandwich and Marquesas Islands, where they were found near low water mark on rocky coasts.
The color varies from light yellowish-brown to olive- brown, with or without the five transverse brown lines and subsutural pale band mentioned by Reeve. The surface is more or less striated parallel to the axis of the shell, and the upper whorls are finely granulated.
5. Mitra amphorella Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl. xi., 83a, 83b.
Not uncommon at the Viti, and very rare at the Panmotu Islands, where they were found beneath masses of dead coral on the shore or fringing reefs.
Viti examples which are larger than Pafimotu specimens, differ considerably in the size of adults, which in shape are about intermediate between Reeve’s two figures, which are colored precisely the same as our shells. ‘The spiral incised lines or grooves are generally obsolete on the middle of the body whorl and are either simple or punctated.
It is frequently referred to the genus S¢rigatella ; but as none of my examples exhibit the peculiar peristome of that
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. II
genus, I think its position should be in the subgenus Nebularia.
6. Mitra ancillides Swainson. Reeve, |1.c., pl. xxxviil., fig. 319.
An exceedingly rare species of which I found two dead but perfect examples washed up on the outer beach at Anaa, one of the Pafimotu Islands.
Mr. Swainson’s type specimens were collected by Cuming in the same locality. My largest example is 20 mill. in length, and both are creamy-white with a very faint luteous tinge. The upper whorls are granulated and the columella six-plaited.
7. Mitra aurora Dohrn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 205,
Ol, Boqyalan tate, 2s
This rare and beautiful species occurred to our notice at the Sandwich, Society, Cook’s and Parmotu Islands, where they were all found washed up from deep water on the outer reefs. All my examples are in the condition of more or less
perfect dead shells.
The colour, which varies from light orange to orange-red, is undoubtedly darker in the living shells, and is more or less frecked and striped with white.
The late Mr. Pease considered it a large variety of AZi¢tra coronata. It appears to me, however, sufficiently distinct to rank as a separate species.
My largest examples which were found at Anaa, Pafmotu Islands, are 45 mill. in length, which is nearly twice the size of Polynesian specimens of covonata. As compared with the latter, the whorls are not spirally ridged, the incised lines are finer, the punctures smaller, more crowded, and the colu- mella has one more plait.
Polynesian examples of coronata are dark brown with a tawny-yellow subsutural band, and the whorls are encircled
12 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
with convex ridges. They also inhabit different stations and belong to different subgenera.
8. Mitra anthracina Reeve, Conch, Icon., pl. xvii, fig. 137. This is also a very rare species of which I found two examples under stones, in the middle region of the literal zone, at Taviuni, Viti Islands. Our shells are a little smaller and the spire is more robust than represented in Reeve’s figure.
9. Mitra alba Pease, Zhala alba, Pease, Amer, Jour. Conch., T8075 De eis, Dl kv, He. 6.
A few examples of this small rare species were found in iA ‘4 beach sand at the Pamotu and Society Islands.
Its small sixe, ($ mill.) uniform glossy white color and fine spiral impressed strize will readily distinguish it.
Mr. Pease referred it to the genus Zhala.’ It should I think be embraced in the subgenus AZutyca.
ro. Mitra assimilis Pease, 1]. c., 1867, p. 211, pl. xv., fig. 1.
Three dead specimens found beneath stones in the lower region of the litteral zone at the Marquesas group.
They agree in every particular with Mr. Pease’s descrip- tion and figure, except in being a little smaller and the pale subsutural band not so distinctly defined.
11. Mitra abbatis Chemnitz. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xii. fig. 1.
This, which is one of our rarest South Sea Mitres, has occurred tous only in the condition of beach shells, at Huahine, Society Islands.
Reeve’s figure which represents a Philippine example, though one third larger than Polynesian, agrees in every other particular with our shells.
12. Mitra brumalis Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxxiv., fig. 280. Occurs beneath dead coral on reefs, and, excepting the
Ee
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 13
Marquesas, ranges throughout Polynesia. A large series of specimens connect it with JZ. pellis-serpentis, Reeve. It is more common in the western groups than elsewhere. The animal is uniform pale luteous.
Mitra cardinalis Gronovius. Reeve, 1. c., pl. iv., fig. 26.
This fine species, which is not very common, is usually found in shallow water inside the reefs and is generally diffused throughout Polynesia. We have collected examples in all the groups except the Marquesas Isles.
The animal is uniform creamy-white.
14. Mitra chrysostoma Swainson. Reeve, |. c., pl. il, fig. 12.
5s
16.
Common under dead coral on the inner margins of the outer reefs at the Samoa Islands; less abundant at all the other western groups. In Eastern Polynesia it is rarely found at the Society and Panmotu Islands.
Mitra chrysalis Reeve, |. c., pl. xxv., fig. 200.
Common under dead coral on the reefs at the Viti, Tonga and Samoa Islands; more rare in the Kingsmill group.
It is very closely allied to MZ. cucumerina, from which it differs in its smaller size, less robust form and different color. Our specimens which are larger than Reeve’s figure, are 23 mill in length. Mitra coronata Chemnitz. Reeve, 1. c, pl. xiv., fig. 104a, 1040.
Excepting the Marquesas, we found a few examples of this species at all the South Sea groups. ‘They live under coral on the outer and inner reefs.
The animal is brown, the margins of the foot and tenta- cles white
All our examples are very uniform in their specific characters, except a slight variation in the size of the white sutural nodules. They are smaller and more contracted
14
i070
18.
19.
20.
21.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
towards the base than represented in Reeve’s figures of Philippine specimens. Mitra caerulea Reeve, 1. c., pl. xv., fig. 113.
A rare species of which we found four dead but perfect specimens on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.
They were undoubtedly washed up from sandy bottoms outside the reefs. Though a little smaller and narrower towards the base than represented in Reeve’s Philippine example, they agree in every other particular with his figure and description. One specimen has the “ white flake-like spots” nearly obsolete, and the whole shell is regularly grooved longitudinally so that the sculpture closely resembles that of Mitra spherulata.
Mitra cucumerina Lamarck. Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxv., fig. 201. Voluta ferrugata Solender, MS.
A common and yariable species found on reefs, and excepting the Marquesas is generally diffused throughout Polynesia. Panmotu examples, which are much larger than obtained elsewhere, are sometimes nearly uniform white. The animal is whitish with creamy-yellow dots.
Mitra caeligena Reeve, |. c., pl. xxviii, fig. 227.
Four dead examples found under stones at the Marquesas Islands.
They agree in every particular with Reeve’s description, but are rather darker coloured than his figure and the pale band is less decided.
Mitra digitalis Chemnitz. Reeve, |. c., pl. ii, fig. 21.
Obtained sparingly in all the western groups where they were found washed up on the outer reefs.
Mitra episcopalis L. Reeve, 1. c, pl. i, fig. 5.
This fine and well-known species, which is more abundant at the Society Islands than elsewhere, occurs in all parts of Polynesia except the Marquesas. They live inside
22.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA, 15
the reefs on sandy bottom in the upper region of the lamina- rian zone.
- They differ remarkably in the size of adults, averaging from 24 to 6 inches in length. We have now before us a fine Society example which is a little larger than Reeve’s beautiful figure.
Mitra eburnostoma sp. nov.
Shell cylindrically fusiform, solid, creamy-white, sparingly mottled with brown ; spire rather long with slightly convex outlines ; suture crenulate; whorls 9, flatly convex, spirally ridged, ridges rather small, unequal, angular, decussated by longitudinal incised lines which gives the surface a depressly granulated appearance ; aperture ivory-white, half the length of the shell; columella with four plaits.
Length 41, diam. 13 mill. (Coll. Garrett). Hab. Papmotu Islands.
A very rare species of which we found two examples buried in sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone.
The sculpture is almost precisely the same as in JZ spherulata, but may be at once distinguished from that species by its paler color, more slender form and pure white aperture. The latter character connects it with JZ scadbrius- cula, but the sculpture is quite different in the two species, and the shape is more regularly fusiform. The outlines are exactly similar to JZ. fasciata.
23. Mitra eburnea sp. nov.
Shell small, fusiform, smooth, shining, base strongly recurved, ivory-white ; spire rather long, acute, with flattened outlines ; whorls embryonal 2, smooth, normal whorls 8, planiform, last one convex, strongly contracted at the base ; striated with rather crowded spiral impressed lines and the upper whorls with fine spiral granulated ridges; aperture
16 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
half the length of the shell, and furnished with 5 columellar plaits.
Length r2 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Hab. Panmotu Islands.
We found two perfect dead specimens of this very rare Mitra on the sands at Anaa Island.
It is closely allied to JZ. ancillides but may be distin-
guished by its ivory-white color, more contracted base, smaller
size and more robust form.
24. Mitra fasciata Martyn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vi., fig. 4o. Voluta casta, Solander, MS.
This appears to be a somewhat rare species, and occurred to our notice only at the Marquesas, Society and Cook’s Islands. They live in sandy-mud in the laminarian zone.
Mr. Reeve is correct in stating that the broad brown band is superficial. Weathered shells are uniform white. The above author’s figure, though very accurate, represents a poor specimen. Fine examples have a sharply defined,
shining, deep brown-black zone. a
; ; é : : & 25. Mitra fusescens Pease. Afitra (Volutomitra) fusescens Pease,” Paetel, Cat. Conch., p. 40. ‘
Strigatella fusescens, “Psey) Carpenter, broc, Zoolmsoc 1865. ie
I gathered a few examples of this species on the rocky coasts of Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, where it appears to be peculiar.
It can scarcely be distinguished from JZ. Ticaonica, except in being small and having a smoother peristome.
26. Mitra flammea, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. Astrol., vol. 2, p. 659, pl. xlv., fig. 23-25, ddctra flammigera, Reeve, Conch. NEO, lL VON, IMeks POA, 1a eV
Common in the Viti Group, where I obtained many
Pile
28.
20.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID/. 17
living specimens by digging in coarse sand at low water mark inside the reefs. It is much more rare at longa and Samoa. Mr. Pease records it from the Sandwich Islands.
The shell Mr. Reeve described and figured as flammea, is not that species, but—=JZ. Philippinarum Adams, and his MM. flammigera is the fammea, Q. & G. Mitra foveolata, Dunker, is probably a synonym of the latter.
‘Reeve’s description and figure are evidently taken from a discolored specimen. ‘The living shell is a pale olivaceous- grey, mottled and striped with slate color. The aperture and upper half of the columellar lip are blackish-brown and the inner margin of the peristome is whitish. The inter- mediate ridges mentioned by Reeve are not constant.
Mitra ferruginea Lamarck. Reeve, Conch, Icon., pl. iv., fig. 28.
Obtained in all parts of Polynesia, except the Mar- quesas and Sandwich Islands; and more abundant at the Society and Pafimotu groups than elsewhere. Invariably found lurking beneath masses of dead coral on reefs.
The animal is cinereous or pale luteous and slightly varied with reddish-brown.
Mitra fulva Swainson. Reeve, 1. c, pl. iv., fig. 24, pl. vi., fig. 45.
Much more rare than the preceding species, and has the same range and station.
Animal chestnut brown, the creeping disk white and the siphon pale brown. The ocular region and tips of the tentacles, white.
Viti examples are more attenuated than specimens in- habiting the other groups. Reeve’s variety “ affenwata” is the most common form.
Mitra filosa Born. Reeve, |. c., pl. xi, fig. 81a. This somewhat rare and graceful species only occurred
18
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID&.
to our notice at the Viti and Society Islands, where they were obtained in coral sand on the fringing reefs. They are ex- cessively rare and much smaller at the latter group.
Our largest specimens are smaller, lighter colored and more slender than represented in Reeve’s figure 81a, which has the spiral ridges too large.
It differs from wexz/7s in its much more attenuated form, longer and more slender spire, lighter color, finer and more distant lirule, more produced and contracted base. They also inhabit different stations.
Linneeus’ Voluta filarts may possibly be the same as our shell.
. Mitra humeralis sp. nov.
Shell small, solid, fusiform, smooth, glabrous, spire acute, base contracted; whorls 7-8, flattened, the last one convex, obliquely striated toward the base; body and penul- timate whorl margined next to the suture with an obtuse keel; aperture contracted above, half the length of the shell ; peristome slightly sinuous and thickened above; columella with five plaits; color white, the body with two and the spire with one broad yellowish spiral band.
Length 10 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Several more or less perfect examples found in beach sand on the outer coast of Anaa, Paimotu Islands. As compared with JZ peculiarzs it is more robust, and differs in the number and position of the bands, as well as in the absence of spiral strize.
. Mitra ignobilis Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xx., fig. 152.
I obtained two dead but perfect examples of this very rare species on the shore reefs at the Viti group, and a single less perfect one at Huahine, one of the Society Islands.
My largest Viti specimen is one-third larger, and the spire is more produced than the Philippine example figured
GARRELT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ. 19
by Reeve. The grooves are more or less distinctly punctured, and the spots as represented in Reeve’s very accurate figure are disposed in three transverse series on the body whorl. The largest specimen shows the “hair-like” lines mentioned by the above author.
32. Mitra interlirata Reeve? |. c., pl. x., fig. 70.
I am somewhat doubtful in regard to the correctness of the identification of the single discolored example now before me, which was found on a sandy-mud flat in the Viti group.
Mr. Reeve’s description accords better with our shell than his figure; but as some of his species are poorly deli- neated, the latter may also be somewhat imperfect.
The spiral ridges are smaller and more compressed than in M. flammea, and the one on the shoulder is larger and more prominent than the others. The intermediate smaller ridges mentioned by the above author are confined to the middle of the shell. The whorls of the spire have three spiral ridges, the middle one the larger; Wammea has four of nearly equal size. ‘The color which is too much faded to be of any use in a comparison, appears to have been mottled similar to the latter species. The aperture seems to have been white. :
Mr. Pease considered zx¢erdivata to be a variety of flam- mea. It is at least very closely related to the latter.
33. Mitra latruncularia Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxi., fig. 166.
We were fortunate in finding six dead but very perfect
specimens of this pretty species on the Kioa shore reefs, Viti Islands. _ Our examples are a little smaller and more slender than Reeve’s figure which is not very correctly colored. -The whole surface is beautifully checkered with numerous small chestnut-brown square spots.
20 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ.
34. Mitra lugubris Swainson. Reeve, |. c., pl. xxi, fig. 166.
Mitra (Chrysame) lacunosa Schmeltz. Cat. Mus. Godeff. No. iv., p. 83. Mitra (Scabricula) lacunosa Paetel. Cat. Conch., p. 40. Mftra lugubris Schmeltz. Cat. Mus. Godeff., INO) Wey (Db TF
Excepting the Marquesas and Cook’s Islands, we found this species distributed throughout Polynesia. Though not uncommon in the Western groups it is very rare elsewhere, and occurs in reefs.
Our shells are colored the same as stated by Reeve and represented in his figure; but the latter is more ventricose, and the description reads “she// ovate,’ whereas our shells are precisely the shape of his /acwmosa, which he describes as “‘oblong-ovate.’ He states that /ugubris is “encircled with impressed strie.” Several very perfect specimens now before me are all transversely ridged, the ridges more or less convex or angulate and the conspicuously grooved interspaces are punctured. The whole surface is also more or less distinctly grooved longitudinally. The aperture is white or bluish-white and the upper half of the columella lip is deep brown.
It will be observed that the sculpture of our shells are prcisely the same as /acunosa, but he represents the colors as different, and states that the columella has only four plaits, one less than the shells under consideration.
I am inclined to believe the two species are identical. Reeve’s /acunosa may have been discolored, and his /uwgubris may have had the transverse ridges so much flattened that the shell appeared to be simply grooved.
The Pacific shells which are shaped and sculptured like the former, with the precise coloration of the latter, are by some authors referred to /acunosa and by others to /ugubris.
35. Mitra muriculata Lamarck. Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxvi., fig. 205.
A single specimen found washed up on the beach on
36.
37:
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#. 21
the south coast of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands. It agrees in every respect with Reeve’s figure except in being smaller and less robust.
Mitra micans Reeve, |. c., pl. xxxiv., fig. 285.
One dead but perfect example was obtained on the Rarotonga reef, Cook’s Islands.
Mitra nevia Swainson. Reeve, |. c., pl. vi., fig. 41.
This very rare and graceful species was obtained at Anaa, Panmotu Islands, where we found four tolerably perfect dead shells, and a single much weathered specimen was picked up on the Rarotonga reef, Cook’s Islands.
The color is creamy-white, with a few small, irregular, pale brown sutural spots. One example exhibits a few im- perfect rows of minute dots of the same color in the transverse erooves.
38. Mitra nexilis Martyn. Reeve, l.c., pl. xi, fig. 810.
Qe
Excepting the Marquesas, we obtained this species in more or less abundance at all the South Sea groups, but much more common at the Society, Tonga and Viti Islands than elsewhere. They are invariably found on sandy bottoms inside the reefs.
Our finest examples which were obtained in the Viti and Tonga groups are a little larger than Reeve’s excellent figure, and like the latter the spiral cord next the suture is quite obsolete. Society Island specimens are smaller, darker colored and the sutural cord 1s fully developed.
Contrary to the views of most writers I fully believe this to be a distinct species from JZ. filosa Born.
Mitra nebulosa Swainson. Reeve, l.c., pl. 1, fig. 3.
A rare species of which I found two dead but very perfect examples on the fringing reef near Sandal-Wood Bay, Viti Islands.
Our specimens have the whorls more flattened than
40.
41.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.
represented in Reeve’s figure, and one exhibits the same color and markings. The other is ornamented with numerous narrow longitudinal reddish-brown stripes which are minutely dotted wlth white. The columella has five plaits.
I am inclined to believe the latter is the form which Dillwyn describes under the name of “ Voluta nubila” Gmel. variety a, which he says has “J/ongitudinal interrupted reddish- brown stripes and the pillar five platted.”
It is very nearly related to AZ. versicolor Martyn, which is Dillwyn’s Voluta nubtla variety B.
Mr. Reeve on the authority of Mr. Cuming gives Anna, Pafhmotu Islands as the habitat, which is probably an error. Mitra oleacea Reeve, l. c., pl. xiv., fig. 105.
A few examples obtained under large clumps of coral on reefs at the Samoa, Viti and Society Islands. _
The spiral incised lines are occasionally obsolete on the middle of the body whorl, and the color though usually olivaceous is sometimes of different shades of brown.
Mitra propinqua sp. nov.
Shell solid, elliptically-oblong, chestnut-brown with an indistinct irregular pale line on the upper third of the body whorl; aperture and a few small spots near the base, whitish; spire rather short, with slightly convex outlines, suture grooved; whorls 6-7, flat, last one large, convex, all with regular spiral incised lines which are closely punctured; aperture equal to half the length of the shell; outer lip crenulated and the columella with five plaits.
Length 28, diam. 13 mill. (Coll. Garrett).
Hab. Society Islands.
This appears to be a rare species. ‘They were taken from under coral on reefs. It is somewhat similar in shape to MW. punctata Swain., and lke that species is punctate- striate but differs in color and number of columellar plaits.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 23
42. Mitra peculiaris Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xxxvi., fig. 305. Two dead specimens found on the shore reef at Kioa, Viti Islands. They agree in every particular with Reeve’s description and figure, except in having fine spiral incised lines and one more columellar plait.
43. Mitra pontificalis Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl. iv., fig. 23. Occurs in more or less abundance in all parts of Poly- nesia. The spiral punctures are not constant. Animal creamy-white, with opaque-white dots.
44. Mitra peregra Reeve, |. c., pl. xxiv., fig. 186.
M. rotundilirata Pease (not of Reeve); Mus. Pease, 1863. MM. coriacea Schmeltz (not of Reeve); Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. i, p. 33. Zurricula ( Pusia) spadicea ‘Dkr.’ MES pemocunmelec. luca NOM ivan soe Oe les (NOM vA. py o, 210. Mitia (Pusia) cortacea Paetel (not of Reeve); Cat. Conch, p: 3a)
Under coral cn reefs. Excepting the Marquesas and Cook’s Islands, occurs in all the South Sea groups, but more abundant at Samoa and the Viti Islands than elsewhere.
I don’t think there is much, if any doubt in respect to the correctness of the determination of this species, which agrees very closely with Reeve’s short diagnosis and tolerably well with his indifferent figure.
Perfect shells are dark reddish-chestnut, the spiral ribs articulated with tawny-yellow, and the aperture is yellowish- brown. Weathered shells are dark red and the costal spots whitish. ;
Society Island specimens, which Mr. Pease received of ‘me, were referred to Reeve’s rotundilirata, which latter is quite a different species.
Mitra cortacea is more slender, and the sculpture and color quite different from our shells.
ae!
24
45.
46.
47.
48.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.
It belongs to the section or subgenus Chrysame, not Turricula nor Pusia.
Mitra pellis-serpentis Reeve, |. c., pl. x., fig. 66.
A rather scarce shell found under dead coral on the outer reefs in all the eastern groups except the Marquesas. We also obtained it at the Kingsmill Islands.
Society Island specimens, which attain a much larger size than Reeve’s very accurate figure, vary considerably in the small decussated ridges, which become nearly obsolete in some individuals. All are densely striated parallel to the axis of the shell.
As previously stated, it is connected with JZ. drumalts by intermediate forms.
Mitra papalis Linnzus. Reeve, 1. c., pl. iL, fig. 9.
This is a very rare South Sea shell, and only occurred to my notice at the Kingsmill and Caroline Islands. Mr. Reeve on the authority of Cuming gives Anaa, Pafmotu uw} Islands as its habitat. I very much doubt its occurrence / there; at least after several months exploration in a dozen different islands of that group, and the examination of many collections made by others, I failed to discoier a single specimen.
Mitra procissa Reeve, l. c., pl. xxii, fig. 177.
A few examples occurred under coral on the outer reefs at Samoa and Viti Islands.
Our shells are a little smaller and a trifle more robust than Reeve’s figure, though in every other respect they accord closely.
Mitra robusta Reeve, Ic. pl. xvilin figs ra40:
We obtained this interesting species beneath large water-worn lava stones on rocky coasts, Viti Islands. They were all found in the upper half of the littoral zone, associated with Patella, Littorina and Nerita. It appears to be very
49.
50.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA., 25
local and abundant at the above group and very rare at Samoa. They vary in color fromeinnamon-brown through all the intermediate shades to deep blackish-brown, and in shape from ovate to ovate-oblong. The latter form differs none from Reeve’s description and figure of JZ Woldemariz, which is very closely allied if not identical with our shells.
Mitra rubritincta Reeve, |. c., pl. xix., fig. 147.
A very rare species found under dead coral on reefs at Samoa and Viti Islands.
Mitra retusa Lamarck Ann. du Mus., vol. xvii., p. 217.
Voluta paupercula Schroeter; Einl., vol. 1., p. 217, pl. 1., fig. 11. Voluta paupercula (var.) Dillwyn, vol. 1., p. 534. Mitra virgata Reeve (part); Conch. Icon., pl. xxv., fig. 197¢. M. retusa Reeve, |. c., pl. xxv-, fig. 199. AL ( Strtgatella ) retusa Paetel; Cat. Conch., p. 41. JZ. (Strigatella) virgata Chenu; Man. Conch., vol.1, fig. roor. Strigatella retusa Schmeltz; Cat. Mus. Godeff., No. v., p. 118.
Not uncommon under dead coral and in crevices on reefs, at all the Western groups.
This species has been confounded with wrgata Reeve, and both with paupercula L. ‘They are nevertheless quite distinct. ‘The two latter belong to the genus S¢/7ga¢e//a, and the species now under consideration is a true A@tra as restricted, and will fall in the section or subgenus Vebwlazza. It is in fact much more nearly related to .W. Zzcaonica than to the above two species, with which it has been united.
It is rather surprising that Mr. Reeve should have figured it to represent in part his wrgata (fig. 197@). Huis fig. 1974, which is quite a different species should retain the latter name. Dr. Chenu’s figure is an exact copy of Reeve’s fig. 197@.
The latter author’s ze¢usa, fig. 199, has very much the aspect of a weathered or rubbed shell, and agrees exactly
26
ele
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
with similar examples in my possession. In his description he does not allude to the crenulated peristome which is precisely the same as in AZ, Ticaonica; that is the crenula- tions occupy nearly the whole length of the lip.
The whole shell is longitudinally strigated with narrow white and deep brown stripes of nearly equal size, so that it is difficult to decide which is the ground color. With few’ exceptions all have a transverse whitish line on the upper portion of the body whorl. Perfect shells are in\ ested with a thin translucent epidermis which gives the white strips a tawny-yellow color. The aperture and columella are dark brown with whitish plaits.
They vary in the convexity of the body whorl as in the length of the spire. ‘The transverse impressed lines also vary in distinctness and are sometimes obsolete.
Mitra sulbtexturata, sp. nov.
Shell solid, ovate, cinereous, with a white aperture; spire short, less than half the length of the shell; whorls, 6, flat, last one iarge, strongly convex ; sculpture consisting of moderately sized angular spiral nbs, 14 on the body, 5 on the penultimate whorl, the narrow interspaces very scabrous with crowded longitudinal laminee-like strize, and the whole shell more or less longitudinally guttered ; columella, with 5 plaits, and the peristome thick and crenulated; length 19, diam., 14 mill., (Coll. Garrett.) Hab., Society Islands.
The animal is greyish-white, closely maculated with small irregular milk-white spots. The end of the siphon and the upper anterior portion of the foot stained with deep brown.
We obtained several examples in the upper region of the laminarian zone, sandy bottoms, at Raiatea Island.
It is somewhat related to JZ. fexturata, but may be distinguished from that species by its uniform pale color,
52
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 27
more abbreviated form and the peculiar intercostal laminze- like striz.
Mitra serpentina Lamarck. Reeve, Conch. Icon. SOG Rn fig. 112a. 112d.
A rare and very beautiful species, of which we found a single dead, but very perfect example on the Kiva fringing reef, Viti Islands, and several more or less perfect ones in the Panmotu group. All the Mitres of this peculiar type burrow in sand.
Our shells are a little smaller than Reeve’s largest figure, and have one columellar plait less than stated by the above author. ‘The color is creamy-white, with two light orange bands on the body whorl, and ornamented with longitudinal more or less waved ferruginous lines and spots, which are most conspicuous on the bands, where they have white shadows.
53. Mitra sphzerulata Martyn. Reeve, |. c., pl. v., fig. 37.
This fine species is generally diffused throughout Polynesia, and, excepting the Society Islands, occurs spar- ingly at all the groups. At Raiatea, one of the former group, it is so very abundant that I collected about 1500 specimens in a few days. Though very common in that particular locality, it is not by any means abundant elsewhere. They live in sand in the upper region of the laminariam zone. It appears to be absent from the Marquesas Islands.
They vary considerably in the size of adults, but not much in colour. The sculpture is remarkably uniform. It may be readily distinguished by its buff-colored aperture.
54. Mitra spiripuncta sp. nov.
Shell acuminately turreted, slender, white, tinged with rose-red and spirally dotted with light brown, the dots con- fined to the ridges; whorls 9, spirally ribbed, the ribs slightly crenulated, four on the upper and fourteen on the
28
O55
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
last whorl; interstices with two or three raised revolving lines ; aperture narrow, a little less than half the length of the shell; outer lip rather thin and crenulated; columella with 5 plaits. Length 17 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy.)
Habitat Viti Island.
A single perfect example was obtained on the Koro
reefs.
Mitra scabriuscula Linneus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl.
Yoo 1G, QSp
This fine species is not uncommon at the Society, rare at the Panmotu, and very rare at the Viti Islands. It is invariably found in sandy stations, and vor on reefs as stated by Reeve.
Our specimens are a little larger and more attenuated than Reeve’s figure, which is shaped foo much like sphaerulata, from which it differs in its more acuminate spire, more delicate sculpture and different color. The aperture is in- variably pure white.
Dr. Greeffe obtained examples at Upolu, Samoa.
The animal is diluted-white, maculated with numerous small opaque white spots.
Mitra typha, Reeve, lc, pl. xxxiil., fig. 267.
We found four examples of this small rare AZz¢va on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Island.
Mitra tabanula Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl., xxxix., fig. 332.
The single very perfect specimen now before me was obtained in the Viti group, but am unable to state the precise locality.
It agrees in every respec: with .\eeve’s description, and very closely with his incorrectly colored figure. It is shaped like AZ. turgida, and is of a dark brownish-red color, with rather large, keel-like spiral ribs, which are very pale and smooth on their edges,
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID&. 29
58. Mitra testacea Swainson. Reeve, |. c., pl. xiv., fig. 98.
A very rare species found in the condition of dead shells, on reefs, at the Kingsmill, Cook’s, Society, and Panmotu Islands.
Varies considerably in the size of adults, and some examples have the spiral impressed lines so deeply cut that the suface appears to be corded with convex ribs.
59. Mitra tessellata Martyn. Reeve, 1. c., pl. ii., fig. ro.
This fine large A/ztva appears to be a scarce shell. A few examples were obtained on reefs at the Kingsmill, Society and Panmotu Islands. I also found two fine speci- mens at Guam.
Our largest example is 92 mill. in length, he same as Reeve’s very accurate figure.
Animal creamy-yellow. The small triangular foot is reddish-brown above, and the siphon is varied with a lighter shade of the same color. ‘The eyes are situated on the middle of the small tentacles.
60. Mitra texturata Lamarck. Reeve, |. c, pl. xx., fig. 155. Four dead, but very perfect examples were collected on the fringing reefs, Viti Islands. Dr. Greeffe obtained specimens at Samoa. Viti shells are more robust and have a shorter spire than represented by Reeve’s figure. 61. Mitra tuberosa Reeve, |. c., pl. xxx., fig. 237a@, 2370. Excepting the Marquesas, we found this species gener- ally diffused throughout Polynesia ; but appears to be rare everywhere except the Viti Islands, where they occurred in considerable numbers in crevices on the fringing reefs. Our examples which are larger than Reeve’s figure, which is slightly magnified, are whitish under a luteous
epidermis, the base and the transverse band blackish brown.
30°
62.
63.
64.
65.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA,
Mitra turgida Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxiii., fig. 273.
M. erwea Pease; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 146. MM. peregra Schmeltz (not of Reeve); Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, IN@; Wis Os Be
Common under dead coral at the Viti, Tonga and Samoa Islands, but rare at all the other groups, except the Marquesas and Cook’s Islands, where it did not occur to our notice.
Reeve’s figure which represents a Philippine example is not so much contracted at the base as noticed in South Sea shells. The color is uniform pale luteous, and the transverse grooves are very faintly striated parallel to the axis of the shell.
Mitra Ticaonica Reeve, l. c., pl. xxi, fig. 181.
This rare South Sea J/@z¢ra only occurred to our notice in the Viti and Society Islands, where we found several examples under coral blocks on the outer reefs.
Mitra telescopium Reeve, 1. c., pl. xx., fig. 80.
Two imperfect specimens collected on the fringing reef at Kioa, Viti Islands.
They coincide well with Mr. Reeve’s figure, except in having the spire less produced and of a smaller size. One example is colored exactly like the above mentioned figure, but the two yellow bands which he does not allude to in his description are paler than in his figure. The other specimen has the spire and the upper third of the body whorl pale flesh color.
Mitra Tahitensis sp. nov.
Shell elongate-ovate, solid, dark brown with paler shades; whorls 8, flatly convex, minutely crenulated at the suture, closely cancellated with longitudinal and spiral impressed strie, which are most conspicuous on the upper whorls; aperture less than half the length of the shell, pale brown ;
66.
67.
68.
60.
70.
Fin
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#&. 31
outer lip much thickened, crenulated om the inner margin and slightly sinuate above; columella with five plaits.
Length 37 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy). |
Hab. Society Islands.
A single very perfect example was found at Tahiti. It belongs to the same group as JZ. adusta and fusca.
Mitra ustulata Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xii, fig. 89. A single imperfect specimen found at Kioa, Viti Islands. Though only two-thirds the size of Reeve’s figure, it accords in every other respect. Mitra versicolor Martyn. Reeve, 1. c., pl. i, fig. 2.
A rare species inhabiting sheltered ground inside the reefs at Tonga and Viti Islands.
Our specimens are a little smaller than Reeve’s figure and the mottlings are more delicate and less conspicuous.
Martyn’s specimens were also collected at the Friendly Islands, —Tonga.
Mitra sp.
We found three imperfect examples of this rather large Mitra on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.
It is quite distinct from any of the species figured in Mr. Reeve’s monograph. ‘The specimens, together with the three following species, are deposited in the Museum Godeff- roy, Hamburg. Mitra sp.
Four examples obtained at Upolo, Samoa Islands. Mitra sp.
Three imperfect specimens were collected on the Kioa fringing reefs, Viti Islands. Mitra sp.
A single specimen obtained at Samoa.
32 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.
Genus STRIGATELLA Swainson.
72. Strigatella acuminata Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Dex 11g) ESO.
Excepting the Marquesas, we obtained a few examples of this species at all the South Sea groups. They occurred under dead coral on the outer reefs.
Some specimens exhibit three faint, transverse bands on the body whorl, which are a shade darker than the ground color. The spire, which has slightly concave outlines, is usually striated with delicate spiral grooves, which are some- times continued on the body whorl.
Animal uniform luteous yellow.
73. Strigatella auriculoides Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxviii, fig. 228.
This somewhat rare species is diffused throughout Poly- nesia, and is found under dead coral on the outer reefs.
Reeve’s figure and description accords tolerably well with the five perfect specimens before me, which are not so robust as represented by the above author. The ground color varies from brown to deep brown-black, with a narrow, transverse, more or less interrupted whitish band on the upper half of the body whorl, which latter 1s also dotted with the same color. The aperture is bluish-white. The whole surface of the shell is encircled with fine punctated incised lines, which are sometimes obsolete on the middle of the body. Outer lip crenulate on the inner margin.
Our largest example, from the Cook’s group, is larger than Reeve’s figure, and measures 27 mill. in length by 13 in diameter. Weathered shells when deprived of their epidermis are reddish-chestnut with white markings.
Chenu’s figure of Columbella unifascialis appears to be the same as Reeve’s A/i¢rva auriculoides.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 33
The animal is deep chocolate-brown. The creeping disk the tentacles and siphon pure white.
74. Strigatella brunnea Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, De Qi, Dilan Whey ile Ge
Excepting the Marquesas, Tonga and Viti Islands, this rare species occurs at all the other groups, and like the preceding lives under dead coral on the outer reefs.
Perfect fresh shells are dark ashy-brown, olive-brown or chestnut-brown with a bluish-white aperture, and the edge of the outer lip is dotted with light brown.
Animal milk-white.
75. Strigatella columbellzeformis Kiener. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xvill., fig. 138.
This fine large S¢7zga¢e//a which is somewhat rare, occurs beneath large coral blocks on the outer reefs, and was obtained at the Kingsmill, Society, Cook’s and Patmotu Islands. In the ‘Catalogue Museum Godeffroy’ it is recorded from Samoa group. Reeve and other authors cite Mada- gascar as its habitat.
Our shells vary from uniform dark brown to olive-brown, more or less varied with white under a thin olive-yellow epidermis. ‘The transverse impressed lines mentioned by Reeve are minutely punctured.
The animal is rich chestnut-brown with a diluted-white creeping disk. Head slightly varied with white.
76. Strigatella litterata Lamarck. Reeve, |.c., pl. xx., fig. 153.
More or less plentiful in all parts of Polynesia except the Marquesas, where we failed to obtain examples. They are found lurking under dead coral in holes and _ crevices on the outer reefs.
They are subject to considerable variation in size and character of the markings. Reeve’s figure is very accurate.
34 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
77. Strigatella maculosa Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxi, fig. 175; pl. xxv., fig. 194.
This species has the same range and station as the preceding, and is nearly as plentiful.
The only difference between this species and //terata is, the latter is more distinctly strigated, larger, and the former has the upper half of the shell pale brownish-buff. Panmotu examples are typical, and are accurately répre- sented in Reeve’s second figure. Society Island specimens are larger and more nearly allied to /ztferata, but may be distinguished by the brownish-buff color which marks the upper half of the shell.
78. Strigatetla paupercula Linneus. Reeve, |. c, pl. xii. fig. 84.
Distributed throughout all parts of Western Polynesia, and usually found lurking under lumps of dead coral, and in crevices on both the outer-and inner reefs. At the Kingsmill Islands I gathered several hundred specimens which were larger and finer than obtained elsewhere.
This species is smooth, with a few basal grooves, and the upper whorls near the apex are spirally striated with delicate incised lines. The thin, subpellucid epidermis gives a yellowish tint to the white stripes, as represented in Reeve’s very accurate figure.
79. Strigatella virgata Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxv. fig. 1972.
This species, which is less abundant, has the same range and station as the preceding.
As stated in my remarks on Afitra retusa, Mr. Reeve has figured that shell (fig. 197@.) to represent, in part, his virgata, and his description, which is drawn from the two species, should have the following character erased :—‘“ Las f& whorl encircled round the upper part with a small narrow
pale zone,” which accords with vefwsa but not with vzrgata.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 35
The species now under consideration, is, without doubt, the same as the above author's figure, 1974, which resembles very nearly the South Sea shells. The color and markings are the same as 5S. pauwpercula, but may be distinguished from that species by its more abbreviate form, more contracted aperture, outer lip more heavily calloused in the inner margin, and the conspicuous spiral grooves. ‘The latter are generally obsolete on the middle of the body whorl, and are frequently punctured. ‘The interspaces between the grooves are either convex or convexly-angulate. Many examples have the body whorl more or less distinctly fluted, a character never observed in pawpercula, with which it is by some authors united. It is, in my opinion, as closely connected with /e¢¢evata as with the above species.
Dr. Gould, in his “ Expedition,” cites one of the Pagmotu Islands as its habitat, where I very much doubt its being found.
80. Strigatella zebra sp. nov.
Shell ovate, solid, smooth, spire short, retuse, base much contracted, obliquely grooved anteriorly, rarely with spiral impressed lines on the upper whorls; dark brownish-black, longitudinally striped with white, the stripes narrow, more or less flexuous, sometimes interrupted ; epidermis thin, pale yellowish-brown ; whorls s—6, the last one shouldered and very turgid near the upper portion of the aperture ; outer lip with a heavy deposit of callus, slightly crenulate near the base, slightly contracted above.
Found in the Viti and Samoa Islands.
Genus TURRICULA Klein. 81. Turricula amabilis Reeve. Conch. Icon, pl. xxxiii., fig.
274. This small species which is rather rare, was obtained at
82.
83.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
all the groups except the Sandwich, Marquesas and Caroline Islands. They were found under dead coral on the fringing reefs.
Some of our examples differ slightly from Reeve’s description in having the shell alternately banded with white and luteous. The grooves are darker than the ground color of the shell.
In Paetel’s catalogue it is recorded from the Sandwich Islands.
Turricula aurantia Swainson.
Tiara aurantia Swain., (Broderip), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1835. Mitra pyramidalis Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvi., fig. 208.
A very rare species of which we found two examples washed up on the lagoon shore at Anaa, Panmotu Islands, the same locality where Swainson’s type specimens were obtained.
The genus 7urricula being now most generally accepted, Swainson’s name should be restored, as Gmelin’s auvantia is embraced in the genus JZ@¢ra as restricted.
The two examples before me are smaller than Reeve’s figure, and the sculpture agrees precisely with his description, and one is exactly the same color as mentioned by him, viz. : orange-yellow, with a white band. ‘The other is white, with two transverse orange-yellow bands on the body whorl.
Turricula amanda Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxviil., fig. 318.
Occurred in the condition of dead shells on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands, where it appears to be not uncommon, and probably inhabits sandy bottoms in deep water. Dr. Greeffe obtained examples at Samoa.
Mr. Reeve’s slightly enlarged figure, which very ac- curately represents the species as regards shape and sculp- ture, is incorrectly colored. He describes the shell as being
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 37
white, banded with reddish-brown. Our examples, which are, no doubt, somewhat faded, are the same color, and the bands are always three, as represented in the figure. Living shells are probably banded with dark brown. or brownish- black.
84. Turricula assimilis Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 481.
A very rare species found under dead coral on the outer reefs at the Cook’s, Samoa, and Viti Islands.
An oblong, subfusiform, shining species of a whitish colour, with closely-set slightly-raised deep brown lines.
85. Turricula angulosa Martini (?) Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xxviil., fig. 223@, 2230.
I obtained many fine living specimens of this species by digging in sandy mud, at low water mark in sheltered places, at Vanua Levu, Viti Islands.
Not being quite satisfied with the above determination, I have marked it with a doubt.
Our shells are a little smaller than Reeve’s fig. 2232, which they much more nearly resemble than the larger figure, 223, which has the appearance of a distinct species. He describes the colors as “/ght brown, stained here and there with brown spots.” Viti examples are ashy-slate, and all have a more or less distinct pale band just beneath the sutural angle. ‘The aperture is brownish, with a white zone, and some have the throat bluish-white. The columella is brown, with four or five pale plaits.
The sculpture, which is very uniform and beautiful, consists of about 20 narrow longitudinal ribs, which are decussated with about the same sized but more crowded spiral flattened ridges, which form crenulations at their points of intersection and gives the whole surface a regular foveolate appearance.
38
86.
87.
88.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ.
The spiral ridge on the angulate shoulder is a little larger than the others and forms a row of larger granules, but not pointed as stated by Reeve. The spiral row of foveze immediately above the angle is also twice the size of the others, forming shallow square pits with two contiguous ridges next to the suture.
Turricula bilineata Reeve, |. c., pl. xxxv., fig. 294.
A very rare species of which we obtained two dead specimens on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.
Mr. Reeve’s figure and description accords so nearly with our shells that I do not hesitate to consider them the same, though having one columellar plait less than mentioned in his description. His figure shows four plaits the same as our shells. The two spiral lines on a polished blackish- brown ground will readily distinguish the species. Turricula bella Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 145.
This somewhat scarce species appears to be peculiar to the Sandwich Islands, where they live on sandy bottoms in the upper region of the laminarian zone.
Turricula bicolor sp. nov.
Shell small, fusiform, slightly shining, cinereous, with two transverse rose colored bands on the body whorl, the upper one traversing the whorls of the spire; spire with slightly concave outlines; whorls embryonal 3, smooth, irregu- larly increasing, normal whorls 6—7, nearly flat, somewhat shouldered, the last one convex, depressed on the right side, base strongly contracted, granulated and produced into a short recurved canal; surface longitudinally ribbed, ribs smooth, angular, 12-13 on the body whorl, interspaces with fine transverse grooves; aperture narrow, little more than half the length of the shell; peristome moderately thick and distinctly sinuous above; columella with four plaits.
Length 8 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#. 39
Hab. Samoa and Panmotu Islands.
A somewhat rare and beautiful species found beneath dead coral on the outer reefs. It belongs to the same group or section as 7! exgudisita and differs from that species in its larger size, fewer ribs, more distant transverse grooves and wants the sharp spiral brown lines.
89. Turricula Cumingii Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. x., fig. 67.
This is one of the rarest and most beautiful of the South Sea Mitres. We were fortunate in taking a large and very perfect example on the outer reef at Makimo, one of the Panmotu Islands ; also a single and very much worn specimen was picked up on the beach at Upolo, Samoa Islands.
Mr. Reeve’s poor figure gives no idea of the beauty of this shell. Our Panmotu example, which is larger than the above-mentioned figure, is a rich shining orange-red, mottled with pure white, and the transverse grooves on the orange- red ground are lineated with chocolate-brown. ‘The aperture is the same, but darker than the ground color. The whorls are crenulated next to the suture, and the grooves gradually become obsolete towards the apex.
go. Turricula cadaverosa Reeve, |. c., pl. xxi, fig. 160.
Very abundant, buried in sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone, inside the reefs at the Society, rare at the Panmotu, Samoa and Viti Islands.
Mr. Reeve, on the authority of Cuming, ‘frequently gives the station of the sand Mitres ‘‘ under stones,” where they are zever found except when dragged there by hermit crabs.
Reeve’s figure of this species, which very correctly represents the sculpture, is too robust to accord with the usual form. They are subject to considerable variation in the size and number of the ribs, and in the distinctness of the two angles on the body whorl, as well as in the size of the
40
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.
tubercles. When they depart so widely from the type, they can scarcely be distinguished from 7: Pacifica, Reeve. The band is occasionally obsolete, and is usually more or less interrupted.
gt. Turricula concinna Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvi., fig. 203.
A few more or less perfect dead shells were found on the reefs at Samoa and Viti Islands.
Our examples, which are somewhat faded, accord very nearly with Reeve’s figure and description of a Philippine specimen. The Polynesian shells vary from yellow to orange- yellow with the interspaces between the transverse ridges brownish-red, and the third ridge beneath the angle is white as represented in the above mentioned figure but not alluded to in the text. Some examples have the angle on the upper portion of the whorls nearly obsolete.
92. Turricula crocata Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvi., fig.
206.
Like the preceding species dead specimens only, oc- curred on the reefs at all the groups south of the equator, except the Marquesas and Panmotu Islands.
Our examples are light orange-yellow, and like the preceding species which they closely resemble in shape and sculpture, have a similar transverse white band on the third ridge beneath the angle. The ridges are more distinctly granulated than on coucinna, which with the concolored interspaces will at once distinguish it from the latter.
93. Turricula consanguinea Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxx., fig. 241.
More abundant than the two preceding species, and occurs at all the groups except the Caroline and Marquesas Islands. Found under dead coral on the outer and inner reefs.
Our shells which are darker than Reeve’s figure, are deep brownish-red, and all have a transverse row of whitish
94.
95:
96.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID£. 4I
spots on the middle of the body whorl, and smaller ones may be observed on the base and spire. The outer lip and columella are also more or less stained with brownish-red. They vary considerably in the length of the spire, which is generally shorter than in Reeve’s figure, and one large example before me has it a trifle more produced. ‘The spiral strize are minutely punctured.
It is frequently confounded with Z: dermestina, with which it is very closely allied.
Turricula crebrilirata Reeve, |. c., pl. xii, fig. 92.
I found several dead specimens on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.
Though only two-thirds the size of Mr. Reeve’s figure of a Ceylon example, they agree so exactly with his description, except in color, that I do not hesitate to consider them the same. Our shells are dark ashy-brown, and all have the pale line on the upper portion of the body-whorl. Turricula concentrica Reeve, |. c., pl. xvii, fig. 128.
I obtained many living specimens of this species by digging in sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone, in a sheltered place at Kioa, Viti Islands. Though carefully searched for, I failed to get a single example in any other part of the group. Reeve states that Mr. Cuming found it on the reefs at Anaa, Patmotu Islands.
Our shells are smaller, more slender, and the wide basal band is paler than represented in Reeve’s figure.
The ground color is a pale flesh tint, and the band varies from tawny-flesh to light brown.
Turricula cruentata Chemnitz. Reeve, 1. c., pl. xvii, fig. 126.
We gathered a few living specimens of this species in a sheltered bay on the east end of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands. They were found adhering to stones and driftwood in shallow
42 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
water on a sandy-mud flat.
They agree closely with Reeve’s description, but his figure, which is a little larger than our shells, is very poor.
The color is ashy-brown, encircled with a whitish band, and the ribs vary from light yellowish-brown to brownish- orange. The conspicuous transverse incised lines, though generally continuous, are. sometimes interrupted by the ribs.
97. Turricula cimelium Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxiL., fig. 260.
T. (Pusia) nodulosa Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, De ZILA mpl xxv., mig. 5.
A few specimens found on sandy beaches at the Panmotu and Society Islands. -
Mr. Reeve’s very accurate figure and description coin cides exactly with our specimens, except in not mentioning the fine, crowded, transverse, impressed lines or striz. His figure represents the transverse, interrupted brown lines very correctly. They are confined to the right slope of the longitudinal ribs, and do not extend quite to the nodules on the shoulder of the body whorl.
All the specimens I sent to Mr. Pease were too much worn to be of any use in identification or description.
98. Turricula crispa Garrett. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sciences, 1871, p- 201.
A few specimens taken in sandy-mud a little below low- water mark, inside the reefs at Upolu, Samoa Islands. A single large dead example occurred in the Viti group.
The livid color, angular whorls, crisp-like and foveolate surface, and the violaceous columella are its most essential characters.
99. Turricula castanea, sp. nov.
Shell oblong, rather thick, turreted, shining, longitu- dinally plicately-ribbed, ribs somewhat angular, closely set ; interspaces concave and marked by transverse impressed
100.
IOIl
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 43
strie ; whorls 8, flatly convex, last one contracted and slightly granulated at the base; aperture bluish-white, a trifle less than one-half the length of the shell ; columella with four plaits ; colour dingy-brown, with a single pale revolving line.
Length 18 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy.)
Hab. Samoa and Viti Islands.
Three dead examples found on the fringing reefs at the above groups.
Turricula diachroa (Mitra) Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samar., pl. x., fig. 29.-—MJitra Graffi, Crosse, Jour. de Conch., TNO Gs Ws BO7e DIL ake Ks, G.
Not uncommon under clumps of dead coral in the lower region of the littoral zone, inside the reefs at Samoa, and more rare in the Viti and Tonga Islands. They are usually found associated with EZugina mendicaria which they resemble so closely in shape and color as to be easily mis- taken for small specimens of the latter species.
M. Crosse’s- figure, which is slightly enlarged, very cor- rectly represents the usual form. They, however, frequently differ in being more slender, and the ribs are sometimes nearly obsolete. The bands which are generally three on the body whorl, the upper one following the course of the spire, are flesh-white under a thin luteous epidermis on a jet-black ground. ‘lhe aperture and triplicate columella are tinted with purple-brown.
Animal black. The foot is oblong, margined with yellow, slightly auriculate in front, and about three-fourths the length of the shell. Siphon rather long, irrorated with white. The pale tentacles are marked by two black zones. Turricula discoloria Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xxix., fig. 230.
We obtained several more or less perfect specimens of
44
102.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
this species on the shore reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.
Our examples agree in every particular with Reeve’s description and figure, except in the absence of the pink bands, which are not represented in the latter, though alluded to in the text. The ‘“‘ burnt black” spots between the ribs, which are faithfully represented in his figure, appear to be constant. The bands are whitish, under a very thin luteous epidermis, which is generally more or less worn off in the most perfect examples. Between the spots the ribs are of a burnt-umber color, as represented in Reeve’s figure. The basal granules are whitish on a burnt-black ground. ‘The locality was unknown to Mr. Reeve. Paetel records it from the Philippine Islands.
Turricula exasperata Chemnitz. Reeve, l.c., p. xxi, fig. 162.—MMitrea arenosa, Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., p. xxi, fig. 161.
This elegantly sculptured species appears to be confined to Western Polynesia, where they occur at all the groups. We gathered thousands of living examples at the Tonga and Viti Islands by digging in clear sand and sandy mud at low water.
Mr. Reeve gives the station “‘ under stones” where they never occur except when dragged there by hermit crabs. All the MZitres of this type bury themselves;in sand and only come to the surface during the night.
Reeve’s accurate figure, which represents a Philippine example, is a little larger than our shells and may be con- sidered the typical form.
The whole surface is covered with small granules formed by the longtitudinal and transverse incised lines. The ribs vary considerably both in size and number, and sometimes are nearly obsolete. The angle on the shoulder is also sub- ject to variation and is occasionally very indistinct. The
103.
104.
105.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 45
color is white or cinereous, and sometimes nearly uniform blackish-brown. ‘The ribs are frequently lineated with light brown or blackish-brown, the lines often interrupted.so as to form two transverse rows of linear spots which gradually merge into the conspicuously banded variety which represents Lamarck’s avenosa.
Turricula exquisita Garrett. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 842.
This lovely little shell inhabits the Viti, Samoa, Cook’s Society and Panmotu Islands. The few living examples which came under my observation were obtained from beneath large blocks of dead coral, on the outer reefs.
Its small size (5 mill.), slender fusiform shape, shining pinky-red color with two transverse brown lines inclosing a white band, numerous plicate ribs and transverse imprcssed lines will readily distinguish it.
Turricula Emiliae Schmeltz. Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p- 119.
T. (Costellaria) plicatula Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., HOO, lh, Hon USE Al
A few more or less perfect dead specimens were found in beach sand at Anaa, Panmotu Islands.
Mr. Pease’s name being preoccupied for a fossil species, it has been changed as above.
It is a small, oblong-ovate shining species of a reddish- chestnut or light brown, with three yellowish or pale brown transverse bands on the body whorl.
Turricula flammulata (Mitra) Pease. Amer. Jour. COMIN. USO, ob Bue.
Mitra zebrina Garr. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 842.
A very rare species ranging from the Panmotu to the Viti Islands. Mr. Pease records it from the Sandwich Islands. All my examples were found in a more or less
46
106.
Toye
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
perfect though dead condition on the outer reefs.
The smooth shining surface, numerous narrow longi- tudinal flexuous brown stripes on a bluish-white ground are its most obvious characters.
Turricula flexicostata, sp. nov.
Shell acuminately turreted, rather slender, ashy-brown, with a single narrow pale zone on the upper portion of the body whorl, which is continued upward on the middle of the whorls of the spire; whorls 9, convex, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs narrow, smooth, flexuous; interstices with rather close, transverse incised lines; base contracted, slightly produced and somewhat twisted; aperture less than half the length of the shell, brownish with a whitish zone; columella with four plaits.
Length 15; diam. 5 mill. (Coll. Garrett).
Hab. Pafimotu and Viti Islands.
A few more or iess perfect dead specimens found on sandy beaches.
As compared with odel¢scus, the nearest allied species, it is much smaller, differently colored, the ribs smoother, ~ more flexuous and the narrow pale zone is nearer to the suture on the body whorl] and more distant on the spire. Turricula festiva, sp. nov.
Turricula formosa Garr. M.S. (not of Pease).
Shell acuminately turreted, somewhat fusiform, cine- reous, slightly mottled with ashy-brown; whorls 8, flatly convex, angulate beneath the suture, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs narrow, rather closely-set, rather nodose on the angle; interstices transversely striated with impressed punc- tured lines; aperture elongate; columella with five plaits.
Length 13 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Hab. Viti Islands.
During two years’ collecting in the above group I found
108.
TO9Q.
IIo.
Til.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID., 47
two examples only (living), which were dug out of sandy-mud near low water mark in Sawa Sawa Bay. ‘The general aspect of the shell is somewhat like 7! AZtchauiz Crosse & Fischer, but differs in color and details of sculpturing.
Turricula fusco-nigra, sp. nov.
T. nigricans Garr. M.S.
Shell acuminately turreted, slender, somewhat fusiform, base contracted, slightly produced into a slightly twisted canal; dark brownish-black, with a whitish spiral line above; whorls ro, flatly convex, somewhat roundly shouldered, longitudinally mbbed, ribs small, rounded, narrower than their interspaces, about 14 on each whorl; interstices with large crowded transverse grooves; aperture less than half the length of the shell, black or livid within; columella with four plaits.
Length 18 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Three dead examples found on the Kaioa shore reefs, Viti Islands.
Turrricula fortiplicata Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., TNO, [04 BilSe (lle xayey wee
Several examples found in beach sand at Anaa, Pahmotu Islands.
A small species with stout plicate ribs, impressed strize in the interspaces, and of a light chestnut color with the base and apex whitish.
Turricula Gruneri Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xvi., fig. 119.
A single example was picked up on the sands at Upolu, Samoa Islands. It is also recorded from the Pelew group. Turricula Hoyti sp. nov.
Shell oblong, fusiform, rather solid, shining, whitish, mottled and striped with chestnut brown; spire moderate, with flattened outlines ; whorls 8, planulate, slightly shoul- dered, last one large, convex, strongly constricted at the base,
48
I12.
TB.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
longitudinally ribbed ; ribs small, rather distant, somewhat angular, indistinctly constructed beneath the suture ; inter- stices with rather crowded, transverse impressed lines; aperture nearly half the length of the shell; columella with four plaits.
Length 14 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Hab. Viti Islands.
A single specimen found on the sands at Kioa Island. Turricula instricta sp. nov.
Shell small, oblong, fusiform, slightly shining, cinereous, with a dark line just beneath the suture, and the aperture with a brown band; spire moderate with slightly convex outlines; whorls 7 (?); (apex fractured), convex, last one very slender towards the base, which is produced into a recurved canal ; surface longitudinally ribbed, ribs rather small, angular, about 14 1n the penultimate whorl, constricted just beneath the suture, forming a row of nodules; interstices transversely impressly striated ; base granulated ; aperture narrow, nearly half the length of the shell; peris- tome rather sharp, with a distinct sinus above; columella with 4 plaits.
Length 8 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Hab. Viti Islands.
A single specimen found on the shore reef at Kioa Island. Turricula lyrata Lamarck. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vii, fig. 46.
This beautiful species which only occurred to our notice at the Samoa and Viti Islands, is not by any means common. All our living examples were found buried in muddy-sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone.
Our examples are more of an olive-gray tint than “‘ashy- blue” as stated by Reeve, and the narrow brown bands are constant. The aperture is bluish-white, the outer lip and
IT4.
ily.
116.
117.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 49
columella varied with brown. Turricula luteo-fusca (Mitra) Garrett. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 842.
Two dead specimens occurred on the Raratonga reef, Cook’s Islands.
A small shining species of a yellowish-brown color, varied with large whitish spots.
Turricula luculenta Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. 30., fig. 245.
A rather scarce species of which I found several ex- amples lurking under dead coral on reefs at Samoa, Tonga and Viti Islands.
Our specimens, which are the same size as Reeve’s figure of a Philippine shell, are alternately banded with luteous and chocolate-brown.
Turricula leucodesma Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxx., fig. 243.
Three examples found adhering to dead coral on a sandy-
mud flat on the eastern part of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands.
Our shells agree well with Mr. Reeve’s description and tolerably well with his poor figure. The color is nearly jet- black, encircled by a chain of large white spots.
Mr. Brazier records it from Torres Straits.
Turricula lauta Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxx., fig. 244.
Excepting the Marquesas, this rather rare species oc- curred to our notice at all the groups where they were found under dead coral on reefs.
The color varies from dark brownish-red to nearly black with orange-yellow ribs. Sometimes the middle of the body whorl is encircled by a row of spots which are a little paler than the ribs. The pale aperture is not spotted with brown or dark red as in dermestina and consanguinea.
The interspaces between the smooth ribs are finely and closely striated with transverse incised lines which under the lens are closely punctured.
we
50
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
It is very closely allied to the above two species.
118. Turricula laevicostata sp. nov.
Shell small, elongate, fusiform, shining, white, more or less stained with straw-yellow; spire rather long, acute ; whorls 8, planulate, last one narrow, convex, contracted and recurved at the base; longitudinally costate, costz small, smooth, rounded, interstices with transverse impressed striz; aperture narrow, with very prominent lirae; outer lip rather thick, and slightly sinuous above; columella with five plaits.
Length ro mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Hab. Panmotu Islands.
Two examples found on the sands at Anaa Island.
119. Turricula microzonias Lamarck. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
pl. xxiv., fig: 13i5, pl. xxvi., ire, 202:
Notwithstanding the wide range of this species, it is, indeed, a very scarce shell. It occurs in all parts of Western Polynesia, and in the Eastern groups we obtained it at the Society and Panmotu Islands.
The only two living examples found were taken from the under side of stones on the shore reef at Kioa, Viti Island.
Of Reeve’s two poor figures the second one is the most correct. Both Lamarck’s and the above author’s description refer to faded examples.
When perfect, the color is jet-black. The white zone, which is constant, usually consists of a chain of small white spots, but is sometimes expressed by a simple continuous line. Some examples havea second line beneath the middle zone. ‘The aperture is bluish-white, margined with brown- black. The columellar plicze are bluish-white on a more or less dark brown ground.
The ribs are sometimes nearly or quite obsolete on the back of the body whorl. Mr. Reeve does not allude to the peculiar plicately wrinkled base, which latter is
wei
120.
121.
122.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 51
also obliquely ridged. Turricula mucronata Swainson. Reeve, l.c, pl. 17, fig. 125.
This species, which appears to be rather scarce, was found buried in sand inside the reefs, in shallow water, at the Society and Panmotu Islands.
It is shaped very much like 7. concentrica, and has a similar wide basal band, but may be readily distinguished by the double row of sharp tubercles and granulated base.
The animal has the upper surface of the foot a rich reddish-brown, irregularly dotted with yellow, and the creep- ing disk cinereous. Siphon dusky with yellow dots. Turricula millecostata Swainson. Reeve, | c, pl. XXXV1., fig. 301.
Of this very rare species we have found only four dead examples on the outer beach at Anaa, Papmotu Islands, the same locality of Swainson’s type specimens.
The color appears to be somewhat variable: one speci- men is dark chestnut with a white apex, as mentioned by Reeve, and two are orange-yellow, with two broad interrupted ferruginous bands. The other is reddish-chestnut, faintly mottled with orange-yellow, with two remote transverse lines of the latter color. The transverse impressed strize extends over the whole surface, and the base is conspicuously granulated.
Mr. Reeve’s figure correctly represents the shape, but the color is different from any specimens known to me, and does not accord with the text.
Turricula modesta Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxi., fig. 254.
Several dead specimens found on sandy flats at Samoa and Viti Islands.
Our examples, though of smaller size than represented by Reeve, agree in every particular with his description and
uf
52
22.
124.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
very accurate figure. Turricula multicostata Swainson. Reeve, 1. c., pl. XXXVilL., fig. 322.
A rare and beautiful species, inhabiting all the groups South of the Equator, except the Marquesas and Tonga Islands. On the outer reefs, and found only in the condi- tion of dead shells.
The narrow white zone mentioned by Reeve is some-
times nearly obsolete or reduced to a thread-like line. The base is distinctly granulated, and the whole surface exhibits distant incised lines between the ribs. Turricula Michauii (Mitra) Crosse et Fischer. Jour. Conch., 1864, p. 337-—“tra rigida, Reeve, not of Swain- son, Conch. Icon., pl. xxii, fig. 169.—Zurricula ( Costellarta ) Dunkeri, Schmeltz, Cat. Mus. Godeff., iv., p. 84; Z: (C.) Deshayesti, Schmeltz, (Reeve ?) 1. c., v, page 119.
We obtained hundreds of living examples of this elegant species by digging in sand near low water mark in sheltered places at the Tonga and Viti Islands.
Our specimens, which are the same size as Reeve’s figure have three rows of brownish-orange spots on the body whorl, the upper one continued up the spire. The ground color is white or bluish-white, and the aperture is marked with two transverse brownish patches in the throat. All have the in- terspaces between the ribs more or less distinctly striated with transverse incised lines.
Not having access to Swainson’s Zoological Illustrations, I am unable to form an opinion with respect to Reeve’s de- termination of this species, of which he gives a good figure, which only differs from our examples in having one more row of spots on the whorls of the spire. He gives no locality.
Messrs. Crosse and Fischer who had an oportunity of examining Cochin China specimens, state that Reeve’s v7gzda
ee
m215.
126.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 53
is not Swainson’s species. Presuming their conclusions to be correct I have adopted their specific name. They men- tion four rows of spots on the body and two on the spire.
It has been referred to Reeve’s Deshayeszz, which is described and figured as simply noduled on the angle, smooth beneath, and no ribs mentioned.
Turricula modicella, sp. nov.
Shell small, fusiform, glossy, white, with the upper portion of the whorls and base tinged with brown; spire rather long, with concave outlines; base strongly contracted and produced into a short, slightly twisted canal; whorls embryonal two, smooth, normal whorls six, flatly convex, somewhat roundly shouldered, last one slightly turgid; longi- tudinally ribbed, ribs smooth, angular, about 13 on the body whorl; interstices transversely impressly striated; aperture narrow, less than half the length of the shell; outer lip with a slight sinus above; columella with three plaits.
Length 7 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Hab. Pammotu Islands.
A rare and pretty species of which we found several examples under coral on the outer reefs.
Turricula nodosa Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xxv., fig. 196a, 1960.
Excepting the Marquesas, this species was obtained at all the South Sea groups, where they are found on the inner margins of reefs.
They vary, some in the size of the tubercles and in the distinctness and number of incised lines. At some of the Panmotu Islands, where they are more abundant than else- where, a small variety occurs which has a row of pale slate- colored spots on the middle of the body whorl, the spots confined between the ribs. Some have a slate-colored band articulated with orange-yellow.
54
127).
128.
129.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ.
Turricula obeliscus Reeve, |. c., pl. xv., fig. 107.
Several dead examples of this rare species were found on a sandy mud flat at Kioa, Viti Islands.
All our specimens exhibit the same style of sculpture as mentioned by Reeve, and are shaped exactly like his figure. The most perfect examples are of a yellowish-brown color, rather paler on the ribs, and all are encircled with the white line mentioned by the above author. Three specimens which are somewhat weathered appear to have been of a deeper brown than the typical color.
The interspaces between the ribs are marked by rather large closely-set transverse grooves. The largest example which is the same size as Reeve’s figure has 12 convex whorls divided by a rather deep suture.
Turricula purpurata Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxiii., fig. 275.
A few specimens of this pretty species were found on the outer sandy beaches at Anaa, Pafimotu Islands.
Our examples which are more or less rubbed agree closely with Reeve’s description and figure, except in being of a light pink color with traces of a white zone, and some seem to have had spots or streaks of the same color on the ribs. ‘The description reads “‘znterstices tmpressly cancellated,” which term appears to signify that the impressed lines are interrupted by the ribs and not continuous as in our specimens.
Notwithstanding the above discrepancy I do not hesitate to consider our shells identical with the Philippine species.
Turricula patriarchalis Gmelin. Reeve, lc, pl. xix, fig. 146a, 1460.
A few dead specimens of this handsome species were found washed up on beaches at the Samoa and Viti Islands.
They differ considerably in the development of the nodules on the shoulder, and the broad band varies from
130.
Lone
132.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 55
dark red to deep brown-black. Our largest specimens are the same size as Mr. Reeve’s figures of Philippine shells. I obtained some fine examples at the small group of Aiou Islands near Waigion in the eastern part of the Moluccas. Turricula Pacifica Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxiii-, fig. 272.
Not uncommon, buried in sand in shallow water, inside the reefs at the Paymotu, Society, Samoa, Viti, and Kings- mill Islands.
The brown band, which is seldom continuous, usually consists of a row of small spots, which are frequently nearly or quite obsolete. The longitudinal ribs vary much in size and number, and some of the forms gradually pass into Z. cadaverosa, with which it is more nearly allied than with exasperata, as stated by Reeve.
Turricula plicata Klein. Reeve, l. c., pl. viii, fig. 56.
A single perfect adult and a young example was found buried in sand at the Caroline Islands.
The adult specimen, which is one-fourth smaller than Mr. Reeve’s figure, is not nearly so gaudily colored, but agrees precisely in coloration as mentioned in his description. He does not allude to the transverse impressed lines, which are very distinct.
Turricula porphyretica Reeve, (?) 1. c, pl. xxv., fig. 195.—T. ventricosa, Garr. MS.
A very rare species, of which we obtained two examples on the outer reefs at the Samoa and Viti Islands.
Our two shells, which are a little larger than Reeve’s figure of a Philippine example, agree very nearly in shape and sculpture with the above species. The Viti specimens are differently colored, the ribs smaller, more numerous and are distinctly striated with spiral impressed lines; the latter character is neither alluded to in the text or represented in the figure. However, after some hesitation I have adopted
56
133.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
Reeve’s name with a doubt, using mine as a synonym, which latter can be retained if it should prove to be new to science.
In order to assist in clearing up the doubt, I subjoin the following description :—
Shell solid, ovate, ventricuse, slightly shining, rapidly tapering towards the base, longitudinally plicately ribbed ; ribs rather small, decussated with impressed lines and granu- lated near the base ; whorls 9-10, planulate, angulately shouldered ; aperture half the length of the shell, bluish- white, varied with brown ; columella four-plaited; outer lip crenulate; color dingy-brown, with two pale transverse lines; upper whorls whitish.
Length 22 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Turricula pulchra, sp. nov.
Shell acuminately turreted, solid, subfusiform, slightly shining, contracted and obliquely grooved towards the base, which is somewhat twisted; whorls 9-11, nearly flat, angular- ly shouldered, longitudinally plicately-costate, costae smooth, 12 to 14 on the body; interstices with fine longitudinal strize and with or without transverse impressed lines; columella four-plaited ; aperture about two-fifths the length of the shell. Color variable; whitish, bluish-white, ashy-blue, ashy-green, brown with pale ribs, and generally with four or five transverse fillets of small alternately orange-yellow and brown spots; some of the dark examples have a whitish spiral line and the articulated fillets are nearly obsolete; aperture and columella brownish with a pale zone above.
Length 18, diam. 64 mill. (Coll. Garrett).
Hab. Viti and Samoa Islands.
About 30 fine living examples were obtained by digging in sandy-mud at low water mark at Kioa, Viti Islands, and a few smaller ones at the Samoa group. Specimens from the latter group are only about half the size of the Viti
135.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 57
examples and are equally as variable in color.
It is closely related to Zi Afichawiz in shape and sculpture, but quite different in the character of the markings, and the shoulder is more tabulate. The upper termination of the ribs are less nodulous and the color of the columella differs.
. Turricula putillus Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867,
Dp. 2045 ply xv te.) 2/45
A few specimens found in beach sand at the Paymotu and Society Islands.
Mr. Pease’s type specimens, which were obtained from one of the small guano islands in ‘“‘Central Pacific” are a little larger than our shells.
Rubbed specimens are reddish-brown, and when fresh, black or brown-black with a more or less distinct narrow white zone, and most generally with a few large white spots on the upper half of the shell. The whole surface is regularly granulated.
Turricula Peaseii, sp. nov.
Shell elongate, fusiform, shining, ashy-grey, transversely lineated with light brown and marked above with a spiral ashy-white line; spire rather long, acute; whorls 9, flatly convex, subangulate above, longitudinally plicately ribbed; interstices concave, transversely striated with imjressed lines; base contracted, granulated, produced and _ slightly twisted to the left; aperture a little more than half the length of the shell, bluish-white stained with brown; columella four plaited.
Length 23 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Hab. Viti Islands.
Only two examples found in sandy-mud at low water mark at Vanua Levu Island. It is shaped very much like T. lyrata.
58
136.
Tai.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
Turricula propinqua, sp. nov.
Shell elongately fusiform, ashy-white, spire rather long, turreted, longitudinally ribbed; ribs angular, as large as their interspaces, 14 on the last whorl, intersected by small trans- verse ridges; whorls 9, angulately rounded on the shoulder, where two of the spiral ridges are wider apart than elsewhere and slightly noduled; base strongly contracted and produced into a short slightly twisted canal; aperture nearly half the length of the shell; columella with five plaits, the upper one remote and large.
Length 15 mill. (Coll. Garrett).
Hab. Viti Islands.
A single example found in beach sand at Kioa Island. It closely resembles 7. smodesta Reeve, but is more contracted at the base, and the transverse ridges are much smaller and more numerous. It is shaped very much like 71 Pharaonis H. Ads., which inhabits the Red Sea, but is smaller, differently colored and the ribs are more numerous. Turricula rosea Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. XXXVI, fig. 300.
Two dead specimens found in beach sand at Anaa, Panmotu Islands.
Our two shells differ none from Reeve’s degscription and figure except in having the upper portion of the last and two preceding whorls, white. The transverse row of small brown spots between the ribs, can be seen on our perfect specimen.
Mr. Swainson’s type examples were obtained in the same
_ locality as our shells.
138.
Turricula rubra Swainson. Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxv., fig. 285, pl. xxxvi., fig. 298. Several specimens found in beach sand at the Pafmotu
Islands, where Mr. Cuming obtained Swainson’s type examples.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA:. 59
139. Turricula subulata Lamarck. Reeve,1 c., pl. xi, fig. 79.
140.
I4I.
A single dead example was found on a sandy flat on the south coast of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands. Mr. Reeve on the authority of Cuming cites Anaa, Panmotu Islands, as one of its localities.
As compared with Reeve’s indifferent figure, which does not represent the longitudinal ribs, it is larger and the spire is not so slender. The numerous small ribs are very regularly disposed and about the same size as their interspaces. The whole surface is marked by equidistant transverse incised lines, which gives the shell a regular cancellated appearance.
The color which undoubtedly is somewhat faded is creamy-yellow with traces of white patches.
Turricula semifasciata Lamarck. Reeve, l.’c., pl. xvii., fig. 131a, 1310.
Numerous living specimens were obtained by digging in sandy localities, a little below low water mark, inside the reefs at Samoa, Tonga and Viti Islands. It is also recorded from the Caroline Islands.
None of our numerous example are so large as Reeve’s figure a, and only very few equal in size his smaller variety 0. The color varies from pale flesh white to cinereous, and the bands on the basal portion of the body whorl vary from yellowish-clive to olive brown; all have the three transverse brown lines on the last whorl, which are also articulated with yellowish.
Turricula stigmataria Lamarck. Reeve, 1. c., pl. iii, Ge as,
This lovely species, which is somewhat rare, only oc- curred to our notice at Rioa and Vanua Levu, Viti Islands, where we found a few living examples by digging in sandy- mud, at low water mark, in sheltered bays. Some had buried themselves at a depth of twofeet. It is also recorded
60
ALD
TA
T44.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
from Samoa and the Pelew Islands.
Our specimens are one-third smaller than Reeve’s figure of Philippine examples, but agree in every other particular. Turricula speciosa Reeve, |. c., pl. xix., fig. 148.
This rare and handsome species occurred only in the condition of more or less perfect dead shells. They were found on the outer reefs at the Cook’s and Panmotu Islands.
Our shells differ none from Reeve’s description and figure of Philippine examples, except in the ribs being some- what angular and nodulose next the suture; the latter character though faintly expressed in the above mentioned figure is not alluded to in the text.
Turricula tusa Reeve, |. c., pl. xxxiv., fig. 283.
This interesting little species which is rarely obtained, occurs under dead coral at the Paymotu, Society, Sandwich and Samoa Islands.
They accord in every particular with Reeve’s description and figure of a Philippine specimen. ‘The upper third of the body whorl and the spire exhibits large tessellations on a white ground, the spots and lower portion of the body whorl varies from reddish-brown to blackish-brown. A _ single transverse white band marks the deep brown aperture. ‘The upper portion of the whorls are distinctly concave and the ribs granulated.
The animal is greenish-white, and beautifully marbled with chocolate-brown.
Turricula unilineata, sp. nov.
Shell acuminately turreted, subfusiform, rather slender, base contracted and slightly twisted, shining, brownish-lead color with a single spiral whitish line on the upper portion of the body; whorls ro, flatly convex, somewhat roundly shouldered; longitudinally ribbed, ribs not very prominent
wn
Peron, eer
145.
146.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 61
nor closely-set, obsolete or nearly so on the last whorl; interstices with distant transverse linear grooves, most conspicuous on the upper whorls; aperture less than half the length of the shell; columella with four plaits.
Length 19 milll. (Mus. Godeffroy).
Hab. Viti Islands.
Appears to be rather scarce; only several dead specimens found on the sandy-mud flats at Kioa Island. It may easily be distinguished by its peculiar color and constant white line. The low distant ribs give the whorls a polygonal outline when seen from above.
Turricula vittata Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vi, fig. 50a, 500, 500.
We were very fortunate in discovering five hying examples of this superb species, which were found on sandy-mud bottoms in sheltered bays at Vanua Levu, Viti Islands.
Reeve’s poor and indifferently colored flgures give but a slight idea of the beauty of this scarce shell.
Our examples, the largest of which is 24 inches long, are of arich orange-yellow or orange-red, encircled with a broad white zone, which sometimes carries a median narrow brown line. The lower portion of the body whorl has a second but smaller band of a pale yellow color. Both bands are edged with dark brown fillets, and the upper one occupies the lower half of each whorl of the spire. Aperture white, more or less stained with orange.
The upper portion of the body whorl is somewhat angulate and slightly concave above the angle.
Turricula variata Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvi., fig. 209.
Mitra fratercula Garr. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 482.
This rare and pretty species, which is seldom found in good condition, occurs under dead coral on the outer reefs and ranges from the Panhmotu to the Viti Islands.
62
147.
148.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.
The five examples now before me are shaped exactly like Reeve’s figure and agree very well with his description. The upper portion of the whorls can scarcely be considered angulated as stated by the above author, but roundly shouldered the same as represented in his figure, which is quite distinct from the angle on concinna and crocata figured on the same plate.
The impressed strize are not fine, but on the contrary are rather coarse, distant, and more like transverse linear punctures than striz. ‘The upper portion of the ribs are slightly noduled. The color is pale luteous or white, encircled by several chestnut-brown lines which are usually grouped in pairs.
My /ratercula is undoubtedly the same as Reeve’s species. The ribs are smaller, more numerous, and their upper portion is divided by an incised line, forming a row of yellowish nodules.
Animal light brown, frecked with yellowish-white. Turricula vulpecula Linnzus. Reeve, lc, pl. viii,
fig. 554, 550, 55¢.
We obtained a number of living examples of this handsome species by digging in sandy-mud, at low water mark in sheltered bays in the Viti Islands.
None of our specimens are so large as the Philippine shells figured by Reeve. The color is whitish-yellow or orange-yellow, with from one to three blackish-brown belts on the body whorl. Some of the specimens have the above colors and markings reversed, being of a dark brown or blackish-brown with yellowish or orange-yellow bands.
The animal is delicately mottled with purple-black, gray and white. The long siphon is blackish-violet, dotted with creamy-white.
Turricula Zebuensis Reeve (?), l. c., pl. x., fig. 73.
140.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 63
T: incisa Garr. MS. A very rare Viti Island species, of which we found four examples (dead), on the Kioa shore reefs.
Having serious doubts of the correct determination of this species I have added the MS. name by which it has been known in my collection for the past several years. If really distinct from Reeve’s shell, and cannot be referred to any described species my name can be retained. I add the following description.
Shell acuminately turreted, somewhat fusiform, rather thick, slightly shining, base contracted, somewhat produced ; color creamy-yellow, variegated with different shades of ferruginous-brown disposed in a rude transverse band on the body whorl and irregularly tessellated above; whorls 1ro-r1, convex, last one faintly angulate above; longitudinally ribbed, ribs small, numerous, convexly-angular, the same size as their interspaces, and the whole surface with rather close deeply incised spiral lines; aperture creamy-yellow with a faint pinky tinge in front, a little less than half the length of the shell; columella four plaited.
Length 27, diam. 9 mill. (Coll. Garrett).
Our shells though very nearly similar in shape are considerably smaller than Mr. Reeve’s figure of a Philippine example. He describes the surface as being “very finely cancellated with rather flat closely set ridges of which the longitudinal are the larger,” which will scarcely apply to our shells, unless he considered the interspaces between the incised lines to be ridges.
Turricula sp.
A single dead specimen found on the Kioa reef, Viti Islands.
It is a small elongate-oval species, cancellated with
64
150.
GH
See
153.
154.
155.
156.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID,
longitudinal and transverse ribs, and the whorls angulately shouldered. . Color brownish with a white band beneath the suture.
Length 17 mill.
This and the following undetermined species are deposited in the Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg.
Turricula sp.
One example of this minute species occurred in beach sand at Anaa, Panmotu Islands.
It is closely allied to Z! rubra, but differs in its more angulate ribs, less swollen whorls, coarser striz and has no brownish spots or lines. ‘The color is light pinky-red with a revolving white band.
Length 7 mill.
Turricula sp. A few specimens were found buried in sand at low water mark at the Caroline Islands.
Turricula sp.
Three examples found in beach sand at the Panmotu Islands. Turricula sp.
One specimen obtained on the shore reef at Kioa, Viti Islands.
Turricula sp.
Five specimens obtained from beach sand at Anaa, Panmotu Islands. Turricula sp.
Two examples found on the Kioa reef, Viti Islands. Turricula sp.
A single weathered example found in shallow water at the same locality as the preceding.
157.
159.
159.
I60.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 65
Genus CYVLINDRA Schum.
Cylindra nucea Gronovius. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xii, fig. 86.
Excepting the Marquesas, we obtained this somewhat rare species at all the South Sea groups. The habitat “ New Zealand” usually assigned to this species is undoubtedly wrong.
Our examples, which are smaller than Reeve’s figure, are white, with or without transverse rows of small brownish dots, and when in good condition are invested with a very thin translucent tawny-yellow epidermis, which is more or less stained with brown-black.
The animal is diluted white ; the foot and siphon mar- gined with dashes of black and white.
Cylindra dactylus Linneus. Reeve, |. c., pl. xii., fig. 88.
Occurs in the same station as the preceding species— that is, in sand or sandy-mud inside the reefs. ‘They were obtained at all the groups except at Cook’s Island. It appears to be scarce everywhere.
Our largest examples, which were found at the Viti Islands, are larger than Mr. Reeve’s excellent figure of a Philippine specimen.
Cylindra crenulata Lamarck. Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxiv., fig. Igoa.
Found in the same station, and is as widely diffused as the preceding species. It is rather a scarce shell at all the groups.
Our largest Viti example, which is nearly two inches long, is considerably larger than Reeve’s figure.
Cylindra fenestrata Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl. xxiv., fig. 189.
