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Division of Sa@idedizs 
THE Sectional Librory 


TOUR NA L 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
The QUARTERLY JOURNAL of CONCHOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


IOEN GO We SPAY LOR RRS: 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France. 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


VOL: VIL. 
feces. \o a AiGann 


Deeds: 
TAYLOR BROS., SOVEREIGN STREET. 


The Authors of the several papers contained in this volume are themselves 
accountable for all the statements and reasonings which they have 
offered. In these particulars the Editors or the Soctety must not be 


considered as in any way responsible. 


PREFACE. 


The conclusion of the seventh volume of the ‘Journal of Conchology’ 
terminates the connection which I have held as its Director and Editor for 
the long period of exactly twenty-one years. The journal was originally com- 
menced as the ‘ Quarterly Journal of Conchology’ in February, 1874, at a time 
when the science of Conchology was at a very low ebb in Britain, its students 
few, scattered, and disorganized, and as a necessary consequence the publi- 
cation of the work was for years after its inception only carried on by steady 
sacrifices of time and money. Such sacrifices as were necessary I however 
cheerfully made, and the publication was persevered with in spite of mani- 
fold discouragements and against the advice of many kind and true friends, 
who looked upon a financial return as the crucial test for all projects, 
scientific or otherwise. In process of time, however, the exertions and sacri- 
fices I made begun to take effect, more and more interest was taken in the 
study, and the students and subscribers increased in numbers. 


One of the first practical results of this revival was the establishment 
in 1876, by four Leeds conchologists (Messrs. H. Crowther, W. Nelson, 
W. Denison Roebuck, and myself) of the Conchological Society. The 
society when formed gradually increased around this little local nucleus, 
until at the present time it is quite a powerful organization, though there 
are still large numbers of students who have not yet allied themselves with 
us. The vigour and ardour with which conchology is now pursued, and 
for which happy result the journal may surely claim much of the credit 
for having fostered and encouraged, is amply and convincingly evidenced 
not only by the successful establishment of conchological societies in London 
and Manchester, but by the recent publication of another journal, solely 
devoted to the subject, which journal I understand is and has been from its 
commencement a successful financial undertaking, the originator and editor 
of which periodical himself imbibed his love of conchology in Leeds. 


The ‘Journal of Conchology’ having survived all the dangers of its 
early life, now occupies a firm and assured position, and will in future be 
the sole property of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 
and, as I am anxious to devote my leisure to the speedy production and 
publication of my ‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of 
the British Isles,’ the journal will in future be under the able editorship of 


iv. 


Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., Manchester, under whose skilful guidance it is 
hoped to largely increase the scientific value and utility of the publication. 


Concurrently with this change, the executive centre of the society, which 
has been continuously located in Leeds since the formation of the Society 
there eighteen years ago, will, by the spontaneous initiative of the Leeds 
members, also be transferred to Manchester, where conchology is now pur- 
sued with conspicuous success and enthusiasm by a large number of students. 


During the whole of the twenty-one years the journal has been in 
existence, I have steadily and perseveringly laboured to advance the study 
and also the interests of the society, and it is to me a source of genuine 
pleasure and satisfaction to observe the remarkable progress made during 
late years in the society, and in the science generally. Other societies have 
sprung up in the kingdom, and perhaps the generous rivalry and emulation 
which should exist between independent organizations, and their sometimes 
divergent aims, may tend more to the extension of our knowledge of the 
science and to the increase in the number of its votaries, than if acting 


entirely in unison. 


In taking leave of the members of the society and conchologists gener- 
ally, as their editor, and as an active participant in the work of the Society, 
I cannot refrain from thanking every one for the kindly consideration always 
shown me. The office has given me the privilege and pleasure of the 
acquaintance and, I venture to hope, the friendship of many persons whom 
I shall ever esteem for the many kindnesses and courtesies they have always 


heaped upon me. 
Jo We 2. 


INDEX TO VOL. VIL 


——————— > oe: 


ORIGINAL ARTICLES: 


PAGE 
Abnormal Clausilia perversa.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ine 3 B27 
Achatina acicula in a Roman cemetery at ponies: Italian Raciee 

—Rev. J. E. Somerville, M.A., B.D. ... : Bog, ec 
Additions to the South Devon list of land and ieee hates Tallasest — 

C. Oldham .. Lis er OS 
Additions to ‘ British Conaholonn: 7], T. arhall Mas 241, 379 
Albino varieties at Lewes. Sussex.—C. H. Morris noo LO 
Arion ater, The life-history of, and its pene of self- eaviication — 

F. W. Wotton ... 158 
ii », Some remarks with respect to Mr. Wotton’ S paper on the 

life-history of.—-Dr. H. Simroth ... . 208 
53 5, v. bicolor in Derbyshire and the Isle of Man. sii, Denon 

Roebuck, F.L.S. ae coo 
»» minimus = intermedius Norm.—T. D. A. Gpseerel, FE. MopsS\c 31 
», occidentalis: an Se new ee —T. D. A. Cader, 

IB ZoSe ae : age ooo NOX 
Balea, Note on the genus.—E. in Ganth: F. ESS: Ae Be O9 

», On the viviparous nature of.—T. Rogers ee 40 
Bowdon district of Cheshire, The molluscan fauna of the. I @ Milne 

and C. Oldham ne me sine! ei 
Bourguignat, J. R., Notice iigeelosique, ae In, sone aah a male 
Clausilia bidentata v. cravenensis.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... Be 422) 
Conchological Society’s list of British land and freshwater mollusca, 

1892.—W. Nelson, W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., 
and J. W. Taylor, i IDES : do) 
Canterbury, Notes on Mollusca at.—Rev. J. W. erly M. A. ASA 
Cypreea chrysalis and Cyprzea amphithales, Notes upon. me Cosmo 
Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. ie 120 


»,  cruenta Gmel., on a var. of. —-J. Cosmo Melvill, M. i 5 ii Ib, iS. 194 
Derbyshire, List of ‘eral & freshwater shells of.—Rev. H. Milnes, M.A. 274 


“A A contribution to the authenticated records of.—Lionel 
E. Adams, B.A. ta ; ae ea hae 

Descriptions of new varieties of American Pr oliuccal — Tr, D. A. 
Cockerell, F.Z.S. ane 39 

Aa of a new species of Spondylus and a new Tells —FE. i 
Smith, F.Z.S. BS 79 

Be of new oa from seer area vo wyeetens Brera 
—C. F. Ancey 99 

35 of a new species of Neenle and a ee of the spagies be. 


longing to the sub-genus Acila.—E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. 110 


Vi. 


Dorsetshire Marine Shells, Notes of.—J. E. sae 
Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas.—A.A. ‘ 
», On.—Prof. Dr. E. v. Martens 


Sint Nontallte, The land and freshwater mollusca of.—Rev. S. Ss. 
Pearce, M.A. and A. Mayfield 


Eigg shells, Notes on the land and freshwater mollusca of tie ‘ilendl 
of Eigg.—Rev. Dr. McMurtrie, M.A., D.D. 


5 ;, Additional notes on the land and eit mollusca of 


the Island of Eigg.—Rev. Dr. McMurtrie, M.A., D.D. 


Gibbula incincta Sow., On.—H. A. Pilsbry 
Helix aspersa m. sinistrorsum in the Isle of Man.— R. Senden 


35 »» » Observations on the reproduction of the dart during an 
attempt to breed from a sinistral.—R. Standen 

si >>» dinistral, at Bristol.—Miss F. M. Hele 

,, hemoralis in the Pyrenees.—R. F. Scharff, B.A., Ph.D. 

Ae eS An Rev. J. W. Horsley, M.A. 


+» pisana in the Channel Islands, Note on.—J. E. Cooper 
», rotundata v. alba at Conisborough.—L. E. Adams, B.A. 
» virgata m. sinistrorsum.—E. Ruthven Sykes, B.A. 
LS o ‘A from Colwyn Bay.—k. Standen 
Hyalinia cellaria m. sinistrorsum.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 
oe glabra in Northamptonshire.—L. E. Adams, B.A. 
wd nitida var. albida Jeffr. in Tipperary.—J. W. Taylor, F.L. G) 
sf pura, Observations on the misplacement of the names of type 
and variety in.—W. Nelson and R. Standen 
Hydrobia (Paludestrina) jenkinsi, A theory as to the possible intro- 
duction of.—L. E. Adams, B.A. ee 


jenkinsi Smith in an inland locality. —A. T. Daniel, M. Re 

Ks Bs —H. Overton ... 

sin (Paludestrina) jenkinsi at Lewes. —L. E Garis ie A. 
—C. H. Morris 


Teaeceler Land ma Gaemwaten Shaille at.—G. W. Adams, M.R.C.S. ... 

Killala Bay, Ireland, Contributions towards a list of the marine 
mollusca of.—Miss Amy Warren 

Limnza stagnalis m. sinistrorsum.—R. Standen 

Loch Linnhe, Argyleshire, Contributions towards a list of hie marine 


mollusca of the ees peen of.—G. A. Frank 
Knight, M.A. 6 


Madeiran Islands, The relation of the ed and fae ater Pecrinces of 
the, to those found elsewhere.-—RKev. Dr. R. Bebe 
Watson, LL.D., B.A., F.R.S., etc. 


Maidstone district, List of the lee Nae fee tenter mollusca occur ning 
in the. —H. Elgar and H. Lamb 


Meiringen, Switzerland, List of the mollusca found at.—Rev. J. W. 
Horsley, M.A. 


See cae Shell-hunting in.—G. w. (Ghasiens M. IRC ee 
FE. L. Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S. 


Molluscan remains inal discovered in the English Keuper, Note on 
some.—R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S. 5n8 


at! 


‘ 
Vill. 


PAGE 
North Wales Coast, Notes on the marine mollusca, with complete lists 
of the recorded Nudibranchs and Sa ae 


J. R. Brockton Tomlin, B.A... 25 
Oban and the Island of Lismore, The land and freshwater ieee ae 
—R. Standen and J. Ray Hardy ve 266 


Oban, A contribution towards a list of the marine mollusca tel 
brachiopoda of the Beau ad of. —G. W. 


Chaster and W. H. Heathcote.. fe 1) 280 
Pisidia near Leicester.—C. Oldham nee ae soo LOY 
Planorbis albus v. sulcata Taylor.—J. W. Taylor, F. Ibn Sey Gee ZOO) 
S », m. scalariforme at Penistone.—Lionel E. Adams, B. ie Wi 
Portsalon, County Donegal, Land and freshwater mollusca collected 
around.—R. Standen ... ae ide LOS 
Pupa ringens in Guernsey. —E. D. Marquand Aes ae wee Al 
as », In Cheshire.—R. Standen ... SO) 
Slugs, A revised list of British—Prof. T. D. A. Ccckerems BZ LSSae Lae ee O6 
South Africa, Marine shells of. —G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ... 368 
Spheerium corneum, Biology of.—Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S. 2 ALT, 
Succinea oblonga m. sinistrorsum.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... oso | BOY 
95 oblonga in Jersey.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 50 414 
Te gnmouth, A contribution towards a list of the marine mollusca ae 
—L. St. G. Byne nab 175 


Trinidad, The land & freshwater mollusca of.—R. c Weentnete cue 210 
Unio pictorum v. platyrhinchoidea Dupuy, Habitat of. —A. G. Stubbs 431 
University of Edinburgh and the ex-president of the Conchological 


Society seh ago. 7) 50) 

Valvata piscinalis m. sinistrorsum at Hunstanton, West iNarolle 
j J. E. Cooper ee bog A 
5 v. albina at Lewes. 6, Tel Moras nae 188 
Weston in the shells of the mollusca.—P. B. Mason, J.P., F.L.S., etc. 328 
Vertigo pusilla in Lancashire. —R. Standen Goo dae $0 7 
59 », v. albina.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. de sag GVA 


>»  pygmea Drap., Extraordinary finds, one at  Gliingos Take 


shire, and Beezley, Standen sdo2) vox) 

Wollaston’s ‘ Testacea Atlantica.’—FE. L. Nee 60% 416 
Zonites cellarius in the mM ontagu collection at Bacar The oe a 

BAL se. 119 


po @laberve A eaecine —Prof. T. D. i Codenelh Wa ZLa iS 44 


SPECIES AND VARIETIES NEW TO BRITAIN 
DESCRIBED AN: THis VOLUME. 


PAGE 
Aporrhais serresianus, Michaud Mee a: i soo BEG) 
Arion circumscriptus v. subfusca, Roeb. ... he a Eig HOG 
Buccinum humphreysianum v. ventricosum, Kiener ts: soo OM 
Calyptreea chinensis v. spirata, Nardo_... tt Per sag BANC) 


Cardium aculeatum v. depressa, Marshall a: ae .. 246 


Vill. 


Cardium papillosum yv. obliquata, Monts. 

ee tuberculatum v. suborbicula, Marshall 
Cassidaria echinophora, L. 
Cerithiopsis metaxze v. augustissima, Imei 


a », Vv. alba, Marshall 
ie tubercularis v. acicula, Brusina 
a a v. scalaris, Monts. 


Clausilia bidentata v. cravenensis, Taylor 
Cypreea europzea v. minor, Marshall 
Defrancia linearis v. alba, Marshall 
Donax vittatus v. albida, Marshall 
Eulima bilineata v. exigua, Marshall a 
ay philippii (distorta) v. tumidosa, Marshall ... 
Geomalacus maculosus v. fasciata, T. D. A. Cockerell 
Hyalinia cellaria m. sinistrorsum, Taylor 
Hydrobia ulvz v. minor, Marshall 
v. tumida, Marshall 
a », v. decollata, Marshall 
Lacuna pallidula v. naticiformis, Marshall 
Limnezea palustris v. carinata, Pearce 
Mytilus barbatus v. depressa, Marshall 
»> modiolus v. cylindrica, Marshall 
Nassa reticulata v. minor, Marshall 
Nucula (?) keuperina, Newton ... 
», nitida v. radiata, Marshall 
Odostomia acuta v. gracilis, Marshall 
aa », Vv. attenuata, Marshall ... 
albella v. subcylindrica, Marshall 
diaphana v. inflata, Marshall .. 
innovata, Monts. 
v. gradata, Monts. 
es a v. nana, Marshall 
insculpta v. lzevissima, Sars. ... 
interstincta v. moulinsiana, Fischer 
plicata v. carinata, Marshall ... 
pusilla, Philippi 
pusilla v. cylindrata, Weorstveae 
a », Vv. grossa, Monts. 
aN warreni v. intermedia, Marshall 
Pailine angulata v. circumlustra, Marshall 
o punctata v. cingulata, Marshall 
Pholadomya (?) richardsi, Newton 
Planorbis albus v. sulcata, Taylor 
Pleurobranchus plumula v. alba, Marshall 
Pleurotoma nebula v. fusiforme, Marshall 
a, rufa v. ecostata, Marshall 
a rufa v. prelonga, Marshall 


99 99 


Le) BB) 


PAGE 

Psammobia tellinella v. lactea, Marshall.. sa a sag BAG) 
», V. purpurea, Mareball ee Son Bon Aly 

Pane lapillus v. gracilis, Jordan fe a “ae 550 AKO) 
Hf », v. Ovalis, Jordan ae se bat 500 | ASO 
Rissoa parva v. semicostata, Monts Le is ae oa IST 
»,  pulcherrima v. pellucida, Marshall ae eb Sia, 252 

;, striata v. distorta, Marshall ia as ex Sea 5a 

,,  Striatula v. varicosa, Marshall ... 566 Behe peat Abit 
Saxicava rugosa v. cylindrica, S. Wood ... aes ae sao AS 
Scrobicularia alba v. oblonga, Marshall ... as a ae eA 
Succinea oblonga m. sinistrorsum, Taylor se beh oo 2S 
Tectura testudinalis v. pallida, Verk. ... oe soe .-- 249 
Thracia (?) brodiei, Newton ... Fe ee, ae ano AGG) 
Trochus magus v. conica, Marshall obe is 515s soo DELS) 
Vertigo pusilla v. albina, Tayloi on aa ee ... 194 


SPECIES AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE 
DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. 


PAGE 

Aclis unilineata, Sowerby ie fi ate a ae eal 
Arion circumscriptus v. subfusca, Roeb. Sue “ek cr 65 
», occidentalis, T. D. A. Cockerell ... sae se Pee OZ 
Basterotia obtusa, Sowerby mt a it ae o0a BAL 
Bulimulus germaini, Ancey _.... see eee ie oan Il 
ay peecilus v. icterica, Ancey es ae si yO? 
Bullia pustulosa, Sowerby a on bse .. 368 
Cardium aculeatum v. depressa, Marshall ee bo .» 246 
5 tuberculatum v. suborbicula, Marshall ... ae son) BAO 

a turtoni, Sowerby a ae as a sob Sy 
Cerithiopsis metaxze vy. alba, Marshall ... 500 36 ZOO 
a tubercularis v. acicula, Brusina at ia eZ 5O 

95 v. scalaris, Monts ihe 066 so 2G) 

Gausila bidentata v. cravenensis, Taylor ibe ga sce) AB 
Columbella (Mitrella) pyramidalis, Sowerby Bat ae can BO) 
39 kitchingi, Sowerby... sae ane “ee a9, BVO 
Cyane (sp. nov. ), Ancey oer vo a on ee On 
Cyclophorus orbignyi, Ancey ... ace af as tae Os 
Cypreea europzea y. minor, Marshall * io hte sos» ADS 
Defrancia linearis v. alba, Marshall A a am ee 2, 
Donax vittatus v. albida, Marshall Pe “eh Se ao AY 
», burnupi, Sowerby ace be As He soe SH7: 
Eulima bilineata v. exigua, Marshall ... aa 500 | BRS 
», philippii (distorta) v. tumidosa, Marshall . Aa C257 
Geomalacus mactlosus v. fasciata, T. D. A. Cocca Soe sure 740) 
Gibbula incincta, Sowerby p00 Be 36 da: eal Bae 


Guppya anguina, Ancey se nd aan ane sco) Ol 


Xa 


Happia dalliana, Ancey re 
Helicina bourguignatiana, Ancey 

ifs leucozonalis, Ancey 

aa lirifera, Ancey 

55 sulfurea, Ancey 
Helix (Geotrochus) hedleyi, E. N Smeal 

», thyroides v. pulchella T. D. A. Cockerell 
Hyalinia cellaria m. sinistrorsum, Taylor 
Hydrobia ulvee v. minor, Marshall 
A v. tumida, Marshall 
x v. decollata, Marshall 

Lacuna pallidula v. naticiformis, Marshall 
Latirus abnormis, Sowerby 
Limnezea palustris v. carinata, Pearce 
Mactra cequisulcata, Sowerby 
Marginella perminima, Sowerby 
Mytilus barbatus v. depressa, Marshall 

»» Modiolus v. cylindrica, Marshall 
Nassa reticulata v. minor, Marshall 
Natica quekettii, Sowerby 
Nucula (?) keuperina, Newton ... 

»»  Nitida v. radiata, Marshall 

»,  (Acila) fultoni, E. A. Smith 
Odontostomus wagneri v. paraguayana, Ancey 


30 lemoinei, Ancey... * 

a % v. brevior, Ancey 

Odostomia acuta v. attenuata, Marshall .. 
<5 », Vv. gracilis, Marshall 


albella v. subcylindrica, Marshall 
diaphana v. inflata, Marshall ... 
rr innovata, Monts 
v. nana, Marshall 
35 $3 v. gradata, Marshall 
plicata v. carinata, Marshall ... 
pusilla v. cylindrata, Marshall 
oe », v. grossa, Monts. mes. ... 
warreni v. intermedia, Marshall 
[rato dissimilis, Sowerby 
Philine angulata v. circumlustra, Marshall 
»» punctata v. cingulata, Marshall 
Pholadomya (?) richardsi, Newton 
Planorbis albus v. sulcata, Taylor 
Pleurobranchus plumula v. alba, Marshall 
Pleurotoma nebula v. fusiforme, Marshall 
a rufa v. ecostata, Marshall 
55 rufa v. preelonga, Marshall 
Psammobia burnupi, Sowerby ... 


Dr} be) 


x1. 


Psammobia tellinella v. lactea, Marshall.. 
», Vv. purpurea, J Marshall 

Pupa ‘bles v obtusa, T. D. A. Cockerell 
Purpura lapillus v. gracillus, Jordan 

: », v- Ovalis, Jordan 
Rissa pulcherrima v. pellucida, Marshall 
striata v. distorta, Marshall 

»,  Striatula v. varicosa, Marshall 
Scalaria simplex, Sowerby 
Scrobicularia alba v. oblonga, Werte 
Spondylus powelli, E. A. Smith... 
Strigillia trotteriana, Sowerby ... 


39 


Succinea avara v. compacta, T. D. A. Casket He 
lineata v. elongata, T. D. A. Cockerell ... 


ae oblonga m. sinistrorsum, Taylor 
Systrophia alcidiana, Ancey 
Tellina (Macoma) candidata, Sowerby 
Thracei (?) brodiei, Newton 
Trochus magus v. conica, Marshall 
Vertigo pusilla v. albina, Taylor 
Volvatella laguncula, Sowerby ... 


PAGE 
247 
247 
39 
260 
260 
252 
251 
251 
371 
247 
70 
376 
39 
39 
367 
OI 
375 
409 
250 
194 
373 


LIST OF AUTHORS WHO: HAVE CONTRIBUTED 


OF WiAiSy VOLUWEE: 


= ~~ PAGE 
A.A. 404 
Adams, G. W., M.R. C. Se dae 81 
Adams, L. E., EA 508 Ha so: 7; % Tile LUG) tuk 150, 390 
Ancey. C. F. a 74, 99 
Byne, L. St. G. ae0 175 
Chaster, G. W., M.R.C.S. 78, 289° 


Cockeralil, yok I ID: AN, 1oZ.1Sy 
Cooper, J. E. 

Crowther, Henry, F. R. M. SE 
Daniel, A. T., M.A. 

Elgar, H. 

Guppy, R. J. pecans: 
Hardy, J. Kay 

Heathcote, W. H. 

Hele, Miss F. M. asa 

Horsley, Rev. J. W., M.A. 
Knight, G. A. Frank, M.A. 
ILevemlb), Jets Gea 

Layard, E. L., C.M.G., Teas 
Marquand, E. D. gas 
Marshall, J. T. 

Martens, Prof. Dr. Bee Wag (Coil Z. Se 


-- 31, 39, 44, 66, 192, 432 
. 174, 265, 435 


417 


41 


32; 174, 434 


232 
goo) Pallgat 
386, 416 
Se) RAD 
241, 379 

415 


Xi. 


PAGE 
Mizsei, IPs Bo, oles Wolo Sey Cte: RS. a day ana geo 
Mayfield, A.. Mh eek bee EOL 
Mc Murtrie, Rew, ronne M. A., D. D. a ate aah 113. 189 
Melvill, Jas. Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S. ae ane ue 120, 194 
Milne, J. G.. . aos a nee Bae con RUZ 
Milnes, Rev. i. » M. i sae dei ae ae 274 
Morris, C. HD. i sah aN: suc ... 188, 191, 414 
Nelson, W. ... a aaa ae ane 49, 151 
Newton, R. Bullen, F. G. Sab" iasee ati re a 2 AOS 
Oldham, Chas. sof ibs oh oe noo HOS, NO, Bis 
Overton, H.. es : =e ae Be ope Zitz 
Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer M. A’ ash 309 sea eS Ol 
Pilsbry, H. A. : Ae ae ae or 4p 
Roebuck, W. Denison, ip We q sa en sas 49, 77, 80 
Rogers, Thos. M4 Be ee Bey. 10) 
Scharff, Dr. k. F., B.Sc., M. RT auee. bbs be Pe LS 
Simroth, Dr. H. sae Ds 2a6 ah ioe ZO: 
Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S. ws ou oa noo JO WUC, FsxS) 
Somerville, Rev. J. E., M.A., B D. ane ie ne shi) 42 
Sowerby, G. B., F.L. S. ppetCa ters : ase BOS 
Standen, R. ... he Wee 2, DAMESO) ae 44, 89, 151, 195, 266 
Stubbs, A. G. 000 Bie : : sao ABR 
Sykes, E. Ruthven, B.A. we eee 
Taylor, J. W., F.L.S... 49, 194; 200) at, 367, 388 405, 414, 422 
Tomlin, J. R. Brockton, B.A. : 280 Die 35 
Warren, Miss Amy ... See HOS 
Watson, Rey. Rk. Boog, LL. Dy. ‘B. AN F. R Sp los Ye. In 'Sen Cie. ae I 
Wotton, F. W. ue eh : sins sats poe. WES 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
Proceedings of Conchological Society 8, 45, 82, 124, 168, 204, 237, 346, 423 


Annual Report aac = 1891, 13; 1892, 1385 1803, 353 

List of Members of the Goncuolosien Society 1891, 19; 1892, 142; 1893, 347 

Constitution ... ye ano 300 sco) BAS 

Balance Sheet pa ee ... I8QI, 172 18op, 140; 1893, 355 
MANCHESTER BRANCH. 

Annual Report aL cha ... I8QI, 18; 1892. 141 ; 1893, 356 

Proceedings ... 36 ae = sae ia = 88 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
A Contribution to the Geology and Natural ie of Noline ae 


—J. W. Carr, M.A. 288 
The Dispersal of Shells. —H. Wallis Ke eZee se Boo BAe. 
The New Monograph.—J. W. Taylor, F.1.S. 432 
OBITUARY. 
Charles Ashford (with portrait).. om) 405 


J. R. Bourguignat, Notice Newoleane < sur.—C. i Anoay eT 


THE 


TOU RANA Ie 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY. 


Ore 


THE RELATION OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER 
MOLLUSCA OF THE MADEIRAN ISLANDS, TO 
THOSE KNOWN ELSEWHERE. 


By THE Rey. R. BOOG WATSON, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 


BEING HIS VALEDICTORY ADDRESS AS PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
FOR THE YEAR 1801. 


The number of inland Mollusca, which excluding mere 
synonyms have been attributed to these islands, is two hundred 
and six. Two hundred and six species on an isolated sea-girt 
speck of the earth’s surface—a speck not four hundred square 
miles in area! The number is enormous. ‘To what extent 
are these two hundred and six species met with elsewhere? 
That is the question I propose to answer. 


At the very outset, however, a reduction on the above 
number must be made, for some of these species have obviously 
no right of admission. Mr. Wollaston, the ablest of all judges, 
in his ‘Testacea Atlantica’ cuts down the list from two 
hundred and six to one hundred and seventy-eight ; a reduc- 
tion of twenty-eight species which everyone will admit have no 
right of residence whatever. Besides these twenty-eight, there are 


A 


2 WATSON : RELATION OF MADEIRAN MOLLUSCA TO OTHERS. 


two other species which, though passed by Mr. Wollaston, ought, 
I am persuaded, to be excluded. One is He/ix lapicida—a species 
represented by one solitary dead shell; the second H. caperata, 
of which also only one well-authenticated specimen—and it too 
a dead shell—has been found, no faith being possible in the 
two additional specimens supplied with other incredible dis- 
coveries to the Baron de Paiva by one of his over-zealous 
collectors. The addition of these two brings up Mr. Wollaston’s 
reduction to thirty, the deduction of which from two hundred 
and six leaves one hundred and seventy-six as the number of 
Madeiran species with which we have seriously to deal. Among 
the thirty species thus excluded, I have purposely left Prszdium 
watsont Paiva. I found it in considerable numbers and gave 
specimens of it to the Baron de Paiva, who published it 
without my permission. It has never been carefully examined, 
and Mr. Wollaston did well to ignore it, though, as in Madeira 
the solitary representative of its whole class, it is full of interest. 

Of the one hundred and seventy-six above-mentioned as 
true inhabitants of Madeira, nine species are semi-marine. These 
are Pedipes ajra Gmel., ALelampus exiguus Lowe, Auricula 
equals Lowe, A. watsont Woll., A. gracilis Lowe, Alexia pat- 
vana Pfr. (Selvagens), Zruncatella truncatula Drap., 7. lowet 
Shuttl., Asséminea litorea a. Chiaje; these though air breathers 
are really sea-dwellers, and in any question of distribution must 
go with the Marine rather than with the Terrestrial species. 
Deducting then these nine from the one hundred and seventy- 
six there remain one hundred and sixty-seven Terrestrial species, 
and of these only thirty-four species are found anywhere else 
than in this little group of islands. I say thirty-four, not thirty- 
five, because the solitary specimen of a fresh but empty shell 
of Lovea tornatellina Lowe which I found in Grand Canary 
does not entitle it to rank as a Canarian species. 

Thirty-four then of the Madeiran species are all which this 
group of islands has in common with the rest of the world. 
The overlap is very small, but even this must be reduced. 


J.C, vil, Jan., 1892. 


WATSON : RELATION OF MADEIRAN MOLLUSCA TO OTHERS. 3 


There are six species which have been so very recently intro- 
duced that they can hardly be considered as more naturalized 
than would any number of species carried over in one’s pocket 
and turned loose in one’s garden. These six species are 
Testacella haliotidea Drap., Helix (Pomatia) aspersa Mill., 
HI. (Patula) rotundata Mill., Planorbis glaber Jeff., Physa acuta 
Drap., Hydrobia similis Drap. The removal of these six leaves 
twenty-eight as the whole number of really native species found 
in Madeira and which are to be met with elsewhere. Looking 
carefully at the distribution of these species within the Madeiran 
area, it is possible with a very considerable amount of proba- 
bility to divide them into six classes : 

1. Species whose introduction is earlier than all record, 
but is probably quite recent. These are six in number, viz. :— 
Arion ater 1... Limax maximus L., L. flavus L., L. agrestis 1.., 
Lestacella mauget Fer., Bulimus (Stenogyra) decollatus \.. 
These are sparingly found within human cultivation. 

2. Importations dating from a much earlier period in the 
five hundred years of human occupation. The seven species 
of this group are: Lemax gagates Drap., Helix (Hyalinia) 
cellaria Mil., 7. (Vallonia) pulchella Mill., Bulimus ventricosus 
Drap., Za (Cochlicopa) lubrica Mill., Limnea acuta Drap., 
Ancylus striatus Q. & G. These are much more widely dis- 
tributed, but are still confined to districts occupied by man. 

3. Importations independent of man. This class includes 
three species the circumstances of whose distribution indicate 
that they have been long in the islands, while yet they are not 
where man would have put them. ‘These three are: Achatina 
acicula Miull., Pupa (Gastrodon) umbilicata Drap., Balea per- 
versa L. These were probably introduced by natural agencies. 

4. Apeculiarclass. It includes two species which require 
fuller criticism.  He/ix (Xerophila) armillata and Lovea follt- 
culus Gron. 

5. Indigenous European species whose birthright is as 
good in Madeira as elsewhere. In neither can they be called 


4 WATSON: RELATION OF MADEIRAN MOLLUSCA TO OTHERS. 


immigrants. Of these there are four: felix (Hyalinia) crystal- 
lina Mill., H. (Pyramidula) pygmea Drap., H. (Euparypha) 
pisana Mill., HZ. (Caracollina) lenticula Fer. 

6. Indigenous Atlantic species which are neither European 
nor Mediterranean. Of thesetherearesix: Helix (Patula) placida 
Shuttl, A (P.) pusilla Lowe, H. (Leptaxis) erubescens Lowe, 
Hi. (Spirorbula) paupercula Lowe, Pupa (Gastrodon) fanalensis 
Lowe, P. (Zvruncatellina) microspora Lowe. A group this of 
perhaps the greatest interest and the most instructive of all, 
but which at present may simply stand as they are. 

One hundred andsixty-onespeciesthenarethetrue Terrestrial 
native shells of the Madeiran Islands, and of these twenty-eight 
species or a little less than one-sixth are found elsewhere. 
Twenty-eight species out of one hundred and sixty-one! That 
is the whole extent to which we can say that the Terrestrial 
mollusca of Madeira and elsewhere overlap : and one hundred 
and thirty-three species have not only had their origin in, that is, 
are autochthonous for this little group of islands not four 
hundred square miles in extent, but have never spread further. 
That of itself is a very remarkable fact deserving of careful 
notice, but there are circumstances connected with the history of 
the island which greatly enlarge our intelligence of this fact. 

It was in a.p. 1418 that these islands were discovered, 
and since that period no change of any importance in the con- 
dition of the islands has occurred. There has been neither 
elevation nor depression nor volcanic outbreak of any kind during 
these five hundred years. Anterior to that period, however, 
probably long anterior, there must have occurred changes great 
at least, if not violent—changes of level—variations on the coast 
line—exhalations of mephitic vapour—outbursts of heated 
water, which, pouring down the wooded slopes, both killed and 
swept away in myriads the mollusca whose shells, now semi- 
fossil, often crushed to atoms, often perfect, mixed with sand, 
and piled in places many feet deep, cover square miles of 
Madeira and of Porto Santo. Other beds too, more clayey in 


J.C., vii., Jan., 1892 


WATSON : RELATION OF MADEIRAN MOLLUSCA TO OTHERS. 5 


character are found at a high level on the Desertas presenting 
specimens few in number but of very interesting species—also 
semi-fossil like those previously referredto. In these beds there- 
fore, geologically recent but chronologically of great anciquity ; 
parted from us, as they are, by a period whose minimum is five 
hundred years, a record is preserved quite undisturbed, enabling 
us to compare the earlier Terrestrial mollusca with those now 
alive. Following up then, such a comparison, the one hundred 
and thirty-three genuine Terrestrial mollusca peculiar to Madeira 
fall into three groups :— 

1. The extinct subfossil species. 

2. ‘The surviving subfossil species. 

3. Living species that are peculiar indeed but not subfossil. 

Of the 1st class, comprising the extinct subfossil species, 
there are twelve. 

Of the 2nd group, including the species which are subfossil 
but which are also living still, there are sixty-four. 

Of the 3rd, which contains species living, but not subfossil, 
there are fifty-seven. 


The record is a long and a crowded one—long, for it begins 
more, probably very much more, than five hundred years ago— 
crowded, for it speaks of at least seventy-six (¢.¢. 12 + 64) species 
—all peculiar—many very abundant. From nowhere outside 
did they come to these islands, but from untold ages previously 
they may have existed on this spot. Of these seventy-six, 
twelve species have died out, and sixty-four survive to this 
present, while fifty-seven species more, not found among these 
fossils, have come on the scene, and are alive now. Across the 
page one hundred and thirty-three lines are drawn. Of these, 
twelve—present where the record begins—break short, they 
do not come down to our day ; sixty-four, which begin as early, 
still run on to the present time—and fifty-seven make their 
appearance. They may have been alive in the earlier period, 
but they are at least not recorded there. 


6 WATSON: RELATION OF MADEIRAN MOLLUSCA TO OTHERS. 


Between these one hundred and thirty-three lines there is 
no convergence—the lines are parallel. Traced back there is 
no imaginary centre on which they can be said to bear. In 
the earliest period no more than in the latest is there intensifi- 
cation of conformity to that Mediterranean type which stamps 
them. Between themselves there is no swaying of the lines to 
and fro, they do not bifurcate, they do not pass over from one 
form into another, they give off no sports maturing into distinct 
species. The fifty-seven species which have come in have 
simply come in from no outside locality, and they have come 
without warning, and without trace of descent. If in their 
embryos there were any of those suggestions of collateral 
relationship of which so much is often made, the lapse of five 
hundred years has failed to give to these any practical effect. The 
one feature which the species present throughout the whole 
record is uncompromising unalterable individuality. 

Here then is a multitude of land shells absolutely 
peculiar to this little sea-girt speck of earth’s surface: from 
nowhere else have they come. What does their record 
tell? Does their presence imply so many distinct creative 
acts? ‘That was the answer which was accepted in past 
days, but it has been discarded and rightly discarded 
because it was equivocal; it seemed to say one thing but it 
really conveyed two. To many people it simply meant ‘We 
don’t know how these species came,’ but if that is all we mean 
it would be better simply to say so. If on the other hand, it 
meant to assert that without the intervention of any secondary 
causes these species have been called into being by the im- 
mediate and reiterated intervention of creative power, then that 
assertion was a jumping to a conclusion instead of a careful 
study of the evidence. That the worlds were framed by the 
Word of God is one thing, but it is a very different thing indeed 
to say there has been a whole succession of creative acts 
reiterated again and again. Is that so? That is the very 
question to which we are trying to find an answer—a true 


J.C., vii.; Jan., 1892 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. - 7 


answer. Asa working hypothesis Darwin’s so-called theory has 
proved to many very useful, but no one can doubt that the 
history of species is a record we are only beginning to decipher, 
and that here is work for every one of us to do. Worthier 
work by far than the mere multiplication of species, or the sub- 
division of genera, or the reduction of scientific nomeclature 
through constant change to a Babel-like confusion of tongues. 

How did all these various forms of life, individually so stable 
and yetinthelong runso changing—how did they come into being? 
Derived from any known source they are not. The amazing 
genealogical chains which sensational science delights to con- 
struct, are all flawed by the missing links which in them all are 
missing still. How did the varied forms of life originate ? 
That is the great problem with the solution of which this Society, 
in common with so many others is occupied—and Madeira with 
its one hundred and thirty-three peculiar land shells within so 
small a space really puts into an intelligible form that great 
question which in its greatness is unmanageable—How did this 
crowd of perfectly isolated species come into being ? 


—___—_+-e-¢—__- 


Vertigo pusilla Mill. in Lancashire.—At the meet- 
ing of the Manchester Branch, on November 12th, I had the 
pleasure of exhibiting specimens of this species taken by Mr. 
F. C. Long, of Burnley, during a visit to Silverdale in July 
last. They were found amongst moss, and are rather larger 
and lighter-coloured than the Ingleton specimens. This, being 
the first-known record for the county, is of considerable interest. 
—R. SranpvENn, November 16th, 1892. 

Planorbis albus m. scalariforme at Penistone.—In 
the ‘Scout Dam’ at Penistone I have recently come across 
numerous examples of P. albus m. scalariforme. As this form 
has not apparently been noticed, it may be interesting to note 
it—LI1onEL E. Apams, Penistone, July 9, 7891. 


8 ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


1951H (ANNUAL) MEETING, DECEMBER 12th, 1891. 


Tue Meeting was opened at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds, at Ten a.m., 
the Chair being occupied by Mr. JoHN Wm. Taytor, F.L.S., Vice- 
President. 

The Minutes of the previous Annual (185th) Meeting were read and 
confirmed. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
Trustees of the British Museum :—(1), Report on the Zoological Collections 
made by H.M.S. Aft in 1881—82, 1884; (2), A. H. Foord’s ‘Catalogue 
of Fossil Cephalopoda,’ parts i, 1888, and ii, 1891; (3), J. E. Gray’s ‘Guide 
to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the British Museum,’ part i, 
1857 ; (4), ‘Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries of the British Museum,’ 
second edition, 1888; (5), J. E. Gray’s ‘Catalogue of Mollusca in British 
Museum,’ part iv,” Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells,’ 1853; (6), Des- 
hayes’ ‘Catalogue of Conchifera in the British Museum’—part i, Veneride, 
Cyprinidz, and Glauconomide, 1853, and part ii, Petricolade (concluded) 
and Corbiculadze, 1854; (7), L. Pfeiffer’s ‘Catalogue of Pulmonata,’ part i, 
1855; and (8), L. Pfeiffer’s ‘Catalogue of Auriculidz, Proserpinide, and 
Truncatellidze in the British Museum,’ 1857. 

From the Author: (1), F. W. Wotton ‘On the occurrence of Achatina 
acicula in the Cardiff District in two New Localities,’ 1889; F. W. Wotton, 
‘A short Historical Account of the Flat Holme and its Natural History,’ 
1890. 

From the Editors: The Naturalist, for December 1891; Feuille des 
Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 254, Dec. 1891; L’Echange Revue Linneenne, 
No. 83, 15th Nov. 1891. 

From the Societies: Abstract Proceedings of Linnean Society of New 
South Wales, Oct. 28, 1891; Journal and Proceedings Hamilton Associa- 
tion (Canada), part vii, 1890—91. 

From the Trustees: Records of the Australian Museum, vol. i, No. 9, 
October 1891. 

Candidate Proposed for Membership : 

Mr. James Russell Dixon (by Messrs. W. H. Heathcote and John W. 
Taylor). 

Appointment of Scrutineers and Auditors. 

It was resolved that Mr. Edward Collier and Mr. Robert Standen be 
appointed Scrutineers; also that Mr. Wm. Moss, F.C.A., and Mr. Robert 
Cairns be appointed Auditors both for the current and the ensuing year’s 
accounts. 

The Meeting was then adjourned to the Owens College, Manchester. 


J.C., vu., Jan., 1892 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9 


The Annual Meeting was resumed at the Beyer Laboratory, Owens 
College, Manchester, at Four p.m. 


The chair was occupied by the Rey. k. Booc Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., 
F.L.S., President, and there was a large attendance of members. 


Annual Reports, &c:. 


The Annual Report of the Council was read by the Hon. Secretary, 
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, I°.L.S. 


The Balance Sheet and Treasurer’s Report were read by Mr. Lionel 
E. Adams, B.A., Hon. Treasurer. 


The Annual Report of the Manchester Branch was read by Mr. Robert 
Standen, Hon. Secretary of the Branch. 


After discussion, it was unanimously resolved, on the motion of Mr. 
R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., seconded by Mr. Edward Collier, 


““That the Reports of the Council and Treasurer and Branch be re- 
ceived and adopted for circulation among the members, and that the 
attention of the Council be especially directed to the serious amount of 
Subscriptions now in arrear, and that the members in default be earnestly 
requested to facilitate the business of the Society by paying up, and that the 
Secretary be instructed to stop sending the ‘Journal of Conchology’ to any 
member who is more than two years in arrear after notice; and that a copy 
of this resolution be printed and sent to every member.” 


Election of Officers: 


The Scrutineers then announced that they had examined the voting- 
papers, of which 34 had been sent in, none of them invalidated by any in- 
formality, and that the following members had been duly elected as the 
Council and Officers for the year 1892 :-— 

PRESIDENT— Rev. Canon ALFRED MERLE NORMAN, D.C.L., F.R.S., 

F.1..S., etc., Burnmoor Rectory, Fence Houses, Durham. 
VICE-PRESIDENTS — J. CosMo MELvILL, M.A., F.L.S., Manchester ; 

EpGar A. SMITH, F.Z.S5., London; JOHN W. TayLor, F.L.S., 

Leeds; Kev. R. BooG Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Cardross, 

Dumbartonshire. 

Hon. TREASURER—LIONEL FE. ADAMS, B.A., Penistone. 
Hon. SECRETARY AND RECORDER—W™M. DENISON RoEBuCK, F.L.S., 

Leeds. 

Hon. CURATOR—WILLIAM NELSON, Leeds. 
Iion. LIBRARIAN—EpDGAR R. WalreE, F.L.S., Pixie Hall, Leeds, 
COUNCIL—WALTER CroucH, F.Z.S., Wanstead, Essex; R. D. Darsi- 

SHIRE, B.A., F.G.S., Manchester; W. E. Hoy er, re Boas Be, 

Manchester ; JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A., Cheadle, Staffordshire ; 

Joun H. Ponsonsy, F.Z.S., London; B. B. Woopwarp, F.G.S., 

F.R.M.S., London. 


ime) PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Alteration of Rules. 


On behalf of the Council, Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill proposed, and Mr. 
Lionel E. Adams seconded, a resolution to alter the wording of the roth and 
12th rules in order to permit of future annual meetings being held at a more 
climatologically convenient time of year than hitherto, and in order to 
facilitate, by holding these meetings successively in different parts of the 
country, the bringing together annually as numerous a body of members of 
the Society as is possible. The proposals were well discussed, the meeting 
being heartily in accord with the object aimed at, and eventually the motions 
were passed in the following form :— 


(1) That Rule to be amended by the omission of the words ‘in Leeds.’ 


(2) That Rule 12 be amended so as to read: ‘ The Annual Meeting 
shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at the previous Annual 
Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet of the outgoing Council, 
and to elect a Council and Officers for the ensuing year ;? and it was further 
resolved. on the motion of Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, M.A., seconded by Mr. 
Darbishire, that it be referred to the Council to fix the place and date of 
meeting for 1892 and to make all the necessary arrangements. 


Vote of Thanks. 

The best thanks of the Society were then voted to the authorities of the 
Owens College and to the Manchester Branch, its officers and members, for 
the kind reception which they had given to the Society, on the motion of 
Mr. Masefield. 

New Members Elected : 
Mr. Henry Ernest Craven, Matlock Bridge. 
Mr. Arthur Trevelyan Daniel, M.A., Richmond Terrace, Stoke-on-Trent. 
Mr. John Christopher Eccles, 20, Winckley Square, Preston. 
Mr. Henry Hoyle Howorth, M.P., F.S.A., etc,, Bentcliffe House, Eccles. 


Candidates Proposed for Membership : 


Mr. Joseph Henshall was proposed by Mr. E. Collier and seconded by 
Mr. R. Standen; and Mr. Albert Gregory Alletsee, proposed by Mr. Wm. 
Moss and seconded by Mr. Robert Cairns. 


The meeting was then adjourned for refreshments, which were provided 
in the Refectory of the Owens’ College. 


The meeting was resumed in the same room at 6-30 p.m. 


The president, Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., then 
delivered the Annual Address, taking as his subject, ‘ The Relation of the 
Terrestrial and Freshwater Mollusca of the Madeiran Islands to those known 
Elsewhere’ [printed at pp. I—7 of this number]. 


At the conclusion of the address, a hearty vote of thanks to the President 
was moved by Mr. Edward Collier, seconded by Mr. Mark Stirrup, F.G.S., 
and carried unanimously. 


J.C., vii.. Jan., 1892 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Il 


The remainder of the evening was devoted to the exhibition of speci- 
mens, of which the following is a complete account :— 


Exhibits : 


By Mr. R. D. Darbishire : a large collection of land and freshwater 
shells from Lake Tanganyika; a series of Manina cttrina and Nanina 
aulica exhibiting much variation of colour and banding; a drawer of 
Buccinum undatum, including sinistral and many other abnormal varieties ; 
and a number of very fine and perfect specimens of Magzlus antiqguus. 


By Mr. L. E. Adams: Auccinum undatum from the Dogger Bank and 
Whitby, of enormous size. 

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: eight drawers of British marine shells, 
mostly collected along the Lancashire coasts, and including many rare 
species ; and a number of Burmese and Indian Unionidz. 

By Mr. Henry Hyde: specimens of South African Achatinze and a 
collection of Zevebra. 

By Mr. B. Sturges Dodd: an extensive and almost complete collection 
of British marine shells, especially rich in the smaller species and young 
forms, to the collection of which Mr. Dodd has paid particular attention. 


By Mr. Edward Collier: four drawers of Cochlostyle, Bulimi, Achatin- 
_ella, and foreign Clausiliz, showing many rare and extremely beautiful 
species of these families. 

By Mr. Thomas Rogers: a collection of Achatinellz and Auriculellz 
from Sandwich Islands, and a drawer of foreign marine bivalves. 

By Mr. Charles Oldham : Helix arbustorum var. alpinula, Hf. hortensis 
var. wcarnata, and Pisidium roseum from Budworth and Baguley, Cheshire, 
and Rhos Neighr, Anglesea. 

By Rev. H. Glanville Barnacle, M.A.: a collection of Careliz and 
Achatinellz from the Sandwich Islands, collected by himself, and including 
some rare and very handsome species. 

By Mr. R. Cairns: a series of subfossil shells; and Helix xemoralis and 
Hf. aspersa from the Isle of Man, including a sinistral specimen of ZZ. aspersa, 
which he collected at Peel in August last. 

By Mr. Thomas Hey: a collection of Derbyshire land and freshwater 
shells, including many interesting varieties of Helix nemoralis, H. hortensis, 
Hf, arbustorum, and Unios. 


Mr. Wm. Moss shewed his interesting collection of molluscan palates 
under the microscope, further illustrated by micro-photographs of most of 
them, prepared by Mr. W. H. Turner. He also had on view a series of 
micro-photographs, slides, and camera drawings illustrating a paper recently 
read before the Manchester Branch: ‘ On the Generative Organs of Budimus 
acutus, with Descriptions of a Curious Shell-like body and its Appendages,’ 
by Messrs. Standen and Hardy, which excited much attention amongst the 
members present. He also showed on behalf of Mrs. Heitland Unios from 
Burmah and shells from Loyalty Islands. 


12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. R. Standen showed a large collection of the smaller British land 
and freshwater species, showing his improved method of mounting in glass 
tubes, and exhibiting an extensive series of ‘ locality sets ’ from many parts 
of the kingdom, including all the British Bulimi, Pup, Vertigos, smaller 
Helices, and Acme ineata from many localities. 


Mr. James Cosmo Melvill exhibited (4), a collection of Cyclophorus, 
containing about eighty species, among them being C. aurantius, C. theo- 
baldianus, C. siamensts, C. pearsoni, C. eximius, C. nilagiricus, C. oculius- 
capri, C. bensont, and other rare and beautiful species. Also (8), his col- 
lection of the genus Zatérus and allies, in illustration of the ‘Historical 
Account,’ published in the last volume of the ‘Memoirs and Proceedings of 
the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.’ Among them was 
one new species, in addition to the eleven recently described in his Paper. 
This ranks among the larger of the genus, allied to Z. concentricus (Reeve), 
and it will shortly be described under the name Z. srestantior. It formed 
part of Sir David Barclay’s collection. (C), some types of A/tva, showing 
about forty unique or rare species, and also full series of AZ. exasferata, 
Turricula regina, and immediate allies, and JV. stigmataria. In this latter, 
the gradations between /7, sanguzsuga on the one hand, and J/. granosa on 
the other, were shown. Also 4Z. filosa and AZ. nexilzs with two extraordinary 
malformations, from Mauritius, collected by Sir David Barclay. (D), certain 
types of Pecten, including P. sydille, P. hysginodes, P. loxoides, P. rubidus, 
P. roseopunctatus, P. cumingi?, and other beautiful forms. (£), a drawer of 
Pupinide, containing most of the described species of Pupina, Pupinella, 
Registoma, Callia, Hargreavesta, Cataulus, Tomocyclos, Megulomastoma, 
Raphaulus, and Hybocistis. (¥), Bembix argenteonitens (Lischke), Alwine 
(Lischke) from Japan, and Zvrctcula bairdtt (Dale) from 400 fathoms off 
coast of California—all very interesting Trochidz, found at abyssmal depths. 

Mr. F. G. Pearcey showed Buccinum finmarkensis from Norway, also 
on behalf of Mr. David Robertson, F.L.S., F.G.S., of Millport, Cumbrae, 
a fine collection of Solew s¢ligua and varieties, including some of the largest 
known specimens, measuring 103 inches in length, and specimens of Cyc/ops 
neriteus taken on the coast of Scotland. 

By Mr. F. C. Long: Vertigo pusilla from Silverdale, Lancashire. 

By Mr. John Hardy, jun. : a’case of carefully-prepared shell sections. 

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: selections from the collections of some of the 
early Manchester conchologists, mostly from localities now built upon or 
otherwise destroyed, and a collection of abnormal varieties, mostly British, 
including sinistral Helix aspersa and H. nemoralis from Lancashire, sinistral 
H. nemoralis from Bundoran, sinistral! Limzzea stagnalis from Doncaster, 
scalariform Planorbis sptrorbis, P. complanatus, L. stagnalis, and others, 
sinistral 7. fomatéa, and a sinistral G7bbus lyonetianus from the collection 
of Mr. E. Collier, together with many other curious abnormalities and ex- 
amples of ‘ repaired ’ shells. 


In the museum Mr. W. E. Hoyle specially pointed out a magnificent 
display of Pecten, Hinnites, and Lima from the museum and private sources 


JaC., vi., Jan. 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 


combined, a large case being devoted to British species, all of which were 
fully represented, a row of fine specimens of P. ofercularis recently dredged 
off Fleetwood being especially noticeable. The foreign series is very com- 
plete and contains many rare and some unique types. The museum collec- 
tion is in course of arrangement according to the latest authorities ; a generic 
series is shown in the table-cases, with maps showing geographical distribu- 
tion, and printed descriptions of generic characteristics. The arrangement 
is completed as far as Turbinella, and when finished the displayed collection 
will, it is hoped form a valuable conchological index to the whole molluscan 
genera. The remainder of the collection will be arranged for reference in 
drawers underneath the cases. Amongst other special objects pointed out 
were a series of specimens of wood bored by Teredo, a fine collection of 
North American Unionide, a case illustrative of the life-history of the British 
Zonites and Helices, with models of animals, darts, and the principal 
varieties, nests of Zzma hzans between dead valves of Pecten maximus, a 
case of enormous specimens of P2zxa nobilis from Cannes, and an interest- 
ing chart of classification drawn out by Mr. Hoyle and illustrated by speci- 
mens, which is intended to serve asa key to the whole collection. —W.D.R. 


———— > +6 _ 


AINNUAI SE PORT 


THE Council, in presenting their Report for the year 1891, have to congratu- 
late the members upon a year of uninterrupted and steady prosperity. 


The Membership, which stood at 199 at the date of the last annual 
meeting, now amounts to 215, of which 10 are honorary life members, 12 
are ordinary members resident abroad, and the remaining 193 ordinary 
members resident in the British Islands. 


Twenty-three new members have been elected during the year, and one 
old member reinstated whose postal address had not been known for some 
years. Three members have resigned, and the Society has had the mis- 
fortune to lose four valued members by death. One of these was an ex- 
President—Mr. William Jeffery, of Ratham, near Chicester; another, Mr. 
Clifford Burkill, one of the most promising of our younger students of marine 
mollusca; and the other two, Mr. J. W. Wood, of Bedford, and Miss E. B. 
Fairbrass, of Faversham, Kent, were experienced and able conchologists of 
long standing. The net increase of 16 members is gratifying, and testifies 
to the confidence with which both the Society and the ‘Journal of Con- 
chology’ are viewed by British conchologists. 


Nine meetings have been held in Leeds since the last annual meeting, 
those of January and August not having been held on account of the vaca- 
tion seasons. 


A very large number of specimens of great interest have been exhibited 
at all of these meetings. 


