lV | SSI ie: 4 AlN Gill lem ilealey Dall. A =e NOs, ANY i pi SS WA UV l V\ la VAVNYUNVA ZN pepeticemen ites Summa SRA aah san aes Lenn ‘ mee Pt it sks Nice f, Wy ut () { A ; fy S a (‘ THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS The QUARTERLY JOURNAL. of CONCHOLOGY. CONDUCTED BY JO EON NAN, IU NNe One Isa Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE PROCEEDINGS, OF THE CONCHOLOGICAT, SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. VOL. VI. AN SGY 1889—1891. ee Leeds: TAYLOR BROS., SOVEREIGN STREET, The Authors of the several papers contained in this volume are themselves accountable for all the statemints and reasonings which they have offered. Tn these particulars the Editors or the Society must not be considered as in any way responsible. INDEX TO VOL. VI. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. PAGE Acme lineata in Lancashire and Cheshire.—K. Standen... sco | WON Adeorbis subcarinatus at Teignmouth.—!. St. G. Byne ... 164 Arion minimus a British slug. —R. F. Scharff, Ph D., B.Sc., M.R.I. iN 267 Assiminea littorina at Weymouth.—E. R. Sykes ... 166 Australasian shells, Notes upon a donation to the Coneholeseal Society. —J. Brazier, P..S:, €.M-Z,s.- 000 sa OD) Balea, The viviparous nature of.— AE. Craven, F.1.s.-and B®. A. Smith, F-Z-S. 421 British Pioneers in recent Conchological science.—J. Cosmo Melvill... 190 Bulimus goodallii at Croydon. —Kenneth McKean 84 Calliostoma (vel Zizyphinus) haliarchus.—J. C. Melvill, M. Ny Pol S. 404 Clausilia rugosa and Balea perversa in Pinon tanehite. —Wnm. Evans 176 Colonizing Land and Freshwater Shells at Brora. —W. Baillie ooo UG Colorado, Molluscan fauna of. —T. ID. A. Cockerell 600 60, 175 Derbyshire from a conchological point of view.—L. E. Adams, B.A... 247 Descriptions of three n. sp. of shells.—J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A.,F.L.S. 31 Descriptions of eleven new species.—J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., &c. 405 Donegal, An excursion to County.—R. I’. Scharff, Ph.D., B.Sc. ... 165 Dredging off Connemara.—J. T. Marshall B58 ie a0 | BED Ay aS : oc ZOO Eastern Counties, Notes on the.—L. FE. Adams, B.A. do sso D7 Food of some British mollusks, Notes on the.—W. A. Gain ws 349 Fusus, On species and varieties of, ee the British Seas. — H. K. Jordan, F.G.5. ae 225 Glycogenic functioninthe mollusca, The meanaalthe. —J. W. Wallvams 34 Helix aculeata in South Lancashire. —W.H. Heathcote... g00 vil », arbustorum v. canigonensis.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... +» 360 5, aspersa m. sinistrorsum in Lancashire.—R. Standen ... ; 176 % >, On the circumstances eS seowate of.—J. W. Williams ac8 oo «= HG 5, cantiana m. sinistrorsum in Boeland. —J. W. Gratien: F. L.S: BS »» caperata, On the varieties of our banded ee foe these of.—Rev. S. S. Pearce, M.A. : 123 55 eo Occurrence of, at Dover.—C. Stanley 8. Cox ad sae Smitha he ZaS: as 377 5, fusca i Helix lamellata, Re- | ar in N. Staflotdshire —T. F. Burrows ... - 254 », hortensis v. lutea 12045 at Dov ais ee Tr. RES M. 105 344 35 49 m. sinistrorsum and m. scalariforme in South Deven E. Collier n0¢ 660 ele son Bull », lamellata at Stafford.—L. E. Adams, B.A. ... “ak Don! Helix lapicida y. subangulata, Pascal.—J]. W. Taylor. F.L.S. PEA 2 »» Nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Middlesex.—F. G. Fenn nen Os Tlelix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Lancashire.—R. Standen », pisana v. scalariformis.—Rev. H. Milnes, M.A. a », v. tenuis.—]J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. », rotundata m. sinistrorsum.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. »» Tupestris, an ovo-viviparous species. —E. Collier ede Ireland, The neglected counties of.—W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. ... Land and freshwater shells of N. Berwick.-—Rev. J. McMurtric, M.A. 53 5 », of Harrogate & District.—F. R. Fitzgerald a ei ,, of the coast of North Northumberland.— Kev. J. McMurtrie, M.A. 5 i », of Derbyshire. —T. Hey ds - a », Of South Devon.—E. D. Marquand, M. A — <3 », of East Sussex. —]J. H. A. Jenner, F.E.S. ee a »> » Critical notes upon.—T. D. A. Cockerell Limax agrestis and Cochlicopa lubrica at St. Johns: Canada.—T. D. A. Cockerell ag », flavus v. rufescens in West Lace a DEHigon Recor Limnea glutinosa near Hull, Discovery of.—F. W. Fierke... 36 peregra, Variation of.—]J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. a4 », v. ovaliformis.—T. D. A. Cockerell fe .—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 3 aaenalic The fluid emitted by. —J. W. Sellen 09 List of shells from the Tizard Bank, China Sea.—FE. A. Smith, F.Z. S. A », collected at Ingleton.—E. Collier é 3 », taken at Tenby.—J. W. Cundall ... sia 102, OTC V. Williams 580 nae 5, Irish mollusca, Contributions to a.—J. G. Milne... 167, Mari Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.LS., &c. a shellscollected at Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.—G.B. Sowerby 6, at »> Of Scilly.—C. Burkill and J. T. Marshall ... 53, 94, sn », of Dorsetshire.—Rev. C. Greene, M.A. 20 o06 a >> » New British.—J. T. Marshall Montacuta ferruginosa, The habitat of.—J. T. Marshall Muscle-contraction in mollusca, Phenomena of.—J. W. Williams Nomenclature of certain genera of British land and freshwater shells. 1Bo AX, Swen, 1EZIS. Otina otis v. candida in Bem solleesltiiee 18% Ife Palo Patula cooperi, Note on.--T. D. A. Cockerell Physa acuta in Scotland.—A. J. Jenkins Pupa ringens in Pembrokeshire.—B. J. Falloon Respiration of Ancylus fluviatilis.—C. A. Whatmore . Suffolk, Materials for a molluscan catalogue of.—Rev. C. Green, M. a Testacella, On some.-—Dr. Heinrich Simroth Testacella scutulum in Renfrewshire.—J. M. B. Taylor Vertigo minutissima in Dorset. —E. R. Sykes 35 moulinsiana in Dorset. —R. Standen Zonites glaber v. viridula at Penistone.—L. E, Adams, B. A. SPECIES AND VARIETIES RECORDED IN THIS VOLUME AS NEW TO THE BRITISH ISLES. Anodonta anatina v. arelatensis, Jacq. a », v. milletti, Drouet. a »» vV. rayii, Dup. >» Vv. scaldiana, Hec. oa minimus, Simroth Cerithiopsis tubercularis v. albescens, Marshall Clausilia laminata v. tumidula, Jenner 5 rolphii v. curta, Jenner sh », m. decollatum, Jenner 85 taylori, Bgt. ... : Eulima ephamilla, Watson », latipes, Watson c Fusus gracilis v. belliana, Jordan. eas coulsoni, Jordan THis arbustorum v. luteofasciata, D. & M. ,, tacapica, Let. & Bet. >, mendoze, Servain 5, heripensis, Mabille Ilelix cantiana m. sinistrorsum, Taylor ,, carthusiana v. alba, Jenner 3 oF v. major, Jenner », ericetorum v. subpellucida, as ,, plisana v. tenuis, Taylor ,, rotundata m. sinistrorsum, Taylor ... :, virgata v. bifasciata, onal. SF »» maura, Mogq. »» Vv. picta, Jenner Hydrobia jenkinsi, Smith Limax flavus v. rufescens, Mogq. Limnea auricularia v. moratensis, @lescin es v. acutalis, Morelet ... Limnea peregra v. balthica, Nils. . bakowskyana Cless. . diaphana, Parr. . inflata, Kob. . langsdorff, Bet. . margaritana, Esm. . microstoma, ob. . pulchella, Roff. Livvivnesa rubella, Clessin Limneea stagnalis v. expansilabris, v. Mart. < 29 be) 29 oi) 99 bi) 9 33 99 99 99 9 aaa 44 <4 a v. fossarina, Paulucci ... Philine scabra v. circa, Marshall Sphzerium corneum v. complanata c Succinea elegans v. longiscata, Morelet . Unio tumidus v. arcuata, Bouch.-Chant. ... Zonites crystallinus v. contracta, Westl. ... Vie SPECIES AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. Avicula (Meleagrina) capensis, Sowerby ... Cerithiopsis tubercularis vy. albescens, Marshall Clanculus laceyi, Sowerby Clausilia laminata v. eae Jenner Me rolphi v. curta, Jenner ae m. decollatum, Jenner... Columbarium distephanotis, Melvill Conus bairstowi, Sowerby », fulvus, Sowerby : Coralliophila andamana, Melvill Crassatella acuminata, Sowerby Diala capensis, Sowerby Eulima epeterion, Melvill Euthria ponsonbyi, Sowerby Fissurella parviforata, Sowerby... a5 robusta, Sowerby Fusus gracilis v. belliana, Jordan We coulsoni, Jordan Riel cooperi Vv. minor, T. D. A. Coclerell »» pisana v. tenuis, Taylor », yxotundata m. sinistrorsum, Taylor ... Hydrobia jenkinsi, Smith Liotia calliglypta, Melvill Lucina (Divaricella) liratula, Sowerby Marginella floccata, Sowerby Minolia ceraunia, Melvill >» edithe, Melvill », eilikrines, Melvill : », gilvosplendens, Melvill... », henniana, Melvill », Mmalcolmia, Melvill pompiliodes, Melvill Mitra merula, Sowerby Montacuta capensis, Sowerby Ovulum (Birostra) aurantium, Sowerby Philine scabra v. circa, Marshall Pisania gaskelli, Melvill Physa capreonitens, T. D. A. Cockerell me Pleurotoma wilkiz, Sowerby Psammotellina capensis, Sowerby Pupa coloradensis, IT’. D. A. Cockerell Solarium (Torinia) enoshimense. Melvill... », montanella, T. D. A. Cockerell Tellina orbicularis, Sowerby »» | ponsonbyi, Sowerby Thracia capensis, Sowerby Trochus (Calliostoma) faitont Sowerby = Turbo (Collonia) minutus, Sowerby Zizyphinus haliarchus. Melvill ... Vil. PtSi VOR UL HORS WHOMAAVE SCONDRIBU LED TOTES VOmUMEE: PAGE. Adams, L. E., B.A. ... ae ba fe 247, 254, 205, 277 Baillie, W. ... 580 do Bap Sonam ats IBAA, Joy WolbaSoa Ce MZ Vis Sa $0 es 99 veo HO) lexmmlleillll, (Cp aoe a 006 m3 aa poo, | BB a 345 Burrows, T. F. ona ah 666 ste ies 254 Byne, L. St. G. B00 200 S00 568 sac soo WGA Coekeralll, IW, 1D. As cos ae ae 17, 60, 146, 175. 255. 380 Collier, JE. ce ee wes ae ise ses 45, 344 Cox, Co Ss 18: iss noe aoe sibs aoe qe 77: Crawem, Ao Ibo, iollaSp vee ae ae nee one ABI Cundall, J. W. aes a8 Be ase sat 102, 250 Evans, W. ... 300 ac So Bee wits .. 176 Falloon, B. J. oh ale ee Ae = 264, 265 Hennyeke Ge ee ace ie wee tat des oe 265 Fierke, F. W. ae SH auc 806 eo soo. Hill Fitzgerald, F. R. see Ree oh By es Bory aalle Gain, W. A. bee ae p60 sab one ono SVill) Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A. ... in a aisle 110, 146 Heathcote, W. H. Age br 90 od SH o68 ey Hey, T. 538 Ben ome ae ih ae sop. LINO) Jenkins, A. J. ave Sie ae ae As s00 | DIO) Ji@amer, Ifo Ilo Alay Wolbhost ‘ire Ds ee oe aco ON Jordan, Ti. IKX., F.G.S. aoe dee et Bab te 225 McKean, Kk. uc O00 ae 900 soo McMurtrie, Rev. J., M. a as sab van as I, 106 Marquand, E. D.. M.A. 3 sae UA) Marshall, J. T. a 53, Si 140, 224, 250, 260, 280, 345, 399 Melvill, J. C., M.A., F.L.S. a 31. 190, 404, 405 Milne, J. (G, Aas ee woe was aa 167, 412 Milnes, Rev. H. soo 50 p06 366 oe 146, 344 Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M. ie : i an Ba oe 128 Roelsuck, W. Denison, F.L.S. ... Bers 585 sats 52, 292 Scharff, R. F., Ph.d., B.Sc., ee ae seh Be 165, 267 Simroth, H. : we as sas ae o00 ABS Smith, aie ne EB. ZS. s9¢ cod NI, BL, DOG FB, Vly, Mei Sowerby, G. B.. 1. WoSoe WeZos\c 120 obo abe 6, 147 Standen, Rk. ... ibe 538 oe ote WOU, WE U7, Saks SWIKES 185 IRag IBoitlo dae 360 ap ng é86 39, 166 Wasglor, |Jo IRs Mlb 185 aoe 05 abe ae noo Miia Taylor, J. W., F.L.S. 500 «+ 33: Watson, Rev. R. Boog, B.A., F. IRS 86, IP all stp Whatmore, C, A. ade aa ce Soe Se ee a8 Williams, J. W. ae Be ans son WO, Bl AMOS WDM, 1 Vill. CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings of Conchological Society . 85, 159, 177, 239, 271, 306, 383 Proceedings of Manchester Branch 308 182, 313, 383 Constitution and List of Members nt Eafe .. 92, 183, 316 Catalogue of Library ... sia ao See ee eee Veegei OBITUARY. Sir David Barclay, 58; Rev. Churchill Babington, D.D., 59 ; Clifford Burkill, 382. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. —— —$-e-—______ THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF NORTH BERWICK, HADDINGTONSHIRE. By REV. JOHN McMURTRIE, M.A., EDINBURGH. Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 15th, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referees, W. Nelson, W. Denison Roebuck, and J. W. Taylor). ALL the names are authenticated by specimens, which are here- with presented to the Museum of the Conchological Society, at Leeds. North Berwick is not to be confounded with Berwick-upon- Tweed. It is near the centre of the coast line of East Lothian. The rocks are chiefly igneous, with red sandstone, and lime- stones of the carboniferous series. North Berwick Law rises to the height of 640 feet. “The Bass Rock, formerly a state prison, now uninhabited except by sheep, rabbits, and countless solan geese and other sea-fowl, is of columnar basalt, 400 feet high. It rises precipitously from the sea, about a mile and a half from the shore. ‘Traprain Law is about nine miles inland. Rhodes Farm is a mile eastward along the shore from North Berwick. Binning Wood is between North Berwick and Dunbar. Dunbar is about ten miles east from North Berwick. Going westwards from North Berwick by the Golfing Links, there are some miles A 2 MCMURTRIE: MOLLUSCA OF NORTH BERWICK. of rough ground, sandhills with sea-side grasses, &c. Gullane Links are fully five miles off, and Luffness Links are a mile further. On Luffness Links there is a line of connected fresh- water marshes, never dried up, and several ponds which are sometimes nearly dry in summer. One pond, called the ice- pond, is on the Links at the foot of Peffer Burn, so near the sea that the spray comes over. It was artificially squared many years ago, for the purpose (it is said) of furnishing Luffmess ice- house with ice. It is never quite dry. At the west end of Luffness Links the Peffer Burn is crossed, and a little further on is the village of Aberlady. The rainfall at Drem, five miles from North Berwick, is said to be the least in Scotland. Sphzerium corneum L.—Marsh on Luffness Links. Pisidium fontinale Drap.—Small pond on Rhodes Farm. [This large form has been named /ossarvinum by Herr Clessin |. P. pusillum Gmelin.—Shallow marsh on Luffness Links, and Luffness Ice-pond. P. pusillum var. obtusalis Lam.—With P. pusilum. P. roseum Scholtz.—With P. pusillum. Planorbis nitidus Miill.—Marsh on Iuffness Links, rare. P. albus Miull.—A dead shell in shell-sand cast up on beach, North Berwick. P. complanatus L.—Marsh on Luffness Links. This mollusk is rare in Scotland. P.contortus 1.—Marsh on Luffness Links. P. contortus var. minor Taylor.—With type. Physa fontinalis L.—Marsh on Luffmess Links. P. fontinalis var. oblonga Jeff.—With type. Limneea peregra var. acuminata Jeff_—Small pond on Rhodes Farm. L. peregra Mull. var. maritima Jeff_—Pond, sometimes nearly dry, at east end of Luffness Links. L. stagnalis L. var. variegata Hazay.—A pale, small, solid form, with white varices—abundant in Luffness ice-pond close to the sea. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. MCMURTRIE : MOLLUSCA OF NORTH BERWICK. 3 L. palustris Mill.—Luffness Links. Some with dark-brown rib, others with varices. L. palustris var. tincta Jeff.—With type. L. truncatula var. minor Moq.—North Berwick. Ancylus fluviatilis Mill—Glen Burn, North Berwick. A. fluviatilis var. albida Jeffi—A dead shell cast up on shore. Arion ater L.—Moderately common. No specimen preserved. A. hortensis Fér.—Common. No specimen preserved. Limax agrestis L.—Very common. No specimen preserved. L. arborum B.-Ch.—Bass Rock. L. maximus L.—North Berwick, occasionally. Finely marked. Succinea elegans var. ochracea Betta.—At west and east ends of Luffness Links. Vitrina pellucida Mill.—North Berwick and Dunbar. Zonites cellarius Mill.—North Berwick. . cellarius var. complanata Jeff.—North Berwick. . alliarius Maill.—North Berwick. . alliarius var. viridula Jeff.—Bass Rock. . nitidulus var. nitens Mich.-—Dunbar. . contractus Westl.—Binning Wood. [This small form has been differentiated by Westerlund from crystallinus under N NNN WN the foregoing name]. Z. purus var. margaritacea Jeff.—Binning Wood. Z. fulvus Miill.—Binning Wood, and Luffness. Helix aspersa Miill—Abundant at North Berwick and on the Bass Rock. tH, aspersa var. Zonata Moq.—North Berwick, somewhat common. H. aspersa var. undulata Mog.—This type is common, but well-marked specimens are rare. H. aspersa var. flammea Picard.—With gradations to the species. Varieties approaching nzgrescens and obscurata are occasionally found. Helix nemoralis L.—Common. A specimen with the bands H. SESE a as eS Deg G ae od ae eo Dee Cog ig gl ers eS ee MCMURTRIE: MOLLUSCA OF NORTH BERWICK. pale, North Berwick. Specimens with the banding (12345) and (123)(45) are common on Rhodes farm. nemoralis var. libellula Risso.—Specimens with the banding oo000, very common, and 00300 somewhat com- mon. nemoralis var. rubella Moq.—Specimens with the band- ing 00000, common, and 00300 not uncommon. . nemoralis var. libellula-bimarginata.—Not uncommon. . nemoralis var. rubella-bimarginata.—Not uncommon. . nemoralis var. minor Moq.— Occasionally. . nemoralis var. roseo-labiata Taylor.—Rare, near sea four miles west from North Berwick. I have taken four specimens. . nemoralis var. castanea Moq.—Not abundant. . hortensis Miill.—Rare here. In a limited locality near sea two miles east from North Berwick. Also two miles inland very rare, where HZ. nemoralzs is plentiful. . hortensis var. arenicola Macgill.—Very rare, two miles inland. . arbustorum L.—Only on the east shore, where it is plenti- ful. Road-side at foot of Traprain Law. . arbustorum var. major Pfr.—East shore, rare. . aculeata Miill.—Luffness. . arbustorum var. minima Pfr.—East shore, occasionally. . arbustorum var. flavescens Moq.—FEast shore, rare. . arbustorum var. cincta Taylor.—East shore, rare. . hispida L.—North Berwick. . hispida var. subrufa Moq.—Dunbar. hispida var. nana Jeff.—North Berwick. . caperata Mont.—North Berwick, common near the sea. . caperata var. major Jeff.—Abundant in a cornfield near the sea a mile east from North Berwick in those autumns in which the crop has been corn. . rotundata Miull.—North Berwick, Dunbar, and Bass Rock, common. Also a variety approaching var. ¢w7tonz Flem., not uncommon at North Berwick. J.C., vi., Jan., 1880. MCMURTRIE : MOLLUSCA OF NORTH BERWICK. 5 H. rotundata var. alba Moq.—Bass Rock, as common as the species. H. pygmeza Drap. leaves. Luffness, and Binning Wood, among beech H. pulchella Miill.—Luffness, among stones, common. Bulimus obscurus Miull.—North Berwick, among stones at water-works, and at roots of herbage close to the sea. Pupa umbilicata Drap.—North Berwick and Bass Rock, plentiful. P. umbilicata var. edentula Mog.—North Berwick and Bass Rock, occasionally. Also specimen, approaching variety albina Mogq., Luffness, rare. P. marginata Drap.—North Berwick and Luffness, not so common as the edentulous form. P,. marginata var. edentula Mog.—North Berwick and Luff- ness, somewhat abundant among stones. Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—Luffness, among stones, not common. V. pygmeea Drap.—Luffness and North Berwick Law, among stones. V. edentula Drap.—Luffness, not common. V. minutissima Hartm.—One specimen on North Berwick Law, living with H. pygm@ea; one specimen cast up on beach in shell-sand. Cochlicopa lubrica Mill.—Luffness, plentiful among stones. C. lubrica var. lubricoides Fér.—With type. Carychium minimum Mill.—Luffness and Binning Wood, among beech leaves. Note.—I have not found C/austlia rugosa Drap., though it probably occurs. A few years ago I turned loose in the glen at North Berwick a number of Claustlta laminata Mont., and C. rolphit Gray (from Buriton, Hants.). It is not likely they have withstood the climate. I have not introduced any other mollusks. 6 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. SOME FURTHER NOTES ON MARINE SHELLS COLLECTED AT PORT ELIZABETH, SOUTH APRICAY \ViaiE DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES. Bye (Gio 18 SOMBRE, Wollaise, 1ZoS (Read before the Conchological Society, May 2nd, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referees, J. C. Melvill and E. A. Smith). Si1ncE the publication in the Journal of Conchology, January, 1886, of a list of shells collected in the above locality, with des- criptions of some new species, my friends, and particularly S. -D. Bairstow, Esq., F.L.S., have been diligent in the search for fresh material, with the result that I am able to add considerably to the list, and to describe a few species hitherto unknown to science. Argonauta Bottgeri (4/a/tzan).—Erroneously quoted by me as A. kochiana (Dunker) a perfectly distinct species, which as far as I know has never been found at the Cape. I have had specimens of 4. Gottgert from Mauritius and from Hong-Kong, as well as from South Africa. They vary con- siderably in the prominence of the tubercles and cioseness of the ribs. * Recluzia Montrouzieri Sowverbie.—The type described in the /ournal de Conchyliologie, 1872, was found at Art Island, New Caledonia. The specimen Mr. Ponsonby has submitted to me, which was found at Port Elizabeth, is somewhat larger, about an inch in length. Bullia callosa var. sulcata.—Mr. Bairstow has sent mea variety of this species spirally grooved throughout. I at * Vide Smith, Aun, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1887, vol. xx., p. 409, pl. xviil., figs, I—6. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. 7 first thought it might be specifically distinct, but there seems to be no character besides the grooves by which to distinguish it, so I propose to call it variety sz/cadtu. Pleurotoma Fultoni Sowerdy, Proc. Zool. Socy., 1888.— This species, described and figured for the first. time this year, has long been known to me, but the specimens were so defective that I thought it best to wait for a more nearly perfect one before attempting to describe the species. It is about an inch long. Pleurotoma Wilkie Sowers), n. sp.—Zesta e/ongato-turrita, Justa; spira per-elongata, apice obtustusculo, papillari ; an- Jractus 8, spiraliter trregulariter sulcati, longitudinaliter obligue vix conspicue striati ; primi 2-3, couvext, rotundati ; cetert angulatl, ad angulum tuderculis minutis, pallidts, Jusco interpunctatis ornati; supra angulum concavi, infra suturam lira sub-nodulosa, fusco articulata iustructi, infra angulum leviter convext; anfractus ultimus breviusculus ; apertura latiuscula, tnius fusca; labrum crenulatum, superne sinu latiusculo et profundiusculo emarginatum; inferne haud productum, columella leviter contorta, curta, hand producta. Long. 15., maj. diam. 5 miill., apert. 44 longa, 2 lata. Purpura (Vexilla) vexillum Cremmnitz.—This species, the type of the little group for which Swainson proposed the generic name of Vexzdla, is very rare at Port Elizabeth, but not uncommon on the Mauritian coast; it is also said to be found among the Pacific Islands. Triton (Epidromus) nitidulus var. Sowerdy.—A single specimen of this species has been sent to me by Mr. Bairstow, from Port Elizabeth. It differs from the typical form found on the Mauritian coast in being more distinctly granulated. I was at first inclined to consider it distinct, but find the species liable to considerable variation. Ranella granifera Zamarck.—One small specimen. 8 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. Voluta Africana eeve.—Only worn and broken specimens of this very rare species have hitherto been found. Marginella piperata A7znds.—Several distinct varieties besides the var. albocincta already mentioned, which we may call as follows:—var. s¢v7gaza, longitudinally streaked, mostly smaller than the type; var. /wéea, yellowish, with brown spots and short linear markings, usually larger than "the type; var. /zeata, with fine transverse dotted lines. Mitra merula n. sp.—TZesta elongata, snbfusiformi, nigro- fusca, nitida, longitudinaliter costata, spiraliter sub-obsolete sulcata ; spira elata, apice obtusiusculo , anfractus 7, leviter convext; sutura itmpressa,; anfr. ultimus, ad basin leviter attenuatus ; apertura elongata ; fauce fusco-nigra, columella albida, quadriplicata, labrum mediocriter arcuatum, haud sinuatum. Long. 17, maj. diam. 6, apertura longa 7, lat. 2 mull. A small, nearly black species allied to AZ. ebenus. Marginella floccata n. sp.—TZesta sub-ovata, grisea, maculis albidis floccatis aspersa, maculis minutts sparsis nigrofuscs notata ; spira conica, albida, maculis grandibus fusco-griseis pitta, mediocriter elata, apice obtuso ; anfractus 5, planato declives, sutura leviter impressa, ultimus obtuse angulatus, infra angulum levissime convexus, lateribus rectiuscults ; apertura mediocriter lata, columella rectiuscula, quadriplicata, labrum incrassatum, reflexum, album, margine externo nigrofusco notato. Long. 29, maj. lat. 15 mill. A beautiful specimen of this species in perfect condition has been submitted to me by Mr. Bairstow. It is the only one I have seen excepting a couple of much worn and almost colourless shells, which I take to belong to the same species. The shell may be regarded as intermediate between JZ. piperata and AZ, mosaica. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. 9 Marginella Metcalfei Azgas.A small white species of the form of an-#rato. The specimens from Port Elizabeth scarcely differ from the Australian. Marginella inconspicua Sozwerdy.—A small white sub- pellucid species, somewhat like AZ alabaster, but much smaller. Columbella sagena Reeve.—A species of very wide distri- bution, but seldom found on the South African coast. Natica imperforata Sowerby.—Reeve’s WV. genuana belongs to this species. Natica (Ruma) Simice Chemnitz.—Not uncommon in the Indian Ocean, but rare at the Cape. Narica Souleyetiana eclwz.—One dead shell. Solarium (‘orinia) variegatum Gwmelin.—Common in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Terebra cingulifera Zamarck.—One small worn specimen. Common on the Mauritian coast and in various other localities. Conus Natalensis Sozwervy.—Mr. Bairstow has a specimen of each of the two striking varieties of this rare and in- teresting species. Conus Bairstowi n. sp.—TZesta turbinata, ponderosa, albida, maculis fuscis sub-distantibus, plerumque quadratis picta, ad basim fusco tincta ; spira breviuscula ; anfractus 8, levis- sime convext, haud striati ; sutura trregulariter impressa ; anfractus ultimus superne rotunde angulatus, infra angulum convextusculus, infra medium sulcis angustis confertis undu- latis oblique sculptus; apertura medtocriter lata, basim versus aliguanto latior, fauce dilute fusco tincta. Long. 50, maj. diam. 27 mill. A characteristic species, spotted something like C. eburneus, and presenting some similarity to the West Indian C. /eoninus and spurtus. It is closely wave-striated towards the base, which is conspicuously tinged with brown. I have as yet seen only a single specimen of this species. 10 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. Conus fulvus, n. sp.—C. ¢esta subcylindrica, fulva, zona fusca obscurisstina paulo inframedium cincta, spira breviter contca, ad apicem rufo-fSusca; anfractus 6, levissime convext, obcurts- stme Spiraliter striati; anfractus ultimus superne rotunde angulatus, infra angulum convexus, basim versus paulo attenuatus, oblique sulcatus; apertura latiuscula, antice paulo latior, fauce dilute rosaceofusca. Long. 21, maj. diam. 11 mill. The specimen is somewhat worn, but seems sufficiently distinct from C. 7osaceus, to which it is allied. Cypreea citrina Gray.—This rare species undoubtedly be- longs to the Cape fauna; it has also been found on the coast of Madagascar. Cypreea vitellus Z7zz.—This common Indian Ocean species has been taken living at Port Elizabeth in various stages of growth. Cypreea helvola Zzzn.—Very common in the Indian Ocean. Cypreea (Cyprzovula) amphithales Melvill, “ Mem. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1888.”—-A remarkable shell, the smooth back of which is like C. algoensis. It has a spotted margin, and the base is ridged like C. capenszs, but rather more finely. Mr. Bairstow has a specimen in perfect condition. Cyprea (Trivia) vesicularis Gaskoin.—Rarely found in good condition. The following Gypreze common in the Indian and Pacific Oceans have been found dead at Port Elizabeth, but it is doubtful whether many of them properly belong to the South African fauna -—C. arabica (Linn.), C. annulus (Linn.), C. caput-serpentis (Linn.), C. jimbriata (Gmel.), C. felina (Gmel.), C. helvola (Linn.), C. erosa (Linn.), C. carneola, C. caurica (Linn.), C. mauritiana (Linn.), C. La- marckit (Gray), C. Zsabella (Linn.), C. ocel/ata (Linn.), C. moneta (Linn.), C. tabescens (Soland), C. z¢gzac (Linn.), C. staphylea (Linn.). : J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. pit Ovulum (Birostra) aurantium, n. sp.—TZesta elongata, leviter inflata, polita, sub-pellucida, curantia, utringue acu- minata ; postice leviter productz, acuta; antice leviter con- tracta ; apertura postice augusta, sinuata, antice multo latior ; labrum incrassatum, utringue leviter sintuatum. Long. 23, maz. lat. 7 mill. A single specimen in perfect condition has been sent me by Mr. Bairstow; it is allied to O. sfe/fa, but more elongated and of a deep orange colour. Turritella Knysnaensis Xvauss.—A specimen from Port Elizabeth has been submitted to me by Mr. Ponsonby. Littorina Knysnaensis Avauss. Nerita plicata Zzzm. Nerita polita Zzzx. Nerita albicilla Zzzz. Nerita plexa Chemnitz. Cerithium vulgatum Zinz.—A small pale variety. Cerithium contractum Sowerby. Turbo coronatus Gmelin.—A small specimen. Trochus (Oxystele) zonatus Wood. Trochus (Oxystele) niger 4. Adams. Trochus (Giobula) Benzi X7vauwss. Trochus (Gibbula?) Ponsonbyi Sowerby, “Proc., Zool. Soc., 1888.”—A shell of very distinct form. It is impossible to say in the absence of the operculum whether it is a Trochus or a Turbo, but it seems most likely to belong to the Gzbsulu section of Trochus. Clanculus Laceyi n. sp.—TZesta conica, griseo-fusca, ubique minute seriatim granulata; anfractus 6, conspicue biangu- lati ; anfractus ultimus ad basin leviter convexus ; umbilicus albus, profunde excavatus ,; apertura obliqua, fauce tridescens, obsolete sulcati, columella superne obscure plicata, ad basin conspicue uniplicata. Alt. 14, maj. lat. 73 mill. An interesting bi-angulated species, more conical than C. carinatus. 12 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. Monodonta Australis Zamarck.Two specimens with the spire less elevated than in the prevailing Australian form. Trochita chinensis Zzzz., var.—tThe Port Elizabeth speci- mens are mostly purple-tinted. Fissurella mutabilis Sowerdy. Fissurella neglecta Jesz.—Scarcely distinguishable from Mediterranean specimens. Fissurella robusta _n. sp.—TZesta elevata, solida, fusca, levigata, vel concentrice obsolete corrugata,; antice curta, postice turgida ; foramine mediocri, ovali, ad + longitudints sito. Long. 40, maj. lat. 34, alt. 25 mill. The shell lent me by Mr. Ponsonby is in a very worn con- dition, so that it is impossible from it to give a full description of the species; but it is of a peculiar robust and elevated form, and its surface appears to be nearly smooth without any signs of radiating ridges. Fissurella parvi-forata n. sp.—TZesta oblongo-elliptica, con- vexo elevata, alba, costis numerosis confertis complanatis rugosis (interstitiis puncturatis) sculpta; margine crenulato ; Joramine minutissimo, sub-circulart, } long. sito. Long. 17, lat. 11, alt. 8 mill. A white species with a very small orifice, from St. Simon’s Bay, kindly given me by the Rey. Dr. Churchill Babington. Macrochisma producta A Clapham Common, a locality I tried to find but did not succeed. One of the most interesting finds to me was //e/7x ericetorum, as I never expected it to turn up, although I have found it in some, to me, very unlikely localities, as on a grassy bank at Monsal Dale, Derbyshire, and a colony in the middle of a wheat-field at Morcott, Rutlandshire, in a steep part of the field that could not be ploughed. I notice that the Rev. W. C. Hey mentions in ‘The Naturalist’ for June, 1885, page 258, that he saw a few dead specimens of e/¢x ertcetorum at the foot of Giggleswick Scar, this would be about ten miles from Ingleton, so they may be found elsewhere in the district. I was rather surprised that I did not find H. /apécida, as it occurs so abundantly on the Limestone in Derbyshire. The nearest locality to Ingleton, from which I can find any record is Kilnsea Crags and Kettlewell in Wharfedale, mentioned by the Rev. W. C. Hey in vol: 11. of ‘The Journal of Conchology,’ page 178. Seeing that Ingleton 1s a district so rich in species, I hope that the members of this society will organize an excursion there during the coming season, and be able to add considerably to the species I have mentioned. a Helix rupestris, an Ovo=viviparous species.—On looking through the 4. 7xfes¢vis I got at Ingleton I found one of them, from which I had tried to extract the animal, shewing in the mouth young shells with 114 or 2 whorls formed, em- bedded in the part of the animal shewing there. In turning to Jeffreys’ British Conchology, I find this is an ovo-viviparous species, which this shell shews very well, and on looking care- fully over my remaining duplicates I am pleased to say I found several more, all shewing the same feature. —EDWARD COLLIER, 46 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION IN THE MOLLUSCA. By Dr. J. W. WILLIAMS, M.A. (Read before the Conchological Society, May 2nd, 1888, and recommended for publication by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, acting as referee). THE phenomena of muscle-contraction resolve themselves into two great and somewhat distinct primary groups, one of which— CILIARY ACTION—is more simple in its character than the other —MUSCULAR CONTRACTION PROPER. In this paper we shall take, for the sake of more clearness in detail, each of these divisions separately. And, first, with regard to CILIARY ACTION. Cilia are found in the intestinal canal of most molluscs, and on the gill-filaments of the lamellibranchs where they are more strongly developed at certain spots termed “ciliated junctions.” They are fila- mentous prolongations of the protoplasm of columnar, cubical, or spheeroidal cells, the free borders of which are bright and seem to be made up of juxtaposed knobs from whence fine varicose filaments extend into the substance of the cells forming the rootlets of the cilia. From each of these knobs a somewhat long cilium —long when compared with a cilium from the mucous lining of the mammalian trachea—extends. Their function is to execute rapid lash-like movements (mmotus undu- Jatus of Valentin) in order to drive the water in a given direction over the gills for respiratory purposes, or, else, to help the move- ment of the fluid ingesta along the intestinal tract onward to the anus. They do not seem to be under the control of the nervous or circulatory systems for the lashing of the cilia obtain when the cells to which they are attached are bodily removed or even when they are isolated from one another, but their motion J-C., vi., Jan., 1889. WILLIAMS : PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION. 47 resembles, evidently, the spontaneous movement of protoplasm. But the work done represents a large amount of physical labour and is much greater than that performed by ordinary muscular contraction. The absolute force of movement is the weight that can be distinctly moved when covering a surface. of one centimetre. This has not been estimated, so far as I am aware, in the mollusca, but the lowest value for the pharyngeal mucous membrane of the frog, an animal in which the cilia are much shorter, is 3°36 grammes. When the estimation is made for the mollusca we shall, therefore, expect a much greater estimate than this one. The rapidity with which the strokes succeed one another is very great—when moving at their fastest the movement of the whole resembles a stream of running water, and when moving more slowly it recalls a field of corn shaken by the wind. A temperature between o’c and 4o°c favours the movement, as also does the presence of oxygen, water, or air. Ozone, oxygen under a pressure of eight atmospheres, alkalies, acids, bile, dilute saline solutions, chloroform, amyl nitrite, ether, hydrogen and carbonic dioxide arrest or retard the move- ment. During movement electricity is set free, for a current has been observed passing from the superficial to the deeper parts. What the cause of the movement may be, in reality, due to has been the subject of much discussion. Engelmann has brought forward, what I consider, the most plausible theory, and one which we must accept only tentatively for the time being as something to hold on to in our work until some other still more plausible explanation is advanced by our brethren-workers either in this country or on the continent. He considers that each cilium is composed of serially arranged particles, to each of which he has given the name of an 7zofagmen, which, during rest, are contracted with the long axis parallel to that of the cilium, and, during action, spherical, the whole movement re- sponding to external stimuli. That the contraction is a response to external stimuli is supported by the observation of Steinbuch, who found that a mechanical stimulus, insufficient to injure the 48 WILLIAMS : PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION. cilia, such as that produced by an impulse of a fluid current, ' aids in a marked degree the activity of the cilia. The first observer of ciliary movement was A. de Heyde, in 1683. Since then many observers have worked well in this direction, such as Sharpey, Valentin, Purkinje, Virchow, Kistiakowsky, Roth, Engelmann, Stuart, Neumann, Huzinga, Kthne, Bowditch, and Calliburces. Secondly, with regard to the second group—-MUSCULAR CONTRACTION PROPER. In mammalian muscle the fibres are of two kinds, striated and unstriated. The striated muscle- fibres are elongated, about one-and-a-half inches in length, and more differentiated in character than the unstriated which are fusiform in shape and about g¢> inch in length. The former kind are found in those portions of the body where active and rapid movements are effected, the latter where much slower movements are needed. The fibres of the molluscan muscle are unicellular and unstriated, and consequently not so differen- tiated from protoplasm as the striated and unstriped vertebrate muscle-fibres. And since it is a physiological law that the more rapid the contraction the muscle performs the more differen- tiated in character are its fibres from the ordinary type of protoplasm, the features of muscle-contraction in the mollusca, we should naturally expect, would not be so well pronounced as those attending the contraction of tae two kinds of muscle-fibres in the mammalia. This, however, is evident on seeing a snail crawl, the slow locomotory movements of which have earned for it the sobriquet of “tardy-gaited.” The latent period, z.e. the time which elapses during the passage of the wave of change along the nerve to the muscle and the chemical changes going on in the muscle previous to contraction—we also should expect to be longer, and we are not deceived, for in the vertebrates this is about =i, sec. in striated and sec. in unstriated muscle, and H. Varigny? has shown that in the mollusca it varies from 1 «Sur la période d’excitation latente de quelques muscles lisses de la vie de relation chez les invertébrés.” Compt Rend, ct, pp. 570—572. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889 WILLIAMS : PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION. 49 o sec. in Scaphander lignartus to 12° sec. in Sepia officinalis. But while, as is evident from their stiiCiite: the kind of muscle in the vertebrates that they most resemble is the unstriated, yet they differ very greatly from that variety in being, as Varigny has demonstrated, under the control of the will, sometimes very rapid in their contraction and relaxation, and, taking them on the whole, not less irritable than striated muscle. The only one analogy that comes to my mind as existing in the verte- brates—and I think it is the only one that can be safely assumed—is the ciliary muscle of the iris, which, though con- sisting of unstriped fibres, is yet under voluntary control through the medium of the third cranial nerve. But the work they can perform is great. Simroth ® states that a small Helix can still move along when burdened with a weight nine times its own, and E. Sandford * has proved that a /. asfersa weighing + oz. can draw along a horizontal plane a weight weighing 17 ozs., which is still much greater (51 times its own weight) and that another of the same species with a weight of + oz. can drag upa vertical plane 24 oz. (nine times its own). But to have estimates a little more absolute. The absolute force of one square centi- metre of the muscle of a frog is from 2°8 to 3 kilogrammeters and about 8 or 9 kilogrammeters in man. The mollusca do not fall short of these estimates. Plateau ° has found that in the adductor muscles of Pectuncilus glycymeris it is equal to 10,152 grammes ; in Pecten maximus, 3,786 ; in ALytilus edulis, 7,984 ; in Ostrea edulis, 5,867; in Venus verrucosa, 12,431; in Mya arenarta, 1,178; in Cardium edule, 2,856; in Pecten opercu- laris, 530; and in Zridacna, 1,595 grammes. It should, how- ever, be mentioned that the adductor muscles of the genus 2 «Sur quelque points de la physiologie des muscles lisses chez les invertébrés.” Op. cit., ci, pp. 656—658. 8 «Die Thatigkeit der willkiirlichen Muskulatur unserer Landsch- necken.” Z. Wiss, Zool. xxx suppl. vol. pp. 166—224. 4 «Experiments to test the strength of snails (Helix aspersa).” Zoo- logist (3) x, p. 491. © Recherches sur la force absolue des muscles des invertébrés.” 1 Partie, Bull. Ac. Belg. (3) vi, pp. 226—259. 50 WILLIAMS: PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION. Pecten have been found by R. Blanchard ° to be striated (though the strize are not identical with those in the striated vertebrate muscle-fibres, yet this shows a differentiation), and that there is a possibility that the same muscles of the other bivalves men- tioned may be striated also. He did not, however, find this in Mytilus, Unio, or Anodonta. A. Coutance’ has also found that a weight of ro,ooo grammes. is needed to open a contracted Pecten weighing 85 grammes without the shell, and that then the muscles rupture, while an oyster weighing 12 grammes, without the shell needed the traction of 1o kilogrammes to close its valves. Striation in the muscle-cells has also been observed in the odontophore of Haliotis and Patella, in a species of Acmeea by Dall,® and in the heart of Pecten, Ano- donta, Helix, and Aplysia by J. Dogiel.? And, according to Pawlow, 1° two kinds of nerve-fibres supply the adductor muscles of Azodonta cygnea—one inhibitory, the other motor. The motor nerves spring from the ganglia next to the muscles, and carry contracting impulses; the inhibitory fibres pass from the two anterior ganglia only, and bear relaxing impulses. Prof. Hartmann ?1 also states that he has observed the primitive fibrille of the muscles of Cephalopods to contract. During contraction the muscles become shorter and correspondingly thicker, oxygen is absorbed and carbonic dioxide excreted as a waste tissue product, and the temperature rises. Glycogen ® “Note sur la présence de muscles striés chez les mollusques acephales monomyaires.” Rev. Int. Sci., 1880 (No 4); also Constance, in Bull. Soc., Brest, 1879; abstr. J]. R., Micro. Soc., iii, p. 930. 7 “De l’énergie et de la structure musculaire chez les mollusques acé- phales.” Paris; 1878; 8vo. 8 American Journal of Science, Feb., 1871, p. 123; also American Naturalist, iv, p. 691. ® “Die Muskeln und Nerven des Herzens bei einigen mollusken.” Arch. Mikr. Anat., xiv, pp. 59—65. 10 <*Wie die Muschel ihre Schale Offnet Versuche und Fragen zur Allgemeinen Muskel-und-Nerven-physiologie.” Arch. Ges. Phys., xxxvii, pp. 6—31; abst. Mature, xxxiii, p. 106. Hh Sp Buy NEN Ty HEH7S, oh OA J.C. vi., Jan., 1889. WILLIAMS: PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION. 51 is also used up, as has been shown by Dr. Barfurth,12 in an inverse proportion to their activity, and this substance I have attempted to show in a previous communication 1 is, in them, as in vertebrates, applied to the development of muscle-energy by oxidation, and, probably, derived from the carbohydrates (starches) and, in a less degree, the proteids (vegetable albu- men, vegetable fibrin, gliadin, &c.) of the food-stuffs. Accord- ing to W. Beidermann?* the adductor muscles of Anodon retain their irritability for several days when kept in the blood of that bivalve. And, in conclusion, with regard to some one or two very interesting points in the physiology of muscle- contraction in the mollusca which are unique in the animal kingdom. For these we must thank, in great part, Simroth,!> to whom, indeed, must be given the palm for original work and observation on that group of living beings over which I hope all the readers of this journal are enthusiastic. If the under surface of the foot of a snail be watched as it crawls along a glass plate it will be observed that a wave passes along the foot while the animal bends from side to side. These two movements are accomplished by two different sets of fibres and by two different modes. ‘The former set run longitudin- ally in the substance of the foot (extensile fibres), the latter in an oblique direction (contractile fibres). The extensile fibres are the active agents in locomotion and cause an exten- sion of the foot; the contractile fibres cause a shortening of the ? ~ * “Vergleichend-histochemische Untersuchungen iiber das Glycogen.’ Arch, Mikr. Anat., xxv, pp. 259—404. 3 «On the Meaning of the Glycogenic Function in the Mollusca.” ~ 14 “Ueber die electrische Erregung der Schliessmuskel von Anodonta.” S. B. Ak., Wien, xci., pp. 29—96. 15 «Tie Thatigheit der willktirlichen Muskulatur unserer landsch- necken.” Z. Wiss, Zool., xxx, suppl. vol., pp. 166—224. ‘‘Die Bewegung unserer landschnecken.” Of. cc?¢., xxxii., pp. 284—322. “Ueber die Bewegung und das Bewegungsorgan von Cyclostoma elegans, und der einheimischen Schnecken iiberhaupt.” Of. cét., xxxvi, pp. 1—67. Z. ges Naturw. (2) v, pp. 500—504. 52 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. foot and a swaying from side to side of the animal’s body. The latter act, as their name implies, by contractions, and only with persistent waves of change passing along the nerves from the ganglia to the fibres. The latter do not contract at all, but become extended by a coagulation of their muscle-plasma (myosin?) which begins at one end and advances along the whole length of each fibre. This coagulation can only take place when the lacunz of the pedal muscle are filled with blood, and a s¢zg/e impulse from the pedal nerves is enough to set it into action, after which it proceeds without the inter- vention of any nervous agency. ‘The other interesting item is mentioned by A. Coutance (/oc. cit.) who states that the adductor muscle of Pecten is composed of two parts—one, containing striated fibres (‘ muscular’ part) and of a yellowish colour; the other, consisting of ordinary unstriped muscle-cells (‘ligamentous’ portion) and bluish-white in colour. The former portion, according to this author and H. von Ihering,*® closes the valves rapidly, the latter keeps them together when closed, so that the muscle, as a whole, is never at rest. The pedal muscle of the snail can be thrown into a state of tetanus—~z. e., the fusion of a series of successive contractions into one continuous contraction—and here is another distinction from vertebrate unstriped muscle which is incapable of passing into a tetanic state of contraction. In this it resembles the striated muscle of the higher animals. The number of stimuli required in the case of the pedal muscle of the snail is ten per second ; for the sake of comparison we may state that the wing- muscles of insects require three hundred. Seer See DS SSS Limax flavus var. rufescens in West Lancashire.— Mr. W. H. Heathcote sent me last week a half-grown example of Limax flavus, which answers to Moquin’s description of this variety, taken in his wood-yard at Avenham Lane, Preston, where the species is not uncommon.—W. DENISON ROEBUCK. *® Ueber Anomia. Z. Wiss, Zool., xxx Suppl. vol., pp. 13—27. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 53 THE MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. By CLIFFORD BURKILL anp J. T. MARSHALL. (Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 15th, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referee, Alex. Somerville). In the last number of the “ Journal of Conchology ” there appeared an account of the occurrence of Azgiope decollata at Scilly, and a lengthy examination of the dredgings from those Islands had yielded such additions to those already recorded, that further details were promised. These additions number forty-seven, the majority being rare species—a not inconsiderable number to the full lists pub- lished in 1885 and 1886 by Messrs. Smart and Cooke ; and they were obtained by Mr. Burkill during a three months’ stay at St. Mary’s, where he was joined by Mr. B. Sturges Dodd in the month of August, when unfortunately the weather turned out unpropitious for dredging purposes; still a little was done, and a few of the undermentioned species were recorded by Mr. Dodd. When it is remembered what a very fickle nature the climate of Scilly bears, and during a summer, moreover, when the weather was everywhere abnormal, it must be granted that Mr. Burkill has done good work in the time and with the means at his disposal. The principal dredgings were taken off Menavawr Rock, in 40 fathoms; in St. Mary’s Sound, 35—40 fathoms; off Muncoy Neck Rock, in about 30 fathoms; and in Crow Sound. A good deal of shore collecting was also done, but with no particular results not already recorded. Moreover, not one favourable low spring tide occurred during the entire three months. 54 BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. Two new varieties appear in the following list which are additions to the British fauna—Cerithiopsis tubercularis var. albescens Marshall; and Pheline scabra var. circa Marshall. It may be interesting to add that Helix revelata occurred at the roots of grass on the cliffs near the sea at St. Mary’s. Argiope decollata Chem.—Noticed fully in the last number of the Journal. A. cistellula S. Wood.—Menavawr. Valves only. Modiolaria discors L.—St. Mary’s, in dwarf weeds between tide-marks. Galeomma turtoni Ed. Zool. Jour.—Menavawr. Smart and Cooke in their Supplement record one valve, and another occurred to Mr. Burkill. ‘These valves had probably drifted from shallow water. Lepton sulcatulum Jeff—Menavawr and Muncoy Neck. A dozen perfect specimens and many valves. This species has hitherto been considered peculiar to the Channel Islands (excepting its foreign stations), where it lives at low-water mark in dwarf seaweeds. L. clarkize Clark.—Menavawr. Valves only. Montacuta dawsoni Jeff—Menavawr. A single valve, but unmistakable. Although this shell is a comparatively recent discovery, found by the late Mr. Dawson in the Moray Firth, I am able to record it from four additiona localities—Donegal, Bartra Island in Killala Bay, Torbay, and now Scilly. I also found it not uncommon in dredgings from the coast of Greenland obtained during our last Arctic Expedition in 1875. Tellina balaustina L.—St. Mary’s Sound. A fine valve in fresh condition. Amphidesma castaneum Mont.—Menavawr, Muncoy, and St. Mary’s Sound. Valves are plentiful about the Land’s End and at Scilly, but the two first-named localities are notable as having yielded from each place a perfect adult example. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 55 Lyonsia norvegica Chem.—St. Mary’s Sound. Cyclostrema cutlerianum Clark.—Menavawr and Muncoy Neck. C. nitens Phil.—Menavawr and Muncoy Neck. C. serpuloides Mont.—Dead at Menavawr and. Muncoy ; living under stones at low water mark, and also dredged living in Crow Sound. Trochus granulatus Born.—St. Mary’s Sound. Messrs. Smart and Cooke record ‘‘a few dead and imperfect specimens,” but living examples were taken on this occasion. Trochus granulatus var. lactea Jeff.—With the preceding, also living. Lacuna puteolus Tur.—St. Mary’s, in weed at low water. Rissoa striatula Mont.—Muncoy Neck. R. calathus F. and H.—Muncoy Neck. R. inconspicua Alder.—Muncoy Neck. This species is recorded as Scillonian, but with no authority, in a list of shells kept at Tresco Abbey. It may now be considered confirmed. R. vitrea Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound. Smart and Cooke’s supposed £&. witrea were R. proxima, as altered in their Supplement. R. soluta Phil.—St. Mary’s Sound, Muncoy Neck, and Menavawr. Jeffreysia diaphana Alder.—St. Mary’s, in weed. Skenea planorbis Fabr. — Under stones and on weeds between tide-marks. Czecum trachea Mont.—Menavawr and Muncoy. C. glabrum Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound, Menavawr, and Muncoy. Aclis unica Mont.—Muncoy Neck. A. ascaris Tur.—Muncoy Neck. A. supranitida S. Wood.—St. Mary’s Sound. A. gulsonze Clark.—Muncoy Neck and St. Mary’s Sound. 56 BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. Odostomia minima Jeff.—Menavawr. One specimen. O. nivosa Mont.—Menavawr. This species is also recorded (as O. cylindrica) in the Tresco Abbey List, and now confirmed. . truncatula Jeff.—Menavawr. . lukisi JeffMenavawr and Muncoy Neck. . albella Lov.—St. Mary’s, under stones between tide marks. . rissoides Han.—St. Mary’s, confirming Abbey List. . diaphana Jeff—Menavawr. . obliqua Ald.—Menavawr. . dolioliformis Jeff—Muncoy Neck. . interstincta var. suturalis Phil.—Muncoy Neck. . scalaris Phil.—St. Mary’s Sound and Menavawr. This confirms Smart and Cooke’s record in their Supplement. . pusilla Phil.—Menavawr. . scillae Scac.—Menavawr. One specimen only. Adeorbis subcarinatus S. Wood.—St. Mary’s Sound. Dead specimens. Cerithium perversum var. pallescens Jeff—Menavawr. I recognised this pretty variety among some of Mr. Smart’s shells after his list was published. Cerithiopsis tubercularis var. nana Jeff_—Menavawr and St. Mary’s Sound. C. tubercularis var. albescens Marshall.—Shell of a pale straw colour. Dredged at Muncoy and Menavawr. Mr. Smart dredged some examples on the latter ground that were half white, gradually toning to light brown. C. pulchella Jeff—Menavawr, Muncoy, and St. Mary’s. This is another species recorded in the Abbey List, and now OO O00000000 confirmed. Buccinum undatum L.—St. Mary’s. Smart and Cooke record ‘‘ very old and worn shells only ; exceedingly rare.” Five living examples were taken here. Fusus gracilis var. convoluta Jeff.—St. Mary’s Sound. The type is recorded in the Abbey List as / zslandius. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 57 Nassa incrassata var. minor Jeff.—Menavawr. Defrancia purpurea var. philberti Mich.—Muncoy Neck. Pleurotoma rugulosa Phil.—Muncoy Neck. A young and fresh example of this very rare shell. P. rufa var. lactea Jeff.—St. Mary’s Sound. Utriculus expansus Jeffi—Menavawr. A most interesting find. Several dead examples occurred of this very rare shell. Jeffreys gives the Shetland and Lofoden Islands for this species, but in addition to the Scilly locality now noted I can record it from the west coast of Ireland. Philine scabra var. circa Marshall.—Shell having a broad white band round the body-whorl, and corresponding with the following variety. Dredged off Muncoy. ‘This form is rare, and I can record it from one other locality only— Killala Bay, on the west coast of Ireland. P. catena var. zona Jeff.— Menavawr. P. pruinosa Clark.—St. Mary’s Sound. Aplysia punctata Cuv.—St. Martin’s Flats, between tide- marks. Very fine. Spirialis retroversus Flem.—Menavawr, Muncoy, and St. Mary’s Sound. The Rev. R. W. J. Smart has favoured us with the following unpublished additions to the Scilly List, which brings the Molluscan fauna of that region up to date :— Pecten opercularis var. lineata Da Costa.—Menavawr and St. Martin’s, alive (Smart and C. Jefferys). Mytilus phaseolinus Phil.—Menavawr, small but numerous (C. Jefferys). Montacuta substriata Mont.—St. Martin’s Flats and Pentle Bay, on spines of Spatangus purpureus, common (C. Jefferys). Loripes lacteus L.—St. Mary’s, living (C. Jefferys). Scrobicularia nitida Mill.—Identified among specimens of S. alba submitted to Mr. Marshall. 58 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Rissoa cimicoides Forbes.—Also identified by Mr. Marshall among specimens of &. reticulata. R. striatula Mont.—Menavawr, a large but broken specimen (A. H. Cooke). Mr. Marshall has likewise identified the following Odostomie from the shells of that genus dredged by Messrs. Smart and Cooke :— Odostomia rissoides Han. O. rissoides var. dubia Jeff. O. rissoides var. alba Jeff. O. pallida var. angusta Jeff. O. conoidea var. australis Jeff. O. unidentata var. elata Jeff. Akera bullata Mill.—Menavawr (A. H. Cooke). This is one of the species recorded by Lord Vernon, and now confirmed. Sevenoaks, Torquay, December, 1888. MEIER sop neta) Obituary. Sir David Barclay. The loss of a veteran conchologist, Sir David William Barclay, tenth Baronet, which occurred at his residence, Holland Road, Kensington, on.the 23rd November, in his 85th year, is worthy of a short record in the Journal of Conchology. His long residence in the Mauritius enabled him to make, not only a fine collection of the Land and Marine Shells of that locality, but also to visit other Islands and Reefs, thereby adding many new and interesting forms toscience. His collections altogether contained about 17,000 species. On the occasion of my last visit to him, early in November, he had been unwell, but was then much better, and in capital spirits. We spent some hours in chatting and looking over some of his cabinets, and he recalled with great delight over a drawer of beautiful Mauritius Pectens, the various details concerning their capture. His name will be J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 59 temembered in connection with such shells as Cyclostoma Barclayanum, the rare and beautiful AZurvex Barclayz, and the unique Cyprea Barclayi, found by Sir David on the coral reefs of Diego Garcia, and now in the collection of my friend Miss Saul.— WALTER Crouch, F.Z.S. Rev. Churchill Babington, D.D., F.L.S. The death of this well-known naturalist, on the 12th January last, has removed from usa man remarkable for his varied attainments. In the department of botany he held a place among the first, having from his youth been an ardent student of the science. Born in 1821, he appears as a con- tributor to Potter’s ‘‘ History of Charnwood Forest,” both as a botanist and ornithologist. | Watson’s “ Botanist’s Guide to England and Wales,” Sir W. J. Hooker’s “ Journal of Botany,” and the “Flora of New Zealand,” were under obligations to him. His last work was the ‘‘ Catalogue of Suffolk Birds,” published in 1886, and the forthcoming “ Flora of Suffolk,” by Rev. Dr. Hind, has been carefully revised by him. Few equalled Dr. Babington as a classical archeologist. | His con- tributions to Smith and Cheetham’s “ Dictionary of Christian Antiquities ” upon medals, rings, glass, tombs, seals and inscrip- tions have received high commendation. Conchology was among his later acquisitions, having been regularly undertaken only about ten years ago. With his characteristic thoroughness he mastered first the British species, and then proceeded to form a fine collection of both British and exotic specimens. He purchased the shells formerly in the museum at Sudbury, Suffolk, and made many expeditions on the coasts of Great Britain and the Channel Isles. At the time of his death he was contemplating a complete catalogue of Suffolk shells. His removal, at the age of 67, will be widely felt, as his amiable dis- position was equal to his profound and varied learning.—C. G, ———4-0-¢—____ 60 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO. By T. D. A. COCKERELL. EVER since July, 1887, I have had in preparation a detailed list of the mollusca of Colorado, which, however, cannot yet be considered complete, since records are still entirely lacking for very many of the counties, and one or two questions of nomen- clature still remain unsettled. It may therefore not be amiss to offer a few preliminary remarks on the subject, leaving details of precise localities, &c. to be given in the full list. Previous REecorps.—The foundation of Colorado Con- chology was laid by E. Ingersoll, who enumerated some forty- two species in a paper in Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1875. Since that date various notes and records have appeared, which, how- ever, have not added greatly to our knowledge of the mollusca of the State. These, together with Ingersoll’s contributions, bring the number of recorded species up to forty-eight, to which I can now add eleven, making a total of fifty-nine. This will seem an exceedingly small number to European Concholo- gists ; but the paucity of species of mollusca is the most promi- nent feature of this region as compared with the eastern states and Europe. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES.— Besides the paucity of species there are other marked features, notably the great preponder- ance of boreal types—no less than twenty-five of the fifty-nine species being distinctly boreal—while several others approach thereto. There is but one species of slug, but that is variable, and was on this account divided into two by Ingersoll. Ayalina is abundant, and Patu/a well developed (though less so than in Utah), but excepting these and species of Muzcrophysa and Vallonia there is not a single He/7x—the great groups JZesodon, J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. COCKERELL: MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO. 61 Polygyra, &c. being wholly unrepresented. Cochlicopa lubrica occurs locally, and seems less variable than in Europe. Pxpa (including Vertigo) is well represented, but the group Leucochila is rare. Swccinea is frequent. Among freshwater species four species of operculata are on record, but they must be very scarce ; I never met with any of them. Zzmnea has several species of the Lzmnophysa group. Physa is fairly numerous, but Planorbis is poorly represented. Axcylus, Spherium, and Pisidium occur in the mountains, but Uzzo and Anodonta are only found in the north-east corner, almost in Nebraska. Disrricrs.—Colorado presents very varying conditions at altitudes from 3,450 to 14,480 feet. Roughly, it may be divided into the eastern plains, the central mountain region, and the lower western portion. For more detailed work I have divided it into seventy-eight counties and vice-counties, which fall under nine heads, according to the great river-basins, as follows :— (1). ATLANTIC SLOPE. (2). Pacrric SLOPE. a. Platte—17. é. San Juan.—5. 6. Republican.—4. J Welores==6: c. Arkansas.—19. -g. Grand.—1 7. d. Rio Grande.—6. A. White.—1. z. Bear.—3. Platte.—This division is characterised by several species, found in Lodge Pole Creek, in Logan County, by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, and at present known to occur nowhere else in the state, viz :—Limnea modicella Lea, Physa virgata Gould, Planorbis bicarinatus Say, Unio occidens Lea, Anodonta ferrusaciana Lea, and A. plana Lea. All but one of these are now recorded for Colorado for the first time.* * Mr. C. T. Simpson also found the following species in the Platte district in S.W. Nebraska, quite close to Colorado ; they are not yet known for our state, but may be looked for in its N.E. portion :— Lzmnea bulimoides Lea, Physa gyrina Say, Planorbis exacutus Say, P. armigerus Say, Pupa fallax Say, P. armifera Say, P. contracta Say, Zonites minus- culus Binn., and young shells of what are probably Unzo gractls Barnes. 62 COCKERELL: MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO. Republican.—Records are at present entirely wanting ; probably some of the eastern Unionide, &c. may exist, the neigh- bouring state of Kansas boasting no less than forty-nine species of Unio, two of Margaritana, and twelve of Azo- donta, while Nebraska has also numerous species belonging to these genera. Arkansas.—The eastern portion of this division has no records as yet, but Anodonta dejecta Lewis, Unio lachrymosus Lea, and other species occur in the Arkansas River in Kansas. The mountainous portion of the Arkansas basin is the eastern limit of a few species belonging to the Rocky Mountains, Agriolimax montanus Ing., and Patula coopert Binn., extending as far east as Pueblo Co., while Patula cronkheitet Newe.,* Microphysa ingersollii Bland, Pupa Blandi Morse, P. corpulenta Morse, and P. alticola Ing., have been found in Western Custer Co. Vitrina pellucida Miill. occurs in Custer Co., and V. Pfeiffer Newc. in Lake Co., Hyalina radiatula Alder in Custer and Pueblo Cos., and the var. wividescenti-alba Jeffr.t in Custer Co., @. arborea Say is frequent in Custer, Chaffee, and Pueblo Cos.; in Custer Co. Patula striatella Anth. is found abundantly with it, as well as Conulus fulvus and Helix pulchella var. costata. Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. occurs abundantly near Swift Creek, in Custer Co., at about 8,400 feet altitude. The species of Puga are numerous and puzzling. ‘The common species in Custer Co. is P. blandit Morse, which presents various forms, one of which Mr. C. F. Ancey, to whom specimens were sent, refers to P. digranata Rossm. Probably they are all refer- able to P. marginata Drap. as varieties. Dr. V. Sterki remarks that specimens of one of these forms which I sent * This ascends as high as 10,000 feet altitude. Mr. H. A. Pilsbry informs me that it is probably to be considered a variety of the European P. ruderata Stud. + H. viridula of American authors: it seems to me identical with the European form. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889, COCKERELL: MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO. 63 him are very much like P. dadia (marginata) from Anti- costi I. and also greatly resemble P. ster7z vy. Voith from Geissberg, Switzerland, of which he has been good enough to send me specimens. Then there is a small species which I have provisionally called P. coloradensis sp. noy., but forbear to describe it until it has been compared by Mr. Pilsbry with authentic specimens of P. Rowells Newc. The only two Colorado species of the Lewcochila section are also from this district,—P. avrizonensis Gabb, from El Paso Co. according to Tryon (but not found since), and a minute Leucochila which I have found very sparingly at about 8,400 feet in West Custer Co., to which I have given the name PP. montanella sp. nov., but do not describe it pending further investigations. Dr. v. Sterki writes that he has obtained a minute Leucochila from Minnesota, which is very distinct from all other species, and suggests that it may be identical with mine. Succinea avara Say occurs in Custer and Pueblo Cos., and another species, doubtfully referred to S. stretchiana Bland, is from Chaffee Co. 5S. pfeifferi Rossm. is found at West Cliff in Custer Co. at 7,700 feet altitude. Lizmnea truncatula Mill is abundant in Custer Co., the only other Lzmnaa known from the district being a variety or sub-species of L. palustris, from Chaffee Co. Physa hypnorum and a small variety of P. heterostropha Say, occur near West Cliff, Custer Co., while the hot springs at Wellsville pro- duce a very distinct sub-species of P. heterostropha, which I call P. cupreonitens sp. nov.* No species of Planorbis * P, cupreonitens; parvula, nitida, pellucida, cuprascens. Smooth, pellucid, shiny, red brown or copper colour, whorls 4, somewhat convex, suture rather deep; spire sub-acute, of moderate length; mouth pearly within, oval, inclining to pyriform, not greatly attenuated above. Columella slender, straight. Inner lip a whitish film, not thickened. Long. 7%, lat. 4% mill.; spire, long. 2% mill. Forms somewhat analogous to this are Physa hypnorum var. cuprella, from Sussex, England, and especially Physa acuta var. minima, which is only 7 mill. long, shiny and semitransparent, but of a PALE HORN COLOUR instead of coppery. It, like P. cupreonztens, 64 COCKERELL : MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO. is yet known from the Arkansas division, while the only bivalves are Pusidium variabile Prime and P. pusillum Gmel. from Custer Co., the latter going up to above 11,000 feet altitude. Rio Grande.—Not much is known of the Mollusca of this district. In Hinsdale Co. Ingersoll reports Planorbis plexatus Ing. and P. parvus Say from St. Mary’s Lake, and a Limnea aff. rowelliz Tryon was found in Rio Grande Co., while I have found Agziolimax montanus Ing., Vitrina pellucida Miull., Patula cronkhetted Newc., Succinea avara Say, Physa heterostropha Say, and Pist- dium pusillum Gmel. in Saguache Co., and Ingersoll reports a few species from the same county. San Juan.— Known only from Ingersoll’s records—Vitrina Pfeifert, Fyalina arborea, Hl. conspecta, Microphysa inger- sollt, Pupa alticola, Pupa “Californica Rowell,” Succinea “lineata Binn.,” Limnea stagnalis, L. ferruginea, Physa cooperi, &c. Mr. C. F. Ancey, who has examined Inger- soll’s specimens, informs me that the “4S. Zeata” are mostly S. avara Say (S. “éneata does, however, occur in Colorado—Binney records it from Este’s Park, in the Platte division) and that the “?. californica” belong to a distinct species, which he proposes to call Pupa ingersolli Ancey. Mr. H. A. Pilsbry had previously expressed to me (in ttt.) his doubt whether Ingersoll’s Calfornica was really that species. Dolores.—Records are at present entirely wanting. Grand.—The principal recorded species are Patula strigosa, Pupa marginata, Succinea nuttalliana, S. rusticana, Limnea desidiosa, and Physa wolfiana. 