66
161.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
A common Society Island species found buried in sand in shallow water inside the reefs, and mzof under stones as stated by Reeve. It is very rarely found at the Pamotu and Viti groups, and has been recorded from the Pelew and Caroline Islands.
The three Viti examples which I obtained are much smaller and more slender than Eastern shells, and are nearly a uniform white color. Mr. Reeve’s figure is colored pale bluish-green, though he very correctly describes the ground color as whitish. The transverse lines are brownish or jet- black. The columella is eight-plaited—not nine-plaited as stated by Mr. Reeve.
Genus IMBRICARIA Schumacher.
Iimbricaria Oliveeformis Swainson. Reeve, Nes, oll OQ 1 AIT,
We found this species inhabiting all the groups except the Marquesas, Cook’s and Tonga Islands. It appears to be rather scarce everywhere except the Society Islands, where it is very abundant and gregarious in sand inside the reefs.
It appears to be an aberrant form intermediate between Cylindra and Imbricaria, and might with equal propriety be referred to either genus, though it is usually placed in the latter. Mr. Swainson considered it to bea A@ttrella ( = Swatm- sonia), the type of which is Mitra fasciata. It attains a larger size than represented by Reeve’s figure. The color is ivory-white, under a very delicate luteous epidermis. The punctured spiral lines are confined to the upper portion of the shell.
The animal is creamy-white, with a cream-yellow creep- ing disk.
162.
163.
164.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 67
Imbricaria conica Schumacher. Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvii., fig. 216.
This species, which appears to be confined to the islands south of the Equator, was obtained at all the groups except Tonga and the Marquesas. ‘They occur in sand in sheltered places inside the reefs, and are gregarious. During two years exploration in various parts of the Viti Islands, I found only one large colony in a small patch of sand in the Kioa shore reef.
Imbricaria punctata Swainson.
Mitra ossea Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvii., fig. 2109.
Not very plentiful and ranges through all the groups south of the Equator. Station the same as the preceding species.
It will be observed that I have restored Swainson’s name, which has precedence over Reeve’s ossea.
Imbricaria virgo Swainson. Reeve, 1. c, pl. xxvii., fig. 234.
Found (rarely) in all parts of Polynesia, except the Marquesas. Lives in sand at low water mark. ‘The colora- tion is the same as Oliveformis.
. Imbricaria Vanicorensis Quoy & Gaimard. Reeve,
Ik, Gog Jol SOAMMlen Ue, DEI.
Somewhat rare and only occurred to our notice at the Viti Islands, where they were found in sandy-mud near low water mark.
The spire and upper part of the body whorl is ashy- grey, and the lower parts brownish-grey, and everywhere dotted with flake-white and brown.
Genus MITROIDEA Pease.
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865. p. 514. Mauritia, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 273.
68
166.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ.
This genus was established by Mr. Pease for a singular species of Mvtride shaped like Dibaphus, Phil., but has the spire much more produced and the columella with numerous small slightly oblique plaits.
Mitroidea muitiplicata Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, De Siete
This species, which appears to be very scarce, was obtained at the Panmotu and Samoa Islands. A single example was found at each of the above groups. The Panmotu shell, which was living when found, occurred under a large block of dead coral on the shore margin of the outer reef at Makaimo, one of the large windward islands.’
The Samoa specimen, which is larger than the former, was obtained in a dead condition, but very perfect, on the outer reef at Upolu. Mr, Pease’s type was taken at one of the guano islands in Central Pacific.
Our shells are pure white, with distant, transverse, hair- like brownish-yellow, slightly impressed lines, under a smooth, shining, luteous epidermis. The whole surface is striated with very fine transverse impressed lines, which are most conspicuous towards the acute apex. The narrow, con- tracted aperture occupies three-fifths of the length of the shell, and the columella exhibits g—10 small plaits. The thick smooth outer lip is slightly involute. The outlines of the spire are flatly convex, and the whorls nearly plain. The body whorl is slightly convex, and the base is truncate and deeply notched.
Length 30, diam. 12 mill.
Genus DIBAPHUS Philippi.
Arch. Wieg., 1847, p. 61. The close resemblance of this remarkable shell to cer- tain species of Conus, particularly C. métratus, (which is also
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID&. 69
nearly the same color), and more distantly allied in shape to Strombus terebellatus, has induced our most eminent autho- rities on classification to assign it a position intermediate between the above two genera.
It is surprising when Mr. Pease published his genus Mitroidea, he should have failed to allude to its very near relationship to Dzbaphus. The only difference between the two genera consists in the former having several small columellar plaits, whilst in the Jatter the anterior half of the columella is simply roughened by a continuation of the small elevated transverse ridges which mark the external surface of the shell. e,
That portion of the pillar-lip immediately above the prolonged ridges, is, as in all A/z/77de@, perfectly smooth, so that they may be considered rudimentary plaits. In every other particular, as regards detail of structure, the two genera are precisely alike, with the exception of AZztrordea having a more produced spire and a smooth shell.
The animal as stated in my paper on AV7t77de@, published in the Pro. Zool. Society for 1872, has the external structure of a Cylindra, which is widely different from that of a Conus or Strombus.
167. Dibaphus Philippii Crosse.
Conohelix edentul’a, Swainson, MS. Conus edentulus, Reeve. Conch. Icon., Afztra, pl. x1,
fig. 80.
Dibaphus edentulus, Philippi, Arch. Weig., 1847, p. 61, pl. u., fig. 1—3.—Chenu, Man. Conch., vol. 1, fig. 1569.— (Gaide IPS 7A Sh, WS, 0. Cui
Dibaphus Philippit, Crosse, Rev. Zool., 1858, p. 4, pl. ili., fig. 1. Pease, Jour. Conch., 1871, p. 08.
This singular shell, which appears to be rare, was ob- tained at all the groups south of the Equator, except the
7°
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.
Tonga and Marquesas Islands. They were found lurking beneath dead coral on the outer reefs. M. Crosse records it from the Marquesas and New Caledonia. Mr. Pease ob- tained two examples from the Caroline Islands, and M. Paetel records it from the Philippines. My largest specimen was taken at one of the guano islands in Central Pacific.
The ground color is whitish more or less stained with yellowish-brown, and ornamented with two transverse rows of large, irregular, reddish-brown spots which are frequently confluent. ‘The whole surface is roughened by small, trans- verse, angular ridges, which are about the same size as their interspaces, which latter are longitudinally elevated lines. The ridges on the basal portion, which are more oblique than those above, wind round the pillar-lip so that they resemble rudimentary plaits. The resemblance is the more obvious in consequence of the lip being perfectly smooth on the upper portion.
M. Crosse, who has published an accurate and interest- ing history of this shell illustrated with two good figures, has changed Swainson’s MS. name edentulus to Philippi, which latter must I presume be adopted in preference to the former negative denomination.
The following species, not found by the writer, are recorded
from the Polynesian Islands :— 1. Mitra limbifera Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xxiii, fig.
180. Marquesas Islands (Paetel).
2. Mitra ordinata Pease (Ubi). Sandwich Islands (Paetel).
2
ap
Mitra crassa Swain. Reeve, l.c, pl. i, fig. 7. Tonga
(Greeffe).
4. Mitra catenata Swain. Reeve, |. c¢, pl. xxxu., fig. 250.
Panmotu Islands (Cuming).
Io.
If.
12.
17
18.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#. 71
Mitra encausta Gould. Ex. Ex. Shells, p. 274, fig. 356. Viti Islands (Gould).
Mitra pudica Pease. P.Z.S, 1860, p. 146. Sandwich Islands (Pease) = AZ. nux-avellana Dohrn. (Pease).
Mitra Samuelis Dohrn. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 368. Sandwich Islands.
Mr. Pease refers this with a doubt to MW. astricta Rve.
Mitra sectilis Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, pl. xxi, fig. 2. Caroline Islands (Pease).
Mitra saltata Pease (Thala). Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867: D. Quo.
Mitra lubrica Pease, l.c., p. 272, pl. xxiii, fig. 2. Caroline Islands (Pease).
Mr. Pease described this species under the name of glabra (not of Swainson), and subsequently changed it as above.
Mitra fulvescens Swain. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xxx, fig. 255. Panmotu Islands (Cuming).
Mitra nigra Chem. Reeve, 1. c., pl. v., fig. 33. Paxmotu Islands (Cuming).
. Mitra approximata Pease(Ubi). Sandwich Islands (Pease).
Mitra infecta Reeve, lc, pl xi, fig. 75. Payimotu Islands (Cuming). Mitra circulata Kien. Reeve, l.c., pl. xi, fig. 77. Viti Islands (Greeffe). Strigatella decurtata Reeve, |. c., pl. xx., fig. 154. Samoa Islands (Greeffe). Strigatella nigricans Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, p. 215. Caroline or one of the guano islands in Central Pacific. Turricula Wisemanni Dohrn. P. Z.S., 1860, p. 367. Sandwich Islands (Dohrn).
Mr, Pease considered it to=Z: della, Von Paetel
tim, >
te
12
19.
20.
21.
22.
Be,
24.
Bie
28.
20.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.
catalogues it as distinct from the latter species.
Turricula armillata Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xxxvii.,
ime, BIB. Pagmotu Islands (Cuming).
Turricula catenata Swain. Reeve, 1. c., DL 2eea,, Ie
259. Pahmotu Islands (Cuming),
Turricula elegans Reeve, 1 c., pl. xxix, fig. 233. Viti
Islands (Gould).
Turricula elegantula Dunker. Malak. Blat., 1871, p.154.
Samoa Islands (Greeffe).
Turricula pupula Dkr. Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No 4, p. 84
(name only). Samoa Islands (Greeffe).
Turricula aureolata Swain. MS. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
pl. xxvi., fig. 210. Samoa Islands (Greeffe).
Turricula venustula Reeve, 1. c, pl. xxvi., fig. 204.
Caroline Islands (Schmeltz).
Turricula modesta Pease (not of Reeve). Amer. Jour.
Conch., 1867, p. 202, pl. xv. Caroline Islands (Pease). Very closely related to 7: Grunerii Rve.
Cylindra formosa Pse. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, p. 271,
pl. xxii, fig. 1. Caroline Islands (Pease).
(@) RECAPITULATION.
Viti Islands nae EE LZO Species Tonga Islands ... Bae a Scio) myer SAINOE, 5. ae ube 70) =35 Kingsmill Island N3.04 | (EIA koe Caroline ais Pear NAA een Cook’s sore gee ele ee ee Society = ee CO ne Panmotu iss Jette) POR nee Marquesas _,, on 7 ele Rice Sandwich ,, Pe Ooty ers
fe)
Western Polynesia yields 145 and Eastern Polynesia 112 species.
GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID-A. 73
On summing up the stations of the various A/éres, it is in- teresting to note that all the species embraced in each section or sub-genus inhabit similar stations.
All the typical A@tre as restricted, together with the sub- genera Scabricula, Cancilla and probably Mityca are sand or burrowing species.
All the species of (Vebularta, Chrysame, Thala, and Voluto- mitra are reef shells.
The sub-genus Zeba are probably sand Jfitras.
All the species of Zzer/ina are littoral shells.
The Sérigatel/d are all reef species.
All the typical Zurrecula, Costedlaria and Callithea are sand species, and all the species of Pwusza are reef shells.
The Cylindra and Jmbricaria are sand species, and the Dibaphus and Mitrotdea are reef shells.
October, 1879.
—S 2249S
HELIX VIRGATA monst. SLNISTRORSA, and HH. CA- PERATA var. ALBIDA, NEAR YARMOUTH, ISLE OF
WIGHT. By C. ASHFORD.
I lately took a perfect shell of this form, which is rather rare, from the roadside hedge near Afton toll.gate. It is of the common uniform brownish-yellow color. The briefest examina- tion of the apex shows that it degax wrong in ovo, and was not perverted during infancy by external conditions. Near the same spot I also found a beautiful albino of HY. cagerata, the mollusk as well as its shell being white. It belongs to the mottled or freckled variety of that species, the transverse streaks of color being replaced by translucent patches.
74 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1870. HELIX ASPERSA wonst. STVJSTROSA AT REDCAR. By W. C. HEY, M.A.
Under a broken crock, lying on a sand hill at Redcar, I discovered (among some twenty dextral specimens,) a single sinistral example of Helix aspersa. It is a well-formed shell, almost adult, and I am still keeping it alive.
March, 7&8o.
SS SS —
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ISO:
Testacella Maugei in Jersey.—Correction of name—not T. haliotoidea as in Sci. Gossip for July 1879. M. M. Bull, Sci. Gossip, April 1879, p. go.
The Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde; being a Catalogue of Recent Marine €pecies found in that Estuary. By Alfred Brown. (Glasgow: Hugh Hopkins, 1878.) Although the recent mollusca of this district have during the last few years received a good deal of attention, especially from the labours of M’Andrew, Barlee, and Merle Norman, still the various memoirs detailing the results of these labours were only to be found widely scattered through a number of scientific periodi- cals, and Mr. Brown has in this neatly printed work given us not only a 7ésumé of the labours of the naturalists we have referred to, but also of all those who have collected on the Firth of Clyde, and joined these to the labors of Mr. David Robertson and his own. The result is, so far as the testaceous mollusca go, a large and apparently accurate catalogue, which will show not only what has been done but also among the nudibranchs and cuttle-fish
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 18709. 75
what is yet to be done. The notes under the heading of Habitat in this catalogue are often most interesting, giving details not only of the exact localities for the species, but notes also of their local names.
Brazier (John, C.M.Z.S.)\—Description of a New species of Vivipara.—Proc. Linn. Soc., New South Wales 1879, Mths Bai Alaa wpe,
V. Altsont, from Diamantina River, Queensland.
Brooks (Prof. W. K.)—Amphioxus and Lingula at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.—Amer. Nat., Jan. 1879, Xl. 45.
Embryological note.
Call (P. Ellsworth.\—Synonymous Unios.—Amer. Nat.,
June 1879, xill., 392 and 393.
Notes on U. nasutus Say, U. Nashvillensis Lea, U. Messissippt- ensts Conr., U. subrostratus Say. ‘The three last names appertain to one species, Say’s name having priority. It is often erroneously named by collectors as U. nasutus.
Dercum (Francis, M.D., Ph.D..—The Sensory Organs.— Suggestions with a view to generalization.—Amer. Nat. Sept. 1878, vol. xi., 579 to 593.
This paper though mainly relating to vertebrate animals includes a discussion at p. 591 on the structure and development of the eyes of cephalopods.
Dietl (M. J.)—Researches on the Organization of the Brain of Invertebrate animals.—Parts I and II (Cepha- lopoda, Tethys, Crustacea).—Sitzungsberichte d. k. ak. d. Wissenshaften, section I, Mathematics and Natural Science, vol. Ixxvil., part 5, May 1878. to plates.
Doring (Dr. A.)—Systematic and Anatomical Studies of the Pulmoniferous mollusca of the Plata. —Estudios
76 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879.
sistematicos y anatomicos sobre los Paises del Plata. Periodico Zoologico, organo de la Sociedad Zoologica Argentina, publicado por la misma—Tomo I., Entr. III. Buenos Ayres, 1875.
Doring (Dr. A.)—The Molluscan Fauna of the Argentine Republic.—Aprintes sobre la fauna de moluscos de la Re- publica Argentina.—Tercera Parte, Cordoba 1876.
Durnford (W.A.)—Destruction of Shell-fish by Sea
Birds.—Zool., June 1878, third series, il, p. 223 to 225.
The great diminution in the numbers of cockles and mussels in Morecambe Bay and the estuary of the Duddon is attributed to the depredations of sea-fowl, which have increased much since they were protected by Act of Parliament. Mr. Durnford points out that thirty years ago both birds and shell-fish were far more abun- dant than now; and he thinks it more lhkely that the abnormal growth of the population of Furness and Barrow has upset the whole balance of animal life.
Fredericg (M.L.)—On Heemacyanine, a new substance from the Blood of the Poulp (Octopus vulgaris.)— Comptes Rendus, (French Academy) Dec. 16, 1878, lxxxvil, No. 25.
Fredericgq (M.L.)—On the Chromatic Function in the Poulp.—Comptes Rendus, Ixxxvii, No. 26, December 23rd, 1878.
Geddes (Patrick.)—On the Mechanism of the Odonto- phore in certain Mollusca.—Trans. Zool. Soc., part 11, 3 plates.
Paulucci (Marchesa Marianna) Some new Italian Species of Pomatias.—Fauna Italiana Comunicazioni Malacolo- giche, Articolosecondo. Descrizione di alcune Nuove Specie del genere Pomatias.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879, vol. v., p. 13 to 21.
BIBLIOGRAPHL OF 1879. iu]
P. elongatus Paulucci, Province of Lucca, P. elegantasstmus Paulucci, Province of Lucca, P. turricu/a Paulucci, Province of Lucca, P. Crosseanus Paulucci, Province of Lucca, P. Alleryanus Paulucci, Sicily, P. Pirajni Benoit, Isle of Fairgnana, P. Adamiz Paulucci, 2. Scalavinus Adami, Calabria, PF Fischertanus Paulucci, Sicily, P. Dionys¢ Paulucci, Syracuse, P. Westerlundt Paulucci, Calabria, P. agviotes Westerlund, Umbria, and P. Sospes Westerlund, Province of Lucca, are described.
Paulucci (Marchesa Marianna.)—Conchology at the Paris Exhibition 1878.—L’Esposizione universale del 1878 considerate dal late conchiologico.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1879, WOM: Wap, 105 TS) (KO), 1Ko)
An interesting acceunt of the conchological exhibitions of
various nations.
Parsons (H. Franklin, M.D., F.G.S.)—Mollusca of Neigh- bourhoon of Hull.—Hobkirk and Porritt’s Naturalist, Jan. 1879, vol. iv., p. 90.
Supplementary to Mr. Butterell’s Catalogue published in the same Journal for 1878. Species of Ancylus, Vertigo, Helix,
Conovulus, Teltina Unio, Spherium and Paludina are referred to.
Weatherby (A.G.)—Margaritana dehiscens Say.—Amer. Nat., April 1878, vol. xi, 254. A note on its generic position.
Weatherby (A: G.)—On Texan Streptomatidee.—Amer. Nat., April 1878, vol. xi, p. 254. Notes on Aelania pleuristitata Say, Holospira roemert Pir A closely allied species or a very persistent variety of AZ. pleurzs- triata is indicated under the name of marmockt. All collected in Bexar County.
Weatherby (A.G.)—Helix Chilhoweensis Lewis.—Amier. Nat., vol. xil., p. 390 to 392.
The author objects to Binney’s view that this is merely a
78 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879.
variety of Say’s H. diodonta ; describes the animal, its habits and distribution. During the excursions to the highlands of Kentucky and Tennessee which produced this shell were also collected other species including the rare H Wetherbyz Bland.
White (C.A., M.D.)—Descriptions of new species of in- vertebrate Fossils from the Garboniferous and Upper Silurian rocks of Illinois and Indiana.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1878, pp. 29 to 37. The new mollusca are Ptilodyclia triangulata (Polyzoon)
Astartella.Gurleyt and Nautilus Danvillensis, all from the coal-
measure strata, Danville, Illinois.
White (F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.S.)—Mollusca of Glen Tilt, Scotland.—Scot. Nat., April 1878, vol. iv., pp. 246 to 248. The interesting feature of the mollusca is the variation of
their distribution within the glen, owing to its varying geological
structure.. Helix fuscaisabundant. ‘The other species mentioned are Hf. arbustorum, and var. alpestris, H. nemoralis, HZ. hortensts,
ff. rotundata, Hl. concinna, Zonites crystallinus, Z. nitidus, Z.
alliarius, Vitrina pellucida, Limnea truncatula, Bulimus obscurus,
Clausilia perversa and var Everettit, Carychium minimum and
Arion ater.
Wood (James W.)—Conchological Notes: Switzerland, 1877.—Hobkirk and Porritt’s Nat., March 1878, vol. i,
pp. 113 and 114.
In this paper, which was originally read before the Concholo- gical Society, Mr. Wood discourses on the shells which occurred to him at the Lake of Lucerne, Interlaken, and Neuchatel.
Woods (Rey. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S., F.L.S.)\—On some new Marine Mollusca.—Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. xiv. (issued July 11th, 1878.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879. 79
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)\—On an Australian variety of Neritina pulligera L.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol. ii, p. 3 to 6.
Variety sz/cata, from Northern Queensland. Mr. Wood also describes a new species of MWelania-—oncoides —common in the creeks near Bourke, Darling River.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On some new Marine Shells [dredged off Port Jackson Heads, Australia.] —Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol EASON Ge to 266.
The shells were dredged at a depth of 45 fathoms by Mr. John Brazier. The names are—TZerebra lauretane, Turritella incisa, Cingulina torcularis, Natica subcostata, Raulinia badia (remarks on the genus), Drillda tricarinata, Rissoina cretacea, and LR. cylindracea.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On some Tertiary Fossils from New Guinea. eee, Ifa. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol. 11., p. 267 to 268.
Pecten Noveguine is described as new, and Doliwm costatum Desh. is recorded.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S..—Gn Bulimus Du-
fresnii.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol. iii.,
p- 81 to g1, and plate 7.
The purport of this paper is to shew that the work of cata- loguing and describing the Australian mollusca has now proceeded so far as to open the way to the careful study of the variations to which the species are subject. With this object in view, the variations of Budimus Dufresnit are studied in detail and several of them figured.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On some Australian Littorinidze.—Proc.. Linn. Soc New South Wales, 1878, WOlk Mle, yO. KE wo We,
80 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1870.
After a lengthy discussion of the various genera and their value, the author concludes: first, that the Zzttorinzde of Australia so closely resemble the genus ZLz¢forina of Europe that they cannot be generically separated from it. Second, that the genus fisella should be suppressed, as no permanent generic character can be defined in it, and there is only one species, which is extremely variable. Third, that the species known to some authors as Tectaria pyramidalis is merely Litforina with a double line of granules, which feature does not entitle it to generic distinction, since 1t shows it with many other species. If it be considered that it is destitute of many of the defined characters of Zectarza. Fourth, that the Australian Zz¢forina Mauritiana is probably identical with the European Z. cerulescens, and that LZ. sziczac, L. unifasciata and undulata are merely varieties. Fifth, that all the Australian species have in the anterior aperture a groove or line, often conspicuously light in color, which is in some way connected with the organs of reproduction.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.).—On some Australian Shells described by Dr. A. Gould.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol. i1., p. 250 to 261.
In this paper Mr. Woods reprints from the Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat Hist., vol. i, i, vil. and vill.. The species are Chzton
guercinus, C. jugosis, C. fruticosus, C. platessa, C.incanus, Patella
cinnamomea, LHaliotis crispata, all from New South Wales;
Amunicola badia and A. egenea from Bank’s Peninsula, New
Zealand; Zrochus sirius (=young form of Carinidea squamifera
according to Mr. Woods) New Holland; Psammobia florida,
Illawara, N. S. Wales; Cyclas egregta, N.S. Wales; Cyrena debilis,
New Holland?; Zornatina apicina, Sydney; Cylichna regularis,
Sydney (=C. arachis Quoy and Gaim., according to Mr. Woods);
Emarginula ( Clypidina) radiata, Sydney (Mr. Woods doubts if
this is distinct from £. australis Lam.); Ringicula denticulata,
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879. SI
~ Port Jackson, N.S.W.; Vassaria curta, Port Jackson; JVassa reposta, Sydney; WV. optata, Sydney; Clathurella peregrina, Sydney ; Cerithium lacertinum, Sydney; LRissoina flexuosa, Sydney ; Chemi- nitzia circuimdata, Sydney; AZontlea apicina, Port Jackson; Clan- culus gucundus, Sydney; Llenchus ocellatus, Sydney; £. exiguus, Port Jackson; Cantharidus lineolarts, Sydney; Thracia cultrata, Port Jackson; Lefton concentricum, Sydney; Kellia Lalaustina, Sydney; Modtolaria varicosa, Sydney; Hmarginula aspera, Sydney ; and £. ossea, Fiji. Numerous remarks are interjected by Mr. Woods.
Woods (ev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S..—On some freshwater shells from New Zealand.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol. 11., pp. 135 to 139 and plate 13.
Mr Woods quotes the conclusions of M. Fischer as given in the Journal de Conchyliologie for April, 1878, and describes two new Physe—P. Guyonensis and P. lirata. He also recapitulates the list of known /P%yse from New Zealand, and includes remarks on Bythinella coralla Gould, and its allies.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)\—Two new species of Land Shells.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol. iil., pp. 123 to 126 and plate i2.
Flelicarion fumosa from ‘Tasmania, allied to 4. atramentaria of Dandenong Ranges, Victoria; and Helix mucoddes, Victoria, allied closely to 4. mucosa Cox, of New South Wales.
Angas (G. French).—Descriptions of IO new shells of the genera Axinzea and Pectunculus.—P. Z. S., May 6, 1879.
Daniel (John E.)—Pearls in Pecten maximus.—Science, Gossip, July, 1879. p. 161.
82 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1870.
Dubreuil (E.)—Catalogue of land and freshwater mol- lusks of the department Herault.—Revue des Sciences Naturelles, 2nd series, vol. i., No. t.
Hesse (P.)—On the mollusk-fauna of Westphalia.— Nature, Aug. 7, 1879.
Folin (Marquis de).—Distinctive characters of Acme Dupuyi, A. polita and A. crytomena.—Comptes Ren- dus, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1878, vol. xxxil., p. Cxvill.
Marquand (E. D.)—The New Forest.—Sci. Gos., June, INDSGO)y |Os 1125 Claustlia dubia; Helicella excavata, common; H. fulva; Flanorbis contortus, abundant; Pistdium pustllum, Carychium minimum, Numerous in company.
Jourdain (M. S.)—On the termination of the Visceral Arterioles of Arion rufus.—Comptes Rendus, Ixxxviil., No. 4, Jan. 27, 1879.
Gough (Thos.)—Vital tenacity of Succinea putris.—Zool., BSloh, US7O, sacl semis, yolk iL, jo, O2,
Kerguelen and Rodriguez.—The Reports of the Transit of Venus Expedition.—Published as an extra volume of Philosoph. Trans., June, 1879.
Joliet (M. L.)—On the presence of a Segmentary Organ in Endoproct Bryozoa.—Comptes Rendus, vol. Ixxxviii., INO, S; WO, Bz, VSO:
Stefani (Dott. Carlo de) and Pantanelli (Dott. Dante).—A New Italian Daudebardia.—Di una nuova Daudebardia Italiana.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879, vol. v., pp. 11 to 12.
D. tarentina, from the hills near Taranto. For its recep-
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 18709. 83
tion Signor de Stefani proposes and characterizes a new subgenus, Pseudolibania.
Stefani (Dott. Carlo de).—New Central Italian Recent Mollusca.—Nuove specie di Molluschi viventi nell ‘Italia Centrale.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879, vol. v., pp. 38 to 48. Flyalina scotophila De Stef.=H. aguitanica (non Charp.)
Bonelli and Martens, Siena; A. Vallisnerizt We Stef.—Z.
aculeata (non Miiller) De Stef. 1875, Val di Serchio; A. Paznfa-
nellu—H. strigella (now Dyrap.) Pantanelli, Spoleto; Clauszla
Delpretiana De Stefi.=C. cruciata (non Stud.) Gentiluomo=C,
parvula (non Stud.) Bonelli and Martens=C. rugosa (non Drap.)
var. crenulata (non Risso) Strobel, various Italian localities; C.
Pecchiolit De Stef.=C. rugosa (non Drap.) Issel=C. crenulata
(non Risso var. ménor Bonelli, De Stef. &c.=parvu/a (non Stud.)
Paulucci=rwgosa (non Drap.) var. minor Paulucci=rugosa, var,
crenulata, minor Strobel, various Italian localities; Aelgrandia
Bonelliana De Stef., near Siena; and Pomatias Gualfinensis
De Stefi=P. patulum (non Drap.) De Stef., province of Massa.
Watson (Rev. R. B.)—4th Contribution to Mollusca of Chailenger Expedition (Trochidee and Turbinide). —KLinn. Soc., June 5, 1879.
Miller and Sketchly.—Subfossil land and freshwater mollusca of Fenland (60 sp.) p. 323; Marine p. 322 (60 sp.) 1878.
Pollard (Henry).—Conchological Notes.—Hobkirk and Porritt’s Naturalist, June. 18709, vol. iv., p. 170. Notices of the occurrence near Leeds of Zonztes glaber, Claustlia laminata var. albida, also the type, C. rugosa var. tumt- dula and Helix hispida var. albida.
84 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879.
Studer (Prof. Dr. Th.)—Contributions to the knowledge of the Lower Animals of Kerguelensland.—Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 45th year, vol. 1, part. 1., 1 plate.
The Fauna of Kerguelensland: list of the species hitherto observed, with short notices on their appearance and their Zoo- geographical relation.
Troschel (——).—Report on researches on the Natural History of Mollusca during the year 1877.—Archiv. fiir Naturg., 44th year, vol. i1., part 4.
Valentini _(Eugenio).—Shell-bearing mollusca of the basin of the Tronto, Italy.—Molluschi conchigliferi viventi del Bacino del Tronto.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879, Wolke Wag Cis 22 wor Bis
The author enumerates a Glandina, 2 Hyalina, 26 Helix, 3 Buliminus, 2 Cionella,1 Stenogyra, 4 Pupa, 10 Claustilia, 2 Succinea, 2 Lymnea, 1 Cyclostoma, 2 Bythinia, a Hydrobia and a Pisidium—altogether 58 species.
Warren (Amy).—Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Mayo and Sligo.—Zool., Jan., 1879, 3rd series, vol. ili.,
pp. 25 to 29.
Two Avion, 5 Limax,1 Succinea,1 Vitrina, 6 Zonttes, 13 Helix, 1 Bulimus, 3 Pupa, 5 Vertigo, 1 Balia, 1 Clausilia, 1 Cochlicopa, 1 Carychium, 1 Spherium, 4 Pistdium, 1 Unio, i Anodon, 1 Neritina, 1 Bythinia, 2 Valvata, 5 Planorbis, 2 Physa, 4 Limnea and 1 Ancylus.
Ward (James).—Vitality of the Common Snail.—Nature, Aug. 14, 1879, vol. xx., p. 363.
Helix aspersa \ived nearly a year in a closed flower-pot.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1870. 85
Watson (Rev. R. Boog).—Mollusca of Challenger Expe-
dition.— Part IV., Linn. Soc., June 4, 1879.
Angas (G. French).—Account of the land shells collected by the late W. M. Gabb in Costa Rica.—Zool. Soc., June 3, 1870.
G. French Angas gave an account of the land shells collected by the late W. M. Gabb in Costa Rica. The collection contained examples of 42 species, of which ro or 12 are believed to be new
to science.
Haernes (R) and Aninger (M)—Die Gastropoden der Meeres-Ablagerungen der | & 2 miocanen Medi- terran-Stufe in der oesterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie.—1. Wien. ,
Locard (A.)—Description de la faune malacologique des terrains quarternaires des environs de Lyon. —Basel: Georg.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On some Tertiary Fossils from Muddy Creek, Western Victoria.— Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1879, vol. ili., pp. 222 to 240 and plates 20 and 21.
Triton Prattit, Pisania tenutcostata, Fusus funiculatus,
Pleurotoma Samuelt, Daphnella gracillima, Pleurotoma murndah-
ana, Mangelia lidens, Drillia Trevort, Conus Ralphit, Natica Wintlet, var. Hamiltonensis, Ancillarta semtlevis, Nassa Tatet, Cancellaria varicifera, Cerithtum cribariotdes, C. apheles, Triforts Wilkinsont, T. sulcata, Turritella transenna, 7. platyspira, Thclotia exigua, Minolta strigata, Liotia lamellosa?, Solarium acutum, S. Wannonensis, Adeorbis aster, A. acuticarinata, Trochtta turbinata, Tornatina involuta, Leda inconspicua Reeve, LL. Huttonit, are described figured or mentioned.
86 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
IS Toe
5 Qc MS eb wia- Gg.
Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair. NEW MEMBER. Mr. W. F. Petterd, @MEZ-S., &c:s of Launceston, Tasmania, was nominated for membership.
ANNUAL REPORT.
The Third Annual Report of the Society was read by the Secretary. ‘The session just closed has not been an eventful one, but the progress of the Society has been steady and the interest of its meetings well sustained.
NEW MEMBERS.
Five new members have been elected since last Annual Meeting, viz.:-—Mr. J. D. Butterell of Hull, Mr. Henry Laver, F.L.S., of Colchester, Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c., of Sydney, Rey. Herbert Milnes, M.A., of Winster Vicarage, Derby, and Mr. J. W. Cundall of Bristol.
LIBRARY. The additions to the Society’s Library have been important and are as follows :— Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft —-Elfter Jahrgang. [Mr. R. Scharff. Illustrirtes Conchylienbuch, herausgegeben von Dr. W. Kobelt, vierte, funfte sechste lieferungen, [Dr. Kobelt.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87
Synopsis novorum generum, specierum et varietatum molluscorum viventium testaceorum anno 1877 promulgatorum (exclusis generibus Heliceorum, Auriculaceorum et pneumonopo-
morum) collegit Dr. W. Kobelt. [Dr. Kobelt. The Mollusca of the Fiords near Bergen, Norway, by Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A. [Mr. J. W. Taylor.
Synonymy of and remaiks upon Tasmanian and other shells, with their geographical distribution, by John Brazier.
[Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.
Die geographische Verbreitung der Binnen-mollusken, by Dr. W.
Kobelt. [Dr. W. Kobelt.
Bulletin of Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. v., Nos. 8 and
9 (Reports on Dredging operations of the U. S. Coast Survey
Steamer ‘‘Blake”). [ Prof. Agassiz. Monograph of Tasmanian Land Shells, by W. F. Petterd of Launceston, Tasmania. [Mr. W. F. Petterd. Leeds Geological Association: an Address delivered Oct. 28, 1878, by Mr. Bi Holgate; F.G:s: [The Association. On the Variation of Sculpture exhibited in the Shells of the Genus Nassa, by F. P. Marrat. [Mr. F. P. Marrat.
Label list of the Genus Nassa, by F. P. Marrat. [Mr. F. P. Marrat.
THE COLLECTION.
The donations to the collection have been numerous and valuable and are as follows :—
Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., of Victoria Park, Man- chester—Panopea aldrovandi from Faro.
Mr. J. S. Gibbons, M.B., of Southampton—A large and valuable collection from West Indies, Spanish Main, &c. A full list of this donation was printed in the notice of the 48th meeting.
Mr. John Emmett of Boston Spa—Clausilia bidens from Rome. ;
Mr. J. W. Taylor of Leeds—Cochlicopa tridens var. (Vouletiana
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Dupuy and var. crystal/ina, both from Ilkley, Yorkshire. EXHIBITS.
The exhibits have been interesting, the most worthy of note are :—A fossil or subfossil specimen of Succinea oblonga, Drap., collected in the alluvium near York by Mr. R. M. Christy of Brighton ; new species of Phys~ from Queensland; an Amphi- peplea from New Guinea; a very fine collection of Tasmanian land and freshwater shells, received by the Secretary from Mr. W. Legrand of Hobart Town and Mr. W. F. Petterd of Launces- ton ; a collection of Algerian land shells, collected by Mr. J. H. ' Ponsonby of London, and a number of Australian Physe from the same gentleman.—These latter are now in the hands of Mr. Smith of the British Museum, who is examining, with a view to publication, the Australian freshwater shells.
Mr. Robert Scharff exhibited a fine collection of French recent land and freshwater shells and fossil freshwater species from the freshwater beds at Sancats near Bordeaux, also the new form of Pupa Strobeli, discovered by Mr. Scharff near Bordeaux, and named by Dr. Beettger of Frankfort v. Scharf in his honor.
A large display has been made at the meetings of Yorkshire shells by various members, and full particulars are posted in the Society’s record books.
A large quantity of shells have been distributed amongst members attending the meetings, the principal donors being Mr. IR | Schanti Mr Re: Darbishire, BAy) E:G:S., Mx, Charles Ashford, Mr. W. Nelson, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, Mr. W. H. Hay, and Mr. T. W. Bell.
PAPERS READ.
Among the few papers read during the year, that by our Vice-President, on collecting in the alluvium—a method that has not been systematically followed in England, and to which we trust our fellow members will give attention—was the most import- ant. The others were :—“ Descriptions of Amphipeplea Petterd?,
ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS. 89
nov. spec., from New Guinea:” by Wm. Nelson ; ‘‘ Descriptions of Three New Species of //ysa from Queensland: by William Nelson and John W. Taylor—(the species described. were P. Brisbanica P. Beddomet and P. fusiformis) ; ‘ Description of Helix Petierdiana nov. spec., from ‘Tasmania :” by John W. Taylor.
SUGGESTIONS FOR A SERIAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE VARIATIONS OF OUR BANDED LAND SHELLS.
By CHARLES ASHFORD.
(Read before the Conchological Society).
An examination of a large number of individuals of Z. virgata, caperata, ericetorum and 4. acuwtus has led me to observe what appear to be analogous changes now going on in these four _ species respectively, with regard to their colored ornamentation. And, in selecting these four for consideration, I shall confine my remarks within these limits, simply because I have had better op- portunities for observing them, and not because I consider the suggestions to be offered as inapplicable altogether to the other banded species.
I will not raise the question whether the three He/zces above- named derive their origin from a single remote ancestral species, nor whether the descent of B. acutus was at a still more remote period a bifurcation from the same stemma, but the varied ornamentation of their existing forms suggests the probability that each species is derived from ancestors having the common charac- teristics of (1) two well defined and continuous zones, one above
go ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS.
and the other below the periphery, the latter being multiple, and (2) a surface much less sculptured, or diversified by striz, ridges, plaits or wrinkles than even the smoothest of the four at the present day.
Circumstances, the causes of which are not evident, have in the course of time greatly modified the outer surface of the shell. This I shall endeavour to establish.
It will be admitted by all who have even casually noticed a few score of these shells, especially if collected from different localities, that a change in the colored markings has taken place. When we see a series of forms differing much in the extremes, but having the characteristics of individuals gliding imperceptibly into those of their neighbors, the idea first suggested to the mind is that of progressive change. Now the tendency of the modifica- tions of color has been towards a gradual breaking-up of the bands into beads, blotches or multiple zones. Its cause, at least as far as the beads and blotches are concerned, must be sought for I think in the more or less coarse ridges in the line of growth. An examination with the lens will show that those parts of the shell which are interposed between the segments of the broken zone are hard and often enamelled processes rising above the level of the colored parts; and such an examination can hardly fail to bring the conviction that it is the growth of these processes which has been the cause of the interception referred to. The existence of striz then and the fragmentary state of the zones stand to one another in the relation of cause and effect. But we admit that the condition of the zones has undergone a change, therefore the state of the strie has changed also.
This being the case, it seems fair to assume that the first change which took place in the distinctly zoned progenitors referred to, manifested itself in the gradual development or increased development of external striz, of which ridges such as diversify B. acutus and other shells are only a more pronounced
ASHFORD : ON BANDED LAND SHELLS. gi
and abnormal form. Why these striz should not accept the coloring matter is not quite clear. Whether by their greater thickness and opacity they do not allow the pigment to be seen through their upper surface, or whether from a want of homogeneity common to all! uncrystallized matter in course of concretion, these ridges are more indurated than the rest of the shell structure, and thus less capable of absorbing the pigment, can be determined only by a microscopic examination of a carefully prepared section. As these ridges gradually invaded the region of the zones, they broke here and there into the continuity of the bands; peculiarities thus formed were transmitted to broods which displayed still further development of striz, and a change once set up it is not difficult to follow its progress. How far does the existing state of the four species under consideration bear out these conclusions?
The four species have evidently not proceeded far7z passu in their march toward the disintegration of the colored bands. The modification is most advanced in the case of ZB. acut¢us (among the individuals of which species it is very rare to find one with perfectly continuous bands though one of the two may often be so), and is least advanced in the case of ZW. estcetorum (among which broken bands are the exception). A. caperata and virgata take their places between these two extremes in the order named. Now when we come to examine the sculpture of these species we find, if we direct our attention to large numbers of individuals and not to exceptional cases, that B. acutus has the ridges most pronounced and irregular, while &. ericeforwm has a comparatively smooth shell. The other two in this respect also, take interme- diate positions and in the same order as before. So far then as regards these species, their several tendencies to a disintegration of the bands are in direct proportion to their tendencies to acquire prominent, irregular, enamel-like ribs.
The interruption of the upper zone having once commenced it may be observed to have taken two courses in the progress of
g2 ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS.
change—one towards obliteration, the other towards diffusion. In cases where the secretive power of the color glands has become defective, less coloring matter has been deposited, the beads have become more separated, first at the remote apex, then gradually lower down the whorls, until in time individuals have been produced totally devoid of vestiges of an upper band. On the contrary in cases where the secretive organ has retained its vigour, or for some reason or other has become increased in energy the superabundant pigment supplied, unable to find access to the enamelled ribs has diffused itself transversely into the more porous structure of the intervening parts, producing those blotches of color which give to so many shells their marbled appearance. Examples of this occur in all the four species under consideration, but are especially noticeable, as might be expected from what has been already said, in a large percentage of individuals of 4. acutus. Indeed instances are not wanting at any rate in three of the species, in which this diffusion has extended to the whole surface of the shell which then presents the phenomenon of a monochrome divided only by the uncolored striz, when present. I am not at all prepared to assert that the irregular patches of color on all heliciform shells which possess it, indicate zoned progenitors, it would require an infinitely better acquaintance with exotic forms than I possess to make so general an assertion. But I should not be suprised if facts are found to support such a hypothesis.
If these views be correct, as I think they are as regards the species under consideration, it will follow that the variety dzzona of B. acutus, far from having been converted by circumstances exterior or organic from the ordinary phase of that species to its present pretty ornamentation, exhibits on the contrary that state which retains most of the characteristics of far earlier forms. It has been left behind in the march of change, outstripped by the great mass of individuals of that species. Therefore in
ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS. 93
any attempt to display a species in natural sequence in a museum the var. d¢zona should stand at the head of the series representing B. acutus. The same applies to the clear banded var. of H. caperata. they were once typical but simply from decrease of numbers have become varietal. In the cases of A. virgata. and ericetorum the changes of surface have made slower progress and those individuals which retain the zones unbroken, still form the majority of their kind. An examination of the var. dzzona of B. acutus however reveals the fact that their bands are more or less giving way. The colony of them on High Down near, Freshwater, though numerous, occupy but a limited nook; and though among themselves they doubtless produce dzzonas “after their kind,” yet from constant intercourse with their less richly ornamented neighbours, which surround them and to some extent wander into their pasture ground, it is not difficult to foresee a time when their posterity will have become undistinguishable from the prevailing type, while ages will probably pass before the band- ed individuals of H. ertceforum become a mere variety of their kind.
A not unnatural arrangement of the variations of these species would therefore seem to be after this manner :—
Specimens with continuous upper band:
ee eee
I 2 A—Band just breaking into beads. #—Band breaking into segments. &—Band fairly broken into beads. /—With severed portions more [ diffused. C—Band eliminated on upper whorls. G—Still more diffused. * | CC—Band just perceptible. GG—Whole surface marbled. D—Without upper band. H—Monochrome shell.
*Many shells, having reached this stage of diffusion. appear to degenerate, the patches becoming gradually obliterated till section Dis reached though a different channel.
94 ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS.
We come now to the consideration of the second primitive zone situated bclow the periphery. This I think was multiple in all the four species, but it is almost impossible to detemine the number of the group when it existed before changes set in.
These changes have been so numerous that it is very difficult to suggest a mode of classification at all methodical, but this is the less to be regretted as the undersides are less generally exposed to view in museums. ‘They are not however on that account less worthy of attention. The modification of this multiple zone are chiefly conspicuous (1) by the nonproduction of some or all of its members; (2) by their multiplication; (3) by their confluence; (4) by obliteration (5) by diffusion. The causes of the last two— obliteration and diffusion—appear to be the same as those which have prevailed on the upper side, but since the striz are usually less developed below we are not surprised to find as the result that the inferior zone shows more power of endurance than the superior one, and sometimes exists entire when the latter has be- come obliterated. The causes of absence, multiplication and con- fluence must be looked for rather in modifications of the secretive glands of the animal than in the outer structure of the shell. Examples of these variations aresonumerous in the case of the three ffelices that we need only remark upon the Axz/imus. Instances of a compound zone occasionally occur in the case of B. acutus; but as this species has reached a more advanced stage of change than the /e/sces they are less frequent. It may be objected that these exceptions may be accounted for by multiplication asin the equally exceptional six and seven-banded individuals of . nemo- valis, and that had the original ancestors of B. acutus possessed such a compound zone more frequent vestiges of it would be found among the very numerous individuals which retain the inferior band. This objection has great weight; but does not the fact (as I believe it to be,) that the exceptions referred to occur only among individuals of the var. 4zzona—the section of
GIBBONS: ON RHYTIDA CAFFRA. 95
the species which has suffered least change—account for their absence among the more advanced typical forms. Again, may not the darker shade of color, which often prevails between the zone and the umbilicus of all varieties of JB. acwtus, be such a vestige diffused into a monochrome ? If not, how is this latter to be accounted for ?
As this paper is merely suggestive it is hardly necessary to tabulate the undersides, but a series exhibiting the most striking phases should find a place in collections intended like our museums for educational purposes. Series exhibiting variations of size and shape should also not be omitted since the latter, more especially, may have a most important bearing upon the origin of species.
ON RAVTIDA CAFFRA Fé.
By J. S. GIBBONS, M.B.
Shell ovato-orbicular, umbilicate, coarsely rugoso-striate; whorls 34 to 4, last twice breadth of spire, latter flattened; epidermis thick, reflected over edge of peristome, dark greenish- yellow, transversely streaked with olive-green; interior lined with a thin milky-white membrane.
Length 1.18; breadth 1.87.
Animal has the body elevated in front with a broad, rounded dorsum; sides deeply concave; margin of foot slightly spreading; behind the posterior part of the body is broadly lanceolate, tapering to a sharp end, depressed, but bearing a distinct keel; color a dull opaque-grey on the sides—dorsum a rather rich yellowish-umber color, with darker brown along the tail behind and with three broad streaks in front; one mesial, the other somewhat lateral and running from the collar to near the oral
96 GIBBONS: ON RHYTIDA CAFFRA.
tentacles, being connected to the ocular by a branch; in front of shell the surface is strongly granuloso-striate in an anteriorly oblique direction; behind the striz run the reverse way; three close sulcze separated by rounded granular ridges pass from the collar to the head along the middle; ocular tentacles long and spreading, conical; oral, cylindrical and directed horizontally forwards, labial pair, short, thick, conico-triangular—angulate on the outer side, protruding almost directly outwards, or at right angles to the oral pair—all the tentacles are dark greyish-brown, finely, but distinctly granulate.
Collected at Port Natal and Port Elizabeth. Not a common species at either place and almost invariably dead. It is said to burrow in the sandy soil during dry weather, and on the rare occasions when it has been taken alive, to have usually occurred on or near animal matter.
I kept a live specimen in a tumbler for some little time in order to observe the animal, and afterwards for a month or two in a dry box; it made no attempt to attach the aperture of the shell to anything or to close“it with an epiphragm. ‘The labial tentacles are employed as feelers, being constantly applied to the surface on which the animal walks. They are protruded and withdrawn with great celerity and while the animal is in motion are never still fora moment. The oral pair on the contrary being kept steadily pointed forwards. When the animal reached the top of the tumbler, and the front half of the body was free, these tentacles would be protruded to their full extent and curved downwards in search of something on which to continue the journey. When fully extended it is seen that the oral and labial tentacles arise close together but not from a common base.
I fed my specimen on boiled potatoe, which it ate with ap- parent relish. Previously it had taken the anterior end of a small living Zxnea into its mouth, and retained it there until I re-
moved it.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 97
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Sed :
Angas (G. French, C.M.Z.S., &c.)—Descriptions of two genera and twenty species of marine shells from New South Wales.—P. Z. S., 1877, p. 34 to 40 and plate v.
The two new genera are JZicrovoluta and Czrsone/ia—the latter of which is placed provisionally among the Zrochide: it differs from Cvossea A. Ad., Puiilla A. Ad., Microthyca A. Ad., and Umbonella A. Ad., by characters which are pointed out. The
new species are Purpura ( Cronia) anomala, Microvoluta australis,
Columbella (Anachis) speciosa, Turbonilla festiva, Cingulina
Braziert, Apicalia Guenthert, Cerithiopsis purpurea, Conus
(Stephanoconus) Smithi, Drillia amula, Mangelia Jacksonensis,
M. flavescens, Clathurella Brenchleyt, C. rufozonata, C. pustulata,
C. modesta, Cuirsonella australis, Ethalia Braziert, Myonia
stnuata, Tornatina Hofmani and Tornatina Brenchleyz.
Angas (G. French, C.M.Z.S., &c.)—Descriptions of a new genus of Gasteropodous mollusca from Japan, and of a new species of Bullia from Kurrachi.— P. Z.S., June 5, 1877, pp. 529 and 530 and plate liv.
The new genus Zhatcherta cannot as yet—in the absence of
a knowledge of the operculum—be allocated to its precise generic
position; but is for the present referred to the sub-family Aus/ne.
The new species— 7. mirabilis—is founded on a unique example
from the Japan seas. The new species of Bud/da—B. (Leio-
domus) Kurrachensts, was collected by Mr. Angas’ daughter at
Kurrachi.
98 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
Bennett (George, M.D., F.L.S.)—Notes on the Pearly Nautilus.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1877, 4th ser.,
vol. &X., pp. 331 to 334.
Note on its habits and habitat. The author agrees with Dr. Jeffreys in stating that it is a mistake to suppose that Vawtilus and .Spzvu/a are deep sea molluscs.
Benoit (Cav. Luigi) and Grillo (Giuseppe Granata).—Sulla Venus Joenia, n. sp.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1877, vol. ill., pp. 61 to 64 and plate i. Various localities in the Italian seas are given for this species, which from the synonymy, appears to have been hitherto con- sidered merely as a variety of V. Casina L.
Brazier (John, C.M.Z.S.)—Description of a new Murex, : collected at Port Darwin, by W. T. Bednall.—Proc. imme) Socks Ne Ss.) Walessrd77. vol. i, pp) andy 7:
M. (Pieronotus) Bednalli, allied to AZ. eurypleron Reeve and
MM. expansus Sow.
Brazier (John, C.M.Z.S.)—Mollusca of Chevert Expedi- tion (continued).—Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1877, vol.
bs Oh Te KO) Oy Be Woy Sty, ieiwoy A) Moy KO) Sais Ss) 1) OO, Fah 0
89, 126 to 135, 143 to 145.
One Zurritella, 1 Siphonium, 6 Vermetus, 1 Bivonia, 3 Cla- adopoda, 1 Tangadus, 1 Tenagodus, 2 Stliquarus, 2 Onustus, 1 Xenophora, 3 Calyptrea, 1 Galerus, 1 Capulus, 1 Amathina and 6 Vantkoro are catalogued. ‘The localities are the same as in the previous papers of the series. Three WVerzta, 1 Thelostyla, (s. g. of Werita), 9 Neritina and s. genera Vitta, Dostiaand lVeripteron, 1 Lutropia, 1 Turbo, 5 Senectus, 1 Pachypoma, 3 Ltotia, i Umbonium, 1 Angaria, 1 Trochus, 2 Tectus, 1 Polydonta, 2 Clanculus, 1 Monodonta, 4 Euchelus, 2 Ti halotia, 8 Liziphinus,
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 99
3 Eutrochus, 1 Monilea, 7 Stomatella (one of them, S. ornata N.E. Australia, allied to the New Caledonian S. fzcta Montrouz., and 5S. stellata Souv. is described as new), 1 Gena, 4 Haliotts, 1 Teinotts, 12 Lucapina, 1 Macrochisma, 1 Rimula, 4 Emarginula, 1 Scutus, 16 Dentalium (the new species are D. decemcostatum, New Guinea, D. duodecimcostatum, Torres Straits, D. robustum, New Guinea, J. Katowense, New Guinea, D. septemcostatum, North Australia, D. guadricostatum, N.E. Australia, Torres Straits, New Guinea, D. annulosum, N.E. Australia (allied to D. politum L. and YD. feve, N.E. Australia and Torres Straits), 1 Scutellina, 1 Patella, 2 Tontcia, 2 Chiton, 1 Schizochtton, 2 Cryptoplax, 1 Acteon, 5 Buccinulus, 5 Ringicula, (one of them new—J&. adbyssicola, Darnley Is., Torres Straits), 1 Aplustrum, 5 Cylichna (one new—C. minuta, Darnley I.), 2 AZnestia (one new —M. granosa, Darnley I.), 5 Zornatina, 1 Volvuia, 2 Bulla, 4 Haminea (one new—f. decora, N.E. and N. Australia), 3 Scaphander (S. multistriata, new, Darnley I1.), 13 Atys (of which are described as new—A. Darnieyensis, A. Cheverti, A. pulchra, A. densa, A. dubtosa, all from Darnley I., Torres Straits), 2 Philine, 2 Dolabella, 1 Aplysia, 2 Pythia, 4 Cassidula, 4 Auricula, 2 Lleconema, 1 Laimodonta, 7 Melampus, 3 Siphonaria, 3
Nautilus, 2 Cavolina and 1 Stnusigera.
Brot (Dr. Aug.)—Catalogue of the genus Canidia.— Catalog der Gattung Canidia H. Adams.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. Ges., Oct. 1877, vol. iv., pp. 299 to 300.
Thirteen species cited.
Brot (Dr. Aug.)—Catalogue of the genus Clea.—Catalog der Gattung Clea H. Adams.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. Ges., Oct. 1877, vol. iv., p. 300.
Two species enumerated.
100 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
Cash (William, F.G.S.)—Notes on carboniferous Cepha- lopoda.—Part I, Recent Cephalopoda.—Extract from Proc. Geol. and Polyt. Soc. West Riding of Yorkshire, 1877, new series, vol. 1., 23 pages and plate xi.
The author having taken up the study of fossil Cephalopoda has in this paper prefaced his account by a sketch of the general organization and classification of the recent species, their distri- bution and phylogeny.
Dall (W. H.)\—On Alaskan Brachiopoda.—Reports on the Brachiopoda of Alaska and the adjacent shores of Northwest America).—Article III. of the Scientific Results of the Exploration of Alaska, June, 1877, pp. 45 to 62, also Proc. Ace Nateseta bhi 1877-5 pps nS. ton 70:
The distribution, &c., of the 10 Alaskan species is duly noted and synonymy given. ‘The author then points out that species of A/agasel/a appear to co-exist with other species of the ~ group which they to some extent resemble. He discusses this subject from various points of view, rejects the notion that the Magaselle are young of the other species, and finally concludes in favour of a modified evolutional view, accepting the idea that species are sometimes modified suddenly:
Dall (W. H.)—Index of Names of Brachiopoda.—Index of names applied to the class, orders, tribes, families, genera, subgenera, and sections of the Brachiopoda (excluding the Rudistes) previous to the year 1877.—Bulletin of the U.S. Nat. Museum, No. 8, 1877, 88 pages.
The index of names arranged alphabetically and with full references and dates, forms the principal part of the paper. This is followed by a systematic list of the genera, a list of the species described by Linnzeus and their modern equivalents, and a table showing approximately the known distribution of the chief groups of Brachiopoda in geological time.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. IO
Dall (W. H.)—On the Californian species of Fusus.— Proc. California Acad., 19 March, 1877.
Dall (W. H.)—Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks from the Northwest Coast of America.—Proc. California Ac. Sci., 19 March, 1877. Chrysodomus crebricostatus, C. brunneus, C. roseus, Volutopsis
callorhinus, Liomesus nux, Buccinum castaneum, and (?) var.
tricarinatum, B. picturatum, B. fringillum, Trophon muriciformts, and Pandora grandis.
Fielden (Capt. H. W., C.M.Z.S.)—Arctic Moiluscan Fauna.
—Zool., Oct., 1877, 3rd series, vol. 1., pp. 435 to 440.
Capt. Fielden refers to the feeling of disappointment expressed by Mr. Smith and Dr. Jeffreys and points out that they did not take into consideration the fact that the species were truly arctic and did not include collections made in Davis’ Straits and Baffin’s Bay. Capt. Fielden believes that species thinning out northwards his collections fairly represent the fauna of the extreme north. He discusses the causes of the absence of mollusca in the northern seas, and gives a table of the number of species collected by various expeditions, in which the “Valorous” figures for 122, Belcher for 45, Hayes for 21 and Fielden for 35, the respective latitudes being 60°—70°, 75°—77°, 78°—79°, 79°— 82° 30’ North.
Friele (Hermann).—Preliminary Report on meollusca from the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition in 1876.—N. Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. xxiii, JGISHE Be KSI F
The new species are:—JMontacuta Voeringt, Astarte acutd- costata Jeff., Arca Frielet Jeff., Cyclostrema FPetersent, Rissoa
102 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
Wyville-Thomsont Jefl., Certthium Danielseni, Buccinum Morchi, fusus Mohnt, F. turgidulus Jeff., Bela ovalis, B. Willec and Philine Osstan-Sarst.
Grillo (Giuseppe Granata)—On Cirropteron semilunare
Sars, and on the new subgenus Monophorus.—
Sul Cerropteron semilunare Sars, e del nuovo sottcgenre
Monophorus.— Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1877, vol. iii., pp. 54 to
63 an tav. 11.
The genus Cz7ropteron is diagnosed, also the species is figured. The subgenus JZonophorus is differentiated from Z7iphoris, and instituted for reception of Cerithium nigrocinctum C. B. Ad., whose characters are given.
Hilgendorf (H.)—A new recent Pleurotomaria.—-Sitzungo- Bericht der Ges. Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin vom - 20 Marz 1877.
P. Beyrichit Hilg., Japanese seas.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Introductory remarks on the provinces of the marine fauna in the North Pacific Ocean.— Einleitende Bemerkung tiber die Provinzen der marinen Fauna im nordpacifischen Ocean.—Nachrichtsblatt d. deuts. Mal. Ges., April and May, 1877, vol. ix., pp. 33 to 35.
A summary of Capt. W. H. Dall’s views.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of genus Murex (exclud- ing Trophon, Vitularia and Typhis).—Catalog der Gattung Murex Lam. (excl. gen. Trophon, Vitularia and Typhis).—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges., April, 1877, vol. iv., pp. 141 to 161, July, 1877, vol. iv., pp. 238 to 252.
Arranging them under the subgenera Z>zbulus, Chicoreus, Phyllonotus, Homatocantha, Pteronotus, Cerastoma and Ocinebra, Dr. Kobelt enumerates in all 263 species of AZuzex.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 103
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Vitularia Swainson.—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges., July, 1877, vol. iv.,
pp. 252 and 253.
Five species enumerated.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—On Northern Mollusca.—Zur Kenntniss der nordischen, Mollusken.—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges., July, LO WOR Win WO BS key BOL Notes on Montacuta Voeringi Friele, Astarte acuticostata
Jeff., Arca Freelet Jeff., Malletia cuneata Jeff., Pecten fragilis Jeff.,
filidium commodum Midd., Cyclostrema FPetersent Friele, Rzssoa
Wyvitle-Thomsont Jeff., Cerithium Danielsent Friele, Luccinum
Morcht Friele, Fusus Berniciensts King, & ebur Morch nec
Kobelt, & dachesis Morch, / Sabini Gray, & Mohnit Friele, #
turgidulus Jeff., Pleurotoma (Lela) ovalis Friele, P. (B.) Willed
Friele and Phzline Osstan-Sarst Friele.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Typhis.— Catalog der Gattung Typhis Montf.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. Ges.
Oi, WONG, WO, Tee, |), BO 10 Bicioy
Highteen species enumerated.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Bullia.— Catalog der Gattung Bullia Gray.—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges.,
Oct., 1877, vol. iv., pp. 289 to 294. Thirty-five species, divided into two sections, viz. Bulla sensu stricto and Pseudostrombus are enumerated.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Eburna.— Catalog der Gattung Eburna Lamarck.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. (Ces, OLS 1877, VOL i. jo. 2OL KO BOR.
Eleven species enumerated.
104 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Hindsia.— Catalog der Gattung Hindsia A. Adams.—Jahrb. Deuts. Mala(Gess Oct 1677 vol Iv. Dp. 2O0)tOuz.
Fourteen species enumerated.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Cyllene.— Catalog der Gattung Cyllene Gray.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. Ges., Oct., 1877, vol. iv., pp. 297 to 299. ;
Nineteen species enumerated.
Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Voluta.— Catalog der Gattung Voluta Lam. (em.)—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. Ges Oct, asi 7avOlmlvs: spaagel.
Seventy-five species are enumerated, and the following sections of the genus adopted for their reception:—Volua, sensu stricto, Harpula Swainson, Fulgoraria Schum., Vespertilio (Klein) Crosse, Aulica Crosse, Amoria Gray, Alcithoe Ad., Cymbiola Swainson, Volutella D’Orbigny, Psephea Crosse, Ausoba Adams, Volutilithes Swains,, Volutoconus Crosse, Callipara Gray, Aurinia Ad., and AZamillana Crosse.
Koren (J.) and Danielsen (D.)—Descriptions of six new species of the gastropod tribe Solenopus M. Sars. = Anchen Vath Natury.. 1107/7 aol. i Nos 2. pprmzo te 128,
Marrat (Ff. P.)—On forty proposed new forms in the genus Nassa.—Liverpool, July 1st, 1877, 8vo., 16 pages and coloured plate.
Moebius (Karl).— Oysters and Oyster-culture.— Die Auster und die Austerwirthschaft, Berlin, 1877, map and 9 woodcuts.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 105
Monterosato (A. de).—Shells of Civita Vecchia.—Notizie sulle conchiglie della rada de Civita Vecchia.—Annali del. Mus. Civ. di St. Nat. di Genova, vol. ix., p. 407.
One hundred and eighty-two species, of which Cyclostrema catenotdes and Turritella turbona are new. For Fatella Gussoni is created a new genus Scutulum.
Morch (Dr. O. A. L.)—Conchological Notices.—Concho- logische Mittheilungen.—Nachrichtsblatt d. deuts. Mal. Ges., June and July, 1877, vol. ix., pp. 58 to 59.
The notes refer to species of /usus, Buccinum, Cassis, Triton,
Dolium and Strombus.
Norman (Rev. A. Merle, M.A.)\—On two new British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.—Annals and Mag. Nat. list Decry 1377) 3) pages:
Llolis sanguinea from Roundstone Bay, Connemara; and
Lomonotus Hancocki, dredged off Berry Head, Torbay.
Paulucci (M.)—On the genus Struthiolaria (2nd article). —Ancora del genere Struthiolaria Lamarck.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1877, vol. ill., pp. 49 to 53.
The authoress gives an account of her examination of the shells of this genus in the museums of Paris and London.
Pagenstecher (H. A.)—Mollusca from the coasts of the Red Sea.—Kossman, Robby, Zoologische Ergebuisse einer Reise in die Ktistengebiete des rothen Meeres. II. Mollusca, bearbeitet von. H. A. Pagenstecher.
One hundred and twenty-six species, from Massowah and Dahlak Island. The new species are Jsognomon flabellum,; Cerithium Lsseliz-Savigny, t. 4, f. 1 and 2; Pusto Kossmanni; and Crepidodores (n. g.) plumbea.
106 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
Schmeltz (J. D. E.)—Contributions to Molluscan Geo- graphy.—Beitrage zur Mollusken-Geographie.—Nachrichts- ° blatt d. deuts. Mal. Ges., Oct., 1877, vol. ix., pp. 81 to 82. The localities given of 16 species of Aazel/a in the Museum
Godeffroy at Hamburgh.
Taie (Prof. R.)—Description of two new Marine Gastro- poda from South Australia.
Trochocochlea chloropoda, on rocks below tide mark, Coymbra and near Wilson’s Bluff; L£¢halia (?) cancellata, shell sand, Holdfast Bay, St. Vincent’s Gulf, Streaky and Fowler’s Bays (pl. Wan 1M, ae Sea),
Tate (Prof. R.)\—Zoologica and Palzeontologica Miscel- lanea, chiefly relating to South Australia.—1879.
On a new species of fossil Lamellibranchiata for which anew genus is erected:—Zenatiopsis angustata (pl. v., fig. 6a, 60), from the older tertiary of Muddy Creek, Hamilton, Victoria and the upper Murravian near Morgan on the River Murray. Four new species of Kel/tade are also described:—Lepton crassum (pl. v., fig. 9), ZL. planiusculum (fig. 12), L. trigonale (fig. 5), and Bythinia gemmata (fig. 8).
Tate (Prof. R.)—Descriptions of new species of South
Australian Pulmoniferous snails.
Four species new to science are described, and a var. of Bulimus indutus Menke—pallidus—differentiated. The new species are Helix subsecta, Port Wakefield Scrub (pl. v., fig. 2a, 20; HT, Nullaborica, Nullabor plain (pl. v., fig. ta, 14); Bulimus stnistrorsus, Peelunibie (pl. v., fig. 4); Plecotrema ciliata, Port Adelaide and Streaky Bay (pl. v., fig. 7a, 72).
Call (R. E.)—Reversed Melanthones.—Am. Nat., vol. xiv., p. 207, March, 1880.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 107
From investigations made it was found that in their youngest state 2 per cent. of AZ. zntegér and MM. rufus and about 14 of MM. decisus were sinistral. Compared with specimens collected, only about 1-tenth per cent. would appear to survive to reach maturity.
The author accounts for sinistration and various malforma- tions by the crowded position of the embryo.
Tiberi (Dott. N.)—Cefelopodi, Pteropodi, Eteropodi, viventi nel Mediterraneo e fossili nel terreno terzi- ario Italiano, con aggiunte e correzione.—Cepha- lopoda, Pteropoda and Heteropoda existing in the Mediter- ranean or fossil in the Italian territories.
Witter (Prof. F. M.)—Land and freshwater mollusks ofs Muscatine County, lowa.—History of Muscatine County, 8vo., 1879, p. 332 and 333.
The list has no localities (simply indication of scarcity or abundance) and includes 20 species or varieties of Helix, 1 of Cionella, 4 of Pupa, 3 Succinea, 1 Limax, 1 Tebennophorus, 1 Carychium, 4 Limnea, 3 Physa, 6 Planorbis, 1 Segmentina, 1 Ancylus, 1 Valvata, 1 Lioplax, 1 Melantho, 1 Vivipara, 2 Amanicola, 1 Bythinella, 1 Somatogyrus, 1 Fleurocera, 3 Spherium, 1 Pisidium, 17 Anodonta, 5 Margaritana, and 43 of Unzo.
Witter (Prof. F. M.)—Notes on Wyoming Hills.—A paper read before the Muscatine Academy of Science, June 2, 1879, 8vo., 4 pages.
This paper includes notes on various species of subfossil shells, and a few recent ones. ‘Those cited include Lzmnea desidiosa Say, Succinea obliqua Say, S. avara Say, Helix lineata
108 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
Say, 1. minuscula Binney,- Pupa corticaria Say., P. armifera Say, ffelix thyroides, &c. Wyoming is on the Mississippi River, in the state of Iowa.
Hildebrandt (A.)—The Science Index: a monthly guide to the contents of the scientific periodicals—gto., 60 pp., colored cover, now includes 50 periodicals.
Tate (Prof. R.)—Notes on the Conchology of King
George’s Sound.
A list of 18 species of marine shells found in shell sand brought from the locality by Prof. John Davidson, and which were not previously recorded, two species are described as new, Turbinella erubescens (pl. v., fig. 10) and U¢riculus apiculatus
(plwv.; tieny3)):
Smith (Edgar A.)—Diagnoses of New Species of Pleu- rotomide in the British Museum.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1877, 4th series, vol. xix., pp. 488 to 5or. P. amicta, Sandwich Islands; P. Nellie, Mauritius; P.
Ceylonica, Ceylon; P. acutigemmata, Hab.?; P. retusispirata,
Hab.?; P. cognata, Australia; P. antipodum, New Zealand; P.
multisertata, Ceylon, Persian Gulf and China Seas; 2 albo-
Jasciata, Sandwich Islands; P. zealandica, New Zealand; P.
(Driliia) chocolatum, Goza Harbour, Japan; P. (D.) subochracea,
China Seas; P. (D.) Mindanensis, Mindanao Island, Philippines;
P. (D.) rotundicostata, Hab.?; P. (D.) latisinuata, China;
P. (D.) nodilivata, Philippines; P. (D.) variabilis, Hab.?; P.
(D.) Atkinsoni, Hab.?; P. (D.) angusta, China Sea; P. (D.)
acuta, New Guinea; P. (D.) multilirata, Port Jackson?; P. (D.)
consociata, Hab.?; P. (D.) tntertincta, China Seas & Philippines;
P. (D.) maorum, New Zealand; P. (D.) Prattit, Hab.?; P.
(D.) excavata, Hab.?; P. (D.) concolor, Moluccas and China;
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 109
LP. (D.) digna, California; P. (Clionella) Bornit, Cape of Good Hope; P. (C.) Kraussi, Cape of Good Hope; P. (C_) dipartita, South Africa, Port Elizabeth; 2. (C.) subventricosa, South Africa; and P. (C.) platystoma, Cape of Good Hope.
Smith (Edgar A.)—Descriptions of New Species of Conideze and Terebridge.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. iste March 1877, ath series, vol. xix., pp. 222 to Zee Conus brevis, Hab.?; C. croceus, Hab.?; C. propinguus=C.,
tenuisuicatus Sow., P.Z.S., 1873, p. 145, pl. xv., f 2 (name pre-
occupied); C. zxconstans, Hab.?=C. magellanicus, Kiister (non
Eiwass)| Conch’ Cab.5 pl. 60, f 2=3; C. Juscomaculatus, Hab.?;
Lerebra melanacme, Cape Sima, Japan; TZ: ¢tricincta, Persian Gulf ;
T. persica, Persian Gulf; 7: bathyrhaphe, Gulf of Yedo, Japan;
T. albozonata, Matoza Harbour, Japan; Z: Pellyi, Persian Gulf;-
T. Grayt, Hab.P=T! gracilis Gray, P.Z.S., 1834, p. 61 (name preoccupied by a fossil species); 7: (Wyurella ) fuscobasts, Persian Gulf; Z) (AZ) fuscocincta, Persian Gulf; 7: (A. ) Mac Andrewit, Persian Gulf; 7: (Af) cognata, Persian Gulf; 7: (Fastula) rufo- punctata, Hab.?; and 7. (Z.) confusa. The synonymy of the last is given, as also of its allies 7: (Zmpages ) cerulescens Lam.,
Tahiti, Philippines, Red Sea; 7: (Hastula) cinerea Born. (West Indies.
Smith (Edgar A.)\—On the mollusca collected during the Arctic Expedition of 1875—76.—Ann. and Mag.
Nat. HMist., Aug., 1877, 4th series, vol. xx., pp. 131 to 146 and woodcuts.
Thirty-four species comprise the whole collection. These are:—Pleurotoma (Lela) violucea Migh. and Ad. 3 Fusus (Stpho) tortuosus? Reeve; Bucccinum hydrophanum Hanc.; B. Belcher, var. (woodcut); B. sericatum Wane. (cut); Zrichotropis tenuts, new (woodcut), Z. dorealis Brod and Sow.; Velutina (Morvillia )
1 fe) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
zonata var. grandis; Natica affinis Gmel.; Trochus (Margarita) umbilicalis Brod. and Sow.; Z. (MZ) glawa Moller; TZ: (IZ) sp. jun.; Chiton ( Tonicia) marmoreus Fab.; Lepeta ceca O. F.
Mill.; Bulla (Cylichna) alba Brown; B. (C.) striata Brown; ~ -
Onchidiopsis grenlanaica Bergh., Eolts salmonacea Contr. ; Tellina (Macoma) tenera Leach; Lyonsta arenosa Moller, Cardium Tslandicum L.; Axinus Gouldit? Philippi; MWucula inflata Hance. ; Leda pernula Miull.; L. minuta, var, Fab.; L. glactalis Leach; Astarte semisulcata Leach; A. striata Leach; A. fabula Reeve; 2A. Warehami Hanc., Mya truncata L.; Saxtcava arctica L.; Modiolaria levigata Gray; and Pecten ( Pseudamustum ) grenlan-
dicus Sowerby. :
Stearns (R. E. C.)—Description of a New Species of Dolabella from the Gulf of California, with remarks on other rare or little known species from the same region.—Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.—Philad 1878, pp. 325-401.
Sutor (Dr. Aug.)—The Genus Harpa: A Conchological study.—Das Genus Harpa. Eine Concholiogische Studie. —Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges., April, 1877, iv. 97 to 129 and colored plates 4 and 5.
The species cited are H ventricosa Lam., HZ. costata (L.),
HE. articularis Lam., H. nablium Martini, 4. “igata (Menke)
Sutor, HZ. conoidalis V.am., A. crenata Swainson, #. rosea Lam.,
Hl. nobilis Lam., H. minor Lam., H. crassa Philippi, 1. graceles
Broderip, Z. s¢vzata Lam., H. Cabritit Bernardi, H. cancellata
Chemn., and H. virginalis J. Gray in “att. (Sowerby.)
Tiberi (Dott. N.)}—Some historical ideas as to Argo- nauta.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1877, vol. iil., pp. 160 to 164.
Vayssiere (M. A.)—On a New Genus of the Family Tritoniidge.—Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Acad. des
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. nai
Sciences, July 30, 1877, p. 299.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1877, 4th series, vol. xx., p. 367.
A Tritonid captured in the Gulf of Marseilles at a depth of 50 métres, is named MZarzouza, allied to Dendronotus and Scyllea.
Verkruzen (T. A.)—List of shells collected in 1876 in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.—Liste der von T. A. Verkruzen. in 1876 in Neufundland und Nova Scotia gesammelten Mollusken.—Nachrichtsblatt d. deuts. Mal. Ges; ume ands julyserd7 7) vOleixes pp 52) £057.
Ninety-two species of the genera Solen, Solecurtus, Glycimerts, Mya, Thracia, Montacuta, Saxicava, Mactra, Tellina, Axinus (Cryptodon), Astarte, Cyprina, Cardium, Cardita, Mytilus, Modiola, Modtolaria, Crenella, Fecten, Lima, Anomia, Utriculus, Chiton, Tectura, Lepeta, Pilidium, Puncturella (Cemoria), Mol- leria, Margarita, Skenea, Rissoa, Lacuna, Litorina, Scalaria, Acirsa, Turritella, Menestho, Velutina, Natica, Bela, Purpura, Trichotropis, Buccinum, Fusus, Yoldia and Venus.
Wiegmann (Fritz)—Contributions to the Anatomy of Mollusca.—Beitrage zur Anatomie der Mollusken.—Jahrb. Deutss MaliGes, july, S77, vOl iva. pps 1O5. to, 2034eancd plates 6 to 8.
The species referred to are Helix Codringtoni Gray, vay. umbilicata, H. vermiculata Miull., and H. serpentina Fé.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On a variety of Tri- gonia Lamarckii.—Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1877, VOL, Tilo, AI, Var. A. reticulata. Dredged by Brazier outside Port Jackson Heads. Mr. Woods concludes with an enumeration of the six species in the Australian list,
112 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.L.S.)—Gensus; with brief descriptions of the marine shells of Tasmania and the adjacent islands.—Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., March, 1877, pp. 26 to 57.
Mr Woods enumerates 3 genera and about 5 species of Cephalopoda, 116 genera and 390 species of Gastropoda, 55 genera and 136 species of Conchifera, and 2 genera and 3 species of Brachiopoda—in all 178 genera and 534 species. See Mr. Petterd’s article in the present volume, of which this paper of Mr. Woods’ is the subject.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.L.S.)—On Tasmanian Sipho- naria, including a new species. —Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas.,
1877, PP. 99—100. The new species is S. zozaza, very common on all the south Tasmanian coast.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.L.S..—On some new Tas-
manian Marine Shells.—Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1877,
pp. 121 to 123.
Turbo cucullata, King’s Island, Bass’s Straits; Zzotia annulata, Crossea cancellata (a synopsis is given of the 5 known species of this genus; JWZarginellla cypreoides; Rissoa angeli; Rissoina minutissima, R. untlirata; and Bittium minimum. All but the first-named were dredged in Blackman’s Bay by Mr. W. F. Petterd.
Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.L.S.)—On a New Species of Nezera.—Proc. Linn. soc. N. Si W..1877, ale spp te 123 to 124.
LV. latesulcata from Port Jackson at a depth of 16 f.
=e o00s00a==——_—
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. irs
Dall (Prof. W. H.)—American Work in the Department of Recent Mollusca during the Year I879.—Am. Nat., vol. xiv., No. 6, pp. 426 to 436.
The most important work is considered to be the commence- ment of publication of Tryon’s Manual of Conchology.
Important papers by Prof. Brooks have appeared in the publications of the John Hopkin’s University on “The develop- ment of Lingula and the systematic position of the Brachiopoda”
_and “ Preliminary observations upon the Marine Prosobranchiate Gastropods.”
In the Am. Journ. Sci. xvui., No. 108, Dec. 1879, pp. 425— ' 427, 1s another paper by same author, ‘‘ Abstract of observations upon the artificial fertilization of oyster eggs, and on the em- bryology of the American oyster.”
Mr. W. H. Dall, in a paper to the Philosophical Society of Washington, suggests the probable homology of the anterior pair of muscles of the oyster with the pedal muscles of Dimyarians.
Prof. Wetherby describes and figures the anatomy of Zimncea megasoma in the Journal of the Cincinnati Soc. of Natural Hist., July, 1879.
Prof. Whitfield, at a meeting of the Boston Soc. of Natural Hist., records that in specimens of the same species kept in confinement, the male organs disappeared after several genera- tions.
Mr. W. G. Binney continues in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v., No. 16, p. 332, the description and figuring of the anatomy and radula. About 30 species are examined.
The Vetrina latissima Lewis is erected into a new genus Vitrinizonites. A slug discovered by Mr. Gibbons in Natal is described under the(preoccupied) name Chlamydephorus Gibbonsit. Pupa cincinnatiensis is said to be synonymous with P. contracta, Say and Tectula lincla from Madeira is said to be viviparous.
114 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.
Mr. Binney also contributes a paper on the jaw and lingual dentition of Costa Rican land shells to the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1 No. 9, p. 257—262. In it he describes two new genera and species Velifera Gabdi (allied to Heliczrion) and Cryptostrakon gabbi,a curious slug with a con- cealed rudimentary shell and teeth resembling those of Polygyra.
Dr. R. Bergh of Copenhagen, in the Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. of Philad. for 1879, contributes a paper ‘‘On the Nudibranchiate Gastropod Mollusca of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska,” part 1., pls. 1.-vill.
Twenty-seven species are considered. Two-thirds are new, and most of the others were previously insufficiently characterized Most of the forms are from Alaska, and the paper is based for the most part on the collections of Mr. W. H. Dall.
Mr. W. H. Dall in Proc. of U.S. Nat. Mus., gives “‘A report on the Limpets and Chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic regions, with descriptions of genera and species belived to be new,” pp. 281 tO 344.
The paper is a summary of all that is known of the anatomy and development of the Chitonide. The table gives the radula of 45 species belonging to 33 genera. The renal pore described by Von Ihering but not found by Dall, appears to be a miscon- ception of Von Ihering’s.
Prof. Verrill describes a new Cephalopod and _ several Gastropods from E. coast of North America.
Mr. Whiteaves in the Canadian Naturalist, vol. vili., n.s., No. 8, has a paper ‘“‘On some marine invertebrata from the West Coast of North America,” containing a list of mollusks from the coasts of British Columbia, one of which, Cardium Richardsonm, is described as new. The fauna is Oregonian in character.
Prof. Wetherby in “Notes on Limnzidz” previously men- — tioned, describes as new Helisoma Duryi from Florida, and
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. II5
claims to have correctly identified for the first time since it was originally described, Say’s F. glabratus.
Mr. Gray in Science News records the diffusion in America of Litorina litorea. Other papers by Dr. Cooper, Mr. Stearns, Mr. Calkins, Prof. Packard, are also enumerated by Mr. Dall in
this article.
— ———==s TOO VOCs ———__——
ON THE ASSOCIATION OF ZIMN4A GLABRA, PHVSA HYPNORUM AND PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS.
By W. NELSON.
I should wish to call the attention of our members to recording the instances of the occurrence of different species found in company. Being most interested in water species, my attention has been more particularly given to them. ‘Taking no note of such widely spread and common species as L. peregra and ZL. truncatula which may be said to occur everywhere, I have myself generally found Z. g/abra associated with Planorbis spirorbis and Physa hypnorum. At Spark Hill, Birmingham, Z. glabra was the most abundant species in the ditch, Planorbis spirorbis the most scarce. At Acock’s Green near Birmingham the three species are equally common. At Stanley near Wake- field the JZ. glabra is very rare, and at Castleford it is the most common of thethree. Excluding the Z. g/abra which is the most local of our common Limneide, 1 find Planorbis spirorbis and Physa hypnorum are often associated together. The only place where I have found Physa hypnorum and not yet detected Planorbis spirorbis is in a grassy ditch at Leventhorpe pastures near Leeds.