14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The following Papers have been read :— 

Rey. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E.—‘The Marine Mollusca of Madeira.’ 

C. S. Bell Cox, B.A., and Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.—‘ Helix elegans in East 
Kent, near Dover.’ 

Robert Standen—‘ Vertigo moulinsiana in Dorsetshire.’ 

Hubert Elgar and Henry Lamb—‘List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca 
occurring in the Maidstone District.’ 

T. D. A. Cockerell—‘Note on Limnea peregra var. ovaliformis.’ 

J. H. A. Jenner, F.E.S.—‘Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of 
East Sussex.’ 

Rey. John McMuttrie, M.A., D.D.—‘Eigg Shells: Notes on the Land and 
Freshwater Shells of the Island of Figg.’ 

A. E. Craven, F.Z.S., and Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.—‘Notes on the Vivi- 
parous Nature of Ba/ea.’ 

John W. Taylor, F.L.S.—‘Note on Helix arbustorum vax. cantgonensis 
Boub. = repellint.’ : 

‘Note on Helix lapicida var. subangulata.’ 

J. T. Marshall—‘The Habitat of Montacuta Jferruginosa.’ 

J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.—‘ Descriptions of Eleven New Species 
belonging to the genera Columbarium, Pisania, Minolia, Liotza, and 
Solarium ;’ with plate. 

Rev. J. E. Somerville, B.D.—‘Note on Achatina acicula in a Roman 
Cemetery at Ventimiglia.’ 

Dr. Heinrich Simroth (hon. member)—‘Note on some Testacellee.’ 

Most of these Papers have been duly printed in the ‘Journal of Con- 
chology,’ and others await publication. 

The usual four numbers of the ‘Journal of Conchology’ have been pub- 
lished during the year by its Editor, Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., and 
copies have been issued to the members of the Society in accordance with 
the arrangements entered into with the Editor three years ago, which 
arrangements your Council recommend shall be continued. 

The Society’s Collections, which are partly displayed in the Museum of 
the Leeds Philosophical Society and partly stored in three cabinets which 
are deposited at the same museum, have been considerably added to during 
the year. Several donations have been of great interest. The Society is 
indebted to Mr. J. H. Ponsonby for a large number of interesting shells, 
both marine and non-marine, from various parts of the world; to the Rev. 
Dr. McMuttrie for the full collection of shells of Eigg, sent in illustration 
of his paper; to Messrs. Hubert Elgar and Henry Lamb for the full collec- 
tion of shells illustrating their List of Maidstone Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca; to Messrs. R. Nash, S. Elley, and L. E. Adams, for a set of the 
shells of the Penistone district; to Mr. J. C. Smith for shells from Banff- 
shire; to Mrs. Brockbank for important additions to the Society’s series of 
British Marine Shells; to Mr. Hillman for a long series of the Helices of 
Sussex; to Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell (whom your Council have to congratu- 
late on his recent appointment to the Museum Curatorship at Jamaica) for 
numerous valuable types; as well as to Rev. Carleton Greene, Mr. C. S. 


J.C., vi., Jan., 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 


Bell Cox, Mr. J. W. Storey, Mr. Albert Wood, Mr. R. Barnes, Mr. J. W. 
Taylor, F.L.S., Mr. E. R. Sykes, B.A., Mr. A. L. Reade, Mr. C. O. 
Pickard Cambridge, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A., Mr. C. H. Morris, 
Mr. A. H. Pawson, Rev. Herbert Milnes, Rev. R. A. Summerfield, B.A., 
Mr. J. Burtt Davy, Mr. J. D. Butterell, Dr. R. F. Scharff, Rev. George 
Gordon, LL.D., etc., etc. 

Your Council have pleasure in announcing that various much-appreciated 
Subscriptions have been made to the Cabinet Fund, and that a valued mem- 
ber—Mr. W. Whitwell—has placed the Society under much obligation, by 
offering to contribute 5/- for this purpose annually in addition to his sub- 
scription, in the hope that a considerable number of other members may 
follow his example. 

Mr. Nelson, the Curator, has devoted a good deal of time and attention 
to the mounting and arrangement of the Collections and has finished the 
display of the British Marine series. There are, however, still a large 
number of the British species which the Society will be pleased to accept as 
donations from the members in order that the series may be completed. The 
Curator would also be pleased if the members would present collections of 
the shells of their own particular district or county ; and your Council may 
take advantage of this present occasion of holding a Meeting in Manchester, 
to say that collections of shells from Cheshire, South Lancashire, and West 
Lancashire, would be greatly valued as donations from our Lancashire 
members. 

The Library has increased during the year by numerous exchanges, and 
by donations of books, pamphlets, and reprints. Some very important 
additions have been made. Among the works purchased may be mentioned 
Rossmassler’s Iconographie, a full set of the Zeitschrift fiir Malakolozoologie, 
Miiller’s ‘Vermium Historia,’ Leach’s ‘Synopsis,’ Reeve’s ‘ British Mollusca,’ 
etc. The British Museum trustees have presented a set of their publica- 
tions on Mollusca, and Mr. Charles Ashford a copy of Montagu’s ‘Testacea 
Britannica.’ Our President, Rev. R. Boog Watson, has laid the Society 
under great obligation by the gift of the whole of the series of works from his 
own pen, including his magnificent ‘Challenger Report’ on Gastropoda and 
Scaphopoda, as well as by a handsome donation towards the cost of the pur- 
chase of Rossmassler. Our previous President, Mr. E. A. Smith, has also 
presented the whole of his reprinted Papers, and our Treasurer, Mr. Lionel 
E. Adams, B.A., a full series of reprinted Papers by his uncle, the celebrated 
Arthur Adams—while reprints and papers of various kinds have been given 
by Messrs. M. Cossmann, J. R. Bourguignat, B. B. Woodward, R. B. New- 
ton, J. W. Taylor, Rudolph Bergh, W. Denison Roebuck, T. D. A. Cockerell, 
Thos. Scott, R. E. C. Stearns, C. D. Walcott, R. J. Lechmere Guppy, J. C. 
Melvill, J. H. Ponsonby, Rev. H. H. Higgins, R. F. Scharff, W. H. Dall, 
F. W. Wotton, W. Crouch, etc. 

At the commencement of the year a complete catalogue of the Library 
was printed, thus rendering the books accessible to members generally who 
wish to avail themselves of the easy conditions upon which books may be 
borrowed. A moderate amount of use has been made of the Library in this 


16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


manner, and your Council trust that the Members will continue to avail 
themselves more and more of the privileges thus available. 

The Librarianship has been vacant for the greater part of the year, the 
member who was appointed to this office at the last Annual Meeting having 
resigned and left Leeds. It gives your Council great pleasure to announce 
that a most suitable successor has been found in the person of Mr. Edgar R. 
Waite, F.L.S., whose position as curator of the Museum in which our 
Library is deposited, renders the appointment, should it be ratified by this 
Annual Meeting, a particularly appropriate one. 

The sub-committee which was appointed at the last Annual Meeting 
for the purpose of preparing a new list of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca 
of the British Isles have reported that they have compiled a first draft, which 
is now under revision as to a few knotty points which have yet to be settled, 
and that they hope to have their list ready to print in an early number of the 
‘Journal,’ together with a series of explanatory notes as to the reasons which 
have influenced them in regard to certain needed corrections of nomen- 
clature, and as to the principles by which they are actuated in the treatment 
of the question as to the extent to which varieties are to be admitted. 

Your Council have had under consideration the question as to the date 
at which the Annual Meetings are held, and have authorised certain pro- 
positions to be laid before you for such amendment of the rules as will 
enable future Annual Meetings to be held at such season of the year as may 
be found more suitable and more climatologically propitious for enabling 
members to attend at least one meeting of the Society yearly in larger 
numbers than it is possible to expect at ordinary meetings. 


The kecorder reports that at the end of the fourteenth year 
_ during which the authentication system has been carried out the total 
number of Records made and vouched for stands at 31,405 records, 
representing an average number of 42 species for each of the 149 
counties and vice-counties into which the British Islands are divided. 
A considerable and very satisfactory amount of attention has been 
paid to the completion of the Scottish census, while some little 
attention has been paid to Ireland, although the number of Irish records 
made falls very far short of what is desired. The four blank counties 
(Queen’s, Carlow, Longford and Galway East), reported last year are still 
blank, no records whatever having been submitted from them. There are 
also various counties, eleven in number, from which the total number of 
species recorded has not yet reached ten each, viz. :—Radnorshire, Ebudes 
South, Shetlands, Cavan, Kildare, Wicklow, Kilkenny, Roscommon, Clare, 
Tipperary North, and Cork North; and it would be very desirable that 
attention should be particularly directed to these neglected areas, and our 
recorder and referees allowed to inspect the results. The most considerable 
additions made this year are a number of Flintshire shells sent by Rev. 
Thos. Shankland, of Mold, and of Dumfriesshire and other Lowland Scottish 
species submitted by Mr. Wm. Evans. 

The Treasurer’s Report, and that of the Manchester Branch, will be sub- 
mitted to you separately. 


J.C., vii., Jan., 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 


Treasurer’s Report. 


In presenting the Annual Report of the finances of the Society I have 
to state, that while the Balance Sheet shows £2 Ios. 3d. in hand, the 
October number of the Journal is not paid for, which will more than cancel 
the balance stated. The arrears of Subscriptions amount to the large total 
of £28 11s. 3d. If this amount could be collected there would be a con- 
siderable balance to the credit of the Society.—LioNrL E. ApDAms, Hon. 
Treasurer, Penistone, December rr, 1S9r. 


15) 7/2 10/2 IN Gea Size bi ah ane 


GENERAL FUND. 


Receipts. & & th Payments. CSAC, 
Balance from last year... 9 14 2 | Rent of Room at Leeds 
Subscriptions received in for 1890... -- O10 6 


1801... a4: ACW? SLO Gratuity to Porter at Leeds 0 10 
Sale of Journals, &c. ... 1 6 5 Cost of Journals (not in- 
5 


Bank Interest... Ey TOueI cluding Oct. 1891) 24 12 6 
Secretary's Expenses 5 2 al 
Treasurer’s ditto Bh 8) 
Stationery of Society .=+ 4 16 Oo 
3 Books Bought... Tamu leanc| 
Balance in Hand 50) 3) 
Ser ee. 4 Ss 
£54 4 0 Le A © 
CABINET FUND. 
Receipts. 2 & th | Payments. 22S tL 
Balance from last year © 2 wis 
Sale of Tubes ... @ 3 2 | 
Donations received in | Nil 
18QI 505 eee Onto | 
Spe ETT | 
(42 32, 83 | Balance in Iand .. £2 12 84 


LIONEL E. ADAMS. 


Dec. rath, 1891, audited and found correct, 


WILLIAM MOSS, F.C.A. 
ROBERT CAIRNS. 


B 


18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


REPORT of ros MANCHESTER BRANCH 


DECEMBER 12TH, TS8O1. 


Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN, 


I am pleased to be able to: report that the Manchester Branch of this 
Society has during the year made steady progress, a number of good workers 
having joined. We have now thirty-two members, most of whom are 
already members of the parent society. Many of our recently-elected mem- 
bers have also joined the Society on entering the Branch. 


The meetings have been held monthly throughout the year and have 
been well attended. Great interest has been shown in all subjects brought 
forward, and the exhibits have been very numerous, and often of special 
importance. 


During the summer months excursions have been made to Marple. 
Cheshire; Lostock, Gralam, and Marston Forge, Cheshire; Lathkill Dale, 
Derbyshire; Dukinfield and the Peak Forest Canal; and to Clitheroe. 
These excursions have proved very interesting and agreeable to those taking 
part in them, and resulted in some good records being made. 

The Council of Owens College have kindly granted the use of a room 
in the Museum for the members of the Branch, and we hope to place in the 
Museum a Local Collection of Land, Freshwater, and Marine Shells, con- 
tributed by members, and arranged in one of the Museum's cabinets. and 
available for reference by any conchologist upon application to the keeper. 
It is proposed that this collection shall be illustrative of the Molluscan 
Fauna of the Manchester district, and to include Lancashire, Cheshire, 
Derbyshire, and such portions of Yorkshire as may come within a reasonable 
radius. 

Detailed reports of the various excursions, with lists of species collected, 
have been furnished by the Secretary, Mr. Standen; and the following Notes 
and Papers have been contributed by members during the year :— 

By Edward Collier: ‘On Marine Gasteropods being eaten by Thrushes 
during severe Winter Weather.’ 

By J. Cosmo Melvill: ‘On the Genus Za/zrus and its Allies.’ 

By L. St. George Byne: ‘On the occurrence of Plewrobranchus membrana- 
ceus in Teignmouth Bay.’ 

By W. E. Hoyle: ‘A Description of a rare Cephalopod, ///ex eblane, from 

Plymouth.’ 

By W. H. Heathcote: ‘ Zéstacella scutulum in Lancashire.’ 


By R. Standen: ‘Observations on the Reproduction of the Dart in Helzx 
aspersa’; and ‘Note of the Occurrence of Vertigo. puszl/a in Lancashire.’ 

By R. Standen and J. Ray Hardy: ‘Observations on the Generative Organs 
of Bulimus acutus Miill.. with Description of a remarkable Calcareous 
Organ connected therewith.’—RoBer? STANDEN, Honorary Secretary, 
Manchester Branch. 


VolCog Wiles Iain, Wee: 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 


LilS 1D SO 18) MN eS 


(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L =a Life Member 


who has compounded for his subscription). 


HONORARY MEMBERS 
(Limited to ten in number). 
1889. Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rud., Vestre Hospital, Stormgade, 19,2, Copenhagen. 
1889. Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. 
1886. Bourguignat, J. R., Officier d’Académie, Chevalier de la Légion 
d’Ifonneur, Secrétaire Général de la Société Malocologique 
de France, Rue Voltaire, 6, Saint Germain-en-Laye, Seine- 
et-Oise, France. 
1889. Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin 
de fer du Nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris. 
1889. Crosse, Hippolyte, Rue Tronchet, 25, Paris. 
1878. Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main. 
1886. Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W. 
1889. Philippi, Dr. Rk. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile. 
1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitat, Christiania, Norway. 
1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig. 
ORDINARY MEMBERS. 
1891. Adams. Gerald Wheatley, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Clifton, Ashbourne, 
Derbyshire. 
1885. Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Rose Hill, Penistone, Yorkshire. 
1889. Agius, Paul, B.A., 106, Strada Reale, Valletta, Malta. 
1892. Alletsee, Albert Gregory, 1, South Villas, Kensington Road, Red- 
land, Bristol. 
1891. Ancey, César Felix, Membre de la Société Malacologique de France, 
Member of Colorado Biological Association, Membre de la 
*Societas Entomologica’ de Zurich, etc., Administrateur- 
Adjoint, Boghari, Algeria. 
1888. Bailey, Rev. George, F.R.M.S., The Manse, Finchingfield, Essex. 
1886. Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire. 
1889. Baker, Arthur Edwin, 77, Conduit Street, Leicester. 
1886. Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., The Vicarage, 
Holmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O. 
1887. Beaulah, John, Ravensthorpe, Brigg, Lincolnshire. 
1891. Beckett, James Benjamin, 99, Clapham Road, Lowestoft. 
1888. Bell, Alfred, 78, Wells Street, Oxford Street, London. 
1886. Bendall, Wilfrid, 28, Gloucester Place, Portman Square, London, W. 
1884. Bostock, Edwin D., The Radfords, Stone, Staffordshire. 
1879. Brazier, John, V.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curagoa House, 82, Windmill 
j Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 
1889. Brockbank, Maria (Mrs. E.), Bond End, Settle, Yorkshire. 
1887. Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow. 


20 


1890. 
1888. 


18709. 
1888. 
189Q1. 
1878. 


1892. 
1887. 
1889. 
1886. 
1885. 
1880. 


1887. 


1886. 


1888. 
1886. 


1892. 
1890. 


1889. 
1886. 


1888. 


1870. 
1886. 
1888. 


1888. 


1888. 
1802. 
1886. 
1878. 
1889. 
1801. 
1888. 
1886. 
1886. 
1892. 
1891. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Burkill. Isaac Henry, Caius College, Cambridge. 

Burrows, Thomas F., 4, Wellington Road, Newark-on-Trent. 
Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley. 

Byne, Loftus St. George, 5, Sea View Terrace, Teignmouth, Devon. 
Caims, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne. 
Cash, William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 38, Elmfield Terrace, 


Halifax. 
Champ, Henry, c/o Messrs. S. & J.. Watts & Co., Portland Street, 
Manchester. 


Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire. 

Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Maltese Road, Chelmsford, Essex. 

Coates, Henry, F.R.P.S., Pitcullen House, Perth. 

Cockerell, T. D. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, 
Jamaica, \W.I. 

Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East. Oxford Road. 
Manchester. 

Cooke, Rev. Alfred Hands, M.A.. F.L.S., King’s College; 
Cambridge. 

Coulson, Frank, 6, Montague Terrace, Kelvinside, Glasgow. 

Cox, Chas. Stanley Bell, B.A., M.R.C.S., San Remo, Chelston, 
Torquay. 

Craven, Alfred E., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 65, St. George’s Road, 
Warwick Sanare uoadon: SW. 

Craven, Henry Ernest, Matlock Bridge, Derbyshire. 

Crawford, James. c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape 
Colony. 

Crawshaw, Rev. Charles, Wesley Villa, Saltburn-by-the-Sea. 

Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton. 

Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Koad, Wanstead, 
Essex. 

Cundall, J. W., 21, Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol. 

DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London. 

Daley Henry hs, A-A., BiSc. hRAGiot PRIMES. HZ.S., Eabaoes 
etc., Post Office, Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A. 

Dale, (Mrs.) Violet, P.O., Estabrook, Park County, Colorado, 
Wea \s 

Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Rd., Torquay, Devonshire. 

Daniel, Arthur Trevelyan, M.A., Richmond Terr., Stoke-on-Trent. 

Darbishire, Robert D., B.A., F.G.S., Victoria Park, Manchester. 

Davis, James William, F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Chevinedge, Halifax. 

Dawson, Oswald, 93, Shakespeare Road, Herne Hill, London, S.E. 

Dawson, Robert Southworth, Belmont, Shipley, Yorkshire. 

Dewick, Rey. Edward S., M.A., 26, Oxford Square, London, W. 

Dodd, B. Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham. 

Duncan, W., 31, Mill Lane, Montrose, Forfarshire, N.B. 

Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston. 

Elgar, Hubert, 18a, Tunbridge Road, Maidstone, Kent. 


J.C., vii., Jan., 1892. 


1884. 
1888. 
1886. 
1889. 
1891. 
1890. 
1887. 


1884. 
1886. 
1888. 
1892. 
1886. 
1887. 
1889. 
1887. 
1887. 
1886. 
1887. 
1886. 
1890. 


1890. 


1886. 
1891. 
1886. 
1888. 


1887. 


1887. 
1889. 
1887. 


1891. 


1891. 
1887. 
1889. 
1888, 
1892. 
1878. 
1887. 
1886. 
1886. 
1888. 
1886. 
1891. 
1890. 
1884. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Py AL 


Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucesershire. 

Evans, (Mrs.) A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud. 

Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants. 

Falloon, (Mrs.) Beatrice J., Long Ashton Vicarage, Clifton, Bristol. 

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Orange Court House, Virginia, U.S.A. 

Tierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull. 

Fitzgerald, Francis R., F.S.Sc., 26, Great Perey Street, Venton- 
ville, London, W.C. 

Fitzgerald, H. Purefoy, North Hall, Preston Candover, Iants. 

Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone, Kent. 

Fortune, Riley, F.Z.S., Ravensgill, Franklin Mount, Harrogate. 

Fulton, Hugh, 89, Fulham Road, London, S.W. 

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts. 

Galizia, Joseph Sylvester, 64, Piazza Celsi, Valletta, Malta. 

Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, [lighgate, London, N. 

Gatto, Alfred Caruana, B.A., 59, Strada Levante, Valletta, Malta. 

Gerland, Conrad, M.Se., Ph. D., F.C.S., etc., Accrington, Lancashire. 

Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 

Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., Braebirnie, Elgin, N.B. 

Greene, Key. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots. 

Grocock, Leonard Oakley, 21, Beckenham Road, Penge, London. 

Gude, G. K., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N. 

Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. 

Hadow, Gerald Elliot, South Cerney Vicarage, Cirencester. 

Hagger, John, F.L.S., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent. 

Halstead, John, }., 19, Millholme Terrace, Carlisle. 

Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, [lormmsey Road, London, N. 

Hargreaves, J. A., 40, Ramskill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire, 

Hartley, Alfred, 8, Cavendish Road, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire. 

Harvard, T. Mawson, Green Bank, Lingard Road, Lewisham, 
London, S.F. 

Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middles- 
brough. 

Ilawes, Alfred, Penistone, Yorkshire. 

Heathcote, Wm. Ilenry, 54, I*renchwood Street, Preston. 

Hedworth, Thos. H., 1, Railway Terr., Dunston. Gateshead-on-Tyne 

Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury. 

Henshall, Joseph, Ivy Cottage, Barton-on-Irwell, near Manchester. 

Hepbumn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey. 

Hey, Thomas, Bloomfield Street, Derby. 

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes. Sussex. 

Hockin, (Miss) S., Phillack Rectory, Hayle, Cornwall. 

Hodgson, (Mrs.) Julia, Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard. Beds. 

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.5., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich. 

Horsley, Rev. J. W., Holy Trinity Vicarage, Woolwich. 

Howard, James, 21, Burnt-Ash Road, Lee, London, S.E. 

Howell, G. O.,3, Ripon Villas, Ripon Kd., Plumstead, London, F.C. 


PROCEEDINGS OF TVHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Howorth, Henry Hoyle, M.P., F.S.A., etc., Bentcliffe Ilouse, 
Eccles, Manchester. : 
Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Keeper of the Man- 
chester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. 

Hudson, Baker, Public Library, Middlesbrough-on-Tees. 

James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro, 
Cornwall. c 

Jenkins, A. J., 6, Douglas Terrace, Douglas Street, Deptford, 
London, S.E. 

Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes. 

Jones, (Miss) Laura C., 5, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol. 

Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 27, Mayton Street, Holloway, London, N. 

Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport, 
Monmouthshire. 

Kew, H. Wallis, F.E.S., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, 
London, N. 

Knight, G. A. Frank, M.A., Rosenlaui, Bearsden, Glasgow. 

Lamb, Henry, Lime Villas, Bower Street, Maidstone, Kent. 

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S.. F.L.S., Trinity Street, Colchester, Hssex. 

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc., Otterbourne, Bud- 
leigh, Salterton, South Devon. 

Leicester, Alfd, 1, Priory Gardens, Weld Rd., Birkdale, Southport. 

Lightwood, James T., Hope House, Lytham, Lancashire. 


' Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham, Middlesex. 


Lowe, Edward Joseph, D.L.,].P., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,F.R.A.S., 
etc.. Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow, Monmouthshire. 

Luther, S. M., Garretsville, Ohio, U.S.A. 

Lyons, Lady, Nilbrough, Swansea, Glamorganshire. 

MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. 

McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, K.C. 

McMurtrie, Rey. John, M.A., D.D., 14, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh. 

Madison. James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham. 

Marquand, Ernest D., Fermain House, Guernsey. 

Marshall. J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire. 

Martin, Sydney Trice, Hanover Chambers, King Street, Manchester. 

Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill. Cheadle, Staffordshire. 

Mason, Philip Brooke, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Horninglow 
Street, Burton-on-Trent. 

Mayfield, Arthur, 88, Stafford Street, Norwich. 

Mellors, George W., Locksley House, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. 

Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Kersal Cottage, Prestwich, 
Manchester. 

Middleton, Robert, Gledhow. near Leeds. 

Milne, J. Grafton, Albert Square, Bowdon, Cheshire. 

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Winster Vicarage, near Derby. 

Mitchell, James, 37, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow. 

Morgan, J. Bickerton, 30, Severn Street, Welshpool. 


Can Wile Jetihion misters 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


rs) 
iS) 


Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex. 

Moss, William, F.C A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under- ye: 

Nelson, William, Cromaates near Leeds. 

Newstead, A. H. L., B.A.Cantab., Roseacre, Epping. 

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., Nat. Hist. Museum, South 
Kensington, London, W. 

Nicholson, John, Chapeltown, Pudsey, Yorkshire. 

Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F R.S., F.L.S., ete., 
Burnmoor Rectory, Fence Houses, Durham. 

North, S. W., M.R.C.S., F.G.S., Micklegate. York. 

Oldham, Charles, Ashlands, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire. 

Paling, Albert, B.A., b.Sc., Middlesex Hospital, London. 

Parke, George H1., F.L.S., F.G.S.. St. John’s, Wakefield. 

Parry, Lieut-Col. G. 5., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex. 

Peal, Charles Nathaniel, I'.L.S., F.R.M.S.. Fernhurst, Mattock 
Lane, Ealing, London, W. 

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer. M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Wood- 
stock. Oxfordshire. 

Pickard-Cambridge, C. Owen, Bloxworth, Wareham, Dorsetshire. 

Pidgeon, Daniel, Ass. M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S. 

Ponsonby, John H.. F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W. 

Quilter, Henry E., 34, Sparkenhoe Street, Leicester. 

Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne. 

Ramage, John, 20, [hill Street, Dundee, Forfarshire, N.B. 

Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury, 
London,_N. 

Redding. J. Roland, 31, Belvedere Road, Dublin. 

Kenton, Robert, Fans Koad, Greenlaw, Berwickshire, N.B. 

Rhodes, Frederick, 13, Moorside Terrace, Moorside Road, Eccleshill, 
Bradford, Yorkshire. 

Robertson, David. I°.L.5., 1.G.5., Fernbank, Millport, Great 
Cumbrae, N. Bb. ‘ 

Robinson, Charles, 29, Stretford Road, Manchester. 

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds. 

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester. 

Russell, James, 

Saunders, Edw.. F.L.S.. St. Ann’s, Mount Hermon, Woking, Surrey. 

Scharff, Robert I., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A., Natural Tlistory 
Museum, Dublin. 

Sclater, A. J. k., Bank Street. Teignmouth, Devonshire. 

Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B. 

Shaw, Alexander, 439, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. 

Shrubsole. George Wm., Town Hall Square, Chester. 

Siggs, F. 1., B.A., Middlesex Hospital, London. 


~ Skilton, (Mrs.) Mary. 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex. 


Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideham, N. Devon. 
Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Nat, History Museum, South Kensington, 
London, W. 


24 


1886. 
1889. 


1886 


1887. 


1886. 
1886. 
1888. 
1886. 
1888. 
1888. 
1885. 
1890. 
1888. 
1886. 
1887. 


O 


1886. 
1886. 
1880. 
1886. 
18Ql. 


1890. 
1801. 
1885. 
1886. 
1588. 
1886. 
1889. 
ISQ1. 


1890. 


1886 


1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,. 


Smout, Charles L., 40, Braybrooke Road, Hastings, Sussex. 
Smyth, Thomas P., J.P. 


. Z Somerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.1..S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, 


Glasgow. 

Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., 11, Southpark Terrace, 
Hillhead, Glasgow. 

Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S.,121, Fulham Rd., London,s. \W 

Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester. 

Stanley, Frederick, ‘Rokeby,’ Edgar Road, Margate, Kent. 

Steel, James, (Glass Stainer), 104, Renfrew Street, Glasgow. 

Stirrup. Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester. 

Storrs, Rev. George Godwyn. B.A., 13, Granada Road, Southsea. 

Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Cardiff. 

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. 

Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 9, Belvedere, Weymouth, Dorsetshire. 

Taylor, (Miss) Helen I.., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby. 

Taylor, J. M., Free Museum, Paisley, Renfrewshire. N.B. 

Taylor, John W., F.L.S., Outwood Villa. Horsforth, Leeds. 

Tomlin, J. R. Brockton. B.A., 59, Liverpool Road, Chester. 

Turner, Key. William, 5, St. Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh. 

Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Roac, Handsworth, Birmingham. 

Viner, C. W., M.A., Ph. D., 9, Seymour Street, Bath. 

Waite. Edgar R., F.L.S., Curator of the Leeds Museum ; 
Headingley, Leeds. 

Warren, (Miss) Amy, Moyview, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland. 

Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, [etroit, Michigan. U.S.A. 

Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge. 

Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, BAC, FIR S.E., H.Ls., Pree Church 
Manse. Cardross, Dumbartonshire. 

Whatmore, Charles A.. Much Marcle, Herefordshire. 

Whitwell, Wim., 4, Thurleigh Koad, Balham, London, S.W. 

Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool. 

Williamson, Kev. Charles Arthur, M.A., Paradise Villa, Longwood, 
Tuddersfield. 

Wood, Albert, Wyndley, Sutton Coldfield. Warwickshire. 


2 Wooaward, Bernard 3B FiGis., FURIMIS:, 130, Dhe ‘Grove; 


Ealing, London, W. 
Wotton, F. W., 11, Moira Terrace, Cardiff, Glamorganshire. 


——______$-e-¢—______ 


Helix aspersa Mil. monst. sinistrorsum ‘Taylor in 


the Isle of Man.—At the September meeting of the Man- 
chester Branch, Mr. R. Cairns showed a very fine example of 


this monstrosity, which he had taken from a wall at Peel, 


Isle of Man.—R. SranpeEn, LVovember 16th, r8Qz. 


WeCan Wes Jae, Tee 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. . 25 


NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA Oe WSs 
NORE WALES: EOAST 
WITH COMPLETE LISTS OF THE RECORDED 
NUDIBRANCHS AND CEPHALOPODS. 


J. KR. BROCKTON TOMLIN, B.A. 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


A uisr of the Marine Shells of North Wales, by the Rev. 
Carleton Greene, was published last March in the first number 
of ‘The Conchologist,’ taking the Mawddach estuary as a 
southern limit. The species he catalogues are exclusively 
littoral, with the exception of a few records from Jeffreys’ 
‘British Conchology’; and in the following notes I shall mostly 
confine myself to the same zone, but shall add a few interesting 
finds from the shores of the Dovey estuary—a locality some 
twelve miles south of the above-mentioned limit. As many 
are aware, the Liverpool Marine Biological Committee include 
the strictly North Wales coast (i.e., as far as Anglesey and Car- 
narvon Bay) in their sphere, and will shortly publish, for the 
first time, a complete record of the conchological results of their 
collecting and dredging operations, which extend to the Isle of 
Man. I believe the total number of Mollusca hitherto placed 
on their records (which I have had the privilege of studying) 
IS, DUG: 

Omitting the Jeffreysian citations, the most interesting 
species which Mr. Greene has noted are as follows: —Axinus 
fiexuosus Poli (Portmadoc), Venus chione L. (Barmouth), V. 
casina 1. (Barmouth), Ze/dina pusilla Ph. (Barmouth or 
Mochras), Zutraria oblonga Ch. (Harlech), Capulus hungaricus 
L. (Barmouth), Lamellarta perspicua ., Scaphander (Penmaen- 
mawr). Ina few cases there is an obvious misidentification of 


26 TOMLIN: NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA OF NORTH WALES. 


species. For instance, Cylichna alba Brown is a deep-water 

rarity from the Shetlands, and cannot occur at Barmouth. 

Donax trunculus \.., again, is recorded from four localities, 

whilst D. v¢tatus L. is queried from one. As D. ¢runculus is 

only admitted by Jeffreys into the British list on the strength of 
two Devonshire specimens, we may safely refer all the Welsh 
records to D. vittatus L. (=anatinus Lam.). A good deal of 
confusion originated with Forbes and Hanley, who included 
both wZttatus and trunculus in their D. anatinus. — Possibly 

Mr. Greene’s doubtful record should read D. polztus. \We may 

also be allowed to doubt the correct allocation of Pecten varius 

var. zivea Macg., an exclusively northern form, very different 

from the ordinary white var7vs and sometimes considered a 

distinct species: and of Chzton albus L.. The following are 

nearly all supplementary to Mr. Greene’s list, and, except where 
otherwise specified, of littoral occurrence. Records initialled 

‘F.A.’ are on the authority of Mr. F. Archer, of Liverpool:— 

Anomia ephippium var. squamula L.—Common on roots 
of Laminaria wherever washed up. 

Pecten pusio L.—Valves at Penmaenmawr. Alive, Car- 
narvon Bay (1.A.). 

Modiolaria discors L.—Occurs commonly at the roots of 
Laminaria and Corallina passim, from Barmouth to 
Criccieth. 

Lepton squamosum Mtg.—Anglesea (Jeff.) Valves are not 
uncommon all over the area of the Liverpool Marine Bio- 
logical Commnittee. 

.Montacuta bidentata Mtg.—I found a perfect specimen 
among some drift from Rhyl. 

Cardium nodosum Turt.—Dead at Bull Bay, Anglesea 
(EAS): 

Venus fasciata DaC.-—Formerly rather plentiful at Llan- 
dudno. I have not taken it there for several years now. 


Venus ovata Penn.—Bull Bay (F.A.), generally dead. 


J.C:, vit. Jan., 1802, 


TOMLIN: NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA OF NORTH WALES. 27 


Tapes pullastra var. perforans Mtg.—Odd specimens alive 
at Llandudno, Barmouth, and Criccieth. 


Tellina donacina L. 
elsewhere in Anglesea (}.A.). 


Occasional valves at Bull Bay and 


Tellina fabula Gron.—This shell is often fine and plentiful 
at Abergele and Pensarn, with large numbers of Ceratisolen 
fegumen L., and a small var. of Mactra subtruncata I... 


Psammobia ferroensis Ch. is quite a characteristic shell of 
the province, being recorded from Colwyn Bay, Barmouth, 
Penmaenmawr, Portmadoc (Greene), and not uncommon 
at Aberdovey. 

Scrobicularia alba Wood.—Very common at Bull Bay, 
Tynygongl, etc. (F.A.), Rhyl, Abergele, and Towyn. 

Solen pellucidus Penn.—Dredged all over their area by the 
L.M.B.C., and found abundantly on the shore at Red- 
wharf Bay and at Bull Bay (F.A.). 

Mya binghami Turt.—Buil Bay (F.A.), Criccieth. 

Chiton fascicularis L.—I have taken this at Llandudno. 

Helcion pellucidum var. levis Jeff. may be taken in its 
well-known habitat at the base of Laminaria stems where- 
ever this plant is washed up. 

Tectura testudinalis Mull. has been taken alive near Col- 
wyn Bay. A live specimen thence is in the collection of 
the Grosvenor Museum, Chester. 

Tectura virginea Mill.—Llandudno. 


Trochus zizyphinus L.—1 have collected magnificent speci- 
mens of this shell at low-water of a spring tide off Rhos 
Point between Llandulas and Old Colwyn. They were 
very large, beautifully coloured, and not at all uncommon, 
very conspicuous objects on the rocks as they crawled over 
them without concealment. One of the largest specimens 
belonged to the very distinct var. /evigata Jeff., marked by 
its absolute smoothness and a broadening of the basal 


28 TOMLIN: NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA OF NORTH WALES. 


whorl that suggests the contour of Zyochus granulatus. 
I have seen specimens of this variety and of the type that 
were dredged in the Menai Straits, as well as a fine 
example of the subscalariform monstrosity mentioned by 
Jeffreys. The var. Zyonsez Leach has been taken alive at 
Bull Bay by Mr. Archer. 

Trochus montacuti Wood.—One dead shell at Dulas Bay 
(Give) 

Lacuna divaricata Fab.—Enormous specimens live on the 
Laminaria beds at Llandudno, which are every now and 
then laid bare by a low tide round the pier. both this 
and L. pallidula DaC. are plentiful there, if assiduously 
searched for; but Z. puteolus Vurt. is very scarce. The 
light orange-coloured variety of Z. paldiduda is not rare. 

Rissoa violacea Desm.— Dead at Barmouth. 

Rissoa costata Ad.—In Rhy] drift. 

Rissoa semistriata Mtg.—Living at Puffin Island (1’.A.). 

Hydrobia ulvz Penn.—Swarming in myriads on the muddy 
flats between Mochras and the mainland; also very large 
ones near Amlwch. 

Jeffreysia diaphana Jeff.—Very plentiful at Porthwen in 
Anglesea on weeds (F.A.). 

Skenea planorbis Fab.—Llandrillo (1".A ). 

Aclis supranitida \Wood.—Several fine specimens from the 
Dovey estuary. Jeffreys’ record of this and Acts unica 
Mtg. from Barmouth seems to have escaped Mr. Greene’s 
notice. 

Purpura lapillus L.—A comparatively gigantic variety lives 
on mud in the Conway estuary at extremely low tides, 
while from Llandudno I have three very long narrow 
shells and several curious monstrosities. The McAndrew 
Collection (in the Cambridge Museum of Comparative 
Anatomy) contains a grand series of the genuine yar. 


tmbricata Vam., which is frilled almost like the Californian 


MoCo, Wihes Jai 5 mister, 


TOMLIN: NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA OF NORTH WALES. 29 


Venus gnidia Brod. ‘They were dredged on an oyster-bed 
in a few fathoms in Rhoscolyn Bay, south of Holyhead. 


Trophon muricatus Mtg.—-One at Bull Bay (F.A.). 


Trophon truncatus Str.—Alive at Bull Bay (F.A.). 

Fusus antiquus var. alba Jeff.—This gigantic form occurs 
off Anglesea, but though I have it thence I cannot specify 
exact locality. 


Fusus propinquus Alder.—Thrown up at Llandulas (F.A.). 


Actzon tornatilis L.—A specimen from the Dovey measures 
an inch in length. The var. sau/ata Wood also occurs 
there. 

A few records of the Nudibranchs and Cephalopods that 
have been collected on the coast hitherto may prove interesting. 
The list is complete as far as I can ascertain. Hilbre Island, 
at the mouth of the Dee and just outside the limits, is very rich 
in the Nudibranchiata and produces several great rarities. ‘The 
letter ‘L’ appended to the following Records denotes that they 
are cited from Reports I. and II. of the Liverpool Marine Bio- 
logical Committee, published in 1886 and 1880. 


NUDIBRANCHIATA. 
Fiona marina Forsk. (=nobilis A. & H.).—Two specimens - 
at Penmaenmawr (1..). 
Eolis papillosa I..—Llandulas ; Llandudno. 
Eolis glauca A. & H.—Dredged off Beaumaris (A. & H.). 
Eolis coronata Fbs.—Puffin Island (1..). 
Eolis drummondi Thomp.— Menai Straits (A. & H.). 
Eolis gracilis A. & H.—Menai Straits (A. & H.); one speci- 
men off Puffin Island in 11—73 fathoms (L.). 
Eolis arenicola Fbs.—Menai Straits (Forbes). 
Eolis viridis Fbs.—One specimen at Puffin Island (1.). 
Eolis nana A. & H.—Puffin Island (L.). 


t] 


30 TOMLIN: NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA OF NORTH WALES. 


Eolis picta A. & H.—Menai Straits (Forbes) ; off Redwharf 
Baiya(ias). 

Eolis tricolor Fbs.—Off Anglesea (Forbes). 

Eolis despecta Johnst.—Bangor (A. & H.). 

Eolis exigua A. & H.—With the preceding (A. & H.). 

Antiopa cristata 1).Ch.—Menai Straits (A. & H.). 

Doto coronata Gmel.—Off north coast of Anglesea (1..) ; 
Puffin Island (L.). 

Doto fragilis Fbs.—Dredged off Puffin Island (1.). 

Dendronotus arborescens Mull.—Off the Great Orme’s 
Head in 7—8 fathoms (L. ). 

Tritonia plebeia Johnst.—Puffin Island (L.). 

Polycera ocellata (A. & H.).—Puffin Island (1..). 

Goniodoris nodosa Mtg.—Puffin Island (1..); Rhos Point 
and Llandudno, not uncommon. 

Doris tuberculata Cuv.—Generally common, Llandudno, 
Puffin Island, Llandulas, ete. 

Doris aspera A. & H.—HLlandudno, Rhos Point; not men- 
tioned in the L. reports; identified for me by Canon A. M. 
Norman. 

Doris proxima A. & H.—Puffin Island (L..). 

Doris bilamellata L.—In great numbers at Llandudno in 
spring, during the spawning time (March to May). 

Doris pilosa Miill—Puffin Island (L.); Colwyn Bay (speci- 
mens in Grosvenor Museum, Chester). 


CEPHALOPODA. 


Loligo media 1..—Menai Straits ; Penmaenmawr ; off Llan- 
dudno (L..). 

Loligo vulgaris L.—Menai Straits (L.). 

Rossia macrosoma D.Ch.—Rhyl; Bagil!t; Redwharf Bay 
(iki), 

Sepia officinalis L.—Shells occasionally drifted up all along 
the coast. 


Joss Wt Jats me; 


TOMLIN: NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA OF NORTH WALES. 31 


Sepia biserialis De Mont.—Cymmeran Bay, Anglesea, shells 
only (1..). 

Eledone cirrosa [.am.—Occasionally at Llandudno near 
the pier. Also recorded from Puffin Island and Colwyn 
Bay (L.). 

Sepiola atlantica d’Orb.—Menai Straits: Puffin Island (1..). 


ES he sivey be Milnesmwiitess ss tollows):——-4 he 
Pecten taken at Barmouth was the ordinary white var. of 
varius: Cylichna alba of ours really =C. evlindracea Penn. 

Chiton albus must be wrong; it is some years since I 
was at Barmouth, and I cannot just now find any notes of my 
visit, nor any specimen of C#. a/bus trom Barmouth in my 
collection. I am very glad you wrote to me about them, as it 
is a sad thing when errors get stereotyped.” 


— 


Arion minimus=intermedius Norm.—The slug intro- 
duced to the British fauna by Dr. Scharff as Arion minimus 
Simroth, is probably a perfectly valid species, but it appears to 
be identical with the earlier described A. zztermedius Normand 
(1852). It is the 4. flavus of my ‘ British Naturalists’ Cata- 
logue of I.and and Freshwater Mollusca,’ p. 7 (1890). In 1885 
I found an example at Kingsley, Staffordshire, and described it 
as A. flavus in ‘Science Gossip,’ Oct. 1885, p. 224. In this 
latter place some confusion is apparent owing to the fact that 
the passage from ‘I have recently found’ to ‘central line of 
the mantle,’ was written as a footnote, but printed in the body 
of the text. I meant to imply that Mr. Sutton’s form was the 
dubious form (really swvfuscus) referred to earlier, and did not 
wish to connect it in any way with my 4. flavus (really inter 
medius). A. intermedius has been recently re-described, and 
the synonymy given by Pollonera (1890).—T. D. A. CocKERELL, 
December 12, 1890. 


to 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 


1S) 


LIST OF MOLLUSCA FOUND AT MEIRINGEN, 
SWITZERLAND. 


BY MRE |e Vs GOIN SIGE. MAG 


HAVING spent a month in this beautiful place and excellent 
centre for expeditions in the Bernese Oberland, it may be 
useful to other visitors who are conchologists if I record what 
terrestrial mollusea are to be found there. It is not a very good 
locality, but Dr. Studer of the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle at 
3erne kindly furnished me with a list of the species hitherto 
recorded from Meiringen and the Haslithal. They were Zovz/es 
cellartus, Hlelix ruderata, Hf. rotundata, H. obvoluta, Hf. personata, 
Hf. arbustorum (and var. alpicola), H. laptcida, H. nemoralts, FH. 
hortensis, Hl. sylvatica (and var. alpicola), H1. rupestris, H. 
Jruticum (and var. fasctata), Ho tncarnata, H. sericea, H. hispida, 
H. villosa, H. ericetorum var. minor, Bulimus montanus, PB. 
obscurus, B. detritus, Cochlicopa lubrica, Clausitia laminata, Cl. 
parvula, Cl. minima, Cl. gracilts, Cl. dubta, Cl. plicatula, C7. 
ventricosa, Pupa avenacea, P. secale. In addition to these I 
found Zonites fulous and Z. erystallinus, Helix pulchella, FT. 
pomatia, Carvehium minimum, Succtnea putris, Vertigo minutts- 
sima, V. alpestris, and F. angustior, As bearing on the 
question of the non-identity of Helix nemoralis and HH. horten- 
sts, I may say that while the latter was fairly common, the former 
was only to be found in one hotel garden, no doubt introduced 
with shrubs. elev fruticum at a first glance is almost indistin- 
euishable from 4. Aortensis var. /ufee until the deep umbilicus 
is noticed, but on extricating the animal it is found that the shell 
is white and pellucid, and the bright yellow colour comes entirely 
from the body of the mollusc. What other instances of this 
are there? I would gladly exchange some of these Swiss shells 
for foreign Helices from any country. 


J.C., vii., Jan., 1892 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 33 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTION OF 
LEE DART. -DURING. AN 
ATTEMPT TO BREED FROM A SINISTRAL 
HELIX ASPERSA Mill. 


By R. STANDEN. 


(Read before the Manchester Branch, Nov. 12th, 1891). 


A SERIES of attempts to procure fruitful pairing of the sinistral 
Felix aspersa taken at Whalley during the Society’s visit there 
in June, 1889, with a dextral specimen, although unsuccessful 
so far as the hoped for breeding of a sinistral progeny was con- 
cerned, resulted in the noting of a number of exceedingly 
interesting observations relating to use and reproduction of the 
Helecine dart. I kept the snail in a deep dish, half-filled with 
soil, pieces of decayed wood, and lumps of chalk, and covered 
with a bell-glass, through which its habits could readily be 
watched. 

The following notes from my journal were made at the 
time, and I have given them verbatim :— 

feb. 14, T890.—Placed with the sinistral snail a fine healthy 
‘virgin’ dextral specimen reared from the egg by Mr. 
Rogers, 

feb. 16.—Noticed signs of desire to pair in both; genital organ 
protruded and swollen, and snails fondling each other 
with their tentacles. 

Leb. 17.—Both snails very active, crawling over and round each 
other. Repeatedly saw each protrude the dart and 
prick the other with the point, which was on such occa- 
sions exserted about inch. The animal thus pricked 
would suddenly withdraw into its shell, but instantly 
reappear and eagerly approach the other. Coition evi- 
dently difficult owing to genital aperture being on reverse 
side in sinistral one. Both constantly approach head to 


Cc 


34 STANDEN: OBSERVATIONS ON REPRODUCTION OF DART. 


head in the usual manner, but will have to be side by 
side before coition can properly take place. 

Feb. 18.—Snails must have been very active during the night, 
the glass being covered with mucus slime. Darts of 
both found lying detached on a piece of leaf, entangled 
in thick mass of yellow slime. Darts perfectly formed, 
unbroken, and have come cleanly away from annulus. 


During the next three days snails very sluggish, 
refusing food, and apparently suffering from effects of 
loss of darts. Afterwards they began feeding vora- 
ciously, and ate quantities of chalk—so much that 
their excrement consisted chiefly of chalky pellets. 
Separated snails, and looked expectantly for eggs. | 

March 7.—No sign of eggs, so put snails together again. Ina 
short time notice genital aperture begin to enlarge and 
swell, and symptoms of desire to pair. 

March 8.—Snails very active all day, love-making. 

March 9.—Extremely active all day, making repeated attempts 
to pair. In the evening find a perfect dart lying free in 
the slime on glass. 

March ro.—Find another dart sticking in a piece of lettuce leaf 
About a millimetre of point showing on other side of 
leaf. ‘Wart perfect. 

For four days after this, both torpid again, refusing food, and 
hanging from top of glass, looking so feeble that it seems 
as if weight of shell would cause them to fall. 

March r4.—Both feeding and eating much chalk. Dextral 

‘snail began burrowing in soil towards evening. 

March 15.—Dextral snail has excavated a deep hole and almost 
disappeared from view. Hope it is laying eggs. 

March 16.—Shell come out of hole. Look carefully for eggs, 
but find none. Late at night find snails extremely 
active, with signs of pairing. 

March 17.—Snails busy love-making all day. 


J.C., vit., April, 1892. 


STANDEN: OBSERVATIONS ON REPRODUCTION OF DART. 35 


March 18.—Watched them closely for three hours in early 
morning, and am delighted to find that the animals 
have evidently recognised uselessness of their former 
method of approach, for now they press together side 
by side, and genital orifices are in contact repeatedly. 
Darts frequently used. At intervals they remain qul- 
escent, fondling each other with tentacles and palpi, and 
then resume their active and very remarkable movements. 
After one particularly violent stab from the dextral snail’s 
dart, which evidently pierced deeply, the other retreated 
entirely into its shell, and exuded a quantity of mucus. 
By this sudden movement the dart of the dextral snail 
was dragged out of the sac until the annulus was visible. 
The snail then began a series of very violent efforts to 
withdraw the dart into the sac by muscular contraction, 
but this proving ineffectual, it deliberately turned its 
head, and, seizing the point of the dart with its mouth, 
tried to push it downwards. ‘This it continued to do 
unceasingly for twenty minutes, and finally succeeded 
in getting the dart back into the sac. Both were quiet 
for some hours after this, but again resumed their love- 
making in the afternoon, and late in the evening I found 
their darts lying side by side on the glass. 

Both snails again inert, and declined to feed for three 
days. 

March 22.—Both again active, and eating chalk and lettuce 
alternately, but taking no notice of each other. 

March 27.—TYook out the dextral snail, and replaced it by 
another taken from a hedgerow at Meols. 

March 28.—Again find love-making going on. 

During the next two days snails very active, but the 
fresh one will persist in meeting the other head to head 
in normal manner, which seems to irritate the other. 

April 7.—This morning I find two darts on the glass. Do not 
think the pair have been actually in contact, but they 


36 STANDEN : OBSERVATIONS ON REPRODUCTION OF DART. 


have shown great excitement, constantly crawling over 
each other and repeatedly using darts. 

April 2.—Both show signs of exhaustion. 

April g.—Snails feeding quietly, mostly eating chalk. 

April 5.—Find them again actively attempting to pair; sinistral 
one especially eager, but dextral snail obstinately ap- 
proaches head to head all the time I watch. 


April 7.—This morning find pair of darts lying free on a leaf. 
Both are perfect and unbroken. Snails quiet and not 
feeding. 

April 14.—Snails quite recovered from last attempt to pair, but 
do not notice each other. Take out the Meols snail 
and again put in the former one, which the other 
appears to recognise. 

April 17.—This morning find snails pairing. In the evening 
notice that a dart has pierced quite through the fleshy 
part of the sinistral one’s foot, and is evidently causing 
the animal much uneasiness. Another dart—presum- 
ably that from the sinistral one—was sticking to side of 
glass. Examined this carefully, but could see no differ- 
ence to others. 


April 18.—The dart still troubling the sinistral snail, so with- 
draw it with forceps, unbroken. It was embedded quite 
half its length in the foot, about mid-way between the 
head and tail of the animal, and had gone completely 
through, the point being about 4 inch out, projecting 
upwards towards the shell and slanting in the direction 
of the animal’s head, which would seem to indicate its 
having been thrust into the position it occupied by the 
other snail, and not picked up by accident during the 
act of crawling. This time I have noticed more hopeful 
signs of actual coition than hitherto; the genital organs 
pressed closely together and merged in each other, re- 
maining thus for from ten to fifteen minutes at a time. 


J-C., vii., April, 1892, 


STANDEN: OBSERVATIONS ON REPRODUCTION OF DART. 37 


May 2.—During past fortnight both snails have often been in 
the burrow, sometimes remaining there a whole day. 
They have fed greedily, and eaten remarkable quanti- 
ties of chalk, but I find no eggs as yet. 

May rz.—TVhis morning find snails pairing as actively as ever. 
In the evening find pair of darts on side of glass, and 
snails showing usual symptoms. 

May 18.—Snails for several days been in and out of burrow 
frequently, but am losing faith in their actions, having 
been so often disappointed ! 

May 22.—Pairing going on as usual, and, later, find two more 
darts detached. 

May 30.—Take out the dextral snail. 


June 2.—Find about a dozen very thin-shelled eggs in bottom 
of burrow, but by which laid do not know, as I did not 
examine when I removed dextral one. Eggs do not 
look promising, but hope for some result at last. 


This was my last entry. No young resulted, and I had to 
give up hopes of rearing a sinistral brood; the eggs speedily 
shrivelled up, being evidently abortive. The dextral snail pro- 
duced no eggs, and though I placed the snails together, after a 
few weeks’ isolation, they made no further attempt to pair. 


Early in October the sinistral snail showed signs of droop- 
ing, its body becoming flaccid and much discoloured. I had 
its photo. taken, whilst crawling on a piece of glass, by Mr. 
Hoyle, and we then noticed that its body was full of some kind 
of larvee, feeding—ichneumon-like—without touching a vital 
part. The snail continued to take a little food until its death 
about ten days later, and the larvee then came out and at once 
pupated. They were curious woodlouse-like creatures, and 
when the perfect insects emerged from the pupa they were 
identified by Mr. J. Ray Hardy as one of the Diptera—Dvroso- 
phila cellarius Linné, a generally-common little fly, often found 
in cellars, feeding upon decayed bones, cloth, worms, grease, 


38 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Boleti, and growth upon beer and wine casks, etc. Mr. Hardy 
has preserved all the specimens, which number fifty-seven. 

_ Thus, although the attempt to rear a brood of sinistral 
Helices failed, the notes I was able to make are of considerable 
interest as showing how rapidly a new dart may be formed to 
replace a lost one, which loss must often occur in a state of 
nature, judging from the violent use made of this weapon. 
The exceptional circumstances under which my observations 
were made must, of course, seldom have a parallel in nature; 
sinistral individuals of a normally dextral species being so rare, 
and the great expenditure of darts I have recorded would hardly 
be likely to occur between two individuals of like form, whether 
dextral or sinistral. It is rather singular that in spite of my 
close watching for hours together, and seeing the dart so often 
used, I never saw the dart actually dragged away from the 
animals and detached. The nearest approach was in the 
instance I have noted where the animal pushed it back into 
the sac. 