1 have found fyalina radiatula in Mesa and Garfield Cos., and var. viridescenti-alba in Mesa Co. Conulus fulvus occurs in was found in a HOT spring, at Salut, near Bigorre, Pyrenees, where it was associated with (WVerztina thermal’s Boubée. I am indebted to Mr. C. F. Ancey for specimens of this interesting variety of P. aczta. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 65 Summit, Garfield, Mesa, and Delta Cos. Patula cooper is perhaps more abundant than in any other district, and LP. striatella occurs freely—its white variety was found near the Mam Mountains, Mesa Co. Microphysa ingersollit occurs on the Grand Mesa, at over 9,000 feet, and from Surface Creek, Delta Co., I obtained Pupa Landi Morse, L. corpulenta Morse, and a species referred by Mr. Pilsbry to P. rowellit Newe. Physa heterostropha abounds in the Gunnison River, and /. e//iptica Lea has its only known Colorado station in Gunnison Co. Azcylus fragilis Tryon was found on boulders in Buzzard Creek, and Spherium occidentale Prime occured in a pond near Black Lake— both these species are additions to the Colorado list. A small Prsidium, having apparently somewhat the same relation to P. pusillum that P. roseum has to P. nitidum, is provisionally called P. mesa. It is from the southern slope of the Grand Mesa, in Delta Co. ; it may prove to be but a variety of P. pust//um. White.—No records are at present forthcoming. Bear.—Records entirely wanting. PAaLHONTOLOGY.—The fossil mollusca have been dealt with by White and others at some length. Species of Os/vea, Pleurotomaria, Inoceramus, Productus, Rhynchonella, Tere- bratula, &c., &c., have been discovered. I have an undeter- minable fragment of Ammonites from Pueblo Co. ul ee Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Middlesex.—I took a specimen of this variety while collecting shells last September, on the railway bank at West Drayton, Middlesex. It is a dead shell but in fairly good condition.—F. G. Frnn, Syon Lodge, Isleworth, October, 1888. 66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. NOTES AND CRITICAL REMARKS ON A DONATION OF SHELLS SENT TO THE MUSEUM OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Tene SRONSUN| MBIRAVAOSIRS IID Sue) (CoG ZeSuy NICS, (Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. r5th, 1887. Murex Brazieri Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson, New South Wales; found in shell-sand thrown up after south-east gale. Triton (Cumia) speciosa Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Tritonidea Australis Pease= 7: assimilis Angas (non Reeve). —Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson. Found under stones at low water. Ranella pulchella Sowerby = Biplex perca Perry. Curtis, Queensland, N.E. Australia ; ten fathoms. Zemira Australis=Zburna~ Australis Sowerby. — Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms ; rare. Nassa Jonas! Dunker= Wassa labecula A. Adams.—Rose Bay, Port Jackson. Found in small pools on sandy mud flats. N. paupera Gould=M™. rufocincta Angas (non A. Adams).— Hunters Bay, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found with AZurex Brasiert. The Massa rufocincta A. Adams is the J. versicolor of C. B. Adams. Mr. Angas named the Port Jackson species WV. rufocineta. N. immersa Carpenter.—Duke of York Island, New Britain. A very common species found crawling on sandy mud flats Port at half tide ; used by natives to adorn their dresses and for armlets, &c. This is evidently a MS. name of Carpenter, have not been able to find out where described. J.G., vi., Apr., 1889, BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 67 Purpura neglecta Angas=Uvosalpinx Tritontformts Tryon. --Watson Bay, Port Jackson. Found under stones at low water. Mr. Tryon is evidently wrong, or he never saw this species, if he had he would never have placed it where it is in Urosalpinx. Latiaxis nodosa A. Adams.—Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson. Found under stones at low water, spring tides. Olivella nympha Adams and Angas.—Cabbage-Tree Bay, Manly Beach, New South Wales. Obtained from shell sand after S.E. gales. They are finer than those found in Port Jackson. O. leucozona Adams and Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Found with Alurex Brasieri. O. triticea Duclos=O. pardaiis Adams and Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Found in shell sand A variable species in the marking. In two hours I found 50 specimens in a small nook in the rocks at Hunters Bay. Amalda oblonga Sowerby.—Green Point, Watsons Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms. Mitra rhodia Reeve=JZ. badia Angas (non Reeve).—Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson. Found under stones at low water, spring tides. This species was always returned, named by Mr. Angas, as A@tra badia Reeve. Columbella lineotata Pease (Brazier)=C. dermestoides Angas (non Kiener).—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Found with Afurex Braziert. ‘There appears to be some confusion about this very pretty and interesting species, and I will endeavour to clear it up. On the 30th and 31st of October, 1870, I sent to Mr. Pease, of Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, a large collection of Australian and Polynesian shells, and in that lot I sent a number of specimens of Columbella dermestoides Angas. Mr. Pease wrote me November 26th, 1870, acknowledging the arrival of my things, so that I may just as well quote the words from his letter, at present before me. ‘The Co/umbella 68 BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA, dermestoides which you have sent you may place in your collection as sao, p- 172, pl xvi5 fig. 7, as Bulimus San-Christovalensts. ¥ think it far better to drop the San, and call it B. Christovalensts Cox. B. Seemanni Dohrn.—Kandavu, Viti or Fiji Islands. These are some of my original specimens, obtained in 1865. B. Hargravesi Cox.—Ulaua or Contrariété Island, Solomon Islands. When Cox described this species he gave the habitat Treasury Island, Solomon Islands. The species is not found there, having myself been through the group three times, and the only island in the group that it is found on is Ulaua or Contrariété Island. In my visit in 1865 I found one specimen, and in 1869 I sent it home to Mr. Angas to describe. I append his remarks on the species, my specimen being numbered 35 :—‘‘I should not like to describe the shell as a mez sfectes from this szzgle example. If you get more of them we may decide it. It is very close to some of the varieties of B. fuleuratus Jay and B. elobatus Gld., both from the Fijis. This shell and J.C., vii, Apr., 1889. BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN: MOLLUSCA. 79 number 36 are remarkable as coming from the Solomon group.” This species was described by Cox in the “ Proc. Zool. Soc. of London,” in 1871, p. 323, pl. xxxiv, fig. 3, from a number of specimens said to have come from Treasury Island. Cox’s specimens were collected by Mr. Perry, who was stationed at the Island of San Christoval, and in his rounds through the group collecting trade obtained a large quantity of the Bulimi at Contrariété Island ; this informa- tion I received from him when at San Christoval in 1872, having carried the same specimen that I had collected in 1865. As soon as I showed Perry the specimen he said it is only found on the Island Ulaua, and from the informa- tion I received from him, that he must have obtained the specimens in 1869 or 1870; but, says he :—‘“‘ Your life is not safe there now [1872], through the kidnapping of the natives by the so-called labour vessels.” ; B. Sellersi Cox.—Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Islands. B. Kreffti Cox.—Florida Island, Solomon Islands. Some of my original lot collected in 1872. B. Rossiteri Brazier.—Bonebondia, Nehone, north-west coast of New Caledonia. j B. Loyaltyensis Souverbie.—Mare, Loyalty Islands, near New Caledonia. B. pyrostomus Pfr. = Partula salomonis Pfr. (a mis- nomer).— Aneiteum, New Hebrides. Found under the tufts of grass. Dr. Pfeiffer first described this species as a Partula from the Solomon Islands in “ Proc. Zool. Soc. of Mondonr “165 2epmeus sand Tete =. Proc,“ for ste tyear 1860, p. 137, he re-describes the same shell for Mr. Cuming as &ulimus pyrostomus. J think that it is far better to retain the last specific name for the species, as it is only found in the New Hebrides, and not in any island of the Solomon group. ‘These are some of my original specimens that I collected in 1865 in the mountain ranges of the Island of Aneiteum. 80 B. B. BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. fuligineus Pfr.—Aneiteum, New Hebrides. Found under tufts of grass in the mountain ranges in company of J#. pyrostomus Pfr. . dux Pfr.—Bald Head, King George’s Sound, south-west coast of Australia. Hombroni Crosse = &. Founaki Hombron and Jac- — quinot.—Ysabel, Solomon Islands. I quite agree with. M. Crosse in changing the specific name of this species to B. Hombront, for the name given by Hombron and Jac- quinot is quite absurd, it beingjthe native name for that shell, “ Founak.” Mr. E. A. Smith records it from Faro Island, Bougainville Straits, collected by Dr. H. B. Guppy. During my last visit to ‘the Solomons in 1872 I also found it on Treasury Island with /e/7x Hombront Pfr. The specimens I sent of 4. Hombront Crosse are some of my original ones obtained in 1865. Partula Layardi Brazier (protype).—Tuker Tuker, Vate or 2 Sandwich Island, New Hebrides. Found under rocks and dead leaves. P, Layardi var. alba Brazier (type). Shell all white with fine thickened reflected peristome. Vertigo Rossiteri Brazier = Pupa Strange var. Cox.—South Creek, N.S.W. Generally found under decayed leaves at the roots of trees. Cox figured it in his “‘ Monograph of Australian Land Shells,” 1868, as a variety of Pufa Strangei Pie. Pupina Thomsoni Forbes.—Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia. Found at the roots of trees at the watering- place in 1871. Petterdi Crosse=P. Macleayi Brazier. — Endeavour River, Queensland.—This species was first described by M. Crosse in the French “ Journal de Conchyliologie,” vol. KX, W874 jp $705 VOL, wxiil 918755 ps 14m. plo uhe-ns, as Pupina FPettard’; it should read Pupina Petterds. J.C., vi., Apr., 1889. BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 8I About the time that Crosse described it I had named it P. Maclayt , Crosse’s name has priority of some months. Diplommatina Gowllandi Brazier.—Fitzroy Island, north- east coast of Australia. Some of my original specimens obtained in 1871. Georissa miultilirata Brazier.—Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia. Found with Diplommatina Gowllandi Brazier. ; Helicina suprafasciata Sowerby. — Blanche Bay, New Britain. Truncatella valida Pfr.—Prony Bay, New Caledonia. T. Vitiana Gould.—Anse Vata, Nouméa, New Caledonia. Corbula Smithiana Brazier = C. venusta Angas (non Gould).—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson; eight fathoms. Mactra Jacksonensis E. A. Smith = Z7igonella pusilla Angas (non A. Adams).—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms. Corbicula Nepeanensis Lesson.—Wollondilly River, N.S.W. C. subleevigata E. A. Smith.—Marsdens Bridge, Wollon- dilly River, N.S.W. Unio Beccarianus Tapparone-Canefri. New Guinea. Fly River, British U. Parramattaensis Lea. — Ponds in Parramatta Park, Parramatta, N.S.W. Crenella varicosa Gould= C. s¢r#gata Angas(non Hanley).— Shark Point, Port Jackson, twelve fathoms. Crenella varicosa Gould (zz s¢¢w).—Off Balls Head, Port Jackson ; fifteen fathoms. The bottom, at some seasons of the year, is covered many feet square with this species as sent zz sifu. In one day, at two hauls of the dredge, I obtained 4,000 specimens off Shark Point. Obtained in 1879; sample of them sent. Trigonia Strangei A. Adams.— Port Jackson, near the Heads; 8-10 fathoms. Of this very rare species I have F 82 BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. ~ only ever obtained one single living specimen in thirty years. Dead and somewhat worn valves are often found in the dredge. I send the Society one of the best valves I have. T. dubia Sowerby.—Mouth of the River Tamar, Tasmania. T. Lamarcki Gray = 7: pectinata Stutchbury (non Lam.)— Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson, N.S.W.; eight fathoms. Arca gubernaculum Reeve = A. chalcanthum Reeve = A. luzonica Reeve. — Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms. -Waldheimia flavescens Lam.= Zerebratula flavescens Lam. = T. dentata Lam. = T. Australis Quoy = W. Australis King = Z. recurva Quoy.—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson. Found under rocks and stones, low water spring tides. Numerous specimens in bottle with spirits. Also a block of stone with five specimens of IV. Jiavescens and seven of Kraussina Lamarckiana adhering to it—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson. Magasella Cumingi = Zerebratella Cumingi Davidson = M. Magas Cumingt Gray = Terebratula (Bouchardia) Cu- mingt Reeve = TZ: (Bouchardia) fibula Reeve.—South Reef, Port Jackson Heads, N.S.W.; seven fathoms. Fine living specimens. ‘The so-called Bouchardia fibula Reeve is only a large specimen of A/agasella Cumingz Davidson. As for the man Calvert having dredged it in Bass Straits in 200 fathoms, that is a myth of the highest order. Cumingi Davidson.—Sow and Pigs’ Reef, Port Jackson ; five fathoms. Very large, and always found dead; of a white colour. Megrelia pulchella=TZerebratula pulchella Sowerby=Megre- lia sanguinea Davidson (non Chemnitz).—Green Point, Wat- son Bay, Port Jackson; eight fathoms. This pretty little species appears to have its home in Port Jackson, at various parts near the heads. My esteemed friend, Dr. Davidson, in J.C., vi., Apr., 1889. BRAZIER: NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 83 his report on the Brachiopoda “‘ Voyage of the ‘Challenger, ” vol. i, pp. 20-52, identified it with Chemnitz’s species. Both species are quite distinct. Mr. Angas, in “ Proc. Zool. Soc., London,” 1871, p. tot, called it Zerebratella sanguinea Lam. from specimens that I had obtained dead at Green Point, in 1879. I sent specimens to Dr. Davidson, labelled as Alegerlia pulchella Sowerby, and on the 30th July, 1879, I received an answer from Dr. David- son as follows :—“ AZegerlia pulchella is a species with which I am not fully satisfied. It may be dzstzuct from Megerlia sanguinea; but most naturalists seem to believe that it merges into samguénea, and of which it may be a variety. I dare not yet pass a positive opinion on the subject, and for the present the name fulchella may be retained.” I published these notes in the “ Proc. Linnean Soc., of N.S.W.,” September 4th, 1879, vol. iv.; and in 1885 I sent Dr. Davidson a large series of Brachiopoda, from Port Jackson and the coast of N.S.W., and in his, I am sorry to say, last letter, dated Town Free Museum, Church Road, Brighton, 22nd July, 1885, he writes :— “T will say only a few words about two of the species that have interested me very much: first, about the Zsmenza puichella, 1 agree with you it is distinct from Z. sangucnea ; the second species is an extremely interesting species ; it is certainly not a Morrisia or Platidia, but more nearly resembles the Azretia gnomon of Jeffreys, and if new I will give it your name. I will study it with very great care, and in my next letter will tell you more about it.” This last species he named Azrefia Brazteri M.S. It has since been fully described by Miss Agnes Crane, in the “ Proc. Zool. Soc. of London,” 1886, p. 181. Only this year I have sent a series of MMegerlia pulchella to the British Museum, and I am pleased to say that my very great friend, Mr. Edgar A. Smith, coincides with my views and Dr. Davidson’s that JZ. pulchella is quite distinct from 84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. M. sanguinea Chem. Kraussina Lamarckiana = TZerebratella Lamarckiana Davidson= Kvraussia Lamarckiana Davidson = Kraussina Lamarckiana Davidson.—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found under stones, low water spring tides. ‘Twenty-one specimens sent. 8 Bulimus Goodallii at Croydon.—In one of the hot houses in the garden of a neighbour this species occurs in such vast numbers that it recently became necessary to collect all the soil from that particular hot house and burn it, in the hope of exterminating them. These are the only British specimens that have come under my notice, but as more than thirty years have elapsed since Gray mentioned 4. Goodallit as acclimatised in this country they must surely have spread widely. Perhaps this note may be the means of drawing attention to them. I should add that these Croydon specimens are only about 5/gths of the size of the type from Guadaloupe.—KrENNETH McKean. Note on the Marine Shells of Scilly.—In our paper on the above in the last number of the Journal the following species should be added :—Chiton cancellatus, Rissoa cingtllus var. rupestris, Odostomia Warrent. Montacuta Dawsont valve should read sfecitmen, and the number of additions should be jifty-two instead of forty-seven. — C. BurxkiLL and J. T. MARSHALL, Helix aculeata Miill in S. Lancashire.—I have recently found this species at Farington, near Preston. It seems to be uncommon in this district, as I am only aware of three previous records.—W. H. HEaTHCOTE, Preston. J.C., vi., Apr., 1889. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 85 PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting HELD ON THE IOTH OF OCTOBER, 1888. Mr. W. E. Collinge in the chair. DONATIONS. The following donations were laid on the table :— ** Description of Sixteen New Species of Shells” (Re-print) by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; presented by the Author. ‘*Notes on the Pleistocene Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Barn- well Gravels (Reprint) by Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.G.S. ; presented by the Author, The thanks of the Meeting were accorded the Donors for their gifts. NEW MEMBER. Mr. John J. Halstead, Carlisle, was nominated for membership by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. and Mr. Thos. W. Bell. PAPER READ. “* Dorsetshire Marine Shells,” by the Rev. Carleton Greene, M.A. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. showed a number of shells on behalf of Mrs. Knox, Ballina, County Mayo:—Werttina fluviatilis, Spherium corneum, Planorbis albus, Valvata piscinalis, and Prsidium nitidum from County Mayo; and Helix rupestris, Clausitlia rugosa, Valvata cristata, Succinea elegans, and Physa hypnorum from County Sligo. Meeting HELD NOVEMBER 71TH, 1888. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and confirmed. DONATIONS. ““ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 1888 ; presented by the Society. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. J. J. Halstead, Carlisle, was elected a Member of the Society. The undernamed were nominated for Membership :—Mr. Joseph Grafton Milne, Bowdon, Cheshire, by Mr. C. Oldham and Mr. E. Collier; Mr. Loftus St. George Byne, Teignmouth, by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., and Mr. J. T. Marshall; Mr. Clifford Burkill, Scarboro’, by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc. and Mr. J. T. Marshall; Mr. Chas. A. S. Bell Cox, B.A., M.R:C.S., Canterbury, by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., and Mr. J. T. Marshall; Mr. J. Radcliffe, Ashton-under-Lyne, by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.; Mr. Riley Fortune, Harrogate, by Mr. F, R. Fitzgerald and Mr. T. W. Bell. eavOlenvaspaltge ts 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PAPER READ. “The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Harrogate District,” by Mr. F. R. Fitzgerald. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. A large collection of Land and Freshwater Shells was shown by Mr. Fitzgerald in illustration of his paper; also a number of specimens from other localities. The Chairman exhibited on behalf of Mr. Ed. Collier, of Manchester, specimens of Helix rupestris, from Ingleton, containing young; on behalf of Mr. R. Standen several specimens of Dyezssena polymorpha, Neritina fluviatilis and Ancylus fluviatilis, from near Preston ; from Mr. J. Saunders a large collection of shells from Bedfordshire ; from Mr. J. Bickerton Morgan specimens of Unio margaritifer, Zonites fulvus, and others from Mont- gomeryshire ; from Mr. W. H. Heathcote specimens of Spherium ovale and Planorbis dilatatus from a new locality near Blackburn; from Mr. T. Scott, Edinburgh, Zemax maximus var. ferrussact and Helix hortensis from Cramond, Edinburgh; and from Mr. Whitwell living examples of e/zx pisana from Tenby. Annual Meeting HELD DECEMBER I5TH, 1888. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, presided. The Minutes of the November Meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. F. R. Fitzgerald and Chas. Oldham were appointed Scrutineers; Mr. C. Harvard Pierson was elected to Audit the Accounts. DONATIONS. The following Donations were announced :— “¢Pflanzen and Schnecken,” by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, F.G.S. “Zoology of Victoria,” decade xvi; presented by the Government of Victoria. “Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales,” vol. xxii, part I ; presented by the Society. “ (123)(45), (1234)5, J.C., vi., July, 1889 WILLIAMS : LIST OF WORCESTERSHIRE MOLLUSCA. 113 1(234)5, 123(45); Mrs. Clewer’s garden in Jenny Hole. 1(23)(45), (123)45, 12345, (1234)5 ; Mr. Pretty’s garden at Wildon. 12345, (123)(45), (12)345, (123)45 ; Dunley. . rufescens Penn.—Lincomb Bay. . rufescens var. alba Moq.—Lincomb Bay. . sericea Miill.—Lincomb Bay. Ee Ge a ew . rotundata Miull.—Lincomb Bay. Bulimus obscurus Miull.—Lincomb Bay. Clausilia rugosa Drap.—Charlton ; Lincomb Bay. C. laminata Mont.—Lincomb Bay. Cochlicopa lubrica Miill.—Lincomb Bay. Sphzerium corneum Linn.—Hillage Pool ; Stinton Pool at Crossway Green; Wildon Pool; Staffordshire and Wor- cestershire canal. S. corneum var. flavescens Macgill.—Wildon Pool. S. corneum var. compressa Gray.—Hillage Pool. S. ovale Fér.—Pool in Shrawley Wood (one dead specimen only). S. jacustre Mill.—‘“ Rush Pool” on Hartlebury Common, in great quantity. Pisidium amnicum Miill.—Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal. Unio tumidus Phil. —Hillage Pool. Dreissena polymorpha Pall.—Severn Basins ; Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal; Wildon Pool, very plentiful. Paludina vivipara Linn.—Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal. P. vivipara var. unicolor Jeff—Staffordshire and Wor- cestershire canal. Bythinia tentaculata Linn.—Hillage Pool; Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal. B. tentaculata var. albida Rimmer.—Hillage Pcol. B. tentaculata var. ventricosa Menke.—Hillage Pool. Planorbis lineatus Walk.—Stinton Pool at Crossway Green. P. albus Miull.—Hillage Pool. 114 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. P. spirorbis Miill.—‘ Rush Pool” on Hartlebury Common ; small pool at Wildon. P. complanatus Linn.—Hillage Pool. Physa fontinalis Linn.—Hillage Pool. Limnzea peregra Miill.—River Stour ; Hillage Pool ; Stinton Pool ; Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal. L. peregra var. ovata Drap.—Hillage Pool. L. peregra var. labiosa Jeff—Hillage Pool. Limnzea auricularia Linn.—Staffordshire and Worcester- shire canal (one specimen only). L. glabra Miill—Small pool on Hartlebury Common. Four specimens only could be found. A few of the shells enumerated above have not before been recorded for Worcestershire, while of those hitherto recorded several are absent from this present list. ——_——¢-0-¢—_____ TESTACELLA SCUTULUM Sow. IN RENFREWSHIRE By J. M. B. TAYLOR. (Read before the Conchological Society, April 3rd, 1889). In working up the land and freshwater shells of Renfrewshire I was informed that living specimens of Testacella had been got near Paisley. On the 30th April, 1887, I made the following notes as related to me by a person who had kept some of them alive for sometime :— “They were got outside a green-house at Gartland Place (this is to the north-east of Paisley, in the suburbs), and six of them were kept alive for sometime. The place was searched at night with a light at the time the vines and asters were being cut, and the creatures found. If introduced it must have been a long time ago as no plants have been introduced to~the garden of recent years.” I was also told that the shells were preserved somewhere, but that ‘“ somewhere” was not dis- J.C., vi., July, 1889 TAYLOR : TESTACELLA SCUTULUM IN RENFREWSHIRE. TT5 covered until the spring of 1888, when I was shown ten of these shells which bore marks that the animals they belonged to had died and decayed. ‘These living Testacella had been kept by my informant over five years before I got the above notes. It may be observed that the above notes lead to the belief that Testacella eat ‘‘vines and asters,” whereas they live on animals. On the morning of Friday, 22nd of Feb- ruary, 1889, I saw living specimens of Testacella brought into the Paisley Free Museum, and some eggs of that species had also been found, but these burst whilst in the man’s hand. The broken fragments of these ova were remarkable egg-shell like in shape, with the inner surface glossy. Not a single ovum of this collecting escaped unbroken. That same day I visited Kilnside Gardens, from where they had been dug, and I found them there in abundance. I also obtained ova of the species. Kiln- side, I may say, is to the east of Paisley. These Z. scutulum were about nine inches deep in the ground. When dug out they were quite dormant, and showed little signs of moving. After being kept for some hours in a large wide-mouthed glass bottle, in a warm room, some of them began to creep about slowly. Some days afterwards they were supplied with about five inches of earth, in which they buried themselves, but many of them lay against the glass of the bottle, among the earth, after burying themselves. Last year, in the plot from which they were dug, cabbages, peas, and cauliflowers were grown, but these were little cut. Seeing that.the specimens of Testa- cella were dormant, the temperature of the soil on the 22nd February, 1889, as taken at the Coats’ Observatory, Paisley, is given below :— 3 inches deep. 12 inches deep. 22 inches deep. BON be 40.1. = Aen: The following is the mean temperature at the same depths, as taken at the same Observatory, for the first four months OF USS = 116 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 3 inches deep. 12inches deep. 22 inches deep. Jianuanyoace) 39'O . are 2077 a dee PACE Pebriarye. 37°: Meee 37-72) 1 One Marche aia) 370 . are BSiOn ih. a ORS April ee A2°0". sh Nope ener: EO Showing the living specimens to the party who had kept some of the living Testacella, as mentioned above, he did not think they were the same ;—his were a brighter orange, and their form somewhat different. ‘The shells I was shown are certainly larger and look different. The two localities referred to (Gartland Place and Kilnside) although in the suburbs are on the same side of Paisley and not very far apart. LIST OR MIGANID: AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE, COREE CRED UN ssc: By AMEKO)S:; !sUOMS IME Cos: (Read before the Conchological Society, April 3rd, 1889.) Sphzerium corneum.—Very common in all the canals and ditches around Derby, and certainly one of our commonest shells. S. rivicola.—Occurs very commonly in the canal between Shardlon and Chellaston. S. ovale.—I found one specimen in canal near Sawley at the junction with the river Trent. S. lacustre.—Found sparingly in the above localities ; also in canal near Ambergate. Pisidium amnicum.—Seenmis pretty well distributed through- out the district, but the best and largest specimens have been found in canal between Cromford and Ambergate. P. fontinale.—The only place I have found this up to the present time is the River Wye, at Monsal Dale, at the mouth of a small tributary. J.C., vi., July, 1889. HEY : MOLLUSCA OF DERBYSHIRE. Tey], P. pusillum.—These remarks also refer to this species; they are not very plentiful either. P. nitidum.—I find this in the Cromford Canal near the ter- minus to the High Peak Railway; it is not very common ; also in a small tributary of the Derwent near Ambergate. P. roseum.—lI have certainly found this in the county, but am uncertain as to locality. [I find some difficulty in recognising species of this order, and during the coming season intend sending speci- mens for verification by the Society’s referees]. Unio tumidus.—Very plentiful in the canals around Derby, but are best secured when the water is off for repairs. U. pictorum.—The same remarks apply as for U. tumidus. I think the Derbyto Burton canal is most prolific in thisspecies. Anodonta cygnea.—Quite common in the canals close to the town of Derby. A. anatina.—Also very plentiful; one day, a short time ago, the water was low in the Derby and Burton Canal, when I took the opportunity to secure about a scuttle-full of the four preceding species. Dreissena polymorpha.—Very plentitul where it occurs, but somewhat local. I have found it near Borrowash in the Derby and Nottingham Canal; near Willington in canal; near Butterley Ironworks in a large pond. The Midland Railway crosses this pond by means of a pile bridge, the wooden piles of which are covered some inches thick for more than ten feet deep, in fact every piece of timber that is under water is simply smothered with them. Neritina fluviatilis. — Somewhat common in the canal at Borrowash; also at Weston. I have found a few specimens nearly black at the mouth of the canal where it enters the River Trent near Sawley. Paludina contecta.—Up to the present time I have only met with two specimens of this species in the Derby and Burton Canal, near Willington. 118 HEY : MOLLUSCA OF DERBYSHIRE. P. vivipara.—Very plentiful in the same canal, where it grows to a large size, and may be found quite close to the town of Derby. Although I have taken hundreds out of the water for examination with the hope of finding P. contecta, I have as yet failed. Bythinia tentaculata.—Occurs very commonly in all the canals and in most ditches. B. leachii.—Occurs fairly commonly in the Shardlow Canal, at Weston-on-Trent, and in the Black Pool, which is a back-water from the Trent and a splendid hunting ground. Valvata piscinalis.—Common all over the district. Planorbis albus.—Fairly distributed in canals at Weston, Willington, Chellaston near Derby, Little Eaton, &c. P. spirorbis.—I find this abundant in ditches at Little Eaton, Alveston, near Derby, and at Weston-on-Trent. P. vortex.—Occurs inthesame localities and is quiteas common. P. carinatus.—Very plentiful in the same localities as P. sptrorbis and P. vortex. P. complanatus.—Certainly the commonest of the genus in this locality ; it is very plentiful in all the ditches in the low-lying country. P. corneus. —This I find fairly plentiful in all the canals ; some specimens attain to a large size. P. contortus.—I find a few specimens at most places; Weston Canal, Black Pool and ditches, Little Eaton Canal and ditches, Cromford Canal, &c. Physa hypnorum.—As yet I have only found a few specimens, in the canal at Little Eaton. P. fontinalis.—A very common species, and in one ditch at Alvaston, near Derby, it can be seen in thousands and gathered a scoop full at a time ; it also occurs in canals and ditches at. Little Eaton, Willington and Weston, Sinfin Brook, &c. Limnza glutinosa.—Very scarce (as yet); only found two specimens in Sinfin Brook, near Derby. J.C., vi., July, 1889 HEY: MOLLUSCA OF DERBYSHIRE. I19 L. peregra.—I think I need not say much about this, only that we have plenty of them and some fine ones too. L. auricularia.—Fairly common and very fine at Weston, Chellaston, Little Eaton, and Derby Canals. L. stagnalis.—The same remarks apply as for LZ. auricularia. I have also taken some fine specimens with beautifully re- flected lips. L. palustris.—Rather scarce ; I have only found a few speci- mens at Weston. L. truncatula.—Sparingly distributed ; I have taken it in dried-up horse pond at Wingfield, a semi-aquatic ditch at Chellaston, and near Derby (south side). L. glabra.—Very scarce ; as yet I have only found two speci- mens from pond in Farnah Hall grounds (near Derby). Ancylus fluviatilis.—Found in all the brooks throughout the district. ; A. lacustris.—Not very common, but local ; I have taken it in Black Pool at Weston-on-Trent. Succinea putris.—Fairly common in the lower portion of the county ; Weston, in osier bed on canal banks, in some cases quite twenty yards from water side, feeding on willows. S. elegans.—With S. puéris and equally common. Vitrina pellucida.—Common at Ambergate, Cromford, Lea Hurst (the seat of Miss Nightingale), Millers-dale, Weston. Markeaton, Duffield, &c. Zonites cellarius.—Common enough throughout the district. Z. alliarius.—I find this in most places under damp stones and dead leaves throughout the county. Z. glaber.—In the same localities as Z. cellarvius and Z. alliarius. Z. nitidulus.—Fairly common at Sinfin, Chellaston, Weston, Little Eaton, and Willington. Lifting up a piece of old bark from a fallen tree a short time ago at Willington, I found many hundreds of these shells congregated there ; they seemed to be from a few months’ old to full-grown and mature shells. 120 HEY: MOLLUSCA OF DERBYSHIRE. Z. purus.—I have taken this at Millers-dale, Cromford, Amber- gate, Little Eaton, &c. Z. radiatulus.—I have (as yet) only found this in a little cop- pice near the limekiln at Ambergate. Z. nitidus.—To be met with throughout the district, in Amber- gate woods particularly. Z. excavatus.—This I have found at Millers-dale, but I am not certain where else. Z. crystallinus.—I think we may call this fairly common, as I have taken it under damp leaves and amongst moss throughout the district. Z. fulvus.—This I have taken at Cromford, Ambergate, Weston, &c. Helix aculeata.—I think this will turn out to bea rather common shell, seeing that I have turned it up in four different places; Matlock, Cromford, Ambergate, and Etwall. H. aspersa.—Not very common in the district; I have only found a few in the direction of Littleover. H. nemoralis.— Pretty common, and occurs all over the district. H. hortensis.—Like /. zemoradis, to be met with throughout the district. H. arbustorum.—Throughout the district. H. rufescens.—Not a very common shell, although it occurs in profusion near Belper in an old quarry, the only place where I have met with it. H. concinna.—This species, although such a near relation to the preceding one, is very abundant throughout the whole district. H. hispida.—Pretty fairly distributed ; I have met with it at Willington, Breedon, Melbourn, Weston, Derby, Belper, Ambergate, Cromford, Millers-dale, &c. H. sericea.—Not very common, but rather local ; it occurs at Ambergate, Little Eaton, Weston, &c. J.C. vi., July, 1889. HEY ; MOLLUSCA OF DERBYSHIRE. I2i H. virgata.—Confined to one place (as far as I know), near Willington Station, and is probably an importation with ballast when making the line. r. caperata.—lI have only found this in one place at Amber- gate, although I have searched diligently for it. H. ericetorum.—Rather an uncommon shell, although it is plentiful in the adjoining county of Leicester, and within three miles of the border. I have found a few dead shells near Millers-dale, but never a living one; I have found a few in Dovedale. H. rotundata.-—One of our commonest shells ; the only diffi- culty would be where not to find it. H. rupestris.—This small shell is very common everywhere in the Peak district, say from Ambergate to Buxton. H. pygmeea.—To be found in the neighbourhood of Monsal- dale and Millers-dale amongst the damp moss on the hill sides. H. pulchella.—Very plentiful in the same localities as 7. pygmea. H. lapicida,—A very abundant species, and occurs all over the Peak district. I found a very strong colony at Amber- gate on a sandstone wall—very fine ones and of a very dark colour. Bulimus obscurus.—Rather a common species in the Peak district ; about Buxton, Millers-dale, Monsal-dale, and as low down as Ambergate. Pupa secale.—Not very common; but I have found it at Millers-dale, Monsal-dale, and near Haddon Hall. P. ringens.—I have found a few near Buxton, which is the only place (as yet) where I find it. P. umbilicata.—Very abundant from Ambergate to the Peak of Derbyshire, on old walls (not necessarily limestone) and in the crevices of the limestone rocks. P. marginata.—I have found about half-a-dozen on the rocks near Buxton, in company with 2. umbilicata. 122 HEY : MOLLUSCA OF DERBYSHIRE. Vertigo edentula. —I found this species near Buxton, and one in the Pavilion Gardens at Buxton. Balea perversa.—Not common here; I have found it near Haddon Hall in the park under bark of fallen trees, also in the London Road Wharf, Derby, probably brought here with timber. Clausilia rugosa.—Very plentiful throughout the district. Cl. laminata.—Not a very common shell by any means, although I often take half-a-dozen or so in an hour’s hunt near Millers-dale, also at Monsal-dale and Monks-dale. Cochlicopa tridens.—I find this shell near Cromford, but not common; also on Sinfin Moor near Derby. C. lubrica.—Very common throughout the district. Achatina acicula.—Although the habits of this little shell are very obscure, it is fairly plentiful in the neighbourhood of Millers-dale and Monsal-dale. Carychium minimum.—May be found throughout the dis- trict. I have taken it at Millers-dale, Monsal-dale, Buxton, Bakewell, Matlock, Cromford, Ambergate, Chellaston, Weston, &c. ee The Fluid emitted by Limnzea stagnalis.—It is a well known fact to collectors that now and again on taking some of this species rather roughly out of the water a pale bluish or purplish coloured emission from the animal can be seen at the mouth of the shell. It is worth knowing in connection with this—as it gives a suggestion as to the character of this emission— that the hemolymph of this species contains a respiratory substance in its composition termed MHzemocyanin which consists of copperunited withaproteid. Unoxidised heemocyanin is colorless ; oxidised hemocyanin, on the other hand, is bluish, exactly the color of the emission. It seems to me exceedingly probable that this emission—since no gland can be demonstrated to secrete this fluid, on dissection, as in Purpura and Murex J.C., vi., July, 1889. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 123 (Tyrian purple)—is in reality hemolymph extruded as the result of some forcible rupture of the tissues on the part of the animal, which on exposure to the air becomes oxidised and consequently of a bluish color due to the hzemocyanin it contains. Of course, it would be exceedingly difficult to demonstrate any such rupture in the tissues, but it certainly bears the face of probability. It is interesting to note also that this hemocyanin exists also in the hemolymph of Helzx pomatia, HZ. aspersa and Paludina vivipara and that it seems to function as the hemoglobin in the plasma of the hemolymph of Planordts. Mac Munn ‘(‘‘Chromatology of Blood of some Invertebrates,” Quart. Journ. of Micros. Science, 1885) finds no absorption bands in the hemocyanin of the hemolymph of these species. — J. W. WILLIAMS. ———$+@eg—_—_—__ ON THE VARIETIES OF OUR BANDED SNAILS, ESPECIALLY THOSE OF HELIX CAPERATA Mont. Bye REV. (s.) SPENCERS REARCE, BA. (Read before the Conchological Society, june sth). Amonc the many questions that await solution at our hands, none would be more full of interest than that which would help us to elucidate the purpose and meaning of the infinite variety of markings and colouring, or the manifold differences in size and shape occurring in the shells of such molluscs as Helix virgata, Helix caperata, Helix ericetorum, and Bulimus acutus. The endless diversity shewn in the varieties of these shells is obvious to the most casual observer. There is no doubt that, if we could interpret aright these variations in shape, size, or markings, they would make clear to us very much which is now dark and inexplicable in the life histories of these species For the conchologist, like all other enquirers into nature, 124 PEARCE: VARIETIES OF BANDED SNAILS. believes a signification to belong to every variation: to use the words of another, we believe that ‘there is not a line, nor a spot, nor a colour for which there is not a reason, which has not a purpose or a meaning in the economy of nature.” * I have gathered together from various localities a good deal of material in the shape of collections of Heltx virgata, Helix caperata, Helix ericetorum, and Bulimus acutus, together with their numerous varieties, and noted at the time any points connected with any finds that needed to be remembered, as for instance : the surroundings of the molluscs’ habitat ; the proportions in which the different species and varieties were associated together. flelix caperata is the easiest of the species to deal with, because its variations in form and markings are simpler and less puzzling than is the case with our other banded snails; and further, the markings of Helix caperata offer us, as 1 hope to show, with a line of interpretation which, seemingly, may explain the phenomena presented to us in the markings of He/zx virgata, and perhaps too, of Helex ericetorum and Bulimus acutus. Primarily, therefore, this paper has to do only with /e/zx caperata, flelix caferata we find to present to our notice variations which fall under the three usual headings :— Variations of Svze, of Markings or Colouring, of Lorm or Shape. The variations in colour or markings will concern us more especially in this paper, but not so as to exclude our noticing first of all the other two classes of variation :—those of Size and those of Form. With regard to the Variations in Size, we have as the extreme of largeness the var. mazor (Jeffreys’ B.C. Vol. I. p 214), while the extreme towards smallness, which as yet has not been named, would have to be characterized as a var. minor. I think we may venture to suggest the causes which have given rise to these variations. Judging from the fact that the larger forms * Sir Jno. Lubbock. J.C., vi., July, 1889. PEARCE: VARIETIES OF BANDED SNAILS. 125 of Helix caperata, and also those of Helix virgata are tound on arable ground, especially in the borders of culitvated fields in limestone districts, size would seem to depend only on the combined presence both of an abundance of food-plants such as are supplied in the cultivated field, with a calcareous soil. Proper herbage apart from the calcareous earth, and vice versa, the calcareous soil without the richer food-plants will not suffice to increase the shells in size. The two conditions must be united and then a consequent largeness seems to result, at any rate the largest individuals of both Helix capferata and of Helix virgata in my collection came from the borders of cultivated fields on a chalk soil, in the county of Sussex; while on the open down close by, in the sand neighbourhood where there is an absence of the richer herbage found in the tilled fields, though the chalk formation may be identically the same, only shells of the usual or smaller size can be gathered. In the next place, with regard to that more important Variation in Form or Shape, Helix caperata exhibits only zo lines of divergence, either we find that the shell is a compact and close one with a somewhat raised spire—(we have an extreme embodiment of this variation in the var. subscalaris of Jeffreys’ in B.C. Vol. I. p 214),—or else, instead of the compact shell, we have a looser shell with a flattened spire and a wider umbilicus like to Jeffreys’ var. 4 Gzgaxz. It is to be noticed that whilst we find the latter of these two distinct forms in the borders of fields, and especially in clover fields, the other more compact variety seems to keep entirely to the open downs and pastures and uncultivated places, like sand-hills, etc., where it is so frequently associated with Helix virgata. Perhaps it is in these different habitats that we discover the explanation of how these two distinct forms of Helix caperata have come into existence. In the tilled fields where we always find the variety with the less compact shell like the var. Gigax77, the flatter shell is of more use, enabling the snail the better to crawl about with house low down upon 126 PEARCE: VARIETIES OF BANDED SNAILS. the soil, close under the radical leaves or matted weeds which only too often are found on arable lands, and so it lives out a slow sluggish life, rarely, if ever seeking to climb up higher by any neighbouring stalk or stem. But while a flattish loose shell with a somewhat depressed spire is an advantage to Helix caperata in the cultivated field, such a shaped shell would manifestly be a hindrance to the same species living on the turf or thick grass of our open downs, heaths, and sheep pastures. On the turf and grass of such localities a more compact, smaller, and so handier shell is required in order that the animal may the more easily and actively manceuvre up and down, in and out, and among the many blades and stems of grass, which otherwise, of course, would prove insurmountable impediments to successful progress from one feeding place to another. This latter variety of Helix caperata, belonging to the open down, indulges in climbs up the stalks and stems of grass like its oft companion //e/ix virgata; indeed it has acquired a greater activity of movement all round compared with its more sluggish relative of the cultivated field. We now come to consider what is much more difficult to speak of :— Zhe Variations in Colouring, Marking, Banding, and Mottling, as found upon the shells of Helzx caperata and other kindred species. In Helix caperata the variation in this respect seems on the whole capable of a twofold division :—(1) Those in which the markings are mottlings. (2) Those in which the markings take the shape of dark or black spiral bands or lines on a lighter ground, as with the bandings in the usual form of Helix virgata. With regard to the first—By ‘mottlings’ one would wish to signify those blotches of different colour, size, and form which are scattered over the surface of the shell. These mottled forms differ among themselves very considerably. Sometimes the darker blotches run together, and diffusing over the whole shell, give it a uniformly brown appearance; these we have in the variety fw/va, or else the dark blotches tend together J.C., vi., July, 1889. PEARCE: VARIETIES OF BANDED SNAILS. 127 to form a more or less regular arrangement, which, carried a little further would be incipient spiral banding ; in other cases the different points of colouring keep distinct from each other, and present that speckled appearance or pepper-and-salt look we are so familiar with on the shell in the majority of cases ; but very often (and chiefly this is the case with the flatter form of the Hel¢x caperata found only on the arable lands) the mottlings and markings tend to disappear entirely, or remain only in a faint and broken way, and thus not infrequently the result is an unicolourous creamy or brownish white shell, very much in harmony with the tone of the earth on which the snail lives. But, in addition to the numerous variations in the mottled form, we have also (2) the variety which, being entirely without mottlings or any such thing, concentrates all its markings in one or more bands of dark or blackish shade, which run spirally on a whitish shell, the usual arrangement of the bands on the last whorl being one above and four if present below the periphery. This banded form is ¢he variety ornata in Dr. Jeffreys’ work (B.C., p. 214), and is worthy of its name, offering a sufficiently striking contrast to the more common mottled forms. But yet, though the two extreme variations: the var. ornata and the mottled form, shew this great contrast, it is to be remem- bered that we cannot draw any abrupt dividing line between them. ‘There exist innumerable links which connect together the two extreme forms. In many a mottled individual we find the distinctive bands of the var. ovmafa appearing, sometimes so manifestly that we hesitate as to which variety we shall say it really belongs; and then many an ornata has the bands so broken up, or blurred and diffused, that we cannot but see therein an early step made from the strictly mottled form towards the banded variety. The variety orvzata varies in size, but in form affects the compactly built shell, with a somewhat raised spire, and, as might be inferred from what we have already said on this 128 PEARCE: VARIETIES OF BANDED SNAILS. shape of shell in this particular species, it is found on the turf and grass of our downs, heaths, and sheep pastures. And how is it possible to attempt to answer the question as to the cause of these various markings and bandings in Flelix caperata? How, for instance, may we seek to explain the association together on our downs of two varieties with such distinct markings as those of the variety ovza¢a and the mottled forms we have just referred to? If the markings mean anything we cannot but suppose that there is an advantage in the one class of marking over the other which meets some special circum- stance or need in the life of the mollusc. Now I have been brought gradually to think that the sheep that browse on our open downs and pastures have been the chief, if not the sole, means by which the variety has been evolved from the mottled form. One was first led to consider this a probability from noticing that the var. ovata is practi- cally restricted to localities where sheep are pastured with fre- quency; while in the localities where sheep never feed—such as sand-hills by the sea, or rocky broken ground, and other places impracticable as sheep-pastures—the mottled variation is seen to be universal, though just now and then, very unfrequently, one or two individuals of the variety ovwafa may turn up, as if to remind us that there is such a variety in existence. To briefly put into a tabular form the sum of our evidence gathered together in support of the above proposition, we find the proportion in which the two varieties of He/zx caperata occur in sheep pastures is as under :— PLACE. VAR. ormata. MOTTLED VAR. Isle of Wight Downs, Sept., 1887 ... 27. ... 14. Cow Gap, Eastbourne, Jan. 1888 ... 49. ... 100. Ditto Sept S Sh cat) 8 Bhi oats Beachy Head, near Eastbourne, } 5G ae. Aug., 1888 “APO HLNTRS pai ie ve » mottled form. Typical Helix virgata and Felix ericetorum being taken at the same time. I give now the figures relating to localities not used as sheep pastures. On the 22nd and 27th of October, I visited the sand hills on the Somersetshire coast near Burnham, already known as the habitat of some singular varieties of Helix virgata. 134 PEARCE: VARIETIES OF BANDED SNAILS, On the sand-hills which lie between Burnham and the mouth of the river Brue, the proportion in which the varieties of LT. caperata occurred was :— 5 individuals of the var. ornata, to 85 + an » mottled form. With them were associated Helix virgata and Bulimus acutus. On the other side of Burnham, northwards to Berrow Church, the sand-hills yielded an even more striking proportion between the two varieties :— 1 individual of the var. ovuata, to 66 : 55 » mottled form. Among the eighty-five and sixty-six mottled forms just mentioned, thirty-two and one, respectively, of them are of the the variety fvdva, having a unicolourous dark brown hue, which makes them appear very different to the ordinary mottled forms. But I have classed them thus, since the uniformity of dark colouring has evidently come about from the expansion and running together of the darker blotches, till the whole shell has become suffused. In the variety szgrescens of Helix virgata, we are presented with an analogous case. Though I have no evidence to the point, it would not be much of a surprise to me should we find out, eventually, that both these dark varieties, the var. fu/va of Helex caperata and var. nigrescens of Helix virgata, are really reversions, backwards, from mottled forms to some ancestral form with a wholly brown shell. The casual manner and out-of-the-way localities in which both these varieties turn up, would seem perhaps, to point to this conclusion. Localities for the (a) var. fulva of Helix caperata and (6) var. mzgrescens of Helix virgata. (a) On chalk down (bleak and barren) in Firle Beacon, Sussex, 1881. On sand-hills near Burnham, Somersetshire, 1888. A very near approach to this var. from Shaldon, near Teignmouth, South Devonshire, 1888. J.C., vi., Oct., 1889. PEARCE: VARIETIES OF BANDED SNAILS. 135 (6) On very edge of cliff near Beachy Head, Sussex, 1888. Berry Head, South Devonshire, 1888. Single individual at Needles Point, Isle of Wight, 1887; on edge of cliff near Beacon Hill Freshwater, (Mr. Ashford see Journal of Conchvlogy.) On sand-hills, near Berrow church and in church-yard, Somerset- shire, 1888. A few scattered gatherings made during August, 1888, in the South of Devonshire, in localities which, as far as I could see, are not sheep pastures :—viz.: amongst stones and herbage on blown sand on the coast west of Paignton, also near Babbicombe Bay : and the grass within the west Fort of Berry Head, yielded no variety ornata at all, but twenty-seven individuals of the mottled form. Putting all that we have written into tabular form we find then, that the proportion in which the two varieties of Helix caperata occur in sheep pastures is as under :— PLACE. VAR. oriata. MOTYLED FORM, Islelof Wicht downswsept., 1887 mieeon eae ne fae: 14. Cow Gap, Eastbourne, Jan.,1888 ... 49. ... 100. Ditto. SSMS MIS so AS ee 18. Beachy Head, Aug., 1888... Ress DO nc Anperss Boe OTA Ae 135. is 159, But in the places which have not been used as sheep pastures, the numbers prove very different : — PLACE. VAR. ovnata. MOTTLED FORM. Burnham and Berrow sand-hills,( ... 1. ie 66. Oct USS ome aac: ae 5 85. Isle of Wight downs, Sept., 1887 4. 14. South Devon localities, Aug, 1888 ... 0. Bi AVG. TOTAL 11s 192. ERRATUM. On page 125 (No. 3, Vol. vi.), in the 13th line from top of page :—“In the sazd neighbourhood,” should read “in the same neighbourhood.” 136 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH DEVON. By ERNEST D. MARQUAND, M.A. AMONG the county lists published in the last two volumes of this Journal there is none for South Devon; and, therefore, I am induced to send one as a commencement, although it is obvi- ously very deficient, notably in the slugs and larger bivalves. To many persons it is much more gratifying to add to an existing list than to compile an entirely new one, so that I feel sure the present contribution will soon be materially extended by those who have a wider knowledge of the mollusca of this district. All the species and varieties now enumerated were collected by me at odd times during 1886 and 1887. In order to ascertain roughly the relative frequency of Helix nemoralts and A. hortensis in my own neighbourhood, viz., the village of Alphington, a mile or two south of Exeter, I collected indis- criminately during the early summer of the latter year about two hundred and fifty full-grown living specimens, taken at random during various rambles in different directions. Subse- quent classification showed the following proportion :— felix nemoralis, 36 per cent.; A. hortensts, 64 per cent. Of the nemoralts batch very nearly one-half consisted of the form rubella 00300, some of the specimens having the band broad. The next commonest form was ¢asfanea 00000. ‘The var. libellula was represented by only a single example, 00300. The prevailing variety of A. hortensis was the bandless /utea, with its sub-varieties zor, subalbida, and roseolabiata. These com- posed exactly two-thirds of the lot; the next most frequent form being /wtea 12345, which composed one-sixth. With the exception of the larger towns—Plymouth, ‘or- quay, Ashburton, and Kingsbridge, and the picturesque village of Ivybridge—all the places mentioned in the list are situated J.C., vi., Oct., 1889. MARQUAND : MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH DEVON. m7 within a few miles of Exeter. It is interesting to note the occurrence of AH. cantiana so far west as Tamerton Folliott, ~ a village four miles beyond Plymouth, on the very borders of Cornwall, in fact. Spheerium corneum L.—Exminster marshes. River Exe, below Exeter. S. lacustre Mull.—Exminster marshes. Pisidium fontinale Mull.—Exminster marshes. Paludina vivipara L.— Exeter canal, abundant; much eroded and encrusted. Bythinia tentaculata L. and var. producta Menke.— Exminster marshes. Ditches near the Exeter canal. St. Mary’s Clyst. Planorbis albus Muil.—St. Mary’s Clyst. Exminster marshes. P. vortex L.-—St. Mary’s Clyst. Exminster marshes. P. complanatus L.—Exminster marshes. P. contortus L.—Exminster marshes. St. Mary’s Clyst. Physa fontinalis L.—Not common. Exminster marshes. St. Mary’s Clyst. Limneea peregra, and var. curta.—Common. —Exminster marshes. iL. peregra var. ovata Drap.—lIde. L. peregra var. labiosa Jeff.—St. Mary’s Clyst. L. auricularia L.—Exeter canal and river Exe near Exeter. L. palustris var. elongata Moq.—Rare. Exeter canal. Exminster marshes. L. palustris var. conica Jeff.—Exeter canal. L. truncatula Mull.—Ide. Exwick. Alphington stream. L. truncatula var. minor. — Banks of the Exe, under Countess Weir Bridge. L. truncatula var. (with purple bands), Shillingford ; one specimen. Ancylus fluviatilis Mull.—Ide. A. lacustris L.—St. Mary’s Clyst. 138 MARQUAND : MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH DEVON. Succinea putris L.—Banks of the Exe. St. Mary’s Clyst. Exminster marshes. S. elegans Risso. Vitrina pellucida Mill. and var. depressiuscula.—Haldon and Stoke woods; frequent. Zonites cellarius Miull.—Alphington. Kenn. Stoke woods. Z. Draparnaldi. — Holbeton near Ermington (Ivybridge) ; one specimen. . alliarius Mill.—Alphington. Haldon. . glaber Stud.—Stoke woods. nitidulus Drap. — Alphington. Ide. Haldon. . nitidulus var. nitens.—Matford and Alphington. . purus Ald. and var. margaritacea.—Haldon and Stoke woods. Exminster marshes. NNNNN Z. excavatus var. vitrina Fer.—Plentiful in one spot in the Erme woods, Ivybridge. Z. crystallinus Mull.—Haldon and Stoke woods. Z. crystallinus var. contracta Cless.—Haldon and Stoke woods. Z. fulvus Miull.—Haldon and Stoke woods. Helix aculeata Miill. — Occasional among dead _ leaves. Kingsbridge. Haldon and Stoke woods. H. aspersa Miull—Common. In May, 1886, I found at Ashburton a very perfect living specimen of the reversed form s¢nistrorsum. . aspersa var. minor Mog.—Alphington. Kingsbridge. . aspersa var. unicolor Moq.— Matford. . aspersa var. grisea Mog.—Ashburton; two specimens. nemoralis var. minor Mog. — Frequent at Ivybridge. Near Alphington. . nemoralis var. bimarginata Moq.—Near Exeter, one specimens. . nemoralis var. libellula Ris.—Alphington; one specimen. . nemoralis var. rubella Mogq.—Very common near Exeter. . nemoralis var. castanea Mog.—Common about Exeter. ie my ok cheer aL Se Ee J.C., vi., Oct., 1889. BPA Gaataysega cae ae a Clee Bags Bacal Ba Bs MARQUAND : MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH DEVON. 139 . nemoralis var. carnea.—Occasional. . nemoralis var. conoidea.——Alphington ; one specimen. . hortensis Miull.—Frequent. . hortensis var. minor Moq.—Frequent. Alphington. . hortensis var. lutea Mog.—Common. Alphington. hortensis var. incarnata Mog. — Alphington; two specimens. . hortensis var. olivacea-roseolabiata.—Frequent. . hortensis var. arenicola Macg. Alphington ; one speci- men, scarcely typical. . arbustorum L.—Rather common about Exeter, . arbustorum var. major Pfr.—Alphington; one specimen. cantiana Mont.— Rare, and very local about Exeter. Tamerton Folliott, near Plymouth. . cantiana var. albida Tayl.—Sparingly In a hedge at Topsham. . rufescens Penn.—Ivybridge. ‘Torquay. 1 have not seen this species about Exeter. . rufescens var. alba Moq.—Kingsbridge. . concinna Jeff.—Alphington. Haldon. . hispida L.—Alphington. Matford Bottoms. Stoke woods. . fusca Mont.—Local. Frequent in a hedge at Haldon. . virgata Da Costa and var. albicans Grat., are probably the most abundant of all the Helices about Exeter. . virgata var. leucozona Tayl.—St. George’s Clyst, near Exeter. . Caperata Mont. — Generally distributed. St. George’s Clyst. caperata var. major Jeff.—Dunchidiock ; one specimen. . Caperata var. lutescens.—Peamore Park, near Exeter. . rotundata Mull.—Haldon ; Common. . rupestris Drap.—Ivybridge. Torquay. . pygmeea Drap.—Frequent among dead leaves. Haldon and Stoke woods. . lapicida L.—Plentiful in one or two spots at Ashburton. 140 MARQUAND : MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH DEVON. Bulimus acutus var. alba Req. and var. elongata. — Charleston, near Kingsbridge. B. acutus var. strigata Menke. —Also at Ciaillesion B. obscurus Mull.—Ivybridge ; two specimens. Pupa umbilicata Drap.—Kennford and Stoke woods, rare ; more common at Ivybridge and Kingsbridge. Vertigo edentula Drap.—Haldon woods; a single specimen only has occurred to me. Balea perversa L.—Mossy walls at Haldon and Matford ; rare. Common on tree-trunks in a wood at Kingsbridge. Clausilia rugosa Drap.—Common. Haldon. CG. rugosa var. tumidula Jeff.—Ivybridge. C. rugosa var. gracilior Jeff.— Tamerton Folliott, near Plymouth. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull.—Alphington. Haldon. Matford. Carychium minimum Mull.—Haldon ; Common. $oS+o—— — ON HYDROBIAD AND ASSIMINEAY FROM THE THAMES VALLEY. Bya i) VGARSSIEV AICI: VARIOUS Correspondents during the last few years have sent me, as Hydrobia similis, a variety of A. ventrosa which is Jeffreys’ var. ovata, and is defined by him as “having a much shorter spire, consisting of only four whorls, which are more swollen than usual, and the last considerably exceeds one-half the shell.” I believe this variety has been considerably distributed among collectors as A. semzlts, and I will therefore point out the chief differences between the two. A. s¢mclis is but half the length, much more tumid, thinner and paler, has a pronounced umbilicus and a deep suture, with turreted whorls ; the operculee, however, are almost identical. It occurs in ditches occasionally overflowed by the Thames, and is strictly local and confined to certain narrow limits, but is not uncommon where found. A. vertrosa var. ovata is the prevalent form on the Plumstead marshes, and J.C., vi., Oct., 1889. MARSHALL : ON HYDROBIZ AND ASSIMINEZ:. IAI occurs in great numbers. There is no published figure of it, but it stands in the same relation to A. similis as Paludina vivipara does to PF. contecta. Both Sowerby’s and Jeffreys’ figures of /Z. szmz/ts are excellent, but the dimensions given by the latter are too large by one-third, and his generic figures in Vol. I. of ‘ British Conchology’ are not so reliable. When the foregoing was published in 1862 its recorded habitat was “ the side of the Thames from Greenwich to below Woolwich.” In 1875, 1 found it had migrated down the river at least ten miles, and extended onwards to Tilbury. The Rev. J. W. Horsley, of Woolwich, has been trying my old collecting ground, but cannot find the species without going two or three miles further down the river to Erith, so that it still appears to be migrating. A clear white form that occurs with it I have named var. candida. There is also a form of A. ventrosa which I propose naming var. carinata, described as follows :—Shell of the var. ovata form, having a sharply defined line encircling each whorl, nearly in the centre. This line is not really part of the shell, but of the epidermis, which is pinched up into a sharp ridge with a ragged edge. Young shells also have this ridge, but as they grow it wears off and appears in the adult specimen on the last two or, sometimes, three whorls only. It appears much more conspicuous on some specimens than on others, for as the animal grows old this ridge wears down and becomes obscure through wear and tear. ‘This variety is not uncommon, and occurs with the type. Assiminea grayana, 1 would add, is also migrating down- riverwards. Many years ago it was found abundantly in the Greenwich Marshes, but when Dr. Jeffreys in 1868 wanted fresh specimens for the purpose of illustrating his fifth volume, he could find only two specimens after a most diligent search, assisted by myself, and his recorded habitat in that volume was : “Banks of the Thames, between Greenwich and a little below Gravesend, making altogether a distance of about twenty miles,” but a note in my interleaved copy, written in 1872, says: “ This 142 MARSHALL: ON HYDROBIA AND ASSIMINEZ. habitat, which was correct twenty years ago, has undergone some change in the interval. At that time Clark and Barlee found it in myriads between Greenwich and Charlton, but at the present time neither Mr. Jeffreys nor myself can find it there. We have, however, found it in countless thousands at Abbey Wood and Erith, on the raised banks of the Thames, which now seems its nearest locality to London, so that they appear to have migrated for a distance of about ten miles.” As Mr. Horsley has been searching for this species also at the latter stations without success, it must have migrated further still, if the Sewage Outfall Works of recent years has not alto- gether exterminated it. Sevenoaks, Torquay. —___¢+6+@—___-— NOTES ON BRITISH AHVDROGLE WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES. By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. A few weeks ago Mr. A. J. Jenkins submitted to me for determination some specimens of /Zydrobia which he had collected at Plumstead and which he was unable to identify satisfactorily with any of the British species as they are usually understood by English conchologists and as described and figured by Jeffreys in his ‘ British Conchology.’ At the com- mencement of 1889 similar specimens were sent me by Mr. W. Crouch who found them inhabiting ditches at Beeton near North Woolwich. After careful consideration I have arrived at the conclusion that they must belong to a distinct species for which I propose the name H. jenkinsz. In order to ascertain if it was known as a continental species* I sent specimens to Dr. Boettger, of * Tt is quite impossible to identify these small species from description and figures. Between two and three hundred forms from Europe alone under the various names of Hydrolza, Paludinella, Amnicola, Bythinella, Peringia, Belgrandia, &c., &c., have already been described. J.C., vi., Oct., 1889, SMITH : ON BRITISH HYDROBI~. 143 Frankfort. He informed me that he did not recognise it, and that the most nearly allied species with which he was acquainted was 7. legrandiana of Brazier from Tasmania. Through the liberality of Lieut. Beddome, the British Museum possesses a series of eighteen specimens of this species trom near Hobart Townand Launceston. Although very closely resembling the Plumstead species I think they may be regarded as distinct. A. genkinsi attains larger dimensions and the relative proportions of the spire to the body-whorl is different. Mr. Marshall, of Torquay, has also had examples of this same Plumstead shell sent him by various correspondents and he has very kindly allowed me to see his notes upon them which pre- cede this paper. He is of opinion that they belong to Jeffreys’ var. ovata of Hf. ventrosa. As I have come toa different con- clusion I thought it advisable that our opinions should appear side by side, so that the probable correctness of either might be the better estimated. Since sending the first batch of specimens, Mr. Jenkins has been good enough to obtain for me living examples of AH. similis, H. ventrosa from Erith, and also the Plumstead form under discussion, and Mr. Crouch, braving the wretchedness of a cold, damp, foggy Sunday morning, procured living specimens of the last-mentioned from the ditches at Beeton. I kept all of these alive for some time and was able to make drawings and prepare descriptions of their external features. I may state at once that the appearance and habits of the anima! of the Plumstead-Beeton variety are perfectly different from those of 7. ventrosa and it certainly is not a variety ot that species. Jeffreys never could have seen the living animal or he would not have considered it a variety of that species. It much more nearly resembles H. sedis as regards the animal, but is not absolutely the same, and conchologically the two forms are certainly distinct. The only description of the animal of A. venxtvosa which I have been able to discover is that given by Jeffreys (Brit. Conch. vol. i, p. 66). It is as follows:-—‘‘ Body dark grey, almost black 144 SMITH: ON BRITISH HYDROBIA. in front ; Zeaz rather protuberant ; szowt long and ridged trans- versely ; /entacles filiform, with black and grey rings; eyes on very short stalks, placed a little behind the outer base of the tentacles ; /vot cleft in front and rounded behind.” This description does not suit the specimens from Erith which I have observed. ‘They were pale grey all over, excepting a slight blackish colour on the sides of the body and on the head in front of the tentacles ; Zead scarcely protruded beyond the anterior margin of the aperture of the shell, finely annulated ; tentacles slender, only slightly tapering, not pointed at the tips, uniformly pale, not ringed ; eyes black, scarcely raised on pro- tuberances, situated at the outer bases of the tentacles ; foot small, short, produced on each side in front, almost forming faleate corners, rounded posteriorly, sole pale, transparent, with a stripe down each side consisting of numerous aggregated whitey-brown specks. Contrasting this description with that given by Jeffreys a few differences are noticeable. When crawling the specimens which I have observed protruded the proboscis only a very little beyond the shell, and it certainly could not be described as “ rather protuberant,” nor should I consider the snout “long.” I could find no “ black and grey rings” on any of the tentacles, and the eyes appeared almost sessile and woz “on very short stalks.” My notes on the animal of H. szmzlis are as tollows:— Foot pale, produced on each side in front, rounded behind; 4ead and proboscis blackish above, finely ringed transversely, considerably protruded beyond the shell ; ¢ezdac/es* slender, finely tapering, semi-transparent ; eyes on slight cream-coloured prominences or swellings. The latter feature is also noted by Forbes and Hanley in their description of this species. The animal of A. 7enkinst appears to be remarkably similar to that of HZ. szmzzs both in external appearance and habit. The * The tentacles of all the three species exhibited microscopic lateral processes in a greater or less degree. These may be “‘ vibratile cilia aeaS described by Jeffreys in connection with A. zdve, or ‘‘vibrillze” mentioned by Haldeman (Freshw. Univ. Moll., U. S., Turbidz p. 6). J.C., vi., Oct., 1880. SMITH: ON BRITISH HYDROBIA. 