At the undermentioned places I have found the following species together :—
116 ASHFORD : ON BULIMUS ACUTUS VAR. BIZONA. :
SPARK Hitt near Birmingham.— /lanorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorum and Limnea glabra.
Acock’s GREEN near Birmingham.—/Vanorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorum and Linnea glabra,
CASTLEFORD.—/fVanorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorum and Limnea glabra.
STANLEY near Wakefield.—/lanorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorum and Limnea glabra.
WETHERBY.—fiysa hypnorum and Planorbis spirorbis.
GREET near Birmingham.—/%ysa hypnorum and FPlanorbis spirorvis.
TEMPLE BALSALL near Kenilworth.—P%ysa hypnorum and Plan- orbis spirorbts.
KINGSHEATH near Birmingham.—Fiysa hypnorum and Planorbis Sptrorbis.
SMALLHEATH near Birmingham.—/%ysa hypnorum and Planorbis spirorvis.
BULIMOUS ACUTUS var. BIZONA IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT. By CHARLES ASHFORD.
At page 93 of the current volume, reference is made incident- ally to the occurrence of the var. ézzova in this island. It would be singular if, with our Downs and Dunes as thickly populated with &. acutus as they are, the variety were confined to Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Yet, so faras I know, no record exists of its occurrence in any purely English locality. I will therefore give a . short description of the interesting colony I have noticed in this neighborhood.
ASHFORD : ON BULIMUS ACUTUS VAR. BIZONA. ity)
A little east of the beacon which surmounts High Down between Freshwater Bay and the Needles, is a grass-covered depression close to the sea, formed by a local and _ partial subsidence of the chalk cliff many years ago. Perhaps one or two acres have given way, making a tiny valley sheltered from the north-easters, but exposed to the meridian sun. In this depression and the declivities leading to it—and so far as my observation goes, zowhere else mn this neighborhood—is a thriving community of the variety d7zona. Like the Red Indians of the present day, the tribe occupies its own limited pasture ground, and like them also probably had a more extended range in the past. Perhaps we may carry the simile further and say that the gradual extinction of the ‘‘coloured” population is due to the encroachment of the “whites.” In the invading whites, however, the ornamented variety recognise their own “kith and kin” as I have had opportunity of observing, and we may presume their offspring is a compromise. Certain it is that among the individuals may be noticed all grades of bizonity if I may use the word. In most the upper band is broken into segments from causes I have suggested in a previous paper, in others the upper zone, which gives name to the variety, exists only on the later whorls, as though the functional power of the colour glands remained dormant during youth, in some cases there is merely a trace of an obsolescent band. These gradations constitute the mulatto, quadroon and octoroon sections of Su/imus society, and point to an approaching final issue—the elimination of this varietal distinction. Pure bizona blood is already rare—pcerhaps 2 per mille may show it. Of several hundred individuals examined, only one has the upper band entire from the apex. One interesting example had ¢#7ee bands below the periphery and
one above.
Unfortunately a foe more insidious than intermarriage is
118 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
threatening my colony. An unusually stormy winter—the partially subsided cliff completes its descent—and all is over.
From information kindly furnished me by Mr. G. 8S. Tye, I learn that at Tenby where this variety occurs in considerable numbers, there is no appearance of centralisation, but the individuals are to be found scattered among those of typical form like the men of colour in the Northern States. I can suggest no reason for this difference, but merely point it out.
NOTE ON BULIMUS DETRITUS. By PHILIP B. MASON, F.L.S.
More than a dozen specimens of Bulimus detritus Mill. were brought to me a short time ago as having been taken from a rockery in a garden in this neighbourhood, where they were living among a number of dead littoral shells gathered at Scarborough; and it was said that the owner of this garden was certain that they had been brought among them. Most of these were living and they were in various stages of growth. However, I think I cleared up the mystery when I ascertained that a quantity of light barley and other seeds which had been screened out of some samples of barley intended for malting purposes had been brought into the garden for the purpose of feeding poultry. I have since procured a specimen of screenings in which were living specimens of Helix caperata.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Le Ke)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
lie SQ).
S538rd Meeting.
Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair. NEW BOOKS.
The receipt of the Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists
Union for 1878 was announced. EXHIBITIONS.
Mr. Roebuck exhibited specimens of Helix nemoralis, Helix arbustorum, Helix virgata, Helix ericetorum, and Helix rufescens, collected by Mr. C. H. Bothamley at Glentham, New Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, Aug.-Sep., 1879. These were afterwards distributed amongst the members present; as were also several specimens of Panopea aldrovandi from Mr. Darbishire, Victoria Park, Manchester.
O
S4th Meeting.
Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.
NEW MEMBER.
Mr. William F. Petterd, Launceston, New Zealand, was elected a member of the Society.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
The ‘Journal of Conchology’ for October, 1879, was pre-
sented by the Editor, Mr. J. W. Taylor. PAPERS READ. A paper from Charles Ashford, Esq., on “Suggestions for
120 PROC. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
a serial arrangement of our Banded Land Shells,” was com- municated by the Secretary. A discussion followed, in which the President and Messrs. Nelson and Scharff took part. A cordial vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Ashford for his
communication. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. C. Ashford exhibited a number of varieties of Helix caperata, Helix virgata and Bulimus acutus from the Isle of Wight, in illustration of his paper. Also, specimens of Helix ericetorum from Clara, King’s Co., showing the upper band broken up and diffused transversely ; Helix ertcetorum var. albida, Clara, King’s Co.; three varieties of Helix caperata (including albida ) from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight ; Ae/zx virgata monst. sinistrorsa, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight; elzx virgata, black variety, Afton Felix virgata, white variety, Afton Bown; Budimus acutus var. bizona, Isle of Wight. The whole series were presented by Mr. Ashford to the Society’s collection, and a hearty vote of thanks was given him for his valuable gift.
The President exhibited fine specimens of Spherium ovale, collected by the Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., at Blue Bridge, near York; also, Bulimus acutuws of various varieties, HW. caperafa var. ornata, &c., and H. virgata, varieties from the Isle of Wight, collected by Mr. C. Ashford.
=
55th Meeting.
Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in
the chair. DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
The following were announced and thanks voted to the donors :— Synopsis Molluscorum viventium Testaceorum. [Dr. W. Kobelt,
Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. Sheet Br.
PROC. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 121
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF YORKSHIRE CONCHOLOGY.
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck announced that he was compiling a Bibliography of Yorkshire Mollusca, and wished to have the assistance of such Members as might be able to refer him to books and papers containing references to Yorkshire Mollusca.
PAPERS READ:
On the local association of Zimnea glabra, Planorbis spirorbis and Physa hypnorum, by Mr. W. Nelson.
Extracts from M. Gassies’ paper “On a peculiar hybrid Rumina decollata (Bulimus decollatus ), translated from the “Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux.”
=== OS
S6th Meeting.
Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair. NEW MEMBER. Mr. Edward Collier, 7, Dale Street, Manchester, was nomi- nated for membership.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. The following were announced and thanks voted to the donors :— Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of the Terrestrial
Mollusca, by C. P. Gloyne. [The President. List of Land and Marine Shells of Australasia, by Dr. Jas. CC. Cor [Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., Sydney,
DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION. A valuable and interesting series of Land, Freshwater, and Marine Shells from Australia, numbering 103 species, a list of which is appended. [Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., Sydney.
Felix meta Pfr., Isabel Island, Solomon Islands. FT. Hombroni Ptr., re Ae FT. ambrosia Angas, Savo or Galera, A HI. xanthocheila Pfr., Bougainville, ze
I22
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
f7. detopeta Angas, Marau Sound, Guadalcanar, Solomon Islands.
HT. Huntert Cox, Marau Sound, Guadalcanar, Solomon Islands.
HT. Malantensis Angas, Florida Island, Solomon Islands.
fT, tricolor Pfr., San Christoval Island,
LI. ” var. ” ”?
FT, leucophe Cox, Savo or Galera, San Christoval Island, Solomon Islands.
HT, gelata Cox, var. H. Maddoxi Brazier, Island near Eddy- stone, Solomon Islands.
fT, gelata, light variety of Maddoxz Brazier, Island near “Eddystone, Solomon Islands.
HT, Lambet Pfr., Duke of York Island, near New Talend
f7. mazuscula Pfr., New Ireland.
FH. fringilla Pfr., Rubiana, Solomon Islands.
Hf. Cleryi Recluz, San Christoval, Solomon Islands.
Hf. Grayt Pfr., Bellenger River, New Sonth Wales.
Hi. dictyodes Pfr., Canala, New Caledonia. _
FT, ferrieztana Crosse, Prony Bay, New Caledonia.
HI, Abax Marie,
fT. Calliope Crosse,
HI. Lifouana Montrouzier, x
HT. Hecreliana Crosse, var. grammica Crosse, Prony Bay, New Caledonia.
#7. singularis Pfr., Prony Bay, New Caledonia.
Leptopoma Dohrni Ad, and Ang., Savo or Galera, Solomon Islands.
Fleliina Moguiniana Recluz, San Christoval, Solomon Islands.
Bulimus Chrtstovalensts Cox, San Christoval, Solomon
Islands.
palmarum Mousson, Savo or Galera, Solomon Islands.
Panchert Crosse, Prony Bay, New Caledonia.
Strange! Pfr., Rubiana, Solomon Islands.
porphyrostomus Pfr., Nouméa, New Caledonia.
Guestiert Gassies, Kouti Kouti,
duplex Gassies (subfossil), Nouméa, ,,
melo Quoy and G., King George’s Sound, S.W. Australia.
Murex Angasi Crosse, Bottle and Glass Rocks.
M. palmiferus Sowerby,
by)
9) 99
9) 9)
be)
By By By by by by by
33
PRO. CONGH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 123
Cantharus Australis Pease, Bottle and Glass Rocks.
Tritontum Australe Lam.,
T. fusiforme Kiener,
T. Spenglert Chem.,
Ranella leucostoma Lam., ,
Nassa Jacksoniana Kiener, Sow and Pigs Reef, 4 fathoms.
LV. labecula A. Adams, Bottle and Glass Rocks, under stones.
Zemira Australis Sowb., Lake Macquarie, New South Wales (washed on shore after E. and S.E. gales).
Mitra nigra Chem., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson.
Purpura succincta Mart.,
P. amygdala Kiener,
P. marginalbum De Bl.,
Natica plumbea Lam., Rose Bay, on the sands
LV. melastoma Swa.,
Clanculus Maugert Gray, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, rare under stones.
C. clanguloides Gray, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, rare under stones.
C. omalomphalus A. Ad., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack- son, rare under stones.
C. gibbosus A. Ad., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, rare under stones.
Trochocochlea concamerata Gray, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, rare under stones.
Gibbula picturata Ad. and Ang., Middle Harbour, Port Jackson, in rock pools.
Natica conica Lam., Sand Spit, Middle Harbour, Port Jack- son, on the sand.
Euchelus baccatus Menke, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
Gena strigosa A. Ad., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
Columbella semiconvexa Lam., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
C. Australis Gaskoin., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack- son, under stones.
C. albomaculata Angas, Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Trochita calyptreformis Lam., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Buccinulus affinis A. Ad., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms,
bP) 2?
99 9)
39
124
PRO.. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Bittium granartum Kiener, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones. .
Conus Jukest Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
Philippia lutea Lam., Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, washed up after E. and S. E. gales.
Adamsia typfica Dunker, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack- son, under stones.
Ampullarina quoyana Desh., Double Bay, Port Jackson, on mud flats.
Cassidula zonata A. and A. Ad., Double Bay, Port Jackson, on mud flats.
Felicaria scutulata Martyn, Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jack- son, 4 fathoms.
Lophyrus Australis Sowerby, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port
- Jackson, under stones.
Lorica cimolia Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack- son, under stones.
Lophyrus conceutricus Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
Lepidopleurus longicynba De Bl., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
L. antiguus Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
Onithochiton Incet Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
Cryptoplax striatus \am., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, under stones.
Chione calophylla Hanley, Lane Cove Kiver, Port Jackson, 5 fathoms.
C. striatissima Sowb., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Waldhemia flavescens Vam., Point Piper, Port Jackson, under stones.
Magasella Cumingt Davidson, Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Kraussia Lamarckiana Davidson, Point Piper, Port Jack- son, under stones.
Perna glaberrima Dunker, Balls Head, Port Jackson, 18 fathoms.
Bullina lineata Wood, Sow and’ Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms,
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 125
Cylichna arachis Quoy and G., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Haminia brevis Quoy and G., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Barbatia pusilla Sowb., Point Piper, Port Jackson, under stones.
Neera rugata A. Ad. (very rare), Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Cardita amabilis Desh., Sow. and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Scutus anatinus Donov., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack- son, under stones.
Neritina nucleolus Morelet, Canala, New Caledonia.
Glyptophysa Petitit Crosse, Prony Bay =
Marginella translucida Sowb., Sow. and Pigs Reef, Port
: Jackson.
M. turbinata Sowb., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson.
Olivella pardalis Ad. & Ang., ,, 4
O. leucozona Ad. & Ang.,
Pythia Argenvillet Pfr., Fitzroy Island, N. E. Australia.
Tapes undulata Born., ‘Lane Cove River, 5 fathoms.
Gart Menkeana Reeve, Sow and Pigs Reef, 4 fathoms.
Oliva tigrina Meuschen, San Christoval, Solomon Islands.
Cyprea xanthodon Gray, Bellenger River, N.S. W., found after gales.
Hargravesia polita H. Ad., Duke of York Island, Solomons.
Notre.—Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms. Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, found under stones. Double Bay, Port Jackson, found on mud flats. Lane Cove River, Port Jackson, 5 fathoms mud bottom.
Mr. J. W. Taylor remarked, in reference to Mr. Nelson’s paper on the “ Association of Species,” read at last meeting, that he had received from Mr. Butterell of Beverley a confirmation of Mr. Nelson’s views as to /lanorbis spirorbis and Limnea glabra being usually associated in the same locality. Mr. Taylor pointed out that this association was not invariable, and named several localities where it did not occur.
126 PKO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. Butterell sent for exhibition a number of Pis¢dza and Spherte from the East Riding of Yorkshire; also palates and jaws of Arion ater; Helix aspersa; Limnea stagnalis, L. palustris ; and /usus sp ?, mounted for microscopic examination ; also Lisidium fontinale var. cinerea, from Manchester.
Mr. W. Nelson exhibited a large number of Yorkshire shells, particulars of which are entered in the Yorkshire Register Book ; also Helix "arbustorum, H. concinna ; and Zonttes cellarius, from Glasgow.
ce, eee
S97) bt be Nieve tim oy
Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair. DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. The following were announced and thanks voted to the donors :— “ Journal of Conchology” for November, 1879. [Mr. J. W. Taylor. Mounds and Mound Builders in Muscatine County, Iowa, —a paper read before the Muscatine Academy of Science—by F. M. Witter. [The Author. DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION. The following was announced and thanks voted to the donor :— A collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from Iowa, numbering 80 species, a list of which 1s appended. [Prof. F. M. Witter.
HELICID. Helix lineata—Say. Helix albolabris—Say. Helix monodon—Rackett. Helix alternata—Say. Helix monodon, var. leaii— Helix arborea—Say. Ward. Helix clausa—Say. Helix multilineata—Say. Helix concava—Say. Helix profunda—Say. Helix hirsuta—Say. Cionella subcylindrica—
Helix labyrinthica—Say. Linn.
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Pupa armifera—sSay. Pupa contracta—Say. Pupa fallax—Say. Succinea avara—Morse. Succinea obliqua—Say. Succinea ovalis—Gould. AURICULIDA. Carychium exiguum—Say. LIMNEZID&. Limnea desidiosa—Say. Limnea reflexa—Say. Physa heterostropha—Say. Planorbis bicarinatus—Say. Planorbis deflectus—Say. Planorbis exacutus—Say. Planorbis parvus—Say. Segmentina wheatleyi—Lea. Ancylus fuscus—Adams. VALVATID&. Valvata tricarinata—Say. VIVIPARIDZ. Lioplax subcarinata—Say. Melantho subsolida—
Anthony. Vivipara intertexta—Say. RISSOIDE. Amnicola cincinnatiensis— Anthony.
Amnicola porata—Say. Bythinella obtusa— Lea.
CORBICULADA.
Spheriam sphericum—
Anthony. Spherium stamineum— Spherium transversum—Say Pisidium compressum—
Prime.
UNIONID&.
Anodonta edentula—Say. Anodonta grandis—Say.
127
Anodonta imbecilis—Say.
Anodonta suborbiculata—Say.
Margaritana complanata— Barnes.
Margaritana confragosa—Lea.
Margaritana rugosa— Barnes.
Unio zesopus—Green.
Unio alatus—Say.
Unio anodontoides— Lea.
Unio asperrimus— Lea.
Unio capax-—Green.
Unio cornutus—Barnes.
Unio crassidens—Lamarck.
Unio ebenus—Lea.
Unio elegans—Lea.
Unio ellipsis—Lea.
Unio gibbosus—Barnes.
Unio gracilis—Barnes.
Unio graniferus —Lea.
Unio lzvissimus—Lea.
Unio ligamentinus—Lamarck.
Unio luteolus—Lamarck.
Unio metenevrus— Rafinesque.
Unio mississippiensis~--Conrad.
Unio occidens—Lea.
Unio orbiculatus—Hildreth.
Unio parvus—Barnes.
Unio plicatus—Barnes.
Unio pustulatus—Lea.
Unio pustulosus—Lea.
U
U
U
U
nio rectus—Lamarck. Jnio rubiginosus— Lea. nio securis—Lea.
Jnio tenuissimus—Lea. Unio trigonus—Lea.
Unio tuberculatus— Barnes. Unio triangularis—Barnes. Unio undulatus—Barnes. Unio wardii— Lea.
Unio zigzag—Lea.
128 PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Sota wee ti mG. Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair. NEW MEMBER. ; Mr. Edward Collier, 7, Dale Street, Liverpool, was elected
a member. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. Roebuck exhibited a number of shells from the Cleve- land and Barnsley districts ; also several shells from the Garforth neighbourhood, collected by Mr. Charles Smethurst.
A few specimens from the Canal at Kirkstall were exhibited by the Secretary. i
Particulars of all these will be found inthe Yorkshire Record Book.
——_O0—_—
59th Meeting.
Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. W. Nelson exhibited a large number of shells collected at Bolton Percy, Steeton, Dringhouses, Thorparch, Seacroft, Manston, and Whinmoor.
see Oe
60th Meeting.
Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair. PAPER READ. “ Bulimus acutus var. bizona,” by Mr. Charles Ashford. EXHIBITS. . Yorkshire Shells from various localities were shown by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, of which particulars will be found in the Record Books.
—__S 4 = —
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 129
NOTES ON BULIMUS HETEROSTOMUS OF THE EOCENE, ISLE OF WIGHT.
By CHARLES ASHFORD.
(Read before the Leeds Geological Association.)
Edwards’ figure of this species (v. Eoc. Moll., t. xiv., f. 1) is from an imperfect specimen of which the four latter whorls only are preserved, and I know of no other. Having been so fortu- nate as to meet with an almost perfect example of this little fossil Bulimus in the Bembridge limestone of the I. of W., I am enabled to supplement to some extent both the Agure and description in that author’s Monograph.
My best specimen’ occurred in hard limestone, fracturing dark grey. The cleavage was a very fortunate one exposing the entire shell in the line of axis, and exhibiting a posterior view of a matured and unbroken peristome. ‘The test moreover is in fair preservation except on the fifth and last whorls, where small portions have come away in the separation of the rock.
The author of Eoc. Moll. gives the following description of the species inferred I presume from the imperfect cast and the marks of striation remaining inthe matrix. ‘The italics are mine. —‘*A small conical shell, with an elevated, tapering, pointed spire, the apex of which is subject to decollation,; the seven on eight
130 ASHFORD: NOTE ON BULIMUS HETEROSTOMUS,
whorls of which it is formed are rounded, separated by a deep suture, and ornamented with fine, transverse, raised lines, which are numerous, regular and very oblique; the aperture is roundly- ovate, apparently thickened within, and with the margin slightly reflected, . . .” and he ends by remarking “‘apparently it is very rare.” I offer a few remarks on this description.
Among the four examples of &. heterostomus which I have found in this neighbourhood, there is no instance of decollation of the apex. One is immature and therefore not likely to be so affected, but the other three are either almost or completely of full growth. From this it may be inferred that the defect was exceptional, and that the geologist has as good a chance of meeting with a complete spire as with one that has shed its early whorls. Spiral shells occurring in the limestone at Sconce are very frequently found with the upper or early whorls in an empty state into which moisture charged with lime-carbonate has per- colated, forming incrustations of crystals. In extracting the fossil this brittle structure at the apex comes away in fragments or as frequently flies away unseen when the rock is splintered and an apparently decollated specimen only is secured, but the complete form may be observed in the matrix. I do not suppose for one moment that the author of Eoc. Moll. was deceived by this appearance, though a less careful observer might easily be led into error. His figure of the matrix seems not to show the apex of the shell but to suggest a true case of decollation My own specimens were obtained from a different locality, viz.:—the uplands of Thorley, where the embedded organic remains are generally found filled to the very apex, and where it is not uncommon to meet with examples of Helix, Planorbis, Limnea, &c., with the shell preserved though in a white and very friable
condition. The whorls are eight in number, gradually increasing in size,
ASHFORD : NOTE ON BULIMUS HETEROSTOMUS. I31
the last two occupying half the length of the axis. Edwards’ remarks (1. c.) “the shell has so much the appearance of Zvuncatella that I should be disposed to refer it to that genus” but for other considerations. Reference to my complete figure above disposes at once of this supposition. There is no appearance of trunca- tion, the increase of the whorls from apex to base being gradual and regular.
The suture as seen in casts (which really represent the form of the interior of the shell) is certainly “deep” but when the shell is present the suture is not so pronounced in character, nor are the whorls so convex.
The striation is well described. I will only add that the first whorl—as is so frequently the case in recent shells—is quite smooth. In an immature specimen which shows the lines more distinctly, I count about go on the fourth whorl; of these every third or fourth or fifth is more raised than the intermediate ones. The strize on the later whorls become rather coarser especially as they approach the inferior suture.
The aperture is described in the Monograph as having the margin “slightly reflected.” The figure (l. c.) appears to represent a portion of an adult shell with the aperture but partially formed. When fully developed the margin of the peristome is drcadly and boldly reflected, so much so as to form a striking feature of the species. ‘The Latin diagnosis should therefore read—peristomate valde reflexo.
The umbilicus is displayed in only one of my specimens. Judging from the cast it may be described as small but con- spicuous and partly covered by the reflected lip, but allowance must be made for the presence of the shell which would lessen its diameter.
Length 8 mil, breadth about 4 mil., which agree closely with the dimensions given in the Monograph.
132 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
By CHARLES ASHFORD.
(Read before the Conchological Society.)
Helix virgata.—For some reason not apparent, atmos- pheric conditions last year were unfavourable to molluscan life in the west of the Island. The diminished number of individuals not only of this species but of others usually abundant was very marked, as well upon the hedges inland as upon the Downs. Continued heavy rain and persistent drought are inimical to Z virgata, but neither of these formed the feature of the summer or autumn. A pretty variety with a single dotted cincture below the suture and a depressed spire occurs in one field under Afton Down, nearly all the individuals partaking more or less of the peculiarity. Another variety of a uniform purple-brown colour, sometimes wholly black, seems to be chiefly confined to a few square yards near the sea-cliff. The prevailing plant there is Carduus tenutfolius, upon the stems and leaves of which it is to be found associated with typical forms. ‘These facts confirm the opinion that such peculiarities are hereditary. The small conical variety, swbmaritima, appears never to occur away from the Downs. Bouchard-Chantereaux says (Brit. Con. 1. 212) :— “Helix virgata does not seem to mind the cold and never hibernates.” I cannot confirm this statement. During the winter of 1879 I repeatedly looked for this species and B. acutus but could find none alive. Numbers of shells dotted the ground, but examination shewed them all to be untenanted.
Helix caperata.—This again, though abundant in 1879, was positively scarce last year. Along a hedge-row, where I once
ASHFORD: NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 133
selected the most beautiful specimens out of hundreds, attached to the leaves upon which they had fed during the night, I saw scarcely half-a-dozen individuals last summer, and in other spots
they were equally scarce.
Helix nemoralis var. hortensis.—This shell grows to a large size near Yarmouth, exceeding the average dimensions of the specific form. Ihave taken specimens 24°5 to 23 mm. in breadth (nearly an inch). The var. horfensis is evidently spread over the Freshwater peninsula, while 4. xemoralzs is very local. I have observed the latter only on the north side of Hempstead Hill and in one spot above Colwell Bay.
Helix rufescens.—Both at Ventnor and in the west of the Island the shell of this species is generally light in color. Under a wall ot Thorley Farm I have taken several beautifully white specimens, the others with them L_ing much paler than usual. It would appear, therefore, that a tendency to albinism is
hereditary.
Helix cantiana.—Another species which was seen in greatly diminished numbers last season. It is said (Venables’ Guide, p. 463,) to occur “‘mostly on the Chalk,” but at the western end of the Island I find it only on the Tertiaries. The rufous and white varieties are never found in separate
communities.
Helix rotundata.—An individual in a metal box laid two eggs in July. These were white, opaque and ellipsoidal, the ratio of the two diameters being about the same as in eggs of the Tawny Owl.
Helix aspersa.—As an instance of the extent to which our shelly friends fall a prey to our no less favourite songsters, I may mention the following. In one of my winter walks I passed a ditch recently cleared out revealing a post, behind which were
134 ASHFORD: NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
some 20 or 30 individuals of this species in hibernation. Marking the spot, I returned the next day to examine them in detail, when I found the whole community devoured. ‘The shining fragments of their broken shells covered the ground a yard or two from the post. In the the midst of the débvzs was the altar-stone of immolation, much stained. Lister says (speaking of A. memo- valis) that thrushes pierce the upper part of the shell with their beaks. I once, and only once, witnessed the operation. Seizing the shell by the lip, the bird struck it several times forcibly on the stone till the spire was well broken. It made no attempt to pierce it with its beak. The smeared state in which such stones are left inclines me to believe that the process I have described is the usual method adopted. [From our own experience we are able to confirm the correctness of the above in- teresting observation, the bird in our case being the Thrush. —Eps. /.C.]| The love-darts of 4. aspersa are four-edged assegais or spear-heads. There is a central axis, generally slightly curved, of opaque lime carbonate, round which the four blades are symmetrically arranged, the latter being thin, semitransparent and simple-edged. A round contracted neck unites the blade-stem to the knob by which the weapon is originally attached to the dart sac. This knob is roughly hemi- spherical or subconical and hollow as if to receive a ligament. The four-fold blade however does not seem to be a constant characteristic. I have one in which I can detect only two edges like an ordinary spear head.
Vertigo minutissima.—Hitherto I have failed to find this little fellow at the western end, but I have taken it among disintegrated stone rubbish under Steephill, near Ventnor.
Bulimus acutus.—The diminution in this species in point of numbers was very perceptible last year. It is chiefly
ASHFORD : NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 135
confined to the southern slopes of the Downs, and seems to spend the greater part of its day in social amenities.
Balia perversa.—This is not uncommon near Ham Copse attached to the bark of beech and other trees during dry weather. It also retires to the under side of fallen timber, asso- ciating there with Zon. cellartus, Cl. rugosa, H. rotundata and Coch. lubrica. The last four are frequently found together in similar situations.
Arion ater (?)—A very peculiar variety of this variable slug occurred on a hedge by the Yarmouth and Freshwater road. It differed from the typical form not only in color (no unusual circumstance), but also in the apparent absence of tubercles on the skin and the comparatively small bulbs of the tentacles. I append a description from my notes :—Respiratory orifice at the rear of the preceding third of the shield. ody gradually taper- ing, light grey, slightly freckled with brown down the dorsal line ; skin not tubercled, tight and smooth, marked longitudinally with bluish vein-like pencillings; neck bluish grey. Shzedd long- yellowish in front, grey behind, darkly spotted on the upper part with brown, less so at the tip leaving an ill-defined whitish patch in the centre. Zentacles upper pair rather long, conical, dark bluish-grey, surmounted with very moderate bulbs; lower pair comparatively very short. Ace/ none. foot orange yellow in front, very light lavender grey behind, with a bright deep-orange fringe the whole length. Sfe// not to be found. Length, about
four inches.
136 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS FOUND. AT HORNSEA, JULY, 1880.
ley \fo, IDE IO AMANITA L
Arion ater. Common.
A. hortensis. Common.
Limax agrestis. Very common.
L. maximus. In cellars and outhouses.
L. flavus. In cellars. Rather common.
Succinea putris. In damp places. Common.
Vitrina pellucida. In woods, near Hornsea Mere.
Zonites cellarius. In woods, plentiful under decayed wood.
Z. alliarius. In woods, sparingly.
Z. purus. In woods, sparingly.
Z. nitidus. In marshy places near the Mere, plentiful.
Z. nitidulus. Hedgerows, not frequent.
Helix aspersa. Extremely abundant, especially near the sea.
nemoralis. Very common.
. hispida. . Frequent.
. virgata. Cliffs and hedgerows near the sea, abundant.
. virgata. Monochrome variety, approaching var. cas?mata in form. Extremely plentiful near the sea.
H. caperata. On thistles and herbage on the low lying cliffs
near the promenade, very common.
H. caperata var. ornata. With the last, less common.
H. ericetorum. Ina field near the sea.
H. puichella. Under moss in a field near the Mere.
Cochlicopa lubrica. Woods near Hornsea Mere.
Carychium minimum. Woods nr. Hornsea Mere, common.
peg psamc os
Pisidium pusillum. Ditch near Wassand end of the Mere.
BUTTERELL: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF HORNSEA. 137
Pisidium roseum. Hornsea Mere.
Spherium corneum. Ditch near Hornsea Bridge, Hornsea Mere.
Anodonta cygnea. Hornsea Mere, abundant.
A. anatina. With the last, both species very variable in size.
Planorbis complanatus. In ponds, fine, Hornsea Mere.
P. carinatus. Hornsea Mere.
P. vortex. Hornsea Mere.
P. spirorbis. Ditch in a field near Wassand, plentiful.
Limneea peregra. Generally distributed but not very abundant.
L. truncatula. Ditch near Hornsea Mere.
L. palustris. In ditches and swampy places near the Mere.
Physa fontinalis. Ditch near Wassand.
Bithynia tentaculata. Ditch near Hornsea Bridge.
=
Note on Planorbis corneus,—I have recently taken a number of specimens of Planorbis corneus (from Spring Dyke, — near Hull), with the animal of a bright pink or crimson tinge, similar I imagine to those found by Mr. Nelson some time ago, the shell also had a reddish tinge.—J. D. BUTTERELL.
ee
Note on the Shells in the neighbourhood of Bris- tol.—I do not know whether you will consider the following localities, that as far as I can ascertain do not appear to have been before recorded, worth noting in the Journal of Conchology, the shells were taken last year. Lzmnca stagnalis var. fragilts, River Froom, Stapleton, Bristol. Pés¢d¢wm pusillum var. obtusalis, Avonmouth, Bristol. Conovulus denticulatus var. myosotis, River bank near Pell, Bristol—Jas. W. CuUNDALL.
SSS SSS
138 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
PROPOSED SYSTEM OF CONCHOLOGICAL LOCALITY-RECORDS.
By WM. DENISON ROEBUCK.
(Read before the Conchological Society.)
The study of geographical distribution is now fully recog- nized as one of great importance, especially as looked upon from the stand-point of the most recent developments of scientific research. ‘There will, therefore, I think, need no words from me to demonstrate its value.
But it seems to me that all generalizations in this direction should—to ensure their full value being secured—be founded upon a basis sufficiently broad and sufficiently accurate to warrant the conclusions which we draw. Any suggestions, then, that would tend to secure these indispensible requirements will, I believe, receive from the Conchological Society careful study and earnest attention.
Having lately seen something of the working of the Botanical Record Club, I thought a series of suggestions based upon its rules and practice, more especially with respect’ to the crypto- gamic portion of Botanical science, would be of service to conchologists.
The object of the Club is to collect reliable data for ascer- taining the range and distribution of plants, and the elimination of every possible source of error while doing so. The first object they attain by publishing in their reports a series of county floras, and the elimination of error they secure by making it a stringent and inviolable rule that every species in the lists shall be vouched for by a specimen sufficiently good to permit of the identification of the species or variety.
There is not the slightest doubt that errors creep into
ROEBUCK : CONCHOLOGICAL LOCALITY-RECORDS. 139
published lists from various reasons, one of the most common being the imperfect determination of the species, and another being the reliance of some writers on their memory. Both these sources of error are obviated by the insisting on- the fundamental rule that a specimen accompany the record, such specimen becoming the property of the Club, and, in the case of the Botanical Record Club, eventually passing into the custody of the National Herbarium at Kew.
Members are desired to forward records from time to time, and, when duly authenticated and passed by the referees, under whose scrutiny all critical species pass, are published—the practice of the Botanical Club being to let such accumulate till a list of 50 or more is ready. ‘This power is unnecessary, and records may be printed as they come in.
A necessary consequence, and indispensable accompaniment of the voucher-specimen principle, is the appointment of skilled and competent referees—in the Botanical Club these posts are filled by the best Botanical specialists of the day, and if sucha scheme were adopted for Conchology it would be necessary to invite the best Conchologists of the time to act as referees for their own special groups. I would, therefore, make the following suggestions :—
1.—That it is desirable that the Conchological Society
should commence a system of recording the localities of British mollusca.
2.—That it be an indispensable requirement that every record be accompanied by a youcher-specimen, or specimens, sufficiently good to permit of the safe identification of the species.
3-—That the best Conchologists of the day be invited to act as Referees—each in his own special branch or group.
4.—That Mr. H. C. Watson’s map of the British, Isles and his division into 18 provinces and 112 counties be adopted as the basis on which to frame county lists—this suggestion being intended to facilitate subsequent tabulation of results.
140 ROEBUCK : CONCHOLOGICAL LOCALITY-RECORDS.
5.—That Conchologists be invited to contribute lists for the different districts shown on Mr. Watson’s map, subject to the indispensible requirement of a voucher-specimen for each record.
6.—That in the case of extremely rare or unique species or varieties, the voucher-specimens, after being submitted to the _referee, may be returned to the collector, instead of being retained for the Club collection; but that all other specimens be so retained.
7.—That it is desirable that, as soon as practicable, a new and authentic list of British mollusca, showing provincial distri- bution by figures, be prepared as a standard of nomenclature — there having been several corrections of errors and additions of new species and varieties made since the publication of Dr. Jeffreys’ book.
8.--That the Editors of ‘The Journal of Conchology’ be requested to accept as material for publication therein such records and county-lists as may be contributed in response to these suggestions.
Should the Conchological Society do me the honor to look favourably upon these suggestions, I should propose that a a brief abstract of them be published in the Journal, and at the same time invite (through the same medium) Conchologists to co-operate with the Society in carrying out such a scheme for the ultimate benefit of Conchological science. The result would be, I am sure, the collection of a large quantity of thoroughly reliable, because properly authenticated, facts. And when a considerable number of such county-lists were published, the Journal would be a storehouse of material upon which extens:ve generalizations might be safely founded.
PROPOSED “MONOGRAPH OF THE UNIONIDA OF NORTH AMERICA.”
We hail with pleasure the announcement by Mr. Arthur F. Gray, Danversport, Massachusetts, and Mr. R. Ellsworth Call,
MONOGRAPH OF THE UNIONIDZ OF N. AMERICA. I4I
Dexter, Iowa, that they have in course of preparation a “ Mono- graph of the Unionide of North America.” The want of such a work has been long felt, and we sincerely trust our brother Conchologists of America will, with their characteristic ardour and readiness, give that hearty co-operation in providing the necessary material, &c., for the effective carrying out of the un- dertaking. The prospectus, a copy of which we have been favored with, says :—
“ All aid will be acknowledged in due forth ; and, to parties desiring it, liberal exchanges will be given. It is designed to figure the anatomy of every species in detail, and to this end shells with their animals should be carefully preserved in alcohol —from three to five specimens of each species—and a careful record of date of capture and locality kept.
“‘ Your special attention is called to the physical geography of the area included within the field of your operations, and to the fact thatthe value of your collections will-be increased by the inclusion of a great variety of stations. By the comparison of the results of such careful examinations it is hoped that an accurate knowledge of the distribution of the Uzzonide may be obtained, together with the effect of environment on their habits, growth and economy. Such observations, it is notorious, have been either loosely or not at all recorded. Your co-operation is respectfully requested in the preparation of local lists, where you have not the specimens to spare, which shall include a record of the name of stream, nature of bottom, force of current, nature of the water, add associated species of univalves. Aberrant and peculiar forms are especially desired.
““On small parcels, to be sent by mail, postage will be remitted on notification of the amount. Boxes and heavy parcels may be sent by express at the expense of the consignee. It is unnecessary to add that the completeness and value of the pro- posed work will depend largely upon the response made by the conchologists of America, which, it is hoped, will be liberal. A large mass of interesting and valuable notes must exist in the hands of those who study these forms, which, if sent to us, will find a place in the Monograph, carefully attributed to their re- spective observers.”
142 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS FROM THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA.
By JNO. W. TAYLOR.
In continuation of former papers on this subject, based on the collections formed by Mr. Gibbons in East Africa, and which he kindly placed in my hands for identification, I have now added five more species to those previously enumerated.
The whole collection is of great interest, and I have ex- perienced considerable pleasure in the task of examination—a pleasure that has been greatly intensified by the very full and accurate descriptive notes kindly furnished me by Mr. Gibbons.
Helix: duloiayn.ess (PE iy 03)
Shell depresso-conical, thin, color brownish ?—faintly marked in the line of growth with striule : epidermis thin, distinct: whorls 44, convex, gradually increasing in size to the last, which is subcarinate, base very convex, spire depressed, apex obtuse: suture distinct : mouth lunate, peristome thin and direct, rounded —inner lip slightly reflected behind: umbilicus narrow but deep and distinct.
Length, o:112; breadth, 0°087.
Occurs rather numerously among grass in a sandy place at Zanzibar. I have not seen any live shells.
Bulimus Bawriensis, n. s. (Pl. i, f 2.)
Shell ovate-conical, somewhat turrite, moderately strong, of a dark brown color and very finely striulate transversely : epidermis moderate: whorls 54 to 6, very convex, inflected towards suture, gradually increasing in size downwards—the penultimate and body whorls are both large—the latter how- | ever rather the larger: spire produced: apex rounded, small: suture distinct: mouth oval, longer than broad: peristome thickened—everted so as to form a broad flat margin—presenting
TAYLOR: NEW E. AFRICAN LAND SHELLS. 143.
ing the appearance of a double peristome: umbilicus deep and distinct.
Length, 0°175; breadth, 0°087 in.
Found a few dead specimens on Bawri Island, Zanzibar Channel. Appears to be peculiar to the island; it occurs in old shells among dead leaves.
The next two species form with this a section, in which are some Australian Bulime. £6. Pacifiews Pir., from Queensland, ap- pears almost exactly like the above species, but 1s probably distinct.
Bulimus Zanguebaricus, n. s. (Pl. i, f. 3.)
Shell ovato-conical, inclining to turrite, moderately thick, of a light brown color, very faintly striulate transversely: epidermis rather thin: whorls 64, tumid, inflexed towards suture, gradually en- larging towards body whorl which is the largest of all—the penulti- mate and preceding whorls are nearly equal in size; apex small and rounded: suture deep and distinct: mouth rotundo-ovate nearly as broad as long: peristome thin, everted: inner lip short, reflected a little outwards behind: umbilicus small but deep and distinct.
Length, 0'162; breadth, 0'075.
Numerous dead among grass in a sandy spot down the coast of Zanzibar, in company with numerous other land shells.
This is very closely allied to the last, but may be distinguished by its smaller and more slender shape, by being thinner, and by having the peristome less everted and solid.
Pupa turricula, n. s. (Pl. 1, f. 4)
Shell short, broad, fusiform pointed, moderately thin, orna- mented with close, regular, transverse and raised striee, those on the ultimate whorl being much larger and further apart: color brownish: whorls 8, very convex, behind they are flattened and inflexed towards the suture—the last whorl is deep but considerably contracted in breadth, the turn preceding the penultimate is the broadest, the others narrowing rapidly in each direction from it; the spire of about
144 TAYLOR: NEW E. AFRICAN LAND SHELLS.
four whorls is produced and hardly distinguishable from the rest of the shell, it tapers rapidly to an acute point: suture deep, barely oblique: mouth ovato-triangular, small and vertical, as broad behind as high; peristome white, reflected outwards, internally thickened and forming several teeth, viz.:—a parietal plate, thin triangular, commencing at the inflexed end of the outer lip and running somewhat obliquely inward, palatal teeth two in number, one a large obtuse tubercle about the middle of the outer lip and opposed to the parietal plate; the second anterior, small, deeply seated, sometimes undistinguishable: columellabears one triangular tooth about the middle and a deeply seated tubercle at the angle: umbilicus distinct, somewhat tubular. |
Length, 0'135; breadth 0°075.
Rare (dead only) at Zanzibar, among grass and bushes, with other shells.
Pupa (Ennea) sex-dentata, n. s. (Pl. i, f. 5.)
Shell cylindrical rather narrow, very faintly striulate obliquely, whorls 7, flattened, inflexed behind, the last con- siderably enlarged, rounded, the next three about equal in size, flat, sharply inflexed towards suture posteriorly, spire of about 3 whorls depressed, apex distinct: suture oblique, very deep and distinct: mouth rather lateral, large, quadrate, as broad as high, peristome reflected outwards, internally thickened, teeth six in number, parietal plate arises from inflexed end of outer lip and runs obliquely inwards, curved a little towards the columellar side, palatal teeth two, very distinct, sharp and triangular, columellar teeth are two conical sharp- pointed tubercles arising from a common base about the middle; another smaller and also pointed, arises from anterior end of aperture: umbilicus deep and tubular.
Length, o'19; breadth, 0°075.
Found but one specimen at Zanzibar among other Pupe, &c.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 145
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
——
138soO.
Gist Meeting.
Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair. ; NEW MEMBER.
Mr. James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., of Kersal Cottage, Prestwich, was nominated for membership.
PAPERS READ :
“Note on Sulimus Goodallit, Miller,’ by Mr. Charles Ashtord. |
A paper from Mr. J. D. Butterell: ‘‘ List of shells collected at Hornsea.”
Mr. W. Nelson stated that Mr. Smethurst, while beating the birch trees for larvee in West Woods, near Bramham, and Bishop’s Wood, near Selby, had beat out Helix aculeata.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
The President exhibited Helzx ericetorum, H. pulchella and Pupa marginata from St. Cloud, Paris ; also, Hel¢x virgata from Brighton, and felix sericea, A. rotundata, H. rufesceus, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Cochlicopa tridens, vay. crystallina, from Lkley.
Messrs. Nelson and Roebuck exhibited Yorkshire shells from various localities, particulars of which are entered in the Yorkshire Record Book.
Mr. Nelson further exhibited a fine series of shells recently obtained at the Isle of Man, a list of which is appended :—
Fisidium sp. Scarlet Point.
146 PROC. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Limnea peregra near Poyllvaaish Bay, Ballakinnish and Balla doole, Scarlet Point, and Stream, near Castletown.
Limnea truncatula Scarlet Point.
Ancylus fluviatilis near The Nunnery, Douglas, Port Soderic, and Scarlet Point.
Zonttes cellartus near The Nunnery, Douglas, Port Soderick and
Scarlet Point.
Helix aspersa Port Erin and Scarlet Point. flelix nemoralts Ballameenagh, Ballasalla, Scarlet Point, and
Willaston. ffelix caperata Scarlet Point and Onchan. felix hispida Scarlet Point. flelix rotundata Scarlet Point, Onchan, Douglas Head, near
The Nunnery, Douglas. flelix rupestris Scarlet Point.
Bulimus acutus Scarlet Point.
Claustlia rugosa near Douglas Head.
Cochlicopa lubrica Onchan.
Pupa marginata Scarlet Point.
Pupa umbilicata Scarlet Point, Castletown, Peel Castle, The
Nunnery, and Douglas.
Also the following from Furness Abbey :—
Zonites celiartus, Z. alliarius, Helix hispida, fH. rotundata, fi, pulchella, Clausilia rugosa, Pupa umbiticata, Cochlicopa lubrica var. lubricoides.
The Secretary (Mr. Thos. W. Bell,) exhibited a few shells collected at different localities near Peterborough. The follow- ing is the list :—
Dreissena polymorpha Thornley, Cambridgeshire.
Anodonta cygnea Newborough, Northamptonshire.
Spherium corneum Newborough, Eye, and Peterborough. Neritina fluviatilis Thornley.
Paludina contecta Eye and Newborough.
Bithinia tentaculata Peterborough, Eye, Newborough, and
Thornley.
Physa fontinulis Eye and Newborough.
Planorbis corneus Peterborough, Eye and Newborough. P. vortex ss 55 9
P. complanatus oo
P. carinatus Eye and Newborough.
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 147
Planorbis contortus Eye and Peterborough.
P. albus Peterborough.
Limnea stagnalis Pee Eye and Newborough.
L. peregra i ss
Zonites (young sp.) Eye.
Flelix aspersa Peterborough, Eye, Eastfield, &c., &c. nemoralis Peterborough, Pe Newark, Thornley, &c. hortensts
. hortensis var. hybrida Bye, Dogsthorp and Eastfield. arbustorum Eye, Newark, Peterborough, &c. ericetorvum Newark and Eye.
caperata Hye.
rifescens Kye.
hispida Thornley and Eye.
rotundata Kye.
Succinen putris Peterborough, Eye, Thornley, and Newborough S. elegans Peterborough, Bye and Newborough.
peo
(9) ee
62nd) Meeting. Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.
NEW MEMBERS.
Mr. James Cosmo Melville, M.A., was elected a member of the Society.
Mr. G. Sherriff Tye, Villa Road, Handsworth, Staffordshire, was nominated for membership.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. Wm. Nelson exhibited a a fine series of land and fresh- water shells collected during a recent tour through Dovedale, ‘Derbyshire.
Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed a number of specimens (in- cluding Planorbis corneus) from Yorkshire localities; and the Secretary also exhibited Lzmnea peregra from Caverley Carr, and Lulimus acutus var. bizona, collected by Mr. C. Ashford, from Freshwater, Isle of Wight.
148 PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
A collection of shells (West Africa and West Indies), num- bering about 54 species, was exhibited from Mr. J. W. Cundall, Bristol.
2
68rd Meeting. Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. The following were announced and thanks. voted to the donors :— “Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.”—Part 3. Reprints of Papers published in the “‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Soeiety of New South Wales, vol. iv.,” by Jno. Brazier, CMS. namely :— 1.—“ Synonymy of, and remarks upon, Port Jackson, New Caledonian and other shells, with their distribution.” —‘Tist of land shells found on Sy ae Island, with ee of the New Species.” 3.—“ List of Brachiopoda or Lamp Shells found in Port Jackson and the coast of New South Wales.” 4.—‘‘ Tropical Mollusca recently dredged at Port Jackson Heads.” 5.—“Note on Oniscia ponderosa, with its locality. [The Author. Reprint of paper published in the “Science News,” April 15, 1879 :—“Littorina littorea, L.,on the American coast,” by Arthur F. Gray. [The Author. PAPER READ. Note from Mr. J. D. Butterell reporting the discovery of a white variety of Succinea elegans. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited a series of shells collected by Mr. W. E. Clarke at Holderness.
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. I49
The President exhibited a number of interesting shells re- ceived through the courtesy of Mrs. Fitzgerald of Folkestone, viz. :—
Flelix planospira from Cortona.
Hf. nemoralts from Lindan, Lake Constance. Clausilia dubia from Cortona.
C. Stentziz a
Bulimus detritus var. radiatus from Wurzburg. Bythinia tentaculata from River Rhine at Cologne. Ffelix concinna var. minor from Folkestone. Succinea Pfeiffert Rossm. a
Hlyalina Draparnaldi Beck. from Bristol.
The two latter have been identified by Dr. Bottger, of Frankfort, and are stated to be new to England. The Ayalna was discovered by Miss Hele, and the Succinea by Mrs. Fitzgerald.
NEW MEMBER.
Mr. G. S. Tye, Villa Road, Handsworth, Staffordshire, was elected a member of the Society.
———O0——_
G4th Meeting.
The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in Leopold Square, Leeds, the President (Mr. J. W. Taylor) in the chair.
After the transaction of some routine business, the Secretary proceeded to read
THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1880.
In presenting this Report the Committee are glad to be able to state that considerable progress been made in the Society’s work during the year.
MEETINGS. The ordinary monthly meetings for members have been
150 PROC. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
regularly held. At these meetings the
PAPERS READ have been of considerable interest. The list includes papers by Charles Ashford, Esq. :—
“On suggestions for a serial arrangement for our banded gs g land shells.”
“Note on Aulimus acutus var. bizona.” “ Note on Aulimus Goodalliz.”
Wm. Nelson, Esq. :—
“On the local association of Limnea glabra, Planorbts spirorbis and Physa hypnorum.”
R. Scharff, Esq. :—
“Extracts from M. Gassies’ paper, ‘On a peculiar hybrid Rumina decollata’ translated from the Actes de la Societie Linnéenne de Bordeaux.”
J. D. Butterell, Esq. :—
‘‘ Note on the discovery of a white variety of Succinea elegans.”
“List of shells collected at Hornsea.” SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
The number of shells exhibited has been very large and has comprised some rare and valuable specimens. The list includes :
A fine series of banded-shells illustrative of Mr. Ashford’s paper. Collections (including some rare species and varieties) from Isle of Man and Dovedale, by Mr. W. Nelson.
A collection of 54 species from West Africa and the West Indies, by [Mr. J. W. Cundall.
A series of Continental and British shells, some of which had been sent by Mrs. Fitzgerald, Miss Hele, and Mr. J. H. Ponsonby. [The President.
Mr. Roebuck exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. D. Butterell, a series of microscopic slides of the jaws and tongues of various mollusca. List :—
Limnea peregra. Beverley, 1880. Jaw and odontophore.
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. I51
Limnea stagnalis. Spring Dyke, 1880. Odontophore.
Jb; us Beverley, 1880. Jaw.
L. palustris. Palate.
Planorbis corneus. Beverley, 1880. Jaws and odontophore. Neritina fluviatilis. — Odontophore.
Ancylus lacustrts. ”
Arion ater. Beverley, 1880. Jaws and odontophores. Limax agrestis. Suctinea putrts. “ BS op » S. elegans. Pighill Lane, Beverley. flelix aspersa. Beverley, 1880. 99 » caperata. hispida. rupescens. virgata. arbustorum.
cantiana. ” ” ) ”
SRS Aa
. hortensis. 3 ad ‘ i Pupa umbilicata. Walkington, 1880. bi A Littorina litorea. Palate.
L. obtusata. Odontophore.
Mr. Butterell’s letter drew attention to the jaws of Zzmnca stagnalis and Planorbts corneus. It was seen that in ZL. stagnalts the side pieces hanging from the jaw are covered with filaments, and the question arises in the mind whether these are intended to prevent too large pieces entering the mouth or to retain what is there—in fact, to act somewhat in the manner of the whalebone in a whale’s mouth, z.¢., as a strainer. In the action of eating, the odontophore moves up to the jaw and the hanging side pieces close in both sides. Mr. Butterell’s letter closed by asking for informations from the members, as he has not seen the subject treated in any of our books.
152 PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
THE ELECTION OF OFFICERS
for the ensuing year was next proceeded with, the following members being elected :-—President: Mr. Jno. W. Taylor. Vice- Presidents: Messrs. Wm. Nelson and William Cash, F.G.S. Treasurer and Secretary: Mr. Thomas W. Bell. Recorder: Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck. Committee: Messrs. J. W. Cundall, B. Holgate, F.G.S., Rev. H. Milnes, M.A., W. H. Evans, M.D., Henry Laver, F L.S., and Wm. Denison Roebuck.
THE LIBRARY.
During the year several good additions have been made to our Library, as follows :—
“Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” 1878. - A a Sheen 5 » »9 Part 3. [All purchased. “ Journal of Conchology,” October, 1879. [By Mr. J W. Taylor. ‘‘Synopsis Molluscorum viventium Testaceorum.” [By Dr. Kobelt. ‘‘Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of the Terrestrial Mollusca,” by Mr. C. P. Gloyne. [By Mr. J. W. Taylor. ‘““ Mounds and Mound Builders in Muscatine County.” [By F. M. Witter. “List of land and marine shells of Australia,” by Dr. J. C. Cox. [By Mr. Jno. Brazier. “ Reprints of Papers published in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” Vol. iv., by Mr. Jno. Brazier. [The Author. “‘ Reprint of Paper published in Science News,” April 15th, 1879, by F. Gray. [The Author. DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION. The following valuable donations have been made to the Society’s collection during the year: 103 species of the land, freshwater and marine shells of Aus- tralia. [By Mr. Jno. Brazier. 80 species of land and freshwater shells from Iowa. [By Prof. F. M. Witter.
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 153
THE RECORDER'S REPORT. Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck presented his report as Recorder of the Society of the Yorkshire localities of shells, which is appended hereto :—
“The Recorder of Yorkshire Localities has to report that during the year 1880 specimens have been shown at the meetings in authentication of 204 localities for 58 species and varieties of land and freshwater shells. ‘The numbers at present standing on record in the books, including the entries made not only in 1880 but in all preceding years, are :—1,104 records for 128 species and varieties, giving an average of rather more than eight records for each form. Four species and varieties have been shown during the year for the first time. ‘The Recorder would conclude by reminding members and others that the aim of the Record Book system is to afford a well authenticated source of informa- tion on geographical distribution. To this end no record is admitted unless the specimens are shown at the meetings, and the determination verified by competent authority. For the com- plete attainment of this object the co-operation of all collectors is needed. Instead of the localities averaging eight for each form, there should be hundreds; and shells from every part of Yorkshire, of all species, even the commonest, should be sent for exhibition, and for the furtherance of a scientific object which is so well carried out by the Botanical Record Club.”
a OO
LYMNAZA PEREGRA var. PICTA, IN DERBYSHIRE. By Rey. HERBERT MILNES, M.A.
In one of my conchological excursions in the North of Derbyshire, I dredged from a small pool in the neighbourhood of Winster several specimens of Lymnaea peregra var. picta. As I am not aware of its being recorded as taken before in Derby- shire, I have thought it might interest some of the readers of the Conchological Journal to hear of its occurrence.
0
154 TRYON : MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY,
Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species.—Vol. I.—ll.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.
This important work, of which two volumes lie before us, aims to be the most useful and comprehensive on Conchology that has yet been issued. The distinguished author, G. W. Tryon, junr., is well known by his many able articles on North American Mollusca, and also by his connection with the “‘ Ameri- can Journal of Conchology,” which periodical he edited for many years.
The author has exceptional facilities for the compilation of a work of this nature by his connection with the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, the Conchological Museum of which Institution ranks among the largest in the world in the species represented, while its series illustrating variation and geographical distribution are probably unrivalled. Its library contains almost every work ever published on the subject, as well as Transactions of learned bodies, &c.
It is intended to figure every genus and every recent species —so far as specimens or hitherto published figures will enable it to be done—and it is estimated that 30,000 or 40,000 illustrations will be required.
The First Volume is devoted entirely to the Cephalopoda, for the illustration of which group 112 plates are required, repre- senting the fossil and recent species, with details of anatomy, embryogeny, &c. The volume is closed by a very complete alphabetical index of the species cited, giving the synonymy and a very full description of the numerous plates illustrating the Monograph.
The Second Volume of this beautiful work is devoted to the Muricine and Purpurine, and is illustrated by 70 plates,
MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 155
fully elucidating the forms, sculpture and anatomy of the groups treated on. A copious index is appended to the volume, which embraces not only a full synonomy of all the species mentioned in the volume, but a detailed and lucid explanation of the plates with which it is enriched.
The work, as far as it has been issued, promises to be of a very complete character, and will materially facilitate the labors of Conchologists in determining any doubtful specimens they may have occasion to examine.
Those Conchologists desiring copies of this work should not delay notifying their desire, as the edition is strictly limited to 250 copies, and the work will in a few years augment greatly in value.
English subscriptions may be sent to Triibner & Co., Lud- gate Hill, London, and we trust that our English brethren will not fail to encourage this much desired and valuable work.
LIST OF MOLLUSCA OBTAINED IN SOUTH CARO- LINA AND FLORIDA (PRINCIPALLY AT THE ISLAND OF KEY WEST IN 1871-1872.
By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.
: Class: CEPHALOPODA. 1. Octopus (sp.) About three feet in diameter, body fawn colored, with white spots. Key West, among loose blocks of coral.
2. Spirula levis (Gray). Abundantly cast ashore at Key West, but often in fragmentary condition.
156 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
Class: HETEROPODA. 3. lanthina communis (Lam.)
Abundantly cast ashore at Key West after gales. In one or two instances I have found the animal alive, with its well-known “‘raft.” The Portuguese Man of War (Physalia ) and the Ve/el/a invariably seem to accompany the /anthina.
4. |. exigua (Lam.) With the preceding.
[A third and perhaps a fourth species I likewise found at Key West, but so similar are all the species of that section that I forbear naming it provisionally. |
Class: GASTEROPODA.
Fam: MURICIDA. 5. Murex Salleanus (H. Adams). Coral reef, Key West, but rare.
6. M, (Ocinebra) tetragonus (Brod.) Key West. Common.
7. Ml. (Ocinebra) cyclostomus (Sowb.)
Key West. Common.
8. M. (Muricidea) hexagonus (Lamk.)
Not common. I found three or four specimens, mostly tenanted by Hermit crabs. In good condition, the mouth of this species is often found of a pink color.
9. Trophon cinereus (Say.) Abundant on rocks at low water, Sullivan’s Island and Fort Sumter, South Carolina. ro. Cantharus coromandelianus (Lamk.) Very abundant. Coralreefs. Key West. 11. Hemifusus corona (Gmel.) The normal form. Cedar Keys. West Florida.
II.
I2.
116
14.
15.
16.
Tye
18.
MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 157
Hemifusus corona § estephomenos (Melv.)
This marked variety may probably be constituted a new species. It differs from the type in being uniformly smaller, and in the almost complete absence of one of the two rows of spines on the last whorl.
It was found in one place only at Key West, but there in great abundance on very shallow coral slabs, covered with about two feet of water, and surrounded by a brackish Mangrove swamp.
(It has been figured by Sowerby in Zool. Pro., Nov., 1878. Plate xlvit, f. 13.)
Ranella (Eupleura) caudata (Say.)
Rare. Sullivan’s Island. South Carolina.
fam: BUCCINIDA. Nassa antillarum (Phil.) Key West. Common. N. ambigua (Mt.) Key West. Common. N. vibex (Say.)
Charleston Harbour. South Carolina. N. trivittata (Say.)
Charleston Harbour. South Carolina. N. obsoleta (Say.)
Charleston Harbour. In countless myriads on the muddy estuary of the Ashley River, Charleston.
Laie LACK IAORLDD A, Purpura deltoidea (Lamk.) Profusely abundant on the southern shore of Key
West. May always be known by the delicate violet coloring of the mouth, when in fresh state.
158 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
19. Purpura bicostalis (Lamk.) 20. P. fasciata (Reeve.)
21. P. floridana (Conrad.) All more or less common on the reefs, Key West.
22. P. biserialis (Blvlle.)
One shell referred by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun., to this species may be but a variety of one of the preceding. There seems to be as much variety among the Purpuree of the sub-genus Stramonita as among the Nassee, which have been so ably taken in hand by Mr. F. P. Marrat.
23. Ricinula nodulosa (C. B. Adams.) On the reefs, Key West.
Fam: OLIVIDA.
24. Oliva reticularis (Lam. ) Not uncommon at Key West, but, as far as I have seen specimens, all of one variety, with pale pink markings. 25. O. litterata (Lam.)
Charleston Harbour. This may prove to be but a northern variety of O. reticularis (Lamk.)
26. O. mutica (Say.) South Carolina—especially on the breakwater by Sulli- van’s Island (now, I believe, removed). I also came across the species on the Florida coast.
27. O. nana (Lam.) Key West.
28. O. exigua (Mart.) Key West.
29. O. nivea (Gm.)=eburnea (Lam.) Key West.
30.
Bike
oF
34-
35:
326.
MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF §S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 159
Fam: FASCIOLARIDA.
Fasciolaria distans (Lam.) Charleston Harbour. Not uncommon.
F. tulipa (L.) Key West and Cedar Keys, West Florida.
. F. scheepmakeri (Dunker.)
I was fortunate in finding two specimens of this rare mollusc, both fine, though in dead condition, on the southern shores of Key West. It appears to differ from / ¢ulipa (L.), its nearest congener, by the more massive build, and by being uniformly ribbed throughout.
Busycon aruanum (L.) Very common and fine on Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina—frequently attaining a large size.
B. perversum (L.)
This is probably a sinistral var. of B. aruanum. I found them associated together in Carolina, but on the West coast of Florida and at Key West I found only the
perver sum.
B. canaliculatum (L.)
Charleston Harbour. Not common. B. spiratum (Lam.)
Key West. One specimen.
. Leucozonia knorrii (Desh.)
On the coral reefs, Key West. The animal is of the color of raw beef. Latirus Cayonuesonicus (Sowb. and Melvill, 1878.) This interesting little species was recently described by Mr. Sowerby in the Zool. Proceedings (Nov. 5, 1878). It is in form almost an exact minature representative of the
160 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
L. infundibulum (Gmel.), but is of a black-brown color throughout. I did not find many specimens, and those
mostly in bad condition. VEU NA OSE DHTO LEE, 39. Marginella diaphana (Kien. ) Common. Key West. 40. M. conoidalis (Kien.) Common. Key West. 40a. M. longivaricosa (Reeve) =guttata (Auct.) Key West. 41. Volvaria lactea (Kien.) Common. Key West. Fam: COLUMBELLIDA. 42. Columbella mercatoria (Lamk.) Very abundant at Key West, in many varieties. 43. C. spongiarum (Duclos.) | One specimen, Key West, on Gorgonia.
44. CG. (Anachis) avara (Say.)
In countless myriads on the breakwater, Sullivan’s
Island, Charleston Harbour. 45. ©. (Anachis) ostreicola (Melvill MS. n. sp.)
This species, which is still undescribed, is allied to
C. nigricans, but is smaller and very distinct. Found on oyster shells (O. vostrata) at Appalachicola, Gulf of
Mexico. fam: CASSIDIDA.
46. Oniscia oniscus (L.) On the shore, Key West. Fam: DOLIIDE. 47. Dolium perdix (L.) Key West, but not common.
48.
49.
50.
Si.
oe
5g
54.
Do:
56.
al
MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 16T
‘ Fam: NATICIDA. Natica campechiensis (Recluz.)
I take the South Carolina mollusc, usually called duplicata (Say), to belong to this species, but all the Neverite of Risso are similar, and probably most of them wide spread varieties of one species. JV. duplicata (Say) is prob- ably a variety of JV. heros (Say), which I noted as very com- mon in Nahant Harbour, Massachusetts, but I found nothing approaching it in South Carolina.
N. sp. Not in good condition. Allied to the aldula section. Key West. ; Sigaretus perspectivus (Say).
Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina.
fam: SCALARIDA.
Scalaria angulata (Say.)
Sullivan’s Island, Charleston Harbour. S. venosa (Sowb.)
Key West.
Fam: TEREBRIDZ.
Terebra dislocata (Say.)
Charleston Harbour.
LD © SEMA AMV DID IESE Dy 72
Obeliscus terebellum (Miill.)
In fragmentary condition. Key West. Chemnitzia Indianola (Sowb.)
Appalachicola, Florida, Gulf of Mexico.
Kane: CONLD A.
Conus leoninus (Hwass.)
Key West. Perhaps a variety of spuriws (Gm.) C. L’Argilliertii (Kien.) = Japonicus (Hwass.)
Key West. Not uncommon, but not in good condition.
162
58.
59:
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
Conus columba (Brug.)
Very abundant on the reefs, Key West. C. pusio (Lam.) ;
Abundant. Key West. C. Pealii (Green.)
One specimen found—may be this species—but it is in very bad condition. C. Melvillii (Sowb. jun., 1879.)
One specimen. Key West. This very distinct species is represented by Mr. Sowerby as being probably near C. veticulatus. ‘To my mind it approaches C. adansoni (Lam.) an African species, but it is abundantly distinct from any species known. C. nebulosus (Soland.)
One specimen in young state, with very sharp spire. I did not observe C. Fioridensts (Sowb.)
fam: STROMBIDA.
S. bubonius (Lam.)
Key West. S. lobatus (Sw.) = bituberculatus (Lam.)
Key West. S. gigas (L.)
Very abundant on the reefs, Key West, but mostly in young state. Upon incautiously handling a specimen I was bitten in the hand, though, happily, not very severely.
Fam: CYPREIDA.
Cyprza exanthema (L.)
On the mangrove stems, North shore, Key West. Very fine specimens.
Ovula (Birostra) acicularis (Lam.) On Gorgoniz, Sullivan’s Island, Charleston Harbour.
J.C., iii., April, 1881
68.
60.
70.
7] lhe
1
73:
74.
71S
76.
77:
MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 163
O. (Birostra) uniplicata (Sowb.)
With the preceding, but rarer. It is significant that the specimens of the species affecting the yellow.Gorgonia are of that colour, while those that cling to the purple species are purple.
ings (CAUN CLG IGSEAIRIIDIZE, Cancellaria reticulata (L.) Key West. Four fine specimens. Lihitige = (CLBSKATAEL IO ZE, Cerithium litteratum (Born. ) Key West. - Very abundant. C. mutabile (C. B. Ad.)
One or two specimens. Key West. CG. uncinatum (Gmel.) ?
Key West. Iam not quite sure about this name, but it is the nearest approach to the specimens I found. C. (Lampania) septem-striatum (Say.)
On the reefs at Key West—at all events on the southern side. This species abounds in countless thousands. One sweep of the hand on the rocks, or in the rock pools at low water, will suffice to obtain hundreds of specimens of all
sizes and varieties. Bittium sp: ?
One specimen from Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina. Cerithidea crassilabrum (Ad.)
Cedar Keys, West Florida. C. costata (Wood.)
With the preceding.
TAD &, SENT TN OV AONE DY Be,
Littorina Sayi (Phil.)
Cedar Keys, West Florida—quite away from the sea,
164 MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
but there are numerous saline marshes and oyster beds in the vicinity. 78. L. angulifera (Lam.) Key West. Ome ziczac (Chem) 2 Key West and Havana, Cuba. 80. L. carinata (D’Orb.) Key West and Havana, Cuba. 81. Tectarius dilatatus (D’Orb.) Key West and Havana, Cuba, on rocks at low water. 82. T. muricatus (L.) Next to Certthium 7 striatum, the most abundant gasteropod at Key West. 83. T. nodosus (Gray.) Common. 84. T. breviculus (Phil.) Common. 85. Modulus lenticularis (Chem.) Common at Key West. Fam: PLANAXIDA. 86. Planaxis lineata (Da Costa.) Key West. Sim [Es “Sieh With the preceding. It may be only a variety. fam: VERMETIDA. 88. Wermetus cochlidium (Cpr.) On Avicule. Key West. 89. V. contortus (Cpr.) On Avicula Peruviana. Key West. go. V. sp. On Avicule. Key West.
J.C., iii, April, 1881
92.
93>
94.
95-
96.
97:
98.
ep
MELVILL ;: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 165
Fam: CALVPTRAIDA.
. Crepidula fornicata (L.)
South Carolina. Generally common.
C. plana (Ad. & Rve.) = unguiformis (Auct.)
Key West and Charleston Harbour.
C. aculeata (Gm.) and var. hystrix.
South Carolina and Key West. Common. The C7e- pidule are so very variable that there may have been some species passed over. They are very partial to Fasciolaride. I found one specimen of fuasciolarta distans in Charleston Harbour, with perhaps 30 to 40 C. plana adhering, of all sizes and shapes.
fam: CAPULIDA. Hipponyx radiata (Q. & G.) Common on dead shells. . Key West. Fant INEERL ILD AS, Nerita peloronta (L.) I did not find the “ Bleeding Tooth” very common at Key West. N. tessellata (Gm.) Abundant at Key West. N. versicolor (Lam.) Abundant on the reefs, and very variable.
Fam: TROCHIDA.
Uvanilla latispina (Phil.) Key West.
Astralium costulare (Lam.) Key West.
too, Pachypoma americanum (Gm.)
Io!
Key West.
. Omphalius carnestus (Lam.)
166 MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
Fam: FISSURELLIDA. 1o2. Fissurella Barbadensis (Gm.) Key West. moa [ay fuezexcel (La) Key West. eae ® Is QUEILIID) ae 104. Bulla striata (Brug.) Key West. Dead specimens only. Hipipe JelE Jol Claak 105. Glandina truncata (Gm.) Key West, but not very large. 106. Helix carpenteriana (Dkr.) Key West, South Florida. 107. H. septemvolva (Say.) Key West, South Florida. 108. H. monodon (Rack.) Key West, South Florida. 109. H. cereolus (Muhlfld.) Key West, South Florida. I need not recapitulate here the ordinary forms of Helix (s. g. Anchistoma) found generally in Carolina, Georgia and Florida, eg., palliata (Say), fallax (Say), auriculata (Say), &c. 110. Liguus (Achatina) sp., semifossil. Allied to wirginea (L.), in the recent coral, white. Key West, always bleached. It may prove to be a new subfossil species. 111. Bulimus Menkeanus (Griner)=venosus (Sowb.) Under Cacti, Key West. 112. Cylindrella variegata (Pfr.) Key West, South Flonda, under Cacti.
J.C., iii,, April, 1881
MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S, CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 167
113. Stenogyra decollata (L.) Charleston, South Carolina, in gardens, presumably imported from Europe. 114. Pupa (Strophia) maritima (Pfr.) Key West. 115. Succinea ovalis (Say). Neighbourhood of Charleston, South Carolina. Fam: AURICULACEA, 116. Melampus spiralis (Pfr.) On heather and shrubs (Andromede and Vaccinia), Cedar Keys, West Florida, near the salt marshes. Fam: LIMNAIDA.
Several species of /hyse and VPlanorbes, including P. heterostropha (Say), P. ancillarta (Say) and other well known American forms, and /Vano7bis corpulentus (Say).
Fam: SIPHONARIDA. 117. Siphonaria subrugosa (Sowb.) Very common on the reefs at Key West. fam: ACICULA CEA. 118. Truncatella bilabiata (Pfr.) Under Stones, Key West, abundant. Fam: CYCLOSTOMIDA.. 119. Chondropoma sp:— ° Key West. fam: HELICINID 2. 11g. Helicina orbiculata (Say). Key West.
CON Co EMIer hy Re. fam: PHOLADIDA. 122. Pholas costata (L.) Charleston Harbour, South Carolina.
168 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
Fam: SOLE NIDA.
123. Tagelus (Solecurtus) Caribzeus (Lam.)
Charleston Harbour, common.
Fam: GLYCIMERIDA.
124. Saxicava distorta (Say).
Sullivan’s Island, Charleston.
Fam. MACTRIDA.
125. Hemimactra similis, (Say.)
21.
Charleston.
Raeta canaliculata, (Say.)
Charleston Harbour and Sullivan’s Island, S. C.
I met with the large MJactra soltdissima, (Chem.) and various other AZactvacee@ on the shores of New England, etc. but with no others than the two above-mentioned in the Southern States. No doubt dZactra Sayz (Gray) and others would have rewarded more prolonged research.
Fam. TELLINIDAE.
. Asaphis dichotoma, (Anthony)
Key West, South Florida.
. Teilina alternata, (Say).
South Florida.
. T. fausta, (Donovan).
Very fine at Key West South Florida.
. T. lineata, (Turton).
Key West, South Florida.
. T. robusta, (Hanley).
The specimens found of this, from Key West, were pro- nounced by Mr. Sowerby, who examined them, larger than was ordinary. -
Q.J.C., iii., April, 1881
13 0
140.
I4l.
142.
8 MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 169
T. radiata, (L.) Key West, common. The var. wzzmaculata, (Lamarck) also observed.
. T. similis, (Sowerby).
Key West, South Florida.
. T. tenera, (Say).
Key West, South Florida.
. T. interrupta, (Wood).
Very fine at Key West, though not abundant.
. 1. sol, (Hanley).
This magnificient species, belonging to the subgenus Phylloda is the finest bivalve I obtained. It was very rare at Key West, and I only succeeded in finding two specimens.
. Strigilla carnaria, (L.)
Key West South Florida.
. S. pisiformis (L.)
Key West, South Florida. fam: AMPHIDESMIDZ.
. Amphidesma orbiculatum (Say).
Charleston, South Florida. Fam: DONACIDA. Donax variabilis (Say). South Carolina and South Florida. Fan: VENERIDE.
Callista (Dione) gigantea (Chem.) Magnificent specimens of all sizes, Key West. Mercenaria Mortoni (Conr.) South Florida. M. violacea (Schum.)—Venus mercenaria (L.) South Carolina.
5
170 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
143° Gemma Totteni (Desh.) Coast of South Carolina. 144. Anomalocardia impressa (Anthony). Key West, South Florida. 145. Chione cancellata (L.) Key West, South Florida. 146. Artemis (Dosinia) discus (Reeve). Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina. 147. Petricola pholadiformis, (Lam.) Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina. Ths GIORNO DY G2. 148. Cyrena carolinensis, (Bosk.) Ashley River, South Carolina. Fam. CARDIADA. 149. Cardium magnum, (Born). Very common on the sandy coast of South Carolina. 150. C. muricatum, (L.) Key West, South Florida. 151. Leevicardium levigatum, (L.) Key West, South Carolina. 162. L. serratum, (L.) Key West, South Carolina. 153. Hemicardium medium, (L.) Key West, South Carolina. Fam. CHAMIDA. 154. Chama macrophylla, (Ch.) Mostly attached to large Gorgoniz, Key West. Fam. LUCINIDAE. 15s. Lucina Jamaicensis, (Lam.) Key West, but rare. 156. L. Pennsylvanica, (Lam.) In countless thousands, Key West. Surely the name
J.C., iii., April, 1881
MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 1f71
is amisnomer. ‘This species does not range so far north as Pennsylvania. 157. L. tigerina, (L.) Very abundant, Key West.
158. Loripes chrysostoma, (Meusch). Key West, South Florida.
159. L. edentula, (L.) With the preceding. Probably both are forms of one species. Fam. CRASSATELLIDA. 160. Cardita (Mytilicardia) Floridana, (Sowb.) Key West, South Florida. LEH, AUSTLII OAS. ro1. Crenella glandula, (Totten). South Carolina, | 162. Modiola plicatula, (Lam.) Very abundant in Charlestown Harbour; also at Key West. 163. Mytilus cubitus, (Say). Key West, South Florida. 164. Lithodomus candigerus, (Lam.) Key West, South Florida. [and another species: probably stvamzneus, (Dunker). Ja, AVC GILII DAE, 165. Avicula ala-perdicis, (Reeve). 166. A. Peruviana, (Reeve). Both species very abundant on Gorgonie. 167. Pinna muricata, (L.) Charleston Harbour, (fragmentary).
172 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.
Fam. ARCID. 168. Arca Noe, (L.) Key West; I assume this to be the same form as the Mediterranean species.
169. Barbatia sp:— Key West, not in good condition, 170. Scapharca incongrua, (Say). Charleston Harbour. 171. S. ineequivalvis, (Brug.) or allied species. Key West, South Florida. 172. S. occidentalis, (Phil.) Southern shores of Key West. 173. Pectunculus pectiniformis, (Lamk.) Key West, South Florida. 174. Argina pexata, (Say). South Carolina. 175. A. Americana, (Gray). Charleston Harbour, more abundant than the last. Fam. PECTINIDA. - 176. Pecten circularis, (Sowb.) Cedar Keys. 177. Lima scabra, (Born). Key West. 171. Spondylus ramosus, (Reeve). Key West, common. fam. OSTREIDA. 179. Ostrea frons, (L.) On Mangrove stems, etc., Key West.
180. O. rhizophore, (Gray). On Mangrove stems, etc., Key West.
J.C., iii., April, 1881
WITTER: UNIO LUTEOLUS AND ITS ALLIED FORMS. 173
[It will be observed that I have made no mention of the Melaniade and Unionide. At Key West I did not come across a single specimen of these families, which is not sur- prising in the inland torrents, but are fond of fresh water. I found several species in my North American travels, but very few in South Carolina, and those of no particular pecu- liarity of form].
My thanks are due to Mr. G. B. Sowerby, junr., for having materially assisted me in the discrimination of the more critical species. It will be observed that the mollusca belong to two distinct provinces :—(i).—The Carolinean section of the Trans- atlantic and (ii)—The Caribbean— The fauna and flora of Key West are almost wholly tropical, presenting a curious change from the mainland of Florida, separated only by a channel of the Gulf stream, some fifty miles or so in width. The Florida Keys, of which this is the principal in size, are entirely of the coral forma- tion, often only a few inches above high water mark.
UNIO LUTEOLUS, (LamMarcxK). & ITS ALLIED FORMS.
By Pror. F. M. WITTER.
(Read before the Conchological Society).
Common in slough below Keokuk Lake, Muscatine County. Found in greater or less abundance in the Mississippi at Muscat- ine; in creek near Brown’s Ferry on Cedar river in Muscatine Cai; in Mud creek at Wilton; in Des Moines river at Des Moines; and Skunk river at Ames, in fact it is found almost everywhere in the
Mississippi valley, especially in the northern half and in the valley of the St. Lawrence.
174 WITTER: UNIO LUYTEOLUS AND ITS ALLIED FORMS.
Considerable confusion exists concerning this species, It seems to me that we have three forms near Muscatine known as /uwfeolus; of these three forms I should make two groups; 1n.the first group there might be placed those forms with numerous delicate undu- lations or folds about the beaks, and the shells are usually a little less than twice as long as wide, there is a large percentage of green in the color of the epidermis and some examples are very beautiful; this group seems with us to prefer small and rather sluggish creeks or sloughs with muddy bottoms. JI shall designate the first group as (A), and the second as (2). (A), is capable of subdivision and these forms may be represented by (a), and(f). (a), is much smaller and lighter in every way than (f), umbones very low, and generally less brilliantly colored. I have not found the two forms (a) and (4) in the same waters. The largest of the form (a), mea- sures as follows: length 7.8, breadth 4:4, diameter 2.2 cm.
(8), has rather prominent umbones, is darker in color and a larger and heavier shell, the undulations about the beaks in these two forms appearsto bethe same. (f) measures as follows, length 11.3, breadth 6, diameter 4.5 cm. There seems to be but little difference in the size of mature shells, except the diameter.” In this respect there is a very marked exception in both forms. A thin form, especially flattened and somewhat pointed posteriorly, and a tumid form, truncated posteriorly. These [ have regarded ag fertile and sterile respectively. Group(#), contains forms in most respects very different from those mentioned above. The epidermis is often yellow, with scarcely a line of green to be seen, and is highly polished. The umbones are high, in some as well developed as in occidens, Lea. At the beaks are two or three coarse folds or wrinkles. The hinge teeth appear to be the same as those of occidens. In this group there is a form somewhat pointed pos- teriorly and another with a most conspicuously truncated posterior and very wide behind the umbones. A large example of group
J.C., ii., April, 1881
WITTER: UNIO LUTEOLUS AND ITS ALLIED FORMS. 175
(8), from the Cedar river, in Muscatine County, weighs 14 02z., length 14.8, width, 1o.7, diameter 7.8 cm.
It seems to me the /wfeolus, of Lamarck, is most likely, (a), in group (4). It is a small light shellcompared with the others. (8), of group(4)is known by some as sz/zguotdens of Barnes, but Lea does not recognize this asa good species. The two forms are not found in the same waters here, each occurring in several localities in eastern and central Iowa, but in each case, so far as I have seen the form is more or less closely maintained. If sz/z- guoidens cannot be retained as a species, it certainly is, in this re- gion, aconspicuous variety. As to group /#), it is quite certain some considerable misapprehension exists among conchologists: It has been described under the name of ventricosus, by Barnes, and figured as such in Say’s Conchology. The form is abundant in our interior streams, but not associated with group (A ), so far asI have seen. Some examples of group (4) vary towards (a), in group (4 ), and others are so close to occidens, as to make it diffi- cult for me to separate them. Is it not probable that these three forms are due to altered conditions under which they live? Most of my correspondents send me form (4), labelled Zwteolus. It would appear that /ifeo/ws varies in one direction towards /igamen- tinus, Lamarck, of some of our streams, towards vadzatus, Lamk., &c., and in another towards canadensis, Lea, ventricosus, Barnes, and cariosus, Say. ‘There is a large group that seems to centre about luteclus.