The short time required to renew the dart is remarkable, 
six days being the shortest period I have noted. ‘The eleven 
pairs of darts produced by my snails were all of full size, per- 
fectly formed, with not one abnormal one amongst them, and 
all very much alike. Probably this may be accounted for by 
the ready access which the animals had to the soft chalk, of 
which they ate enormous quantities. Respecting the functions 
of the dart itself, I cannot assign any other use to it than the 
inducement of sexual excitement prior to coition, as I have 
described, and with this reason most naturalists nowadays agree. 


Helix rotundata var. alba at Conisborough.—At 
Conisborough the other day I found eight specimens of Z. 
votundata var. alba. Two under stones round the castle, and 
six in the woods at the ‘Cliff’ Most of the typical rotundata 
were very light coloured.—LionEL E. AbDAms, Penistone, 
July 9, 1891. | 


J.C., vii., April, 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 39 


NEW VARIETIES OF AMERICAN MOLLUSCA. 


By 2. D: A. COCKERELE, F.Z.S., PLES; 


Curator of the Museum of the Institute of Jamaica. 


Helix thyroides var. nov. pulchella. Max. diam. 204 mill, 
thin, translucent, rather shiny, transverse grooves regular 
and distinct, lip well formed but delicate, parietal tooth 
subobsolete ; colour, pale horn, tinged with vinous, 
especially near the aperture. 


This pretty variety was sent to me by Mr. D. B. 
Cockerell, who found it very common at Toronto, Canada. 
It has somewhat the same relation to ¢hyroides that gallo- 
provincialis has to cantiana. 


Pupa blandi forma nov. obtusa. 24 mill. long, broader 
in proportion to its length than the type. Near the 
Micawber Mine, Custer County, Colorado. 

Pascal has described a somewhat similar form of 
marginata proper (6landi being a subspecies or var. of 


marginata) as obtusa. 


Succinea avara var. nov. compacta. A form with a 
whitish shell, much incrusted with dirt, a large body-whorl, 
and a very short spire, resembling in outline S. stretchiana, 
with which it was formerly doubtfully identified. 

I found this variety by Chalk Creek, Chaffee County, 
Colorado. It requires further investigation and may prove 
anew species. It certainly is not allied to stretchiana, but 
belongs with avara. 

Succinea lineata forma nov. elongata. Length 13, aperture 
length 7, spire length 6 mill. Kremmling, Colorado. The 
ordinary form, also from Kremmling, measures 11 mill. 
long, aperture 7, spire 4 mill. long. 


40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON THE VIVIPAROUS NATURE OF BALEA. 


By THOS. ROGERS. 


Ir may be interesting to the readers of the ‘ Journal of Con- 
chology’ to have a few additional notes besides those which 
appear in the ‘Journal’ for October, 1891, by A. E. Craven and 
Edgar A. Smith on the viviparous nature of Balea perversa. 
During the latter part of August, 1869, I was in the neighbour- 
hood of Killarney with a small party of botanists, and as I was 
the only one of the party having conchological proclivities, I had 
to do my snail hunting before my fellow botanists had arisen. 
It was during one of these early morning walks near the Torc 
Waterfall, and whilst the rain was coming freely down that I fell 
in with a numerous colony of Balea ferversa on a wall that was 
streaming with rain and the drip of trees. They were fine long 
specimens of a greenish horn colour, and I noticed that a large 
number of them had young shells in the mouth of the adult 
shells, exactly as described by Mr. Craven in his find in the 
Duchy of Luxemburg, October 1890. You will probably 
remember, Mr. Editor, seeing these Killarney specimens with 
the young 7 s7fz when you favoured me with an inspection of 
my cabinet. At the time of my visit to Killarney I was in 
correspondence with Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, and amongst other 
things I mentioned the fact and observations as aforementioned 
about Balea. In a paragraph of a subsequent letter dated 
September 20, 1869, he says, “ Your account of the viviparous 
nature of Balea perversa is interesting.” The inference I drew 
from this remark was that the observation was new to him or 
not generally known. 

I have collected Balea perversa many times in various 
places, but I never saw it in this apparent viviparous condition, 
except in the Killarney specimens, although I think my friend 
Mr. Moss has found similar specimens and in similar condition 


J.C. vii., April, 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 41 


in the Isle of Man. My Killarney specimens were found, as I 
said before, on a dripping wet wall in a downpour of rain. It 
is curious to know that another wall-loving mollusc, AHe/¢x 
rupestris, was found by Mr. Collier in a similar viviparous con- 
dition. It would be interesting to know whether Mr. Craven 
found his specimen on a wet wall or during wet weather. I 
suppose it would be ‘stretching a point’ in the ‘scientific use 
of the imagination ’ to infer that the young molluscs had sought 
refuge in their mother’s house to prevent themselves from being 
washed away or drowned, or that the mothers had taken charge 
of the young after the fashion of the ant when danger was in 
evidence. The remarks made by Mr. Craven and Mr. Edgar 
Smith are full of interesting issues which can only be worked 
out and substantiated by the diligent and observant conchologist. 


Sinistral Helix aspersa at Bristol.—Last Monday, 
Feb. 8, 1892, I took a walk through fields on the outskirts of 
Paddy’s Lane. Close to a stream there very fine Limnaa 
peregra locates. I found the remains of a very large reversed 
Felix aspersa. The winter had made some hungry feathered 
friend find and feed on a costly meal. The shell is remarkably 
coloured—the bands almost black and evenly situated. I 
searched the hedge, but could find no more. This broken 
Felix aspersa is the third reversed shell of this species I have 
taken near Paddy’s Lane.—F. M. HELE. 


Limnzea stagnalis L. monst. sinistrorsum.—Mr. J. 
Ray Hardy exhibited a nice specimen of this monstrosity at the 
April meeting of the Manchester Branch, which he had obtained 
along with the collection of the late Thomas Morley, of Man- 
chester. It is immature, and about one inch in length, and 
was labelled, ‘ Drain near Doncaster, 1860.’-—R. STANDEN. 


42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ACHATINA ACICULA IN A ROMAN CEMETERY 
AT VENTIMIGLIA, ITALIAN RIVIERA. 


By, REV. J. E. SOMERVILIE, M.A; BD. 


(Read before the Conchological Society) 


Ventimiglia is the frontier town of the Italian Riviera. It 
dates back to the remote past. Through it ran the Via Julia 
Augusta (still traceable for long distances) by which Roman 
legions and all the traffic between Italy and Gaul for centuries 
passed. Hannibal and his troops came this way, and indeed 
the route is one that has been followed for ages, as far back indeed 
as those of prehistoric man. Of Roman remains there are many 
in the neighbourhood. Roman milestones form pillars and 
even the bases of fonts in its churches. About a mile to the 
east the benches of a theatre may be seen peeping out from the 
sand, the rest being buried beneath a maccaroni manufactory. 
Hard by is a Roman cemetery, the tombs of which were dis- 
covered by a man while digging his vegetable garden. Since 
then very many objects have been unearthed from the graves. 
Rude pieces of pottery and the more elegant Samian ware are 
plentiful as well as articles of glass, patarae, jars, cups, large 
vases containing bones, and an abundance of lachrymatories 
and what appears to be little bottles for unguents or perfumes. 
Nearly all are of blue-green glass, some, however, are yellow 
and some red, but all show the opalescent hue from the decom- 
position of the surface, while some appear to have had the interior 
gilded. One of these little bottles, of an elegant globular form, 
had stood in my room for some months just as it had come 
from the ground. One day, fearing the weight of earth it con- 
tained might occasion damage, I carefully removed some of the 
dry hardened earth. Among the particles I noticed some 


J.C., vit., April, 1892 


SOMERVILLE: ACHATINA ACICULA IN A ROMAN CEMETERY. 43 


small white things. ‘These on examination proved to be Acha- 
tina acicula. On further emptying the earth, more appeared, 
and still more; until when I had finished I counted no fewer 
than one hundred and thirty specimens, all of which had come 
out of one small bottle, two inches in height and one-and-a 
half inches in diameter. ‘They were various sizes, some full 
grown, others young. It was interesting to find this compara- 
tively scarce species, not only in such abundance, but in such a 
very remarkable place. ‘The.mollusc is semi-subterranean, but 
a few inches are usually the limit of depth to which it penetrates. 
The lachrymatories and bottles were taken froma depth of from 
ten to twelve feet. ‘The graves were, originally of course in the 
ground, but they have long been covered over with several feet 
of drifted sand, enough to bury out of sight the adjoining 
theatre. 


The questions naturally arise how and when did these little 
snails gain access to the bottle ? what induced them to enter 
the trap which to them became a real cinerary urn ? 


The shells are quite fresh and glassy in appearance, but in 
all probability have lain many centuries in their resting place. 
The soil is sandy and very dry, and would long preserve anything 
buried in it. The bottle in which they were found appears to 
have been used for unguents. Can it be that when the cork 
decayed the contents proved attractive to the mollusc? I 
searched the contents of some lachrymatories of the ordinary 
form without finding any shells. 


On mentioning my discovery to M. Bonfils, curator of the 
Mentone Museum, he informcd me that the species is some- 
times found at the roots of salade plants, but that he had also 
found it in the interior of earthenware pots from the Roman 
tombs. 


A4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Pupa ringens in Guernsey.—lIt is interesting to 
record the occurrence of this northern species so far south as 
Guernsey. I first found it here in some abundance at Moulin 
Huet three years ago, and since then I have taken specimens 
from time to time in various other localities on the south coast 
of the island. My first impression was that it had been intro- 
duced, either intentionally or accidentally, but its comparatively 
wide distribution favors the belief that Pufa ringens is truly 
indigenous to Guernsey. Its usual habitat is at the roots of 
umbelliferous and other plants close to running water, low down 
the valleys; but it also occurs among mosses at the head of 
one of the cliff rivulets at an elevation of three hundred feet 
above the sea.——-E. D. Marquanp, Fermain, Guernsey, 
January Oth, 1892 (read before the Conchological Society, 2nd 
March, 1892). 


Zonites glaber var. viridula—viridans.—Mr. L. E. 
Adams, ‘ Journal of Conchology,’ 1890, p. 265, has proposed the 
name vzridula for the greenish variety of Z. glaber. It is, how- 
ever, identical with my var. wividans, described in, ‘Science 
Gossip,’ 1885, p. 226, the latter name, of course, having priority. 
—T. D. A. CocKERELL, December 12, 1890. 


Helix virgata monst. sinistrorsum.—I have to record 
the taking of a live, half-grown specimen of this variety near 
St. Sampsons, Guernsey, in August 1891. It was crawling up 
a grass stem in company with others of the usual form. The 
ground round was carefully searched, but no more were to be 
found.—E. R. SyKrs, Weymouth, October 7th, 1891 (read before 
the Conchological Society, 2nd March, 1892 ). 


Helix virgata Da Costa monst. sinistrorsum Taylor 
from Colwyn Bay.—Mr. J. Ray Hardy took a fine example 
of this monstrosity at Colwyn Bay during a visit in September 
last, and showed it, along with a scalariform specimen from 
the same place, at the October meeting of the Manchester 
Branch.—R. STANDEN, Movember 16th, 189I. 


J.C., vii., April, 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 45 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


194th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 4th, 1891. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Candidates Proposed for Membership: 

Messrs. Henry Ernest Craven (proposed by J. W. Taylor and W. 
Nelson); Arthur Trevelyan Daniel (by J. R. B. Masefield and L. E. 
Adams); John Christopher Eccles (by W. H. Heathcote and John W. 
Taylor); and Henry H. Howorth, M.P., F.S.A. (by J. C. Melvill and R. 
D. Darbishire). 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors, Authors, and Societies—The Naturalist for November, 
1891 ; Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes fur September and November, 1891 ; 
L’Echange Revue Linneenne for May and October ; Abstract Proceedings of 
Linnean Society of New South Wales for July 29, August 26, and September 
30, 1891; Records of the Australian Museum, Vol. 1, No. 8, July 1891 ; 
W. Crouch’s List of the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Wanstead, 
Essex ; and T. D. A. Cockerell on the Geographical Distribution of Slugs. 

Donations to Collection announced and thanks voted : 

From Dr. R. F. Scharff: several fossil Helix zemoralis from Roundstone, 
co. Galway. 

From Rev. Geo. Gordon, LI..D.: several Helix hortenszs var. lutea, 
of various band-formule, sent by Capt. Dunbar Brander of Pitgaveny, near 
Elgin. 

Exhibits : 

On behalf of Dr. Scharff were shown the examples of Helix nemoralis 
presented to the Society’s collection, with a note that Mr. R. D. Darbishire 
believes that the richly calcareous quality of the soil at Roundstone may have 
tended to the formation of the heavy shells which are there found, that he 
(Dr. Scharff) had, however, collected recent specimens living on the same 
calcareous soil which exhibited no thickening whatever of the shell, so that 
this reason appeared to him to be insufficient to account for the production 
of the heaviness of the shell. Dr. Scharff in his note asked for opinions on 
the point. He mentioned also that Mr. Latham, of Manchester, ground down 
a number of these shells and found that after eliminating the sand, etc., there 
still remained a very large quantity of pure carbonate of lime (he forgets the 
exact figure) soluble in muriatic acid (see Proc. Lit. & Phil. Soc. Manchester, 
vol. 4, 1865). 

On behalf of Mr. Robert Cairns were exhibited a var. of Budlimus 
obscurvus and the var. fulva of Helix capferata, both from Clifton, B. acutus 
var. zzflata, from Peel, Isle of Man, and Planorbts contortus var. alba, from 
Marple, Cheshire. 


46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


On behalf of Mr. J. B. Crane were shown Helix ericetorum, Zonites 
cellarius, Bulimus obscurus, and Cyclostoma, from Ventnor, Isle of Wight, 
where they are all extremely common, except the first-named. 

On behalf of Mr. G. K. Gude were exhibited a large number of shells, 
including Unio pictorum and Anodonta cygnea from the Lea Marshes at 
Tottenham, Middlesex ; Planorbis carinatus, Spherium corneum, Ancylius 
lacustris, Limnea stagnalis, and L. truncatula, collected by Mr. H. W. 
Kew ina pond at Finchley, Middlesex ; a number of Z. fevegra from the 
basins of the two fountains in Trafalgar Square, London; JZ. stagnalis, L. 
peresra, Planorbis nautileus, Ancylus lacustris, Sphertum corneum, and 
Pisidium obtusale, collected by Mr. J. Burtt Davy in a pond at Rigsby, near 
Alford (Linc. N.); Z. pervegra, Spherium lacustie, S. corneum, Planorbis 
mitidus, and Pisidium fontinale, collected by Messrs. J. B. Davy and E. 
Woodthorpe in ponds at Tothby, near Alford, Linc. N. 

On behalf of Mr. Arthuc Mayfield was shown a variety of Werz/zna 
fluviatilis, tinted with pink, from Heigham, near Norwich. 

The Recorder exhibited in the flesh a specimen of JZva truncata sent by 
Mr. Wm. Ellis, fish merchant. Scarborough, which had been got in a trawl 
net fifty miles E.N.E. from that place. 


196th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 24th, 1892. 
Ileld at Sovereign Street, Leeds. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, F:L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


New Members Elected : 
Mr. Albert Gregory Alletsee, 1, South Villas, Kensington Road, Redland, 

Bristol. 

Mr. Joseph Henshall, Ivy Cottage, Barton-on-Irwell, Manchester. 
Candidates Proposed for Membership : 

Messrs. IIenry Champ (proposed by Edward Collier and Robert 
Standen) ; Hugh Fulton (by Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. and J. Cosmo Melviil, 
M.A., F.L.S.) ; Edgar Leopold Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S. (by G. K. Gude 
and Miss J. E. Linter); and Charles Robinson (by F. Collier and R. 
Standen). ; 

The remainder of the business was postponed. 


197th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 2nd, 1892. 


Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, I.eeds. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President in the Chair. 


New Members Elected: 
Mr. Henry Champ, c/o. Messrs. S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street. 
Manchester. 
Mr. Hugh Fulton, 89, Fulham Road, London, S.W. 
Mr. Edgar Leopold Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc., Otterbourne, Budleigh 
Salterton, South Devon. 
Mr. Charles Robinson, 29, Stretford Road, Manchester. 


J.C., vii., April, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 


Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors, Societies, and Trustees: Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes 
for January and February, 1892; Catalogue de Ja Bibliothéque, fasc. 13; 
L’Echange Revue Linneenne, December, 1891 ; the Naturalist for January, 
February, and March, 1892; Journal of New Jersey Nat. Hist. Society, 
Vol. II., No. 2; Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, part 16 ; 
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2nd series, Vol. 
VI., part 1; Abstract of ditto, November 25, 1891; note In Memory of 
Sir William Macleay; and Report of Trustees of Australian Museum for 
1890. 

From the Respective Authors : Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater 
Shells hitherto recorded as found in Suffolk, by Rev. Carleton Greene ; 
New Clausiliz from Malta, by A. Caruana Gatto; and List of Shells col- 
lected on the West Coast of South America, &c., by Dr. W. H. Jones, by 
R. E. C. Stearns. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. E. D. Marquand: Pwfa +7ngens from Guernsey. 


Papers Read: 

A paper entitled ‘ Notés on the Marine Mollusca of the North Wales 
Coast, with complete Lists of the recorded Nudibranchs and Cephalopods,’ 
by Mr. J. R. Brockton Tomlin, B.A. [printed in ‘)}. of C.,’ January, 1892, 
pp: 25—31] 

A short Note on Helix virgata m. sinistrorsum by Mr. E. Ruthven 
Sykes, B.A. [printed at p. 44]. 

A short Note on Pipa ringens in Guernsey, by Mr. E. D. Marquand, 
[printed at p. 44]. ~— 


198th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6th, 1892. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. ‘Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors and Societies: Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for March 
and April, 1892 ; and Catalogue de la Bibliothéque, fasc. 14; L’Echange 
Revue Linneenne, February and March, 1892; Naturalist for April ; 
Natural Science for April ; Abstract Proceedings of Linnean Society of New 
South Wales, January 27 and February 24, 1892 ; and three Hand-Books of 
the Manchester Museum, viz. : Descriptive Catalogue of the Embryological 
Models, General Guide to the Contents of the Museum, and Outline Classi- 
fication of the Animal Kingdom. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. Charles Ashford : Helix aspersa, A. hortemsts var. tncarnata 
00000, /zfea 12345 and /utea (123)45, LH. r2fescens, and H. pulchella from 
Blandford, Dorset ; Amalia gagates var. plumbea, and Succinea elegans 
(name certain), from Spettisbury, Dorset ; and Spherzum lacustre from a 
ditch, Christchurch, the last-named being an addition to the Christchurch 
list, : 


48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


From Mr. Edward Self: A fine example of Zestacella haliotidea found in 
an orchid-house at Ferniehurst, Shipley, about the end of March. 


From Mr. Arthur Mayfield: Aelix caperata var. lutescens from near 
Norwich. 


Donations to Cabinet Fund 


announced and thanks voted : 


Mrs. A, Evans Eth ae an Me sa 5/-- 
Mrs. Julia Hodgson ae is les a 5/-. 
iNGr. }WalfridiBendall sates alk etl aiieesh ye tcll 
Mr. Henry Champ iar BSE bse vB: 5/-- 
Mr. Henry Coates, F.R.P.S. ... ae it ee: 5/-. 
Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, M.A. ... dh ee 5/-. 
Lieut.-Col. G. S. Parry fue ne ee an 5/-- 
Mr. David Robertson, F.L.S.... ee ee 5/-- 
Mr. William Whitwell ae asc sed oa 5/-- 


Exhibits : 


The Chairman showed a fine example of Geomalacus maculosus from 
County Kerry ; Helix hortensts var. lutea 12345, 00000, 12345 avenico’a and 
02300 avenzcola from Greystones, County Wicklow ; Zestacella haliotedea 
sent by Rev. J. W. Horsley from his own garden at Woolwich ; and some 
very peculiar examples from Ewell near Dover of He/ix arbustorum, almost 
destitute of the usual markings, some referable to var. cazzgonensis, and one 
to var. /uteofasctata, sent by Mr. L. KE. Adams, 


On behalf of the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A., were exhibited a large 
number of shells to illustrate a paper upon the Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca of Norfolk which he has in preparation. 


On behalf of Mr. J. C. Eccles were shown some examples of Acme 
lineata, including one of var. alba, from copses near Ventnor, Isle of Wight, 
being a new record for that island, and an example of Achatina acicula also 
from Ventnor. 


On behalf of Mr. E. R. Sykes, B.A. were shown numerous shells in 
illustration of his forthcoming list of Dorsetshire Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca, including Spherium lacustre and Limnea stagnalis from Almer, 
Pisidium amnicum from Bere Regis, Verttina fluviatilis and var. ¢/ifasctata 
from Chamberlayne’s, Bere Regis; Valvata piscinalis, Vertigo pygmeaa, 
Linnea truncatula, and Planorbis corneus from Weymouth ; Acme lineata, 
Zua lubrica, Helix sericea, Limnea truncatula var. minor, and Zonites 
aaadtatulus from Bloxworth ; Helix pulchella and two varieties of H. hortensis 
from Portland ; H. caferata var. aff. ornata from Rodwell; Limnea palustris 
(and a distorted example) and Planorbis spirorbis from Winterbourne Sels- 
ton; Planorbis carinatus and var. disciformés from Morden Park ; Zonztes 
excavatus var. vitrina from Morden; and A. hortensis var. lutea 12345 
arentcola from Osmington near Weymouth. 


J.C., vii., April, 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 49 


iat CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIEDVWS, EIst OF 
BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 
1892. 


The Committee (consisting of Messrs. William Nelson, 
Wm. Denison Roebuck, and John W. Taylor) appointed to 
prepare a new edition of this List, have been guided in the 
execution of their task by the desire to make as little change as 
possible, consistent with the necessity of bringing the list up to 
the level of our present knowledge of the subject, and they have 
therefore considered it their duty to make only such changes in 
the nomenclature as they had personally satisfied themselves 
as to the necessity of, while in cases where there existed 
conflict of authority as to the desirability of change, no 
alteration has been made, pending the agreement of the 
conflicting authorities, or the opportunity for personal investiga- 
tion of the original works. 

EXPLANATIONS. 

Arrangement :—tThe artificial separation of the land 
from the fresh water species has been discontinued, and a more 
natural arrangement adopted, as showing in a more striking 
manner the inter-relationship of the different genera. 

Nomenclature :—This has been carefully examined, and 
revised where necessary. 

The Authorities for Specific Names have been 
carefully revised, and the practice of enclosing them within 
parentheses has been adopted in the case of species which were 
originally described as of a different genus to that now used: 
e.g., Arion ater (L.) was described as a Limax, while Helix 
hispida 1. retains its original generic allocation. 

Square Brackets [ | are used to denote species whose 
claim to rank as British is not yet thoroughly established, as in 
the case of Ayalinia petronella. 

Monstrosities, although of no very great importance, 
are included in the list, placed after the varieties of each species, 


D 


50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


and distinguished by ‘m.’ instead of ‘vy.’ preceding the name. 
Under this denomination are included all abnormal forms, 
reversed, scalariform, decollated, or distorted. 


The Exclusions from the list are C. parvula and C. 
solida, neither of which has the slightest claim to rank as British, 
and Avion flavus, which isa myth. Helix hybrida Poiret also 
disappears from the list, discarded on account of the confusion 
which the use of the name entails. For the future it will be more 
precise to refer specimens to the var. ‘ voseolabiata’ or ‘ fusco- 
labiata’ of HI. nemoralis or H. hortensts, as the case may be. 


Band-variation in Helix nemoralis and H. hor- 
tensis.—No philosophical plan of treating the numerous 
variations of these species has yet been propounded, and until 
such is the case it is deemed the wiser plan to include in the 
list only variations of size, form, texture, colour of lip and 
ground-colour. A convenient method or formula, however, 
exists by which band-variations may be readily and accurately 
recorded. As all conchologists know, the type form has five 
bands, each of which is constant in its position on the shell, 
three of them being always above, and two always below, the 
periphery. The variation is usually by suppression or by 
coalescence of one or more of these bands, or both. Number- 
ing the bands for convenience 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the uppermost being 
the first, and the lowermost the fifth band, the formula for the 
type would be written thus: 12345. In the case of the 
suppression of a band, a cypher (0) is used in lieu of its number, 
thus—12045—signifying that the third band is deficient. The 
unicolorous form is a case of the suppression of the entire series 
of bands, and for this the formula is five cyphers, thus—ooooo. 
In the case of coalescence of one or more bands, the numbers 
standing for the coalesced bands are enclosed within parentheses, 
é.g.—(12)3(45), which signifies that the first and second bands 
are fused together, also the fourth and fifth, the third only 
being free. Any combination of these formule may be used, 
as for instance, (12)305 signifies the coalescence of the first 
and second, and the suppression of the fourth. The black 
specimens afford an instance of the coalescence of all five 
bands, for which the formula is written thus—(12345). 


J.C., vii., April, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 


THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY S LIST OF 
BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1892. 


CLass CEPHALA. 
SuB-cLass GASTROPODA. 
ORDER INOPERCULATA. 
SUB-ORDER PULMONATA. 


FAMILY ARIONID%. 
Genus ARION Fer. 


Arion ater (Z.). 

. rufa (Z.). 

. brunnea 762. 

plumbea 72. 

. reticulata dz. 

. bicolor bz. 

. swammerdamii Kad. 

. albolateralis 6%. 

. alba (Z.). 

Arion subfuscus D7ap. 
v. aurantiaca Loc. 
v. brunnea Lehm. 


sss 


Arion minimus Sz77oth. 


Arion hortensis 7é7. 
vy. rufescens Jog. 
v. subfusca C. Pfr. 
v. nigra AZog. 
Arion circumscriptus Johis¢. 


(= Arion bourguignati Mab.) 
v. subfusca ROZ, 


Genus GEOMALACUS Allman. 
Geomalacus maculosus A//7a72. 


Famity LIMACIDE. 
Genus AMALIA Mog. 
Amalia gagates (Dra#.). 
v. plumbea AZoq. 
v. rava Wiis. 
Amalia sowerbyi (Zé. ). 
(=L. marginatus Jeffr.). 
v. nigrescens 2Z/. 


Genus LIMAX LI. 


Limax maximus Z. 
v. cinerea AZog. 

v. ferrussaci AZoq. 

v. krynickii Kad. 

(=v. johnstoni Moq.). 

v. lilacina 202. 


v. fasciata Mog. 

v. pallido-dorsalis Azeds. 
v. maculata Pic. 

v. rufescens JZog. . 

v. cellaria D’ Arg. 

v. miilleri J7og. 


Limax cinereo-niger Wo/f. 
v. luctuosa AZoq. 
v. ornata Less. 
v. maura He/d. 


[Limax tenellus WV2/ss. } 


Limax flavus Z. 
v. virescens A/og. 
v. colubrina 77722. 
v. suffusa 7202. 
v. rufescens A/oq. 
v. maculata Kad. 


Limax marginatus (JZ/i/Z. ). 
(=Limax arborum B.-Ch.). 
v. nemorosa Bazd. 
v. bettonii Soviellz. 
v. maculata Roz, 
v. rupicola LZ. & P. 
v. pallens Z. & P. 
v. alpestris Z. & P. 
v. fulva Worm. 
Genus AGRIOLIMAX Malm. 
Agriolimax agrestis Z. 
v. sylvatica A7oq. 
. punctata Pre. 
. nigra AZorelet. 
. lilacina AZog. 
. albida Pic. 
- reticulata A7Zoy. 
. tristis Jog. 
. obscura AZog. 
v. rufescens Z. & P. 


Agriolimax leevis AZz/1. 


<<<<<<< 


FaMILy TESTACELLID. 
Genus TESTACELLA Cwvier. 
Testacella haliotidea Dra/. 
Testacella scutulum Séy. 


Testacella maugei er. 
v. viridans Morelet. 


52 


FamiLty VITRINIDZ. 
Genus VITRINA Drap. 
Vitrina pellucida (A7Zu//.). 
v. depressiuscula Feff- 
v. dillwynil Jef: 


FamILy ZONITID. 
Genus HYALINIA Agassiz. 
Polita Held. 
Hyalinia draparnaldi (Bec). 
v. albina (J/g. ). 
Hyalinia cellaria (AZz//.). 
v. complanata (7e/f.). 
y. albina (JZog. ). 
Hyalinia glabra (S¢der). 
v. viridans (CA// ). 
Hyalinia alliaria (AZ//er). 
v. viridula (Jef, ). 
Hyalinia nitidula (Draf.). 
v. nitens (A/ch.). 
v. helmii (A/der). 
Hyalinia radiatula (Adder). 
v. viridescenti-alba (7e/- ). 


[Hyalinia petronella (Charp.)]. 


Hyalinia pura (Adder). 
v. margaritacea (Jef. ). 
Vitrea Fitzinger. 
Hyalinia crystallina (AZz//.). 
v. complanata (e/f-). 
v.’contracta ( Wes?/. ). 


Conulus Fitzinger. 


Hyalinia fulva (A7Zz/7.). 

v. mortoni (ef ). 

v. alderi (Gray). 

vy. viridula ( Z7aylor). 

Zonitoides Lehmann. 

Hyalinia nitida (AZz//.). 

v. albina (4Zoq.). 
Hyalinia excavata (Beazz). 

v. vitrina (er. ). 


FaMILY HELICID. 


Genus HELIX ZL. 


: Patula Held. 
Helix rotundata AZzz7/. 


v. turtoni /Vezz2. 
- pyramidalis Jeff. 
- minor Jeff. 
. rufula Jog. 
. alba A7Zoq. 
n. Sinistrorsum Zay/o7. 
Helix rupestris Drag. 
v. trochoides A7eg/. 
v. viridescenti-alba Jef. 


<<< < 


=o 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Punctwm Morse. 

Helix pygmea Drap. 
Acanthinula Beck. 

Helix lamellata ef, 


Helix aculeata AZz7/. 
v. albida Jeff. 
Vallonia Risso. 
Helix pulchella A772. 
v. costata AZz//. 
Chilotrema Leach. 
Helix lapicida Z. 
v. subangulata Pascal 
v. minor A7Zog. 
v. nigrescens Zaylor. 
v. albina AZenke. 


Gonostoma Held. 
Helix obvoluta AZz//. 


Pomatia Leach. 
Helix pomatia Z. 
v. albida AZog. 


Helix aspersa AZi/7. 
v. conoidea Picard. 
v. globosa A/og. 
v. minor Jog. 
v. tenuior Shett7. 
v. nigrescens JZog 
v. undulata Jog. 
v. flammea Picard. 
v. albo-fasciata Feff. 
v. zonata Jog. 
v. unicolor JZog. 
v. exalbida AZenke. 
m. sinistrorsum Zaylor. 
m. scalariforme Zay/or. 


Tachea Leach. 

Helix nemoralis Z. 

v. conica Pascal. 

v. compressa Zerwver. 

v.. ponderosa AZalm. 

v. major Ze. 

v. minor Jog. 

v. roseolabiata Zaylor. 

v. albolabiata Vor Mart. 

v. bimarginata A7Zoq. 

v. rubella J7Zoq. 

v. libellula (2zsso). 

v. albina A/og. 

v. castanea Jog. 

v. olivacea (77550). 

v. roseozonata Chi. 

v. hyalozonata Zaylor. 

v. undulata Geztzluomo. 

m. sinistrorsum Zaylor. 

m. scalariforme Zaylor. 


J.C., vii., April, 1892 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 


Helix hortensis JZz7/. 

v. minor Jog. 
. roseolabiata Zaylor. 
. fuscolabiata Vor Mart. 
. tenuis Baudor. 
. albina Mog. 
lutea Jog. 
. incarnata AZog. 
olivacea Zaylor. 
. lilacina Zaylor. 
. roseozonata Chi. 
. arenicola AZacgill. 
m sinistrorsum Zaylor. 


ssas49s ss <4 4 


Arianta Leach. 


Helix arbustorum Z. 
v. alpestris Zzeg/. 
v. conoidea lWester?. 
v. fusca Fer. 
v. canigonensis Bouwbce. 


(=repellini Zaylor). 


v. fuscescens D. & AV. 


(=v. marmorata Taylor). 


< 


. cincta Zaylor. 


(=pallida Taylor). 


. luteofasciata D. & MV. 
. flavescens J/oq. 

. albina A7Zog. 

. major Pfr. 

v. minima P/r. 

m. sinistrorsum Zaylor. 


sa<<< 


Fruticicola Held. 


Helix cantiana A/Zont. 

y. pyramidata Cold. 

v. rubescens Jog. 

v. galloprovincialis Dzp. 

v. albocincta Ckd/. 

v. albida Zaylor. 

m. sinistrorsum Zaylor. 
Helix cartusiana A/z/. 

v. minor Mog. 

v. lactescens Pécard. 


(=v. albida Jenner). 


v. leucoloma S¢adz/e. 

v. rufilabris Jeff. 
Helix rufescens 77272. 

v. depressa Zaylor. 

v. minor Jef. 

v. rubens Jog. 

v. albocincta C2. 

v. alba Mog. 


Helix hispida Z. 


(=H. concinna Jeffreys). 


v. subglobosa Jeff. 
. conica Jeff. 


v. hispidosa Mousson. 


< 


(=H. hispida Jeffreys). 


4 


. depilata Adder. 


nana Jeff. 
subrufa AZoq. 
. albocincta Zaylor 
albida Jeff. 
Helix granulata Adder. 
(=H. sericea Jeffreys). 
v. carinata Zaylor. 


v. cornea Jeff. 
v. albida 7ye. 


Helix revelata AZzch. 


sss 


s 


Helix fusca AZozet. 
Xerophila Held. 

Helix pisana AZz0/0. 

v. tenuis Zaylor. 

vy. minor Gourg. 

v. lineolata Jog. 

v. albida Mog. 

v. alba Shztel. 
Helix itala Z. 

(=H. ericetorum Mull.). 
instabilis Zzeg?. 
minor Jog. 
. leucozona AZo. 
. hyalozonata C&//. 
. alba Char. 
m. sinistrorsum Jeff. 


Helix caperata Aont. 
vy. gigaxii Charp. 
vy. subscalaris Jef. 
v. major Jeff 
y. bizonalis Jog. 

y. ornata Picard, 

Vv 

Vv 


sss <4 


. fulva /Yog. 
. obliterata Prcard. 
v. alba Picard. 


Helix virgata Da Costa. 

. depressa /veg. 

. subaperta Je/. 

. subglobosa Jeff. 

. carinata Jeff 

. lineata Olzvz. 
(=v. submaritima Jeffreys). 

. major Zaylor. 

minor Zaylor. 

. leucozona Zaylor. 

. maculata JZog. 

. radiata Hidalgo. 

. nigrescens Grat. 

. hypozona A/og. 

. subalbida Pozret. 

. albicans Grat. 

: hyalozona Zaylor. 

v. alba Zaylor. 

m. sinistrorsum Zaylor. 


< 


. 


aaa 


sss <4 4 


54 


Turricula Beck. 


[ Helix terrestris ezzz. ]. 
[v. grisea /oq.]. 


Cochlicella Risso. 


Helix acuta AZz//. 
v. inflata A7Zog. 
v. elongata (Cr. & Jaz). 
v. bizona /Zog. 
v. flammulata Bourg. 
v. strigata (J/enke). 
v. articulata (Zaz. ). 
v. nigrescens ( Zay/o7’). 
v. alba (Reguzer). 


FaMILy PUPID. 


Genus BULIMINUS Ehrenberg. 
: Ena Gray. 


Buliminus montanus (Draf. ). 
v. albina (Jog. ). 

Buliminus obscurus (47/7. ). 
v. albina (JZog. ). 


Genus PUPA Draparnaud. 
Torquilla Studer. 


Pupa secale Drap. 

v. edentula Zaylor. 
. boileausiana Charp. 
minor Jog. 


alba Jeff. 
[Pupa cinerea Drafp.]. 


ass 


Lauria Gray. 


Pupa anglica (Fér.). 


(=P. ringens Jeffreys). 


v. pallida Jeff. 
Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa). 


(=P. umbilicata Drap.). 


. edentula Jog. 

. gracilis Zssed. 

. curta Westl. 

. semproni Carp. 
‘v. albina Mog. 


<1 Stes 


Pupilla Gray. 


Pupa muscorum (Z.). 


(=Pupa marginata Drap.). 


. bigranata Rossne. 

. unidentata C. Pfr. 
. elongata Clesszi. 

. brevis Baudoz. 

. albina AZenke. 


ads <4 


Genus VERTIGO Mull. 
Alea Jeffreys. 


Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.). 
v. octodentata (Havtvz. ). 
v. sexdentata (Zot. ). 
Vertigo moulinsiana (Duzz.). 
v. lilljeborgi Westd. 
v. bidentata Jef. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Vertigo pygmea (Draf.). 
v. quadridentata Stud. 
v. pallida Jef- 
Vertigo alpestris Alder. 
Vertigo substriata ( /ef-). 
Vertilla Moquin-Tandon. 
Vertigo pusilla AZz/2. 
v. tumida Westd. 
Vertigo angustior Fe/- 
Spheradium Agassiz. 
Vertigo edentula (Dyaf.). 
yv. columella ( Vozdart.). 
Tsthmia Gray. 
Vertigo minutissima (aztnz.). 


Genus BALEA Prideaua. 
Balea perversa (Z.). 
v. viridula Jeff. 
v. simplex Jog. 
Genus CLAUSILIA Drap. 
Pirostoma Vest. 
Clausilia perversa (Pu. ). 
(=C. rugosa Drap.). 
v. dubia Drap. 
. suttoni West. 
(=v. schlechtii Jeffreys). 
. gracilior Jeff. 
. tumidula Jef, 
. parvula Zur. 
. everetti (A7z//e7 ). 
. albina JZog. 
m. dextrorsum Jeff. 
Clausilia rolphii Gray. 
v. pellucida Zaylor. 
Alinda H. & A. Adams. 
Clausilia biplicata (JZonz.). 
v. nelsoni Jef. 


< 


<a <4 << < 


Marpessa Gray. 
Clausilia laminata (J7onz.). 
v. pellucida Jeff, 
v. albina Mog. 


FAMILY STENOGYRID%. 
Genus AZECA Leach. 
Azeca tridens (/7/t.). 
v. nouletiana Dup. 
v. alzenensis St. Szvzon. 
‘v. crystallina (Dz. ). 
m. sinistrorsum (Zay/or). 
Genus COCHLICOPA Fer. 
Cochlicopa lubrica (4Zu//.). 
v. lubricoides Fer. 
. ovata Jeff. 
- morseana (Doherty). 
. exigua (JZerzhe). 
. fusca AZog. 


. hyalina /ef- 


<<<<< 


J.C., vii., April, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 


Genus CHCILIOIDES Blainville. 
Cecilioides acicula (JZz//. ). 


Genus STENOGYRA Shuttl. 
[Stenogyra goodalli (AZz/2.). ]. 


FamiLy SUCCINEID. 
Genus SUCCINEA Drap. 
Succinea putris (Z.). 
v. subglobosa Jeff. 
v. stagnalis Gasszes. 
. solidula Jeff 
- vitrea AZog. 
albida MWorch. 
Succinea elegans (sso. 
v. longiscata Morel. 
. pfeifferi Ross. 
. minor Jeff. 
. virescens JZorel. 
. ochracea Getta. 
. albida Zaylor. 
m. sinistrorsum Baud. 


Succinea oblonga Drap. 


sas 


<<<<< 


SuB-or. PULMONOBRANCHIATA. 


Famity AURICULID. 
Genus CARYCHIUM Muli. 
Carychium minimum J7Z:/. 
v. tridentata (/zsso). 


Famity LIMNAIDE. 
Sus-ramity PLANORBIN 4. 
Genus SEGMENTINA Fleming. 
Segmentina nitida (A7/z//. ). 
(= Planorbis lineatus Walker). 
vy. albina ( Zay/or). 
Genus PLANORBIS Guettard. 
Hippeutis Hartmann. 
Planorbis fontanus (Lzghtfoot). 
(=Planorbis nitidus Jeffreys). 
v. albida (Ve/soz. 
Gyraulus Agassiz. 
Planorbis nautileus (Z.). 
v. crista (Z.). 
v. levigata Adami. 


Planorbis dilatatus Gozld. 


Planorbis albus (Z.). 

v. draparnaldi (Shepp.). 
Planorbis parvus Say 

(=P. glaber Jef). 
v. compressa Lloyd. 
Gyrorbis Agassiz. 

Planorbis spirorbis AZz/2. 

v. ecarinata Jeff. 

v. albida /Velson. 

m. scalariforme V. & 7. 


Planorbis vortex (Z.). 
v. compressa Mich. 
Planorbis carinatus AZu//. 
vy. disciformis Jef. 
v. albida Aztdsoz. 
Planorbis umbilicatus AZz/2/. 
(=P. complanatus Jeffreys). 
v. rhombea ( 7777.). 
v. albina Jeff. 
m. sinistrorsum Zay/lor. 
Coretus Adanson. 
Planorbis corneus (Z.). 
v. albina AZog. 
Bathyomphalus Agassiz. 
Planorbis contortus (Z. ). 
v. minor Zaylor. 


v. albida Jeff. 


Sus-FaAMILy PHYSIN 2. 
Genus BULLINUS Adanson. 
Bullinus hypnorum (Z.). 
v. major (J/og.). 
v. rubra 77yo72. 
m. decollatum (/Vedsoz). 
Genus PHYSA Drap. 
Physa fontinalis (Z.). 
. inflata Mog. 
v. curta Jef. 
v. oblonga Jeff. 
v. albina Jef. 


Sus-FAMILY LIMN_EIN 2. 
Genus AMPHIPEPLEA Nilsson. 
Amphipeplea glutinosa (72/2. ). 
v. mucronata (/eff-). 
Genus LIMNAA Bruguiere. 
Radix Montfort. 
Limnza involuta Harvey. 


Limneea peregra (J7/22//.). 

. burnetti Alder. 

. obtusa Kod. 

. lacustris (Zeach). 
inflata Kod. 

. patula (Da Costa). 
. ovata Drap. 

. stagnaliformis Zay/lor. 
. acuminata Jeff. 

. intermedia Fez. 

. oblonga Jeff. 

. boissyi Dupuy. 

. vulgaris C. Pfr. 

. pulchella Roff. 

. succinezeformis Jeff. 
. maritima Jeff. 

. microstoma Kod. 

. lutea (AZort.). 


< 


sass 4444444444498 


56 


<< 


Vv. 
Vv. 
Vv. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


. diaphana Parr. 


picta Jeff. 
candida Povo. 
lineata Beaz. 


labiosa Jeff. 


m. sinistrorsum /eff. 
m. scalariforme /é/- 
m. decollatum Jef. 


Limnzea auricularia (Z.). 


4 


. acuta Jeff. 

. ampla (Haztm.). 
. reflexa Melson. 

. magna Cold. 

. minor Jog. 


. albida Jeff. 


Limnophysa Fitzinger. 


Limnea stagnalis (Z.). 


< 


. fragilis (Z.). 

. bottnica Clesszn. 
. lacustris Stede7. 

. labiata Jeff. 

. variegata Hazay. 


. albida Jeff 


m. sinistrorsum /e//. 


Limneea palustris (A7Zz//.). 


Vv. 


sss 45 24 4 


corva (Gmzel.). 


. obesa Taylor. 

. elongata Jog. 

. conica Jeff. 

. minor Zaylor. 

. tincta Jeff. 

. lacunosa Zg/. 

. fasciata /Velson. 
. roseolabiata Jef. 


vy. albida /Ve/sozz. 


m. 


decollatum Jeff 


Limneea truncatula (A7Zz//.). 


Vv. 


Vv 
Vv 
Vv 
Vv. 
Vv 
m 


ventricosa /Zog. 


. elegans Jeff. 
. microstoma Dyozer. 
. major AZog. 


minor Jog. 


. albida Jef. 
. scalariforme Jef. 


Omphiscola Beck. 


Limnea glabra (A7Zz//.). 


Vv. 
Vv. 


m. 


elongata Jeff. 
major Gasszes. 
decollatum /Ve/son. 


Sus-ramMity ANCYLIN 4. 
Genus ANCYLUS Geoffroy. 


Ancylus fluviatilis 72/2. 
v. capuloides Jaz. 


v gibbosa Bourg. 
v. stricta JZorel. 
v. albida Jef 
Genus VELLETIA Gray. 
Velletia lacustris (Z. ). 
v. compressa ( /e/.). 
vy. moquiniana (Lozrg. ). 


v. albida (Jeff). 


ORDER OPERCULATA. 

SUB-ORDER PULMONATA. 
FaMILy CYCLOSTOMID. 

Genus CYCLOSTOMA Montf. 

Cyclostoma elegans (J/z//.). 

v. marmorea Avowz. 

v. albescens Ves AZoulins. 

v. ochroleuca Jog. 

v. fasciata Picard. 


Famity ACICULID. 
Genus ACICULA Hartmann. 
Acicula lineata (Draf.). 
v. alba (Jeff: ): 


m. sinistrorsum (/é/-). 


Sus-or. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 
FAMILY NERITIDA. 
Genus NERITINA Lam. 
Neritina fluviatilis (Z.). 
v. cerina Cold. 
v. trifasciata Cold. 
v. undulata Cold. 
v. nigrescens Cold. 


FamiILy PALUDINID. 
Genus VIVIPARUS Montf. 
Viviparus contectus (A/2//er). 
v. virescens (eff). 
Viviparus viviparus (Z. ). 
v. albida (VV. & 7°). 
v. efasciata (Pickering). 
(=v. unicolor Jefr.). 
v. atro-purpurea (Lloyd). 
Genus BYTHINIA Gray. 
Bythinia tentaculata (Z.). 
v. producta AZerke. 
v. ventricosa Menke. 


v. excavata Jeff. 


v. albida Rzmmer. 
m. decollatum Jef 
Bythinia leachii (Sheff. ). 
vy. elongata Jeff. 


v. albida Rzmmer. 


J.C., vir., April, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 


FAMILY VALVATID4. 


Genus VALVATA Mull. 


Valvata piscinalis (J7z//.). 
v. depressa C. Pfr. 
v. antiqua Sov. 


(=v. subcylindrica Jef-). 


v. acuminata Jef. 
m. sinistrorsum Jef. 


Valvata cristata JZu7/. 
v. alba Rowe. 


CLass ACEPHALA. 
SuB-cLAss PELECYPODA. 


ORDER LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 


SUB-ORDER ISOMYA. 
FamMILy UNIONID~. 


Genus UNIO Philippsson. 


Unio tumidus PAz7. 
v. mulleri Ross. 
v. ovalis (AZozt. ). 
v. ponderosa Pascal. 
v. radiata Colb. 
Unio pictorum (Z.). 
v. curvirostris /Vori2. 
v. latior Jeff 


v. compressa /e/. 
v. radiata Mog. 


Margaritana Schum. 


Unio margaritifer (Z.). 
v. sinuata Lave. 
v. roissyi MWzch. 


Genus ANODONTA Lam. 


Anodonta cygnea (Z.). 
arenaria (Schroter). 
rostrata /ossiz. 
stagnalis (Sow. ). 
incrassata (Shepp. ). 
. radiata (AZz//. ). 
. pallida Jef 
Anodonta anatina (Z.). 
v. ventricosa C. Pfr. 
v. complanata Loss. 


y. radiata Jeff. 


<ass8 


4 


FaMiILty SPHAERIID. 
Genus SPHERIUM Scop. 
Spheerium corneum (Z.). 
v. pisidioides Gray. 
y. scaldiana (Vor72. ). 
v. nucleus (.S¢zd. ). 
v. flavescens (AZacgzl/. ). 


Spheerium rivicola (Leach). 

v. flavescens Jog. 
Spheerium pallidum Gray. 

(=S. ovale Jef-). 

Spheerium lacustre (/Zz//.). 

v. ryckholtii (2Vorm. ). 

v. rotunda Jeff. 

v. brochoniana Gourg. 

v. ovalis (Fe. ). 


Genus PISIDIUM C. Pfeiffer. 


Pisidium amnicum (JZ//.). 
v. flavescens Jog. 
v. leeviuscula Jog. 


Pisidium fontinale (Draf.). 
v. henslowana (.Shefp.). 
v. pulchella /Jeyzs. 
v. cinerea Alder. 
v. pallida Gasszes. 


Pisidium pusillum (Gyzelzz). 
v. obtusalis (Laz. ). 
v. grandis Adazzs. 


Pisidium nitidum /e7z. 
v. globosa Adams. 
v. splendens JZog. 
Pisidium milium ed. 
(=P. roseum Jef.). 
v. alpestris Clesszze. 


SUB-ORDER HETEROMYA. 

FAMILY MYTILID. 

Genus DREISSENSIA VanBen. 
Dreissensia polymorpha (/a//.). 


v. angusta Cold. 
v. dilatata Cold. 


58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The Committee have been anxious to keep the varietal 
nomenclature within reasonable bounds, believing that the best 
interests of the study will be served by prudence and modera- 
tion in this particular. 

A host of varieties of British species have been named by 
Conchologists in England and elsewhere since the publication 
of the Society’s list in 1883, but while we are convinced that the 
more distinct and striking forms of every species should be 
definitely distinguished, we cannot assent to the publication of 
distinct names for the slighter modifications which connect 
together the specimens showing the strongly marked peculiarities 
which alone should be accepted in the general nomenclature. 

Holding the opinion that varietal names should chiefly be 
used to distinguish modifications which may be considered to 
have a racial character, and are congenital and transmissible in 
a greater or lesser degree to their offspring, we earnestly 
deprecate the lavish institution of definite names to specimens 
that are manifestly deformed, injured, or irregularly grown. 
These abnormal shells may really be considered as mutilated 
shells that have repaired the injuries sustained from adverse 
surroundings. 

We cannot look for much difference in the organization of 
the animal in varieties, but this point is often a crucial and 
invaluable test of specific difference. 

One of the objects of discriminating varieties is to elicit 
the laws or forces which tend to produce them, and this will be 
all the sooner achieved if we bring prominently forward only 
the more striking modifications to which each species is subject. 

The Slugs have during the past decade been very closely 
and attentively studied ; the result being that no less than three 
valid species of Avion have been added to the British list ; that 
the specific distinctness of Zestacel/a scutulum has been con- 
clusively proved, and that the specific nomenclature of Amala 
marginata and Limax arborum has been corrected. Details of 
all these changes have been published in the ‘ Journal of 


Conchology’ and elsewhere. 
J.C., vii., April, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 


The name Hyalinia has been adopted as the most suit- 
able name for the genus hitherto known as Zonites. It has been 
suggested that this name has too great a similarity to that of 
Hyalina and Hyalinus which are used for other genera or in 
other departments of zoology, but we are of opinion that the 
names are sufficiently distinct to avoid any confusion. 


H. draparnaldi is introduced amongst the British 
Flyalinie ; it is closely allied to and has been confounded with 
FT. cellaria, of which species Jeffreys would seem at one time to 
have regarded it as his var. compacta. 


H. glabra.—The real identity of the shell known under 
this name in England is not yet established beyond doubt, the 
leading continental conchologists, whom we have consulted on 
the question, differing very widely in their views, and we have 
not yet been able to obtain living continental specimens for 
comparison. 

Hyalinia petronella is tentatively included in the list 
on the strength of a specimen or specimens found by Mr. 
Rogers in Cheshire, and which are now in the collection of Mr. 
Ponsonby, and in the hope that the publication of this discovery 
may lead to further investigation. 

Fitzinger’s name Vitrea is accepted to indicate sub- 
generically 4. crystal/ina in the same sense in which it appears 
to have been used by its author. 

The term Conulus proposed at the same time for H. fulva 
is also used here in a similar way. 

H. nitida and excavata form the group Zonitoides, in- 
teresting as being the only British Hyadinéa possessing love-darts. 


The s.g. Punctum has been adopted for Helix pyemea, 
with the object of emphasizing the peculiarity in the jaw, which 
instead of being formed of asingle piece asin the majority of the 
Helicidze, is composed of a number of separate plates—as in the 
Orthalicidze, with which group Morse and Binney united Punctum 
for this reason. 


60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Helix cantiana var. albocincta,—This interesting 
variation, which is characterised by a pale peripheral zone, or 
band, usually most strongly marked near the aperture, 
owing to the increasing intensity and darker colour of the 
presumed confluent banding, occurs in several species and is 
brought prominently forward so as to elicit, if possible, further 
information upon those manifest traces of spiral banding (occa- 
sionally occurring in shells usually unicolourous) which may be, 
as some assert, nascent, but are more probably the rudimentary 
expression of bands formerly existent. Latterly there has been 
considerable discussion in ‘Science Gossip’ and elsewhere upon 
this subject, originated by a statement made in a valedictory 
address to this Society in 1887, but these discussions achieved no 
useful end, as the point of dispute became quite removed from 
the original statement, and a lengthy controversy arose upon 
a subject about which—except perhaps for argumentative 
reasons—there has been, we should imagine, no serious dispute, 
viz.: the original colour of the nascent molluscan shell in the 
distant ages when the developing characters of the mollusca 
were separating them from the allied groups, a point not at all 
pertinent to the original statement which initiated the discussion. 

In our opinion it is very probable that these traces of 
banding are not the early stages of banding in process of 
development, but the vestiges of bands formerly existent and 
derived from banded ancestors. This statement does not 
affect in the slightest the question of the original colour of the 
primitive molluscan shell, but is intended to apply only to the 
ancestral Helix or Helices from which we now assume our 
obsoletely, as well as distinctly, banded Helices to have 
descended. 

It is, we think, somewhat improbable that a number of 
species of different habits and habitats should all simultaneously 
evolve nascent bands of such an exactly uniform character and 
arrangement. Should we not rather assign this remarkable uni- 
formity of character and disposition of banded markings jo 


J.C. vii., April, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 


community of origin, and reasonably look for and expect some 
diversity in aspect and plan if peculiarities such as these were 
originating independently in a number of totally distinct species. 
On this ground we are disposed to think that species like 
cantiana, cartustana, etc., have descended from banded forms 
and still retain characters in common which point to their 
probably identical origin. 

As has been frequently shown, the nature of the habitat 
materially influences shell-markings. A. vi7gafa may be in- 
stanced as a striking example, and it is quite conceivable that 
owing to changes of habit or habitat some amount of, what we 
may designate for want of a better term, oscillation may have 
taken place in the intensity or obliteration of band-markings. 