145 tentacles may, however, be just a trifle longer and more slender and the eyes are on dark-coloured instead of pale prominences. The animal of both forms have the habit of keeping the tentacles continually moving about very actively, whilst on the contrary, “7. ventrosa keeps them much more quiescent. Tne tentacles of both are also longer, more tapering and finer at the points than those of 4 ventrosa. The latter has the habit of swimming inverted at the surface of the water, a position scarcely ever (as far as I have seen) assumed by & scwzlis or H. jenkinst. They seem to prefer crawling. The distinction between Z. jenkinsi and the two other species may thus be summarized :— It differs from AZ. ventrosa (x) in habit, (2) length and form of tentacles, (3) colour of the foot and head, and (4) in the greater size and more robust form of the shells. Of the latter, some have simple rounded whorls, others exhibit more or less of an epidermal carination towards the upper part of them (var. carinata of Marshall). From ZZ. szmzlzs it differs (1) in its greater length, higher spire, (2) less pronounced or unchannelled suture, (3) slighter umbilical chink, (4) its tentacles are perhaps the least trifle longer, and (5) the eyes are set on blackish instead of pale swellings. The name of Ammnzcola confusa has been given by Frauen- feld * to the shell which English conchologists usually regard as the Aydrobia similis (Draparnaud). He states that he has examined the original example of Draparnaud’s Cy/ostoma simile in the Imperial Museum at Vienna and finds that it belongs to Lithynia, having the concentric operculum of that genus. As I see no just reason for doubting the correctness of Frauenfeld’s statement, it appears to me that we are no longer justified in retaining the name of szmz/zs for this British species, but must employ that suggested by Frauenfeld, as has already been done by Paladilhe.t * Verhandl. Zool. Botan. Gesell. Wien., vol. xii, p. 1150; vol. xiii, p. 1029 ; vol. xiv., p. 647. t+ kev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 47 ; 1869, p. 229 note. 146 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. MATERIALS FOR A MOLLUSCAN CATALOGUE OF SUFFOLK. Can any of the readers of the ‘Journal of Conchology’ aid me in precisely identifying by any well-known name the following shells mentioned by Rev. Revett Sheppard in his list of Suffolk shells, and by Dr. Leach in his Mollusca of Great Britain : (1) Zellina stagnicola.—This is identified in Turton’s ‘ British Shells’ with Cyclas cornea var. stagnicola but it is not mentioned in Jeffreys’. (2) Mytilus macula.—This is probably a variety of Anodonta anatina, but is not mentioned by Turton or Jeffreys. (3) Helix spirorbis.—This, one would naturally suppose to be Planorbis spirorbis, but there seems to be doubt in Mr. Sheppard’s mind, though he identifies it with Aedx spirorbis of Montagu, which is again identified with Planorbis spirorbis by Turton. It is not Linnzeus’ Flelix spirorbis which corresponds to Planorbis albus. Nor is it Draparnaud’s Planorbis spirorbis. (4) Cyclas alata which is found in Leach’s Mollusca of Great Britain, p. 291. I am anxious to identify these shells beyond doubt in order to include them in a catalogue of Suffolk shells. Any assistance towards the latter would much oblige. CARLETON GREENE. i ee Helix pisana var. scalariformis.—While at Tenby last year I took this variety on the downs above Giltar Point, I secured two specimens.—H. Minnes, Winster. Limax agrestis and Cochlicopa lubrica at St. Thomas, Canada.—On July 8th, 1887, I found Zémax agrestis(the type unspotted), and Cochlicopa lubrica at St. Thomas, in the province of Ontario.—T. D. A. CocKERELL, West Cliff, Colorado. J.C., vi., Oct., 1889. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 147 FURTHER NOTES ON MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By G. B. SOWERBY, F-.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. Since the publication of my papers on “ Marine Shells of South Africa” in the Journal of Conchology of January, 1886, and January, 1889, a considerable number of additional species have come to hand. Among these are some that had already been mentioned by Krauss, Dunker, and others as belonging to the Cape fauna, but were not included in my list, which con- sisted only of such species as I knew to have been collected in the neighbourhood of Port Elizabeth. There are other well- known species, not hitherto known to inhabit South African waters, while others are altogether new to science. One thing has struck me as remarkable, and that is the number of British and European species found on the South African coast. Some of these were previously sent me by Mr. Bairstow, but I hesitated to include them in the list, thinking they must have got into that far distant locality by accident. However, so many of them have since been found (some living), that I have no longer any doubt on the subject. The list con- tains altogether thirty-four species known to inhabit European waters. Spirula Peroni Lam. This species is abundant throughout the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Murex mitraeformis Sow. A species allied to IZ. uncinarius but of a more slender form and nearly white. It appears to be rare. Pseudomurex Meyendorfi Cal. Several specimens of this somewhat rare Mediterranean species have been found in the neighbourhood of Port Elizabeth. ‘They are all some- what worn, but I have no doubt whatever as to their identity. 148 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. Bullia digitalis Meusch. Upon comparing a considerable number of specimens, varying not so much in form as in colour and style of marking, I am convinced that Reeve’s L. sulcata, B. semiflammea, and B&B. semiusta are simply varieties of this species. Nassa arcularia Linn. Very common in the Indian Ocean and China Sea, but rarely found at the Cape. Purpura scobina Quoy. A small variable species, known chiefly as inhabiting the shores of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. The Cape variety identified- by the Rey. A. H. Cooke is not so roughly ribbed, and approaches rather more nearly to some of the forms of P. /apz//ws than the prevailing Australian types. P. trigona Reeve. A single specimen in good condition was sent me from Port Elizabeth by Mr. Bairstow. This, like many of the shells of South Africa, is well-known as an Australian species. P. livida Reeve. Mr. Ponsonby shewed me several specimens from Port Elizabeth. Melapium lineatum Lam. (=Buccinum bulbus \Vood). Since the publication of my last paper Mr. Edgar A. Smith has clearly shown that the small South African species, and not the large one to which I referred, is the true Pyrula lineata of Lamarck, the large species having been described by Schubert and Wagner under the name of Pyrula elata. Mr. Smith, in an interesting paper (Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., March, 1889), has described the animal of this genus, which proves to-have no operculum. Tritonidia undosa var. minor. A small form not un- common at the Cape. The species is common in Australian waters, throughout the Indian Ocean and on the coast of Mauritius. Of the specimens that have come under my notice the smallest are found at the Cape, the Mauritian are somewhat larger, and they increase in size further east- ward, those from Singapore, Australia, and the Philippines being the largest. J.C., vi., Oct., 1889. SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 149 Pleurotoma piatystoma Smith. mull J.C., vi., Oct., 1890. COCKERELL; NOTES ON LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 259 S, duplicatum Cless. Konigs-Wusterhausen, Germany. Sub- globular corneum, apparently var. nucleus. Grey, shiny, striate, edge of valves yellowish. Long., 9#; lat., 114; crass., 8 mill. S. ryckholtii Norm. Nauen, near Berlin, Germany. Small, white, shiny, of the characteristic svckholtit form. Unio athesinus Adami. Mattarello Lake, Mattarello, Tyrol. A form of pictorum. Lat., 764; crass., 22; long., 33 mull. Colour yellowish with brown zones. U. arcuatus Bet. River Rhone, France. A form of pictorum, but shorter, and rather more ¢wmmzdus-shaped. Olive, with brown ill-defined zones. Lat., 614; long., 284; crass., tg mill. Nacre white. This is very close to, and perhaps identical with, some of the forms found in the Thames, near London. U. pictorum var. limosa Nilss. Neisse River, Patschkau. Lat., about go mill.; long., 34; crass., 24 mill. A long greenish-olive var. of pzcforum. Nacre white, iridescent. U. rostrata C. Pfr. Hunte River, Oldenburg. Apparently a var. of pictorum. Lat., 61; long., 26; crass., 184 mill. Outlines, rounded; colour, olive; beaks, eroded. Nacre white. U. tumidus var. lacustris Rssm. Hunte River, Oldenburg. Lat., 58; long. 29; crass., 192 mill. A small dark tumidus. U. piscinalis Rsm., Neisse River, Patschkau; UW. afer Nilss., Neisse River, Patschkau; UW. afer var. consentanea Rossm., Moschganzen, Austria; U. rzvu/ar7s Rsm., Krebsbach River, Patschkau; U. datavus Nilss, Lohe River, Strehlen, Ger- many;and U. amnicus Zg\., Wied River, Neuwied, Germany, seem all to be distinct from any species found in Britain. U. amnicus and U. rivularis seem to be varieties of U. ater, while afer itself is perhaps not specifically distinct from U7. piscinalts. WEsr CLirr, Custer Co., Colorado, U,5.A,, 4eb, 25, 1890. 260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. NEW BRITISH MARINE SHELLS. By J. T. MARSHALL. (Read before the Conchological Society Oct. 8th, 1890.) Sundry British specimens of £/7ma coming into my _ posses- sion during the last ten years having been put aside as doubtful, and left undetermined for want of leisure, it is only recently, on looking over the ‘Challenger’ report, with its excellent figures, that I detected the close resemblance of some of them to the £. ephamilla of Watsont—a species found during the ‘Chal- lenger’ expedition ‘off Pernambuco, in lat. 9°5’S., long. 34° 50 W., in 350 fathoms, red mud.’ Being doubtful as to the identity of a species from such a locality and depth with one from the British coasts, I sent a specimen to the Rev. Boog Watson for his opinion and verifica- tion, to which he replied :--‘I have checked your shell with my description, which fits it very well indeed, and the measure- IMENtS) COMeRVEnY, ClOSe))) eum 1 hla VenvEstionelay inclined to believe your shell is 2. ephamilla; but I have no specimen, the only one obtained being preserved in the British Museum . . . . andas to locality, depth harmonises many things.’ Mr. Edgar Smith was then kind enough to compare it with the ‘Challenger’ specimen in the Museum, and wrote me:— ‘T have carefully compared your Lu/zma with £. ephamulla (of which only one specimen in bad condition is known), and can- not see any reason for separating It.’ As the ‘Challenger’ report is not, or ever likely to be, readily available for general collectors, I append the Rey. Boog Watson’s description and remarks, with a few interpo- lations which could not be determined from the ‘ Challenger’ example :— + Prelim. Report, part 17, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol, xvii., p. 116, sp. 6. Also ‘Challenger’ Report, pp. 511—r2, pl. xxxv., fig. 6. J-C., vi., Oct., 1890, MARSHALL: ON NEW BRITISH MARINE SHELLS. 261 ‘Shell.—High and narrow, very symmetrical, with a very fine linear suture, flat-sided and very-little-oblique whorls, a tapering, scarcely convex base, anda small pear-shaped mouth. Sculpture—none. Colour-—the specimen is dead and dis- coloured [pale yellowish white]. Apex slightly broken, but seemingly small [blunt, perfectly rounded]. Spire high, quite straight, and with profile-lines most symmetrical. Whorls, 12 or 13, quite flat on the sides; the last whorl is a little long but narrow, tapering very gradually, scarcely convex, and very regularly rounded in front, where the lip hardly projects. Suture linear, fine and hardly impressed, and very little oblique. Mouth not oval, but regularly pear-shaped, and slightly oblique. Outer lip quite straight in its direction; its edge is deeply sinu- ated above, a little prominent in the middle, and then it retreats very slightly to the shallow open gutter in front, Inner lip, a thin glaze with defined edge crosses the body and runs out on the short, narrow, slightly-twisted pillar, with a very minute furrow behind it. [Operculum filmy, very pale yellow, with micro-flexuous striz in the line of growth.] Height, 0°33in. ; breadth, o’o6in. : ‘This species very much resembles £. swbudata Don., but is Shghtly slimmer in form, and the base in particular is more symmetrical; the suture is less oblique; the mouth is unmistak- ably different, being smaller, more drawn in towards the axis of the shell, and the inner lip has no curve on the body and no angulation at the junction of body and pillar, but runs quite straight from the angle of the mouth to the point of the pillar.’ Mr. Watson’s figure shows 11 whorls, though his text gives 12-13, and the length as about one-third of an inch. My largest specimen is exactly a quarter of an inch long, and has 13 whorls. They have been obtained at various times in six different localities, and a few are live shells. he following is a list of these localities :— Aberdeen, 50 miles from land, in 56 fathoms (‘Triton’ cruise, July, 1882). 262 MARSHALL: ON NEW BRITISH MARINE SHELLS. The Minch, in about 65 fathoms. Sound of Sleat, 80—go fathoms. Arran, 31 fathoms. Hebrides, 20 fathoms (precise locality unrecorded). Milford Haven, 11 fathoms. The shell is not keeled at any stage. Two specimens are slightly curved, and another has the apical whorls only curved. Ephamilla signifies like unto or resembling £. swbudata. The latter is of course a larger shell, and has coloured bands; but comparing one of the same size with Z. efhamitla it will be seen that it is nearly twice as broad at the base, the mouth is considerably larger, and the whorls are not so compressed. From £. distorta var. gracilis this differs in being longer and more slender, with a narrower base, a much smaller mouth, a blunt and rounded, instead of a pointed apex, and the first whorls compact, instead of being loosely coiled. There is a slender form of the var. gxacilis that comes close to it in outline, but its pointed apex and larger mouth will always distinguish it from Z. ephamilla. It also differs from that rare and slender shell 2. zxtermedia var. rubrotincta in the same particulars. The Milford Haven locality is remarkable on account of its shallow depth, occurring there with quite the ordinary common species usually found at that depth. The Aberdeen locality may be considered special, as also that of the Sound of Sleat, where two specimens were dredged by Mr. A. Somerville, off Glenelg, in 1889. The current there is very strong, and it is not easy to keep the dredge down. In Boog Watson’s remarks on this species in the ‘Chal- lenger’ report, p. 511, line 4 from bottom, the word ‘sculpture’ should read ‘suture.’ The next new species is also a Eulima, and also one of those obtained in the ‘Challenger’ expedition—the £. latipes of Watson.{ Only one adult and two immature examples { Prelim. Report, part 17, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xvii., p. r20, sp. 11. Also ‘Challenger’ Report, p. 515, pl. xXxvi., fig. 3. J.Ci, vi., Oct,, 1890. MARSHALL: ON NEW BRITISH MARINE SHELLS. 203 occurred in that expedition, the former being rubbed and chipped, so that the species is not very well represented in the British Museum; and they were taken in Torres Straits, the gulf dividing New Guinea from Australia, in seven fathoms. The following is the description taken from the ‘Challenger’ Report :-— ‘Shell.—Squat, with a broad flat base, a rapidly-contracting bent spire, a small tip, convex whorls, an impressed suture, and a small pear-shaped mouth. Sculpture, none. Colour, glassy white. Apex, very small, acuminately symmetrically rounded. Spire, small and bent above, enlarging very rapidly in breadth, with concave profile lines. | Whorls g, short, broad, of slow increase, slightly convex. Suture slight, a little impressed, scarcely oblique. Mouth, small, pear-shaped. Outer lip, arched; its edge retreats above, is rounded in the middle, and is patulous throughout. Inner lip, continuously arched across the body and down the short broad pillar. Height, o’og3in. ; breadth, 0°045in. ‘September 8, 1874. Flinders Passage, Torres Straits, 7 fathoms. ‘This species is remarkable for the breadth of its base and the smallness of its tip. Unfortunately, the specimen which I regard as full grown is rubbed and chipped, and the two which are perfect are young and imperfectly developed, especially about the mouth.’ I have this shell from the Land’s End, and from Scilly in about 35 fathoms, where Mr. Clifford Burkill dredged it in 1888, and also in this year. The ‘Challenger’ example is slightly under a line in length; my Land’s End specimens are slightly over, and the Scilly ones a line and a half. It would appear to be a shallow water species. I had given it a MS. name in my collection as £. distorta var. tumidosa, as there is a squat form of &. déstorfa with a broad base leading up to it; but on further observation it is seen that the aperture in Z. /atipes is smaller, the spire is stouter, the whorls slightly convex, the apex blunt, the base much wider, 264 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. and the upper whorls only are curved, instead of being, as in £. distorta, curved throughout. Its nearest ally is the Z. mzcro- stoma of Brusina, but that is manifestly different. Mr. Edgar Smith has compared my shell with the ‘Chal- lenger’ one, and thinks they are not identical; that ‘Z. latipes is less curved towards the apex, the mouth is shorter, and the body-whorl more angled in the middle.’ But one of my’speci- mens has the spire much less curved than Mr. Watson’s figure, in fact almost straight, and the measurements of the body- whorl are mathematically exact. Rev. Boog Watson, writing from memory only, having no specimen of £. Jdatifes before him, thinks ‘it is distinct—but what?’ With all due deference to the opinions of these gentlemen, however, and much as I value them, I feel great reluctance to describe as absolutely new a shell so extremely like £. latipes as this Cornish one, and accordingly launch it forth under that designation. In using the name of Lulima distorta in the foregoing pages, I am well aware that that name properly belongs to another species, and that it must give place to the Z. philippit of Weinkauff; but until another edition or revision of ‘British Conchology’ is published, and the latter name established, I have thought it best to use the name long known to English collectors. SEVENOAKS, TORQUAY, August 23rd, S90. Otina otis var. candida in Pembrokeshire.—I took last Autumn in South Pembrokeshire several specimens of Otina otts var. candida, from caves near the Eligug Stack Rocks. I believe it has not been recorded from that locality before.—BEATRICE J. FALLOON. LonGc ASHTON VICARAGE, BRISTOL, Oct. 25, rSgo. J.C., vi., Oct., 1890 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 265 Z. glaber var. viridula at Penistone.—On the roth of last April I found a dead specimen at Guenthwaite, a mile and a half from Penistone, of Z glaber, which subsequent examination proved to be an Albino. Since Albinism in this species has not, I believe, been hitherto recorded, I would suggest the varietal name wridu/a, as it is of a greenish colour. At the risk of raising a storm from the ‘lumpers,’ I would suggest, in the event of the threatened general revision and correction of names, that the terms ala, albida, candida, etc., be applied strictly to white coloured albinos, and that where the white and green albinos exist in the same species, as in the case of H. rotundata, different names be given to the green and white varieties; and, moreover, that the terms a/ba, candida, etc., be correctly applied, as also afer and niger, etc.—LIoNEL E. ADAMS. PENISTONE, J/ay 79, 1Sgo. Pupa ringens in Pembrokeshire.-—This autumn I took Pupa ringens in South Pembrokeshire from the hill form- ing the east bank of Milford Haven. I believe this has not been recorded for this county before. —BEATRICE J. FALLOON. LonG ASHTON VICARAGE, BRISTOL, Oct. 25, 1890. AStist, OF SHELES FROM TEE IZM RSD BANK CHINA SEA. By EDGAR A. SMI EZs., &c., President of the Conchological Society. (Read before the Conchological Society). DurtnG the recent survey of the Macclesfield and Tizard Banks by H.M.S. ‘ Rambler,’ a few shells were obtained by Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith, Surgeon, R.N. As special localities are valuable for our knowledge of distribution, I thought it might be useful to publish the following list, although only a very short one. 266 SMITH: SHELLS FROM TIZARD BANK, CHINA SEA. I—GASTROPODA. ils > © Qa _ OF NR Ne ON OS ae Poni Conus striatus Linn. C. minimus Linn. Terebra dimidiata Linn. T. chlorata Vamarck. Murex banksti Sow. AM. lobbecket Kobelt. M. laciniatus var. Sow. M. aculeatus var. Lamk. Sistrum undatum var. S. hystrix Lamk. Nassa papillosa Linn. QV. granifera Wiener. Latiaxis de burghie Rv. Coralliophila pagoda A. Ad. Oliva cruenta Dillwyn. Oliva sp. Cassis nodulosa Gmel. Dolium perdix Lamk. Ranella granifera Lmk. Triton anus Lamk. T. (E£pidromus) nitidilus Sow. Natica (Mamilla) melanostoma \amk. NV. ( Polinices) mamilla Lamk. Cyprea tigrts Linn. C. carneola Linn. C. arabica Linn. C. vitellus Vinn. 19) D 47. C. helvola V.inn. C. moneta Linn. C. annulus Linn. C. fmbriata var. Certthium nodulosum Brug. C. obeliscus Brug. C. articulatum Ad. and Reeve. Strombus lentiginosus Linn. S. gibberulus Linn. S. samarensis Chemn. Pterocera lambts Linn. P. aurantia Lamk. Turritella sp. NXenophora solartotdes Reeve. Tenagodes muricatus Born. Nerita polita Vann. LV. plicata Linn. Turbo petholatus Linn. Delphinula spherula Kiener. Bulla ampulla Linn. Il.—_ PELECYPODA. 48. Tellina squammutlosa iy ANG, 49. Lsocardia cumingtt A. Ad. 50. lk SO, Cardium fornicatum Reeve. Cardium sp. Aviculacastanea Reeve? — = | A, dredged at a depth of twenty fathoms; 8, twenty-eight fathoms; c, thirty fathoms ; bp, thirty-five fathoms; ©, forty-one fathoms; F, forty-five fathoms; G, fifty fathoms. The rest of the species were picked up upon the shore, thrown up by the waves. We@yy Ving Ot) naga JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 267 With a few exceptions all the above species are common well-known forms, the distribution of which has already been recorded. Most of them occur in many parts of the Indian Ocean. Only two of the species are new to the collection of the British Museum, namely, dZurex lobbecker and Latiaxis de burghie. The single specimen of the former is a most lovely shell and a very beautiful addition to the national collection. It is, I believe, the second known example. The specimen of Zatiaxis de burghie is only about half grown, but shows, I think, the distinct- ness of this species from Z. maze, with which it has been united by Tryon. I would also call attention to two examples of Delphinula spherula of Kiener, which is said to be the same as D. arion of Meuschen. ‘They differ from the typical form as figured by Kiener (Coq. Viv., pl. 3, fig. 3) in having both the upper and lower surfaces much more finely spirally ridged, so that they have a considerably smoother appearance than usual. No special locality has been previously assigned to this very rare and beautiful shell, although Roeters van Lennep * suggested the Moluccas. So ARION MINIMUS (Simroth) A BRITISH SLUG. By R. F. SCHARFF, Pu.D., B.Sc., M.R.1I.A., CURATOR OF THE NATURAL History MusruM, DUBLIN. (Read before the Conchological Society, Oct. 8th, 18¢0). THE Slug which I am about to describe agrees in every respect with the description given by Simroth in his admirable treatise on German Slugs (feitschrift fiir Wiss. Zool., vol. xli., p. 289). It is probably no other than the Zzmax flavus of Muller (Hist. Vermium Terr. et Fluv., 1774), which subsequently found a place among the doubtful species in Moquin-T'andon’s * Journ. de Conch., 1870, vol. xviii, p. 381 268 SCHARFF: ON ARION MINIMUS. Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv., vol. ii, p. 16). Alder’s description of Arion flavus (Catal. of the Moll. of Northum. and Durham, p- 30), is too short, and his figure, which was published in Forbes and Hanley’s History of British Mollusca, so differs from Avion minimus that I am rather doubtful whether it was this species he found. ‘These and other papers give only most meagre descriptions of a few external characters which make it impossible to identify a species which is so easily mistaken for the young of some other Arion. According to Simroth, Avion minimus belongs to the Ariunculus group, which was created by Lessona and Pollonera (Monografia dei Limacidi Italiani) to include a number of small Arions in which the genital opening lies somewhat more in front of the pulmonary aperture than it does in the others. I shall not here attempt to describe the internal anatomy of Arion miuimus, as I intend shortly to publish a more detailed - paper on the anatomy of Slugs. : I discovered this small species for the first time last August in a hay-field at Raheny near Dublin, under a heap of decayed weeds. After keeping several specimens in confinement for some days, a few clusters of eggs were deposited, so that there was no doubt that the slugs were full grown. During the recent British Association meeting I also met with this species in England, viz:—in Lister Park, Bradford; and in Bolton Woods, near Ilkley. Adult specimens vary in length from 20 to 23 mills.; that is to say they are almost an inch long when fully extended, and about half an inch when at rest. The typical form is of a very light grey colour, almost white, tinged with lemon yellow. The foot also is lemon coloured. Some of the Bolton Wood speci- mens were more like Arion bourguignati in colour, that is of a darker grey, than the Irish ones or those met with in Bradford. The mantle in these forms, however, was of the same light colour as in the typical forms. The head and tentacles are dark grey. Along each side of the body runs the usual lateral J.C., vi, Oct., 1890. SCHARFF: ON ARION MINIMUS, 269 band, but instead of being well defined and strongly marked— as in other Arions—it is of a diffuse character, delicately grey in tint, while in some cases it is absent altogether. The wrinkles on the body form the chief characteristic of this interesting little slug. These, when examined by a lens, are found to possess pointed projections, which cause a peculiar glittering appearance when the light falls on them. ‘These little spikes, which I bave not noticed in any other form, are only seen when the animal is at rest. The body is then generally drawn up in the semi-circular position, which is so often assumed by Arion ater or empiricorum, but never seen in other slugs. The slime is yellowish. The eggs are remarkably large for the size of the slug, measuring 21% mills. long by 2 mills. broad. They are semi- transparent and intimately attached to each other by a sticky mucus. ‘There were generally from 10 to 13 eggs in a cluster, but never more than 16. As regards its habitat, 47/on minimus is peculiar to the open country, and I believe it will be found commonly every- where in fields and woods where fungi abound, which appear to be their natural diet. In captivity they did not despise the leaves of a species of Campanula, on which they were fed. abit 5g See The form to which Dr. Scharff calls attention in the above paper is a not uncommon one in the British Islands, and is one which I have long ago discriminated from its congeners, but without venturing to accord to it specific rank or to regard it as more than a young stage of one of the other species. Pending its further study and a confirmatory examination of its ana- tomical structure, I may say that I find among my records some for the following counties in or from which I have seen it, the form not being a difficult one to recognize when once known :— N.E., N.W., Mid W., and S.W. Yorkshire, North Lincoln, Cheshire, Notts., Norfolk East, Pembroke, Linlithgow, Ayr, Main Argyle, Berwick, Edinburgh, Haddington, Clyde Isles, North Perth, and Westmorland.—W. DENISON ROEBUCK. 279 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, PHYSA ACUTA (DRE) IN SCOTLAND: By A, J. JENKINS, M.C.S. (Read before the Conchological Society, Nov. 5th, 1890). Mr. J. W. Williams has described this continental species in ‘Land and Freshwater Shells,’ p. 69, as inhabiting ‘one of the lily tanks in Kew Gardens.’ Having lately discovered that Physa acuta Drp. may be taken from two other localities in Britain, perhaps a few notes respecting them may interest members of the Society. In March of the present year, my friend Mr. L. O. Grocock, M.C.S., and myself, had the good fortune to obtain several P. acuta from tanks in hot-houses at the gardens of the Royal Botanical Society in Regents Park. We first noticed them in the hot-house devoted to the propagation of. the young seedlings of Victoria regia, crawling about the sides and edge of the tank containing them, and upon the under-side of the leaves of the young plants. We also found them rather abundant in glass vessels and tanks of growing Vadlisneria spiralis and other aquatic plants in two other hot-houses. Early in September I had the opportunity of seeing a number of shells of P. acuta in the possession of my friend, Mr. W. D. Rae, who is an ardent conchologist. ‘They had been collected by Mr. Rae from mill ponds at Aberdeen some time before. Being interested in the discovery of what I believed to be a new locality for this introduced species, I asked for further information respecting them. Mr. Rae assured me that he first collected this species about July, 1887, from three or four ponds situated in grounds belonging to the Banner Mills Co., at Aberdeen, The mill, which is a substantial granite structure, JuG@sy war, Oct soo: JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 271 seven or eight stories high, is built upon a piece of ground, formerly a marsh. It is some two hundred yards from the sea, and rises from the sea-level. The ponds contain warm water which has originally been heated in the interior of the mill. They contain numerous gold fish and various aquatic plants. The Physz are found inhabiting these ponds in company with Z. peregra. ‘The shells of the former species have also been taken from a kind of dry subway proceeding under the mill. I have just lately seen at the house of Mr. Rae a number of living Z. peregra and P. acuta, which have just arrived from these ponds at Aberdeen, thus proving conclusively that the species still continue to exist in that locality in water of a warm temperature, but in the open air. How they came there may always remain a mystery. That they have been introduced 1s certain. They may have been brought from the continent with the gold fish; or with aquatic plants, as is probably the case at the Botanical Gardens at Regents Park, and Kew. Certain it is that species like P. acuta and 4. goodalit, living under such artificial conditions, can only be ranked as British shells by courtesy. NEw Cross, 1890. ——__#-e-— ——___ - CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PROCEEDINGS. 179th MEETING, JUNE 4th, 18g, Ifeld at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Candidates Proposed for Membership: Messrs. Frank Turton, Penistone (nominated by Messrs. L. E. Adams, B.A., and William Nelson); and Albert Wood, Sutton Coldfield (by Rev. Herbert Milnes and Mr. C. Jefferys). Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :—The Naturalist; The Nautilus (Mr. T, D, A, Cockerell); Proceedings of the Linnean Society 272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. of New South Wales; Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes; Transactions of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; W. H. Dall on the Dynamic Theory of Evolution ; and J. W. Williams on a Tumour in the Freshwater Mussel. Donations to Collection announced and thanks voted : Zestacella haliotidea from Kirkcudbrightshire (Mr. W. Evans, F.R.S.E.) ; various Yorkshire shells (Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. ). Exhibits. Mr. W. H. Heathcote sent for exhibition several examples of Acme fineata from Luccombe Chine, Isle of Wight, making a fresh county record. Mr. W. E. Collinge showed Cyclostoma elegans from Thorparch., Yorkshire, where it occurs in very large numbers at nearly the northern limit of its range in Britain. The Secretary showed Zonztes fulvus and other shells from Alford,. North Lincolnshire, sent by Mr. J. Eardley Mason. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., showed Azlimaus obscurxus from Ruston Parva (York S.E.) and other Yorkshire captures. On behalf of Mr. Robert Standen were exhibited Pis¢dcam fontinale from Birkenhead, var. czvervea from Liverpool, var. fz/chella from Cheadle, P. roseum from Birkenhead, Spherium corneum vax. complanata from Gass Canal, Hollinwood, and var. zzcleus of large size from Askham Bog, very oblong and flattish specimens of .S. ovave from canal at UHollinwood, and several varieties of Me/zx arbustorum from Pocklington. On behalf of Mr. H. E. Craven were shown Planorbis nitidus, Pisidium. henslowianum, and Sphertum corneum var. flavescens from Sutton Cold- field, Werztina fluviatilis with vars. cer¢na and trifasciata from the River Blythe near Whitacre, Ancylus fluviatilis var. alba from Gateshead, etc. On behalf of the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A., was shown Zestacella haliotidea from Hitchin, Herts., where it was found by Mr. Phillips. An interesting collection of shells collected in Sutherlandshire, by Mr. W. Baillie, of Brora, including Aelzx lamellata, Bulimus acutus, Vertigo substriata, Planorbis albus, and others, and presented by him to the Society’s collection, was on exhibition. The Chairman exhibited and explained a manuscript index to the synonyms of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, which he had prepared for his own use and found of considerable value and utility. 180th MEETING, JULY 2nd, 1890. At the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. New Members Elected: Mr. Frank Turton, Penistone; and Mr. Albert Wood, Sutton Coldfield. Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :—Records of the Australian Museum, vol. i., no. 2; Mr. H. K. Jordan on the Species and Varieties of the Genus Fusus which inhabit the British Seas. J.C., vi., Oct., 1890. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 273 Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted :—Aydrobia | jenkinst (carinated form) and its var. ¢umdda, and AH. ulve from Tilbury Marshes, from Mr. A. J. Jenkins; Anodonta cygnea from Gosford, East Lothian, from Mr. Evans, F.R.S.E. ; and a very large example of the same species found on cleaning out an old pond at Mereworth, West Kent, presented by the Rev. R. A. Summerfield, B.A. Papers Read. A paper by the President, Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., entitled “‘ A Reply to Mr. J. T. Marshall’s ‘Further Notes on British Hydrobie’” [printed in ‘J.C.,’ July, 1890, vel. vi., p. 244]. A note by the Treasurer, Mr. Lionel EX. Adams, B.A., on Zorzles elaber var. wridula at Penistone, was read [printed in ‘J.C.,’ Oct., 1890, p. 265]. Exhibits. The Chairman exhibited and commented upon a numerous and highly interesting series of specimens of He/z.x memoralis, in illustration of the variation to which it is subject. He also showed a series of varieties of that species which forms part of the Museum at Leeds. Mr. W. Nelson gave an account of a recent expedition to the neigh- bourhood of Howden and Hemingbrough (Yorks. S.E.) and exhibited the specimens he had collected. On behalf of Mr. J. Ray Hardy were shown some of the resuits of a successful field-day in Darley Dale, Derbyshire, by the Manchester Branch, amongst which were Zonzfes fulvus var. mortont, Vertigo cdentula, Helix aculeata, FH, lamellata, etc., the last-named appearing to be a new species for Derbyshire. On behalf of Mr. J. A. Hargreaves were shown examples of Vertigo pusilla, from Forge Valley, near Scarborough. On behalf of Mr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., were exhibited Prs¢dzam roseum, LP. fontinale, Pianorbis nitidus, and Valvata cristata from Loch Achnacloich, near Invergordon (East Ross-shire). On behalf of Mr. R. D. Darbish‘re, B.A., F.G.S., were shown Zimax flavus, L. maximus var. ferussact and Amalia gagates from Cannes. On behalf of the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A., a number of living slugs, Lzmax maximus, L. cinereo-niger, Amalia marginata, etc., from Cadenabbia, Lago di Como. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., showed various specimens, including Felix aculeata from Dalmahoy and Gorebridge (Edinburghshire), 2. sericea and H. fusca from the latter place, all collected by Mr. W. Evans ; Pis¢diam amnicum, &c., collected at Drumshallon, co. Louth, by Miss Sydney Smith; Arion ater var. bicolor collected at Howth, Ireland, by Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A.,; and Claustla rolphid collected (along with Cyclostoma and Helix lapicida) at Well Vale, near Alford, by Mr. Te Burtt Davy ; the locality being a new one for CZ. ro/phiz. 274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 181st MEETING, 6th AUGUST, 1890, Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Candidate for Membership Proposed: Mr. James Crawford, of Port Elizabeth, South Africa (proposed by Mr. J. H. Ponsonby and Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill). Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: Weitere Reitrage zur Kenn'niss der Pleurophyllidien, 1890, and Report on Nudi- branchs dredged by the Blake in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, 1890 (both from the author, Dr. Rudolph Bergh) ; The Naturalist. Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted: Varieties ecten opercularis from Mount’s Bay, Cornwall, dredged at 30 fathoms ; and of P. varius, dredged at 15 fathoms, Falmouth Harbour; Cyprea europea, fresh specimens from beneath stones at low water in Falmouth Bay ; and Cy. moneta, gathered upon the beach at Seascale, Cumberland (all sent by the Rev. Charles Crawshaw); ecten islandicus and Fusus propinguus from Scotland (sent by Mrs. Brockbank); and numerous British marine shells sent by Mr. B. Sturges Dodd; these included Barlecia rubra from Sennen Cove, Hydtrobia ulve var. albida from Chapel, Lincoln- shire, Cyaminm minulum from St. Ives, Cornwall, AZya truncata from Mablethorpe, A/jtzles edulis var. pallida, Mactra stultorum var. cinerea, and Scrobicularia alba from Sutton-on-Sea, 7727r2tella terebra from Round- stone Bay, Connemara, Lovzpes lactea from St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey, Cardzam edule var. fasciatum from Mablethorpe, ZLasea rubra from Deer Island, Connemara, A7ssoa costata, R. reticulata, R. inconspicua var. vardegata, R. cingillus, R. striata, and Cecum trachea from Roundstone, 2. parva from Jersey, the last also from Cornwall, Cecwm glabrium from Guernsey (10o—18 fathoms), and U¢riculis obtusus from near Burnham, Somerset. Letters Read: From Dr. R. A. Philippi, of Santiago, Chili, thanking the Society for his election as one of the ten honorary members. From Dr. Heinrich Simroth, intimating his purpose to communicate to the Society accounts of the results of his future researches into the natural history of the Limacide. Exhibits. On behalf of Mr. Henry Laver, F.L.S., Colchester, a small sinistral specimen of Beccznum undatum, which was taken off Harwich in April of this year, by a fisherman who catches whelks for bait, and also for sale as food ; another sinistral example was taken by the same fisherman. Mr. William Nelson showed Sphertum lacustre froma pond between Seacroft and Scarcroft, Yorkshire. On behalf of Mr. J. Madison were shown a couple of specimens of Dreissena polymorpha from the Oakford Canal, near Brinklaw. They were very beautifully marked specimens, having a broad white band running from the apex to the front margin. The Chairman showed numerous shells sent by Mr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., the Rev. W, L. W. Eyre, M.A., and Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A. J-C., vi., Oct., 1890, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 275 Mr, W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., exhibited a number of Scottish captures by Mr. Wm. Evans, including Prstdzum roseum and Valvata cristata from Otterston Loch, Fife, Spherium lacustre from Burntisland, Fife, Helix rupestris from Duddingston, near Edinburgh, etc. ; and a num- ber of Lincolnshire shells collected by Mr. J. Burtt Davy, including caddis- cases from the Foss Dyke near Pyewipe House (North Lincs ), which bore Numerous examples of Bythinza leachii, B. tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis, Spherium corneum, Physa fontinalis, Planorbis vortex, Pl. albus, a Siccinea, and one Helix hispida ; also 1. virgata vars. subdeleta and alba from Driby, Linc. N., the last-named attached to the inside of a broken pheasant’s egg ; and an example of Clauszlia rugosa var. erasa from a tree trunk near Hardraw Foss, North-West Yorkshire. 182nd MEETING, 8TH OCTOBER, 1890, Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. New Member Elected: Mr. James Crawford, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Candidates Proposed for Membership: Mr. James Howard, Lee, London, S.E. (by Messrs. Edgar A. Smith and W. Denison Roebuck) ; and Mr. Frederick Wm. Fierke, Hull (by Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck and J. Darker Butterell). Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : —The Naturalist; Rules of the American Association of Conchologists; Records of the Australian Museum, vol. i., no. 3. Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted :— From Mrs. Edward Passavant, a numerous miscellaneous collection of shells, recent and fossil ; from Mr. J. H. Rowntree, We/¢x /apictda, Thun, Switzer- land; from Mr. W. West, F.L.S., Ba/ea and Bulimus obscurus from between Scarborough and Seamer; from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, A. virgata and var. sub.eleta from Leigh, Essex, A. caferata and var. o/nata from Shoe- buryness, and Azzlemus obscurus, Clausilia laminata and var. albinos from Headley Lane, Surrey. Papers Read. “A List of Shells from the Tizard Bank, China Seas,’ by Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., Pres. Conch. Soc. [printed in Journal of Conchology, Oct., p- 265]. ‘Notes on the Food of some of the British Mollusks,’ by W. A. Gain, M.C.S. ‘ Arion minimus (Simroth) a British slug,’ by Robert F. Scharff, Ph. D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A. [printed in the Journal of Conchology, Oct., p. 267]. ‘New British Marine Shells,’ by J. T. Marshall [printed in the Journal of Conchology, Oct., p. 260]. Exhibits. On behalf of Mr. J. Madison, were shown a number of specimens of Cyclostoma elegans, Spherium lacustre, and .S. ovale, from various localities, 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. On behalf of the Rev. W. L. W. Fyre, M.A., a large series of the varieties of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensés which occur about Swarraton, Hants. N., and about Idmiston, Wilts. S., were exhibited ; also from the last-named locality a Helix asfersa with distorted spire and deep sutures, H. arbustorum, type and var. marmorata, and a number of Bythinia tenta- culata, one of which had a spiral band of distorted epidermis. For Mr. Charles Oldham were shown some examples of Helzx arbus- torum v. cincta from Castleton, Derbyshire, the bands on which were as sharply and distinctly defined as those A. zemoralis usually are. Mr. J. Beanland showed shells collected at Wressle, South-East York- shire, which included varieties of Mel¢x cantiana, H. arbustorum, etc. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., showed Arvo subfuscus var. Arunnea from Skiddaw Forest, and ZLimax arborum from Brundholme Wood, near Keswick, collected by Rev. John Hawell, M.A. On behalf of Mr. Alexander Shaw were exhibited a large collection of shells collected by him about Skelmorlie, Largs, and Ardrossan, Ayrshire, Ettrick Bay in Bute, and Loch Ranza in Arran, including Acme lineata, Pupa ringens, Helix lamellata, H. fusca, H. pyymea, etc., from the first- named locality. The Chairman exhibited a large number of shells from Sligo and Mayo, sent him by Miss Amy Warren. These included Pupa 72gens from Moy- view, Vertigo substriata, V. angustior, V. edentula, and V. antivertego, all from Killanley, Sligo, with many others. On behalf of Mr. B. Sturges Dodd were shown Vertigo pyemea, Pupa ringens, Pisidium roseum, Clausilia rugosa var. everetti, Physa hypnorum, and numerous other species collected about Roundstone, in Connemara. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., showed Zea lubrica, Balea perversa, Helix sericea, and Zonites alliarius, collected on Cromaglaun Mountain, near Killarney,. by Mr. W. West, F.L.S. Attention was drawn to the Society’s collections, and to a circular which had been issued inviting members to contribute specimens of British Marine Shells, with the view of rendering a collection for public inspection in the Leeds Museum more complete. This circular had been so far effectual that contributions had been re- ceived from Mr. Dodd, Rev. Mr. Crawshaw, and Mrs. Brockbank, which had materially enhanced the importance of the Society’s collection, but the Curator expressed regret that there had not been a more general response from those members who possess duplicates. It was further explained in the absence of Mr. Nelson, the Curator, that with regard to the land and freshwater shells in the Society’s collection, it was his intention to form a series of county collections, in the execution of which task he wished to enlist the co-operation of the members of the Society at large. The foreign shells, too, he proposed to arrange geo- graphically. J.C., vi., Oct., 1890 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ila, A FEW NOTES’ ON THE EASTERN COUNTIES. By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. (Read before the Conchological Society, Nov. 5th, 1890). THE following notes on a most delightful walking tour last August (1890) must be understood to refer only to the actual route, which was as follows:—Cambridge, Haverhill, Halstead, Tey, Colchester, Ipswich, Woodbridge, Saxmundham, Yoxford, Dunwich, Southwold, Lowestoft, Yarmouth, Acle, Norwich, Long Stratton, Diss, Thetford, Brandon, Ely, St. Ives, Hunting- don, and Bedford. At Cambridge the ubiquitous Z. pevegra was the only species I observed in the Cam, but my search was hurried and confined to the space between the locks at each end of the town. From Cambridge through Haverhill to Halstead, the weather being hot, and the roads dry and dusty, shells had not a fair chance to show themselves, but A caz/ana was plentiful all the way; //. asfersa not so plentiful. 4. ericetorum was fairly common as far as the border of Cambridgeshire, where it ceased. AH. virgata was abundant in this county, and occurred at intervals on the way. The var. monozona was as common as the type. War. albicans and var. subdelefa not uncommon. One species of var. subcavinata occurred, Ponds were very scarce and devoid of interest to any conchologists except those inde- fatigable collectors—the ducks and geese. One specimen of S. putris var. alba turned up near Haverhill. Near Yeldham, along the tall hedges of hazel, H. hortensis var. avenicola was very abundant (far more so than the type) chiefly preferring the topmost boughs, often eight or ten feet from the ground. This propensity for climbing I have not often noticed in England, though in Alsace during similar dry weather 278 ADAMS: NOTES ON THE EASTERN COUNTIES. I once observed AH. nemoralis ten and fifteen feet from the ground on the trunks of small trees. : At Sible Hedingham I met with the only specimens of H1. lapicida that I record for the eastern counties. About this neighbourhood the albino form of A. rufescens was almost universal. A pond at Little Tey furnished, besides other things, a specimen of S. /acustre, B. leachit, one specimen of A. lacusti is var. moguiniana, and a specimen of P. hypnorum. A. lacustris, with the exception of a single dead specimen of the typical form in the Little Ouse at Brandon, I did not meet with again ; indeed, the genus does not seem extensively represented in these parts, as I have only one record of A. fluviatilis in the whole excursion in the Wensum near Norwich, though several likely streams were crossed. P. hypnorum is often found associated with P. spirorbis and L. glabra, as Mr. Nelson has pointed out in the Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 115, but in this instance I found neither. I think this is the only occasion that I have taken B. leachiz in a pond. In the Colne at Halstead &. /eachiz deserves mention, and Z. /evis which was found on flags by the water. At Colchester 4. cantiana appeared more deeply coloured than I remember to have seen it. Inthe neighbourhood the white variety is not uncommon. From Ipswich to Saxmundham /. xemoralis and H. hor- tensts became gradually scarcer in spite of rain which had fallen. Near Woodbridge, one spot—a depression in a hedgebank full of damp leaves and a decaying nettle—afforded V. py gmea, V. pusilla, H. aculeata, and 4. pygmea:. Along the coast from Dunwich to Southwold there is a succession of salt dykes and marshes, where ZH. ventrosa and L. rudis var. tenebrosa swarm amongst the weed in countless thousands. Only three specimens of JZ myosotis rewarded my expectant search. J.C., vis, Oct., 1890. ADAMS: NOTES ON THE EASTERN COUNTIES. 279 From Yarmouth to Acle runs a long straight road with a terrible resemblance to the interminable roads of the low countries, and along each side of the road is a broad dyke almost choked with weed; for about two miles from Yarmouth the water is brackish, but .S. e/egans flourishes and S. pufris is found, though in less numbers. In one spot, about three miles from Yarmouth, I took several white banded specimens of JB. tentaculata var. sonata. At Cringleford in the Wensum, near Norwich, Z. gdudinosa is said to be found, but a careful search was unproductive. I have since, however, had several specimens sent me from Colney, a short distance higher up the river. At Cringleford there were swarms of fine S. e/egans, some fine P. contecta, and a few BL. /eachitz, with many common species. Here, too, LZ. levis and some fine Z. tidus were found in their usual damp habitats. Thence to Long Stratton, HW rufescens, dark coloured, became very common, while 7 cantiana decreased in numbers. Near here I took a single dead specimen of AH. carthusiana, which is, as far as I know, quite new to this part of the country. Near the curious little town of Diss, /. virgata was very common with its variety d¢/asceata. About a mile from Garboldisham, in a lane through a wood leading to the ‘common,’ there is a very abundant harvest for anyone with time to work it. Ina single spot among decaying leaves I took V. pusilla, V. substriata, Hl. aculeata, and H. pyegmea, with others. On the ‘common’ (a sandy heath) be- tween Garboldisham and Thetford, P. marginata appeared for the only time. This species, as far as my limited experience goes, is only to be found on sandy soil. At Ely & virgata and H. caperata were to be seen crawl- ing some four feet up the trunks of the old trees near the Minster. With regard to Huntingdon and Bedfordshire my records 280 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. are few and commonplace, with the exception of some very - deeply coloured Z. erzcetorum var. de/eta at Roxton, Beds. All along the route the comparative scarcity of A. zotundata particularly struck me. Most of the country traversed being arable land, cattle ponds, so plentiful and fruitful in some counties, Cheshire and Lancashire to wit, were very scarce, and as the subsoil was almost universally gravel and flint the dearth of roadside stones to overturn is not surprising. The eastern counties should, I think, produce an abun- dance of slugs, but owing to the dry weather during my search my records are comparatively uninteresting. Guernsey Dredging.—Among some interesting shells dredged off Guernsey last summer by Mr. Clifford Burkill was a very fine Chiton han/ey7, in about eighteen fathoms, off the south- east point of that island. This is a northern species, but has been once recorded from Plymouth by Mr. H. K. Jordan. In company with this Chiton, were several perfect, but dead, ex- amples of Azgiopfe decollata, which has not, I believe, been taken since Dr. Jeffreys dredged it in the same spot nearly thirty years ago, although Mr Burkill found it also at the Scilly Isles in 1888, and recorded it in the‘ Journal of Conchology ’ at the time. Among other notable species existing on the same ground were Argiope cistellula, some very fine Aclis gulsone, Odostomia minima, O. lukisi, O. diaphana, and O. conspicua, an exceedingly fine O. obligua and Cerithiopsis metaxe, with many things of lesser note. Collecting on the shore at Herm corro- borated my experience of the previous year, that Galeomma turtont are being exterminated, not only by over-collecting, but also by the persistent and indiscriminate stone-turning of the ormer-gatherers, which gives the Galeomma a poor chance of arriving at maturity.—J. T. MARSHALL. J.C., vi., Oct., 1890 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 281 HELIX PISANA var. TENUIS, A NEW VARIETY FROM TENBY. By JOHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S., Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, &c. (Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. roth, 1890). AMONGST some specimens of //edix pisana, found at Tenby during the past summer and kindly sent to me for examination by Mr. J. W. Storey, B.A., of Cardiff, was one which differed so remarkably from any I have before seen that I have applied to it the name /enzwzs, aiming thereby to express its thinness and translucency. The type shell, which has been generously pre- sented to me by Mr. Storey, may be described as of an almost uniformly translucent horn colour, somewhat resembling Zonzd‘es nitidulus in colour and consistency; the pillar is visible through the shell by reflected light, and by transmitted light the whole shell seems almost colourless and very transparent; towards the mouth—which shows no trace of its usual pinkiness—there is some approach to a whitish opacity, in which traces of two translucent bands are faintly visible in the positions occupied by the first and third bands in the Peztfatenia. The nucleus is of the same horny texture and aspect as the rest of the shell, and is not of the blackish tint as is usual in this species. The speci- men is 16 mills. in diameter, weighs 34 grains, and is altogether so very unusual in appearance and so different in its general character from ordinary individuals that I venture to think it would not on a cursory examination be referred to the present species by even experienced conchologists. Another variety from the same locality sent me by Miss F. M. Hele is worthy of remark, as simulating by its depressed form and general aspect the dull-white unicolorous variety of Flelix ericetorum. I have not yet been able to ascertain whether this deviation from the normal form has received a distinctive name. 282 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. THE NEGLECTED COUNTIES OF IRELAND. By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., Recorder to the Conchological Society. (Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 10th, 1890). Tue record-books of the Conchological Society for the past year show an immense improvement in the number of records authenticated for Scotland, thanks to the willingness with which Scottish naturalists have co-operated in a special effort to com- plete the molluscan census of that country, and more particularly to the energy with which Mr. William Evans, F.R.S.E., of Edinburgh, has co-operated with the Recorder and Referees of the Society to this end. It is desired to make an effort to improve in like manner the position which Ireland holds in the record-books of the Society, and with the view of indicating the directions in which assistance is at the present time most wanted, we give below the names of the species which are actually on record for the neg- lected Irish counties, beginning with the most neglected. There are, first of all, four Irish counties from which no species whatever have been seen by the Society’s referees; these are :— Carlow.—None. Longford.—None. Queen’s Co.—None. Galway East.—None. From RoscomMMoN, three species only have been seen:— Helix nemoralts, Bulimus acutus, and Clausilia rugosa. From JrppERARY Nortu, four species only: — Zonites nitidus, Helix ericetorum, Vertigo antivertigo, and V. substriata. From KILDARE, five species only:—elix nemoralis, H. hortensts, H. sericea, H. virgata, and Planorbis corneus. From KILKENNY, six species only, all sent by Mr. G. A. Barrett-Hamilton:—Helix nemoralis, Pupa ringens, Clausilia rugosa, Zua lubrica, Planorbis nitidus, and Limunea peregra. Jes, wie, Oct., 2890, ROEBUCK: NEGLECTED COUNTIES OF IRELAND. 283 From Crarkg, six species, all seen in the collection of Mr. Thomas Rogers:—Zonites alliarius, Helix nemoralis, H. hispida, FZ. ericetorum, Limnea peregra, and L. truncatula, From Cork Nortu, seven species:—Avrion ater, Helix riufescens, H. rupestris, Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa, Zua lubrica, and Physa hypnorum. From Mayo East, eight species only:—elix nemoralts, HI. hispida, H. rotundata, H. rupestris, Pufa umbilicata, Vertigo pygmea, Clausilia rugosa; all sent by Mr. J. G. Milne. From Cavan, eight species only: —/7e/1x aspersa, H. nemo- ralis, H. rufescens, H. hispida, Pupa umbilicata, Vertigo pygmaa, Balea, Clausiiia rugosa; all sent by Mr. J. G. Milne. From WICcKLow, eight species, sent by Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane and Dr. R. F. Scharff:—Avsion subfuscus, Limax agrestis, L. cinereo-niger, Zonites cellarius, Helix rotundata, Clausilia rugosa, Carychium, and Unio margaritifer. From Donegal, ten species, sent by Mr. J. G. Milne, Mr. W. F. de V. Kane, and Mr. R. M. Christy:—Zzmax agrestts, Zonttes radtatulus, Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. rufescens, H. ericetorum, Hl. rupestris, Bulimus acutus, Pupa umbilicata, and Clausilia rugosa. From Tyrone, fourteen species, all sent by Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane:—Avion ater, Limax arborum, L. cinereo-niger, Zonites cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Z. crystallinus, Z. fulvus, Helix nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. concinna, H. fusca, Hl. rotundata, Valvata piscinalis, and Planorbis albus. From WESTMEATH, fifteen species, all sent by Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane:—Zimax maximus, Vitrina, Zonites cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Z. purus, Z. crystallinus, Helix nemoralis, H. hortensts, H. hispida, H. rotundata, H. rupestris, Bulimus acutus, Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa, and Zua lubrica; no water shells seen. From Leitrim, fifteen species, all sent by Mr. J. G. Milne:—Swecinea putris, Zonites nitidulus, Flelix aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. caperata, H. vufescens, H. hispida, LH. pulchella, 284 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Pupa umbilicata, Vertigo pygmea, Balea, Clausilia rugosa, Zua lubiica, Bythinia tentaculata, and Limnea peregra, but no slugs. From MONAGHAN, sixteen species, sent by Mr. J. G. Milne and Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane:—Succinea putris, S. elegans, Zonites cellarius, Z. gluber, Z. nitidulus, Helix nemoralis, H. hispida, Hf. rotundata, Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa, Zua lubsica, Spherium cerneum, Lythinia tentaculata, Limnea peregra, L. stagnalis, and Planorbis carinatus. From ARMAGH, seventeen species, all sent by Mr. J. G. Milne and Rev. H. W. Lett:—Avion ater, A. subfuscus, Limax agrestis, L. maximus, Zonites cellarius, Flelix aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. hispida, H. rotundata, Vertigo pygmea, Clausilia rugosa, Bythinta tentaculata, Limnea peregra, L. stagnalis, L. palustris, Planorbis carinatus, and P. complanatus. THE VARIATION OF LIMNAJA PEREGRA (Miill.). By JOHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S., Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, &c. (Read before the Conchological Society, Nov. 5th, 1890.) This species is perhaps the most variable of our fresh- water shells, and aiso one of the most widely dispersed, being found not only in the British Isles, but inhabiting according to some authorities almost every other part of the globe; it is, however, interesting and somewhat remarkable that it has not yet been satisfactorily shown to inhabit the continent of America. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in “The Mollusca of Europe, compared with those of Eastern North America” published in 1872, expressed the opinion that Zzmnca columella Say was identical with the present species, and other conchologists have referred Limncaa catascopium and other forms also to Lzmn@a peregra either as synonyms or varieties. ‘These views are how- J.C., vi., Oct., 1890. TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNAZA PEREGRA, 285 ever not generally accepted, and in this paper I propose to regard the American forms as specifically different from our shell. Some years ago Limncaa peregra was recorded under several new specific names from Tasmania, but the correctness of the view which regards the Tasmanian shells as forms of L. peregra has recently been seriously called in question. But leaving these countries out of account altogether, the undoubted range of the species is exceedingly great, its ability to adapt itself to such widely different conditions as are afforded by turbulent streams or the most tranquil pools, the margin of the water, or immersion in its most profound depths, brackish water or streams and pools loaded with impurities, altitudes up to 18,000 ft.—assuming Reeve to be correct in referring Limnea hookeri to our species, I however regard LZ. hookert as much more closely related to the American Z. catascopium, which in the present paper I have considered to be a distinct species—and temperatures varying from near 100° Fahr., to the icy-cold waters of the elevated Pyrenean lakes, would lead us naturally to expect the great modifications in size, form, substance and sculpture, which actually do occur, and which are but a reflex of the widely different environments to which the animals are subjected. In this country the lifeterm of this animal would seem to be about one year, the adults dying off usually during the early summer, but on the other hand some European conchologists regard the continental individuals as requiring 2 or 3 years to arrive at full growth, and figures have been actually published showing the annual stages in the progress towards maturity. The causes promoting the evolution of any particular type of variation are not definitely established, but it is hoped that precise and accurate observations may bring to light some of the factors governing or influencing varietal differentiation. Brot has shown how in all probability some of the lowest organisms may affect the forms of the shells of mollusks, instancing how nine-tenths of the Lzmnea peregra found during 286 TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNZA PEREGRA. one season In a pool near Geneva, had a curious malformation of the base of the columella, and that this peculiarity was coincident with an extraordinary abundance of Aydra viridis in the same pond, and that the disappearance of the Aydra the following year, was also concurrent with the disappearance of the peculiarity in the shell. Generally speaking, it is believed by most conchologists that lakes or pools favour the relative increase in breadth and decrease in length of the shell, owing to the more rapid enlarge- ment of the whorls increasing the comparative size of the body- whorl and diminishing that of the spire, the highest development in this line of variation is Limmncea burnett? of Alder, in which the apex is actually intorted or sunk within the succeeding whorls. Limnea tnvoluta Thomyson is a still more striking instance of this peculiarity, but though it is probable that Z. zzvoluta is like L. burnett! only an extreme variety of Z. peregra, the fact has not yet been fully and satisfactorily demonstrated. The opposite condition, comparative increase in length and decrease in breadth, caused by the elongation of the spire and the more slowly enlarging character of the whorls, thus approach- ing in form Z. palustris and L. truncatula and exemplified by the varieties mcrostoma, elongata, &c., is said to be most usually found in flowing waters, and though this is generally the case so many exceptions occur that it is obvious that other less evident and as yet unascertained causes in this as in other circumstances, exercise great influence in modifying the contour of the shells, and what would perhaps be the result of the prominent features of the environment if not counteracted by other less obvious conditions. The strong-shelled forms appear from published observations to inhabit the margins of turbulent streams or rivers, and the shores of large bodies of water, where the wave commotion necessitates a robust shell to withstand its force and violence, the varieties /utea, fluminensts, solida, &c., serving to typify this line of variation, J.C., vi., Oct., 1890. TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNAA PEREGRA. 287 The opposite extreme—the attenuation of the substance of the shell—is one of the effects ascribed to the inhabited water being either much warmer or much colder than the ordinary temperature, the variety ¢ermalis, which is very thin and trans- parent, living in the warm springs of France, which are said to attain a temperature of 95° Fahr. The var. gZacialis exhibits as regards the tenuity of its shell substance the same peculiari- ties as var. ¢hermalis, but lives habitually in water but little re- moved from the freezing point even in summer. Thus both these extreme conditions seem to have equally the effect of retarding the development in size of the shell. Deep water is said to have a similar effect judging from Nilsson’s description of the Z. da/thica, which is said to live at a depth of from 24 to 36 feet in the brackish-water of the Baltic, and Mr. W. Thompson, the able Irish naturalist, ascribed the peculiar delicacy of the specimens of the var. dacustris from Lough Neagh, to the circumstance that they habitually lived in the still depths of that lake, and were only to be found on or near the shores owing to fortuitous circumstances. It is, however, conceivable that causes other than those mentioned here, such as a scarcity or abundance of calcic car- bonate may produce the same attenuation or thickening of the shell substance ; but the more usual result of such conditions are the erosion or the incrustation of the shells, according to the deficiency or excess of the calcareous salts in the inhabited water. Many of the specimens which are recorded from time to time in the scientific journals as Jeffreys’ var. picta, only show markings which are the effect of slight injuries to the mantle margin, resulting in a defective or thinner secretion of epidermis or perhaps a total failure to secrete it in the injured portions, so that the calcareous portion of the shell is more or less exposed ina spiral line or lines. The Rev. Dr. Norman, however, assures me that the var. p/cfa from the original locality do not owe their peculiarity to this cause. 