Sse
Note on Helix rosacea, (PETTERD).—Mr. W. F. Petterd has described a Helix from Tasmania under the name of rosacea, (J.C. vol. ii, p. 213) but that name is pre-occupied by Miller, for a South African species, now usually but not universally consid- ered a variety of 1. g/obilus.—J. S. Gipsons, M.B., Southampton.
176 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CONCHOLOGICAL CONGRESS AT VENICE.
We are desired by the Council of the Italian Malacological Society, to draw attention to the appended invitation to conchol- ogists to take part in an international assembly of those persons interested in the science. As appears from the announcement the meeting will take place in September next at Venice. We trust our country will be worthily represented on the occasion.
SOCIETA MALACOLOGICA ITALIANA Pisa, 8, Fevrier, 188r.
Trés honoré confrere,
Se conformant a la délibération prise dans une séance générale de l'année passée, le conseil directif de la société Malac- ologique Italienne a décidé de convoquer les membres de cette société, ainsi qui les étrangers a la société qui s’occupent de cette branche de l’histoire naturelle, 4 intervenir 4 une séance extraor- dinaire qui sera tenue & Venise au mois de Septembre prochain.
Dans cette réunion on s’occupera particulierement des ques- tions qui se rapportent a la conchyliologie en général et en partic- ulier.
On a choisi la ville de Venise 4 cause de la coincidence dans le méme mois du congrés international de Géographie et de celui de Géologie qui doit étre tenu a Bologne.
Le conseil directif se réservant de vous informer, pas plus tard du mois de Juillet prochain, de ordre de la discussion du jour de la séance et de l’adresse de la salle ott la société devra se ré- unir, compte dts & présent que vous voudrez honorer de votre présence certe réunion.
Agréez, treés-honoré confrére, assurance de notre considération distinguée.
J. MENEGHINI, Président. M. Pautucci, Vice-Président. R. Law ey, Trésorier. D. PANTANELLI, B. CAarrassl,
P.S. Vous étes prié, Monsieur, de faire parvenir un mot de reponse & la direction.
) Uri i Secrétaires.
Q.J.C., iii., April, 1881
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 177
Hyalina Draparnaldi, (Beck,) in England.—This shell puzzled me for a long time, I received at first from some friends specimens from Guernsey; later on some from Miss F. M. Hele, of Bristol. I also collected specimens myself near Bristolin 1877, and the same autumn found one specimen at Torquay, in Devon. As Thad no specimens of Ayalina Draparnaldi to compare them with, I was content all this time to leave them in my collection as Zonites cellarius var. major, but a short time since I sent some to my good friend Dr. Beettger, who immediately pronounced them to be Draparnalat, so this gives a new shell to our country, and from three different localities. — (Mrs.) J. FirzGerawp, Folkestone.
Succinea Pfeifferi, (Rossm.) at Folkestone.—I find this species here tolerably abundantly, Dr. Boettger says it is the true shell beyond ail doubt. (Mrs.) J. Frrzcrratp, Folkestone.
Note on the association of species.—With regard to Mr. Nelson’s article “On association of species” I have found Limnea glabra in a small but deep pond in-a field near Leckonfield Moat, the vegetation was mainly Ranunculus, but there was a quantity of other vegetation, the only other shell I found associated with it was P/anorbis spirvorbis and a few Limnea peresia.
In a ditch at Figham (one of the Beverley free pastures), where the water is strongly impregnated with iron, I found Planorbis corneus, P. contortus, P. complanatus, P. carinatus, P. vortex, Bythinia tentaculata, B. Leachit, Limnaa peregra, Physa fontinalis, Valvata piscinalis, Sphertum corneum. and a Fistatum I have not yet determined.
Unfortunately for conchologists they are fond of clean ditch bottoms here, and I fear this one will suffer before long.—J. D. BUTTERELL, Beverley.
178 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Cyclostoma elegans (MuLt.) in the Lake district.—I have just received through the kindness of a friend, some speci- mens of this species which he has recently found at Silverdale. It is I believe a somewhat more northerly habitat than yet recorded for this species.—R. ScHarrr, Edinburgh University.
Note on Yorkshire Shells.—Some of the following additional localities for Yorkshire shells acquired by me personally during the past year may interest the readers of this journal. Spherium lacustre. In profusion in ponds near Rawcliffe,
York.
Pisidium- pusillum var cinereum. Fine in a pond near
Falsgrave, Scarbro’.
Unio pictorum var. curvirostris? Ouse, below York.
Planorbis allbus. Scarbro’ Castle Hill, Clifton Ings and Hobmoor ponds.
P. corneus. Seamer Mere.
Limnzea stagnalis. Very fine in Seamer Mere.
Helix nemoralis var. hybrida. Fulford.
H. nemoralis var. scalariformis. Carnaby.
H. hispida var. albida. Scarbro’.
H. caperata. Thirsk. Var. ornata. Scarbro’.
H. ericetorum. Scarborough.
H. lapicida. Kilnsea Crags and Kettlewell.
Succinea elegans. Flambro’ Head and Scarbro’ cliffs.
Zonites nitidus. Clifton Ings, in plenty.
Pupa secale. Kettlewell Crags.
Clausilia rugosa. Scarbro’, in profusion.
C. rugosa var. dubia. Kettlewell Crags.
Rey. W. C. Hey, M.A., The Residence, York.
=< |
J.C, iii., April, 1881
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 179
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Die Mollusken der Maskerenen und Seychellen (The Mollusca of the Mauritius and Seychelles).—Von Prof. E. v. Martens.
This large and elaborate work which is illustrated by 4 colored plates, is prefaced by a lengthy list of the authors who have written on any of those interesting and productive islands, with the titles of their works. The geographical distribution of each species is well indicated by a series of signs of which a full explanation is furnished at the commencement of the volume.
One hundred and sixty-three species of land shells which are ranged in two great groups termed Pxemmopoma and St)lemmato- phora. Pneumopoma embraces the sections Cyclostomacea and Flelicinide, and 41 species are catalogued.
One species of Cyclostomacea, Omphalotropis Moebii (pl. xix., f. r) is described as new.
The group Stylemmatophora is subdivided into Oxygnatha, with 31 species. <Awlacognatha with 39, of which one, Cec/ia- nella ( Geostilbia ) is noted as new. Agnatha has 43 species, Zlasmognatha has but six, and Vaginulide three.
Of brackish water species, four are Zyuncatellide, and nineteen Auziculide.
In the freshwater shells, five are Limnaide, ten Paludinide, and eight are JVeritide, one of which, WVeritina (Neritilia) consimilts, is described as new.
The marine shells are noted from Madagascar in addition to the localities cited in the preceding groups. ‘Twelve hundred and thirty-two species are catalogued, distributed as follows:— Cephalopods and Pteropods 12, Gastropods 985, Bivalves 232;
180 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
and 2 Brachiopods. Of this number the following are described as new:—CVathuella rufinodis, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 2), Daph-- nella trivarticosa, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 1), Zerebra caerulescens v. flammulata (pl. xx., f. 5), Pésanta nevosa, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 8), Pisania amphodon, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 9), Phos textus v. rhodostoma, Seychelles (pl. xx., f. 7), Plicatella (Peristernia) bonasta, Seychelles (pl. xx., f. 6), Columbella spiratella, Mauritius (pl. xx., f 12), C. cercinnata (p\. xx., f. 14), Lurricula ( Thala) simulans, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 18), Warginellx majuscula, Cargados (pl) sacs 1.2) Tazjores* crassala. Maunitis (pl sont, eames Turritella concava, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 19), Rzssoa ( Alvania) Mauritiana, Mauritius (pl. xx, f. 17), Leptothyra purpurata v. tricingulata, Mauritius, Leptothyra roseocincta, Mauritius (pl. xx., f 22), Zrochus (Aphanotrochus) chrysolemus, Mauritius (pl. xx. f. 20), Chemnitsia - chrysozona, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 21), Doridium guttatum, Mauritius, Aplysia nigrocincta, Mauritius (pl. xxi, f. 3), Pleurobranchus scutatus, Mauritius (pl. xxl, f. 8), Gadinia Mauritiana, Mauritius (pl. xxii, f. 3), Pana equilatera, Mauritius (pl. xxu., f. 4), and Lucina (Divaricella) angulifera (pl. xxil., f. 14).
This excellent treatise closes with a tabular view of the relative distribution of the species in the different places enumerated, and an account of the anatomy of Auliminus velutinus, Pachystyla znversicolor and Stvlodonta unidentata.
Deep Dredgings in the Lake of Tiberias.—In the deep dredgings in the Lake of ‘Tiberias, M. Lortet has found ten species of mollusca, three of which are new to science, Unto Lor- teti, U. marts-galtlei and U. Pretr?. The other species are Unzo terminalis, and U. tigridus, Cyrena fluminalis, Neritina jordant, Melania tuberculata, Melanopsis premorsa, and M. costata. ‘The three latter give the fauna a marine aspect, The Cvzo shells at
J.C., iii., April, 1881
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 181
the depth of 250 metres were curiously softened and resembled in condition the fossils of some of the tertiary strata of the middle of France; this is considered to be chiefly due to pressure.
Description of a new species or variety of Land shell from California,—Helix v. circumcarinata.—By R. E. C. Stearns.—From the Annals of the N. Y. Acad. of Sciences, Voli Nos 10. Novs, 1370:
A full description and figures, of a He/7x found in Stanislaus county, California, by Mr. Crawford of Oakland, and regarded by the author, as a variety of Helix mormonum, under the name of var. circumcarinata. It would however be regarded by many au- thors as a distinct species.
Tenacity of life in freshwater mollusca.—By John L. Hawkins.—Science Gossip, Jan. 1881, p. 23.
Some Limnea stagnalis which were kept in an earthenware jar, in a cold greenhouse, being neglected, the water evaporated, leaving the shells dry. After they were discovered in this state, they were left for about two months, when the jar was refilled with water, and a number of the specimens shortly afterwards revived. Mr. Hawkins remarks that the specimens which survived the ordeal were the smallest and least developed.
The deep sea Mollusca of the Bay of Biscay.— By J. G. Jeffreys, LL. D., F.R.S.—From the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Oct., 1880.
Dr. Jeffreys by invitation of the French Minister of Public Instruction, took part in the deep sea exploraticn in the Bay of Biscay during July, 1879, in the “Travailleur’.
In that cruise 152 species were collected, five of which were Brachiopods. Sixty-five were Conchifera of which Pecten obligu- tus, Jeffr. MS., Lima Jeffreyst, Fischer, MS., AZj¢e/us luteus, Jeflr.,
182 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
MS., Modiolaria cuneata, Jeffr., MS., Axinus tortuosus, Jeffreys, MS., AZytilimeria? Fischert, Jeffr., MS., Lyonsta formosa, Jeffreys, MS., Verticordia insculpta, Jeffr., MS., (Veera bicarinata, Jeffr., MS., WV. sulcifera, Jeffr., MS., . truncata, Jeffr., MS., and JV. imbricata, Jeffr., MS., were new to science or have not previously been described.
Eight species of Solenoconchia were found one of which. Cadulus semistriatus, Jeffr., MS., is new to science and C. artatus, Jeffr., MS., which though previously known has not yet been published.
Of the sixty-five species of Gastropods, Azmudla asturtana, Jeff, MS., Odostomia lineata, Jeffr., MS., and Bullina elongata, Jeffr., MS., are new.
Six species of Pteropods were found, none of which were new. Three species Chiton alveolus Sars, Fusus turgidulus Jeff., M.S., and Pleurotoma nivalis Loy., are distinguished by Dr. Jeffreys as peculiarly Northern species, while he indicates Odos- tomia fasciata Forbes, as peculiarly Southern or Mediterranean. In summing up the results, the author shows that of the species found 11 are new, 3 Northern, 1 Southern, and 137 had previously been found in the cruise of the ‘‘Porcupine.” M. de Folin is engaged in examining the sifted material, and when his
labors are completed it is probable other species will require to be added to the list.
Notes on the Land Shells of Dominica.—By A. D. Brown.—American Naturalist, Jan., 1881, p. 56.
Mr. Guppy in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, for 1868, has some remarks on the shells of Dominica, which Mr. Brown’s experience tends to show are extremely erroneus. Mr. Guppy, says, ‘fon the lower slopes near the sea, I founda few mollusca chiefly Bulimus extlts, Stenogyra octona, Succinea approx- imans, and Helicina humilis. Ascending higher we find Ae/ix
J.C., iii, April, 1881
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 183
dentiens, H. badia, H. Josephine, H. nigrescens, Amphtbulina pa- tula, Bulimus laticinctus, and Ffelicina epistilia, excepting the last all these species are found everywhere above 300 or 400 feet of elevation.”
An analysis of Mr. Brown’s observations show that Stexogy7a _ octona and Felicina antillarum, Sow., are common everywhere, Felix badia and 7. dentiens are most plentiful below 800 feet and Bulimus exiles below 1000 Succinea approximans and 5S, rubescens are not found below 300 feet.
Tornatellina antillarum is found sparingly at about 500 feet.
flelicina platychetla, and H. fasciafa are not found lower than 800 feet.
Above tooo feet Helix Josephine, H. nigrescens, and Amphi- bulina tigrina are found.
Above 1500 feet Cyclophorus Schrammi, and Helicina rho- dostoma appear while it is not until 2000 feet are reached that Helix Baudoni, Bulimus virginalis, B. multifasciata, B. Nicholisit and Amphibulima patula are met with.
Mr. Brown affirms the power of A. patula to completely retract itself within its shell, and hazards the conjecture that A. pardilina Guppy, may be referable to A. #g77va Lesuer, and that from the description Cyclotus amethystinus Guppy, is not a Cyclotus but a Cyclophorus, and probably C. Schrammé Shuttl.
Littorina litorea (L.) on the American coast.—By A. F. Gray.—Science News, April, 15 th, 1879.
This species was first noticed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, by Willis. It is common in the Bay of Chaleur, and is probably to be found in all suitable localities on the coast of New England as far as Long Island Sound.
The specimens at Beverley, Massachusetts, are large and fine-
184 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ly developed equalling if not exceeding European examples in size, and exists there in immense numbers. The physical conditions under which the species exists in the localities where it is found in America seem peculiarly adapted to its increase and dispersal and it bids fair to soon surpass the native species in abundance.
Description of a Partula supposed to be new, from the Island of Moorea.—By W. D. Hartman, M.D.—Trans. of Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, 1880, p. 229.
Partula Mooreana, from Vaianai Valley, Island of Moorea.
The surface of the shell is thickly crowded with waved spiral
striz, as in P. spadicea. The new species is arboreal, and not _
uncommon on bushes.
List of Brachiopoda or Lamp shells, found in Port Jackson, and the coast of New South Wales.—By John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.—-From the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Vol. iv, p. 399.
An enumeration of the Brachiopoda found at the mentioned places, and submitted to Mr. Davidson, the species are Magasella Cuming, and var., Megerlia pulchella, Sow., Megerlia sanguinea, and Terebratulina cancellata, var.
Kraussia Lamarckiana, has also recently been found by Mr. Brazier, at Double Bay, Port Jackson.
Bythinia tentaculata, (L.) in N. America.—By W. M. Beauchamp,—American Naturalist, July, 1880, p. 523-
This shell was first found in June, 1879, at Oswego, N.Y., a little later in the Champlain Canal at Waterford and Troy, and early in 1880 plentifully in the Erie Canal at Syracuse, IN We in some localities it is already abundant.
J.C., iii., April, 1881
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 185
Can Snails mend their she!ls.—By R. Bunker—Amer- ican Naturalist, July,1880, p. 522.
A specimen of Zémnwa elodes, Say hada piece taken from its shell about the size of a half-dime. At the end of a week the opening was perceptibly smaller, and the work of reparation pro- ceeded until in six weeks the work was completed and the surface of the shell apparently as smooth as before it was broken.
Helix lapicida v. minor at Epsom.—By J. E. Daniel.— Science Gossip, July, 1879, p. 161.
The occurrence of this variety in some numbers on a wall at Downside, Epsom, is noted.
Pearls in Pecten maximus.—By J. E. Daniels.—Science Gossip, July, 1879, p. 161.
The occurence of two small spherical pearls of a milky white color in. Pecten maximus is recorded.
Testacella haliotoidea in Notts.—By R. A. Rolfe.— Science Gossip, Jan., 1879, p. 22.
Several specimens of this species are recorded as been taken in Notts., also Lzmax brunneus. From near Mansfield Cochlicopa tridens, Claustlia laminata, and Helix lapicida, are recorded.
Ancylus lacustris floating. —S. S. Pearce.— Science Gossip, Sep., 1879, p. 207.
The power of this species to float on the surface of the water as other Zzmnewade is here affirmed. Two specimens out of four- teen taken on the decayed leaves of Iris pseudacorus in an almost stagnant dyke near Lewes were observed in confinement to follow this habit—Mr. .Pearce says “They appear to float in the same way
186 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
as other Zzmneade with the exception that occasionally they sway- ed the forepart of their bodies from one side to the other, appar- ently in quest ofa frond nearer to them than the one in a direct line, they also continually opened and shut their mouths, and gen- erally carried the hind part of their shell closer to the tail than the forepart to the head, so that the shell appeared to have an oblique direction’.
Polymorphous Anodontee.—By R. Ellsworth Call.— American Naturalist, July, 1880, p. 529.
The author from an examination of a large number of speci- mens of Anodonta grandis Say, A. plana Lea, A. decora Lea, A. Hockingensts Moore, MSS., and A. Somersiz Moore, MSS., has decided that they are all forms of grandis Say.
In arriving at this decision, Mr. Call has made a very careful diagnosis of the exo-skeletons of all and the soft parts of some, and the opinion of their identity is further strengthened by the fact, that being arranged geographically from the East to the Mississippi, the former gradually approach the shell described by Say in #829. The differences correspond in general with the modification of the mantle, some of them being sexual, but the major part may be explained on the basis of distribution and changes of environment.
Synonymy of and remarks upon Port Jackson, New Caledonian, and other shells, with their distri- bution.—By John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.—From Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. iv., p. 388.
A paper devoted to rectification of the nomenclature of some Australian marine shells, with the study of which Mr. Brazier’s name is so intimately associated.
Corbula venusta Angas, is renamed SMITHIANA, the former being pre-occupied by Dr. Gould for a Japanese species.
J.C. iii,, April, 1881
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 187
Cerithiopsis clathrata Angas. The name clathrata is pre- occupied by H. and A. Adams for a species from Navigator Island, Semper’s name ANGast is therefore adopted.
The following species have their localities confirmed :— Lampania angulifera Sow., Scutellina cinnamomea Gld., Paphia striata Gmelin, Lingula anatina Lam., L.hians Swains., Trigonia Lamarckii Gray, Cominella costata Q. and G., C. alveolata Kein., Haliotis iris Martyn, and T7itonium Quoyt Reeve. Cardium fornicatum Sow., is recorded as collected by Lieut. Heurtél at Bourail, New Caledonia, in deep water.
The recent Marginellide of South Australia (From the Transactions of Philosophical Society, Adelaide, 1878).— Ishy Jeno, JX, WANG, BILnSe, 18.(Cas, Cue
The family MZarginellide previously unknown in South Australian waters, has been discovered by the author, who has found 5 Marginella, 2 Hyalina and 1 Erato to be resident there. Some of the species are described as follows:—Jarginella subbulbosa, from Wauraltie, west side of Spencer’s Gulf; JZ (Cryptospira) Cymbalum, Aldinga Bay, St. Vincent's Gulf; JZ (C.) denticulata, Wauraltie, west side of Spencer’s Gulf; AZ, (7. ) tridentata, Aldinga Bay, St. Vincents Gulf; JZ (#.) pallida, Marino Beach, Holdfast Bay, and Aldinga, St. Vincent’s Gulf; EF, ato bimaculata, Aldinga and Marino, St. Vincent’s Gulf, Semaphore Beach on east coast, and Surveyor Point on west coast, also at Wauraltie, Spencer’s Gulf. The other species enumerated are MW. (H.) volutiformis Reeve, and JZ. ( 4.) turbinata Sowerby. The paper concludes with a tabular view of the distribution of the 36 species of Australian J/arginelle.
The Fossil Marginellidee of Australasia (From the Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Adelaide, 1878),.— Bygroig Rem hatearwlno tld. Gasa Gece.
188 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The family Marginellide is not known in rocks older than the Eocene, and the discovery of 18 fossil forms of this group justifies the assertion that the Australian area was their chief centre of habitation in the tertiary period. Of the eighteen species cited in this paper, twelve are new to science and are described by Mr. Tate. The new species are:—JZ. Aldinga, Eocene Marl, Aldinga; JZ Casstdzformis, near Hamilton, Victoria. Seven species—JZ. muscariotdes, M. nucula, M. tnermis, M. Wintert, M. Woodst, M. septemplicata and Erato minor are from Muddy Creek, Victoria. AZ propingua, Miocene, Muddy Creek, and upper beds of R. Murray Cliffs, Victoria. Zvato Australis. Eocene Marls, Aldinga, S. Australia. This important work is brought to a close by a conspectus of the species and valuable remarks on their affinities.
On a new species of Chiton (Chiton scabridus) lately found on the British coast (From the Annals and Magazine and Natural History, July, 1880).—By J. G. Jeffreys, Ug ID) AS
This species was first collected by Mr. Pidgeon at Goodring- ton, Torbay, and has since been found at Jersey by Mr. Duprey. When first submitted to Dr. Jeffreys by Mr. Pidgeon he considered it to bea variety of C. cancellatus, but subsequent communications from Mr. Duprey induced him to consider it distinct. The shell is not convex or gibbous like cazce//atus and is proportionately broader, and the row of tubercles are half in number, more raised and coarser, giving a rough or scabrous aspect to the shell, there are also some differences in the animal. Mr. Duprey finds the species associated with C. cance//atus as well as 2. /actea and R. striatula in the.Jower part of the littoral zone.
Tropical Mollusca recently dredged at Port Jack- son Heads (From the Proceedings of the Linnean Socicty of
J.C., iii., April, 1884
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 189
New Society of New South Wales, vol. iv., p. 428).-—By J. Brazier, ©MeZs:
The species found are Zyphis arcuatus Ads., Wassa coronata Lam., Mitra pacifica Reeve, Senectus squamosus Gray, Buccinulus coccinatus Reeve, Tellina striatula Lam., and Chione marica L.
Note on Oniscia ponderosa with its locality (From
the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Vol vive, p9431): |) Brazier, CMeZs:
Oniscia ponderosa Hanley, of which the locality was formerly unknown, has been found at Penirihonen, N. coast of New Caledonia.
List of Land Shells found on Thursday Island with descriptions of the new species (From the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. iv., p. 392).—By Jee Brazien: ©. MaZ.s:
Thursday Island is one of the Prince of Wales group in Torres Straits, and the species here described or enumerated were collected by Mr. Beddome in 1877. Four Helices ( Helix Krefftz, FT, delessertiana, H. Spaldingi and 1. Buxtoni), Bulimus Beddomet and Hfelicina reticulata were found. ‘The specimens of 7. Kreffiz are a pale horny green without the gloss of Darnley Island specimens. The Helix Spalding? are keeled and are described as var. carinata. Fleiix (Planispiva) Buxtont is described as new, it bears some resemblance to dark varieties of WY. delessertiana with the sculpture removed.
Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species.—By George W. Tryon, jr, Vol. i1., part 9.
The third volume of this great work is devoted to the families Tritonide, Fuside and Buccinide. The Tritonide are divided
Igo BIBLIOGRAPHY.
into 3 genera—7Z7iton Montfort, Déstorszo Bolt., and Ranella Lam. The genus Z7zfon is subdivided into Szmpulum Klein., Cymatium Bolten, Gutturnium Klein., Lpidromus Klein., and Priene H. and A. Adams.
Under the typical species 7° ¢rztonis L., the author places T. nobilis Conrad, as a var. and considers 7: Seguenza Aradas and Benoit, as synonymous with it. 7Z: Sau/7e Reeve, and 7: australts Lam., are considered identical with 7? nxodiferus Lam. T. fraterculus Dunker, is thought to be same as Z: Bassz Angas. He regards 7) Martinianus=Veliei Calkins, T. aguatilis Reeve, T. intermedius Pease, and 7. vestitus Hinds, as identical with T. pilearis L. T: mundum Gould—=T-: gemmatus Reeve. T: labiosus Wood, embraces the following, previously regarded as distinct:—Z. Loroisiz Petit, Z. Strange Ad. and Ang., and T. ortentalis Nevill. TZ. Ranzaniz Bianconi, is the same as T. tigrinus Brod. TZ: grandimaculatus is the same as T. lotorium L.. The TZ: morttinctus Reeve, is T: cynocephalus Lam. T. egrotus Reeve, is the same as Z. ¢rilineatus Reeve. T. vespaceus Lam. has included under it Z. Zhersztes, T: elongatus and 7: gracilis Reeve. TZ. cumingiz Dohrn, is a synonym of clathratus Sow. T. testaceus Morch, and comptus Sow., are identical with obscuxus Reeve. TZ: pygmaeus Reeve, is the same as reticulata Blainv. TZ: bracteatus Hinds, receives Jatevaricosus and bacillum Reeve. T: tessellatus Reeve, is sunk in the 7: concinnus Reeve. Z:. Ovegonensis Redfield, 1s sunk in cance/latus Lam. Distorsia cancellinus Roissy, has constrictus Brod., videns and decipiens Reeve, as synonyms
The genus Ranella is subdivided into Lampas Schum., Aspa H. and A. Ad., and Argobuccinum Klein. Ranella albifasciata Sow., is regarded as a var. of mana Sow. R&R. bufonia Gmel. receives as synonymic ‘uderossisima Reeve, asperrima and Grayana Dunker. R&R. siphonata Reeve, is considered the same
J.C., iii., April, 1881
BIBLIOGRAPHY IQT
as var. venustula Reeve, of the same species. &. rugosa Sow., and verrucosa Sow., are the same as cruentata Sow. &. Thome D’Orbigny, is identical with var. rhodostoma Beck. RR. Thersites Redfield is the same as Calzfornica Hinds. R&R. coriacea Reeve, is a young state of scrobiculator L., R. granifera Lam., and semigranosa Lam. &. affinis Brod., receives the following :— R. livida, R. ponderosa and R. Cubaniana. R. rosea Reeve, R. concinna Dunker, R. polychlorus Tapp. Canef., are considered as varieties of R. pustiia Brod. &. avgus Gmelin, receives rvanelli- Jormis King=vexillum Sow., and R. proditor.
The Fusip& are next treated and are primarily divided into FusINe, FASCIOLARIINE, PTYCHATRACTIN& and PERISTERNIINE.
The subfamily Fustn® embraces the genera Fusus Lam., Afer Conrad, Clavella Swains., Bucctnefusus Conrad. The subfamily FascioLaRlIN#& has the genus Fascto/avia. The sub- fossil PrycHATRACTIN& embraces 7) chatractus and Meyeria, and PERISTERNIIN has Pertisternia, Latirus and Leucozonia.
An enumeration and description of fossil genera and sub- genera is also given. Nineteen plates enrich this part, illustrating a number of species, and also showing the dentition of some of the species.
Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘‘ Challenger” Ex spoitiota By Rev. Robert Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S.— Parts 1 and 2.
The Rev. Mr. Watson, in whose able hands the vast collection of mollusca (excepting Brachiopods, Cephalopods, Pteropods and Nudibranchs) gathered in these extensive explorations were placed for examination, has in this paper given us a first instalment of the valuable and important results achieved. Up to the time of publication of these parts, 2000 separate lots have been examined, including from 1200 to 1500 distinct species. The richness of
192 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
the results of the expedition in the vast number of new species discovered, and the careful and accurate way in which the dredgings are labelled and classified, constitutes an era in the
science.
The SoLENOCONCHIA which comprises the genera Dentalium, Siphodentalium and Cadulus, is represented by 36 species, most of them new to science. Eighteen species of Dentalium are enumerated as having been found, of which 12 are named and described as new andavar. of D. capillosum—paucicostatum W.— is mentioned. ‘The new species are D. wgeum Watson, Kergue- len Island, r1o f., in mud; D. amphialum W., off mouth of La Plata at 1go0o f., grey mud; PD. ceras W., Mid Pacific, E. of Japan, 2500 f., grey ooze; D. diarrhox W., N.E. from New Zealand, 7oo f., grey ooze; D. entalis v. orthrum W., Setubal, A7o f., globigerina ooze: Fayal Azores, 450 f., sand: Prince Edward Island, 150 f.; D. leptosceles W., S. of Australia, 2600 f., red clay; D. circumcinctum W., Setubal, 470 f., globigerina ooze: Sombrero Island, St. Thomas, W.I., 450 f., globigerina ooze: Pernambuco, 350 f., mud; D. acutisstmum W., N. of Papua, Lo7O) i: Mid) Pacthe: EK. joh Japan, 2050 f. grey ooze, ® compressum W., N. of Culebra Island, St. Thomas, W.I., 390 f.,, mud; D. didymum W., N. of Culebra Island, St. Thomas, W.I., 390 f., mud; D. Vokohamense W., Yokohama, 8—14 f., mud; D. tornatum W., Levuka, Fiji, 12 f.
In SIPHODENTALIUM 7 species are noticed all new to science. —S. platamodes W., St. Thomas, 390 f., mud; S. Zythum W., St. Thomas, 390 f., mud; S. pwszl/um W., Palma, Canaries, 1125 f., voleanic sand; S. ¢etraschistum W., Fernando, Noronha, 725 f.; S. aichelum W., Levuka, Fiji, 12 f£.; S. prtonotum W., Raine Island, C. York, 155 f., sand; S. eboracense W., Torres St., C. York, 3—11 f. .
J.C., iii., April, 1881
BIBLIOGRAPHY. OS
Of CaDULUS I1 species are enumerated 9 of which are new. —C. colubridens W., N.E. of New Zealand, 700 f., grey ooze; C. vulpidens W., C. rastridens W., and C. sauridens W., Culebra Is., St. Thomas, W.I., 39 f., mud; C. s¢ml/¢mus W., Raine Island, Co Welk, TES ib, Saal, ancl We or (C, Woile © th, Comm! samGls <C. curtus W., and var. congruens W., Culebra Island, St. Thomas, 390 f., mud; C. obesus W., C. exiguus W., and C. ampullaceus W., Culebra Island, St. Thomas, 390 f., mud.
The TRocHip# embracing the genera Segwensia, Basilissa, Gaza and Sembix, the three last being established for the reception of some of the peculiar species discovered in the voyage. Of Seguenzta 4 species are mentioned, 2 of them are new :—S. zonica W., Culebra Island, W.I., in mud at 390 f.,and S. ¢rispinosa W., Pernambuco, 675 f., mud; a new variety of S. formosa Jeff., is also described—/znea ta—from Pernambuco, in mud at 350 and 675 f. The new genus Basz/issa W., is erected for 6 species. — B. lampra W., EH. of Japan, 2050 f., grey ooze; B. simplex W., off mouth of La Plata, 1900 f., grey mud; B. munda W.., off Palma, Canaries, 1 125 f., fine volcanic sand ; &. alta W., Culebra Island, St. Thomas, W.L., 390 f., mud, and off Perambuco, 675 f., mud: a var. oxyloma W., is also from Pernambuco; B. superba W., E. of C. York, Australia, 1400 f. grey ooze; B. costulata W., off Culebra Island, W.I., 390 f., mud. A new genus Gaza is characterized for a shell from Fiji—G. dedala W., Kandavu, Fiji, 610 f., globigerina ooze. A newgenus Zembix is also made fora shell from Japan—JB. @ola W., Mosima, Japan, 345 f., sandy mud.
New Texan Unio.—By R. Ellsworth Call.— American Naturalist, May, 1881, p. 290,
Unio Bollit, from Colorado river, Texas. It is most nearly allied to U. guadrans, Lea.
194 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Note on Succinea campesiris and S. aurea.—-By R. Ellsworth Call.—American Naturalist, May, 1881, p. 391.
A record of the occurrence of S. campestris, at New Orleans, Louisiana, and Charleston, South Carolina.
Succinea aurea is noticed, as having been found at Richfield Springs, and Little Lakes, Otsego county, and at Staten Island, thus extending its range to western and central New York.
Onto pressus, Lea is also recorded from Desmoines river and Nishnabotna river, lowa.
Freshwater deposits.—By L. E. Adams.—Science Gos- sip, May, 1881, p. 118.
The author gives the result of alluvium collecting at Maiden- head, after the flooding of the Thames. No less than 23 species of freshwater, and 24 species of land shells, were found, amongst which were Bythinta Leachit, Zonites fulvus, and v. Morton, He- lix pulchella and v. costata, Pupa marginata and vars. pygmea and edentula, Achatina acicula, Cyclostoma elegans, and Acme lineata.
SSS
ERRATA.
The following mistakes have unfortunately occurred in the last number :—On p. 161, No. 48, Watica canrena (L.) At Key West, very fine and large specimens.—On p. 165, No. 101, for “carnestus” read “‘carneolus.’—On p. 169, No. 138, for “Florida” read ‘ Carolina.”—On p. 170, Nos. 151, 152 and 153, for “South Carolina” read “‘ South Hlorida.”—On p. 173, for “in the inland torrents, but one pond of fresh water” read “as the island possesses but one pond of fresh water.”
J.C., iii., July, 1881
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 195
DESTRUCTION OF SHELL-LIFE BY FLOODS. By CHARLES ASHFORD.
In a former volume of this journal (i1., p. 322) appeared an interesting article by Mr. R. Scharff, in which he pointed out the advantage to the conchologist of examining material left on the banks of rivers after the subsidence of extensive floods. I can speak from experience to the value of his advice. Not only can we learn in a short time what species frequent the stream and its banks, but we can also form a tolerable estimate of the compara- tive abundance or scarcity of the different species. To those whose time is limited, or who desire numerous examples of the occurring kinds, the practice of bringing home, drying and winnowing a bagful of the stranded rubbish cannot be too strongly recommended though they must not expect to be often rewarded with so rich a ‘‘find” as fell to the lot of Mr. Scharff on the banks of the Garonne. Five-and-twenty years ago I acquired a very gratifying supply of V. pusilla, V. substriata and V. minutisstma, not to mention common species, by bringing home and looking over with a feather a quantity of @ér7s from the foot of limestone rocks in Yorkshire.
In the early part of last December my brother and I found from the examination of broken reeds and grasses left in a meadow by the subsidence of the R. Avon near Christchuzch, among several other species both from land and water, avast number of the young of Swccinea putris. A few of larger growth were among them, but the bulk of the considerable heap of shells which remained after the winnowing, were from the preceding summer’s spawn. These small shells, measuring two to three millimetres in length and weighing 80 to the grain, were as nearly as I could judge of about a fortnight’s or three weeks’ growth.
196 SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
It would be unsafe to infer from this the probable time at which the eges of Succinea putris are hatched, for closer observation showed that in nearly every case the winter epiphragm was formed, and it was uncertain how long the animals had remained ina dormant state. The flood, which had swept them from their winter moorings on the vegetation bordering the river, occurred in the last week of November. During the interval the greater part of them, if not all, had fallen a prey to tiny but voracious larvee, probably of the smaller coleopterous insects. ‘This was evident from the fact that nearly all the shells were neatly cleared of their contents to the very apex, a minute ragged fracture in the tender epiphragm showing the assailants’ mode of access. It would be futile to attempt to estimate in numbers the enormous destruction which a few days had thus brought about in the case of one single species. Our little winnowing yielded more than two thousand young shells of S. putris, and what we brought away was not a thousandth part of what remained in the lately flooded meadows. This heavy death-roll proves how effective is one of many means by which the extension of each class of creatures is kept within those limits which are implied by the term “ Balance of Animal Life.”
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS 4ASZTARTE, WITH A LIST OF THE KNOWN RECENT SPECIES.
By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.5S., (Zoological Department, British Museum).
This genus was characterized by James Sowerby in 1816, in his work entitled ‘‘The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain.” In it he describes several fossil forms, but at the same time distinctly states that the living A. scotica may serve as the type of the genus, and he also mentions 4. danmoni@ as a second species. These two names are now always considered synonymous with
J.C., iii., July, 1881
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. i9Q7
the older A. sw/cata of Da Costa, which species will consequently stand as the type. Such being the case, Conrad* is wrong in upholding the subsequent name Cvassima of Lamarck, for the recent species, and appropriating As¢arte for the fossil forms. If
the latter described by Sowerby really have different hinge .
characters from those of the living species, in my opinion Conrad should have given a new generic name to them. But perhaps he overlooked the above stated fact of Sowerby mentioning J. scotica as his type, or else he may not have seen the work at all.
SYNONYMY OF THE GENUS.
1816. Astarte J. Sowerby. Mineral Conchology, vol. ii, p. 85. Type A. scotica.
1817. Tridonta Schumacher. Essai Nouv. Syst. vers. test.,.
Dal4on dpe vozea/7s. 1818. Crassina Lamarck. Anim. Sans. Vert., vol. v., p. 554.
-1819. Nicania Leach. Ross’s Voyage, Appendix, p. £76. | 1).
1822. Goodallia Turton. Conch. Ins. Brit., p. 76. Type G. triangularts. 1827. Mactrina Brown. Illus. Conch. Gt. Brit. & Ireland, pl. xvi., f. 25. Type AZ. triangularts. 1872. Rictocyma Dall. American Jour. Conch., vol. vii., p. 151. Type &. merabilts.
It is a matter of individual opinion whether the names Goodallia and Rictocyma be adopted as subgeneric divisions, the former for the minute smooth, ribless 4. tr7angularis, and the latter for those species having the concentric coste, especially towards the umbones, more or less wavy. ‘The subgenus Gond/ia of Stoliczka,t} proposed for the Asdarte bipartita of Philippi, is
* American Jour. Conch., vol. v., p. 46. + Mem. Geol. Survey India, vol. iii., Paleont. Indica, 1871, p. 278.
198 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
perhaps worthy of retention, for the sculpture of that shell differs in a remarkable manner from that of other species.
The crenulation on the margin within the valves is of importance in the discrimination of species. In A. borealis, A. rollanat, A. elliptica, A. fabula, A. compressa, A. quadrans, A. longirostra, A. acuticostata, A. compacta, A. mirabilis, A. esqut- malti and A. fluctuata it is never found, whilst it is always met with in adult specimens of A. swlcata, A. crebricostata, A. undata, A. fusca, A. crenata, A. castanea, A. triangularis, A. bipartita and A. magellanica.
C. F. Roemer* has expressed an opinion that this crenulation is formed only when the animal arrives at maturity or at the completion of a period of growth. Totten in 1835 noticed that the margin of the young and half-grown shells of A. castanea had their “margins perfectly smooth.” A. A. Gould in,184r says “it is perfectly certain, that no species of the genus is found with a crenulated margin until the shell has arrived at its full dimensions and the margin of the valves begins to thicken, as it always does, and then, so far as my observation goes, there is always a crenulated margin; so that this is a mark of maturity.”
Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys however remarks that this “is opposed to my own observation (especially as regards 4. ¢riangularts).” Dr. Malm suggested that the margins were denticulated when in the course of growth they met on a rib, but smooth when on a furrow. This theory cannot however be maintained, for A. ¢rz- angularis produces crenules although ribless, and A. dcpartita is likewise notched, yet the margins can neither meet upon or between the ribs, they being non-parallel with the growth of the
* De astartum genere et speciebus, quee e saxis jurassisis atque cretaceis proveniunt, Berolini 1842. Also a German translation by Dr. Ferd. Roemer in Leonhard and Bronn’s neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie, &c., for 1843, pp. 58—74.
J.C., iii., July, 1881
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 199
shell. Again other species (¢g., A. elliptica, A. fabula and A. compressa) are more or less ribbed yet always have smooth
edges. The result of my own observation upon this point coincides
with the opinion expressed by Gould and Searles Wood, that in such species as have notched margins the crenulation is a mark of maturity. If it be not, how is it that we ever find it in small and what appear half-grown shelis, and always in those which are evidently very old. I have seen a great many specimens of A. sulcata, and on opening those which on account of the thickened margins of the valves I deemed adult, only in one instance have I been somewhat deceived. ‘This particular shell exteriorly exhibited all the aspect of maturity, yet on parting the valves the margins seemed smooth. On a closer scrutiny however, I could certainly detect traces of incipient crenules. Who can say that this shell, had it been permitted to live a short time longer, would not have developed the crenulations? In my opinion such would have resulted. Jeffreys in the second volume of the ‘‘British Conchology,” p. 310, says—‘‘I have adult speci- mens of A. sz/cata with the margin quite plain and smooth in front, but distinctly notched on each side.”
Here is in my opinion a further instance where the specimen appears to have almost arrived at maturity (for I dispute the assertion of its adultness), and consequently has partially com- pleted the crenulation of the margin. ‘There are also specimens of the same species in the British Museum in which the crenulation is indicated on the lateral edges only, so it would appear that the animal produces this feature first of all at that particular part.
The principal writers upon the recent species of Asza7te are Hanley in his “Catalogue of recent bivalves,” pp. 87, 88 and 350; Lrilippi in his ‘‘Abbildungen und Peschreibungen neuer
200 SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
Conchylien,” vol. ii, pp. 5560, where a complete monograph of the then known species is given, illustrated by a plate. Sowerby wrote a monograph in the “Thesaurus conchyliorum,” and another, a very bad copy of the former, in the “Conchologia Iconica.” Perhaps a few remarks upon the latter may serve to show how inaccurate it is. In the first pldce to give an idea of its incompleteness, I may mention that only about thirty-eight of the seventy then published names which had been given to the species of this genus are referred to. Here also Mr. Sowerby’s notorious misspelling of words is seen. Z%¢dondta of Schumacher, is called Zyidenta. A. triangularis is changed to ¢7¢gonularts. Da Costa appears as Costa, Nilsson as Nilson and Moller as Muller. The statement that ‘all the species except the Medi- terranean A. fusca inhabit northern seas” is manifestly incorrect, for one was already known from Patagonian regions, another from Florida, and two others from the Mediterranean. The A. castanea of eastern North America is erroneously assigned to ‘‘Arctic Seas,” and it was not described by Say in the American Journal of Science, but in the Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia of 1822. Sowerby’s figure also (fig. 1a) does not appear to represent this species, but rather a variety of 4. fusca of Poli, for I do not find that the American shell is ever rayed. “ Astarte strtata Gray” should be Nicania striata Leach. ‘4. multt- costata” was named by Jj. Smith and not by Macgillivray. Blainville never described a “‘ Venus crassatella,’ but merely gave a French name ( Vénws crassatellée) to the Venus danmontensts of Montagu. The anterior side of A. guadrans is longer, not ‘“‘shorter.” A. crenata G ay, was described by that author under the generic name of JVica7viza in the Appendix to “Parry’s first Voyage,” and is not a manuscript name as Sowerby infers, and throughout the monograj h the umbones are termed “umboes.” These are some of the errors occurring in the text, and the
J.C., iii, July, 1881
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 201
pictorial portion of the monograph is equally unsatisfactory. The lithography is very coarsely executed, and the coloration deceptive; for instance, the epidermis of A. crenata is called “yellowish,” but the figure depicts a brown shell smudged with yellow, not in the least like the specimen it is supposed to represent, an observation that will apply to all the figures taken from shells in the British Museum collection. In a word the monograph is most incomplete, inaccurate and misleading.
A chronological list of the various names published as species of Asta7te is appended beneath, in which those which are considered synonymous with others, or as not belonging to the genus, and doubtful species are printed in italics.
1771. Venus compressa Linné=Astarte? sp.?
1776. Tellina atva Pallas=borealts (Ch.) Schum.
1778. Venus sulcata Da Costa=Astarte sulcata.
1784. V. borealis Chemnitz=Astarte sulcata, &c.
1791. Tellina fusca Poli—Astarte fusca.
1803. Venus sulcata Montagu=castanea Say.
1803. Mactra triangularis Mont.=Astarte triangularis. 1807. Venus scotica Maton & Rackett=sulcata Da Costa. 1808. Venus danmonia Montagu ~ — ,, 55
1808. Wenus compressa Montagu=Astarte compressa. 1814. Venus incrassata Brocchi—fusca Poll.
1817. Tridonta borealis (Chem. part) Schum.—Astarte b. 1817. Venus montagut Dillwyn=compressa Mont.
1818. Cvassina damoniensis Lamarck—sulcata Da Costa. 1818. <Astarte plana J. Sowerby—borealis (Ch.) Schum. ? 1819. Venus montacutz Turton=—compressa Mont.
1819. WNicania banksii Leach=compressa, var.
1819. Crassina semisulcata Leach=horealis, var.
1819. Vicania striata L.each=compressa, var.
202
1822. 1822. 1822. 1822. 1824. 1824. 1825. 1825. TO2 "7. 1827. MOO TE LO 7. 1827. 1827. 1828. 1820. 1829. 18209. 1835. 1835. 1836.
1830. 1830. 1830. 1840. 1841. ¥S4I. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1843.
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE,
Venus castanea Say=Astarte castanea.
Crassina strtata Nilsson=compressa Mont.
Crassina borealis Nilsson=borealis (Chemn.) Sch.
Crassina sulcata Nilsson=elliptica Brown.
Crassina artica Gray=borealis (Chem.) Sch.
Nicania crenata Gray=Astarte crenata.
Crassina montagut Gray=compressa Mont.
Crassina subcordata Gray=Venus sp.
Crassina elliptica Brown=Astarte elliptica.
Crassina corrugata Brown=horealis (Ch.) Sch.
Crassina ovata Brown=elliptica Brown.
Crassina depressa Brown=horealis (Ch.) Sch.
Crassina convextuscula Brown=compressa Mont.
Crassina obligqua Brown—=compressa Mont.
Mactra veneriformis Wood=hborealis, vay.
Astarte lactea Broderip & Sowerby=borealis, var.
Astarte crassidens Broderip & Sowerby=castanea Say.
Venus (Crassina) petagne Costa=fusca Poll.
Astarte afinis Cantraine—fusca Poli.
Astarte procera Totten—castanea Say.
Lucina? bipartita Philippi—Astarte (Gonilia) bi- partita.
Crassina multicostata J. Smith=compressa’ Mont.
Crassina withami J. Smith—=borealis (Ch.) Sch.
Crassina garensis J. Smith=elliptica Brown.
Astarte parva Searles Wood.
Astarte cyprinoides Duval=borealis (Ch.) Sch.
Astarte undata Gould.
Astarte quadrans Gould.
Astarte globcsa Moller—compressa, vat.
Crassina latisulca Hanley=undata Gould.
Astarte portlandica Mighels=quadrans Gould.
J.C., iii, July, 1881
1844. 1845. 1845. 1846. 1846. 1846. 1847. 1847. 1848. 1850. 1852. 1852. 1852. 1854.. 1854. 1854. 1854. 1855. 1855. 1859. 1863. 1865. 1866. 18609. 1870.
1871. UWOTLZ 1874. 1874. 1874. 1874.
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 203
Astarte pusilla Forbes. Astarte pulchella Jonas—compressa Mont. Astarte mactracea Linsley=Crassatella sp.
Astarte lunulata Conrad, is a Crassatella.
Astarte flabella Conrad, is a Cardita.
Astarte triquetra Conrad.
Astarte longirostra d’Orbigny.
Astarte crebricostata Forbes.
Astarte Pfeiffert Philippia—Crassatella.
Astarte bilunulata (Conrad) Jay=lunulata Conrad.
Astartle difficilis Jay—sp. ? undescribed.
Astarte levis Jay=sp.? undescribed.
Crassina britannica (Leach) Gray=sulcata Da Costa.
Astarte subequilatera Sowerby—crebricostata, var.
Astarte oblonga Sowerby—crenata Gray.
Astarte intermedia Sowerby—elliptica Brown.
Astarte japonica (Jay) Sowerby—borealis (Ch.) Sch.
Astarte richardsont Reeve=borealis, var.
Astarte fabula Reeve.
Astarte rollandi Bernardi.
Crassatella esquimalti Baird—Astarte esquimalti.
Astarte compacta Carpenter.
Astarte fluctuata Carpenter.
Astarte lutea Perkins—crebricostata Forbes.
Astarte modesta (H. Adams) Jeffreys= Crassatella modesta.
Rictocyma mirabilis Dall—Astarte mirabilis.
Astarte lens (Stimpson) Verrill=crebricostata Forbes.
Astarte mortont (Adams) Sowerby=undata Gould.
Astarte abbreviata Sowerby compressa Mont.
Astarte semilirata Sowerby—fabula Reeve.
Astarte producta Sowerby=borealis, var.
204 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
1874. Astarte subtrigona Sowerby=borealis, var. 1876. Astarte acuticostata Jeffreys and Friele. 1881. Astarte magellanica Smith.
1881. Astarte nana Jeffreys.
1881. Astarte macandrewi Smith.
Some of the above species do not in reality belong to the genus Astarte. The Venus compressa of Linné is altogether beyond recognition, and may either belong to this genus as suggested by some authors, or it may be a species of Venerdde. The name Crassina subcordata was applied to the Venus subcor- data of Montagu, by Gray (Annals of Philosophy, 1825, vol. ix., p. 136), which shell however undoubtedly belongs to the Veneride. Astarte mactracea Linsley (American Jour. Sci. Arts, 1845, vol. xlvili, p. 275, woodcut), is a Cvassatel/a, to which genus Astarte Junulata of Conrad is also referable.
Astarte flabella Conrad (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hlst., 1846, vol. iii, p. 24, pl. 1, f. 3), from Florida, judging from the description and figure appears to be a small species of Cardtta. Astarte pfeiffert of Philippi (Zeitschrift fir Malakol., 1848, vol. v., p- 133), from Cuba, is a small form of Cvassatella, and A. difficilis Jay, A. levis Jay. and A. japonica Jay, are mere names unac- companied by any descriptions or figures, the two first appearing in the catalogue of the collection of shells of that author (ed. iv., p- 35), and the third in Sowerby’s “Thesaurus Conchyliorum.” The Gouldia modesta of H. Adams, from Tunis, erroneously considered an Asfarte by. Jeffreys (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1870, vol. vi., p. 71), is a small form of Crassatel/a.
1.—ASTARTE ELLIPTICA Brown.
1771. Wenus compressa Lin. ?
1822. Crassina sulcata Nilsson (non Da Costa). Kongl. Vetenskaps Acad. Handlingar, p. 187.
J.C., iii., July, 1881
1827.
1827.
1839. 1843. 1843.
1845. 1848. 1853. 1854. 1854. 1855. 1863.
1866.
1870. 1872.
1872, 1872.
1874.
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 205
Crassina elliptica Brown. Ill. Rec. Conch., 1, pl. AVA yet ss CCMa enw OO pla Kylie ets 3:
C. ovata Brown. Edin. Jour. Nat. Geo. Sci. vol. 1, Os 2, [Ole th, te Sp TUL Tee, (Conch Sch ZAv ich OO) pl. xxxviil., f. rr—12.
C. garensis J. Smith. Wern. Mem., vol. viil., pp.90-93.
C.elliptica Hanley. Cat. Rec. Biv., p. 350, pl. xiv., f. 36.
Astarte elliptica Macgill. Moll. Aberdeen, pp. 211 and 250.
A. semisulcata Philippi (non Leach). Abbild., vol. i1., [Ds S75 [Dl tes th, HO,
A. scotica (partim) Middendorff. Malac. Ross., ii., p. 44, pl. xvi., f. ro—r2.
A. elliptica Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll. i, p. 459, jolly SOreKey th Gh:
A. elliptica Sow. Thes. Con., ii, p. 779, pl. clxvii., f 4.
A. intermedia Sow. Thes.Con., p. 779, pl. clxvii.,f 11.
Venus compressa Linn.? Hanley, Ipsa. Linn. Con., Pp. 454-
V. sulcata partim Jeffreys. Brit. Con., vol. il, p. 312; VOle Vs ole XVI th 2s
Astarte compressa Packard. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1., p. 278.
A. elliptica Gld. Invert. Mass., ed. il., p. 124, f. 435-7.
A. sulcata Meyer & Mobius (non Da Costa). Fauna Kieler Bucht., vol. 11., p. 97, f. 5—7.
A. elliptica Dawson. Post Pliocene Geol. Canada, pl. vil, f. 4 (not good).
A. crebricostata partim Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872, p. 246.
A. elliptica Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f 4.
206 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
1874. Astarte intermedia, id. l.c., f. 13. 1875. A.compressa (Linn. Venus) Morch. Arctic Man.,p. 131. 1878. A. compressa G. O. Sars. Norg. Arkt., Fauna, p. 53.
Hapirat.—Greenland, Finmark, Scotland, Newfoundland, east coast of northern United States, Baltic, Nova Zembla, Franz Joseph Land.
This species is readily separable from A. sw/cafa, the only one with which it is likely to be confounded, by its geveva//y more elliptic or transversely elongate form and the constant absence of crenulation within the margin of the valves in adu/¢t specimens, although approximations of form are met with, still the prescence or absence of the crenulation at maturity determines the species.
2.—ASTARTE UNDATA GouLD.
TOA avert Masser OAme a ioOr eG.n2) Ds Lone
1841. A. sulcata Gld. (non Da Costa), l.c., f. 46; ed. 2, f 432.
1843. A.undata Mighels. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. iv.,” D: 2To.
1843. Crassina latisulca Hanley, 1843. Rec. Biv., p. 87 (note) ; p. 350, pl. xiv., f. 35.
1845. Astarte undata Philippi. Abbild, i, p. 55, pli, ib i
1854. A. undata Sow. Thes., vol. 11, p. 779, pl. clxvi., f. 12.
1858. A. undata Adams. Genera, vol. il., p. 484.
1863. A. sulcata Jeffreys, partim. Brit. Con., i., p. 315.
1872. A.sulcata Tryon, partim. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., L872, p2A7.
1872. A. undata Verrill. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 111, p. 287.
1874. A. undata Sowerby. Con. Icon., xix., f. 11.
1874. A. mortoni Sowerby, l.c., f. 14.
J.C., iii., July, 1881
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 207
Hapitat.—Portland Harbour, Maine (Mighels). Eastport, Grand Manan, Newport, and other localities on the east coast of North America, also Newfoundland.
The fossil 4. omaliz of the Crag, agrees with this species in having broad ribs and deep interjacent furrows, but in that species the beaks are more produced, peculiarly flattened, more acute, and the apical angle much sharper. The edges of the lunule and hinder ligamental area are also much more sharply defined. These in my opinion are sufficient distinctions to separate these two forms. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys however holds a different view, and unites both these with the 4. swdcata of Da Costa. Verrill states that “‘this is by far the most abundant species on the northern coast of New England. It ranges from Cape Cod to Labrador.”
3.—ASTARTE SULCATA Da Costa.
1778. Pectunculus sulcata DaCosta. Brit. Conch., p. 192.
1784. Venus borealis (partim) Chem. Conch. Cab., vol. vii., se 2 OMe plexeixe ate an a
1807. V. scotica Maton & Rackett. Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol mills, p. 61, pl. i, fh 3:
1808. V.scotica Montagu. Test. Brit. Suppl., p. 44.
1808. WV. danmonia, id., l.c., p. 45, pl. xxix., f. 4.
1816. Astarte danmonia Mont. J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., WO, Whe Jos Si
1816. A. scotica M.& R. Sowerby, lic.
1816. A. sulcata Da Costa. J. Sowerby, lic.
1817. Venus scotica M. & R. Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Shells, jo: UO
1817. V.danmonia Mont. Dillwyn, lc.
1818. Crassina danmoniensis Lamarck. An. Sans. Vert., vol. v., p. 554 (the first p. 554).
208 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE,
1818. Wenus scotica M.& R. Lamarck, lc., p. 600.
1819. V.sulcata Turton. Conch. Dict., p. 235.
1819. V. scotica, id., lc, p. 236.
1819. Crassina scotica Leach. Ross’s Voy., p. 175.
1820—24. Astarte danmoniensis Sowerby. Gen. Shells, pl. Ixui., f 1—3.
1822. Crassina scotica M. & R. Turton, Conch. Ins. Brit., p-. 130, pl. xi, f 3—4.
1822. C. sulcata Turton, l.c., p. 131, pl. xi, f. 1—2.
1825. Wenus danmoniensis Blainville. Man. de Malacol., Oh ivs yell Ibe cea ie, 9
1825. Crassina scotica M. & R. Gray, Ann. Philosoph., vol. ix., p. 136.
182s. Wenus scoticaM.&R. Wood, Index Test., pl.vii., f. 20.
1825. Wenus danmonia Mont. Wood, lLc., f 21.
1827. Crassina danmoniensis Lam. Brown, Ill. Rec. Con., OL Sortie eH Gl 2 (ims) (Oh Oey lb xeeainleg ih a,
1827. C. scotica M.&R. Brown, l.c., pl. xvili., f. 9; ed. 2, pl. xxxviiL, fi 9.
1827. ©.danmoniensis Crouch. Intro. Conchol., pl. vi, f. 7.
1828. Astarte scotica Fleming. Brit. Anim., p. 440.
1829. A. danmoniensis Sowerby. Conch. Man., f. r1o.
1830. Crassina danmoniensis Lam. Deshayes, Ency. Method, vers, vol. i1., p. 77.
1835. ©. danmoniensis Desh. Anim. d. Vert., ed. 2, vol. vi, Pp. 257:
1835. Wenus scotica M.& R. Desh., l.c., p. 360. .
1841. Crassina danmoniensis Lam. Delessert Recueil, OG Wiese ot
1841. Astarte danmoniensis Reeve. Conch. Syst., pl. Ixvi., f. I—3. i
1843. Crassina scoticaM.&R. Hanley, Cat. Rec. Biv., p. 87.
J.C., tii, July, 1881
1843. 1843.
1843. 1845.
1845. 1846. 1846.
1848.
1848. 1852.
185 3.
1854.
1858.
1862.
1863.
1874.
1881.
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 209
Crassina sulcata Da Costa. Hanley, l.c., p. 87.
Astarte danmoniensis Lam. Macgillivray, Moll. Aberdeen, pp. 211 and 258.
A. sulcata Da Costa. Macgillivray, Lc., pp. 211 & 259.
A. sulcata Da Costa. Philippi, Abbild., vol. ii, p. 56, JO icy den
A. scotica M. and R. Philippi, lc, pl. 1, f. 3.
A. scotica M. and R. Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand., p. 36.
A. sulcata Da Costa. Reeve, Elem. Conch., vol. ii, Da Pleat. LOO:
A. scotica partim Middendorff. Malac. Ross., pt. iii., p. 44, pl. xvil., f r—2.
A. danmoniensis Midd., l.c., f. 3.
Crassina britannica Leach (MS., 1820). Moll. Brit. Synopsis, p. 302.
Astarte sulcata Da Costa. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. i. p. 452, pl. m, f. 5 (as A. danmoniensis), and pl. xxx., f. 6.
A. sulcata Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. ii, p. 778, pl. clxvii., f, 1—3.
A. sulcata Adams. Gen. Recent Shells, vol. ii., p. 483, vol. ili., pl. cxv., f. 6—64,
Crassina danmoniensis Chenu. Man. Conch., vol. ii., f. 616.
Asitarte sulcata partim Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., vol. ii, Oy Siiie Ol, Nie, jolb BOSOM Ie A
A. sulcata Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., pl.i., f. 3a—d.
A. sulcata Jeffreys. _P..Z. Ss, p. 711.
Hasitat.—Coast of Spain (McAndrew); Great Britain, - Greenland, North America, Norway, Nova Zembla, Sea of Okhotsk, &c.
210 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
By some authors the North American 4. wudata of Gould, is considered a variety of this species, however it seems to me very inconsistent on their part to deny specific rank to that form, and accord it to the A. crebricostata of Forbes, the one having very few and the other very many concentric ridges, or in other words fewer or more than the typical swzdcata. All have the crenulated edge to the valves. Beyond this difference in the number of coste only feeble distinctions can be pointed out. The posterior cessation of the ribs in crebricostata, remarked upon by Forbes and Hanley, to a certain extent occurs in this species and also in wzdata. These three species together with the A. crenata Gray and A. fusca Poli, are closely related, and I admit, taking into consideration the many intermediate and connecting forms which I have seen, that I cannot draw a line of demarcation. However the typical form of each is very distinct and at once recognizable, and although some puzzling inter- mediate grades are met with, still I prefer to allow these so-called species to retain separate specific names, for I do not pretend to say that hereafter characters will be found in the animals which will definitely distinguish such vastly different shells as 4. undata and A. crenata. Placing these two side by side I cannot believe it advisable to designate them by one and the same name.
4.—ASTARTE FUSCA Pott.
1791. Tellina fusca Poli. Test. Ut. Sicil. L, pl. xv., f 32—3.
1814. Wenus incrassata Brocchi. Conch. Foss.'Subap., vol. ks (IO RSG) Bla Gepoy aI 5 1b 7,
1829. WV. petagnee (Crassina) Costa. Cat. Sistem. test. due Sicilie, p. 34—5, pl. ii, f. 9a—é.
1835. Crassina fusca Deshayes. Anim. s. vert., ed. 2, vol. vi, Pp. 257.
1835. ©. incrassata Deshayes, l.c.
J.C., iii., July, 1881
2
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 211
1835. Astarte affinis Cantraine. Diagnoses esp. Nouv. Moll., p. 28.
1836. A. incrassata Philippi Enum. Moll. Sicil. I, p. 38, WOlk le, 1. ZO),
1839. A. incrassata Phil. Wiegmann’s Arch. Natur., vol. 1., ips Bz
1845. A. fusca Philippi. Abbild., vol. ii, p. 57, pl. 1, f. 5—7.
1854. A. fusca Sowerby. Thes. Con.,, vol. il, p. 783, pl. clxvii., li, Boke
1863. A. sulcata partim Jeffreys. Brit. Con., vol. i, p. 314.
1873. A. fusca Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f. 17a—é.
Hapirat.—Mediterranean and Canary Islands.
This Mediterranean form appears to me to differ sufficiently from the more northern A. su/ca¢a to warrant its specific distinc- tion. Its smaller size, more triangular form, decidedly feebler ribbing, richer brown colour, not unfrequently varied with rays of a paler or darker tint are characters parting it from that species.
5.—ASTARTE CREBRICOSTATA Forpes.
1847. Astarte crebricostata Forbes & MacAndrew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xix., p. 98, pl. ix., f. 4.
1853. A. crebricostata Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll., vol. i, jy AGOsuoll Bees Ie O)
1854. A. crebricostata Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. ii, p. 780, jal; Cheval. 8 Ie}
1869. A. lutea Perkins. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1869, OW Satis jo kt, uly ke = Cee Ee eee ee
1870. A. crebricostata Gould. Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 126, f. 440.
1872. A. lens Verrill. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. iii., D207: Wot- erebrccoituta Fly,
1874. A. crebricostata Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f. 10.
J a
212 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
1874. Astarte crebricostata Mobius. Zweite Deutsche Nordpolarfahrt, vol. ii, p. 252. = crerela Gray |
1875. A. crebricostata Morch. Arctic Manual, p. 131.
1878. A. crebricostata Sars. Norges Arkt. Fauna, p. 54, pl.
v., f. 7a—0.
1879. A. crenata (non Gray) Norman. Journ. of Conch., vol. il., p. 44.
1880. A. crenata (non Gray) Verrill. Proc. U.S. National Mus., p. 399.
Var. ASTARTE SUBASQUILATERA Sowersy.
1854. Astarte subeequilatera Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. ii, p. 700, pligclxyviles di 13. 1874. A. subeequilatera, id. Con. Icon,, vol. xix., fi 5.
Hapirat.—Finmark, Lofoden Islands; var. subeguilatera, Newfoundland; var. from East Greenland (Mobius).
The synonymy of this species given by Tryon in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872, p. 246, is most remarkable. Under this species amongst others are included—A. el/iptica, A. portlandica, A. guadrans and A. incrassata Brocchi, the latter being held distinct from 4. fusca of Poli!!
Mr. Verrill considers the American form ‘ unquestionably distinct” from the European. He observes that it is ‘‘more compressed, more rounded, lighter and brighter yellowish in colour, and generally has much more numerous and regular undulations. The hinge is also quite different.” On the con- trary Gould in speaking of this shell observes ‘“‘In the way of form there is nothing to distinguish this species from others. It undergoes all the variations of altitude and elongation, of acumination and truncation, inflation and compression, that are observed in others.” I have not been able to examine any American specimens so cannot express any definite opinion
J.C., iii, July, 1881
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 213
respecting the propriety of separating the A. /ens, but I fail to find any sufficient differences in the description given by Gould.
6.—ASTARTE CRENATA Gray. | 1824. Nicania crenata Gray. Parry’s First Voy. Apend., pucexiin: Zool Our, voli its ps iro: 1843. Crassina crenata Hanley. Cat. Rec. Biv., p. 88. 1854. Astarte oblonga Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. i, p. 781, pivelxvite. f To: 1872. A.oblonga Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,p. 247. 1874. A. crenata Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f, ga—d.
Hapirat.—Prince Regent’s inlet, north of British North America (Capt. Sir E. Parry, R.N.)
This species may be distinguished from crebricostata by its smaller size and the very much finer concentric riblets which extend from the anterior end over about two thirds of the surface of the valves, leaving the hinder portion merely finely striated. The form too, judging from the fourteen specimens in the museum, is more elongate transversely and appears to be constant in this respect. The inner edge of the valves as in the other species of the genus which have crenulated margins, only become denticulate when maturity is reached.
7-—ASTARTE ACUTICOSTATA Jzrrreys & FRIELE.
1876. A. acuticostata J.&F. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidens- kaberne, vol. xxili., part 3.
1877. A. acuticostata Kobelt. Jahrbuch. Deutsch. Mal.
: Gesell., vol. iv., p. 257.
1879. A, acuticostata Friele. Jahrbuch. Deutsch. Mal. Gesell., vol. vi., p. 267, pl. iv., f. 8.
1881. A. acuticostata Jeffreys. P. Z. S., p..711, pl. Ixi, f 0.
Hasitat.—North Atlantic, in the cold zone at various depths of 290, 418, 488 and 510 fathoms; also between Scotland and the Faroe Islands, and Nova Zembla.
.
214 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
A quadrangular species approaching A. sa/cata, but of small size, with remarkably erect, fine, numerous ribs, and with a plain edge to the valves and a narrow hinge.
8.—ASTARTE NANA JeErFFreys.
_ Hasirat.—Off Conch Reef, Gulf of Florida, 60 fathoms (Pourtales).
This interesting little species will be fully described by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys. It is thickish in proportion to its small dimensions, strongly concentrically ridged and furrowed, of somewhat quadrate form, and covered with a thin pale, greyish epidermis. The inner margin of the valves, judging from the few specimens at present known, appear to be smooth. The
raul ey 9.—ASTARTE CASTANEA Say.
1803. Venus sulcata Montagu. Test. Brit., vol. 1, p. 131.
1807. V. sulcata Maton and Rackett. Trans. Linn. Soc., PALS) Plelieeatn v2:
1817. V.sulcata Dillwyn. Cat. Rec. Sh., vol. i, p. 166.
1818. V. sulcata Lamarck. An. s. Vert., vol. v., p. 592.
1822. V. castanea Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., VOR wp: 273.
1827. Crassina sulcata Brown. Ill. Rec. Conch., pl. xviii, Piro:
1828. Astarte sulcata Fleming. Brit. Animals, p. 439.
1829. A.crassidens Brod. & Sow. Zool. Jour., vol. iv., p. 364.
1830. A. castanea Say. Amer. Conch., pl. 1. |
1831. A. castanea Conrad. Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 72, DlEXvill, tes:
1835. Crassina castanea Deshayes. An. s. Vert., ed. 2, vol. vi., p. 258.
J.C., iii., July, 1881
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 215
1835. Astarte castanea? var. procera Totten. Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, vol. xxvili., p. 348—9, f. 2a—a2/-
1841. A. castanea Gould. Invert. Mass., p. 76, f. 45.
1843. A. castanea De Kay. Zool. New York, part v., p. 220, Dl xxVviliz, te 20O:
1843. CrassinacastaneaHanley. Rec. Biv.,p. 88, pl.ix.,f 27.
1845. Astarte castanea Philippi. Abbild., vol. ii, p. 57, jolly th, 1 Be
1853. A.castanea Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll.,vol. i, p. 470.
1854. A.castanea Say. Sowerby, Thes. Con., vol. 11, p. 782, pl. clxvii., f. 14—15.
1854. A. crassidens Sow,, lc. p. 782.
1870. A. castanea Gould. Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p.117,). 431. 1872. A. castanea Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 245. 1872. A. crassidens, id., Lc., p. 245.
1874. A. castanea Sowerby. Con. Ic., vol. xix. f. 10.
Hapitat.—East coast of United States; Icy Cape (Belcher).
The A. crasstdens of Broderip and Sowerby, is remarkable for its great size and the coarseness of the crenulation, having ‘“‘almost the appearance of low embrasures” (B. & 5.)
Dr. Jeffreys’ observation in the Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1872, p. 239, that this species is “perhaps a variety of 4. borealis Chem.,” is certainly erroneous, for there is no connection between these two forms, one (casfanea) being a species with crenulated, and the other with smooth margins to the valves.
10.—ASTARTE QUADRANS GOouLpD.
1841. Astarte quadrans Gould. Invert. Mass., ed. 1., p. 81, f AS.
1843. A. portlandica Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., WO Mos (Os HAC),
216 SMITH’: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
1843. Astarte quadrans, id. Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., pp. 320 and 345, pl. xvi, fi 2.
1843. A.quadrans Migh. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,vol.iv.,p. 319.
1851. A. quadrans Stimpson. Shells of New England, p. 18.
1851. A. portlandica, id., l.c, p. 18.
1854. A. quadrans Sowerby. hes. Con., vol. i., p. 7829 pl. clxvin, f. 5.
1870. A.quadrans Gould. Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 123, f. 434.
1870. A. portlandica, id., l.c., p. 127, £ 441.
1872. A. quadrans Verrill. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. iii., p-. 287.
1874. A. quadrans Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f. 8.
HapiraT.—Various localities on the east coast of the United States.
I am unable to distinguish the A. fortlandica of Mighels, from this species. Of the two characters especially referred to by that author, namely, its extraordinary obliquity and the livid
color of the interior, the former is unquestionably possessed by
some examples of this species. The latter peculiarity seems to me possibly or rather probably due to discoloration produced by retention in the stomach of a haddock from whence the single shell described was extracted.
Jeffreys (Annals Nat. Hist., Oct., 1872, p. 239), erroneously I think, considers this a variety (zana) of A. castanea. Although I have not been able to compare it with young specimens of that species, still on placing it side by side with the umbonal portion of half grown specimens it appears to me different in form, being shorter from the beak to the opposite or ventral margin.
11.—ASTARTE BOREALIS (CHEmM.) SCHUMACHER.
1776. Tellinaatra Pallas (not described). Middendorff, Mal. Rossica, vol. iil., p. 47.
J.C., iii., July, 1881
1784. 1808. 1817. 1818. 1810. 1822. 1824.
1825. 1827.
1827. 1827. 1828.
1820.
1839. 1841.
1841. 1843.
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 217
Venus borealis partim Chemnitz. Con. Cab., vol. vii., D260) pl: xxix i 412) only.
V. compressa partim Montagu. Test. Brit. Suppl., pl. xxvi., f. 1, on middle of plate.
Tridonta borealis Chem. restricted, Schumacher. Essai. Nouv. Syst. Vers. Test, p. 147.
Astarte plana J. Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. ii, De 7 3h) pls Cluxix.. Bo 2sapenhaps:
Grassina semisulcata Leach. Ross. Voy. Append., p- 1753 Ann. Philosoph., 1819, p. 204.
C. borealis Nilsson. Kongl. Vetenskaps-Acad. Hand- lingar, 1822, p. 188, pl. 11, f. 3—5.
C. arctica Gray. Parry’s First Voy. Append., p. ccxliil ; Zool. Journ., vol. 1, p. 119.
C. borealis Chemn. Gray, Ann. Philos., vol. ix., p. 136.
C. compressa Brown. Illus. Rec. Con., ed. 1, pl. xviii, f. 45; ed. 2, pl. xxxviil., f. 4—5.
C. corrugata Brown, lc., ed. 1, pl. xvi., f 24; ed. 2, plipxds fo:
GC. depressa Brown, probably, Lc., ed. 1, pl. xviil., f. 2; ed. 2, pl. xxxvili., f. 2, 7? arcltea var.
Mactra veneriformis Wood. Ind. Test. Suppl., pl. 1. f. 8, = beaks
Astarte lactea Broderip and Sowerby. Zool. Journ., vol. iv., p. 365; Zool» Beechey’s Voy., p. 152, pl. xliv., li 1a
Crassina withami J. Smith. Brown, Wenerian Mem., VOle Vill. Pag kGSy laa iaeznt:
Astarte lactea B. & S. Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 80, PATE
A. cyprinoides Duval. Revue Zool., p. 278.
Crassina lactea B. &S. Hanley, Cat. Rec. Biy., p. 88
218
1843. 1843. 1845. 1848. 1853. 1854. 1854. 1854. 1855.
1867. 1872.
Tomes
1874. 1874. 1874. 1874. 1874. 1875.
1877.
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
Astarte compressa Mont. Macgillivray, Moll. Aber- deen, pp. 211 and 261.
Crassina arctica Gray. Hanley, Cat. Rec. Biy., pp. 88 and 350, pl. xiv., f. 4o.
Astarte borealis Linn. Philippi, Abbild., vol. ii» 10s Sy Olle Ty He ie
A. corrugata Brown. Middendorff, Mal. Ross., part 3, p. 46, pl. xvu., f. 4—tro.
A. arctica Gray, Forbesand Hanley. Brit. Moll., vol. 1, Dy AOI, OE Oh, 1 7
A. arctica Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. ii, p. 780, pl. elxvii., f. 17, 18 and 20.
A. semisulcata Leach. Sowerby, lc. p. 781, pl. Elxyite th ro:
AS lactea Bi \& SS) Sowerby, Ic: p. 751; ply clawite fete 22 aniGeze
A. richardsoni Reeve. Belcher’s Last Arctic Voy., vol. ii, p. 39, pl. xxxili., f 7a—d. = borealis Yo:
A. islandica Deshayes. MS.? in Mus., Cuming.
A. borealis Chemn. Meyer and Mobius, Fauna Kieler Bucht, vol. i1., p. 95, f. 1—4.
A. lactea B. & S. Dawson, Post. Pliocene Geol. Canadas plist 3
A. semisulcata Leach. Sowerby, Conch. Icon., f. 12.
A. lactea B. & S., id., lc ietoae= arctica
A. producta, id., l.c., f. 19. = borteghs
A. subtrigona, id., lc, f.20. = arcdtca
A. arctica Gray, id., l.c., f 21a—dé. "
A. (Tridonta) semisulcata Leach. Morch, Arctic Manual, p. 132.
A. semisulcata Leach. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xx., p. 142.
J.C., iii., July, 1881
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 219
1878. Tridonta borealis Chemn. Sars, Norg. Arkt. Fauna, p- 50.
Hapirat.—West Greenland, east coast of United States Spitzbergen, Iceland, North Russia, Nova Zembla, Franz Joseph’s Land, Behring’s Sea, Norway, Lofoden Islands, &c.
The shell described by Linné as Venus borealis, jadging from the diagnosis and the specimen in his cabinet is, according to Hanley, the Zwcina radu/a of Lamarck,* but the figure he refers to represents the Scrobicularia piperita of Gmelin. On the contrary Romer; observes that it “ gehort hiernach immer noch zu deu zweifelhaften arten.” The specimens figured by Chem- nitz{ under this name, are referable to more than one species of Astarte. Figures 412 and perhaps 414 in my opinion represent one species, which may retain the name Jdorealzs for reasons hereafter stated, and a specimen of A. sw/cata Da Costa, is doubtlessly depicted by figure 413. Considering Chemnitz’s confused notion of Linné’s species, and the fact that one of the shells he described and figured had previously been named by Da Costa, it seems to me it would have been advisable to reject his name dorea/is, and to have employed that (sem7su/cata) given by Leach, that being the first name subsequently published had not Schumacher in 1817, two years prior to the publication of Leach’s name, restricted the Chemnitzian species. In his ‘‘Essai dun Nouveau Systeme des habitations des vers testacés,” p. 147, he refers to Chemnitz, plate xxxix., figure 412 only, thus limiting the species, observing—‘“ notre coquille (figured in his plate Xvil, f. 1) n’est que finement striée, et c'est exactement la méme coquille de Mr. Chemnitz que se trouve classée dans la Collec-
* Hanley, Ipsa LinnziConchylia, p.77. + Kritische Untersuch. Venus, pp. 92-4.
~ Conchylien Cabinet, vol. vii., p. 26, pl. xxxix., f. 412—4,
220 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
tion de Mr. Spengler, comme varieté de la Venus borealzs de Linneus.”
Although the variety semzsw/cata Leach, is generally fairly recognisable by its more compressed form and stronger sculpture, especially towards the beaks, still all the intermediate and connecting links between it and typical examples of A. borealis are met with, and it becomes a matter of impossibility to draw any fixed line of demarcation. To the typical form belong azva Pallas teste Middendorff, dorvealis Nilsson, compressa Martens partly, corrugata Brown, deprcssa Brown perhaps, and cypr7nordes Duval, and the following more closely approach the variety semisulcata, viz. :—venertformts Wood, dactea Broderip and Sow., and richardsont Reeve.
12,—ASTARTE ROLLANDII BeErnaropt.
Jour., de Conchyl., 1858, vol. vii., p. 386, pl. xiii, f. 4.
Hasitat.—-Petropaulovski, Kamtchatka.
This species is remarkable on account of its very circular
form and the great thickness of the hinge. It appears to approach more closely 4. dorea/zs than any other species.
13.—ASTARTE FABULA REEVE.
185s. A. fabula Reeve. Belcher’s Last Arctic Voy., vol. ii., p. 398, pl. xxxi., f. 5a—d.
1874. A. semilirata Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f 15.
1877. A. fabula Smith. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug., 1877, vol. xx., p. 144.
1877. A. fabula Jeffreys. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., Sept., 1877. Vole xs... 29A:
Hasirat.—Dumbbell Harbour and Discovery Bay (Feilden); Regent Inlet (Ross); Cape Bowen (Dr. Sutherland); Franz Joseph’s Land (Leigh Smith).
J.C, iii., July, 1881
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 221
This species does not appear to attain a large size. The largest specimens exceed in this respect any of A. compressa, yet are considerably smailer than half-grown examples of A. borealis.
The peculiarity of this species consists in the character of the concentric ridges near the umbones. In this region they are more strongly developed than elsewhere, and indeed they zazely extend beyond the middle of the valves, the lower half being merely concentrically striated. They have too, a somewhat wrinkled or undulated appearance and are not produced quite to the margins, so that the dorsal areas (the umbones being towards the eye) appear comparatively smooth. In the volume of the Annals I referred to, I suggested the possibility of the 4. danksiz of Gould (Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 125, f. 438), being the same as this species. However, I now believe this not to be the case, and that this shell, which is certainly not a typical 4. banksiZ of Leach, is nevertheless a form of the A. compressa.
In the “Annals” Dr. Jeffreys observes—‘“I am now satisfied that 4. warehami of Hancock is not this species, but the same as Crassina depressa of Brown=A. crebricostata Forbes= A. richardsont Reeve.” This appears to me a most unfortunate “‘lumping of species,” for I imagine at least three of these are distinct. A. warehami is described as elliptical in form, with about sixty fine, close, sharp, regular, concentric ribs. The epidermis is of a pale greenish yellow, and the basal margin of the valves is said to be entire, by which I presume is meant not crenate.
A. crebricostata is generally rather triangularly ovate, has ~ from thirty to forty ribs, coarser than those in warchauw7, the epidermis is yellowish or olive-yellow and the valves are crenated within in adult shells. A. richardsonit of Reeve, I consider the same as the variety semzsulcata of A. borealis. It is described as ‘ trigono-orbicularis, convexo-compressa, precipue ad umbones,
222
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
valvis circa umbones confertim sulcatis, deinde levibus ;” and the interior of the margin is smooth, as in the species I refer it to.
A. depressa of Brown, is a more doubtful species, neither the
figure or description applying well to any recent species with
which I am acquainted.
1808.
Tony. 1819. 1819.
18109. 1822.
1822.
1825. 1825. 1825. 1827.
1827. 1827. 1828. 1839. 1839. 1830.
1842. 1842.
14.—ASTARTE COMPRESSA Montacu.
Venus compressa Montagu partim (non Linn.) Rests Brit Soupplsip., a atnplesxxvaeed f, at top.
V. montagui Dillwyn. Rec. Shells, vol. i., p. 167.
V. montacuti Turton. Conch. Diction., p. 243. ey
Nicania striata Leach. Ross. Voy. Append., p. +76; Thomson’s Ann. Phil., 1819, vol. xiv., p. 204.
N. banksii Leach. Ross., p. 176; Ann. Phil., p. 204.
Crassina striata Nilsson. Kongl. Vetenskaps. Acad. Handlingar, p. 189, pl. iL, f. 6.