H. cartusiana var. lactescens Picard.—Mr. Hillman has 
recently discovered, in England, an albine form of this shell, 
which Mr. Jenner has named var. a/dzda, but, as Picard had 
previously distinguished this by the name of /actescens, his name 
takes precedence. 

H. hispida L. The type specimen of this species in 
the Linnean collection 1s the form named by Jeffreys 7. 
concinna. It has already been pointed out that no difference 
in the organization has as yet been detected between what 
have usually been termed /. Aisfida and H. concinna, and 
that they should probably be united together as a single 
species. It will be recoliected that Dr. Jeffreys eventually 
considered that the two forms should not be separated, but as 
H. concinna had been accepted by others as a valid species, he 
restored it to specific rank, and it would almost appear against 
his own convictions of its specific value. If . concinna be thus 
accepted as the type form of HZ. /zspida we must distinguish 
the ordinary very hispid form, and perhaps we cannot do better 
than adopt Mousson’s name, /Azsfrdosa. 

H. granulata Alder is substituted for the name 7. sericea 
Muller, as it seems now to be almost universally considered that 
Muller’s species is not identical with Alder’s, whose name is now 
restored to the British form. 


62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The H. itala of Linné would appear without doubt to be 
the H. evtcetorum of authors. Linné’s own handwriting upon 
the specimen in the Linnean collection leaving no doubt upon 
the point, so that there would seem to be no alternative but to 
adopt Linné’s name if the recommendations of the British 
Association be followed. 


Helix virgata var. lineata Olivi. — This is the shell 
referred by Dr. Jeffreys to var. submaritima Desm., but we are 
fortified in the opinion that it is really the H. maritima of 
Drap. = H. /ineata Olivi by the opinion of some of the leading 
European Conchologists, whom we have consulted upon this 
question. Dr. Jeffreys himself remarked upon the great 
similarity existing between his var. swdmaritima, and the H. 
maritima of Drap., but did not actually combine them. It 
has, in France, been considered as distinct from 4. virgata, 
and a great number of varieties of it have been distinguished by 
various authors. 


Helix terrestis Pennant (=A. elegans Gmelin) is in- 
cluded solely on the ground of its discovery near Dover by Mrs 
McDakin. It is hoped that the species will become firmly estab- 
lished in this country and form a permanent addition to our list. 


The proper position of Helix acuta is a somewhat doubt- 
ful question, and in placing it in its present position we have 
followed the lead of distinguished continental naturalists. 


The term Buliminus is now used for monfanus and 
obscurus, the old generic name of Bulimus is now used ina 
more restricted sense for the large tropical forms. 


Pupa cinerea Drap. is introduced provisionally in the 
faint hope that its claim to inclusion in the British list may be 
strengthened by further observation. 


Pupa anglica Feér. is restored for P. vingens Jeffreys, as 
it appears to have been sufficiently brought forward under this 
name prior to Jeffreys’ description. 


J.C., vii., April, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 


It is universally allowed that the Pupa cylindracea of 
Da Costa is the Pupa umbilicata of Drap.; this name, therefore, 
takes precedence of Draparnaud’s to which we have become so 
well accustomed. 


Pupa muscorum L.—The type specimen of this shell 
still exists in the Linnean Cabinet, and is the edentate form, 
which thus becomes the type. The var. wnidentata of C. Pfr. 
will now indicate the specimens with the single denticle on the 
body whorl, previously considered to be the typical form. 


In the genus Vertigo we have reduced the / /id/jeborg¢ 
to a variety only of mow/instana and have also placed V. tumida 
as a var, of V. pusilla, in which course we have the support of 
the author, Dr. Westerlund. 


C. rugosa v. schlechtii Zelebor.—Dr. Jeffreys referred 
some peculiar shells of the var. dudza, found by Mr. W. D. 
Sutton in Northumberland and Durham, to the above variety. 
Dr. Westerlund denies that they represent the form named 
thus by Zelebor, and has therefore re-named the form sz//out, 
a course in which Dr. Bottger and others concur. They, 
however, include in the var. swtfont the large coarsely 
striated form of var. dubia, especially characteristic of the North 
of England, but we are unable to fall in with this view, and for 
the present retain this form under its old name of dudza. 


Cochlicopa lubrica v. morseana Doherty is a very 
large and long form of the species described by Doherty from 
American specimens some years ago. Its claim to British rank 
rests upon its discovery in Hampshire by the Rev. W. W. Eyre, 
of Swarraton, near Alresford. 


The Succinee have at all times been a fertile source of 
perplexity, and to avoid further confusion we retain the three 
well-known species only—putris, elegans, and oblonga—which 
we consider to be the only British species entitled to specific 
rank. 5S. stagnalis and S. vitrea we regard as forms of putris, 


64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


and pfeifferi and virescens as varieties of elegans. The claims of 
some other species or varieties that have been brought forward 
can scarcely be considered as well established. 

Planorbis fontanus.—To avoid confusion we think it 
better in this case not to follow strict priority. 

Valvata piscinalis v. antiqua Sow. is now considered 
to be practically the form named by Dr. Jeffreys v. swdcylindrica, 
and as Sowerby’s name has priority it has been adopted in the list. 

Under Anodonta cygnea we have introduced as a form 
worthy of note the var. stagnalis, which is a form nearly ap- 
proaching a circular outline; the var. avevaria represents the 
extreme form of zed/ensis; the var. ze//ensis, as ordinarily under- 
stood, is the true specific type of 4. cygnea. 

A. anatina we also still retain as distinct from 4. cygnea, 
there being some reasons for maintaining it as a separate species. 

Unio tumidus v. mulleri Rossm.—This variety, which 
is characterised by its very ovoid outline, is added to our list. 
It was found by Mr. H. E. Quilter in Groby Pool, Leicester- 
shire, during 1885. 

Spherium ovale Feér. has disappeared from the list as 
a species, Gray’s name of fal/idum superseding it, as we are 
inclined to believe that an uncapped or indistinctly capped form 
of .S. Jacustre is the true 5S. ovale of Férussac, and we have 
therefore placed it as a variety under that species. 

The P. roseum of Scholtz is not considered to be the 
same as Jeffreys’ species by those who have made a special study 
of the group, and Held’s name of mz/:um is therefore substituted 
as our species is considered to be referable to that form. A variety 
alpestris is also included, as specimens found by Mr. E. Pickard, 
of Mansfield, have been considered by Clessin to represent his 
variety. 

Other minor modifications hardly call for special remark, 
but in all changes we have been solely guided by the desire to 
render the list more useful in showing the affinities of the 
various species and groups. 


J.C., vil., April, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 


A few varieties included in the foregoing list not having 
been as yet formally described, although the names have been 
frequently made use of both in print and in ms., it will be con- 
ducive to convenience to give descriptions. 

Arion ater var. brunnea Rbk. 

Animal uniform deep brown. 

This form is very distinct indeed from var. vifa, to 
which some writers have assigned it.—W. D.R. 

Arion ater var. bicolor Rbk. 

Animal bright chocolate-brown on the back, brilliant prim- 
rose-yellow on the sides, the line of demarcation between 
the two colours being sharp and decided. 

This is the variety which I have always spoken of as 
the var. dzcolor Moq. ; and it agrees with his description. 
But Moquin-Tandon refers to a figure of Férussac’s as the 
basis of his description, and Iérussac’s figure is not Avzon 
ater at all, but A. subfuscus of typical colour. ‘This being 
the case, Mr. Cockerell and others have attached my name 
to the var. dzcolor as British, although I have never form- 
ally described it. I have no objection to accepting the 
responsibility, inasmuch as I was the first to record it as 
British, which I did some years ago in ‘Science Gossip.’ 
My own opinion, however, inclines to attributing the 
variety to Moquin-Tandon, expressly excluding his refer- 
ence to Ferussac’s figure ; but as the question is one on 
which great divergence of opinion is possible, it will be 
well for the present to leave it open.—W.D.R. 

Arion circumscriptus var. subfusca Rbk. 

Animal brownish with dark bands. 

This is simply the brownish form which corresponds 
to the var. swbfusca of A. hortenszs, on which account I have 
used the same varietal name. 

Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. 

Some authors consider this to be merely a variety of 

L. maximus, on the ground that in the anatomy of the 


E 


66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


genital organs, which is so useful a guide to the specific 
distinction of slugs, it does not materially differ from 
that form. Its external characters are, however, so 
distinct and unmistakable that it is at least entitled to 
subspecific rank. It is, therefore, included in this list as 
distinct from its very close ally. I may mention here that 
nearly all the British examples on record have passed 
through my hands, so that I have had ample grounds 
upon which to base an opinion.—W.D.R. 


a reg 


A REVISED LIST OF THE SPECIES ‘OF 
BRITISH SLUGS. 


By T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


My recent researches among the slugs have led me to some 
opinions about the British species, different from those usually 
held in this country, and which, if correct, will necessitate a 
considerable revision of the nomenclature hitherto in use. 

I hope in due course to set forth all these points in full, 
but I have thought it might be of interest to the members of 
the Conchological Society to have a list of the British slugs, as 
proposed to be revised. 


TESTACELLID/:. 
Testacella Cuv. 18oo. 
T. haliotidea Drap. 1801 
T. scutulum Sby. 1823. 
T. mauget (Fér.) Desh. 1830. 
LIMACIDz. 
Limax Linn., 1758. 

Notre.—The Linnean genus Zax included Arion, 
and the first two species mentioned belong to the latter 
genus. It is certain, however, that the first mentioned 
species of the Linnean genera were not specially intended 


J.C., vii., July, 1892. 


COCKERELL: REVISED LIST OF BRITISH SLUGS. 67 


as the types, the arrangement being rather one of diverging 
forms round a type placed in the middle of the genus. 
Linnean genera were not represented by a “fe species, like 
modern genera, and a selection of the first-named as the 
type would cause many unnecessary difficulties. Brard’s 
Limacella (1815) consisted of the s#e//s of slugs, and does 
not merit recognition. ‘Turton in 1831 called it Zzmace/lus, 
but no author since that date has attempted to make one 
genus out of a slug and another out of its shell! Jousseaume 
(1876) made Brard’s Zzmacella to include the Limax of 
modern authors, and used Zimax for Arion, but nobody 
has followed this arrangement. 


L. maximus L., 1758. 

Notre.—‘ Z. cinereus maculatus’ of Linné must 
surely be this species, and not cznereo-niger, as some have 
thought. Z. ce/larius D’Arg. has priority (1757), but is pre- 
Linnean and therefore inadmissible. 


L. cinereo-niger Wolf, 1805. 


Subg. LEHMANNIA Heyn. 1863. 
L. marginatus Miill., 1774. 
Note.—Miiller’s description evidently refers to what 
we call arborum B.-Ch. (1838). Z. sylvestris Scopoli, 1772, 
is almost surely the same species, and it has priority. The 
description is so vague as to leave a doubt, however, so I 
do not here adopt Scopoli’s name. 


L. flavus Linn., 1758. 


Notre.—There can be no doubt that favus I.. is what 
has been more generally called varzegatus Drap. (1801). 


Subg. MALACOLIMAX Malm, 1868. 


L. tenellus Nilss., 1822. 
Nore.—I am not aware that any British specimen of 
tenellus has been found of late years, nor do I know where 
an example is preserved. 


68 COCKERELL: REVISED LIST OF BRITISH SLUGS, 


AGRIOLIMAX Morch, 1868. 


Notr.—This genus is now very generally accepted as 
valid, and its characters have often been pointed out. 


A. agrestis Linn., 1758. 

Notre.—Z. hyalinus L., Ed. XII., 1767, is almost 
certainly the young of agrestis, and being mentioned first 
in the twelfth edition would have priority if that edition 
were taken as the earliest to be quoted for names. In the 
tenth edition, 1758, there is no fyalznus recorded, but 
agrestts is duly inserted, and so obtains priority. 


AMALIA Mogq,, 1855. 
A. gagates (Drap., 1801). Heyn., 186. 
Subsp. A. plumbea (Mogq., 1855). 


Notr.—While recently revising the species allied to 
eagates, 1 came to the conclusion that in addition to the 
typical form, we must recognise a northern subspecies 
equivalent to the var. A/wmbea of Moquin-Tandon, and some 
allied forms ; and a southern or Mediterranean subspecies 
including dedriage Less. & Poll., and a new form which 
I have called mediterranea. The typical gagates is rare in 


Britain. 


A. sowerbyi (Fér., 1823). Heyn. 

Nore.—I had adopted the name A. carinata (Leach, 
1820) for this species, but it is perhaps better to call it 
sowerbyt. \each’s work was certainly printed in part in 
1820, and a bound copy in the British Museum has the 
description of Z. cavinatus on p. 73. It is also certain 
that a few unbound copies were distributed privately, and 
Turton and others considered it sufficiently published for 
quotation. (See, for instance, Turton’s ‘ Manual,’ 1831, 
p. 25.) But the work never appears to have been on sale 
until Gray reprinted it in 1852. 


J.C., vii., July, 1892. 


COCKERELL! REVISED LIST OF BRITISH SLUGS. 69 


ARIONIDZ:. 
Arion Feér., 1819. 
A. (ater subsp.) empiricorum Fér., 1819. 

Norr.—Pollonera has shown that the true azer differs 
somewhat from empirtcorum in its genitalia, amounting, I 
think, to a subspecific distinction. Our form, at least in 
the South of England, is certainly empiricorum. We get 
three main subspecific forms of aéerv in Europe, azer of the 
North, empiricorum of the central regions, and szdcatus 
with its allies in Portugal. 

A. subfuscus (Drap., 1805), Mich., 183r. 
A. intermedius Norm., 1852. 

Notr.—This is the species lately introduced as A. 

minimus Simroth, 1885. 
A. hortensis Fer., 1819. 
A. circumscriptus (Johnston, 1828), Fer. 

Norr.—This is certainly what we usually call ad. 
bourguignati Mab., 1868. The British form of dourguignatt 
agrees with céscumscriptus, and is not keeled in the adult 
state. Mr. Pollonera, to whom I mentioned this reference, 
writes me that our species, lacking a keel in the adult state, 
can hardly be dourgudgnati, but may be his A. ambiguus. 
It does not, however, agree with his figures of Arion 
ambiguus, and specimens of dourgurgnati he kindly sent 
me from Ceresole Reale, Piedmont, appear to me to be 
quite identical with our species. It still remains doubtful, 
allowing that dourguignati = circumscriptus, whether the still 
earlier name, A. fasciatus (Nilsson, 1822), should not be 
preferred, for, as Mr. Pollonera writes me, although Nilsson 
confounded several species under fasciatus, his type was 
the true dourguignatz. 


GEOMALACUS Allm., 1842. 
G. maculosus Allm., 1846. 
Note.—Among the Irish examples of this. species in 


70 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


the British Museum, I found a var. nov. fasctatus with the 
ground-colour white or whitish, the mantle marbled with 
black or dark brown, and with dark lateral bands. The 
body is hardly marbled, pale, with four dark longitudinal 
bands, two subdorsal and two lateral. This banded variety 
is very interesting, as showing a tendency towards strongly 
quadrifasciate species, like G. moreleté (Hesse) from Tangier, 
which have hitherto seemed so very different. 


eee 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SPONDYLUS 
AND A NEW HELIX. 


By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z-s: 


(Read before the Conchological Society, May 11, 1892). 


In the year 1889 Mr. Harcourt Powell presented to the British 
Museum a specimen of a Spondylus from Madeira, which on 
account of its being so overgrown with worm-tubes, corallines, 
nullipores, and other extraneous growths, I was unable to deter- 
mine. We are now indebted to this gentlemen for two additional 
specimens of the same species, one of which is in such condi- 
tion as to enable me to prepare the following description. 


Spondylus powelli. 


Testa magna, subglobosa, solidissima, rubro-purpurea ; valve 
leviter oblique, postice producte,; sinistra costis circiter II 
subequidistantibus, tenuibus, spints brevibus armatts, et inter 
costas altts minus conspicuts tustructa, linets radiantibus 
fenutssimis minute squamulatis tncrementique lineis undulatts 
pulcherrime sculpta ; valva dextra prope marginem costis 
numerosis subequalibus tnstructa, intus sub cardine profunde 
excavata ; pagina interna albida, viride vel livido plus 
minus tincta, ad marginem saturate roseo vel purpureo 
limbata, utringue versus auriculas tenutter denticulata vel 
crenulata, ad marginem ventralem dentibus fortioribus 
munita ; area ligamenti triangularis valve. dextre magna, 
Jere eguilateralis, ad apicem postice tnclinata ; dentes valve 
stnistre fusco tincta, sinistre fere albt. 


J.C., vii., July, 1892. 


SMITH : DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPONDYLUS AND HELIX. 71 


Longit. circa 125 millim., alt. ab. apice valve dextre ad mar- 
ginem ventralem 150 mill., valve sintsine 130; diam. 
go mill, 


Hab. : Madeira, at a depth of four fathoms ( Powell) ; Porto 
Grande, San Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, in Brit. Mus., 
collected by J. Macgillivray during the voyage of H.M.S. 
Flerald. 


This is a very solid ponderous species, remarkable for the 
brightly coloured border within the valves and the character of 
the sculpture. This consists in the left or upper valve of about 
eleven radiating sub-equidistant ribs, which bear numerous very 
short blunted spines. ‘The spaces between these principal 
ribs are divided by very narrow radiating sulci into five or six 
less pronounced ribs, which, at their terminations, form notches 
at the margin. In addition to these ribs the entire surface, 
when not overgrown or abraded, exhibits a very minute 
sculpture consisting of extremely fine and minutely prickly or 
squamate radiating liree, crossed by fine wavy lines of growth. 
The right or attached valve appears to be more equally and 
more strongly ribbed than the other. The ribs are finer at the 
sides towards the auricles, and rather stronger towards the 
posterior lower part than in front, the crenulation of the margin 
varying in coarseness accordingly. The ligamental area of the 
right valve is large, as usual in most species, curves slightly 
backwards, is nearly equilaterally triangular, the groove being 
only visible near the apex. The interior of the valves between 
the pallial line and the purple, coral-red, or deep rose border, 
is white, the rest of the surface enclosed by the pallial line is 
dirty whitish, and more or less stained with patches of a 
greenish or livid tint. The strong hinge-teeth in the left or 
upper valve are stained with brown, and also the dentiform 
projections on each side in the other valve. The two central 
teeth in this valve, between which the ligament rests, are 
generally white. The inner margin of the valves on each side 
at, and a little below, the auricles is very finely crenulated, and 
all round the ventral part it is more coarsely denticulate. The 


72 SMITH: DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPONDYLUS AND HELIX. 


colour of the upper valve is uniformly an intense purple red, 
the lower one being somewhat paler. 

Of the three specimens obtained by Mr. Powell, after 
whom I have much pleasure in naming this species, one was 
detached from a flat smooth surface, and from its flattened side, 
the rest of the surface slopes outward. The other two examples 
are much more coated with nullipores, worm-tubes, etc., and 
apparently have only had a very irregular attachment. 


Helix (Geotrochus) hedleyi. 


Testa imperforata, polita conica, ad peripheriam acute angulata, 
infra plana, cinnamomea, inferne castanea, ad carinam linea 
angusta opaca lutea cincta, zona angusta castanea infra 
suturam in anfractu ultimo ornata linets tncrementi 
perobliquis tenuibus striata ; anfractus 7, supremt 4 convext, 
seqguentes duo plant, ultimus haud descendens, supra angulum 
leviter concavus, infra fere planus, striis radiantibus tncre- 
menti tenuibus, linetsque paucis trregularibus concentricts 
empressus , apertura obliqua, angusta, albida ad carinam 
canaliculata, effusa,; peristoma  castaneo-marginatum, 
margine supertore expanso, tnfertore valde reflexo, incrassato, 
supra umbilict regionem ailatato. 


Alt. 30 millim., diam. maj. 36, min. 30. 
Hab.: Probably New Guinea. 


This handsome species is elevately conical, the almost 
straight outlines forming at the apex an angle of about 60 
degrees. It is sharply keeled at the periphery and almost quite 
flat beneath. The upper and lower surfaces present a strong 
contrast of colour. The base is uniformly dark chestnut 
brown, whereas the rest of the shell is of a yellowish buff tint, 
excepting a fine opaque luteous line upon the keel, which 
revolves up the spire forming a distinct margination above the 
suture, and a narrow dark brown zone beneath the suture. 
The first four whorls are rather convex, the next two are almost 
flat, and the last or body-whorl is distinctly concave above the 
carina. The surface is glossy, and exhibits distinct, very 
fine, oblique and flexuous lines of growth, in addition to which, 
under a powerful lens, minute but feeble.spiral. strize are 


J.C., vii., July, 1892 


SMITH: DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPONDYLUS AND HELIX. 73 


observable. The base is similarly sculptured, but the radiating 
lines of growth have a rather coarser appearance. A few in- 
dented irregular concentric lines upon the base, and a few 
short oblique ones upon the bedy-whorl above the keel and 
behind the lip, may be individual rather than specific characters. 
The aperture is oblique, whiteish within, and much pointed 
and channelled in front at the termination of the keel. The 
upper lip is thin, expanded, and tinged with dark brown at the 
edge ; the lower also is similarly coloured, is strongly reflexed, 
and in the umbilical region somewhat expanded. ‘The termina- 
tions of the peristome are remote, but connected by a thin 
layer of callus upon the flat surface between. 

The single specimen, all that is known of this species, has 
recently been purchased by the British Museum. Until lately 
it formed part of a collection which was got together many 
years ago, and which remained packed up for fifty or sixty 
years. Although no locality accompanied the shell, we can 
safely assume, from its resemblance to allied forms, that it was 
an inhabitant of New Guinea or some adjacent island. Z. 
jerussact of Lesson, and AH. exsultans of Canefri, are the 
nearest allies. Neither of these species is nearly so large as 
that now described. The former is higher in proportion to the 
width, and is described and figured as being of an uniform 
rich chestnut colour, excepting the golden yellow carina and 
edging to the suture. On the contrary A. hedley? is much 
wider in proportion to the height, and the difference of colour 
between the upper and lower surfaces is most marked. Besides 
this the aperture in Lesson’s shell appears to be dark brown, 
whereas in this it is white. From “4. exsultans the present 
species is distinguished, not only by its considerably larger size, 
but also by a difference of colouring and the greater flatness 
of the whorls and the base. 

I have named this interesting form after Mr. C. Hedley, 
author of several valuable papers on terrestrial mollusca of 
Australia, New Guinea, etc. 


74 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTICE NECROLOGIQUE 
Sur J. R. BOURGUIGNAT, 


Membre honoraire de la Société de Conchyliologie de la Grande Bretagne 
et de [Irlande. 


Le 5 Avril dernier expirait 4 Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Seine- 
et-Oise), le savant malacologiste J. R. Bourguignat, ’auteur bien 
connu de nombreux travaux et qui, par ses ceuvres, a eu 
directement ou indirectement une influence considérable sur la 
marche scientifique de ce demi-siecle. 

M. Bourguignat est né a Brienne-Napoléon (Département 
de l’Aube), le 29 Aotit 1829. Apres l’achevement de ses études 
dans la ville de Troyes, il vint 4 Paris en 1850, dans intention 
de suivre la carriere du Droit; mais poussé par un puissant 
attrait vers les Sciences naturelles, 11 abandonna bientodt le 
Droit pour ces dernieres études. Son premier travail, qui parut 
en 1852, constitue l’une des parties scientifiques du voyage en 
Orient de M. de Saulcy, membre de l'Institut. Des lVannée 
suivante, au moment de la création de la chaire de Paléontologie, 
il était appelé par le célebre professeur Alcide d’Orbigny, a la 
place de préparateur de ce cours au Muséum de Paris, place 
qu il conserva jusqu’a la mort de ce savant illustre, dont il fut 
Yaide et Pami. 

Ce fut en 1860, qu’ il se démit de ses fonctions en faveur 
de M. le Dr. Paul Fischer, qui les occupe encore actuellement. 

A partir de cette époque, poussé par l’ardeur du travail, 
M. Bourguignat s’adonna sans réserve aux études scientifiques ; 
chaque année il fit paraitre de nombreux mémoires sur |’Arché- 
ologie, l’Epigraphie, la Botanique, la Géologie, l’Ostéologie, la 
Paléontologie et la Malacologie ; c’est surtout cette derniére, sa 
science favorite, qui servit de théme a ses multiples ouvrages, 
et cest surtout au point de vue malacologique qu’il est in- 
téressant d’étudier cet auteur et de montrer les évolutions 
scientifiques que l’étude, la réflexion et le travail ont apporté 
dans la série de ses travaux sur cette matiére. 


J.C, vii, July, 1892. 


ANCEY: NOTICE NECROLOGIQUE SUR J. R. BOURGUIGNAT. 75 


La Malacologie, 4 l’époque ott M. Bourguignat entreprit ses 
publications, était une science mal assise ; a peine datait-elle, 
du reste, d’une cinquantaine d’années. Ou avait alors l’habitude 
d’envisager les formes spécifiques sous un aspect tout particulier 
et lon croyait faire preuve de savoir en agglomérant, sous un 
méme nom des séries entitres de formes le plus souvent tres- 
dissemblables, et en allongeant des kyrielles de citations 
synonymiques ordinairement inexactes. M. Bourguignat a eu 
le mérite incontestable d’appliquer des regles fixes dans la 
maniére d’entendre l’espece en Malacologie et il la considere 
comme ‘une chose abstraite, mais qui se détermine cependant, 
pour le besoin zoologique, par la présence de caracttres 
constants.’ 


Il est bien certain, d’apres M. Bourguignat, que ces 
caracteéres sont, des lois, les résultants des influences vitales et 
climatologiques, et ilestime qu’il en faut trois pour discerner 
une espece d’une espece voisine. 


Cette méthode a l’avantage indiscutable de supprimer 
Varbitraire en matiére de classification, puisqu’il est bien 
démontré que, dans la pratique, il est impossible ou tout au 
moins tres-difficile de spécifier la part due a une influence quel- 
conque dans la variation des especes malacologiques. II est 
également impraticable de pouvoir affirmer en toute securité 
que deux ou plusieurs formes, considérées comme distinctes, 
dérivent ou ne dérivent pas dune forme ancestrale commune. 


La nouvelle méthode, appliquée par son auteur, l’a amene 
a des découverts inattendues. 


Avec les formes sur lesquelles, a force de patience et 
d’étude, il est parvenu & lire les signes résultant du froid, de la 
chaleur, de la sécheresse ott de l’humidité, il est arrivé, en 
remontant des effets aux causes, a4 rétablir les anciennes 
climatologies, comme celles du bassin de la Seine aux époques 
préhistoriques, 4 chiffrer les dates des dépots, ainsi qu’il l’a fait 
pour les dépots inférieurs des dolmens de l’Algérie, et méme a 


76 ANCEY: NOTICE NECROLOGIQUE SUR J. R. BOURGUIGNAT. 


recomposer la topographie d’un pays, comme il a réussi a le 
faire pour la colline de Sansan, a l’époque miocene. 

M. Bourguignat, nommé chevalier de la Légion d’honneur, 
était l’un des plus feconds, sinon le plus fecond, des auteurs de 
ce siecle. C’était un travailleur infatigable et sa méthode, bien 
que décriée dans son application par des ennemis acharnés, a été 
suivie plus ou moins inconsciemment par la plupart des mala- 
cologistes de quelque valeur, dont plusieurs se trouvent aujourd’ 
hui au point ou M. Bourguignat en était il y a quelques vingt 
ans. 

Ce savant avait réuni une collection des plus remarquables 
de coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles du systéme Européen, collec- 
tion dont il a fait don, lors des premiéres attaques de !a cruelle 
maladie qui l’a emporte, au Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de 
Geneve, afin qu’elle complétat en quelque sorte, la collection 
du célébre Lamarck, que posséde egalement cet établissement. 

Depuis quelques années, il avait joint a ses études la faune 
de l’ Afrique équatoriale, notamment de la région des Grands 
Lacs du centre de ce continent. Il a publié sur ce sujet des 
travaux importants. Les matériaux qu’il avait recueillis a cet 
effet, ont été donnés, par un acte d’intelligente générosité, au 
Muséum de Paris. 

M. Bourguignat, dont la juste susceptibilité avait été 
souvent froissée par les attaques de ses ennemis, avait aussi de 
nombreux amis dévoués, qui avaient pu apprécier sa constante 
bienveillance, sa libéralité et son grand désintéressement 
scientifiques. En 1883, il avait été le promoteur de la Société 
Malacologique de France, qu’il avait constituée avec le concours 
de MM. Ancey, Coutagne, Fagot, Servain, Hagenmiiller, 
Letourneux, Poirier, Mabille, Saint-Simon, de Rochebrune et 
Locard. Il me comptait au nombre de ses amis depuis dix ans 
et jal pu apprécier souvent que le terme d’amitié n’était point 
pour lui un vain mot. Qu’il me soit donc permis d’unir mes 
regrets personnels a ceux de tous les amis d’une science 4 laquelle 
M. Bourguignat a consacré toute sa vie !—C. F. ANCEY. 


J.C., vii., July, 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 77 


A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AUTHENTICATED 
RECORDS OF DERBYSHIRE. 


By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. 


The following list of slugs may interest Derbyshire collectors. 
With the exception of Z. flavus they have been identified by 
my friend, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck. 

Arion ater. Common throughout the county. 

A. ater. v. luteo-albescens. Clifton. 

A. ater v. plumbea. Rowsley. 

A. subfuscus. Clifton and country south of Ashbourne. As 

yet I have not taken this species in any limestone district. 

. subfuscus v. brunnea. Clifton. 

. subfuscus v. rufo-fusca. Clifton. 

. hortensis. Throughout the county. 

. minimus. Clifton and Rowsley, 1889. 

. circumscriptus. ‘Throughout the county. 

Limax agrestis. Very common throughout the ccunty. 

L. agrestis v. nigra. Clifton. 

L. arborum. Common along the walls and banks on the 
road between Hathersage and Bakewell. 

L. arborum y. nemorosa. One or two specimens of this 
variety with the above. 

L. maximus. Common in a cellar at Clifton. 

[L. flavus. I have /eard of this, described as ‘a large yellow 
slug with a shell, in the cellar.’ Clifton]. 


bPPPrPrSL 


— ss. -6- 


Arion ater var. bicolor in Devonshire and the 
Isle of Man.—I have lately had the pleasure of seeing, 
through the kindness of my friend, Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., 
a number of fine examples of this beautiful variety, which he 
and Mr. C. Oldham found about the end of August in South 
Devon, where they failed to observe the typical form. About 
the same time I received another fine example, taken at Douglas, 
Isle of Man, by Mr. F. Taylor—W. Denison Rorsuck, Leeds. 


78 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


SHELL HUNTING IN MERIONETHSHIRE. 


By G. W. CHASTER. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, July 27th, 1892). 


In June last, when enjoying a short holiday in Merioneth- 
shire, I devoted part of my time to searching for mollusca, and as 
will be seen from the appended list, the captures were by no 
means poor as regards either number or rarity. 

For a few days I met with nothing very striking, taking 
merely such forms as Hyalinia excavata, 7. glabra, H. radiatula, 
Limax flavus, etc. 

However, one day when in a rather out-of-the-way neigh- 
bourhood matters all at once began to improve. Succinea putrts 
was seen on rushes, and //e/zx fusca on the leaves of the Meadow- 
sweet, and on searching at this spot Helix damellataand Vertigo 
substriata were taken. Being only able to spend a very short 
time here, as the ground seemed to promise so well, one of the 
calico bags I always carry about was filled with material 
for further examination. ‘This yielded a truly splendid harvest. 
In addition to the forms mentioned, Helix aculeata, H. pygmea, 
Pupa ringens, Vertigo edentula, H. pura, Hl, radiatula, H1. 
alliaria, H, crystallina, H. fulva, Cochlicopa lubrica, Carychium 
minimum, and tomy delight several specimens of Acicula lineata 
var. alba. 

To obtain a further supply of this conchological treasure J 
visited the spot again. Here was taken a single specimen of 
H. nittda. In a few minutes I was taking Accwla in such 
abundance as I suppose has rarely been noted before. The 
beautiful cream-coloured mollusc was very conspicuous, and in 
two hours I took 98 specimens. ‘The animals were frequently 
found in groups of 4, 5, or even 6 together. 

With regard to the exact habitat I am anxious to examine 
Mr. Heathcote’s Fleetwood locality before writing on this 


J-C., vii., July, 1892. 


CHASTER: SHELL HUNTING IN MERIONETHSHIRE. 79 


subject, as in certain respects, judging from the published 
Although 
in the neighbourhood of the spot the mollusc was taken in the 


account, there is a similarity between the two places. 


habitat usually given, viz., ‘among decayed leaves,’ it was 
only, as is usual, sparingly. Should I find, as I am inclined to 
suspect, that Acécula affects by preference another habitat, it will 


be duly announced. 


Altogether 34 species of land and fresh water shells were 
taken, viz. :— 


Succinea putris Flelix arbustorum 


* Vitrina pellucida NaeUICSCEmS 
Flyalinia cellaria ,  tspida 
% a aliiaria » fusca 
is » glabra », votundata and var. alba 
»  nitidula * 4 pygmea 
bs » pura and var. * Pupa ringens 
marearitacea *P. cylindracea and v. edentula 


3) 


* 
bb) 
99 
* 
bP) 
ee 
* Felix 


be) 


radiatula and var. 
utr idescenti-alba. 


nitiaa 

excavata and var. 
vitrina 

crystallina 

Julva 

lamellata 

aculeata 

aspe7 sa 

nemoralis 


* Vertigo substriata 
»,  edentula 
* Balea perversa 
Cochlicopa lubrica 
Carychium minimum and var. 
opaca 
* Acicula lineata var. alba 
Limnea peregra 
» truncatula 
* Pisidium pusillum 
cs 5 mailium 


of which those marked with an asterisk have not been noticed 
by me as recorded for the county. 


An afternoon was spent in shore hunting for marine 


mollusca, but the results were disappointing. Almost every- 
where the boulders were cemented together by the tubes of 
Sabella alveolata, and under the few which were free only 
Chiton marginatus and two or three equally common things 
were taken. Indeed the only marine shell worthy of mention 


is Lepton clarkie, which I had never before gathered. 


80 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


The University of Edinburgh and the ex- 
President of the Conchological Society.—Members of 
the Society will be much interested in their late President, Rev. 
R. Boog Watson, having received from his University the 
honorary degree of LL.D. In presenting Mr. Watson to the 
Vice-Chancellor of the University, on the rath of April last, 
Professor Dr. Kirkpatrick, Dean of the Faculty of Law, gave 
the following account of Mr. Watson’s scientific career :-— 


Educated in Scotland, England, France, and at this Univer- 
sity, Mr. Watson took his B.A. degree with honours in Mathe- 
matics in 1846, and afterwards served as military chaplain 
throughout the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny. He 
next spent nine years in Madeira, when he enjoyed valuable 
opportunities of scientific study. For more than thirty years 
past he has been a most devoted and distinguished student of 
Natural Science, particularly of Geology and Conchology, in 
which last he is one of the highest living authorities. Among 
his many valuable contributions to science are the voluminous 
and learned contents of vol. xv. of the ‘Challenger’ Reports, 
extending to 756 pages, Geological Papers, published in the 
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Geological 
Society of London, and the Natural Science Society of Liincburg, 
and conchological papers published by the /owrnal de Conchy- 
fiogie of Paris, the British Association, the Linnean Society, 
and the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 
Not only has Mr. Watson been a leading member of these 
various learned bodies for many years, but he has filled the high 
post of President of the Conchological Society, of which he is 
still Vice-President, and he has also been honoured with three 
military medals in recognition of his important public services. 
On these grounds the Rev. Robert Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., 
F.G.S., etc., is conspicuously worthy of the highest honour which 
his A/ma Aater has in her power to bestow. 


J.C., vii., July, 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 81 


LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS AT KARACHI. 


By GERALD W. ADAMS. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, roth August, 1892). 


Happening to make a short stay in Karachi, I, in company 
with two other doctors attached to ships lying in the harbour, 
made an excursion of about fifteen miles across the desert to 
visit the ‘Alligator Tank.’ In the neighbourhood of this there 
is a plantation of mangoes, dates, and cocoanut palms, a Moslem 
Temple and tombs, some boiling sulphur springs, and, what the 
natives call the ‘ Milk Spring,’ the water of which is opaque 
white, possibly owing to the presence of a carbonate or sulphate 
of lime. All this forms an oasis in the desert—a level waste of 
sand extending for several miles, bearing only here and there 
Cactuses, a Euphorbia and a few palms—not an ideal hunting 
ground for land and freshwater shells. | However, as I walked 
about the place my attention was directed to some small white 
objects lying on the sand, which upon examination proved to be 
dead bleached shells of various species. These have been 
identified as— 

Bulimus chion, which was plentifully distributed over a large 
area. 

Bulimus pullus, less plentiful. 

Planorbis (? sp.) indistinguishable from corneus. 

Succinea (? sp.) exactly like our e/egans. 

Bithynia (sp. ?) very near ¢entacu/ata but smaller. 

Melania (? sp.) 

And two other species indistinguishable from Zzmncea 
glabra and Achatina acicula. 

All the shells were found in the neighbourhood of ‘ Nullahs’ 
leading into the river Liari, which is dried up throughout the 
year, except for about six weeks in the rainy season, when it 
becomes a broad river. 


82 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


The river flows across the desert for nearly a hundred 
miles before it reaches the spot where the shells were found, and 
it is probable that they were carried for this distance from the 
higher ground where the river takes its rise. 

In Karachi itself I captured a single live specimen-—a slug, 
chocolate brown, three inches long, nearly one broad, faintly 
carinated along the whole of the back, along which ran a 
delicate, white, dotted line spreading out at the extremities to 
more distinct dots. Sole lemon-coloured. The whole body and 
head enveloped by a broad, overhanging mantle, from under 
which the tentacles alone protruded. I observed no spiracle, 
and could find no shell by dissection. Its form was very unlike 
that of our British slugs, being very flat and broad, a transverse 
section having the form of a very depressed isosceles triangle, 
the base being three times the height. The upper surface was 
smooth, showing a few minute punctiform depressions. My 
brother suggests that it belonged to the genus Oxchydium. It 
was doubtless imported with the soil into the private garden 
where I found it. 

The soil in Karachi is eminently unsuitable for shells, as at 
a no very remote period the whole district was covered by th 
sea, and the surface sand is so impregnated with salt that at 
night it forms a sticky mud when the dew falls. 


———-e-¢—_—____ 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND. IRELAND. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


199th MEETING, TUESDAY, May toth, 1892. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Vark Row, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.LL.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Library Purchase announced: Razoumowsky, Histoire Naturelle du 
Jorat, 1789, 2 volumes. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors, Trustees, Societies, and Authors—Naturalist for May ; 
L’Echange Revue Linneenne, Nos. 73—76 and 78—80; Feuille des Jeunes 
Naturalistes for May ; Records of the Australian Museum, Vol. 1, Nos. 4- 


J.C.. vii., July, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 


7 and 10, and Contents and Index to Vol. 1; J. Brazier’s Catalogue of 
Marine Shells of Australia and Tasmania, Part 1, Cephalopoda, 1892; J. 
Brazier’s List of Cephalopoda in the Collection of the Australian Museum, 
1892; W. Denison Roebuck’s Additions to the Authenticated Comital 
Census of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Scotland, 1892; Aleyn 
Lyell Reade’s Paper on Shells at Crosby (in Merchant Taylors’ Review for 
April 1892); R. Bergh’s Die Nudibranchiata holohepatica porostomata, 
Dec. 1891; 24th Bericht der Oberhessischen Gesellschaft fiir Natur-und 
Heilkunde (containing List of Mollusca of Giessen, by Karl Eckstein) ; 
and Handbook for Leeds and Airedale, 1890. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Hugh Richardson: Clausilia papillaris, and C/. solida, from 
Castellamare, Bay of Naples; He/éx frsana, Cyclostoma elegans, and other 
species from the Temple of Neptune at Piestum, Travertine. 


Papers Read: 
‘Description of a New Species of Spondylus and a New Helix,’ by 
- Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ July, p. 70]. 

Notes on ‘ Veri?go pusilla in Lancashire’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ January, 
1892, p. 7]; ‘Helix asfersa monst. sizistrorsum in the Isle of Man’ 
[printed at p. 24]; ‘Observations on the Reproduction of the Dart, 
during an attempt to breed from a sinistral //e//x aspersa’ [printed in ‘J. of 
C., April, 1892, p. 33] 3 ‘ Lewnwa stagnalis monst. sizzstvorsum’ [printed at 
p- 41]; and ‘ Helix virgata monst. stndstrorsum from Colwyn Bay’ 
[printed at p. 44], ali by Mr. Robert Standen. 

Two Notes by Mr. Lionel Adams, B.A., on Planorbis albus monst. 
scalariforme at Penistone’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ January, 1892, p. 7]; and 
on ‘ Helix rotundata var. alba at Conisborough’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ 
April, 1892, p. 38]. 

Three Notes by Mr. Theo. D. A. Cockerell, F.Z.S., F.E.S., on ‘Arion 
minimus =tntermedius Norm.’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ January, 1892, p. 31]; 
on ‘ New Varieties of American Mollusca’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ April, 
1892, p. 39]; and on ‘ Zonites glabra var. viridula=viridans’ [printed at 
p- 441. ; 
“List of Mollusca found at Meiringen, Switzerland,’ by Rev. J. W. 
Horsley, M.A. [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ January, 1892, p. 32]. 

A Note by Mr. Thomas Rogers, ‘On the Viviparous Nature of Galea’ 
[printed in ‘J. of C.,’ April, 1892, p. 4o]. 

A Note by Miss F. M. Hele, on ‘Sinistral Helix aspersa at Bristol ’ 
[printed in ‘J. of C.,’ April, 1892, p. 41]. 

Exhibits : 

The Recorder exhibited an example of the unicolorous reddish form of 
Limax flavus, sent from Pickering by Mr. John Braim, and a large number 
of land and freshwater mollusca from Scotland, including many new comital 

‘records, sent by Mr. William Evans, F.R.S.E., and which will all be fully 
reported on in the ‘Annals of Scottish Natural History.’ The localities 
were all in South Perthshire and Stirlingshire. 


84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The Chairman showed examples of Zestacella haliotidea from Mathem 
near Chepstow, Monmouthshire, sent by Mr. E. J. Lowe, F.R.S., who 
states that it is numerous in that locality. 


The Society’s Ex-President. 

The Secretary called attention to the fact of the honorary degree of 
LL.D. having been conferred upon the Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., ex- 
President of the Society, by the University of Edinburgh, and it was 
cordially agreed to record on the minutes an expression of the pleasure which 
it gave the Society to congratulate the new-made Doctor upon the honour. 


200th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, JUNE Ist, 1892. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. 
My. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From. the 
respective Editors and Societies: The Naturalist for June 1892; Pro- 
ceedings of Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, Vol. XI., Part 1, 1890-91. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Miss Mary Kimber: fourteen species of shells from Newbury, 
Berks. ; three from Burghclere, Hants., and one from Stroud, Gloucester- 
shire. 

From Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw: An example of Hyalinia alliaria found 
on a frond of Maiden-hair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) at Burley-in-Wharfe- 
dale. 

Candidate Proposed for Membership : 

Mr. John Burman Rosevear (proposed by Mr. G. K. Gude and seconded 

by Mr. H. Wallis Kew, F.E.S.). 


Exhibits : 
On behalf of the Rev. George Gordon, LL.D., was exhibited Hex 
caperata from Inverugie, being a new species record for North Aberdeenshire. 
The Recorder exhibited various land and freshwater shells from Settle, 
Horton-in-Ribblesdale, Rokeby and the Greta, Eggleston Abbey, etc. 


On behalf of Mr. Arthur Mayfield were shown Helix caperuata var. alba 
from Drayton, Pupa mareinata from Ringland, P. umbzlicata var. aff. 
albina from Harlham, and Ayalinia nttidula from Lakenham. 


On behalf of Mr. J. Benj. Beckett was exhibited a piece of wood from 
a pile of the harbour at Yarmouth, showing the borings of Teredo navalis. 
At one time the Zevedo was a source of great trouble and expense to the 
Yarmouth Harbour Authorities; their depredations causing immense 
damage to the wooden piles, which had continually to be renewed. Now, 
however, they have almost if not entirely departed from that locality, and 
Mr. Beckett suggests that this may be accounted for by the fact that of late 
years the sea at ebb tide has receded further, and has not come up at flood 
so far as formerly, which of course causes more fresh water to find its way 
to the mouth of the river. The sewage, too, which is now all turned into 
the river, may have had some effect upon the Zezedo. 


J.C., vii., July, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 


20Ist MEETING, WEDNESDAY, JULY 27th, 1892. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors, Societies, Trustees, and Authors: The Naturalist for 
July, 1892 ; Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for June and July; Catalogue 
de la Bibliothéque, fasc. 15, May, 1892; L’Echange Revue Linneenne for 
June and July ; Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées for May 
and July, 1892; Transactions and Annual Report of Manchester Micro- 
scopical Society for 1891 ; Journal of Royal Society of New South Wales, 
Vol. 25, 1891 ; Abstracts of Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South 
Wales, March and May, 1892; Records of the Australian Museum, Vol. 2, 
No. 1, April, 1892; J. Brazier’s Catalogue of Marine Shells of Australia 
and Tasmania, Part 2, Pteropoda, 1892; Walter Crouch’s Notes of Two 
Days’ Trawling and Dredging in the River Crouch; T. D. A. Cockerell’s 
Notes on Australian Slugs; M. Cossmann’s Réponse aux Observations de 
M. E. Vincent sur le Gz/dertia inopinata Morlet; M. Cossmann’s Extraits 
de l’Annuaire Géologique Universel (Gastéropodes) for 1889 and 1890. 

From Mr. G. Kk. Gude: The following reprints of papers published in the 
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: G. E. Fryer’s Contribution to our 
Knowledge of Pelagic Mollusca, 1869; W. T. Blanford’s Monograph of 
Himalayan, Assamese, Burmese, and Cingalese Clausiliz, 1872, with F. 
Stoliczka’s Postscript, 1872; F: Stoliczka’s paper on the Land Shells of 
Penang Island, with descriptions of the animal and anatomical notes, first 
part, Cyclostomacea, 1872; H. H. Godwin-Austen’s Descriptions of nine 
species of Alyceine from Assam and the Naga Hills, 1874 ; his Descriptions 
of the species of Alycezme known to inhabit the Khasi Hill Ranges, 1871 ; 
his Descriptions of New Species of Dzplommatine from the Khasi Hills, 
1870; W. T. Blanford’s Note on the Molluscan Genera Celostele Benson 
and Francesia Paladilhe, and on some species of Land. Shells from Aden, 
1875; W. Theobald’s Descriptions of New Species of Unionide, 1873 ; 
G. and H. Nevill’s Descriptions of New Marine Mollusca from the Indian 
Ocean, 1874 and 1875; H. H. Godwin-Austen’s Descriptions of New 
Operculated Land Shells belonging to the genera Crasfedotropis, Alyceus, 
and Diplommatina, from the Naga Hills and Assam, 1875. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Miss J. E. Linter: A valuable series of Indian and Ceylonese 
Shells, including Zanalia loricata Rve., T. fardnert Rve., Paludomus 
palustris Layard, Bithynia marginata Lam., Cataulus templemani Pfr., 
and Philopotamus clavatus Rve., from Ceylon ; Uii0 olivarius Lea, Limnea 
auricularia, Helicarion sp., Unio marginalis and variety, and Ofisthotoma 
macrostoma W. Blanf., from India; Lannea stagnalis, Napeus candelaris 
Pfr., VV. domina Ben., and Corbicula kashmirtensts Desh., from Kashmir ; 
Paludomus regulatus Ben., Vivipara helictiformis Frau., Alelania lineata 
Gray, Cryptosoma prestans Gould, Unio pugio Ben., U. crispisulcatus Ben., 
Melania variabilis Ben., AZ. tuberculata Miill., Monochondyla salviniana 
Gld., AZ crebristriata Anth., Neriténa bengalensis Chemn., NV. cornucopie 


86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Ben., and Pupina blanfordi Theob., from Pegu; Clausilia philippiana 
Ben., Palaina angulata Theob. and Stol., “/ydrocena blanfordiana Stol., 
Plectopylis achatina Graf., and variety, Hydocystis gravida Ben., Cyclophorus 
spectosus Phil., and a species of Aapeus, from Moulmein; elzcarion 
Jlemingit Pfr., from Mari; Clausilia insignis Fld., and Vivipara doliaris 
Gould, from Tavoz; Neritina verrottetiana Petit, from the Nilghiri Hills ; 
Succinca daucina Pfr. ?, Stenothyra delte Ben., and Asstminea franceste 
Gray, from Calcutta; Azthynia fravancoricus Ben., from Travancore ; 
Alyceus sculptilis Ben., from Theitmio; AWydrocena sarrita Ben., from 
Cherrapunji; 22pira artata Ben., from Birmah ; Ayfselostoma tubtferum 
Ben., from Ava; Clausilia waageni Stoi., and Cl. cylindrica Gray, from W. 
Himalayas; Linnea truncatula Mill., from Spiti; Palutomus stephanus 
3en., from the Khasi Hills; Zzmea acuminata Lam., from Hyngola ; 
Succinea girnarica ‘Vheob., from Kattiawar; and Scaphiula alox Ben., 
from the Ganges. 

From Mr. Edward Self: TZestacella scutulum from  Backhouse’s 
nurseries at Holgate, York. 

From Rev. George Gordon, LL.D.: Helix caferata from Inverugie, 
North Aberdeenshire. 

From Mr. Frank Turton: Remarkable distorted example of Zzwzn@a 
feregra from Gunthwaite, near Penistone, Yorkshire. 

From Mr. Richard Barnes: Various land and freshwater shells from 
Yorkshire localities. 

From Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.: A large number of land and 
freshwater shells from Yorkshire localities. 


New Member Elected: 
Mr. John Burman Rosevear, Roselea, 51, Crouch Jill, London, N. 


Candidate Proposed for Membership: 


Mr. John G. Shillito (proposed by Rev. Charles Crawshaw and seconded 
by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.). 

Decease of Member announced. 

The death of one of the Society’s Life Members, Monsieur J. R. 
Bourguignat, which took place in April last, was announced, and an obituary 
notice, sent by Mr. C. F. Ancey, was read. 

Papers Read: 

A paper on ‘Shell Hunting in Merionethshire,’ by Mr. G. W. Chaster, 
M.R.C.S., of Southport, was read [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ July, 1892, 
p. 78]. In the discussion on this paper, it was pointed out that the value 
of the list would have been much increased had the localities in which the 
shells were obtained been stated. 

A paper ‘On some Shells from Eastern Bolivia and Western Brazil,’ by 
Mons. C. F. Ancey, was read. It included descriptions of several species 
as new to science, and was accompanied by drawings of two of them 
[printed in ‘J. of C.,’ July, p. go}. 

A ‘Notice Nécrologique de M. J. R. Bourguignat,’ by Mons. C. F. 
Ancey, was also read [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ July, p. 74]. 


J.C. vii., July, 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 


Exhibits : 

The Chairman exhibited on behalf of Rev. W. L. W. Eyre, M.A., 
examples of various forms of Sphertum lacustre from Hampshire, and Linea 
palustris vars. elongata and stricta from near Hull. 

On behalf of Mr. R. Rogers were shown a large number of shells from 
Yardley Hastings, Northants. 

The Chairman exhibited a collection of shells collected by Mr. G. W. 
Chaster in Merionethshire, to illustrate that gentleman’s paper. 

On behalf of Mr. H. Wallis Kew, F.E.S., were shown Limca peregra, 
L. truncatula, Spherium lacustre, anda Pisidium from an isolated pond 
at Welton-le-Wold, Lincolnshire. 

On behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham was shown a small example of 4r7ov 
minimus from Buxton, Derbyshire. 


202nd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, Ioth AuGUsT, 1892. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Library Purchase announced: Annals of Lyceum of Natural His- 
tory of New York, vols. 1 (in two parts) and 2, 1824—1828. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: The Naturalist 
for August; Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Aout; Proc. and Trans. Nova . 
Scotian Institute of Science, 2nd series, vol. 1, part I, 1891; Abstract Proc 
Linn. Soc. of New South Wales, 29 June; and List of Members of American 
Association of Conchologists, No. 2, July 18, 1892 (all from the respective 
Editors and Societies). 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. R. S. Ferguson, F.S.A.: Shells (Limnaa peregra and Plan- 
orbis margimatus in abundance) and a block of material containing them, 
found in digging the foundation of a house in ane. supposed to be the 
remains of the city ditch, outside the wall. 

From the Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A.: eases of shells of the genera 
Helix, Planorbis, Bythinia, and Limnea (including L. auricularia) from 
Kashmir, collected by Mr. W. H. Cobb. 

From Mr. J. Darker Butterell: Several species of Helzx from Langtoft 
on the Wolds, East Riding of Yorkshire. 


New Member Elected: 
Mr. John G. Shillito, 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield. 


Candidates Proposed for Membership : 

Messrs. Bartlet Spau (proposed by H. Kk. Jordan, F.GS., and J. T. 
Marshall) ; Tom Brown (proposed by Rey. W. L. W. Eyre, M.A., and John 
A. Hargreaves); and R. J. Lechmere Guppy (proposed by Edgar A. Smith, 
F.Z.S., and John W. Taylor, F.L.S.). 


Papers Read: 
A paper by Mr. Gerald W. Adams, M.R.C.S., upon ‘Land and Fresh- 
water Mollusca at Karachi,’ [printed in J. of C., Jwy, pp. 81—82]. 


88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


A note by Mr. J. B. Beckett upon Carnivorous Propensities as observed 
by him in Bythinia tentaculata and Planorbis marginatus, near Yarmouth. 

A ‘List of Slugs found in Derbyshire,’ by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A. 
[printed in J. of C., July, p. 77]. 

Exhibits ; 

On behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham were shown living examples of Avion 
minimus from Glenfield and the banks of Groby Pool, both near Leicester. 