288 TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMN/A PEREGRA, There has been much speculation and conjecture upon the probable causes of sinistrorsity, reflection of the outer lip, malleation of the whorls, and other divergences from the normal shell, but these variations have not yet received sufficient atten- tion to enable us to accept with any confidence the various theories that have been propounded to account for them. The two best known forms, Z. feregra and ZL. ovata, are recognised by European conchologists generally as distinct species but in this country are considered to be mere modifications of the same specific type, and Herr Julius Hazay, a leading continental conchologist, has lately accepted the same view, and states that he has verified by actual experiment that these two so-called species are merely biological varieties, which may be produced at will by simply placing the ova under suitable conditions— thus typical Z. feregra is produced from ova of Z. ovata if placed in “hard” running water, and that Z. ovata may be developed from the ova of Z. peregra by an opposite treatment. In dealing with the different forms, I propose to place them in sections, based upon the proportion the length of the aperture bears to that of the whole shell. This plan is not quite satisfactory, but is the one most generally followed when any arrangement of the varieties of the Zzmnee@ is attempted. Under the heads of the varieties described and figured, I shall attempt to group together those named forms which appear to have the greatest affinity for each other, and thus endeavour to reduce to some extent the inordinate number of specialized forms. In doing this I do not wish to disparage or depreciate the careful and accurate work of the learned European conchologists, whose views as to specific limits are so different from those held in this country, but only aim to point out the actual affinities and differences which do exist and to give accurate outlines of the more interesting forms, especially those that have not hitherto been figured. In the present paper I shall only describe and figure varieties in my own col- J.C., vi, Oct,, 1890, TAYLOR : VARIATION OF LIMNASA PEREGRA. 289 lection, and therefore must not be understood to under-rate the value or interest of specimens in the collections of my friends. As the type of the species I propose to adopt the form considered by Dr. Jeffreys as typical, and figured by him in Brit. Conch., v., pl. 7, f. 3, which agrees with the types of many other authors, and also fairly conforms with the figure given by Draparnaud when separating from it his Z. ova/a. The form, therefore, understood by me to be typical Z. feregra Mill., and figured here has the Shell obliquely-ovate, thin, moderately glossy, yellowish-horn colour, irregularly striate by the lines of growth, and closely and micro- scopically striate spirally, with a few indistinct spiral ridges, epidermis rather thin, whorls 43 to 5, convex, the last occupying nearly the whole of the shell, spire produced and pointed. suture rather deep, mouth large, 34 ths of the total length, oval and- very little contracted by the penultimate whorl, outer lip thin, imner hp folded on the columella, forming a slight umbilical cleft, fold rather prominent and curved.—Total length, 185 mill., diam. 143 mill.; length of aperture 14 mill., diam. 8 mill. The outlines given above are an exact representation of shells collected at Ackholme, near Doncaster, in April, 1883. Before commencing to describe and figure the various varieties it will be well to remind the student that almost innu- merable minor modifications or sub-variations of every variety may and probably do exist, and that strictly characteristic speci- mens, with all peculiarities exactly as in the original shells for which the name was instituted, are often exceedingly rare. I have, therefore, endeavoured in compiling the descrip- tions of the various varieties to give the essential feature and to eliminate such details as appeared to me to be individual peculiarities, which might or might not be present in specimens otherwise possessing the primary characters. In illustration of the necessity of this course I may point out that Dr. Jeffreys, 290 TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNA/ZA PEREGRA, in describing the var. szze’stvorsa, gives the shell as spirally ridged, but it is evident in this case—as in many other parallel cases which could be adduced—that the spiral sculpture is what I have termed an individual peculiarity and not necessarily present in sinistrally-coiled specimens. In the present paper I propose to divide the form- variations into two groups or sections, under which I shall give faithful and accurate outlines of the various modifications of shape that have received definite names, characterizing the groups by the relative lengths of the aperture and spire, and the proportion they bear to the length of the whole shell. SECTION A. Spire short and aferture exceeding three-fourths of the total length of the shell. Var. burnetti Alder. Shell globose, rather solid, of a dull dark horn- colour, epidermis rather thick, strongly striate in line of growth, spire scarcely elevated beyond the body- whorl, apex’ intorted. This remarkable variety, which is apparently confined to the British Isles, has only been found well characterized in the original locality, Loch Skene, Dumfriesshire. Dr. Jeffreys has, however, recorded it from a Welsh lake called Llyn-y-van-fach, and as having been taken from the stomach of a gillaroo trout caught in a lake in Tipperary. Tate is the only author I am aware of who, in addition to the original locality, states that it is also found ‘in a few other Scottish lakes.’ Specimens collected by Mr. F. W. Wotton, and Mr. J. Madison from the Welsh locality, do not fully exhibit the peculiarities of this form, and would seem to link this variety with the var. dacustrts of Leach. Westerlund treats this form as a distinct species, placing it in his arrangement between Z. ovata and L. peregra. J.C., vi., Jan., 1891, TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMN/EA PEREGRA. 291 The original figures of this variety are given by Alder in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1848, p. 396. The specimen figured is one of several collected in Loch Skene by Miss F. M. Hele, of Bristol, who has kindly given me this and many other interesting varieties of our British shells. Var. obtusa Kobelt. Shell large, spire very small, whorls very convex and increasing very rapidly in size, mouth ample and almost attaining the summit of the spire. This is a very interesting variety, and from its inflated body-whorl might easily be mistaken for Z. auricularia ; an attentive examination and comparl- ‘son will, however, result in its true affinities being recognized. It may be considered as standing in the same relation to the var. ovata that the var. ampla holds to the typical Z. auri- cularia. Its similitude to the last-named species 1s strikingly shown by the fact that Dr. Kobelt referred it successively to Gulnaria ampla and G. ovata. Herr Clessin has got somewhat confused in his treatment of this form, as in the same book he treats of it on p.534 as a var. of Guluaria ampla, and on p.541 again treats upon it as a var. of G. ovata, in each case giving the reference to Kobelt’s Icon., figure 1251. Clessin’s figures seem hardly to be referable to this form, but would, I should imagine, be more correctly placed with var. zzflaza. M. Bourguignat places this with some others named in this paper in his group Auriculariana as being in his opinion more closely related to that group than to L. peregra. The specimen figured was collected by Mr. J. Madison, of Birmingham, from a pond at Hall Green, Worcestershire, and kindly given to me by him. The original figure by Kobelt is published in Mal. BL, 1870, pl. iL, fig. 6, 292 TAYLOR : VARIATION OF LIMNAA PEREGRA, Var. acronica Studer. Shell much longer than broad, spire excessively short, last whorl shouldered, aperture oblong-oval. The original figure given by Charpentier (Moll. Suisse, pl. ii, fig. 16) is to me con- clusive that Moquin-Tandon is in error in considering this as a variety of aurtcularta. That accomplished conchologist, M. Bour- guignat, however, also regards it as having its affinities more with auwrtcu/aria than feregra, as he places it in his group Auriculariana. Westerlund refers it to Zzmnea tumida of Held as a variety. The specimen figured by me I owe to the kindness of Mr. LL. E. Adams, of Penistone, who gave it me amongst others collected by him near Stafford. It differs from the type figure in being a trifle more convex and less shouldered at the aperture, but there is no other noticeable divergence. Var. lacustris Leach. ‘‘Shell resembling that of the last variety [var. burnetti|, Dut is much smaller and more glossy, and has strong and regular transverse grooves, and the spire is not quite so short, nor inclined to be intorted. The shell is often eroded.” Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., I., p. 105, 1862. This is closely allied to the variety durnett7, but the tip of the spire is not actually intorted, as in that variety. It is widely distributed in more or less characteristic forms. Captain Brown’s variety only seems to differ from that of Leach by its greater delicacy and transparency, a circumstance that has been attributed to its inhabiting the deeper parts of the lakes where it is found. In Duddingston Loch near Edinburgh, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, amongst a lot of the commoner form, found one specimen of the most exquisite glassy transparency and delicacy, which rivalled in those characters the finest examples of Amphipeplea glutinosa, and which without a very severe scrutiny would be referred to that species. The var. g/actalis of Dupuy would seem to be correctly referred to the form named by Capt. Brown, J.C, vir, Jan,, 1891. TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNEA PEREGRA. 293 Westerlund gives the var. /acustris of Brown as synony- mous with Z. ovata var. balthica \.., and also with the var. lineata of Bean; the last determination is, however, I think, quite incorrect. Leach’s variety he considers to be a variety of L. lagotis. As far as could be judged from the limited facilities for examination of specimens in the cases at the British Museum, Z. rzbetrensis from Cape Verde Islands would appear to be referable to this. variety. The specimens figured I owe to the kindness of Rey. Dr. Norman, who obtained them from Lake Windermere. Var. balthica L. Shell small, globose, whorls very convex, spire not pro- duced, mouth pyriform. This small form of Aevegra, originally described Y) from the Baltic, is stated by Nilsson to be thin and somewhat pellucid. It seems closely allied to, if not identical with, the var. lacustris, but I do not venture to unite them in the present paper. The only published figure I am aware of is the one given by Sowerby, on pl. xv., fig. 103, of Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, and with which figure the one I now give exactly agrees. The outline is from a specimen found by Mr. L. E. Adams, near Stafford, and kindly given me by him. Var. lutea Montagu. ‘‘Shell remarkably solid, having a very short spire of from three to four whorls.”—Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., L., p. 105, 1802. Regarding this variety as having its more special peculiarity in its thickened shell substance, and not in the shade of colouring expressed by its name, we shall place here the vars.” fiuminensis Clessin, pachygastra Slavik, crassa Gassies, solrdu Pirona, and se/idu/a Hartmann. 204 TAYLOR : VARIATION OF LIMNAA PEREGRA, The specimen figured, kindly given me by Mr. J. Pickering, was named for me by Dr. Jeffreys twenty-five years ago. The original figure was given by Montagu, in 1803, on pl. xvi. of his Testacea Britannica. Var. inflata Kobelt. Shell large, spire small, whorls not very convex, aperture somewhat pyriform. This fine variety is allied to variety ovata, but the body-whorl is more ample and the spire less pronounced. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. H. W. Kew, of London, for the specimen figured, which he found in the Moat, at Finchley, Middlesex. The original figure by Kobelt is in Mal. Bl, 1870, plate lv., figure 12. Var. patula Da Costa. Shell larger and much more inflated and globular than typical form, spire short, whorls very con- vex, mouth ample. Iam disposed to consider the present form as DaCosta’s Zurbo patulus, and also as the Limneus ampullaceus of Rossm. ; Clessin states that Z. mecrocephalus Kuster, L. hemisphericus Kuster, L. bulla Hartmann, and Z. acronicus Studer, are referable to this form, but I have figured the latter in this paper under a separate heading. It is probable that the varieties swbovata Locard, subrotunda Borch., and dolzolum Kuster, should also be placed here. M. Bourguignat considers that zcrocephalus Kuster and hemisphericus Kuster, which I have placed under this head on the authority of Clessin and others, have more affinity with L. auricularia, and has placed them in his group Auriculariana. JoChg Wey JBM, wl TAYLOR : VARIATION OF LIMNA‘A PEREGRA. 295 This is also the Helix auricularia of Rackett’s edition of Pulteney’s Dorset, pl. xxi., fig. 17. The original figure is shown in DaCosta’s Test. Brit., pl. v., fig. 17. The specimen figured was given me in 1867 by Mr. J. Pickering, of London, and Dr. Jeffreys, to whom I submitted it during the same year, considered it to be the variety ovata Drap., but a comparison of the figure now given with that of the true variety ovata will show that he was not so exact as usual in this determination. Var. ovata Drap. Shell ampullaceous and rather thinner than usual, whorls convex, spire short, mouth oblong. This is, perhaps, the best known of all the varieties of peregra, and in the opinion of some of the more critical con- yy, chologists is really the /e/rx fimosa of Linné. If this can be satisfactorily established the species would take the name /zmosa L., in lieu of pevegra Mill. Under this head may be placed the variety dickinit of Kobelt, and judging from the figure given by Sowerby, in Conch. Icon., I am also inclined to place the Japanese Zimnaa Japonica Jay here also. M. Bourguignat gives Z. /iveata Bean as synonymous with L. dickinti Kobelt, but a comparison of the original figures of L. lineatus by Bean in Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1834, p. 493, and of var. dickiniZ by Kobelt in Rossmassler’s Icono- graphie, pl. 129, fig. 1254, will show that this view is erroneous. The outlines given are carefully copied from the original figures by Draparnaud in his Hist. Moll. France, pl. 11., fig. 30, 31. 2096 VYAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMN/EA PEREGRA. Var. oblonga Jeffreys. ‘‘ Shell oblong and compressed in front.” Brit. Conch., vol. I., p. 105, 1862. This is one of the varieties of which I am unaware of any published figure and which we are compelled to identify by a careful study of the description. The figure given by Clessin in Die Moll.- Fauna Oesterreich-Ungarns und der Schweiz of var. compressa Hartmann, may, in my opinion, be placed here, if we do not wish to exercise too great a degree of refinement in the differen- tiation. The specimen figured was collected in May, 1883, from a ditch near Finningley, South Yorkshire. WRC THON 13%. Spire produced, aperture not exceeding three-fourths of the total length of the shell. Var. microstoma Kobelt. Shell more elongate and slender than type, with a spire perceptibly longer than the mouth, the whole shell ‘approximating in general outline to L, palustris. To this, the longest-spired variety of this species, I have Clessin’s authority for referring as synonymous the vars. elongatisstma Gredler, alpicola Westerlund, paludarum Wartmann, producta Westerlund, and his own variety c/ongafa. ‘The figures he gives do not, however, satisfactorily confirm the views he expresses. According to Westerlund the variety africensis of G. B. Adami, which has been renamed Z. africana by M. Bourguignat, is entirely the same as variety mcrostoma obelt. The specimen figured, which agrees fairly well with the original one given by Kobelt at fig. 1491 of his continua- tion of Rossmassler’s Iconographie, was found by Mr. B. Hudson at Seaton Carew, and kindly given to me by him. Ws@on Wag Jatin weloer TAYLOR : VARIATION OF LIMNAIA PEREGRA. 297 Var. maritima Jeffreys. ‘Shell dwarfed, rather solid, spire produced, suture deep. L. 04, B. 0°225.”—Brit. Conch., vol. 1.. p- 105, 1862. This is another of the interesting forms of which no authentic figure has as yet been published. The specimen figured answers more exactly to the char- acters given above than any that I have yet seen. It was found along with others of the same variety in “an isolated pond, sometimes nearly dry, at east end of Luffness Links, Had- dingtonshire,” by Rev. J. McMurtrie, who kindly gave me some. On the continent there seems to be some misconception about the characteristics of this variety, Herr Clessin errone- ously giving it as synonymous with variety Ja/thica L., a globose short-spired form; Westerlund also gives it as a short- spired variety, though the author of the variety expressly states ‘spire produced,’ and instances the form of Z. ¢vruncatula as recalling to some extent that of this variety. Var. acuminata Jeffreys. ‘‘Shell resembling the last variety [var. ovata Drap.] in all respects, except in having a more pro- duced spire and a smaller mouth.”-—Brit. Conch., vol. I., p. 105, 1862. Dr, Jeffreys characterized this variety in a wholly comparative way, setting out the relation it bore to the variety ovafa. I have seen no authentic or reliably-named specimen, though I have made many fruitless efforts to obtain an example identified by Dr. Jeffreys himself. This form bears a great resemblance to some of the speci- mens of LZ. columella Say, as figured by some American authors. The Gulnaria peregra var. acutispirata of Clessin seems to be referable to this variety, judging from the figure he gives. His varieties vazblensts and janoviensts would also seem, accord- ing to his most recent figures, to be quite similar, though the 298 TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNHA PEREGRA. figures first published by him do not show nearly so great a resemblance. Clessin gives Westerlund’s variety wdlepitschi as synonymous with his zazblensis. Ziegler’s var. solemia is also very Closely allied to or identical with the var. acuminata. The specimen figured was found by Mr. S. C. Cockerell, at Mottingham, Kent, and kindly given me in 1883 by him. | It answers to the original description, but the outline. shows the whorls rather too convex. Var. vulgaris C. Pfeiffer. Shell smaller than typical feregrva, and with a less prominent spire, whorls and aperture less convex. This would seem to be one of the most com- mon forms of this most variable species. It was considered by its author to be intermediate between L. auriculartia and L. ovata. The variety figured by Kobelt and named by him peregro-ovata does not offer any sufficiently appreciable differ- ences to warrant separation from this form, and the variety ovaliformis 'T. D. A. Cockerell may also very appropriately be included here. The specimen figured was kindly given me by Mr. F. W. Wotton, of Cardiff, and is one of several found by him in a ditch on the East Moors near that town, and fairly reproduces the original figure given by C. Pfeiffer, Deutsch. Moll., vol. L, pl. iv., fig. 22, which is also practically identical with Z. ovata var. 8. of Draparnaud, but must be carefully distinguished from Lh vulgaris of Rossmassler, which appears to be Z. Zagotis of Schrank, a form we know in England as Z. auricularia var. acuta Jeffreys. Var. boissii Dupuy. Shell smaller and more globose than type, whorls convex, spire produced, aperture oval. This variety would appear to be practically identical with both the Hungarian var. Aazayana of Clessin, and the var. fozfizalis Studer, a native of Switzerland, both these forms differing only by their Wns vi.) auoon. TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNAA PEREGRA. 299 larger size from typical dozsscz, and it is possible that variety globulosa Locard would be correctly placed here also. Prof. - von Martens considered a specimen similar to the one outlined above to be the variety curta of Kobelt. The specimen figured was found in a rapid stream near Southport by Mr. W. H. Heathcote, who kindly gave it to me. The original figures are given by Dupuy in Hist. Moll. IheMOS, JO Sie, 1G, Op Var. bakowskyana Clessin. Shell somewhat solid, whorls convex, aper- ture ovate, about ?4rds of total length. This variety, which was instituted by Herr Clessin for the reception of some Galician speci- mens, is fairly represented in the accompanying outline, which is from a specimen found at Burnt- island, Fife, by Mr. W. Evans. The original figure is contained in Mal. BI., 1879, pl. 1., f. 8. Var. pulchella Roffiaen. ‘‘Shell of a small size, pale semi-transparent horn colour, lines of growth rather pronounced, aperture slightly margined, length 11 mill.” Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1868, p. 77. OO This pretty variety, which was originally dis- covered by M. Colbeau, in a ditch, on the plain of Altorf, near Seedorf, in Switzerland, has been found in a ditch, near Faversham, by Miss E. B. Fairbrass, who kindly gave me the specimens here figured. Var. gibilmannica Calcara. Shell smaller and much more solid than type, spire somewhat produced, last whorl flattened at sides, giving a somewhat conical appearance to the shell; aperture pyriform, outer lip somewhat concave. This peculiar variety which is especially characterized by its concave outer margin, is a Sicilian form. The only figure I am aware of is that given by Sowerby in 300 TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNAZA PEREGRA. Reeve’s Conch. Iconica, taken from an example in the collec- tion of Mr. Sylvanus Hanley. It is worthy of note that the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, while staying in the vicinity of Lago di Como last season, found speci- mens in that neighbourhood, hardly differing from those from the original locality. I have never seen a British specimen of this form. Westerlund says Z. solidus Phil. is a synonym. The specimens figured here are from the original locality, Gibilmanna, Madonie Mountains, Sicily, and were kindly given me by Signor C. Platania-Platania, who had himself collected them. Var. succinezeformis Shuttl. ‘‘Shell shaped like a Swcc¢wea, and very thin. whorls four, spire small and oblique.”—Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., I., p. 106, 1862. This is in my opinion a rare variety, as I have only seen this single specimen amongst the many thousands of Z. peregra I have examined. L. succineeformis Shuttl. is figured by Sowerby in Conch. Icon., plate viii, fig. 55, and agrees fairly well with the outline I give here, which is that of a specimen kindly given me by Mr. Fortey, and found by him near Ludlow. Judging from the figure I do not consider that the Gudnaria ovata var. hasta of Clessin, a native of Hungary, differs in any material point from this variety. SECTION C. Modifications other than those of form or outline and which exist only zn combination with form-variation. In addition to the form-variations already enumerated and figured, there are numerous other modifications, each more or less noteworthy, which may, as already hinted at, co-exist in the same shell with any of the foregoing variations of shape, or even as in some exceptional cases several of these peculiarities may be combined in one and the same shell, creating at times a WelCoy log Jette; ison TAYLOR : VARIATION OF LIMNAZA PEREGRA. 301 feeling of the greatest perplexity how most correctly to desig- nate the particular specimen or specimens combining those complex characters. Size variation has been noticed by many authors, and special varietal or sub-varietal names have been given by some of those conchologists who have noticed the remarkable range in size to which the species is liable. For shells considered un- usually large, Kobelt has a f. gzgantea, but I have not seen the dimensions he assigns to it. Pirona has a var. mazor, which has a total length of 20 mill.; while Westerlund has several sub- vars. of the same name, which he has applied to large specimens of several form-variations, the largest being 36 mill. in length and belonging to the var. ampudlacca. Diminutive specimens, which are the Z. pud/us of Zel., have received the name of m/nor from several conchologists, but in some cases they refer to different form-variations, and vary in dimensions from a length of 6 mill. as given by Baudon, to 12 mill. as given by Colbeau; the last-mentioned author has, however, a variety /¢//iputian.z, which will probably be nearly identical in size with the variety szzor of Dr. Baudon. Var. labiosa Jeffr. Shell with outer lip remarkably expanded and reflected. This variety, which I was compelled to relinquish the idea of figuring, owing to the difficulty experienced in faithfully pourtraying its characters by a simple outline, is a very remark- able one, and its peculiar feature is at times so excessively developed that the outer lip coils backward upon itself and forms almost a complete tubular outer margin. The variety evevsa von Martens is identical with Jeffreys’ labiosa, but with the peculiarity not so strongly expressed. Hartmann’s variety /adrosus is probably another synonym. Var. candida Porro. Shell white. This is an albine form of the species under consideration with which the var. consobrina Zgl., described as ‘semi-opaque 302 TAYLOR } VARIATION OF LIMN/A PEREGRA, and of a milk-white colour,’ is identical. Other names be- stowed upon this variety are a/dimos by Baudon and Van-den- Broeck which refer to the same peculiarity but in shells of different form. The name a/ézda has also been applied to this variety by several authors. Var. picta Jeffreys. Shell beautifully marked spirally by alternate bands of brown and white. This variety is characterized by the presence of white or whitish lines revolving with the spire and alternating with the ordinary ground color of the shell. I have already in the present paper expressed my views as to the origin of these markings in the majority of cases. In other specimens transverse linear markings traverse the shell in an opposite direction to those of var. picfa, as is well shown in the var. g7bz/mannica figured by Sowerby, and very characteristically by Tryon’s var. zebra in the closely allied species Z. palustris. 1 have also a similar specimen of B. tentaculata, showing the same disposition of markings, but caused by undoubted disintegration of the shell substance at remarkably regular intervals. Var. diaphana Parreyss. Shell very thin and transparent. The most beautiful and characteristic specimens of this pretty and delicate shell that I have myself seen are some pro- cured from an engine-cistern at Burnley by Mr. R. Wigglesworth. The Z. membranaceus Porro agrees with this form in its great delicacy of shell. The vars. pellucida Gassies, fenuts Brown, ¢evera Parreyss, and fener Ziegler, are all intended to distinguish the same peculiarity. The var. podkumensts Bayer is stated by Westerlund to be identical with ¢evzera Parreyss. The ZL. succinea of Nilsson may also be practically the same, the author comparing it for colour, lustre, and transparency with Physa fontinalis, J.C., vi., Jan., 189%. TAYLOR: VARIATION OF LIMNAA PEREGRA. 303 The vars. ¢hermalis and glacialis, in respect to the tenuity of their shell substance, also resemble the var. dzaphana. Dupuy states that the Z. vochz is identical with the var. ¢herma/is. Var. lineata Bean. Shell furnished with strong spiral ridges. This variety received its name on account of the spiral ridges with which the shell and more especially the last whorl is furnished. The original figure was published in Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1834, p. 493. Var. marginata Michaud. Shell furnished with a distinct rib near the margin of the outer lip. This variety is characterized by the unusual thickening of the outer lip, in such a manner as to resemble what is usually termed an internal rib. The variety /adzata Rossm. and the variety s¢yvtaca are stated by Westerlund to have the same peculiarity. The var. albo-limbata Kuster is probably also identical, The var. a/bo-marginata Clessin has for its special feature the pure milk-white apertural margin. If, however, the inner margins of the mouth are brown, and not the usual dull whitish or pale-horn colour, we have then the chief character of the variety me/anostoma of Ziegler and Parreyss. When the animal forms two thickenings or ribs, it is then _the variety d7dabzata of Hartmann. If, however, the calcareous secretion becomes unusually thick upon the inner lip, it is then the variety cad/osa of Ziegler and Kobelt. Var. margaritana Esm. Shell with the interior nacreous or pearly. This variety is another modification of this species, in- tended to distinguish an unusually nacreous or pearly appear- ance of the interior of the shell, which peculiarity is made more strikingly visible when the outer surface of the shell 304 TAYLOR : VARIATION OF LIMNAZA PEREGRA. is encrusted with a dark extraneous deposit. I have occasion- ally observed that this pearly appearance of the interior is very noticeable shortly after the death of the animal, when the shell has remained exposed. Monst. sinistrorsum Jeffreys. Shell with the spire sinistral or reversed. I have not thought it necessary to give a figure of this form, as the only difference from the ordinary specimens is the reversal of the direction of convolution. Dr. Baudon has applied the term séz/stra and Dr. Jeffreys that of szwzstrorsa to specimens exhibiting this peculiarity. The latter author gives Limneus lineatus Bean as a synonym without comment, but it should be remarked that Bean included both dextral and sinistral forms under that name, and had chiefly in view the remarkably strong spiral ridging as the special peculiarity of his variety, which peculiarity was shared alike by the normal and the sinistrally coiled specimens. The example in my collection was obtained from a pond at Tooting, by Mr. S. C. Cockerell, who kindly gave it to me. Monst. scalariforme Jeffreys. Shell with whorls more or less disjointed, suture consequently very deep. This variety or monstrosity, which is characterized primarily by its deep sutures, has also received the name of scadarzs from A. Braun, and szdbscalarts from Dr. Baudon, and may really be considered as an accidental modification, which may be, and probably is, often caused by the interposition of a solid particle between shell and mantle, near the sutural line, compell- ing a widening of the sutural groove, which is often continued to the completion of growth. Such peculiarities acquired during life are probably not perpetuated in the offspring, but disappear with the death of the particular individual or individuals affected, differing thus from deformities or malformations dating back to the embryonic stage, which may be trans- missible to succeeding generations, J.C., vi., Jan., 1897, TAYLOR : VARIATION OF LIMNAZA PEREGRA. 305 ? Monst. decollatum Jeffreys. ‘‘Shell more or less eroded, spire truncate.’ Brit. Conch., I., p. 106, 1862. Decollation, by which term we allude to the loss, usually by etosion, of more or less of the apical whorls, has in many species received distinctive names, and the terms caviosa Gené, corrosus von Gall., decollata Zgl., Jeffr., Anders., have been applied to the specimens showing this phenomenon in Z. peregra. Under the head of decollated forms we may with almost perfect safety comprise nearly all carious or eroded shells, for if erosion or disintegration of the shell substance takes place at all, it is practically certain to attack the upper whorls, as it is there the protecting epidermis is thinnest and most delicate, and therefore from time and other causes more liable to injurious influences. Some specimens of this genus are at times so extensively eroded that little or none of the epidermis is left intact. Specimens encrusted by various extraneous substances have been from time to time and by various authors dignified by special names: thus, the vars. ofaca of Locard and Ziegler are shells encrusted with a black or blackish deposit, but if the deposit is blackish-brown or smoke-coloured they become the var. fuliginosa Zgl. ‘The varieties zzgrvita Gassies and nigrinus Zgl. have also received their names from being similarly coated. The foregoing somewhat lengthy paper upon this species does not by any means, even approximately, exhaust the material from which much interesting matter could be derived. I have, how- ever, dealt with the bulk of the forms in my own collection, and trust that those conchologists who have given this group of shells any amount of study will supplement, correct and complete as far as they are able, the preliminary account I have given. The whole subject of varieties and variation may be and is actually viewed from so many different standpoints that it is hopeless to expect all to agree as to the utility or even the desirability of discriminating with precision the different forms which any given 306 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. species is known to assume. I have therefore contented myself with the knowledge that a paper upon the present lines dealing with Z. feregra was one greatly desired by very many agtive students, and this want I have endeavoured to the best of my ability to partially supply. ——-——4-e-¢—_ —_ CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PROCEEDINGS. 183RD MEETING, 5TH NOY. 1890. Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. New Members Elected : Mr. Fredk. Wm. Fierke, 1, Florence Pl., Villa Pl., Hessle Rd., Hull. Mr. James Howard, 21, Burnt-Ash Road, Lee, London, S.E. Candidate Proposed for Membership : Miss Amy Warren, Moyview, Ballina, Ireland (nominated by Dr. R. F. Scharff and Mr. J. T. Marshall). Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : Notes on Slugs, by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, and The Naturalist. Donations to Collection announced and thanks voted: Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis, selected examples, from Blagdon, Somerset N. (Miss Hele); Physa acuta from Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park, and from Banner Mil] Pond, Aberdeen (Mr. A. J. Jenkins) ; He/tx arbustorum from Glen Beag, 1800 ft. alt., July 1889 (Mr. W. West) ; Planorbis nautileus from Gulane Links, Physa hypnorum and Planorbis spirorbis from pools near Dunbar (Mr. Thos. Scott, F.L.S.); Physa acuta Dp., very small var., from a hot spring at Aix, South of France, A/artensza percarinata Mts., collected at Marseilles but brought by steamer from Mozambique, Ppa bigorriensts Chp., St. Sauveur, Hautes Pyrénées, Helix boghariensis Deb., Hi. rhodochetla West. ? var. and fupa granum Dp., from Boghari, Algeria, H. melanostoma Dp. from Chahbounia, south of Boghari, A. eupyramis Bet. ? from Kherba near Orleansville, Algeria, Bz/zmznus pupa Brug. var. nontuberculata Bet., and Rumzna decollata from Berrouaghia, Algeria (Mons. C. F. Ancey); dAmphipeplea glutinosa from Skidby Drain at Hull (Mr. F. W. Fierke); a number of shells from Tomintoul, Banffshire, new to the Records and including Balea, Bulimus obscurus, Vitrina, &c. (Mr. Lionel W. Hinxman); and Limax maximus vars. cellaria and maculata (skins) from Middlesex (Mr. H. W. Kew). J.C., vi., Jan., 1897, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 307 Papers Read. A paper by Mr. A. J. Jenkins on ‘ Physa acuta (Drp.) in Scotland’ was read, and illustrated by specimens’ presented to the Society’s collection [printed in J. of C., Oct. 1890, vi., p. 270]. A paper by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., Treasurer to the Society, entitled ‘A Few Notes on the Eastern Counties,’ was read, and illustrated by the specimens referred to [printed in J. of C., Oct. 1890, vi., p. 277]. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, read a paper on ‘The variation of Lima peregra’ [printed in J. of C., Oct. 1890, vi., p. 284] Exhibits. The specimens shown in illustration of Mr. Adams’ paper included bythinia leach, Succinea pfeiffert, Ancylus lacustris vay. moquiniana, Physa hypnorum, &c., from a pond at Little Tey, Essex N.; Helix carthustana from Long Stratton, Norfolk E. 5 Szccvea elegans var. longis- cata from Norwich ; and numerous examples from various places of Helix virgata, H. caperata, and H. hortensis. On behalf of Mr. F. W. Fierke were shown Zozztes radiatulus var. viredescenti-alba from Rombald’s Moor, near; Ilkley, and Helix nemoralis var. rubella 00000 roseolabiata and H7. hortensis var. castanea 00000 from near Hull. The Chairman exhibited specimens of a Pufa and a Vertigo from the Bembridge limestone at Thorley, Isle of Wight, both probably new, sent by Mr. Chas. Ashford ; also Szcctnea putris and S. elegans from Christchurch, Hants. S., and a malformation of S. e/egans from the River Lea at Totten- ham, Middlesex, also from Mr. Ashford. On behalf of Mr. Chas. Oldham, Helix arbustorum, type and vars. alpestris and flavescens, from Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire. On behalf of Mr. Thos. Scott, F.L.S., Pestdzum ammnicum from Loch Coulter, Stirlingshire; and Anodonta cygnea, very thick shelled, from Loch Leven, Kinross-shire. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., showed numerous Scottish shells sent by Mr. W. Evans, F.R.S.E., including some of the Hunterian Museum specimens of Azeca tridens from Bridge of Allan, Perth S., Balea perversa from Caroline Park, Granton, near Edinburgh, Planordis albus, P. nautzleus, and Pstdium roseum from WUaining Lake near Selkirk, and Axodonta anatina from Lochend near Edinburgh. 184th MEETING, DECEMBER Ioth, 1890. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. New Member Elected : Miss Amy Warren, Moyview, Ballina, Ireland. Candidates Proposed for Membership : Rev. John Hawell, M.A., Ingleby Greenhow (by W. Denison Roebuck and Baker Hudson); Mr. Alfred Hawes, Penistone (by L. E. Adams and 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. W. Denison Roebuck); Mr. James Mitchell, Glasgow (by James Steel and Thomas Scott). Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: Report of Trustees of Australian Museum for 1889 (from the Trustees) ; B. B. Wood- ward on the Pleistocene (non-marine) Mollusca of the London District, 1890 (from the Author). Donation to Collection announced and thanks voted: Various shells from Newsholme near Wressle, S.E. York (Mr. J. Beanland). Letter Read: From Mr. Isaac B. Hardy, Santa Barbara, California, wishing to be put in exchange relationship with British collectors of marine ~ shells who desire fine examples of Pacific Coast species. Exhibits. On behalf of Mr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., a depressed example of Helzx aspersa from near Rothesay, Bute. On behalf of Mr. J. W. Dixon, marine shells from Sennen Cove, Cornwall. By Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., numerous miscellaneous land and freshwater shells. 185th (ANNUAL) MEETING, SATURDAY, 20th Dec., 1890. At Philosophical Hall, Leeds. The meeting was opened at 3 p.m., the chair being occupied hy the President, Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. Messrs. W. E. Collinge and J. W. Taylor, F'.L.S., were appointed Scrutineers, and Messrs. Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S., and W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., auditors. The meeting was then suspended. At 4 p.m. the chair was again taken by the President. The minutes of the Jast Annual Meeting having been confirmed, the Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., read the Annual Report of the Council [printed at p. 311], the Treasurer, Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., submitted his audited Balance Sheet [see p. 313], the Recorder read the Report on the Records [see p. 314], and the Report of the Manchester Branch [see p. 313] was read on behalf of Mr. Robert Standen, the Secretary of the Branch, who was unable to be present. The various reports were adopted, on the motion of Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S. Election of Officers. The Scrutineers then reported that 34 members had voted, and that the following had been duly elected to fill the various offices for 1891 :— PRESIDENT—Rev. R. BooG Warson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Cardross, Dumbartonshire. V1CE-PRESIDENTS — J. CosMo MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., Manchester ; Epcar A. SMmirH, F.Z.S.., London; ALEXANDER SOMERVILLE, B.Sc., F.L.S., Glasgow ; JOHN W, Tay or, F.L,S., Leeds, J.C, vi., Jan,, 1891, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3009 Hon. TREASURER—LIONEL E. ADAmMs, B.A., Penistone. HON. SECRETARY AND RECORDER—Wmn. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., Leeds. Hon. CuRAvoOR—WILLIAM NELSON, Leeds. Hon. LiIBRARIAN-—W. E. CoLLINGE, Leeds. COUNCIL—THOMAS WILLIAM BELL, Leeds; WALTER CroucH, F-Z.5., Wanstead, Essex; Rk. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A., F.G.S., Manchester ; Rev. Epwarb S. Dewick, M.A., London; JoHN H. PONSsONBy, F.Z.S., London; LB. B. Woopwarb, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., London. The meeting was then adjourned. At 6-30 p.m., the chair was again taken by the President. New Members Elected: Rev. John Hawell, M.A., vicar of Ingleby Greenhow, Northallerton. Mr. Alfred Hawes, Penistone, Yorkshire. Mr. James Mitchell, Glasgow. Candidate Proposed for Membership: Mr. Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S. (by W. Denison Roebuck and J. W. Taylor). Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: De Gregorio, Studi su talune Conchiglie Mediterranee, 1885, and Gasteropodes, l’Ann. Géol., 1888 (from M. Cossmann); 20 reprints of his own papers (Rev. R. Boog Watson); 2 reprints (Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell); 3 reprints (Mr. Thomas Scott); List of Members of American Association of Conchologists (the Association) ; and Prospectus of Stawell School of Mines (the School). Donations to Collection announced and thanks voted: Helix ericetorum var. and Hf. cantiana from Ostend, collected by J. T. Carrington ; Limnea palustris var., Planorbis parvus, and Succtnea lineata from rejecta- menta of Muddy Creek, Kremmling, Colorado; //yalina miteda, from Dover Plains, Iuchess Co., New York, collected Nov. 1889, by W. S. Teator, and Helix caperata from Isleworth, Middlesex (all from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell) ; //e/¢x elegans from Dover (Mr. C. Stanley Bell Cox) ; Zozzites cellarius var. albinos from Cottingham, and an exotic Stezogyva from Feinie- hurst, Shipley (Mr. Frederick Rhodes). President’s Address. The President, Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., opened the meeting by delivering his valedictory address as President for 1890, taking as his subject “The Nomenclature of Certain Genera of British Land and Freshwater Shells ” [to be printed in J. of C. for April]. At the conclusion of the address it was resolved, on the motion of Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., seconded by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., supported by Mr. W. Nelson and other members, that the thanks of the Society be voted to the President for his address, and that with his consent it be printed. 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. New List of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca. During the discussion on the presidential address the need of a new edition of the Conchological Society’s List was referred to, and it was after- wards proposed by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., seconded by Mr. Frederick Rhodes, and unanimously resolved that Messrs. Taylor, Nelson, and the Secretary be requested to prepare a new edition of the Conchological Society’s List of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, to be printed in the ‘ Journal of Conchology ’ and afterwards reprinted for sale. Papers Read. A paper on ‘The Marine Mollusca of Madeira,’ by the Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., was laid before the meeting [to be printed in J. of C. for April]. A paper on ‘ The Occurrence of Helix elegans in East Kent, near Dover,’ by Mr. C. Stanley Bell Cox, with an appended note by the President, was read [to be printed in J. of C. for April]. A paper on ‘ Vertigo moulinstana in Dorsetshire,’ by Mr. Robert Standen, Secretary of the Manchester Branch, was read [to be printed in J. of C. for April]. Other papers were postponed for lack of time. Exhibits. The President exhibited a number of examples of Helix elegans from Dover, in illustration of Mr. Cox’s paper, and kindly presented some to the Society’s collection. Several members entertained the view that the shell must have been introduced to the locality, where it has since thriven, and the opinion was expressed that if this was intentionally done, it is highly desirable that the introducer should place the fact on definite record. Mr Wm. Nelson exhibited a long series of most interesting malforma- tions of Linnea feregra from Allerton Ings, near Castleford. Mr. Frederick Rhodes showed a large number of sections of different genera of shells, in which the internal structure was laid open in an interesting manner. Mr. H. T. Soppitt, of Bradford, who was present as a visitor, showed a living example of TZeéstacella haliotidea from Ferniehurst, Shipley, where it and at least ten other specimens have been found by Mr. E. Self, who supposes that they were introduced with plants from Backhouse’s Nurseries at York. Mr. J. Beanland, of Bradford, also a visitor, showed a specimen of Helix nemoralis var. lébellula (123)(45) hyalozonata albolabiata, from between Saltaire and Bingley. The Rev. Charles Crawshaw sent for exhibition a beautiful series of Pecten opercularis from Mount’s Bay, Cornwall, to illustrate its variability of coloration. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., had on view his album of conchologists, which proved of great interest to the members present.—W.D.R. JcG@:; vi-, Jan, 280%. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 311 EON ENTE Re Onde. The Council in presenting their Report for the year 1890 have to congratulate the Members on a year of steady and continued progress. The Membership has increased by the election of twenty new Members, seven Honorary Life Members. and thirteen Ordinary Members. © Three Members have been lost by death (F. Akers, S. A. Adamson, and T. W. Pocock), two have resigned, and three whose addresses have been for some time unknown have had their names removed from the roll. This leaves the existing Membership at 199, of whom ten are Honorary Life Members, six are Ordinary Members resident abroad. and 183 Ordinary Members on the home list. The steady increase in the Membership is a source of satis- faction as demonstrating that the Society has by no means reached its maximum development, and that both the Society and the Journal possess the confidence of the general body of Conchologists of the British Isles. The Meetings have been held regularly at the beginning of each month, the only omission being that of the September Meeting, which could not be held on account of the meetings in Leeds of the British Association. Numerous specimens have been exhibited at the meetings, which have all been of an interesting character. The following papers have been read :— : L. E. Adams—‘ A few Notes on Derbyshire from a Conchological Point of View.’ : T. F. Burrows—‘ Re-discovery of Helix fusca and H. lamellata in Stafford- shire.’ H. Byne—‘ A Note on var. varicosa of Rissoa striatula at Scilly.’ T. D. A. Cockerell—‘ Critical Notes on sume Land and Freshwater Mollusca.’ A. J. Jenkins—‘On the Difference in Habits of the Plumstead-Beckton fydrobia (Hf. jenkinst Smith) and . ventrosa Smith.’ H. K. Jordan—‘ On the Species and Varieties of the Genus /7szs inhabiting the British Seas.’ W. Fierke —‘ Discovery of Lémna glutinosa near Hull.’ A. Smith—‘ Reply to Mr. Marshall’s ‘Further Notes on British ydrobie.’’ L. E. Adams—‘ Zonztes glaber var. viridila at Penistone.’ E. A. Smith—‘ A List of Shells from the Tizard Bank, China Seas.’ W. A. Gain—‘ Notes on the Food of some of the British Mollusks.’ R. F. Scharff—‘drcon minimus a British Slug.’ J. T. Marshall—‘ New British Marine Shells.’ A. J. Jenkins‘ Physa acuta in Scotland.’ L. E. Adams—‘ A Few Notes from the Eastern Counties of England.’ J. W. Taylor—‘ The Variation of Limnea peregra.’ Most of these papers have been duly printed in the ‘ Journal of Con- chology,’ and one or two are awaiting publication. 312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The usual four numbers of the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ have been issued during the year by its editor, Mr. J. W. Taylor. Copies of the Journal have been furnished for issue to the Members in accordance with the arrangements entered into with the editor a couple of years ago. The Council recommend that the arrangement be continued. The Society’s Collections—which are stored partly in the displayed col- lection of British Marine Mollusca in the Museum of the Leeds Philosophical Society, and partly in three Cabinets belonging to the Conchological Society —have been considerably increased in extent during the year. In response to an appeal to Members for examples of Marine Shells, acceptable donations have been received from Mrs. Brockbank, Rev. Chas. Crawshaw, Mr. A. J. . Jenkins, and Mr. B. Sturges Dodd. The Council venture here to repeat and emphasize this appeal, and trust to have a further and large response from Members. Other donations have been received from M. C. F. Ancey, Mr. J. Beanland, Miss F. M. Hele, Mr. Thos. Scott, Mr. F. W. Fierke, Mr. Lionel Hinxman, Mr. H. W. Kew, Mrs. Edward Passavant, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, Mr. James H. Rowntree, Mr. W. West, Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, Rev. R. A. Summerfield, Mr. L. E. Adams, Mr. T. F. Burrows, and Mr. W. Nelson. The Hon. Curator, Mr. Nelson, has given consider- able attention to the mounting and arrangement of the collections—and has adopted a geographical arrangement. It is proposed to bring together a series of County Collections for the British Islands, and to arrange the foreign shells in a similar manner, and the Curator would be pleased if Members would assist him by giving series of specimens from the districts which they are in the habit of working. The Library has increased during the year by numerous donations of books, pamphlets and reprints. A working list of the books was prepared at the beginning of the year—and during the past few weeks Mr. W. E. Collinge has kindly prepared an alphabetical catalogue by authors’ names, which your Council propose shall be printed in the Journal along with the Annual Reports. The result of this will be to render the Library accessible for the use of Members generally, and the Council hope that Members possessing works which they can easily spare will help by timely donations to render the Library more complete and useful. The Council also venture to invite Members to make further contribu- tions to the Cabinet Fund. The Society’s income being but small and mostly required to defray the cost of the Journal of Conchology supplied to the Members, it is dependent upon voluntary generosity for the means to enable the accommodation for the Collections to be increased. The Reports of the Treasurer, upon the Records, and of the Manchester Branch, are given separately. Treasurer’s Report. In presenting the financial report for the present year it is necessary to state that, while the income of the Society has been about the same as usual, the expenses, both of the General Fund and of the Cabinet Fund, have been unusually heavy. This is due partly to the increase of members, but more J-C., vi., Jan., 180. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 313 especially to the expenses incurred by the arrangement of the Society’s collections. In spite of this there is a clear balance to be shown on both accounts. The balance of the General Fund would be much larger if the arrears of subscriptions had been duly paid up. In spite of three notices and a special circular sent to Members in arrear there is £9 12s. 6d. due for the present year, and £14 7s. for previous years, amounting to the large total of £23 19s. 6d. The property of the Society has been valued as follows :— Three Cabinets, cost £6 15s., say £3 10s. ; tubes in stock, cost £3 14s. 6d., say £2; Books in Library have not been valued but may be taken at the low figure of £10; unpaid subscriptions, £23 19s. 6d. ; stamped envelopes and post-cards in Treasurer's hands, 2s. 6d. ; total assets, sty £39 11s.—LIONEL E. ADAMS, Hon. Treasurer, Dec. 20th, 1890. BALANCE SHEET FOR 1890. GENERAL FUND. Receipts. Bees. dé Payments. £ s. d. Balance from 1889 ... 13 5 5 Cost of Journals ono BY iy Ah Bank Interest for 1889 0 0 6 Postage and Secretary’s Do. fOr WIT) OQ 2 6 Expenses 7 8 4 Sale of Journals, Lists, Stationery : oo gy and Reprints Vanek Owed Books Bound ... pa O: 1177 IG Postage Repaid re Omed Mp7, Museum Expenses © © 9 Subscriptions Received Balance in hand 9 14 2 during 1890 ... 530 3O. FG B58 10 OS NOD CABINET FUND. Receipts. oem Sey eo (Cle Payments. {9&3 ak Balance from 1889 ... 5 8 8 Expenses during 1890... 8 6 9 Donations, &c., received | Balance in hand o 2 II during 1890... Retest 19th © goouoieS | Somos Audited and found correct, ) EpGar R. Waire. Noy. 2oth, 1890. ) W. Denison RoEBuUCK. It, We, ZNIDVAANES), HON. TREASURER. RE POR Portas MANCHESTER BRANCH. In presenting this second Annual Report of the Manchester Branch, which was approved at its monthly meeting held on December 11th, it gives me great pleasure to state that our financial and general condition is very satisfactory. The interest shown by the members continues unabated. There has been a good addition of enthusiastic workers to our numbers, and 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. much good work has been done in local investigation of our district during the year. Excursions have been made to Darley Dale and Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire ; Ingleton, Yorkshire ; and various places around Manchester, resulting in many interesting discoveries. The monthly meetings have been held regularly throughout the year, and a large number of interesting exhibitions made by the members, which have been duly noted in the Record Books of the Branch. The following notes and papers, all well illustrated by the specimens described, have been contributed by our Members :— J. G. Milne—‘ The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Achil Island, Ireland.’ Thos. Rogers—‘ Notes on the Influence of Food and Domestication upon the Size and Colouring of Hel¢x aspersa.’ Chas. Oldham—‘ Notes on a day’s Collecting in the Woods around Chelten- ham.’ Ed. Collier—‘ Geographical Distribution of the Genus Clauszlia.’ J. R. Hardy--‘ Notes on the Distribution of Freshwater Mollusca by Insect Agency.’ J. R. Hardy—‘ Notes on a Species of British Beetle (Da2lus flavescens), parasitic upon Helzx aspersa, nemoralis, and hortensis.’ J. R. Hardy—‘ Notes on the occurrance of Bzlimus goodallii, Stenogyra octona, and various Foreign Helices in Greenhouses around Manchester.’ R. Standen—‘ Reports on the Mollusca collected during the Excursions of the Branch at Darley Dale, Miller’s Dale, and Ingleton.’ The most important discoveries recorded during the year are those of Helix lamellata at Darley Dale, Derbyshire ; and of Cyclostoma elegans at Silverdale, Lancashire, by Mr. J. Ray Hardy; of Vertego substriata at Helks Wood, Ingleton, and Verizgo pygmea in extraordinary numbers in an old quarry at Clitheroe, by Messrs. W. Moss and R. Cairns; of Testacella’ haliotidea var. scutulum ina greenhouse at Sale, by Mr. Thos. Rogers ; of Pisidium roseum and Pisidium nitidum at Birkenhead and near Liverpool, and Spherium lacustre var. ryckholtit near Liverpool by Mr, J. W. Farrer ; and of Zimnaa aurtcularia and its var. albida, in great numbers and of immense size, in a reservoir at Levenshulme, near Manchester. Azclzmzs acutws has also been found to still exist in considerable numbers in its old recorded stations at Leasowe, Cheshire, and at Rossal, near Fleetwood.— R. STANDEN, Hon. Secretary, Manchester Branch. REPO RA TONG aise sick CORB MADE DURING THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 20TH, 1890. During this the thirteenth year in which the record-system has been carried out, there has been 2165 entries made in the Record Books, all of them having been duly authenticated by the submission of specimens to the Society’s Referees. This brings the total number of Records entered to 30, 384 for the thirteen years. Cavin ge anon eno one PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 315 With regard to the number of sfeczes (not records merely) registered for the various counties and vice-counties, the average is now 41 species per county as against 36 at the date of the previous report. The average for the 72 counties of England and Wales has been raised from 56 to 58, for the 41 Scottish counties from 21 to 31, a notable increase, and for the 36 Irish counties from 14 to nearly 20. It will thus be seen that a great advance has been- made during the year in the authentication of Scottish Mollusca. This has been in the main due to the fact that your Recorder presented a paper to the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh dealing with the comital range of Scottish Mollusca, which will shortly be printed in their Proceedings, and that to render it more complete numerous Scottish naturalists have co-operated by sending material for authentication. More particularly is credit due to Mr. William Evans, F.R.S.E., the able Secretary of the Royal Physical Society, for the energy and success with which he has laboured both personally and by correspondence to provide material for accelerating the completion of our knowledge of the range of Land and Fresh Water Mollusca in Scotland. He has thus done for the eastern side of Scotland what our old friends Mr. A. Somerville and Rey. J. E. Somerville did for the western and northern districts a year or two ago. ‘The Society is also indebted to Mr. Alex. Shaw for much assistance in this respect, while to the Rev. Dr. Gordon, of Elgin, the Society’s thanks are due for the privilege of inspecting the whole collection of Land and Fresh Water Mollusca be- longing to the Elgin Museum, which was specially sent to Leeds for examination. For English records the Society has been indebted to numerous con- chologists, particularly to Mr. E. R. Sykes for the inspection of a very full set of Dorsetshire Shells, and to Rev. W. L. W. Eyre for shells from South Wiltshire and North Hampshire. For Ireland, numerous shells from various counties of Ulster and Con- naught have been submitted by Mr. J. G. Milne, from Mayo and Sligo by Miss Amy Warren, and from Louth by Miss Sidney Smith. There is one respect, however, in which no progress has been made, and the four counties (Queen’s, Carlow, Longford and Galway East) from which no records had been made at the date of the last report remain blank or virgin counties still. In addition to these four there are 17 from which the total number of authenticated records still falls short of ten each, and to which it is therefore hoped that Members will pay special and speedy attention. These are the Welsh county of Radnor, the seven Scottish counties of Dumfries, Aberdeen North, Westerness, Ebudes South, Ebudes North, Orkney, and Shetland, and the nine Irish counties of Donegal, Cavan, Kildare, Wicklow, Kilkenny, Roscommon, Clare, Tipperary North, and Cork North. In conclusion the Recorder has to thank the Members and others who have so heartily co-operated in the work of authentication for so many years. —W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Recorder. 316 1889. 1889. 1886. 1889. 1889. 1878. 1886. 1889. 1889. 1889. 1885. 1889. 1888. 1886. 1889. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1877. 1886. 1884. 1879. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1888, 1890. 1888. 1870. 1888. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LISD OE BuEEAVIBE RS (With year of election; O = founder, or original member). HONOKARY MEMBERS (Limited to ten in number). Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rud., Vestre Hospital, Stormgade, 19, 2, Copenhagen. Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. Bourguignat, J. R., Rue des Ursulines, 6, Saint Germain-en-Laye, Seine-et-Oise, France. Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin de fer du Nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge. Paris. Crosse, Hippolyte, Rue Tronchet, 25, Paris. Kobelt, Dr. W., Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main. Martens, Dr. E. von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N.W. Philippi, Dr. R. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitat, Christiania, Norway. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig. ORDINARY MEMBERS. Adams, Lionel E., B.A., Rose Hill, Penistone, Yorkshire. Agius, Paul, B.A., 106, Strada Reale, Valletta, Malta. Bailey, Kev. George, F.R.M.S., The Manse, Finchingfield, Essex. Baillie, William, Brora, Sutherlandshire. Baker, Arthur Edwin, 77, Conduit Street, Leicester. Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., The Vicarage, Holmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O. Beaulah, John, Ravensthorpe, Brigg. Bell, Alfred, 78, Wells St., Oxford Street, London. Bell, Thomas William, 2; Carr Lane, Leeds. Bendall, Wilfrid, 28, Gloucester Place, Portman Square, London, W. Bostock, Edwin D., The Radfords, Stone, Staffordshire. Brazier, John, C.M.Z.S., Curacgoa House, Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S. W. Brockbank, Maria (Mrs. E.), Bond End, Settle. Brindley, H. Hulme, B.A., 2, Holland Road, Sutton, Surrey. Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow. Burkill, Clifford, Herm View, Guernsey. Burkill, Isaac Henry, Caius College, Cambridge; and 3, Royal Parade, Cheltenham. Burrows, Thomas F., 4, Wellington Road, Newark-on-Trent. Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley. Byne, Loftus St. George, 5, Sea View Terrace, Teignmouth, Devon. J.C., vi., Jan., 189r. 1878. 1887. 1889. 1886. 1883. 1885. 1885. 188o. 1886. 1887. 1886. 1888. 1886. 1890. 1889. 1886. 1888. 1879. 1886. 1888. 1888. ~ 1888. 1886. 1878. 1889. 1888. 1886. 1886. 1886. 1884. 1888. 18386, 1885. 1889. 1885. 1890. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Bly Cash, William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 38, Elmfield Terrace, Halifax. Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Chignal St. James, Chelmsford, Essex. Coates, Henry, F.R.P.S., Pitcullen House, Perth. Coates, William, Phoenix Hotel, Stockton-on-Tees. Cockerell, Sydney C., 5, Priory Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick, London, W. Cockerell, T. D. A., 3, Fairfax Rd., Bedford Park, Chiswick, W. Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Oxford Road, Manchester. Collinge, W. E., 45, Caledonian Road, Leeds. Cooke, Rev. Alfred Hands, M.A., F.L.S., King’s College. Cambridge. Coulson, Frank, 6, Montague Terrace, Kelvinside, Glasgow. Cox, Chas. Stanley Bell, B.A., M.R.C.S., San Remo, Chelston, Torquay. Craven, Alfred E., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 65, St. George’s Road, Warwick Square, London, S.W. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. Crawshaw, Rev. Charles, Linden House, Shipley, Yorkshire. Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton. Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, Essex. Cundall, J. W., Carville, Alexandra Park, Redland, Bristol. DaCosta, S. J., 2, Craven Hill, London. Dale, Henry F., A.A., BiSc., F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S:, F.Z.S:, F.E.S., &c., Post Office, Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A. Dale, (Mrs. ) Violet, P. O., Estabrook, Park County, Colorado, U.S.A. Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Road, Torquay. Darbishire, R. D., B.A., F.G.S., Victoria Park, Manchester. Davis, James W., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Chevinedge, Halifax. Dawson, Oswald, Caledonian House, Leeds. Dewick, Rev. Edward S., M.A., 26, Oxford Square, London, W. Dixon, George, sen., Great Ayton, Northallerton. Dodd, B. Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottinghain. Duncan, W., I, India Street, Montrose. Elliott, Edward J., High Street, Stroud. Evans, (Mrs. ) A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud. Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants. Fairbrass (Miss) EF. B., Abbey Street, Faversham, Kent. Falloon, (Mrs.) Beatrice J., Long Ashton Vicarage, Clifton, Bristol. Fenn, F. G., Syon Lodge, Isleworth, Middlesex. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 1, Florence Place, Villa Place, Hessle Rd., ~ Hull. 318 1887. 1884. 1886. 1888. 1886. 1887. 1889. 1887. ‘1887. 1886. 1887. 1886. 1890. 1890. 1886. 1886. 1888. 1887. 1887. 1889. 1887. 1887. 1889. 1888. 1878. 1887. 1887. 1886. 1886. 1888. 1886. 1890. 1884. 1886. 1883. 1886. 1878. 1886. 1886. 1888. 1888, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Fitzgerald, Francis R., F.S.Sc., 26, Great Percy Street, Pentonville, London, W.C. Fitzgerald, H. Purefoy, North Hall, Preston Candover, Hants. Fitzgerald, (Mrs.)J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone. Fortune, Riley, F.Z.S., Ravensgill, Franklin Mount, Harrogate. Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark. Galizia, Joseph Sylvester, 64, Piazza Celsi, Valletta, Malta. Gaskell, Roger. M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate. London, N. Gatto, Alfred Caruana, B.A., 59, Strada Levante, Valletta, Malta. Gerland, ‘Conrad, M.Sce., Ph.D., F.C.S., Church Hall, Church, Lancashire. Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., Braebirnie, Elgin, N.B. Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots. Grocock, Leonard Oakley, 13, Lower Maryon Road, Charlton, Kent, Gude, G. K., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N. Gwatkin, H. M., M.A., Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. Hagger, John, F.L.S., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent. Halstead, John J., 19, Millholme Terrace, Carlisle. Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, Hornsey Road, London. Ilargreaves, J. A., 40, Ramskill Road, Scarborough. Hartley, Alfred, 8, Cavendish Road, Idle, near Bradford. Harvard, T. Mawson, Green Bank, Lingard Road, Lewisham, London. Heathcote, Wm. Ilenry, 54, Frenchwood Street, Preston. Hedworth, Thomas H., 1, Railway Terrace, Dunston, Gateshead- on-Tyne. Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury. Hepburn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey. Hey, Thomas, Bloomfield Street, Derby. Hey, Rev. W. C., M.A., St. Olave’s Vicarage, York. Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. Hockin, (Miss) S., Phillack Rectory, Hayle, Cornwall. Ifodgson, (Mrs.) Julia, Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard, Beds. Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich. Howard, James, 21, Burnt-Ash Road, Lee, London, S.E. Howell, G. O., 3, Ripon Villas. Ripon Road, Plumstead. Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Keeper of the Man- chester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. Hudson, Baker, 113, Grange Road East, Middlesbrough. James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro. Jeffery, William, Ratham, Chichester. Jeffreys, Charles, 15, Warren Street. Tenby. Jenkins, A. J., 1, Douglas Terrace, Douglas Street, Depiford. Jones, (Miss) L. C., 5, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol. Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 27, Mayton Street, Holloway, London, N. JGag, Wks Jan., 1891, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 319 Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., Clytha Park, Newport, Monmouthshire. Kendall, Percy F., F.G.S, 16, Leegate Rd., Heaton Moor, Stockport. Kew, H. Wallis, F.E.S., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, N. Knight, G. A. Frank, M.A., Rosenlaui, Bearsden, Glasgow. Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Trinity Street, Colchester. Lightwood, James T., Hope House, Lytham, Lancashire. Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham, Middlesex. ONE is Nog IDEMen olen miaolk Seo WiollSe, lolCosky Io Ro NGiSion F.R.M.S., &c., Shirenewton Hall, Owe iiaaraant ine ne Luther, S. M., Garretguille Ohio, U.S.A. MacAndrews, Tames J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Summerfield, Warham Road, Croydon. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 14. Inverleith Row, Edinburgh. Madison, James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham. Marquand, Ernest D., M.A., Fermain House, Guernsey. Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay. Martin, Sydney Trice, Hanover Chambers, King Street, Manchester. Masefield, J. R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. Mason, Philip B., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Burton-on-Trent. Mayfield, Arthur, 88, Stafford Street, Norwich. Mellors, George W., 49, Alkham Road, Stoke Newington, London, N. Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Kersal Cottage, Prestwich, Milne, J. Grafton, Albert Square, Bowdon, Cheshire. [Manchester. Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Winster Vicarage, near Derby. Morgan, J. Bickerton, 30, Severn Street, Welshpool. Nelson, William, Graveleythorpe, Halton, near Leeds. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A.Cantab., Roseacre, Epping. Nicholson, John, Chapeltown, Pudsey, Yorkshire. North, S. W., M.R.C.S., F.G.S., Micklegate, York. Oldham, Charles, Ashlands, Ashton-on-Mersey. Paling, Albert, B.A., B.Sc., Middlesex Hospital, London. Parke, George H., F.L.S., F.G.S., College Grove Road, Wakefield. Parry, Lieut-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne. Peal, C. N., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Fernhurst, Mattock Lane, Ealing, W. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer. M.A., Yelverton, near Norwich. Pickard-Cambridge, C. Owen, Bloxworth, Wareham, Dorsetshire. Pidgeon, D., F.G.S., Holmwood, Putney Hill, London. Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S.W. Quilter, H. E., 4, Cedar Road, Leicester. Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne. Ramage, John, 20, Hill Street, Dundee. Reader, T. W., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury, London, N. Redding, J. R., 31, Belvedere Road, Dublin. Renton, Robert, Fans Road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire. Rhodes, Frederick, 13, Moorside Terrace, Eccleshill, Bradford. Robertson, David, F.L.S., F.G.S., Fernbank, Millport, N.B. Roebuck, W. Denison, F.L,S., Sunny Bank, Leeds, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester. Rope, George Thomas, Blaxhall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. Saunders, Edward, F.L.S., St. Ann’s, Mount Hermon, Woking. — Scharff, R. F., Ph.D., B.Sce., M.R.I.A., Museum, Dublin. Sclater, A. J. R., Bank Street, Teignmouth, Devonshire. Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith. Shaw, Alexander, 56, Dover Street, Glasgow. Shrubsole, George Wm., Town Ilall Square, Chester. Siggs, F. L., B.A., Middlesex Hospital, London. Skilton (Mrs.) M., 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex. Smart, Rev. Rk. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideham, N. Devon. Smith, Edgar A , F.Z.S., Nat. History Museum, South Kensington. Smout, Charles L., 8, Trinity Street, Hastings. Smyth, Thomas P., J.P., 1, Beachfield Terrace, Penzance. Somerville, A., B.Se., F.L. S., 4, Bute Mansions, Ilillhead, Glasgow. Somerville, Rev. J. E., M.A, B.D., 11, Southpark Terr., Glasgow. Sowerby, G. Brettingham, F.L.S., 121, Fulham Road, London, S.W, Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Stanley, Frederick, 6, Clifton Gardens, Margate, Kent. Steel, James, (Glass Stainer), 104, Renfrew Street, Glasgow. Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester. Storrs, George Godwyn, B.A., Sandown Vicarage, Isle of Wight. Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Carditt. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 9, Belvedere, Weymouth, Dorsetshire. Taylor, (Miss) H. L., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby. Taylor, John W., F.U..S., Outwood Villa, Horsforth, Leeds. Taylor, J. M., Free Museum, Paisley, N.B. Tomlin, J. RK. Brockton, B.A.. 59, Liverpool Road. Chester. Turner, Rev. William, 5. St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh. Turton, Frank, Penistone, Yorkshire. Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Koad, Handsworth, Birmingham. Viner, C. W., M.A., Ph.D., 9, Seymour Street, Bath. Warren, (Miss) Amy, Moyview, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland. Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge. Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free Church Manse, Cardross, Dumbartonshire. Webb, F. B., 64, Clyde Street, Croydon, Surrey. Whatmore, Charles A., Much Marcle, Herefordshire. Whitwell, Wm., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W. Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool. Wood, Albert, Wyndley, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshiret Wood, James Wm., 2, Windsor Terrace, Bedford. Woodward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 23, Batoum Gardens, West Kensington Park, London, S.W. Wotton, F. W., 11, Moira Terrace, Cardiff. Wright, Bryce M., F.R,G.S., 26, Saville Row, London, W. J.C., vi., fan., 1897, a CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. 321 CONGHOLOGICABBSOCIETY., CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. MANy members having expressed a desire to see a Catalogue of the Books belonging to the Society, the Council have decided to publish the List which follows, and it is intended to issue Supplementary Catalogues from time to time. The Council here take the opportunity of reminding members that the lowness of the Subscription makes it impossible to devote much money to ‘the purchase of new works. binding, &c., after the cost of the Journal of Conchology and the necessary expenses of managing the business of the Society have been met. The Society must therefore rely upon the gencrosity of its members for additions to the Library. Many members possess, no doubt, works bearing upon Conchology which they could easily spare, and which in the possession of the Society would be accessible to a larger range of readers than in private hands. It will be seen that several of the manuals of British mollusca and various systematic and monographic works are desiderata. Other works it is desir- able to acquire are Local Lists and copies of Local and Topographical Works containing conchological matter; also Reprints of papers from their Authors, and, in short, works and papers upon conchology in the broadest sense. The Library Regulations are given at the end of the Catalogue. Monographic and Systematic Works. Adams, L. E. . & F.W. Shells, 1884 [Author. Donovan, E.—Nat. Hist. of British Shells, vols. 1 and 5, 1803-4. DaCosta, E. M.—Hist. Nat. Test. Brit., or The British Conchology, 1778. Draparnaud, J. P. k.—Tableau d. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de la France, 18o1. Gregorio, Ant. d.—Studi su tal. Conch. Medit. Viv. e Foss. (5 pls.) [M. Cossn. Kobelt, W.-—Fauna der Nassauischen Mollusken, 9 pls.,1871 [R. F. Scharff. = Do. do. Erster Nachtrag, 1886 [Author. — Illustrirtes Conchylienbuch, Parts 1—6, no date (zcomplete) [ Author. — Syn. nov. gen. spec. et var. Moll. Vivent. Testaceorum, 1877 [Author. — Rossmiassler’s Iconographie, vol. vi., pts. I—3 only [ Author. Legrand, W.—Monog. of Tasmanian Land Shells, 1871 [R. D. Darbishire. Miiller, O. F.—Vermium Terrestrium & Fluviat. Historia, 2vols., 4to, 1773-74 Petterd, W. F.—Monograph of Tasmanian Shells, 1879 [Author. Rossmassler, E. A.—Iconog. L. & Sussw. Moll., 90 col. pls., 4to, 1835-59. Sowerby, G. B.—Illustrated Index of British Shells, 1887 [Author. Tate, Ralph.—Land and Freshwater Moll. of G. Brit., 11 col. pls., 1866. Turton, W.—The Conchological Dictionary of the British Isles, 1819. Watson, R. B.—Moll. of Challenger Exped., Pts 4—20, 1879-1883 [Author. — Report on the Scaphopoda and Gasteropods of the Challenger Exped., 53 pls., 4to, 1886 [ Author. Wood, W.—Supplement to the Index Testaceologicus, 1828, 322 CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. Nudibranchiata. Bergh, Rudolph.—Die Cladohepatischen Nudibranchien, 1890 {Author, -— Weitere Beitrage sur Kenntniss der Pleurophyllidien, 1890 [Author. — Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxii., Report on Nudibranchs, 1890 [Author. Biological and Anatomical Papers. Ashford, Charles. —Darts of the Helicidee, 1883 { Author. Duthiers, Lacaze. — Cire. Gastrop.& Aquif. App. Lamellibr., 1860, W. B. Turner. Jeffery, W.—Nature& Developm. Hairs L. & F. W. Shells, 1886 [J.W.Taylor. Saint-Simon, A. de.—La Machoire et le Ruban Lingual de Quelques Vertigos du 5.O. France, 1878 [J. W. Taylor. Scharff, R.—Organs of Sense in Brit. L. & F.W. Moll., 1885 [].W. Taylor. -— How does a Snail Crawl? 1887 [J. W. Taylor. Shrubsole, G. W.— Erosion of Certain Freshwater Shells, 1886 [J. W. Taylor. Simroth, H.—Anat. d. Parmacella olivieri Cuv., mit tafel. 1882 [W.D.R. — Anatomie der Elisa bella Heynemann, mit taf., 1882 [W.D.Roebuck. Smith & Woodward.—Nomencl. Oral Folds Shells Clausilia, 1890 [ Authors. Stahl, Dr. E.---Pflanzen and Schnecken, 1888 [R. D. Darbishire. Williams, J. W.—Morphology of Gonads in Limnzex, 1888 [ J. W. Taylor. — A Tumour in Anodonta cygneea, 1890 [ Author. Local Lists (L. & F.W. Moll.). Great Britain. Ashford, C.—L. & F.W. Moll. round Christchurch (Hants. S.), 1887 [ Author. Beckett, J. B.—List of Yarmouth Shells, 1890 [| Author. Binnie & Scott—The Ancient Lakes of Edinburgh, 1889 [ Authors. Bridgman, J. B.—Mollusca, rep. fr. Mason’s Hist. Norfolk, 1884 [Author. Butterell, J. D.—List of L. & F.W. Shells of Hull, 1878 [W. D. Roebuck. Coates, H.—Bibl. Moll. Aberd. Kinc. Forfar, Fife, Kinross, Perth, 85 [ Author. Cockerell, T. D. A.—MS. Listofl. & F.W. Moll. of Brit. Isles, 1886 [ Author. — Brit. Nat. Cat. L. & F.W. Mollusca Brit. Isles, 1890 [ Author. Cooke, A. H.--On MacAndrew Coll. of Brit. Shells, 1882 [J. W. Taylor. Collier, E.—List of Shells collected at Ingleton, 1889 [J. W. Taylor. Collinge, W. E.—L. & F.W. Moll. Ingleton, Clapham, & Dist., 1890 [Author. Conch. Soc.--Label List of British Land and Freshwater Shells. Cordeaux, John—-Lincolnshire, Jan. 1886 (from Naturalist) [W.D. Roebuck. Evans, W. H.—Ascent of Cromaghlan Mtn. for Limnzeainvoluta[ W.D. Roebuck Hudson, B.—Hogg’s List of Moll. of Stockton-on-Tees, 1887 [ Author. Jeffery, W.—Authentd. List L. F.W. Moll., West. Sussex, 1882 [Author. Mansell-Pleydell, J. C.—L. & F.W. Mollusca of Dorset, 1885 [ Author. Masefield, J. R. B.—L. & F.W. Moll. of North Staffordshire, 1889 [ Author. Melvill, J. C.—Mollusca of Manchester, [1887 ] [Author. Morton.—Nat. Hist. N’hamptonshire, 1712(MS. copy Moll.) [W. D. Roebuck. -~ Moll. of N’hamptonshire at begin. of Eighteenth Cent., 1885 [W. D. Crick. J.C., vi., Apr., 1891, CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. 323 Roebuck, W. D.—Authentd. List of Northamptonsh. Moll., 1884 [Author, — Bibliography of the L.& F.W. Moll. of County of Sussex, 1882 [Author. _— Carnarvonshire Notes, 1883 [Author. —- Census of Scottish L. & F.W. Mollusca, 1891 [Author. Roebuck & Clarke—Yorks. Naturalists at Gormire& Thirkleby, 1887 [ Authors. Roebuck, W. D., & Taylor, J. W.—Present State of Knowledge of Dis- tribution of L. & F.W. Moll. in British Isles, 1884 [ Authors. — Do. do. do. L. & F.W. Moll. in Ireland, 1886 [Authors. — Recorded Occurrences of Herts. Mollusca, 1884 [ Authors. — Census of Authentd. Distrib. Brit. L. & F.W. Mollusca, 1885 [Authors. Scott, T.—L. & F.W. Moll. about Tarbert, Loch Fyne, 1886 [J. W. Taylor. — Conchological Notes [ Helix, Limax], 1887 [J. W. Taylor. Soppitt, H. T., and Carter, J. W.-—Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Upper Airedale, Yorkshire, 1888 [W. D. Roebuck. Whiteaves, J. F.—L. and F.W. Mollusca of Oxford, 1857 [W. D. Roebuck. Whitwham, J.—List L. & F. W. Shellsof Huddersfield, 1877 [W.D. Roebuck. Wilcock, J.—Exch. List Brit. L.& F.W. Shells, Dec. 1866 [W. D. Roebuck. Wotton, I’. W.—List of L. & F.W. Shells of Cardiff, 1886 [J. W. Taylor, . Western Palzarctic Region. Bourguignat, J. R.—Descn. de Ccelestele et de Paladilhia en Espagne, 1880 — Paulia, nouv. gen. des puits d’Avignon, 1882 Esmark, Birgithe.—L. & F.W. Mollusca of Norway, 1886 [J. W. Taylor. Kobelt, W.—Die Bivalven Nieder-Andalusiens, 1888 [ Author. — Exkursionen in Nordafrika, n. d. [ Author. Pearce, S. Spencer.—L. & F.W. Moll. of Upper Engadine, 1887 [Author. Pini, Nap.—Nuove Forme di Clausilize Italiane, 1883 [W. D. Roebuck. Saint-Simon, A. de.—Notes sur Helix rangiana (Desh. ), n.d. [J. W. Taylor. — Mollusques des Pyrénées de la Haute Garonne, 1876 [J. W. Taylor. —- Note sur ?Hélix nubigena, 1877 [J. W. Taylor. -— Note sur l’Hélix signata de Rossm., 1878 [J.W. Taylor. — Etude des Helix du groupe de l’elegans, 1882 [J. W. Taylor. Stossich, A.—Molluschi del Velebit [Croatia], 1883 [Miss F. M. Hele. Watson, R. B.—Madeiran Moll. ident. by Loweas Achat. follic., 1877 [ Author. — Gen. Peculiarities Lowe’s Madeiran Achatine [n. g. Lovea], 1875 [ Author. Eastern Palearctic Region. Adams, A.—On the Species of Helicidze found in Japan, 1868 [L. E. Adams. — N. Genus [Blanfordia] of Terrest. Moll. from Japan, 1863 [L. E. Adams. Smith, E. A.—Descns. of n. L. Shells from Japan & Borneo, 1878 [Author. — Descn. of a new species of Helix | congener] from Japan, 1878 [Author. Ethiopian Region. Kourguignat, J. R. —Hélixarionidées des Rég. Orient. d’Afrique, 1885[J. W.T. — Monog. n. g. [Grandidieria] d’Acéphale du lac Tanganika, 1885[J.W.T. Gibbons, J. S.—Descriptions of two new spp. L, Shells and Remarks on others coll, E. African Coast [J.W. Taylor, 324 CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. Nelson, Wm.—List of L. & F.W. Mollusca of Madeira, n.d. [J. W. Taylor. Smith, E. A. —Descn. n.sp. Bulimus[drakensbergensis] S.Africa, 1877 [ Author. — Descriptions of 2 spp. Helicidee from Madagascar, 1879 {Author, — Diagnoses of new Shells from L. Tanganyika & E. Africa, 1880 [Author. -— Contribution to Moll. Fauna [L. & F. W.] of Madagascar, 1882 [Author. — Moll. collected at Cameroons Mountain by H. H. Johnston, 1887 [Author. — 3 spp. [L. & F. W.] Shells from Rio del Rey, Cameroons, 1887 [ Author. — Shells of Albert Nyanza, Central Africa, coll. Emin Pasha, 1888 [ Author. — Diagnoses of [4] new Shells from Lake Tanganyika, 1889 [Author. — New genus and [3]n. spp. of Shells from Lake Tanganyika, 1890 [ Author. -— List of L. & F. W. Shells coll. by Emin in Central Africa, with descriptions of [42] n. spp., 1890 [ Author. — List spp. of AchatinaS, Africa, withdesc. n.sp.[A. burnupsi], 1890 [ Author. Oriental Region. Blanford, W. T.—On Georissa, Acmella (Cyclostoma tersum Bns. ), Tricula, and Cyathopoma milium Bens., 1870 [L. E. Adams, Smith, E.A.—-A small coll. of [Land] Shells, Loo Choo Islands, 1887 [ Author. — Desens. of [5]n. spp. L.S., from Sumatra, Java, & Borneo, 1887 [Author. Australian Region. Brazier, J.—Var. of Bulimus caledonicus, 1880 { Author. — Two Australian species of Melania, n. d. [ Author. — Australian and Polynesian Land and Freshwater Shells, 1883 [Author. Cooke, A. H.—N. sp. Sinistral Limnza [physopsis], from Cent. Australia, with remarks on so-called Physz from Australia, 1887 [ J. W. Taylor. Saint-Simon, A. de.—L’Hélix chelonitis; and les Hélices Carnassieres et Phytophages de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1881 [ Author. Smith, E. A.—Desc. n. sp. Helicide N. Zealand [H. gilliesi], 1880 [Author. — Descriptions of 4 new spp. of Helicidze [New Guinea], 1883 [Author. — Colln. of Shells (chiefly L. & F. W.) from Solomon Islands, 1885 [ Author. — Descn. of n. sp. Iamellaria [wilsoni] from S. Australia, 1886 [ Author. _— Land Shells, New Guinea, Solomon Is., with new spp., 1887 [Author. — Shells collected at Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, 1887 {Author. — Notes on Australian species of Bithinia, Segmentina and Fusus, and Descn. of a new Melania, 1887 [J. W. Taylor. — The Terrestrial Mollusks of Christmas Island, 1888 { Author. — L. & F. W. Mollusca of Louisiade Archipelago, 1889 [ Author. —- Notes on some[ Australian] Shells recently rec. by Brit. Mus., 1891 [ Author. Tate, Ralph.—Check List of F.W. Shells of Australia, 1881 [ Author. Nearctic Region. Christy, R. M.—L. and F.W. Mollusca of Manitoba, 1885 [J. W. Taylor. Dall, W. H.—Scientific Results of Exploration of Alaska, Art. iv. [Author. Moore, D.R, & Butler, A.W, —L, &F, W, M, FranklinCo., Indiana, 1 $85[ Authors. J.C., vi,, Apr., 1891, CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. 325 Smith, Edgar A.—Desc. of a n. sp. Carinifex [ponsonbyi], 1875 [Author. Stearns, R. E.C.-—Descens. n. W. Amer. L. & F.W. & Mar. Shells, 1890[ Author. Thomson, J. H.-—Land Moll. Bristol Co., Mass., U.S. A., 1885 [J. W. Taylor. Neotropical Region. Gibbons, J. S..-Some Land Shells of Curacao, W. Indies (incl. n.spp.[ Author. Smith, Edgar A.—Descs. of [9] n.spp.S. American Helicide, 1877 [ Author. — Moll. [L. & F. W.] coll. G. A. Ramage, Isld. Dominica, 1888 [Author. — [L.& F.W.] Moll. coll. G. A. Ramage, Lesser Antilles, Rpt. 3, 1889[ Author. Williams, J. W.— New sp. of Ampullaria from the La Plata, 1889 [Author. Marine Mollusca. British Seas. Forbes, Edw.—Kerruish’s New Illust. Guide to Isle of Man, with chapter on Marine and F.W. Moll., third ed., n.d. Greene, Carleton.—List of Marine Shells from Filey, 1887 [J. W. Taylor. Hoyle, W. E.—Notes on Loligo forbesii, 1885 [ Author. -— Notes on the Cephalopoda [of Liverpool Bay], 1886 [| Author. Jordan, H. K.—Spp. and vars. of genus Fususin Brit. Seas, 1890 [J. W. Taylor. Marshall, J. T.—On some new Brit. [Marine] Shells. 1887 [ Author. Norman, A. M.—Revision of British Mollusca, 1890 [W. D. Roebuck. Scott, T.—Some Additions to the Fauna of Firth of Forth, 1889 [Author. — Additions to Fauna of Firth of Forth, 1890 [ Author. Smart and Cooke.— Marine Shells of Scilly, 1885 [J. W. Taylor. Smith, Edgar A.—Desen. of n. sp. Turbo [cepoides], and on occurrence of Rossia owenii on Coast of N. Wales, 1880 [ Author. — Moll. W.S. Green’s Deep-Sea Trawl. Cruise off S. W. Ireld., 1889 [Author, Somerville, A.—lList of British Marine Shells, 1885 [ Author. — Dredging off Portincross, Ayrshire [N.H.S. Glasg.]. 1889 [ Author. North European Seas. Dollfuss, A.—Les Plages du Croisic. 1888 [ Author. Kobelt, W. —DieWilhelmshavener Giftmuschel, 1886 (Jahrb. vi., 13) [Author. Norman, A. M.—Moll. of the Fiords nr. Bergen, Norway [J. W. Taylor. Mediterranean Sea. Prete, R. del—Conchiglie Coralligene del Mare di Sciacca [ Miss F.M. Hele. — Note de Conchigliologia Apuana, 1879 [Miss F.M. Hele. Indian Ocean. Adams, Arthur.—Some Gen. and Spp. Gasterop. Moll. coll. by M‘Andrew in the Gulf of Suez, 1870 [L. E. Adams. Martens, Ed. von—Shells of Mergui and its Archipelago, 1886 [Author. Smith, Edgar A.—Notes on Argonauta bottgeri, 1887 (Author. — Desc’ns of new shells [marine] from Kerguelen’s Island, 1875 [ Author. — Diagnoses of New Mollusca from Island of Rodriguez, 1876 —[ Author. 326 ’ CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. Smith, E. A.—On a coll. of Marine Shells, Andaman Islands, 1878 [Author. — Notes on the Genus Melapium H. & A. Ad., 1889 [ Author. —- Descn. ofan. genus [Robillardia cernica] of Parasitic Moll., 1889 [Author. Atlantic Ocean. Dall, W. H.—Marine Moll. & Brachiopods of S.E. coast U.S., 1889 [Sm. Inst. Gray, Arthur F.—Littorina litorea L. on the American coast, 1879 [ Author. Hoyle, W. E.—-List of Shells colld. on. W. Coast of Africa, 1887 [Author. Smith, Edgar A.—Marine Moilusca of Ascension Island, 1890 [ Author. -— List of Shells [Marine] from West Africa, with new spp., 1871 [Author. — Marine Molluscan Fauna of Island of St. Helena, 1890 [Author. Watson, R. B.—Marine Moll. from Madeira, incl. n. g. of Muricidz, new Eulima, and the whole of the Rissox; P.Z.S., 1873 { Author. — Cerithiopsides from E. Atlantic, with 3 n. sp. from Madeira, 1885 [Author. — Lowe’s MS. List of Webb’s Type Shells from Canaries, n.d. [ Author. Western Pacific Ocean. Adams, Arthur—N. gen. spp.[Marine] Moll. from Japan, 1860[L. E. Adams. — N.spp. Chrysallida, Parthenia, Odostomia, Actis, Ebala, Dunkeria, &c., from Japan, 1860 [L. E. Adams. — Animalsofcertaingen. of [Marine] Moll. from Japan, 1860 [L. E. Adams, — Animal of Umbonium vestiarium, 1860 [L. E. Adams. — N. gen, and spp. of [Marine] Mollusca from Japan, 1860 [L. E. Adams. —N. spp. of Pyramidellidze from Islands of Japan, 1861 [L. E. Adams. — N. spp. Eulima, Leiostraca, Cerithiopsis from Japan, 1861 [L. E. Adams. —- Animal of Alyczus and other Cyclophoroid Genera, 1861 [L. E. Adams. — N.Gen. & Spp. of Pyramidellidae from North China, 1861 [L. E. Adams. — Some n.spp.[Marine] Moll. North China and Japan, 1861 [L. E. Adams. — Supposed N. Gen. and N. Spp. of Pelagic Mollusca, 1861 [L. E. Adams. -— Scalide or ‘Wentletraps’ of Sea of Japan, with n. spp., 1861[L. E. Adams. — New Species of Damaster [fortunei] from Japan, 1861 [L. E. Adams. — N. Gen. and Spp. Moll. from North China & Japan, 1861 [L. E. Adams. — N. Spp. Cylichnide, Bullidee, Philinidee, China & Japan Seas, 1862 [do. — N. Spp. Acephalous Mollusca from Sea of Japan, 1862 [L. E. Adams. — N. Spp. of [Marine] Mollusca from Japan, 1862 [L. E. Adams. — Note on the Molluscan Fauna of Japan, 1862 [L. E. Adams. — Japanese spp. of Siphonalia, proposed New Genus, 1863 [L. E. Adams. — Desc. of some N. Spp. Limopsis from Cumingian Coll., 1862[L. E. Adams. — On the Species of Obeliscinze found in Japan, 1862 [L. E. Adams. -— On the Species of Muricinze found in Japan, 1862 [L. E. Adams. — On the Species of Pyramidellinze found in Japan, n.d. [L. E. Adams. — Animal and Float of Ianthina, 1862 [L. E. Adams. — Animal and Affinities of Scaliola, gen. from Japan, 1862 [L. E. Adams. — Gen. and Spp. Recent Brachiopods in Sea of Japan, 1863 [L. E. Adams. — Animal and Affinities of Alaba, with Review of Known Species, and descriptions of New Species, 1862 [L. E. Adams. J.C., vi., Apl., 1892. CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. Bey Adams, A.—-N. Spp. Scissurellidee,Sea of China and Japan,1862[L. E. Adams. — Genera and Spp. of Liotiinze found in Japan, 1863 [L. E. Adams. — N. Gen. and Spp. of Umbonidz from Seas of Japan, 1863 [L. E. Adams. — Genera and Species of Fossaridz found in Japan, 1863 [L. E. Adams. — Microstelma and Onoba, Rissoids, Japan, n. spp., 1863 [L. E. Adams. — Gen. and Species of Lacunide found in Japan, 1863 [L. E. Adams. — Animal & Affinities of Fenella, with list of Japan spp., 1864 [L.. E. Adams. — Some Moll. Animals from Seas of China and Japan, 1863 [L. E. Adams. — On the Species of Mitridze found in Seas of Japan, n. d. [L. E. Adams. — Some new Genera of Moll. from the Seas of Japan, 1865 [L. E. Adams. — Desens. of n. spp. of [Marine] Shells from Japan, 1867 [I.. E. Adams. — On the spp. of Cecidee, Corbulidz, Volutidae, Cancellaridze, and Patellidze found in Japan, 1868 [L. E, Adams. — On the spp. of Veneridze found in Japan, 1869 [L. E. Adams. — Some spp. Proboscidif. Gastropods of Seas of Japan, 1870 [L. E. Adams. Smith, Edgar A.—On a coll. of [Marine] Moll. from Japan, 1879 [Author. — Notes on Volutharpa perryi, 1887 [Author. Wright, B. M.—Descn. n. g. Delphinulopsis & n. sp. D. lesourdi [Author. Eastern Pacific Ocean. Dall, W. H.—Limpets& Chitons Alaskan & Arctic Regs. , n.d. [R. D. Darbishire. Marrat, F. P. —List Fuca Strait & Cape FlatteryS.(M.,L. &F.W. ),n.d. [J. W.T. Australian Seas. Brazier, J.—Notes on Mollusca at Port Jackson, 1880 [Author, — Australian Marine Shells. 1885 [ Author. — Critical List of Mollusca from N.W. coast of Australia, 1884 [Author. — Port Jackson and New Caledonia Marine Shells, 1889 [| Author. — Tasmanian and other Shells, 1876 [Author. — Port Jackson and New South Wales Shells, 1880 [ Author. -— New South Wales Shells, 1882 [Author — Habits of Cyprea citrina, 1882 [ Author. — List of Cypreeidee of Victoria Coast, 1882 [ Author. — Trochide and other genera of South Australia, pt. 1, 1886 [Author. —- Report on Mollusca from Norfolk Island, 1887 [ Author. Cox, J. C.—Exch. List Land and Marine Shells of Australia, 1868 [Author. Rossiter. R. C.—List of the Cypraeidze of New Caledonia, 1881 [J.Brazier. Smith, E. A.— List Marine Sh. Solomon Islds., w. descrs. ofn.spp., n.d. [Auth. — Note sur le Cypreea Bregeriana Crosse. [ Author, Tate, Ralph.—N. spp. of Marine Moll. from 5S. Australia & Victoria, 1888 — Revision of Recent Lamellibranch & Palliobranch Moll. of S. Australia, 1886 — Some new or little-known genera of Australian Mollusca [Author, ~ — Note on Cypreea decipiens Sm., 1881 [Author, — Desens. of 2 new spp. Shells [Cypreea fallax, Conus clarus] 1881 [Author. 328 CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. Tate, Ralph.—Census of Australian Mollusca, 1888 [ Author. — Desen. of some n. spp. S. Australian M. and F.W. Shells, 1886 [Author. Whitelegge, Thos. —List of Marine and Freshwater Invertebrate Fauna of ' Port Jackson and the neighbourhood (R.S. of N.S.W.), 1889. Paleontological Papers. Ashford, C.—Bulimus heterostomus of Eocene, Isle-of-Wight,1881 [W.D.R. Bourguignat, J. R.—. Etude surles Fossilesdela Vallée dela Cettina, 8o[J.W.T. Brannon, Philip.—Guide to Bournemouth, Sth ed. [List of Fossils], 1864. BES Le cha a of Arran and other Clyde Islands, 1872. Gastéropodes, ext. de 1’ Ann. Géol., 2 pts., 1888-89 | Author. — Desc. @ esp. d. Terrain Tert. d. env. d. Paris, 5 pts., 1883-6 [ Author. -— Desen. d’ especes nouveaux du Bassin de Paris, 1882 [| Author. —— Obs. sur quelques grandes Ovules de I’ Eocene, 1886 [ Author. — Un Crucibulum campanien, 1886 [ Author. Morris, John.—A Catalogue of British Fossils, 1843. Walcott, C. D.—Dese. of n. forms of Upper Cambrian Fossils, 1890 [ Author. Woodward, B.B.—Pleistocene(Non-Marine) Moll.London Dist., 1890[ Author. — Pleistocene L. & F.W. Moll. from the Barnwell Gravels, 1888 [Author. Miscellaneous. Adams, Andrew L.—Notes of a Naturalist in the Nile Valley and Malta [with list of fossils], 1870. Bourguignat, J. R.—Descn, d. nouveau genre Gallandia, 1880 [J.W. Taylor. ~— Bythiospeum, nouveau genre der Mull. Aveugles, 1882 [J.W. Taylor. Brassey, Lady. —Cat. of Nat. Hist. objects exh. at Hastings, 1884-5 [ Author. Cockerell, T. D. A.—Notes on Siugs, chiefly in coll. Brit. Mus., 1890 [Author. — On Slugs, chiefly in Coll. Brit. Mus., 5, Helicarionine, 1891 [Author. Dall, W. H.—On Dynamic Influences in Evolution, 1890 [ Author. Gloyne, C. P.—Geograph. Distrib. of Terrestrial Moll., 1877 [J.W.Taylor. — Notes on the Genus Cylindrella, n. d. - [W. D. Roebuck. ve W. E.—Diagnosesn. spp. Cephalopoda, pt. 1, Octopoda, 1885 [ Author. Do. do. part 2, Decapoda, 1885 [Author. = On Loligopsis and some other genera, 1884 [Author. Iobelt, W.—Die Geograph. Verbreitung der Binnen-mollusken, 1876 [ Author. — Die Geograph. Verbreit. de Heliceengruppe Macularia, n.d. [Author. — Catalog der Familie Melaniidze, 1882 [ Author. Macaré, Rethaan—Cat. Coll. Coq. Viv. Madame Macaré, 1888 [ Auctioneers. Marrat, F. P.—Vars. of the Shells of the genus Nassa, 1880 [J. W. Taylor. — On the Variation of Sculpture in the genus Nassa, 1876 [J. W. Taylor. iva, 1867 [J. W. Taylor. -— [Three] new species of Nassa, Jan. 1874 [J. W. Taylor. Melvill, J. C.—Notes on the sub-genus Cylinder of Conus, 1886 [Author. — A Survey of the genus Cypreea, 1858 [Author. — Catalogue of the species and varieties of Cypreea [ Author. J.C., vi., Apr., 189r. CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. 329 Melvill, J. C.—Notes on his Collection, 1887 [ Author. — Descns. of 6 new Pectens, 15 Mitre, 1 Cyprea, 1888 [J. W. Taylor. New South Wales, Map of. [John Brazier. Norman, A. M.—Museum Normannianum, iv & v., Mollusca Marina and Brachiopoda, 1888 [W. D. Roebuck. Pechaud, J.—Monog. des genres Pechaudia et Hagenmulleria, 1881 [J. W.T. Saint-Simon, A. de—Discours prononcé au Soc. d’Hist. Nat. Toulouse 22 Nov. 1876 [J. W. Taylor. Smith, Edgar A.—List of Genus Planaxis, with descs. of n. spp., 1872 [ Author. Several spp. of Bullidze, and a new Planaxis[puncto-striatus], 1872 [ Author. — On the Genus Alaba, with desc. of new sp. [leithii], 1875 [ Author. — Descns. of new spp. of Conidee and Terebridee. 1877 [ Author. — Diagnoses of [33] new spp. of Pleurotomide, 1877 [ Author. — Description of a new species of Helix [barnaclei], 1877 [ Author. — The Genus Myodora of Gray, 1880 [Author. — Genus Gouldia C, B. Ad., and n. sp. Crassatella [knockeri], 1881 [ Author. — The Gen. Chilina, with List of the known Species, 1881 [ Author. — Description of a sp. of Fusus [corpulentus], 1882 [ Author. — Diagnoses of [62] new spp. Pleurotomid in Brit. Mus., 1882 [Author. — Acc. of L. & F. W. Moll. coll. during voy. of Challenger, 1884 [ Author. — Diagnoses of [30] n. spp. Pleurotomidz in Brit. Mus., 1884 [ Author. -— Genera Turtonia and Cyamium, 1886 [ Author. — Note on the Pearly Nautilus, 1887 li Wey Davlor- — Diagnoses of [43]n. spp. Pleurotomide in Brit. Mus., 1888 [ Author. — Notes on the genus Lobiger, 1889 [ Author. Sollas, W. J.—On Plocamia Plena, 1879 Sowerby, G. B.—Descriptions of 16 new spp. of Shells, 1888 [Author. Taylor, J. W.—Life History of Helix aspersa, 1883 [Author. — Life History of Helix arbustorum, 1881 [ Author. — The Variation of British L. & F. W. Mollusca, 1888 { Author. — The Variation of Limnea peregra, 1891 [ Author. Witter, F. M.—Mounds& Mound Builders, Muscatine Co., lowa, 1879 [Author. Periodical Literature, PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES, ETC. American Association of Conchologists, Rules of, n. d. [ Association. do. do. List of Members, Oct. 1890 [do. Australian Museum—Reports of Trustees, 1888-89 [ Trustees. — Records, vol. 1, no. 3, July 1890 [ Trustees. Brookville Society. U.S.A., Bulletin, 1886 [ Society. Chester Society of Natural Science, 1oth Report, 1888-9 [Society. Cambridge, U.S.A., Bulletin of Mus. Comp. Zool., 1878-9 [Society. Edinburgh Royal Physical Society. —Procs., 1884-5 to 1889-90 ~— [Society. Feuille des Jeunes Nats., Nos. 211—212, 217—233, 237—246 Journal of Conchology, vol. 6 Malakozoologische Blatter, Band 1—25, 1854—78, bound in § vols. Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutsch. Mal. Gesellschaft, vols. 1-20 (bnd. in 4), 1869-88 230 CATALOGUE OF LIBRARY. Naturalist, The, vols. for 1889 and 1890 Naturalists’ World, ed. Percy Lund, vols. 1—4, 1884—1887 N. S. Wales, Royal Soc. —Journ., vols. 16, 19 —23, 1882, 1885-9 [Society. Catalogue of the Library of [Society. List of Exchanges for 1885-6-7-9 [Society. — Linnean Society of, Proceedings of, vols. 4—10, and 2nd. Series vols. 1-—4 [Society. Nova Scotia Society, Proceedings of, 1888-89, vol. 7, pt. 3 [Society. Paris—Bulletin de la Soc. d’Etudes Scientifiques de, 4 parts [Society. Perthshire Soc. Nat. Science—Proceedings of, vol. 1, pt. v., 1884-5 [Society. Queensland, Royal Society of—Proceedings of, vol. 1., pts. 1, 2, 3, 43 vol. iv; vol. v., pts. I, 2, 3, 4,53 vol.vi., pts. 1,2,3,4,5 [Society. Smithsonian Reports, 1880—1886, 9 vols. { Institution. — Institute—Bulletin of the U.S. National Mus. (No. 37), 1889 [Institution. Wagner Free Institute. Transactions of, Parts I and 2 [Institute. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union—Transactions, parts I—15, 1878-89 [Union. Zoology of Victoria, Prodromus of, Decades 1—19, 1878-89 [Govt. of Victoria. LIBRARY REGULATIONS. Books are available for the use of Members on the following conditions :— 1.—The borrower holds himself responsible for the safety and due return of the books, and undertakes to make good all loss or damage. 2,—The borrower pays expenses of transmission both ways. 3.—Books are allowed to be out for a month, but may be renewed if not re- quired by the Librarian or another member. 4.—Members may borrow more than one book at a time. 5.—All books to be in the hands of the Librarian a week before the Annual Meeting. The soctely will be glad to accept donations of Books for the Library. ————4-+0+$-—___—_ PHOTOGRAPHS & AUTOGRAPHS OF CONCHOLOGISTS. Iv having been suggested that Albums containing Portraits and Autographs of Conchologists would be desirable additions to the Library of the Concho- logical Society, the Council would be pleased to carry out the suggestion. They would accordingly be glad to receive Photographs of all Members of the Society and Conchelogists generally, whether living or deceased, and if members or friends were disposed to present suitable Albums, an additional obligation would be conferred. Examples of the Autographs of all who have in any way contributed to the advancement of Conchological Science are also desired. In the case of published or engraved Portraits, photographic repro- ductions would form very acceptable substitutes for the original portraits. All gifts may be forwarded to the SECRETARY. of the CONCHOLOGICAL SocIEry, Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. J.C., vi., Apr., 1892. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 331 ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA OF BRITISH LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS. By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. BEING HIS VALEDICTORY ADDRESS AS PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 1890. The selection of a subject for the presidential address was to me a matter of considerable anxiety; however, this being a society, a large proportion of whose members are more or less exclusively students of British Conchology, it occurred to me to offer some remarks in connection with that particular branch of science, in the hope it might afford a greater amount of interest than to refer, as is customary, to the losses of the society during the past year, to give short biograph- ical notices of deceased members, and to discuss the general progress during the year of the branch of science to which the society is devoted. The latter task in these days of ‘ Zoological Records’ and similar publications is rendered less necessary than in former times, and indeed the value of many works and treatises can only be fairly judged and criticised by those who are specialists in the various branches of malacology treated. The subject selected, upon which I beg to offer the following observations, is the nomenclature of the land and freshwater ' shells of the United Kingdom. It seems to me that British Conchologists, as a rule, are apt to be too conservative in this respect. They do not advance with Continental Malacologists; not that I for a moment advocate the extreme views propounded by the absurd ‘nouvelle école’ in France. As an example of the conservatism I refer to, I would instance the genus Fzsws, which is still retained by English Conchologists to include a number of shells, none of which in reality have affinity with the typical forms of that genus. They were located in it almost solely on conchological grounds, but 332 SMITH ! NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA. now the more intimate knowledge of the animals, and especially the characters derived from a study of the radulz, has revealed differences which separate them from /wsws as at present restricted. ‘This genus is now known to have relationship with the Aasciolaride rather than with the Buccinide, to which family it has been shown, belong the several British forms usually placed in /usus. These alterations appear to be universally accepted on the Continent and in America, but not so here. It is to be hoped that the ‘Revision of British Conchology’ in course of publication by the Rev. Canon Norman in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ’ will have a beneficial influence in this respect. British Conchologists have their Jeffreys in happy remembrance, and seem to forget that time is fleeting, and, that to follow in his sober footsteps, is not to advance with the rational progress of science. Even Jeffreys himself in his day was rather too conservative in his opinions, but, to some extent, with respect to nomen- clature, in advance of his rivals Forbes and Hanley. One of the greatest troubles which beset Conchologists is to know under what genera to place certain species. This arises from the fact that in our standard works on British mollusca the generic terms are not fully discussed. In many cases the same species are located under different generic names in the works of Forbes and Hanley, Jeffreys, Reeve, Turton, Norman, &c., and it is in the hope of throwing some light upon these discrepancies, that I have put together the following notes. The first case which I desire to bring before the notice of the members is the employment of the name 7zisarus instead of Paludina ; but, in doing so, I do not pretend that, in this and other cases, I have more to point out than has already been shown by other writers. My object isto present to British Conchologists, in an English journal, the reasons why certain usually accepted names ought to be changed if we wish to act J.C., vi., Apr., 1891. SMITH ;: NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA. 333 strictly in accordance with the law of priority, which must, I think, be regarded as affording the best means of justly deciding difficult questions in nomenclature. Iam fully aware that there exists a very strong feeling against altering the usual nomenclature as set forth by Jeffreys, but if it can be clearly shown that he was in error, such prejudice I think should be set aside —‘De mortuts, nil nisi bonum,’—quite so, but still, Iam of opinion that it is time to dissipate the notion of the infallibility of our respected author and friend. His book on British Conchology is a charming work, but still, in respect of nomenclature, it has its blemishes. He himself would eagerly have welcomed criticism, although his answer might have been more or less dogmatic. VIVIPARUS 7/ce PALUDINA. The British species which we recognise under this genus were placed by Linnzeus in his comprehensive group /e/7x. _Lamarck seems to have been the first to remove them, and in his work entitied ‘ Philosophie Zoologique,’ he indicated a group for them and their allies under the name ‘ V7vipare.’ No de- scription, however, was given, nor were any specific names quoted. Such being the case, the genus cannot be said to be established at that date (1809). In the year following, Mont- fort’ adopted Lamarck’s name and rendered it into latin as Viviparus. He gave a generic description and quoted Helix vivipara of Linn. (the specific name of which he changed to Jiuviorum) as his type, which he both described and figured. _ Lamarck? in 1812 substituted the name ‘ Pa/udine’ tor ‘ Vivipare, but gave no description at the time, and did not refer to any species. In 1819* he gave full particulars of his genus Paludina and described the known species. However, as the name ‘ Vzvifare’ in the meantime had been latinized and properly characterised by Montfort, Lamarck had no right 1 Conch. System., vol. ii., p. 247. 2 Extrait du Cours de Zoologie, p. 117. 3 Hist, Anim, sans vert., vol, vi., (2), p. 172: 334 SMITH: NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA, to annul it, Such being the case I think the name Viviparus must be adopted, a view taken by Binney, Bourguignat, Dupuy, Clessin, Kreglinger, Locard, Frauenfeld, H. and A. Adams, and others. Some may not agree with the use of the same term for both specific and generic names, considering Viviparus viviparus objectionable. But this double employment of names is admitted by many persons in other branches of zoology :—for instance Lutra lutra for the otter; MZerula merula for the blackbird ; Pica pica for the magpie; Bufo bufo for the toad; Scomber scomber for the mackerel ; Zhyunus thynnus for the Tunney, &c. It may also be urged that generic names derived from adjectives, like Viviparus, are not admissible. ‘True, it is not advisable to employ such terms zz future, but, if it were decided that such names must be cast aside, we should have to part with the old familiar genera Vitrina, Productus, Achatina, Succinea, Lanthina, and many others. My own opinion is to let remain names such as these which were proposed before the laws of nomenclature were so well known and respected as at present. AMPHIPEPLEA. This is one of those divisions which I think may fairly take generic rank. It is acknowledged of such importance in the Manuals of H. and A. Adams, Tryon, Philippi, and Fischer, and almost without exception by recent Continental writers. Although the British species which comes in this group, viz., A. glutinosa (Miiller), appears in the works of Jeffreys, Reeve, Forbes, and Hanley, and the Conchological Society’s list under Zzmnca, still, in each case, the propriety of its separation is more or less hinted at and discussed. The points in which it differs from the true ZLimnee are (1) the greater development of the mantle, which is capable of reflexion, so as almost entirely to conceal the shell, which is very thin and glossy, (2) certain peculiarities in the nervous system, having J.C., vi., Apr., 1891, SMITH : NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA, 335 relationship to the greatly developed mantle, (3) the presence of only an upper jaw in the mouth, and (4) slight differences in the radula. This subject has been fully treated of, many years ago, by Troschel in Wiegmann’s Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1839, pp. 177-184, pl. v. f. 8. (radula). Di WA. This genus was founded by Draparnaud in 1801 (Tab. Moll. terr. et fluv. France, p. 52) and not by Lamarck as stated by Jeffreys and in the Conchological Society’s list. P. fontinalis (Linn.) is the first species quoted by Draparnaud, and may therefore be regarded as the type of the genus. ‘This in the Conchological Society’s list is placed in the section Bulinus. ‘Vhis location is erroneous, as it does not possess the essentia! characters of that group. Adanson' (the author of the genus) distinctly states that the mantle does not extend beyond the border of the | aperture of the shell, whereas in P. fontinalis the digitate pro- longations are very remarkable. The animal of Audinmus has been studied by Jickeli? and he discovered that, both as regards the jaw and radula, it has a much closer affinity with P/axorbis than with Physa. The second British species (P. Aypxorum) forms the type of Fleming’s® genus Af/exa* distinguished from Physa merely on account of the mantle being neither digitate nor expanded. This character alone, however, seems scarcely of generic importance, and therefore I should be inclined to regard Aplexa as a section or sub-genus. It agrees with Au/inws as regards the mantle, but differs from it in the jaw and radula, which are both asin. Physa. It is stated by Fischer’ that the etymology of Budlinus is unknown ; but, it is evident that Oken, who in 1815, emended 1 Hist. Nat. Sénégal, Coquil. p. 6. 2 Verhandl. Leop. Carol. Akad. Naturf. 1874, vol. xxxvii, p. 209, pl. iii, f. I-4, 3 British Animals, p. 276, 4 Emended by Hermannsen to Aplecta, Indicis Gen, Mal., p. 65. 5 Manuel de Conch. p. 509. 336 SMITH : NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA. the name, calling it Bud/inus, was right in assigning its origin to the latin Bud/a (a bubble), for Adanson states that he used the name Sulinus because “sa coquille flotte comme une petite dd/e d’air transparente.” PALUDESTRINA 77¢e HYDROBIA. The genus Hydrobia was indicated, but not described, by Hartmann in 1821,' but as this term was preoccupied by Leach for a genus of Coleoptera (A/ydrobius), it becomes necessary to employ some other name for this group of molluscs. In his treatise on the Aydrobiine Stimpson? ex- presses the opinion that the two names are “‘ sufficiently distinct to avoid confusion” and Jeffreys’? makes some observations to the same effect. Personally I fully agree with this view, but as the laws on nomenclature set forth by the British Association which are almost universally accepted, forbid the employment of the same generic name in more than one branch of zoology, the term Aydroéza (merely the feminine form of Hydrobius) can no longer be used in conchology. For this reason it was cast aside by Moquin-Tandon*. Paludestrina was founded by D’Orbigny in 1840° as a subgenus of Pa/udina, and he selected /. acuta (Drap.) as his type. He subsequently® raised it to generic rank but gave no additional details or reasons for so doing. It is a curious coincidence that the first species quoted by Hartmann, and which therefore may be regarded as the type of his genus Sfydrobia, should be the same as that chosen by D’Orbigny. Some of the species described by the latter author may not belong to Paludestrina ; for instance, P. fertstomata and P. lapidum have a very Lithoglyphus-like appearance. This, however, will not affect the employment of this generic term, Sturm'’s Deutschlands Fauna, vi. (5) pp. 47, 58- Smithsonian Reports, 207, p. 6. Brit. Conch. vol. 1, p. 64. 4 Hist. Nat. Moll. France, vol. ii, p. 515. 5 Voy. Amér. Mérid., Mollusques, p. 381. 6 Sagra’s Hist, Cuba, Mollus (1841) vol. il. p. 7. OW NH J.C., vi., Apr., 1891, SMITH : NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA. - 337 as, in his general remarks on Fa/udina, as I have already ob- served, he quotes P. acuta (Drap.)=(vertrosa Montagu fide Jeffreys) as the typical species, so that we can for ourselves limit his genus to that and allied species. Jeffreys states that ‘the estuarine or brackish-water species of Hydrobia were formed by Professor D’Orbigny into another genus, which he called Pa/udestrina ; and these also constitute the genus Paludinella of Pfeiffer and Lovén.’ I do not know from what source Jeffreys may have derived his information, but it is not a fact that D’Orbigny included only brackish-water forms in his genus, for of the ten species de- scribed in the ‘Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale,’ sezez are from fresh and ¢h7ee only from brackish-water. In the next place I would point out that Pa/udinella of Pfeiffer’ is totally distinct from Padludestrina and belongs to the Asszminiide, having the eyes on the upper surface at the base of the tentacles, and being more or less amphibious. VITREA @icé ZONITES. The species which I propose to place in the genus [trea of Fitzinger are generally spoken of by British Conchologists as species of Zonztes. None of them however agree with the typical form of that genus, 7. a/g7rus. ‘This species is a large coarsely striated shell and without the beautiful gloss so char- acteristic of the typical Vrtree. But the chief difference which distinguishes Vztrea from Zonizes occurs in the radula, that of the latter genus much more closely resembling that of /Ze//x proper, than that of Vitrea, or Hyalinia as this group is usually called by most Continental and American writers. It will be seen from the following synonymy that the name Hyalinia and its modifications cannot be adopted for these species, as it has been employed in various senses, and has also been used for genera of Lepidoptera (Hyalina 1866) and Reptiles (Hyalinus 1820). 1 Wiegmann’s Archiv, f, Naturgesch,, 1841, p, 227. 339 SMITH ! NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA, Schumacher in 1817 first of all introduced this term (Hyalina1) and the shell he described forms a section of Marginella which may be retained. In 1819 Férussac gave the name //ya/ie@ to a section of A plostome, a group of Helicella, which he called a subgenus of Helix. Vhe first species quoted by him under this head is Hf. olivetorum of Gmelin. He also included A. glabra, 7. cellaria, &c. He did not intend Hya/in@ as a subgeneric term, but merely to be descriptive of certain species which he enumerates. In the same way he used the term ‘ Masciate’ for another group of species. Studer in 1820 created a genus //ya/7na, but this is synonymous with ’7¢r7na of Draparnaud, 1805. In 1837 Charpentier established the genus Ay almnza, as understood at the present day, including therein glabra of Studer, A. wztens Mich. and Ferus., and 47. wé¢idula Drap. Hyalina or Hyalinia is so generally accepted by Continental writers that I feel disinclined to suggest the use of any other name for our British species. However, to be consistent I must do so, and therefore propose that Vitrea of Fitzinger should be employed. This genus was published four years before Hya/inia and agrees precisely with that genus in its scope. The only species mentioned by Fitzinger under his genus Vitrea is V. crystallina, and this therefore must be regarded as the type. Some Continental authors consider this and allied species sufficiently distinct from ce//aria Miiller, and its allies, to form a generic or subgeneric group, and therefore apply the term folita of Held to the latter species. For AH. mitidus Miiller, Lehmann has proposed the subgenus Zovzfoides, and 7. fulvus falls in Fitzinger’s genus Cozulus. Conchologists who have an inclination for minute sectional divisions may therefore range our British species thus :— 1 Whether this section hold good or not, the name having once been used cannot again be employed for any other group, J.C., vi., Apr., 1891. SMITH } NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA, 339 Vitrea FITZINGER. Section 1 (typical). V. crystallina Miller. (1817 1819 (1820 1833 1833 1837 1837 1840 1853 1862 1863 1890 V. draparnaudi Beck. V. alliaria Millet. V. glabra Studer. V. nitidula Drap. V. pura Alder. V. radiatula Alder. ( V. excavata Bean. UV. nitida Miller. 4 (Conulus). V. fulva Miller. 2 (Polita). 3 (Zonitoides). ABRIDGED SYNONYMY OF /’/7/rea. Not //yalina Schumacher, Syst. Vers. Test. p. 234 ; be- longs to Marginellide). flelix ( Flelicella) sp. hyaline, part, Férus. Prodrom, p. 44. Not Ayalina Studer, Syst. Verzeich. Schweiz. Conch. p. 11= Vitrina, Drap. 1805.) Vitrea Fitzinger, Syst. Verzeich. Weichth., p. 99. Oxychilus* Fitzinger, part, ].c. p. 100. Ffyalinia Agassiz MSS. Charpentier Nouv. Mem. Soc. Hely. 1, p. 13, as asubgenus of e/zv. Polita Held, Isis 1837, p. 915. Zonttes ( Hyaline) Gray in Turton’s Manual, p. 168. Zonites Gray (!) Forbes & Han., Brit. Moll. vol. iv. p. 32. Zonites Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. vol. i, p. 158. Zonites Reeve, Brit. Land and F. water Moll. p. 45. Ffyalinta Férussac (!), Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 329. COCHLICOPA, FERUSSACIA, ZUA, AZECA, CIONELLA, C/ECILIOIDES, AND C#CILIANELLA. Much diversity of opinion appears to exist respecting the generic names which should be applied respectively to the t Preoccupied in 1825 by Dejean for a genus of Beetles, Oxychetia, 340 SMITH ! NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA. Felix lubrica of Miiller and the Zusbo tridens of Pulteney. The former is placed in Cochlicopa (Férus.) by Jeffreys and in the Conchological Society’s list; in the works of Forbes and Han- ley, Reeve and Turton (ed. Gray) it is assigned to Za of Leach, and finally in Norman’s ‘ Revision of British Mollusca’, lately issued, it is located in the genus Cvoned/a of Jeffreys. This difference of location is very unsatisfactory and con- fusing to British conchologists who may not have the oppor- tunity of investigating the subject themselves. I therefore lay before such students the history of the genera quoted, in order that they may judge of their respective merits. The whole difficulty has arisen through the partial publication of Leach’s Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, somewhere between the years 1820-1830. Dr. Gray states in the preface to the completed work, published in 1852, that ‘this work was in course of printing when the author was pre- vented from completing it by ill-health, in 1820. The first 116 pages were actually printed and the plates engraved, and more than one copy of the proofs were in circulation at the time of its interruption.’? The first quotation of this work appears in Turton’s Manual of J.and and Freshwater Shells published in 1831. Zua lubrica is given among the synonyms of Budimus lubricus, and V.each’s Azeca matont (=tridens ) is acknowledged on p. 68. The latter genus however had been established three years previously (1828) by Fleming, in his work on British Animals, p. 269. The next mention of Za appears to be in Gray’s edition of Turton, where (p. 187) it is accorded generic rank. This work was published in 1840, and it seems to me that the genus must take that year as the date of its publication, for the mere mention of it among the synonymy by Turton does not in my opinion entitle it to take the date of his work. x The mere distribution of a few copies of proofs certainly does not constitute publication, J-C.; vi., Apr., 1891. SMITH : NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA. 341 If Leach had published his Synopsis in 1820, both his names (Zva and Azeca) would have taken precedence of those subsequently proposed. The Cochlicopa of Férussac (1821) included all sorts of forms, and constituted his tenth subgenus of He/zx. He divided it into two groups, /o/ypheme (Montfort) and Stylotdes. In the first section he included A. priamus (Halia of modern authors, -amarine shell) and several well-known species of Glandina. In his second section (S¢yozdes) he placed a very miscellaneous group of species, including forms of Columna, Stenogyra, &c., and also A. lubrica, H. folliculus, Gronovius, and Felix acicula Muller. Such being the case, Cochlicopa, as originally proposed by Férussac, cannot be admitted. ‘However, in 1826 Risso! eliminated three of the above species and founded a genus for each. To H. dubrica he applied Feérussac’s name Cochlicopa, for HZ. folliculus he founded Férussacia, and for H. acicula he proposed the genus Aczcu/a,* at the same time altering the specific name to eburnea. Cionella was proposed by Jeffreys * in 1829 for the re- ception of A. lubrica, HZ. acicula,and C. elongata Jeff. (= Steno- gyra octona Chem. sp.). These three species are representatives of three different genera as now understood, and the first two of them, as already shown, had previously been located by Risso (1836) in Cochlicopa and Accula respectively. _ It is therefore quite evident that the name Cyonella cannot be employed for either of these British species. The question now arises whether we should place ZH. /ubrica, T. tridens and H. actcula in one, two, or three genera. Ff, acicula is so different, both conchologically and in respect of the animal, that its generic separation is imperative. It is quite t Hist. Nat. Europe, Mérid. vol. iv, pp. 79-81. 2 Preoccupied by Hartmann in 182. 3 Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi, p. 347. 342 SMITH: NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA. distinct from the true African Achatine, and was first of all generically separated by Blainville in 1817, who adopted a manuscript name proposed by Férussac. This is printed ‘ Cecliontdes’ in the ‘ Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturalles,’ vol. v., Suppl. p. 129. In the seventh volume of the same work (p. 332) this generic term is rendered in French ‘ Cecz/zorde.’ There can, I think, be little doubt that both these names are typographical errors, and that Férussac intended to refer to this little creature’s blindness, of which he was fully cognisant.’ Hermannsen in 1846 emended the spelling to Crectliordes, and Bourguignat in 1856, who objected to this term on account of its being an adjective, proposed as a substitute, Cecéiane/la. In connection with the term Vrv¢parus I have already stated my reasons for retaining such adjective names as these, which have been used in times past, and therefore in this instance also I propose to adhere to the name Cac:liordes. With regard to the other two species, namely, He/zx lubrica and Zurbo tridens, | am inclined to place them in distinct genera, the former in Cochlicopa (Risso ex Férussac) and the latter in Azeca (Leach) Fleming. The difference in the apertures of these two shells is very considerable. In Azeca tridens the outer lip is peculiarly sinu- ated at the upper part, and the thickening of the inner lip is remarkable, in addition to which the armature within forms another distinction. Risso’s genera érussacia and Cochlicopa are very closely related, and, by several authors have been united. The foot of the animal of 4¢russacia, however, is said to have a mucous pore, which is wanting in Coch@icopa. ABRIDGED SYNONYMY OF Ce@czltordes FERUSSAC, 1817 Cecliontdes (Férussac MSS.) Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. vol. v. Suppl. p. 129. 1817 Cectlioide (Férussac) Blainville, l.c. vol. vii. p. 332. 1 Vide his Essai d'une Méthode Conchyl. p. 77. J.C., vi., Apr., 1891. 1829 1853 1856 1862 1863 1890 1821 1826 1829 1840 1852 1853 1862 1863 1890 1828 1831 1840 1853 1862 1863 1890 SMITH : NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN GENERA. 343 Cionella part, Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 347. Achatina Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. vol. iv. p. 130. Cectianeila Bourg., Rev. et Mag. Zool, 1856, p. 378. Achatina Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. vol. i. p. 295. Achatina Reeve, Land and Freshwater Moll. p. 96. Cecilianella (Férussac) Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 337: Cochlicopa (FERUSSAC) RISSO. Flelix (Cochlicopa) part, Férussac, Prodrom., pp. 28 and 54. Cochlicopa Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. Meérid. vol. iv. p. 79. Cionella part, Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 347. Zua ‘Turton’s Manual, ed. Gray, p. 187. — Leach, Synopsis Moll. Gt. Brit. p, 81 (in proofs 1820, p. 114). — Forbes and Hanley, |. c. p. 125. Cochlicopa part, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. vol. i. p. 287. Zita reeves la Caps 92) Cionella Norman, |. c. p. 337. Aseca (LEACH) FLEMING. 4zeca (Leach MS.) Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 269. — ‘Turton, Man. Land and Freshwater Shells, p. 68. — Turton’s Man., ed. Gray, pp. 68, 110, 189. — Forbes and Manley, |. cp. 127. Cochlicopa part, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. vol. 1. p. 287. — BCCOMNEeVE, |. C. Pp: OAs Cionella (Azeca) Norman, |. c. p. 337. ACICULA @icé ACME. The little Budimus lineatus of Draparnaud is placed in Hartmann’s genus Acme by Forbes and Hanley, Jeffreys, Reeve, and most other English authors and also in the Conchological Society’s list. 344 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. In 1841 in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte (p. 225) Dr. Pfeiffer has shown that the name Aciez/a should be used in preference to that of Acme. The genus Acicula was proposed in 1821 by Hartmann? for the Bul. dineatus of Draparnaud. Later in the same year he changed the name to Acme’, and again in 1840 he placed this species in the genus Pupula of Agassiz. Hartmann assigned no reason for these changes, and there- fore if the law of priority is to be respected we must retain the name originally proposed, and this has been adopted by Kobelt, H. and A. Adams, Fischer, Woodward, Chenu, and others. P.S.—-Since writing the above I have been informed by Mr. R. B. Newton that the name Cyclostoma is not retainable, and that Pomatias should be substituted for it. He proposes to publish a Note upon the subject in the April number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. i Steinmiiller’s Neue Alpina, i 205. 215. 2 Sturm’s Deutschland’s Fauna, Abt. vi. Heft. 5, pp. 37, 49, pl. 1, f. 4; Heft 6, p. 2, figs. a, b, C, D. 3. Erd- und Susswassergaster. Heft. i. p. 5. ———_——_$-0->—__ —_- Helix hortensis m. sinistrorsum and m. scalari- forme in S. Devon.—In June, 1890, a very characteristic specimen of the m. seulariforme, 1$ths of an inch high and z’sths of an inch broad, was found about three feet up a white- thorn hedge, at Topsham, South Devon. Subsequently, a specimen of the m. s¢wtstrorsum was found in the same spot. Both were the yellow bandless form referable to v. /utea.— E. CoLirer, Manchester. Helix hortensis v. lutea 12045 at Dovedale.— In looking over some specimens of felix hortensts vy. lutea, taken at Dovedale in the autumn of last year, I found one with band formation, 12045. I thought, as this is an unusual band formula, it might be worth while to mention its capture.— H. Mines, Winster, near Derby, AZarch roth, r&or. J.C., vi., Apr., 1897. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 345 THE MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. By CLIFFORD BURKILL aAnp J. T. MARSHALL. (Read before the Conchologiczal Society, Dec. roth, 1890). Me. Clifford Burkill spent several months at Scilly during last summer, and added considerably to the species previously re- corded from those islands. In the ‘Journal of Conchology’ for January, 1885, will be found a long and valuable list, by Messrs. Smart and Cooke, of ‘The Marine Shells of Scilly’ To this we added a supple- mentary list, in January, 1889, of forty-seven additional species and varieties. ‘To this we now add thirty-six more, which will bring up the Scillonian marine record to very respectable proportions, especially considering the rare and _ interesting character of many of the captures. Most of the dredgings were from St. Mary’s Sound, the usual ‘roll’ from the Atlantic preventing any good dredging from that side of the islands in a small boat, added to which there was the usual difficulty with the boatmen, which appears to reach an acute stage in those islands. Perhaps the most interesting ‘find’ of this series is Azssoa Jeffreyst Waller. It has not occurred on the British coasts since it was found many years ago by Dr. Jeffreys in Shetland— ‘in sandy ground off Unst, the most northern of the British Isles, at eight to thirty miles from land, in 70-85 fathoms.’ It appears to be everywhere rare. Very few specimens were obtained in Scilly, and all are dead, but perfectly fresh. They are much larger and coarser than examples I have from Vadso, 346 BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. Upper Norway, or from the Atlantic coast of Ireland, with the exception of one specimen about one-third the size of the rest, showing the same tendency to dwarf inherent in many other species of Rissoa. Besides being larger and coarser, the longitudinal ribs predominate over the spirals, instead of zzce versa. It is a curious circumstance that several other species from Scilly are unusually coarsely sculptured, viz:—W2. vedtcu- lata, R. punctura, Trophon muricatus, etc., the latter so much so as to be taken at first sight for Z: darvicensts. Three new varieties are added:—Odostomia spiralis var. coarctata, O. pusilla var. minuscula, and Certthiopsis concatenata (pulchella) var. lactea. The following are the additions :— Lima subauriculata Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound, live. Messrs. Smart and Cooke have already recorded ‘one or two valves.’ Lepton nitidum Turt.—St. Mary’s Sound. L. nitidum var. convexum Ald.—St. Mary’s Sound. Lucina spinifera Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound. Cardium minimum Phil.—Muncoy Neck, two small valves. Not previously found on the English coasts with the exception of a single valve dredged by Mr. Marshall off Guernsey some years ago. Thracia papyracea var. villosiuscula Macg.—St. Mary’s Sound. Xylophaga dorsalis Turt.—St. Mary’s Sound. Chiton hanleyi Bean.—St. Mary’s Sound. A perfect example and several plates. C. cancellatus Sow.—St. Mary’s Sound. C. leevis Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound. Several plates dredged, and a perfect specimen from low water found by Mr. Ruthven Sykes. Rissoa jeffreysi Waller.—East of St. Mary’s, Menavawr, JKC Whos, Bev, welt BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 347 and Muncoy, 30-40 fathoms. Several examples were obtained in the dredgings of 1888. R. punctura var. diversa Jeff_—Menavawr and St. Mary’s Sound. R. parva var. exilis Jeff—St. Mary’s Sound. R. fulgida Adams.—St. Mary’s Sound, dredged dead. R. cingillus var. rupestris Forb.—St. Mary’s Sound, shore. Jeffreysia opalina Jeff.—St. Mary’s Sound, dredged dead. Homalogyra rota F. & H.—St. Mary’s Sound. H. atomus Phil.—St. Mary’s Sound. Aclis gulsone var. tenuicula Jeff—Menavawr. Odostomia warreni Thomp.—Menayawr and St. Mary’s Sound. O. turrita var. nana Jeff.—Menavawr and St. Mary’s Sound. O. insculpta var. la@vissima Sars.—St. Mary’s Sound. O. spiralis var. coarctata Marsh., n.v. — Shell nearly cylindrical, in consequence of having a narrower base, and the last whorl not projecting beyond the penultimate one, with a deeper suture. It is analogous to O. inter- stincta var. suturalis. Occurs occasionally with the type, but is rare. O. pusilla var. minuscula Marsh., n.y.—Shell a miniature of the type, and corresponding to the dwarf form of O. /actea. I have this variety from Jersey, Torbay, Southport, Bar- mouth and Aberdovey in Wales, and from Skegness. © Mr. Stanley Cox has also dredged it off Teignmouth, and Mr. Sturges Dodd at Connemara. It has probably been hitherto overlooked. O. acicula var. turris Jeff.— Muncoy, Menavawr, and St. Mary’s. Found with the type. This form appears to take the place of O. ventricosa, which does not seem to occur at Scilly. O. nitidissima Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound. 348 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Eulima latipes Wats., n.s.—Menavawr and St. Mary’s Sound. A detailed account of this species was given in the last number of the Journal. E. intermedia var. rubro-tincta Jeffi—St. Mary’s Sound. Cerithiopsis concatenata var. lactea Marsh., n.v.—Shell milk white. Found east of St. Mary’s. C. barleei Jeff.—St. Mary’s Sound. Lachesis minima var. pallescens Jeff.—St. Mary’s Sound. Defrancia leufroyi Mich.—St. Mary’s Sound. D. purpurea var. oblonga Jeff.—St. Mary’s Sound. D. reticulata Ren.—St. Mary’s Sound. Philine catena Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound and Menavawr. P, punctata var. cingulata Marsh.—St. Mary’s Sound. SEVENOAKS, TORQUAY. VERTIGO MOULINSIANA Dupuy IN DORSETSHIRE. By ROBERT STANDEN. (Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. roth, 1890). AT the meeting of the Manchester Branch of the Conchological Society, on December 11th, 1890, I had the pleasure of ex- hibiting a splendid series of this rare Vertigo, received from my esteemed correspondent, Mr. Chas. O. P. Cambridge. In an interesting communication, accompanying the shells, Mr. Cambridge informs me that he first took the species at Morden during the summer of 1889, but only got a few, and in January, 1890, sent specimens to Leeds for identification, as he did not know what it was. During the summer of the present year, however, he again found a better place for it, not far away from the last, and has, altogether, collected about 200 speci- mens. They were all found on the stems of bulrushes and Jn@s vies Apr, weom. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 349 large water-sedges above a marshy piece of ground near a large stream. What becomes of the shells during winter is rather a mystery, for all the plants die off, and the whole place is generally about two feet under water. The shells sit very much exposed on all parts of the plants and do not appear-to move about very much. As regards their existence during the winter, under the conditions described by Mr. Cambridge, I think it highly probable that they creep into the stems of the bulrushes, &c., for shelter, and hibernate there. Mr. Cambridge informs me that he has made no record of his important dis- covery, and requests me to do so; a task which affords me great pleasure, knowing that it will be of deep interest to many brother conchologists. December 18th, 1890. NOTES ON THE FOOD) OF SOME, OF THE BRITISH M@OELUSKS: By W. A. GAIN, Tuxrorp, Newark, NOorTTs. (Read before the Conchological Society, Oct. 8th, 1890). THE following tables show the results of several years of obser- vation. The colonies of each species varied in number, but were generally composed of from half a dozen to a dozen individuals; in the case of Zimax /evis the number often fell below this, and Helix cantiana and H. virgata, being shy feeders in confinement, necessitated a much larger number, fifty and occasionally more being often fed together. Each colony occupied a flower-pot, partly filled with earth, which was moistened from time to time, the pot being covered with perforated zinc kept in place by a weight, 350 GAIN; FOOD OF SOME OF THE BRITISH MOLLUSKS, Frequently several kinds of food were supplied at the same time, removed one after another as they were attacked by the inhabitants, and fresh supplies of the uneaten put in place of the stale or withered. When any kind of food was eaten with such avidity as showed it to be a special favourite, the number 4 is used (this only rarely occurs); 3 shows that the food was taken freely; 2, less freely; 1, just touched, generally after two or three days starvation; and o is only used when the food, kept fresh by frequent renewal (no other being supplied) has been untouched for at least three days. I kept two colonies of Avion hortensis—one of the type, and another of the var. swbfusca. It will be noticed that there is a marked difference in their likes and dislikes. The variety being less common than the type, this colony was naturally smaller than the other, and perhaps individualism may account for some of the variations. ‘This is a subject which I hope to investigate more fully. I have observed that the fact of a species having been found ona certain plant is no proof that at least in confinement. this species will feed on the plant I expected to discover the reason of the habit recorded of Z. arborum—that of ascending trees. ‘The fact is that it did not eat the foliage of any of our ordinary forest trees, nor any fungus or other growth found on trees; the various insects found on trees, or at least several! of them, were also tried without result. The Zonites with which I have experimented frequently remained for several days without eating, although supplied with their favourite foods; on this account I make no mention of negative results, simply giving a list of foliage, &c., which I have found them eat in captivity. Helix sericea, H. caperata, and Bulimus obscurus, 1 had, for a short time only, and in small numbers, so the negative results are not given. The plants experimented with are in all cases of the same species as those mentioned in the table, and the figures, when given, are used for the same purpose. J.C., vi., Apr., 1891. GAIN; FOOD OF SOME OF THE BRITISH MOLLUSKS. 351 Flelix sericea.