Cyprina compressa Turton. Conch. Ins. Brit., p.136 pl. xi., f. 22—2.
Venus Banksii Blainville. Man. Malacol., p. 558.
Crassina banksii Gray. Ann. Phil. vol. ix. p. 136.
C. montagui Gray. Ann. Phil. vol. ix. p. 136.
C. striata Brown. Ill. Rec. Conch., ed. 1, pl. xviii., f. 6-—8; ed. 2, pl. xxxvili., f. 6—8.
C. convexiuscula Brown. Ill. Conch., pl. xviii., f. 7.
GC. obliqua Brown, l.c., f. 6.
Astarte compressa Fleming. Brit. Anim., p. 440.
A. banksii Sowerby. Beechey’s Voy., p. 152, pl. xliv.,
A. striata, id., l.c., f ro (non 9). [f. 9 (non 10).
Crassina multicostata J. Smith. Brown, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 104, pl. 1., f. 19.
Astarte banksii Sab. Moller, Naturhist. Tidsk., p. 92.
A. striata, id., l.c., p. 93.
J.C., iii., July, 1881
1842. 1842.
1843. 1843. 1843. 1845. 1845. 1846.
1848. 1853.
1854. 1854. 1855. 1858. 1858. 1863. 1866. 1872. 1872. 1872.
1874. 1874.
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 223
Astarte globosa, id., l.c., p. 93.
A. multicostata Macgillivray. Moll. Aberdeen, pp. 211 and 261.
Crassina montagui Hanley. Rec. Shells, p. 89.
Gi banikcsilis ides) hes ps 4505 Wie xivaetea ye
Cystriata ids le..0ps 350) ples, ioe
Astarte multicostata Philippi. Abbild., vol. i, p. 59.
A. pulchella Jonas. Philippi, l.c., p. 60, pl. 1, f. rz.
A. War¢ghami Hancock. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist.» vol. xviil., p. 336, pl. v., fi 15—16.
A. striata Middendorff. Mal. Ross., vol. ui., p. 46.
A. compressa Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., vol.i., p- 464, pl. xxx., f 1—3.
A. banksii Sowerby (non Leach)=striata Leach. INES. (CO, Olle ike 1D, WSas folk Clbawie., 2613.
A. compressa Montagu. Sowerby, le, p. 782, pl: clxvil., f. 6 and 7.
A. globosa Reeve. Belcher’s Last Arctic Voy., p. 398, pl. xxx, f. 6a—o.
A. compressa Adams. Genera, vol. ii., p. 484.
A. Banksii, id., l.c.
A. compressa Jeffreys. Brit. Con., vol. ii, p. 3153 vol. v., pl. xxxvil., f. 3—4.
A. striata Leach. Packard, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Elist.. vole itp. 275.
A. compressa Meyer and Mobius. Fauna Kieler Bucht, vol. ii, p. 99, f. 8—10.
A. banksii Dawson. Notes Post-Pliocene Geol. Canada, Ol Will. 1 2,
A. Laurentiana, id., lc., f 2, and f. 8 on cut iv.
A. abbreviata Sowerby. Con. Ic., vol. xix., f. 6.
A. compressa Sowerby. Con. Ic., vol. xix., f. 2a—b.
224 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
1874. Astarte Banksii Sow. (non Leach), id., l.c., f. 7.
1875. A. (Nicania) striata Morch. Arctic Manual, p. 132.
1875. A. banksiil, id., lc.
1877. A.warehamiSmith. Annals Nat. Hist., vol. xx. p. 114.
1877. A. warehami Jeffreys. Annals, Sept., vol. xx. p. 234.
1877. A. striata Leach. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug., vol. xx., 1877, p. 143.
1878. Nicania Banksii Sars. Norg. Arkt. Fauna, p. 51.
Hasirar.—Spitzbergen, Greenland, east coast of North America, Faroe Islands, Norway, Siberia, Franz Joseph Land, Baltic, North Britain and west coast of Davis Straits.
This species is excessively variable in form and sculpture, and in the words of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys—‘“‘if a specimen of the smooth, flat and triangular form were placed side by side with the fine ribbed, convex and rounded variety g/obosa it would be difficult to imagine that they were the same species.”
The variety striata Leach, from West Greenland, is generally fairly distinguishable by its more transverse and less triangular shape than the normal British and north European specimens. ‘The variety g/obosa Moller, also originally described from Greenland, is scarcely separable from the s¢szaza, the extra roundness of the outline being but very slight and the greater thickness of little account. The dankszz Leach, was founded on a specimen brought home by Captain Ross from off the south of Spitzbergen. These are remarkable on account of their very triangular shape and the very smooth surface, the fine ridges being replaced by mere concentric strie. A. uddevallensis of J. Smith, and A. propingua of Landsborough, are said by Jeffreys to be synonymous with this species. The variety wareham7 has the umbones uearly “central,” is of a pale-greenish-yellow, attains a breadth of nearly an inch, and has as many as “sixty fine, close, sharp, regular concentric ribs.” Hancock’s figure however,
J.C., iii., July, 1881
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 225
conveys a very wrong impression in this respect, for the number there represented is not more than half. I cannot believe this to be the same as A. fabula, as suggested by Jeffreys, for its different form and character and much greater regularity of the ribs appear to me to offer very good distinguishing characters. It is chiefly distinguished from the variety s¢zafa by its superior size, the paleness of its epidermis, and the regularity and greater coarseness of the ridges. Hancock’s shell is stated to have a breadth of nearly an inch and a length of three-quarters, whilst the largest specimen in the museum, which considerably exceeds the average size of var. striata, of compressa is only just over two-thirds long and a little more than five-sixths in diameter. Since writing the above I have seen a typical specimen in Dr. Jeffreys’ collection, which he received from Hancock. An examination of this convinces me of the opinion above expressed, namely, that it is a large fine-grown form most nearly approximating to the variety s¢7zata, but differing in those respects which I have already pointed out.
It is absolutely necessary to reject this name (compressa) if we admit that Venus compressa of Linné also be an Astarte. As various authors appear to hold different views respecting this question, some, ¢.g., Morch and Sars, upholding the Linnean name and rejecting Montagu’s and others, such as Hanley, Jeffreys and Gould, entertaining precisely the reverse opinion; and considering the fact that Montagu carelessly employed a name already occupied, and that he confuses two species in his description and figures, perhaps it may be advisable to employ the name montaguz, which Dillwyn, the first to recognise Montagu’s error, substituted for the compressa of that author. However as I have disregarded the compressa of Linné, I have employed Montagu’s name for this species by which it has hitherto been generally known.
The shell described by Linné in 1778 as Venus compressa
226 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
(Mantissa, p. 546) cannot be identified with absolute certainty. The characters will equally apply to more than one species of Astartide or Veneride. Neither color, locality or size are mentioned. Sylvanus Hanley appears to have first suggested the possibility of its being a species of Aszarte. In his valuable work on the shells of Linnzeus (p. 454) he observes—‘“ The unillustrated description is applicable to more than one shell, and amongst others to a nearly mature specimen of As¢arte elliptica.” This determination has subsequently been adopted by Jeffreys, Packard, Morch and Sars. On the other hand Dr. Edward Roemer* considers that Linné’s descripticn is more applicable to the Venus scalarina of Lamarck, of which the Linnean expression (‘Anus linearis, subexcisis, vu/ve simillimus”) is certainly more descriptive than of the Asfarte referred to. Considering this divergence of opinion and the uncertainty that will ever prevail regarding the determination of the shell Linné had before him, it appears to me that his Venus compressa should be rejected as undeterminable.
15.—ASTARTE COMPACTA CARPENTER.
1863. A. (? compressa, var.) compacta, id. Suppl. Rep. Moll. W. Coast N. America, p. 602, 642 and 682. 1865. A. (? compressa, var.) compacta Carpenter. Proc.
ie Soc. Nat Hist, Fast Qead. Nat. $ Poot:
Hapirat.—Puget Semel Washington, Wass
This species is said to be like compressa Mont., but compact, less transverse, with fewer concentric lire, almost obsolete posteriorly: umbones very prominent and more acute; dorsal margins straight, at an angle of 1oo°; lunule less impressed,
* Kritische Untersuchung der Arten des Molluskengeschlechts Venus bei Linné und Gmelin, p. 84, Cassel, 8vo., 1858.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 227
longer ; ligamental area less angulated ; anterior lateral tooth in the right valve more prominent. Long. .4, lat. .33, div. .21.
16.—ASTARTE LONGIROSTRA D’OrgsiIcny.
1847. A. longirostra D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Merid., vol. v., p- 576, pl. Ixxxin., f. 21—4.
1854. A. longirostra Gray. Cat. Coll. d’Orbigny in Brit,
Mus., p. 70.
1859. Crassina longirostra Chenu. Man. de Conch., vol. i, f. 617.
1872. ©. longirostra Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872, p- 247.
Hapirat.— Isles Malouines (Falkland Isles).
17.—ASTARTE MAGELLANICA Smiru.
1881. A. magellanica Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p. 41, TORR iee 0h is
HasirTat.—Straits of Magellan.
This species is smaller than the preceding, of a paler colour, more coarsely ribbed, with much less acuminated and anteriorly inclined beaks, and the inner margin of the valves is crenulated, a feature not yet noticed in /ongtrostra.
18.—ASTARTE TRIANGULARIS Monracu.
1803.. Mactra triangularis Montagu. Test. Brit., vol. 1, p: 99, pl, 11. f. 5. if ;
1803. M. minutissima, id., l.c., Suppl., p. 37.
1807. M. triangularis Maton and Rackett. Linn. Trans, vol. vil., p. 72.
1817. M.triangularis Dillwyn. Cat., vol. i., p. 143.
1817. M. minutissima, id., Lc., p. 143.
1819. M. triangularis Turton. Conch. Dict., p. 82.
228 SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE
1819. Mactra minutissima, id., lc., p. 83.
1822. Goodalia triangularis, id. Conch. Ins. Brit., p. 77, Olle Wiley 1 zt,
1822. G. minutissima, id., l.c., pl. vi, f. 15.
1825. Grassina triangularis Gray. Ann. Phil, vol. ix., p. 136.
1825. ©. minutissima, id., Lc.
1827. Mactrina triangularis Brown. Illust., ed. 1, pl. xvi. IB 2a 9 Sly ey Obrien, OL wh Ik, Zinn
1828. Goodalia triangularis Fleming. Brit. An., p. 429.
1843. G. triangularis Macgil. Moll. Aberd., pp. 218 and 289.
1843. G. minutissima, id., l.c., pp. 218 and 290.
1853. Astarte triangularis Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., vol. 1., p. 467, pl. xxx., fi 4—5.
1854. A.triangularis Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. 11, p. 782, plbrclecyiiteiae as
1858. A. triangularis Adams. Genera, vol. ii., p. 484.
1863. A. triangularis Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., vol. i, p. 318 ; VOM Va) PulG3, ply xxocvil, ails:
1874. A. triangularis Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f. 16.
Hasirat.—Great Britain, South of Spain, and Canary Is.
19.—ASTARTE TRIQUETRA Conrap. 1946, Proc, Aci Nat: Set’ Philad., vol. im:,:p.245/pl) 1,3h 6:
“‘ Very small, triangular, elevated, equilateral and symetrical, ventricose, polished, white, sometimes brown or purple on the disk in form of a broad ray.” Length 4 inch.
Locatity.—Tampa Bay, Florida.
From Conrad’s diagnosis, quoted above, it appears that this species approaches closely A. ¢rtangularis, but not having seen a specimen I am unable to say whether or not it really belongs to the genus.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 229
20.—ASTARTE PUSILLA Forses. 1844. A. pusilla Forbes. Report Brit. Assoc. Advance. Sci, TEA Py Oz: 1881. A. pusilla Forbes. Jeffreys, P.Z.S., p. 713, pl. Ixi., f. 10.
‘A. testa minuta, triangulari, concentrice striata, margine, interno denticulato. Long. 0'/,.” (Forbes).
Hasitat.—Naxos, A’gean Sea.
21.—ASTARTE MACANDREWI sp. nov.
Shell minute, obliquely triangularly ovate, imequilateral, whitish or brownish white, finely concentrically striated, with here and there at intervals a more conspicuous stria as if marking a period of growth. Anterior slope longer and much less curved than the posterior, very oblique. Hinder dorsal margin consi- derably arcuate, forming a broad curved posterior end in conjunction with the ventral outline, considerably broader than the opposite anterior end. Lunule none. Interior of valves serrated at the margins, the denticles (about twenty-three in number altogether) being coarser at the middle of the ventral edge than at the sides. Hinge composed of a single central strong cardinal tooth in the right valve and two in the left, the former falling, when the valves are closed, between the latter. The anterior or straightest slope of the right valve is grooved within the margin for the reception of the corresponding raised front edge of the opposite valve, and the posterior or ligamental slope of the latter is grooved to receive the corresponding hinder prominent edge of the right valve.
Length 12 mill., width from end to end also 1% mill.
HapitatT.—Canary Islands (MacAndrew).
This species I believe to be distinct from 4. ¢7zangularts, under which name it appears in the list of shells dredged at the Canary Islands by Mr. MacAndrew (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1952, Voli. X.,p.. 103).
230 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
It is smaller, less equilateral and consequently of a more. oblique form, and both the anterior and posterior ends are rounder. The hinder dorsal slope is more arcuate, and the crenations within the margin are fewer. It is a smaller shell than A. parvula of Searles Wood, with less acute beaks, the posterior end is more rounded, and the edges of the valves are strongly crenate; whilst of A. parvuda the author states that the margin in all the specimens ‘‘is free from the least appearance of crenulations, as well in those which are the largest and presumed to be full grown, as in the smaller and consequently younger.” The A. pusclla of Forbes, is unknown to me and past all identifi- cation from the inadequacy of the description.
22.—ASTARTE PARVA SEARLES Woop.
1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 249. 1853. Mong. Crag. Moll., p. 192, pl. xvii., f. cay 1870. Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 71.
Hapitat.—Sutton, Coralline Crag (S. Wood); Mediterranean, 50—100 fathoms (Jeffreys).
“Hitherto known only as a tertiary species” (Jeffreys). I have not had an opportunity of closely examining Mediterranean
specimens with those from the crag, and cannot therefore give an opinion respecting their identity.
23.—ASTARTE MIRABILIS Dati. 1872. Rictocyma mirabilis Dall. Amer. Jour. Conch., vol. vilip: £5 L, pl, xiv, £16. 1874. Rhectocyma mirabilis Martens. Zool. Record, 1872, pat zo: Hasitat.—North Harbour, Unga Island, of the Shumagin Group, south of Alaska, in 8 fathoms, muddy bottom (Dall). This and the two following species, which were unknown to
J.C., iii., October, 1881
SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 231
Dall, are closely allied and indeed may prove to be identical on comparison.
24.—ASTARTE ESQUIMALTI Bairp.
1863. Crassatella esquimalti Baird. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 70.
1864. Astarte esquimalti Carpenter. Suppl. Rep. Moll. W. N. Amer., p. 642.
1872. Crassatella esquimalti Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 250.
Hapitat.—Esquimalti Harbour, Vancouver Is. (J. K. Lord).
The single shell described by Dr. Baird as a Cvassazella is without doubt a species of Astarte, for its dentition and external ligament are in conformity with that genus. It is possibly only a young specimen, but the peculiar undulation of the concentric ribs (the feature of the subgenus Azcfocyma) especially near the beaks, marks its specific distinctness. ‘The inner edge of the valves is smooth, but it is quite likely that in the mature shell it may be crenulated,
25.— ASTARTE FLUCTUATA Carpenter. = Crasidteth{ 4 Ap. 1864. 9A. fiuctuata Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Moll. W. coast N.
Amer., pp. 611 and 642. 1866. A. fluctuata Cpr. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. Hin pi 2Oo! 1870. A.fluctuata Cpr. Moll. West. North Amer., pp. 97 & 128. 1872. A. fluctuata Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 246. HABITAT.
Catalina Island, California, 30-—4o fathoms.
This species was described from “dead right valves,” and judging from the description it appears to be less triangular than A, esquimattz. ,
232 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.
Subgenus GONILIA. 26.—ASTARTE BIPARTITA PHILIPPI.
1836. Lucina®? bipartita Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., vol. 1, p. 32, pl. ii., f 21@—c; vol. iL, p. 25.
1844. Astarte bipartita Philippi. Zeitschr. Malakol., vol. 1., (Ds HOO,
1845. A. bipartita Philippi. Abbild., vol. 1, p. 60, pl. 1, f. 9.
1872. A. (Gonilia) bipartita Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 248.
1881. A. bipartita Jeffreys. P.Z.S., p. 713.
Hapirat.—Sicily (Philippi) ; Gulf of Tunis (McAndrew).
ASTARTE (WOODIA) DIGITARIA Linné.
Since writing the above, I find in a recent paper upon the mollusca of the ‘‘Lightning” and ‘‘ Porcupine” expeditions, that Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys refers the 7¢ellina digitaria \.inné (Lucina digitalis of Lamarck) to the genus Astarée, and in this location I fully concur, but whether it be advisable to retain it in the subgenus /V/oodia of Deshayes is a matter of individual opinion. Perhaps ifthe section Goxz/za be maintained on account of the peculiarity of its sculpture, we must, to be consistent, also retain Woodia for the same reason. Figures of this species will be found in Philippi’s Enum. Moll. Sicil., pl. i, f. 19; Delessert’s Recueil, pl. vi., f. 10a, 6, c; Reeve’s Con. Icon. (Lucima) f. 65 ; Jeffreys’ Brit. Con., vol. v., pl. c., f. 6.
><
Planorbis complanatus monst. sinistrorsum.— In the beginning of last June, I was fortunate enough to take at Wye, in Kent, a fine reversed specimen of PVlanorbis complanatus.— (Miss) F. M. HEtg, Bristol, Aug. 1881.
Limnzea truncatula var. albida at Folkestone.—It may interest some of your readers to hear that I have found near here Z. truncatula var. albida in the minor form. Unfortunately the locality is injured if not quite destroyed.—(Mrs.)J. Fitzgerald, Folkestone.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. BOS
A FEW REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF ASTARTE. By J. GWYN JEFFREYS, LL.D., F.R.S.
The last number of the ‘Journal of Conchology’ contains an elaborate and conscientious review of the recent species of Astarte by Mr. Edgar A. Smith.
I would not have said any more about it, but for his criticism of my views on the subject; because, although I am fully aware that I must have made many mistakes in the course of a long study of the mollusca of the European seas, I do not admit the charges of having been “certainly erroneous” (as Mr. Smith phrases it) in the case of certain species.
In the last number of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (7th June, 1881) will be found at pages 711—713 my account of the species of Astfarfe which were procured in the Expeditions of H.M.LSS. ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’. It gives the geographical and geological range of distribution and the principal synonyms.
With respect to Astarte sulcata I said that this is a most poly- morphous and puzzling species, as regards shape, sculpture and other characters. Two of the most noteworthy varieties are Ze/- lina fusca of Poli= Venus incrassata, Brocchi, and Crassina ellip- tica of Brown; the former has a southern, and the latter a north- ern habitat. ‘The crenulation of the inner margin is by no means indicative of full growth. Venzs gallina and many other species of that genus possess the same character in all stages of growth.
I consider A. crenata, Gray the same species as A. depressa, Brown, 4. crebricostata, Forbes, A. crebrilirata, S. Wood (young), A. Richardsont, Reeve, and A. lens, Stimpson. And I remarked that this species ‘may be known by its depressed and triangular shape and its numerous ribs; but I have specimens which seem to unite it with A. sulcata. The typical form is smaller,
234 SOWERBY: ON A NEW CONUS.
inclined to obiong, and more convex. Variable to some extent. Of two fossil valves from Bridlington of the same size, one 1s plain- edged, and the other has the inner margin notched.’
I would refer your readers to that paper as to other species.
My observations were founded on the examination and com- parison of many hundred specimens from various parts of the At- lantic and Mediterranean seas, as well as from tertiary and post- tertiary formations.
Until an International Court has been established to decide the long mooted question of not only what is a species, but also what are the limits of so-called species, it is useless to do more than argue it. Every naturalist has a perfect right to his own opinion ; and time will be the only test of such opinions being correct or
erroneous ——+-e-9—__-
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS
CONUS. By G. B. SOWERBY, junr.
Conus Brazieri.
Shell cylindrical, rather solid, transversely striated, whitish, tinged with pale rose pink, encircled with two broad bands, of a light yellowish brown, sprinkled here and there, with a few very minute brown spots; spire conical, rather short, conspicuously marked with dark brown blotches, which crossing the angle of the last whorl, are almost black; whorls elevated into a ridge against the suture, then slightly concave, with a single very faint spiral thread ridge; last whorl distinctly but not sharply angled at the upper part, convex below the angle, then nearly straight or very slightly convex. Aperture narrow above and rather wide towards the base. Lip moderately sinuated at the upper extremity.
Length 75 mill., greatest diameter (about 1¢ mill. below the
J.C., iii., October, 1881
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 235
angle) 32 mill., greatest width of aperture (about 18 mill. from base) ro mill.
Hab. Solomon Islands (Brazier).
The faint coloring of the body of the shell is relieved by a remarkably handsome spire, forming quite a startling contrast.
The specimen sent to me by Mr. J. Brazier (now in the fine collection of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill) which is one of the only three he has seen, is in fine condition. Mr. Brazier took it for a var. of Conus circumcisus Born, but it is evidently distinct from that species. It is somewhat nearer to C. auriscacus, but differs from that species in form and proportions, as well as in the absence of the markings on the body whorl.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species.—Parts x,—xii.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.
The family Fuside commenced in Part ix is concluded in Part x. Fifty-five species of doubtful or spurious Fusidz are enumerated. The genus Afer is retained but with doubt and another species is placed in it Pusus Blosvillei Desh., from the Asiatic seas.
The genus C/avella is retained with one species only, and that with some hesitation. ‘Three species are removed—C. avel- lana Reeve isa Cronia; C. distorta Reeve is one of the Pisaniine; and C. subrostrata Gray belong to the MWelongeniine.
Buccinojusus of which Boreofusus Sars is a synonym, has two species.
236 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The sub-family Ptychatractine embraces the genera Meyeria Dunker and Metzger and Ptychatractus Stimpson, the former containing one and the latter three species.
The sub-family Fasciolarzine has the genus Fasctolaria, with fourteen recognised species, but under these are placed as syno- nyms many species formerly considered distinct. Five specific names are mentioned of doubtful or unidentified asciolaria,
The sub-family Pertsternzine contains the genera Peristernia with 30 species, Zatirus with 34 species, Zeucozonta with 5 species and Zagena with 3.
The family Buccintde embraces the sub-families WWe/ongenine, Neptuntine, Pisaniine, Buccinine, Eburnine and Photine.
These parts contain 64 plates, illustrating the shell, opercula and dentition of the different species. The x11 part contains also a very full index to the genera, species and synonyms mentioned in the third volume.
Les Mollusques Marins du Rousillon. Descriptions et synonymie. (The Marine Mollusca of Rousillon, France, with descriptions and synonymy).— By MM. E. Bucquoy and Ph. Dautzenberg.
This work is intended to bea complete account of the marine mollusca of the Mediterranen coast at Rousillon, which part of France is exceptionally rich in this department.
It is intended to give a diagnosis of each species, with full indications of habitat, distribution and geological origin, and to complete the work in 8 or ro parts which will be charged to sub- scribers at 4 francs each, payable on the publication of each part.
The text will be accompanied by Photographic plates most beautifully executed, five of which will accompany each part, and a specimen plate accompanies the prospectus.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 237
The first part will be published about Feb. 15th, 1882, and will contain the genera Murex, Ranella, Pisania, Triton, Cancellarta, Fiusus, Leuthria and Hadriania.
The moderate price at which this work is issued renders it desizable that all subscriptions should be sent direct, by Postal order or any other convenient way to M. DaurzENBERG, 213, Rue de Universite, Paris; or to M. Ad. Dotirus, Redacteur de la Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, 55, Rue Pierre-Charron, Paris.
On the Mollusca procured during the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’ Expeditions, 1868—I870,—By John Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. Pro. Zool. Soc., April, 1878.
These cruises were made under the auspices of the Royal Society, in the North Atlantic, and in the Mediterranean Sea. Eight dredgings were made in the ‘Lightning’ expedition, and about 100 in the two cruises of the ‘Porcupine.’
Twenty-two species of Brachiopoda are enumerated of which four are described as new— Zerebratula tuberata (Pl. xxii, f. 2) in North Atlantic in 795 fathoms. Z: ¢7zgona (PI. xxii, f. 3) off the coast of Portugal in 500 fathoms. Z: subguadrata (P1. xxii, f. 4) off the coast of Portugal in 500—600 fms. hynchonella sicula Seguenza MS., (Pl. xxii, f. 5,6) English Channel in 690 fms.
A very elaborate series of tables are given showing the stations at which dredgings were made, with the temperature, and the depth in fathoms.
A table is also given of the European species of the group, giving the range of each species in depth, and also the localities where they are found fossil.
Dr. Jeffreys also expresses the opinion that Waldhetmia and Terebratulina should not be considered distinct genera as Mr. Davidson has suggested.
238 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT BURLINGTON, BEMPTON, SPEETON AND FLAMBRO’ HEAD, Yorks.
By J. S. GIBBONS, M.B.
Succinea putris. Speeton.
Hyalina alliaria. Bempton.
H. cellaria. Bempton.
H. crystallina. Speeton.
relix aspersa. Bempton.
. hortensis. Bempton.
. ericetorum. Speeton Road: one place only. . Caperata. Bempton.
. virgata. Speeton Road: with ertcetorum.
. Cantiana. Bempton.
. rufescens. Bempton.
. hispida. Bempton.
Buliminus obscurus. Speeton.
Zua lubrica. Speeton.
Pupa umbilicata. Speeton.
V. pygmeea. Speeton.
Carychium minimum. Speeton.
Limneza palustris. Burlington.
L. palustris var. elongata. Burlington: good var. L. peregra var. Burlington.
Ancylus fluviatilis. Speeton.
Planorbis corneus. Burlington. —
P. marginatus. Burlington.
P. contortus. Burlington.
P. spirorbis. Speeton.
Bythinia tentaculata. Burlington. Sphezerium corneum var. nucleus. Burlington.
2 de Lo ket
J.C., iii., October, 1881
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 239
NOTE ON THE ANATOMY OF FELIX ATSPIDA AND Hl, CANTIANA.
By CHARLES ASHFORD.
In his History of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of France, M. Moquin-Tandon describes & /zspida as having only a single dart-sac (‘“‘uné bourse 4 dard,” 11, 225). On examining a series of our English examples of this species, I find it is furnished (invariably in mature individuals) with two of these organs. These are placed, one on each side of the common generative passage; each is bilobed—the inner lobes being the highest in position—and each contains one dart which occupies the outer lobe. Though the organ is small it is unmistakably apparent under a lens, and the form of the contained weapons makes their extraction rather easy. I have never failed to obtain two darts from an adult animal, and the form of the sac appears to be constant. It may be interesting to note that this arrange- ment of a double bi-lobed dart pouch occurs also in the allied species, HW. rufescens, and (according to the author above quoted) in H. plebeta and 7. villosa.
H. Cantiana. The same author departs from his usual accuracy in describing that organ which is called by different authors “the fimbriated prostate,” “vesicula multifida” or “les vésicules muqueuses.” In his anatomical observations upon the species he says—‘‘vésicules muqueuses nulles.” Our English representatives of H. Cantiana certainly possess the organ fairly developed. There are two vesiculz, each with three to five branches (normally four, resulting from two repeated bifurcations). These are slender, vermiform and slightly azure, attaining in the mature state a length of from 5 to 7 mm. It is easier to suppose the learned author made an error in transcribing his notes, than
240 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
that the 4. Cantiana of the continent really differs in so marked a degree from the species to which we assign that name. ‘The organ in question is notoriously inconstant, even among indivi- duals of the same species, in length, colour, turgidity, and especially in the number and arrangement of the branches, but when it occurs in a species, it is very rarely indeed absent from an individual of that species.
(Since the above was written I have had an opportunity of examining Adolf Schmidt’s “Geschl. der Stylomm.” His figure of H. Cantiana Mont. under Dupuy’s name 4. Galloprovincialts represents the vesicule multifide as I have described them; and his figure of the organs of 4. hispida corroborate what I have said as to the double dart-sac.)
> =D + a
Note on Bulimus Goodallii, Miller.—This West-Indian species is not confined to the nursery grounds at Clifton and Weybridge. For many years past it has flourished in the Orchid houses of Mr. Day of Tottenham, from which locality I have pro- cured specimens. At present 4. Gooda/lit has no claim whatever to a place in the British list, but as it is gradually gaining a foot- ing and may possibly at some future time become fairly natural- ised, I add this contribution to its early history.—C. Ashford.
Limneea palustris var. albida.—For the last four years, I have found at Sandwich the variety a/btda—tincta form—of this species, and in company with them the white variety of Zzmnea truncatula but not so plentifully.—( Mrs) J. Fitzgerald, Folkestone.
A white variety of Succinea elegans, Risso.—A short time ago, I found three specimens of a white variety of Succinea elegans. I have not heard of it before and it appears to be new to Jeffreys.—J. D. Butterell, Beverley.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 241
LEE ES TORTS OF BRITISH AZZ/6ES.
By JOHN W. TAYLOR. |
I have been induced, by the hope that it might be usefnl to many conchologists, to commence a series of articles upon our British Helices. On naming my scheme to the scientific friends likely to assist, I was encouraged thereto, and have to thank for any special merit there may be in these papers, the valuable co- operation of, especially Mr. Ashford, Mr. Butterell, Miss Hele, Mr. W. Nelson, Mr. Ponsonby and other friends. To the first named gentleman I am greatly mdebted, more particularly for his researches into the darts of the different species, a branch of the subject greatly neglected inthis country. Mr. Butterell has kindly prepared and sent me slides of carefully mounted jaws and ling- uals of the desired species and communicated a number of inter- esting facts.
As hinted above, it is my intention to follow with other Hedz- ces, until the whole of our native species have been treated of. I purpose taking 4 aspersa as my next subject, to be followed by Hi. hortensis, and I would solicit earnestly the co-operation of all conchologists to render these papers as full and accurate as possible.
It will be seen that the subject has been treated under a number of different headings; this is done designedly, so as more effectually to show, not so much our knowledge, as its deficiency, and to serve as a guide to the particular directions in which ad- ditional information will be most useful.
Mr. W. Nelson, of Leeds, is engaged upon Life histories of the Zimneide, and will be grateful for any information on the group, especially upon Zzmnaa glabra Muller, which he purposes
242 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
publishing in our next issue. It is desirable that other students should take up other genera, and publish ‘life histories’ of the species composing them; co-operation in this way will be cordially welcomed.
HELIX (ARIANTA) ARBUSTORUM 1. Classification.
This species is now generally placed by systematists in the sub-genus Avzanta of Leach, a group possessing the following characters—
Shell perforate, conic or depressed globose, whorls 5—6, the last gradually descending, lunately rounded, peristome broadly labiate, its margins parallel, the basal dilated often covering the umbilicus, epiphragm membranaceous.
This species is remarkable as being an outlying member of a group having its development on the Pacific coast of N. America, where its congeners appear in a.number of fine species. I am not aware of any species of this group being known in America east of the Rocky Mountains.
It has at various times and by various authors been placed un- der the following generic or subgeneric groups :—
Flelicogena by Ferussac, Cryptomphalus by Charpentier, Cochlea by Lister and Da Costa, Cingulifera by Held, Artanta by Leach, and Campylea by Frauenfeld.
Synonymy. Cochlea maculata Lister. Hist. Anim. Angl. p. 119, pl. 2, f.4, 1678. flelix arbustorum L. Syst. Nat., roth ed., p. 771, 1758.
Cochlea untfasciata Da Costa. ‘Test. Brit., p. 75, pl. xvi, f. 6, 1778.
Flelix turgidula Wood. Index. Test. Suppl., pl. vil, f. 6, 1828.
Arianta arbustorum Leach. Brit. Moll., p. 86, 1833.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 243
felix Cantigonensis Boubée. Bull. Hist. Nat., p. 36, 1833.
Hf, Xatartit Farines. Ann. Sc. Nat., vol. i, p. 122, 1834.
Hf, alpestris Ziegler. Rossm. Icon. L. & S. Moll., part 5, 1834.
Hf, Wittmannt Zawadsky. Rossm. Icon. L. & S. Moll., p. 5, f. 27092, 1837.
Cingulifera arbustorum Held. Isis, p. 911, 1837.
felix planospira Gras. Descr. Moll. de VIsere, p. 36, pl. iii., ib Wits WGysle).
Hf. ethiops Bielz. Verh. u. Mitth. d. Siebenb. Ver., iv., 1853.
HT, (Arianta) arbustorum Moqg-Tand. Hist. Moll., vol. ii, p- 123, pl. x1, f. r—4, 1855.
ff. (Campylea) styriaca Frauenfeld. Verh. zool. bot.-Ges. Wien, XVUl, p. 149, 1868.
The foregoing synonymy is given mainly on the authority of Reeve. Helix gothica of L., regarded by Reeve as referable to this species, is thought by Dr. Jeffreys to be more likely to be HT. rotundata Mill. 4. styrtaca Frauenfeld and Z. ezhiops Bielz, are considered to belong to this species on the authority of Dr. Kobelt of Frankfort.
Development, &c.
The eggs, which are about 3 mill. in diameter, are enclosed within an opaque and yellowish envelope, which probably has crystals of lime dispersed through its membranes, as in some other species. They are deposited from July to September, and vary in number from 30 to 50. They hatch in 15 to 20 days, and are adult at the commencement or middle of second year (Mogq.-Tandon).
Miss F. M. Hele of Bristol, to whom I am under great obligations for her great kindness and willingness to assist in these papers, modifies and supplements the foregoing, and says: “The eggs are deposited in clusters of from 50 to 80 under the
244 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
leaves of the Coltsfoot ( Tusslago farfara) and Dock (Rumex vulgaris ).”
Young shells have a thin lip with a slight white internal rib.
It is stated by authors that many Helices retire in summer and place their heads and the mouths of their shells downwards in the earth when the increase of the shell takes place. I am not aware if this is the case with the present species.
We have no information as to the length of its life, but should suppose that it may sometimes attain an age of 5 or 6 years.
Animal.
The Bopy is usually of a dark grey, or almost black above, but varies to lavender, dark brown, grey brown, umber, sienna, and occasionally to a delicate fawn. The underside varies from a light slate color to pale yellowish grey. The color of the body does not appear to have any apparent relation to the color of the shell-—light colored bodies have sometimes dark fuscous shells and vice versa. /
MANTLE marked with a few indistinct white specks; tentacles slender, widely divergent, with globular bulbs, and eyes a little above their tips; lower pair widely separated and swollen at tips, about one-third the length of upper pair; foot narrow and slightly keeled at tail with the sides transversely grooved.
The jaw of this species is described by Moquin-Tandon as 2.66 mill. broad, with 4 remote, narrow, parallel ribs, the two middle ones rather prominent, sometimes at the centre there is a fifth slightly visible. In old individuals there are sometimes six ribs. In the specimens I examined which were kindly furnished me by Mr. Butterell of Beverley,—who is a skilful microscopist, and ever willing to give his valuable aid to all desiring it—it-1s of a somewhat crescentic form with blunt ends, bearing four distinct and prominent ribs, denticulate on both margins, especially the concave one, there are also indications of three other ribs. It is composed of indurated or hardened mucus, and is of a horn color, the minute sculpture is formed of longitudinal, wavy lines which follow the exterior outline, and straight transverse lines parallel with the ribs.*
*Since writing the above, Mr. Butterell has sent 3 other jaws of this species, which differ so much from the ordinary form that Ihave figured them.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 245
The LINGUAL RIBBON is long and narrow, the teeth being ar- ranged in rows, something after the fashion of a printer’s brace —,— but with the central point not so acute.
The formula in the specimen examined by me was—
36—1—36 The central tooth has a base of attachment = 110,220
140 much longer than broad, with concave lower margin, and has a single large median cusp, with a small undeveloped one at either side. The lateral teeth are of similar type to the central, but are deficient of the inner angle of the base of attachment, the outer laterals have a side cusp, and cutting point, the transition from laterals is shown by the greater propor- tional development of the cutting point, which becomes bifid, and lesser development of the cusp. ‘The marginals have the reflection larger than the base of attachment, the reflection is produced into two lobes, the inner one bearing two cutting points, and the outer a short conical one. The outermost rows are simple spikes.
Dart-sac single, clavate, slender, livid blue in adults. Outer sac, grey, semitransparent, tough; inner sheath dark brown show- ing through the outer and giving it its lead-colored appearance. The sac is embraced by the two stout, subulate simple arms of the mucous glands. These are somewhat stiff, livid brown, and about 21 mill. long. The only other British Helices resembling it in this respect are Helix lapicida and H. Pisana.
Dart. Shaft curved, slender, cylindrical, white, calcareous, more or less perforated longitudinally, expanding rather abruptly at about two thirds from the base into a broad, lanceolate, sharply pointed head, lenticular in transverse section. Base infundibuli- form not connected by a contracted neck. Length 5 mm.
The word ‘dart’, giving as it does the idea of free transit through the air, is I apprehend a misnomer, as applied to this organ. The manner in which it is attached to its sheath, renders such an action unlikely if not impossible. I believe it to be merely exserted and then plunged or pressed forwards; when it has punc- tured the skin of the other snail it is frequently torn away from its sheath-attachment and remains pendant by its point (Ashford).
Oroitus rather more thah one-hundred (Mogq.-Tan.).
246 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
Shell.
SHELL, globular, somewhat compressed beneath, brownish horny, freckled with opaque yellowish or reddish markings, with a single brown band encircling each whorl, about its upper third; strongly and irregularly ridged in the lines of growth, and finely striate in a spiral direction; epidermis rather thin; whorls 5—6, convex, the last occupying three-fifths of the shell; spire generally depressed and blunt; suture rather deep; mouth forming about two-thirds of a circle; outer lip, thick, white and reflected, some- times strengthened by a slight internal rib, much inflected above and rounded beneath; inner lip, a mere film; umbilicus small and oblique, nearly concealed by a fold of the outer lip. Diam. maj. 24, min. 20, alt. 16.
EPIPHRAGM very thin and transparent, sometimes iridescent. The respiratory orifice is near the upper part and nearly close to the outer wall, and is strengthened by a deposit of carbonate of lime.
Variations.
The differences in form, color, size, substance and texture of this species has caused authors at different times to differentiate a number of the most striking variations. Opinions differ widely as to the range of variation of this species, some of our analytical conchologists regarding as different species the forms considered as varietal only by those taking broader views.
Var. major Pfr. Shell larger. Diam. maj. 30, min. 27, alt. 20 mill. (=var. depressa Scholtz).
I have included under this head the var. defressa of Scholtz, which only appears different in being a very little smaller.
Dr. Jeffreys says ‘not very uncommon’. Mr. C. Ashford has found it on the Castle Holmes at Scarbro’ and Mr. Blackburn at Knaresbro’. Pfeiffer records it from Monte Monchsberg, Salzburg, and I have found it on the shores of Lake Lucerne in Switzerland.
Var. septentrionalis Clessin. Shell medium size, spire depressed, thin, um- bilicated. Diam. 19, alt. 14—r15 mill.
Inhabits Medalpad, Sweden.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 247
Var. minima Pfr. Shell solid, yellowish, somewhat unicolored, umbilicated. Diam. maj. 14, min. 13, alt. 10 mill.
Pfeiffer records this variety from Mount Glockner in Carinthia, at an elevation of about 8600 ft. above the sea. J am not aware of this form having been noticed in this country.
Var. alpestris Ziegl. Shell half the usual size, spire more raised. Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt.12mill. (=Aelx subalpina Hartm. in sched.—var. alpicola Moq-Tand.—var. mznor Pfr. and—var. alpina).
Found numerously on the marshes by the side of the River Lea, Hoddesden, Herts; Mr. W. Nelson has found it on the warp lands near Goole; Mr. Roebuck on the slopes of Ingleboro’. It is recorded from Knottingley by Mr. J. Wilcock; from Scarbro’— as var. alpina—by Mr. Gilliver; from Knaresbro’ by Mr. Black- burn; and from near Banbury by Mr. Pidgeon. Mr. Ponsonby says it is found also at Buxton.
In Scotland it occurs, but rarely, in several parts of Perth- shire and Aberdeenshire (IF. B. White, 1873). Five years subse- quently he found it abundantly at Glen Tilt, Perthshire, but confined strictly to the limestone. Mr. H. Coates found it rather common on the banks of Craigeour Burn, Perthshire.
Moquin-Tandon records it from the Jura and the Alps, and I have found it at the summit of the Gemmi pass at an altitude of about 7300 ft., and on the Righi, Switzerland.
Var. conoidea Westerlund. Shell large, conical, irregularly striate, with transverse somewhat confluent pale yellow markings, subperforate.
Diam. 24, alt. 26 mill. A specimen at Castle Howard, anda few by the city walls,
York (Christy). Found also in Sweden.
Var. calcarea Hogberg. Shell thick, solid, dull chesnut color, marked with yellow, mouth dull purple. Diam. 24, alt. 18 mill.
Pfeiffer does not give any indication of locality. Not known as British as yet.
248 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
Var. rudis Muhlfeldt. _ Shell small, spire depressed, marked with transverse somewhat confluent yellow lines, epidermis rugosely-plicate. Diam. maj. 21, min. 18, alt. 14 mill.
Tyrolese Alps (Pfeiffer). Not found in England.
Var. Styriaca Frauenfeld. Shell moderately umbilicated, much depressed, fuscous-horny, with markings and radiating lines of pale yellowish, the central band dark fuscous. Diam. maj. 25, min.22, alt. 12 mill.
Inhabits Styria. Not found in this country. Referred to the subgenus Campylea when first described.
Var. zthiops Bielz. Shell depressed, thin, translucent, blackish-chesnut, uni- colored, narrowly umbilicated. Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.
Found on the mountains of Transylvania, at an altitude of 6000—7000 feet. Not found in this country. Dr. Martens says it is found on soils deficient of limestone.
Var. fusca Férussac- Shell brown, depressed, very thin and semitransparent. (=H. picea Ziegl—_ H. Wittmannii Zawadsky.—var. tenuissima Pfr.)
Found at Lunna, East Zetland, where there is no limestone or other calcareous rock (Jeffr.); Scilly Isles (Miss F. M. Hele). Miss Jessie Hele has found at Carlisle some specimens which she thinks are this form, but larger than usual; she has also received ‘very transparent’ specimens from York.
Moquin-Tandon records this var. from Mont Dore, and the Upper Vosges, France; Pfeiffer from granitic mountains in Car- inthia; Dr. Kobelt from the Black Forest; and I have taken it from the slopes of the Brevent, at Chamouni, Switzerland.
Var. Repellini Charpentier. Shell flatter, thin, pale and semitransparent. (=H. planospira Gras). ; Near Grenoble, France (Moquin-Tandon). Not yet found
in this country. —---
Var. Canigonensis Boubée. Shell more depressed, very thin and transparent, slightly banded or unicolored. (=A. xatartzz Farines).
Costa Bona, near the the sources of the Tech river, Pyrenées Orientales (Dupuy). Spain (Ponsonby). Not known to inhabit this country.
J.C., iii., October, 1881
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. - 249
It may be remarked here that M. Fagot considers A. cant- gonensis and H. xatartii to be distinct from arbustorum, and from each other. ——
Var. Baylei Lecoq. Shell much smaller, conoid, extremely thin and trans- parent, clear uniform greenish yellow.
On Mont Dore, France (Moquin-Tandon). Mr. Ponsonby informs me that he has received ‘an extraordinarily thin variety’ from Silesia; it may possibly be this form, known hitherto from France only. Not yet discovered in this country.
Var. marmorata Taylor. Shell similar to typical form, but destitute of band. Found at Castleford, Ferrybridge, and Airton, Yorkshire. I have also found it at Frutigen, Switzerland.
Var. flavescens Moquin-Tandon. Shell yellow or whitish-yellow, without band. (=so0rbosa-albina Westerlund).
Dr. Jeffreys says ‘‘not very uncommon”. ‘This variety gener- ally lives in company with the typical shell and is not segregated. It is found in Yorkshire at Scarbro’, Knaresbro’, Pontefract, Brough, Goole, Airton, Brayton near Selby, Hessle and Worton, and at Dringhouses and Bishopthorpe near York. In other counties, it is recorded from Kent; from Westmoreland; from Oxon, at Banbury; from Stechford, Staffordshire; Whitlingham, Norfolk; Peterboro’, Northamptonshire; Whittlesey, Cambridge- shire; and Mr. Nelson has collected it at Hartington, Bakewell and Dovedale in Derbyshire.
In Scotland, Dr. White has found it near the sea in Fife.
InIreland, Mr. Thompson collected a few at Larne, Co. Antrim.
I have found it in Switzerland, at Lausanne, Interlaken and Frutigen; Moquin-Tandon quotes it from France ; and it is given for Sweden by Westerlund under morbosa-albina.
“The epidermis appears to be more tender than that of its darker brethren, for it is more frequently corroded or effaced, and after death it is more quickly deciduous (Ashford).
250 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
Var. pallida (Backhouse MS.) Taylor. Shell yellow or whitish-yellow, with
band. This form has been separated from /lavescens by Mr. Back-
house of York. It is found at York and Bell Busk, and Mrs. Fitzgerald has collected it at Folkestone.
Var. albinos Moquin-Tandon. (=var. a/éida Rimmer). Shell white.
Near Settle (Smith); Gargrave (J. Whitwham). Outside the city walls near the Railway Station, York, H. arbustorum was very abundant, and fully 1th of the specimens were this form (Christy). Mr. W. K. Bridgman records it as ‘‘not unfrequent near Norwich.” Mr. Ponsonby informs me that it is found in Kent and in Derby- shire. Moquin-Tandon gives it in his list of French varieties.
Miss F. M. Hele says it is more common in chalky districts than elsewhere, but she does not particularize localities.
Var. Draparnaudi Mogq.-Tand. Shell greenish brown, marked with yellow. France. Not yet recorded for this country.
Var. Poiretia Moq.-Tand. Brown with yellow and white markings. France. Not yet recorded for this country.
Var. Boisseria Moq.-Tand. Violet with white markings. France. Not yet recorded for this country.
Var. rufescens Mogq.-Tand. Shell of a clear reddish color marked with white. France. Not yet recorded for this country.
Var. Thomasia Moq.-Tand. Grey with white markings. France. Not yet recorded for this country.
Monst. sinistrorsum Fér. “Shell reversed. Pfeiffer quotes this form, on the authority of Férussac and
Hartmann but does not state locality. Not yet recorded for this
country. Pfeiffer also records scalariform specimens, on the authority
of Hartmann.
: J.C. iii., October, 1881
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 251
A var. maritima is recorded in the Zoologist, March, 1853, by James Taylor, as plentiful along the coasts of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire, but I have been unable to find any descrip- tion of it, or gain any information of its peculiarities.
Fossil.
The variety a/pestris occurs in the upper tertiary beds of Copford, in Essex, and the type in the loéss of Fisherton Anger near Salisbury. In France it is found in the pleistocene fluvio-marine sand (sable aigre) of Menchecourt near Abbeville, and in the loéss at Frankfort and Heidelberg in Germany.
Parasites.
This species is infested with a small white mite, which does not appear to differ at first sight, from those found on other species. I obtained three individuals and placed them in a small tube, for future examination, but when I required them, I found they had all escaped through a defective place in the cork.
Habits and Habitat.
This species lives gregariously, on shrubs and on the ground; it is generally confined to a small area, and appears to travel but little from its favorite bushes. Moquin-Tandon says it is sluggish and irritable, fond of darkness, secretes mucus rather plentifully, and carries its shell inclined when crawling. It appears to prefer hedgebanks with succulent vegetation, but different observers note its preferences.
Montagu says “it delights in wet and shady places, particu- larly among willows and-alders where the soil is black and boggy.’ Dr. G. R. Tate, states that it is found “on reeds by ditch sides.” Dr. Jeffreys “among alders, and in moist and shady woods and hedges, and in meadows by the side of rivers.” Mr. C. Ashford,
252 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
remarks “frequents hedges, especially when fringed with coarse succulent herbage, brambles, nettle beds and overgrown ditches.” A number of observers concur in remarking upon its predilection for the vicinity of nettles, and Mr. Pidgeon notes its restriction to the plant Angelica sylvestr7s. Miss Hele informs me “they are found chiefly in damp places, where Ivy grows, also among nettles and coltsfoot; it thrives in captivity and it is thus easy to mature young shells, whereas AH. nemoradis almost always die, after a few weeks captivity. Still it is a difficult species to introduce into a fresh district, I have again and again taken them from Bath, and liberated them in different hedges round Bristol, but always un- successfully.” Uses.
This species once occupied a place in the Materia medica and is enumerated by Moquin-Tandon, as one of the edible species though not much esteemed.
Food.
Miss Hele says: ‘‘I have kept them in captivity and find they will eat cabbage and lettuce, but their favorite food is the leaves of the coltsfoot ( Zusst/ago farfava). They also feed on nettles.”
Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell states that he has met with very fine and beautifully marked specimens at Lynch Farm, Encombe, Dorset, feeding on Heracleum sphondylium.
Mr. C. Ashford has observed it at Scarbro’ upon Wild Celery (Apium graveolens ), but cannot affirm that it feeds upon it.
On the banks of the Cropredy Canal, Banbury, it is found amongst an abundant growth of Angelica sylvestris, its presence being possibly determined by the plant, as it is confined to a very small area (D. Pidgeon).
Other observers note its predilection for the vicinity of
J.C., iii., October, 188
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 253
nettles, and Mr. Thompson states that it occurs at Knockdolian, Ayrshire, with little more than Ferns ( Cystea fragilis ) to shelter it. Geology.
This species can accommodate itself to different elevations and to soil which yields very little calcareous matter, as granite and gneiss. The extreme form which altitude and deficiency of calcic element produces is found in the var. Bayled from Mont Dore. France, which is similar in texture to a Vitrina.
The opposite extreme would appear to be the var. calcarea of Hogberg, but I am without information as to the peculiarity of its habitat.
Mr. Borrer notes that it is found on bushy banks about Henfield, Sussex, and other places on the sand, and is not found on the clay. Mr. Ghristy has taken it in gravel pits, at Fulford, near York.
Dr. F. Buchanan White remarks that in Glen Tilt, Perthshire, “it is in profusion on the limestone slopes south of the stream, but not found at all on the gneiss to the north of it.”
Of 61 Yorkshire localities, 38 are situated on limestone formations; 3 on the coal measures, but on the edge and near limestone; 17 on the post tertiary; 1 on the trias; and 2 on the drift.
“Around Bristol the shells are very dark, perhaps from the red soil, for although round Bristol Lias abounds, the Mountain Limestone at Clifton seems preferred. I have noticed that in chalky districts the white variety is more abundant, and the shells are generally of a thinner texture, and the animals lighter in color than ours here at Bristol, which are almost black” (Miss
Hele). Geographical Distribution.
Pfeiffer gives as habitats, Germany, France, England, Sweden, Podolia, Switzerland and N. Italy.
254 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
It is found in Lapland according to Von Wallenberg; Colbeau gives Belgium; Morch, Denmark; and Miss Hele, Holland, remarking at same time that Dutch specimens “are more like British in size and color than in any other part of Europe.” Mr. Ponsonby states that it is found at Munich, Bavaria; Buda-Pesth; Campiodon and other localities in Spain ; In Switzerland it is found at Lausanne, Frutigen, Interlaken, Ghiessbach, Fluellen, and Courmayeur, also in the Vallée d’Aoste, &c.
It is quoted by Lowe as a Madeiran shell, and by Aradas and Maggiore as Sicilian, but both these records require confirmation.
Not uncommon throughout Scotland, but rather local, frequenting damp rocks and damp shady hedge banks.
It is almost the only /e/zx that is to be found on the high mountains, where it is not uncommon, and attains,an elevation
Savoy; in the Brenner Pass (5000 feet); and in Norway.
of at least 3000 feet. In the British Isles it is known to occur in the following
counties :—
Alt. Locality. in Formation. Authority. Remarks. feet Cambridgeshire :— Whittlesey Bellars with var. flavescens Cornwall Jeffreys, Dr Cumberland :— Carlisle Hele, Miss | near var. fusca Durham :— Durham se Bailey Derbyshire one Ponsonby var. albinos Bakewell Nelson, Wi! svar. flavescens ~ TBNEBSIBIA, Gac Ponsonby | var. alpestris Dovedale Nelson, W | with var. flavescens Hartington Nelson, W | with var. flavesccns Matlock Broadhead Millersdale West Devonshire :— Montagu Exeter... Parfitt rare Dorset Mansel throughout Encombe -Pleydell| very fine
J.C., iii., October, 1881
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
Locality.
Essex :—
Saffron Walden ...| ...
Gloucestershire :-— Bristol Clifton
Cooper’s Hill... rie
Stapleton ... Hunts ;— Earith... Herts :-— Hoddesden Hants :-— Christchurch ... Kent i ae Charlton Folkestone Erith ... Faversham Sevenoaks Lancashire : — Burnley
Bootle, nr.L’pool... a
Hornby BS Lincolnshire :— Glentham... Owston Ferry Middlesex: Fulham Hammersmith
Norfolk :— Norwich AS Whitlingham Trowse 5
Northampton :— Peterborough Eye
Northumberland :—
Alnwick ... Notts :— Newark Scawley ... Thrumpton Oxford :— Banbury ... Oxford BH Shropshire ... Somerset Bath... ace Leigh Woods
bee
Formation.
Lias
. |Carb. limestone
Authority.
Ashford, C
Hele, Miss Hele, Miss Simpson, E Leipner
Ashford. C Jeffreys, Dr
Ashford, C Ponsonby Harting Fitzgerald Leslie Fairbrass Smith
Bailey Williams Roberts, G
Bothamley Nelson, W
Harting Harting
Bridgman Bellars Bellars
Bell Bell
Bailey
Bailey Lowe Lowe
Pidgeon Norman Eyton Ponsonby
Hele, Miss Leipner
259
Remarks.
very dark shells
var. alpestris
var. albinos
with var. pallida
local, not common
with a conical var.
common with var. flavescens
with var. flavescens
rare rare
with var. flavescens
256
Locality.
Staffordshire :—
Dudley ... oa
Stechford Suffollz :— Sudbury Surrey Battersea Sussex :— Eastbourne Hastings Henfield Landport, Lewes Ratham
Alt. in feet.
Warwickshire :—
Alum Rock, Westmoreland
Wight, Isle of :— | _
Ventnor Wiltshire Salisbury ..
Birm.
Worcestershire : =
Kidderminster Yorkshire :— Acomb Askham Beverley ... ; Bishopthorpe... Brayton Bubwith Clifton Driffield Dringhouses ... Fulford Goole ... Hessle Hobmoor nee Newland ... 5 Swinefleet Ulleskelf Worle 550 Strensall ... Addingham Hackfall ... Askern Barwick Boston Spa Conisbro’ ... Ferrybridge Knaresbro’ ... Knottingley ...
300
Formation.
Post Tertiary
Trias Glacial drift
9° Permian
Authority:
Tye Tye
King Da Costa Harting
Eastb.Soc. Langdon Borrer Unwin Jeffery, W
Nelson, W Dix.& Wats.
Ponsonby Montagu Blackmore
Nelson W
Christy Hey Butterell Madison Nelson, W Grassham Christy Pollard Hey
Hey Nelson, W Butterell Christy Maxwell Maxwell Pollard Christy Christy Nelson, W Dalton Wilcock Nelson, W Beevers Wilcock Nelson, W Grassham Wilcock
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
Remarks.
with var. flavescens
rare on the sand
not uncommon” local .
- var. flavescens
with var. flavescens with var. flavescens
one specimen
common In gravel pits
var. alpestris
with var. flavescens rare
with var. alpestris 3 or 4 specimens
of calcareous origin very abundant
with var. mzarmorata with var. flavescens
J.C., iii., October, 1881
TAYLOR: ON HELIX
Locality.
Yorkshire :— Weadise s2s0 ts Newton nr. Castlfd. Pontefract Sherburn Studley Tadcaster... Towton ... Brantingham ... Brough ee Cayton ibe Castle Holmes .. Castle Howard ... Filey ...
- Gristhorpe Malton Pickering... Settrington Speeton Whitby Airton ...
Bell Busk
Birk Rigg Gargrave ... Pe Gordale Scar... Grassington Hardraw Scar Hawes Ingleton ... Settle ... Skipton
W orton Castleford Hunslet Methley
Scilly Isles Isle of Man
WALES, Brecon :— Vaynor
Formation.
Permian
bi) Carb. limestone
99
39 Coal measures
Carnarvonshire :—
Langefni ... Flint :-— Gwernymynydd ... IRELAND. Antrim :— Larne
400
99 29
Carb. limestone
ARBUSTORUM. 257
Authority, Remarks. Nelson, W
Nelson, W
Hepworth | with var. flavescens Nelson, W
Roebuck
Crowther
Nelson, W
Butterell
Butterell with var. flavescens Nelson, W
Ashford, C | with var. flavescens Christy var. conoidea
Bailey
Bailey
Butterell
Whitwham |!
Pollard
Bailey much eroded Pollard
Madison with var. marmorata Nelson, W | with var. pallida Crowther
Whitwham]} with var. a/bzos Parsons, Dr
Roebuck
Scharff
Pollard
Roebuck var. alpestris Roebuck with var. albinos Nelson, W
Crowther with var. flavescens Nelson, W| with var. marmorata Nelson, W | since died out there Nelson, W
Hele, Miss| var. fusca Forbes, Prof.| uncommon
Trump
Hirst river bank, rare Shrubsole | abundant Thompson ! with var. flavescens
258 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
Alt. Locality. in Formation. Authority. Remarks. feet IRELAND, Cork :—
Conwis as ee a Hincks Down nas aca ed A Thompson Dublin :—
Dublin, Near to Oe ee Turton Kerry :—
Kellammeyseremaerewets Pee Brown
SCOTLAND.—In Scotland, I have records of its existence in ARGYLE (Alfd. Brown); AyrsHrRe, plentiful near the town of Ayr, at the foot of Doon, &c., and at Troon (McMurtrie). Mr. Alfred Brown says it occurs also at Dundonald and Largo. Mr. Thompson records it from Knockdolian and from the Falls of the Clyde. Burzsurre: Mr. Brown records Kamesburgh. CairHness: Mr. W. Baillie of Brora, has found it rarely at Dun- heath, East Caithness, and at Brawl Castle on Thurso River, Northeast Caithness. Dumbarton: Mr. Brown gives Luss and Bowling. DumrriessHrrE: Mr. Brown has taken it at Thornhill. FIFESHIRE: Dr. White records it from the coast, and Rev. J. McMurtrie says it is found at Burntisland, and he is informed it occurs at Aberdour. HADDINGTONSHIRE: abundant near North Berwick on banks facing the sea, east from the town (McMutrtrie). KINCARDINESHIRE: Rev. J. McMurtrie informs me that it is plentiful near the sea at Stonehaven, and Mr. James Taylor records a variety maritima as plentiful along the coast. KINRoss: Mr. H. Coates informs me it is found at Rumbling Bridge Glen, on the Devonian formation. LANARKSHIRE: Mr. H. Nelson has found it near Glasgow, and Mr. Brown at Carmyle. PERTHSHIRE: Dr. White has taken it abundantly at Glen Tilt, and Mr. H. says it is found on the Devonian system at Perth at an elevation of 50—300 ft., and at Pitlochrie on the Silurian at 100o— 400 ft. RENFREW: Mr. Brown has found it in this county. ROSSHIRE: Mr. Ponsonby says it is found in the northwest of this county. SKYE: abundant near Portree (McMurtrie). Strryinc: Mr. Brown has collected it at Drymen and Milngavie. SUTHERLAND: quite common on the east coast, and at Assynt on the southwest, at the foot of high cliffs about 600 feet above the sea (W. Baillie).
ENGLAND.—BeErks: Mr. W. C. Atkinson has found several specimens in a wood bordering the Thames at Sonning
J.C., iii., January, 1882
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 259
Lock near Reading. Bucks: Mr. H. Ullyett has taken it at High Wycombe. CHESHIRE: Mr. G. W. Shrubsole informs me of its ocurrence at Barrow near Chester, on the Trias at 150 feet elevation. DrrpysHirRE: Mr. E. Pickard says ‘frather uncom- mon at Heath,” and Mr. W. E. Brown has found it. on the Mountain Limestone at Castleton. LaNcasHirRE: Mr.-J. T. Lightwood says “‘it is very rare in the Fylde district, the soil is _ entirely sandy.” Norrs: Mr. E. Pickard has found it in Pleasley Vale on Magnesian Limestone. Somerset: Mr. W. E. Brown has found it at Clevedon on Mountain Limestone. Sussex: Mr. Merrifield quotes Brighton, and Mr. J. E. Harting gives South Harting in the valleys and not on the hills. | WORCESTERSHIRE: Habberley Valley (Miss Fairbrass). Yorks: Mr. Roberts gives Loft- house; Mr. Nelson, Newthorpe; Mr. L. E. Emmet, nr. Sheffield ; Mr. Welburn, about Sledmere; Mr. H. Richardson, Helmsley and Kirkham in woods on the Ooolite, Swalwell on Carboniferous strata, and Corbridge and Stanhope; Mr. J. H. Davis says “amongst nettles in several places about Thirsk, and under Boltby Scar at an elevation of 700 feet.”
Records of its occurrence in Russia, Turkey, Greece, Portu- gal, Peninsular Italy, and the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, are wanting.
Records are also deficient for the Channel Islands, the Hebrides and Orkneys; also for the following English, Welsh, Scotch and Irish counties :—
ENGLAWND.—Bedford, Hereford, Leicester, Monmouth and Rutland.
WALES.—Anglesea, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Denbigh, Glarmorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke and Radnor.
SCOTLAND.—Berwick, Banff, Clackmannan, Cromarty, Edinburgh, Elgin, Forfar, Inverness, Kirkcudbright, Linlithgow, Nairn, Peebles, Roxburgh, Selkirk and Wigton.
ITRELAND.—Armagh, Cavan, Clare, Carlow, Donegal, Fermanagh, Galway, Kildare, Kilkenny, King’s County, Leitrim, Limerick, Londonderry, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Mona- ghan, Roscommon, Sligo, Queen’s County, Tipperary, Tyrone, Waterford, Wexford, West Meath and Wicklow.
260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL AND VICINITY. By J. W. CUNDALL.
Read before the Conchological Society.
In the annexed list are included all species and varieties that, as far as I have been able to ascertain, have ever been recorded in the district, together with their actual and reputed localities. Those I have personally observed are distinguished from those I have not yet taken in the neighbourhood by the latter being italicised, and reputed localities are similarly dealt with.
Anodonta cygnea Stapleton; Kennet and Avon canal; &c., Gloucestershire. Kenn Moor &c., Somerset.
A. cygnea var. radiata. Kennet and Avon Canal.
A. anatina. Kennet and Avon Canal.
A. anatina var. radiata. Kennet and Avon Canal.
A. anatina var. ventricosa. Kennet and Avon Canal.
Ancylus fluviatilis. Stapleton, Gloucestershire.
A. lacustris. Ham Green, Somerset.
Arion ater. General.
A. flavus. General.
A. hortensis. General.
Achatina acicula. Stallard’s Batch; Yatton; Leigh Woods; Oldbury Court.
Acme lineata. The Downs; Shirehampton; &c.
A. lineata var. alba. 1 Rejectamenta of the Avon per Dr. J. A. lineata var. sinistrorsa. § Gwyn Jeffreys.
Assiminea Grayana. Avonmouth(?).
Bythinia tentaculata. General.
Bythinia tentaculata var. ventricosa. Lristol.
B. Leachii. Kenn Moor, Somerset. Zhe Avon.
Bulimus acutus. Burnham; Zhe Downs and Leigh Woods, under stones(?).
J.C., iii., January, 1882
CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL. 261
Bulimus montanus. Cooper’s Hill; Gloucester; &c. B. obscurus. General. B. obscurus var. alba. St. Vincents Rocks.
Balia perversa. Stapleton; Westbury-upon-Trym ; Long Ashton ; Sea Mills.
Carychium minimum. General.
Cyclostoma elegans. General.
Clausilia rugosa. General.
C. rugosa var. Everettit, Bristol (Miller).
C. rugosa var. tumidula. Brockley Coombe.
CG. Rolphii. The Cotswolds near Gloucester; Long Ashton;
buttress of the Suspension Bridge (7).
C. biplicata. The Downs; Oldbury Court; Leigh Woods (?).
C. laminata. In many places.
C. laminata var. pellucida. Leigh Woods; Stoke Bishop.
C. laminata var. albida. Leigh Woods; Brockley Coombe.
C. solida. Stapleton (Rich).
Cochlicopa tridens. Brockley Coombe, Somerset.
C. tridens var. crystallina. Brockley Combe, Somerset.
C. lubrica. In many places.
C. lubrica var. lubricoides. Bath (Clark).
Conovulus denticulatus. Banks of Avon, near Pill.
C. denticulatus var. myosotis. Banks of Avon, near Pill.
C. bidentatus. Banks of Avon, near Pill.
C. bidentatus var. alba. Banks of Avon, near Pill.
Dreissena polymorpha. The Avon; Kennet and Avon Canal; . Docks; &c.
Helix aculeata. Leigh Woods; Stapleton; Combe Dingle.
A. aculeata var. albida. Bath (Clark).
H.pomatia. The Cotswolds, near Gloucester.
H. aspersa. General.
LZ, aspersa var. albofasciata. Westbury-on-Trym.
262 CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL.
felix aspersa var. exalbida. Westbury-on-Trym.
. aspersa var. conoidea. General in hedges.
. nemoralis. General.
. nemoralis var. hortensis. General.
. nemoralis var. hybrida. Burnham; L7tton ; &c. . nemoralts var. major. Parry's Lane.
. nemoralis var. minor. Parry’s Lane.
. arbustorum. Leigh Woods. ’
. cantiana. Ashley Hill; Leigh Woods; &c.
. rufescens. General.
. rufescens var. albida. Westbury-on-Trym; Leigh Woods. . rufescens var. minor. Parry’s Lane; Sea Mills; &c. .concinna. Stoke Bishop.
HT. concinna var. allida. The Downs.
HT. concinna var. minor. Sea Mills; Bath (Clark).
H. hispida. General.
LT, hispida var. albida. Ashley Downs.
H. sericea. Sea Mills; &c.
H. fusca. Combe Dingle; Stapleton; Leigh Woods; The Downs. H. virgata. General.
H. virgata var. submaritima. Clevedon (McMurtrie). H1. virgata var. subglobosa. The Downs.
FZ. virgata var. subaperta. Bath (Clark).
H. caperata. General.
Hf. caperata var. major. Redland.
fT. caperata var. ornata. Redland.
ff. caperata var. subscalarts. Redland.
H. rupestris. General.
FT, rupestris var. viridescenti-alba. St. Vincents Rocks. H. ericetorum. Stapleton; Ashley Hill; &c.
FT. evicetorum var. minor. St. Vincent’s Rocks.
H. rotundata. General.
Tt ee Ee eee
J.C., iii., January, 1882
CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL. 263
ffelix rotundata var. Turtont. Bristol (Jeffreys); Bath (Clark).
fT. rotundata var. pyramidalis, Bristol (McMurtrie).
HT. rotundata var. alba. Clevedon (Norman).
H. pulchella. Ashley Hill; Leigh Woods; &c.
H. pulchella var. costata. Westbury-on-Trym.
H.pygmea. Ashley Hill; Redland; Westbury; &c.
H. lapicida. St. Vincent’s Rocks; Leigh Woods; Stapleton.
Hydrobia ventrosa. Avonmouth; Shzvehampton; near Cook's folly ; &c.
Limnea glutinosa. Stapleton.
L. peregra. General.
L. peregra var. ovata. Ashley Downs.
L. auricularia. River Froom: Clevedon; Keynsham; Boiling Wells; Leigh Woods; Shirehampton; Garraway’s Nur- SEry ; &C.
L. auricularia var. albida. Bath (Clark).
L. stagnalis. Kenn Moor; Clevedon; Keynsham; Leigh Woods; Garraway’s Nursery; Shirehampton,; Bowling Wells.
L. stagnalts var. labiata. Clevedon.
L. stagnalis var. fragilis. River Froom; Kennet and Avon Canal.
L. stagnalis var. sintstrorsa. Kenn Moor (Norman).
L. palustris. Kenn Moor; Frenchay; Kennet and Avon Canal; Garraway’s Nursery.
L. palustris var. conica. Yatton (McMurttrie).
L. palustris var. roseo-labiata. Clevedon.
L. involuta. Stapleton (?).
L. truncatula. Avonmouth; Westbury-on-Trym; Coombe Din- gle; Horfield.
L. glabra. Redland.
Limax maximus. General.
L. marginatus. General.
264 CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL.
Limax flavus. General.
L. agrestis. General.
Neritina fluviatilis. Stapleton.
Paludina vivipara. Kennet and Avon Canal; Henbury, Ponds near Cook’s Folly; Brislington; Keynsham.
Pisidium amnicum. Stapleton.
P. fontinale. Avonmouth; Stapleton.
P. fontinale var. Henslowana. Leigh Woods; Kennet and Avon Canal.
P. fontinale var. pallida. Kennet and Avon Canal.
P. fontinale var. cinerea. Kennet and Avon Canal.
P. pusillum. Avonmouth; Bedminster.
P. pusillum var. obtusalis. Avonmouth.
LP. nitidum. Horfield.
Physa fontinalis. Coombe Dingle; Westbury-upon-Trym; Kenn Moor, &c.
P. hypnorum. Shirehampton; Ashton; Horfield.
Planorbis nitidus. Shirehampton; Ham Green.
P, nautileus. Shirehampton; Horfield; Bedminster; Burnham.
P. albus. Frenchay; Ham Green; Zhe Downs; Westbury-upon-
Trym.
. albus var. Draparnaldt. Bristol (J. G. Jeffreys).
. complanatus. Shirehampton; Kenn Moor; Zhe Downs.
. spirorbis. General.
. vortex. General.
carinatus. ‘‘“Common” (?), Kenn Moor.
. corneus. Kenn Moor; Henbury, Clevedon.
. corneus var. albina. Kenn Moor; Clevedon.
. contortus. Kenn Moor; Downs; Ashton; Shirehampton ;
Stapleton ; Clevedon. P. contortus var. albida. Weston-super-Mare (Rich). Pupa secale. The Downs; Leigh Woods, &c.
me) au) ae) tnej ae} ek au) lay)
J.C., iii., January, 1882
CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL. 265
Pupa secale var. alba. St. Vincents Rocks.
P.umbilicata. General.
P. umbilicata var. alba. Somersetshire (Norman).
P. umbilicata var. edentula. Cotswold Hills.
P. marginata. Leigh Woods; Sea Mills; Redland.
P. marginata var. bigranata. Bath (Clark).
P. marginata var. albina. Somersetshire (Clark).
Spheerium rivicola. Kennet and Avon Canal; Stroud Canal; Stapleton; Keynsham.
S. cornea. Stapleton; Kenn Moor; Stoke-Gifford, &c.
S. cornea var. flavescens. Clevedon; Stapleton.
S. cornea var. nucleus. Clevedon; Stapleton.
S. cornea var. scaldiana. Stapleton (Rich),
S. cornea var. pisidtoides. River Avon.
S. ovale. Kennet and Avon Canal.
S. lacustris. Blaise Castle; Avonmouth; Ham Green; Ciifton.
Succinea putris. Stapleton; Stoke Gifford; Avonmouth; Coombe Dingle, &c.
S. elegans. Stoke Gifford; Avonmouth; Westbury; Clevedon; Burnham.
S. oblonga. Burnham (?).
Testacella Maugei. Redland.
T. haliotidea. Redland. .
Unio pictorum. Kennet and Avon Canal; River Avon; Stapleton.
CU. pictorum var. radiata. River Avon.
U. tumidus. Kennet and Avon Canal; Stapleton.
U. tumidus var. radiata. Kennet & Avon Canal; Stapleton.
U7. tumidus var. ovalis. River Avon; Bath.
Vitrina pellucida. Blaise Castle; Zhe Downs.
Valvata piscinalis. Kennet and Avon Canal; Kenn Moor; Natlsea; Keynsham.
266 CUNDALL : ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL
Valvata cristata. Blaise Castle; Kenn Moor.
Vertigo antivertigo. The Downs, Boiling Wells.
V. pygmeea. Ashley Hill; The Downs.
V. minutissima. Durdham Downs (J. G. Jeffreys).
V. angustior. Rejectamenta of River Avon (J. G. Jeffreys).
V. alpestrts. Over, Gloucester; canal banks at Sharpness (Jones).
Zonites crystallinus. Stapleton; Leigh Woods; Blaise Castle; Redland, &c.
Z. crystallinus var. complanata. Leigh Woods (J. G. Jeffreys).
Z.fulvus. Leigh Woods; Stapleton; Horfield.
Z. fulvus var. mortont. Somersetshire.
.cellarius. General.
. cellarius var. albida. Clifton; Redland.
. alliarius. Leigh Woods; Blaise Castle; Portishead, &c.
. nitidulus. Coombe Dingle; Leigh Woods; Blaise Castle, &c.
. radiatulus. Leigh Woods.
Z. purus. Leigh Woods; Coombe Dingle.
Z. purus var. margaritacea. Clifton.
Z. nitidus. Coombe Dingle; Bathampton; Boiling Wells.
NNNNWN
The above list comprises 177 species and varieties, being 107 species and 70 varieties. Of these I have personally observed 91 species and 19 varieties; and with respect to several of these, their localities in the district do not appear to have been before recorded. With regard to the rémaining 16 species and 51 varieties some are extremely doubtful, and the presence in the list of Claustlia biplicata, Assiminea Grayana, Conovulus bidentatus, Limnea glutinosa and tinvoluta, Succinea oblonga and Vertigo alpestris is in all probability the result of accident or error. It will be seen that the majority of the remainder are, if rare, well authenticated, and the discovery of the others is presumably simply a matter of time.
J.C., iii., January, 1882
CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL. 267
One or two peculiarities of the districts may be worth noticing. Leigh Woods, Kenn Moor and the river Froom are each rich in specimens, and from each | have obtained shells unobtainable (so far as I have been able to ascertain) elsewhere; but on the other hand, in the majority of instances, but few species are found associated, and hence collecting is rendered laborious.
As to marine shells, but few are procurable in the vicinity. Tellina solidula (dead) is common among the rejectamenta of the river. J/anthina communis is reported to have been found in a similar situation, and Sowerby’s Illustrated Index assigns to Petricola lithophaga a habitat at Bristol.
At Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon or Burnham, all within easy reach may be found Cyltchna obtusa, Tellina solidula, Nucula nucleus, Scrobicularia piperita, Rissoa ulvea, a couple of Lzttorine and a few other common species.
Bristol, November 26th, 1887. oo egegedecne se
Note on Gundlachia.—This seems a widely diffused genus, ranging from New York to Tasmania; I daresay it occurs in the Brazils. I have been rather sceptical about it, but not on very good grounds, but both Mr. Sanderson Smith and Mr. Guppy say that at certain times of the year the septum is absent, and at all times the majority of specimens have none. Again, I have seen a slight trace of a septum in our Ancylus fluviatilis, where it has been left dry at times by the stream retiring. A Mexican species of Ancylus found by me and referred to Mr. Guppy, was at first assigned to Gundlachia, but we could find no septum.— J. S. Grspons, M.B., Modderfontein, Cape Colony.
268 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS.
By THE Rev. W. C. HEY, M.A.
Read before the Yorkshire Philosophical Society.
The Ouse and the Foss, which unite just below York at the spot known as the Blue Bridge, are rivers of very different character, much more so than the superficial observer would suppose. ‘The Ouse is a wide, deep, and generally rather a rapid river, sometimes, in floods, almost a torrent. The Foss is a narrow river, naturally shallow, though in parts deepened artifi- cially, and the current flows so gently that often the water is practically stagnant. Again, the Ouse has a very bare channel somewhat hard and stony in places, and even where the bottom is soft and sandy there is no vegetable growth. But the Foss has a bottom of rich soft mud, where the flags and the water-lilies root themselves and flourish luxuriantly. In places the river is quite overgrown with tall rushes in summer time. Again, the Ouse receives a good deal of drainage, the Foss not much, except one very poisonous kind, viz., that which escapes the Gas Works. Once more, near York the Ouse has no locks. This is a very important point to notice in regard to the distribution of species. But the Foss has three locks within the space of as many miles, viz., Castle Mills Lock, Yearsley Lock, and Huntington Lock. Asking you to bear in mind these points of contrast between the Ouse and the Foss, I go on to make a few remarks on the genera and species of mussels found in these rivers. The family of Unionide or freshwater mussels is represented in England by two genera, viz., Unio and Anodonta. ‘This is the distinction between them. In Unio the hinge, or point upon which the valves work, is supplied with projections known as teeth, and corresponding receptacles. In Anodonta the hinge-line is quite smooth and
J.C., iii., January, 1882
HEY : FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS. 269
toothless. There are three kinds of Uzzo found in England— firstly the famous pearl mussel, which is confined to mountain streams, and therefore does not occur at York; secondly, Uzzo pictorum, so-called because painters used the shell for palettes; and thirdly, Unzo tumidus. The last two occur in both our rivers. In the genus Axodonia, Jeffreys makes two species, Anatina, in which tho hinge line is carried into a sort of crest, and Cyenea. which has the hinge line almost parallel with the other edge of the shell. This distinction, however, is difficult to preserve: one form passes by imperceptible grades into another. Both forms occur abundantly at York. The mussels can be collected in plenty only when the locks are open. The water then sinks sufficiently low to disclose large numbers of them sticking in the soft banks. When Naburn Lock is opened that small portion of the River Foss (only some 200 yards in length) which lies between Castle Mills Lock and the Blue Bridge is almost drained. Very near the mouth of the Foss occurs a number of mussels belonging to the species Anodonta anatina. ‘They are remarkable for possessing a beautiful ornamentation of rich green rays. The epidermis is lustrous, the interior highly nacreous. Now, by walking a few yards we find ourselves following the bank of the Ouse. Here occurs the very same form of Azodonta, but how changed in appearance! Instead of a lustrous green epidermis, the shell is of a dark dead brown colour, the pearliness of the interior is quite dull, and the phenomenon of erosion, or the eating away of the epidermis and upper layers of the shell, is extensively developed. Erosion is caused by the presence of carbonic acid or by the rapidity of the current of water. Probably the former has caused the disfigurement of the Ouse Anodontas, owing to the drainage matter present in the river just below York. Exactly the same contrast is shown in the specimens of Unio pictorum, from the same two localities, with the additional distinc-
2729 HEY: FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS.
tion that the Ouse specimens have a slightly curved form, and belong to the variety termed curvivostris. Between Castle Mills Lock and Layerthorpe Bridge Anodontas are more or less abundant, but they no longer present the beautiful radiated colouring which distinguishes the Blue Bridge specimens. Drainage affects the colouring unfavourably, but in certain parts improves the size. There was, and perhaps is still, a spot where warm water was discharged into the river. At this point the shells were observed to be larger and more delicate than elsewhere, exemplifying the general effect of heat upon forms of life. At Layerthorpe Bridge shells cease to exist inthe river. This is due to the poisonous matter percolating through the banks from the Gas Works.- However, immediately above Monk Bridge, another species of Uzzo appears, and is more or less abundant from that spot upto Yearsley Lock. ‘This species is Unzo tumidus; and what is remarkable about it is that it appears in two forms—one a thick, dark brown wedge-shaped form ; the other a thinner, wider, and greenish-tinted form. Why the same species should be present in two forms under exactly the same circumstances is a puzzle, for it is a generally received law that were two different forms exist under the same conditions each has a right to be elevated to the dignity of a species. And this isa law I should like rigidly to adhere to, for I conceive it to be one of the few thoroughly scientific criterions of a species. Near the bathing place in the Foss, there exists, though it is very scarce, a curious form of Unio, which in the “Journal of Conchology” I described as Unio tumidus. I now believe it to be more correctly referred to pictorum. ‘The shell is large, very heavy, much truncated, and in colour a dark olive brown. Above Yearsley Lock we find a great change in the form of the toothless mussels. The form cygnea, in which the sides of the shell are parallel, takes the place of the crested form, which, according to my experience,
J.C., iii., January, 1882
HEY : FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS. 271
is universal in the lower reaches of the river. The colour of the shell is a clear rich olive or sepia, and the beak is much protruded. It seems strangethat the locks should separate forms of shells as completely as they do, for two circumstances must be borne in mind. ‘The first is that a good deal of water passes round by what is called the backwater, especially in flood time; and the second, that the locks were once often opened, and have not, of course, existed from a very remote time; so that we seem here to have a striking example of the readiness with which forms of life are restricted in distribution and affected in shape and colouring. The same restriction of distribution and modification of form is exemplified in the river Foss in the case of many other species of freshwater shells. Thus a particular form of Sphertum lacustre predominates only near Foss Islands, while another species, Spherium ovale, occurs nowhere within miles of York except in the tiny space between the Castle Mills Lock and Blue Bridge, and what is still more strange, had never been found either there or anywhere else in England till within late years. Mr. Jeffreys has a theory that it was imported from America, but no communication, so far as I am aware, has ever existed between our River Foss and any vessels which have crossed the Atlantic. The coal barges of the Foss would be a sorry sort of craft in which to stem the billows which roll between England and America, and I am not aware that anything larger has in modern times floated upon its waters, nor even that any American export is ever brought up the river. A few special forms of freshwater mussels deserve notice. Just above Yearsley Lock occur some dwarfed and malformed specimens of Uzio tumidus. This malformation I venture to attribute to the effect of the water rushing over the dam. Rapidly running water is always delete- rious to the development of such shells as generally affect still waters. Near Clifton Slope occur some very thin, but bright and
272 HEY: FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS.
clean, Anodontas, only small in size. They are clean, doubtless, because of the absence of drainage, and they are small and thin because, not only is drainage absent, which often affords rich food, but the river is very clear of vegetable matter. Near the Union, there occur in the Foss, shells of Unzo tumzdus much curved in form. They resemble Uno margaritifer in shape. It is curious that all our British Unios and Anodontas have a tendency to assume this form under certain circumstances. These investigations, made over a space of a dozen years or more suggest a few general reflections. ‘The first reflection bears on distribution; that subject which the genius of Wallace has rendered so deeply interesting. For the fact of so temporary and incomplete an obstacle as a lock forming a boundary line between varieties, and even kinds of shells, gives us some limit about the apparently small lines of demarcation which may determine the complete range of species and even genera upon the surface of the globe. Our second reflection is upon the instability of species, and the impossibility of any cut-and-dried definition of the term. Of course a natural history which ignored species would be as absurd as a thermometer ungraduated—only species are best regarded in the same light, merely degrees marked upon the unbroken flow of life. The third reflection is how species are affected by a change of circumstances, and that, though the change is often far from being very obvious. No one would suppose that the difference in the quality of the water in the Ouse and the Foss is so great as the difference between the two forms of Anodonta living within a few yards of one another shows it to be. A superficial and special view of any department of natural history leads to the conclusion that Nature has, as it were, a number of moulds from which she is never tired of producing the same forms. A wider and more general view, extending to past geological epochs, reveals the great fact, that as
J.C., iii., January, 1882
THOMSON: ON HELIX (MESODON) CHILHOWEENSIS. 273
the individual so too the species and the genus, have their birth, their vigour, their decay, and their death, and that nature’s moulds themselves are as impressionable as the receiving surface of the photograph—not one external influence but evokes a corresponding modification. 0 =<
NOTE ON THE SPECIFIC DISTINCTNESS OF HELIX (MESODON) CHILHOWEENSIS, Lewis.