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., showed shells from the mud-cliffs 
near Withernsea, E. Yorkshire, in the marl-deposits in which they occurred, 
including Valvata piscinalis, Limnea peregra, Spherium corneum, and 
Pisidium pustllum, all in abundance; and also a single example of Limca 
stagnalis, this collected by Mr. Edwin Hawksworth.—W.D.R. 


MANCHESTER BRANCH. 


Meeting in the Museum, Owens College, September 8th, 1892. 
‘Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair. 
Papers Read : 

‘ Notes on the Norman and Alder collections,’ by R. Standen. 

‘On the genus Zhelzdomus Swainson’; and ‘On the occurrence of 
Achatina acicu/a in an ancient Grecian lachrymatory from Corfu,’ by R. D. 
Darbishire. 

Exhibits : 

By Mr. Ed. Collier : Types of the various sections of Cy/indrella, with 
explanatory remarks. 

By Mr. F. G. Pearcey : Chzton marmoreus from Firth of Clyde, the 
largest specimen 25 inches in length, and Chzton cinereus, ruber, and 
marginatus from same locality, with description of habitat. 

By Mr. F. Collier: 2. xemoralis vars. rubella and castanea of unusual 
beauty from Dovedale, Derbyshire. 

By Messrs. Moss and Cairns: A series of extremely small . xemoralis 
and varieties from Hawick, Scotland; varieties of A. evicetorum and 
Bulimus acutus, H. r0tundata var. alba, Succinea elegans, Pupa ringens, and 
Carychium minimum, from the Isle of Man, the last three species being new 
additions to the Manx list. Ampullaria cornu-arietis, with photographs of 
palate, Bulimus glaber, B. stramineus, B. vincentinus and eggs of B. oblongus, 
some of which had hatched out on the passage, all from Trinidad, and 
received alive by Mr. Moss. 

By Mr. F. Taylor: Zonites excavatus, Z. fulvus, Z. alliarius, Z. crystal- 
linus, and cellarius, C. lubrica, Vertigo substriata and others, from Holden 
Clough ; and Planorbis nautileus monst. scalariforme, from Fitton Hill, 
Oldham ; new localities. 

By Mr. T. Rogers: An enormous specimen of Pterocera lambis, from 
West Indies ; and Pecten lubernicus, from the Adriatic. 

Mr. Moss also showed a fine series of Acme lineata. received from Dr. 
Chasters, of Southport, most of them being var. alba Jeff. Dr. Chasters 
recently collected 250 living specimens of this species in Merionethshire, in 
a similar locality to that at Fleetwood. —R. SraNDEN, Hon Sec. of Branch. 


J.C., vi., July, 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 89 


Extraordinary finds of Vertigo pygmezea Drap. 
at Clitheroe, Lancashire, and Beezley, Yorkshire.— 
In September, 1890, Messrs. W. Moss and R. Cairns took 
Vertigo pygmea in great quantity in an old limestone quarry 
near Clitheroe. The slope of this quarry is covered with loose 
debris, barren of any kind of vegetation, and the Vertigos occur 
under the stones in company with Z fulvus, Hl. pygmea, LF. 
pulchella, Coch. lubrica, V. pellucida, and B. obscurus, the latter 
very fine and plentiful. Upwards of 200 Vertigos—all fine, 
mature specimens—were collected in about an hour. The 
Manchester Branch made an Excursion to this spot on the 
13th of September last, and upwards of 3,000 Vertigos were 
obtained, a number which could readily have been doubled had 
time permitted. As many as thirty specimens were taken from 
underneath one small stone. What the animals can find to 
feed upon is a mystery, the stones being quite bare; but 
probably they find support in some small microscopic plants. 
Mr. Moss also discovered a very similar congregation of V. 
pygmea, in an old quarry, much resembling the Clitheroe one, 
at Beezley, near Ingleton, Yorkshire, during August last. Ina 
very short time he collected several hundreds of specimens, all 
living, from underneath the loose stones and debris of the 
place, but found no other species living there. He showed 
these at the September meeting of the Branch.—R. STANDEN, 
November r6th, r89r. 


Pupa ringens in Cheshire.—This species turned up 
in considerable quantity in a wood at Marple on the occasion 
of the Whit-week excursion of the Manchester branch, on June 
6th. It occurred ina very damp situation amongst moss and 
Jungermannia, in company with Helix aculeata, Carychium, 
Vertigo edentula, Zonites purus, Z. fulvus, Z. crystallinus, and 
Limnea truncatula, all of which were abundant. The specimens 
are richly coloured, with dark-red mouths. So far as I can 
ascertain, this is the first record of this shell for Cheshire.— 
R. STANDEN, Manchester, September 13th, 1892. 


go JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON SOME SHELLS FROM EASTERN BOLIVIA 
AND WESTERN BRAZIL. 


by €. F. ANCEY. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, July 27th, 1892.) 


Streptaxis comboides D’Orbigny. 
Province of Matto-Grosso, Brazil; originally found in Bolivia 
(Chiquitos), by Alec. d’Orbigny. 


Streptaxis decipiens Crosse. 
Matto-Grosso, Brazil (Germain). 

This species, allied to the preceding one, was doubtfully 
assigned by Crosse to ‘Chili,) on the faith of Mr. Bryce 
Wright. It is more than probable that the above statement is 
erroneous and I even doubt the existence in Chili of any 
species of the genus. 


Happia dalliana Anc., n. sp. 


Testa depressa, mintma, lucide cornea, nitida, pertenuis, aperte 
umbilicata (umbilicus circa + diametri equans ), supra strits 
radiantibus distantibusque, preterea linetstncrementt tenutori- 
bus impressa, infra fere levis. Spira convexa, obtusa, 
parum elevata; anfractus 5, regulariter lenteque crescentes, 
convext, sutura tmipressa, ultimus cylindricus, circa umbilicum 
rotundatus , apertura subobliqua, lunato-rotundata; perts- 
toma simplex, acutum. 


Diam. maj. 34, min. 3, alt. 13 mill. 
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Eastern Bolivia (Germain). 

I follow M. Bourguignat in separating from the genuine S¢vep- 
taxis such shells as Helix orbicula, FH. omalomorpha and others 
to which the subgeneric name of Ammonoceras has been applied. 
This being preoccupied, he rightly changed it to Happia. 

The small species under consideration is very distinct from 
its congeners, and at once recalls a small Wyalinia nitida with 
radiating strize, until the true generic affinities are perceived. I 
know of no species I may compare with this. 

I have much pleasure in associating this with the name of 
Dr. Wm. H. Dall, of Washington, D.C. 


J.C, vit., July, 1892. 


ANCEY: SHELLS FROM BOLIVIA AND BRAZIL. opt 


Guppya anguina Anc.,, n. sp. 


Testa turbinato-conica, minutissime perforata, tenuissima, fulva, 
supra sericeo-micans, subtus nitida. Spira regulariter conotdea, 
elevata (sicut ac in Conults ), obtustuscula, Anfractus 54, con- 
wext, lente accrescentes, spiraliter minutissime et confertim 
striolati (striolis sub valida lente tantum perspicuts ), sutura 
subappressa ; ultimus fere in medio obtuse angulatus, subtus 
paulo laxtus concentrice striatus, convexus, in centro minute 
imipressus. Apertura obliqua, lunata. Feristoma tenue, 
simplex, ad columellam in trianguli parvi formam adilatatum, 
perforationem tegens. 

Diam. maj. 4, min. 3%, alt. vix 3 mill, 

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Germain). 

This Conulus-shaped shell, I refer with some reluctance to 
the above genus, not having examined its soft parts, but as it is 
allied to Gupfya gundiacht Pfr., and has the spiral sculpture 
of the latter, I suppose they are congeneric. The present 
species is remarkable on account of the very fine striz of the 
upper surface, giving it a peculiar silky appearance, the lower 
portion being in that respect like that of our European Conulus 
fulous. 


Systrophia alcidiana Anc., n. sp. 

This new species, found at Corumba, Matto-Grosso, is very 
near to S. chielostropha ’Orb., a Bolivian shell, but is smaller 
(diam. 64, alt. 2} mill), has only fine regular crowded strize 
(zot ribs) above, less sinuous aperture, the teeth oz the lip 
being very small, and possesses only six volutions at most, not 
64-7. ‘The colour in the only specimen observed is white. 


Bulimulus germaini Anc., n. sp. 


Testa oblongo-attenuata, nitida, angustissime rimata, nitida, sub 
valida lente strits spiralibus incisa, subcerulescenti-alba, 
strigts fulvo-cwrulescentibus trregulariter flexuosts aut ful- 
guratis picta. Spira medtocriter producta, obtustuscula. 
Anfractus 6} convext, sutura parum profunda discreti, 
ultimus attenuatus, oblongus, ad aperturam breviter subttogue 
ascendens. Apertura paulo obliqua, oblonga, vix lunata, 
superne angulata, patula, intus cum partete et columella 


g2 ANCEY: SHELLS FROM BOLIVIA AND BRAZIL. 


iltiacea, in fundo albida, strigis transmeantibus. Peristoma 
undique expansum, ad columellam parum contortam, fere 
reclam vix magts dilatatum, perforationem tegens, marginibus 
. remotis. 


Long. 28, diam. (oblig.) 11, alt. eae 14 mall. 
Matto-Grosso (Germain). 

A single specimen was found ; it is somewhat like a small 
thin 4. fedex, but otherwise quite distinct from the New Granada 
shell. 


Bulimulus xanthostomus D’Orb. 
From Santa-Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Originally described 
from the Yungas. 


Bulimulus fusoides D’Orb. 

This is a species peculiar to Bolivia. The specimens 
obtained from Santa Cruz de la Sierra are yellowish-ochraceous 
and are provided with more or less distinct and numerous 
obscure strips, which in some individuals are absent or very 
faint. ‘The colour of aperture is characteristic. Some specimens 
are more slender than others. This species is ot found in 
Ecuador, the specimens from that state I received under this 
name not belonging to it. 


Bulimulus poecilus D’Orb. 
Chiquitos, Bolivia (d’Orbigny) ; Corumba, Matto-Grosso and 
S.E. Bolivia (Smith, Germain). 
This is a very variable and common species in the above 
districts. 


Bulimulus poecilus D’Orb., var. icterica Anc. 


Testa solidula, oblongo-attenuata, obtecte perforata, nitens, lete 
flava cum sutura anfractuum infertorum et area umbtlicari 
liliacets. Spira conica, apice minuto. Anfractus 64, con- 
vextuscull, sutura inipressa, linets incrementi vix perspicuts, 
obsoletis ; ultimus oblongus, attenuatus. Apertura obliqua, 
intus lividoflava ; peristoma acutum, bast patulum, ad 
columellam valde dilatatum, eversum, marginibus remotis. 

Long. 29, alt. (obl.) 13, long. apert. 14 mill. 

Province of Matto-Grosso, Brazil (Germain). 


J.C., vii.. July, 1892. 


ANCEY : SHELLS FROM BOLIVIA AND BRAZIL. 93 


This is a striking form which I refer, with some doubt, to B. 
pecilus. ‘'Twospecimens I have seen possess just the same style 
of colouring, shape, and solidity. 


Odontostomus wagneri Pfr., var. paraguayana Anc. 


Differt a typico wagnert habitu magis ventrico, spira magts 
conica, strits costuliformibus in medianis anfractibus confertis 
distinctisque, basi et apice evanidis, apertura minus quadrata, 
dentibus tantummodo 33; uno parietalt, uno columellart 
simplici, véx orto, pliciformt, tertiogue in margine dextro 
ili fere opposito ; anfr. 12-123. 

Long. 40, diam. 12, alt. apert. 11 mill. 

Corumba, Matto-Grosso, in the basin of the Paraguay. 


Odontostomus lemoinei Anc., n. sp. 


Testa sat gracilis, elongato-attenuata, tenutuscula vel solidtuscula, 
anguste et oblique perforata, fulvido-grisca, subnitida. Spira 
elongata, regulariter usque ad summum attenuata, apice 
obtustuscula. Anfractus 9} regulariter et paulatim accres- 
centes, convexiuscult, sutura simplict tmpressague atscrett, 
4 vel 5 primi subleves, seguentes costulis obliguts obsoletes 
prediti,infert pallide et trregulariter vermiculatt vel rugifert, 
ultimus attenuatus, circa umbilicum angulatus, haud as- 
cendens, latere dextro deplanatus et scrobiciulatus, oblongus, 
precedente vix major. Apertura distincte obliqua, tr- 
regulariter oblonga, extus biangulata (superne et inferne), 
ringens, scilicet ; tuberculo partetali medtocri, lamelliformi , 
plica columellari vix subtorto, simplict, prominente , dente tn 
interiore marginis dextri magore et ceteris opposito ; denique 
callo incrassato in parte basali declivi et cum dextra angulo 
juncta. LPeristoma prope insertionem strictum, dehine in- 
crassatum, album, expansum, ad basin et presertim ad 
columellam dilatatum ; marginis callo tenut juncte. 


Long. 22, lat. 64, alt. apert. 6 mill. 


Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Germain). 


Var. brevior. 


Magis abbreviata, relative lator, apertura major, anfractus 
modo 9. 


Long. 184, lat. 64, alt. apert. vix 6 mill. 
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Germain). 


94 ANCEY: SHELLS FROM BOLIVIA AND BRAZIL. 


This form, quite a new one for Bolivia, is distinguished at 
a glance from similar species, as O. achatanus Doering, know 
to inhabit the Argentine Republic. 


Bulimus floccosus Spix ? 

To this rare and beautiful species I refer, with some doubt, 
two examples from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, provisionally identi- 
fied as #. floccosws. A further examination is necessary, as 
they may belong to a new species. 


Orthalicus pulchellus Spix. 
Received from Corumba, Matto-Grosso (Smith, Germain). 


Nenia orbignyi Anc.. 4.4 2 24 Avot) 

This fine novelty, recently published by myself in ‘The 
British Naturalist,’ has never been figured. ; 

It is the second species of the genus described from 
Bolivia, the other being ™. do/iviana_ Bottger, a much smaller 
form, only 12 mill. in length, belonging to the group of 
adamstana Pfeiffer, of Chanchamayo, Andes of Peru. 

LV. orbignyt is somewhat allied to my JV. s¢y/:na, from New 
Granada, but is larger, less slender, of different colour and 
shape, and is more finely sculptured, the ribs being very oblique. 
NV. crosset Hidalgo is larger, more elongate, has more numerous 
volutions, and the colour and sculpture are altogether dissimilar. 

This new species was discovered by Mr. P. Germain, to 
whom natural history is much indebted for his researches in 
Chili, and more recently in Paraguay, Bolivia, and Matto-Grosso. 


Cyclophorus orbignyi Anc., n. sp. 


Testa discoideo-depressa, late et perspective umbilicata, solida, 
sub epidermide fulvida deciduague griseo-albida, ad summum 
rubella, rudis, haud nitens. Spira parum elata, vertice 
prominulo, minuto. Anfractus 5 regulariter et rapide con- 
volutt, convext, sutura profunda,; 3 primi leves, sequentes 
acute lirati, liris prominentibus, regularibus (petphericts et 
basalibus magis elevatis), numero vartiabilibus, minoribus 
tnterzectis , ultimus cylindricus, prope aperturam lente des- 


J.C., vii., July, 1802. 


ANCEY: SHELLS FROM BOLIVIA AND BRAZIL. 95 


cendens, in umbilico ipso subito levigatus vel pauciliratus. 
Umbilicus + saltem latitudinis adequans, vel paulo magis. 
Apertura obliqua, circularts, superne angulata. — Peristoma 
continuum, simplex, anfractut penultimo appressum. Oper- 
culum tenue, corneum, extus concavum, ceterum arctispirale. 


Diam. maj. 2%, min. 16, alt. apert. (oblique) 73% mill. 
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Germain). 

This looks, at first, more like an Osfodes from New Cale- 
donia and other islands of the South Pacific (as O. artensts, 
bocageanus, or guestier? ), than an American species. Its pro- 
minent lire, dull colour and deciduous epidermis are its most 
striking characters. Although quite different, it belongs to the 
group of C. cumingt. 

I give this shell the name of the great French naturalist 
and traveller, who first collected shells in that portion of South 
America, M. Alcide d’Orbigny. 


Helicina leucozonalis Anc., n. sp. 


Testa turbinata, pallide flava, ad aperturam pallide carneo tincta, 
subopacula, nitens, sub valida lente linets obliquis in atrec- 
tionem e dextraad sinistram, striolas incrementt vix aistinctas 
transgredientibus levissime impressa (linets trregularibus, 
interruptis, interdum fere. defictentibus).  Spira conica, sub- 
acuta ; anfractus 5, subplant. sutura lineart, ultimus angulo 
obtuso zona opace albida notato cinctus, supra convextusculus, 
subtus convexus. Apertura subobliqua, semilunaris, extus 
subangulata ; peristoma incrassatum, expanstusculum, pallide 
lutescens, angulo acuto externegue mucronulato cum callo 
columellart parvo junctum. Operculum testaceum, fulvescens. 


Diam. maj. 8, min. 64, alt. 6, alt. apert. 4 mul. 
Matto-Grosso (Germain). 

In shape it somewhat resembles 1. /zdenz Pfr., HZ. trossula 
Morelet, and others from Mexico and Central America, but its 
colour, although not vivid in the three specimens before me, is 
quite different. 


Helicina bourguignatiana Anc., n. sp. 


Testa peraffinis preecedenti, sed major, spira elatior, anfractus 5, 

color uniformiter intense luteus, pertstoma wvivide luteum, 
zona opaca ultimt anfractus magts conspicua, tn penultimo 
suturam sequens, callum basale magts circumscriptum. 


96 ANCEY : SHELLS FROM BOLIVIA AND BRAZIL, 


Diam. 94, alt. 84, alt. apert. 44 mill. 
Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Germain). 

I name this fine shell after my regretted friend, M. J. R. 
Bourguignat, the well-known author, whose recent loss for con- 
chology will be lamented by anyone who studies European and 
African mollusca. 


Helicina fulva 1’Orb. 

Originally discovered in Bolivia by d’Orbigny, but actually 
detected also in Matto-Grosso. The characters of this shell 
appear to be constant, the only variation being a more or 
less elevated spire. The operculum is reddish and rather thick. 


Helicina lirifera Anc., n. sp. 


Testa acute carinata, sublenticularts, solidula, fulvo-castanea, nitt- 
aula, concentrice lirata, liris distantibus, lineas tncrementt 
transgredientibus, infra magis approximatis.  Spira late 
conica, acuta. Anfractus 5 applanatt, sutura lineart, ultimus 
casina magna mediana cinctus, infra convexus. Apertura 
securiformis. Peristoma expansum et tncrassatum, lividum, 
angulo haud dentifero cum callo granulato et circumscripto 
junctum. 


Diam. maj. 124, min. 104, alt. vix 8, alt. apert. 45 mill. 
Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Germain). 

Distinguished from Helcina caracolla Moric., the nearest 
allied form, by the development of the lirze, much less broad 
peristome, more elevated spire, and many other less conspicu- 
ous features. 


Helicina sulfurea Anc., n. sp. 


Testa depresse turbinata, tenuts, late flava, cum lineolts concentricts 
albis tenuibus persepe interruptis, interdum supra imfraque 
carinam peripheriea rubro cincta, extliter concentrice lirata, 
subtus spiraliter striata. Spira conica, acuta, Anfractus 
Al plant, sutura lineart, ultimus superne dechvis, subtus con- 
vexus, callo concolore, granulato, circumscripto. Apertura 
obligua, securiformis, margine basalt late arcuato. Peristoma 
expanstusculum, incrassatum, angulo submucronato cum callo 
junctum. 


J.C., vii., July, 1892. 


ANCEY : SHELLS FROM BOLIVIA AND BRAZIL. 97 


— Diam. maj. 64, min. 54, alt. 43, alt. apert. 23 mill. 
Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Germain). 


This pretty Helicina is much like H. angulata Sow. and 
Hf. carinata D’Orb., the former a Brazilian, the latter also a 
Bolivian species, which, although unknown to me, does not 
present the same sculpturing as the present one. 


Cyane sp. nov. 

A single specimen was collected at Santa Cruz de la Sierra 
of a species which appears to belong to the above genus ; it 
may be distinct from C. d/andiana H. Ad., but I do not under- 
take to describe it as new until I get further information about 
Mr. Adams’s species. 


Besides the above shells, the collection I had the 
opportunity of examining included several other Happie and 
Bulimuli not yet identified, two Ancylt, some Planorbes, a 
Paludestrina, a Stenogyra, Helix estella D’Orb. (Santa Cruz de 
la Sierra), and 4. heliaca D’Orb. (Matto-Grosso). I intend to 
give some further information about them. 


FIG I. iG. 2s 


Odontostomus lemoinet Nenia orbignyt 
(See page 93). (See page 94). 
SS OE SS Se 


98 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS 
A LIST OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA 
OR Maer AW BAW iE AND: 


By MISS AMY WARREN. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, October 5th, 1892). 


I HAVE been induced to prepare the following List, although 
only the result of shore-collecting, as the bay has never been 
investigated by the collector’s dredge; so that my more prosaic 
finds will give some idea of what the locality produces, especially 
as it is the result of several years’ research. Also, I have never 
been content with the mere shell-drift of the sandy shore, but 
have had many a day’s hard work amongst the rocks—always 
the most interesting, and on this coast sometimes exciting, as 
there is often an idea of danger from the incoming rollers of 
the Atlantic. 


Killala Bay, on the west coast of Ireland, opens to the 
north, and from Kilcummin Head (Mayo) to Kinnasharragh 
Point (Sligo) is about eight miles. The Island of Bartra (2} 
miles long), which is all sand-hills to the seaward, lies partly 
across the head of the bay and forms a natural break-water, 
and the Enniscrone sand-hills stretch out two miles and nearly 
meet those of Bartra, the river Moy channel dividing them. 
Between these and the mainland are extensive sand-flats, and 
here the estuary shells are to be found. The shore under 
Kilcummin Head is very rocky, as is also the coast north of 
Enniscrone. This description of the locality will shew what to 
expect in the following List. 

The arrangement I have followed is that of Jeffreys’ ‘ British 
Conchology.’ 


I have to acknowledge the great kindness of Mr. J. T. 
Marshall, of Sevenoaks, Torquay, who has always responded 
most willingly to my numerous appeals for help in identification. 


J.C.. vii., Oct., 1892. 


WARREN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. 99 


Anomia ephippium L. Common at low-water on stones, 
and Laminaria roots. The var. aculeata I have found 
more frequently on the roots than on stones. 


Ostrea edulis L. Moyne, at the Mayo side of the Bay, is 
the only locality where I know the Oyster to be living. 


Pecten pusio (I..). I have found this shell occasionally near 
Enniscrone. 

P. varius (L.). 

P. opercularis (L.). 

P. tigrinus Miill. Only three single valves, Enniscrone, 

P. maximus (L.). After storms cast up alive on the sandy 
shores of Bartra and Enniscrone. 


Lima subauriculata (Mont.). A valve. 

Mytilus edulis L. Swarming in every suitable place. 

M. modiolus L. 

M. barbatus L. Occasionally. 

M. phaseolinus (Phil.). Rare onthis coast. I have only 
found two alive and nesting in the Corad/ina officinalis that 
fringes the rock-pools at Carrahubbuck. 

Modiolaria marmorata (Forb.). Rarely found in shell-sand. 

M. costulata (Riss.). Rather abundant in some rock-pools at 
Carrahubbuck, nesting in C. officinalis, also in Chondrus 
crispus, though more rarely. 

M. discors (L.). Same as the last, though making its nest 
nearer the roots of the sea-weed than JZ. costulata. 

Nucula nucleus (L.). Occasionally in the debris amongst the 
rocks at Carrahubbuck. 

Arca tetragona Poli. Single valves are of frequent occur- 
rence, and One perfect specimen has been met with. 

Lepton nitidum Turt. 

L. clarkige Clark. Enniscrone and Bartra. 

Montacuta substriata (Mont.). Valves only in shell-sand, 
Enniscrone. 


I0O0 WARREN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. 


M. bidentata (Mont.). Occasionally procured in the debris 
amonest the rocks at Carrahubbuck. 

M. ferruginosa (Mont.). Valves very common in shell-sand, 
and after a gale in February, 1892, I found two perfect 
specimens at Enniscrone. 

M. dawsoni Jeff. A valve of this very rare species was 
detected by Mr. Marshall in- drift from Bartra Island. 
Other valves were dredged in deep water off Donegal Bay 
in the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition. 

Laszea rubra (Mont.). Very abundant, living amongst the 
crowded mussels on the rocks and in the tufts of Lzchzna 
pPYgmaa. 

Kellia suborbicularis (Mont.). In the Saxicava burrows in 
the limestone. 

Lucina borealis (L.). A few perfect and full-grown shells on 
the sandy shores of Bartra and Enniscrone. 

Axinus flexuosus (Mont.). At Bartra, frequently in shell- 
sand, but never alive. 

Cyamium minutum (Fab.). 

Cardium echinatum IL. Common, cast up alive on the 
sandy shores after storms. 

C. exiguum Gmel. A few good specimens at Enniscrone. 

C. fasciatum Mont. Valves at Enniscrone. 

C. nodosum Tutt. 

C. edule L. 

C. norvegicum Speng. In January, 1878, an unusually 
severe gale displaced many sand-banks in the bay, causing 
them to yield up their treasures. The ‘ill wind’ in this 
case brought the treasures to land, and several very fine 
specimens of this handsome Carvdium were procured at 
Enniscrone. 

Cyprina islandica (L.). Rare on this coast. Single valves 
occasionally. | 

Astarte triangularis (Mont.). Enniscrone. 


J.C., vii., Oct , 1892. 


WARREN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. IOI 


Circe minima (Mont.). At Pullaheeny, some miles north of 
Enniscrone. 

Venus exoleta L. Frequently thrown up alive after storms. 

V. lincta Pult. Same as the last. 

V. fasciata (DaCost.). Very rare on this coast. I have seen 
only one perfect and full-grown specimen obtained at 
Enniscrone, and two young valves. 

V. casina L. Rather rare. Only three perfect examples of 
this fine shell have been procured. 

V. gallina L. Abundant on all our sandy shores. 

Tapes virgineus (1..). 

T. pullastra (Mont.). Living in muddy gravel at Moyne, and 
on the south side of Bartra. 

T. pullastra var. perforans (Mont.). Abundant at Carra- 
hubbuck in the burrows of the Saxicauva. 

T. decussatus L. With Z: pudlastra 

Lucinopsis undata (Penn.). One valve only at Pullaheeny. 

Gastrana fragilis (L.). One valve on the sands, Enniscrone. 

Tellina crassa (Penn.). Very rare. One specimen on the 
sands at Enniscrone. 

T balthica L. 

T. tenuis DaCost. 

T. fabula Gron. 

T. pusilla Phil. Two valves on the sandy shore of Bartra, 
and two perfect shells taken from the stomach of haddock 
caught in thirty fathoms off Kilcummin Head. 

Psammobia ferroensis (Chem.). Occasionally taken at 
Enniscrone. 

P. vespertina (Chem.). Pullaheeny. 

Donax vittatus (DaCost.). 

Mactra solida L. 

M. solida var. elliptica Bro. also occurs. 

M. stultorum L. 


i102 WARREN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. 


Lutraria elliptica Lam. Abundant. After storms cast up 
alive on the sandy shores of Bartra and Enniscrone, on 
the sea-ward side. 

Scrobicularia prismatica (Mont.). <A few single valves, 
Enniscrone. 

S. piperata (Gm.). 

Ceratisolen legumen (L.). Frequently cast up alive after 
storms. 

Solen ensis L. 

S. siliqua L. 

Thracia preetenuis (Pult.). A few perfect specimens were 
obtained at Bartra. 

T. papyracea (Poli). I have seldom met withthis shell. A 
few perfect and full-grown specimens on Bartra, and two 
valves of the var. v//oscusculda in shell-sand, Enniscrone. 

T. distorta (Mont.). © Of frequent occurrence in the debris 
amongst the rocks at Carrahubbuck, though rarely found 
alive. More numerous in winter, when the storms have 
broken up the perforated rocks in which they harbour. 

Corbula gibba Olivi. 

Mya arenaria L. Abundant in the estuary. 

M. binghami (Turt.). Odd valves at Carrahubbuck. 


Saxicava rugosa (L.). The limestone all along the coast is 
excavated by this species. I have got the var. pholadis (L.), 
and var. precisa (Mont.), the latter at low-water attached to 
stones in rock-pools. 

Venerupis irus (L.). Very common, occupying the deserted 
burrows of Savicava rugosa. I have frequently taken the 
young in rock-pools at low-water. 

Teredo megotara Han. Drift timber, several times. 

Chitonidee. Of these I have no record, as I never collected 
any, although seeing several when shell-hunting at low-water. 

Patella vulgata L. 

Helcion pellucidum (L.). Common on the Zaminaric. 


J-C. Oct., vii., 1892. 


WARREN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. 103 


Tectura virginea (Mill.). Common on stones at extreme low- 
water of spring-tides. 

Emarginula fissura (L.). Occasionally at Carrahubbuck. 

E. rosea Bell. Mr. Marshall has this species from same 
locality. 

Fissurella graeca (L.). Common at Carrahubbuck. 

Capulus hungaricus (L.). 

Cyclostrema nitens (Phil.). Rare on this coast. A few 
specimens in shell-sand, Enniscrone. 

Trochus magus L. Occasionally at Enniscrone. 

. tumidus Mont. 

. cinerarius L. 

. umbilicatus (Mont.). 


4a 


. Guminyi (Requien). One imperfect specimen of this very 
rare shell was detected by Mr. Marshall in shell-sand from 
Bartra. 

T. lineatus (DaCost.). 

T. montacuti W. Wood. 

T. zizyphinus L. 

Phasianella pullus (L.). 

Lacuna divaricata (Fab.). 

L. puteolus (Turt.). A dwarf form rather common on small 

sea-weeds at low-water. 

L. pallidula (DaCost.). Occasionally on Zaminarie and Fucus 

at low-water. 

Littorina obtusata (L.). 

L. obtusata var. fabalis (Turt.). 

L. rudis Maton. 

L. littorea (L.). 

Rissoa striatula (Mont.). Several fine specimens in the debris 

amongst the rocks at Carrahubbuck. 

R. cancellata (DaCost.). Occasionally in the same locality as 

the above. 

R. reticulata (Mont.). One only at Enniscrone. 


104 WARREN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. 


R. punctura (Mont.). Of frequent occurrence at Bartra and 
Enniscrone. 
. costata (Adams). Rather common, Bartra. 


R 

R. parva (DaCost.). Swarming on all small sea-weeds. 

R. parva var. exilis Jeff. Bartra, rare. 

R. inconspicua Alder. Mr. Marshall has detected this shell 

in drift from Enniscrone. 

R. membranacea (Adams). Occasionally at Bartra and 
Enniscrone. 

. violacea Desm. Amongst the rocks at Carrahubbuck. 

. striata (Adams). 

. proxima Alder. Rare at Enniscrone. 

fulgida (Ad.). 

. soluta Phil. 

. semistriata (Mont.). 

. cingillus (Mont.). Of frequent occurrence. 


uf pu) Gul pul pol 0) 0 


Hydrobia ulvz (Penn.). Swarming on green sea-weeds 
throughout the estuary. 

Barleeia rubra(Mont.). Rare on this coast. J have only seen 
one. 

Jeffreysia diaphana (Alder). Rare, Enniscrone. 

Skenea planorbis (Fab.). 

Homalogyra atomus (Phil.). Shell-sand, Enniscrone. 

H. rota (For. & Han.). I wish I could say I had procured this 
lovely atom. But I have only gazed on it for a few 
moments. Some years ago I brought some small sea- 
weeds from Carrahubbuck, and put them in a plate of 
water, and had got the lens on #. rota, shewing well in 
a good light, when I was called away hurriedly, and on my 
return the little animal had vanished for ever. 

Cecum glabrum (Mont.). 

Turritella terebra (L.). 

Scalaria turtone (Turt.). Rare on this coast. I have only 
procured two imperfect specimens. 

S. communis Lam. Rather frequent. 


J-C., vii., Oct., 1892. 


WARREN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. 105 


S. clathratula (Adams). Occasionally at Barira and Ennis- 
crone. 

Aclis unica (Mont.). Mr. Marshall has this species from Bartra 
and Enniscrone. 

A. ascaris (Turt.). [am also indebted to Mr. Marshall for 
detecting this rare shell from Enniscrone gatherings. 

Odostomia nivosa (Mont.). Occasionally in dnit from 
amongst the rocks at Carrahubbuck. 

O. rissoides Han. 

O. pallida (Mont.). 

O. unidentata (Mont.). Rare. A few specimens only. 

O. turrita Han. Occasionally. 

O. plicata (Mont.). Common. 

O. insculpta (Mont.). 

O. warreni (Thompson). Very fine specimens of this rare 
shell from Enniscrone and Carrahubbuck. 

O. indistincta (Mont.). 

O. interstincta (Mont). 

O. spiralis (Mont.). 

The above three species are sparingly found at Carra- 
hubbuck. 

O. excavata (Phil.). Rare. I have only seen one. 

O. lactea (L..). Of frequent occurrence. 

O. nitidissima Mont. Mr. Marshall detected this rare shell 
in drift from Enniscrone and Barira, six specimens in all. 

lanthina rotundata Leach. These ocean waifs only come 
ashore at rare intervals in late autumn. 

Eulima polita(L.). A few examples, Bartra and Enniscrone. 

E. distoria (Deshayes). Occasionally in shell-sand, Enniscrone. 

E. bilineata Alder. 

Natica catena (DaCost.). 

N. alderi Forb. Vars. Zacfea and subovalis also occur. 

Adeorbis subcarinatus (Mont.). Occasionally at Bartra 
and Enniscrone. 


106 WARREN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. 


Lamellaria perspicua (L.). Common in shell-sand, Bartra 
and Enniscrone. 

Velutina leevigata (Penn.). Bartra. 

Aporrhais pes-pelecani (L.). 

Cerithium reticulatum (DaCost.). 

C. perversum (L.). 

Cerithiopsis tubercularis (Mont.). Rather common in the 
debris amongst the rocks, Carrahubbuck. Var. zana also 
occurs. 

Purpura lapillus (L.). 

Buccinum undatum L. 

Murex erinaceus L. 

Fusus antiquus (L.). 

F. gracilis (DaCost.). 

Nassa reticulata (L.). 

N. incrassata (Strom). 

N. pygmea (Lam.). 

Defrancia jinearis (Mont.). Common at Carrahubbuck. 

D. leufroyi (Mich.). Mr, Marshall has this species from this 
locality. 

D. purpurea (Mont.). A few specimens, living, at low water, 
Carrahubbuck. 

Pleurotoma costata (Don.). Carrahubbuck. 

P. rufa (Mont.). Bartra and Carrahubbuck. 

Marginella levis (Don.). Rare on this coast. 

Cyprezea europea Mont. 

Cylichna cylindracea (Penn.). 

C. umbilicata (Mont.). 

Utriculus truncatulus (Brug.). 

U. obtusus (Mont.). Occasionally. 

U. expansus Jeff. Mr. Marshall has this shell from Bartra. 

U. hyalinus (Turt.). | Very fine specimens in shell-sand from 
Bartra. 

Actzon tornatilis (L.). 


J-C@., vit.) Oct., 1892. 


WARREN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF KILLALA BAY, IRELAND. 107 


Scaphander lignarius(L.). Young shells only after a storm. 

Philine scabra (Mill.). Very fine specimens, Bartra and 
Enniscrone, 

P. scabra var. circa Marshall. Bartra Island. _ This has 
already been recorded in the ‘ Journal’ for January, 1889. 

P. catena(Mont.). Occasionally, Bartraand Enniscrone. Also 
the var. zona Jeff. 

P. angulata Jeff. One specimen, imperfect, was detected in 
shell-sand from Enniscrone by Mr. Marshall. 

P. punctata (Clark). Occasionally at Bartra. In 1887 I got 
some particularly good drift on Bartra Island, and in some 
I sent to Mr. Marshall he discovered the var. cengulata of 
this species, analogous to his var. civca of P. scabra. 

P. nitida Jeff. Mr. Marshall detected some specimens from 
Enniscrone and Bartra. 

P. aperta (L.). Common, Bartra and Enniscrone. 

Aplysia punctata Cuv. 

Melampus myosotis (Drap.). In several parts of the estuary 
where fresh water oozes over the muddy and grassy spots. 
The var. v/ngens lives with the type. 

Otina otis (Turt.). ‘Two specimens in shell-sand, Enniscrone. 

Spirialis retroversus (Flem.). In shell-sand, Bartra. On 
one occasion, some years ago, these minute shells were 
washed ashore literally in millions, appearing like masses 
of froth. 


It may be a matter of surprise to many readers to find so 
few perfect specimens recorded of those shells cast up on the 
beach, but their surprise would cease did they see the numbers 
of large powerful-billed birds—such as the great black-backed 
and herring gulls—always watching the receding tide ready to 
seize on all that may be washed up. 

September 22, 1892. 


108 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ADDITIONS, © TH SOULE. DEVON SEIS ZOk 
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 


By CHARLES OLDHAM. 
(Read before the Conchological Society, November 4, 1892). 


_ In the latter half of August I spent a few days in the neighbour- 

hood of Topsham, with my friend, Mr. L. E. Adams, and among 

other shells we collected were the following, which are not in- 

cluded in Mr. E. D. Marquand’s List (‘ J. of C.,’ vol. vi, p. 136). 

Arion ater.—We did not see a single typical a¢e7, but found 
several specimens of the var. /zco/or in grass by the road- 
side near ‘Topsham. 

A. subfuscus.—Two or three specimens in the same place as 
the last species. 

A, minimus.—One at Exmouth. 

A. hortensis..—Common at Topsham. 

Amalia gagates.—This species and the three following ones 
were extremely plentiful in Mr. H. McMurdo’s garden at 
Topsham. The typical form of gagazes was not seen at all, 
the majority of those collected being referable to the var. 
rava, a few examples of the var. A/wmbea being noted. 

A. sowerbyi. 

Limax flavus. 

Agriolimax agrestis.—Common on the road-sides and hedge- 
banks. 

A. levis. 
A, minimus. 

Hyalinia nitida.—Three specimens under a log in a meadow 
near ‘Topsham. 


A single example in a marshy spot at Exmouth, with 


Helix rotundata.—A single specimen of the var. a/da with 
the type at Topsham. 

H. caperata var. fulva.—A few on a bank by the road-side 
at ‘Topsham. 

H. virgata var. lutescens.—Very plentiful on the road-side 
between Exeter and ‘Topsham ; also at Exmouth. 


J.C., vii, Oct., 1892. 


OLDHAM : ADDITIONS TO SOUTH DEVON MOLLUSCA. 109 


Planorbis spirorbis.—In a ditch near Countess Weir. 

Valvata piscinalis.—Common in the canal at Topsham. 

Hydrobia jenkinsi.—In a ditch near Topsham. (Mr. Adams 
will give particulars of this find in another article). 

Unio pictorum.—Two dead shells in the Exe at Topsham 
Ferry. 

Pisidium amnicum var. flavescens.—All the shells which 
we took in the canal near Exeter belong to this form. 

P. fontinale var. pulchella.—Common in ditches in Ex- 
minster marshes. The typical /oztcale was taken in ditches 
by the side of the canal between Exeter and Topsham. 

P. pusillum.—Commen in Exminster marshes. 

P. milium.—A few in Exminster marshes and the canal near 
Exeter. 

Dreissensia polymorpha.—Small, in canal near Topsham. 


During our visit we had the pleasure of inspecting collec- 
tions of local shells, made by Mrs. Smith and Mr. McMurdo. 
They contain some beautiful series of the varieties of H. horten- 
sts and Hf. nemoralis, including very fine examples of hortenszs 
var. rozeozonata. Mrs. Smith has a ventricose form of Anodonta 
cygnea from the canal at Topsham, and Mr. McMurdo an ex- 
ample of 7. aspersa var. exallida from a hedge-bank between 
Topsham and Exeter. It may be mentioned that Myalinia 
draparnaldi occurs in Mr. McMurdo’s garden. 

Ona patch of grass by the road-side near Topsham, we 
noticed three cases of union between typical / v7gata and the 
var. dutescens, but did not observe any other couples. At Bud- 
leigh Salterton, Mr. Adams subsequently noted a union between 
the vars. /wdescens and albicans. 

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck has kindly identified all the slugs 
mentioned in the foregoing list, with the exception of 4. hor- 
tensts and A. agrestis, which we did not trouble to send him. 


October 10th, 1892. 


IIo JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF WUCUZLA, 
AND A LIST OF THE SPECIES BELONGING 
TO THE SUB-GENUS AC/ZLA. 


By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Noy. 4, 1802). 


The very fine species about to be described has recently 
been obtained by the British Museum from Mr. H. Fulton. It 
belongs to that section of the genus, characterised by the valves 
being ornamented with divaricate sculpture, to which Messrs. 
H. and A. Adams gave the subgenerie name of Aci/a. Of this 
group the following recent species are known, and it also occurs 
fossil in the tertiary formations. 


I. Nucula (Acila) divaricata Hinds. 
Nucula divaricata Hinds. Zool. Voy. Sulphur, p. 62, pl. 
XvliL., fig. 4. 
N. divaricata Hanley in Sowerby’s Thes. Conch. vol. il., 
Oh WR, (Ole Aekeh sales ielsyie 
N. divaricata Sowerby, Conch. Icon. pl. iv., fig. 29. 
N. (Acila) divaricata Chenu, Manuel, vol. ii., p. 179, fig. 899. 
Hab. : China Sea at a depth of 84 fathoms. 
Of this species Mr. Hanley remarks :—‘‘ Were it not that 
the described number of the teeth is much greater in the smaller 
shell, I should have believed this to be an immature mradz/is.” 


2. Nucula (Acila) castrensis Hinds. 
Nucula castrensis Hinds. Zool. Voy. Sulphur, p. 63, pl. 
XVI, fig. 5. 
N. castrensis Hanley, Thes. Conch., vol. ii1., p. 155, pl. 230, 
fig. 148. 
N. castrensis Sowerby, Conch. Icon., pl. iv., fig. 32. 


J.C., vii., Oct., 1892. 


SMITH : DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF NUCULA. III 


N. lyalli Baird, in Lord’s Naturalist in Vancouver, vol. i1., 


P: 369. 

Hab. : Sitka Island, North-west America (Hinds) ; Esquimalt 
Harbour, Vancouver Island 8-10 fathoms (Baird) ; off Fort 
Rupert, Vancouver, 12 fathoms (in Brit. Mus.); Puget 
Sound; and Catalina Islands, California (Carpenter). 


There is little doubt that the /V. Zya// of Baird is the adult 
form of this species, as suggested by Carpenter in his Report 
on the Mollusca of Western North America. 


8. Nucula (Acila) mirabilis Adams and Reeve. 

Nucula mirabilis Adams and Reeve. Moll. Voy. Sama- 
Tang, ps 755 Die 24, figs 3: 

N. mirabilis Hanley in Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., vol. iii., 
[Os Weis, IE Oxo), salen i wz 

N. mirabilis Sowerby Conch. Icon., pl. i., fig. 4. 

N. (Acila) mirabilis H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii., p. 545, 
Smith, Lamellibranchiata ‘‘ Challenger,” p. 230. 

Hab. : Off Japan and Korea; off Kobé, 8-50 fathoms (Chal- 
lenger); Nagasaki Bay (Ad. & Rve.); Pt. Hamilton, 
Korea, 19 fathoms (Brit. Mus.). 

4. Nucula (Acila) insignis Gould. 

Nucula (Acila) insignis Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., 1861, vol. 8, p. 36; Otia Conchol., p. 175. 

Hab, : Hakodadi (Gould); and off Cape Blunt, Japan, lat. 
4r 41 N., long. 141° E., in 35 fathoms (Brit Mus.). 

This species has been confused with . mzradzlis by certain 
authors. It. is, however, quite distinct in form. It is more 
regularly oval, like the fossil . cobboldi, etc., and has not 
the pouting or rostrate extremity anteriorly, and the con- 
centric strize or minute lines of growth are very much finer. 


5. Nucula (Acila) fultoni sp. nov. 


Testa ovato-triangularts, valde tnequilateralis, crassa, epiderinide 
Jusco-oltvacea induta, antice acuminata, rostrata, postice 
rotundata ; margo dorst posticus elongatus, leviter arcuatus 
et declivis, anticus valde descendens, ventralis regulariter 
arcuatus, antice prope rostrum Jleviter sinuatus ; umbones 


112 SMITH : DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF NUCULA. 


incurvatl, ad apicem parvit, acuti, antice inclinati ; valve 
valide, lirts tenutbus arcuatts in medio et prope angulum 
umbonalem maxime adivaricatis ornate, linets tncrementt, hic 
illic conspicuts, sculpte ; area antica subconcava, sed tn medio 
leviter prominens, liras tenutores exhibens ; pagina interna 
albido-margaritacea, radiatim obsolete substriata, ad mar- 
ginem infertorem tenutssime subcrenulata ; cicatrices sub@- 
guales, trregulariter rotundate ; dentes cardints valid, acutt, 
anteriores circiter undecim, posteriores, quorum pauct infra 
apicem minimt, circa 233 fossa ligamenti mediocris, postice 
enclinata. 


Longit. 364 millim., alt. 25, diam. 16. 


Hab.: Bay of Bengal, off the mouth of the River Hugli, in 
deep water. 


This species is remarkable for its large size, the very 
inequilateral valves, and the fine divaricate sculpture. The 
anterior extremity forms a decided but short beak. Near this, 
but a little behind the curved umbonal ridge, the valves exhibit 
a shallow depression or groove, which radiates from the ventral 
margin, where it terminates in a slight insinuation towards the 
umbones. ‘The raised lire diverge or divaricate not only ata 
line which runs from the apices to the lower margin bisecting 
the valves into about equal parts, but also at the umbonal 
angle. The epidermis is yellowish towards the umbones, but 
becomes browner and darker towards the outer margin, 
especially posteriorly. 

In many respects this fine species resembles VV. mzrabilis 
(Adams and Reeve) from the Japanese Sea. It is, however, 
larger (being the largest living species of the genus MVucu/a 
yet described), has a yellowish epidermis, and is more triangular 
in form. The ventral outline is more broadly arcuate and less 
sinuated anteriorly than in JV. mrabilis, the umbones are less 
terminal, the anterior or rostrate end is more produced, and the 
inner edges of the valves are less distinctly crenulated. 


J.C., vii., Oct., 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. tee) 


IGG SHEPIELS ; 


NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE 
ISLAND OF EIGG. 


By THE REV. JOHN McMURTRIE, D.D. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, 6th May, 1801). 


The List 1s authenticated by specimens, which are herewith presented to the 
Museum of the Conchological Society at Leeds. 


The writer enjoyed the hospitality of the owner of the 
island in August, 1888, and again in July, 1890. His time was 
not wholly devoted to natural history, but the molluscan fauna 
of several likely places was examined with some care. 


Eigg (pronounced Egg) is one of the Inner Hebrides, lying 
midway between Skye and the point of Ardnamurchan, and 
belonging to the conchological vice-county of Ebudes North, 
from which there are as yet comparatively few records of the 
land and freshwater mollusca. Civilly, it is in the County of 
Inverness, though the other islands, viz, Muck, Rum, and 
Canna, which together with Eigg make up the parish of Small 
Isles, are in Argyll. The island is six and a half miles long by 
four miles broad, Its geology is of great interest. It was 
described in 1813 by Professor Robert Jameson, in his A/zeral- 
ogtcal Travels through the Hebrides, etc.; and, more recently, 
by Hugh Miller, in Zhe Cruzse of the Betsy. The prevailing 
rock is basalt, which over a large part of the island is disposed 
in columns, like those of Staffa, but on a colossal scale. The 
‘Scuir of Eigg,’ conspicuous to the voyager on those western 
seas, is of splendid columnar basalt 1339 feet high. The 
‘Singing Sand’ on the north-west shore does not come within 
the scope of the Conchological Society, but it is a remarkable 
natural phenomenon, requiring further investigation. - A musical 


H 


Im4 MCMURTRIE: EIGG SHELLS. 


note is given out by the sand at every step, when one walks with 
a rubbing motion, in dry weather. 

The naturalist who knows only South and East Scotland 
finds himself here in the presence of new forms of molluscan 
life. Where the land slopes gently to the sea, He/iv acuta 
is almost as plentiful on the grassy shores as on the downs of 
Cornwall or the Isle of Wight; and Hex ztala is as 
abundant as at Dover or Folkestone, though smaller, and usually 
with a raised spire—the variety zvsfabilis. Pupa anglica keeps 
company with the familiar . cy/imdracea on the under side 
of stones. In the few places where damp moss and dead 
leaves can accumulate Hyalinia radiatula is evidently not scarce, 
and the rare variety wridescenti-alba may be found under stones. 
(H. radiatula is probably common in north-west Scotland. 
Some years ago Mr. J. H. Dixon, F.S.A., when about to publish 
his ‘Gairloch and Guide to Loch Maree,’ sent to the writer a 
quantity of shell-sand from Gairloch shore, West Ross. It 
contained 98 species and varieties of marine shells, and among 
them two shells of A. vadzatula washed from the land). 

Nead-na-Feannaig (the Crow’s or Corbie’s Nest) is the 
summer home of the proprietary family. The ‘burn’ which 
flows beside it to the sea has been taken possession of by the 
variety albida of Ancylus fluviatilis, to the exclusion of the 
type. Arill in the interior, on the way to the ‘Singing Sands,’ 
contained only A. fluviatilis var. gibbosa. A colony of Helix 
aspersa, here approaching its northern limit, has established 
itself at the foot of the minister’s glebe, on the east side of Eigg, 
close to the sea. (What a parish that excellent minister has to 
visit ! sailing over wild seas, in a small open boat, to moun- 
tainous Rum and distant Canna! But he is a modest man, who 
does his work, and says little about it). 

Limneea peregra Mill. lLagg burn, on west side, near the 
sea. The stream is of considerable size. 

Limneza peregra var. lineata Bean. Small stream on west 
side, not near the sea. All the specimens shewed many 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1892. 


MCMURTRIE : EIGG SHELLS. 115 


spiral ridges on the body whorl. One somewhat approaches 
v. gtbilmanica in form. 

Ancylus fluviatilis Mill. Manse burn. Small, often ap- 
proaching var. g7bdosa. 

Ancylus fluviatilis var. gibbosa Bourg. Very small stream 
in interior of Eigg. All the specimens were of this variety. 

Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida Jeff. Cottage burn, Nead- 
na-Feannaig. All the specimens were of this variety. 

Arion ater L. Somewhat common. No variety found. 

Arion subfuscus L. Kildonan and other places. 

Arion hortensis Fér. Not uncommon. 

Arion circumscriptus Johnst. Not uncommon. 

Arion minimus Simr. Small, grey-lilac when alive. Kil- 
donan, on east side of Eigg. 

Agriolimax agrestis L. and var. sylvatica. _ Plentiful 
throughout the island. 

Limax marginatus Mill. var. nemorosa. Among stones at 
Grulin, south-west Eigg. Twice the size of Z. agrestis. 
Keel of pale colour-along the whole back from the junction 
with the shield ; keel bordered by two broad dark lines, 
which are continued along the shield; foot pale; slime 
watery, not sticky, colourless. 

Hyalinia cellaria Mill. South end, under stones, near the 
sea. 

Hyalinia cellaria var. complanata Jeff. With the type. 

Hyalinia alliaria Mill. Ruined sheilin beyond Grulin, in 
south-west Eigg ; also plentiful among moss and leaves in 
small open drain in lawn at Nead-na-Feannaig. 

Hyalinia alliaria var. viridula Jeff. Of thirty-nine of this 
species collected by turning over the stones of the ruined 
sheilin beyond Grulin, eighteen were of this variety. 

Hyalinia nitidula Drap. At south end, among stones near 
the sea. 

Hyalinia pura Alder. Among stones and grass at south end, 
near the sea. 


116 MCMURTRIE: EIGG SHELLS. 


Hyalinia radiatula Alder. Four specimens among moss 
and leaves in small open drain in lawn at Nead-na-Fean- 
naig ; and four specimens among wet grass and stones at 
south end, near the sea. 

Hyalinia radiatula var. viridescenti-alba Jeff. A fine 
specimen living with the type among wet grass and 
stones at south end, near the sea. 

Hyalinia crystallina Mill. Among moss and leaves in 
small open drain in lawn at Nead-na-Feannaig. ‘The 
specimens are all either young, or the var. contracta = Z. 
contractus Westerl. Also among stones and grass at south 
end, near the sea. 

Hyalinia fulva Mill. ‘Two specimens in the shallow drain 
at Nead-na-Feannaig. 

Helix aspersa Miill. Behind the beach at foot of glebe; 
the shells stout and of a good size; some are of the wadu- 
/ata type, but no well marked variety was found. 

Helix nemoralis I. Very few found. South end, near the 
sea. All the specimens small, approaching var. mznor, 
banding 12345. The decidedly small specimens are 
noted below. 

Helix nemoralis var. minor Mog. 12345. South end, 
near the sea. 

Helix nemoralis var. libellula-minor. 12345 and 1(23)45. 
South end, near the sea 

Helix nemoralis var. libe!lula-minor. 00300. East side, 
one specimen. 

Helix hortensis Mill. South end, near the sea. Only a 
few found. 

Helix hortensis var. lutea Mog. South end, near the sea. 
Only a few found. 

Helix arbustorum L. The type was found on the west 
side only, in August, 1888. But the weather was ex- 
tremely dry. | Two small specimens appear to be not 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1892. 


MCMURTRIE : EIGG SHELLS. iy 


fully grown, though they have the labial rib. A speci- 
men with the upper whorls normal (except that they 
approach var. pallida), but the lower and larger part of 
the body whorl is membranous. The animal’s power of 
secreting calcareous matter seems to have suddenly failed ; 
there is, nevertheless, a perfect lip with the usual rib. 