—Foliage of potato, 3; cornbine, 1; dandelion, 3; groundsel, 3; speedwell, 1; white dead nettle, 1; creeping loosestrife, 1; persicaria, 2; caper spurge, 1; elm, 3; cab- bage, 3; lettuce, 3; white turnip, 2; scarlet runner, 3; beet, 1; Aoletus edulis, 1; withered red clover, 3; cooked potato, 2; grass; moss. Felix caperata.—Pea; red clover; nettle. Bulimus obscurus.—Cooked potato, 2. Zonites cellarius.—Lettuce leaves, 3; the fruit of the raspberry, 4. Z, nitidulus.—L.esser celandine, 1; cornbine, 2; bryony, 1; thistle when half decayed, 3; foliage of the onion, 3; houseleek, 2; raspberry fruit, 4; potato root, carrot root, 3; leaves and roots of the two species of turnip, 2; Agaricus procerus, 2; and the two species of Russa, 3. _Z, alliarius.—Rejected most of the foods offered, but ate freely of lettuce leaves and cooked potato. Z. nitidus.—Appears to feed principally on moist dead leaves; my colony ate those of the oak, chestnut, and lime, besides the fresh leaves of lettuce, cabbage, scarlet runners, and onions, roots of carrot and turnip, and cooked potato. Cyclostoma elegans is another feeder on dead leaves, oak, lime, ash, and elm, preferring those which have lain a year on the ground, but refusing them when dropping to pieces through decay. I kept a few individuals in a glass jar for twelve months with no other food, renewing the leaves from time to time; they also ate mushrooms, turnip root, ripe raspberries, and the foliage of the radish and meadow- sweet. This species appears to have periods of feeding, remaining at other times with the mouth of the shells firmly closed by the operculum; those active periods fre- quently occur in the depth of winter. Succinea putris ate freely of lettuce leaves, the score or so of other foods being left untouched except the leaves of the great willow-herb, 352 GAIN: FOOD OF SOME OF THE BRITISH MOLLUSKS. © CON Auf Nb In the following List of Plants, the foliage is the part used, unless stated other- wise. Buttercup Ranunculus repens Corn Crowfoot Ranunculus arvensis Lesser Celandine Razunculaus ficaria Barberry Berber7s vulearis | Red Poppy Lapaver rheas Wallflower Chetranthus cheiri Charlock Szzapis arvens?s... Violet Viola odorata Red Robin Lychais diurina Chickweed Stellaria media Sutchwort Sve//arza holostea Mallow A/alva sylvestris Lime 77a europea Perforated St. John’s Wort t Hp cum perfor atum se : Maple Acer campestie 40 300 Sycamore Acer pseudo-platanus Herb Robert Gerazcum robertianiwm Blue Crane’s Bill Geranzum pratense Buckthorn Ahamnus catharticus ... Furze Ulex europaeus 500 Woad Genista tinctoria Broom Sarothamnus scoparius Rest Harrow Oxonis arvensis Red Clover 77¢folium pratense White Clover 7rifolium repens Bird’s-Foot Trefoil Lotzs major .. Shoes-and-Stockings Lotus cornziculatus ... Vetch Victa sativa ... aN: ape es Sloe Prezus communis ... Meadowsweet Spzvea ulmaria ... abe Avens Geum urbanum aye ba Silverweed Poteztilla anserina ... Creeping Cinquefoil Potentclia reptans Blackberry Rzbes friticosus Agrimony Agremonia erwpatoria ... ee Rose Rosa cania ... O00 s00 bo Mountain Ash Pyres aucuparia Hawthorn Crategus oxyacantha ... Great Willow Herh Epilobium ht “sudum Marsh Willow Herb 2 f7lobium ae Bryony Gryonza dioica Houseleek Sempervivum tectorum Houseleek Sempervivum tectorum root ... Stonecrop Sedum acre 58¢ vor London Pride Seaz/aga umbrosa st — Arion ater NRwOBONNNODDDAODAOONNOWNHWNHOHONOOH ON NO O2 02 NN Oo G2 WWW Nb WD OO Arion subfuscus Oo meONNN OOF OF ONO O00 (oe) G2 Go B G2 WOO .& [6 3 S Ss OC SIs ¥ PRs SY ISS SS ol ©} © A || Or ©) I 2 I mo) I 2 GO| © I Oo 2 2 2 yo) Bi Bo I Oo! o I Ol} C A || 2 I I fo) I 2 I I NNODDDCDDDADDADDAOCONDOADCDADDODOAOOOOOO0O00 OWODDDOKFOODODOOKRFOOOCDOONDOOOOOHH CNODDDDDOD00ODOCONHONDOHOOOOOHOO OS WEN OFS © OS SNES Ofs BNeS Meo MEX OM OM MEE eS Neo 6 HMeNeney Hes Fey | Amalia gagates On (oe) (oe) J.C., vi., Apr., 1892. 353 GAIN: FOOD OF SOME OF THE BRITISH MOLLUSKS. vpidsry xyary COONDONDOODDOH DODDODOOHOOMMOONDOODODOO00O0MHOOMM OO vwpunjos xyary ©CCOCDODTDOHOHXNDOD DODDODDDOHODODODDZDDO0000000000000 oo DIDEAI LU AFT ° nse) a + © ©8 © o) © © © ©© © © © © DUDIUYI XUALT O° ee) OM OESA Ore ° Se) a © ©8 © © © 6 UMNAO{SHOLD al Oo AQ GAS 4 eae Oe NOH oe MMOONOMNDNDOHOMOOOMNM AO LU aTT sesuapuoy xyary OMODDONDODDOOHO DODDOHOOHOHDOOOD0000000000000NTD OO SYpsoulan xUaZy OMONDONNDDOOHA DCDODODOHONHHODODODDODD0O0000HOO000 oOo Ds4agsp xUjazyT HOONONMANOHOM HONDOHAHMONNDOOMOOHODOONDNDOOMNA OO SHULINDUL XDULLT OOM) CCHS OO. ©) Ch SCPODDDDDOHOOODOHOOODDOODODO000000 00 wnLogAD xvuaT OO GOPPVGOSOSO OC GSPOAMGPGPGOMDAPSOOAND@DIOODOODDAOOOO®D OO S122 XDULT ¥ mm ONMANNO fo) e000 aoooo fo) i.) ooa fo) SUSILSD KDULT NONODONOMNANONO SOG COS SUN O CACO GO O'S RCC ORT snanyf xvunry POPPDADOOOOOOOOGH GOOG OOOOOPUOOOOOOODDOOOOOOOOOOMOH OS DIVULS.LDUL OMHANMMONOOMM NAONHOHOONMANNONHAMODOO0OMMOAMA OO D1 DU BEA Ps QNOF Ne VE Sle Se SUR IA aan yen en a a yam rena W 354 GAIN: FOOD OF SOME OF THE BRITISH MOLLUSKS. In the following List of Plants the foliage is the part used, unless stated other- wise. Scotch Lovage Lagzsticum scoticum ‘ Billar, Cow- Parsnip Heracleum Ee Hemlock Conium mac wulatum Shepherd’s Needle Scandzx er Ivy Hedera helix : Elder Sambucus nigra BS Honeysuckle Lonicera per. yclymenum Crosswort Galzum cructatum Cleavers Galum aparine Teazle Dipsacus sylvestris ... Scabious Scabzosa columbarta Sowthistle Sovchus oleraceus Dandelion Leontodon taraxacum ... Thistle Czzzcus lanceolatus ... Thistle Crzzcus arvensis Knapweed Certaurea nigra Tansy Zanacetum vulgare ... Butterbur Pitasztes vulgarés Coltsfoot 72sszlago farfara Groundsel Sereczo vulgaris Ragwort Sezecto jacobea Fleabane Pulicarza dysenterica Oxeye Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Corn Marigold Chrysanthemum segetum ... Wild Chamomile (Vatricaria chamomilla Milfoil (Yarrow) Achzllea ptarmica Bellflower Campanula latifolia Hairbell Campanula rotunadzfolia ... Heather Calluna vilegarts ... sie ee Holly Lex aquifolium pis one Seo Privet Ligustrum vulgare ... : Ash Fraxtinius excelsior Periwinkle Vinca major Convolvulus Calystegza sepium : Forget-me-not AZyosotis arvensis ... Nightshade Solanum dulcamara Brooklime Veronica beccabunga Bird’s Eye Veronica agrestis Foxglove Digitalis purpurea Toadflax Linaria cymbalaria Bugle Ajuga reptans 5 Dead Nettle Lamzum album Woundwort Stachys sylvatica Self-heal Prunella vulgaris Primrose Primula vulearis : Creeping Loosestrife Lys. nummularia « A.—The flower only. O HW WWW OW HHWOWWN OF OWW DN OWW HWWWN OD HWWW HW NWWAWWWWLW = Arion ater Avion subfusca WHWHROONOWOOW ON O RWW O WH ORONO > OW Oo WO NW Or var. sabfuscus Arion hortensts Arion OWNDDDOWODODODDDIDIAONWONNODO CODD HOOHOONONONOOONNOHHOOHNODOOHHHOKNHHNONNKHNHONWOO | Arion hortensis OOHODOOOHF OHH OWNKNNHNODONWOONDOHWODOOHNOOHODOOHWWNOWN ODO HONDNOONROWODONHNODDOOWOOOH bourgutgnati Amalia gagates | | He NWNH OW FR NOONW HW OND FPOWWO NW ND HWW OW FH HOWE NWH NWWWD J.C., vi., July, 1891. 354) GAIN: FOOD OF SOME OF THE BRITISH MOLLUSKS. wpadsry x2 °H OmMmMOaO0000 9000000000 0H MA COKOOMMHOODOONDOOOHOMHOOOO DynpUunzoL SOOT OO CIOOOOO SOO OOOO ES MOG OOO NObeoao. cone VAT a Sa Sem Enos sees Rees ee : a Dyws11a xeary | OnH OOn Mea COMNNOO (©) (©) (©) {e) (©) On ise) (O) (e) Q ON punejuvs xyapy | OH MH HOmN O (Se) OoORN [o) O0000 on SA ©) ie) {e) (oe) eae i nt ag ents EES oO UNAOISHYLD Grammar Mo NO ON MMM cnrmmayoOMAHMMAMOOCONMHONOONMNUeNeS «yay | Sa i ee ee HEAT TEL | 24000000000 mMENHNDDOOHNOONMODD00000000000ND0O | poe c ee | OWOMOMOONDOOOHOHHHNHOOOCOONNMODDODO0NDOOOGIOOOODOO | wsiagsp syary | PREGA) TN Sets H Ce) TOV SeNMS) TSIM eA EtmoHo Mole Me) (ol le) t=1- 6) EMM em ele Gay Galena SmuUaxDUE = g S Sy y is the part used, unless stated other- 8 5 iS ~ S © aS wise. BS BS 8 8 4 S§ iS NS N N S S[& SS NG SGP SSS NS xX 184] Onion J| O} Si Si sis 185 | Onion root ae 3 al Bl ©} BZ 186| Onion root, cooked... 3 ©| OO} 2} 3 187| Leek... Sie| sie oik a v2 188} Rhubarb... 3 A OQ Bil 2 189| Khubarb stalk B | Oo fe} fe} 2 190| Mint ... Bi ©} ©} ©] O| 2 Igi| Sage .-.. SH Of Ol Ob Bi] =z 192| Thyme ie Sop fo) I Oo} oO I 193] Orange Peel 1B oo 3 PRN eed fo"). I< 2 194| Earth Worms 3 Al @\ ©} 2 195| Raw Mutton 3 Rl uy Bil B 196| Cooked Mutton 3 Byala ah [ho 3 197| Cannibalism... C ... x B.—The white portion only eaten, except by Avion ater, which ate the whole. c.—In confinement these slugs eat the slime off each other and with it portions of the skin. Helix arbustorum var. canigonensis Boubeé.—The shells of this species which I formerly considered to be the var. repellint on further examination and study induce me to think would be more correctly referred to var. canigonensis Boubeé. The most peculiar feature of this var. is that it is entirely desti- tute of the beautiful and characteristic marblings which form so striking a feature in the normal form, the shells being uniformly coloured but marked with the usual peripheral band, and thus bearing great resemblance to some of the members of the South European genus Campylza. This variety has been found at Bishopthorpe, near York, by Mr. J. E. Morland; at Bell Busk, Yorkshire, by Mr. Madison; and at Clitheroe, in Lancashire, by Mr. R. Wigglesworth, and received its name from its first- noticed occurrence being at St. Martin du Canigou in the Pyrenees.—J. W. Taytor, April 25th, r89r. J-C., vi., July, 1891, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 301 Se x8 Sle als 3 SS LS | ce |) SoS SBS | 8) OS Beas 1S SSS Sl Sal Na SS) SS SS as RS Se | RN SE SSS SS RTS | eS SESS 4S | SS SESS | Sp S Nes es SS] SP SS | SAS Sea eae] oe |e Be SSS LS TS SS SRS] cs LS S| | ue ys S aS cS oS | SS Se aS TS HS Si Sis ls S ISIS ISIS PSs sles Peps yas 184 | 3]| 2) 3 ©}, 33523 |) SmSn aes 2) a3 ies 105 | 2] @] a ©] ©} Bi 2] i) a © | 2 1 | Bil Bi © BUM 2% se | lee o ial Ops tae Oo} oO ia | 27, ©) Sil. Sil Ch OO} sa 2] ei Bl el ar 3] oe ists) || 2) 1 Oil B ©] uy aaa ii 3 © || 2 189 2 © |) © ©] ©] GO| GO] GO| 2 Oo} O 100.) 2) ©} 2 ©/| ©| Of ©| O| 2i-o} ©| O]| © Ig! I © || © fo) | 2B! ©] ©| ©} OG} ©} OG} © 12] ©] O| © ©) ©| GO| ©O| ol @ 0} o| oO 1g || 2i 2] 2 ©] ©] Bi 2] ai 2 © || 2 194 | 3] O] oO ©} ©| ©} O| oO] o Oo} oO 1x | Bi] ©} 2 I 196 |} 3] O| 2 I 197 x J ne NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF EAST SUSSEX. By J. H. A. JENNER, F.E.S. (Read before the Conchological Society, April 8th, 1892). In 1884 I compiled a List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of East Sussex, which showed the species then known to inhabit the vice-county and formed a basis for future work. Since that time some considerable attention has been devoted to the subject by myself and by my friends, Messrs. T. S. Hillman and C. H. Morris, and some interesting additions —mostly among varieties—have been made. Our work has, however, been chiefly confined to the Ouse drainage district, and some portions of the county still require further investiga- tion. Among the additions are the following :— Paludina vivipara L. ‘This was inadvertently omitted from my list. It occurs in Pevensey Levels (vide ‘Zoologist,’ Dec., 1885), but I have never yet seen Sussex specimens. 362 JENNER: MOLLUSCA OF EAST SUSSEX. Limnzea peregra var. marginata Mich.—Taken by Mr. C. H. Morris in an isolated pond on the Downs, near Lewes. This curious form perhaps arises from excess of calcareous matter in the water, as at times the pond is thick with chalky mud brought down by the rains. L. palustris var. elongata Moq.—Occurs in the Winter- bourne Stream, Lewes. L. truncatula var. minor Moq.—Taken near Lewes by Mr. Morris. Helix aspersa Miill.—The following additional varieties have Var. Var. Var. Var. Var. now occurred near Lewes, viz :— conoidea Picard. globosa Mog. zonata Mog. undulata Mog. flammea Picard. A very large proportion of the Lewes specimens approach either fummea or undulata in colouring and are generally very dark ; forms approaching gvzsea being rare. In gardens in the town an especially dark race occurs, in some cases being very nearly zigrescens Mog. At New- haven, where I discovered a small colony of exalbida, I found two specimens almost exactly intermediate in colouring between that variety and an undulata form which occurred with them. H. nemoralis var. hyalozonata Tayl. has occurred singly H. at Lewes. A fine form of var. roseolabiata Taylor occurs in one locality near Lewes, with band formule 12345, 00300, and oo000. When living these shells have a greenish tint from the body of the animal showing through the pale yellow shell. They are certainly not hybrids, but are in my opinion an approach to albinism. cantiana Mont. — Vars. rubescens Mog. and alba J.C., vi., July, 1897. JENNER: MOLLUSCA OF EAST SUSSEX. 363 Colb. may now be added, both occurring in distinct localities near Lewes. H. carthusiana var. alba Jenner. New variety. Shell, pure milk-white; mouth and rib, white. Mr. T. S. Hillman took a single specimen of this very beautiful variety in 1889 near Lewes, and I met with several specimens in a neighbouring locality in 1890. H. carthusiana var. major Jenner. New variety. _ Shell much larger than the type, 15 mills. in diameter. Occurs in several spots near Lewes. H. rufescens var. rubens Mog. Occurs not uncommonly near Lewes. . H. virgata DaCosta.—The following varieties have now been found :— Var. nigrescens Grat. Lewes. Var. leucozona Taylor. Wilmington. Var. hypozona Mog. Seaford and Alfriston. Var. subalbida Poiret. Seaford, Newhaven, and several other localities. Var. albicans Grat.—With the last variety. I have noticed that these two varieties usually occur together. Var. picta Jenner. New variety. Shell banded with rich purple brown, the bands broken by white dashes and spots, arranged in a radiate manner, usually with a white band at the periphery. This very pretty variety occurs not uncommonly near Rye, Sussex—large on the sand-hills, and smaller and more highly coloured in the marshes near. Of var. alba I discovered a very large colony near Newhaven, in 1888, and it appears to occur there every year in more or less abundance. When alive the black body of the animal shows through the translucent markings, so that at a distance the shell resembles the ordinary form, except for its greater whiteness. H. caperata Mont.—Vars. subscalaris Jeff, bizonalis 364 JENNER : MOLLUSCA OF EAST SUSSEX. Mogq., and fulva Mog. have now all been found near Lewes. H. ericetorum Miill.— Add the following varieties :— Var. leucozona Mog. Downs near Lewes. Var. major Loc. Specimens from Eastbourne, 20 mills. in diameter. Vars. bizonalis, bicolor, and monozona. Near Lewes and Seaford. Var. subpellucida Jenner. New variety. Shell with brown translucent banding, through which the body of the animal appears black. Wilmington Hill, Sussex. Bulimus acutus Mull.—This species is now quite lost to East Sussex, the ground where it occurred at Eastbourne having been built upon. The form which occurred there was white, opaque, and very large, some specimens reaching 18 mills. in length. I have searched the coast of Sussex, from Brighton to Rye, in every likely place, without finding another locality for this shell, and it seems most probable that this now extinct colony was introduced. _ Clausilia rolphii var. curta Jenner. New variety. Shell of the same diameter as the type, but much shorter. Length, 11 mills. Lewes, with the type. Monst. decollata Jenner.— Shell decollated, upper whorls wanting. Occurs at Lewes with the type. C. laminata var. pellucida Jeff.—Occurs sparingly at Lewes with the type. Var. tumidula Jenner.—New variety. Shell shorter, spire more attenuate, length only 14 mills., with one whorl less than the type. (Some shells of C. Jaminata, which Mr. Hillman collected at Hartley Maudit, Hants., are 18—1g9 mills. in length). This paper is not intended as a complete list of the addi- tions to East Sussex, but merely to enumerate some of the more interesting. J.C., vi., July, 1891. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 365 THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. By THE Rev. R. BOOG WATSON, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. (Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 2oth, 1890). MADEIRA ls a group of small volcanic islands which rise steeply out of deep water some two hundred miles south of Gibraltar and about three hundred miles from the west coast of Africa, from which they are cut off by a deep submarine depression. They include— 16 Madeira proper.—35 miles long and 14 miles broad, rising to over 7,000 feet above the sea. Porto Santo.—3o miles N.E. of Madeira, but with deep water between ; 1,600 to 1,700 feet high. The Desertas.—Three uninhabited islands, which are respectively 300, 1,600 and 1,300 feet high. They lie twelve miles off the eastern extremity of Madeira, but connected by a narrow submarine bank 70 fathoms below water. They stretch 15 miles S.E., are nowhere more than a mile wide, and are cut through by two narrow and shallow sea channels. The Selvagens, which belong to this group rather politi- cally than geographically—for they are cut off by very deep water, and are distant 150 miles to the S.S.E. of Madeira, while only roo miles north of Teneriffe. They are three uninhabited islands, separated some ten miles from one another. ‘The largest is three miles long by three-quarters of a mile broad, and 300 or 400 feet high. The marine mollusca of this group of islands, so far as I possess them, were, in the main, gathered by myself during a residence which extended from 1864 to 1874. 366 WATSON: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. Much of the dredging work was done by boatmen, who simply emptied the dredge into large boxes of my providing, in which by the time they reached me nearly all animal life was extinct. Some dead shells were bought from fishermen who brought them from Porto Santo, but such specimens I have reckoned as quite untrustworthy for determining a doubtful habitat. A very few were obtained through a friend from the Selvagens, which are visited every year for the purpose of col- lecting Barrilha (soda obtained by burning the A/embryan- themum crystallinum L.), Orchil, a dye-lichen (feocella tinctorta L.), and Cagarras (Procellaria anglorum Temm.)—sea-birds which when salted are still prized in Madeira as much as they formerly were here. Besides my own gatherings those of the Rev. R. T. Lowe unexpectedly came into my hands. He seems, for nearly fifty years, to have collected interruptedly from 1826 till his lamented death in April, 1874, when the ‘‘ Liberia” steamer with all on board disappeared in the Bay of Biscay. Mr. Vernon Wollaston, his executor —now deceased— sent Mr. Lowe’s marine shells to me for publication, being himself too busy with his great work on “ Atlantic Coleoptera” to under- take other work however congenial. The material thus sent me was in its mass bulky, but had not received very careful study ; it consisted, thus, mainly of common shells, had less than half a dozen species not already in my own list, and the more difficult groups were not quite fully defined. Still, throughout, it bore the stamp of the conscientious care, labour, and knowledge of all Mr, Lowe’s scientific work. The speci- mens were often many where mine were few, and good where mine were poor—so that his stock greatly enriched my own; but a good many of my rare species were absent from his collection. The very narrow margins of fresh additions to my list surprised me, for the impression I had carried away from my own dredgings was that I had got but a small part of the marine mollusca of Madeira, and even now I believe that some J.C., vi., July, 1891 WATSON: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. 367 future worker will gather here a rich harvest. Still, Mr. Lowe’s collection as compared with my own shows that the marine shells of Madeira have now been brought together in a much larger proportion than I had supposed. The fullest list of the marine shells of Madeira is that published by McAndrew, who dredged, as he says, “‘for a few days” in Funchal Bay, and gave the result in his reports to the British Association in the year 1850. Imperfect as his list necessarily was it showed that the marine mollusca are like the whole terrestrial fauna and flora of the island in the main Mediterranean. That is perhaps all most people care to know, still it is strange that McAndrew’s list has not long ago been supplemented. Last year, however, Senhor Augusto Nobre, of Oporto, published in the Instituto of Coimbra a list of shells collected by Senhor Ernesto Schmitz, Madeira. More interest might have been expected than has been shown in this field, but several causes have probably conspired to hinder much work here being done. ‘Thus, visitors to Madeira, though many are mainly invalids who are not able for the fatigue and exposure of which a good deal is inevitable in collecting, for—very few spots of the shore are accessible—in most places the sea-edge is a surf-beaten precipice, and even those parts which are accessible present often a mere mass of rolled shingle. Not that even this shingle is destitute of shells, for if a sheitered place be chosen and a pit two or three feet deep below high water mark be cleared out, Melampus, Pedipes, Assiminea, Rissoa, Odostomia, &c., may often be found. But further the furious surf, which never ceases, destroys loose shells and makes many parts of the shore quite unapproachable. Thus near Funchal, where almost exclusively visitors congregate, there is only one strip of the sea margin of about one hundred yards long which is sheltered, and the only bit of sandy beach on the south side of the island is four hours’ distant. It has repeatedly happened that after a sail of some hours I have been unable to effect a landing on the piece of shore for which I was 368 WATSON: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. bound, and when at work one was constantly liable to be caught by a heavier wave than usual, such as actually surprised a friend of my own—rolled him over and over among the rocks and, washing him out to sea, scarce parted with him alive. While these are the difficulties of the shore, the constant heavy swell of the Atlantic all round the coast makes dredging always disagreeable and arduous, often impossible. ‘Thus my dredge was on one occasion away for many months on the stormy north-coast waiting for weather in which the boatmen could go to work, and in this case the delay proved the more vexatious as the dredgings when sent to me at last proved to be torrent sand, carried from the land far out to sea, but blank. The nature of the bottom, too, always proved very dangerous, and from some unexplained cause the dredge often came up empty. Then, besides all this, one has to deal with boatmen utterly untrained in dredging work—always, in at least the matter of truth speaking, reckless—often quite impracticable, holding as they did that one who employed them on such work was a madman—impervious alike to money and to good words—and even at the best requiring an amount of time, patience, and command of the language, not at the disposal of every one. Before giving the list of my own collection, as I hope to do later on, I may offer some remarks on Mr. McAndrew’s list and on that of Senhor Nobre. . Mr. McAndrew names for Madeira 127 species—adding unnamed 29 more, or 156 in all. Of these species got at Madeira and of such as he collected at the Canary Islands, Mr. McAndrew presented many specimens to the British Museum, and his own complete collection he left to Cambridge University. Unfortunately Mr. McAndrew did not keep apart his dredgings from different places, but both in the British Museum and at Cambridge there are notes of locality on the labels of different specimens which supply most valuable in- formation. At the British Museum Dr. Ginther obligingly gave me full access to the specimens and allowed me to have J-C., vi., July, 1891. ' WATSON: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. 369 the very able help of Mr. Edgar Smith. At Cambridge I was deeply indebted for kindness to the Vice-Chancellor and to Mr. Clark, the Curator of the Anatomical Museum, besides private friends. I regret tnat the pressure of other duties has for 14 years prevented me turning these very favourable oppor- tunities of study to any general good. Of Mr. McAndrew’s 127 named species, two must have slipped into his list by mistake, viz., Dertalium dentalis and LVeritina viridis. Both of them are marked as ‘frequent,’ but of neither, I think, has any specimen been since got at Madeira. In neither the British Museum nor the Cambridge collection do any specimens from Madeira exist, though some are marked as having been got at the Canaries. A third species, also noted as ‘frequent,’ but which has escaped all other seekers, and does not exist in the B. M. Madeira specimens, is AZarginella guancha—a species not un- common in the Canaries as Mr. McAndrews collection at Cambridge testifies, though d’Orbigny, its author (Moll. d. Can., p. 88) believes it to be ‘assez rare.’ I had no doubt that with the two previous it ought to be excluded from the Madeira list, but to my amazement I came on a solitary specimen of it quite lately in sand which distinctly bears the label ‘from Madeira.’ It seems to me certain then, that it must be erased from McAndrew’s list in any case, and can only be admitted at all as ‘doultful’ into the Madeira reckoning. Mr. McAndrew’s named list, then, contains 124 species which with a few exceptions are correctly named. The excep- tions are these— kissoa purpurea.—This, as has already been pointed out by Manzoni (Journ. de Conch., xvi., 248, 1868), is a mere slip of the memory for 2. wolacea Desmarest. Chiton fascicularis. —Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., ITI, 212) in quoting McAndrew’s localities for these species remarks ‘that some of the southern localities which have been published probably belong to Chzton adiscrepans.’ This is certainly the XxX 370° WATSON : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. : case for Madeira, where C. dscrepans Brown is frequent, as McAndrew found his species to be, but where C. fascicularis L. is unknown. The Madeiran species in the British Museum, and the specimens from Canary at Cambridge, both marked as C. fascicularis, are discrepans. Bulla ampulla.—No Madeiran specimens exist at Cam- bridge, but in the British Museum there is a card marked ‘B. ampulla, Canary,’ to which are attached some young Bullas in bad condition, and one bit of a full-grown shell, which last, though the locality is discordant, is no doubt the identical ‘fragment’ mentioned at p. 41 of McAndrew’s list as got at Madeira. All these specimens are B. punctata A. Ad. (Sow., Thes. Conch., II, 557, sp. 53, cxxiil., 77), [the nomenclature of which I reserve for further discussion], a species unquestionably different, but so far similar in colour as to make mere fragments difficult of identification. Pecten maximus McAndrew marks as ‘rare, young.’ No specimens of this species from Madeira exist either in the British Museum or at Cambridge; and the solitary specimen from Canary thus marked by McAndrew is P. jacobeus L. Pecten opercularis.—‘One minute specimen’ is the entry against this for Madeira, and ‘one small specimen’ for the Canaries; and in his ‘Geog. Distrib.,’ p. 29 and p. 42, he adds a query to both of these identifications. From Madeira no specimen of this species is to be found either in the British Museum or at Cambridge, but from the Canaries a single very young specimen of McAndrew’s exists in the British Museum— it is marked P. ofercularis, but is P. gibbus = commutatus Montero. Deducting these five species, 119 are left; but of these four species, though possible, are very doubtful inhabitants of Madeira, having rewarded no other collector. Poromya granulata.—The solitary valve of this species which McAndrew mentions in his list exists neither in his own collection at Cambridge nor among his gifts to the British J.C., vi., July, 1893. WATSON : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. 371 Museum. I think he must hastily have taken for it a very young and perhaps not very well preserved specimen of Zhracia pubescens, which in that condition somewhat resembles it. Pectunculus siculus—It is very remarkable that this species which McAndrew marks ‘frequent’ should have entirely escaped all but McAndrew. Both in the British Museum and at Cam- bridge several specimens of this species are marked as from the Canaries, but there are none from Madeira, so that the name has probably crept in by mistake. Murex cristatus, ‘rare.’ ‘There are no specimens of this species from Madeira in either of the museums. One of the new species found by Mr. Lowe and also by myself at Madeira so far resembles JZ cristatus Broc. that Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, to whom [I sent it in 1870, wrote that it might possibly be AZ cristatus Broc., but that he was not quite satisfied, and better specimens made it obvious that they were distinct. It is this new species, therefore, which most probably misled Mr. McAndrew. Amphispira hyalina.—‘One.’ From Madeira, distinctly, there is no specimen of this species in either museum, but in the Cambridge collection there is a card bearing two specimens, and on it Mr. McAndrew has written ‘Canaries and Madeira’; but in his own (1854) copy of his report he has (under Madeira, p. 41) opposite to the entry ‘one specimen’ written ‘broken, destroyed.’ At the same time on p. 34 of his own copy, where he states that the species is ‘rare’ at Ortava in the Canaries, he has noted that he got only ‘one’ specimen. In these circumstances it is impossible to read any further the history of the two speci- mens in the Cambridge Museum, but until some other speci- mens be found the species can hardly remain in the Madeira list. Excluding, then, these four, 115 remain, of which I may refer here to two. Buccinum minus ‘rare.’ No specimens from Madeira of this species are in either museum, but in the Cambridge collec- 372 WATSON : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. tion one is marked as coming from Canary. Neither Mr. Lowe nor myself met with it, but Senhor Nobre mentions it in his list, but with no further information of any sort, so that on the whole the species can hardly be reckoned as a well-established Madeiran species. Finally, Zanthina pallida ‘frequent.’ Of this species none have been met with by any other collector and no Madeiran specimens of it exist at Cambridge, but in the British Museum there are several marked as from Madeira, and of course a chance aggregation of these sea rovers might be hit upon at any time. Allowing, then, these last two to pass, Mr. McAndrew’s Madeiran list will thus stand at, let us say, 115 species. The only other list which has been published is, as I have already mentioned, one by Senhor Nobre, of Oporto, from specimens collected by Senhor Ernesto Schmitz, teacher of Natural History in the Lyceum of Funchal. The total number of species enumerated by him is 93 in all, from which one falls to be deducted, viz., Zetorina canariensis d’Orb., which is not even a variety, but only the young form of Litorina striata King. This species in its earliest stage always presents the tubercles and the relative difference of shape, which from hundreds of specimens one can trace in every shade of transition into the larger, smoother, more globose, and altogether more common-place form of full growth described by King. Senhor Nobre’s list then presents g2 species, of which 59 are the same as those of McAndrew, while 33 are additions to his list, and these require a little examination; the more so that outside of the mere list of names the information supplied by Senr. Nobre is meagre in the extreme. A very few times a synonym is supplied, but in nearly every case ‘Funchal,’ ‘ Dredged in Funchal Bay,’ or ‘ Dredged at Canigal’ is the only entry. Beyond the bare mention of such facts a good deal is needed in order to its being possible for a reader to judge how far a species may really be accepted as indigenous. For all J.C., vi., July, 1891, WATSON : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. 373 localities this is true, but how absolutely essential it is for judging of species obtained at Funchal may be gathered from the fact that from my own dredgings out to a depth of 50 fathoms and therefore from most genuine sea bottom sand—I picked the following, many of them in considerable numbers— Assiminea grayana Leach, 4ythinia tentaculata L., Limnea peregra Miull., Nerttina fluviatilis L., Pistdium sp. (not P. wat- sont Paiva), Planorbis carinatus Mull., Pl. sp., Pl. sp., Valvata piscinalis Mull. estuarine and freshwater species, not one of which is to be found in Madeira, but which had been brought in ballast, probably from Lisbon or the Thames. If in such com- pany a MWytelus edulis L., presents itself its claim to recognition as a native is felt to need more support than a few separate valves from the one locality offer. It is this fact which renders it necessary to offer somewhat more criticism of Senhor Nobre’s list than would have been necessary had fuller details been supplied. To save repetitions here I use ‘ L®’ for the Rev. R. Lowe and ‘W’ for myself. ; Spondylus gaederopus Linné. ‘Funchal.’ Land W. Common. Thisname has suffered much in varied spelling. It is a popular Greek name of the present day (Adanson, Senegal, p. 203) given from the resemblance of the shell to the hoof of an ass (Bonanni Mus. Kirch, p. 441, Lamarck A. S, vert., 1st ed., vi. (r) p. 188). The spelling of the modern Greek for a donkey is yatSapos, with a dizeresis over the z so as carefully to exclude the diphthong, thus the name of the mollusc should be S. gatdaropus. Pecten varius Lin. ‘Funchal.’ A species which from its distribution might very well occur at Madeira (Lowe got it at Mogador ; his three specimens—dead single valves are in my collection), but has not been found by either Mr. Lowe or myself at Madeira. |. R91. Pecten lowenii Dunker.* Dredged in Funchal Bay,’) This is a species I do not know. Neither the description nor 374 WATSON: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA, the figure given by Dunker in his ‘ Mollusca of Guinea’ give one much confidence in the species. Mytilus edulis Lin. Funchal. Of this I have spoken above. Mr. Lowe got none of it. A few shells, young and dead, with a broken valve larger, were dredged by me in Funchal Bay, deep. A specimen now and then was brought to me for sale. Chama gryphina Lam. ‘Funchal.’ Only one Chama—C. eryphoides Lam.—but that plentifully, presented itself to Mr. Lowe or myself. It is curious that Mr. McAndrew did not get it. The identity of C. gryphina with C. eryphoides Lam. has been abundantly shown by that most competent judge Mr. Searles Wood, ‘ Crag. Moll.’ ii., 162. ‘Cardium paucicostatum Lk.=C. ciliare Auct’ Some accidental slip of the pen has occurred here, Lamarck has no species of this name and Sowerby’s C. paucicostatum is accepted as a synonym for C. echinatum L., which Senhor Nobre has given as the immediately preceding species in his list. Cardium exiguum Gmel. ‘Dredged at Canigal.’ The locality here given was little likely to have been disturbed by ballast discharges, and the species must perhaps be accepted, though not without hesitation. Venus fasciata DaCosta. ‘Dredged at Funchal and at Canical.’ The same remark will apply here as to the preceding. Tellina serrata Brocchi. ‘Dredged at Funchal.’ The locality here makes it impossible to receive this species without confirmation, though its distribution makes its occurrence far from improbable. Psammobia ferroensis Lamarck. ‘Dredged at Canigal’ (for Lam. read Chemn.). Mesodesma cornea Poli. ‘Dredged at Canigal.’ The dis- tribution of both these species, as well as the locality given J.C., yi., July, 1892. WATSON: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. 375 for them, entitle them to pass as Madeiran, though not without query. Trochus listeri Wood. ‘Funchal.’ This species is the 7: colubrinus Gould. The synonymy is discussed in the ‘ Challenger Report,’ p. 65. Wood’s 7. “steri is absolutely beyond identification. L®° and W. Very abundant. Largely used for food ; its shells may be met with every- where, inland as well as on the shore, so that its absence from MacAndrew’s list is singular. Trochus candei d’Orb. ‘Funchal.’ L? and W. Common. Clanculus bertheloti. L* and W. Common. Scalaria communis Lamk. ‘Funchal.’ Two specimens of this species were given to me as obtained from fishermen in Funchal Bay, and one other specimen was brought under my notice as bought on assurance of its being Madeiran, but I never regarded the species as indigenous. It would need confirmation. Scalaria commutata Monterosato. ‘Funchal.’ L* and W. This species has been generally accepted as S. pseudo- scalavis Broc. Natica flammulata Req. ‘Funchal.’ Natica alderi Forbes. ‘ Funchal.’ Natica josephinia Risso. ‘Funchal.’ Litorina punctata Gmel. ‘ Funchal.’ I have not heard before of any of these species being found in Madeira. Cypreea spurca Linne. ‘Funchal.’ L* and W. Frequent. Cassis saburon Bruguitre. ‘Funchal.’ L’and W. Frequent. Triton nodifer Lam. L?* and W. Triton succinctus Linn. (a slip for Lam.). ‘Funchal.’ L?° and W. TZ. parthenopus vy. Salis is the synonym preferred by some. Hanley, in Wood’s Index Suppl., p. 127, claims priority for Born’s name of cos/atus. 376 WATSON : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADEIRA. Ranella gigantea Lam. L° and W. Rare. Bufonaria scrobiculata (a slip for TOn)) ae (een W. Common. Purpura hemastoma L. ‘Funchal.’ L° and W. Very common. Coralliophila mayendorfi Calc. ‘Funchal.’ L* and W. Abundant. Marginella philippi Montero. This is a species I have not met with in Madeira. Olivella leucozonias Gray. ‘Funchal.’ Weinkauff, Conch. Cab. 2d edit. p. 137, identifies this with O. pulchella Duclos, for which he claims priority. I do not know it as Madeiran. Conus mediterraneus L. ‘Funchal.’ MacAndrew gives this as frequent in the Canaries, and I have bought it from boatmen, but never believed it to be Madeiran. Ringicula someri de Folin. ‘Funchal.’ I do not know this species. Roxianella jeffreysi Weink. ‘Funchal and Canigal.’ W. Common. Out of these thirty-three, then, I reject three, which are to me quite unknown, and suggest nothing among the species found either by Mr. Lowe or myself, viz.:—Fecten lowentt Dkr., Cardium paucicostatum Lam., and Ringicula somert de Folin. Fourteen species seem to me so far doubtful, as having never presented themselves throughout many years of ‘dredging to either Mr. Lowe or myself, and as wanting some further details of information from Senhor Nobre, viz.: Pecten varius L., Mytilus edulis \.., Cardium exiguum Gmel., Venus fasciata Da Costa, Zellina serrata Broc., Psammobia ferroensis Lam., Mesodesma cornea Poli, Scalaria communis Lam., Watica flam- mulata Req., Natica alderi Forb., Watica josephinea Risso, Litorina punctata Gmel., Marginella philippit Mont., Olivella leucozonias Gray. J.C., vi., July, 1891 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CoG There remain, then, 16 species beyond question, a valuable addition to McAndrew’s list, making 131 as the published marine species of Madeira. These, along with the additions of Mr. Lowe and myself, I propose to give in detail. I only regret that in doing this I have not the advantage for which I have long looked forward in the list of the marine species of Madeira by Mr. J. Yate Johnson. He has in his very admirable guide book given in all other branches of natural history details so full and so accurate that one cannot but feel how thoroughly he could long ago have done justice to the ample materials at his command for this somewhat neglected field. ——_—_—+¢-e-¢—____ OCCURRENCE OF H. ELEGANS AT DOVER. By C. STANLEY B. COX. (Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. zoth, 1890). I HAVE pleasure in recording the discovery of a colony of this shell found living in the above-named district. On October 27th, 1890, I received a box of shells of the above species, from my friend, Captain Gordon McDakin, President of the Dover Field Club and a well-known member of the East Kent Natural History Society; in the accompanying letter, he stated that Mrs. McDakin had found the specimens when walking with him in the neighbourhood of Dover, and asked for the name. I sent the sample on to Mr. Edgar Smith for corroboration, and asked Captain McDakin to communicate with the Rev. R. Horsley, whom I had heard of as an ardent collector of mollusca round Dover, thinking he might have introduced a colony; but this is not the case. I have since examined the locality with the discoverer ; on the first visit we — ‘ 378 COX: OCCURRENCE OF H. ELEGANS AT DOVER. found scarcely any living shells, but many dead, of all ages, and in every condition of preservation—we hunted in the long grass, at the roots, which was not the right locality. On later visits we found numbers of the living molluscs. The position of the colony is suggestive of its having been originally introduced by a naturalist’s hand, some few years ago. It now extends about half-a-mile, on a chalky bank by the road- side, in a retired locality some miles from Dover and far from houses or gardens, with coarse long grass and umbelliferee. The shells are on both sides of the road, and disappear where the chalk bank terminates: It has been difficult to work out the exact extent of the colony, as I was not able to reach Dover till after the ground was hard and white with frost. When first seen by Mrs. McDakin and her husband, the animals were feeding on the tall grasses in some numbers before the frost set in, in company with Helix caperata, H. virgata, 1. ericetorum, and “7. cantiana. These were all hybernating on my arrival ; no living 4. caperata, Hf. ericetorum, or H. virgata could be found, while H. cantiana and #. hispida were beneath moss with Zonites nitedudus, without an epiphragm. All the speci- mens of A. elegans have their mouths closed, with a thin mucous epiphragm, and almost invariably are found lying among the lumps of frozen chalk, with short, scanty grass hardly covering the surface, often absent, having their apices pointing downwards, the broad base upwards, the shells being sometimes frozen to the ground. Nearly every individual examined, that had not the base upwards, proved to be dead. It is singular to notice that while the native species, H. wrgata and 4. cap~erata, are in hiding, an animal of supposed southern extraction should thus remain on the surface. The cold, this year, came on very suddenly and might have hardened the ground too rapidly for a species, stranger to frosts, to pierce through. The base is the thickest part of the shell, hence, possibly, the position chosen. It is curious to notice how many J.C., vi., July, 1801. COX: OCCURRENCE OF H. ELEGANS AT DOVER. 379 of the dead shells have a hole (pecked ?) in the base—the part that presents itself to the attack of birds. Felix elegans is a common species on the shores of the Mediterranean, especially in the south of France and Corsica. I hope that Mr. Edgar Smith will kindly follow with some notes on the more northern and western discoveries of the species. Io, East CLIFF, DOVER, December oth, 1890. Besides the south of France, this species has been quoted from various localities in Spain, the Balearic Islands, Algeria, Italy, and Sicily, but it does not appear to range northward. This is not the first record of it as British, for Jeffreys (Brit. Conch, I., p. 215) mentions the existence of a specimen in Dr. Turton’s collection of British shells, marked ‘Cornwall,’ and although he questioned its claim to be considered British, he observed that “it is remarkable that this characteristic species, which had been so long considered as peculiar to the shores of the Mediterranean, has been lately found by M. Abbe Maillard at Beauvais in the north of France. A colony of this species was discovered in 1875 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1876, p. 127) in St. Peter’s (Episcopal) Churchyard, Logan Street, Charleston, South Carolina. Mr. Mazyck, who gave the account of finding the specimens, was of opinion that the species had “probably existed in small numbers for several years in this very restricted locality.” As in the case of the British specimens, I presume they owed their presence in the churchyard to human agency, for there appears to be no other rational explanation. It is also quite probable that the specimens found at Beauvais were also introduced.—KE, A. SMITH. 380 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. LIMNA‘A PEREGRA var. OVALIFORMIS. By T. D. A. COCKERELL. (Read before the Conchological Society, April 8th, 1891). Mr. J. W. Taytor, in his valuable paper on Limne@a peregra, has ( ‘Journ. of Conch.’, 1891, p. 298) referred ny var. ovalt- Jormis to var. vulgaris C. Pfr. I think, however, it is a quite distinct form, since it differs from vu/garis in its greater size, its texture and sculpture, and especially in its peculiar shape, which seems to ally it rather with such forms as Dr. **°"'Xttchesot Typesha Jeffrey’s var. oblonga. It agrees with nothing figured in Mr. Taylor’s paper, and, as it has never yet been figured, I give a drawing of it, traced from a sketch of the original specimen I made several years ago. LIMNAEA PEREGRA var. OVALIFORMIS. By J. W. TAYLOR, F.L.S., Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, &c. (Read before the Conchological Society, April 8th, 1891). In reply to Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell’s kindly expressed criticism, I would refer the reader to Mr. Cockerell’s original descrip- tion and to the figures given here by me, which are careful and accurate re- production of photographs, taken by me in 1886 of the type shell which Mr. Cockerell had most kindly sent to Leeds for examination. The differ. “° stil of Pnotearapliot ences exhibited in my exact copies of photographs and Mr. Cockerell’s sketches of the identically same shell are perplex- ing, but a possible explanation may be that he did not antici- pate controversy and did not sketch the outlines as accurately as he otherwise might have done, or he may unintentionally J-G:, vi-, July; 180m. TAYLOR: LIMN#A PEREGRA VAR OVALIFORMIS. 381 have accentuated the peculiarities he perceived. This view is strengthened by the fact that his description does not agree with his sketches, but conforms well with the figures I give. Mr. Cockerell in his description states shell ‘ of an oval shape,’ which does not well describe the outline of the shell as figured by himself; the last whorl is stated to be ‘very convex,’ but this term cannot possibly apply to the last whorl of the shell as sketched by him, which especially at the aperture is shown as very much compressed and almost inclined to concavity, approaching in this respect var. g¢bz/mannica ; the aperture is said to be oval, with a diameter of a little more than half its © length, but in neither of these points does the author’s sketches accord with his description, the shape of the mouth as shown in his sketches being of an oblong character, and the length equalling or even slightly exceeding twice the diameter. I add here a copy of the original description as published in the “ Naturalists’ World,” Jan., 1886, pp. 18, 19 :— It is of an oval shape, with the last whorl very convex, and bears a very striking resemblance in general outline to the Indian Z. ovadis. It is glossy and semitransparent, with close and well marked striz ; the spire is moderately long and pointed, and the suture is rather shallow. There is a well developed umbilicus. The spire is a little less than half the length of-the last whorl. The diameter of the aperture is rather more than half its length, its shape is oval. . . . . Should this variety prove to be new it may be called ovalzfor ms. The foregoing description Gokene in conjunction with the figures I give, and which should be compared with the figure of var. vulgaris on page 298, will enable the student himself to decide whether the var. ovaliformis is sufficiently distinct to merit a special and distinctive name. ‘The only differences seem to be that vu/garis is somewhat smaller and slightly less ventricose; the striation and texture in this species are incon- stant and differences in their appearance are often noticed in specimens otherwise quite similar to each other, moreover these characters as set out in the description are quite usual in the species. As notwo specimens are exactly alike in every respect we must of necessity allow some reasonable latitude for in- 382 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. dividual differences, and unless we are prepared to accept an excessive increase in the already large number of named varieties we cannot avoid, in my opinion, placing together forms differing so slightly as var. ovaliformis and var. vulgaris. But as the range of variation allowable in either species or varieties is, after all, to some extent a question of individual opinion, the preceding description and figures will enable those interested in the subject to form their own judgment and render further dis- cussion in the Journal unnecessary. ——$- og —__—__ Obituary.—Mr. Clifford Burkill. WE regret to announce the death of Mr. Clifford Burkill, of Scarborough, which occurred rather suddenly at Guernsey, on Sunday, the 22nd of February, whither he had gone on a six months’ dredging excursion. | Though a young collector and a recent member of the Society, he was most assiduous and energetic in the pursuit, his thorough examination of the Scilly Islands, where he spent the summers of 1888 and 1890, having pretty well exhausted the marine fauna of that group, as will be seen from his additional paper in the Journal for April, 1891. He was much liked by all fellow-workers who came in contact with him, to whom he was ever ready to give help and advice, and he was the centre of a little group of conchologists who assembled at Scilly last summer, consisting of Mr. Alex. Somerville, F.L.S., the Rev. Dale Roberts, of Birmingham, and Mr. Ruthven Sykes, when that outlying part of our coasts may be said to have been thoroughly explored, and where such a strong party of conchologists are not likely to meet again soon. Had he lived there is no doubt he would have become a worthy and able conchologist, judging from the work he had done in the field during the last four or five years, and he will be greatly missed by the many friends and correspondents who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, J.C., vi., July, 1897. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 383 CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PROCEEDINGS. MANCHESTER BRANCH.—SECOND ANNUAL MEETING, Held in the- Zoological Laboratory, Owens’ College, on Saturday, February 7th, 1891. There was a good gathering of members and friends both from Man- chester and vicinity and also from Leeds, Crewe, Derby, Preston, &c. After reception of visitors by the President, a short formal Meeting was held, and the Honorary Secretary read a Report in which he described the circumstances under which the Society was formed in February, 1888, its aims and objects, and its recognition as a Branch of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The Excursions and Meetings had followed each other regularly, and had been very pleasant occasions for observation and collecting, for study and discussion, and for the exchange of information and specimens. A fair number of useful Papers and Notes had been read, of which he gave a full list. A proposal to place a collection of the Land and Freshwater Shells collected within a radius of twenty miles round Manchester in the Museum of the College was now under considera- tion. The members will be asked to contribute of their most characteristic specimens, as soon as the Museum may be prepared to receive and find accommodation for them. The Honorary Treasurer then read his Report, which showed a favour- able Balance Sheet. After the adoption of the Secretary’s and Treasurer’s Reports, on the proposal of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill the following were announced to be the elected Officers for the coming year :—President, Mr. Darbishire; Treasurer, Mr. Collier; Honorary Secretary, Mr. Standen; Committee, Messrs. W. E. Hoyle, W. H. Heathcote, and Chas. Oldham; Referee, Mr. Rogers. The President then welcomed the members and their friends, amongst whom he rejoiced to meet ladies and young people, and drew attention to various Exhibits on view, of particular interest, and recommended the mem- bers net to confine themselves too closely to the collection of the shells of British Land and Freshwater species only, but to pursue a certain acquaint- ance with species from European and other countries, and with marine shells whenever they had an opportunity of doing so. ‘‘There might even be a real waste of power and other opportunities in collecting and arranging, however beautifully, the varieties of Z. peregra from one thousand ponds.” At the conclusion of the Meeting some time was spent in inspecting the many beautiful and interesting Exhibits shown by the members, which covered all the tables in the room. The collections of Land and Freshwater Shells were very fine, and interesting not only from the beauty and variety of the specimens themselves, but also as illustrative of many favourite systems of mounting, each of which had its own particular advantages, which gave 384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. rise to considerable discussion and comment. Mr. J. C. Melvill exhibited and described a number of rare and beautiful shells, many of them being newly-named species; amongst them was Helix retisculpta—the most beauti- fully-sculptured land shell yet discovered, from Damaraland; TZomdgeras turbinatus and T. clausus, and Anastoma ringens, A. carinatum, and A. verreauxtanum, from Brazil; Azzlmus adamsoniz, from the Andes, with MS. note in Hugh Cuming’s handwriting; Columbarium distaphanotis (prob. nov.), Palatna morelett, P. quadrast, P. tuba, P. ariss, P. filoctnctum, P. macrostoma, P. grandispinosa, and P. decrespignyi, from Borneo; Helz- carton cumingit and Trochomorpha splendens, from Cebu, Philippines; Fzszs pagoda, from China; and Pholadomya candida, from Island Tortola, West Indies; two specimens of Heé/tx aspfersa monst. scalariforme and one sinistral specimen of same; and Helix hemastoma monst. seistrorsum, unique at present time. For the College Museum there was shown an important series of Rissowde and Fyramidelide from British and European localities, localized and named, and extremely valuable for reference; and a similar series of Scalaria and Dentalium, all from the collection of Mr. J. H. Ponsonby. Mr. Darbishire exhibited a series of Carvdzum edule, from the plains and terraces of the district of the Sea of Aral, and from Lake Marcotis and Ramleh, Alexandria, from the collection of Mr. W. Bateson, M.A., of St. John’s College, Cambridge, illustrating that gentleman’s paper in the Philosophical Trans., R.S., 1889, on ‘Some Variations of Cardium edule correlated to the Conditions of Life.’ Also a series of the same species, from various coasts of Britain, France, and the Mediterranean, showing variation, and especially forms of C. edule var. rusticum from brackish waters. Also a drawer of remarkably large British specimens of Uzio tumetdus and U. pictorum, shewing curious approximations amongst the old shells of the two species; four drawers of British Land and Freshwater Shells, col- lected in 1865—68 by the late Mr. T. Peace, mostly from localities in the neighbourhood of Manchester, now built upon or otherwise become barren; and Loligo vulgaris (body 14 inches long, arms 15 inches), dredged in October, 1890, on muddy ground off the Morecambe lightship. Mr. Thos. Rogers showed varieties of Helix aspersa, and a collection of Marine Shells, from Port Jackson, Australia, including 7?zgonza pectinata, and two valves of what appeared to be another species, and other rarities. Mr. Hey showed some fine Z. stagnalis, with remarkably reflected lip, from Derby. Mr. J. R. Hardy showed specimens of Newts, Dragon Fly Larva, Nepa, and large Freshwater Beetles with Spherium and Pisidium attached to their feet, showing how such shells might possibly be dispersed from one pond to another. Mr. Edward Collier exhibited a grand series of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis, from Topsham, South Devon, including reversed and scalariforme _ specimens of 1. hortenszs (both taken in same hedgerow); also @. wzrgata monst. scalariforme, from Dublin; living and very fine 2. draparnaldi from J.C., vi., July, 1891. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 385 Topsham; and five drawers of H. asfersa, H. nemoralis, H. hortensis, and H. arbustorum, from various places and in endless variety of colour and banding, which were greatly admired. Mr. W. Moss showed the British Vertigos under a powerful microscope, which enabled the specific characteristics of each to be readily interpreted. This exhibit attracted much attention. Mr. W. H. Heathcote had a fine collection of British Shells on view, mostly marine species, from Lancashire localities, but he also showed some good Land and Freshwater specimens, notably a pair of Lancashire Ano- dons, which were the largest and smallest specimens respectively ever seen by anyone present. The largest measured 74 ins., the smallest 3 mills. Mr. Chas. Oldham had a fine collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from many places, including most of the British species, and beautifully shown (loose on cotton wool under glass lids). Mr. R. Standen exhibited three cases of the smaller British Land and Freshwater Shells, neatly mounted in glass tubes—a method possessing many advantages: the specimens are kept free from dust, can be readily and safely handled for critical examination, are well shown, and great economy of space is obtained. Also five cases of British Anodonsand Unios, and their varieties. His case of Unio margaritifer included specimens from many of the known stations for this species now existing in the United Kingdom. He also showed under the microscope the Glochidium or Larval stage of Anodonta cygnea; specimens of Sticklebacks with the Glochidia attached to fins and tail; anda series of very young shells of Anodonta. He also showed on behalf of Mr. J. G. Milne, one of the members at present in Athens, a large collection of living Helices, Pupa, Bulimus, Stenogyra, and Clausilias, collected by him in December last on the summits of Mounts Hymettus and Lycabettus, near Athens. After Tea, in the College Refectory, the company adjourned to the Museum, and several delightful hours were spent in inspecting the Shell Galleries, a grand case of P2zza nobilis, from Cannes, being specially noticed. Mr. W. E. Hoyle, the keeper of the Museum, and his assistants, Messrs. Hardy and Pearcey, were indefatigable in exhibiting the various treasures and answering questions. Mr. Hoyle made some interesting remarks upon the shell collections, and explained the system of classification and arrangement he proposed to adopt. He drew attention to a chart of classification exhibited in one of the cases, which he had drawn up to serve as a key to the whole collection. The very successful and agreeable Meeting was closed with a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Hoyle for the use of the rooms, and for his great kindness in promoting the welfare of the meeting and of the Society. Rk. STANDEN, ov. Sec., Manchester Branch. 186th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 4th, 1891. Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. New Member Elected: Mr, Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S., Sub-Curator, Leeds Museum. Candidates Proposed for Membership : Mr. Robert Cairns (by E. Collier and R. Standen); Mr. Robert S. Dawson (by F. Rhodes and C. Crawshaw); Mr. Hubert Elgar (by J. W. Taylor and W. Nelson); Mr. Henry Lamb (by J. W. Taylor and C. Fenn); Mr. Robert Middleton (by W. Nelson and J. W. Taylor); Mr. William Moss (by E. Collier and k. Standen). Decease of Member announced, and Secretary requested to express: the condolence and sympathy of the Society: Mr. Jas. Wm. Wood, Bedford. Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: Sixty-one Reprints of his own Papers, from Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.; Thirty-seven Reprints of Papers by Arthur Adams and W. T. Blanford, given by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B. A.; Twenty-five Reprints by various Authors, given by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S.; Five Reprints given by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.; one each, of their own Papers, from Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, Mr. Charles D. Walcott, and Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell; vol. xxiii., part 2, of the Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales, from the Society; the Journal of Microscopy for February, and the Naturalist for January and February, from the espective Editors. Donations to Collection announced and thanks voted: From Mr. Hubert Elgar: Helix pomatia, from Charing, Kent E., and Kemsing, Kent W. From Rev. Carleton Greene, A/odiolaria nigra, Zonites nitidus, and Z. aitedulus from Tenby; Watica aldert from the Dogger Bank; Muczla tenuts from Loch Fyne; Leda minuta from Oban; Cylzchna obtusa from Ald- borough, Suffolk; Cerzthium perversum from Pembroke; JVzcula nucleus from the Forth, near Edinburgh; Chzton marginatus from Barmouth; Zonites cellarius, Z. alliarius, and Z. nitidulus from Jersey; Helix cantiana from Hythe; Bythinda leachti from Blaxhall, Suffolk E.; Zimn@a stagnalis from the Ouse at Bedford; Ppa secale from Cheddar; Helix concimna from Reading, Berkshire; Claustlia laminata and C. rugosa from Cockfield, Suffolk; and Zonztes excavatus, from Hengistbury Head, near Christchurch, Hants S. From Mr. J. W. Storey: Helix ertcetorum from Tenby. From Mr. Albert Wood: Zonites cellarius and Z. nttidulus from Tenby. From Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.: Aelzx pisana, &c., from Marseilles. From Mrs. Maria Brockbank: 7: zodiferus from Torquay; /zsus pro- pinguus and Mya truncata, from near Kim, N.B.; Cyprea europea from Iona; C. moneta from Seascale; Solen marginatus from Innellan, N.B. ; S. stliqua from Saltburn; and S. /egumen and S. ensis var. scimitar from Seascale. From Mr. R. Barnes: Various shells from Kilton in Cleveland, Billy Bank near Richmond, and Coulterby Scars in Upper. Swaledale. J.C., vi., Oct., 1891. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 387 Exhibits. The Chairman showed, on behalf of the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A., some of the shells collected by him near Como, including ZLzmea stagnalis var. vaphidia from the Lago di Piano, L. peregra var. gibilmannica and Felix nautiliformis from near Como. He also showed, on behalf of Miss Amy Warren, a specimen of Bzlimzes exilts, a native of the West Indies, which had been found on the shores of Lough Carra, County Mayo. Also, on behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham, several much-encrusted speci- mens of Limncea peregra, from a horse-trough at Bamborough, Cheviotland, September 14th, 1890. Also a number of shells from Mr. II. Mathews, jun., including Buzlzmus acutus and Helix virgata from Troon, Ayrshire, 4. aspersa from Prestwick, Ayrshire, &c. Also a Portrait of Dr. and Mrs. J. E. Gray, and a Bronze Medal struck in commemoration of them, lent by Mr. E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. On behalf of Mr. Albert Wood was shown a small collection of shells from Tenby, including Aelx pisana, H. virgata vars. maura, subdekta, bifasctata, leucozona, etc., Ll. caperata var. obleterata, H. concinna, FH. rifescens var. albida, Zonttes cellarius, Z. alliarius, and Z. nitidulus. The Recorder showed shells sent from Birsay, Orkney, collected Dec., 1890, including Helix arbustorum, Vitrina, Zonttes alliarius and var. viridula. . On behalf of Mr. Alexander Shaw, a number of shells from Ceylon, Cochin China, ete. i 187th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, MAkcH 4th, 1801. Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. New Members Elected: Mr. Robert Cairns, 159, (Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne. Mr. Robert S. Dawson, Belmont, Shipley, Yorkshire. Mr. Hubert Elgar, 18a, Tunbridge Road, Maidstone, Kent. Mr. Henry Lamb, L'me Villas, Bower Street, Maidstone, Kent. Mr. Robert Middleton, Gledhow, Leeds. Mr. William Moss, F.C.A., 23, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. Candidates Proposed for Membership : Messrs. Gerald Wheatley Adams (proposed by L. E. Adams and W. Denison Roebuck), and James Benj. Beckett (by B. Sturges Dodd and W. E. Collinge). Donations to Library and Collections announced and thanks voted: The Naturalist for March (Editor) ; and a collection of the Land and Freshwater Shells of the Neighbourhood of Maidstone, Kent, to illustrate paper (presented by H. Elgar and H. Lamb). 388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Paper Read: List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca occurring in the Maidstone Dis- trict, illustrated by a full series of voucher-specimens presented to the Society’s Collection, by Messrs. Hubert Elgar and Henry Lamb. Exhibits : The Chairman showed numerous examples of varieties of Limncee, including Z. auricularia var. reflexa from the Huddersfield Canal, var. moratensts from R. Falka at Dublin, var. mzonnardiz from Frankfurt-am- Main, var. acuéa from the Stratford Canal at Bearley, var. acztalis from . Newsham, Lancs., Z. palustris var. expansa from near Shoal Lake, Mani- toba, LZ. stagnalis var. raphidia from the Lago di Piano, near Como, and var. Jossarina from Rossclare Bay, Lough Erne, co. Fermanagh. On behalf of Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell were exhibited Clazszlia plumbea and C/. elagans from Transylvania, Helix costata var. cyclophorella Ancey, Zonites fulvus vax. chersina Say, Z. rvadiatulus, Patula striatella Anth., and Pupa marginata var., all from West Cliff, Custer County, Colorado ; Agriolimax hemphilli var. maculata T.D.A.C., from Haywards, Calif, collected by Dr. Cooper; A. agrestis var. sylvatica Moq., Oakland, Cal., Mr. Raymond ; A. campestris, Binney, var., Lake Merced, San Francisco Co., Cal., Mr. Raymond ; Zzmax flavus, Washington, D.C., Mr. R. E. C. Stearns; and Prophysaon andersont Coop., collected by H. Hemphill, near Oakland, Cal. On behalf of Mrs. Smith of Topsham, Devon, were shown the following to authenticate new records for South Devon: Zonites draparnaldi, Cary- chium, Helix cantiana, and Dreissena, all from -Topsham, and Szccimea putris and S. elegans from the canal-banks at Topsham. 188th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1891. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. New Members Elected : Mr. Gerald Wheatley Adams, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., the Infirmary, Stock- port, Cheshire. Mr. James Benjamin Beckett, 11, Lancaster Road, Great Yarmouth. Candidates Proposed for Membership : Lady Lyons (by Rev. Jno. Hawell and W. Denison Roebuck) ; Mr. Gerald Eliot Hadow (by J. H. Burkill and E. R. Sykes); Mr. William James Farrer (by Edward Collier and R. Standen); M. César Felix Ancey (by J. W. Taylor and W. Denison Roebuck); Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, F.E.S. (by J. W. Taylor and W. Denison Roebuck); Rev. C. A. Williamson, M.A. (by Rev. Carleton Greene and W. Denison Roebuck); and Mr. C. II. Morris (by J. W. Taylor and T. S. Hillman). The Decease of three prominent members was announced, Miss E. B. Fairbrass, of Faversham, Kent, one of the oldest members of the Society ; Mr. William Jeffery, of Ratham, near Chichester, an ex-president, and Mr. Clifford Burkill, one of the most promising of the younger students of J.C., vi., Oct., 1891 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 389 British Marine Mollusca, having died recently. Of the last-named an obituary notice was read. Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: Nine Reprints of Papers by A. de St. Simon, from Mr. J. W. Taylor; Eighteen various Reprints, from W. Denison Roebuck ; the Naturalist, from the Editor ; the Journal and Proceedings of Royal Society of New South Wales, 1890, vol. 24, part i, from the Society. Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted: From Mr. J. W. Taylor: Large examples of Limnea auricularia from reservoir at Levenshulme, near Manchester (collected 20. vi.9g0, R. Standen), and Hlelix virgata from Athens (Mr. J. G. Milne) ; from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell : Helix mnemoralis forma nova /fulvo-tincta T.D.A.C. (described in the ‘British Naturalist ’) from Lewes, Sussex (C. H. Morris) ; Zovztes cellarius, Helix cantiana and forma zaza A. S. Fenn, from Spring Grove, Isleworth, Middlesex (the forma 7aza was described in ‘ Nature Notes,’ 1890, and one example shows the white band of f. albocincta T. D. A. C., the donor having another from the same place which is well-marked albocincta), H. hortensis v. /utea 00000, Island of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., U.S.A. (collected J. H. Thomson), Physa hypnorum from near Ula, Custer Co., Colorado, nearly 8000 feet above sea-level, and Pistdium pusillum subsp. abditum Hald., Grand Mesa, Mesa Co., Colorado, 1887 ; from Mr. E. R. Sykes, B.A. : Vertigo moulinsiana from Morden, Dorset ; from Mr. Aleyn Lyell Reade: Limnea stagnalis, L. peregra, Sphertum corneum, and Planorbis spirorbis, from a freshwater deposit near the Alt mouth, South Lanc., Nov. 1, 1885 ; anda number of specimens of Phzlzne aperta and Cylichna obtusa from the shore at Blundellsands, South Lancs. ; from Mr. T. S. Hillman: a large number of species from Lewes, Barcombe, Beddingham, Newhaven, and Ringmer, East Sussex, including Helix cartusiana, Achalina, Azeca, Clausi- lia rolphtt, Pupa secale, Neritina, and numerous varieties of HY. virgata, H. ericetorum, H. caperata, H. aspersa, etc., there being 23 species represented. Papers Read: A note by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on his var. ovaléformis of Limnea peregra, and one by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., on the same were read [both printed in ‘J. of C.,’ July, 1891, p. 380]. A paper by Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, F.E.S., entitled ‘Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of East Sussex’ was read, and illustrated by the exhi- bition of specimens of the new forms described [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ July, 1891, pp. 361—364]. Exhibits : In illustration of Mr. Jenner’s paper was shown Clazszlia laminata, v. nov. ¢z#zdula Jenn., and monst. nov. decollatum Jenn., Cl. rolphii var. nov. curta Jenn., and monst. nov. decollatum Jenn., Helix virgata var. nov. picta Jenn., A. aspersa var. intermediate between exalbida and undulata, FH. cartustana vars. nov. alba Jenn. and major Jenn., and ZA. erzcetorum var. nov. s¢bpelluctda Jenn. [but this is the same as var. grisescens Colb.], all from near Lewes. Specimens of Bulimus acutus from Kastbourne, Sussex, a locality where it is now extinct, were also shown. 390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. -On behalf of Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., were shown an example of Vertigo substriata from Gunthwaite, near Penistone, South-West Yorkshire. On behalf of Mr. Frank Turton, a distorted example of Lima peregra from Gunthwaite. Discussion on Nomenclature: The Chairman called the attention of the Society to some remarks by M. J. R. Bourguignat in a paper upon the genus Comz/us, in which that author intimated his intention of adopting recommendations made by the International Zoological Congress to carry the starting-point of Zoological nomenclature further back than Linnzeus, which entailed the adoption of the works of Lang, dating 1722. Strong objection was urged against this pro- position, and the Meeting was emphatically of opinion that no alteration of the hitherto generally received practice of adopting the tenth edition (1758) of the ‘Systema Nature’ of Linnzeus as the starting-point should be made. 189th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, 6th May, 1891. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. New Members elected: T.ady Lyons, Kilbrough, Swansea. Mr. Gerald Eliot Hadow, South Cerney Vicarage, Cirencester. Mr. William James Farrer, Orange Court House, Virginia, U.S.A. Mr. César Felix Ancey, Administrateur-Adjoint, Boghari, Algeria. Mr. James Herbert Augustus Jenner, F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes, Sussex. Rev. C. Arthur Williamson, M.A., Paradise Villa, Longwood, Huddersfield. Mr. Cecil Herbert Morris, Lewes, Sussex. Candidate Proposed for Membership: Rev. J. W. Horsley (proposed by L. E. Adams and J. W. Taylor). Donations to Library duly announced and thanks voted: From Mr. Chas. Ashford: Montagu’s ‘Testacea Britannica,’ 1803, with supplement, 1808, in one volume; from Mr. J. Rk. Bourguignat: ‘Bulletins de la Soc. Malac. de France,’ tome 7; from Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro: ‘Archivos,’ vol. 7, 1887, and Paper on the Museum, by its Director; from their respective authors: R. B. Newton ‘On the Necessity for Abandoning Cyclostoma as a Genine Name’; T. D. Cockerell, ‘Notes on Slugs’; R. J. Lechmere Guppy ‘On a Specimen of Plewrotomaria from Tobago;’ J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby, ‘Descriptions of Four New Species of Terres- trial Mollusca from South Africa, with observations on Helix huttonie ;’ from W. Denison Roebuck: ‘J. R. Bourguignat sur les Mollusques Recueillis a Miranda-de-Ebro’ ; from the respective editors and societies, ‘The Naturalist,’ ‘Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes,’ ‘Bulletin de la Société d’ Etudes Scien- tifiques de Paris,’ and ‘Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de la Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes.’ Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted: From C. O. Pickard-Cambridge : Vertigo moulinsiana from Morden, Dorset; from J. C. Smith: Clausilia laminata from Edenhall, Cumberland, Cl. rugosa, Zua lubrica, Vitrina pellucida, Helix arbustorum, Zonites alliarius and var. J.C., vi., Oct, 1897. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 391 wiridula, Z. netedulus, Z. purus var. margaritacea, Vertigo edentula, Z. fulous, and Z. crystallinus var. contracta, all from Aberlour, Banff; U7z0 margaritifer from River Lowther, Westmorland, and River Spey, Banff; and Anodonta cygnea from Great Salkeld, Cumberland, Bisley, Surrey, and River Spey, Banff—several being new county records; from Rev. John McMurtrie: the full series of Shells illustrating his Paper on the ‘Land and Freshwater Shells of Eigg,’ most being new county records. Donations to Cabinet Fund received since the last acknowledg- ment in the Journal, announced and thanks voted : dL G, We Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A. ... to/-and 15/6 1 5 6 Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E. ... .. I I 6 IMirsep Ame EVanseeniasn) seep s05) Vlas aun om yi ame OU TSO Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. Dee bes hat Ow TOM LO Mr. T. Stanton Hillman... 010 0 Mr. Edward Collier 010 0 Mr. B. Sturges Dodd : LO 50 eva) CarletoniGreene, MeAle. cee) ete eset ices Ol Sah O Mr. Ernest Ruthven Sykes, B.A. ... 0 5 0 Mr. Clifford Burkill... : 0 5 0 Mr. I. H. Burkill oe 0 5 0 Rev. John McMurtrie, D.D. ... @ & © Rey. C. Crawshaw ... 0 5 0 Miss Laura C. Jones PR bncm. at asda. MGI paaatrae Ok meey Ale) Mires Wien Nominal sce) Wena wags Gop. G00") bods coo VO) Le Special thanks to the last-named were voted for his kind offer to add 5/- to his subscription each year for this purpose, in the hope that other members would follow the example. Donation to Photograph Album announced and thanks voted: Cabinet Portrait of himself, from Rev. Canon A. Merle Norman, D.C.L. Papers Read: ‘Figg Shells: Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Island of Eigg’ (illustrated by the full series of specimens), by Rev. John McMurtrie, M.A., D.D. ‘The Viviparous Nature of Balea,’ two notes, by A. E. Craven, F.L.S., -and Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. ‘Note on Helix arbustorum var. canigonensis Boub.,’ by J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ‘Note on Helix lapictda var. subangulata,’ by John W. Tayior, F.L.S. The specimens were exhibited in illustration of Mr. Taylor’s two notes; and all the papers will be printed in the ‘Journal of Conchology.’ Exhibits : On behalf of Mr. Wm. Duncan was shown a living example of Av7on ater var. alba, from the North Esk, at Morphie, Kincardineshire. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S. showed several examples of Sphrerium ovale from Blue Bridge, York, sent by Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A.; Aeléx 392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. arbustorum var. luteofasciata D. & M., from Matlock (H. E. Craven), and var. canzgonensis Boub. from Bishopthorpe, near York (J. E. Morland); Hi. lapicida var. subangulata Pasc. from Dovedale (C. T. Musson); Szccenea putris var. virescens from Guernsey (B. Tomlin); S. stagzalis Gass. from the Canal at Bath (Miss F. M. Hele); Physa hypnorum var. rubra V.d.B., from Lake Carberry, Manitoba (R. M. Christy); Zzmncaa truncatula var. picta Taylor, from a mountain stream at Pont Fadoc, Wales (G. W. Shrub- sole); Z. ¢runcatula var., from Winster, Derbyshire (H. Milnes); and shells of Geomalacus maculosus from Lough Caragh, Kerry, sent by Dr. R. F. Scharff. 190th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, 3rd JUNE, 1891. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. New Member Elected: Rev. J. W. Horsley, Holy Trinity Vicarage, Woolwich. Candidate duly Proposed for Membership : Bryant Walker (by John W. Taylor and W. Nelson). Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From their re- spective authors: T. D. A. Cockerell, ‘Notes on Slugs’ (No. 6); H. H. Higgins, ‘List of Liverpool land and Freshwater Mollusca’; from Mr. J. W. Taylor, E. A. Smith ‘On the Nomenclature of Certain Genera of British Land and Freshwater Shells’, and G. B. Sowerby’s ‘Price List of Shells’; from the respective Editors, Societies, and Institutions—‘ Report of the Manchester Museum’; ‘Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South Wales’; ‘Naturalist’; ‘L’Echange’ and ‘Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes.’ The addition by purchase of Rhind’s ‘Edinburgh Excursions,’ second edition, 1836 (with list of shells), and of part 64 of the ‘ Encyclopzedia Brit- annia’ (containing Ray Lankester’s article on ‘ Mollusca), was also announced. Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted: From Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell: Pupa avizonensis W.G.B. and P. marginata var., from Round Mountain, Custer Co., Colorado; P. ( Vertigo) ingersolli Ancey ms., Patula cronkhitet Newc., and Conulus fulvus var., from Micawber Mine, Custer Co., Colorado; Physa (vel Limnea?) castanea Oliv., and Planorbis rossitert Cr., from Kanala, New Caledonia, collected by F. Swift; Omphalia friabilis WW.G.B., from Mooresville, Falls County, Texas; the type specimen of Helix hortensis forma bzcolor T.D.A.C. ms., from Petersfield, Hants, col-_ lected by Mrs. M. E. Cusack; 4. votendata from the Great Skelling, off the coast of Kerry, collected by A. H. Delap; an example of a variety of Clausilia rolphi from Plumstead, Kent, collected by Rev. J. W. Horsley (with a sug- gestion that if new it might be called var. zzt¢da); Helix caperata var. nana T.D.A.C. (‘Brit. Nat. Cat.,’ p. 8) from Teddington, Surrey; A. zemoralis vars. /zbellula 12345 and carnea 12345 from near Loch Eck, Argyleshire ; HI. horvensis var. lutea 1(23)(45), H. lapicida, H. cantiana, Limnea trunca- tula, Zua lubrica, Zonites cellarius, and Z. nitidilus, all collected by Mrs. M. E. Cusack, near Petersfield, Hants; Z. rztzdulus, Z. fulvus, Zua lubrica, Clausila rugosa, Helix rotendata, H. rufescens, H. caperata, and Vitrina pellucida, all from near Poole, Dorsetshire. J.C., vi., Oct., 1897. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 393 From Mr. J. H. Ponsonby: A large and valuable series of shells, includ- ing Helix balearica, from the Balearic Isles; Tvochus erythreus and Bulla persica from the Persian Gulf; Helix lactea var., from Morocco; Syrnopsis carinifera Sm., Ragmondia minor Sm., and R. tanganyicensis Sm., from Tanganyika; Helix bodssy¢ Terv., from Palma; 4. filimargo Kryn., Bulimus clessiné Ret., B. merduenensis Kryn., and Clausilia detersa L., from the Crimea; 7urritella bicingulata var., from the Azores; Leucochrow cartosula var. depressa, L. hobeltiana Deb., Helix alabastrites Mich., Cyclostoma (Leonia) mamillaris Lam., Helix hieroglyphica Mich., and A. dupotetiana Terv., from Oran; H. jaylei Pal., Hydrobia gracilis Morel., Planorbis metid- jensis Fb., Helix coguandi Morel., H. tarniert Morel., H. lanuginosa Boissy, and H. lenticularis Morel., from Tangier; Bulimus tournefortianus Friv. from Koktebel, Crimea; Claust/ia corcyrensis Mss., from Corfu; Helix cesus Cox, from Tasmania; 7runcatella truncatula Dp., Helix scherzeri Zel. and H. dauthezi Kob., from Gibraltar; H. aberrans Mss., from Patras, Greece; HT. umbryosa Partsch, from Saxony; H. acompsia Bgt., from Algiers; Cyprea turdus L., from the Red Sea; Mactra adansoni Phil., and Patella cochleare Born., from Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Bzlémus pupa L., from Lontsa, Epirus; Helix constantina Terv., from Algeria; //. melitensis Fer. and Cyclo- stoma melitense Sow., from Malta; Phastanella tessellata C.B.Ad. from Jamaica; Helix maroccana Morel., and H. su/tana Morel., from Tetuan; 7. turcica Chem., and H. dehnei Rossm., from Mogador; and Corbicula flunt- inalts Miill., from the Upper Nile. From Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A.: Clauszlia itala, from Cadenabbia, Lago di Como; and TZestacella haliotidea, from Aylsham, Norfolk. From Mr. C. H. Morris: Testacella haliotidea, from Uxbridge, Middlesex. From Mr. Albert H. Pawson: Azodonta cygnea, from the Old Nidd Stream, at Ripley, Yorkshire. Exhibits : On behaif of the Rev. T. Shankland, of Mold, Flintshire, were exhibited as new county records for Flintshire: Vztvia pellucida, from Maes y Terwen Road, Mold; Helix aculeata and H. hortensis var. lutea 12345, from Caer- wys; H. arbustorum, H. hispida, Bulimus obscurus, and Azeca tridens, from Gwernymynyd near Mold; Z. repestris from Mold; and Balea perversa, from Vron Hall near Mold. On behalf of Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., was exhibited an example of felix vermiculata, which he had a short time ago received from Barnsley, as purporting to have come from Kent. He had tried to trace its history with the following unsatisfactory result:—‘It arrived in Barnsley in January ina parcel of horehound, consigned toa chemist there. The said horehound is of reputed Kentish growth, but was purchased in the ordinary way of busi- ness from a herbalist in London who deals largely in foreign herbs, and as the horehound may have been in the warehouse several months, the chances are the Helix got on to the horehound in London from foreign herbs.’ On behalf of Rev. Herbert Milnes were shown Helix aspersa from Jersey, and numerous A, arbustorum from Winster, Derbyshire, including 394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the type and vars. cézcta and flavescens, one of the specimens of the last- named showing at the mouth three beginnings of bands. The Chairman showed a most beautiful series of anatomical drawings by Mr. Charles Ashford, illustrating the alimentary canal and the genital appa- ratus of most of the British slugs. 19st MEETING, WEDNESDAY, 8th JULY, 1891. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. New Member Elected: Mr. Bryant Walker, 18, Moffat Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A. Candidates Duly Proposed for Election: Mr. R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S. and Rev. Canon Alfred Merle Norman, D.C.L., F.R.S. (both proposed by Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., and B. B. Woodward, F.G.S.). Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the re- spective Editors—‘The Naturalist,’ ‘L’Echange,’ ‘Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes’; from the respective societies—-‘ Bulletin de la Soc. d’Etudes Scientifiques de Paris,’ and ‘List of Exchanges of Royal Society of New South Wales’; and from the author—R. B. Newton’s ‘Reply to Canon Nor- man’s Views on the Abandonment of the Generic Name Cyclostoma.’ Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted: From Rev. Herbert Milnes: Numerous varieties of Budimus acutus and Helix virgata from Tenby. From Mr. W. Denison Roebuck: Miscellaneous shells collected at Asenby, Cundall, &c., North-West Yorkshire. From Mr. R. Barnes: Numerous shells from Askrigg, Kisdon Woods, Round Howe, and Billy Bank near Richmond, North-West Yorkshire, and from Winston. From Rev. R. A. Summerfield, B.A. : Zima stagnalis, Plano bis carin- atus, and Bythinia tentaculata, found at North Stainley near Ripon, in cleaning out an old pond. From Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell: Zonites nitidulus, Helix hispida, H. concinna, and H. rotundata from Swanage, Dorset; H. rupestris, Pupa umbilicata and var. albina from Corfe Castle, Dorset; and 1. 72/escens from Winchester, Hants. From Mr. J. Burtt Davy: Limax maximus var. fasctata from Aby, dead Cyclostoma elegans from Swaby, Helix lapicida, H. ertcetorum, LH. arbustorum and Claustlia rugosa from South Thoresby, all in N. Lincolnshire. Papers Read: ‘The habitat of A/ontacuta ferruginosa,’ by Mr. J. T. Marshall [prirted in J. of C., Oct. 1891, vol. vi., p. 399]. ‘Descriptions of Eleven New Species of Shells of the Genera Co/um- barium, Pisania, Minolia, Liotta, and Solarium,’ by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. [printed in J. of C., Oct., 1891, vol. vi., p. 404, with plate]. J.C., vi, Oct., 1897. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 395 A note by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on his ‘Var. ovaliformis of Limnea peregra,’ with reference to the notes upon it by himself and Mr. Taylor, pub- lished in J. of C. for July, 1891, vi. 380—381, was read, as follows: ‘I am quite surprised and puzzled by Mr. Taylor’s paper on this form. _ I found the sketch I sent among my papers, labelled as ovaliformis, and was decidedly of opinion that it represented the type specimen. If all Mr. Taylor says is accurate (and it appears to be so) it would seem probable that my figure represented another specimen from the same locality, and not the real type. Certainly, I should not have drawn the peculiar form of aperture figured, had it not been in the shell before me! However this may be, it is very fortunate that Mr. Taylor has gone into the matter in detail, so that all mistaken im- pressions may be cleared up.’ Mr. Cockerell’s note then goes on to enquire whether the type specimen figured by Mr. Taylor is in the Conchological Society’s Collection at Leeds, for he does not seem to possess, and thinks he must have given it either to the Conchological Society or the British Museum. Exhibits: On behalf of the Rev. W. L. W. Eyre, M.A., was shown a small col- lection of land shells from Swanage, Dorset, including Cyc/ostoma elegans and Helix hortensis and varieties. On behalf of Mr. E. G. Ingold was shown a small collection of land and freshwater shells from the neighbourhood of Bishop’s Stortford, being the specimens upon which his list for that district, published in a recent number of ‘The Essex Naturalist,’ was based, and including specimens of Paludina vivipara, Anodonta cygnea, Pupa marginata var. edentula, Limca aruricu- laria, Planorbts corneus, Spheriun rivicola, Unio pictorum, etc. On behalt of Mr. W. H. Heathcote were shown Helix virgata from Rossall Point, West Lancs.; Zzmzea peregra var. picta and Pisidizm hens- lowranum from Grimsargh Reservoir near Preston, West Lanes. ; and 77%a1207 - bts dilatatus from the canal at Blackburn, South Lancs. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. exhibited a number of shells collected at York Dale near Sledmere, S.E. Yorkshire, including Zovites radiatulus, flelix ericetorum, AH. virgata, and numerous other species. 192ud MEETING, TUESDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, ISOI. Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. New Members Elected : . Richard Bullen Newton, F.G.S., Natural History Museum, South ee Z Rev. Canon Alfred Merle Norman, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., etc., Burn- moor Rectory, Fence Houses, co. Durham. Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : Hon the Trustees of the British Museum-—R. B. Newton’s Systematic List of British Oligocene and Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum ; from the author—J. C. Mel- vill’s Historical Account of the Genus Latirus ; from the respective societies and editors—Bulletin de la Société d’Etudes Scientifiques de Paris, Avril, 396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1891; Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South Wales, June, 1891 ; Naturalist for August and September, 1891; L’Echange for January to August, 1891; Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for July and August, 1891, with Catalogue de la Bibliotheque, fasc. 12; and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. Other Library Additions announced as follows: Reeve’s British Land and Freshwater Mollusks (1863), Rutty’s Natural History of County Dublin (1772), and Maton’s Natural History of Ten Miles round Salisbury (1843). Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : Collection of the Shells of the Penistone District, sent by R. Nash and S. Elley ; Shells from Wainfleet, Linc. North, sent by J. Burtt Davy; etc. Papers Read: A note on Achatina acicula in a Roman Cemetery at Mentimiplia, | in the Italian Riviera, by Rev. J. E. Somerville, B.D., and a short note ‘On some Testacellz,’ by Dr. Heinrich Simroth, were ont) and will in due course be printed in the Journal of Conchology. Exhibits : On behalf of Rev. George Gordon: Lzmax cinereo-niger and L. arborun from Banffshire. On behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham: numerous gatherings of Pestdium, including P. voseum, P. fontinale, and P. nztidum from Rhos Neigia, Angle- sea, P. fontinale and P. pusillum from Marston, P. xitidum from Jesmond near Newcastle, P. voseuwm from Budworth Mere, and P. pusillum from Swalwell near Gateshead. On behalf of Mr. Bickerton Morgan: Spherium rivicola from the Shrop- shire Union Canal, Pool Quarry, Welshpool. On behalf of Mr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S. : S. aczstre from a pond near Dunbar, N.B. On behalf of Mr. Hubert Elgar: Planorbis marginatus from Snodland Marshes, Kent. On behalf of Mr. J. Grafton Milne: spirit specimens of Amala cart- nata from the bed of the River Helisson at Megalopolis in Arcadia, Greece. On behalf of Rev. Herbert Milnes: A scalariform specimen of e/ix arbustorum, and Limnea truncatula, both from Winster, Derbyshire, and Spherium lacustre from Filey. By the Chairman : A number of British Shells for which he had obtained M. J. R. Bourguignat’s determinations, including Limnea rubella, L. acutalis f. minor, L. langsdorffii f. major, L. lineata Bean, L. fusca, L. fragilis, Clausilia taylori (new species, a form of C7. dubia), Pistdium obstusale aff., P. casertanum, Spherium pallidum, S. pisidiotdes, Helix tacapica, H. men- doze, and Hf. heripensis. The Chairman also showed examples of Stscczizea elegans from various Hampshire and Dorsetshire localities whose specific identity had been established by Mr. Charles Ashford from anatomical examination of the animal; remarking on that gentleman’s authority that the difficulties of J.C., vi., Oct., 1891. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 397 separating this species from S. fzdt77s vanish when recourse is had to an autopsy, the anatomical differences between the two species being very marked. On behalf of Mr. R. Wigglesworth: Varieties of Helix arbustorum from Simonstone and Clitheroe ; and of A. hortensts from Altham and other localities. Mr. William Nelson exhibitedsome photographs of Pupaumbzlicata taken by Mr. J. Madison, which well showed the characteristic features of the species ; also some examples of Planorbzs albus which were noteworthy on - account of peculiarities in their sculpture. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., exhibited numerous slugs, including Limax maximus var. mullert, Amalia gagates and varieties, A. carinata, Arion hortensis, A. ater and varieties, A. subfuscus, A. bourguignati, and Agriolimax agrestris from St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, sent by Mr. J. R. B. Tomlin ; Z. maximus var. fasciata, Arion bourguignati, and A. hortensis, from Tomintoul, Banffshire, sent by Mr. Wm. Evans ; 4. afer, A. minimus, A. subfuscus, A. bourguignati, Limax arborum, and Agriolimax agrestis from the banks of the Avon above Ballindalloch, Banffshire (W. Evans) ; A. minimus and Limax arborum from Cromdale, Elginshire, also from Mr. Evans ; and Limax devis from Sandwich, Kent East, sent by Mr. Lionel E. Adams. Mr. Roebuck also mentioned the capture of examples of Limmax cinereo- niger in Banffshire, by Rev. George Gordon and Mr. W. Evans, from both of whom he had received specimens. 193rd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, 7th OCTOBER, I891. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: From Dr. Scharff—a copy of his important paper on ‘ The Slugs of Ireland’; from Mr. F. W. Wotton—a copy of the British Association Handbook to Cardiff, con- taining his local lists of Mollusca ; from Mr. Taylor—W. Nelson’s list of the Limneidz of North America ; from the U. S. National Museum-—R. EF. C. Stearns’ list of North American shells received from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and W. H. Dall on some new and interesting West American Shells obtained from the dredgings of the U. S. steamer Albatross in 1888 ; and from the respective Societies and Editors: Jahrsheft des Naturwissen- schaftlichen Vereines des Trencsiner Comitates, 1890-91 ; Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for October ; Naturalist for October ; and Proceedings of Liver- pool N.F. Club for 1890 (containing H. H. Higgins’ list of Land and Freshwater Shells of Liverpool District). Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted: Various species from Edlington and Wadworth Woods, near Doncaster, from Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., others from Snowdon, Llyn Ogwen, and Little Orme’s Head, presented by Mr. H. P. Marshall, and Zomzites nitidulus from Withernsea, from Mr. J. Darker Butterell. 398: JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Exhibits : On behelf of Mr, G. K. Gude: Amalia gagates var. rava, a fine adult, from Crouch Hill, Middlesex. : Mr. Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S., showed several examples of Zestacella scutulum which he had taken in his garden, with eggs and juvenile examples, these being the first West Riding Testacellze which have been specifically deter- mined, although ‘ Testacelle ’ have already been known to occur at one or two places. On behalf of Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell were exhibited : Paludina contecta and P. vivipara from Mantua, Northern Italy, where they have been found occurring together, each species being very plentiful, and the last- named nearly all as large as or larger than the specimen shown, which measured over 52 mill. in length. Mr. O. Marsden, of Leeds, who was present as a visitor, showed micro- scopic slides of molluscan odontophores. On behalf of Mr. Alex. Shaw were shown a large number of Scottish land shells, of which the following were new county records : Helix hortensis, ff. aspersa, HI. hispida, Zua lubrica, Balea perversa, all from Dunblane, South Perthshire (vice-county 87). The Recorder exhibited a number of shells, nearly all new county records, which have been submitted by the Rev. T. Shankland, of Mold: These included Helix fusca, Hl. pygmea, Physa fontinalis, Planorbis nautileus, Zonites glaber, Z. purus and var. margaritacea, Limnea peregra, Ancylus Jiuviatilis, L. truncatula, Planorbis contortus, Pl. spirorbis, Pl. albus, Sphertum lacustre, S. corneum, and Fhysa hypnorum, from various localities in Flintshire; and Amalia carinata, Limax flavus, Bulimus obscurus, Pisidium pusillum, Planorbis sptrobis, Pl. contortus, Physa fontinalis, Lim- nea palustris, and L. truncatula from various places in Carnarvonshire ; and Pisidium pusillum and Pupa marginata from Anglesea and Puffin Island respectively. The Recorder also showed, on behalf of Mr. F. W. Fierke: Limnea peregra from the wolds at Riplingham near Hull, where they swarmed in the dirty water of a cattle-pond in which there was no vegetation nor any other species of shells; Vertigo edentula and V. pygmea from Speeton, and the latter species also from Drewton Vale; a Helzx hortenszs var. castanea 00300 from Cottingham near Ilull; and Helix nemoralis var. hibellula 00300 hyalozonata roseolabiata, and (Mbellula 12345 hyalozonata roseolabiata from Burstwick near Hull.—W.D.R. The Council desire to draw the attention of the Members to: the Society’s Library and Collections. The series of British Marine Shells has now been set out, and is dis- played for inspection at the Leeds Museum, by kind permission of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society ; the series is, however, far from com- plete, and the Council would be extremely pleased to receive donations for its extension from Members. Portraits and Autographs (both of Members and of Conchologists gener- ally) are desired for the Society’s Albums, and will be very acceptable. All donations to be addressed to the Secretary, at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. J.C., vi., Oct., 1891. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 399 THE HABITAT OF MONTACUTA FERRUGINOSA. P By J. T. MARSHALL. (Read before the Conchological Society, July 8th, 1891). CoLLecTors have experienced a difficulty in finding this species in a living state. Valves are plentiful on many parts of our shores, and also from dredgings in muddy sand, but a living example has hitherto been considered a rarity. I have obtained several perfect examples from fish stomachs, but never dredged one alive. Forbes and Hanley pronounce it ‘a scarce shell,’ and Jeffreys says it ‘is seldom found in a perfect state.’ This is, however, owing to its habitat having been entirely overlooked. - Jeffreys gives as its habitat ‘muddy ground on all our coasts, from 7 to 85 fathoms,’ and Forbes and Hanley ‘ sublittoral.’ Alder, who described the animal and gave many interesting details of its habits in captivity, did so from a single specimen found in the stomach of a haddock, s¢/7 alive, so that evidently these writers at least were ignorant of its true habitat. In 1870, while at Guernsey, I was one day collecting Montacuta substriata from the spines of Spatangus purpureus at a very low tide, which does not allow much time for obser- vation, but I then occasionally observed a specimen of JZonta- cuta ferruginosa on the spines of the Spatangus, and eventually procured about a dozen examples, though’ did not take much note of the fact at that time beyond mentioning it to Dr. Jeffreys, who recorded it in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, in his ‘ Lightning’ Report (No. xlv., p. 698). Although I have fre- quently visited the Channel Islands since, I could never renew my acquaintance with the AZonfacute until the Spring of 1888, when, being at Guernsey again during an unusually low tide, I found some very fine Spatangus purpureus containing its usual companion Montacuta substriata, with the interesting addition of 400 MARSHALL: HABITAT OF MONTACUTA FERRUGINOSA. M. ferruginosa, of which I obtained several dozen. Both species occupy the same echinoderm, but the most remarkable thing is that while (as is well known) AZ. substrata occupies the spines at the ventral end of the Spatangus, and nowhere else, AZ. ferru- ginosa as rigidly keeps to the spines at the opposite end, near which the mouth is situate, without a single exception, and never occur on the back or sides. Hence its supposed rarity ; for this being its usual habitat, examples would rarely occur to the dredger, though valves might of course be plentiful. In Guernsey almost every Sfatangus had its attendant JZ. substriata, but only about every third one contained JZ. ferru- ginosa as well, the latter varying in number from two to six— rarely more than one adult, and the rest immature though of different ages. Spatangus purpureus lives at extreme low water mark in the Channel Islands, in shelly or gravelly sand, buried two or three inches deep, but it tilts itself up on the approach of the returning tide, and so reveals its whereabouts. The spines at both ends are about half-an-inch in length, with sufficient space between to allow of the free movement of the A/ontacute, who attach themselves by a strong byssal thread to near the extremity of the spines. In this locality the A/ontacute are beautifully clean, owing to the sand containing no muddy sediment, unlike specimens procured elsewhere, which are generally coated more or less thickly with a ferruginous deposit. Both Montacuta ferruginosa and substriata are found under precisely the same conditions in the Scilly Islands, and probably in other places. On my return to Torquay I endeavoured to find Spatangus purpureus on the South Devon coast, to see if it harboured the Montacute as at Guernsey ; hut it does not appear to live there so far as I have observed, its place being taken by another echinoderm (L£chinocardium cordatum, Pennant), whose habits are somewhat different, though for the purpose of providing a J.C., vi., Oct., 1897. MARSHALL : HABITAT OF MONTACUTA FERRUGINOSA. 40OI nost for the MJontfacufe it is not very much unlike Spatangus purpureus. The L£chinocardium in Torbay buries itself six or eight inches deep in fine muddy sand, leaving no clue after the receding tide as to its whereabouts, nor does it rise to the surface on the approach of the returning tide, but it keeps up a com- munication with the outer world by a burrow having an opening like a three-cornered star. The sandy mud in which it dwells is very tenacious, and its spines are so short and close set as to be unable to afford a nestling place for Montacuta ferruginosa. However, lately digging up some Zchinocardium in Torbay, I accidentally found a pair AV. ferruginosa in close proximity to one of them, which set me searching further, when I was gratified by finding JZ. ferruginosa a regular attendant upon it. On carefully dissecting a spadeful of sand containing one of these echinoderms, I found a burrow leading from its ventral end running irregularly in a sloping direction for three or four inches, and in this burrow or track dwelt the JZ ferruginosa. They were not in actual touch with its host, but followed at an interval of an inch or so, This track is made by a current from the echinoderm, and is almost exactly the width of JZ Jerruginosa, enabling it to approach or recede, but not to turn round. Owing to the clinging, tenacious character -of the muddy sand, with a little care the whole burrow and its denizens can be accurately exposed. For the purposes of this paper I have dug up at least 100 LEchinocardium cordatum, and quite 60 per cent. had its attend- ant AZ. ferruginosa ; where absent, I concluded it was owing to my not hitting the line of cleavage of the burrow, and that every echinoderm probably has its attendant or attendants— usually one adult, then a string of from three to five immature examples, always ranging from the largest, about an inch off the echinoderm, and tailing down to the smallest, which probably dwindle to the mere fry, but obviously are difficult to detect in the rough-and-ready way of turning over aspadeful of sand. It Z /402 MARSHALL: HABITAT OF MONTACUTA FERRUGINOSA. is only by the lump of sand breaking open in a favourable posi- tion that the whole arrangement can be seen, and it scarcely ever varies from this; but on one occasion I found a wandering Montacuta in a spadeful of sand without an echinoderm near it, and it was probably seeking a host or admission into a family of its own kind. I also on another occasion found a Montacuta actually within the small circle of spines fringing the ventral end of its host, but not adherent. I have no doubt the remaining 40 per cent. also had their followers, but they could not be found owing to the difficulty of opening the sand exactly in the line of the burrow, and of course if not parted exactly at the right angle it is almost im- possible to find it afterwards by breaking up the sand further or by stirring it about, especially with a rising tide at one’s heels. Again, from another part of South Devon, where the sand is soft and sloppy, I find the Echinocardium affords a home for Montacuta ferruginosa ; but here the former rise to the surface on the approach of the tide. ‘They not only rise to the surface, but if the sun is hot and the tide low, they appear impatient for its return, and will travel about on the surface for a yard or two, in a very ungainly fashion, dragging the AZonzacute in its track by a byssus about half-an-inch in length, though the immature ones are more closely attached, or embedded at the base of its spines. They are also more plentiful in this district, a dozen being sometimes met with on a single echinus, and in one instance I counted eighteen, but never more than one adult to each echinus. In this locality the latter may be leisurely watched creeping about on the sloppy surface, drawing in and ejecting sand and water, and dragging the larger MWontacute in its track, but sometimes leaving younger ones on the way. It will thus far be noted that in four separate localities AZ ferru- ginosa adopts methods of seeking its living in close proximity to echinoderms. I have alluded to the curious circumstance that no two of each group of AZontacute are of the same size. They cannot J.C., vi., Oct., 1897. MARSHALL: HABITAT OF MONTACUTA FERRUGINOSA. 403 be the progeny of one adult, as in that case they would be not only more numerous, but also of the same age and size; but they graduate in the most methodical way in the Torbay habitat —the largest or adult example being next the echinoderm, then the next largest, and so on. I have not been able to find Montacuta substriata in con- nection with the Echinocardium in Torbay, and their shells do not occur in the drift sand of the shore as do those of AZ. ferru- ginosa, and I take it that the conditions are not so favourable to it as to its congener ; moreover, it has not been recorded as found on this species of Echinus. The sand of Torbay contains a large admixture of reddish mud from the triassic rocks, and, as may be expected, the Montacute are thickly coated with it, probably, as Jeffreys supposes, ‘by a continual deposit and accumulation of fecal matter from the animal, which is not carried off in consequence of its sedentary habits and of the water in which it lives being free from currents.’ The Torbay locality also indicates that AZ. ferruginosa is not parasitic, but that it merely dwells on or near the echino- derms to intercept its food, in the same way as Jeffreys observes with regard to JZ. substriata. He also says of the latter, which may be taken as correct of the former, that ‘in one sense only can it be said to live on echinoderms. ‘The food of Spal/angus appears to be animalculz, and to obtain this it swallows large quantities of sand, causing thereby a strong and frequent current in the neighbourhood of its mouth. The Montacute probably avails itself of this indraught to partake of the sustenance intended for the Sfatangus, placing itself with its alimentary tube in themeontdirection, ~:~. aeesseeelihas ne suctonial organ, such as is possessed by all animal parasites, : nor has it once been detected on the back or sides, or beewheie than in the ventral region of its associate.’ (B.C., Vol. II., p. 208.) It will be noted that while at Guernsey JZ ferruginosa occupies the end of the echinoderm at which the mouth is 404 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. situate, it follows at Torbay the anal region, which is not in this case pre-occupied by JZ. sudstriata; but probably this does not greatly matter, its primary object being to get in the way ofa current charged with its sustenance. Jeffreys’ description of the animal, copied from Alder, must be altered in some respects. Instead of the body being described as ‘clear white,’ the mantle only is so, but the large foot is pink; and instead of the ‘margins being produced con- siderably beyond the shell,’ they are very slightly so; the filaments are produced, but the fringed mantle extends very little beyond the margin of the shell—less than one-twentieth of an inch. M. jerruginosa is very active, and not at all shy. The foot is large and muscular, and exceeds in length the breadth of the shell. It will sometimes crawl out of the water contained ina saucer, and stay for hours on the sloping side until put back, when it immediately begins crawling again. In travelling the valves gape, the filaments are produced, and the large foot ex- tended its whole length; the filaments are then withdrawn, the valves are partially closed, and the animal pulls itself up, swaying from side to side rather awkwardly—a process very similar to what Clark has described of AZ. bidentata. If the sea-water becomes stale and the animals sluggish, a little bubbling of the water rouses them to action again, and they may be kept alive thus for many days if away from the sea-side. —} ¢ @eg______ Calliostoma (vel Zizyphinus) haliarchus.—Mr. G. B. Sowerby thinks this may turn out to be but a larger, thinner, and deep sea form of his Z. jucundus, described three or four years ago in P.Z.S. and with which I compared this shell originally and differentiated it by certain characters. Should this opinion turn out eventually to be correct, the whole aggre- gate species must still bear this name (Cal/ostoma haliarchus), since it has been proved by Pilsbry (Man. Conch. Zvochide) that Gould had already on a previous occasion used the name qucundum. for another species of Ca//iostoma. As an alternative, Mr. Pilsbry in 1890 proposed for C. jucundum (Sowb.) the name Sowerbyt, but this is however antedated by haliarchus (1888) ; the generic name, Z7zyphinus (Gray) is also antedated by Cad/io- stoma (Swainson).—J. C. MELVILL. J.C., vi., Oct., 1892. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 405 DESCRIPTIONS OF ELEVEN NEW SPECIES BELONGING TO THE GENERA COLUMBARIUM, PISANIA, MINOLTA, LHOLSA, NNW “SOLALLOV Byvanllis COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., &c. (Read before the Conchological Society, July 8th, 189r). Columbarium distephanotis sp. nov. (PI. 1i, fig. 4). C. testi gracillind, fusiformt, alba, anfractibus septem, ad suturas angulato-compressis, ordine spinarum duplicato decoratis, spints elevatis, coronulatis, dentiformibus, canalt longo, obliqué tenuisulcato, haud spinescente, apertura pyrt- Jormt, labro simplict, margine columellari planato. Long. 19.50 mill, Lat.: 5.25 mill. Hab.: Torres Straits, Nov. Guinea mer. A very delicate, pure white little shell. From the three known species of Columbarium (rightly dissevered by Prof. E. von Martens from Fwsus owing to the toxoglossate den- tition), the C. distephanotis differs in several important points. From the type C. pagodus (Less), and C. pagodoides (Wat- son), in the double row of spines on the body whorls; from C. spinicinctum (von Martens), which to some extent possesses this attribute, in the complete absence of all signs of spines on the canal. The specimen, although perhaps not quite full grown, is yet in very good condition for diagnosis. It has all the appearance of molluscs procured from abysmal depths, and this was noted as having been obtained by dredging off the south shores of New Guinea in the Torres Straits, at a depth of seventeen fathoms. It forms part of the Chol- mondeley collection, now in*ethe museum, Owens College, Manchester, and is at present the only specimen known. 406 MELVILL: DESCRIPTIONS OF ELEVEN NEW SPECIES. Pisania gaskelli sp. nov. (PI. ii, fig. 5). P. testa fustformt, gracili, fulvo-brunned, anfractibus novem, convextusculis, ad suturas compressis, longitudinaliter costis regularibus cinctts, liris transversim brunneo-nigrtis, circum- ambtentibus, apertura prolongata, canali ad basim subre- curvo, labro extertore denticulato, incrassato, columellari recto, leve. Long.: 28 mill. Lat: 1x mill. Hab.? This species seems distinct from all others; the nearest approach in form I can find appears to be P. dzl/eheusti (Petit), a species placed in AZefula by some authors. It is a shell of elegant fusiform shape, of a warm brown hue, with transverse lines of a dark grey crossing the longitudinal ribs at regular intervals, the ribs being very numerous; the outer lip is denticu- lated internally, the beak being somewhat prolonged and slightly recurved. It has been for years unique in my collection. I have much pleasure in associating with this interesting shell the name of a college friend of very old standing, Roger Gaskell, Esq., M.A., of Highgate, Middlesex, the possessor of a choice collection of shells. Minolia malcolmia sp. nov. (PI. ii, fig. 6). M., testa solidiuscula, depresso-conica, angusté umbilicata, albido- ochracea, maculis et flammis rubrobrunnets conspersis deco- rata, anfractibus 44, levibus, nitidis, ad suturas subdepressis, infra suturas tndistincté crenulatis, striisque superficialibus cinctis, ultimo ad basim albescente, apertura parva, trigono- ovata, labro crassiusculo, margine columellari subcalloso. Long.: 3.50 mill., spec. majoris. Lat.: 6 mill. Hab.: Ad insulas Philippinenses. I possess two specimens of this shell, both from the Lombe Taylor collection. A small, subconical, solid species, not so shining as some of its allies, with red-brown speckled markings, and with no angie at the periphery, slightly depressed and crenulated at the sutures, mouth small, triangular. Nn Ceowwie OCtemsone MELVILL: DESCRIPTIONS OF ELEVEN NEW SPECIES. 407 Minolia pompiliodes sp. nov. (PI. il, fig. .7). M. testa profundé et laté umbilicata, conico-depressa, circa umbilt- cum vrotundata, nitidissima, levi, anfractibus guinque, ad suturas canaliculatis, lete-giluis et regulariter albomaculatis- ultimo ad periphertam albescente, flammis albisparsis circum- ambtentibus, ad basim, circa umbilicum, albescente, flammts brunneo-giluis cinctts, apertura subcirculart, intus margarit- acea, planata, labro exteriore tenut, margine columellari ad angulum apud umbilicum reflexo. Long.: 6 mill., spec. majoris. Lat.: 9 mall. Hab.: Ad tusulas Philippinenses. A most beautiful species, smooth, shining, ornamented with a beautiful regular series of white spots upon a bright fawn- coloured ground. At the periphery, which is not angled, the shell is whitish, with another line of zigzagged pale-brown markings more flame-shaped at the base; around the deep umbilicus, the margin of which is very slightly angled, a row of dark-brown flames alternates with the white. Interior of mouth smooth, beautifully margaritaceous. Two specimens, both in my collection, almost exactly resembling each other. From Mr. Lombe Taylor’s collection, the whole of whose A/zxolie and Solarielle 1 acquired in 1880. Minolia gilvosplendens sp. nov. (PI. ii, fig. 8). M. testa cenica, levi, nitida, profundé umbilicata, circa umbilicum angulata, transversim linets sulcatis sculpturata, margine umbilict pulchre radiato-sulcato, anfractibus quingue, ad suturas canaliculatis et nodulis corenulatis cinctis, ultimo ad periphertam subangulato, albis, maculis flammis nitidts cinereo-giluis decoratis, bast pallidiore, albescente, apertura lineart, tenut, margine columellart ad angulum breviter reflexd. Long.: 6.80 mill. Lat.: 8 mill. Ffab.: Ad insulas Philippinenses. Of this most exquisite small conical species, I received two specimens from Mr. Lombe Taylor’s collection, marked ‘,So/art- ella, sp. nov.’ One of these two is now in the national collec- 408 MELVILL: DESCRIPTIONS OF ELEVEN NEW SPECIES. tion. The whorls are smooth, channelled at the sutures, ornamented just below them with a row of raised coronated nodules, less distinct on the front of the basal whorl—this materially aids in giving the shell a slightly angled appearance. It is white, with many flame-like markings, the umbilicus deep, very slightly contracted, the umbilicus itself being deco- rated with transversely-channelled sculpture, almost as in a. Solarium, substance margaritaceous, interior of mouth pearly, smooth; mouth round, simple. Minolia ceraunia sp. nov. (Pl. ii, fig. 11). M. testa adepressa, alba, profunde umbilicata, solidiuscula, trans- versim tenuiter sulcata, anfractibus quatuor, ultimo rapide accrescentt, ad basim levi, nitente, anfrac. rufolineatis, linets angulatis, longitudinaliter rotatim dispositis, ad basim circa umbilicum convententibus, annulo puniceo formato, apertura ovato-trigona, labro stmplict, margine columellart incrassato. Long.: 3 mill. ILGES § Ga Hab.: Ad insulas Philippinenses. A very beautiful shell, though of small size, distinguished by regular longitudinal flame markings becoming small, paler, and more zigzagged, below the somewhat angled periphery, and all uniting round the umbilicus in a red band. It resembles M. edithe in several points, but is distinct specifically. One specimen, unique in my collection, originally in Mr. T. Lombe Taylor’s cabinet. Minolia edithee sp. nov. (PI. 1i, fig. 9). M. testa subconica, alba, angusté umbilicata, undique transversim tenutter lirata, anfractibus 44, rujis fulgetrints lineis dispost- tis, ad periphertam pallidé oltvacets, bast circi umbilicum albescente, concentrice lirata, apertura ovato-trigona, labro extertore stmplict, margine columellart reflexo. Long.: 4 mull. Lat.: 6 mall. Hab.: Ad insulas Philippinenses. J.C., vi., Oct., 1891. MELVILL : DESCRIPTIONS OF ELEVEN NEW SPECIES. 409 The two species—AZ. edithe and M. ceraunia—are un- doubtedly near each other, but the following characters amply distinguish them. M. edithe has the whole surface of the shell, including the base, finely concentrically lirate, whilst the base of JZ. ceraunia is smooth ; that species being also very depressed, while this is conical in form. The disposition of markings, while the same round the whorls, has an arrangement of zigzag rufous lines, edged with white, regularly disposed, as if originating from a common axis (the apex), and towards the base becoming quite different, for, while in AZ. ceraunia a very beautiful crimson band is formed by the junction of these lines, in JZ edtthe this is absent, and the base is almost white. This species is at present unique in my collection. Minolia eilikrines sp. noy. (PI. il, fig. 13). M. testa contco-pyramidata, uimbilicata, tenut, delicatula, pallido- ochracea, anfractibus quingue, ad suturas angulatis, trans- versim gracillime livatis, lirts trregularibus, majoribus articu- latis, minoribus stmplicibus, ultimo anfractu ad periphertam angulato, apertura ovato-trigona, labro simplict, margine columellart subangulato. Long.: 8 mill. Lat.: 9.50 mall. Hab.: Ad insulas Philippinenses. An extremely delicate, angled-whorled shell, conical, the upper whorls all being well angled and raised, the lower whorl not so depressed or effuse as in JZ. vztiliginea (Menke), next to which this species must stand in our lists. The markings on this species also are more delicate and not so well defined, and the shell is of a more cinereous tinge. This, and the next species to be described, AZ. henniana, belong to the old genus Minolia, as originally understood. The rest of those described in this paper would till lately have been called Solariella (Searles Wood), but as shown by Mr. Pilsbry in Tryon’s Manual, this latter genus has been misunderstood. 410 MELVILL: DESCRIPTIONS OF ELEVEN NEW SPECIES. Minolia henniana sp. nov. (PI. ii, fig. 14). M. testa depresso-conica, profundé umbilicata, fulvo-brunnea, an- gulata,anfractibus guatuor, biangulatts, spiraliter tenut-sulcatts, Juscis flammis regulariter longitudinaliter decoratis, apertura subtrigona, labro stmplici, apertura ovato-trigona. LSD DE Bole GHA LLB Oth 0) HUE Hab.: Magnetic 1. Queeusland (Arnold Umfreville Henn, Esq.). This little shell, of the pulcherrzma section of the genus, is most allied to AZ. angulata (A. Ad.). It was obtained with a hundred or more other small species by sifting shell-sand, kindly brought home at my request from two or three stations in the Eastern Tropics, by Arnold Henn, Esq., of Manchester. Five specimens were found altogether, of which two are now in the National Collection, South Kensington, the remainder in my own. Liotia calliglypta sp. nov. (PI. ii, fig. 10). L. testa obliguo conica, obtecté umbilicata, alba, solida, undigue muré sculpturata, anfractibus quatuor, longitudinaliter multi- costatis, interstitits transverstm densiliratis, ad medium ultime anfractus fortiter untcostatis, apertura rotundata, labro exteriort subreflexo, margine columellart calloso. Long.: 4.50 mill, LDRE A GEIL Hab.: Thursday Island (A. Umfreville Henn, Esq.). A very beautiful shell. The single specimen found in shingle obtained by A. U. Henn, Esq., from Thursday Island, was to some extent injured by a greenish deposit, not enough, however, to injure the marvellous sculpture and design. The shell is extremely oblique, four-whorled, with many oblique ribs crossed by one very strange median line in the last whorl, the interstices between the longitudinal ribs being densely lirate; mouth circular, umbilicus half-covered. After I had drawn the figure of this shell, unique in my collection, it has been most unfortunately mislaid, and it is im- J.C., vi., Oct.. 180. MELVILL : DESCRIPTIONS OF ELEVEN NEW SPECIES. 4I1I possible to say whether it will be now found. I have, however, requested Mr. Henn kindly to obtain me some more shingle from the same source, and it is to be hoped that other much better specimens of this beautiful addition to the genus will reward the searcher. Solarium (Torinia) enoshimense sp. nov. (PI. ii, fig. 12). S. testa depresso-discoidea, solida, profundé umbilicata, fusco- castanea, anfractibus quatuor, spiraliter sulcatis, papillis montliformibus, vegulariter transversim decoratis, apud suturas depressis, ultimo anfractu rapidé accrescenti, ad pert- pheriam tribus costis crenulato-carinatis, ad wumbtlicum pulchré crenulato, apertura circulart, labro simpltct. Long.: 2.50 mill., sp. mazoris. Lat... 5 mill. Hfab.: Enoshima, Japonia. Shell flattened, pale-brown chestnut, moderately and deeply umbilicated, whorls four (the last very rapidly increasing, with spiral channels of unequal breadth covering the whole surface, forming regular rows of moniliform papille. At the periphery these spiral channels have a very boldly defined semblance of angularity, the concentric spaces below the sutures are double the width of the three intervening spaces between them and the periphery. At the base, the crenulations round the umbilicus are boldly defined, and the next concentric space is twice the breadth of those, in their turn, intervening between this and the angle of the periphery—four in all. Of this small species, obtained in a native box of Japanese shells sent direct, and which contained several novelties, I have two specimens precisely similar, and in one of the drawers of the national collection at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, have found two or three others, unnamed, labelled ‘Japan.’ 412 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A LIST OF IRISH MOLLUSCA. By J. G. MILNE. T/. NoTES ON THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS or ACHILL ISLAND. (Read before the Conchological Society). THE land and freshwater molluscs of Achill Island—especially the former—present several points of interest; not only as inhabiting almost the most westerly part of the British Isles, but, because, as I hope to show, the fauna has been materially altered in, geologically speaking, recent times. These Notes embody the results of two visits—in August, 1886 and Sep- tember, 1888—when, from the Slievemore Hotel, at Dugort, as head-quarters, I worked the northern half of the island, and the neighbouring islet of Innishbiggle, supplemented with pass- ing remarks on a few gatherings from the shores of Clew Bay. The geological formation at Achill shows rocks of the metamorphosed lower silurian, which give place at Achill Sound to the old red sandstone. This forms the north shore of Clew Bay, while the east end, from Newport to Westport, is limestone. In Achill, however, the collecting grounds of the conchologist are limited by the peat which covers the greater part of the island. The north coast is a series of cliffs and precipices, from five hundred to two thousand feet in height, backed by a ridge which runs for about five miles from Achill Head to Slievemore, where it reaches its highest point, 2,204 feet. On the south this slopes down more gently, and by the villages of Keem, Dooagh, Keel, Slievemore, and Dugort are small patches of cultivated land. East of Keel there is a small extent of level sandy ground, and a similar sandy warren forms J.C., vi., Oct., 1891 MILNE : CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS IRISH MOLLUSCA. 413 the north-east corner of the island. Resulting from this, the localities cited will be few:—the fields and gardens at Dugort, the Colony, Slievemore, and the Signal Tower; the sandhills on the Warren, and at Ship Point, and on Keel Common; and the beaches of Dugort and Annagh Bay. But there are, besides, indications to be found of the nature of the fauna before the reign of peat, when the island was covered with forest, in a small portion of old surface uncovered in the banks of a stream, near Lough Nambrack; and a few land shells mixed with the debris of bones, limpets, whelks, periwinkles, and charcoal, on the shellmounds of Keel. From these sources I will endeavour to get some light on the reasons of the rather peculiar distribution of Achill mollusca. The freshwater species are neither numerous nor particu- larly important, and may be disposed of first. Pisidium pusillum.— The only bivalve found was P. pusillum, which, however, was very plentiful in its locali- ties. It occurs on the mainland in peat dykes, near Newport; and in Achill I found it in wet moss on the shore at Annagh Bay, where the overflow of Lough Nakee- roge dripped down to the sea; and in immense numbers in a ditch of a field by the Colony, as dry a spot as it could have chosen in that very damp locality; besides these localities on land, there were a few in a brook below Dugort. None of the Pectinibranchiate snails seem to inhabit the island ; though Bythinia tentaculata and Valvata pis- cinalts swarm in every ditch and brook from Westport to Newport ; they stop with the limestone. Among the Planorbes, P. albus and P. contortus are just as numerous within just the same limits; ?. zautileus gets nearer Achill, as far as Bunnamucka Lough at Molrhany, but on the island their places are filled by P. glaber, which occurs in two lakes on the warren—Lough Nambrack and Lough Doo. As 414 MILNE: CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS IRISH MOLLUSCA. Physa hypnorum only lives in the tributaries of the Risson river, near Newport, the Limnzea come next. Of these Limnzea peregra is plentiful and fine in Lough Doo; smaller specimens are found in a ditch near Dugort village, and still smaller in Lough Nakeeroge. It also occurs in brackish water on Keel Strand; the specimens there are, however, of a fair size. ‘The variety ovata, which is the usual form on the mainland, seemingly oy inhabits a brook below Dugort. L. auricularia var. acuta is found sparingly in Lough Doo. L. palustris does not advance beyond the limestone ; but L. truncatula, which takes its place on the sandstone, con- tinues into Achill, where it occurs in the brook below Dugort and with P. pusz//um in the dry ditch, the latter being fine specimens, while those from the water were small enough to be referable to var. minor. This brief list, I believe, exhausts the species of fresh- water snails found in the north of Achill Island; the number of land-dwellers is much larger. Arion ater.—To take the slugs first, Azzon ater occurs in great numbers, especially in half-reclaimed peat fields, but extending thence on to the heather, all over Slieve- more mountain—from the colony up to the top and down again to Annagh Bay—where it is accompanied by var. nigrescens, and also in the fields at Dugort. A. hortensis, true to its name, sticks to the gardens at the Colony and the little patch of reclaimed land at the Signal Tower. A. subfuscus was taken in a ruined cottage at Slievemore village, and its var. cinereo-fusca at the Colony. Amalia marginata.—Both species of Amalia occur. A. marginata was represented by a half-grown specimen from Dugort village ; while of the A. gagates I sent Mr. Roebuck, he named one from Dugort J.C., vi., Oct., 1891. MILNE: CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS IRISH MOLLUSCA. 415 as the type, and of three from Slievemore village one was var. plumbea and two the brown form. Limax agrestis is plentiful; the type at Annagh Bay, under stones on the shore; with which are associated the vars. tristis and sylvatica, the latter, the commonest form, also occurring at the Signal Tower, the Colony, and Dugort, besides being the usual one taken on the main- land at Westport and Newport. L. arborum var. nemorosa is also found at Newport, where it seems much more in place on the mountain-ash trees than crawling up and down the heather stems on Slieve- more mountain, as I often saw it, looking, as indeed it is, the mournful relic of a past age. Succinea putris. occurs in great numbers, though of small size, in two localities : in fields below the Colony, and on the shell- First among the Helicidze, Succinea putris mounds and strands at Keel. In both of these places, especially the latter, it must get a fair quantity of salt; a south-westerly wind will bring the waves over the shell- mounds, but, though this may have stunted their size, it does not seem to diminish their numbers. S. elegans was only found on the mainland near Newport. Vitrina pellucida is apparently an old inhabitant, as it occurs in the deposits on the warren, where it still flourishes. A small colony at Ship Point were noticeable for their very dark colouring. It is also found on Innishbiggle. Six species of Zonites were discovered on the island. The first two Zonites cellarius and Z. alliarius are so ubiquitous in Ireland that it was not sur- prising to find both at the Colony, and the latter also at the Signal Tower, Annagh Bay, and Dugort, besides its occurrence in the deposits. The var. alba of Z cellarius which I had taken at Westport, did not turn up on the island. 416 MILNE : CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS IRISH MOLLUSCA. Z. radiatulus, however, though a common Irish species, I had not expected; its occurrence in the fields at the Colony may bea relic of old times, as the cultivation of the land there seems of long standing—Dugort, close by, getting its name of the meadow village therefrom—and it is found in the deposits; so that it may have retreated before the peat, which supplanted the forests, into this little patch of cultivated ground. The same process may have applied to Z. crystallinus which also occurs in the fields at the Colony, as well as in the deposits; also on Innishbiggle; and to Z. fulvus which, however, has not the same proof of its antiquity, as it is not found in the deposits, but lives at the Colony ; the form is a small one referable to var. Alderi. These three species were all plentiful in their locality ; another, which might seem to be dying out, is Z. nitidus, of which only one specimen was to be found on the warren, and which above all would appear to be a survival of forest times. To proceed to the Helices. Helix aspersa occurred in great plenty on a confined space, on the shell-mounds at Keel; the shells were all rather dark, ranking under the vars. flammea, undulata, and obscurata. Now this species was not found in the deposits—either on the warren or in the shell-mounds—on the top of which it was living ; and as by reason of its size it could hardly have been missed had it been there: from this and from its occurrence in such numbers over a small area, I judge that it is a recent introduction which has not had time to spread. It is found in spots here and there on the mainland near, and similarly throughout Ireland, so far as my observation goes, it is, though generally dis- tributed, only numerous within confined boundaries, so that possibly the spreading process is going on throughout the island. On the other hand, J.C., vi., Oct., 189 MILNE: CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS IRISH MOLLUSCA. 417 H. nemoralis is, I take it, dying out—though only in Achill— for there is no question as to its extinction on the central limestone plain; but towards the west it gradually thins out; and in Achill it only occurs in a few heaps of stones on Ship Point, whereas formerly, the deposits show it to have been extended all over the warren to Dugort, and again to have been plentiful on the shell-mounds of Keel. None, by the way, of the shells of A. xemoralis in the mounds bear traces of cooking, as do those of the marine species ; they seem rather to have got mixed up in the debris and covered with sand ; and so the Achill natives now regard the use of snails as food with disgust. The band-formula of all the Ship Point specimens was much the same—all five bands being present, and the first three more or less coalescing—this prevalence of a single type being possibly another evidence of gradual extinction. The living shells are noticeably smaller than the sub-fossil ones. One specimen of H. hortensis occurred with the A. wemoralis, with a similar band-formula. H. rufescens is found at the Colony, in the gardens and on the walls, and with it its var. alba. This is also, I think, a spreading species, as it does not occur in the deposits, while its centre at the Colony seems to be in the gardens, where it may well have been introduced at the founding of the Colony fifty years ago. The next species, H. ericetorum, seems to have reached the limits ofits territory, being extended all over the sandy flats of the warren and Keel Common; it also occurs in some of the deposits. The usual form is a small, dark one, the size of which is that of var. minor, though in some respects it would suit Jeffreys’ var. instabilis, which seems distinctively western in its distribution. A small colony under Dugort village among the boulders on the cliff belonged to var. alba; the reason of the variation being abundantly manifest in their 2A 418 MILNE : CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS IRISH MOLLUSCA. dwelling-place, which was simply dry white sand without vegetation. H. rotundata is another of the vanishing species ; plentiful in the deposits, it is now restricted to Slievemore village, and there is scarce ; whereas on the mainland it is still numer- ous, as far as the limestone extends, being associated with H. rupestris, and beyond this living in large colonies by itself. As to the two last species, I offer no opinion whether their prosperity is decreasing or waning ; they are H. pygmaea which is found under stones on the walls of the fields near the Colony, and H. pulchella, which is fairly plentiful on the warren. Bulimus acutus is, I think, a new comer ; it is plentiful on the warren by Lough Nambrack, but does not extend far, though the whole neighbourhood looks suitable for it ; nor does it occur in the deposits. Pupa umbilicata is ubiquitous ; it is the only one of the Helicidze which ventures on to the peat; it is found all along the shores of Clew Bay ; and in Achill it occurs from the sea level at Annagh Bay and the Colony up to the Signal Tower, 890 feet above the sea. The Achill examples all look stunted ; some from Innishbiggle, on the contrary, are high, but belong to var. edentula. At the Colony occur four species of Vertigo; three in the dry ditch, where P. puusellum, LZ. truncatula, and S. putris are found, viz: V. antivertigo, which is exceedingly numerous; V. substriata, which also extends up into the field, while Antivertigo does not travel beyond the thick moss of the ditch; and V. edentula. The fourth species prefers the walls of the gardens and fields; this is V. pygmea, a snail common throughout Ireland. J.C., vi., Oct., 1891. MILNE: CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS IRISH MOLLUSCA. 419 Cochlicopa lubrica is almost as ubiquitous as P. umbilicata ; I have specimens from the Colony, from Annagh Bay, and from the Warren; also from Innisbiggle; and sub-fossil ones from the Warren. It keeps off the peat, however, and is not so numerous either on the island or the main- land, except at Westport, where the var. fusca is also found. Alone of the shells found in the deposits, Clausilia rugosa has utterly vanished from Achill with the trees; this commonest of Irish snails now stops where the trees stop, at Molrhaney. Carychium minimum survives in vast numbers, though only in one locality, with the Vertzgos in the ditch at the Colony; so that, though it is generally supposed to be a forest-loving species, it seems to manage to withstand extermination. This ends the list of Achill shells, and I think there is justification in it for concluding that a new fauna is taking the place of an old one. The destruction of the forests has produced a change such that species like Claustlia rugosa, Helix nemoralis, and H. rotundata, and Zonttes nitidus, Z. radtatulus, and Z. crystallinus are dying out, those that can accommodate themselves to changed con- ditions—such as Zonites alliarius, Pupa umbilicata, and Cochlicopa lubrica—are meanwhile flourishing and filling the land, and new immigrants more suited to the changed soil—such as Helix aspersa and HZ. pilchella and Bulimus acutus—are coming in to take the vacant places. If this be at all true, it surely gives some light on the life of species. TABLE OF ASSOCIATED SPECIES. FRESHWATER. L. peregra ... ae B00 L. auricularia var. acuta LPI. glaber ... L. peregra ... Fl. glaber ... Lough Doo, 40 feet. Lough Nambrach, 30 feet. YE 7 420 MILNE: L. peregra var. ovata L. truncatula var. minor P. fusillum L. pevegra ... L. peregva ... L. peregra ... P., pusillum LAND. Arion ater and var. negresceits Limax agrestris and vars. ¢ristts and sy/va/ica ... Zonites alliarzus P. umbilicata Coch. lubrica Arion ater... L. arborumn var. P. umobtlicata hortensts . agrestis Var. . alltiarius . umbelicata 7ENLOT OSA sylvatica ... . hortensis 5 subfuscus var. cz72ereo fusca . agrestrts var. sylvatica cellarius.. plone ; s H. rivfescens and var. alba P. umbilicata Coch. lubrica A. subfuscus ; on Am. gagates var. plumbea ff. rotundata Ant. marginata Ant. gagates 900 L. agrestris var. sylvatica Z. alliartus P. umtlicata S. putris L. truncatula P. pusillum Z. vadiatulus Z. crystallinus Z. fulvus var. aldert V. antivertigo V. substriata V. edentula... Coch. lubrica Car. minimum Hl. rufescens and \ var. alba ; On wails Al. pygme@a... ee V. pugmea ..