By JOHN H. THOMSON, C.M.Z.S.
In examining some magnificent specimens of Helix (MJesodon ) chithoweensts Lewis, (vide Proceed. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1875, Pp. 335) received from and collected by Mrs. Judge Geo. Andrews, in the mountains of Tennessee, and comparing them with e/ix (Mesodon) Say? Binney, of which species it is supposed to be only
a larger growth, by Mr. W. G. Binney, I note on the two last:
whorls, vevolving strize, decussating with the ribs of growth, which I am unable to find on any specimen of He/zx Sayz even the var. major. 1 also note on those specimens furnished with “the faint rudimentary tooth near the umbilicus” vide 1. c., that it differs ma- terially from the tooth on the lower part of the aperture in H. Sayz, in fact the tooth in H. Sayz appears more like a fo/d with a cor- responding constriction on the owészde of the shell, forming in fact a slight superficial groove running round on the umbilicus. The description of the species by Dr. Lewis, must be somewhat amended as he says, (Proc. Philad. Acad.) ‘‘parietal wall without any indi- cations of a tooth.” In about one-half of my specimens I find a large obtuse tooth on the parzefal wall, in fact in one specimen I found zo teeth, one ézfd and further within the shell on the pa- rietal wall, but both very different from the parietal tooth of Helix Sayz. Diameter of my specimens from 35 to 41 mill.
Hab. Smoky Mountains, North Carolina, and Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee.
274 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
LIST OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF SUCCINEZ COLLECTED IN HUNGARY.
By Mrs. J. FITZGERALD.
In July and August of the present year—1881—lI visited Buda-Pesth, for the purpose of collecting and studying the family Succinea. Mr. Julius Hazay, who is the present great German authority on the subject, kindly assisted me. The following is a list of the types and varieties that I was fortunate enough with his kind help to obtain.—
Succinea putris L.
. putris var. grandis Hazay. putris var. fontana Hazay.
. putris var. limnoidea Picard. putris var. angusta Hazay.
. putris var. Westerlundiana Hazay. . putris var. olivula Baudon. Succinea Hungarica Hazay.
S. Hungarica var. hasta Hazay. S. Hungarica var. cuneola Hazay. Succinea elegans Risso.
S. elegans var. Piniana Hazay. S. elegans var. longiscata Mort. Succinea oblonga Drap. Succinea Kobelti Hazay.
NNNHNMN
All the Swccinea and indeed all the water shells, near Buda- Pesth attain dimensions, gigantic in comparison with those of our own country. Mr. Hazay collects largely, and I understand will supply complete named collections from Buda-Pesth for 63/-.
J.C., iii., January, 1882
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 275
THE MOLLUSCA OF BIRSTWITH, YORKSHIRE. By F. T. WALKER.
. AQUATIC.
Sphzrium corneum L. A pond at Hampsthwaite is the only locality I know of.
S. lacustre Mull. Brick-ponds near Burnt Yates; also at Ripley and Hampsthwaite. It seems to be much commoner than corneum.
Pisidium fontinale Drap. Brick-ponds at Burnt Yates and Hartwith Dam.
P. fontinale var. cinerea Alder. Found abundantly on Rennie Crags, near Birstwith.
P. pusillum Gmelin. Ditches near Ripley.
P. nitidum Jenyns. Pond at Hampsthwaite.
Unio tumidus Phil. Stream at Ripley, and a pond near the stream.
Anodonta cygnea var. rostrata Rossm. Stream at Ripley.
A. anatina L. Stream at Ripley.
Planorbis albus Mull. Hartwith Dam.
Limnea peregra Mull. Very common.
L. palustris Mull. Ditches at Ripley.
L. truncatula Mull. Hartwith Dam and Ripley.
Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. Plentiful on stones in the Nidd.
TERRESTRIAL. Arion ater L. Very common. A. hortensis Fer. Very common in gardens, &c. Limax flavus L. Rennie Crags. L. agrestis L. Very common. L. maximus L. Very common. Vitrina pellucida Mull. Very common in damp woods, &c.
276 WALKER: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BIRSTWITH, YORKS.
Zonites cellarius. Very plentiful.
NNNNWN
. alliarius. Harrogate and other places, but not plentiful.
. nitidulus. Very common.
. nitidulus var. nitens.
. purus. Found in several localities, but in small numbers.
. purus var. margaritacea. Plentiful on a bank near Nidd
Bridge.
. radiatulus. Common.
. crystallinus. Very common. Z.
fulvus. Found in a damp beech wood under decayed leaves.
Helix aculeata. Mossy bank near Birk Crag, Harrogate.
‘an
Sole calepele ale okey ae ele
a Oe ae
. aspersa. Knaresbro’, on limestone. 3
H.
nemoralis. Knaresbro’, Pateley Bridge and many other places; it seems to be more plentiful on limestone.
. nemoralis var. hortensis. Very common round Birstwith
on sandstone, but the species is very seldom found.
. arbustorum. Very abundant at Knaresbro’. I found a
broken shell on a stone heap at Birstwith, where it had been dropped by a bird.
. rufescens. Very common.
. rufescens var. albida. Knaresbro.’
.concinna. Very common.
. hispida. Very common.
. caperata. Very common. :
. ericetorum. Found near Birstwith, but rare.
. ericetorum var. instabilis. Found near Birstwith.
. rotundata. Very common.
. rupestris. Very abundant at Greenhow Hill near Pateiey
Bridge.
. pygmeea. Nidd Bridge. . pulchella. Nidd Bridge and Knaresbro’. . lapicida. Eugene Aram’s Cave, Knaresbro’, and amongst
J.C., iii., January, 1882
BUTTERELL: ON TESTACELLA MAUGEI. 277
some nettles at Birstwith.
Bulimus obscurus. Knaresbro’.
Pupaumbilicata. Plentiful at Knaresbro’ and about Greenhow Hill.
Clausilia rugosa. Common at Knaresbro’ and Greenhow Hill.
C. laminata. Stean Beck near Middlesmoor.
Cochlicopa tridens. Plentiful on a bank near Nidd Bridge.
C. lubrica. Very common.
Carychium minimum. Nidd Bridge, Harrogate and other places.
Note on Testacella Maugei Fér.—I have just received from a correspondent in Somerset a living Zestace//a—presumably Maugei—and have been making some experiments on it. On gently pressing the head with a pencil it showed signs of irritation by forcing out a quantity of frothy mucus from the margin of the shell, on continuing to tease it, it extruded its odontophore for almost a quarter of an inch and then gradually withdrew it, this was repeated several times; I then procured a worm, thin, but about three inches long, I rubbed the worm gently across the head of the Zestace//a and the tongue was again rapidly extended and the victim transfixed, the odontophore was then withdrawn as before, carrying with it the struggling worm which made every effort to escape, but without success, in about 5 minutes all had disappeared except the head which was rejected.—J. DarKER BUTTERELL, Beverley.
278 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
A LIST OF THE SHELLS OF THE “LOWER TEES” DISTRICT, YORKSHIRE.
By CHARLES ASHFORD.
J. W. W.=Joun W. Watson. C. A.=CHARLES ASHFORD. Airyholme Wood is between the village of Ayton and Roseberry Topping.
Spherium corneum L. Generally distributed in the Lower Tees district (C. A. and J. W. W.).
S. lacustre Mull. Pretty general in the neighbourhood Ayton and Stokesley (J. W. W.).
Pisidium amnicum Mull. General (J. W. W.).
P. fontinale var. pulchella Jenyns. Very general round about Ayton (J. W. W.).
P. fontinale var. cinerea Alder. In running streams near Guisborough (J. W. W.). 4
P. pusillum Gmelin. Generally distributed (J. W. W.).
Anodonta cygnea L. General in south of district (J. W. W.).
Neritina fluviatilis L. Ballast hills near Middlesbrough (J. W.W., alien?).
Bythinia tentaculata L. General (J. W. W.). Pond near Redear(G Ay):
B. Leachii Shepp. Not nearer than Billingham Beck, S. Durham (J. W. W.).
Valvata piscinalis Mull. Not nearer than Billingham Beck, S. Durham (J. W. W.).
V. cristata Mull. Ditches near Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.).
Planorbis nautileus L. Near Middlesbrough (J. W. W.). On duckweed in pond, Coatham marshes (C. A.).
P.albus Mull. Ditches near Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.).
P. glaber Jeffr. Ponds near Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.).
P. spirorbis Mull. General in the district (J. W. W.).
J.C., iii., January, 1882
ASHFORD: THE SHELLS OF THE ‘‘LOWER TEES” DISTRICT. 279
Planorbis vortex L. General in the district (J. W. W.).
P. complanatus L. General in the district (J. W. W.).
P. contortus L. General in the district (J. W. W.).
Physa hypnorum L. General in the district (J. W. W.). Coatham marshes (C. A.). Ditch by Old Railway, Coatham (C. A.).
P. fontinalis L. General in the district (J. W. W.). Ponds, Coatham (C. A.).
Limnza peregra Mull. Common everywhere (J. W. W. and C. A.). A variety in Coatham marshes (/adzosa?) has a tendency to the puckered and expanded mouth of auricularia (C. A.).
L. stagnalis L. Near Stockton-on-Tees (J. W. W.). ‘“N. Yorkshire ” (D. and W.)
L. truncatula Mull. General in south of district (J. W. W.). Common, Coatham marshes (C. A.).
L. glabra Mull. Pretty general in south of district (J. W. W.).
Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. General in neighbourhood, Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.). Running stream near Redcar (C. A.).
A. lacustris L. General round Ayton (J. W. W.).
Arion ater L. Generally round Redcar (C. A.) and probably throughout.
A. hortensis Fer. Redcar (C. A.).
Limax agrestis L. Everywhere (C. A.).
Succinea putris L. General in south of district (J. W. W.). Coatham marshes and Redcar sandhills (C. A.).
Vitrina pellucida Mull. General in south of district (J. W. W.); and in the north (C. A.).
Zonites cellarius Mull. Generally distributed, under stones, ete: (CsA and! Je Wa We):
Z, alliarius Miller. Coatham Whin, Yearby Wood and Wilton Wood (C. A.). Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).
280 ASHFORD: THE SHELLS OF THE “LOWER TEES” DISTRICT.
Zonites nitidulus Drap. General in south (J. W. W.). Com- mon in north (C. A.).
Z. purus Ald. Coatham Whin and Yearby Wood (C. A.). General in south (J. W. W.).
Z. purus var. margaritacea. Wilton Wood (C. A.).
Z.radiatulus Ald. Coatham Whin (C. A.). Pastures, Gt. Ayton (J. W. W)).
Z. crystallinus Mull. Coatham Whin, Yearby Wood and Wilton Wood (C. A.). General in south (J. W. W.).
Z. fulvus Mull. Coatham Whin, Yearby Wood and Wilton Wood (C. A.). General in south (J. W. W.).
Helix lamellata Jeffr. Airyholme Wood (D. and W.). Wilton Wood (C. A.). ib i
H. aculeata Mull. Coatham Whin and Yearby Wood (C. A.). General in south (J. W. W.).
H. aspersa Mull. Common throughout district. ,
H. nemoralis L. General; especially abundant on sandhills by the sea (C. A.).
H. nemoralis var. hybrida Poiret. Crathorne and Hutton Rudby (J. W. W.).
H. rufescens Pennant. General round Ayton (J. W. W.).
H. concinna Jeffr. Coatham sandbanks (J. W. W.).
H. hispida L. In profusion on the Redcar sandhills (C. A.). ~ Common everywhere (J. W. W.).
H. fusca Mont. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.). Wilton Wood (Cea)
H. virgata Da Costa. Sandhills along coast from Warrenby to Marske, in profusion near Coatham (C. A.).
H. caperata Mont. Sandhills, Coatham to Marske, abundant (G40)
H. caperata var. ornata Picard. Coatham sandhills, not common (C. A.).
J.C., iii., January, 1882
ASHFORD: THE SHELLS OF THE “LOWER TEES” DISTRICT. 281
Helix ericetorum Mull. Coatham sandhills (C. A.).
H. rotundata Mull. General round Gt. Ayton and Stokesley (J. W. W.).
H. pygmeea Drap. General round Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.).
H. pulchella Mull. Widely distributed (C. A.).
Bulimus obscurus Mull. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).
Pupa ringens Jeffr. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).
P. umbilicata Drap. General (J. W. W.).
P. marginata Drap. Sandhills between Redcar Battery and Marske, extremely abundant (C. A.).
P. marginata var. edentula. Wilton Wood (C. A.).
Vertigo antivertigo Drap.
V. pygmezea Drap. Sandhills, Redcar (C. A.). Round Ayton
aioe):
V. edentula Drap. Woods round Ayton & Stokesley (J. W. W.).
Balia perversa L. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).
Clausilia rugosa Drap. General (J. W. W.).
C. laminata Mont. Round Ayton, but not common (J. W. W.)
Cochlicopa tridens Pulteney. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).
GC. lubrica Mull. General in north of district (C. A.). General in south of district (J. W. W.).
Achatina acicula Mull. Rejectamenta of Tees near Middles- brough after a flood (J. W. W., alien?).
Carychium minimum Mull. Widely spread in north (C. A.). General (J. W. W.).
Acme lineata Drap. Airyholme Wood, once abundant(J. W. W.).
282 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. al Susy
65th Meeting.
Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Square, Leeds.
Minutes of the Annual Meeting held December 16th, 1880, were read and confirmed.
Correspondence was read from Rev. H. Milnes, Mr. W. R. Jeffrey and Mr. W. Cash.
PAPER READ.
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck read a paper entitled “ Proposed System of Conchological Locality Records.” °
6 oO bia Mere ta args)
Held at the house of Mr.J.W. Taylor, Leopold Square, Leeds. Minutes of the 65th Meeting were read and after some
amendment approved. DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.
‘“Synopsis Molluscorum viventium testaceorum, &c.” [Dr. W. Kobelt.
‘Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences.” [Prof. Finley M. Witter.
PAPER READ. “‘Notes from the Isle of Wight,” by Charles Ashford, Esq. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
A series of Land and Fresh Water shells from Tingley near West Ardsley,and Great Preston nr. Swillington, by Mr. W. Nelson.
A number of Marine shells from Kurachee, India, collected by Mr. Kirby of Leeds; and several Land shells from Spurn Point, by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck.
J.C., iii., January, 1882
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 283
The President exhibited a series of drawings of jaws of British mollusca, amongst which was Helix arbustorum, H. hor- tensis, H. virgata, H. cantiana, Hl. rufescens, Hl. caperata, H. hispida, Succinea putris and S. elegans.
A few Marine shells collected on the Yorkshire coast by Mr. Shaw, were shown by the Secretary.
(e)
6.7, thaw Mire e bana oy: Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds.
Minutes of the 66th Meeting were read and confirmed.
Correspondence from Mr. F. M. Witter, Mr. Frederic Hepburn and the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was read.
PAPER READ.
“Unto luteolus and its allied forms,” by Prof. F. M. Witter.
{e)
6Sth Meeting. Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds.
Minutes of the 67th Meeting were read and confirmed. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck showed a series of Land and Fresh Water shells collected at Gisburn and Bracewell, during the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union’s Meeting at Skipton. Particulars of these are entered in the Yorkshire Record Book.
DELEGATE TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.
Resolved, that the President (Mr. J. W. Taylor) be re-appointed the Society’s Delegate to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. :
284 PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
69th Meeting.
Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds. Minutes of the 68th Meeting were read and confirmed. Correspondence was read from the local Secretary of the British Association, the Secretary of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and Mr. Geo. S. Tye. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. W. Nelson showed freshwater shells from Bramley Grange near Thorner, including Spharium lacustre, Pisidium Jontinale and Limnea glabra (found by itself in a ditch); also Planorbis corneus var. albida, from Clevedon near Bristol.
Specimens of Helix caperata var. ornata, H. virgata, H. rotundata, H. hispida, H. nemoralis and H. cantiana, from _Knottingley; Zimnea peregra from Middleton, Leeds; Zonttes alliarius, Z, nitidulus, Helix rotundata and HA. rufescens, from Skipton; and A. rupestris from Cracoe, were exhibited by the Secretary (Mr. T. W. Bell). The President also showed He/éx revelata from Guernsey, collected by Mr. J. T. Marshall.
ie)
7YOth Meeting.
Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds. Minutes of the 69th Meeting were read and confirmed. Correspondence was read from Mr. W. Jeffrey, Chichester.
NEW MEMBER. Mr. Henry H. Haines was nominated for membership.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. W. Jeffrey sent for exhibition a fine series of freshwater shells from Chichester and neighbourhood, amongst which were specimens of the following :—Anodonta anatina var. complanata, Spherium corneum var. flavescens, S. lacustre var. Brochoniana,
J.C., iii., January, 1882
PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 285
Pisidium fontinale, P. emnicum, P. pustllum, P. pusillum var. obtusalis, Limnea auricularia var. ampla, L. peregra var. acumt- nata, L. truncatula, Planorbis nautileus var. cristata, P. sptrorbis (contorted), P. vortex, P. nitidus, P. albus, P. contortus, Valvata piscinalis var. subcylindrica, Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida, A. lacustris var. albida, &c.
Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck showed Limnea peregra and Felix nemoralis from Sheffield, and Limnaea stagnalis, Planorbis corneus, P. complanatus, Sphertum corneum and Heltx hispida, from Masham.
Anodonta cygnea and Limnea peregra from Roundhay Park, were shown by the Secretary.
Specimens of Mactra glauca from Mr. W. Cash, F.G.S., of Halifax, were exhibited and distributed amongst the members present.
oO
7ist Meeting.
Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds. Minutes of the 7oth Meeting were read and confirmed.
NEW MEMBER.
-Mr. Henry H. Haines, West Ashling near Chichester, was elected a member.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Felix aspersa from Crowle, by Mr. W. D. Roebuck.
Mr. R. Scharff, Edinburgh, sent for exhibition specimens of Limnea peregra, L. truncatula, Helix nemorals, H. caperata, HI. rotundata, H. pulchella, Zonites alliarius, Z. nitidulus, Pupa umbilicata and Cochlicopa lubrica, from Queensferry, Fifeshire. felix aspersa (common), 7. nemoralts (one dead shell, probably common), A. zutersecta (or caperata, common), A. pulchella (common), Zwa /ubrica (a few specimens), yalina ?, and
286 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Pupa umbilicata, from Queen’s Park, Edinburgh. Helix nemo- ralis and Hf. aspersa (both very common) from North Berwick. Also Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis and Hf. rotundata from Queens- ferry, Fifeshire, and Pupa umbilicata from Aberlady, Fifeshire.
The Secretary exhibited a series of shells collected by Mr. Henry Shaw at Askern. The list included Sphevium Jacustre, Pisidium nitidum, Paludina contecta, Bythinia Leachit, Valvata piscinalis, Physa fontinalts var. curta, Planorbis corneus, P. carinatus var. disciformis, P. albus, Limnea stagnalis, L. auricu- laria, Helix cantiana, Pupa umbilicata and others, particulars of which are entered in the Yorkshire Record Book. Also Helix Jusca, FH. concinna and Clausilia laminata from Cressbrook Dale, Derbyshire; and Clauszlia rugosa from Gourock.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic.— By Geo. W. Tryon, junr., Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Part xiil.
The fourth volume commences with the present part, which is devoted to the family Nassidz, which here includes the genera Northia Gray, Truncaria Adams and Reeve, 4ullza Gray, of which Buccinanops D’Orb., Pseudostrombus Klein., and Adznus H. & A. Adams, are subgenera; and the typical genus, /Vassa Lam.
Some few subgenera are ‘“‘retained as convenient group designations, though the species varying much in their sculpture cannot always be positively assigned.” Such are the subgenera Arcularia Link, Naytta H. and A. Adams, A/ectrion Montf,, Zeuxts H. and A. Adams, Acicu/avia H. and A. Adams, Phrontis H. and A. Adams, Hebrva H. and A. Adams, Hzma Leach, lViotia H. and A. Adams, 777##a Risso, and //yanassa Stimpson. The
J.C., iii., January, 1882
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 287
genera Veritula and Desmoulea are retained, and the following fossil genera and subgenera are retained:—JZolopophorus Gabb, -Ptychosalpinx Gill, Paranassa Conrad, and 7Z7ztzaria Conrad. Leiodomus Swainson, is considered as synonymous with Pseudo- strombus Klein. Fifteen plates, containing 278 figures, accompany this part, which carries us to the commencement of the genus /Verztila.
Les Mollusques Marins du Rousillon. Descriptions et synonymie. (The Marine Mollusca of Rousillon, France, with descriptions and synonymy).—By MM. E. Bucquoy and Ph. Dautzenberg. Fascicule 1.
The first part of this beautiful work, which treats upon the genera Murex, Pisania, Ranella, Triton, Cancellaria, Hadriana, Fusus, Euthria and Trophon, and is accompanied by five excellent plates photographed from nature, is now before us. In addition to these purely conchological matters, there is an able article upon scientific nomenclatnre by M. G. F. Dollfus, a well known scientist.
Rousillon, the locality treated upon in this work, lies on the east of the department Pyrénées Orientales, and the diversified nature of the coast fully explains the great richness of the mol- luscan fauna.
The genus JZuzex is first considered, and 6 species are given as occurring at Rousillon. JZ Blainvillez Payr., is referred to a new subgenus JZuricopszs Buc. et Dautz., and Coral/inia is also established for JZ. aciculatus Lamk. A new genus (Hadriania) is established for Murex craticulatus Brocchi.
The synonymy given under each species is very full, and the varieties known are fully particularized and often described. The geographical distribution of each species is given, and its geological position.
288 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Contribution a la Faune Malacologique de Nossi-be et de Nossi-comba (Contribution to the Conchological Fauna of Nossi-be and Nossi-comba).—By H. Crosse, Journ. de Conch., July, 1881.
The two islands Nossi-be and Nossi-comba are situated off the west coast of Madagascar, and in this paper M. Crosse gives a resumé of the information gathered by several Naturalists who have visited the islands. Forty-two species are enumerated, of which Lxnea metula Crosse (pl. v., f. 3), collected at Nossi-comba by M. Marie, is described as new. A new var. of Helix ompha- lodes—Loucoubeensis Crosse—is described, found by M. Marie in the Forest of Locoubé, Nossi-be. The var. e/luillensis of Neritina Souverbiana is also described as new from Nossi-be. This species has a very extended range, having been recorded from New Caledonia and Port Jackson, Australia.
This interesting pamphlet is accompanied by a plate, con- taining figures of 6 of the more interesting species.
Dr. Hartmann of Westchester, Pennsylvania, is now engaged upon a Bibliographical Catalogue of the genus Achati- nelline, a group whose species have been excessively multiplied by various authors. The able manner in which the learned Doctor has treated the genus Partw/a, and his reduction of many of the so called species to the rank of synonyms, is a good augury of the reformation he will make in the group he has now in hand.
J.C., iii., January, 1882
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 289
A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OBSERVED IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BEVERLEY.
By J. D. BUTTERELL.
The following list of localities, compiled from rough notes taken during the past two or three years, must not by any means be considered an exhaustive one; as there is no doubt that by careful research and comparison of the specimens, a fair number of varieties and species may be added. Broadly speaking, the district examined is contained within a circle having a radius of five miles with the town of Beverley as its centre. The country is well wooded and numerous plantations occur. The four free pastures—Westwood, Hurn, Figham and Swinemoor, with an area of nearly 1200 acres—are good hunting grounds. Westwood is dotted over with a number of disused chalk-quarries now covered with a growth of fine old hawthorns. As habitats for the fresh- water species we have the River Hull, Leven Canal three miles in length, Beverley and Barmston Drain, Leckonfield Moat surround- ing the site of Leckonfield Castle, and an infinite number of ponds, drains and ditches; the latter, unfortunately for the conchologist, are kept so rigorously clean by the authorities that many species are unable to attain maturity, and some, notably Limnea stagnalis, are almost extinct. Geologically, Beverley is situated on the Holderness Drift at the edge of the Chalk Wolds; the Chalk crops out at Beverley, and may be said to be the foundation on which rests the drift. The surface soil is a stiff clay and this overlies a blueish clay, both of which stretch over the whole of Holderness. A section of 50 feet made by boring for the New Alexandra Dock at Hull gives the following, and probably not much difference would be found in certain spots in the radius given.
290 BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY.
a) iE
Brown Warp - - - Black do. - - - - Brown Clay - - - - Do. Silty Warp - - - Dark Warp - - - - - Black Soft Warp - - Black Wick Sand full of water Black peney, Warp - - Gravel - - - -
= boo OmW ef ODWWAHDDODS
44 6 Marl below this and then probably the Chalk. Bands of
Peat occur, and amongst the Silty Warp in sub-fossil form are to be obtained specimens of Mya, Utriculus, Cardium, Tellina, Hydrobia and other estuarine shells, together with several species of Foraminifera; some are covered with serpulee, and the epidermis of Mya is In some cases well preserved.
It will be observed that some usually common species are not yet recorded, and that the genera Unio, Dreissena, Paludina, Balea and Acme are entirely absent from the list.
AQUATIC. Sphzerium corneum Lin. Very abundant in nearly every
pond, ditch and stream in the district, Figham, Long Lane, Swinemoor, River Hull, Beverley and Barmston Drain. ‘This species is, I believe, most active at night time, and together with Bythinza tentaculata forms a favourite food of the Barbel.
S. corneum var. flavescens Macgill. Specimens of a pale yellow colour resembling this form occur in the Beverley and Barmston Drain at Figham; this variety appears to prefer streams with a sandy or gravelly bottom.
S. lacustre Mull. Local and not plentiful: small in size at Figham, in a ditch bordering the Hull Road, also in a ditch running into the River Hull at Commonbank Nook near Arram.
J.C., iii., April, 1852
BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVFRLEY. 291
Pisidium amnicum Mull. Locally abundant: occurs in the Beverley and Barmston Drain near Arram, in Leven Canal and in the River Hull at Grovehill. In the last locality it is generally accompanied by P. fontinale var. Henslowana and a:form which is, I believe, Baudon’s P. Henslowianum var. inappendiculata, the umboes being
more acute than in the typical P. jestinale.
- P. fontinale Drap. Long Lane, Figham and Leven Canal: moderately plentiful.
P. fontinale var. Henslowana Shepp. Leven Canal, Barmston Drain near Arram, ditch parallel with Leven Canal, Cottingham and River Hull at Grovehill, where its scarcity or abundance appears to be determined by the action of the tides.
P. fontinale var. cinerea Alder. Ditch near Beverley Station: extremely abundant.
P. pusillum Gmelin. Leven Canal, ditch parallel with Leven Canal, and shallow ditch strongly impregnated with iron, on Swinemoor: extremely abundant. Specimens from the last locality are so thickly encrusted with dirt as to resemble small pellets of mud.
P. nitidum Jenyns. Ditch bordering the Hull Road, Figham, and ditch parallel with Leven Canal.
P. roseum Scholtz. Specimens determined as this species occur sparingly in a ditch in Long Lane near Beverley Minster.
Anodonta cygnea Lin. Risby Fishpond: fine specimens, but now much less numerous than formerly. Fragments of shells of this species are found on the banks of Leven Canal, and broken shells are occasionally to be seen in the fields near Cottingham, the latter probably having been carried by birds from their native habitat.
292 BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY.
Neritina fluviatilis Lin. Barmston Drain: abundant in the River Hull at Grovehill, where the specimens are thickly encrusted with a calcareous deposit.
Bythinia tentaculata Lin. Abundant & generally distributed: Leven Canal, Figham, River Hull, Leckonfield Moat, Long Lane (fine) and Swinemoor.
B. Leachii Shep. Ditch parallel with Leven Canal, Figham: scarce.
Valvata piscinalis Mull. Leven Canal, Swinemoor, Figham and River Hull: moderately abundant.
V. piscinalis var. acuminata Jeff. In the Drift Beverley Beck and the Beverley and Barmston Drain, Figham.
V.cristata Mull. Leven Canal, Leckonfield Moat and Drift - Beverley Beck.
Planorbis nitidus Mull. (not lineatus). Leckonfield Moat: sparingly. P.nautileus Lin. Ditch bordering Swinemoor.
P. nautileus var. cristata Drap. Ditch bordering Swinemoor: with the type, abundant.
P. albus Mull. Leven Canal, Swinemoor and Drift Beverley Beck: moderately plentiful.
P. spirorbis Mull. Swinemoor, Leckonfield, Drift Beverley Beck, Long Lane and Kitchen Lane: abundant.
P. vortex Lin. Figham and Drift Beverley Beck: not common.
P. carinatus Mull. Leven Canal, Figham and Leckonfield Moat: local and not plentiful.
RP complanatus Lin. Everywhere common: Swinemoor, Fig-
| ham, Leckonfield, Long Lane (fine), Kitchen Lane, Weel Carrs and Commonbank Nook.
P. corneus Lin. Swinemoor, Figham and Long Lane (fine).
P.contortus Lin. Swinemoor, Figham, Drift Beverley Beck, Kitchen Lane and pond near England Springs: very abundant.
J.C., iii., April, 1882
BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY. 293
Physa hypnorum Lin. Drift Beverley Beck, Cherry-tree Lane, Kitchen Lane and Commonbank Nook: not common, disappears at times.
P. fontinalis Lin. Very abundant but mostly small, the frequent cleansing of the ditches preventing its arrival at maturity. Figham, Swinemoor, Long Lane and Leckonfield Moat; from the last named locality I took one specimen with the foot bifid behind, and another in which the foot measured close upon an inch in length.
Limngea peregra Mull. Common and abundant everywhere: fine in Leckonfield Moat and ditch in Long Lane: spire short and mouth wide at Figham and in Pighill Lane.
L. auricularia Lin. Leven Canal.
L. stagnalis Lin. Occurred formerly at Figham, but dead shelis only now to be found. In Risby Fishpond very spar- ingly; one specimen from this locality measures two inches in length.
L. palustris Mull. Locally abundant but by no means a common species here; varies in different localities, and it is possible some of the varieties occur. Long Lane, Swinemoor, Cottingham and Pighill, where it appears to prefer mud to water and resembles Z. ¢rwncati/a in its habits, Figham. Pond in field beyond Kitchen Lane, and Commonbank Nook: abundant.
L. truncatula Mull. Swinemoor, Figham, Leckonfield Park, Kitchen Lane, and on the muddy banks of the River Hull in countless numbers, generally small.
L. glabra Mull. Plentiful in a pond near Leckonfield Moat.
Ancylus lacustris Lin. Leven Canal and Leckonfield Moat: fine and moderately abundant.
294 BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY.
TERRESTRIAL.
Arion ater Lin. Generally distributed: very abundant in Pighill Lane.
A. hortensis Fer. Everywhere: too plentiful.
A. flavus. In gardens: sparingly.
Limax agrestis Lin. Common everywhere.
L. leevis. In moist places, generally distributed but not numer- ous: Leckonfield, Meaux, Risby and banks of River Hull.
L. maximus Lin. Not common: Long Lane.
Succinea putris Lin. Cottingham (very fine), Figham, Swine- moor, Leckonfield, Long Lane and Meaux: common.
S. elegans or more probably Pfeifferi. Generally distributed: three white shells taken in Pighill Lane in 1880.
Vitrina pellucida Mull. Abundant if sought for early in spring: Westwood, plantation near Rowley, and Meaux.
Zonites cellarius Mull. Common almost everywhere: Cherry-
tree Lane (fine), Meaux, Westwood, Molescroft, and in gardens.
Z. alliarius Mull. Harland Rise near Cottingham, Risby (plentiful), Meaux and Molescroft. Z. nitidulus Drap. Not very common: Westwood and Cherry- tree Lane. Z. purus Alder. Plentiful: Harland Rise, Westwood, Meaux and Risby. . radiatulus Alder. Risby: sparingly. . nitidus Mull. Drift Beverley Beck and Cottingham. . crystallinus Mull. Common: Harland Rise, Leckonfield, Drift Beverley Beck, Westwood, Meaux and Risby. Z. fulvus Mull. Harland Rise, Drift Beverley Beck, Meaux (very abundant) and Risby, Helix aculeata Mull. Westwood: scarce. Plantation near Long Lane: moderately common on decayed wood.
NNN
J.C., iii., April, 1882
BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY. 295
Helix aspersa Mull. Common: Leckonfield, Long Lane, Pighill Lane, Cherry-tree Lane, Meaux, Queensgate Road, and gardens, Beverley.
H.nemoralis Lin. Plentiful off the chalk: Cottingham, Leckon- field, Pighill Lane (in company with /ortenszs), Cherry- tree Lane, Meaux and Grovehill Road.
H. hortensis Mull. Extremely abundant in Pighill Lane, Long Lane, Queensgate Road, Cherry-tree Lane, &c. In Pighill Lane a series of specimens may sometimes be found running by fine gradations from this species to nemoralts.
’H. hortensis var. hybrida Poiret. Pighill Lane: perhaps not quite typical but intermediate between Aortensis and nemoralls.
H. arbustorum Lin. Very abundant in Pighill Lane, Kitchen Lane and Long Lane; found also at Queensgate Road, Leckonfield and Cherry-tree Lane: one of our commonest shells.
H. arbustorum var. flavescens Jeffreys. Queensgate Road and Long Lane. -
H. arbustorum, bandless var., presumably marmorata. Occurs with the type.
H. cantiana Mont. Queensgate Road: abundant and fine.
H. hispida Lin. Common: Leckonfield, Cherry-tree Lane, Rowley, Westwood, Figham, Swinemoor, Meaux, Moles- croft and Risby.
H. hispida var. subrufa Jeff. Occurs with the type.
(H. concinna Jeff. I have no localities recorded as I am not sure of the type).
H. virgata DaCosta. Lime Quarry near Westwood, and Queens- gate Road.
296 BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY.
Helix caperata Mont. Lime Quarry nr. Westwood: abundant. Pot and Ladle Chalk Pit near Walkington.
H. caperata var. ornata Picard. Lime Quarry near Westwood.
H. ericetorum Mull. Old quarry near the mill, Westwood.
H. ericetorum var. alba Charp. Old quarry near the mill, Westwood.
H. ericetorum var. minor Jeff. Old quarry near the mill, Westwood.
H. rotundata Mull. Harland Rise, Risby, Drift Beverley Beck, Cherry-tree Lane, Molescroft and plantation near Long Lane: locally abundant.
H. pygmea Drap. Westwood: scarce.
H. pulchella Mull. Drift Beverley Beck.
H. pulchella var. costata Mull. Harland Rise and Westwood: abundant.
Bulimus obscurus Mull. Drift Beverley Beck,
Pupa umbilicata Drap. Risby: abundant. Bishop Burton, Pot and Ladle Chalk Pit and Meaux: plentiful.
Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Risby: one specimen.
V. pygmea var. quadridentata. Westwood: scarce.
V. edentula Drap. Meaux: very abundant.
Clausilia rugosa Drap. Harland Rise, Rowley, Risby and Bentley.
GC. laminata Mont. Rowley and Harland Rise.
Cochlicopa lubrica. Harland Rise, Drift Beverley Beck, Cherry-tree Lane, Westwood, Meaux, Risby and Molescroft.
C. lubrica var. lulbricoides Fer. Harland Rise.
Achatina acicula Mull. Harland Rise and Westwood: scarce.
Carychium minimum Mull. Abundant: Westwood, Risby, Molescroft, banks of River Hull, Cottingham, &c. _
————_¢-e-@—_____
J.C., iii, April, 1882
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 297
SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS FIELD-NOTES.
By WILLIAM BAILLIE,
TEACHER, BRORA, SUTHERLANDSHIRE.
I had some shell hunting in the summer and autumn of 1881 over several parts of Sutherland and Caithness. A arbustorum is quite common on the east coast of Sutherland, often in company with AH. hortensis and H. hybrida. The ordinary form most common, the greenish-yellow and dark brown varieties, are found in Assynt, S.W. of Sutherland, at the foot of a high cliff about 600 feet above sea level. I also found a few specimens on the east coast of Caithness near Dunheath Castle and at Brawl Castle on Thurso River, N.E. Caithness. A. aculeata, found high up Dunheath River, Caithness. “4. evtceforwm, found in one locality on the north coast of Sutherland near mouth of Halladale River; I have a colony of them on the east coast near Brora, but lost sight of them during winter. HZ. votundata, very common in east Sutherland and Caithness. A. pulchella, common on the oolite near the sea in E. Sutherland. Vitrina pellucida, very common in Sutherland and Caithness. Zonztes cellartus, alliarius, nitidulus, purus, crystallinus and fulvus in a few localities. Pupa umbilicata occurs all over Sutherland and Caithness. Gadlia perversa, a few ‘found on a beech tree near Dunrobin Castle (Duke of Sutherland’s). Clausilia rugosa is found in considerable abundance about a ruinous castle on Loch Assynt, S.W. of Sutherland ; last summer I took a colony of them to the east coast, several greenish-white in colour; it has also been found by others about Dunrobin Woods. Cochlicopa lubrica 1s very abundant near the east coast, also at Brawl Castle, Caithness; some are of a glassy appearance and a few have a white band. Carychium minimum is abundant in a few damp spots on the east coast oolite, particularly among rushes
298 BAILLIE: SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS FIELD-NOTES.
and flags. Swecinea putris, found last summer in two localities in Sutherland and one in Caithness. Besides the above I collected many fresh water shells.
In April, 1882, I found two beauties of Helex lamellata and one pretty large 7. aculeata, several Claustlia rugosa, one Vertigo which looks like mznwtiss¢ma, two like V. edentfula, one dead Balia perversa (which got smashed in the box on my way home) on a large beech tree—all in Golspie Burn or stream near Dunrobin Castle. I took the whole day examining one side of the stream. I found besides what seems to me a Helix pygmea.
Since May, 1882, I have travelled over very near the whole county of Sutherland and two parts of Ross-shire. From Forsi- nard Railway Station I went north to the coast, and coasted and doubled some of the many inlets to Durness, and then down to Scourie and Unapool and crossed east from sea to sea to Invershin Station and then home by rail, taking eight days altogether. As a whole the route was poor in conchology. ‘The east coast of the Kyle of Tongue and the west shore of Loch Assynt are the only good stations in West Sutherland, and about ten days at each station would almost exhaust the list to be found. I had not the good fortune to find Helzx rupestris. I believe I have now one felix pygmea from Tongue Wood and another from Golspie Wood. #. /amellata and aculeata 1 found in two different localities in E. Sutherland. Awdlimus obscurus | found, first alive at Rockfiel, south shore of Tarbetness, Cromarty, and lately at two localities in E. Sutherland—one near the Ord of Caithness, so Iam almost sure it must extend along the east coast of Caithness. Pupa marginata I found lately at the roots of grass near the sea, about three miles north of Brora; I had some dead ones before, picked up at the roots of juniper bushes. Among a lot of Pupa collected in 1881 in E, Sutherland and kept in tin boxes all
J.C., iii., April, 1882
’ BOOG WATSON: CIRCE versus GOULDIA. 299
winter, I found one Vertigo angustior. V. edentula, E. and W. Sutherland, and one near Ben Armine near the watershed. I have some beautiful varieties of 4. nmemoralis and arbustorum.
Pisidium pustllum extends round the whole county east and west, |
and also most of Caithness; I think I have two other species of fisidia. Unio margaritifer, Naver River in the west and Brora and Helmsdale Rivers in the east. Valvata piscinalis, dead shells, Loch Assynt, west. Flanorbis nautileus, 1 found three living specimens about one mile south-west of Mound Station in a deep drain inclined to brackish water. P. confortis seems common in the lochs and rivers, often washed down to the sea-side, where I find them dead pretty often. Limnea peregra, L. truncatula and Ancylus fluviatilis extend over nearly all parts of Sutherland and Caithness. I found this summer (1882) another Zzmnea near Dornoch Firth, either half grown galustris or glabra.
CIRCE versus GOULDIA. By THE Rev. R. BOOG WATSON, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c.
The genus Gouldia of C. B. Adams, had fallen into disfavour, till in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1879, p. 131, Mr. W. H. Dall of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, whom all his friends respect no less for his patriotism than for his conchology, claimed for it a new generic recognition. Mr. Edgar A. Smith in a very interesting paper published in the P. Z.S., 1881, p. 489, set aside these claims and maintained the Cv7ce of Schumacher as the most satisfactory title. Mr. Dall in the Bul- letin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Nov. 28, 1881, de- clined to accept Mr. Smith’s verdict.
300 BOOG WATSON: CIRCE Uérs#s GOULDIA.
The question being, therefore, still open, I wish to point out that for Gouldia two positions have been claimed :—
(i.) That of a genus, which is what its author designed for it; (ii.) That of a subgenus of Czrce=Lioconcha Morch.
As to I., two things have to be considered :—
(1.) The definition of Gou/dia as a genus by C. B. Adams; (2.) Its generic peculiarity at all.
As to 1, C. B. Adams based his diagnosis on two species, of which, one is unquestionably a Cvassatel/ia and the other is Gouldia (or Circe) cerina. To class two forms so diverse as these are under one diagnosis does not imply gross ignorance—nobody has charged that against Professor Adams—but it affects most seriously the value of his diagnosis. It cannot apply to both— who shall decide to which. Mr. Dall says he gives up the Crassa- tella, it is the other which is the true type. Suppose that granted (which yet after all is hardly so), then (2) is G. (or C.) cerina generically so? Mr. Dall thinks something may be said for it on this footing, but finally he retreats from this position and consents to its ranking as a subgenus, therefore the whole of queston i. is settled: Gouwldia cannot reckon as a genus.
‘We come therefore now to ii.—Is Gouldia to displace Zio- concha as a subgenus of Czvce? In answer to that question it may probably be said that many persons will not much care whether it does or not. Subgenera are little more than museum fancies which each person treats as he chooses, but to disturb a name which has so far gained acceptance as Lzoconcha has done, in order to make a shelter for a disembodied name like Gow/dia is hardly wise.
On the whole therefore judgment seems to be in with Mr. E. A. Smith, and the Gouldia C. B. Ad. had better be abandoned.
—_——_+0e—___-
J.C., iii., April, 1882
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 301
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF EVVEA FROM
WEST AFRICA. By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S.,
(ZooLoGicaAL DEPARTMENT, BRITISH Museum).
The species about to-be described belongs to that section of the genus to which Dr. Pfeiffer gave the name Ldentulina, on account of the absence of teeth and plicze upon the walls of the aperture.
Ennea Martensi.
Testa perforata, ovata, mediocriter crassiuscula, cereo-albida, nitens, oblique arcuatim et confertim lirata, striis spiralibus rugulosts in interstitits sculpta ; anfractus 7,convextuscult, ultimus supra aperturam sublevigatus et politus, postice oblique descendens, prope labrum breviter subitoque ascendens, lirts longitudinalibus versus basim absoletis. Apertura lata, magna, {5 longitudints totius subeguans,; columella obligua, rectilinearis, nec plicata nec contorta. Feristoma album, incrassatum, undigue expan- sum et breviter reflexum, margine labrali superne arcuato, inferne obliguo, columellari rectiusculo, subperpendiculart. Longit. gx millim., diam. 223. Apertura longit. 10, latit. 15%.
flab.—West Africa.
This fine species of Hea, forming part of the Cumingian Collection, is closely related to Z. zusignis of Pfeiffer, yet perfectly distinct. ‘The latter species (the type of which, described in the “Proceedings of the Zoological Society” for 1856, is in the British Museum) is not perforated, has excessively fine oblique striation, has more distinct spiral sculpture than &. Martenst and the columella is plicate at the lower part, whilst in the present species this feature is wanting.
In the “Monatsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin” for 1876, Dr. E. von Martens has given a figure of the
302 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
animal and shell (pl. iv., f. 1) of a species which he refers to the £. insignis of Pfeiffer, but which appears to me to represent that above described. The form and sculpture are quite the same, the latter being very much coarser than that of £. zusignis. Unfortunately the view given of the shell does not show the umbilical region, and consequently I am in doubt respecting that part. Another character well represented in Martens’s figure is the abrupt change of sculpture from coarse lire to a nearly smooth surface on the front of the body-whorl just above the aperture. This peculiarity is scarcely noticeable in Z. znstgnzs.
I take this opportunity of giving a name to a distinct species which is figured by Martens (l.c., pl. iv., f 4—5) as the Z. monodon of Morelet. Of this species, which I propose to name £. Dohrui, the British Museum possesses two specimens. It is a larger and more pupiform shell than 2. monodon, consisting of fewer whorls and with a shorter and less conical spire. Dr. Dohrn has already pointed out its distinctness in the “Jahrbiicher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft” for 1878.
00>
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON FELIX ARBUSTORUM. By JOHN W.. TAYLOR.
Since the publication of the ‘‘Life History” of this species additional information has come to hand, mainly through the kindly interest of Mrs. Fitzgerald, Rev. J. McMurtrie, M.A., F.L.S., Mr. W. D. Roebuck and other friends.
Distribution.
Rev. R. Boog Watson, F.L.S., informs me that according to Nordenskiold and Nylander this species is found in Finland only in Karelen and Aland, where it is the commonest of the large
J.C., iii, April, 1882
TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 303
helices. Shrenck says it has been found in Hogland but this requires confirmation. Development.
Miss Donald of Stanwix, Carlisle, informs me that this species flourishes in confinement, and that she has frequently observed immature specimens in her possession with their mouths downward in the soil, as though engaged in enlarging their shells.
Variations. Var. major Pfr.
Rev. W. C. Hey reports it from Fulford Gravel Pits, and Mr. G. Roberts from Pontefract and neighbourhood.
Mrs. Fitzgerald, to whom I am under great obligations for her readiness to give information and assistance, has found it at Salzburg, Buda-Pesth, Passau and Gmunden, Salzkammergut, and has kindly given me specimens. At Salzburg some of the small bushes on the Monchsberg were literally hung with them.
Var. minima Pfr.
Rey. J. McMurtrie writes me that “asmall form, not a/fesd77s, occurs with the species at North Berwick.” Mrs. Fitzgerald has kindly given me specimens of a banded form of this variety collected by her at Widgonsteg, Jura, Wurtemburg, and I have taken it near Kandersteg, Switzerland.
Var. alpestris Zgl.
Mr. L. E. Emmet found this var. on April roth between Dore and Baslow near Sheffield, in company with vars. flavescens and marmorata, all hidden away half-a-foot below the surface underneath stones, sometimes in clusters of 20 together. Mr. Roberts quotes Pontefract and neighbourhood, and I have found two specimens at Bishopthorpe near York. In Scotland, Mr. H. Coates has found it at Pitlochrie on the Silurian formation at 500—600 feet elevation. Rev. J. McMurtrie says: “‘abundant
304 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
above Mirren,” and Mrs. Fitzgerald has found it at Altdorf, Switzerland, and kindly given me specimens.
Var. conoidea Westerl. Rev. W. C. Hey has a very conical form from Fulford,
probably this variety.
Var. rudis Muhlf. Mrs. Fitzgerald informs me she has found this in the Dolomites.
Var. fusca Fer.
Carlisle (Miss Donald); Ben More, Perthshire (Hey).
Var. Repellini Charpentier. Mr. Rowland has kindly sent me an interesting shell from York, which may be referred to this variety.
Var. Moravica Stossich.
The specimens alluded to, under var. 4aylez, as in the possession of Mr. Ponsonby, are, Mrs. Fitzgerald informs me, this variety; and I am indebted to her kindness for specimens. I have not seen the original description.
Var. flavescens Mogq.-Tand.
The additional localities for this variety are Beverley (Butterell), Fulford (Hey), Helmsley (Hugh Richardson), Ikley (Nelson), Sheffield (L. E. Emmet), Skipton and Tadcaster (Miss Fairbrass); Gunnar Peak on the Tyne on nettles (Richardson); Near Carlisle (Miss Donald); Lewes, Sussex (Jenner). In Scot- land, Rev. J. McMurtrie reports it ‘abundant near Portree, Skye; near the town of Ayr, at the foot of the Doon, &c.” Mr. W. Baillie of Brora, has found it, at an altitude of 600 feet, near Assynt, S. W. Sutherland. Mrs. Fitzgerald has also kindly given me some specimens from Munich, Bavaria.
J.C., iiit., April, 1882
JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 305
Var. marmorata Taylor.
This variety is reported from Beverley (Butterell), Boston Spa (J. Emmet), Castle Howard (Hey), Sledmere (Welburn) and near Sheffield (Lewis E. Emmet). Miss Fairbrass found two fine specimens on nettles at Ashford, Kent, and also has it from near Folkestone; Miss Donald finds it near Carlisle; Mr. Jenner gives Lewes, Sussex; and M. Elie Gaucher records it from Schaffhausen
and Constance.
Var. pallida Taylor.
Mr. W. Baillie has kindly sent one not very characteristic shell from E. Sutherland, and Mrs. Fitzgerald some others from Munich.
—eee
Var. albinos Moq.-Tand. Great Longton, Derbyshire (Miss Fairbrass).
‘A variety with white interior at Ferry Hinksey” near Oxford is recorded by J. Dalton in Naturalist, 1855, p. 200.
><
AUTHENTICATED LIST OF LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX,
WITH A FEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF SOME SPECIES.
By WILLIAM JEFFERY, or RATHAM, CHICHESTER.
(Read before the Conchological Society.)
In compiling this list my observations apply in general to the extreme west of the county, I may say almost entirely to the west of the River Arun-—a district which I have worked myself within the last fifteen years. Hayling Island is in the county of Hampshire, but as my researches have extended thus far I have included it in the area.
306 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.
All the species have been submitted for identification to the Conchological Society, and I am indebted also to my friend Mr. H. Haines of West Ashling for much kind assistance and co-operation during the past two years.
Some fourteen other species are recorded as found in the county of Sussex, viz::—Spherium rivicola (rejectamenta o Arun), Bythinia Leachit, Planorbis carinatus, P. lineatus, Limnea Slabra, Helix cartustana, H. concinna, H. sertcea?, H. fusca, Pupa secale, Vertigo antivertigo, V. edentula, Azeca tridens and Acme lineata (see Zoologist for 1878).
With the exception of He/7x fusca none of these have come under my notice here. I found one example of this species, since having had some sent me, which I obtained near here in 1880, but am not quite certain as to the locality.
On the other hand Zimax arborum has been overlooked by other observers, for although I find it far from uncommon and even numerous in certain parts, it is not mentioned in any of the local lists in the county of Sussex.
AQUATIC.
Sphzrium corneum. Generally distributed: in the mud of ponds and ditches and occasionally amongst floating weeds. The var. flavescens plentiful in the mill stream at Burton near Petworth amongst and under water moss and other vegetation, but not found in the mud as is the typical S. cormewm. They occur here literally in masses and may be taken up by the handful.
S. lacustre. In similar situations as the last and equally well distributed. Var. Brochoniana is found near Ratham.
Pisidium amnicum. Perhaps pretty well distributed but rot hnumerous—not generally considered common in the
J.C., iii., April 1882
JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 307
county, residing in the mud at the bottom of ditches and slowstreams. The upper portion of the valves, that above the mud surface invariably incrusted.
P. fontinale. The most common and generally distributed of the genus. Last April while examining one of this species under the microscope I witnessed the birth, at intervals, of three young through the siphon. The foot of the young bivalve always appeared first, clinging round the edges as if feeling its way out, but each one was ultimately expelled by a current or rather blast of water by the parent, and was soon starting on a voyage of discovery of its own.
With regard to microscopic observations, I think I ain correct in stating that I have detected in this species at the edge of the mantle at the anterior* margin (around the foot when extended) where the in-current of water
*T felt somewhat puzzled as to whether I should write anterior or posterior here. Authors do not seem to be agreed on this point. Jeffreys writes (Brit. Conch., vol.i., p. 16) with regard to the genus eszdium: ‘‘beaks placed near the shorter or anterior end.” But in Woodward’s Manual of the Mollusca, 2nd edition, 1871, p. 462, is written: ‘‘anterior side the longest.” This latter description is in my opinion correct.
In the Pis7diade@ the foot is extended from the longer end or side, and this end is to the front when the animal is travelling. with the siphon at the shorter end, behind. The same occurs in the genus Sferzwm, though in this case the shells are nearly equilateral. In Uzzo and Azodonta however the foot is protruded from the shorter end and the siphons are placed at the longer and thinner end ; here therefore the shorter and thinner end would be zatuzally anterior.
I find in Popular Conchology, Catlow, 1854, in an explanation of terms: ‘“CANTERIOR—The side of the shell, in Bivalves, where the ligament is situated,” and ‘‘POSTERIOR” vce versd. It is probably on this ground that Jeffreys makes the assertion above alluded to, but if this be accepted as correct we must decide that Spherium and Pistdium travel backwards or posterior end first. Therefore I have in this case followed Woodward and written anterior.
The fact of the in-current in these genera being taken at the anterior margin, which margin would when the mollusk is under the surface of the mud be the part most deeply buried, the siphon being uppermost, tends to the inference that they derive their food from beneath the surface of the mud, or it shows that they are better adapted for a life above it than either Uxzo or Anodonta.
208 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.
and consequently of food is situated in the genus Pisidium, \t having no influx siphon, a fringe of vibratile cilia, whose function would appear to be to create a current for the passing away of objectionable matter while the folds of the mantle are temporarily closed, and probably being very sensitive, to detect such matter in its passage between the valves. I have most positively noticed a side current caused by these cilia or other motive power whatever it may be when the valves have been either wholly or partially closed. The influx siphon of the genus Axodonta and others as is well known is clothed with a very perceptible fringe, or according to Gray is bearded.
I have also remarked that the edges of the valves in P. fontinale are sometimes thickly fringed with a species of L£pzstylus (Protozoa), which probably find some advantage in the way of obtaining food by the current caused by the bivalve.
P. pusillum. In similar situations to the last named, but less frequently met with.
P. nitidum. I have found this species in the deep ditches and pits at Chidham. Not so generally met with as the other species in this genus.
Unio pictorum. Plentiful at Burton near Petworth in a tributary of the western Rother, and probably occurs in other branches of this river, which flows into
the Arun. Anodonta cygnea. Occurs commonly with the last named
species and throughout the Arun waters. Also in the Chichester Canal.
A. anatina. Burton and Wisboro Green. Have taken the variety complanata at Burton.
J.C,, iii., April, 1882
JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 309
Neritina fluviatilis. Last summer (1881) I found this shell plentifully in the Arun, a few miles above the town of Arundel, on chalk and stones at low water, for the tide affects the height of the river thus far. The specimens found were all of small size and more or less blackish in colour (probably from incrustation) and showing no markings, but some that I have kept living have, in a considerable portion of new growth of the shell since they were obtained, revealed the beautifully tessellated markings commonly indicated in descriptions of it.
Paludina vivigara. ‘The only recorded locality for this shell is the River Arun (Borrer in Zoologist, 1878). I found it numerous at Wisbro’ Green in 1877 in a ditch supplying the Wey andArunCanal. It probably camefrom the Wey,
Bythinia tentaculata. Common in most clear streams, ponds and ditches.
Valvata piscinalis. Of frequent occurrence in such situations as the last named, but generally in deeper water. In May, 1868, I took about 350 shells from the stomach of a large eel, nearly all of which belonged to this species, but amongst them were a few Planorbis com- planatus and one Bythinia tentaculata. The variety subcylindrica has occurred to me.
V. cristata. Amongst weeds in ponds and ditches. No doubt often overlooked from its resemblance at first sight to young specimens of Planorbis.
Planorbis nitidus, Fairly common. The allied species, P. lineatus, has not turned up in this dirtrict, though said to be found sparingly in the eastern part of the county.
P. nautileus. Found in a small pond at Chidham, without the extremely elevated ridges which occur in the variety
310 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.
cristata, which var. I have found however at Ratham and also at Wisbro’ Green.
Planorbis albus. Common.
P. spirorbis. Common.
P. vortex. Less common than the last.
P. complanatus. Common.
P. corneus. Have found this species in the levels of the Arun near Pulborough and Burpham, also at Bersted near Bognor, but it does not occur in the Chichester district nor west of it that I can ascertain.
P. contortus. Not so common as some other species of this genus.
Physa hypnorum. Rather a local species: frequenting stagnant ditches, which dry up in summer. This snail then buries itself in the mud at the bottom, and does not appear to turn out again when the ditches get filled in the autumn; so that its enjoyment of life must be confined to a very short period, and I have often been led to wonder how it continues to exist under such circumstances. Occasionally it may be found in slow running waters, which do not entirely dry up in summer.
It is probably the most rapid traveller of all our aquatic snails, and does not well bear the confinement of an aquarium, being almost sure to crawl out before it has been many days in one, especially if the water be allowed to attain anything beyond a cool temperature.
As one of the lung-breathers (Pulmonobranchiata) it has to come to the surface of the water periodically for a supply of air. When in deep water (though it naturally prefers shallow, and loves to crawl, foot upwards, on the surface) it will frequently spin a web of
J.C., iii., April, 1882
JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 311
slime (byssus) and so rise perpendicularly to the surface, and having taken the required supply of air, turn leisurely about and crawl down the same web again. Once while witnessing this performance, the. slime parted from its mooring, when poor hypnorum was quickly carried to the surface again by the air which it had taken in.
Both species of Physa have beautifully polished shells, which of course would soon become covered with conferva,. &c., if not kept off by some means. This
" office snails often perform for each other by rasping with
their horny jaws in the usual operation of feeding, but
P. hypnorum can effect this for itself unaided, even to
the very point of its long shell, as I have had proof by observations on some I kept in an aquarium.
P.fontinalis. Generally distributed: often found in deep water.
Limneea peregra. Common: the varieties ovata and acuminata occur.
L. auricularia. Occurs in some artificial ponds in my garden.
L. auricularia var. ampla. Artificial ponds in my garden.
L. stagnalis. I found this species for the first time in the Burpham brooks (levels of the Arun) last summer (1881). Mr. Harting in his ‘Mollusca of Sussex,” Zoologist, 1878, writes that it is “common in ponds and _ ditches,” but it certainly is not found near Chichester.
L. palustris. Common: I have obtained the variety elongata from Freshwater in the Isle of Wight.
L. truncatula. I think this species has a better claim to be called the ‘wandering’ mud shell than Z. pevegra, for wherever a roadside stream trickles down in spring it is sure to find its way, no matter to what elevation and almost equally certain to be dried up in summer.
312 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.
I have lately found some small specimens in a marl pit near Woodmancote, at a considerable elevation and far from any permanent water. These were found under some of the larger pieces of loose marl, in summer, when there was no trace of water, though the position from being shaded from the sun was always damp, yet without standing water in winter.
Ancylus fluviatilis. Common in the clear running streams issuing from the chalk hills, also noted in a tributary of the Rother near Midhurst (sand district). All appear to belong to the variety albida.
A. lacustris. Found in a pit at Bosham and also in one at Hayling, in both places generally attached to the stems of the Cat-tail Reed ( Zypha latifolia) and of the variety albida in both cases.
TERRESTRIAL.
Arion ater. Common and generally distributed: brown speci- mens are not infrequent.
A. hortensis. Too common in our gardens and fields.
Limax marginatus. In gardens and about buildings, but not plentiful. I have found it feeding on a Great Spotted Slug which T had killed the day before.
L. flavus. Common in cellars and drains, under stones, &c.
L. agrestis. Common everywhere.
L. arborum. Not uncommon in beech plantations, where it ascends these trees, often to a great height, in showery weather, and frequently remains throughout the day in the nooks under the branches (the arm-pits as it were), but in dry weather retiring to the ground under the shelter of decaying leaves. This slug exudes a great
J.€., iii,, April, 1882
JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 313
quantity of very watery slime on being captured. It is common among the beeches at the back of the Good- wood race stand. Has not been noticed in Sussex by other observers.
Limax maximus. Common.
Testacella has not been recoided in Sussex, but is numerous in a garden at Newport, Isle of Wight, as many as 200 having been counted in one evening.
I turned down in my garden half-a-dozen specimens sent me thence a year or more ago, but have seen nothing of them since until I found a quarter grown young one last September. It is also found in other gardens at Newport.
Succinea putris. Common and generally distributed in suitable situations. In some localities the animal is of a light yellowish colour, in others nearly black.
S. elegans. Found in Hayling Island.
Vitrina pellucida. Local but plentiful where it occurs.
Zonites cellarius. Common.
Z.alliarius. Generally distributed but not numerous.
Z. nitidulus. Fairly distributed.
Z. purus. Common, but nearly all belong to the variety margaritacea.
Z. radiatulus. I find this snail on my lawn at the roots of grasses, clovers, &c., in company with Felix pulchella; also in pastures but not plentifully.
Z. nitidus. I took some specimens of this snail near Ratham some years ago, but have not met with it recently, the ground having been drained.
Z. excavatus. Found a single specimen near Midhurst in 1881. Mr. Borrer also records a single specimen from St. Leonard’s Forest (Zoologist, 1878).
314 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.
Zonites crystallinus. Fairly common.
Z. fulvus. Not so common as the last but often found in company with it.
Helix aculeata. Not numerous and requires a lot of finding.
H. pomatia though plentiful in Surrey has not been found in Sussex, but dead shells have been discovered not far from Petersfield (Zoologist, 1878).
H. aspersa. Numerous and generally distributed; var. grisea occurs sparingly near the Downs.
H. nemoralis. Whether this species be distinct from JZ. hortensts or not, they are not as a rule found in the same localities about here. The so called black-mouth, nemoralis, occurs on the Downs amongst furze and juniper bushes and long grass, also in plantations on the chalk and gravel, and is a larger and stouter shell than hortensis. ‘Yhe latter is principally found in hedgerows in the level country and most commonly by roadsides, generally amongst nettles, on which it feeds greedily. I have occasionally found it ascending beech trees, but it is not generally in such cases mixed with the larger shell, zemoralzs. Black-lipped specimens of the type hortensis have occurred to me in one locality, a roadside hedge about a mile below Oakwood (wemora/is is found in Oakwood), and it seems possible that specimens of nemoralts may have been carried down to this spot by floods (as there is, after heavy rains, a great flow of water from the wood by this place) and have inter-bred with the white-mouths. These black-lips are confined to the pure yellow variety without stripes.
H. arbustorum. A very local species: occurs at Harting, and I have found it on both eastern and western sides of Pulborough; also at Cocking near Midhurst. These
J.C., iii., April, 1882
JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 315
localities are on high and fairly dry ground. The only other locality I can record is the valley of the Ems, quite on the western border of Sussex. Here it occurs at Lordington, Racton and Westbourne, in damp situa- tions by the stream which reaches the sea at Emsworth.
Helix cantiana. One of our commonest snails, from the
Downs to the sea coast.
H.rufescens. A garden pest, and common in hedgerows. H. hispida. Common: less hispid on marshy ground. H. virgata. Numerous on the Downs but of smallsize. Fairly
distributed in the lowlands to the sea coast, growing to a good size in suitable localities and in favourable seasons.
H. caperata. Generally distributed. The variety Gigaxii is
occasionally found, and the species generally has a tendency to this form here.
H.ericetorum. Common on the Downs, generally of small
size, but in some few favored spots growing to nearly #-inch diameter. At Up Park for instance it is found of this size, but only, so far as I am aware, on the steep slopes of a roadway cut through the chalk, also at Adsdean Chalk-pit, again on a steep incline, and thirdly on the Downs northeast of Kingly-vale on the slopes of a cut roadway somewhat similar to the Up Park locality, with steep sides but not more than three to three-and-a- half feet deep.
It is remarkable that by neither of these roadways are any specimens to be found a yard away on the level. This fact much puzzles me.
H. rotundata. Common and generally distributed. H. rupestris. Last summer I found this species very plentifully
on a wall near Arundel. Only three other localities in Sussex are given, viz. :—Horsham and Keymer Churches
316 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.
and near Lewes (Zoologist, 1878).
Helix pygmeea. Have not found this snail myself, but my friend Mr. H. Haines has given me specimens which he collected last season at Woodend near here.
H. pulchella. Equally common from the Downs to lowland meadows at the roots of herbage and under stones. I. find great numbers on the lawn in my garden.
H. lapicida. Common in beech woods on the chalk; after a shower the stems of these trees are often covered with them; also about loose stone walls and ivy-covered palings. On the flat country, south of the Downs, it is rare if not altogether absent. It occurs in Hayling
Island. H. obvoluta. Distribution very restricted: occurring generally
only on the northern ranges of the South Downs. Has been taken plentifully at Up Park in the extreme north- west of the county, adjoining Hampshire, and is also reported from Duneton, Graffham and _ Storington, further east. I have occasionally found dead shells for the last ten years, on a bank at Woodend, at the base of the Downs, but no living specimens, even after many careful searches during that period, so I conclude it has died out—it may have been introduced there.
Bulimus obscurus. ‘The only representative of this genus found in Sussex, though J. montfanus is common at Selbourne in Hants, only a few miles over the boundary. Beech woods on the chalk: common.
Pupa umbilicata. Common and generally distributed.
P. marginata. Not so numerous as the last, but occurring from the Downs to the sea.
Vertigo pygmezea. Under stones, &c., from the Downs to the lowland meadows.
J.C., ii., April, 1882
JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OCF WESTERN SUSSEX. 317
Balea perversa. Common on mossy stems of beech trees and on moss-covered walls. Clausilia rugosa. Common. C. Rolphii. <A very local species: plentiful in restricted areas about Up Park, and has been found at Racton. C. laminata. Common in beech woods on the chalk. The variety albida is occasionally met with. Cochlicopa lubrica. Common in damp situations. The var. hyalina is found, but not numerously. Achatina acicula. Rare: Mr. Haines has found a few empty shells near Woodend. Referring to this species the Rev. H. Housman in _ alittle work recently pubiished by him, entitled “The Story of our Museum,” writes: ‘“‘There was lately discovered near Chichester what appears to be an early British burying-ground. Many skeletons were found The bones, which lay about three feet below the surface, were infested with Achatina acicula.” Carychium minimum. This minute species is no doubt often overlooked, but appears to be generally distributed in damp situations, under timber, &c., and amongst decaying leaves. Cyclostoma elegans. Numerous on the Downs, about plan- tations and hedgerows extending to about 14 miles from the foot of the Downs on dry banks.
318 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE COUNTY OF SUSSEX.
By WILLIAM DENISON ROEBUCK.
It is proposed from time to time to issue County Biblio- graphies of conchological literature, and it would seem a fitting _choice to commence with Sussex, on the occasion of inserting Mr. Jeffery’s list of West Sussex shells. This bibliography does not by any means pretend to be complete, and the compiler would be pleased to receive additional citations for publication in the Journal. He has to acknowledge the assistance of Messrs. F. C. S. Roper, F.1..S., of Eastbourne, and W. Jeffery of Ratham, Chichester, also of the Secretary of the Eastbourne Natural History Society. ;
1840. J. E. Gray.—A Manual of the L. & F. W. Shells of the British islands) 2) 3) by Walliany ‘lurtons eal newedition . . By John Edward Gray . . .”—1840.
Sussex notes at pp. 35, 37, 146, 147 and 216. 1845. T. Vernon Wollaston.—‘“‘Carnivorous propensity of the Helicide.”—Zoologist, 1845, ill. 943—4. Three Helices are recorded as taken at Bulverhithe. 1853. W. H. Hawker.—‘“‘Discovery of Helix obvoluta in Hampshire.” —Zool., xi. 3764. The shell is also recorded for Sussex. 1853. W. C. Unwin.—“<A List with Notes on the Habitats and Localities, of the Land and Freshwater Molluscs,
observed in the Vicinity of Lewes, in Sussex.”— Morris’ Naturalist, 1853, 111. 54—58.
1854. R.H.S. Smith.—“List of Land and Fresh-water Mol- lusks found near Sevenoaks, Kent.”—Zool., xi. 4333.
Helix concinna mentioned for Sussex.
J.C., iit., April, 1882
ROEBUCK: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SUSSEX. 319
1858. Dixon and Watson.—“A Descriptive Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells.” p. 53.
1860. Mrs. Merrifield.—Natural History of Brighton. Conchology at pp. 155—161. [Not seen by the compiler.
1862. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.—British Conchology, i. 106, 193, 282.
1864. Mrs. Merrifield.-—“A List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca which have been met with in the Neighbour- hood of Brighton.” Published in Merrifield’s ‘Sketch of the Natural History of Brighton,’ 1864, p.223. [Not seen.
1866. Ralph Tate.—“A Plain and Easy Account of the Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Great Britain.” :
Sussex notes at pp. 121, 125, 126, 127, 139, 141, 148, 170, 192 and 222.
1868. Wm. Jeffery.—‘“‘A Season’s Collecting of Land and Freshwater Shells in West Sussex.”—Zoologist, 1868,
pp. 1215-—1217. 1869. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.—British Conchology, v. 152, 159.
1871. Committee of Eastbourne Natural History Society.—A List of the Mollusca which have been found in the neighbourhood of Eastbourne; prepared, with other provisional lists of the Fauna and Flora of the District, by a Committee of the N. H. S. of Eastbourne, and published in Gowland’s ‘Guide to Eastbourne,’ 8th ed.
1873. F.C.S. Roper.—Supplement to the Fauna and Flora of Eastbourne (privately printed Dec.) [Not seen.
1873. Committee of Eastbourne Natural History Society.—Lists of Fauna.—Published in Chambers’ Handbook for Eastbourne, 1873, corrected to June, 1873. [ Not seen.
1875. Theo. Godlee.—‘‘Helix obvoluta Muller.”—Quart. Journ. of Conch., May 1875, 1. 67—68.
1875. Theo. Godlee.—“ Helix caperata var. ornata.”—Quart. Journ. Conch., May 1875, i. 70.
320 ROEBUCK: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SUSSEX.
1875. J. E. Harting.—“Rambles in Search of Shells, Land and Freshwater.”—8vo., 1875.
Sussex notes at pp. 34, 71, 72, 75, 76, 79, 81, 83, 86, 88.
1877. Joseph Weaver.—Chapter IV. (pp. 307—323) of “The History of Harting, in the County of Sussex—By the Rev. H. D. Gordon,” is an account of the mollusca to be found in the parish of Harting near Petersfield.
[Not seen.
1877. Jno. W. Taylor.—“Limax gagates at Hastings.”— OO. oC Aue 218 774.245.
1878. J. E. Harting.—“The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Sussex.”—Zoologist, 1878, Third series, 11. 84—94, 122—126, 161—168.
1878. Wm. Jeffery.—‘‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Sussex” [additional to his 1868 list].—Zoologist, 1878, 3rd series, 1. r80—181.
1878. A.W. Langdon.—The list of mollusca in “The Natural History of Hastings and St. Leonards and the vicinity.”
The Mollusca are enumerated at pp. 12—14, with indications of rarity and commonness. 1879. F.C. S. Roper.— ‘On the Additions to the Fauna and
Flora of the Cuckmere District during the past year.”— Eastbourne N. H. S. paper, Oct. 17th, 1879.
Three species and four varieties of mollusca added.
1880. J. H. A. Jenner.—“Land and Fresh Water Mollusca” [including a list of East Sussex species ].—Eastbourne N. H. S. paper, March roth, 1880.
[The bibliography for Oxfordshire will probably be the next undertaken, but before it is published the compiler would be glad to have the opportunity of inspecting Whiteaves’ List of Oxfordshire Shells, or the number of the Ashmolean Transactions in which it is contained. Any one who would assist him to the sight of this work would place the compiler under obligation. Letters may be addressed to care of jhe Editor of the Journal of Conchology. ]
Or
J.C., iii., April, 1882
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 321
ON THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICID DURING HIBERNATION.
By CHARLES ASHFORD.
Cold-blooded animals possess very little proper heat, that is to say the internal temperature of their bodies is, in all seasons, . nearly the same as that of the medium in which they live. What difference exists has not been satisfactorily determined, but it appears not to exceed two or three degrees and does not concern us on the present occasion. The rate of pulsation of the heart of our Land Mollusks, during the active part of their existence, has long been known to be intimately related to the external tem- perature, though it cannot be said in a strictly mathematical sense to vary as the temperature. It is accelerated with a rise and reduced with a fall of the thermometer. The coolness of autumn, coupled with the less accessibility of food induces the long torpor in which most-of them pass the winter months.
As to the amount of functional activity existing during hibernation authors are not agreed. A few maintain that all the functions are in absolute abeyance. Several allow that a very imperfect respiration is kept up. But most agree in stating, either directly or by implication, that the heart ceases to beat when the animal resigns itself to its winter sleep, and does not resume activity till the following spring. Lister, quoting Peier, is almost alone in saying that “in spite of the state of inertness the beating of the heart, even in the coldest weather, affords a manifest indication of life” (Exer. Anat., p. 164). Unfortunately his opinion was based on the results of direct vivisection or upon appearances after the shell of the animal had been removed, and he does not seem to have suspected that the local irritation
322 ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICIDA.
necessarily attendant upon such treatment might of itself induce renewed pulsation.
From observations which will presently be detailed I think that the broad statement that the heart remains motionless throughout hibernation needs modification.
Hibernation is of two kinds, complede and partial. Such snails as excavate a special domicile in which to pass the winter, and some of those which merely resort to natural cavities for protection, probably retire once for all and do not make their reappearance till mild spring weather has set in. As examples of this class (I refer solely to their practice in this country) may be mentioned: Helix pomatia and perhaps 1. aspersa, H. nemoralts and 4. arvbustorum. But there are several species —acknowledged hibernants—which retire in autumn, but reappear again and again in the milder intervals with which our winters are diversified. During these periods of resuscitation the pulsations of the heart are accelerated in obedience to the risen temperature, and the nutritive organs sometimes resume their functions. Thus, not to mention Vitrina pellucida and Helix fusca, which can scarcely be said to hibernate in an average English winter, I have noticed in active motion J. sevicea in December and January with a pulse at 17; H. caperata apparently feeding in January and February, HZ. hortensis in December, and H. fzspida in February, pulse 36, the same species in January, pulse 20; A. pulchella in January, pulse 34, another year in January, pulse 35; Cochlicopa lubrica in December, and Zonztes alliavius 1n December, pulse 20, later in the same month, pulse 14, and again in January, pulse 15; Z. nitidulus in January, pulse 11; young of /. rufescens in February, pulse 26; Z. cel/ardus in December, pulse 14; another individual, pulse 11—Aulimus acutus—in December and February. These are evidently partial-hibernants.
J.C., iii., July, 1882
ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICIDA. 323
Many difficulties occur in the way of observation during the actual hibernation of the animal. Some species have shells too opaque to allow of the heart’s action being detected through that envelope, and I have already pointed out a great objection to the removal, even of a part, of the shell; other species with fairly transparent shells are difficult to procure in winter, and oppor- tunities are rarely afforded for convenient observation from day to day of the same tndividua/ without transferring it to a fresh locality nearer home, where conditions may not be perfectly natural. From these causes it is probable that a long time will elapse before we obtain exact general knowledge of the condition of the Helicidee during their dormant stage.
In late autumn of 1881, however, I found a single individual of H. hortensis and two or three of Z. ce//arius in hibernation at the base of Vinca major on a rockery in the garden, and well positioned for easy inspection. Fixing a thermometer at the spot, I made comparisons of pulse and temperature during the months of December, January and February at suitable intervals. The following are some of the results in the case of H. hortensis. The upper numbers give the temperature Fahr. at the time of observation (generally about 9 a.m.), and the numbers beneath them the corresponding pulse rate per minute.
TEMPERATURE ..... 42, 33, 29, 44, 38, 37, 40, 38, 43, 41, 31, 30, 26, 43, 52. TRIGA US) die Rh theme eensiae? 14, 5, 3°, 14, 10, 9, 10, 9, 14, 9,3?, 4,3?, 8, 22.
_ In three instances a mark of doubt is added. The animal, under the influence of the low temperature, had withdrawn itself rather further into its shell, so that the heart took up a position just within the epiphragm, and, though perceptibly in motion, it was not sufficiently in view to leave the numbers clear of doubt.
324 ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICID.
The error in each case, however, probably does not exceed unity. On three occasions, not recorded, no movement of the heart was perceptible, but whether this was the result of absolute cessation or from concealment of the organ, I cannot say.
With regard to the main point—the action or non-action of the heart during hibernation—these numbers speak for them- selves, so far as H. hortensis is concerned. But I defer a few remarks till I have given the observations on Zonites cellarius, which are these :—
TEMPERATURE... 43, 42, 33, 26, 44, 38, 37, 27, 38, 43, 41, 31, 30, 26, 43, 52.
PULSE < igc.teaecies 13, 13, 8, 4,12, 11, 9, 5, 13,14, 10, 8, 9, 5, 13,21.
On every occasion throughout the three months the heart of this Zonites was in distinct action.
We see then, so far as the enquiry has extended, clear evidence of the continuity of the circulation during the winter as well as the summer life of these animals so long as the ther- mometer does not fall below 26°—28° F. There is no sudden dislocation when the period of hibernation is entered upon, but an unceasing flow of the vital fluid, more and more sluggish as the temperature falls, but fluctuating with the varying temperature in obedience to the same law as obtains during the active feeding season. It would appear, however, that the limit of endurance is nearly reached when the thermometer shows a few degrees of frost. Unfortunately (for my purpose), the winter of 188:1—2 was comparatively mild and no opportunity presented of testing the case at say ro or 12 degrees of frost. At such a point the animal fluids perhaps congeal, but it would be interesting to discover whether cessation of circulation takes place before this catastrophe or is occasioned by it.
J.C., iii., July, 1882
ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICID, 325
It would be unsafe to generalize from observations on two species only, neither of them complete hibernants, still each is, in most respects, a fair representative of its genus, and it is probable that similar results would be obtained from an examina- tion of any other of the half-hardy species. A few isolated records tend to support this view. Thus I have counted in Z. vadiatulus 9 pulsations at 27° temp., in Z nétidulus 9 at 31°, in HZ. sericea 9 at 29°, and in the same species 12 at 33 and 17 at 40°. Of the hardy species it is unnecessary to speak. ‘They pursue an active life except in severe weather, and of course their hearts are in action during exercise. There remains then the section of complete hibernants, of these and of the /~pe, whose habits are doubtful, I have nothing to say. ‘Their shells are generally too opaque to admit of direct observation. It would be strange, however, if they differed from the rest except in degree. I see no trustworthy method of arriving at a knowledge of their winter condition unless the ingenious Pulse Indicator can be adapted
for experiment upon the lower animals. At the lower temperatures not only are the contractions of
the heart reduced to few in number, but the character of the movements undergoes a change. A full and deliberate contraction will be followed by one, two or three of very small amplitude, and these again, followed after a pause by another full beat. The intervals of recurrence of these imperfect pulsations are unequal in length. The same irregularity is still more marked under abnormally high temparatures, as when a Zonites has been for a - few minutes in a hot-house. The subsiding movements then take the form of true palpitation, and the strenuous efforts of the animal to change its position proves that it is suffering discomfort.