Helix arbustorum var. flavescens Mog. A perfect speci- 
men, and one broken, probably by a thrush. This variety 
is unicolorous, somewhat solid, dull, and darker than the 
usual flavescens. South end, near the sea. About eight 
specimens from more than one point of the south end 
locality, but chiefly from the corrie opening to the sea, 
among debris of basalt, were pale yellowish, almost trans- 
parent, bandless, with a few white markings ; thin, some- 
times excessively thin, so that the shell collapsed on 
removing the animal, though great care was taken ; they 
may be referred to the var. écferina. 

Helix arbustorum var. cincta Taylor. South end, near 
the sea. ; 

Helix arbustorum var. fusca Fér. Very thin, semi-trans- 
parent, brown with the usual markings and _ peripheral 
band. South end, near the sea. 

Helix granulata Alder. South end, under stones near the 
sea ; of a good size. 

Helix itala L. Grassy banks near the sea, and among 
grass and stones on gently sloping shores; plentiful at 
foot of glebe. On the west shore near Lagg the variety 
Jeucozona prevails. ‘The north shore was not visited, but 
from the description received it is probable that the species 
occurs there. Very thin specimens in the corrie at the 
south end, as noted below. The var. gvisescens Colbeau 
is occasionally found with the type. 

Helix itala var. instabilis Ziegl. The shell tends to 
this form throughout Eigg, and is smaller than in South 
Britain. Both dark and white specimens are apt to have 


II8 MCMURTRIE: EIGG SHELLS. 


a raised spire and comparatively small umbilicus. Charac- 
teristic specimens of the variety are frequent. 

Helix itala var. leucozona Mog. This variety occurred 
at all the localities, and is not rare. The most character- 
istic specimens are entirely dark brown above, only 
sometimes shewing a very thin white line at the suture. 
The periphery is always white. When alive, the shell 
appears black, from the dark colour of the animal. Be- 
neath, there may be several lines, or one broad band. 
Intermediate forms are paler. A very thin specimen 
occurred in the corrie open to the sea at the south end. 

Helix itala var. alba Charp. This variety is also common. 
It is of a uniform dull slightly yellowish white, but occa- 
sionally has translucent lines. 

Helix itala var. hyalozonata Ckll. Less common than 
the preceding, but still not rare. It is of a pure clear 
white, with hyalozonate lines. Very thin specimens of the 
clear white hyalozonate form occurred with the thin forms 
of HA. arbustorum at the south end in the corrie open to 
the sea. 

Helix rotundata Mull. Under stones at south end, near 
the sea. 

Helix acuta Mill. Common among herbage on glebe shore, 
Lagg shore, etc. The prevailing forms are two :— 

(1) Of a uniform opaque white, with the band on the 
lowest whorl. This is common. 

(2) A form approaching the var. s¢rzgata, with one dark 
band encircling the lowest whorl. 
Among hundreds of specimens taken in Eigg, the 
yar. dfzsona did not occur, though it has been re- 
corded for Iona. 

Helix acuta var. strigata Menke. Occurs with the species, 
and with every gradation to the normal type. Of this also 
there are two forms, one or other of which might be re- 
garded as a distinct variety :— 


J.C., vii, Oct. 1892. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 11g 


(1) With the band on the lowest whorl. The white ribs 
are broader than the intervening semi-translucent 
dark streaks. 

(2) Bandless. The white ribs are narrower, so that the 
greater part of the surface is brown and semi-trans- 
lucent. 


Pupa anglica Fér. Under stones near wall of small planta- 
tion above Nead-na-Feannaig ; among stones and grass at 
south end, near the sea ; among stones of ruined sheilin 
beyond Grulin. Lives with P. cvlindracea, but is much less 
common. Some were whitish from having lost the epi- 
dermis. 

Pupa cylindracea DaCosta. Under stones ; generally distri- 
buted. A whitish specimen among those sent seems 
merely to have lost its epidermis. 

Pupa cylindracea var. edentula Mog. With the type 
occasionally ; but some trace of the columellar tooth is 
usually discernible. 

Clausilia perversa Pult. South end, near the sea, under 
stones. Half-grown specimens, of which two are sent, 
resemble, as usual, Balea perversa L.. 


Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. and var. lubricoides. South 
end, near the sea, under stones. 


—_—__—_—__—$+6- 4 ——_—_—__—_ 


The Examples of Zonites cellarius in the Mon- 
tagu Collection at Exeter.—Being in Exeter last August, 
I could not do less than examine the Montagu Collection in 
the Museum. In addition to the errors mentioned by the late 
Dr. Jeffreys in vol. 1, p. 2, of the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ I 
noticed that certainly two shells named Z. ce/larius are the 
draparnalai which is found in the neighbourhood. It will be 
remembered that Dr. Jeffreys was himself mistaken in referring 
our British draparnald? to cellarius, and figured the former as 
the latter in his ‘Brit. Conch. —Lionrt E. Apams, S:p7. 3o0/fh, 
7592. (Read before the Conchological Society, Nov. 4, 1892). 


120 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOMES URON WOQV2RZA CARY SALTS WAND 
CVYPRAAA AMPHITHATLES. 


By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Noy. 4, 1892). 


l. Cypreea chrysalis Kiener. 
M. Kiener, in his Iconographie, vol. i., p. 92 (1840), drew 
up the following description of a Cowry, till then unknown :— 


CypR#@A CHRYSALIS ‘ Nobis.’ 

C. testa ovata oblonga, ad medium tumida, ad extremttates rostrata, 
flavescente, obscuré transversim fasciata , marginibus rubsro 
violacets ; spira truncata ; apertura angustissima dentibus 
minuttssties. 


Coquille ovale oblongue, renfilé au milieu, atténuce vers ses extre- 
mites gut sont asses prolongées et un peu relevies vers le dos, 
la face inféerteure est légerement plane. La spire est tronquée 
et est dominée de beaucoup par Lechancrure supérieure. 
Louverture est tres étroite,; les tchancrures sont larges et 
profondes. Les bords sont aplatis, ornés de denticulations 
transverses extrémement fines et en grande nombre ; la col- 
umelle est anguleuse. La coquille est enticrement jaundtre ; 
on y voll par transparence de légtres traces de fascies trans- 
verses , ses échancrures sont marquces de deux petites taches 
aun rouge violace. 

Long. 14 millim. 


Cette jolie petite espice, dune forme eléegante, est remarquable par 
le prolongement et le rétrécissement de ses extrematés. La 
jigure® ga représente la grandeur naturelle, 

The shell is represented as being in the collection of the 
Museum (at Paris). 

All subsequent writers seem in doubt about the personel 
and character of this little species. The figure and description 
of Kiener have been merely copied by subsequent authors, 
presumably owing to the disappearance of the type specimen, 


* Kien. Iconogr. Cypraea., Pl. 54, fi 4, 4a. 


J.C vit, Oct. 1892. 


MELVILL: NOTES UPON CYPRA‘Z. 121 


about which I can ascertain nothing. When I last visited the 
Museum, the Cyprez were not arranged in very good order, but 
it is some years since [I last visited Paris, 


At all. events, Reeve, Sowerby, and Roberts have, as I have 
‘ said, merely copied Kiener’s description and figure, and drawn 
conclusions, more or less erroneous as to its near affinities. 

Kiener himself arranges it after cy/izdrica (Born), guadri- 
maculata (Gray), and ¢eres (Gmel.), and just before ased/us (L.), 
interrupta (Gray), and hirundo (L.). 


Sowerby (Thes. Conch.) places it amongst the Z7vza, after 
cicercula (L) and glabulus (1), and before aznulata (Gray), to 
which, in a note, he considers it allied, as a young form of some 
well-known species. 


Mr. Raymond Roberts, in Tryon (Man. Conch. Cypreea, 
p. 172) describes the species as follows: ‘Canary, obscurely 
banded, with extremities tinted deep orange, teeth very fine, no 
spots or other markings on the shell. Length °65 inch.’ Add- 
ing—‘ Believed to be the young form of some other species. 
I do not know this shell, nor can I get other information than 
that derived from Kiener.’ 

He places it after stodida (L.) and erythraensis (Beck). 

In the ‘Catalogue of Cypreea’ appended to the general 
survey of the forms and species of this genus, published in 
1888,* by myself, I find this species placed after p/yszs (Brocchi. ) 
and before ¢sade//a (L.). 

These three instances show how varied have been the 
opinions based only on a more or less accurate figure, copied 
and re-copied, opinions now, I think, all to be found very wide 
of the mark. 

Some six or eight months ago, I received from Mr. C. W. 
Viner, of Bath, an undoubted example of this species, with 
label in Kiener’s handwriting—‘ C. chrysalis, nobis.’ 


* Mem. & Proc. Manchester L. & P. Soc., vol. i., 4th Ser., p. 250. 


122 MELVILL : NOTES UPON CYPREZ. 


In size the specimen is in accord with Kiener’s plate. It is 
in most beautiful condition, which, I take it, the type was not, 
and accordingly it is seen to be delicately transversely banded 
with one central fascia, the ground of the shell being whitish 
on each side of this band, while, hardly distinguishable without 
a lens, are some pale round small spots, as in C. 7rvorata (Sol.), 
only less distinct, and it has many lateral small brown spots. 
The extremities are produced and somewhat beaked ; at each 
extremity are two dark orange spots. ‘The description, as given 
by Kiener, seems very accurate, excepting for the above- 
mentioned dorsal spots; the type specimen being probably 
worn and decorticated. 

The examination of this very beautiful little shell, con- 
spicuous for its numerous delicate and small teeth, elongate 
form, and, as already said, slightly recurved and beaked 
extremities, decorated with four orange spots, two at each 
extremity, proves it to be most nearly allied to the following, 
and I now wish to revise my published Catalogue as follows :— 

C. hirundo (1.) 
C. felina (Gmel.) 
C. fabula (Wiener) an var. preecedentis ? 
C. neglecta (Sowb.) 
C. coffea (Sowb.) 
C. owenit (Sowb.) 
CG: 
Gy, 


menkeana ( Desh.) 
fimbriata (Gmel.) 
Var. microdon (Gray) 
Var. wnifasciata (Mighels) 
Var. macula (Adams) 
Var. cholmondeleyit (Mely.) 
C. irrorata (Solander) 
. chrysalts (Wien.) 
. guadrimaculata (Gray) 
. intersupta (Gray) 
. teres (Gmelin) 


SEE SS) 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1892. 


MELVILLE NODES UPON (CYPRA AN. I 


tN 


Oo 


C. tabescens (Solander) 
Var. pellucens (Melv.) 
Var. alveolus (Tapp.-Can.) 
Var. elaiodes (Melv.) 
*C. rashleighana (Melv.) 
*C. latior (Melv.) 
C. caurica (L.) 

I consider it a good species, possessing some of the 
attributes of the var. mzcredon (Gray), of fmbriata (Gml.) some of 
C. (Narita) irrorata (Gray), others of C. guadrimaculata (Gray), 
but differing from all in the produced extremities. 


2. Cyprea amphithales (Melv.). 

When, in 1888 (Mem. & Proc. Manchester L. & P. Soc., 
vol, i., iv. ser., pp. 221, 222), I described this shell as possessing 
the qualifications of the type of Gray’s genus Cypre@ovula com- 
bined with the type (Z. a/goenszs) of the same author’s Zufonia, 
it was from a decorticated specimen that the conclusions were 
drawn. Within the last twelve months, through the kindness 
of Mr. Sowerby, I have been abie to obtain a specimen in the 
very finest possible condition, which was found by Mr. S. D. 
Bairstow, of Port Elizabeth, and who, I understand, possesses 
others in as good condition. ‘This specimen Mr. Sowerby has 
just illustrated, in his useful work just issued, ‘The Marine 
Shells of South Africa,” pl. v., figs. 94-96, and it has been the 
means of confirming all the preconceived conclusions drawn 
from the examination of the first worn and imperfect specimens 
found. ‘The shell is shining, smooth, excepting for the fine 
transverse lire at the base, the back being pale shining fawn, 
with a darker somewhat maculate fawn-yellow blotch, extending 
over nearly the whole area, sides spotted fawn, as in LZ. a/voensis, 
somewhat wrinkled. In my opinion none of the so-called 
genera, constituted out of Cyfr@a, are stable, and even Z7vda 
ought hardly to rank as a sub-genus. 


*'To these species T intend to refer in a subsequent article, 


124 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


SPECIAL NOTICE.-—The Hon. Treasurer leaves Penistone at 
Christmas, and, from the beginning of the year 1893, his address 
will be: Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., 15, York Road, North- 
ampton. Members are particularly desired to note this, in order 
that there may be no delays in correspondence. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


203RD MEETING, FRIDAY, 19TH AUGUST, 1892. 


Held (by special invitation of the President) at Burnmoor Rectory, 
Fence Houses, Co. Durham. 

Rev. Canon Alfred Merle Norman, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., Presi- 
dent, in the Chair. 


Mr. Richard Howse, Curator of the Newcastle Museum, and others, 
were present as visitors. 


New Members Elected: 


Mr. Tom Brown, 237, Beverley Road, Hull. 
Mr. Bartlet Span, Heywood Mount, Tenby, South Wales. 


Exhibits : 

The whole day was devoted to the careful and minute inspection of the 
President’s fine and extensive collection of mollusca and marine inverte- 
brates, but unfortunately very few members were present, owing to the 
great distance, and, perhaps, in some measure, to the time of year. Those 
who were unable to accept their President’s invitation most certainly missed 
a great treat. Dr. Norman had taken the trouble to carry down to the village 
school-room about 140 drawers of shells, which he had most conveniently 
arranged for inspection. He made many interesting remarks upon the various 
specimens to which particular interest attached, and gave an extremely 
interesting discourse upon the genus Buccénum and its varieties. 

His collection is specially devoted to the Terrestrial and Aquatic (both 
marine and freshwater) Mollusca of the Palzearctic Region, which embraces 
Europe, the parts of Africa and Arabia which lie north of the Tropic of 
Cancer, Persia and Afghanistan, and all to the north of those countries, 
together with the entire Russian Empire, and the Islands of the Madeiran 
Province so far as regards their Terrestrial Fauna. His marine collection 
includes the Fauna of Europe, together with that of the Arctic and North 
Atlantic Oceans, and the seas connected with them. The North Atlantic 
Ocean is regarded as terminating towards the South at lat. 35° N., or ata 
line drawn from a little to the south of the Straits of Gibraltar on the 


J.C., vit, Oct. 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125 


Eastern, to Cape Hatteras on the Western side. This boundary is adopted 
as perhaps the best to embrace the Arctic and Temperate regions, and at 
the same time to exclude the tropical animals of the Gulf of Mexieo. The 
entire area of the Mediterranean is of course included. With a view toa 
greater knowledge of the distribution of the Arctic and Circumpolar Fauna, 
he has also procured Mollusca from the Arctic and North Temperate portion 
of the Pacific, especially from Behring Strait and the Arctic coasts of Asia. 
The collections are arranged on the plan adopted by Dr. Paul Fischer in his 
‘Manuel de Conchyliologie,’ and in the nomenclature of genera and species 
Dr. Westerlund’s monograph is followed, except for the Mollusca of the 
Madeiran Province (not included in Westerlund), where the work of Wollas- 
ton has been used. 


Dr. Norman stated that although he has closely followed the nomen- 
clature of the most recent work, that of Westerlund, he must not be supposed 
to acquiesce in it, and protests most strongly against the extraordinary 
multiplication of names due to Continental authors. In no other class of 
animals has ‘ hair-splitting’ been carried out to so mischievous and absurd 
an extent, and it would involve the study of a lifetime, and intimate 
acquaintance with all the so-called species to unravel the gordian knots 
which have been tied. He considers that a great gain would be achieved 
for science if able conchologists would take up special groups. and by a 
careful study of the forms therein described, synonymize them and reduce 
the number of species within approximately correct limits. 

Dr. Norman’s collection of Land Shells owes its origin to the purchase 
of the well-known European collection of the late Dr. Tiberi, of Naples, 
which, while good generally, was especially rich in South European forms, 
and in types received from describers, and has since been largely increased, 
so that at the present time it contains more than twice as many forms as 
were in the Tiberian collection. 

The marine collection has chiefly been acquired during many dredging 
expeditions, in company with the late Dr. Jeffreys, by Dr. Norman himself, 
and includes numerous specimens received from Sars, Loven, Nordenskjiold, 
and others. The collection of Cephalopoda is extensive, and some of the 
specimens are remarkably fine. They are kept in a large iron house which 
he has had erected in the garden, and in which he also keeps all his spirit 
specimens of Zoophytes, Crustacea, etc. There is a fine series of Pteropoda 
and Opisthobranchs (mostly in spirit). Especially noticeable were some 
specimens of Akera bullata var. gigantea Norm., and Umbrella mediter- 
vanea. Cartnaria, Firolida, and Pterotrachia were beautifully preserved 
with the animals nicely shown. 

There is only one cone—Conus mediterraneus Brug., with five varieties, 
inthe collection. Clathurella, Mangelia, Bela, etc., are represented by many 
species from various localities. Of the rare Halia priamus from Cadiz there 
are three nice specimens, and four species of AZétra. 

There is a nice series of Volutamitra srenlandica, and also of Troschelia 
bermictensis, a fine set of Volutopsis norvegica, and Fumala turtont, the latter 
quite perfect, and pointed out as of special interest from having been taken 


126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


during the expeditions with Dr. Jeffreys. Of Meptunia (Fusves) antiguis 
there is a wonderful series, a couple of drawers full, from various places, 
showing every variation of size and form, and some very curious monstrosities, 
e.g., cartnatum, sinistrersum, bioperculatum, cinctum, and scalariforme. Dr. 
Norman pointed out that the scalariform variety was generally caused by 
an annelid forming its tube in the suture, which usually wore away, leaving 
the whorls of the shell detached. Some specimens were pointed out with 
the annelid tube running right along the suture from apex to base, and 
quite intact. The series of Neptunza despecta, Buccinopsis dalet, Sipho 
(4usus) propinguus, S. jeffievsianus, and many other species of Szpho are 
very extensive, and the specimens in splendid condition. 

Buccinum undatum, its numerous varieties and kindred species. filled 
many drawers. The President demonstrated very plainly and forcibly that 
(with the exception of B. hem phreysianum, which is well distinguished as a 
good species by its peculiar operculum) the numerous so-called species, such 
as B. ciliatum, B. slaciale, B. inexhaustum, B. fusiforme, B. finmarckianum, 
etc., were really only forms of 4. zz/atum, altered in size and form by 
circumstances of locality. depth of water where found, and other causes. 
He showed the remarkable influence of depth of water in altering the form, 
and very clearly demonstrated how the species ran into one another. Ie 
showed a wonderful series of curious monstrosities, besides sévéstrorseme, 
cartnatum, tmperiale, acuminatum, etc., which were also surprising from 
their number and perfect condition. Altogether the Ayceénwm and Fusus 
groups were a treat in themselves, and alone well worth going to see! 

Cyprea (4 species), Zrivia (3), Ovula (4) were of no special interest, 
beyond giving an idea of the number to be found North of the Tropic of 
Cancer. There is a fine set of Aforrhats, especially A. fes-felecant var. 
iongispinosum Norman, a fine form well described by its name ; 4/. serresi- 
anus and its var. macandree ; and Ap. occidentalis are also very nice and 
perfect. There are three species of So/ar?um, and one of Bifrontia, this last 
a singular shell with the whorls completely detached. 

As to Rissoa, Odostomia, and kindred genera of small shells, it was 
hopeless to attempt to examine them, occupying as they did drawer after 
drawer, in hundreds of tubes. Their name is ‘legion!’ Of Fanthina and 
Scalaria there is a beautiful series, the latter numerous in species and locality 
sets, and amongst them many fine specimens. A fine series of S¢y/¢fer te- 
font in situ upon Zchinus miléiarzs, and some enormous examples of Lz¢fortna 
fittorea are particularly noticeable. 

The Zyochide are very fine, some of the British forms being especially 
so, notably 7: magus ; so also were Fissurella and Emarginula, with a 
large and beautiful series of Hw. crassa and its var. depressa. Acmea, 
Patella, etc., were well represented by numerous ‘ locality’ and ‘variety ’ 
sets. Chrtfon was represented by twenty-six species, all very nicely preserved, 
including a grand series of C. mzarmoreus from Firth of Clyde. It is scarcely 
possible for one accustomed to the ordinary small forms of the common 
British Chifons, such as C. marginatus and C. cinerews, to credit them as 
British. There were also some enormous specimens of Cryftochiton stelleri. 


J.C., vil., Oct. 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127 


Dentalium, Siphodentalium, and Cadulus were very good, and represented 
by numerous species and individuals. 

Of Lima the ten species, including all the British, are very nice, but 
the Pectens are really a splendid series, with twenty-six species and no end of 
varieties. A fine series of 2. ofercularts and its var. lineatus, are especially 
noteworthy. There is one specimen of the var. alba of P. seplemradialus, a 
great rarity. J/ylclus, Modiola, Modiolaxia, and Creneclla are very fine, 
with extensive locality series. The sets of Arca, Nucula, Astarte, etc., 
and Cardium are very beautiful, especially the last named.  Cyfrina 
tslandica and TSsocardia cor are very fine indeed, as also are the series 
of Venus and Alactra. There are good series of Pholas, Solen, Alya, Pho- 
ladidea, Xylophaga, and Teredo, the three latter mostly in situ, and some 
nice specimens of Galeomma turtont and Gastlrochena dubia, the latter 
in situ, as is also a specimen of Clavagella. Tellina always makes a good 
show if a number are massed together, and Dr. Norman’s series is very strik- 
ing. He has some fine specimens of Gastrana fragilis, Solemya, Pandora, 
Thi acia, and Lyonsia. 

Including the Arachropoda, of which he has a good drawerful, the 
most noticeable being some enormous AAynchonella psittacea, the Marine 
Collection numbers 1910 species, and also all the named varieties obtainable. 


The Land and Freshwater Collection numbers 2513 species, of which 
768 are Helix, 549 Clausilia, 135 Pupa, 133 Buliminus, and 103 Hyalinia, 
and contains a large number of sinistral and scalariform monstrosities. The 
Limnee and Planorbes are aiso very numerous. Of the former Dr. Norman 
has a large series of Bourguignat’s types of named ‘ varieties,’ principally 
of L. peregra. The Clausilie, Pupe, etc., are very numerously represented. 
There are some fine examples of the larger Zowztes, such as Z. algirus, 
Z. acies, etc. 

The majority of the elzces are small, but there is a fine series of the 
Campylea group, of which the giant 4. fowsolz isa type. A reversed 
H. pisana, and a curious monstrosity, /riculata, were ncticed, as was also 
a reversed 17. virgata. The /berus group is very fine, notably 77. gual- 
tertana. Of the Xevop/jile there are a great number, and some very pretty 
forms. There are several reversed /7. nemoralis, and one scalariform 
specimen, all from bundoran. The reversed H. fowatia are very fine, and 
there are some wonderful deformed scalariform specimens of it, also of 
ff, aspersa, of which there is one reversed. 


Of the Vertigos, V. moulinsiana, and V. lilljeborg?, the latter were 
quite indistinguishable from the specimens of Vertigo antivertizo mounted 
on the card immediately above them. 


The sets of Limnea stagnalis are very good, especially a series received 
from Hungary—Hazay’s collecting. There is one reversed L. stagnalis, a 
small specimen, which Dr. Norman took himself in a very singular manner. 
He said that being out shooting one day, when he was a young man, he 
chanced to leap over a ditch, and as he leaped he looked down and saw this 
shell on the surface, and noticed that it was reversed too, and of course lost 
no time in securing it—the only one he ever saw, and never heard of another 


128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


until he saw the account of the one belonging to Mr. J. R. Hardy, in the 
‘ Journal of Conchology.’ 

Of Acme there are 8 species—European, including some nice Acwe 
“ineata—British. Of Pomatzas there are a great many species, all very much 
alike, and many Bythinias, Paludinellas, Melanopsis, and Nerttinas, etc. 

The Madeiran collection of Land and Freshwater Mollusca is kept 
separate from the rest ; it is practically complete, and contains some very 
interesting forms, especially in the extinct or sub-fossil species. These 
were received chiefly from the Rev. R. Boog Watson. 

In the display of his specimens Dr. Norman uses wooden tablets for the 
larger shells, though latterly he has begun to keep them loose on wool, and 
in card trays. The smaller species are all kept loose in tubes, arranged in 
wooden divisions in the drawers. This admits of a great number of species 
in a drawer, but they do not show very well. The tubes have to be taken 
up separately to examine closely, and to do this more time is required than 
the members had at their disposal ; still there was plenty to see in the larger 
things, and Dr. Norman’s collection will not soon be forgotten. The only 
regret is that there was not more members present to participate in the 
enjoyment of the visit. 

The President entertained the members and visitors to dinner, after 
which the formal business was transacted before resuming the inspection of 
the collections. A most cordial vote of thanks to Dr. Norman for his 
hospitable reception was moved by Mr. William Nelson, seconded by Mr. 
Robert Standen, and supported by the Rev. John Hawell, M.A., and Mr. 
Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and unanimously adopted. After a suitable 
reply by the President, the examination of his collections was resumed.— 
R. S. and W. D. R. 


204th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7th, 1892. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 
Mr. William Nelson, Hon. Curator, in the Chair. 


Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: The 
Naturalist, and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for September; and Bulletin 
de la Soc. d’Etudes Scientifiques, Ire and 2e semestres d. Ige année, 1891; 
from the respective Editors and Society. 

Donations to the Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. J. Burman Rosevear: Helix (/ruticicola) similaris Fér., 
Bulimus exilis Gm., B. (Borus) oblongus Miill., Stenogyra octona Chem., 
Streplaxis deformis Fér., Orthalicus zebra Miill., Voluta musica ., and 
Lellina (Strigilla) romber ott, all from Barbados. 

From Rey. Geo. Gordon, LL.D. : Zimnea peregia, from Balnageith, 
near Forres, Elginshire, Aug. 1892. 


New Member Elected: 
Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy, 26, Queen’s Terrace, Port-of-Spain, 
Trinidad. 


J-C., vii., Oct. 1892. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129 


Candidates Proposed for Membership : 
Mr. James Eddowes Cooper (proposed by Messrs. J. B. Rosevear and 
H. Wallis Kew, F.E.S.); and Mr. Tom Petch, B.A. (by Messrs. F. W. 
Fierke and W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.). 


Exhibits : 

On behalf of Messrs. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., and Charles Oldham, 
were shown a large number of shells collected on a walking tour through 
Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and Somersetshire, in the neighbourhood of 
Exeter, Topsham, Portland, Axminister, Exmouth, Minehead, Watchet, 
etc., including a well-marked and typical example of the var. maculata of 
Limax marginatus (arborun) from Axminster, hitherto only known as Irish ; 
several fine adults of var. dzcolor of Arzon ater from Topsham ; Limax flavus, 
Amalia gagates vars. ravaand plumbea, A. sowerby¢ and a very black juvenile 
example, from Exeter ; Avzo mznimas, from Axminster; d. subfuscas, 
Amalia gagates v. rava, and A. sowerbyi from Topsham ; typical A. sagates 
and A. sowerbyz, from Portland ; Arco minimus and Limax levis, from Ex- 
mouth ; as well as a large number of shells, which were afterwards presented 
to the Society’s collection, as being new county-authentication records, 

On behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham were shown Limax flavus and the 
rare (as British) typical form of Amalia gagates, from Sale, Cheshire. 

On behalf of Mr. F. Taylor, of Oldham, were shown several slugs, 
including the type and vars. d722272ea, alba, and bicolor (very fine example), 
of Arion ater, A. hortensis, Amalia sowerbyi, Limax flavus, and var. 
aldrovand? of L. maximus. The last-named example is probably the first 
characteristic one of var a/dvovandi on record for Britain. 


205th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 5th, 1892. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the chair. 


Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted. From the 
respective Editors: Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for Oct., 
and L’Exchange Revue Linneenne for August, 1892. 

From the respective Societies: Journal of Hamilton Association 
(Canada), No. 8, 1891-2; Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South 
Wales, vol. 6, parts 2, 3, and 4, 1891-2; and Abstract Proceedings, 27th 
July, 1892. 

From the respective Authors: R. Bullen Newton on the American 
Paleozoic Gastropod, Zvrematonotus (Hall emend. P. Fischer), and its 
Identification in Britain, with Description of a New Species (Extr. Geol. 
Mag., August, 1892); Edgar A. Smith, Description of a New Species of 
Spondylus and anew Helix; and G. F. Tregelles, the Marine Testaceous 
Mollusca of Cornwall, 1885 (with MS. annotations by the author). 


Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 
From Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.: Limnca glabra and Spherium 
lacustre from Thurgoland, Yorkshire. 


130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


From Messrs. L. E. Adams and Charles Oldham: Clazszlia perversa 
and Ayalnia cellaria from Axminster, S. Devon; A. allzarta from Ex- 
mouth; A. glabra var., and Helzx lapictda from Portland; Spheriwm 
lacustre, Limnea peregra, L. truncatula, Planorbis spirorbis, Succinea 
putris, and Prsidtun fontinale from Minehead, S. Somerset; Ayaknza 
glabra, H. cellaria, H. alliavia and var. viridula, H. pura v. margaritacea, 
AZ. crystallina and v. contracta, H. nitidula, Helix fusca, H. rotundata v. 
alba, Hf. caferata and v. fulua, H. aspersa, H. hispida v. hispidosa, Pupa 
cylindracea, Vertigo edentula, Claustha perversa, C. laminata, and Cochie- 
copa lubrica, all collected between Minehead and the western border of 
Somerset; C. Judrica, Helix hispida v. hispidosa, H. virgata, H. xemoralis 
v. carnea (12345), A. hortensis v. carnea 00000 roseocabiata, H. pulchella v. 
costata, Pupa cylindracea, Ancylus fluviatilis, Pisidium cinereum, P. 1zt?- 
dum, P. roseum, Cyclostoma, and Limnea truncatula v. minor, all collected 
between Minehead and Watchet ; and Ayala nitida, Sphhertum corneune, 
Pistdium roseum, P. pusillum, P. fontinale, and P. pulchellum from Tops- 
ham, S. Devon. ; 

From Rev. W. L. W. Eyre, M.A.: Sphertum lacustre var. aff. broch- 
ontana, from a pond at Thorny Down, Swarraton, Hants N. 

From Rev. Herbert Milnes: Helix arbustorum and vars. cizcta and 
flavescens, from Winster, Derbyshire. 

From Mr. J. Burman Rosevear: Leczna (Codakia) tigerina \.., from 
Barbados. 

From Mr. Charles Oldham: Helix aspersa v. undulata, from South- 
well, Notts. 

From Mrs. Janet Carphin: Numerous Scottish shells, mostly additions 
to the county records, including Spherium corneum v. nucleus, Physa fon- 
tinalis, Planorbis spirorbis, Pl. contortus, Pl. albus, Pl. umbilicatus, Pl. 
nautileus, Pl. nitidus, Succinea putris, Valvata piscinalis, Limnea palustris, 
L. peregra vax. lacustris, Pisidium milium (roseum), P. pustllum, and P. 
fontinale, all from Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire ; He/zxv pulchella, from near 
Peebles; A. granzulata (sericea), A. arbustorum, and Unio margaritifer, 
from Dunkeld, Perthshire; <Azcylus lacustris and Planorbzs nautzleus v. 
crista, from Bridge of Allan, South Perthshire; Cochlicopa ludrica, from 
Strathyre, Perthshire ; He/?x cagerata, from Innerleithen, Peeblesshire ; and 
Limnea peregra v. maritima, but not characteristic, from Largo, Fifeshire. 

New Members Elected : 
Mr. Jas. Eddowes Cooper, 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, London, N. 
Mr. Tom Petch, B.A., Hedon, near Hull. 
Candidate Proposed for Membership: 

Mr. E. W. S. Swanton (proposed by Messrs. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., 
and W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.). 

Papers Read : 

A paper by Miss Amy Warren, entitled ‘ Contributions towards a List 
of the Marine Mollusca of Killala Bay, Ireland’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ Oct. 


1892, pp. 98—107]. 


J-G., vii., Jan. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131 


Two notes by Mr. Robert Standen, one on ‘ Pupa ringens in Cheshire,’ 
and one on ‘Extraordinary Finds of Vertigo pygmea at Clitheroe, Lanca- 
shire, and Beezley, Yorkshire’ [both printed at p. 89 of ‘J. of C.,’ for July, 
1892]. 

A note by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., on ‘A72on ater vy. bicolor 
in Derbyshire and the Isle of Man’ [printed at p. 77 of ‘J. of C.,’ July, 1892]. 


Exhibits : 


On behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham were shown several slugs, including 
Limax flavus and L. maximus v. cellarta from Farnsfield, Notts. ; Z. flavus 
from Oxton, near Southwell; and Amalia gagates v. rava, from Ashton-on- 
Mersey, Cheshire. 


The Recorder exhibited Scottish shells sent by Mr. William Evans, 
F.R.S.E., including Cochhcopa lubrica, Hyalinia fulva, HZ, alliaria, and 
Ff. radiatula, from Dalwhinnie, Easterness. 


On behalf of the Rev. Herbert Milnes were shown a Jersey example of 
Felix aspersa ; several H. arbustorum v. flavescens, some showing at the 
mouth beginnings of bands, from Winster, Derbyshire ; and very large 
examples of Bythinza tentaculata from the Trent at Nottingham. 


On behalf of Miss Amy Warren were shown Amalia gagates v. rava, 
and Avion minimus, from the beach at Carrahubbuck, county Sligo. 


Mr. W. Denison Roebuck exhibited various shells collected at Castle 
Howard, Byland, Wass Bank, and Withernsea, including Helix fusca from: 
near the Derwent at Castle Howard Railway Station. 


Election of Member: 


By an unfortunate inadvertence, the election of 

Mr. James Bassett Dixon, Ashton House, Ashton-on-Ribble ; and 15, 
Bushell Place, Preston, which took place on the 12th December, 1891, has 
never been notified in the Journal.—W. D. R. 


MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING, 
At Owens College, October 13th, 1892. 
Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., in the chair. 
New Member Elected: 
Mr. Thos. Sparkes, Moss-side, Manchester. 


Arrangements for Annual Meeting: 


Arrangements for the reception of the Parent Society at the Annual 
Meeting, to be held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College, on Nov. 
4th, occupied the chief attention of the meeting, and Messrs. W. E. Hoyle, 
J. Ray Hardy, and R. Standen were appointed as a sub-committee of man- 
agement to make all necessary preparations for that event. 


132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


New Cabinet: 


The Secretary (Mr. Standen) announced that the Cabinet placed at the 
service of the Branch by the Owens College authorities was now ready for 
the reception of specimens contributed by members, and some liberal dona- 
tions were promised. 

Exhibits : 


By Mr. W. E. Hoyle: A collection of shells from the Victoria Nyanza, 
collected by Emin Pasha, including Planorizs stanleyz Smith, AZelania 
tuberculata Miill., Paludina wunicolor Oliv., Cleopatra emint Smith, Cordi- 
cula radiata Parr., Unio bakeri A. Ads., and a form of (probably) Zzmmz- 
colarta cailliaude. 

By Mr. F. Gordon Pearcey: A richly-coloured and interesting sub- 
scalariform specimen of Z7ochus ztzyphinus, dredged in eight fathoms, at 
Campbellton Loch, Scotland; and Acme lineata, from Merionethshire. 


By Mr. Ed. Collier: An interesting series of Helix nemoralis, from 
Mappleton, Dovedale, Derbyshire. 


By Mr. W. Moss: Pesidz2m pusillum and Limnea truncatula var. 
minor, from Isle of Man; elictna articulata, H. sublevigata, Stenogyra 
artensis, S. guncea, Helix sinistrorsa, Hydracena geranum, from Lifu, 
Loyalty Islands. 

By Mr. Thos. Rogers: Helix nemoralis and Hi. hortensis, from Den- 
mark ; some large and very thin-shelled 4. arbestorum, from Ben Laoigh, 
Scotland, and a series of land shells from Tenby.—R. STANDEN, Hon. Sec. 


206TH (ANNUAL) MEETING, TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 4th, 1892. 


Held in the Botanical Laboratory, Owens College, Manchester, at 
6 p.m. 

The Chair was occupied by the President, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle 
Norman, MeA., DiG.E.; FOR-S., ete: 


The attendance included about fifty members and friends, the list of 
signatures bearing the names of Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., 
Hon. Secretary; Lionel E. Adams, B.A., Hon. Treasurer; Edgar R. 
Waite, F.L.S., Hon. Librarian; J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., and John W. 
Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-Presidents; R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., and 
W. E, Hoyle, M A., Members of Council; Rev. H. G. Barnacle, M.A., 
Thos. F. Burrows, Loftus St. G. Byne, R. Cairns, H. Champ, E. Collier, 
A. T. Daniel, Hugh Fulton, Conrad Gerland, D.Sc., W. H. Heathcote, 
Thos. Hey, Alfred Leicester, P. B. Mason, J.P., F.L.S., Rev. Herbert 
Milnes, Wm. Moss, F.C.A., Charles Oldham, Thos. Rogers, R. Standen, 
and J. M. Williams, besides a few visitors. 


The minutes of the 205th meeting were taken as read and confirmed. 


Library Purchases announced: Mrs, Merrifield’s Natural History 
of Brighton, 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1893, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133 


Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors: Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes and the Naturalist, for 
November; L’Echange Revue Linneenne, for September; and British 
Naturalist, January—October. 


From the Society : Abstract Proceedings, Linnean Society of New South 
Wales, August 31, 1892. 


From the Trustees : Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 11., Nos. 
2 and 3, August, 1892. 


From the respective Authors: Canon Norman on ‘ The Genera Cyclo- 
stoma and Pomatias, and ona misapplied Rule of Zoological Nomenclature,’ 
(May, 1891); Canon Norman on ‘The Molluscan Genera Cyclostoma and 
Pomatias,’ etc. (August, 1891); W. Denison Roebuck, ‘ Additions to the 
Authenticated Comital Census of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of 
Scotland,’ Articles 6—10 (Oct. 1892); Mrs. M. Burton Williamson and 
W. H. Dall, ‘An Annotated List of the Shells of San Pedro Bay and 
Vicinity ’ (1892); C. Hedley, ‘On the Structure and Affinities of Panda 
atomata Gray’ (1892) ; C. Hedley,‘ Observations on the Charopidee,’ part i. 
(1892). : 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted: From 
Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A.: Limnez auricularia var. acuta, R. Derwent near 
West Ayton, Yorkshire. 


Donation to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted: From 
Mr. Hubert Elgar, 5s. 


Appointment of Scrutineers. 


Messrs. Loftus St. George Byne and Charles Oldham were appointed 
to examine the Voting Papers. 


New Member Elected: 
Mr. E. W. S. Swanton, Bratton St. Maur, Wincanton, Somersetshire. 


Candidates Proposed for Membership. 


Mrs. H. G. Brierley (proposed by Messrs. G. K. Gude and H. Wallis 
Kew, F.E.S.); Mrs. Janet Carphin (by Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck, 
F.L.S., and Thomas Scott, F.L.S.); and Mrs. Louisa J. Smith (by Messrs. 
Lionel E. Adams, B.A., and Charles Oldham). 


Decease of Member Announced: 

The death of Mr. A. J. R. Sclater, of Teignmouth, was announced by 
the Secretary. 

Members Struck Off the Roll: 

It was announced that the Council had given instructions to omit the 
names of Mr. Daniel Pidgeon, F.G.S. (formerly of London), Mr. S. T. 
Martin (formerly of Manchester), and Mr. Thomas P. Smyth, J.P. (formerly 
of Penzance), from the next List of Members, in consequence of their 
present addresses being unknown, letters addressed to them being returned 
through the Dead Letter Office. 


£34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Honorary Life Member Elected: — 

On the recommendation of the Council, it was unanimously resolved 
that the vacancy on the list of honorary life members caused by the death of 
M. J. R. Bourguignat be filled up by the election of Mr. Will'am Nelson, 
of Leeds, one of the four founders and original members of the Society. 


Annual Reports : 

The Annual Report of the Council was read on behalf of the Secretary 
by Mr. Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S., Hon. Librarian. 

The Balance Sheet and Treasurer’s Report were read by Mr. Lionel 
E. Adams, B.A., Hon. Treasurer. 

The Annual Report of the Manchester Branch was read by Mr. Robert 
Standen, Hon. Secretary of the Branch. 

On the motion of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., seconded by Mr. Robert 
Cairns, the adoption of the Reports was unanimously resolved upon. 


Election of Officers: 

The Scrutineers reported that they had examined the voting papers sent 
in, 46 in number, all of which they had found valid ; and that the following 
members had been duly elected to constitute the Council and fill the offices 
stated for the year 1893 :—— 

PRESIDENT-—PHILIP BROOKE Mason, J.P., F.L.S., Burton-on-Trent. 

ViCE-PRESIDENTS—W. E. Hoye, M.A., F.R.S.E., Manchester; Rev. 
A. M. Norman, D.C.L., F.R.S., Burnmoor, Co. Durham; JOHN 
WILLIAM Taytor, F.L.S., Leeds; Rev. R. Booc Warson, B.A., 
LL.D., F.R.S.E., Cardross, Dumbartonshire. 

Hfon. TREASURER—-LIONEL E. ApAms, B.A., Northampton. 

Hon. SECRETARY AND RECORDER—WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 
Leeds. 

Hon. CURATOR—WILLIAM NELSON, Leeds. 

Hon. LIBRARIAN—EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S., Leeds. 

CounciILt—k.. D. DARBIsHIRE, B.A., F.G.S., Manchester; JOHN R. B. 
MASEFIELD, M.A., Cheadle, Staffordshire ; JAMES CosMo MELVILL, 
M.A., F.L.S., Manchester; JoHN H. PoNnsonsy, F.Z.S., London ; 
R. F. SCHARFF, B.Sc., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Dublin; EpGAr A. SMITH, 
F.Z.S., London. 


Date and Place of Next Annual Meeting: 

On behalf of Mr. John R. B. Masefield, M.A., it was moved, and 
resolved unanimously, that the next Annual Meeting be held at Burton-on- 
Trent ; and it was afterwards resolved that the date of the Meeting be fixed 
for Saturday, the 16th of September, 1893. 


Vote of Thanks: 


On the motion of the new President, Mr. Philip B. Mason, F.LS., 
seconded by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., it was unanimously resolved 
that the best thanks of the Society be presented to the officials of the Owens 


J.C., vit, Jan. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135 


College, and to the Manchester Branch, for their kind and hospitable 
reception of the Society. 


The Presidential Address 
Was then delivered by the retiring President, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle 
Norman, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., who gave an extempore discourse on 
‘The Collecting of Mollusca, and their Preservation.’ At the conclusion 
of the address, a vote of thanks to the President was unanimously adopted, 
on the motion of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., seconded by Mr. 
J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. 


Papers Read: 

By Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.: A note on ‘The Examples of Zozztes 
conartus in the Montagu Collection at Exeter’ [printed in ‘J. of C.’ for Oct. 
1892, p. 119]. 

By Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.: ‘ Description of a new species of 
Nucla, and a list of the species belonging to the sub-genus Aci/a’ [printed 
in ‘J. of C.’ for Oct. 1892, p>. 110—112]. 

By Mr. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.: ‘Notes upon Cyprea chrysalts 
(Kiener), and upon C. amphithales’ [printed in ‘J. of C.’ for Oct. 1892, 
pp. 120—123]. , 

By Mr. Chas. Oldham : ‘Additions to the South Devon List of Land and 
Freshwater Mollusca’ [printed in ‘J. of C.’ for Oct. 1892, pp. 108—109]. 


By Mr. F. W. Wotton: ‘ The Life-history of Avzon ater and its power 
of Self-fertilization ’ [printed in ‘J. of C.’ for Jan. 1893, p. 158]. 


Exhibits : 

By the President (The Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, M.A., D.C.L., 
F.R.S.): (A) &zeccznum—Various species and forms of this genus; (8) 
Limnea stagnalis —Various forms, including types of many varieties from 
their describers ; (c) Ae/éx /owec—Supposed recent specimen, with fossil 
specimens for comparison ; (D) Pearl growth in Wargaritana margaritifera, 
Mytilus edulis, and Cardium edule; (&) Monstrosities—(a) Szzzstral speci- 
mens of Buccenum undatum, Neptunea antigua, Purpura lapillus, Helix 
pomatia, H. aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. virgata, H. pisana, A. vermicularis, 
Zonites carntolicus, Lininea stagnalis, and L. peregra; (b) Dextral speci- 
mens of Clausilia parvula Studer and CZ. stramznicollés Parr ; (c) Bioper- 
culated specimens of Bucctnum undatum and Neptunea antigza ; (d) Various 
monstrosities of Buccznum undatum and Neptunea antigua, Helix pomatia, 
HI, aspersa, H. hortensis, H. pisana, H. vermucularts, etc. 

By the Society: Selection from the Brazier Collection of Australian 
Mollusca. 

By the Manchester Branch: A selection of Unio tumidus and VU. pic- 
forum from the cabinet of the branch, illustrating gradations of form between 
the two species. 

By Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S.: Types and varieties of British land 
shells, chiefly from their describers. 


136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


By Mr. R. D. Darbishire (President of the Manchester Branch): (a), 
A collection of shells from the Falkland Islands ; (6) Zovites algirus and 
Rumina decollata; (c) Some European Helices—Z. pouzolzi, H. codringtoni, 
FZ. lucorum, A. alonensis, H. cincta, H. atrolabiata, H. punctata, H. ethiops, 
and H/. saulteriuna ; (@) Helix pomatia, H. aspersa, H. nemoralis, and H. 
hortensts ; (e) H. pisana, reversed and scalariform monstrosities. 


By Mr. Edward Collier (‘Columbus Centenary Exhibit’): (@) Types of 
land shells from the West Indies ; (6) South American land shells, showing 
relative proportions of Helicidee to Bulimidz. 


By Mr. Frank Collier: Helices from Dovedale, Derbyshire, August, 
1892, including H. xemoralis vars. albolabiata (with accompanying darts), 
rvoseolabiata, bimarginata, rubella, and castanea, showing remarkable rich- 
ness of colour. 

By Mr. J. B. Dixon: Vertigo pusilla, Cyclostoma elegans, Clauszlia 
dubia, and Balea, etc., from Silverdale, Lancashire ; Gibbus lyonetianus, 
and South American Bzlinz. 

By Mr. John Hardy, jun.: Bucctnum untatum and varieties from 
Grimsby, including sinistral specimens. 

By Mr. T. H. Burrows: A beautiful scalariform Zimnea stagnalis from 
Belland, near Nottingham. 

By Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A. : Collecting apparatus of an improved 
type for travellers’ use. 

By Mr. G. W. Chaster: Decollated Clauszlie. 

By Mr. W. H. Johnson : Zsocardia cor and Cardium norvegicum of large 
size, dredged off Fleetwood. 

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: Boring Mollusca—Lithodomus, Gastrochena, 
Cumingia, Saxicava, Petricola, and fJouanettia, from shells of Spozdylus 
lanzarckw from Mazatlan. 

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: (a) Selection of British and foreign marine 
shells, including Pholadidea papyracea and its burrow; JLya binghamd ; 
Oviula patula with its animal; Watica islandica, N. sordida, and N. monta- 
cult; Fusus jeffreystanus and F. propingwus; a selection of shells from 
Southport and Port Erin; and /socardia cor from Fleetwood and Bristol 
Channel; (0) Helix regina; (c) Collecting apparatus ; (d) Large Anodonta 
cygnea from Claughton, Lancashire, 8 to 9 inches long (the largest known 
British specimen) and some curious abnormalities. 


By Mr. Thos. Hey: Mollusca of Derbyshire, including a series of 4o- 
donta cyenea graduating in form to d. anatina; Unio pictorum graduating 
to U. tumidus ; Helix nemoralis and Hl. hortensts with very dark coalesced 
banding, almost black, and many other peculiarly-marked forms ; a series of 
flex virgata, H. caperata, H. rufesceus, and HA. ericetorium, four Spstiss 
which are rather scarce in Derbyshire. 

By Mr. Wy. Hyde: Species of Cyprvea. 

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: (@) Marfa costata (Linn.) (=L. imperialis 
Lam.). The type. figured in Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ from the collection of 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137 


the Rev. F. J. Stainforth, presented by him to Miss Augusta Hardcastle, 
and bequeathed by her to the present possessor. It is remarkable for its 
close-set overlapping ribs, forty in number, the usual total being eight or ten 
less. Five other specimens are shown for comparison ; the largest of these 
five is the Dalmahoy specimen, which possesses thirty-four ribs. A small highly- 
coloured five-ribbed variety is also noteworthy; (0) Latirus prestantior 
(Melv.), a new species, described 1892, allied to Z. castaneuws (Reeve), also 
exhibited for comparison, at present unique, from Sir David Barclay’s col- 
lection, probably Mauritian ; (c) Cyprea chrysalis (Niener), rediscovery, by 
the exhibited specimen, of this lost species; (@) Cyprea amphithales (Melv.), 
with its allies C. capenszs (Gray) and C. algoersts (Gray), this species uniting 
the two forms Cypreovula and Luponza of Gray in its own person, all from 
the Cape—the original type, a decorticated specimen, also shown; (c) 777- 
chotropis bicarinata (Brod. and Sowb.), Arctic seas; (f/) Gladzas (Klein) 
| =Xos/ellarta (Lam.)], eight species of the genus, including G. maz tinii 
(Marrat) from Cebu. only one other specimen known, also G. fowzsz (Petit) ; 
(g) Zurbo splendidulus (Sowb.), received from Mr. R. D. Darbishire, hab. 
Mozambique, it is operculated, only two other specimens are known ; 
(h) Eutropia (Humphrey) [= Phastanella (Ilam.)], most of the described 
species, including varieties of Z. ¢ritomis (Chem ), Z. bulimozdes, EL. san- 
guinea, and others ; (2) Vanikoro (Quoy and Gaimard) [ = Varica (Recluz)], 
fourteen species of this rather anomalous genus; (4%) Cylzndrella (Br.) 
[= Ur ocoptis (Desh.)], about 110 species, including six species of Hucalodium 
and two of JZegaspira ; (1) Acroplychia metableta (Crosse), a Cyclostomid 
with regular scalariform varices, its allies 4. eguivoca, A. leat (Br.), and 
A foliacea; (m) Helicina viridis (Lam.), an emerald-green species, with 
scarlet blotches, two specimens; (7) Cardium deshayesii (Payr.), from the 
Mediterranean Sea ; (0) Corbis (Gafrarium) sowerby: (Reeve), a rare shell, 
with transverse frilled varices, Eastern Pacific. 

By Mr. W. Moss: (a) Shells from Trinidad and Lifu, Loyalty Islands ; 
(6) Radulze under the microscope ; (¢) Micro-photographs of Radulz. 

By Mr. Thos. Rogers: Shells collected during ship’s detentions at ports 
from Zanzibar to Cape Town, by J. Gibbons, M.B. 

By Mr. R. Standen: (a) Limmea stagnalis, varieties, and numerous 
‘locality’ series ; (4) British Sphertum and Dretssena ; (c) Pholas crispata, 
illustrating a new method of preserving the siphons. 

By Mr. R. Cairns: Melx nemoral’s from Hawick ; a number of varie- 
ties of //. ztala and Bulimus acutus from Peel, Isle of Man; Hyalinia 
draparnalé and H. aspersa monst. sztstrorsum and monst. scalariforme, 
also from Isle of Man. 

By Mr. Lewis Shackleford : South Australian Ze//ize. 

By Mr. F. W. Gamble: Hazcockia eudactyla Gosse, from Plymouth, 
with enlarged drawing of the animal. 

By the Manchester Museum: (a) Alagilas antiguus in coral ; (6) Acha- 
tinellidze from the Sandwich Islands; (c) Shells from the Albert Nyanza, 
collected by Emin Pasha. 


138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


ANNUNIUPAWE, [Rieu IE 


The Council, in presenting their Report for the year 1892, have to con- 
gratulate the members upon a year of steady and continued progress. 

The membership. which stood at 215 at the date of the last annual 
meeting, is now 220, composed of 9 honorary life members, 13 ordinary 
members resident abroad, and 198 ordinary members on the home list. 

Nineteen new ordinary members have been elected during the year. 
Seven ordinary members have resigned, and six whose addresses are no 
longer known or ascertainable, have been struck off the list, while the only 
loss which the Society has sustained by death has been that of one of the 
honorary life members, M. J. R. Bourguignat, one of the foremost concholo- 


gists of his school in France. 
we 


Ten meetings have been held since the last annual meeting, one at the 
residence of our President, by his special and most generous invitation, and 
the remaining nine at Leeds. The members, unfortunately but few in 
number, who availed themselves of the President’s kind invitation to in- 
spect his wonderfully complete and extensive collections at Burnmoor 
Rectory, will have it long in remembrance. 


A very large number o7 interesting exhibits have been made at all the 

meetings. 
The following Papers have been read :— 

J. R. B. Tomlin—‘ Notes on the Marine Mollusca of the North Wales 
Coast, etc.’ 

E. A. Smith—‘ Descriptions of a New Spondylus and a New Helix.’ 

Rev. J. W. Horsley—‘ List of Mollusca found at Meiringen, Switzerland.’ 

R. Starden—‘ Observations on the Reproduction of the Dart during an 
attempt to breed from a sinistral HZ. aspersa.’ 

T. D. A. Cockerell—‘ New varieties of American Mollusca.’ 

G. W. Chaster—‘ Shell-Hunting in Merionethshire.’ 

C. F. Ancey—‘ On some Shells from Eastern Bolivia and Western Brazil.’ 

Gerald W. Adams—‘ Land and Freshwater Mollusca at Karachi.’ 

Lionel E. Adams—‘ List of Derbyshire Slugs.’ 

Miss Amy Warren—‘ Contributions towards a List of the Marine Mollusca 
of Killala Bay, Ireland.’ 