- aa SIE BINS In ditches x | ) CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS IRISH MOLLUSCA. Dugort Brook, 10 feet. Lough Nakeeroge, 20 feet. Dugort, 50 feet. Keel Strand, sea level. Annagh Bay, 10 feet. Annagh Bay, 10—20 feet. Slievemore Mt.. 50—1000 feet. Signal Tower, 890 feet. Gardens, the Colony, 50 feet. Slievemore Village, 150 feet. Dugort Village, 30—5o feet. Fields, the Colony, 20—40 feet. J.C., vi., Oct., 1891. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 421 S. putris HI, aspersa vars. Vit. pellucida Z. nitidus (one) Hf, nemoralis (limited) Al. evicetorum var, minor... \ J eens (hi say i - Keel Strand, sea level. The Warren, 20—70 feet. B. acutus (limited) Coch. lubrica — ZL. crystallinus Vit. pellucida ae Be P. umoilicata and var. edentula .. Coch. lubrica Innishbiggle, 20 feet. Hi. ericetorum and var. minor... keel Common, 20 feet. Hi, ericetorum var. alba ... boc Dugort, 10 feet. SSS NOTES ON THE VIVIPAROUS NATURE OF BALEA. By A. E. CRAVEN, F.L.S., anp EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. (Read before the Conchological Society, May 6th, 189r). In October, 1890, I found great numbers of specimens of Za/ea perversa (Lin.) among the ruins of Vianden Castle, in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. Nearly every specimen contained two or three young. ‘These were already sufficiently developed as to possess about three whorls. This mollusk has, I believe, been hitherto considered as laying numerous eggs, which take several days to hatch ; it, therefore, seems an interesting fact to note that it is ovo-viviparous.—ALFRED FE. CRAVEN. THE above is not the first record of the viviparous nature of Balea perversa. It is, however, none the less important, as it confirms the statement of Mr. Rich as given in Rimmer’s ‘Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles,’ p. 169. This discovery is in direct contradiction to the account (the only account, I believe) of the propagation of this species. Ae JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Bouchard-Chantereauxt says that it deposits from twelve to fifteen comparatively large eggs, which are whitish and globular and about 114 mill. in diameter. Deposited at the beginning of autumn, they hatch on the fifteen to the twentieth day, and the young arrive at maturity at the end of the first year. These observations have been reproduced by Moquin-Tandon and Jeffreys. I fail to discover any way of reconciling these two con- tradictory accounts. Both are equally explicit and, doubtless, conscientiously given. There can be no questioning the accuracy of Mr. Craven’s statements, as I have before mea series of adult specimens and of the minute shells taken from the apertures of the old ones, which he has presented to the British Museum. I am inclined to believe that Bouchard-Chautereaux was in some way mistaken ; for it seems too wild a theory to sup- pose, either, that after hatching the young may re-enter the parent shell, or that this mollusc has more than one mode of reproduction.—Epcar A. SMITH. + Cat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. dans le Départ. du Pas-de-Calais, 1838, p. 62. —_——__+0-o— Helix lapicida v. subangulata Pascal.—This interesting variety, described by Pascal as similar to the type in colouring, but differing from it in the last whorl being rounded and not carinated as usual in the species, has been found in Dovedale by Mr. C. T. Musson, who kindly gave me the specimen I now possess. It has a very great resemblance in general contour and size to the “e/tx cornea, and would appear to be the same form as var. gvossularie Voith. It has apparently been also noticed by Weinland, who records it as variety without keel. Perhaps more specimens may be found now that attention is drawn to its discovery in this country.—J. W. Tavior, Apval 25th, TSQT. Cryin © chen cone JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 423 ON SOME TESTACELLA. By Dr. HEINRICH SIMROTH, Honorary Member of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. (Read before the Conchological Society, Sept. x5th, 1897). Of the Zestacelhe sent to me from Yelverton, Norfolk, and collected by Rey S. Spencer Pearce, were three in alcohol; the other three, which had been sent alive, arrived dead and in a state of decomposition, but the dissections showed undoubtedly that all were Zestacella haliotidea. On this occasion I beg per- mission to make some remarks upon the genus in general. My treatise upon the Portuguese Slugs was written in 1887, but printed in 1891 ; while in the press, the work of Lacaze-Duthiers was published, and somewhat later that of Dr. Plate (Zoolog. Jahrbiicher, bd. iv.) ; these treatises describe especially and in detail the Zestacelie (and Daudebardic), while my attention was directed to slugs generally. The pallial organs and the integument have been treated upon in an excellent manner by Plate, and necessitate the correction of my results in several points. My studies on the reproductive system seemed to demon- strate the possibility that the new species of Zestacc//@, published by Pollonera, were mere varieties, my opinion being founded on my knowledge of the same organs in the Limaces and the com- parison of Pollonera’s figures. But now Plate has examined some of the new species and has found still other internal differences ; and on that account I do not hesitate to acknow- ledge Pollonera’s species. Indeed, Zes¢ace//a is an ancient genus (and is present in tertiary deposits), but its subterranean habits give but little scope for dispersal, and it would therefore be surprising if the genus was not divided into local forms. Per- haps the Z. duéta Poll. from Caveretto near Turin and the T. barcinonensis from Barcelona are only varieties of Z. ha/to- tidea ; the figures of the genital organs are very similar, and the English Zestacelle 1 have now examined are certainly the true Ffaliotidea, and all are in accord with the figure given by Gassies and Fischer (Monog. Testacelle, pl. i, fig. 15), which Mr. Taylor 424 SIMROTH : ON SOME TESTACELLA, has demonstrated are really those of the true Ha/zotidea, though erroneously given as AZaugez by the learned authors ; they also agree with the more exact figure of this English author (Journ. Conch., v, p. 340, July, 1888). But now arises a new difficulty, for the Zestacella haltotidea from Trieste which I have dissected (Lc. p. u, fig. 9) I now think should be ranged under 7: catalonica Poll. and TZ: fecchioli Bet. from Settignano near Florence. ‘The question is to be decided by malacologists resi- dent in countries in which the species are found. I wish to discuss still another point. As is known, in the Testacelle the retractors of the pharynx and of the tentacles or ommatophores have widely separated origins. Plate has found that each of them has its own innervation. He has concluded that both are independent things. On the contrary, I have tried to derive the different muscles from the parts of the united musculus-columellarts of Daudebardie. ‘Vhe middle form would be the D. saulcy7, in which the two bundles for the pharynx and the lef:, tentacle take rise nearly together on the left side. I think we are both right. The explanation is given by the composition of the normal mzsculus-columellaris of the Stylom- matophora. ‘The primary bundle is that for the pharynx only, with which the tentacle retractors unite themselves later. In Zonites verticillus and some Hyalinz the union has not yet taken place. In other forms (G/andina and many Helices) on the other hand still more bundles for the anterior parts of the foot have loosened themselves from the integument and have been united with the columellaris. In the Daudebardie the three bundles for the pharynx and the tentacles are only a little bound together, or their origins are very close together, especially the left ones. Therefore, it is evident that the innervation of the separated muscles in Zesfacelle cannot be an argument that they were never united with the pharynx retractor or never had the relations as in Daudebardie. ‘The question is important enough with regard to other Pulmonata with similar separations, e.g., the Arionide, Meghimatium, and Caucasian Testacellide, and Trigonochlamydina ( Trigonochlamys and Selanochlamys). J.C., vi., Oct, 189. SOUTH AFRICAN SHELLS. Vol. We PLT. XQ Hanhart imp. G.B.Sowerby lith. NOWB® NH Vet VICE . Coralliophila andamana, p. 31 . Lulima epeterion, p. 31 Zizyphinus haliarchus, p. 32 . Columbarium distephanotis, p. 405 . Pisania gaskelli, p. 406 . Mtinolia malcolmia, »p. 406 . Mhinoha pompiliodes, p. 407 . Minoha gilvosplendens, ~. 407 . Mtinoha edithe, p. 408 . Liotia calliglypta, p. 410 . Minolta ceraunia, p. 408 . Solareum enoshimense, p. 41% . Minolta elikrines, pp. 409 . Minolka henniana, p. 410 SOUTH AFRICAN SHIEIMIS o WAG VOL NUIT, El, Hanhart imp. G.B.Sowerby hth . CAB EN BV Sew sD. +6 LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS. pe Sa Ge Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., a cabinet, to be devoted to a series of types of the species and varieties of the British Land and Freshwater Mollusca (the Council have decided to call this ‘The Taylor Cabinet.’). Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., Mr, J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. Rey. ILerbert Milnes, M.A. It, Col. GS. Barry Osis Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L. S. Mr. R. C. Chaytor Mr. S. J. DaCosta a The late Dr. W. H. eee Mr. G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., PLS. bi Mr. H. F. Dale, A.A., B.Sc., F.R.G.S., FRMS., RLS, Hi Mr. Henry Coates, F.R.P.S. Mr. W. Whitwell Rev. E. S. Dewick, M.A. Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A. Mr. Edward Collier ... Mr. Geo. W. Mellors Mr. John Hagger Mrs. A. Evans Mrs. A. Evans (second donation) ... Mr. B. Sturges Dodd Rev. Carleton Greene, M.A. Myo HE. Re Sykes, ByA- Mr. Clifford Burkill ... Rev. J. McMurtrie, M.A. SS oO -= = =e fe) fe) se) Te io} {oy tay to) = [o) Lal _ {o) ° Oo © © Sf ~~ CO 2 & OC © i) ©) Xe) 19 Cen es ©) fe) (o) (op (2) “(oye (2) =e)" fe) (©) (a) (0) 9) () ~(o) (eo) fo) (0) fo) fey fo) fe) (0) teh Eh ee 7 Leal ° (on on On On on on on es on | All donations of Specimens, Books, or otherwise are regularly acknowledged in the Printed Proceedings of the Society. The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Jreland. THE MUSEUM, LEEDS, Marcu, 1890. THE LIBRARY AND COLLECTIONS. The Council would be pleased to receive Donations of Books (or cash for purchase of Books) for the Library, or of specimens for the Collections. FOR THE COLLECTIONS, Which are stored in cabinets placed (by kind permission of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society) in the Leeds Museum, and available for inspection by Members daily (from 10 a.m. to dusk), it is desired to bring together a full series of the British Mollusca, both fossil, marine, and land and freshwater, and also as large a collection of exotic species as possible. FOR THE LIBRARY, It is desirable that the Society should possess Reprints of papers written by its Members, as well as monographs, lists, papers, reprints, sets (or even odd numbers) of scientific periodicals, or topographical works containing conchological matter. The income of the Society being required mainly for the publication of the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ there is not a large balance available for purchase of books. The Council believe that many Members would be able to spare books which would be acceptable for the Society, or would be disposed to contribute toward a fund for the purchase of suitable works. It may be added that Members are at all times at liberty to borrow books on defraying cost of transmission, THE CABINET FUND Is still open for further contributions. A list of subscriptions paid or pro- mised, is given on the other side. ALL COMMUNICATIONS To be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, Conchological Society, The Museum, Leeds. JAN., i 1889. J OU R N A L CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF: CONCHOLOGY. ; ~ CONDUCTED BY SOEN ANS ACY BOR FRvisS., Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT ‘BRITAIN AND IRELAND, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: The Land and Freshwater Shells of the Neighbourhood of North Berwick, Haddingtonshire.—Rev. John McMurtrie, M.A. ea Some further Notes on Marine Shells collected at Port Elizabeth, South Africa, with descriptions of some new species.—G. B. Sowerby. Colonizing Land and Freshwater Shells at Se East Sutherland, — -- W. Baillie . On the Circumstances attending “Death, by. Deaw ning, of Helix aspersa. —J. W. Williams Phi ; Note on Patula cooperi.—T. D. A. Cockerell - ... The Land and Freshwater Mollusca-of Harrogate and District (Yorks. ). —F. R. Fitzgerald Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells. —James Cosmo “Melvill Helix cantiana monst. sinistrorsum in England.—J. W. Taylor Respiration of Ancylus fluviatilis,—Chas. A. Whatmore ; On the meaning of the Glycogenic Function in the Mollusca. J. W. Williams Me re 5 Helix rotundata m. sinistrorsum. ne 3 W. “Taylor Vertigo minutissima in Dorset.—E. R. Sykes .«.. ~ List of Shells collected at Ipeleton and District during August, 1888. —E. Collier - © Helix rupestris, an’ ovo- viviparous species. aa) Collier. : Preliminary Notes on the Phenomena of Muscle- Contraction in the Mollusca.—J.. W. Williams . Limax flavus var. rufescens in West Lancashire, _“w, Denison Roebuck The Marine Shells of Scilly. —C. Burkill and J. T. Marshall . Preliminary Remarks on the Molluscan Fauna of Colorado, EAD. A. . Cockerell 4 : OBITUARY=—Si David Barelay and and ne Churchill Eobinetons e D. DOUBLE NUMBER_TWO SHILLINGS. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. “BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CaRLsTRASSE, II. 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THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayaBLe on RECEIPT OF PaRT,. The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’ Universite, Paris. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent : Species of Shells. By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN., CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY oF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The Manual ‘of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. *..” The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for, Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts ina volume) ... re ce see 3-00 Colored Edition,—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... wife ey 5: OO) Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies © rors 302 au se) 8-00 First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, containing 8,482 figures. ~ Any volume sold separately. Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. IL. —Muricidse and Purpuride, 1880. Vol. IiI.—Tritonidz, Fusidz, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. [1V.—Nassidz, Mitridze, Volutidze, and Turbinellidz, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidz, Olividze, and Colum- bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VIL— Terebride, -Cancellariide, Strombidze, Cypreeide, Ovulidz, Cassididz, and Doliidz, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticid#, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimidze and Pyramidellide, 1886]. ‘Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. Vol. I.—Testacellide, Oleacinidz, Vitrinidee, Limacidze, Arionid, etc., 364 pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitide, 1886]. Subscribers will please address :— GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN,, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; ORLY eS TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LupcaTe Hitt, Lonpon. F. SAVY, 77, Bout. St. GERMAIN, Paris. (TANTED. __HELIX NEMORALIS and VARIETIES from various localities. VV | Good Exchange given. eens F..R. FirzGrraip, Clifford House, Harrogate. XCHANGE.—Wm. H. 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The Editor of the ‘‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY~” purposes forming an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate _If desired the favor will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the Album :—WALTER CroucH, F.Z.S., H. WALLIS Kew, F.E.S., W. WHITWELL, J. Mapison, J. W. WILLIAMS, and T. W. READER. Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. i PR PARA ss om Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusea OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 1.—Where did Layard describe Zestacella aurigaster? _Mr. Layard himself has now forgot. 2.—Living specimens of -Zestacella scutulum wanted. 3-—Authentically named specimens of i estacella bisulcata (living preferred) on loan or otherwise. 4.—Information about the distribution of Hel¢x cantiana. Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacelle from any locality. Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having reference to Testacellee. Co-operation is invited from all Crmhelsetsis interested in the above subject. any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—s?rrucruRre, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Adress : —Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Con- chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. APRIL, wis’) 1889. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY, ESTABLISHED, IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF. CONCHOLOGY. CONDUCTED BY JEN (Wo PAYLOR Byles. Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, WITH rae IS INCORPORATED THE PROCEEDINGS OF. THE CONCHOLOGICAL: SOCIETY - OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, : PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: ; Preliminary Remarks on the Molluscan Fauna of TOE Nes —T.D.A. Cockerell Aa ee tn disc ne ae Pret ne cone OIS Helix wanes m. sinistrorsum in Middlesex.—F. G. Fenn ae G5 Notes and Critical Remarks’ on a Donation of Shells sent to the Museum of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Treland. —John Brazier, F.E.S., CM. Z.S., ME). Spleens Goodallii at Croydon.—Kenneth McKean Note on the Marine Shells of Scilly: —E. Burkill and J. T. Marshall Helix aculeata Miill in S. Lancashire.—W. H. Heathcote . PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. : dia SP ES Sv Lal UTHORS of Papers who may wish additional copies of their Articles, may have them on payment of the Printer’s Charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 25 copies 4 pp. 3/6. 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp. §/-. 16 pp. 10/6. 50 by) ” 4/6. » 6/6. 29 10/-. ” 12/6, 100 ,, uy 6/6. A s2O/ a; At Oe spl fee A DVR EV Piso Vir NES Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page ... a vee 20/-. Quarter. Page... ash Pay | Half Page ... sted sea 12/6. Six lines or under... Be 3yG- One-Third Page ... Sy NO} oe Every additional line sa ee] Os ( i. B. OWERBY, 121, FULHAM ROAD, Lonpbon, S.W.. (Removed Rom 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREEM), has probably the Largest one: OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the world, from which selections may be made on the premises or specimens sent for selection. COLLECTIONS Illustrative of Generic and Sub-generic Forms, and Species, from I00 to 5,000 species from £1 Ios. to £300. Museums, Private Collections, and Specimens Classified, Named, and Arranged. THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. SowEerBy. Part 44 (com- pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. Price, £1 5s. ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH “SHELLS. New Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates, giving a figure of every - known British species. Price, £1 15s. THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. EDITED BY PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. ‘Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor efore the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication the January, April, July, or October numbers respectiv: oe Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Adver tising may bead. THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayaBLE ON RECEIPT OF PART. The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de Universite, Paris. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells, By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN., CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is compléte in itself, and furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. * .* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a- volume) ... berths from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON : DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONIYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Prick 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavaBLe on RECEIPT OF PART. The work will be completed in $ or.10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de che aoe Paris. OCT. (sant, 1s00.), 1889. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL.” OF CONCHOLOGY. CONDUCTED BY JOH NAW? 2 PAY LOR ris Se Membre Honoraire de la Société tlasoloeane de France, WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: Varieties of our Banded Snails.—Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. —Concluded The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of South Devon.—Ernest D. Marquand, M.A. On Hydrobize and Assimineze fot the Thames Valley. me ie Marshall Notes on British Hydrobiz with a description of a supposed new species. —Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. Materials for a Molluscan Catalogue of Suffolk.—Rev. Culeca Greene Helix pisana var scalariformis.—H. Milnes Limax agrestis and Cochlicopa lubrica.at St. Thomas, Canada.— T. D. A. Cockerell Further notes on Marine Shells of South Afiiea, with deca of new species.—G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. PAGE, | 129 136 140 142 146 146 146 147 159 BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOIIN, CaRtstrRasseE, 11. REPRINTS. UTHIORS of Papers who may wish additional copies of their Articles, may have them on payment of the Printer’s Charges as below (Such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 25 copies 4 pp. 3/6. 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp. 8/-. 16 pp. 10/6. oreets e 4/6. ys a oof Os Sp LOj=3 yin 2s 100.75; =A 6/6. ys) (Of 9 E23 » =15/-- ADVERTISEMENTS Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page ... oe ws -20/-. Quarter Page... a8 ase Gfes Half Page ... ee se. 1270.7. voix lines.or, under, 10/-. > 12/6. I10o0- ;, ” 6/6. ) 9/-. or) 12/-. ” 15/-. ADV RES VE ee SES Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page ... iS seee 20} =e Quarter Page... see Seeiien Half Page ... ae ee 2G: Six lines or under. ... sae 3/6 One-Third Page... By aM tye Every additional line Sot POs ( B OWERBY, 121, FULHAM ROAD, Lonpvon, S.W. 5 : (Removed from 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET), has probably the Largest STOCK OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the world, from which selections may be made on the premises or specimens sent for selection. COLLECTIONS Ilustrative of Generic and Sub- -generic Forms, and Species, from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 Ios. to £300. Museums, Private Collections, and Specimens Classified, Named, and _ Arranged. THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. SowERBy. Part 44 (com- pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. Price, £1 5s. ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. New Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates, giving a figure of every known British species. Price, £1 15s. THE SCOTTISH AoU ReaD A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. EpITeD By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the rst of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co., er outs from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONIYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavasLe on REcEIPY oF Pant, The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de ’ Universite, Paris. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells, By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN., CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. *,," The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts ina volume)... ae ae ue $3500 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... Sct es HOO) Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies aa 300 Bic “| 6) GO ———— First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. The seven completed voiumes comprise 2,176 pp: text, with 530 plates, containing 8,482 figures. Any volume sold separately. Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricidze and Purpuride, 1880. Vol. I1I.—Tritonide, Fusidz, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. IV.—Nassidee, Mitridze, Volutidze, and Turbinellidze, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidz, Olividze, and Colum- . bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conidz, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.-— Terebridze, Cancellariidz, Strombide, Cypreeide, Ovulidee, Cassididz, and Doliidee, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimidee and Pyramidellidz, 1886]. Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinide, Vitrinidz, Limacide, Arionidz, etc.. 364 pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitidee,*1886]. Subscribers will please address :— GEORGE W. Tryon, JUN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; OR, . TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, Lupcare Hitt, Lonpon. F. SAVY, 77, Bou. St. Germain, Paris. OR SALE.—A Good Collection of FOREIGN LAND, FRESHWATER, and MARINE SHELLS. Following genera well represented, viz. :— Helix, Bulimus, Pupa, Clausilia, Streptaxis, Vitrina, Cyclophorus, Pupina, Cataulus, Pterocyclos, Alycaens, Indian Unio, Scaphula, Pecten, Aspergillum, etc. 1000 species £30; sets of 30 species from 10/6; single species according to price list:—MISS LINTER, ARRAGON CLOSE, TWICKENHAM. GENERAL COLLECTION OF SHELLS FOR SALE.—Foreign Marine, a few Land Shells (Bulimus and Helix), and a valuable lot of Clausiliz. Price £10 I0s., or some sold in Guinea sets.—Apply to F. M. HELE, Fairlight, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol. INSTITUTION FOR NATURAL HISTORY LINNAHA BERLIN, N.W., LUISENPLATZ 6. Our stock in S Ho. # LLS exhibits a wealth of Forms and Species such as can scarcely be found elsewhere. We would refer, in the first instance, to our Catalogues; but we also arrange every description of Collections to special order, as for instance for comparative studies in PALEONTOLOGY. Price Lists on application. Specimens sent for selection. ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. The Editor of the ‘‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate If desired the favor will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the Album :—G. W. MELLoR THos. ROGERS, and W. CASH, F.G.S. Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. LIN PREPARATION. Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 1.—Where did Layard describe Yestacella auwrigaster? Mr. Layard himself has now forgot. 2.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutulum wanted. 3.—Authentically named specimens of Zestacella biszlcata (living preferred) on loan or otherwise. : ; 4.—Information about the distribution of Helix cantiana. Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacelle from any locality. Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having reference to Testacellee. 5 Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. iny information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srructurg, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address :—Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Con- chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. APRIL (ats), 1890. Ivor THE oe CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONDUCTED BY JOHN.” W: The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates i in each ee Subscriptions to be sent to ~~ M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de See Paris, SOLLECTION. OF SHELLS FOR SALE.—Price, 12 GUINEAS.—Com- - prising many Valuable Shells, such as Harpa imperialis, Murex rota, and many other Foreign Marine Shells; also British Land and Freshwater Shells, _ Tropical Land Shells, European Land and Freshwater Shells. Clausilia; &c. ; and --a few Rare British Marine Shells. such as Buccinopsis dalei.---Particulars on appli- cation to Miss F. M. HEL®, 11. Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol. j Tt , INSTITUTION FOR: NATURAL HISTORY, LINNAHA BERLIN, N.W.., LUISENPLATZ 6. : Our stock in SH# LLS exhibits a wealth ae Forms and Species such as can scarcely be found elsewhere. We would refer, in the first instance, to our. Catalogues; but we also arrange every description of Collections to special order, as for instance for comparative studies in PALEONTOLOGY. Price Lists on application. Specimens sent for selection. ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. The Editor of the ‘‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate If desired © the favor willbe reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the Album :—G. W. Meior, THos. Rocers, W. CAsH, F.G.S., and J. R. B. “MASEFIELD, M.A, Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. oN Pe P Ae Arto mM, Monograph of the Land & reshwater Mollusca ae THE BRITISH FAUNA. SO>—_— INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. I Where did Layard describe Zestacella aurigaster 2? Mr. Layard himself has _ now forgot. 2.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutulum wanted. 3.—Authentically named specimens of 7estacel/a bisiicata (living preferred) on loan or otherwise. - 4.—Informaiion about the distribution of Helix cantiana. Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellee from any locality. Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having reference to Testacellze. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srructure, - DEVELUPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address : Mr. Te Vc eA LOR, Office of the Journal of Con- chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. Sen furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions. can commence with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. — - Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, ones and India — containing 8,482 figures. © Sa + ques OF cONCHOLOGY: A eae, Illustrated Monography of the pee Species of sabe : | CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY or NaTuRAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. “The Manual oF t Gonetislbey is published, by subscription, in parts Gay “octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 te ae ‘24 plates, with accompanying text. ‘Each volume. is complete in itself, and *.~ The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. ay Plain Edition,—Per part (4 parts iva volume). ... ae AS A.) Paoee Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... Reso atten Chere tinted, edition strictly limited to 25, copies ee Hue tee Bn ts) Co First We riee UMaine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, — Any yolume sold separately. Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. » Vol. IL. — Muricidee and Parparide, 1880." Vol. TH. —Tritonide, Fuside, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. I'V.—Nasside, Mitride, : ei Volutidee, and Turbinellids, 1882, Vol. V.—Marginellidee, Olivide, and Colum- bellide, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.— Terebridee, , Cancellariidze, Strombidze,— Cypreeidee, Oyulide, Cassididee, and Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 'pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. {Vol. Il.—Zonitidee, 1886]. ; coe i - Doliidze, 1885. [ Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Colyer ae Turritellide, Bulimidee and Ey, amidellidee, 1886]. ~ Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidx, Vitrinida, Limacidze, Arionicdze, cice: 36422 Subscribers will please address :-— GEORGE W. TRYON, Jun. Academy of cae Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; OR, TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59) LUDGATE HILL, LONDON. F. SAVY, 77, Bou. a: Germain, Paris. a OCT. ct, tg90. [Vor vs. bel Et JOURNAL “CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS : oi AL: QUARTERLY LENE OF. CONCHOLOG ¥. | CONDUCTED BY ~ JOHN Wes PA VIGOR (ines Membre Honoraire de la Société rae ee de France, WITH WHICH 1S INCORPORATED THE | “PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TREL AND, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. CONTENTS. | ‘ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: Critical Notes on some Land‘ and eee Mollusca. Ege Tee As ~~ Cockerell, M.C.S.—Concluded. ae : New British Marine Shells. —J. T. Marshall. - Pupa ringens in Pembrokeshire.—Beatrice J, Falloon : ~- Zonites glaber var. viridula at Penistone. —Lionel E. Adams, B. A Otina olis var. candida in Pembrokeshire. —Beatrice aie Falloon A list of Shells from the Tizard Bank; j 5 + A. smith, TZ. S., &e. Arion minimus (Simroth) a British Slug PERS Rs Scharf Ph, De oe BOGS ois dRo ds AST oi : ~ Physa acuta (Drp.) in Scotland. Seine if alas, MCS. __ A-few notes on the Eastern Counties.—Lionel E. Adams, BAS Guernsey Dreding. —-J. T..Marshall . nie ‘Helix -pisana var. tenuis, a new variety from Tenby. eee We vs haylor Pau. S: ® The Neglected Counties of Ireland. —W. Denison Roebuck, FL: 7 The Variation of Limneea peregra.—John W. Taylor, F.L.S. PROCEEDINGS. of the CONCHOLOGICALSOCIETY LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign | ‘Ghrest BERLIN ; R FRIEDLANDER | & ‘SOLIN, CARLSTRASSE, II, “AvTHORS of PPapes Ue may Hee ad@itional copies f their them on payment of the Printer’s Charges. as below. (sue ordered when the MS. is forwarded for pee ae - 25 copies 4 pp. 3/6. 8 pp. 4/6 2 pp. 5. oof ee 50 roy espe 4/6." a re pan 6/6. ~ Mat aA 55 10f-. ms oe hae oS Ce Be or : ADVERTISEMENTS aay Will be inserted at the following Yates puss ue fic ; ~ Whole Page .. Rie ecco, 2Ofes, eo" Quarter. Se oe ? eae is : Half Page cee eh ae 12/6. Six lines or under ies Soa 5 BIO ae One: ‘Third Page Si ee a 8 Every 2 additional line 2 one ae 2 bye) * a | , OWERBY, 120s FULHAM ROAD, ‘Lonpon, S.W ie Le (Removed eae 45, GREAT RUSSELL Street), h has = “probably the Largest ce OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the ~ - world, from. which ‘selections may be made on ues ‘premises or Speers sent for 2 selection. : i COLLECTIONS illustrative of Geter aod Sub- -generic Foums, and Species, Le awn 100 to 5,000 species from AI 10s. to £300. % . Museums, Private Collections, and Sa Classified, “Named, and - Arranged. : aera TILESAURUS > CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. Sowerby. Part 44 (com ~~ -pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monogray. hs of the Genera ~ ~ CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates... Price, Le Nace Sik ye eee U TLELUSFRATED INDEX SO. BRITISH SHELLS. — New: Edition, ey Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates, giving a figure of excry ~~ known British species. Price, 41 15s: 2 eS ead ee eee Cafe at vtrIN. B: =2E3B.S: continues to supply a TOP BOXES, Wes pee . Ree on ae (ee “THE “SCOTTISH NATURALIST, . ie Cece QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL. SCIENCE. Pat -Eprrep by Proressox DRAT, ABERUBEN Si 5 327 oie eee Anal Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. ie ~ Articles and communications for the Magazine should be-sent to nee ‘Baitor before the rst of December, March, June,.or September, if intended for panicaien in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Ras Orders fur copies, subscriptions, &c., should bé sent to Ss: Cowan & Co. Perth, from Hom also does for Advertising may 22 had. THE ‘MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON DESCRIPTIVE AND SY NONTUMLIC.- FORMING. ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. ay E: BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. PRICE 4 FRANCS PER. PARI, -Pavauie ON Recurre | OF Parr ~The work sail be completed i in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 Pipi ce yaa plates i in n each part Subscriptions to be sent to — M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, a rue ae PUniversite, Paris ze : . INSTITUTION FOR “NATURAL HISTORY, gt ag LINNAEA . BERLIN, N. FOR sLUISENPLATZ... 6: ia Our stock in SHELLS exhibits a wealth of Forms and Species such as : can scarcely. be found elsewhere. We would refer, in the first instance, to our as for instance for comparative studies in PA LEONTOLOGY : : Price Lists on pagtea en. Specimens sent for selection. ALBUM OF CONGHOLOGISTS. The Editor-of the “JOURN AL OF ‘CONCHOLOGY ” purposes a Sao. a an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo-— graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willie to co-operate —_ If desired _ the faver will be reciprocated. The following have recently Becy added to 1 Album :—G,. .W. Metror, THos. Rocers, W. CaAsu, F.GS., and. foods , Ber / < ~ MAsEFIELD, M.A. ne, eC oY mee a = Rts eee Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, ee * ses) PREPARATION: ange of the Land a Freshwater Yale OF THE BRI TISH FAUNA. INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED. FOR. MONOGRAPH. -1.—Where dia Ayaan describe Zestacella aurigaster 2 Mr.. Layard sea ace - now forzot. a —Liying specimens of Zestacella scutiliunt w anted. s —Authentically named specimens of -7estfacella biszule aa BNNs preferred) on oats ~* or otherwise: : 4.—Information about the distribution of Helix cantiana. xt Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellee from any locality. —~ NG Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to Wee we have not access, having = xeference to Testacellae. ; : Co-operation is invited from all: Conchologists” interested 4 in the above. Salgece _. Aay information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—svrrucrurg, © - DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be‘ welcomed and carefully - _acknowledgeds Address ; “Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the ee nal Es a > oes: Sovereign Scr Leeds.” ~ Catalogues ; ; but we also. arrange every description of Collections to special order, Be Syste, Tlustrated! eae of th ; Species of Shells. oO eek a By GHO. WwW. ‘TRYON, ‘JUN., or NATURAL Sas. OF PHILADELPHIA. ne The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in- parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 6 6. _ 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete. in itself, and. coe furnished with appropriate title page, imdex, etc. Subscriptions ‘can commence — a with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. ee . *,* The edition isdlimited to 250 copies, of which 186 are here subscribed for. pia. Edition —Per part (4 parts in a 1 volume) - Colored Edition,—Plates carefully colored by hand. fore part .. pee Fine ‘Edition. —Heayy paper, plates in duplicate, , colores. and | India ee - tinted, edition strictly Tunited to 25, copies as Phen oR iest Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed i in 1 eleven volumes. ye ee The seven completed voiumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, wit = plat containing 8, 482 figures. . eae Eee Se, eo ease Any volume ‘sold. separately. P ere Vol. I. —Cephalopoda, 1879, Ho Il. —Muricidse’ lee Paxputidee, q8ka Vol. IIL. —Tritonidee, Fusidee, and Buccmidee. 1881. Vol. 1V. —Nasside, Mitride, ‘Volutidze, and Turbinellidze, 1882. V ol. V. —Marginellidz, Olividee, ‘and Colum- bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conidee, and _Pleurotomidee, 1884. Vol. VIL. Terebridz, Cancellariidze, Strombide, Cypreide, Ovulide, Cassididee, an Doliide,, 1885.° [Vol. VIII. —Naticida, ee ESS: dane S and Pyramidellidee, 1886]. ; Second Series.— -Pulmonata. To be completed i in ten voluness: Vol. I1.—T Lee eels, Oleacinidee, Vitrinide, ened aoe ee pp: with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. « [Vol. II.—Zonitidee, Se Di Subscribers will please addiess = : GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN., 7 os eee of Natural - Sciences, Pied Pa, OR, we TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LuDGATE Hire, Lonpow BUS AVY5 775 2OURe ous GERMAIN, “PARIS. ys [Ne 91, JAN. (25°), 1891. [Vou vi é Rect Via te THES | JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY, ESYABLISHED IN 1874 AS Gre QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONDUCTED BY JOHN We AON: Talent. Be tees Rembre Honor aire de la Société ee eee de France, : WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE SPROCHEDINGS OF THE: CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. OF GREAT.BRITAIN AND IRELAND, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: Oh PAGE. The Variation of Limnzea peregra.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S.—Covitd. 289 PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICALSOCIETY 306 Annual Report. ... sa atte ae bee ae as ec 311 . List of. Members ... ‘a3 Baas at ee Be BRE oe 316 LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carusrrasse, 11, RHPRIIN'TS.- UTHIORS of Papers who may wish additional copies of their Articles, may have them on paynient of the Printer’s Charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 25 copies 4 pp. 3/6. 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp. 8/-. 16 pp. 10/6. 50. .,, a 4/6. 5) ~0/6? », 10/-. 53 L2/O: 100 ;, 9 6/6. ; oD) 9/-. of) 12]. 2 15/-. ADV RES VE ENS Will be inserted at the following rates :— . Whole Page ... ee sce 120) = Quarter Page... Be 566 Cie Half Page... i <3, 12/6; Six lines or under ... eae gOS Onxe-Third Page _... eres) 8 Every additional line mag oO B OWERBY, 121, FULHAM ROAD, Lonpovn, S.W. - ( ~ 5 (Removed from 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET), has probably the Largest STOCK OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the world, from which selections may be made on the premises or specimens sent for selection. ; COLLECTIONS Illustrative of Generic and Sub-generic Forms, and Species, from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 10s. to £300. Z Museums, Private Collections, and Specimens Classified, Named, and Arranged. TITESAURUS. CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. SowerBy. Part 44 (com- pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. Price, £I 5s. ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. New Edition, Enlarged and. Revised, with Twenty-six. Coloured Plates, giving a figure of every known British species. Price, £1 15s. N.B.—G.B.S. continues to supply GLASS-TOP BOXES, &c. Price Lists . on application. THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. EDITED By PrRoFESsSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONY MIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 2 By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Prick 4 FRANCS PER PART, .PayasLre on RECEIPT OF Parr. The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’ Universite, Paris. ANTED, to Complete a Set of the ‘JAHRBUCHER D. DEUTSHEN MAL. GES.,’ the issues for 1873-75 ; Part 1, 1876; Part 2; 1882 ; Parts 2 and 4, 1885; and Part 4, 1887; and any issued sine -_ Address, wth lowest price, J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds ANTED, by PURCHASE or EXCHANGE, Limnea involuta, Hydrobia similis, Zonites excavatus, Vertigo moulinsiana, pusilla, and angustior. ASS Rev. C. ese Great Barford, St. Neots. OR SALE, a gulenaid Gellection of EUROPEAN LAND ad FRE SH- WATER SHELLS, very rich in Clausiliz, and chiefly from Greece, Turkey, Austria, Italy, &c., price £5. Alsoa fine collection of SCOTCH GRAPTOLITES for £3, or would exchange for good shells. —Address Miss F. M. HELE, Fairlight, Elmgrove Road, Bristol. LINNABHA JSSTITUTION FOR NATURAL HISTORY, BERLIN, |N.W., LUISENPLATZ | 6. Our stock in SH HLLS exhibits a wealth of Forms and Species such as can scarcely be found elsewhere. We would refer, in the first instance, to our Catalogues; but we also arrange every description of Collections to special order, as for instance for comparative studies in PALEONTOLOGY. Price Lists on application. Specimens sent for selection. ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. ‘The Editor of the ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY” purposes forming an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate If desired the favor will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the Album :—Rerv. W. W. Eyre and E. A SmitrH, F.Z.S. Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. SEIN wis* Jey aa eA ae A © aN Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 1.—Where did Layard describe Zestacella aurigaster? Mr. Layard himself has now forgot. 2.— Living specimens of Zestacella scutiulum wanted. 3.—Authentically named specimens of Zestacella bisulcata (living preferred.) on loan or otherwise. 4.—Information about the distribution of Hel¢x cantiana. Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacella from any locality. Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not AEEESS, having reference to Testacelleze. Co-operation is invited from all Cimgigss interested in the above subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srrucrure, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address :—-Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office-of the Fowrznal of Con- chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: ~ A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. BY GHO; Wo ERYON. JUN. CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY _ oF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts Go octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from “16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished, with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. *,.* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume)... ee Be $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... ios Ga OOO) Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies Bal a spe 1.0 2 98 GG First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven yolumes. The seven completed vo.ames comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, containing 8,482 figures. ~ Any volume sold separately. A : Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricidie and Purpuridz, 1880. Vol. II11.—Tritonide, Fusidze, and Buccinidée, 1881.. Vol. 1 V.—Nassidze, Mitridee, Volutidee, and Turbinellidie, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidee, Olividee, and Colum- bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conidz, and Pleurotomidz, 1884. Vol, VII.-— Terebridz, Cancellariidze, Strombidz, Cyprzeidze, Ovulidze, Cassididz, and Doliidz, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Galyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimide b and Pyramidellidz, 1886]. : Second Series.— Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidze, Vitrinidze, Limacidze, Arionidz, etc.. 364 pp-,(with 60 plates (1,695 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitide, 1886]. Subscribers will please address :— GEORGE W. TRyON, JUN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; OR, TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LupGaTeE Hitt, Lonpon F. SAVY, 77,.Bour. StT.:GERMAIN, PARIS. No. to. | APRIL (Fabvsis"), 1891. [ Vor. V1. feu ff Z } oz 2 ; ’, Fa = ANGUo, JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOCRNAL OF -CONCHOLOGY. | CONDUCTED BY : PO UEVINe “Weis SEA NOOR SE LeSas Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de I’rance, WITH WHICII 1S INCORPORATED THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF -GREAT BRITAIN. AND “IRELAND, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. CONTENTS. “ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: oe pater: On the Nomenclature of Certain Genera of British Land and Fresh- water Shells. —Fdgar A. Smith, F.Z.5S. ... aa aire ae 331 Helix hortensis im. sinistrorsum and m. scalariforme in S. Devyon.— Bes@ollien cc. AG = Bs s ser ie Lie 344 _ Helix hortensis v. lutea 12045 at Dov dane Dae H. Milnes ANE 344 The Marine Shells of Scilly.—Clifford Burkill and J. T. Marshall ... ays Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy in Dorsetshire.—Robert Standen ee 348 Notes on the Food of some of the British Mollusks.—W., A. Gain... 349 PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICALSOCIETY Catalogue of Library... Eo ‘pe uno Tae eased 321 LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. BERLIN; ‘R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carusrrasse, 11. RM PRINTS. UTHORS of Papers who may wish additional copies of their Articles, may have them on payment of the Printer’s Charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :-— 25 copies 4 pp. 3/6. 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp. 8/-. 16 pp. 10/6. Sour, i 4/6. yy > 6/6. >» I0/-. elena 4,55 LOGass) Soe OID: PH Ray a3 L2/ 2 vata fae ADV ERTISHMENTS Will be-inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page ... Naceutl acs S20) c0 Quarter Page... ~ ... esos in aliPager ae wis 12/6... >-Sixdines.orunder =... 6 3] 0c One-Third Page... Taha Bie, Every additional line i eo ( : B OWERBY, 121, FULHAM ROAD, Lonopon, 5.W. 5 : (Removed from 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET), has probably the Largest STOCK OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the world, from which selections may be made on the premises or specimens sent for selection. COLLECTIONS Illustrative of Generic and Sub-generic Forms, and Species, from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 10s. to £300. -Museums, Private Collections, and Specimens Classified, Named, and Arranged.- THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. Sowersy.. Part 44 (com- pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. Price, £1 5s. ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. New Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates, giving a figure of every known British species. Price, £1 15s. N.B.—G.B.S. continues to supply GLASS-TOP BOXES, &c. Prick Lists on application. THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. Epirep by W. E. CLarKke, F.L.S., M.B.O.U. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. CowANn & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayaABLe ON. RECEIPY OF Part. The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l'Universite, Paris. ANTED, to Complete a Set of the ‘FAHRBUCHER d. DEUTSCHEN MAL. GES.,’ the issues for 1873-75 ; Part 1, 1876; Part 2, 1882; Parts 2and 4, 1885; and Part 4, 1887; and any issued afterwards.—Address, with - lowest price, J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds OR SALE, a Splendid Collection of EUROPEAN. LAND and FRESH- WATER SHELLS, very rich in Clausiliew, and chiefly from Greece, Turkey, Austria, Italy, &c., price £5. Alsoa fine collection of SCOTCH GRAPTOLITES for 43, or would exchange for good shells. —Address Miss F. M. HELE, Fairlight, Elmgrove Road, Bristol. INSTITUTION: FOR’ NATURAL » HISTORY. LINNAHA BERLIN, N.W.; LUISENPLATZ 6. es Our stock in SH HELLS exhibits a wealth of Forms and Species such as can scarcely be found elsewhere. _ We would refer, in the first instance, to our ‘Catalogues; but we also arrange every description of Collections to special order, as for instance for comparative studies n PALEONTOLOGY. Price Lists on application.. ° Specimens sent for selection. ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. The Editor of the ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY” purposes forming an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate If ‘desired the fayor will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the ~ Album :—REv.’"W. W. Eyre and E. A. Smiru, F.Z.S. Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. a. ONGO PR BP AR ALT LON - Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 1.—Where did Layard describe Zestacella aurtgaster? Mr. Layard himself has now forgot. 2.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutulum wanted. 3.—Authentically named specimens of Zestacella bisulcata (living preferred) on loan or otherwise. Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacelle from any locality. Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having _ reference to Testacellz. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srrucrurk, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. ‘Address ---Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Con- chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. By GEO. W. TRYON, JUN., CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (Gp octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. *,” The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186:are already subscribed for. Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume)... An ee =. Lees foe Colored Kdition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... Se Shoe Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India — tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies sic ue Se <2 Vol. VI.—Conidie, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.-— Terebride, Cancellariidze, Strombide, Cypreeidze, Ovulide, Cassididz, and Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimide and Pyramidellidze, 1886]. Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. Vol, 1.—Testacellide, Oleacinide, Vitrinidze, Limacidze, Arionidie, etc., 364 pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. Vol. II.—Zonitide, 1886]. Subseribers will please address :— GEORGE W. Tryon, don., ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa, ; ; OR, TRUBNER &-CO., 57,°59, Lupcate Hist, Lonpon FOSAVY, 77;, Bout. Sr. GERMAIN, Paris, JULY (hniyt'), 189. Ee Se THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY., ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS WITE OUCAKRTE RLY JOURNAL OF .CONCHOLOGY. CONDUCTED BY FO-EUN-O Wes TAL OF Ea Se. Membre Honoraire de la Société erie de France, WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : Notes on the Food of some of the British Mollusks eer -- Wr A..Gain, ... = SE Helix arbustorum v. canigonensis Boubeé.—]J. W. Taylor, DL Sipe Notes on the. Land and pee Mollusca. of East Sussex. — J..H. A. Jenner, F.E.S The Marine Mollusca of Maden Ree R. Boog can B.A., BRS. hase ee BGAS: : Occurrence of H. elegans at Dover. ae ‘Stanley Bb. ce and I. A. Smith, F.Z.S. Linnza peregra v. ovali.ormis.—T. D. A. Goeterelt Limnea peregra v. ovaliformis.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. OBITUARY.—Mr. Clifford Burkill ... PROCEEDINGS ¢f the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Manchester Branch—Annual Report LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereigu Street. BERLIN; Rk. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARtsrrassr, 11, RHPRINTS_ ieee of Papers who may wish additional copies of their Articles, may have | them on payment of the Printer’s Charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— : 25 copies 4 pp. 3/6. 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp. 8/-. 16 pp. 1¢/6. 50 29 2 4/6. tpn Re 6/6. Ee) 10/-. ae) 12/6. 100 ,;, ” 6/6. : oy) Q/-. 39 12/-. or) 15/-. ASD VBR ES eM Brees Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page ... ale 5... 26), Quarter Page... ne a ee Half Page... ae .. 12/6, Six lines or under .-. wea) 53/05 One-Third Page... wiv a Of =e Every additional line we /6. | B See 121, FULHAM ROAD, Lonvon, S.W. ae 5 (Removed from 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET), has probably the Largest STOCK OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the world, from which selections may be made on the premises or specimens sent for selection. COLLECTIONS Iilustrative of Generic and Sub-generic Forms, and Species, from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 10s. to £300. Museums, Private Collections, and Specimens Classified, Named, and Arranged. THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. SowEerBy. Part 44 (com- pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. Price, £1 5s. ‘ ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. New Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates, giving a figure of every known British species. Price, £1 15s. N.B.—G.B.S. continues to supply GLASS-TOP BOXES, &c. Price Lists on application. THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. Epitep By W. E. CrarKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the Ist of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. COWAN & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONY MIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Prick 4. FRANCS PER PART, Payasle oN RECEIPT OF Part. The work will be completed in 8 or 1o parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to ~ M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’ Universite, Paris. ON SALE. Mousson.—Land-u-Susswasser Mollusken Java; \ 8). Svo., with twenty-two Plates. Cox, Dr,—Monograph of Australian Land Shells; \ 49. with numerous Coloured Plates. Bourguignat, J. R.—Hist. Malac. Abyssinia ; \ 19/6. with Map and Plates. : ————§ Qn the genus Horatia; with rite. se 2/6. Hartmann, W. D.—Catalogue of Partula: witn Figures 2/6. Apply, Care of J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign St., LEEDS. ANTED, to Complete a Set of the ‘JAHRBUCHER d. DEUTSCHEN MAL. GES..,’ the issues for 1873-75 ; Part 1, 1876; Part 2, 1882; Parts 2and 4, 1885; and Part 4, 1887; and any issued afterwards.—Address, with lowest price, J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. The Editor of the “JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes. forming an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate If desired - the favor will be reciprocated. ‘The following have recently been added to the Album :—REv. W. W. Eyre and E. A. Sm1tTuH, F.Z.S. Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. eIN, ee e Ae. AS TON: - Monograph ofthe Land & Freshwater Mollusca OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. . INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 1.—Living specimens of Zestacel/a scutulum wanted. 2.—Authentically named specimens of Zestacella bisulcata (living preferred) on loan or otherwise. Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellze from any locality. Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having reference to Testacelle. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srructure, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address :—Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Con- chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. MANUAL OF CONROE A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent — __ Species: of Shells. By GHKO. W. TRYON, JUN., CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY¥- _ OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts Gp . octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. “Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence - with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 3 *,.* The edition is limited to 250.copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. — Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume)... = > 3 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part . << See Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored aaa India ~ tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies : = ae RPP y 2 First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. The seven completed voiumes comprise 2,176.pp. text, with 530 plates, containing 8,482 figures. our Any volume sald separately. Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. . Vol. Il.—Muricidze and Purpuride, 1880. Vol. III.—Tritonide, Fusidz, and Buccinida, 1881. Vol. [V.—Nassidx, Mitridz. Volutide, and Turbinellide, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellide, Olividz, and Colum- ’ bellidz, 1883. Vok VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VIL.— Terebridze, Cancellariidze, Strombidz, Cyprzeidze, Ovulidz, Cassididz, and Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimidze and Pyramidellidx, 1886]. Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidz, Vitrinidse, Limacidze, Arionidz, etc.. 364- pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitidze, 1886]. Subscribers will please address :— GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; OR, TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LupGaTE HILL, LonDON F. SAVY, 77, Bout. Sr. GERMAIN,’ ParIs. eR Or ied [Vor. vt. Reel Feb, G2 THE p JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY, ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF: CONCHOLOGY. = “ CONDUCTED BY J OWN, NWS ACO Ls Qa ee Ea Sie Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, WITH WHICH 18 INCORPORATED THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN “AND: IRELAND, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE. The Ilabitat of Montacuta ferruginosa.—J. T. Marshall... Ae 399 Calliostoma (vel Pay. phinus) haliarchus.—J.C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. 404 Descriptions of aieeen n. sp. belonging to the Genera Calatnbabintie Pisania, Minolia, Liotia, and Solarium.—J. Cosmo, Melvill; VET ACT aa Beri mde ose at aA ee con a An 405 Contributions towards a List of Irish Mollusca (ii. ).—J. G. Milne... 412 Notes on the Viviparous Nature of Balea.—-A. E Craven, F.L.S., - and Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. sa aT: ses ah ee 421 Helix lapicida v. subangulata Pascal.—Jno. W. Taylor, F.L.S. —... 422 On some Testacellze.—Dr. Heinrich Simroth... pan Yee se 423 LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER: & SOHN, Cartsvrrasse, 11, gion PRIN TS. \ UTHORS: of Papers who may wish additional copies of their ‘AGtlotee may ha ave them on paynient of the Printer’s Charges as below (such reprints to be ordered when the Ms. is forwarded for publication) :— : 2 \ 25 copies 4 pp. “3/6. B. Pps AJ. Are ype Spec. ae 16 pp: “aie: CoMiler sonm Ui ier 4/6. Haga 2) Onvagen a Si LILO) ocho soo ee Se ee 100" 29 29 ao 29 g/-: Ry 89) aire ¢ ” ae a ADVERTISEMENTS | xt wiht Will be inserted at the following rates :— Whole Page one vas rt ace Gee Mage (2ieW ccal ire nay 7] x0. Flalt Page y 5.008 ie? Gau\ 12i6. >" Sik times Onunderos..t ee 4 3/6: ~ Ove-Third Rage: ste: ccs Se hey Every additional line 2... -/6, ( i wat —_—_- re ooo: ‘gs es vi a Bo OWERBY, rar, FULHAM ROAD, Lonvon, S.W. (Removed from AS, GREAT RUSSELL STREET), has dl . probably the Warecst ae OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in) the > : ny _ world, from which selections may be ‘made on the premises or Eaneatens sent ‘for Sh Crys ‘selection. YANG COLLECTIONS Illustrative OF Generic and Sub- generic orn ana Species, ~~. from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 10s. to £300. wy Museums, Uiyate Collections, and “Specimens Classified, "Named, and Arranged. “NIESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by G..B. SOWE RY: Pane 4a (com: pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion ‘of the Monographs of the Genera — CONUS and VOLUTA. with Thirceen Coloured Plates. - Price, £1 5s. a Ye ILLUSTRATED VINDEX.? OF “BRITISH SHELLS. New. Edi ition, _ Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates; giving a figure of NEEM, known British species. Price, £1 15s. i N.B.—G.B.S. continues to supply GLASS- TOP BOXES, ue PRICE Lists “on application. er “THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF ‘NATURAL SCLENCE : ' Epitep sy W. E. Crarxe, F.L.S., M.B.O.U. ALM. case macau eal “Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post frée. * Wiping t py Articles and communications for the Magazine. should be’ sent to the Fditor | before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if, intended for Pea en in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. ‘Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co, , Perth; any frofn whom also Terms for Ady ertising may be had. hee i THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF pOUSTLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYVMIC. | FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, Bye. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG., | Prick 4 FRANCS PER PART, PAYABLE ON Racer oF Parr, 2 The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5) Boge ania plates 1 in each par Subseriptions to be sent to M. Pi. DAUTZENBERG, als, rue ae Universite, Paris, ON SALE. DU saseor: and: u- Susswasser Moll Mollusken Tar ava: 8vo., with twenty- -two Plates. ' Ie | Cox, Dr, —Monograph of Australian Land Shells : \ 49... with numerous Coloured Eck ; ‘s Bourguignat, v. R.—Hist. Malac. Abyssinia; — _ with Map and Plates... 12/6. ee ae the genus Horatia's wits pi) oe 2/6. q Hartmann, Wie ar, ~ atalogue of Partula. vrith Figures Paes Ree Apply, C are of EDITOR OF JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOCY, Sovereign St., LEEDS ANTED, to. Complete a Set of the ‘JAHRBUCHER a DEUTSCHEN. MAL. GES.,” the issues for 1873-75; Part 1, 1876; Part 2, 1882 ; Parts 2 and 4, 1885 ; and Part 4, 1887; ‘and any ‘issued Aiearde. Address, with — lowest price, J. W. Bees) pOvereien Street, Leeds ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. ~The Editor of the ‘‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming ~an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to: receive copies of Phiotoul eine graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate If desired } / the favor will a See pupcnten The following have recently been added to the j Album IRIN: W. Eyre and FE. A. Seas HeZAS: | agen W. TAYLOR, Sovereign’ Street, Leeds. TIN SREP ARATION. G ogy of the Land a Freshwater Molusta | OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. INFORMATION See iE WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. i. Aine specimens of Zestac sila scutuluae wanted. 2.— Authentically named cans of Testacella bisulcata (livi ing preferred) on loan Sakae Jor otherwise. { ze Assistance Desired Immediately— Specimens of T estacellae fee any locality. ; - Extracts from, or Joan of, any work, to which we have not access, having \ | : ) g : reference to Testacelleze. 1 COs -operation is invited fr om. all Comenius interested in tie have shibjeee Aay information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srrucrurg, | DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully ‘acknowledged. _ Address :-=MR. J. W. TAY aa Office of the: ee of ere | chology, Sov ereign street, Leeds. ic MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent: Species of Shells, ae By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN.., x CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY | OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The Manual of Conchology is published, Ng rey cca in part: Ga octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions. can commence _ with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. es eae % » ' The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for.» Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in,a- volume) BN oe Sea Wee ga Be $3 Crake : ’ Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand.’ Per part ..- on, 5 ‘00 te ‘Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India | . tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies... ee af Lites Se MOP OMg First Series.—Marine Gastropods, To be completed in eleven volumes. The seven completed volumes oo 2,176 pp. text, with, 530 plates, containing 8,482 figures. : oy deaaiaa dig Any volume sold separately. I ee 4 Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II. —Muricidze and. Para 1880. Vol. IIl.—Tritonid, Fusidee, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol]. 1V.—Nassidze, Mitridae. Volutidze, and Turbinellidse, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidze, Olividee, and Colum: » bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. “Vol. VII. — Terebridz, Cancellariidee, Strombidze, . Cypreeide, Ov ulidee, Cassididz, and Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracidee, Turritellide, Eulimidee cand Py ramidellidze, 1886}. Second Series.— Pulmonata. To be caraplcicd) in ten volumes. Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidz, Vitrinidee, Limacidz, Arionidz, etc., 364 pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. | [Vol. I1-—Zonitide, 1886]. Subscribers will please address :— GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Ee "pas “OR, TRUBNER & .CO.; 57, 59, LupGatreE His, LoNnDON a SIA VS 56, BOUL. Sy GERMAIN, PARIS. tatty Sin af oD stil