Though not exactly pertinent to the subject of these notes, I may add that in the case of the He/zx hortensis mentioned above, the character of the epiphragm altered with the temperature.
326 ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICID.
Sometimes it was thin, pellucid and entire. At lower temperatures it exhibited a crumpled, white fissured spot, always on the side of the columella. Below or near freezing point it was always opaque and papyraceous. An aperture was sometimes present, sometimes absent, irrespective of temperature. Five times during the three months the epiphragm was destroyed by extrusion, but was invariably renewed the next day. That the animal fed on one, at least, of these occasions was evident from the presence (Feb. 11) within the epiphragm, of a mass of feecal matter absent the day before. Zonztes cellarius formed no epiphragm, in fact a consi- derable part of the prosoma was outside the aperture during the whole of the three months, and the upper tentacles, three parts withdrawn, were frequently visible.
If anyone feels disposed to follow up this enquiry in the case of other species I would suggest 4. cantiana as a suitable subject. It is less hardy than most I have mentioned, and yet has a fairly transparent shell. Great care must be taken to avoid the presence of disturbing factors. Thus the shell should never be handled. Contact with the warm fingers may have the effect of quickening the pulse 10, 20 or even 30 per cent before a minute has elapsed, means for avoiding this will suggest themselves. My own practice has been to move the shell with a small stick on to a dead leaf and so bring it under the lens if necessary. I also excluded from the register all records of pulse taken when the animal showed signs of motion. Exercise, in snails as in man, is always accompanied with more rapid circulation, even if the motion be merely the protrusion of the head from the shell in the one case, or in the other the simple act of getting out of bed in the morning.
J.C., iii., July, 1882
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 327
YORKSHIRE LOCALITIES FOR SPHARIUM AND PISIDLIUM. By J. WILCOCK.
’ [The following list of Yorkshire stations for the species of the above genera was kindly supplied by Mr. Wilcock for the “Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” but unfor- tunately came to hand too late to be incorporated in the “Report.” —Eb. |
Spherium corneum L. River Nidd nr. Cowthorpe; Chapel Haddlesey; Keadby Canal; Stainforth; Went Vale; Dove Canal, Wath; Swinton; and at Knaresbro’.
S. corneum v. flavescens Macgill. Rare in the Barnsley Canal near Cudworth.
S. rivicola Leach. Conisbro’; Cold Hiendley Reservoir; Canal at Notton; River Don at Rotherham and Doncaster; Castleford; and fish pond, Crofton.
S. ovale Fer. Rarely near Conisbro’; abundant in canal at Stanley and Altofts.
S. lacustre Mull. Scarce in a pond at Ferrybridge; and in canal at Notton; abundant in a pond on Sharlston Common.
Pisidium amnicum Mill. River Nidd at Cowthorpe; pond at Bramham; Knottingley and Goole Canal; Allerton Bywater; Castleford; Smeaton; Rotherham; Dove Canal, Wath; and Saltaire.
P. fontinale Drap. River Nidd at Cowthorpe; common in several ponds at Haddlesey; Smeaton; Askern; Rother- ham; River Dearne, Cudworth; Kirk Sandal; Barnby Don; near Elland; Kirklees near Mirfield; Canal at Saltaire; River Wharfe near Beamsley; Addingham; and Knaresbro’.
P. fontinale v. Henslowana Shepp. Knottingley; Stanley Canal, Altofts.
328 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
P. fontinale v. pulchella Jenyns. Scarce in a pond at Ferry- bridge; and at Wentbridge.
P. fontinale v. cinerea Alder. Stream at Hooton Pagnell.
P. pusillum Gmelin. Pannal; pond near Castleford; and rarely in a ditch at Newton, Wakefield.
P. nitidum Jenyns. Sparingly at Bardsey; Bramham; Rother- ham; ponds at Hickleton; Wath nr. Sheffield; Kirklees; Batley; Saltaire; abundant at Newton; ina ditch, St. Swithin’s Wood, Wakefield; common about Crofton, Ryhill and Notton.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic.— By Geo. W. Tryon, junr., Conservator of the Conchological Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Parts xiv and xv.
Part xiv, which contains 64 pages of letterpress and 41 plates, commences the family Turbinellidz, embracing the genera Turbinella and Vasum and the subgenus Cavzcel/a, and includes rt species. ‘The family Volutidee is divided into operculates and inoperculates. In the latter division are the genera Cymbium, Melo and Voluta. In the former are Volutolyria, Lyria and Microvoluta. The fossil genera are Volutoderma, Volutomorpha, Rostellites, Volutifusius, Athleta, Letoderma, Ptychoris, Pletoptygma, Cryptochorda and Gosavia. ‘The genus Ficu/opsis is removed from Volutide to Ficulide, and Ofochetlus is considered synonymous with Cythara in the the Pleurotomide. The family Mitridz as monographed by Sowerby contains nearly 500 species, but the increased knowledge acquired as to specific variation enables the number to be greatly diminished. The following genera are enumerated:—J@itra, Thala, LZierliana, Mitroidea, Dibaphus, Turricula, Cylindra and Imbricaria. ‘The fossil genera are
J.C., iii., July, 1882
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 329
Lapparia, Fustmitra and Conomitra, none of which however, are characterized by their authors,
Part xv contains 63 pages of letterpress and 15 plates, and continues the account of the Mitridz, the sections Azdone, Swatnsonia, Scabricola, Cancilla, Chrysame, Strigatella and Zierliana being considered. A list of 39 species is given at the end, of species undetermined.
In the genus ZZa/a 12 species are enumerated and described, in addition to which, four species are mentioned of which figures have never been published.
The genus JZztroidea with 6 species, Dibaphus with one, and Turricula with 24 species and 3 varieties, follow. The section Costellaria of Turricula has 67 species and several varieties enumerated, but some of the species, as 4thzopeia Jickelt, the author evidently considers worthless.
The section is also very extensive, a good number of species being enumerated.
The plates are fully equal to those of preceding parts, and no less than 96 figures are in this one part alone.
——S>0=< 0
A Parasite of Limnezea truncatula.—At a meeting of the Linnean Society held on the znd of November, 1882, Mr. A. P. W. Thomas drew attention to a series of specimens (under the microscope) and diagrams illustrative of the life history of the Liver-Fluke ( Fasciola hepatica). His experiments show that the embryos of the fluke, as free cercarize, burrow into and develop within the body of Limne@a truncatula, and thereafter pass with the herbage into the stomach—and ultimately the liver—of the sheep. Salt added to the sheep’s diet is found to act as a prophy- lactic.
330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
LS 8&1. 72nd Meeting.
Held August 4th, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the Chair. Minutes of 71st Meeting read and confirmed.
PAPERS READ. ‘‘Note on the shape and structure of the darts of Helix aspersa, H. arbustorum, H. nemoralis, H. hortensis, and others;
and their value as a means of determining species,” by Mr. Chas.
Ashford. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
The darts of several of the species of the Helicidz were shown by Mr. Ashford, in illustration of his notes on the subject.
73ard Meeting.
Held Sep. 8th, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, presided. Minutes of the 72nd Meeting were read and approved. Correspondence was read from Mr. W. Jeffery, Chichester, and Mr. J. W. Cundall, Bristol.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
A large series of shells from various Yorkshire localities, was exhibited by Mr. W. Nelson, particulars of which are entered in the Record Book. Mr. Nelson also showed very fine specimens of Bulimus acutus var. bizona, from Port St. Mary, Isle of Man; flelix concinna, Scarlet Point, Isle of Man; Limnaa palustris var. alba, and L. peregra, Sandwich, Kent; Prscdium pustllum, Abbey Holmes, Carlisle; and Budimus acutus var. bizona, Tenby, Wales.
J.C., iii., July, 1882
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 331
A very fine series of land shells from the district round Chichester was sent for exhibition by Mr. W. Jeffery. The list included specimens of Helix pomatia, H. aspersa var. grisea, Hf. virgata (a very fine specimen), H. caperata var. gigaxit, Clausilia laminata var. albida, C. Rolphit, Cochlicopa lubrica var. hyalina, Zonites nitidus, Z. excavatus and Zonites purus var. margaritacea.
74th Meeting.
Held October 13th, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, occupied the Chair. Minutes of the 73rd Meeting were read
and confirmed. PAPER READ.
“Life History of Helix arbustorum,” by the President.
75th Meeting.
Held December 1st, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, presided. Minutes of the 74th Meeting were read and adopted. Correspondence was read from Messrs. W. Jeffery, Chichester, J. W. Cundall, Bristol, and Rev. H. Milnes, Winster.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. “The Scientific Roll,” vol. i, part 1, No. 4, Climate, by Alex. Ramsay, F.G.S. Reprints of Papers read before the Linnean Society of New South Wales, by John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., viz. :—
t- Notes of recent Mollusca found in Port Jackson and on the coast of New South Wales, and other localities.
2, List of species of Porcellana or Cypreea found in Moreton Bay, Queensland.
332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
3. Remarks on some recently re-described Australian shells. 4. Note on a new variety of Bulimus Caledonicus. 5. Notes on some Shells from the Solomon Islands and Australia. DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION.
The undernamed series of shells from the neighbourhood of Chichester was presented by Mr. Wm. Jeffery—
Felix aspersa and var. grisea; FH. arbustorum, H. caperata and var. Gigaxiz; H. Cantiana; Hl. nemoralis; H. hortensis; H. ericetorum,; HH, obvoluta; H. lapicida; Hl. rufescens; H. hispida, Hi. pulchella, H. rupestris; H. rotundata; Bulimus obscurus,; Pupa umbilicata; P. marginata; Lalea perversa; Clausilia rugosa; C. laminata, C. .laminata var albida, C. Rolphit,; Cochlicopa lubrica and var. hyalina; Vertigo pygmea,; Vitrina pellucida, Zonites cellarius,; Z. alliarius; Z. nitidulus, Z. purus var. margaritacea, Z. radiatu- lus; Z. fulvus; Z. crystallinus; Carychium minimum, Cyclostoma elegans, Succtinea putris; S. elegans; Neritina fluviatilis; Planorbis corneus; Limnea stagnalis, L. peregra; L. auricularia.
Mr. C. Ashford presented six specimens of Helix hortensis var. fusco-labiata.
A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Messrs. A. Ramsay, Jno. Brazier, W. Jeffery and C. Ashford for their valuable donations.
PAPERS READ.
‘“A List of shells found at Bristol] and surrounding district,” by Mr. J. W. Cundall.
“A list of shells found in the Ilkley district” (especially prepared for the Rev. Robert Collier’s History of Ilkley), by Messrs. W. Nelson and J. W. Taylor.
A note from Mr. J. Darker Butterell was read, in which, after mentioning the capture of Vztrina pellucida, Zonites cellarius, Z. alliarius, Z, fulvus (abundantly), and Vertigo edentuda (ditto), in
J.C., iii., July, 1882
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 333
the Long Plantation near Meaux in Holderness on the 20th Nov., 1881, he mentioned that the animal of Z. ce//artus was quite white, even including the tentacles, and inquired if this was a common occurrence, adding that Jeffreys describes the animal as greyish or lead coloured, which is generally the case, so far as Mr. Butterell’s experience goes. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
A large series of shells collected by Messrs. W. West and W. D. Roebuck, from various Yorkshire localities were shown, also the following, collected by the former gentleman and exhibited by Mr. Roebuck :—/Heltx arbustorum, H. concinna, H. rotundata, HI. hispida, Zonites alliarius and Succinea putris from Millerdale, Derbyshire; Claustlia rugosa, Helix hispida, Balea perversa, Cochlicopa lubrica and var. ubricordes from near Morecambe; Helix rotundata, Cheedale, Derbyshire; Pupa umbilicata, near Levens Hall, Westmoreland; Balea perversa, Ambleside; Pupa umbilicata and Galea perversa, Rydal; Helix rotundata and Cochlicopa lubrica, Castleton; Helix hispida var. albida, Tidswell Road, Derbyshire; Helix aspersa, Coniston, Lancashire; and Helix lapicida, Wormhill, Derbyshire.
76th Meeting.
Held December 15th, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the chair. ANNUAL MEETING.
Minutes of previous meeting were read and confirmed. Correspondence was read from Messrs. J. W. Cundall, B. M. Wright, and A. Leicester. The ANNUAL REPORT was then read by the Secretary as follows :—
In presenting this Report, your Committee are pleased to state that the Society has made steady progress during the past year. ‘There is an increase in the number of members; and the
334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
work for the accomplishment of which the Society was established, has we think, been most satisfactorily pursued.
The Society has met during eleven months of the year for the transaction of business. At these meetings seven papers have been read, namely :—
1. “Ona proposed System of Conchological Locality Records,” by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck.
2. ‘*Notes from the Isle of Wight,” by Mr. C. Ashford.
3. ‘Unio luteolus and its allied forms,” by Prof. F. M. Witter.
4. ‘‘A series of Notes on the Structure of the Darts of H. arbustorum, H. aspersa, H. hortensis, H. nemoralis, &c., and their value as a means of determining species,” by Mr. Chas. Ashford.
5. “The Life-History of Helix arbustorum,” by the President.
6. ‘List of shells of the Bristol District,” by Mr. J. W. Cundall.
7. “List of Shells found in the Ilkley District,” by Messrs. W. Nelson and J. W. Taylor.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
The aggregate number of shells exhibited during the year, both in regard to species and varieties as well as to individual specimens, has been quite equal to that of previous years, though we regret to say that in the Yorkshire exhibits there has been a considerable falling off. Exhibits of Yorkshire shells have been made by Mr. W. Nelson, Mr. W. D. Roebuck and the Secretary. Shells from other localities have been shown by the President (Mr. J. W. Taylor), Mr. W. Nelson, Mr. Robert Scharff, Mr. W. Jeffery and Mr. C. Ashford.
J-C., iii., July, 1882
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 335
THE LIBRARY. The following additions have been made to the Library during the year :— 1. ‘Synopsis Molluscorum viventium Testaceorum,” presented by Dr. Kobelt. 2. ‘Proceedings of the lowa Academy of Sciences,” presented by Prof. F. M. Witter. 3. ‘The Scientific Roll,” vol. 1, part 1, No. 4, presented by Mr. A. Ramsay, F.G.S. 4. ‘Reprints of Papers read before the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” presented by Mr. Jno. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c. THE COLLECTION.
The Donations made to the Society’s Collection are as follows :—
1. A sSeries of 44 species and varieties of Land Shells, from the neighbourhood of Chichester, presented by Mr. Wm. Jeffery.
2. Six specimens of Helix hortensis var. fusco-labiata, presented by Mr. C. Ashford.
RECORDER’S REPORT.
Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck then presented his Report as Recorder to the Society, which read as follows :—
The recorder of Yorkshire localities has to report to the Society that during the year 1881, records—duly authenticated by the production of specimens—of 198 localities for 63 species, have been made, or an average of 3.1 records for each form. This is a slight diminution upon last year, when more specimens were exhibited at the meetings, and the number shows a very great diminution upon the work of the previous five years, for we find that at the present time 1302 localities are registered in the books,
336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
giving an average of 260 per year, the past year it will be remem- bered having only produced 198 records. There are at present records of localities for 131 species and varieties, of which 3 have been shown for the first time during the past year.
THE BALANCE SHEET
was next read by the Treasurer and adopted. It showed a balance in favour of the Society of £11 1s. 23d.
THE ELECTION OF OFFICERS
for the ensuing year was next proceeded with, the following being the results :—
President—Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S.; Vaece-Prestdents—Mr. J. W. Taylor and Mr. Wm. Nelson; Zveasurer and Secretary— Mr. Thos. W. Bell ; Recorder—Mr. W. Denison Roebuck. Committee (6 members)—W. Hill Evans, M.D., Wm. Jeffery, J. C. Melville, M.A., F.L.S., Wm. Denison Roebuck, J. W. Cundall and Geo. Sherriff Tye.
Meeting,
HELD FEBRUARY 2ND, 1882.
Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, in the Chair. Minutes of the Annual Meeting were read and confirmed. Correspondence was read from the President (Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S.), Rev. H. Milnes, and Messrs. Bryce M. Wright, W. D. Roebuck, J. D. Butterell, J. W. Cundall, and the Linnean Society of N. S. W.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
‘“‘The Scientific Roll,’ vol. 1., part 1, No. 5, was presented by the editor, Mr. Alexander Ramsay, F.G.S. The thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Ramsay for his donation,
J.C., iii., July, 1882
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 337
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
The Chairman showed several drawings to illustrate the variations which are found in the jaws of Helix arbustorum.
Mr. Wm. Nelson also showed a series of water-color drawings of varieties of Limnezea peregra contained in his cabinet.
Mr. W. Cundall sent for exhibition a number of shells from the Bristol district. The following is a list:—elix hispida, Hf. cantiana, Hf. arbustorum, H. rotundata, H. pulchella, H. vi7 gata, Hf. caperata, H. caperata var. ornata, H. rufescens, Hl. rufescens var. albida, Balea perversa, Valvata cristata, Bulimus montanus, Azeca tridens var. nouletiana, Zua lubrica, Clausilia rugosa, Pupa umbilicata, P. secale, Achatina acicula, Zonites fulvus var. mortont, Physa hypnorum, Conovulus denticulatus var. myosotes, Cyclostoma elegans, Limax marginatus, Succinea putris, S. elegans, Limnea peregra, Flanorbis complanatus, P. carinatus, P. nitidus, P. con- tortus, Ancylus lacustris and A. fluviatilis.
Wee et tag, HELD MARCH 2ND, 11) @ Be Mr. J. W. Taylor presided. Minutes of meeting held 2nd February were read and confirmed. Correspondence was read from Rev. H. Milnes and Messrs. W. Jeffery, J. W. Cundall, H. H. Haines and W. D. Roebuck.
PAPERS READ.
“A List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Western Sussex, with a few observations on the distribution and habits of some species,” by Wm. Jeffery. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Rey. H. Milnes sent for exhibition, specimens of He/¢x cincta, Constantinople; 4. arbustorum var. alpestris and Hf. arbustorum
338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
var. flavescens from Derbyshire; A. aspersa var. tenuis, Jersey; Hi. nemoralis var. avenicola from near Gloucester; and Planorbis corneus var. albtda, Yatton near Bristol.
Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed specimens of Zuwa lubrica, Pupa umbilicata and Zonttes crystallinus from the top of Grange Fell, Lancashire.
Mr. W. Nelson exhibited Zonztes alliartus and Z. radiatulus from Walton; MHelzx aculeata, Haw Park; Planorbis spirorbis, Reservoir, Cold Hindley; and Zimnea glabra var. elongata from Havercroft. ;
Meeting,
180-19) 1b, IBY IN IPR Tey HIP TEL ints} oS) a
Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, presiding. Minutes of previous meeting were read and confirmed. Correspondence was read from Messrs. J. W. Cundall, J. A. Ollard and W. Jeffery.
NEW MEMBER.
Mr. John Alexander Ollard, Ye Hermitage, Forly Hall, Enfield, Middlesex, was nominated for membership.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. Taylor exhibited a spirally distorted Planorbis spirorbis sent by Mr. H. H. Haines from Hayling Island; also Helrx arbustorum var. Xatarti, collected at Camprodon, Spain, by Mr. J. Ponsonby of London.
Meeting,
HE) ED) AVY) iG Ha ph OrOu2h.
Under the Presidency of Mr. J. W. Taylor. The Minutes of the previous meeting were postponed for the insertion of particulars respecting the specimens exhibited by Mr. W. D. Roebuck.
J.C., iii, July, 1882
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 339
NEW MEMBER. Mr. J. A. Ollard was elected a member of this Society.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited shells collected at Ilkley, and collections from Ingleton, Malham and other localities in Craven, on behalf of Mr. W. West of Bradford; also specimens from Pateley Bridge collected by Mr. W. Storey. A number of shells collected at Esholt were shown for Mr. H. T. Soppitt, and several on behalf of the Rev. H. H. Slater of Ripon. Particulars of all these are entered in the Record Book for Yorkshire Localities.
DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. “The Scientific Roll,” by A. Ramsay, F.G.S. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society N. 8. W., part iv., vol. 6, by the Society. A vote of thanks was in each instance accorded the donors.
Meeting,
HPD. UN) Be 2 2 Ni Dh) moon 2h. Mr. W. Nelson, Vice-President, occupied the Chair.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
On behalf of Mr. W. West of Bradford, a number of shells from Yorkshire localities were shown; also Pupa wmbilicata and Flelix rotundata from Chewton Priory, Somerset.
The Chairman exhibited a fine collection of Lzmne@a trunca- tuda, most of which were Yorkshire specimens and duly recorded in the Record Book.
~-—----O0 — CORRECTION.
“In my list of localities for Helix obvoluta (p. 316) for Duneton read Duncton, and for Storington read Singleton.—W. JEFFERY.
340 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
ON THE MacANDREW COLLECTION OF BRITISH SHELLS.
IB? al, Isle COOKS, MLAS. 1854S.
CURATOR OF THE ZOOLOGICAL MuszEumM, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY.
The late Mr. Robert MacAndrew, of Liverpool, left to the University of Cambridge, in 1873, his valuable collection of Shells and an important library of conchological works.
The object of the publication of these brief notes on the British portion of the collection is threefold. Firstly, to serve as a small contribution to the memory of a gentleman who has done so much for the science by his dredgings in the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Suez, and off the Western Islands. Secondly, to let it be known that there exists a collection of this kind, easily accessible, to which reference can be made by collectors. Thirdly, in the hope that any conchologists who have the power may also have the good will to supply the very few destderata, so that the collection may be, so far as any collection can be, perfect of its kind.
Of the six species of BRacH1opopa which inhabit the British seas (Zerebratula Spitzbergensis Davids., hardly having sufficient claim to rank among the list) the MacAndrew collection contains representatives of 5, the absentee being Argzope decollata Chemn. But since Guernsey is its northernmost recorded locality, this shell, in common with Murex corallinus Scacchi, Haliotis tuber- cudata 1.., Cardium papillosum Phil., Teredo pedicellata Quatref., etc., can only be considered in a political and not a geographical sense an inhabitant of the British Islands.
Of about 159 recorded species of CONCHIFERA, the collec- tion contains 146. Some of these are represented by very fine series in :very stage of growth, others by only a single specimen. I subjoin a list of the species not contained, a glance at which
J.C., iii., July, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 341
will explain their absence. With the sole exception of Lefton Clarkie@, they may all be considered very rare, while in several places their claim to a place in the list of British species rests only a single discovered example.
Pecten vitreus Chem. N. Hebrides.
Lima Sarsii Lovén. Shetland.
L. elliptica Jeffr. Shetland and W. Scotland.
Arca obliqua Phil. Shetlands. Two valves only.
Leda lucida Lovén. N. of Hebrides.
Limopsis borealis Woodw. N. of Hebrides. One valve only.
Montacuta tumidula Jeffr. Hebrides and Shetland.
Lepton Clarkize Clark.
Loripes divaricatus L. English Channel. A few valves. S. European.
Cardium papillosum Poli. Channel Islands.
Nezera rostrata Spengl. Shetlands. One valve only.
Teredo pedicellata Quatref. Channel Islands. Very rare.
In drawing up a complete list of the conchological fauna of any district, one is met by the two difficulttes—What constitutes a species? and, What amount of evidence establishes a locality? And perhaps we might add in the third place—What are the limits of the British seas? Into these questions it is not proposed to enter, and accordingly the number of approved British species has been stated at ‘‘about” 159. But it is obvious that a list which admits on such evidence as ‘50 miles N. of Hebrides, one valve,’ is one which does not lay down a very severe test of entry, and perhaps on a more rigorous scrutiny the number 159 might be considerably reduced, in which case the number of absentees from the MacAndrew collection, small as it now is, would become considerably smaller. I may mention, however, that while generally
342 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
following Jeffreys, I have not been able to recognize Donax trunculus 1. as an English species, while the reverse has been the case with regard to Zhracta villostuscula Macg., which he regards as a variety of Z! papyracea Poli.
In not a few cases, the names given in the following list differ from them in Jeffreys’. Sometimes this difference arises from a wish to avoid an alteration on the corresponding card, sometimes because the name already on the card seemed rather better known than that given in Jeffreys’ list. Thus Pecten sep- temradiatus Mill. in Jeffreys’, appears in this list as P. Danzcus Chem.; Arca pectunculoides Scacchi, as A. varidentata S. Wood; Cardium exiguum Gmel., as C. pygm@eum Don.; Venus gallina L.., as V. striatula Don.; Tellina balthica L., as T. solidula, Pult.; etc. For the same, or similar reasons, Venus exoleta L., and Venus lincta Pult., retain their generic names of Arfemzs, as being better known thereby; Gastvana fragilis L., as Diodonta fragilis ; Cyamium minutum Fabr., as Turtonia minuta,; while I have kept the name of Syndosmya in preference to Scrobicularia, to denote the four polished or iridescent species (prismatica, nitida, alba and /enuzs ), restricting Scrobicularta, as is more usual, to piperata alone.
One word about the localities. Cases are quite rare where no locality has been given, and in the ensuing list I have always noted the fact. But what detracts greatly from the value of the localities as a whole, is the persistent recurrence of such labels as ‘Anglesea, etc.,” “Liverpool, etc.,” which of course renders un- certain the exact home of all the specimens on that particular card. Still, as a rule, these most unscientific labels only appear in the case of species tolerably common, whose distribution is well known, and the determination of whose precise locality is of no scientific moment.
J.C., iii:, July, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 343
BRACHIOPODA.
Terebratula cranium Mill. No locality. Three minute specimens from Jeffreys. T. caput-serpentis L. Clyde, &c.
T. caput-serpentis L. British Channel. A new locality, if correct, but not astonishing, as it ranges to N. America and Japan.
Argiope cisteliula S. Wood. Sound of Skye.
Five good specimens.
A. capsula Jeffr. No locality.
Four specimens, in a valve of Venus gallina; their position has been indicated by arrows, as they are exceedingly minute.
Crania anomala Mill. Hebrides, &c.
A fine series, mostly in situ.
CONCHIFERA.
Anomia ephippium L. Anglesea, &c. A. ephippium L. var. Oban, &c. A. ephippium L. var. ‘cylindrica. Oban. A. patelliformis L. Anglesea, &c. Ostrea edulis L. Milford. One specimen is nearly five inches square. O. edulis L. var. parasitica Turt. Cornwall. O. edulis L. var. tincta. Hebrides. Pecten pusio L. Isle of Man.
This is a very fine set. Some of them are in situ, two in old valves of Pectunculus glycimeris, two in valves of Mytilus modiolus.
P. varius L. Britain.
344 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Pecten varius L. var. nivea Macg. Oban. Labelled P. mzveus. A very fine set, the largest measuring 2.25 inches long by 2.0 broad. P. opercularis L. Isle of Man, &c.
P. opercularis L. var. lineata. No locality. Very small specimens. P. opercularis L. var. elongata. No locality. A single specimen, unmounted and (hitherto) unnamed. P. danicus Chem. Loch Fyne, &c. A specimen of the variety a/ba occurs on the same card, and a shell closely approaching the var. Dumasz Payr. as described by Jeffreys.
P. danicus Chem. West coast of Scotland.
0
. tigrinus Mill. Scotland and Anglesea.
P. tigrinus Mill. var. costata. Scotland. Three cards of this variety. P. tigrinus Mill. var. Anglesea, &c. Half way between var. costata and the type, with strong but undeveloped ribs and striz. P. furtivus Lovén. Hebrides. Four specimens. P. striatus Mull. Hebrides, &c. P. similis Laskey. Clyde. P. maximus L. Britain. The largest specimen measures 5.75 long and 6.5 broad. There are also three specimens (valves) of P. Tslandicus Mull. (Clyde), one of which has a remarkably fresh appearance. Lima subauriculata Mont. Oban, &c.
L. Loscombii Sby. Isle of Man, &c.
J.C., iti., July, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 345
Lima hians Gmel. Oban.
A small tray contains a ‘nest’ of Zima. Two of the rarer species, Z. Sarsiz Lovén, and Z. eliiptica Jeftr., are not in the collection.
L. hians Gmel. Clyde.
Avicula tarentina Lam. Plymouth. Two specimens, one (the more perfect) without locality. On one of the cards is mounted a fragment of Pecten opercularis, with the byssus of an A vicula attached.
Pinna rudis L. No Locality. Four specimens, the largest of which is 14.75 inches long. Mytilus edulis L. Conway, &c.
. edulis L. Scarboro’. Labelled JZ. disstmzlzs Bean, but hardly even a var.
. 2edulis L. var. galloprovincialis Lam. Shetland. . edulis L. var. pellucida Penn. Ireland.
. modiolus L. Zetland, &c.
. modiolus var. Pwelhelli.
. barbatus L. Weymouth, &c.
.tulipa Lam. Milford, &c. More correctly known as I. adviatica Lam.
. tulipa Lam. var. ovata Sby. Falmouth. Labelled ‘AZ, barbata var.?’
. phaseolina Phil. Guernsey. . phaseolina Phil. Loch Fyne, &c.
Modiolaria marmorata Forbes. Oban, &c. A piece of the integument of an Ascidian is mounted, which contains eleven at least of the A/odtolaria.
. marmorata Forbes. Unst.
. costulata Risso. S. England.
. discors L. Isle of Man.
. discors L. Southampton.
. nigra Gray. Oban and Zetland.
SS 3S Ss s 5s 5 “s
Sis
346 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Crenella rhombea Berk. Guernsey. C. rhombea Berk. Weymouth.
C. decussata Mont. Unst., &c. Nucula decussata Sby. Oban, &c. N. decussata Sby. Loch Fyne.
N. nucleus L. Anglesea, &c.
N. nucleus L. Guernsey. N
. nucleus L. var. radiata Hanl. Carnarvon Bay. As WV. radiata. Common in Torbay.
N. nitida G. B. Sby. Anglesea. N. tenuis Mont. Loch Fyne. Leda pygmezea Miinst. Hebrides.
L. pygmeea Miinst. Hebrides.
A card labelled “‘varieties of Leda pygmea, hitherto known only as fossil: discovered alive in the Hebrides, 1845.”
Leda caudata Don. Anglesea, &c.
L. caudata Don. North Sea.
L. caudata Don. Clyde and Zetland.
L. caudata Don. var. brevirostris. Hebrides.
[Two cards (not uniform with the rest of the collec- tion) contain dredged specimens of Z. oblonga and L. tvuncata Brown; no locality given. Both are pleisto- cene fossils. |
Limopsis aurita Brocchi. Unst, and Zetland.
A perfect specimen, and a single valve. Another very young specimen, in a box, is labelled in Jeffreys’ handwriting.
Pectunculus glycimeris L. Britain.
Arca raridentata Wood. Hebrides and Cape Clear.
J.C., iii, July, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 347
Arca lactea L. Portland, Torbay and Sandwich: A. tetragona Poli. Scotland.
All the specimens are very small. Galeomma Turtoni Zool. Journ. Channel Islands. Lepton squamosum Mont. Anglesea. L. nitidum Turt. var. convexum Ald. Bantry.
L. sulcatulum Jeffr. Guernsey. In Jeffreys’ handwriting.
Montacuta substriata Mont. Irish Sea. M. bidentata Mont. Hebrides. M. bidentata Mont. Unst. M. bidentata Mont. North Sea. M. bidentata Mont. Liverpool. M. ferruginea Mont. Murray Firth. Lasea rubra Mont. Ilfracombe. A card labelled “ MWontacuta purpurea, Scarbro’,” in Bean’s hand, is only Zasea rubva Mont. It approaches
the var. paliida. L. rubra Mont. Scarboro’.
L. rubra Mont. Isle of Man. Kellia suborbicularis Mont. Murray Firth, &c. K. suborbicularis Mont. var. lactea. Zetland. Loripes leucoma Turt. S. England. Lucina spinifera Mont. Oban, &c. L. borealis L. Zetland, &c. Axinus flexuosus Mont. Anglesea, Hebrides, &c. A. flexuosus Mont. Zetland, 80 f. Very young specimens. A. Croulinensis Jeffr. Shetland. Four valves, in pill box. A. Croulinensis Jeffr. No locality. The card containing this contains also specimens of
348 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
A. ferruginosus Forbes, and A. abyssicola Forbes. The labels appear to be in Jeffreys’ hand, the generic name given being C/ausima. But he now considers abyssicola identical with ferruginosa (Vol. IL., p. 253, Brit. Conch.)
Axinus ferruginosus Forbes. No locality.
A. ferruginosus Forbes. Loch Fyne.
Diplodonta rotundata Mont. Bantry, &c.
Turtonia minuta O. Fabr. Belfast.
Cardium aculeatum L. ‘Torbay.
These are all, except 3 young ones, “rolled” speci- mens, and consequently had lost their spines. I cannot understand Jeffreys saying it is ‘‘scarcely ever found in
a living state.” I have dredged it alive in Torbay, and it is frequently cast up alive on the Paignton sands.
C. echinatum L. Britain. All poor specimens, the tubercles being entirely rubbed away. C. rusticum L. Torbay. C. pygmzeum Don. Milford Haven. C. pygmzeum Don. Southampton. C. pygmeeum Don. Balta Sound.
The card is labelled C. nodosum, but of 20 speci- mens only one is zodosum, the rest being pygmeum. . fasciatum Mont. Anglesea, &c. . minimum Phil. Hebrides. As C. suecicum Reeve. . nodosum Turt. Loch Fyne. .nodosum Turt. Balta Sound. Labelled C. pygmeum Don. (=C exiguum Gmel). . edule L. Stornaway. . edule L. Scilly and Oban. .edule L. Murray Firth.
O00 900 00
J.C., iii., July, 188
COGKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 349
Cardium edule L. var. rustica. S. England.
Though labelled “var. Lamarckit,” yet I feel sure that this must be the var. referred to by Jeffreys under the name 7wstzca. One of the cards which is labelled var. rustica, does not all accord with the description of that variety. I have referred it to the type.
C. edule L. monsir. No locality.
Excessively inequivalve, one valve being .3 inch longer than the other which is nearly flat, while the former is very ventricose—giving the whole shell some- thing of the appearance of a Zerebratula.
C. norvegicum Spengl. Hebrides. Isocardia cor L. Oban. Cyprina Islandica L. Carnarvon Bay.
A very fine series from 4.75 inches long by 4.s broad, to .o8 square.
Astarte sulcata DaCosta. Hebrides. A. sulcata DaCosta. Anglesea, &c. A. sulcata DaCosta. —Eddystone.
The locality deserves notice. Ribs few and very strong.
A. sulcata DaCosta. Zetland, 80 f. A. sulcata DaCosta var. elliptica Brown. Oban, &c. Labelled A. elliptica. . sulcata DaCosta var. elliptica Brown. Zetland. A. sulcata DaCosta var. elliptica Brown. Loch Fyne. A single valve, very much produced at both ends.
>
. compressa Mont. Murray Firth. . compressa Mont. Loch Shell and Hebrides. . compressa Mont. var. striata Leach. North Sea. . compressa Mont. var. globosa. Loch Fyne. This-var. occurs on the large card labelled ‘“‘Loch
>rPPrpLp
350 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Fyne, &c.” Most of the specimens, however, appear of the var. globosa. Astarte triangularis Mont. Orkney. A. triangularis Mont. Iona, &c. Five valves of 4.crebricostata Forbes (Hebrides), are subfossil ; as is also A. arctica Gray (Zetland).
Circe minima Mont. Milford. C. minima Mont. Hebrides. Artemis exoleta L. Carnarvon Bay.
One very large specimens measures 2.3 inches long by 2.4 broad.
A. lincta Pult. Angiesea, &c. A. lincta? var. West of Lewes.
One specimen might belong to Jeffreys’ variety compta, being ruder and more ventricose, otherwise they do not differ from the type.
Venus chione L. Carnarvon Bay.
The largest specimen (a very fine one) is exactly 3°5 inches broad. A second card contains 3 specimens (no locality), whose epidermis is of a dark olive green, instead of a brown or fawn colour.
Venus fasciata DaCosta. Anglesea, &c. V.casina L. Orkney.
This is a most beautiful series of this not common shell.
. verrucosa L. Cardigan Bay. . ovata Penn. Anglesea, &c. . ovata Penn var. lactea. Zetland, &c. . striatula Don. var. gibba. Kerrera. . striatula Don var. laminosa. No locality. . striatula Don var. Zetland, 90 f. These three cards contain representatives of three
V V V V Vv Vv
J.C., ii., July, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 351
different varieties, but none, as it seems to me, of the type. The third is a small colourless variety, flattened and posteriorly much produced.
Tapes aureus Gmel. Scilly.
T. aureus Gmel. Pwllheli.
Shells small, but a good series: the largest corres-
ponds to Jeffreys’ var. ovata. T. virgineus L. Zetland, &c. Largest specimen 2°4 inches broad by 1°5 long. T. virgineus L. var. Zetland.
White and almost lustreless, very large (2°6 by 1°75).
It almost deserves mention by Jeffreys. T. virgineus L. var. Sarniensis Turt. Zetland. T. pullastra Mont. Beaumaris, &c. T. pullastra Mont. var. perforans. Beaumaris. T. decussatus L. Bantry, &c. Lucinopsis undata Penn. Bantry.
One specimen (a single valve) is much distorted by having both ends produced, and an obtuse angle formed in the lower margin.
Gastrana fragilis L. Pwllheli.
A locality not given by Jeffreys, whose only Welsh locality is “coast of Pembrokeshire, MacAndrew.” Is there a mistake here? Largest specimen 1°5 inches broad by 1°15 long.
Tellina balaustina L. West of Ireland.
Five single but perfect valves.
T. crassa Penn. Bantry, Cardigan Bay, &c.
A fine series of 20 specimens, varying in breadth from 2°1 to ‘12 of aninch. One or two, being destitute of the usual rays, may be assigned to the var. addzda.
T. solidula Pult. Liverpool, &c.
352 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
The extreme commonness of this species, no doubt has prevented the collector obtaining better series. Tellina tenuis DaCosta. Liverpool, &c. : T. fabula Gron. Liverpool, &c.
T. fabula Gron. var. ovata. Zetland.
T. incarnata L. Isle of Man.
Jeffreys shows good reason for believing that 7: incarnata of L. is our Z: fenuzs of DaCosta, and he adopts Solander’s name of sgwalida, which as a descrip- tive epithet, is hardly applicable. The shell is very common at Guernsey and Herm, a locality which Jeffreys does not give. MacAndrew’s is not a first-rate series.
T. donacina L. Anglesea, &c.
T. pygmeea Phil. Orkney.
[Zellina proxima Brown. One perfect specimen, two single valves (each retaining much of the epidermis) and a fragment); locality—Loch Fyne. Jeffreys rele- gates this to the category of extinct species, so far as our coasts are concerned, and I suppose we must follow him, though it occurs in a recent state on the shores of Denmark and Norway. |
Psammobia tellinella Lam. Isle of Man, &c.
A fine series of 25 specimens.
P. costulata Turt. Cornwall, Shetland, &c. P. Ferroensis Chemn. Bantry and Anglesea. P. vespertina Chemn. Cardigan Bay.
P. vespertina Chemn. Bantry.
Donax anatinus Lam. Stornaway.
These would seem rather to belong to the var. turgida of Jeffreys.
J.C., iii., July, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 353
Donax anatinus Lam. Dogger Bank, 15 f. The var. zztida of Jeffreys. D. politus Poli. Bantry. Not a very representative set. Very common at Herm, where I have taken it living at low water mark spring tides. Ervilia castanea Mont. Cornwall. Fourteen single valves. Mactra solida L. Anglesea, &c. The largest specimen is 2°4 inches broad by 1°8 long. -Another on the same card, which however belongs to var. truncata Mont., is 2°25 inches broad by 2°15 long. . solida L. var. truncata. No locality. Not labelled hitherto. . solida L. var. elliptica Brown. Anglesea, &c. More usually known as Mf. ellzptica. . subtruncata DaCosta. Ardrossan. . subtruncata DaCosta var. striata Brown. No locality. Not labelled hitherto. . stultorum L. Anglesea, &c. . stultorum L. var. cinerea. Anglesea, &c. . glauca Born. South of England. Not a good specimen. I have taken it alive at extremely low tides at a particular spot in Herm with Solen siligua, the only way of distinguishing their lurking- places being that the So/en made an oval, but the M/actra
=s[. 5 5 = =
a round hole over its burrow in the wet sand. Lutraria elliptica Lam. Torbay, &c. L. elliptica Lam. var. Bantry. This may be the var. a/fernata of Jeffreys. L. oblonga Chem. No locality. Two rather poor specimens.
354 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Syndosmya prismatica Mont. North Sea. . S. prismatica Mont. Carnarvon Bay. Twelve fine specimens. S. intermedia Thomps. Zetland, &c. S. alba Wood. Loch Long. Some of these are much more deeply striated than the type. S. tenuis Mont. Ramsgate. S. tenuis Mont. Seaford. Scrobicularia piperita Bellon. Liverpool, &c. Solecurtus candidus Renier. Batnry, I. of Man & Hebrides. * Largest specimen 2°25 inches broad by 1°1 long. S. coarctatus Gmel. Torbay. Ceratisolen legumen L. Anglesea. Solen pellucidus Penn. Anglesea, &c. S.ensis L. Britain. The largest specimen, °75 inches long by 5°75 broad, would seem distinct from Jeffreys’ var. avcuata of Solen siligua, not being ‘abruptly truncated’ at either end. If Solen ensis however, it is very large. S. siliqua L. Britain. Largest specimen 1°5 inches long by g’o broad. S. marginatus Pult. Anglesea. Pandora rostrata Lam. Jersey. P. rostrata Lam. var. obtusa Leach. Anglesea. I follow Jeffreys in considering this the deep water variety of P. rostrata. Lyonsia norvegica Chemn. Hebrides, &c. A fine series of 16 specimens. Thracia phaseolina Lam. Anglesea, Zetland, &c. T. villosiuscula Macg. Bantry, &c. Jeffreys considers this a variety of the preceding;
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 355
but the present is much more ovate, ventricose, and not nearly so abruptly and angularly truncated at the posterior end.
Thracia pubescens Pult. Plymouth.
Four fine specimens—the largest 3°25 inches broad by 2.15 long.
T. convexa Wood. Cornwall, Bantry and Belfast.
Three specimens from as many localities. The smallest is singularly aberrant, having the beaks almost central, and without the pecuhar arch or curve, while the ridge is almost obliterated.
T. convexa Wood. Hebrides.
Five very young specimens. T. distorta Mont. Isle of Man. T. distorta Mont. var. truncata. Portland.
Seven characteristic specimens. Poromya granulata Nyst. Croulin Island.
Two specimens, one full grown. Nezera abbreviata Forbes. Loch Fyne.
Ten specimens. . N. costellata Desh. Loch Fyne.
Four specimens, one half an inch broad. N. cuspidata Oliv. Loch Fyne. Corbula nucleus L. Anglesea, &c. GC. nucleus L. var. rosea. Weymouth. Mya arenaria L. Britain.
Largest specimen 3’0 inches broad by 5:0 long. M. arenaria L. Beaumaris and Zetland.
Young specimens. M. arenaria L. Bantry and Dublin.
Young specimens. M. truncata. Britain.
356 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Spheenia Binghami Turt. Torbay, Anglesea, Clyde. &c. All on one card. Panopeea plicata Mont. Zetland and Loch Erebol. Labelled Saxicava fragilis Nyst., but see Jeffreys’ vol. ili, p. 76. “There are seven specimens from the former, three from the latter locality. i Saxicava rugosa L. Torbay.
S. rugosa L. Anglesea. S. rugosa L. var. arctica. Hebrides. S. rugosa L. var. arctica. Zetland, &c. S. rugosa L. var. arctica. Hebrides. Fossil valves, 1°6 inches broad by ‘75 long. S. Norvegica Spengl. North Sea.
‘Labelled Panopea arctica Gould, but see Jeffr., vol. iii, p. 74. The card contains one perfect speci- men, with sheath complete, of this rare shell, and two odd but perfect valves, the largest of which is 3°12 inches broad and 1°75 long.
S. Norvegica Spengl. Clyde.
A fossil but wonderfully preserved specimen, the interior being in places quite fresh and glossy. Breadth 3°8 inches, length 2°6.
Venerupis Irus L. Weymouth.
Seven fine specimens.
Gastrochzena modiolina Lam. Weymouth.
Two specimens are in the case, in situ.
Pholas dactylus L._ Britain. P. candida L. Isle of Wight. P. parva Penn. ‘Torquay. P. parva Penn. Torbay. Labelled in error P. dactylus L. P. parva Penn var. quadrangula ? Portland.
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 357
Pholas crispata L. Britain. Pholadidea papyracea Turt. Torquay. Largest specimen 1°25 inches broad, exclusive of calciform process. P. papyracea Turt. Portland. P. papyracea Turt. var. Torquay. Smaller and stronger. Xylophagadorsalis Turt. Clyde. Three valves. X. dorsalis Turt. No locality. In situ. Teredo Norvegica Spengl. Torbay. Pallets only. T. navalis L. Yarmouth. As 7: marina Sellius. T. megotara Hanl. Seaford. T. megotara Hanl. Swansea. [Not indigenous are Z. malleolus Turt. (Seaford), 7: bipennata Turt. (no locality), and Z: palmulata Lam. |
GASTEROPODA AND PTEROPODA.
Of about 248 marine shell-bearing Gasteropoda, there are in the collection 208. The minute species naturally constitute the main body of the absentees. If we were to leave Azssoa, Odos- tomia and Cerithiopsis out of the reckoning, the proportion would be about 187 to 167. The general rarity of the species not included will be gathered from the following list. One of them ( Ivriton cutaceus) 1 can supply from my own collection, having found several dead specimens at Herm.
358 COOKE :
Chiton discrepans Brown.
Trochus Duminyi Regn. Lacuna tenella Jeffr. Rissoa lactea Mich.
R. Jeffreysi Wall.
R. proxima Ald.
R. soluta Phil. Jeffreysia opalina Jeffr.
Homalogyra rota F. & H.
Aclis Gulsone Clark. Odostomia minima Jefir.
ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Chemnitzia clathrata Jeffr. C. excavata Phil. Torellia vestita Jeffr. Cerithiopsis Barleei Jeffr. C. pulchella Jeffr.
G. metaxa Della Chiaje. C. costulata Moll.
Triton nodiferus Lam.
T. cutaceus L.
Fusus Islandicus Chem. F. buccinatus Lam.
F. fenestratus Turt. Pleurotoma rugulosa Phil. P. nivalis Lovén.
P. carinata Biv.
Cylichna nitidula Lovén. C. alba Brown.
Utriculus ventrosus Jeffr. U. expansus Jeffr.
Philine angulata Jeffr.
P. nitida Jeffr.
. Clavula Lovén.
. Lukisi Jeffr.
. uUmbilicaris Malm. . conspicua Ald.
. unidentata Mont. . plicata Mont.
. diaphana Jeffr.
. Obliqua Ald.
. dolioliformis Jeffr. Stilifer Turtoni Brod.
OOO000000
As to nomenclature, there occur variations similar to those in Thus I have found, and left, Acmea instead of Tectura, Pilidium fulvum instead of Tectura fulva, Pileopsts instead of Capulus, Erato instead of Margzinella, Tornatella instead of Acteon, Amphisphyra hyalina instead of
the Conchifera, and for similar reasons.
Otriculus hyalinus, etc.
Again, I have kept, simply because it would else involve an alteration on the card, and because there was no likelihood of confusion, Zvochus exiguus Pult. (—exasperatus Penn.), Rzssoa crenulata Mich. (=cancellata DaCosta), R. Beantt Hanl. (=reticu
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 359
lata ‘Mont.), R. sculpta Phil. (=cémicotdes Forbes), etc.; Skenea depressa Flem. (=planorbis Fabr.), Vateca helicoddes Johnst. (= tslandica Gmel.), Murex corallinus Scacchi (=aciculatus Lam.), etc. Odostomia as given in Jeffreys, on a similar principle, I have divided into Odostomia Chemnitzia and LEulimella. lanthina exigua Lam., which does not appear on Jeffreys’ list, I have inserted. lVassa nitida Jeffr. I have relegated to what it doubtless is, a var. of WV. reticulata L. Hydrobia ulve Penn. appears with the other Aydrobie, as a fresh water shell. Ass¢minea, however, I have left as marine. ;
The remarks as to localities, which were made on the Con- chifera, apply here with equal force, except that there are a rather larger proportion here to which I have had to append “no loc.”
Only one representative of the Pteropoda can fairly be said to inhabit the British seas. ‘This is well represented, both in type and varieties, in the collection.
SOLENOCONCHIA.
Siphonodentalium lofotense Sars. No locality. _ Jeffreys’ handwriting. Three specimens. Cadulus subfusiformis Sars. Zetland. Three specimens. Dentalium entalis L. Scotland.
Two or three of the larger specimens are considerably
eroded at the posterior end. D. entalis L. Galway Bay.
This is not a satisfactory card. It contains eleven specimens. Of these, five belong to D. enfalis and six to D. Tarentinum. ‘The pink tip, and more particularly the strongly striated, dull, not glossy surface, settle the difference.
D. tarentinum Lam. Southampton, &c.
360 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
GASTEROPODA.
I.—MARINE.
Chiton (Acanthochites) fascicularis L. Britain. C. (A.) fascicularis var. gracilis Jeffr. Milford Haven. Labelled ‘‘C. d#screpans Brown?” I can answer for
it that itis not so. In the first place there is only one English locality (out of the Channel Islands), and that is in Cornwall; and secondly the granules are distinctly round, whereas in C. discrepans they are always oval. Besides, Jeffreys gives Milford Haven asa locality in which MacAndrew had taken this var. gracilts.
C. (Acanthopleura) Hanleyi Bean. Hebrides. C. (Lepidopleurus) cancellatus J. Sowb. Clyde. C. (L.) asellus Chem. Oban, &c. C. (L.) asellus Chem. Anglesea, &c. C. (L.) asellus Chem. Zetland. The longitudinal streaks are very prominent on this variety. C. (L.) marginatus Penn. Anglesea, &c.
Wrongly labelled cézerveus L., which is the equivalent of the last given. Largest specimen ‘875 long. C. (L.) albus L. Hebrides. GC. (L.) ruber L. Isle of Man. C. levis Penn. Isle of Man, &c. A good series of 16 specimens, some in situ. C. marmoreus Fab. Hebrides, &c. Largest specimen a giant, 1°5 by ‘8. Patella vulgata L. Anglesea, &c.
P. vulgata L. var. athletica. Scarbro’. =F. depressa Penn.
P. vulgata L. var. intermedia. South of England. Labelled “P, athletica?”
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 361
Helcion pellucidum L. Anglesea, &c. Very fine specimens. H. pellucidum L. Shetland. Smaller, thinner, the blue lines often indistinct or wanting. H. pellucidum L. Isle of Man. An intermediate form. H. pellucidum L. var. levis Penn. Isle of Man, &c. Labelled in error P. cerulea, which is a variety of P. vulgata. Acmeea testudinalis Mill. Hebrides. A. testudinalis Mull. Orkney. A single small specimen. A. virginea Mill. Orkney. Pilidium fulvum Mill. Loch Fyne, &c. P. fulvum Mull. var. albida. Loch Fyne, &c. Included without notice on the same card. Lepeta ceeca Mill. Loch Fyne. Propilidium ancyloides Forbes. Isle of Mill. Three dead and two living specimens only. Puncturella noachina L. Loch Fyne, &c. Emarginula reticulata L. Anglesea, &c. E. rosea Bell. Weymouth. E. crassa Sby. Loch Fyne and Carnarvonshire. Two specimens from each locality. The labels were evidently misplaced, and I have transposed them. The two larger specimens (three times the size of the others) were labelled as if from Carnarvonshire, which is most unlikely. The locality is the most southern recorded, and it is possible that these specimens have something to do with Jeffreys’ remark in his appendix— “Anglesea, Miss Roberts fide MacAndrew.”
362 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Fissurella reticulata Don. Anglesea, &c. _ Pileopsis Hungarica L. Weymouth, &c. Largest specimen a giant, 2°5 by 1 oe Another card occurs with a single shell labelled P. mulitaris? Cape Clear. I cannot agree with Jeffreys in thinking this a young specimen of P. Hungarica; the beak is strongly reflected over the posterior side, whereas in young shells of P. Hungarica it is always nearly central. I should pronounce it certainly a wogn specimen of P. militaris L.,a West Indian shell, probably introduced in ballast. Galyptresa Sinensis L. Dartmouth and Milford. Haliotis tuberculata L. No mark of locality, but of course from the Chan- nel Islands. Scissurella crispata Flem. Hebrides. One broken specimen. S. crispata Flem. No locality. Two living specimens. Cyclostrema Cuilerianum Clark. Exmouth. GC. nitens Phil. No locality. GC. serpuloides Mont. Lamlash Bay. Labelled an Bean’s handwriting “‘Skenea divisa Fleming, rare.’ aa (Margarita) hiehois Fabr. Unst. T. (M.) helicinus Fabr. Skye. T. (M.) glaucus Mull. Sound of Skye. T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. Oban. T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. Zetland. T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. Orkney. T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. var. dilatata. Zetland. T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. var. No locality. ;
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 363
More elevated, with many distinct impressed striz, surface less smooth and shining. Trochus (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. var. levior. Skye. T. (M.) amabilis Jeffr. Zetland. Three perfect specimens (one with operculum), two imperfect, of this rare and lovely shell. . (Gibbula) magus L. Carnarvonshire. . (G.) magus L. var. alba. Hebrides. . (G.) tumidus Mont. Anglesea, &c. As usual, the northern are much larger than the southern specimens. . (G.) tumidus Mont. South of England. . (G.) cinerarius L. — Britain. . (G.) cinerarius L. var. electissima. Weymouth. . (G.) cinerarius L. var. Orkney. . (G.) umbilicatus Mont. Isle of Man, &c. . (G.) umbilicatus Mont. var. Agathensis Red. Guernsey. . (Trochocochlea) lineatus DaCosta. Cornwall, &c. Not so large as specimens from the Channel Islands. . (Zizyphinus) Montacuti Wood. Weymouth. .(Z.) striatus L. Torbay. . (Z.) exiguus Pult. Weymouth. .(Z.) millegranus Phil. Arran, &c. . (Z.) millegranus Phil. var. pyramidata.. Weymouth. . (Z.) granulatus Born. Isle of Man. .(Z.) zizyphinus L. Scotland. . (Z.) zizyphinus L. Anglesea. . (Z.) zizyphinus L. var. granulifera. No locality. . (Z.) zizyphinus L. var.? Isle of Man. . (Z.) zizyphinus L. monstr. Anglesea. . (Z.) occidentalis Migh. Zetland. Three specimens, two full grown.
HHAdA AAAAAAG 4A
4Adda54
364 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Phasianella pullus L. Milford. P. pullus L. Anglesea. P. pullus L. Weymouth. Lacuna crassior Mont. Anglesea, &c. L. divaricata Fabr. Moray Firth. L. divaricata Fabr. Zetland. L. divaricata Fabr. Anglesea. L. divaricata Fabr. var. Southampton. Labelled Z. canalis Mont. L. puteolus Turt. Isle of Man. L. puteolus Turt. var. Milford. L. puteolus Turt. var. Southampton. Labelled Z. Montaguz Tutt., see Jeffr., vol.ii1.,p. 351. L. pallidula DaCosta. Anglesea, &c. Littorina obtusata L. Hebrides, &c. Many of these are the var. ornata. L. obtusata L. var. fabalis Turt. Ireland. Labelled in error Z. jugosa which isa var. of Z.rudis. L. obtusata L. var. fabalis Turt. Scarboro’. Labelled in error Z. Geaniz Macg. . neritoides L. Britain. . rudis Maton. Hebrides, &c. . rudis Maton var. saxatilis Johnst. Penzance. . rudis Maton var. Scarboro’.
ale Ais
Labelled Z. vudisstum Bean, but see Jeffr., vol. 11., p. 368. L. rudis Maton var. tenebrosa Mont. South of England. As L. tenebrosa. L. rudis Maton var. jugosa Mont. Isle of Wight. Labelled in error Z. palliata Say, which =Z. Ut tovalis L.,a North American shell, now found in our pleistocene beds.
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 365
Littorina rudis L. var. Scarboro’.
L.
L.
L.
Labelled Z. zonarza Bean. rudis L. var. Southend. Apex wholly or partly eroded. rudis L. var. nigrolineata Don. Lands End. The var. s/cata of Leach. Where MacAndrew got his name from I do not know. It does not occur in Donovan’s British Shells.
. rudis L. var. Scarboro’.
Labelled Z. neglecta Bean, but the same as the var- saxatilts.
. rudis L. var. No locality.
Bright red with faint ridges.
. littorea L. Britain. Les
littorea L. var. Falmouth.
Probably the var. ¢urrzta of Jeffreys. littorea L. var. Milford.
Perhaps the var. drevicula of Jeffreys.
Rissoa striatula Mont. Dartmouth.
YN DV
The largest specimen has a prominent varix on the body whorl.
. crenulata Mich. Scilly.
One specimen (which I have marked on the card with an asterisk) belongs to &. Zetlandtca Mont.
. Beanii Hanl. Hebrides.
Two specimens on this card are #. crenulata.
: Beanii Hanl. Scilly, &c. . Beanii Hanl. Lamlash. . sculpta Phil. Zetland, &c.
According to Jeffreys the present species is not the R. sculpta of Philippi, but 2. cemzcotides of Forbes.
. punctura Mont. Scilly.
366 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Rissoa punctura Monf. Croulin Island.
R.
YNUDNVA
Pos)
30) 20} 20) =o} 30) 39) 39) 9] 9] 9} 30) ba) Bul
Poe 0)
abyssicola Forbes. Loch Fyne, &c. Nineteen specimens of this rare species.
. Zetlandica Mont. Zetland, &c.
. costata Mont. Dartmouth.
. parva DaCosta. Islay, &c. -
. parva DaCosta var. interrupta. Islay.
. parva DaCosta var. interrupta. Milford.
. parva DaCosta var. interrupta. Between Land’s End and
Cape Clear, 56 fathoms.
. inconspicua Alder. Torbay. . inconspicua Alder var. variegata. Isle of Cumbrae.
Labelled 2. Goodallit Alder. Where MacAndrew gets the name, I am unable to say. It is certainly not the Persephone Goodaliiz of Leach. Iam indebted to Dr. Jeffreys for the determination of this species.
. albella Lovén var. Sarsii Jeffr. Orkney. . albeila Lovén var. Sarsii Jeffr. Balta, Zetland. . rufilabrum Ald. Islay.
. costulata Ald. No locality.
. labiosa Mont. Southampton.
. labiosa Mont. var. elata Phil. Tenby.
. labiosa Mont. var. elata Phil. Islay.
. vitrea Mont. Hebrides.
. vitrea Mont. Dartmouth.
. pulcherrima Jeffr. Guernsey.
. semistriata Mont. Torbay.
. fulgida Ads. Torbay.
. Striata Ads. No locality.
Many specimens much distorted.
. cingillus Mont. Moray Firth. . cingillus Mont. var. rupestris. Weymouth:
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 367
~ Rissoa cingillus Mont. var. rupestris. Ilfracombe. R. cingillus Mont. var. rupestris. Barrow.
Besides the above, the following foreign species are included :—Aissoa Bryerus Mont. (a West Indian shell), from Laskey’s Collection; Hel¢x decussatus of Montagu, from Laskey’s Collection; and one, apparently a Azssoina and certainly not British.
Barleeia rubra Ads. Scilly, &c. Jeffreysia diaphana Alder. No locality J. globularis Jeffr. No locality.
Two specimens.
Skenea depressa Flem. Scarboro’.
Label in Bean’s handwriting. Homalogyra atomus Phil. Tenby, &c. Coecum trachea Mont. Bantry, &c.
C. glabrum Mont. Torbay.
Turritella communis Risso. Weymouth.
T. communis Risso. Zetland.
T. communis Risso var. nivea. Zetland.
T. communis Risso var. gracilis Drap. Cork. Truncatella truncatula Drap. Weymouth. Scalaria Turtonz Turt. Belfast, &c.
S. communis Lam. Liverpool, &c. Not a very good set of specimens.
S. Treveiyana Leach. South of Ireland. S. clathratula Adams. Scilly, &c.
The collection alsc contains a fragment, apparently of the last whorl of Scalaria Grenlandica, Duncansby Head. See, for a few remarks on this fragment, Jeffreys, vol. iv., p. 97.
Aclis unica Mont. Scarboro’. From Bean.
A. ascaris Turt. Zetland. A single specimen.
368 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Aclis supranitida S. Wood. Bantry Bay. Five fine specimens. A. supranitida S. Wood. Isle of Man. A. Walkeri Jeffr. Zetland. Five specimens, from Jeffreys. Odostomia cylindrica Alder. Falmouth. O. cylindrica Alder. Lamlash Bay. O. truncatula Jeffr. Exmouth. O. albella Lovén. Falmouth. Labelled O. rzssozdes Hanl.; corrected (as several in this genus) by Jeffreys. . pallida Mont. Zetland. . pallida Mont. Loch Fyne. . conoidea Brocchi. Oban, &c. . acuta Jeffr. Loch Fyne and Bantry. . turrita Hanley. Loch Fyne. . insculpta Mont. No locality. . decussata Mont. Falmouth. . rissoides Hanl. var. nitida Ald. Zetland. [Unknown.—‘“‘O. pellucida Jeff.” No locality. ] Chemnitzia indistincta Mont. Dartmouth. C. interstincta Mont. Scarboro’. C. fenestrata Forbes. Torbay. C. fenestrata Forbes. Southampton. Large specimens, nearly ‘2 inch long. . fenestrata Forbes. Dartmouth. . scalaris Phil. Miulford and Dartmouth. . scalaris Phil. var. rufescens Forbes. Oban, &c. . rufa Phil. Anglesea, &c. A fine series of 25. The largest is a giant, measur- ing more than ‘5 inch long. Some of the specimens appear to be the var. fu/vocincta Thomps.
DOQDOBOOC
0000
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 369
Chemnitzia eximia Jeffr. No locality. C. spiralis Mont. Zetland. C. elegantissima Mont. Milford. C. elegantissima Mont. Bantry and Torbay. C. pusilla Phil. Guernsey. Eulimella Scillee Scacchi. Oban, &c. Jeffreys unites 2Aulimella, as well as Chemnttzia with Odostomia. E. acicula Phil. Bantry, &c. E. acicula Phil. var. ventricosa. Murray Firth. Labelled £. afinis Ph., which Jeffreys (vol. iv., p. 171) regards as his var. vextricosa of LE. acicula. One specimen on the card, by an extraordinary oversight, is Lulima polita \., young. E. acicula Phil. var. ventricosa.. Guernsey. E. nitidissima Mont. Arran. Two specimens from each locality. E. nitidissima Mont. Murray Firth. lanthina communis Lam. ‘Tenby. Two splendid specimens, the largest 1:25 by 1°35. I, communis Lam. Ireland. 1. exigua Lam. Ireland. Rarely cast on our shores. Eulima polita L. Anglesea, &c. A very fine series of 32 specimens, in various stages of growth. E. polita L. Bantry. Three specimens, now marked with an asterisk, are E. intermedia. E. polita L. Zetland. One specimen, the smallest, is £. ¢ztermedia.
E. intermedia Cantr.
370 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Mixed with Z. polita on the two last cards, now distinguished by asterisks attached to each shell. Eulima distorta Desh. Lamlash Bay. Some specimens very distorted. E. distorta Desh. var. gracilis. Loch Fyne.
All the specimens on this card are referable to this var., though not distinguished as such; they are all singularly undistorted.
E. stenostoma Jeffr. Zetland, 90 f.
One fine specimen of this very rare shell. E. subulata Don. Ireland and Anglesea. E. bilineata Alder. Oban, &c. Natica helicoides Johnst. Zetland, &c.
Six good specimens.
. Greenlandica Brok. North Sea. . sordida Phil. Firth of Clyde, &c. . catena DaCosta Britain. . nitida Don. Anglesea. . nitida Don. var. Murray Firth. . nitida Don. var. Zetland. . Montagui Forbes. Arran. . Montagui Forbes var. albula. Zetland. Velutina flexilis Mont. Loch Fyne.
One specimen of this rare shell. V. levigata Penn. Anglesea, &c. V. laevigata Penn. Kyleakin. Lamellaria perspicua L. Cardigan Bay. L. perspicua L. Murray Firth, &c.
Another card, labelled Z. ¢entaculata Mont., Murray Firth, &c., contains the male of Z. perspzcua, which is about one-third the size of the type, has a much broader mouth, and might well be taken for another species.
Lea£ 2 2 22 ze
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 371
Adeorbis subcarinatus Mont. Tenby.
Label in Bean’s handwriting. Trichotropis borealis B. and S. Oban, Zetland, &c. Aporrhais pes-pelecani L. Carnarvon Bay.
A. pes-pelecani L. var. albida. Zetland, 80 f. A. pes-pelecani.L. monstr.
One of these specimens is very remarkable. A second wing, or rather spike, projects behind the ordinary wing, which is abnormally thickened by many calcareous layers which are flaky and could be peeled off. The second or older spike is evidently ‘dead’ and is almost hidden by barnacles, but the continuation of the rib of the body whorl leaves no doubt as to its true character. No doubt the shell met with a grave accident when almost mature; instead of the damaged wing being repaired, a new wing or something approaching a wing was made.
A. MacAndree Jeffr. Zetland. Six mature, twoimmature. Labelled 4. pes-carbonis Brogn., which is a tertiary fossil.
Cerithium metula Lovén. Zetland. Two perfect specimens, one imperfect.
C. reticulatum DaCosta. Clyde, &c. Largest specimen ‘55 long.
C. perversum L. Sandwich. Cerithiopsis tubercularis L. Scilly, &c. Purpura lapillus L. Anglesea, &c.
P. lapillus L. Caldy Island.
P. lapillus L. var. imbricata. Rhoscollyn. A very large series (45) of this beautiful variety.
P, lapillus L. var. major. Swansea.
P. lapillus L. var. major. Southampton. Length: 2°3 inches.
372 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION,
Purpura !apillus L. var. Barmouth. Save for the size (1°5 by °75), this would accord with Jeffreys’ var. mznorv: the ridges are very strong. Not very far removed from the type. P. lapillus L. var. Beaumaris. Spire aslant. Buccinum undatum L. Cork. B. undatum L. Wales. B. undatum L. North Sea. B. undatum L. Nymph Bank. B. undatum L. Zetland.
This may be the var. fexuosa of Jeffreys, but though the spire is produced, the shell is not ‘more slender’: the ribs are very strong and curved.
. undatum L. var. paupercula King. Southampton. . undatum L. var. paupercula King. Carnarvon Bay. . undatum L. var. 1. No locality (These numbers, var. 1, var. 2, etc., correspond with
mw Ww
the numbers on the cards. They do not correspond with the numbers of the vars. in Jeffr.) Thin, elongated, longitudinal ribs faint, epidermis smooth. B. undatum L. var. pelagica King. Zetland. Jeffreys’ only locality is Dogger Bank. It is solid and not ‘thinner than usual.’ B. undatum L. var. Zetlandica Forbes. Zetland. Acuminated, but otherwise agreeing with the des- cription in Jeffr. B. undatum L. var. 2. No locality. Thick, elongated, but not quite so much so as in monstr. acuminatum. B. undatum L. var. 3. Stornaway. ; Agrees with monstr. acuminatum, save that the
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
whorls are not flat, and the ribs are very prominent.
Buccinum undatum L. var. 4. Berwick Bay. Small, very thick and solid. B. undatum L. var. 4. Ayrshire. B. undatum L. var. 5. Morayshire. Large, very thick and solid. B. undatum L. monstr. sinistrorsum. No locality. Four fine specimens. B. undatum L. monstr. carinatum. No locality. Two fine specimens. B. undatum L. monstr. acuminatum. No locality. Three fine specimens. B. Humphreysianum Bennett. Zetland. B. Humphreysianum Bennett var. lactea. Zetland. Buccinopsis Dalei J. Sby. No locality. Murex erinaceus L. Torbay. M. corallinus Scacchi. Jersey. Lachesis minima Mont. No locality. Trophon muricatus Mont. Weymouth, &c. T. muricatus Mont. Guernsey. T. Barvicensis Johnst. Berwick Bay, Hebrides, &c. T. clathratus L. Anglesea, Hebrides, &c. Fusus antiquus L. Britain. Largest example, 7 inches by 4. F. antiquus L. var. contrarius L. Britain. F. antiquus L. var. Carnarvon Bay. F. antiquus L. var. Ireland and Hebrides. Four fine specimens. F. Norvegicus Chem. North Sea. Two fine specimens. F. Turtoni Bean. North Sea. F. gracilis DaCosta. Zetland.
373
374 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Fusus gracilis DaCosta. East coast, &c. F. gracilis DaCosta var. Zetland. Deep water specimens. F. propinquus Alder. Zetland. F. propinquus Alder. North Sea. Largest specimen 2'1 inches long. F. propinquus Alder var. turrita. Shetland. A longer, thinner shell, with a more turreted spire and consequently a deeper suture. F. Berniciensis King. North Sea. A single fine specimen, close on 3°5 inches long. F. Berniciensis King. Zetland. Two very young specimens. F. Jeffreysianus Fischer. Plymouth. ; Four good specimens. But query its specific dis- tinction from gracilis. — Nassa reticulata L. Anglesea, &c. N. reticulata L. var. Southampton. N. reticulata L. var. nitida, Harwich. Jeffreys “with some misgiving” gives it as lV. nzteda. It is shorter, stumpier and broader for its size than the type, more lustrous, the longitudinal ribs are stronger and not nearly so numerous, while the spiral ridges are fainter; thus the shell has not the tesselated appearance characteristic of the type. N. incrassata Mill. Orkney. N. incrassata Mill. var. minor. Moray Firth. N. incrassata Mill. var. Scarboro’. Labelled,in Bean’s hand,“ Buccinum breve Montagu.” N. pygmeea Lam. Weymouth. N. pygmeea Lam. var. Torbay. Labelled, in Bean’s hand, ‘‘ Vassa varicosa Turton.”
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 375
- Columbella Halizeeti Jeffr. Zetland. Two good specimens of this rare shell. C. Halizeti Jeffr. ‘Off Unst, 75—80 f., 1864.” Two specimens in box, labelled in Jeffreys’ hand. C. nana Lovén. Zetland. Five specimens, two 1n a recent state of preservation. One specimen of Columbella Holbollii Moll., is included. Locality, ‘‘Belfast.” It.is regarded as a glacial fossil by Jeffreys, its southern living limit being Bergen. Defrancia teres Forbes. Orkney and Berwick Bay. D. gracilis Mont. No locality. D. Leufroyi Mich. Hebrides. D. Leufroyi Mich. var. carnosula Jeffr. Zetland. The largest specimen is °875 inch long. . linearis Mont. Hebrides, &c. . linearis Mont. var. Orkney. . linearis Mont. var. Orkney. . reticulata Ren. No locality. Labelled ‘‘ Mangelta asperima, (sic.) Brown,” which I do not know. It is a single specimen and rather worn, but there can be no doubt what it is.
0OU0D0
. purpurea Mont. Hebrides. . purpurea Mont. var. Philberti. Hebrides.
The two specimens of the variety are on the same card as the type. I have put a pencil cross under them and recorded them on the back of the card.
D. purpurea Mont. var. oblonga. Lundy Island. There may be some mistake in this locality. Jeffreys says it is confined to the Channel Islands. Pleurotoma striolata Scacchi. Bantry Bay. P. striolata Scacchi var. Bantry Bay. P. attenuata Mont. Torbay.
00
376 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Pleurotoma costata Don. Scilly, &c. P. costata Don. Cornwall. Labelled P. costata Don., var. Metcalfit Penn. There is some mistake. P. Metcalfiz Hanl.—P. levi- gata Phil., and is only found in the Channel Islands, while the present specimens are but slight varieties, if varieties at all, of P. costata, and I know of no var. Metcalfit of P. costata. . costata Don. var. coarctata. Hebrides. . brachystoma Phil. Hebrides, &c. . nebula Mont. Anglesea, &c. . nebula Mont. var. elongata Jeffr. No locality. . septangularis Mont. Anglesea, &c. . levigata Phil. South of England. . rufa Mont. Anglesea, &c. . rufa Mont. vars. Anglesea, &c. On the same card. . turricula Mont. Zetland, &c. . turricula Mont. var. rosea. Hebrides. . turricula Mont. var. East coast. . turricula Mont. var. Anglesea. . turricula Mont. var. North Sea. . Trevelyana Turt. East coast. Erato levis Don. Hebrides, &c. Trivia Europea L. Britain. Very good series, showing every variation of growth. Another card contains two monstrosities. Ovula patula Penn. Cornwall, &c. Largest specimen exactly 1 inch by ‘5s. Cylichna acuminata Brug. Loch Fyne, &c. MacAndrew had placed it among the Cyfreide, under the generic name of Volvuda.
VTVTvVTVUUVUVU VU VU
U0U0T0 U0 'U
J.C., ii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 377
Cylichna umbilicata Mont. Murray Firth, &c. C. cylindracea Penn. No locality. C.cylindracea Penn. Loch Fyne, &c. Dwarf specimens,nearly approaching the var. /zzear‘s. Utriculus mamillatus Phil. Exmouth. As Bulla mammillata. U. truncatulus Brug. Murray Firth. Labelled Cylichna truncata Adams. See Jeffreys, vol. iv., p. 423. U. truncatulus Brug. Scarboro’. Labelled Bulla truncata Montagu, in Bean’s writing. Young specimens, apparently, for they are not a quarter the size of the Scotch shells. U. obtusus Mont. Liverpool. U. obtusus Mont. Unst and Zetland. Perhaps the var. Lajonkaireana. U. obtusus Mont. No locality. Amphisphyra hyalina Turt. Murray Firth. Akera bullata Mill. Ireland. A. bullata Mill. var. Zetland. Much smaller. Labelled 4. Hanleyz, A. Adams. Tornatella fasciata Lam. Anglesea, &c. Another card contains some minute specimens, possibly (but no locality is given) of the var. ¢eze//a Lovén. Bulla hydatis L. Exmouth. B. Cranchii Leach. Scotland. =8. utriculus Brocchi. Scaphander lignarius L. Anglesea, &c. I have taken it alive at a very low tide, in the harbour of St. Peter’s port, Guernsey. S. lignarius L. var. Scilly and Hebrides. Milk-white.
378 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Philine scabra O. Miill. North Sea, &c. P. catena Mont. Scarboro’.
P. quadrata S. Wood. North Sea.
P. punctata Clark. Scarboro’.
One specimen remaining of three (the other two
have disappeared) from Bean.
P.-pruinosa Clark. Sound of Skye.
Three specimens, one full grown. P. aperta L. Liverpool, &c. Aplysia punctata Cuv. Hebrides. Pleurobranchus membranaceus Mont. Britain. P. plumula Mont. Torbay. Alexia bidentata Mont. Isle of Man. A. bidentata Mont. var. alba. Ilfracombe.
The Auricultde I found in great confusion. Both these cards were labelled Awricula alba. ‘Two cards containing identical specimens of Alexta myosotis, Drap. (=denticulata Mont.) were labelled Auzicula bidentata and Alexia denticulata respectively. The var: ringens of this latter species was labelled Awuriciula persona. ‘Two cards were not labelled at all.
A. myosotis Drap. Sandwich.
As Auricula bidentata. A. myosotis Drap. Youghal.
Somewhat more obese, but hardly a variety. A. myosotis Drap. var. ringens. Anglesea.
As Auricula persona. One specimen has the outer lip remarkably fluted with plaits, quite after the fashion of tropical MWelampz.
Otina otis Turt. Ireland. Assiminea Grayana Leach. Greenwich.
J.C., ili., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 379
PTEROPODA. Spirialis Flemingii Forbes. Loch Staffin. S. Flemingii Forbes var. MacAndree. Britain. Labelled, by a bad mistake, Hemzfusus (for Hetero- Jusus) MacAndree. S. Flemingii Forbes var. Jeffreysii. South of Id. of Arran. Thus I should designate the card labelled ‘ Pevacde Flemingi.’ It may be only the fry of the type, but the description of the variety (‘spire shorter’) exactly corresponds. |
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
The fresh water and land shells, as represented in this collection, do not call for any lengthy comment. I believe I am right in saying that this part of the collection was made y Mrb. MacAndrew before he had made very much way in the study of conchology; this will account for some of the omissions and mis- takes, though the latter are few.
Out of 125 land and freshwater species (reckoning Hydrobia uve as non-marine and Testacella Maugei as now naturalised), the collection contains 114. The absentees are characteristic ; they are as follows :—
Pisidium roseum Sch. Limax tenellus Mill. Geomalacus maculosusAllm. Testacella haliotidea Drap. Limax gagates Drap. Vertigo Moulinsiana Dup. L. marginatus Mill. V. pusilla Mull.
L. flavus L. V. angustior Jeftr.
L. laevis Miill.
380 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Zonttes nitidulus and Z. nitidus, as well as Planorbis lineatus, were not in the original collection. I have added them. Two other species, though they appear in the list, do so only in the sense of having once formed a part of the collection, the card alone remaining, the shells being irretrievably broken. These are Limnea involuta and Vertigo alpestris.
CONCHIFERA.
FRESHWATER.
Cycilas cornea L. Liverpool. .cornea L. Elgin. . cornea L. var. flavescens. Liverpool. . cornea L. var. pisidioides. Regent’s Canal. As C. ptstdioides. . rivicola Leach. Scarboro’. . pallida Gray. Regent’s Canal. . caliculata Drap. Liverpool. Pisidium amnicum Mill. River Barrow, Ireland. P. amnicum Mill. No locality. P. fontinale Drap. Cheshire. As P. Henslowtanum Shep. P. fontinale Drap. var. Henslowiana Shep. Swansea. As P. Henslowtanum Shep. P. fontinale Drap. var. pulchella Jen. Britain. As P. pulchellum. . fontinale Drap. var. pulchella Jen. Scarboro’. As P. pulchellum. P. fontinale Drap. var. pulchella Jen. Wigtonshire. As P. pulchellum. P. fontinale Drap. var. pulchella Jen. Britain. As P. Henslowtanum.
000 000
U
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 381
Pisidium fontinale Drap. var. cinerea Ald. Scarboro’.
As FP. cinereum.
P. pusillum Gmel. Britain. P. pusillum Gmel. var. obtusalis Pfr. Britain.
As P. obtusale.
P. pusillum ? Gmel. var. obtusalis Pfr. Bressa, Zetland. P. nitidum Jenyns. Britain.
Unio tumidus Phil. No locality.
U. tumidus Phil. var. ovalis Mont. No locality.
U. tumidus Phil. var. No locality.
U. pictorum L. No locality.
As Unio ovals.
U. margaritifer L. (and pearls). River Tay. Anodonta cygnea L. A. anatina L.
Unable myself to see any specific distinction between the two, I have simply recorded them and left the cards in the collection as I found them.
Dreissena polymorpha Pall. Birmingham. Hundreds of specimens in situ ona piece of branch.
GASTEROPODA.
FRESH WATER.
Neritina fluviatilis L. Ireland. N. fluviatilis L. Birmingham. Paludina contecta Mill. Yorkshire, &c. As P. Listert F. & H., which name must be quite given up. P. vivipara L. Lancashire, &c. P. vivipara L. var. unicolor. River Lea. Bithinia tentaculata L. Scarboro’. B. Leachii Shep. Battersea.
382 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Valvata piscinalis Mill. Liverpool. Hydrobia similis Drap. Tilbury. Labelled Rzssoa anatina. H. similis Drap. Greenwich. From Jeffreys. H. ventrosa Mont. No locality. H. ulvee Penn. Southampton. H. ulvze Penn. Lewes. One or two of the specimens appear to be the var. Larleei Jeffreys. H. ulvee Penn. Liverpool. H. ulvee Penn. var. Barleei Jeffr. Loch Fyne. H. ulvze-Penn. var. octona. Guernsey. As fussoa (2.e., Hydrobia) ventrosa. Planorbis lineatus Walker. Buckenham, Norfolk. Not in the original collection. I have added it. P. nitidus Mill. Elgin, &c. As Jeffreys (vol. 1, p. 82) says he is not aware of this species having been found living with the preceding, I may record that I have found them living in the same pond at Buckenham, Norfolk, - “neatus being by far the most abundant. P. nautileus L. Belfast. Labelled P. zmbricatus Miull., of which I find no record in Jeffr. One specimen on the card was so obviously not P. zautéleus that I have removed it. It was P. glaber. P: albus Mill. Anglesea. P. glaber Jeffr. No locality. “From Jeffreys,” but no locality. P. glaber Jeffr. Holy Island and Essex. As “ P. devs Alder.”