In addition to which, a large number of short notes, written by Messrs. 
Robert Standen, W. Denison Roebuck, J. B. Beckett, C. F. Ancey, T. D. A. 
Cockerell, Lionel E. Adams, Thomas Rogers, E. R. Sykes, E. D. Mar- 
quand, and Miss F. M. Hele, have heen read. All these papers and notes 
have been printed in the ‘ Journal of Conchology.’ 

Three of the four numbers of the ‘Journal of Conchology’ have been 
issued to the members during the year, and the fourth, the issue of which is 
delayed by the preparation of illustrations, is now in the printer’s hands and 
will be ready before very long. The arrangements for issuing the Journal 
have been as of late years, in accordance with the agreement entered into 


j.C., vit., Jan. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 139 


with the Editor, and your Council recommend the continuance of these 
arrangements, which have worked to mutual satisfaction. 


The Society’s Collections, which are deposited at the Museum of the - 
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, and are in part displayed for 
public inspection, have been materially augmented during the y.ar. Among 
the donations, special attention may be called to an interesting series of East 
Indian shells, given by Miss J. E. Linter; toa large number of Devon- 
shire and Somersetshire shells as new records for those counties, presented 
by Messrs. L. E. Adams and C. Oldham; and to a considerable number of 
new records presented for Scottish counties, from Mrs. Carphin. Donations 
of smaller extent, but none the less appreciated, are from Messrs. J. B. 
Rosevear, J. W. Dixon, Rev. H. Milnes, Rev. W. L. W. Eyre, L. E. Adams, 
W. Denison Roebuck, Rev. Dr. Geo. Gordon, Rev. W. C. Hey, J. D. 
Butterell, R. S. Ferguson, R. Barnes, E. Self, Miss Mary Kimber, A. H. 
Pawson, P. H. Grimshaw, W. Evans, H. Richardson, Arthur Mayfield, 
C. Ashford, and E. D. Marquand. 

The Society is indebted to Messrs. H. Champ, W. Bendali, J. R. B. 
Masefield, H. Coates, W. Whitwell, D. Robertson, Lieut.-Col: G. 5. Parry, 
Mr. Hubert Elgar, Mrs. Evans, and Mrs. J. Hodgson, for donations in 
money towards the fund for providing Cabinets and glass-topped boxes for 
the proper display of the specimens ; in several instances these being avznaal 
donations. 

The Curator has devoted considerable attention to mounting and label- 
ling the accessions to the collections under his care, but finds that his avail- 
able leisure time is hardly sufficient to cope with the work. Your council, 
therefore, recommend that Sub-Curators be appointed to co-operate with 
Mr. Nelson in the work, and would be glad if members—no matter whether 
resident in Leeds or not—would volunteer their services in this way. 


The Curator would be glad to receive donations, firstly—towards the 
Type Series, in scientific order, which he is forming, and, secondly— tuwards 
the series of County and Geographical Collections. In respect of these last, 
your Council are sorry that the request made in the last annual report— 
that Lancashire members would contribute a series from their county 
met with little or no response. 


has 


The Library has increased during the year by numerous donations and 
a few purchases. The principal additions have been a set of the concho- 
logical publications of the British Museum, from the trustees, and a large 
number of reprints of Papers on Indian Mollusca, by various authors, pre- 
sented by Mr. G. K. Gude, while other donations have been received from 
Messrs. R. B. Newton, E. A. Smith, G. F. Tregelles, Rev. R. B. Watson, 
M. Cossmann, T. D. A. Cockerell, W. Crouch, R. Bergh, A. L. Reade, 
W. Denison Roebuck, J. W. Taylor, J. Brazier, Rev. Carleton Greene, 
A. C. Gatto, R. E. C. Stearns, and F. W. Wotton. 

The Hon. Librarian (Mr. Edgar R. Waite) has further to report that 
moderate use is made of the Library by members of the Society, and your 
Council would remind members that the Library is available, with but little 
restriction, for the use of members resident in any part of the British Isles. 


T4o PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


During the year the Sub-Committee appointed for the purpose of pre- 
paring anew edition of the Conchological Society’s Standard List of the 
British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, has completed its labours, and the 
catalogue prepared by them has been duly approved and printed in the 
Journal, and has also been reprinted for sale. 


The reports of the Treasurer and of the Manchester Branch are appended. 


Treasurer’s Report. 

In presenting my Report for the current year I regret to have again to 
draw attention to the amount of arrears, which is 429. Moreover the 
balance of £3 8s. Id. is merely nominal, as only two numbers of the 
‘Journal’ have as yet been paid for, and the payment for them will con- 
siderably augment next year’s expenses. It is therefore to be earnestly 
hoped that the Members in arrear will see their way to lessen the deficit. 
—LIoNEL E. ADAMS, Hon. Treasurer, Penistone, Movember ath, 1892. 


BADLANCHEH SHEET. 


GENERAL FUND. 


Receipts. 28 Bo th Payments. 28, Gh 
Balance from 1891 sco, BD TG) 73} Cost of Journals (viz. : 
Subscriptions received in Oct. 1891, Jan. 1892, 
1892... con dis) 1) © Why WSIOH).c. coe. con BO § 
Sale of Journals, Reprints Secretary's Expenses tS) 2 
and Lists... 019 0 Treasurer’s xpenses 2 ih ® 
Interest allowed by Bank Oo I I Stationery and Furniture 6 4 6 
IXOORS INOMGIMEsss ono ooo F © 2 
Rent of Room at Leeds 
HO’ WSO soo ons oo © IO 
Gratuity to Porterat Leeds o 10 
Balanceninettancl aera nS me Oommal 
£49 0 4 449 0 4 
CABINET FUND. 
Receipts. B85 Gb Payments. LAS. sas 
Balance from 1891 Dip tee IWulbes;Eueh, looms 4, @ yy 
Donations received in’92 2 15 oO Balance in Hand... 5 oO 35 
£5 783 SL 83 


Audited and found correct by 
WM. MOSS, F.C.A. 
ROBERT CAIRNS. 


LIONEL E. ADAMS, 
Hon. Treasurer. 


J.C., vit., Jan. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 141 


REPORT or tar MANCHESTER BRANCH 


TO NOVEMBER 4TH, 1892. 


Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN, 

I am pleased to report that the Manchester Branch continues to increase 
in strength, and in the zeal and scientific attainments of its members. 

Seven new Members have joined during the year, and we now number 
thirty-nine. 

The meetings held during the year have been well attended, the 
exhibitions and discussions numerous and interesting, and the attention given 
to the study of British and Foreign Marine Mollusca is increasing. 


Many interesting notes and records have been made during the year, 
either during the excursions of the Branch or the holidays of individual 
Members. The most important have been the first recorded instances of 
the occurrence of Ppa ringens in Cheshire and the Isle of Man; /socardéa 
cor off Fleetwood; and Trochus granulatus from Morecambe Bay. 


The Owens College authorities have very handsomely placed a large 
and useful Cabinet at the service of the Branch. A large number of species 
of British Marine, Land, and Freshwater Mollusca have already been 
placed in the Cabinet by members who have liberally contributed to the 
series. It is intended to make this a standard collection: as complete as 
possible in locality series and varieties of the British Molluscan Fauna 
generally, for authentic record, and for reference and comparison. Further 
contributions to that end will be esteemed, especially for the Manchester 
district, and the coasts of Lancashire and Cheshire. It is proposed to 
institute a careful selection of characteristic specimens, with accurate 
nomenclature, and scientific arrangement ; and, later on, to publish a cata- 
logue of the collection for the use of the members. 

The following Notes and Papers have been contributed during the 
year :— : 

By Mr. Ed. Collier: ‘On the genus Placostylus from New Caledonia.’ 

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S.: ‘On the genus 7hzldomus of 
Swainson’; and ‘On the occurrence of Achatina acicula in a Grecian 
lachrymatory from Corfu.’ 

By Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A.: ‘The Life History of two rare species of 
Cephalopoda, Ocy’hoé tuberculata and Chéroteuthis veranyt.’ 

By Mr. Robert Standen: List of species collected at Marple, Cheshire, 
during the Whit-week excursion of the Branch (including Pepa ringens, 
of which the habitat was described)’; and ‘ Notes on the Norman and 
Alder Collections.’ 

By Mr. Wm. Moss, F.C.A.: ‘ A list of the Slugs of the Isle of Man.‘ 

By Mr. F. G. Pearcey : ‘ Description of the Habitat of Chztom marmoreus in 
the Firth of Clyde.’—RoBEert STANDEN, Hon. Secretary Manchester 
Branch, November gth, 1892. 


142 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


EIS OF Sib M Bir RS: 


(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member, 


who has compounded for his subscription). 


HONORARY MEMBERS 


(Limited to ten in number). 


Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rud., Vestre Hospital, Stormgade, 19,2, Copenhagen. 

Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. 

Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin 
de fer du Nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris. 

Crosse, Hippolyte, Rue Tronchet, 25, Paris. 

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main. 

Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W. 

Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds. 

Philippi, Dr. R. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile. 

Sars, Prof. G: O., Universitat, Christiania, Norway. 

Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig. 

ORDINARY MEMBERS. 

Adams, Gerald Wheatley, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Clifton, Ashbourne, 
Derbyshire. 

Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 15, York Road, Northampton. 

Agius, Paul, B.A., 106, Strada Reale, Valetta, Malta. 

Alletsee, Albert Gregory, 40, Milward Crescent, Hastings, Sussex. 

Ancey, César Felix, Membre de la Societé Malacologique de France, 
Member of Colorado Biological Association, Membre de la 
‘Societas Entomologica’ de Zurich, etc., Administrateur- 
Adjoint, Boghari, Algeria. 

Bailey, Rev. George, F.R.M.S., The Manse, Finchingfield, Essex. 

Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire. 

Baker, Arthur Edwin, 77, Conduit Street, Leicester. 

Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., The Vicarage, 
Tlolmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O. 

Beaulah, John, Ravensthorpe, Brigg, Lincolnshire. 

Beckett, James Benjamin, 9, Orford Hill, Norwich. 

Bell, Alfred, 78, Wells Street, Oxford Street, London. 

Bendall, Wilfrid, 28, Gloucester Place, Portman Square, London, W. 

Bostock, Edwin D., The Radfords, Stone, Staffordshire. 

Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curagoa House, 82, Windmill 
Street, Sydney, N.S. W. 

Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Glen View, Gledholt, Huddersfield. 

Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow. 

Brown, Tom, 237, Beverley Road, Hull. 

Burkill, Isaac Henry, Caius College, Cambridge. 

Burrows, Thomas F., 4, Wellington Road, Newark-on-Trent. 

Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1893 


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1888. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 143 


Byne, Loftus St. George, 5, Sea View Terrace, Teignmouth, Devon. 

Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne. 

Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 1, Lauriston Park, Edinburgh. 

Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 38, Elmfield Terrace, Halifax. 

Champ, Henry, c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland St., Manchester. 

Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire. 

Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, near Chelms- 
ford, Essex. 

Coates, Henry, F.R.P.S., Pitcullen House, Perth, 

Cockerell, T. D. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, 
Jamaica, W.I. 

Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Oxford Road, 
Manchester. 

Cooke, Rev. Alfred Hands, M.A., F.Z.S., King’s College, 
Cambridge. 

Cooper, James Eddowes, 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, London, N. 

Coulson, Frank, 6, Montague Terrace, Kelvinside, Glasgow. 

Cox, Chas. Stanley Bell, B.A., M.R.C.S.,-San Remo, Chelston, 
Torquay. 

Craven, Alfred F., F.G.S., F.Z.S., 65, St. George’s Road, War- 
wick Square, London, 5.W. 

Craven, Henry Ernest, Matlock Bridge, Derbyshire. 

Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape 
Colony. 

Crawshaw, Rev. Charles, Wesley Villa, Saltburn-by-the-Sea. 

Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton. 

Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, 
Essex. 

Cundall, J. W., 21, Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol. 

DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London. 

IDVAE:, TE teravay7 15 ASA IS SYobr Hs Roar 5 MSIRA Ney Ia/SeSen Wold see 
etc., Post Office, Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A. 

Dale, (Mrs. ) Violet, P.O., Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A. 


Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Rd., Torquay, Devonshire. 


Daniel, Arthur Trevelyan, M.A., Richmond Terr., Stoke-on-Trent. 
Darbishire, Robert D., B.A., F.G.S., Victoria Park, Manchester. 
Davis, James William, F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Chevinedge, Halifax. 
Dawson, Oswald, Caledonian House, Leeds. 

Dawson, Robert Southworth, 4, Richmond Rd., Bradford, Yorkshire. 
Dewick, Rev. Edward S., M.A., 26, Oxford Square, London, W. 
Dixon, James Bassett, 15, Bushell Place, Preston. 

Dodd, B. Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham. 
Duncan, W., 31, Mill Lane, Montrose, Forfarshire, N.B. 

Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston. 

Elgar, Hubert, 18a, Tunbridge Road, Maidstone, Kent. 

Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire. 

Evans, (Mrs.) A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud, 


144 


1886. 
1889. 
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1887. 


1884. 
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1878. 
1887. 
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1886. 
1886. 
1888. 
1886. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants. 

Falloon, (Mrs.) Beatrice J., Long Ashton Vicarage, Clifton, Bristol. 

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Orange Court House, Virginia, U.S.A. 

Fierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull. 

Fitzgerald, Francis R., F.5.Sc., 26, Great Percy Street, Penton- 
ville, London, W.C. 

Fitzgerald, H. Purefoy, North Hall, Preston Candover, Hants. 

Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone, Kent. 

Fortune, Riley, F.Z.S., Ravensgill, Franklin Mount, Harrogate. 

Fulton, Hugh, 216, King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S.W. 

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts. 

Galizia, Joseph Sylvester, M.D., 59, Guildford Street, Russell 
Square, London, W.C. 

Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N. 

Gatto, Alfred Caruana, B.A., 59, Strada Levante, Valetta, Malta. 

Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., ete., Accrington, Lancashire. 

Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 

Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., Braebirnie, Elgin, N.B. 

Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots. 

Grocock, Leonard Oakley, 21, Beckenham Road, Penge, London. 

Gude, G. K., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N. 

Guppy, R. J. Lechmere, 26, Queen’s Terrace, Port of Spain, 
Trinidad. 

Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. 

Hadow, Gerald Elliot, South Cerney Vicarage, Cirencester. 

Hagger, John, F.L.S., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent. 

Halstead, John J., 19, Millholme Terrace, Carlisle. 

Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, Ilornsey Road, London, N. 

llargreaves, J. A., 40, Ramskill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire. 

Hartley, Alfred, 8, Cavendish Road, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire. 

Harvard, T. Mawson, 16, Radford Road, Hither Green. Lewisham, 
London, S.F. 

Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middles- 
brough. 

Hawes, Alfred, Penistone, Yorkshire. 

Heathcote, Wm. Henry, 54, Frenchwood Street, Preston. 

Hedworth, Thos. H., 1, Railway Terr., Dunston, Gateshead-on-Tyne. 

Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury. 

Henshall, Joseph, Ivy Cottage, Barton-on-Irwell, near Manchester. 

Hepburn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey. 

Hey, Thomas, Bloomfield Street, Derby. 

Hey, Rev. Wm. Croser, M.A., Derwent House, West Ayton, 
Seamer, York. 

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 

Hockin, (Miss) S., Phillack Rectory, Hayle, Cornwall. 

Hodgson, (Mrs.) Julia, Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard. Beds. 

Holmes, W. J. O., F,L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich. 


J.C., vii., Jan, 1893, 


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1890. 
1884. 
1892. 


1886. 


1883. 
1886. 


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 145 


Horsley, Rev. J. W., Holy Trinity Vicarage, Woolwich. 

Howard, James, 21, Burnt-Ash Road, Lee, London, S.E. 

Howell, G. O.,3, Ripon Villas, Ripon Rd., Plumstead, London, E.C. 

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.LE., M.P., F.S.A., etce., 
Bentcliffe House, Eccles, Manchester. 

Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Keeper of the Man- 
chester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. 

Hudson, Baker, Public Library, Middlesbrough-on-Tees. 

James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro, 
Cornwall. 

Jenkins, A. J., 6, Douglas Terrace, Douglas Street, Deptford, 
London, S.E. 

Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes. 

Jones, (Miss) Laura C., 5, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol. 

Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 27, Mayton Street, Holloway, London, N. 

Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., The IJnoll, Clytha Park, Newport, 
Monmouthshire. 

Kew, H. Wallis, F.E.S., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, 
London, N. : 

Knight, G. A. Frank, M.A., Rosenlaui, Bearsden, Glasgow. 

Lamb, Henry, Lime Villas, Bower Street, Maidstone, Kent. 

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Trinity Street, Colchester, Essex. 

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S.. etc., Otterbourne, Bud- 
leigh Salterton, South Devon. 

Leicester, Alfd., 1, Priory Gardens, Weld Rd., Birkdale, Southport. 

Lightwood, James T., Hope House, Lytham, Lancashire. 

Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham, Middlesex. 

Lowe, Edward Joseph, D.L.,].P.,F.R.S., ¥.L.S., F.G.S.,F.R.A.S., 
etc., Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow, Monmouthshire. 

Luther, S. M., Garretsville, Ohio, U.S.A. 

Lyons, Lady, Kilbrough, Swansea, Glamorganshire. 

MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. 

McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C. 

McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 5, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. 

Madison. James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham. 

Marquand, Ernest D., Fermain House, Guernsey. 

Marshall. J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire. 

Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 

Mason, Philip Brooke, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Horninglow 

Street, Burton-on-Trent. 

Mayfield, Arthur, 88, Stafford Street, Norwich. 

Mellors, George W., Locksley House, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. 

Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Kersal Cottage, Prestwich, 
Manchester. 

Middleton, Robert, Gledhow,. near Leeds. 

Milne, J. Grafton, Albert Square, Bowdon, Cheshire. 

Milnes, Rey. Herbert, M.A., Winster Vicarage, near Derby. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow. 

Morgan, J. Bickerton, 30, Severn Street, Welshpool. 

Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex. 

Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. 

Newstead, A. H. L., B.A.Cantab., Roseacre, Epping. 

Newton, Richard “Bullen, F.G.S., 76, Chesilton Road, Munster 
Park, London, W. 

Nicholson, John, Chapeltown, Pudsey, Yorkshire. 

Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F R.S.. F.L.S., etc., 
Burnmoor Rectory, Fence [1ouses, Durham. 

North, S. W., M.R.C.S., F.G.S., Micklegate, York. 

Oldham, Charles, Ashlands, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire. 

Paling, Albert, B.A., B.Sc., Middlesex Hospital, London. 

Parke, George H., F.L.S., F.G.S., St. John’s, Wakefield. 

Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex. 

Peal, Charles Nathaniel, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Fernhurst, Mattock 
Lane, Ealing, London, W. 

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Wood- 
stock, Oxfordshire. 

Petch, Tom, B.A., Hedon, near Hull. 

Pickard-Cambridge, C. Owen, Bloxworth, Wareham, Dorsetshire. 

Ponsonby, John H.. F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W. 

Quilter, Henry E., 34, Sparkenhoe Street, Leicester. 

Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne. 

Ramage, John, 20, Fill Street, Dundee, Forfarshire, N.B. 

Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury, 
London, N. 

Redding. J. Roland, 31, Belvedere Road, Dublin. 

Renton, Robert, Fans Road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire, N. B. 

Rhodes, Frederick, 13, Moorside Terrace, Moorside Road, Eccleshill. 
Bradford, Yorkshire. 

Robertson, David, F.L.S., F.G.S., Fernbank, Millport, Great 
Cumbrae, N.B. 

Robinson, Charles, 29, Stretford Road, Manchester. 

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds. 

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester. 

Rosevear, John Burman, Roselea, 51, Crouch Hill, London, N. 

Rosevear, Samuel Blackman, 122, West Street, Fareham, Hants. 

Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A., Curator of the 
Natural History Museum, Dublin ; 22, Leeson Park, Dublin. 

Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B. 

Shackleford, Lewis John, Ripley College, Ripley, Derbyshire. 

Shaw, Alexander, 439, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. 

Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield. 

Shrubsole, George Wm., Town Hall Square, Chester. 

Siggs, F. L., B.A., Middlesex Hospital, London. 

Skilton, (Mrs.) Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 147 


Smart, Rev. R. W.J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon. 

Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Nat. History Museum, South Kensington, 
London, W. 

Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth Street, 
Topsham, Exeter. 

Smout, Charles L., 1o1, East Street Buildings, Baker Street, 
London, W. 


1886. Z Somerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.L.S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, 


Glasgow. 

Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., 11, Southpark Terrace, 
Hillhead, Glasgow. 

Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S.,121, Fulham Rd., London,s. W. 

Span, Bartlet, Heywood Mount, Tenby, South Wales. 

Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester. 

Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent. 

Steel, James, (Glass Stainer), 104, Renfrew Street, Glasgow. 

Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester. 

Storrs, Rev. George Godwyn, b.A., Laurel Cottage, Florence Road, 
Southsea. 

Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Cardiff. 

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. 

Swanton, E. W. S., Bratton St. Maur, Wincanton, Somersetshire. 

Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 9, Belvedere, Weymouth, Dorsetshire. 

Taylor, (Miss) Helen I.., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby. 

Taylor, J. M., Free Museum, Paisley, Renfrewshire, N.B. 

Taylor, John W., F.L.S., Spring Bank, Horsforth, Leeds. 

Tomlin, J. R. Brockton, B.A., 59, Liverpool Road, Chester. 

Turner, Rev. William, 5, St. Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh. 

Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond-Road, Handsworth, Birmingham. 

Viner. C. W., M.A., Ph. D., 9, Seymour Street, Bath. 

Waite. Edgar R., F.L.S., Assistant Curator, Australian Museum, 
Sydney, N.S. W. 

Warren, (Miss) Amy, Moyview, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland. 

Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, I)etroit, Michigan. U.S.A. 

Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge. 

Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free Church 
Manse. Cardross, Dumbartonshire. 

Whatmore, Charles A.. Much Marcle, Herefordshire. 

Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S. W. 

Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool. 

Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., c/o Rev. Canon Bromley, 
Benwell Vicarage, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Wood, Albert, Wyndley, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. 


. £ Woocward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 131, The Grove, 


Ealing, London, W. 
Wotton, F, W., 11, Moira Terrace, Cardiff, Glamorganshire, 


———_—¢-e-¢—_ 


148 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


A THEORY AS TO THE POSSIBLE INTRODUCTION 
OF HYDROBIA* (PALUDESTRINA) JENKINS. 


By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A., NorTHAMPTON. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 7th, 1892). 


Last August (1892) when on a long-to-be-looked-back-upon 
conchological walking tour with my friend, Mr. C. Oldham, this 
very local species rewarded our search at Countess Weir, half 
way between Exeter and Topsham. We were accompanied by 
Mr. MacMurdo, of Topsham, whose collection of local species, 
by the way, is well worth a visit. 


Having last year (Sept. 1891) found P. jexkins? at Sand- 
wich in a very similar habitat to that at Topsham, and having 
visited the Plumstead locality, which is also very similar, under 
the guidance of the Rev. J. W. Horsley, it occurred to me that 
this similarity might throw some light upon the manner of its 
introduction into Britain—provided, of course, that it is not 
really indigenous. 

It is a little curious, that before we actually found the shell, 
I had remarked to Mr. Oldham how greatly Topsham reminded 
me of the old-world, sleepy and decayed Cing Port ; and upon 
reflection and enquiry the similarity increased. 


Both towns were of considerable importance as trading 
ports until, roughly speaking, two hundred years ago, when from 
different causes both subsided in favour of their respective 
sisters, Dover and Exeter. 

Mr. MacMurdo informs me that in the reign of Henry VIII. 
two men-of-war, which afterwards fought against the Armada, 
were built on the spot where P. gerkznsz now flourishes. ‘They 
must have been vessels of very small draft to have navigated 
the Exe at all. It appears that in these times vessels used to 


* On the generic name see Mr. E, A, Smith’s presidential address, Q.J.C., vol. vi., p. 336. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1893. 


ADAMS : HYDROBIA (PALUDESTRINA) JENKINSI. 149 


go regularly to Countess Weir. Between 1840 and 1855 there 
was a regular trade between St. Petersburg and Finland and 
Topsham, in hemp, tar, and timber, which trade ceased with 
Topsham thirteen years ago, the timber being now unshipped at 
Exmouth and sent to Exeter by rail or canal. 


Sandwich, too, in former times, imported timber from 
Cronstadt (whence timber from Finland may also have been 
shipped), and also from several Swedish and Prussian ports, and 
this trade was continued till quite recently, when the improved 
harbours of Dover and Ramsgate killed it. 

Along the south bank of the Thames timber has been 
unloaded from, doubtless, many parts of the world, but certainly 
from Russia and Finland. 

The only ports, then, trading mutually with two of our 
three English ports are Cronstadt (St. Petersburg) and some 
Finnish ports along the Gulf of Bothnia. Though Topsham 
imported timber also from America, I do not find that Sand- 
wich ever did so; Sandwich, again, imported timber from 
Sweden, Norway, and Prussia, but I can find no record of the 
same for Topsham. 


Now the fact of the same foreign locality exporting timber 
to three different British ports (the only known habitats of the 
species in question), and that same foreign locality being the 
only one, as far as my information goes, trading mutually with 
two of the three seems a curious coincidence, and, though by 
no means amounting to anything like proof, forms a provisional 
hypothesis. 

This hypothesis would be greatly strengthened if the shell 
were found in any other of our ports which trade or have traded 
with Russia or Finland—e.g., Newhaven and Wisbech—where I 
would suggest that search be made. 


And, lastly, it would vastly increase its probability if the 
species were found to exist in some of the low-lying marshes 
along the Russian or Finnish coasts, 


150 HYALINIA GLABRA IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 


Had the shells come from Norway, Sweden, or Prussia, it 
is likely that it would have been discovered ere now by some of 
the keen investigators of those countries, but it is not so likely 
that conchologists have wandered along the low-lying shores of 
Russia and Finland, which shores, from personal knowledge, I 
can testify to being extremely desolate. 

It may be remembered that the habitat of P. jenkinsi is 
slightly brackish dykes, such as timber is likely to be stored in 
while awaiting shipment. 

In all the three known localities the water is usually fresh 
and from one to three miles from the sea. At Sandwich the 
shell was associated with Spherium corneum and Valvate 
piscinalis ; the water was then fresh, but possibly at high tides 
the salt water of the tidal Stour may get into the dyke through 
the sluices which I observed. 

At Countess Weir it occurs in a small brook which runs 
into the Exe, whither salt water percolates, though not to any 
extent, and Pystdium fontinale, Planorbis albus, P. contortus, 
Limnea peregra,* and L. truncatula were associated with it 
among the Anacharis weed, which was plentiful. 

I have had the curiosity to go through 1256 specimens 
from Topsham to find the approximate ratio of the carinated 
to the uncarinated forms; I find only 9 per cent. are un- 
carinated. 


“ ZL. peregra is well known to exist and thrive in brackish water, and I have found P/. 
vortex and PZ. spirvorbis in a very salt marsh at Dovercourt, near Harwich. 


————$+e+¢— —__ 


Hyalinia glabra in Northamptonshire. —In Mr. 
W. D. Crick’s carefully-compiled ‘List of the Mollusca of 
Northamptonshire,’ vol. iv., p. 247, attention is called to the 
absence of H. glabra amongst other species. I have been 
fortunate enough to find two live specimens, and also one of 
the viridula form of H. alliaria, which is also omitted in the 
list, at Bratfield, near Northampton.—I.. E. Apams, Jan. 22, 


1893. 


Jur, vile, Jan 1893; 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 151 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE MISPLACEMENT OF 
EE NAVI S Om) WY P Eagan Ves Roy: 
IN AVALINTA SEORA. 


®By W. NELSON anv R. STANDEN., 


(Read before the Conchological Society, December 7 1892). 


The great preponderance of the whitish form of this species 
over the brown, wherever we have collected, has long seemed to 
us a remarkable circumstance, and careful comparison of notes 
with many friends, whose experience has been the same as our 
own, further confirmed the suspicion that something must be 
wrong in the definition of type and variety as given in Jeffreys’ 
‘ British Conchology.’ 


Being together in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, in 
August last, we paid a visit to the Museum there expressly to 
have a look through Dr. Joshua Alder’s collection, and were 
pleased to find in it a tablet containing a plentiful series of the 
white form (vay. margaritacea Jeff.) mounted and labelled, in 
Alder’s handwriting, as the type of . pura ; and on the next 
tablet three specimens of the brown form labelled ‘AH. pura var.’ 
This, in itself, appears to us sufficiently conclusive evidence that 
what we and others have been taught to consider the vavzety 
is really what Alder intended for ¢yfe when he described the 
species, and that var. margaritacea Jeff. is a misnomer. We 
will, however, quote descriptions from all the authors whose 
works we have been able to consult, and it will be seen that the 
majority of the evidence is corroborative. 


The species was first made known by Alder in 1830, and 
though a well-marked species, at once became a source of error. 
For Jeffreys, in ‘A Supplement to the Synopsis of the Testace- 
ous Pneumonobranchous Mollusca of Great Britain,’ read before 
the Linnean Society, June 2 tst, 1831, dismisses it very curtly 
as Helix nitidula var. (=placing H. pura Alder as a synonym). 


152 NELSON AND STANDEN: HYALINIA PURA. 


Dr. Turton in his ‘ Manual of the Land and Freshwater 
Shells of the British Islands,’ 1831, describes the shells as being 
‘glossy, of a pale horny crystalline transparency,’ and makes no 
mention of any- variety. 

We now come to what we consider the best manual that 
has yet been written on our land and freshwater shells, viz. : 
‘Turton’s Manual,’ revised and enlarged by J. E. Gray, 1840. 
The type is described as ‘ rather shining transparent white,’ but 
he also says ‘ Var. shell pale-horn colour’; and under this he 
puts Helix nitidosa Fér. (Tab. Moll.)—vnot synonyma. 


Macgillivray, in ‘Molluscous Animals of the Counties of 
Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff,’ 1843, describes the shell as 
‘transparent, moderately glossed, greenish white.’ No variety 
given. 

In Forbes and Hanley’s ‘ History of British Mollusca and 
their Shells,’ vol. 4, 1853, the shell is described as ‘ white, or 
occasionally very pale-horn colour.’ No variety mentioned. 


Moquin Tandon, in his ‘ Hist. Nat. des Mollusques,’ 1855, 
describes the shell as ‘un peu brillante, blanchatre, ambreé, ou 
roussatre, tirant quelquefois sur le verdatre,’ and gives var. 
viridula Menke (‘Coquille un peu plus pale, légerement ver- 
datre’), and Helex nitidosa Fer. ( ‘sans characteres’ ). 

J. G. Jeffreys, in ‘ British Conchology,’ 1862, describes the 
shell as ‘semi-transparent, light-horn colour, with a yellowish or 
reddish tinge on the upper side.’ Var. margaritacea—‘ shell 
pearl-white and nearly transparent.’ 

Ralph Tate, in ‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusks of 
Great Britain,’ 1866, says ‘Colour white, rarely very pale amber,’ 
and does not give a variety. 

Rimmer, in his ‘ Land and Freshwater Shells of the British 
Isles,’ 1880, quotes from ‘ British Conchology,’ verbatim. 

In Kobelt’s ‘Catalog,’ 1881, two varieties of . pura are 
given, viz., var. vvidula Menke, and var. lenticularis Held-—of 
the latter we are unable to give description. 


J.G., vit, Jan. 1893. 


NELSON AND STANDEN: HYALINIA PURA. 153 


L. E. Adams, in his ‘ Collectors Manual of British Land 
and Freshwater Shells,’ 1884, partially follows Jeffreys, and 
describes the shell as ‘dull, semi-transparent, light-horn colour.’ 
Var. margaritacea—‘ pearl white and nearly transparent.’ Mr. 
Adams informs us that he took the brown form as the type from 
Jeffreys’ work, but, as he did not observe any tinge of red, or 
that the brown colour was on the upper side alone, he spoke of 
the shell as he saw it. 


Rev. Canon Norman, in his ‘Museum Normanianum’ 
Catalogue, 1890, gives var. /enticilaris Held; but in his ‘ Revi- 
sion of British Mollusca’ (Annals of Nat. Hist., 1890), he does 
not give any variety of ZZ. pura. 


We consider that sufficient evidence has been produced to 
warrant the expulsion of var. sargaritacea Jeff. from our British 
List, and if a varietal name is required at all, it should be given 
to the brown form. ‘The question of the relative frequency 
between the brown and white form has, of course, nothing to do 
with Alder’s naming, and is simply interesting as pointing to 
the appropriateness of his type being fully recognised. In his 
‘Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham,’ 
1848, Alder gives var. zztidosa Fér., and he evidently believed 
the brown form to be wtédosa of that author. Gray evidently 
did not agree with this; and Jeffreys in 1829 put ztdosa asa 
variety of 4. cel/arta. On consulting Férussac’s work we can 
find no description of wz/¢dosa, and Moquin Tandon, as already 
shown, quotes it without giving any characters. But Férussac 
says ‘Helix nitidosa nobis=Helix nitidula var. x’ (Drap., Hist., 
pl. vil., fig. 2122). ‘This is extremely conflicting, otherwise 
we would have suggested var. mz¢¢dosa as a fitting name for the 
brown form, to take the place of var. margaritacea Jeff. 


154 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


LIST OF LAND AND FRESHWATER 
MOLLUSCA OCCURRING IN THE MAIDSTONE 
DISTRICT. 


By H. ELGAR anp H. LAMB. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, March 4th, 1891). 


[Zhe specimens illustrating this paper have been kindly presented to the 
Conchological Society by the Authors). 


The following list is not put forward as an exhaustive one, 
as will be seen by the absence of some species, which in all proba- 
bility occur in the district, viz., of the genera Pesedium, Ancylus, 
Vertigo, etc. 

The physical aspect of the district is varied; we have the 
Chalk Hills to the north, the Ragstone range in the south, 
divided by the Folkestone Sand, which runs east and west at the 
foot of the Chalk; it is watered by the Medway, with its 
tributaries and marshes, also several large ponds and streams. 

This part of Kent has been but little worked by conchologists, 
and will no doubt eventually yield a good many not in this list. 


Arion ater (L.). Common. 

A. ater var. rufa (L.). 

A. ater var. alba (L.). 

A. hortensis Fer. 

Amalia marginata Mull. 

Limax maximus L. 

L. flavus L. 

Agriolimax agrestis L. 

Testacella scutulum Sow. Obtained several. 
Vitrina pellucida (Miill.). Generally distributed. 
Hyalinia cellaria (Miull.). Common. 

H. alliaria (Miller). Common. 

H. glabra (Stud.). Common. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1893. 


ELGAR AND LAMB: MOLLUSCA OF MAIDSTONE DISTRICT. 155 


H. nitidula (Drap.). Common. 

H. nitidula var. helmii (Alder). One. 

H. pura (Alder). Occurs sparingly, and the same may be said 
of the two following :— 

H. crystallina (Miull.). 

H. nitida (Mill.). 

Helix rotundata Mill. Common. 

H, rotundata var. alba Mog. 

. aculeata Mill. Not common. 

. pulchella Mill. Old walls, common. 

. lapicida L. Several localities. 

. pomatia L. Moderately plentiful in three localities. 

.aspersa Mull. Common. 

. nemoralis L. Common. 

. nemoralis var. libellula (Risso). 

. nemoralis var. rubella Mog. 

. nemoralis var. castanea Mog. 

. hortensis Mill. Common. 

. hortensis var. albina Mog. 

. hortensis var. lutea Mog. 

. hortensis var. incarnata Mog. 

. hortensis var. arenicola Macgill. 

. arbustorum L. Moderately common. 

. cantiana Mont. Very common. 

. cantiana var. albida Taylor. 

. Cantiana var. pyramidata Colb. Obtained once. 

. rufescens Penn. Common. 

. hispida L. Generally distributed. 

. hispida var. albida Jeff. 

. hispida var. hispidosa Mouss. Not common. 

. granulata Alder. Moist places by the Medway. 

. fusca Mont. In a disused chalk-pit. 

. itala L. Common on the chalk. 

. caperata Mont. Locally common. 

. caperata var. major Jeff. 


Bie pele 22 eel gels mals als Se ok ee eke pele eke ole che, os lew ols Gos ebeeks. oly ck ce ake cele eke 


156 ELGAR AND LAMB: MOLLUSCA OF MAIDSTONE DISTRICT. 


H. virgata DaCosta. Locally common. 
Buliminus obscurus (Miill.). Generally distributed. 
Pupa cylindracea (DaCosta). Common. 
P. muscorum (L.). Scarce. 
Vertigo pygmea (Drap.). Common in one locality. 
V. minutissima (Hartm.). Scarce. 
Balea perversa (L.). Scarce. 
Clausilia perversa (Pult.). Common. 
C. rolphii Gray. Moderately plentiful in several localities. 
C. laminata (Mont.). Generally distributed. 
Azeca tridens (Pult.). Scarce. 
Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill.). Generally distributed. 
Cecilioides acicula (Mill.). Two localities. 
Succinea putris (L.). Common. 
Carychium minimum Mill. Generally distributed. 
Planorbis albus Mill. Medway, ponds and with the 
following :— 
- contortus Mull. 
. vortex (L.). 
. carinatus Mull. 
. complanatus L. 
Pres fontinalis (L.). Upper Medway. 
Limngea peregra (Mull.). Very common. 
L. auricularia (L.). Two localities. 
L. stagnalis (L.). One locality, a small pond by the road-side, 


Je) 4a) 19) 0) 


plentiful. 
L. palustris (Miull.). Medway. 
L. truncatula (Miill.). Medway and small streams, common. 
Cyclostoma elegans (Mill.). Very common. 
Neritina fluviatilis (L.). Upper Medway, one locality. 
Viviparus viviparus (L.). Upper Medway,°common. 
Bythinia tentaculata (L.). | Medway and large ponds, 
common. : 
Valvata piscinalis (Mull.). Upper Medway. 
Unio tumidus Phil. Medway, common. 


].C., vii., Jan. 1803. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 157 


U. pictorum (L.). Common with W tumédus. 

Anodonta cygnea (L.). Medway and large ponds, common. 
A. anatina (L.). With 4. cygnea. 

Sphzrium corneum (L.). Common, Upper Medway. 

S. rivicola (Leach). Medway, above Maidstone, common. 
S. lacustre (Miill.). Lower Medway, in a ditch. 


—_—___ 4-9-4 


Helix nemoralis in the Pyrenees.—During a short 
stay at Eaux-Bonnes, in the Pyrenees, about 3,000 feet above 
sea-level, I was struck with the large number of white-lipped 
specimens of le/zx nemoralis. This is an extremely common 
species in the Pyrenees, and at the locality mentioned the dark- 
and white-lipped varieties are equally common and generally 
found under the same stone. ‘The variety is, I think, the one 
first recorded as British by Mr. J. W. Taylor under the name of 
albolabiata Von Mart. (Jour. of Conch., vol. iv.). The ‘forma 
gallica’ of Westerlund (Fauna Europ., 1876) again seems to 
me the same variety. A very large number of conchologists 
are still under the impression that every white-lipped nemoralis- 
like snail is /e/?x hortensts, and I am sure a number of wrong 
records have in this way crept into local lists. I did not find a 
single specimen of true //. /orfensis in the Pyrenees, and 
although some writers state that it is found in Spain and 
Portugal, I think it is highly probable, as indeed Westerlund 
states, that it does not occur in those countries. In order to 
make sure that the white-lipped specimens really were Hed/ix 
nemoralis, and not large HZ. hortensis, 1 dissected some of them, 
and found that their anatomy agreed with the description of 
the former. Even without looking at the dart, the long fla- 
gellum, and the short and simple digital glands, distinguish this 
species at once from AZ. hortensis.—R. F. ScHARFrF, Dublin, 
iVov. 9, 1892. (Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 7, 
1892). 


158 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


DE VEE cuistORY OR Wee /ON. Amar AND) ls 
POWER OF SELF-FERTILISATION. 


By F. W. WOTTON. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Nov. 4, 1892). 


The study of slug life does not appear to have been very 
enthusiastically entered upon by British malacologists, and the 
text-books and other works on the subject written by our own 
countrymen generally contain statements that have been copied 
from continental writers as well as from the older English 
authors without any attempt having been made to verify or dis- 
prove them. Thus many inaccuracies have been perpetuated. 

This, I feel, is a reproach to us as a Conchological Society, 
and in laying the present life-history before the members, it 1s 
with the earnest hope that others may be induced to take up 
the work, and carry it on until the whole of the British slugs 
have been dealt with in detail. 

The facts I am about to adduce are solely the result of my 
own observations, and I may here state that during the whole 
time I was engaged working out the life-history of this lowly 
creature, I watched it at intervals each day and part of each 
night with but few intermissions. 

Avion ater is one of the largest British slugs. It averages 
in length when fully extended from 34 to 7 inches from the tip 
of the tail to the ends of the tentacles. Fine specimens are 
occasionally met with which exceed even the latter length— 
one of the slugs I experimented with totalling 74 and another 
8 inches. Although this species has been named afer, they are 
not by any means all black, as the name implies, but are to be 
met with in various shades of orange, brown, yellow, and cinere- 
ous, sometimes mottled or streaked and often unicoloured. 
This peculiarity has given rise to a perplexing number of varietal 
names, and I would here ask, in all sincerity, if the time occu- 
pied by those who seem to make a speciality of seeking out 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1893. 


WOTTON : LIFE-HISTORY OF ARION ATER. 159 


microscopical differences in colour mutations, seemingly for the 
purpose of appending their names to hair-splitting varieties, or 
in hunting up obsolete names, with the apparent object of 
making sweeping changes in the present nomenclature—which 
can only cause endless confusion—would not be more profitably 
spent in studying the habits and structure of some of our less- 
known molluscs ? 

On the first day of August, 1889, I obtained two fine speci- 
mens of Arion ater whilst on a collecting expedition. ‘The 
colour of one was a uniform dark-reddish brown, the other 
uniform light yellow ; both having the deep-orange fringe round 
the foot characteristic of the variety vwfa. I had a box made 
for their reception, which had a teak-wood bottom, glass sides 
and ends, and a tightly-fitting, portable, perforated zinc top. 
It was of the following dimensions :—15 inches long, 8 inches 
wide, and 7 inches deep. The bottom was covered with turf, 
about 2 inches deep, on which was placed two or three lime- 
stones, and also a pot containing water. The turf was renewed 
weekly and the water daily. On the fifth of August the two 
Arions took possession of their new abode, where they seemed 
as happy and contented as slugs could well be. On the tenth 
of the following month I detected them in the act of conjuga- 
tion, the connection lasting about twenty-five minutes. From 
this time until the eggs were deposited, the animals assumed 
rather a sickly appearance, the colours waxed duller, and the 
bodies got somewhat dry, apparently on account of a scarcity 
of slime. 

The dates on which the batches of eggs were deposited 
and the number in each batch were as follows :— 


THE LIGHT-YELLOW A707. THE REDDISH-BROWN Avion. 
Oct 13 andere iS Somes 240 OGlis TO, LEC) son “sos 505 SO) 
OB AS, HEISO) ong: ooo 800 9 Och siGaly sees Leakey See TO 
INO. LOMd caer osse, LOT Otis Ei acmenenmectee cee o/7/ 
INOVEZONS: jcneh oR meee: | KOT INOVERS VGC cee sce) eke OD 

INOVIeH 7a) hilt sen asset senue) BAz, 
Total cos AYA otal soo 


160 WOTTON : LIFE-HISTORY OF ARION ATER. 


The 246 eggs is the largest number I have ever seen in one 
batch. The animal commenced its task on the 13th October, 
at ten a.m. Two hours later it had excluded 60. After this 
the rate of deposit was much slower, for at twelve p.m. it had 
only added 107. Between this time and eight the next morn- 
ing thirty more appeared, and at three p.m., thirty hours after- 
wards, it deposited an additional 49, the whole time occupied 
being forty hours. The slug never altered from the position it 
took up at first, but lay on the szzface of the ground with its 
head drawn up underneath the mantle and inclined to the left 
side, the mantle itself being lifted just above the reproductive 
orifice. It took not the slightest notice when touched, even if 
taken into the hand, but went unconcernedly on with its occu- 
pation. Two hours after producing the last egg the Arion began 
to move about in quest of food (having fasted for some 50 hours) 
and finding the half of a raw potato quickly demolished it. After 
this meal it went into the bath with seeming enjoyment, remain- 
ing submerged for more than an hour. On emerging the crea- 
ture looked as well as ever, but was considerably reduced from 
its original size. 


Whilst the animal was excluding the eggs I kept a spoon in 
a position to catch them as they fell; when the spoon was full 
I replaced it with an empty one. I was thus enabled to keep 
the eggs clean, and also to count them correctly. The eggs, 
which are somewhat whitish and semi-transparent, are loosely 
cemented together by a mucous secreted by the slug. They 
are generally deposited in secluded places, such as the interior 
of decayed tree stumps, under stones and other substances, and 
sometimes in holes sunk into the earth by the parent. In shape 
they are slightly elliptical, and average in size 4 mm. by 3 mm. 
Larger specimens sometimes occur, which measure 6 mm. by 
5 mm. Here and there an egg will be found contracted in the 
centre, as if a string were tied round it, giving it the appearance 
of a double egg. ; 


J.C., vit, Jan. 1893. 


WOTTON : LIFE-HISTORY OF ARION ATER. 161 


The time required for hatching varies considerably, and 
is largely influenced by circumstances and surroundings. In 
the case under notice it varied from sixty to seventy-four days. 
The time is prolonged by dryness and cold, a continued dryness 
being fatal to the embryo. Extreme cold and extreme heat have 
alike result. I have frequently exposed them during a hard 
frost, but none of the eggs so treated ever produced young. 
The minimum time is reached in warm, damp situations, when the 
young slug is sometimes excluded in forty days. 

It will be as well to mention here that the eggs deposited 
in one batch—even if within an hour or so of each other—do 
not hatch simultaneously as may. be supposed, the intervening 
time being often several days. 

Here are the particulars of one deposit which may be taken 
as a fair example :— 


DEPOSITED BY LIGHT-YELLOW ARION. 


Dates when Hatched. Number. 
Jjemoinaray WON, TSISG) — som nen con! “dco 
8 Lees Ne Riis, Gatath eoes ES 
Nov. joth, 1889. » pee 55 See Re NAGE a esos: TLS) 
ror Egeb. ‘ ea LO knees etic ACGOSBOrMN onal Le: 
mena 71010 The \ian BOGE dnG dear Sriemaeeib tn) (7) 
SE 2Istee iis Sueum Rot PRR Resto a6) 
SERPS a5 Seog Siar nn? O 
Motalieesee 52 


The remainder were unproductive. 

About ten or twelve days before the baby Arion emerges, 
the eggs begin to turn yellow, which deepens as time goes on. 
They also get more opaque. Under a low power the slug can 
be seen moving inside the shell, and it is most interesting to 
watch its introduction to the world. ‘This is best seen by plac- 
ing the egg on a looking-glass. The inmate gradually increases 
in size until a fine crack becomes visible; this gradually enlarges 
until the shell is split up, or one of the ends opens, and the slug 
is able to crawl out. Some of them, when nearly clear of the 
shell, will back or crawl into it again, and curl themselves up 


K 


162 WOTTON: LIFE-HISTORY OF ARION ATER. 


within. There they rapidly increase in size and soon force the 
shell completely off. After lying perfectly still for a time, it 
will erect its head, turn it about and survey its surroundings 
in a manner most amusing to witness. After a little more 
manceuvring, it crawls away and betakes itself to the damp 
earth, where it soon sinks beneath the surface. Here the young 
Arion remains for four or five days without attempting to take 
food. When it reappears above ground to commence the re- 
sponsibilities of life it has increased to nearly double its 
original size. 

The average length of the Arion immediately after its ex- 
clusion from the egg is 9 mill.; in five months it increases to 
56 mill. After this time it grows less rapidly and attains its full 
size about the middle of the second year. 

The young slugs are light in colour at first, but the colour 
is subject to variation; it usually, however, gradually gets 
deeper until the animal has attained the age of four or five 
months, when it becomes permanent. When the Arion is about 
seven or eight days old, the dark lateral lines appear, but these 
are not always constant, for they soon disappear again from 
some individuals, whilst others retain them. The fringe around 
the foot also alters or graduates in colour from light yellow to 
the beautiful orange tint characteristic of this variety. It be- 
comes permanent about the same time as the colour in the other 
parts of the body. 

It will be remembefed that the total number of eggs de- 
posited by the two slugs was 873. From causes which I will 
presently explain a large quantity of them were unproductive. 
It is worthy of notice that nearly the whole of the young slugs 
were similar in colour to the darkest of the parents, only about 
nine per cent. being coloured similarly to the light-yellow one. 

I shall hope at a future date to return to the question of 
hereditary transmission of colour, and will only mention here 
that the kind of food or soil seems to exert no influence what- 
ever on the coloration, for I have frequently taken — several 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


WOTTON : LIFE-HISTORY OF ARION ATER. 163 


varieties of one species in the same locality where similar soil 
and food were the common lot of them all. Again, I have often 
fed slugs on coloured paper—a kind of food for which, by the 
way, they seem to have a great partiality. Now little if any of 
the colouring matter is absorbed or digested by the animal, the 
excrement being invariably of the same colour as the paper it 
had partaken of. This remark also applies to carrot, potato, 
etc., and it is very curious to see the little heaps of excreted 
matter of different colours jotted here and there after animals 
had been supplied with diversely-coloured food. 

From the above facts Iam led to infer—without being in 
the slightest degree dogmatic on the point—that, whilst the 
colour of the parent is transmitted to the young in perhaps the 
majority of cases, in some it is constitutional and peculiar to the 
individual. As yet no satisfactory reason can be given which 
will account for these colour-changes. 

Arton ater is carnivorous and herbivorous, but I have 
seldom seen them take animal food. At times they will eat 
the slime and epidermis from off each other’s back, which 
means death to the victim. The strangest part of it is that the 
creature so operated upon will go on eating its own food 
apparently indifferent to, or unconscious of the fact that it is 
being slowly murdered. Occasionally it will make an ineffectual 
attempt to shake its assailant off, and then resume its meal with 
seeming content. 

They possess the power of existing for several weeks with- 
out solid food, providing a plentiful supply of moisture is 
obtainable, although under such conditions growth is arrested 
and the animal becomes considerably dwarfed in size. Without 
food or moisture life cannot be supported beyond three or 
four days. A bath is a favourite pastime with this mollusc, 
which it seems to thoroughly enjoy, and it will often remain 
submerged for a considerable time. I have known them re- 
cover a‘ter having been completely submerged (compulsorily) 
for nearly three days. 


164 WOTTON: LIFE-HISTORY OF ARION ATER, 


In common with other slugs, this species is infested with a 
small white parasite, which occasionally visits it in considerable 
numbers, darting about over its body and in and out of the 
pulmonary cavity without ever seeming to rest. I have noticed 
a quantity of them swimming about on the water after their 
benefactor has taken a bath; probably the Arion resorts to this 
expedient to rid itself of its strange guests when they become 
too troublesome. 

Once more reverting to the eggs. On carefully weighing 
them, I found there were 624 to an ounce. ‘This was exactly 
the weight of the light-yellow slug just before it commenced 
depositing. In excluding 246 eggs, it parted with three-eighths 
of its own weight in thirty hours; whilst from Oct. 13th to 
Nov. 30th (forty-eight days) 477 were produced, the total 
weight of this number being slightly over three-fourths of the 
weight of the parent slug. What astonishing fecundity ! 

Considering the quantity of eggs produced, it seems sur- 
prising that there should not be a plague of slugs ; but they are 
not nearly so numerous as the above facts would seem to 
warrant. Let us now consider the causes that effect their 
reduction. 

In the first place, very many of the eggs prove naturally 
unfertile; then the parent often turns cannibal and devours them, 
or, for the matter of that, the eggs of any other species—it is not 
at all fastidious in this matter. Again, centipedes, ants, and 
other insects prey on them; but the greatest enemy of all is the 
larva of a small fly, which punctures a minute hole in the shell, 
wriggles itself inside, and eats out the interior. These larvz 
occur at times in such vast numbers that the earth in particular 
spots has the appearance of a moving mass of life! Many a 
nice batch of eggs I have had destroyed by this industrious 
creature, and many are the expedients I have employed to 
crush it out, but without success ; it is so perseveringly persis- 
tent. Lastly, come the birds, who pick off the infant slugs 
whenever an opportunity occurs. So, between the constant 


J.G., vii,, Apr. 1893. 


WOTTON : LIFE-HISTORY OF ARION ATER. 165 


attention of all these enemies, fortunate indeed is the Arion 
who lives out the full term of its natural existence, which gener- 
ally terminates at the end of the second year or early in the third. 

A great many slugs die soon after the exclusion of the eggs, 
especially when a large number has been deposited, the effort 
apparently being too much for their vitality. Oft times the 
creature dies a seemingly painful death. Little blisters form on 
the margin of the respiratory orifice, which gradually increase 
in size until the aperture is completely closed, and the Arion 
dies slowly from suffocation. A short time before death, the 
shield is elevated into a hump by the air confined in the pul- 
monary cavity. This swelling, which is elastic to the touch, 
gives the animal a somewhat ludicrous appearance. Death is 
also caused by the attack of an internal parasite, the effect of 
which has a very peculiar result. The superior tentacles, which 
are partly exserted, thicken at the base, and the animal loses the 
power of projecting or withdrawing them. It also becomes 
costive; finally, the digestive organs are projected some distance 
out of the mouth, the body becomes rigid, and death ensues in 
two or three days. 

Arion ater is moncecious—that is, the sexes are combined 
in the same individual; therefore, each slug has the power of 
producing eggs. It develops both spermatozoa and ova, but, 
it has been asserted, not at the same time. It occurred to me 
that, under these conditions, the Arion, when unable to find a 
mate, possibly possessed the power of selffertilization, and I 
resolved to try and ascertain whether it did or not. 

I will now give the result of my investigations, by which I 
discovered that they do possess this power. Out of one of the 
batches of young slugs produced by the light Arion, I selected 
three of the strongest and healthiest. These I placed each in a 
separate box made specially for the purpose, thus completely 
isolating them. The boxes were provided with glass fronts, 
which commanded a full view of the interior, and so every 
movement of the occupant could be noted. 