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 383
Planorbis spirorbis Mill. Battersea. vortex L. Surrey. vortex L. Elgin. . carinatus Mill. Surrey. . marginatus Drap. Surrey. . marginatus Drap. monstr. Rochdale. From Bean. ‘Turreted and deeply umbilicated.
U0 00 U
. corneus L. Scarboro’. . corneus L. var. albida. Middlesex, I have it also from Cambridge. Jeffreys only men-
U U
tions Surrey. P. contortus L. Surrey. P. contortus L. Elgin. Physa hypnorum L. Liverpool. P. hypnorum L. Elgin. P.fontinalis L. Liverpool. P. fontinalis L. var. albina. Britain.
A card also occurs with three specimens of “‘P. acutus Drap., Britain.” It is probable they are from the Victoria Regia tank in Kew Gardens, where I have taken them abundantly.
Limnea glutinosa Mill. Britain. L.involuta Thomps. Killarney.
This species is recorded in the sense of having once been in the collection. The single specimen has been completely smashed.
L. peregra Mill. Liverpool, &c.
Several other cards though differently labelled must be referred to the type, not even to varieties. Such are the cards labelled Lzmncaus /ineatus, Scarboro’ (distinct from the var. /zneatus below), Limuneus lacustris, Ireland, and Limneus fossarius, Antrim.
384 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Limnza peregra Mill. var. Burnetti Ald. Newcastle. As Lymnea Burnetts. L. peregra Mill. var. lacustris Leach. Isle of Lewes.
L. peregra Mill. var. lacustris Leach. Zetland.
L. peregra Mill. var. intermedia Fé. No locality. Hitherto unlabelled, but unmistakeable.
L. peregra Mill. var. ovata Drap. Ireland. Not far removed from the type.
L. peregra Mill. var. sinistrorsa. Scarboro’. |
Labelled ‘‘Zzmnceus lineatus var. reversed.”
L. auricularia L. Surrey. L. stagnalis L. Anglesea.
This locality can hardly be correct as regards the three largest specimens, one of which is 2°25 inches long by 1°25 broad.
L. palustris Mill. Anglesea.
All rather dwarfed.
L. palustris Mill. var. corvus Gmel. Britain.
The locality is very unsatisfactory. Thespecimens are not so ventricose as those Jeffreys describes. He gives ‘65 inch as the width of a specimen 1°3 in length. But while most of these shells closely approach that length, none of these are more than ‘5 wide.
L. truncatula Mill. No locality. Not labelled. L. glabra Mill. Liverpool.
Ancylus fluviatilis Mull) Carnarvonshire. A. lacustris L. Antrim. A. lacustris L. Scarboro’.
From Bean.
J.C., iii,, October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 385
GASTEROPODA.
LAND.
Arion ater L. Scarboro’. From Bean. Limax agrestis L. Elgin. L. agrestis L. Scarboro’. As Limacellus obliquus Vurt. From Bean. L. aroborum Bouch. Elgin. L. arborum Bouch. Scarboro’. | As Limacellus arboreus Clark. From Bean. L. maximus L. Elgin. Testacella Maugei Fér. Bristol.
Wrongly given as Z: haliotidea Drap. Originally labelled rightly, but changed for the worse. ‘They are all dried specimens, with the shells in situ.
Succinea putris L. Scarboro’. S. putris L. Llangadock. S. putris L. Anglesea. As S. amphibia Drap. S. elegans Risso. South of Ireland. As S. gracilis Alder. S. elegans Risso. Elgin. As S. Pfeiffert Rossm. . elegans Risso. No locality. . oblonga Drap. Swansea. . oblonga Drap. No locality. From Jeffreys. Vitrina pellucida Drap. Liverpool. Zonites cellarius Mill. Torquay.
As ‘Helix’ cellaria. All the species of Zondtes are
thus named.
nn DN
386 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Zonites alliarius Miill. Anglesea. Z. nitidulus Drap. Putney. Not in the original collection. I have added it. Z. purus Alder. Elgin. By an extraordinary oversight, the midmost of the five specimens on this card is a Vetrina pellucida!
Z. purus Alder. Scarboro’.
As Helix Alderi Bean. . radiatulus Alder. Scarboro’. . nitidus Mull. Cambridge.
Not in the original collection. I have added it. . excavatus Bean. Liverpool. . crystallinus Mull. Anglesea. . crystallinus Miill. Scarboro’. . fulvus Mill. Murrayshire. elix lamellata Jeffr. Anglesea.
. lamellata Jeffr. Scarboro’. As Hf. Scarburgensis Bean.
. aculeata Mill. Anglesea. As HZ. spinulosa Mont.
. pomatia L. Surrey. .aspersa Mull. Britain. . aspersa Miill. var. exalbida. Britain. . aspersa Mill. var. conoidea. Britain. . aspersa Mill. var. sinistrorsa. Britain.
One specimen of each on the same card as the type. .nemoralis L. No locality. . nemoralis L. var hortensis Mill. Britain.
As #1. hortensis. H. nemoralis L. var. hybrida Poir. Yorkshire.
As 7. hybrida.
H. nemoralis L. var. fasciis hyalinis. No locality. Hitherto unlabelled.
NN
ae ae Se ae a aE NCINENUN
a Ba B
J.C., iii., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 387
Helix arbustorum L. Anglesea.
H. H.
ea ia a Bal gl Bs
cantiana Mont. Kent. cantiana Mont. Dulwich. Wrongly labelled 4. carthusiana.
. cartusiana Mill. South of England.
. rufescens Penn. Tenby.
. rufescens Penn. Dumfrieshire.
. rufescens Penn. var. albida. Somerset. . concinna Jeffr. Anglesea.
So I should regard the card labelled “4. hzspida, Anglesea.”
. hispida L. Isle of Wight. . hispida L. No locality.
Several on this card appear to be 4. concinna.
. sericea Mill. Liverpool.
As Hf. granulata Alder.
. sericea Mill. Anglesea. . sericea Mill. var. cornea? Scarboro’.
As Helix globulus (no doubt for globularis) J effr. revelata Mich. Guernsey. Labelled H. zevelata Fér., which = sericea Miill.
. fusca Mont. Scarboro’. . fusca Mont. Liverpool. . pisana Mill. Dublin.
As £. cingenda Mont.
. virgata DaCosta. Anglesea. . virgata DaCosta var. Dublin.
A remarkable variety, not mentioned by Jeffreys. It is pure chalky white, with semitransparent white bands, closely resembling those of the var. fascé7s hyalinis of A. nemoralts. ;
. caperata Unst. Britain.
388 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.
Helix ericetorum Mill. Isle of Man.
. ericetorum Miill. Ilfracombe..
. rotundata Mill. Anglesea.
. rotundata Mill. var. alba. Cheshire. . umbilicata Mont. Anglesea.
. umbilicata Mont. Tenby.
. pygmeea Drap. Scarboro’.
. pygmeea Drap. Ireland.
. pulchella Mill. Anglesea.
. pulchella Mill. var. costata. Anglesea. As Ff. crenella Mill.
. lapicida L. Portland.
. lapicida L. Scarboro’.
. obvoluta Mill. Buriton, Hants. Bulimus acutus Mill. Anglesea, &c.
B. acutus Mill. var. bizona. Devon.
B. acutus Mill. var. inflata. Isle of Man. B. montanus Drap. Buriton, Hants.
ol Sa rage eee Pe? Ge Decade) ae Bagel gel Doe
Another card, from Bean, contains a single speci-
men from the same locality. B. obscurus Mill. Anglesea. Pupa secale Drap. Isle of Wight. P. secale Drap. Boxhill. P. anglica Fér. Scarboro’.
Labelled on two cards as Pupa anglica Bean, but this must be an error. The name is due to Férussac, while Bean appears to have been the first to make the shell known as a native of England.
P. anglica Fér. Portmarnock.
P. umbilicata Drap. Anglesea. As P. muscorum 1.
P. umbilicata Drap. var. alba. Anglesea. On the same card.
J.C., ili., October, 1882
COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 389
Pupa marginata Drap. Antrim. Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Cheshire. As V. palustris Leach. V. pygmeea Drap. Ireland. V. pygmeea Drap. Elgin. V. alpestris Alder. No locality. I only record this species as having once belonged to the collection. The two specimens on a small card (label apparently in Jeffreys’ handwriting) have been irretrievably smashed. . substriata Jeffr. Cheshire. . substriata Jeffr. Harrogate. . edentula Drap. Ireland. . edentula Drap. Scarboro’. . edentula Drap. Portmarnock. . minutissima Hartm. Northumberland. Balea fragilis Drap. Elgin. B. fragilis Drap. Belfast. Clausilia rugosa Drap. Anglesea. C. rugosa Drap. var. dubia Drap. Dover. A new locality, if correct. GC. rugosa Drap. var. dubia Drap. No locality. C. Rolphii Gray. Petersfield. Three specimens. A small box also contains six
<<<<<<
specimens of C. Rolphit (two under the name of C. Mortilletr) and one of Azeca tridens, from Charlton and Charing, Kent. CG. biplicata Mont. Battersea. Erroneously labelled C. ventricosa. C. laminata Mont. Scarboro’. Cc. laminata Mont. var. albida. No locality. No label.
390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Cochlicopa tridens Pult. Newcastle-on-Tyne. GC. lubrica Mont. Anglesea.
C. lubrica Mont. var. hyalina. Anglesea.
On the same card.
Achatina acicula Mill. Anglesea. Carychium minimum Mill Anglesea. Cyclostoma elegans Mill. Devon.
Acme lineata Drap. Scarboro’.
From Bean.
[Mr. Cooke is very pleased to be able to announce that, as a first result of his publication of the des¢derata of the MacAndrew collection at Cambridge, he has received from Mr. J. T. Marshall, of Penrith House, Cheltenham, a parcel containing the following species :—Lepton Clarkia, Cardium papillosum, Teredo pedicellata, Chiton discrepans, Rissoa lactea, R. soluta, Jeffreysia opalina, Odostomia unidentata, O. plicata, O. dolioliformis, Pisidium roseum, Limax marginatus, Vertigo Moulinsiana and V. angustior. This generous and welcome gift will be at once incorporated with the rest of the collection.—ED. |
PROCEEDINGS or THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1882.
Meeting,
HELD JULY 20TH, 1882. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, occupied the Chair. Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and approved.
DONATION TO THE LIBRARY. . Report of the Smithsonian Institution, by the Trustees. A vote of thanks was accorded the donors for their valuable gift.
J.C., iii., October, 1882
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 391
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
The Chairman showed a number of shells which he had recently collected while on a continental tour, including speci- mens of Helix obvoluta from Heidelberg; Y. arbustorum, collected just below the glacier at Grindelwald; A. sylvatica, falls of the Rhine, Dachsen; and & /apicida and Clausilia rugosa from Ghiessbach.
Mr. Taylor further showed a series of Helix arbustorum collected by Mr. L. E. Emmett near Sheffield. This series embraced a very fine distortion, and specimens of the varieties pallida and flavescens.
Collections made about Knaresbro’, Killinghall and Burton Leonard, were exhibited by Mr. Wm. Nelson.
On behalf of Mr. W. West of Bradford shells from Shipley Glen, Dringhouses and other localities, were shown. The series from Shipley included specimens of Pupa ringens; also Cochlt- copa lubrica from near Windermere, and Pupa umbilicata from head of Derwentwater.
Specimens from the Upper Wharfedale, and Bingley and Scarbro’ districts, were shown by Mr. W. D. Roebuck.
Meeting,
HELD AUGUST 24TH, 1882.
Mr J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, presided.
The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and approved. Correspondence, having reference to an exchange of Proceedings, was read from the Linnean Society, New South Wales. It was resolved that copies of the Proceedings of this Society, since their first publication in the Journal of Conchology, be sent to the Linnean Society of New South Wales, through their Agents, Messrs. Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill.
392 MORRIS: LIMN/ZA PALUSTRIS V. ALBIDA AT LEWES.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
The Chairman and Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed several specimens recently collected at Meanwood near Leeds. This series included Zimax marginatus, which has not previonsly been recorded for the Leeds district, A7zon ater var. succineus, Lflelix rotundata, Zonites fulvus and Z. alliarius.
A number of shells collected by Mr. J. W. Dixon at Brid- lington were exhibited, and particulars entered in the Yorkshire Record Book.
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck showed large collections of shells collected at various localities, whilst on a tour through Wensley- dale, Semerdale and Upper Wharfedale. The Wensleydale list contained specimens of Hel¢zx nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. arbustorum, H{. hispida, H. sericea, H. rupestris, Claustlia rugosa var. dubia, Azeca tridens, Pupa umbilicata, Balea perversa, Vitrina pellucida, Zonttes nitidulus, Z. purus, ’Z. purus var. margaritacea, Z. crystallinus, Z. alliarius, Limnea truncatula and others.
Mr. Thos. W. Bell exhibited shells from Thorpe, Milton, Castor and Halesworth in Northamptonshire. Amongst these were Helix arbustorum and varieties marmorata, flavescens and pallida, HH. nemoralis, H. hortensis, Hl. hispida, Hf. virgata, Ff, rupestris, H. rufescens var. albida, H. cantiana, Claustilia rugosa, Zonites crystallinus, Z. fulvus, Z. nitidulus and Vitrina pellucida.
Limnza palustris var. albida at Lewes.—It may be interesting to your readers to know I took a single specimen of Limnea palustris var. albida a day or two ago, on the bank of a stream near Lewes.—C. H. Morris, Lewes, Sussex.
———SOr—.
J-C., iii., October, 1882
Vol. LLL
No. I.] JANUARY, 1I880. [VoL. 3.
JOURNAL
OF
CONCHOLOGY.
bani
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
Catalogue of the Polynesian Mitridz, with remarks on their geogra- phical range, station, and descriptions of supposed new species. — Andrew Garrett. se oe tas te Seek
Pe RL ee eS ES ORE eae ae
ie al fae a SS. ele aye ee
SRST Salt ee
LONDON :
DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. MARTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
BOOKS RECEIVED.
Bulletino della Societ&é Malacologica Italiana, volume V., 1879,
fogli 4, 5, 6. _ [The Society. Science Gossip for Jan., -Feb., March, April, May, June and July, 18709. [The Editor,
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus in Leipzig, II. Jahrgang, No. 36, Aug. 25, No. 37, Sep. 8, No.
38, Sep. 22, No. 39, Oct. 6, 1879. [ The Editor. Science Gossip for Sep. and Oct., 1879. |The Editor. Collections for a Monograph of Tasmanian Land Shells by W. Legrand.—8vo., 1871, pp. 40 and 2 plates. [The Author.
A Monograph of the Land Shells of Tasmania, by W. F. Petterd. (Read before the Royal Society of Tasmania, Noy. 12, 1878, with additions to April 10, 1879), Launceston, 1879, 8vo.,
pp. vi. and 55, with folding table. [The Author. The American Naturalist, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr., vol. xiil,, Sep. and Oct., 1879. [The Editor. The Naturalist, edited by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S. and G. T. Porritt, F-L.S., Sep. and Oct., 1879, 8vo. [The Editors. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, vol, I]., part i, January, 1876—June, 1877 (published July 1877). [The Academy.
The same, vol. iii., No. I., March, 1879. [The Academy, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. for the year 1877. [The Institution. Bulletin of the Essex Institute, vol. viii. for 1876, and vol. ix. for 1877. [The Institute.
_ Journal de Conchyliologie, edited by MM. Crosse and Fischer, July, 1879, 92 pages and 3 plates. The Editors. Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana.— Volume IV,, 1878, fogli 15-20, 8vo., 1879. ; [The Society.
Mollusca of -H.M.S. ‘Challenger Expedition.—Trochide con- tinued, viz., the genera Basilissa and Trochus and the Tur- binide, viz. the genus Turbo, by Rey. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.L.S.—Extracted from the Linnean Society’s Journal, Zoology, vol. xiv., pp. 692 to 716, June 5,1879. [The Author. ©
W. Wesley’s Natural History and Scientific Book Circular, No. 38, Invertebrata (including Conchology), Ichthyology, Geology, Botany, Astronomy and Chemistry, 18709. [The Publisher.
List of Land Shells inhabiting Rurutu, one of the Austral Islands, with remarks on their synonymy, geographical range, and descriptions of new species, by Andrew Garrett; also descrip- tion of .a.new.species of. Goniebranchus, by the same, 8vo., Philadelphia, 1879. [The Author.
_ The Recent Marginellidz of South Australia, by Prof. R. Tate,
A.L.S., &c. ‘The Fossil Marginellide of Australasia, by the
same author, 8vo., 15 pages, reprinted from the Trans. Phil.
Soc. Adelaide, 1878. [The Author.
BOOKS RECEIVED.—Conz.
On. the Mollusca procured during the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’ Expeditions, 1868—70, part IL, J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D.,
HRS. €P:Z.S:,. Jane 17, 1879). [The Rathore American Naturatist, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr., vol. ~ xiii, Noy. and. Dec. _ [The Editor.
Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana, vol. v., 1879, folio 7--10, folio 11—r5; vol. iv., 1878, 2130. [The Society. Science Gossip for Novy. and Dec. , 1879. [The Editor.
EACHANGE. Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be inserted Free of Charge.
The under signed 1 is willing to EXCHANGE dredgings of mud and sand containing Foraminifera and Diatomaceeze, &c., from ‘the Coast of Australia; also Land and Marine Shells from Austra- Jasia. For copies of Papers especially on Shells, Mollusca, and ‘the Geographical distribution of Animals, will be most gratefully accepted by
Your obedient servant, JOHN BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., &e. , Curagoa House, ‘O13 WiypMILt Sr, SYDNEY, N.S.W.
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London, Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of N.S.W., Corres: ponding Member of the Royal ae of ‘Tasmania.
Mr. J. H. THOMSON, C.M.Z.S., or New Brprorp, MassaAcHuseEtTts, U.S.A., would be glad to exchange North American Land Shells for any of his desiderata in non-operculate _ Helicacea.
A good price given, either-in money or exchange, for any of the- following Shells—British specimens :—
Spheerium facustre var. rotunda, Limnoea peregra var. picta, L. peregra var. sealariformis, Ancyfus lacustris var. albida, Helix rupestris
- yar. uiridescenti-alba Balia perversa var. viridula, Clausilia parvula vars.
albida and dextrorsa, C. biplicata var. Nelsoni, and sinistral specimens of .Limnea stagnalis, Helix virgata, Cochlicopa tridens, and Acme lineata.
PHILIP B. MASON, Burton-on-TRENT.
LO COLLECTORS OF FOREIGN SHELLS.
A gentleman in Tasmania is anxious to correspond with col- lectors who can send him land shells from Siam, China, Cochin ‘China, and Japan, for Shells from Tasmania, Australia, and South ‘Sea Islands. Address:-—Lieut. C. E. BEDDOME, me N., HILt- GROVE, BROWN’S RIVER Roav, HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA,
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST: A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel, Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the Contents of Foreign Scientific
Journals, and the latest Home and F oreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum (By Subscription).
TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON. “THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D. F.LS.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d. BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH AND Lonpon.
“THE NATURALIST,” Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
Monthly price gd. or gs. per annum (in advance ).
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions; Notes and Queries; Exchanges; Diary of Meetings, &c. The Volumes commence with the August Number. Volume V. commenced August, 1879. Post
Sree of
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Madeira.
Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free. List of the Limnzide of North America. Compiled by Witt1am Netson, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per doz., post free List of the Land Shells of North America, Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
List of British Land and Freshwater Shells. Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free.
To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds.
AUSTRALIAN SHEE iS: W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA,
Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities from 10s. upwards, postage included. Where possible, requests for special genera or species will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference :— Mr. J. W. Taytor, editor of this journal. Address—W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, S. AUSTRALIA,
aan aS aes G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies, desiderata and entire Collections, from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World.
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
ROBERT F. GHALE, Natural History Agent, (Many years with the late HucH CumING),
SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, &€.
Collections Bought or Sold on Commission. 55, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.
No. 21 APRIL, 1880. : [Vor. 3.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : Catalogue of the Polynesian Mitridz, with remarks on their geogra- phical range, station, and descriptions of supposed new species. — Andrew Garrett... ‘ce vet ae cas wn 88
LONDON :
DAVID BOGUE, 3, St. MARTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., ST. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRFEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.
‘PRICE ONE SHILLING.
BOOKS RECEIVED. oe
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus Leipzig, No. 40, Oct. 20, 1879. [The Editor. Journal of Royal Microscopical Society, Feb., 1880, vol. iii., No. 1. [The Society.
Transactions of Watford Natural History Society and Hertford- shire Field Club, Sep. and Dec., 1879. [The Society. The Naturalist, edited by C. P. Hobkirk F.L.S. and G. T. Porritt,, F.L.S., Dec., Jan., Feb. and Mar., 1880. [The Editors. Further Notes on the Freshwater Shells of Tasmania, by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. [The Author, Notes on the distribution and variability of Tasmanian Land Shells, by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. [The Author. Notes on certain tertiary and post-tertiary deposits on Islands in Bass’s Straits, by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. [The Author. Comparative table showing distribution of Australian Marine Tertiary Shells, &c. by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. [The Author. Jahrbucher der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft
redigirt von Dr. Kobelt, Oct., 1879. [The Editor. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Nos. 10-12. [The Society.
Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 1878, vol. xii., edited by Prof. Liversedge and Dr.
Leibius. [The Editors. Annual Report of the department of Mines of New South Wales, 1877. [The Department.
Nature Novitates, von Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Nos. 1ro—18. [The Publishers.
The American Naturalist, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr., March, 1880. [The Editor.
- Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. Victor Carus in Leipzig, No. 50, March 8, No. 51, March 22, 1880. . [The Editor.
Zoologica et Paleeontologica Miscellanea, chiefly relating to South Australia, by Prof. R. Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S., &c., 8vo., 6 pp. -and plate. [The Author.
Dr. J. C. Cox’s exchange list of land and marine shells from Australia and adjacent islands, 8vo., 8 pp. [Mr. J, Brazier. Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. iii.,
part 4, pp- 138 and 6 plates. [ Mr. J. Brazier. Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana.—Volume vi., fogli 1-4, 1880, pp. 64. [The Society. W. Wesley’s Natural History and Scientific Book Circular (includ- ing Conchology). . {The Publisher.
Tenth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of Colorado and adjacent territory, by Dr. F. V. Hayden, 8vo., pp. 546 with maps and plates. [The Author.
BOOKS RECEIVED.—Cont
- Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, vol. ie Cretaceous Vertebrata, by Prof. E. D. Cope, 4to., pp. 302 and 57 plates. [ Prof. Hayden.
U.S. Geological Surxey of the Territories, vol. vii., “Tertiary Flora,” Leo Lesquereux, 4to., pp. 366 and 65 plates.
[ Prof. Hayden.
U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Illustrations of Creta-
ceous and Tertiary plants, 4to., 26 plates. [ Prof. Hayden.
EACHANGE.
Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be inserted Free of Charge. The undersigned is willing to ExcHance dredgings of mud and sand containing Foraminifera and Diatomacee, &c., from the Coast of Australia; also Land and Marine Shells from Austra- lasia. or copies of Papers especially on Shells, Mollusca, and the Geographical distribution of Animals, will be most gratefully accepted by Your obedient servant, JOHN BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S,, &c., Curacgoa House, r1, WINDMILL St., SYDNEY, N.S.W. Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London, Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of N.S.W., Corres- ponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania.
Mr. J. H. THOMSON, C.M.ZS., or New Beprorp, MassacHusetTts, U.S.A., would be glad to exchange North American Land Shells for any of his desiderata in non-operculate Helicacea.
A good price given, either in money or exchange, for any of the following Shells—British specimens :—
Spherium lacustre var. rotunda, Limnea peregra var. picta, L. peregra var. scalariformis, Ancylus lacustris var. albida, Helix rupestris var. viridescenti-alba. Balia perversa var. viridula, Clausilia parvula vars. aloida and dextrorsa, C. biplicata var. Nelsoni, and sinistral specimens of Limneea stagnalis, Helix virgata, Cochlicopa tridens, and Acme lineata.
PHILIP B. MASON, BuRTON-ON-TRENT.
TO COLLECTORS OF FOREIGN SHELLS.
A gentleman in Tasmania is anxious to correspond with col- lectors who can send him land shells from Siam, China, Cochin China, and Japan, for Shells from Tasmania, Australia, and South Sea Islands. Address:—Lieut. C. E. BEDDOME, TENS einen GROVE, BRown’s RiveR Roap, HOBART TOWN, Tasmania.
: THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:
A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel, Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the Contents of Foreign Scietitific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s: perannum (By Subscription), 4
TRUBNER & Go. 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,” A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, ea Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D. F.LS. - Arinual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: Epinsurce anv Lonpon. “THE NATURALIST,”
; Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, E.L.S.
Monthly price 4d: or 4s. per annum (in advance).
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions; Notes and Queries; Exchanges; Diary of Meetings, &c. The Volumes commence with the August Number. Volume V. commenced August, 1879. Post
Tree of
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
List of the Land atid Freshwater Shells of Madeira. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free. List of the Limnzid% of North America.
Compiled by Witt1am Netson, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I, Price 3d: each; or 2s. per doz., post free
List of the Land Shells of North America. _ Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
List of British Land and Freshwater Shells.
Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free.
To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds.
AUSTRALIAN SHELLS.
W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities froin 10s. upwards, postage included. Where possible, requests for special genera or species will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference:—Mr. J. W. TAYLor, editor of this journal. Address—W. T: BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, S. AUSTRALIA.
G. B. SOWERBY, <5, Great Russell St., London, Namés and erranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums ; supplies, desiderata and entire Collections, from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World.
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
ROBERT’ F. GEALSE, Natural History Agent, (Many years with the late HuGH CUMING),
SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, ECCS, REPTILES, &€.
Collections Bought or Sold on Commission. 56, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.
Nog JULY, 1880. [Vou. 3.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
: CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE. Catalogue of the Polynesian Mitridz, with remarks on their geogra- phical range, station, and descriptions of supposed new species.— Andrew Garrett. sh a Aan Ma a Se OS Helix virgata monst. Sinteoree and H. ‘anetat var. albida, near Yarmouth, Isle of Wight.—C. Ashford te &s Bho ys Helix aspersa monst. sinistrosa at Redcar.— W. C. Hey, M. ree Bey! Suggestions for a serial arrangement of the variations of our banded land shells.—C. Ashford eae : Ae se EE Bee tal0) On Rhytida caffra Fer.—J. S. Gibbons, M. B. Svan ve 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879 ia See 74
PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL § SOCIETY: 86
LONDON :
DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. MARTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET. _BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carisrrasse, 11. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
BOOKS RECEIVED.
U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, vol. ix., Invertebrate Paleontology, by F. B. Meek, 4to., pp. 629, and 45 plates. [Prof. Hayden. Descriptive Catalogue of the Photographs of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories for the years 1869 to 1873 inclusive, by W. H. Jackson, Photographer. [Prof. Hayden. Descriptive Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians, by W. H. Jackson, Photographer to the Survey. [ Prof. Hayden. Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. [Prof. Hayden. Preliminary Report of the Field Work of the U. S. Geological. and Geographical Survey of the Territories, for 1877. [ Prof. Hayden. Preliminary Report of the Field Work of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, for 1878. [ Prof. Hayden. Supplement to the Fifth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories for 1871.—Report on Fossil Flora, by Leo Lesquereux. [Prof. Hayden. Catalogue of the Publications of the U. S. Geological and Geo- graphical Survey of the Territories. [ Prof. Hayden. Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Nos. 2, 4 and 6. : [ Prof. Hayden. A Review ofthe Fossil Flora of North America, by Leo Lesquereux. [Prof. Hayden. Wesley’s Natural History and Scientific Book Circular, No. 41. - [The Publisher. Papers, Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society of Tas- mania, for 1878. [The Society. Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, vol. ii., Nos. 2, 3 and 4; vol. ili., No. 1, 2, 3 and “4; vol. iv., Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4; vol.v. No.1: [Prof. Hayden. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. ii1., parti., - No. 2.—The early types of Insects or the origin and sequence of Insect life in Paleozoic times, by S. H. Scudder. On
Distomum crassicolle, by C. S. Minot. [The Society. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xix., part iii. and iv.; vol. xx., part 1. [The Society.
Bulletin of the Essex Institute, vol. x., Nos.1-12. [The Institute. Annual Report of the-Comptroller of the currency to the second session of the Forty-sixth Congress of the United States.
[The Comptroller.
On the Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedition, the Czcide, comprising the genera Parastrophia, Watsonia and Czecum,
by the Marquis de Folin, with a prefatory note by Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F. R.S.E.,F.L.S.,&c. [Rev. R. B. Watson.
BOOKS. RECEIVED.—Cont
Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Jan. and April, 1880. : [Dr. Kobelt. _ Thirty-first Annual Report of the Trustees of the Astor Library,
1870. {The Trustees. Nature Novitates, 19-25. ~ [The Publishers Science Gossip, May and June, 1880. _ |The Publishers. The Naturalist, May, 1880. ee le be: Beditoms, Bucher Verzeichness, No. 309. [R. Friedlander & Son.
HACHANGE.
Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be inserted Free of Charge.
The undersigned is willing to EXCHANGE dredgings of mud and sand containing Foraminifera and Diatomacee, &c., from the Coast of Australia; alse Land and Marine Shells from Austra- lasia. or copies of Papers especially on Shells, Mollusca, and the Geographical distribution of Animals, will be most gratefully accepted by
Your obedient servant, JOHN BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., &c., Curacoa House, 11, WINDMILL St., SYDNEY, N.S.W.
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London, Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of N.S.W., Corres- ’ ponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania.
Mr. J. H. THOMSON, C.M.ZS., or NEw BEDFORD, Massacuusetts, U.S.A., would be glad to exchange North American Land Shells for any of his desiderata in non-operculate Helicacea.
A good price given, either in money or exchange, for any of
the following Shells—British specimens :— Spherium lacustre var. rotunda, Limncea peregra var. picta, ‘L. peregra var. scalariformis, Ancylus lacustris var. albida, Helix rupestris var. viridescenti-alba Balia perversa var. viridula, Clausilia parvula vars.
albida and dextrorsa, C. biplicata var. Nelsoni, and sinistral specimens of ‘Limneea stagnalis, Helix virgata, Cochlicopa tridens, and Acme lineata.
PHILIP B. MASON, Burton-on-Trent.
TO COLLECTORS OF FOREIGN SHELLS.
A gentleman in Tasmania is anxious to correspond with col- - lectors who can send him land shells from Siam, China, Cochin - China, and Japan, for Shells from Tasmania, Australia, and South Sea Islands. Address:—Lieut. C. E. BEDDOME, LN., Hitt _ GROVE, Brown’s RivER Roap, HOBART TOWN, Tasmanra.
»
iia AMERICAN NATURALIST: A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.
Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum (by Subscription).
TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON. Stam SCOTTISSE ee
_ A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D. F.L.S.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EnpinsurcH AND Lonpon. “DEE NATURALIST,” ~ S95
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S. Monthly price gd. or gs. per annum (in advance),
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions; Notes and Queries; Exchanges; Diary of Meetings, &c. The Volumes commence with the August Number. Volume V. commenced August, 1879. ost
Sree of
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
IRR ey ta
List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Madeira,
Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
List of the Limnzide of North America. Compiled by -Witt1aAm Ne son, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per doz., post free
List of the Land Shells of North America. Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
List of British Land and Freshwater Shells. Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free.
To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds.
AUSTRALIAN SHELES:
W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities from 10s, upwards, postage included. Where-possible, requests for special genera or species will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island
Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference :—Mr. J. W. TAYLor, Editor of this Journal. Address—W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, S, AUSTRALIA.
G. B. SOWERBY, +45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums ; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts: of the World.
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
ROBERT F. GEALE, Natural History Agent, [Many years with the late HuGH CUMING, ]
SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, &€C.
Collections Bought or Sold on Commission. 55, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.
No. 4.] OCTOBER, I880. Von. 3.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS. PAGE, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877 97 ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : On the Association of Limnza glabra, Physa hypnerum and _ Planorbis spirorbis. aa aoe LAS Wm. Nelson. 115
Bulimus acutus var. bizona in the Isle of Wight. Charles Ashford. 116
Note on Bulimus detritus .., : . Philip B. Mason. 118 PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
of Great Britain and Ireland. 119
— > 2+ e—=<—_
LONDON:
DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. Marrin’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C. LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., St, ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLESTRASSE, 11. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND,
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
BOOKS RECEIVED.
“ Fiddskrift for populere Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben, udgivet af C. F. Lutken og Eug. Warming, rste and adet Heefte, 1880. [The Editors.
Bulletin of the Geological and Gaccaniied Survey of the Ter- — ritories. —The So-called Two-ocean Passes, by F. V. Hayden.
| The Author.
Preliminary report of the Field-work of the Survey for 1878, by co
Prof. Hayden. [The Author. Fossil Forests of the Volcanic Tertiary formation of the Yellow- - stone National Park, by W. H. Holmes. [ Prof. Hayden. Jura-Trias section of Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, > by wa es Peale, VED: [ Prof. Hayden. Horizons of Soe Vertebrata of Europe and N. America.— 1.—The relation of the Vertebrata of Europe and N. America; Observations on the Faunz of the Miocene Tertiaries of Oregon, by E. D. Cope. [ Prof. Hayden. Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, by Prof. Hayden. [The Author. Preliminary Report of the Field-work of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, for the season of
1877. [ Prof. Hayden. The Naturalist, June, 188o. [The Editors. The American Naturalist, June, 1880. [The Editor. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, May, 1880, No. 5. [The Editor.
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus, Leipzig, No. 57, June 7th; No. 58, June 21st, 1380. [The Editor. Wesley’s-Natural History and Scientific Book Circular, No. 42. [T he Publisher. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, parts 7, 2 and 3, pp. 490 and 15 plates, 1879. [The Academy. Science Gossip, No. 187, July 1, 1880. |The Publisher. Eleventh Annual Report of the ue Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, embracing Idaho and Wyoming, being a report of progress of the exploration for the year O77, OV be Vi: Hayden, 1879, pp. 720, 10 plates and 76 maps. eos _ [The Department of the Interior. The Naturalist, edited by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., and GZ:
Porritt, F.L.S., No. 60, July, 1880. [The Editors. The American Naturalist, vol. xiv., No. 7, July, 1880, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr. [The Editor.
Transaction of the Watford Natural History Society and Hert- fordshire Field Club, edited by John Hopkinson, F.LS., F.G.S., vol. in, ie 7 and §, April and June, 1880.
[The chug
BOOKS RECEIVED.—Conzé.
‘The Popular Science Review, edited by W. S. Dallas, F.LS., No. 15, July, 1880. [The Publisher. Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus ~ in Leipzig, No. 59, July 5, 1380. | The Editor, Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana, vol. v., fogli 16-18, 1879. [The Society. Tiddskrift for populere Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben, cudgivet af C. F. Lutken og Eug. Warming, 3die Hefte, 1880. [The Editors.
EXCHANGE.
- Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be “inserted Free of Charge:
The undersigned is willing to ExcHaNcE dredgings of mud and sand containing Foraminifera and Diatomacee, &c., from the Coast of Australia; also Land and Marine Shells from Austra- - Jasia, for copies of Papers especially on Shells, Mollusca, and the Geographical distribution of Animals, will be most gratefully accepted by
Your obedient servant, JOHN BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., &c., Curagoa House, 11, WINDMILL ST., SYDNEY, N.S.W.
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London, ~ Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of N.S.W., Corres- ponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania.
Mr. J. H. THOMSON, C.M.Z.S., or New BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.,- would be glad to exchange North American Land. Shells for any of his desiderata in non-operculate Helicacea.
A good price given, either in money or exchange, for any of the following Shells—British specimens :— :
Spheerium lacustre var. rotunda, Limncea peregra var. picta, L. peregra var. scalariformis, Ancylus lacustris var. albida, Helix rupestris . yar. viridescenti-alba, Balia perversa var. viridula, Clausilia parvula vars. aloida and dextrorsa, C. biplicata var. Nelsoni, and sinistral specimens of Limneea stagnalis, Helix virgata. Cochlicopa tridens, and Acme lineata.
PHILIP B. MASON, Burron-on-TRENT.
TO COLLECTORS OF FOREIGN SHELLS.
A gentleman in Tasmania is anxious to correspond with col- “Jectors who can send him land shells from Siam, China, Cochin * China, and Japan, for Shells from Tasmania, Australia, and South Sea Islands. Address:—Lieut. C. E. BEDDOME, L.N., Hitt. .. ‘GROVE, BRown’s River Roap, HOBART TOWN, Tasmanta,
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST: A Popular Illustrated Monthly: Magazine of Natural History and Travel, Contains Departments. of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzeonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Voreign Scientific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum (by Subseription), :
TRUBNER & Co,, 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON. “THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D, F.LS. Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers rs. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH anp Lonpon. “TEE NATURALIST,”
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. | Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T.: PORRITT, F.L.S. ‘ Monthly price gd. or 4s. per annum (in advance).
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions; Notes and Queries; Exchanges; Diary of Meetings, &c. The Volumes commence with the August Number in each year. Volume VI. commenced August, 18g0. Lost free of Se :
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Maderia. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free. ; List of the Limnzide of North America. Compiled by Witttam Netson, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I. Price 3d. each, or Qs. per doz., post free List of the Land Shells of North America. Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
List of British Land and Freshwater Shells.
Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free. To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds. AUWVSTRALTIAN: SEE ES:
W, T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities from Ios. - upwards, postage included... Where possible, requests for special genera or species will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island
Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference :—Mr. J. W. Taytor, Editor of this Journal. Adévess—W. T. BEDNALL, ADELaInn, S, AUSTRALIA.
G. B. SOWERSBY, 45, Great Russell St., London, Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World,
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
ROBERT F. GEALE, Natural History Agent, [Many years with the late HUGH CuMING.]
SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, &€C.
Collections Bought or Sold on Commission. 65, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.
No. 5] JANUARY, 188I. [Vor 3.
THE
JOURNAL
OF
CONCHOLOGY.
_ ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
THE QUARTERLY f{OURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS.
NEW SPECIES: PAGE. Helix dubia Taylor... 8 Sate Bs Se soe de Nia Bulimus Bawriensis Taylor 142 Bulimus Zanguebaricus Taylor 143 Pupa turricula T aylor 143
Pupa (Ennea) sex-dentata Taylor
: vn w. =144 ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : Notes on Bulimus heterostomus of the Eocene, Isle of Wight.
Charles Ashford. 129 Notes from the Isle of Wight ... ..Charles Ashford. List of the Land and ee Shells found at Hornsea, July, 1880... eae Butterell. 136 Proposed System of Conchological Locality Records. Wm. Denison Roebuck. 138 Lymnzea peregra var. picta in Derbyshire.—Rev. Herbert Milnes. 1 53 List of Mollusca obtained in South Carolina and Florida (principally in the Island of Key West), 1171-1872. .
James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., FLS. 155
Note on Planorbis corneus. .. dfeiOy Butterell. 137 Note on the Shells in the neighbourhood of Bristol. Jas. W. Cundall, 137 REVIEWS:
Messrs. Gray & Call’s Proposed ‘‘Monographof American Unionide.” 140 Tryon’s Manual of Conchology, Vols. I.-II. ...
PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY ve
Great Britain and Ireland. 145
ERG SEOs LONDON:
DAVID BOGUE, 3, St. MARTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C. LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sr. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
eS SS sesanesescrenc rare = ae
LIST OF LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS,
ConsIGNED BY Mr. V. RopitLARD oF Mauritius ISLAND TO THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY, S42. cA NUNS oP Ran 0 ie Han og
TO BE SOLD.
eee es PR ees SR ua EE Fa ae eS Ace
Oo AUDA OAs
s. ad, | J.
Helix farafanga, Madagascar (rare) 5 © | Helix marginata, Sooloo Island... fo)
a ” (young) TSeOei ens », Alhbaboo island... 1
ae Souverbiana 9 DSOniehos inversicolor (large sp.)
i ee var. (fine) . Br Oal sesh Mauritius... fo)
» cornugiganteum, Madagascar Ziloasas SS LY DEL Ret wun fo)
ye 29 vat. 2” 2 6 ¥ ay Var. ” 12]
», magnifica, Madagascar ... TE MO ss »» var. (rare) ,, sa fe)
a lanx ae 2 0} ,, sulcifera(subfossil) (rare)
», . lanx, var. ‘5 I 6 Mauritius... fo)
3, funebris ss 2 0! ,, cyclaria (subfossil) (rare) :
a 5, (fine) as 26 Mauritius... Oo 6
a8 she Vials 5 2 o| ,,. . rufa (large sp.) (rare) .
», sepulchralis $3 I oO Mauritius... (o}
pyaVals Fs Y 6) 4,4) Vate,, Mauritius fo)
», calypso Hs 1 6] ,, maur itiana He fo)
si 33 us Es OM rn, var. fe)
‘,, feneriffensis a | Genk oY bata stylodon (rare), Mauritius (o)
ay) : ”? oe) Io 29 implicata 99 ” 10)
>> xystera oh be Osea Re VAI Ole a °
aig Ri eware 78k 1 6}| ,, argentea (large sp. ie ” re)
” Guillaini 2» eG) » >» », (rare) ,, : 10)
», omphalodes ,, SOOT tat, ” white & green vars.
a oy AV ATS EC i ne 2 0 Mauritius... fo)
Eph ei - I 6]j ,, rufocincta ay fo)
+, Unidentata, Seychelles BeiOulienss var. Ph Sto
es »» Var., Seychelles ... Ee O25 phylirina my fo)
x Hp Timor... 1 6! ,, boryana (rare) sé 0)
BOOKS RECEIVED. _
Memoirs of The Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iii, part. Ss
WPAN NADDWwWA AO
No. iii., Palaeozoic Cockroaches, a complete revision of the species
of both worlds, with an essay towards their Classification, by
Samuel H. Scudder, pp. 134 and 6 plates. [The Society.
Conga to, the Geology of Eastern Massachusetts, by W. O. Crosby, pp. 288, 5 plates and colored geological map.
[Boston Society of Natural History.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xx., parts
ii. and‘iii., pp. 336 and 3 plates, [The Society. The Transactions of the ‘Academy of Sciences of St. Louis, vol. iv., No. i, pp. 250, 2 plates and photograph. [The Academy.
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus in —
Leipzig, No. 60, 12th July, 1880. [The Editor.
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY; STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, ;
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions and figures of the TRITONID#, Fusip@ and BucciNID&. This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto ‘published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.
[Vol. LV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]
; “Completed Volumes. Vou. I, CEPHALOPODA. 1879. 316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent
species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.
Vou. II, MuricIn& AND PURPURIN®. 1880. rs 289 pp. with 7o plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.
CONDITIONS. THE MaNvuAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the Muricidz will follow.
It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will .be revocable on the completion of any volume.
* * Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : FINE EpiTion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will _ be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.)
Price, per Part, A Bas Bos oa ae ... $8 00 CoLorREeD EpITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, a aise a 3 00
American subscribers will please address. GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;
TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59, Ludgate, JosEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main. London. : H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A. AsHER & C€o., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Grore, Bale. Berlin. _H. Geore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. C, GEROLD’sS SOHN, Vienna. _U. Hoepui, Milan, Naples and Pisa.
* .* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes. at the subscription. price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance
_ upon tke subscription price for either of the volumés.
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:
A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.
Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 78s. per annum (by Subscription).
TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON. ‘Lie SCOTTISH NATURALS...
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, © Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.LS.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH anp LONDON. “THE NATURALIST,”
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S, and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S. Monthly price 4d. or 45. per. annum (in advance).
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions; Notes and Queries; Exchanges; Diary of Meetings, &c. The Volumes commence with the August Number in each year. Volume VI. commenced August, ~ 18g0. Lost free of
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Maderia. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free. List of the Limnzide of North America. Compiled by Wittiam Netson, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I, Price 3d. each, or 2s. per doz., post free List of the Land Shells of , North America. Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
List of British Land and Freshwater Shells. Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free.
To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds.
AUSTRALIAN SHELLS.
W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities from 10s. upwards, postage included. Where possible, requests for special genera or species will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island
Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference :—Mr. J. W. TAYLor, Editor of this Journal. Address—W, T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, S. AUSTRALIA.
G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums ; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which i is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
ROBERT F. GEALE, Natural History Agent, [Many years with the late-HuGH CUMING, ]
SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, &C.
Collections Bought or Sold on Commission, 55, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.
ee APRIL, [88l. [Vou 3. THE JOURNAL OF
CONCHOLOGY.,
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
| CONTENTS. | ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: _ PAGE.
List of Mollusca obtained in South Carolina and Florida (principally at the Island of Be Westy in 1871— ule. eas Cosmo Melvill,
TA a fish Rie a
Ae) 161
Unio luteolus. ines and its allied ene eae FB, Me Witter (Read before the Conchological Society) tire 3 173 Note on Helix rosacea (Petterd).—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. _... peor 7A Proposed International Conchological Congress at Venice ... 176
Hyalina Draparnaldi (Beck.) in England.—(Mrs.) J. Fitzgerald, 177 Succinea Pfeifferi (Rossm.) at Folkestone.—(Mrs.) J. Fitzgerald, 177
Note on the association of species.—J. D. Butterell, Beverley Saree sof Cyclostoma elegans (Miill.) in the Lake District.—R. Scharff, Edinburgh University oa 178 Note on Yorkshire Shells.—Rev. W. C. . Hey M. a The Residence Vorka 3: ; 178 Peuiccnieny ee 2 te _ LONDON:
DAVID BOGUE, 3, St. MARTIN’S PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C. : LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., ST. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. "LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING,
LIST OF SEELLS,
ConsiGNeD By Mr. V. RopiLLaARD or Mauritius IsLaNnD TO THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY, ST: “ANN STREBT OEE EDS,
1 BE SOD:
Stee 5. a. Mitra nodosa (rare) Mauritius ..O 4| Ennea Nevilli (rare), Mauritius Io Haliotis sp. ...0 4 | Pupa Barclayi, otek Oo 3 Triten rubecula, Mauritius ..0 41] P. sp. (fine), PS Oo 3 Dolabella gigas (rare), Mauritius ...1 6 | P. palanga, A o 4 D. Rumphi, re ...O 5 | P. mauritianus, bs Ons: Engina pulchella, a ...0 21 P. modiolus, a Qiek Cytherea picta, ae ...0 4] P. pagodus, 4 I Oo Ranella siphonata, a ...O 9] P. mondranii, — .0 6 Coralliophila neritoides, ,, ...0 2 | Gibbus lyonetianus, Mauritius (this Patella chitonoides, a 20, 4. species has totally ee in P. spinifera, a ape oMoe 24 the Island) ¢ eg Cypreea cruenta, Ye ..0 6] Pupa sulcatus, Mauritius 0 Purpura persica, a Ol At Cavan ues ...0 Conus flavidus, BY ...0 6] P. versipolis ...0 C. millepunctatus, es a0) 4041 be teres: 10 Ranella anceps, Ss e207 04).Es holustoma : aC Aplustra aplustre, 3 ...0 3 Neritina mauritiana, Madseucee 0 Akera soluta, is ...O 5 N. sp. (fine), Mauritius ...0 Helix mauritiana (var.), ,, ...0 3 |N. sp. (fine), Madagascar ... ...0 H. inversicolor, ys ...o 51 N. longispina, Nauritius <O
WAH HWWWAAA OO
EXCHANGE.—A few. mounted and unmounted palates of British land and freshwater mollusks offered in exchange for named varieties of British shells or for any books on conchology.—J. D. _BUTTERELL, 2, St. John Street, Beverley.
BOOKS RECEIVED.
Jahrbiicher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, redigirt von Dr. W. Kobelt, Heft i, July 1, 1880, pp. 94, and plate.
The Editor.
Science Gossip, No. 188, Aug. 2, 1880. rhe Editor.
The Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. iv., —
No. 1. [The Academy. ; Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus in Leipzig, No. 61, July 26, 1880. [The Editor. The Naturalist, edited by CE Hobkirk, F.L.S., and G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., vol. vi., No. 62, Aug., 1880, [The Editors, The American Natnralist, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr., vol. xiv., No. 8, Aug., 1880. [The Editor .
Wesley’s Natural History and Scientific Book Circular (Zoolo Physical Science, Botany, &c.), No. 40. [The Publisher,
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junn,,
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions and figures of the TRITONID#, Fusipa and Buccinip#&. This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.
[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]
Completed Volumes. VoL. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879.
316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. VoL. II. MuRICIN® AND PURPURINAE. 1880. - “
289 pp- with 7o plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of Massification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.
COND LEELONS: THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- . plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, '
*
to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the -
~ Muricidz will follow.
It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete
_ the work; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable
on the completion of any volume.
* ,* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : Fine Epirion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will,
be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.)
Price, per Part, aes a ane By aa ... $8 00. COLORED Epirion.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EpITION. Per Part, 28g sey a es 3 00 American subscribers will please address —
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. _ Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JOSEPH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main, - London. H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A, AsHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Grore, Bale. Leagie Berlin. H. Geore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. C. GrEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. Hoep.i, Milan, Naples and Pisa.
*, Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:
A Popular tlustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.
Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzeonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum {by Subscription).
TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIS? = A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D, F.LS. Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EbpiInpuRGH anpD Lonpon. TTEReE NATURAL IS...
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, FL.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S. Monthly price ad. or 45. per annum (in advance).
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers: read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions; Notes and Queries; Exchanges; Diary of Meetings, &c. The Volumes commence with the August Number in each year. Volume VI. commenced August, 1880. Lost free oes ee
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
ee
T. A. VERERUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C.
Purposing to undertake a collecting journey to North America, I have determined to dispose of some of my spe- cial. collections, Viz. :— 1.—Above 500 species and vars. of Clausilia, comprising the greatest rarities from
all parts of the globe, and determined according to the latest researches. 2.—Above 300 species and vars. of Pupacea. ditto, ditto. 3.—About 200 species and varieties of Fuge Se Eucalodium, Macroceramus, and Lia.
4.—About 70 species and vars. of Pleurotomidz in 124 lots. es —About 100 lots of Pecten, principally European and Arctic seas,
The above comprise mostly choice and handsome specimens. Besides these there are vari us rare Buccini, Fusi, Trophon, &c., &c. Further particulars on application to the above address.
G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and’ arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums ; suppiies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which i is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World.
Price Lists on Apptication. Specimens sent for Selection.
R 0 BERT F. GHALE, Natural History Agent, [Many years with the ee HucGH CuMING, |
SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, 80.
. Collections Bought or Sold on Commission. 55, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.
No. 7.] JULY, i881. — [Von. 3. |
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : - PAGE, Destruction of Shell-life by Floods. —Charles Ashford — se 195 Observations on the Genus Astarte, with a list of the known recent
species.—Edgar A, Smith... e gies .. 196
BIBLIOGRAPHY vs vs vo ne ++ 193
— > aa
LONDON:
DAVID .BOGUE, 3, St. MarTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQuarg, W.C. . LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN CARLSTRASSE, II.
>
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.
PRICE» ONE SHILLING,
LIisT OF SHELIS,
CONSIGNED BY Mr. V. RoBILLARD OF Mauritius ISLAND TO THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY, Sh. AGN NS TR Bnet ooh, Bens.
LO BE SOLED.
Ke aA 282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 41567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau- 259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... o 6 VItLUS. ecee oan o4 289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... © 34579 Turbo, Port Natal .................. oL2 422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius............ © 3} 266 Melania, sp., Mauritius ............ 03 408 Cardium, sp., Re C RATERS © 4} 264 M. spinulosa PRM ce raricd i, 0 3 423 Septifer Kraussi °,, ieagscaveetOne2qpeo2 MLemitra eras tnd occu: 04 A27. Pinna: Miatllancis sees versesschescs 0 31.295 M. longispina, v.75) 0) Saveur 0 3 566 Haliotis, sp., Be ae LIOR © 34311 Melampus lividus,, ............ 02 A207 Gythereaipicta, Vere, eke semenccunes: © 3} 313 M. fasciatus 3p Rs eeu aes O02 418 C. varia, v. Se aa eae nae Re oO 3} 308 M. luteus ee Sa resne seins 02 412° Donisiarvariegatal soy saseecsn se O51 3i2 Mis.55 owhite Ve, te eee 02 424 Modiola rostratus ,, —......... ee o 3} 184 Parmaphorus, sp. ,, 0 3 410 Cardiumbicoloress: is: o-cy..e. cece. o 6} 190 Scutellina, sp. 59 tie eane am 02 260, Modiolarial (rane) ss, ousen saaaeiest © 44485 Eulima, sp. Pen ee Fe: 03 308 Melampus luteus ,, ............ oO 2} 162 E. Cumingii (rare) ............ 000s Bers 569 Conus pertusus (very rare & fine) 160 Ee arcuatal (./.t.c)scancd eee nee 0 6 Mauritius..... ...... § Of 161 (B. acuta ocs.n sched cannes ae 05 309 Melampus fuscus ,, ~—...... 0.0. © 2} 163 Stylifer ovoidens.<. fi. vce, aueessees (ome) 207 Patella (rare) aaa TS iat Re © 2) 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius...... 03 186 Neszea, sp. apts sane SSe nce 02
EXCHANGE.—A’ few mounted and unmounted palates of British land and freshwater mollusks offered in exchange for named varieties of British shells or for any books on conchology.—J. D. BUTTERELL, 2, St. John Street, Beverley.
BOOKS RECEIVED.
On a new species of Chiton lately found on the British coast.—By J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., 4 pp., 8vo., July, 1880.
[The Author. Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus in
Leipzig, No. 62, Aug. 9th, 1880. [The Editor. The Naturalist, edited by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., and G. T. Porritt, ELS. No. 62, vol. vi., Sep., 1880. [The Editors. Science Gossip, Sep., 18&o, "No. 189. [The Publisher. Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Caius in Leipzig, No. 63, Aug. 23, 1880. [The Editor.
Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Nos. 6 and 7, July and Aug., 1880. [The Editor.
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS oF THE SPECIES.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions and figures of the TRITONID&, Fusip@ and BUCCINIDA. This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.
»[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]
Completed Volumes. Vor. I, CEPHALOPODA. 1879, 316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 142 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. Vou. Il. MuricIN® AND PuRPURINA. 1880, 289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.
COND ELLONS: THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts . {in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each ‘part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part ug to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the Muricidze will follow. ’ ¢ It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete ~ the work; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume, *, Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : Fine Epirion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.)
; Price, per Part, ee ae ac ae Ba seers QOLOG:
CoLoreD Evirion.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Rantyne corn a ee
PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, Se se ae 20 3 00
American subscribers will please address GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
; Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;
TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JOSEPH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main,
London. H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 6s, Lyons,
F, Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France.
A, ASHER & Co., 53 Mohienstrasse, H. Grore, Bale. ee Berlin. f H. Grore, Corraterie No. To, Geneva, _C. GEROLD’s Sonn, Vienna. U. Hoepti, Milan, Naples and Pisa.
*,." Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the _ subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance _ upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST: A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and * Travel.
Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzeonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and: Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum (by Subscription).
TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.LS.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d. * BLACKWOOD & SONS: EnpinsurcH and Lonpon,
“THE NATURALIST,”
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record, Edited by C. P, HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S. Monthly price gd. or 4s. per annum (in advance). ; Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions ; Notes and Queries; Exchanges, &c.
The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August, 1881. Post Free of
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
ovmen. =
T. A. VERERUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C.
Purposing to undertake a collecting journey to North America, 1 have determined to dispose of some of my spe- cial collections, Viz. :—
1.—Above 5€0 species and vars. of Clansilia, ccmprising the greatest rarities from all parts of the globe, and determined according to the latest researches.
2,—Above 3co species and vars. of Pupacea, ditto, ditto.
3,—About 200 species and varieties of Cylindrella, Eucalodium, Macroceramus, and Lia.
4.—About 70 species and vars. of Pleurotomi¢e in 124 lots. _
5.—About 100 lots of Pecten, principally European and Arctic seas.
The above comprise mostly choice and handsome specimens. Besides these there are varicus rare Buccini, Fusi, Trophon, &c., &c. . Further particulars on application to the. above address. a
G. B. SOWERBY, 46, Great Ruceell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts — ef the World.
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
Mea) oe VOGTOBER, Weal Wen fee ) Nog ly I50Q
THE
JOURNAL.
OF
CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 as
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS. DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES: ba PAGE Conus Brazieri G. B. Sowerby, junr. Jet Raa ies ws 234.
_ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
. Observations on the Genus Astarte with a list. ee the known recent species. —Edgar A. Smith.. nt 225
Planorbis complanatus monst. ciniStrorsuih CEeS F -M. Hele, Brisiol 232 Limneea truncatula var. albida at Folkestone.—(Mrs.) J. Fitzgerald ... 232 ‘A few Remarks onthe species of Astarte.—J. G, Jeffreys, LL.D., &c. 233 List of Shells collected at Burlington, Bempton, puree & Flambro’
Head, Yorks.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. 238 Note on the Anatomy of Helix hispida and H. Cais oe wale 239 Note on Bulimus Goodallii Miller.—C. Ashford ... - des Cook 240 Limneza palustris var. albida. —(Mrs.) ) J. Fitzgerald, Folkestone s+ 240 A white variety’ of Succinea elegans Risso. —J. D. Butterell, Beyerley 240°
.= Life History of Helix arbustorum. Tat W. tee hed vee 241 |
_ BIBLIOGRAPHY Oe UE Le aa -LON DON:
DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. MARTIN’S PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C, LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sr. ‘ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, IT. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
LisT OF SHELLS, CONSIGNED BY Mr. V. RoBILLARD oF MAurITIUS IsLaND TO- THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENGY, ST. ANN SERRE ET EE Ds;
LOO BE SOrD:
isund Se de 282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 4} 567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau- a 259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... 0 6 PItIUS. acces eee 04 289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... 0 31579 Turbo, Port Natal ................. 02 422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius............0 3 | 266 Melania, sp., Mauritius ............ 0 3 408 Cardium, sp., Fee ond ece ae Soe © 4] 264 M. spinulosa aie ANG Se 03 423 Septifer. Kraussi, j, 9. :..:.......- oO 2} 262 M, mitra Rt Fiera meeaees 04 427.Pinma Mallardis oo ede wee teak © 31-295 M. longispima, V. ,,. 0 /.es.eeese ee 03 566 Haliotis, sp., SecA ish wee 0 34311 Melampus lividus,, ............ 02 420 Cytherea picta, v. ,, beseeceeseeO 34 313 M. fasciatus dehie Oy eOhp aaa 02 418, C. varia, v. ET ark SPCR oO 3} 308 M. luteus 6 aes nO) 2 412 Donisia variegata ,, |... -..- 2. o'5}312 M. ,,. whitev.;, Oo 2 424 Modiola rostratus ,, 0.1... eee © 3} 184 Parmaphorus, sp. ,, invest aiesOng 4to Cardium bicolor ,, ............ o- 6.190: Scutellinay’ sp.s 2550-2 dene, whee 02 389° Modiolaria\(rare) j, 0 > vec.e.ee O74 FASS < Bulimia, spe es ee ir ae ok Veen aa oee 03 308 Melampus luteus ;, «0.2.0.2... © 2} 162 E. Cumingii (rare). THe ougewmaem ate O5 569 Conus.pertusus (very rare & fine) TOO WE, Jarcuatal ota tks. isk alt oaeiaeaes 0 6 Mauritius..... 20... SO 167, sBivacutas veel kee ehabd Ghocec O5 309 Melampus fuscus ,, — ...-eeseeeee © 2} 163 Stylifer ovoidens .. eae Pi ONO 207 Patella (rare) He tere Sie es wise © 2} 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius . aide 03 186 Neszea, sp. na re eens 02
EXCHANGE.—A. few mounted and unmounted palates of British land and freshwater mollusks offered in exchange for named varieties of British shells or for any books on conchology.—J. D. BUTTERELL, 2, St. John Street, Beverley. i
THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON:
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.,
Prick 4 FRANCS PER PART PavasLe oN RECEIPT OF Parr.
The work will be completed in § or ro parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. | Subscriptions to be sent to
NM. Pies DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris.
- MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
By GEORGE w. TRYON, Junr,,
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,
The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions
and figures of the TRITONID&, Fustp#& and BucciniD&.. This volume will include
_ Many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto
published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.
[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.] aay
eee Completed Volumes. Vou. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879. : ; 316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent _..... species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. VoL. II. Muricin® AND PuRPURINE. 1880. : = 289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures), Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the Species.
CONDITIONS. : THE MANUAL OF ConcHOLoGyY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will "embrace from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, - to be issued January ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the Muricidze will follow. :
... It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the: work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume. !
/ *,. Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : 6: FINE EDITION.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.)
- Price, per ‘Part; eae, a a3 ch a -.. $8 00 COLORED EDITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Pantech. SkCOo PLAIN EDITION, — Per Part, (one. Ait a a 3 00
American subscribers will please address GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, Acadeny of Natural Sciences, fhiladelphia, Pa,
Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;
TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, — JOSEPH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main, ). London. pie H. GrorG, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F.. SAVY, 77 Boul: St. Germain, Paris. France. : A. ASHER “& Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. GrorG, Bale, Berlin. H. GEore, Corraterie No, 10, Geneva. C. GEROLD’s SoHN, Vienna. | U. Hoepti, Milan, Naples and Pisa. =
*,* Subscribers for the ‘current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon the subscription price for either of the volumes.
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST: | ‘A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.
Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzeonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the | proceedings of Sciéntific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific — Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum (by Subscription). a
TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited .by, F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.L.S..
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers rs. ad.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EnpinsurcH anD Lonpon.
“THE NATURALIST,” | Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. Edited by C. P,. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G: T. PORRITT, F.LS.: Monthly price ad. or 4s. per annum (in advance). :
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions ; Notes and Queries; Exchanges, &c. The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August, 1881. Post free of
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
T. A. VERKRUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C.
Purposing to undertake a collecting journey to North America, I have determined to dispose of some of my spe- cial collections, viz. -— UA aa 1.—-Above 500 species,and vars. of Clausilia, comprising the greatest rarities from
all parts of the globe, and determined according to the latest researches. 2.—Above 300 species and vars. of yupacea, ditto, ditto. 3.—About 200 species and varieties of Cylindrella, Eucalodium, Macroceramus,
and Lia. CN ae es 4.—About 70 species and vars. of Pleurotomidz in 124 lots. 5,—About 100 lots of Pecten, principally European and Arctic seas.
The above comprise mostly choice and handsome specimens. Besides these there are varicus rare Buccini, Fusi, Trophon, &c., &c. Further particulars on application to the above address. :
G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of GHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World.
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
All Communications to be addressed to JNO. W. TAVLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds,
No. 91] JANUARY, 1882. [Von 3.
THE
JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
<<
CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : 3 PAGE, Life History of Helix arbustorum.—J. W. Taylor... o33 rece T\:4 The Mollusca of Bristol and Vicinity.—J. W. Cundall one «.. 260 Note on Gundlachia.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. ae 267
Fresh Water Mussels in the Ouse and Foss.—Rev. W. C. Hey, M. . 268 Note on the Specific Distinctness of Helix em ee
Lewis.—John H. Thomson, C.M.Z.S, os 273
List of Species and Varieties of Succineze collected in Haid ae J. Fitzgerald _... Aw wee 274 The Mellusca of Birstwith, Yorkshire: ce T, Walker ae meee en 5 Note on Testacella Maugei Fér.—J. D. Butterell .. iN 277 A List of the Shells of the ‘‘ Lower Tees” District, Vor —C, Ashford 278 BIBLIOGRAPHY ae 286
PROCEEDINGSs"'eCONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Great Britain and Ireland 282 > +e =<
LONDON :
DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. MARTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., ST. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II, HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
LisT OF SHELLS,
CoNSIGNED BY Mr. V. RosBILLARD oF Mauritius ISLAND TO
THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY,
So hee
5. a.
282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 4] 567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau- 259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... 0 6 TitiUS........0056 04 289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... © 3] 579 Turbo, Port Natal .................. o2, 422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius.......:....0 3 | 266 Melania, sp., ie ee 03 408 Cardium, sp., Ber ha alcn a nictace © 4] 264 M. spinulosa a5 weseeeereeesO 3 423 Septifer Kraussi ,, — ...........- © 2] 262 M. mitra satin Aaecn aa eeenee 04 427 Pinna Maillardi ,, © 3] 295 M. longispina, Vv. 5, s.-.ssssse¥s 03. 566 Haliotis, sp., is © 3] 311 Melampus lividus ,, —.......... 02> 420 Cytherea picta,v. ,, © 3] 313 M. fasciatus 5 3or4 cusp enon O02 418 C. varia, v. ss oO 3} 308 M. luteus ne sc degie ened oe Claias 412 Donisia variegata ,, 051312 M. ,, whitev.,, — .......0 02
- 424 Modiola rostratus ,, —............ o 3} 184 Parmaphorus, sp. ,, —...-- + 2e0ee 03 410 Cardium bicolor ,, stsaveesraesO O $190 “Sentellina, spo* spy a gece o2 389 Modiolaria (rare) ,, —... ss. ees o 4] 485 Eulima, sp. $96 sea Oo 3. 308 Melampus luteus ,, —.........4.. © 2} 162 E. Cumingii (rare) .................. 05 569 Conus pertusus (very rare & fine) 160 FE. arcuata ......... iepeleaseuauice sales 06 Mauritius..... ...... 8 'O.}:16) “Be acuta ion i iesasge wee Pie deebaee O05 309 Melampus fuscus ,, sss .eeeceees © 2} 163 Stylifer ovoidens ............4c.cse00s 09 207 Patella (rare) «4, sseenceseees o 2] 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius . esac. 03 186 Nesza, sp. Bbc SRE RR A 02 .
THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON:
DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONY MIC. ; FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.
Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasLe on RECEIPT OF Pane
The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 shbuomepiie plates in each a
Subscriptions to be sent to
M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 213, rus de Universite, Paris.
| : j
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions _and figures of the TRIT6NID&, Fusip# and Buccinip&, This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods. — [Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.] :
Completed Volumes. Vou. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1870. 316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. Vou. II. MuRIcIN® AND PURPURINZ. 1880. ‘ 289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, ' a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species. :
CONDITIONS.
‘THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the Muricidz will follow.
It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume.
* * Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : Fine EpiTion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will
be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 2 5 copies, )
Price, per Part, Hk = sit Hes ree Fie 8 00 CoLoRED EvITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, es as we whe ea 0 EO
American subscribers will please addres GEO. W. TRYON, Jr., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers :
TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JosepH Barger & Co., Frankfurt am Main, * London. Z H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 6s, Lyons, -F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. : A. AsHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Geore, Bale. Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No, 10, Geneva, °C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. HoeEpti, Milan, Naples and Pisa,
** Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.
.THE AMERICAN NATURALIST: A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.
Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palonto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and: gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum (by Subscription).
TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
“MHE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M-D., F.LS.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurGH aNnD LONDON.
“mie NATURALIST,”
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.LS. Monthly price gd. or 4s. per annum (in advance).
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at
Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions; Notes and Queries ; Exchanges, &c.
The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August,
1881. Post Free of - :
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD. :
BRITISH FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
AN AMATEUR COLLECTOR will be happy to exchange or part with duplicates for a small consideration, Addvess:—C 36, Prince Wales Road, London, N.W.
CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS FOR SALE.
Mawe’s Linnzan System of Conchology.—Descriptions of the Orders, Genera and Species of Shells. Published at £2 12s. 6d., beautifully colored, new copy 41.
Mawe’s Woodarch’s Introductions to the Study of Conchology. Six plates and frontispiece, published at 9/-, new copy 3/-.
Shell Collector’s Pilot, or Voyager’s Companion. This book is adapted for voyagers in general, pointing out the places where the best shells are obtained. 4th Ed., published at 5/-, for 1/6. :
Lamarck’s Arrangement of Testacea, by Du Bois, F-L.S. Pub. at 14/-, new copy 2/6,
¢ 86, PRINCE WALES ROAD, LONDON, N.W.
G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World.
Price Lists on Appiication. Specimens sent for Selection.
All Communications to be addressed to JNO. W. TAYLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds
No. 10.9 APRIL, 1882. [Vou. 3.
JOURNAL
OF
|
CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS. DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES: PAGE.
Ennea Martensi Smith wee oes es Shee .» 301
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : A List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca observed in the Neigh-
LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
bourhood of Beverley.—J. D. Butterell se 289 f Sutherland and Caithness Field Notes.— William Baillie, Teacher, Brora, Sutherlandshire ... 207 ae woe Gouldia.—Rev. R. Boog ‘Watson, B.A., ‘F.RS. E., , &c. : : j . 209 Aaditiogal Notes on Helix arbustorum. a eha Ww. T aylor .. 302 Authenticated List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Western > Sussex, with a few observations on the distribution and habits of some species.—William Jefiery, of oe Chichester (Read before the Conchological Society) ... ais a ws 305 ‘BIBLIOGRAPHY of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the County of Sussex.— William Denison Roebuck SS 318 — ae _- LONDON:
lartSsS'T OF SEHELIs, oacaen BY Mr. V. RoBILLARD oF Mauritius ISLAND TO THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENGY,
POTTERNEWTON LODGE, LEEDS,
TO BE SOLD.
Ss. d. sd. 282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 4] 567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau- 259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... 0 6 FICS senmeees O04 289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... © 31579 Turbo, Port Natal ................. 02 422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius............ © 3}.266 Melania, sp., Mauritius ............ 0 3 408 Cardium, sp., a rece © 4] 264 M. spinulosa 590 ata ciccne ee 0 3 423 Septifer Kraussi ,, ........... .O 2} 262 M. mitra 3) CO See 04 427 Pinna Maillardi ,,. ....:....... © 3] 295 M. longispina, v. ,, sieauaateee 03 566 Haliotis, sp., sen eS ae © 3} 311 Melampus lividus,, _............ 02 420-Cytherealpictaiver sat ticcskae tess O 3] 313 M. fasciatus pgiieloieea Nee aienten 02 418 C. varia, v. Sette rete ere © 3] 308 M. luteus yt SS arene 02 412 Donisia variegata \,, °° © icc. one @ 84 312.0. 5, < whitev. 5,0 yee 02 424 Modiola rostratus ,, —............ © 3} 184 Parmaphorus, sp.,, —..- ss sso 0 3 410 Cardium bicolor ,, —............ © 6] 190 Scutellina, sp. 93 EERE or 02 389 Modiolaria (rare) ,, —.........0.. o 4] 485 Eulima, sp. © Pinar We sk 03 308 Melampus luteus ,, ___............ o 2} 162 E. Cumingii (rare) ........... seats 05 569 Conus pertusus (very rare & fine) 160K arcuata .. Stace aieutteaerasn 06 Maniitins.: 2 ccs.c9 SQ 1GI BH. acuta peat... 0 5 309 Melampus fuscus ,, ............ © 2} 163 Stylifer OVOIdENS .o.seee cece veseesO 9 207 Patella (rare) Sond es ORO aG ABO oO 2{ 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius ......0 3 186 Neszea, sp. CN AS Ei ne 02
THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON:
DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.
Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasLE ON RECEIPT OF PART.
The work will be completed in 8 or Io parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part.
Subscriptions to be sent to_
M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 213, rue do Universite, Paris.
“MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. ;
The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions and figures of the TRITONID&, FusiD and BUCCINID&, This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.
_[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]
Completed Volumes. VoL. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879. 316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. VoL. II. MuRICIN@ AND PURPURINA. 1880, 289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.
CONDITIONS.
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the Muricide will follow.
It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume.
_ *.* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : Fine Epirion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies. )
Price, per Part, Be cf Be ae as ... $8 00 CoLoRED Evirion.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 Pain EpiTion. Per Part, at eee se en ee at ao
American subscribers will please address j GEO. W. TRYON, Jr., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers :
TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JosEPH Bagr & Co., Frankfurt am Main. ~*~" London. H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A. AsHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. George, Bile.
Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva, €: GeRoLp’s SOHN, Vienna. U. HoEpti, Milan, Naples and Pisa.
es Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price. for either of the volumes.
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST: A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.
Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzconto- logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum (by Subscription). -
TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.LS.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcGH anD LONDON.
“THE NATURALIST,”
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
Monthly price gd. or gs. per annum (in advance). —
Containing Original Articles‘on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions ; Notes and Queries ; Exchanges, &c. :
The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August, 1881. Lost Free of
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
THE VARIETIES OF ARION ATER.
Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, Sunny Bank, Leeds, having consented to prepare a paper on Arzon ater, similar to that by Mr. Taylor on - Helix arbustorum, would be glad if Conchologists would assist him
with material, in the way of information and specimens. In particular, it is desired to ascertain which of the numerous varieties described by Moquin-Tandon as occurring in France are to be found in the British Isles, together with the details of their geographical range, both in Britain and.on the Continent. Conchologists may be reminded that the more plentiful the supply of (7e/éab/e) information, the better is the proposed paper likely to be.
G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from. various parts of the World. z
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
_ All Communications to be addressed to JNO. W. TAYLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds.
No. 11.] JULY, 1882. [VoL. 3.
THE
JOURNAL
OF
CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 aS
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE. On the Action of the Heart in the Helicidz during Hibernation. — ] Charles Ashford . HA eee Yorkshire Localities fox See and Pisidium, ae Wilcock see 1327 A Parasite of Limnza truncatula nae see 329 The Brachiopoda and Marine Conchifera of the Meee re of British Shells. —A. H. Cooke ... saat fs: .. 340 BIBLIOGRAPHY... 2 i - 328
PROCEEDINGS ° the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 330
> 3 +e
LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. MarTin’s Lanz, W.C. LEFDS : TAYLOR BROS., ST. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. q
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. "LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
A Se VS SB ET
LisT OF SHELLS,
CONSIGNED BY Mr. V. RopiLtarpD oF Mauritius ISLAND TO THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY,
POTTERNEWTON LODGE, LEEDS,
TO BE SOLD.
5. d. Sede 282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 4] 567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau- 259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... 06 Hitlus (coe 04 289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... © 34579 Turbo, Port Natal .................. 02 422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius............ © 3} 266 Melania, sp., Mauritius ............ 03 408 Cardium, sp., aes Miach te ce hare © 4] 264 M. spinulosa BPM CAMS Stein 0 3 423 Septifer Kraussi ,, ...........- © 2{ 262 M. mitra PREM EGSnoncocs 0 4 427 Pinna Maillardi ,, ............ © 3] 295 M. longispina, v. ,, —..-wsaeeeees 0 3 566 Haliotis, sp., BOM acenes seine © 3] 311 Melampus lividus,, —............ 02 AZO Cythereaspictannveneni Meroe eeee © 3} 313 M. fasciatus PP mln iceicdc 02 418 C. varia, v. see adic meemeneee © 3} 308 M. luteus PPAR ornomidse 1h 02 412 Donisia variegata ,, .... sees eee O05} 312 (M. *-,,,. swhitev.).,.000 peseemeeee 02 424 Modiola rostratus ,, —..........-. © 3184 Parmaphorus, sp. ,, ss. ees eaves 03 410 Cardium bicolor ,, ............ © 6] 190 Scutellina, sp. AS SSeereetaeee One 389 Modiolaria (rare) ,, —...... ss, 0 4} 485 Eulima, sp. 35 0 Rae teaaaaeme ted 03 308 Melampus luteus ,,__............ © 2] 162 E. Cumingii (rare) .................. 05 569 Conus pertusus (very rare & fine) 160.E. arcuata 5. .c.c.nnscsteeeeeeteeee 06 Mauritius..... ...... 8 ©} 161: KE. acuta cision ich aalaeean 05 309 Melampus fuscus ,, _—........ 0s © 2] 163 Stylifer ovoidens .....................0 9 207 Patella (rare) SS Ait ome Aoheer aoe © 2} 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius ...... 0 3 TSOMINeSceas SPs eval etc ny ecw .O 2
THE MARINE -MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON:
DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.
Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavasLeE ON RECEIPT OF PART.
The work will be completed in 8 or ro parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part.
Subscriptions to be sent to
M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris.
.
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions and figures of the TRITONID&, FUsID4 and BUCCINID#&; This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.
[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]
Completed Volumes. VoL. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879. 316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. Vou. II. MurIcINa AND PURPURINA. 1880. 289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.
CONDI TONS. *
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the Muricidz will follow.
It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume.
*.* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : FInE EpiTion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will
be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 2 5 copies, )
Price, per Part, a a as soe se ... $8 00 CoLoRED EpITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, a ao we Bs 3 00 American subscribers will please address
GHO] Wa TRVONG PR. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;
TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JOSEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main, _ London. H. Gore, Rue de Lyon 6s, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A, ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H.. Grore, Bale. Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva, C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. Hoepti, Milan, Naples and Pisa,
__ *,* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.
G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums ; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World.
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection. a “THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F, BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D. F.LS.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH ann Lonpon.
“THE NATURALIST,”
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S. Monthly price gd. or gs. per annum (in advance). Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions ; Notes and Queries ; Exchanges, &c. i
The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August, 1881. Post Free of :
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD. Ps ¢
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST
Was commenced seventeen years ago, by an association of the students of Prof, Agassiz, at Cambridge, While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from comparative youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and geologists of North America. Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.
The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, as Dr. C, O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E, Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr, Ellis H, Yarnall (Geographical Exploration).
It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character, which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.
It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investiga- tions before the general public ina more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine in the world to-day, which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans im the field of the natural sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 112 large octavo pages per month, with numerous illustrations. Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, is. 6d.
NEW SUBSCRIBERS for 1883 will receive the December numher of 1882 free. Please make a note of this and inform your friends.
McCALLA & STAVELY, P. O. Box 1503. 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA.
English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hi/l LONDON.
All Communications to be Ms to JNO. W. TAYLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds.
No. 12.] OCTOBER, 1/882. [VoL. 3. THE JOURNAL
OF
CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. On the MacAndrew Collection of British Shells.—A. H. Cooke, M.A., La eyetShs ack Soc ua nib ono fs 353 > —~— +
LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. MartTin’s LANE, W.C. LEFDS : TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSsTRASsE, I1. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
LL SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS
NOTICE!
The First and Second numbers of Volume 1 of the Quarterly Journal of Conchology are now reprinted, and may be obtained at the Office; No. 1, 1/6 each and No. PAWS Ge
Nos. 3, 4 and 8 are reprinting and will shortly be ready.
LEEDS: Taylor Bros., St. Ann Street.
THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON:
DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. | FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By —. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.
Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavasLE ON RECEIPT OF PART.
The work will be completed in 8 or ro parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part.
Subscriptions to be sent to
M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Faris.
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
The TH1RD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions and figures of the TRITONID&, Fusip# and BUCCINID&. This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.
[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]
Completed Volumes. Vou, I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879. 316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent spécies, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. Vou. Il. MuRICIN2 AND PURPURIN. 1880. 289 pp- with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.
‘CONDITIONS.
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- — plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the Muricidz will follow.
It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume.
*.* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : Fine EpDITION.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will
be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies, )
Price, per Part, oH He bee se ae 55 bo GO CoLORED EpITION.— The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, ee ne es Re ets OG
American subscribers will please address
GEO. W. PRYON, Jr., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;
TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, ; JOSEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main. Rondou. | H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A, ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Grore, Bale. Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. Hoepti, Milan, Naples and Pisa.
*,” Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.
°
G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums ; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World.
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, Edited by F, BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.L.S.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d. BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH anp_ Lownpon.
“THE NATURALIST,”
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
Monthly price gd. or 4s. per annum (in advance).
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and ‘Excursions ; Notes and Queries; Exchanges, &c.
The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August, 1881. Post Free of
B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST
Was commenced seventeen years ago, by an association of the students of Prof. Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from comparative youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and geologists of North America. Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country. 3
The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. BE. — Bessey (Botany). Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration). é
Tt has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character, which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.
It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investiga- tions before the general public in amore or less popular form. 7 zs the only magazine in the world to-day, which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans im the field of the natural sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 112 large octavo pages per month, with numerous illustrations. Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d.
NEW SUBSCRIBERS for 1883 will receive the December number of 1882 free. Please make a note of this and inform your friends. :
McCALLA & STAVELY, P. O. Box 1593. 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA.
English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON.
SOA aN K A ae AY
ae ah
7
fain! Mi Pun
Otay) ak eae i i
Pe i AN)
Mg Wt
| ii
ane &
uu q ei #
CEC << [ « <4 : OC KEC ©
CCE K<eae Ci | « ie aa CO CCE re Ce EC