166 WOTTON : LIFE-HISTORY OF ARION ATER. 


The young Arions were placed in these boxes at the latter 
end of February, 1890. On the 3oth April one died, and on 
the 8th June a second followed its unworthy example, and I had 
to confine my attention to the sole survivor, which fortunately 
lived and thrived and we became great friends. It was supplied 
with fresh food and water daily, the turf and soil being changed 
every week, and I paid it every attention. As the months rolled 
on and December was ushered in without any sign of eggs, I 
began to despair; however, I persevered, and great was my 
delight when, on the 11th January, 1891, my friend presented 
me with two. Certainly not much of a beginning, but there 
they were. I carefully removed these eggs from the box and 
placed them in a pot of damp earth, anxiously watching them 
day after day, lest the animal should deposit no more. Imagine 
my feelings when examining them on the twelfth day to find the 
diabolical larvee in full possession! I there and then registered 
a vow of extermination against all flies, for I felt all my labour 
had been in vain. However, my friend proved faithful to its 
trust, and ultimately presented me with more eggs. I will now 


give particulars of 
EGGS DEPOSITED BY SELF-FERTILISED A7zon ater. 


Date of Deposit. No. Deposited. Remarks. 

Singularly enough these were all 
what I termed double eggs. CO 
Each of them fell a victim to the 


January 11th, 1891 2 
” 25th, 23 2 a 
Hana 


February 11th, ,, 


larvae. 
April 3rd, 40 60 ... Slugs began to appear on May 21. 
( The Arion was eighteen hours 
», 5th & 16th 70 i depositing this batch. Eggs be- 
gan to hatch out on May 28th. 
>> 29th, 5; 53 
May toth, 29 34 
», 28th, 3 27 
J ie oe i ; \ Unfertile, eggs very small. 
Total ... 264 


There is one interesting point that I will draw attention to, 
that is, the difference in the length of time taken in depositing 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 167 


the whole of the eggs between this slug and the pair that fer- 
tilised each other. In the former case it was 172 days, in the 
latter only 48 days—being a difference of 124 days. 

So far I have not been able to find any writings touching 
on self-fertilization in hermaphrodite gasteropods, and the point 
is well worth further experiment, in the course of which the 
ovatestis should be examined to see if it produces ova and 
sperms at the same time, or whether the latter are stored up in 
the seminal receptacle defore the ova ripen. Unfortunately I 
was unable to prosecute my investigations any further then, and 
I have not been able to devote the amount of time such a pro- 
ceeding requires since. 

For the purpose of shewing the development of the slug 
within the egg, I prepared for sectioning six eggs on the day of 
exclusion, and six eggs each succeeding day until the slug was 
fully formed. This I hope to make the subject of a future 
paper. 

CarviFF, October 13th, 1892. 


EEE ESS 


Pisidia near Leicester.—The simultaneous occurrence 
of all the British species of the genus yszdium is perhaps un- 
usual enough to be worth recording. When at Aylestone, near 
Leicester, last July, I found the following forms within a space 
of five or six yards, in the Union Canal, near its junction with 
the river Soar:—P. amnicum, P. fontinale and v. henslowana, 
P. pusillum, P. nitidum v. globosa, and P. milium. P. fontinale 
v. henslowana and P. pusillum were yery abundant ; the others 
occurring more sparingly. 2. mlium and P. nitidum are addi- 
tions to Mr. Quilter’s ‘List of Leicestershire Shells’ (Trans. 
Leices. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1888) as is Bythinza leachit, which 
I took in the canal at the same spot.—CHaRLES OLDHAM, 
Ashton-on-Mersey, Oct. 75, 7892. (Read before the Concho- 
logical Society, Jaz. 112, 7893). 


168 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


PROCEEDINGS. 
207th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 7th, 1892. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the Chair. 

Library Purchases announced: M(‘Nicholl’s Handbook for South- 
port (with list of Shells), second edition, 1861; Venables’ Guide to the Isle 
of Wight (with G. Guyon’s list of Mollusca), 1860; Turton’s Manual of 
British Shells, 1831; H. K. Jordan’s Catalogue of British Mollusca, 1866 ; 
Besley’s Handbook of North Devon (with list of Mollusca), n.d.; and 
Ramsay’s Geology of the Island of Arran, 1861. 


Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted. : 

From the respective Editors: L’Echange Revue Linneenne, for October 
15th and November 15th, 1892; the Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes 
Nauralistes for December, 1892. 

From the Trustees of the Australian Museum: Report for 1801. 

From the respective Societies : Proceedings of Linnean Society of New 
South Wales, vol. 7, part 1 ; Abstract Proceedings, Sept. 28th and Oct. 
26th, 1892; Transactions of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, part 17. 

From the Author, Mr. B. B. Woodward: Papers (1) On the Radula of 
Paludestrina jenkinsi and that of P. ventrosa, 1892; (2) On the Mode of 
Growth and the Structure of the Shell of Velates conoideus and other 
Neritidze, 1892. 

Donations to the Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. ‘William Baillie: Helix aspersa, H. arbustorum and 
varieties, HZ. cantiana, H. rufescens, H. ericetorum, H. virgata, H. 
pulchella, Hl. rvotundata, Hl. acuta, Vitrina, Clausilia perversa, and 
Hlyalinia frlva, all from Brora, some being the wild progeny of introduced 
specimens. 

From Mr. Lionel W. Hinxman: Salea, Pupa cylindracea, Cochlicopa 
lubrica, Clausilia perversa, Bulimus obscurus, Helix arbustorum, H. 
hortensis var. lutea 12345, and A. rvotundata from Dufftown, Banffshire ; 
and Unio margaritifera from the river Spey near Aberlour, Banffshire; the 
two last named being new authentications for the county. 

From Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.: numerous shells from Wass 
Bank, near Coxwold, Yorkshire, including Aeléx Jupictda, and from 
Settle. 

Donation to Photograph Album announced and thanks voted : 
From Mr. William Moss: Two Photographs of the Radula of Alarisa 
cornu-arielis, Trinidad. 


J.C., vil., Apr. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 169 


Donation to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted : 
From Mr. Hubert Elgar: 5s. 
New Members Elected : 
Mrs. H. G. Brierley, Glen View, Gledholt, Huddersfield. 
Mrs. Janet Carphin, 1, Lauriston Park, Edinburgh. 
Mrs. Louisa J. Satie Monmouth House, Monmouth Street, Topsham, 
Devon. 
Papers Read: 

By Mr. Theo. D. A. Cockerell, F.Z.S: ‘Arion occidentalis, an 
apparently new species ’ [to be printed in ‘J. of C.’]. 

By Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.: ‘A Theory as to the Possible Intro- 
duction of Hydrobia jenkinsz’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ Jan., 1893, 148—150]. 

By Mr. Robert F. Scharff, B.Sc., Ph.D., M.R.I.A.: ‘Helix nemoralis in 
the Pyrenees ’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ Jan. 1893, vii., 157]. 

By Messrs. Wm. Nelson and Robert Standen: ‘ Observations on the 
Misplacement of the names of Type and Variety in Ayalinia pura’ [printed 
in ‘J. of C.,’ January, 1893, vil., 151—153]. 

By Mr. Loftus St. George Byne: ‘ The Marine Mollusca of Teign- 
mouth’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ April, 1893, pp. 175—188]. 


Exhibits : 
Mr. Harold Wright, present as a visitor, showed a number of Marine 
Shells from various localities. 


Correspondence : 

A letter from the venerable naturalist, Rev. Leonard Blomefield, M.A. 
(formerly Jenyns), who is now in his 93rd year, was read, with reference to 
the type specimens of the Piszdia sztidim which he described in a paper 
published by the Cambridge Philosophical Society between sixty and 
seventy years ago, and mentioning that his cabinet of British Shells, 
wherein is a drawer devoted to Cyclas and Pistdium, is now in the 
Museum of the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution, where it is available 
for inspection by conchologists and students. 


208TH MEETING, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY IITH, 1893. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the chair, 


Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : 

From the Editor: The Naturalist for January, 1893. 

From the Society : Abstract Proceedings of Linnean Society of New 
South Wales, November 30th, 1892. 

From the respective Authors: Mr. R. B. Newton on Chovetes pratt in 
Western Australian Carboniferous Rocks, 1892 ; and Mr. Chas. F. Simpson, 
Notes on the Unionidze of Florida and the South Eastern States, 1892. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. George Roberts: Numerous species of shells from Ledstone, 
Holywell Wood (near Pontefract), Water Fryston, Lofthouse, Milford, 
Rothwell Haigh, Wressle, and other Yorkshire localities. 


170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


From Mr. Wm. Baillie: Mex cantiana, H. rvufescens, H. ttala 
(= ericetorum), H. virgata, 11. granulata (=sericea), Hyalinia cellaria, and 
Clausilia perversa from Brora, some the progeny of imported specimens 
turned loose. 

Donations to the Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted : 
From Lieut.-Colonel G. S. Parry: 55s. 

Candidates Proposed for Membership : 

Mr. Samuel Blackman Rosevear (proposed by Messrs. J. B. Rosevear 

and G. K. Gude) and Mr. Lewis John Shackleford (by Messrs. E. Collier 


and R. Standen). 
Papers Read. 


By Mr. Charles Oldham: ‘ Note on Pisidia near Leicester ’ [printed in 
‘J of C.,’ April, 1893, p. 167]. 

A paper by Mr. E. W. Swanton was also read, entitled ‘Some Obser- 
va'ions on the Variation and Distribution of British Slugs,’ in which were 
brought together the names of varieties as accepted in various published 
lists, as well as the number of counties for which the various species were 
recorded in the most recently published ‘ census.’ 

Exhibits : 

The Recorder showed on behalf of Mr. H. R. Matthews, jun., of 
Partick, near Glasgow, a number of land shells from Troon, Ayrshire, and 
other Scottish localities. He also showed adult examples of Helix nemoralis 
var. libellula 12345, H. hortensts vars. lutea 12345, and Zelea 00000 minor, 
and A. arbustorum from Dura Den, Fifeshire, collected 30th July, 1890, 
by Mr. W. Evans, F.R.S.E.; also a number of shells collected by Mr. 
W. GC. Clarkson about Pateley Bridge, Ripley, and other localities in 
Nidderdale, including Budimzs obscervis from How Stean, Azeca from How 
Stean and Greenhow Hill, Pésediem melium from Darley, etc. 


209TH MEETING, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY IST, 1893. 
Ield at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the chair. 


Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : 

From the Editors: Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, January, 1893 ; 
The Naturalist, February, 1893. 

From the Society: Proceedings of Royal Physical Society of Edin- 
burgh, 1891-92, vol. 11, part 2. 

Donations to the Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Miss Amy Warren: A large series of the marine shells of 
Killala Bay, Ireland; including Sole sz/igua from the Inch, Killala ; 
Pecten maximus, Lutraria clliptica, Cardium norvegicum, C. echinatum, 
Cyprina tslandica, Natica catena, Mactra solida, Lucina borealis, Monta- 
cuta ferruginosa, M. bidentata, and Odostomia plicata from Enniscrone, 
County Sligo ; Fusus antiguus, Buccinum undatum, Tapes pullastra, T. 
decussata, Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Lanthina, Axinus flexuosus, Lamellarta 
perspicua, Utriculus hyalinus, and U. truncatus from Bartra Island; JZya 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. OTP A 


arenaria, Scrobicularia piperata, Cardium edule, Tellina balthica, Hyd obia 
ulve, and Philine aperta from the Moy Estuary ; Patella vulgata, Purpura 
lapillus, Pleurotoma costata, Saxicava rugosa, Anomia ephippium and var. 
aculeata, Cyprea europea, Venerupis tris, Fissurella greca, Helcton 
pellucidum, Trochus umbilicatus, T. cinerarius, T. lineatus, T. sizyphinus, 
Tectura virginea, Tapes pullastra var. perforans, Modiolarza discors, M. 
costulata, Turritella terebra, Nucula nucleus, Lacuna divaricata, L. 
pallidula, Phasianella pulla, Arca tetragona, Kellia suborbicularis, Thracia 
adistorta, Lasea rubra, Emarginula fissura, Rissoa striata, R. striatula, R. 
ciolacea, R. cingillus, R. parva. R. punctura, Nassa incrassata, N. rett- 
culata, and Cyamium minutum from Carrahubbuck ; MWactra stullorui, 
Venus gallina, V. exolea, V. lincta, Donax vittatus, Ceratisolen legumen, 
Natica alderi, Acton tornatilis, Tellina tenuis, T. fabula, Rissoa costata 
and R. meéembranacea from Bartra and Enniscrone; ALytilus edulis and 
Spirtalis retroversus from Killala Bay ; and AZelamzpus myosotzs from Runroe, 
Co. Sligo ; the whole forming a much appreciated addition to the Society’s 
set of British Marine Mollusca, and illustrative of the donor’s paper in 
the Journal of Conchology for October, 1892, vol. vii., pp. 98-107. 


From Mr. William Baillie: A large series of the marine shells of the 
coast of East Sutherlandshire and the adjoining seas, including: Lef/oz 
nitiduin, Corbula gibba, Cardium fasciatum, Pleurotoma turricula, Trochus 
tumidus, Natica aldervi, Velutina levigata, Tellina pusilla, Venus ovata, 
Circe minima, Leda minuta, Nucula tenuis, Pecten similis, P. tigrinus and 
var., Psanmobta tellinella, Chiton levis, Ch. cinereus and var., Ch. 
marmoreus, Utriculus hyalinus, U. mammillatus, Bulla utriculis, 
Spirtalis retroversus, Pleurotoma nebula, Pl. trevelyana, Philine scabra, 
Ph. angulata, Ph. punctata, Cylichna cylindracea, C. umbilicata, Astarte 
compressa, Venus fasciata, V. gallina, Natica montacutt, Odostomia albella, 
O. unidentata, O. acuta, O. decussata, O. pallida, Trichotropis borealis, 
Eulima polita, E. bilineata, Trophon truncatus, Defrancia linearis, D. 
purpurea, and Trochus grenlandicus, from fish stomachs, Brora ; Pholas cris- 
pata from Brora shale ; Wactra stultorum, Lucina borealis, Venus exoleta, V. 
lincta, Tapes virginea, T. pullastra, and Lutraria elliptica from Brora drift ; 
Cardium norvegicum from Dornoch drift; Aydrobta ulve from Little Ferry ; 
Rissoa solutaand R. punctura trom sand, East and West Sutherlandshire ; 
Natica sordida from fish hooks, Brora; Philine nitida, Utriculus obtusis, 
U. truncatulus, Homalogyra atomus, H. rota, Melampus bidentatus, O. 
actcula, O. insculpta, O. turrita, and O. dolioliformis from Dornoch shell- 
sand, East Sutherlandshire ; Plezzotoma rufa from Dornoch and Durness ; 
Skenea planorbis from East Sutherlandshire; Acls unica (= Crondscus 
unicus) from sand, Brora; Caecum glabrum, Odostomia nivosa, and Eulima 
zntermedia from shell-sand, North and East Sutherlandshire ; Odostomia 
warren, O. spiralis, Eulima distorta and var. graczlis, from shell-sand and 
fish stomachs, Brora; O. zyeferstincta, O. rissotdes, O. tndistincta, Rissoa 
parva, R. violacea, KR. tnconspizua, R. striata, Rh. reticulata, R. cancellata, 
R. semistriata, R. menbranacea, Rh. setlandica, R. costata, and XR. cingillus 
from shell-sand and fish stomachs, East Sutherlandshire; Mr. Baillie in his 


172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


letter stating that more than forty species of these had been determined for 
him by the late Dr. Jeffreys, shortly before his decease. 


Donation to the Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted : 

From, Mr. J. Bassett Dixon: A New Cabinet, which he desired should 
be devoted to British Marine Mollusca, and which the Council have decided 
to name ‘ The Dixon Cabinet,’ with special thanks to Mr. Dixon. 


New Members Elected: 
Mr. Samuel Blackman Rosevear, 122, West Street, Fareham, Hants. 
Mr. Lewis John Shackleford, Ripley College, Ripley, Derbyshire. 
Papers Read : 

A note by Mr. J. E. Cooper on ‘ Valvata piscinalis monst. sénistrorsum 
at Hunstanton, Norfolk West’ was read, and illustrated by photographs 
[printed in ‘J. of C.,’ April, 1893, p. 174]. 

Exhibits : 

On behalf of Mr. G. Trevor Lyle, was shown an example of He/ix 

fomatia from North Wilts., found by him in 1890 near Devizes, at the foot 


of the Downs, and about a couple of miles north of the dividing line between 
North and South Wiltshire. 


210TH MEETING, WEDNESDAY, MARCH IST., 1893. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the chair. 


Library Purchase announced: Sturm and Hartmann’s Deutschen 
Fauna, 2 vols., 18131821. 


Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 

From the author, Mr. John Brazier, F.L.S.: (1), On the Synonymy of 
Felix (Hadra) gulosa Gould, 1891 ; (2), Note on the Linnean A/wrex corneus 
found living on the Coast of the I. of New Caledonia, 1889; (3), Descrip- 
tion of a new Cone (Cozws worcester?) from Mauritius, 1891; (4), Catalogue 
of the Marine Shells of Australia and Tasmania, parts i, Cephalopoda, and 
li, Pteropoda, 1892. 

From Mr John Brazier, F.L.S.: Paper by Mr. C. Hedley on the Struc- 
ture and Affinities of Panda atomata Gray, 1892. 

From the respective Editors: Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for Feb. 
1893; the Naturalist and the British Naturalist for March, 1893. 

From the Linnean Society of New South Wales: Proceedings, 2nd 
series, vol. 7, part ii, 1892 ; Abstract Proceedings, Dec. 28, 1892. 


Donation to Photograph Album announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. J. E. Cooper: Photographs of Valvata piscinalis monst. 
sinestrorsum from Hunstanton, Norfolk West, in illustration of his paper read 
at the previous meeting. 


Donation to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted : 
From Rev. W. L. W. Eyre, 5/-. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7B 


Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.: AHyalinia glabra and A. alliaria 
var. verzdula from Bratfield near Northampton. 

From the late Miss E. B. Fairbrass: Helix hortensts vars. lutea 10045 
(=debeauxia Loc.) and Jutea 10005 (= mtchaudia Loc.) from Ospringe, Kent ; 
and H. caperata var. major from Faversham, Kent. ; 

From Mr. W. Baillie: Zimnea peregra and var. lineata, Pisidium 
pusillum and var. obtusale, P. fontinale, Planorbis sperorbis and Pl. nautileus, 
from Loch Brora (the last three being new authentications for the vice- 
county of East Sutherland); and Cochlicopa lubrica, Balea, Vitrina, Pupa 
cylindracea, P. marginata (a new county authentication), Ayala crystal- 
lina, H. cellaria, H. pura, Helix arbustorum, H. virgata (an imported 
species), A. caperata, and H. pygmea from Brora. 

From Mr. J. E. Mason: Clauszlia perversa and C/. laminata from Well 
Vale near Alford, Lincoln North. 

Papers Read: 

A paper by Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy on ‘ The Land and Freshwater 
Molluska of Trinidad’ [to be printed in ‘J. of C.’]. 

A paper by the Rev. Herbert Milnes, giving a ‘ List of the Land and 
Freshwater Shells of the Peak of Derbyshire [to be printed in ‘J. of C.’]. 

A short note by Rev. J. W. Horsley, on ‘ Helzx nemoral’s in the 
Pyrenees,’ supplementary to that by Dr. Scharff [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ 
April, 1893, vii., 174]. 

A short note by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., on ‘Ayalinza glabra in 
Nerthamptonshire’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ Jan. 1893, p. 150]. 

A paper by Mr. J. T. Marshall, entitled ‘Additions to British Con- 
chology,’ bringing forward the names of numerous additions to the British 
Marine Mollusca made since the publication of Dr. Jeffreys’ work of that 
name [to be printed in the ‘J. of C.’]. 

Exhibits : 

The Recorder exhibited the following shells received for authentication 
from Mr. William Evans, F.R.S.E.: Arion minimus, Pistdium pusillum, 
Cochlicopa lubrica and Hyalinia crystallina from Tushielaw, Selkirkshire 
(the two first named being new authentications for that county); Helzx 
pulchella, Pupa cylindracea and Vertigo pygmaea from Elie, Fifeshire (the 
last named a new county authentication) ; and Lzmzea glabra from Bavelaw, 
near Balerno, Midlothian (a new record for Edinburghshire). 

On behalf of Mr. Frederick W. Fierke were shown a couple of Driffield 
Canal specimens of Pésédium amnicum. 

On behalf of Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., a number of slugs and shells 
from Solihull, Warwickshire, including A7zon minimus, A. circumscriptus, 
fyalinia fulva, Helix aculeata, Vertigo pusilla, V. edentiula and var. 
columella, and many others of less moment.—W.D.R. 


——_-——__<$>o 2 <> —_—____- 


174 JOURNAL OF €QNCHOLOGY. 


Helix nemoralis in the Pyrenees.—I can corroborate 
the observations of Dr. R. F. Scharff. At Lerans, near Pau, 
HT, nemoralis was mainly of the /zbe//ula variety, and nearly 
half were white lipped. The shells were large, and could never 
be mistaken for 7. Zortensis, which was quite absent. So, too, 
at Pau, H. hortensis was absent and A. xemoralis common, 
fine, and richly coloured, while the a/bolabiata variety oc- 
curred, though not so plentiful. At Latresne, near Bordeaux, 
I found both &. Zortensts and Hf. nemoralis (pace Dr. Sauerbie, 
the Curator of the Bordeaux Museum, who was emphatic in his 
denial of their being distinct species). At Tours I found both 
species, the 4. hortens?s being mainly var. /wéea. At Poitiers I 
found only 4. hortensis, and chiefly var. Zvtea. ‘The generaliza- 
tion would seem to be that in France the more south one goes 
and the higher the altitude the more HZ nemoralis displaces 7. 
hortensis. So, when I went next year to the Alps, I expected 
to find A. xemoralis, but only found ZH. hortensis, except in one 
hotel garden, where the former was obviously imported with 
shrubs. Out of thousands of 4. xemoralis I have examined in 
Kent, I have only found one var. a/bolabiata.—]J. W. HORSLEY, 
Holy Trinity Vicarage, Woolwich. (Read before the Concho- 
logical Society, March rst, 1893). 


aa ee OS 


Valvata piscinalis monstr. sinistrorsum at Hun- 
stanton, West Norfolk.—An example of this monstrosity 
was found at Hunstanton, in September, 1891, among a large 
number of typical specimens. The upper whorls are dextral, 
but by far the larger part of the shell is sinistral. The apex is 
turned to one side and almost inverted, giving the shell a very 
strange appearance. In size it is 54 mills. by 4 mills. Several 
other monstrosities occurred near the same spot. One shell 
was subscalariform, the last whorl being almost quite detached. 
Another specimen has the upper part of the spire twisted to one 
side (an example of this is recorded by Dr. Jeffreys in ‘Brit. 
Conch.’). ‘Two other shells were very much flattened, one of 
the two being nearly as flat as a Planorbis.—(Read before the 
Conchological Society, Feb. rst, 1893, when a couple of micro- 
photographs taken by the writer’s brother, Mr. E. C. Cooper, 
were exhibited).-_J. E. Cooper, Highgate, Jan. 25, 1893. 


J.C., vit., Apr. 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 175 


A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS 
A LIST OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF 
TEIGNMOUTH. 


By L. Sr. G. BYNE. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, December 7th, 1892; and also 
read before the Manchester Branch). 


The following pages contain a record of the species which 
have occurred in Teignmouth Bay since 1886. 

The shells have been obtained from the shores of tie bay, 
from small trawlers belonging to the harbour, and from dredg- 
ing expeditions which yielded many of the rarer species. 

The sea drift referred to, occurred on the water marks 
between two spring tides in August, 1889, the only such 
occasion productive of small and minute species in quantity. 
Anomia ephippium L. Mature and young specimens 

obtained by oyster dredging, attached to oyster shells, 

Pecten maximus and Pecten opercularis ; young shells also 

from roots of weed. 

A. ephippium var. aculeata Mill. The spined form; two 
specimens. It is rare here. 

Ostrea edulis L. The oysters in our bay are large-sized 
and of fair quality. 

O. edulis var. parasitica Turt. With the type. 

Pecten pusio L. A few trawled, attached to various sub- 
stances. 

P. varius L.  Trawled occasionally, and cast up on shore, 
but in each instance only small examples. 

P. opercularis L. Trawled occasionally some distance off 
the harbour. These shell-fish are readily saleable here as 
most nutritious and delicious food, cooked in different 
ways. They are not quite so large as those obtained in 
the north. 

P. opercularis var. lineata DaC. A few with the type. 


176 BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH, 
/ 


P. maximus L. Dredged with Os¢rea edulis, fine but not 
plentiful. 

Pinna rudis L. Several fine specimens have been trawled, 
alive and dead. 

Mytilus edulis L. The River Teign is famous for its mus- 
sels, the Midlands receiving large quantities of them. 

M. barbatus L. One mature example trawled alive. 


M. adriaticus Lmk. A few cast up aftera storm. Valves 
dredged only. 

Modiolaria marmorata Forb. Well distributed. 

Nucula nucleus L. Occurs together with the next species 
in the muddy portions of the bay. 

N. nitida G. B. Sow. With the last. 

Pectunculus glycymeris L. A few small shells from the 
beach after a gale. 

Arca lactea L. Three specimens trawled alive. 

Lasea rubra Mont. Alive under rocks and stones. 

L. rubra var. pallida Jeff. With the type. 

Kellia suborbicularis Mont. Found on this coast in the 
red sandstone rocks inhabited by members of the Pholas 
family. 

Axinus flexuosus Mont. A considerable number of adult 
and young specimens have been dredged alive in the mud 
of the bay, but rather locally. 

Diplodonta rotundata Mont. Fresh specimens scarce. 

Cardium aculeatum L. In 1886, a net which had been 
shot round a ‘bed’ of sprats became entangled and was 
broken by a shoal of these molluscs, a portion of them, 
numbering sixty-three fine shells, were brought in and 
wére duly cleaned. Occasional shells trawled. 

C. aculeatum var. depressa Mar. One specimen among 
the above. 

C. echinatum L. A single adult specimen dredged alive, 
T89go. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 7/7] 


C. tuberculatum L. Cast up after storms, alive and dead ; 
common. 

C. edule L. Occur plentifully in the bed of the River Teign. 
Some shells of unusually large size have been. found. 
Coombe Cellars, three miles up the river, is noted for its 
cockles, which are often eaten there with cream. 

C. norvegicum Speng. Trawled alive and dead ; common. 

Cyprina islandica L. Trawled and oyster-dredged. The 
largest example obtained measured nearly five inches 
across. 

Venus exoleta L. Trawled. 

V. lincta Pult. Trawled. 

V. chione L. Only valves cast up in the neighbourhood. 
No doubt it exists alive in the sands. 

V. fasciata DaC. One dredged example, and valves on the 
beach. 

V. gallina L. Common. 

Tapes virgineus L. Trawled alive. 

T. virgineus var sarniensis Turt. With the type. 

T. pullastra Mont. Common, 

T. pullastra var. perforans Mont. Common in the rocks, 
especially those inhabited by members of the Polas family. 

T. decussatus L. Common. 

Lucinopsis undata Penn. Sometimes thrown up alive on 
the beach amongst ridges of tangle-weed. 

Tellina crassa Penn. Trawled. 

T. balthica L. Occurs alive in the mud of the River Teign. 

T. tenuis DaC. Common. 

T. squalida Pult. A few examples on the beach. 

T. donacina L. Scarce. 

T. pusilla Phil. Scarce. 

Psammobia ferroensis Chem. Trawled, oyster-dredged, 
and on the beach, both alive and dead ; common. 

P. vespertina Chem. Is a scarce species here, and com- 
paratively small. 


178 BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 


Donax vittatus DaC. Common on the beach. 

Mactra solida L. The common ‘Hen’ dredged in large 
quantities for food. 

M. subtruncata DaC.  Various-sized specimens trawled 
and dredged. 

M. stultorum L. Fine trawled and beach specimens com- 
mon. 

Lutraria elliptica Lmk. Adult and young examples, both 
alive and dead, but chiefly from the beach. 

Scrobicularia piperata Gm. Common in the mud of the 
River Teign, and taken from the mud of the harbour steam 
dredger. 

Solen pellucidus Penn. Dredged in muddy parts of the 
bay. 

S. ensis L. Common. 

S. siliqua L. Common; does not reach such a large size as 
in the North. 

S. vagina L. One from beach. 

Thracia papyracea Poli. Dredged in the bay. 

T. pubescens Pult. A fine example in a fresh state was 
trawled in the bay, July 19th, 1887, and a larger shell was 
unfortunately lost. 

Corbula gibba Olivi. Live and dead examples dredged 
locally in muddy parts of the bay. 

C. gibba var. rosea Bro. With the type. 

Mya binghami Turt. One live specimen from the rocks. 

Saxicava rugosa L. Plentifully distributed amongst sand- 
stone rocks and in blocks of limestone on shore, and from 
trawled pieces of rock. Young shells often frequent the 
roots of Lamellaria saccharina. 

S. rugosa var. arctica L.. A few live and dead specimens 
in trawled refuse. 

S. rugosa var. pholadis L. Occasionally with the type in 
blocks of red rock and limestone on shore. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ‘TEIGNMOUTH. 179 


Gastrochena dubia Penn. A single live specimen from 
the centre of a loose block of limestone occupied by a 
large number of Saxicava rugosa. Also several live 
specimens from blocks of rock brought in by trawlers 
which have been compelled to come in, their trawl nets 
being broken. The valves being so fragile and lightly held 
together, it is often desirable to preserve the shell with the 
animal in it. 

Pholas dactylus L. A few obtained alive at low spring 

tides from the rocks here, the largest measuring four-and- 
a-half inches long. The syphon of this animal was fully 
extended when first observed, but, after throwing up a 
cascade of water, it disappeared, and the shell was only 
found again by pickaxing more than twelve inches beneath 
the surface of the sandstone. The shell was dark shagreen 
in colour. This species is almost extinct here. 

P. candida L. Does not occur so often as P. parva. 

P. parva Penn. Have been common, but fine examples only 
in the reefs of rock at lowest spring tides. 

Pholadidea papyracea Turt. A few live and dead adult 
and young examples from hard red sandstone rocks. 

P. papyracea var. aborta Jeff. One example with the type. 

Teredo norvegica Speng. Some live examples in a large 
piece of timber brought in by a trawler whose net had got 
fouled in part of an old wreck in the bay. 

Dentalium entalis L. A few small and dead examples on 
the beach. 

Chiton fascicularis 1. A few in clefts of rocks, and 
amongst stunted mussels on the rocks, no doubt attracted 
by the excreta of the mussels. 

C. marginatus Penn. Under-smooth stones and amongst 

rocks between tide-marks. 

Patella vulgata L. Common. 

-Helcion pellucidum L. Adult and young specimens 

amongst the roots of Lamellaria saccharina. 


180 BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 


H. pellucidum var. laevis Penn. With the type. 

Tectura virginea Mull. One live and some dead specimens 
from drift. 

Emarginula fissura L. Cast up dead on the beach. 

E. rosea Bell. Several trawled alive on rough ground, and 
dead specimens from drift. 

Capulus hungaricus L. ‘Trawled and oyster-dredged alive 
opposite the harbour; attached to oyster shells. Im- 
mersed in cold water the shell will soon become detached. 
A few had the shell-cavity tinged with pink and purple. 
Care should be taken, when extracting the animal, to 
preserve the epidermis, as this and the shape of the shell 
are the criteria of a cabinet specimen. 

Trochus magus L. Common. 

T. cinerarius L. Common on the rocks. 

T. umbilicatus Mont. Common. 

T. lineatus DaC. Common. 

T. exasperatus Penn. A nice lot trawled. 

T. granulatus Born. Five specimens trawled, and one 
dredged, all being alive. 

T. zizyphinus L. Common, alive. 

Phasianella pullus L. Large adults and young shells alive 
from various weeds on the rocks, but the former have 
generally occurred by themselves, 

Lacuna crassior Mont. Adult and young shells trawled 
alive on rough ground. 

L. divaricata Fabr. Adult specimens found alive on and 
under weeds on the rocks, also from off Chorda jfilum 
brought in by mackerel boats. Examples from the latter 
have been kept in confinement. These animals are 
extremely active, and will crawl up a glass vessel full of sea 
water and down the other side, 

L. divaricata var. quadrifasciata Mont. Have occurred 
twice by themselves on weeds, and occasionally with the 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


BYNE : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 181 


type on the rocks and from Chorda filum weed from 
mackerel boats. 

L. puteolus Turt. Found in great numbers on various 
weeds on the rocks here at low spring tides. Both light 
coloured and banded forms are present. Recent obser- 
vation of certain rocks leads to the conclusion that in 
early spring the adults come in to deposit their ova on 
the nearest ones, and then retire to others in deeper water. 

L. puteolus var. clausa Jeff. Light-coloured and banded 
examples sparingly with the type, but they do not attain a 
large size. 

L. puteolus var. expansa Jeff. Fine light-coloured and 
banded examples, under similar conditions, living alone 
and with the type on various weeds. 

L. pallidula DaC. The finest adults have been found living 
together on very isolated rocks, only accessible at the 
lowest spring tides or by boats, chiefly in the forks of 
Chondrus crispus. 

L. pallidula var. albescens Jeff. ‘The light yellow form, 
occurring with the type. Fine adults and young speci- 
mens from amongst the tangle-weed on ledges of rocks, 
but they are not frequently met with. 

Littorina obtusata L. Common. 

L. rudis L. A well-marked banded form from cockle-beds 
in the river. 

L. rudis var. saxatilis Johnst. One specimen only. 

L. neritoides L. Common. 

L. littorea L. The ‘winkles’ are largely gathered for food. 

Rissoa cancellata DaC. One fresh example trawled in the 
bay. 

R. punctura Mont. ‘Trawled alive; dead specimens in 
drift, but scarce. 

R. costata Ad. Dredged, and dead examples in drift. 

R. parva DaC. On various weeds on rocks, and from 
trawling, with other species. 


poe ee) 


BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 


parva var. interrupta Ad. With the type ; common. 
parva var. semicostata. Intermediate between the type 
and var. izterrupta. It is half ribbed and half smooth. 
A few with the type. 


. inconspicua Ald. Alive from trawled weeds, and dead 


from drift; scarce. 

inconspicua var. variegata Mohr. From drift, but has 
also occurred with trawled type specimens. 

albella var. sarsii Lov. From drift. 

membranacea Ad. A scarce species on our rocks. 
Trawled, and dead examples in drift. 

violacea Desm. ‘Trawled from weeds, and a few examples 
from amongst weeds on the rocks, with commoner species. 

costulata Ald. Dredged and trawled and in drift, dead 
specimens from drift. 

striata Ad. Under stones at low water mark, on spring 
tides. 

proxima Ald. Live, fresh, and dead specimens dredged 
locally in our bay, with its congener, 2. vz¢rea, in shelly 
mud. 

vitrea Mont. Fresh and dead examples dredged locally 
in the bay. A small quantity of material from hard shelly 
ground brought up on the anchor of a small trawler yielded 
eight dead but good examples. One specimen from beach 
drift. 


. fulgida Ad. One dead specimen from drift. 
. soluta Phil. Dead specimens amongst drift. 


semistriata Mont. From under stones at low water 
mark on spring tides; also trawled alive with common 
LRissoe. 


. cingillus Mont. Has occurred fairly plentifully amongst 


weeds on our red sandstone shores at low tides. 


Hydrobia ulvz Penn. From under stones on the mud 


banks of the River Teign. 


Barleeia rubra Mont. One live specimen in weeds. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 183 


Skenea planorbis Fabr. Is a scarce shell alive, owing, 
perhaps, to the difficulty of obtaining the weed in which 
it dwells. Dead examples from drift. 

Ceecum trachea Mont. Dead specimens dredged. 

C. glabrum Mont. From drift. 

Turritella terebra L. From rough ground, the bay being 
full of them. A fine white form has also been dredged. 

Scalaria turtonz Turt. Nine specimens dredged alive, 
this being the first occasion. Frequently trawled dead, 
and found more or less imperfect on the beach. This 
species seems to be more widely distributed than 5S. 
communis. 

S. communis Lmk. Dredged on rough ground among 7: 
terebra. One fine live adult, one small dead specimen, 
and one from drift. 

Aclis unica Mont. One fresh example in drift. 

Odostomia nivosa Mont. Alive on weeds trawled in the 
bay. 

O. clavula Lov. One dead example dredged. 

O. rissoides Han. On isolated rocks on low tides, more or 
less covered with stunted mussels. ‘Vhis species has been, 
and is still to be, found living in colonies amongst and 
underneath the mussels, to whose excreta they may be 
attracted for existence. The Odostomia are not outwardly 
visible to the naked eye, but swarm on the removal of the 
mussels, or on being disturbed. A large dish piled up 
with a quantity of the mussels for examination, produced, 
after eleven days’ picking off with a long hair pin, nearly 
two egg cups full of O. vzssocdes, consisting of adults of 
remarkable size down to the most minute. They perched 
themselves upright and spire downwards wherever moisture 
remained on the daily lessened quantity of mussels. ‘They 
were very active, and shifted quarters if they were dis- 
turbed. Ifthere were any doubt of this being a new 
habitat for the species, the fact of many of the adults 


184 


O. 


BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 


having the mark of a fairly fibred byssus, apparently de- 
rived from the mussels, should prove convincing. From 
the preceding facts, it seems that O. 7tssoides is a 
parasitic species. 

pallida Mont. Dredged alive in mud, trawled alive on 
rough attachments and on P. ofercularis. 


. acuta Jeff. Dredged alive and dead in mud. 
. acuta var. umbilicata Ald. Three trawled alive on 


separate occasions, and dredged dead in muddy ground— 
this is probably a new locality. 


. unidentata Mont. Dredged alive and dead. 


. turrita Han. Live examples from under stones at low 


water ; dredged dead. 


. plicata Mont. Live specimens under stones, but only 


once, 


insculpta Mont. Trawled alive ; dredged alive and dead; 
one example, with animal in it, amongst drift. 


. diaphana Jeff. Live specimens in a bucketful of Zostera 


marina trawled by a steam yacht ; dredged alive and dead. 
warreni Thomps. Dredged alive and dead. 


. dolioliformis Jeff. Has been obtained on two occasions 


alive and in quantity from the lowest spring tide water 
marks of the littoral zone in this bay. Dead examples in 
drift. 

decussata Mont. Dead in drift. 

indistincta Mont. Dredged alive and dead in mud, and 
dead specimens in drift, all being of dwarf growth. 
indistincta var. brevior Jeff. From a_bucketful of 
Zostera trawled by a yacht. 

interstincta Mont. One specimen only dredged alive. 
spiralis Mont. Dredged alive and dead in mud; live 


examples from under stones at low tides ; dead specimens 
in drift. 


rufa Phil. Two dead examples in trawled refuse. 


J.G., yii., Apr. 7893. 


BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 185 


O. lactea L. Dwarf-sized forms dredged alive and dead in 
mud. They are fairly common, but only one large shell 
has occurred alive. 

O. pusilla Phil. Dredged alive and dead with O. /actea in 
mud, but, like the latter, they also are mostly dwarfed. 

O. acicula Phil. One dead example trawled. ° 

Eulima polita L. ‘Trawled alive in the bay, but not adult. 

E. distorta Des. Trawled alive. 

E. bilineata Ald. Adult shells trawled alive in the bay. 

Natica catena DaC. ‘Trawled occasionally, and cast up 
alive and dead on sandy ground. 

N. alderi Forb. Fresh examples trawled. 

Adeorbis subcarinatus Mont. In the J. C., vol. vi., 
p. 164, I recorded the occurrence here of this species 
alive on the 28th July, 1838, when ten specimens were 
obtained from one rock. In the fall of that year, some 
twenty more live examples were taken from another rock. 
It does not appear that this species had been previously 
found alive on the English coasts. A few dead specimens 
have been found in drift, and also dredged. 

Lamellaria perspicua L. A magnificent lot of this species, 
adult and alive, were stranded in this neighbourhood, 
together with live young &. hydatis, fine P. aperta, and 
young Lutraria elliptica. ‘Trawled alive. ‘They have fre- 
quently occurred dead on the beach. 

Velutina levigata Penn. Fine adult and young specimens 
occasionally trawled alive on rough ground; dead ex- 
amples on the beach, 

Aporrhais pes-pelicani L. Obtained chiefly by oyster- 
dredging, some remarkably fine. Four specimens with 
four spurs each have occurred. 

Cerithium reticulatum DaC. Three specimens trawled 
alive, and one from drift. 

C. perversum L. Three live examples amongst some C. 
tubercularis; also occurs alive at lowest water mark, 


186 BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 


Cerithiopsis tubercularis Mont. Alive under and on 
stones, which are sometimes covered with a yellow decaying- 
looking alga, on which, perhaps, they feed ; amongst rocks 
at low water mark on spring tides. The shells were adult 
and young, and occurred numerously in 1888 and 1889, 
mostly of a dwarf form, though finer shells were obtained 
from one locality. 

Purpura lapillus L. Common. 

Buccinum undatum L. Dredged for food off the harbour 
mouth. 

Murex erinaceus L. Comparatively small live specimens 
locally amongst the rocks. 

Trophon muricatus Mont. Two specimens trawled in 
good preservation. It is a scarce species in this bay. 
Fusus gracilis DaC. ‘Trawled occasionally, but only dead 

shells. 

F. jeffreysianus Fisch. One dead specimen trawled. 

Nassa reticulata L. Trawled and dredged alive; com- 
mon. 

N. incrassata Strom. Trawled and dredged alive. 

Defrancia gracilis Mont. Three adult examples dredged 
and trawled ; dead specimens occasionally. 

D. linearis Mont. One trawled alive, somewhat unique in 
its sculpture and colouring. 

D. purpurea Mont. Two examples dredged alive, and two 
found in good condition in 1886 in drift in the harbour. 

Pleurotoma striolata Phil. Some specimens dredged 
alive and fresh in mud, but of small size. 

P. attenuata Mont. Dredged and trawled—live, dead, and 
fresh examples, but comparatively small. 

P. costata Donovan. Dredged and trawled in various states- 
in mud. 

P. brachystoma Phil. Live and dead examples dredged and 
trawled in mud, some being very fine. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH. 187 


P. nebula Mont. Dredged and trawled alive and dead in 
the mud, but mostly belonging to a dwarf form. A great 
many of this species and P. drachystoma are eroded on the 
upper whorls, even when the animals were in them. 

P. leevigata Phil. Only imperfect and dead shells in drift 
and on the beach. 

P. leevigata v. minor Jeff. Several examples dredged alive. 

P. septangularis Mont. One beautiful specimen trawled 
alive, also a few dead examples. 

P. rufa Mont. Occasional dead specimens. 

Cyprzea europea Mont. A few hanging by their byssus on 
the rocks at low tides, and young shells in weeds. Occurs 
dead in large numbers on the beach. 

Ovula patula Penn. An imperfect specimen on the beach. 

Cylichna umbilicata Mont. Dead shells sparingly in drift. 

C. cylindracea Penn. ‘Trawled and dredged fresh and dead, 
also from the beach. 

Utriculus truncatulus Brug. Dead specimens from weeds 
and drift. 

Actzeon tornatilis L. Small dead specimens on the beach. 

Bulla hydatis L. One lot of seventeen and another of three 
trawled, all perfect, and from which the animals were 
extracted, but the fragility of the outer lip does not render 
this an easy process. Some young specimens were stranded 
alive with Z. perspicua, P. aperta, and young ZL. elliptica. 
Dead shells have been obtained from time to time. 

Scaphander lignarius L. Five fine examples obtained only 
by trawling, from which the animals were extracted by 
placing them in boiling water, when the bodies fell out on 
being touched. The shields of the gizzard were extracted, 
of which there are three. The colour of the shell was dark 
chestnut brown. 

Philine punctata Clark. A few alive from the rocks. 

P. aperta L. Occurs in large numbers in the mud of the 
bay. 


188 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Pleurobranchus membranaceus Mont. I propose to 
furnish, in a separate paper, notes and observations upon 
this species, which occurred in such large numbers in the 
years 1887, 1888, and 1889. 

Aplysia punctata Cuvier. These animals were found most 
abundantly on our Eastern rocks in the spring of 1887. 
The shields of 146 were obtained in a single day, the 
easiest method being scalding prior to using a sharp pen- 
knife. The migration for deposit of ova has since been 
very unfrequent and animals scarce. Only two sea 
hares have been obtained from the sea itself by trawling. 
They look remarkably well in a small aquarium, with their 
strange contortions and change of colour according to 
movements and light. 

Tritonia hombergi Cuv. A few of these animals, adults, 
trawled on one particular course in the bay, over a period 
of three years and on three occasions, the last from amongst 
a portion of a large shoal of P. membranaceus. The heads 
of all were cut off, and their horny jaws have been pre- 
served in various ways. The secretions of these slugs, 
when handled, blistered the thumb and fingers. The 
juices of the animal are as clear as water. 

Doris tuberculata Cuv. Two specimens trawled in 1889. 
It occurs under rocky ledges in the bay. 

Melampus bidentatus Mont. Alive under stones and 
rocks. 

M. myosotis Drap. Adults cast up dead on the shore. 

Otina otis Turt. Live examples from clefts in the rocks. 


eee 


Valvata piscinalis var. albina at Lewes, Sussex.— 
I enclose six specimens of this for the Society’s Cabinet, which 
were taken at Lewes last year.—C. H. Morris, Lewes, Sussex, 
8th February, 1893. (Read before the Conchological Society, 
r2th April, 1893). 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 189 


EIGG SHELES: 


ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA 
OF THE ISLAND OF EIGG. 


By THE REV. JOHN McMURTRIE, D.D. 


The List is authenticated by specimens, which are herewith presented 
to the Museum of the Conchological Soctety at Leeds. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, April 12, 1893). 


SINCE the paper was written which appeared in the ‘ Journal of 
Conchology’ for October, 1892 (vol. vii., pp. 113—119), the 
writer has paid two visits to Eigg, in the summers of 1891 and 
1892, and is now able to extend the List, adding ten species 
and two or three varieties to the record for the island. 

Those which are new are marked with an asterisk (*). 

*Pisidium fontinale Drap. - A ditch in which the water does 
not dry up at Nead-na-Feannaig. Small stream at Houlin 
in the interior of the island. 

*Pisidium pusillum Gmel. A few in small, not very wet, 
open grassy drain in lawn at Nead-na-Feannaig, living with 
Lyalinia, Vertigo, Carychium, etc. 

Limnzea peregra var. lineata Bean. Ditch, or small 
stream, not drying up, at Nead-na-Feannaig. It seems to 
have some of the characters of var. ovata. 

*Limneea peregra var. <A small form (none larger than 
those sent), abundant in pools close to the sea, near the 
‘Singing Sands,’ west side of the island. It is less solid 
than var. maritima—seems near var. borssyt. 

Limnezea peregra Mull. Small form, abundant in stream 
at Houlin, one mile from the sea. 

Limnzea peregra Mill. Small form, in a rill running over 
steep rocks near the sea at the ‘Singing Sands.’ It is less 
inflated than the variety in the pools. 

Limnzea peregra Mill. A small form in Kildonan Burn 
at Kiel, east side of Eigg. 


Igo MCMURTRIE: EIGG SHELLS. 


*Limneea truncatula Mil. Rill near ‘Singing Sands’; 
pool on shore at ditto; stream at Houlin. <A few found 
at each place. 

Ancylus fluviatilis Mill. Plentiful in Kildonan Burn. 

*Vitrina pellucida Mill. A fewin open grassy drain in lawn 
at Nead-na-Feannaig. <A few at Lag, on west side of island. 

Hyalinia cellaria Mill. Many specimens near ‘Singing Sands.’ 

Hyalinia nitidula Drap. Open mossy drain in lawn at 
Nead-na-Feannaig. 

*Hyalinia pura Alder. Very few in open grassy drain at 
Nead-na-Feannaig. Two specimens sent. 

*Helix hortensis var. minor Moq. ‘Two specimens near 
sea at south end of Eigg. 

*Helix rotundata Mill. A few at south end of Eigg. 
Approaching var. pyramidalis. 

*Helix pygmeza Drap. Five specimens found (two presented) 
in open grassy drain in lawn at Nead-na-Feannaig. 

*Helix pulchella Mill. Two specimens found (and pre- 
sented) both of usual type—a living shell at foot of glebe, 
east side of island, and a dead shell at Nead-na-Feannaig. 

*Vertigo substriata Jeff. Ten specimens (three presented) in 
open grassy drains in lawn at Nead-na-Feannaig. 

*Vertigo edentula Drap. Somewhat plentiful at Nead-na- 
Feannaig, both in the grassy drains and on stones higher up. 

*Carychium minimum Mill. Very many in open grassy 
drains in lawn at Nead-na-Feannaig. 


Most of those formerly recorded were found again. 

Helix nemoralis L. Of the normal size at the ‘Singing Sands.’ 

Helix arbustorum var. flavescens Mog. A fine specimen, 
full-sized, thin, and transparent, was taken at the foot of the 
glebe. 

Helix arbustorum var. fusca Fér. Three young specimens 
were taken at the south end, near the sea. 

Helix granulata Alder. Abundant under stones at the ‘Sing- 
ing Sands.’ 


J.C., vil., Apr. 1893, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. IQI 


Clausilia perversa Pult. Also abundant there. 

Helix itala L. Found plentifully as before ; also its varieties 
instabilis Zieg\., leucozona Moq., and alba Charp. 

Pupa anglica Fér. Again found above Nead-na-Feannaig. 

Cochlicopa lJubrica Mill. Abundant in the open grassy 
drains at Nead-na-Feannaig; the var. lubricoides is much 
rarer. 

Be oslo gels 


AP BLNO VARIETIES AT EWES SUSSHOe 


By C. H. MORRIS. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, April 12, 1893). 


It may be of interest to record that I took three examples 
of Planorbis spirorbis var. albida at Lewes last year. I have 
also discovered Planorbis corneus var. albina at Lewes. Neither 
of these varieties I think have ever been recorded from Sussex. 
We seem particularly well off for a/bino forms at Lewes. 

The following is a list of those that occur :— 

Valvata piscinalis var. albina. 
Planorbis spirorbis var. albida. 
P. corneus var. albina. 

P. contortus var. albida. 
Limnza palustris var. albida. 
Hyalinia cellaria var. albina. 

H. nitidula var. helmii. 

pura var. margaritacea. 
aspersa var. exalbida. 
nemoralis var. albina. 
cantiana var. albida. 
cartusiana var. lactescens. 
rufescens var. alba. 

virgata vars. alba and albicans. 
caperata var. alba. 
rotundata var. alba. 
Clausilia laminata var. albina. 
Azeca tridens var. crystallina. 


cf ae ieee ee 


192 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ARION OCCIDENTALIS; 
AN APPARENTLY NEW SPECIES. 


By LT: DE AVCOCKERELE, FiZ:5: 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 7, 1892). 


In October, 1890, the Rey. J. W. Horsley kindly gave mea 
living A7zon, which he had found at Jurancon, near Pau, Basses 
Pyrenees, under stones. Ever since, I have had the description 
by me, hesitating to propose a new species of French 47zon ; 
but as I am still unable to satisfactorily place the slug with any- 
thing described, I venture at last to submit an account of it. 


Arion occidentalis n. sp. 


Length about 25 mill., mantle about 11 mill. long. Respiratory 
orifice not very much anterior Tentacles small, black. 
Head black. Mantle wrinkled in contraction. Ruge of 
body ill-defined, not very numerous, large, elongate. Neck 
black, with four impressed lines, joined by more obscure 
transverse ones. ‘Tentacles granulose. Mantle subrugose, 
much thrown into folds. Ground colour of body and 
mantle pale reddish-ochre, browner on back. Back of 
mantle’ and body with numerous small black spots. Sub- 
dorsal area pale, and then black lateral bands, strong and 
broad on body, less developed on mantle, going over, not 
enclosing, the respiratory orifice. Sides of mantle peppered 
with black. Body below lateral bands gradually becoming 
grey. Edge of foot pale ochre, with some minute grey 
specks, but no transverse lineoles. Sole yellowish, median 
area slightly greyish. Slime whitish or very pale yellow, 
not opaque; that exuding from the caudal pore is appa- 
rently yellow. (Description from a living specimen). 

Genitalia somewhat peculiar. The patronenstrecke is moder- 
ately stout, and strongly curved at its end, the curved 
portion gradually tapering into the vas deferens. The 
spermatheca is oval, of fair size, with a duct about as long 
as itself. A long muscle arises close to the proximal end 
of the duct, but not from it. The lower portion of the 
oviduct is distinctly swollen, the swelling being fusiform in 
shape. There is a distinct upper vestibule, which is larger 
than the lower. The hermaphrodite gland is dark and 
imbedded in the liver, its duct is yellowish white, and its 
proximal half is repeatedly curved. The spermatheca is 
pinkish. 


J.C., vii, Apr. 1893. 


COCKERELL : ARION OCCIDENTALIS. 193 


The specimen described is now in the British Museum. 
Mr. Horsley wrote that he thought the species was not rare in 
the original locality, The only other A7zzon he found in the 
neighbourhood was A. empiricorum at Pau. He sent me a fine 
example of the bright red var. /amarckii Kal., and wrote that 
the species was ‘very common and large—always the same 
colour except, I think, a few brown.’ § Limax marginatus (form 
typus J, & P.) was common on trees at Pau and three were sent. 


At one time I thought that A. occidentalis might be a 
variety of A. alpinus Poll., but Mr. Pollonera kindly sent me 
specimens of that species, which is really quite different.* In 
many respects the new species is like A. hortensis, but I feel 
sure it is not a variety of that; nor does it agree with any of 
the swbfuscus group. Now that it is described, perhaps further 
specimens will be found, and the validity of the species con- 
firmed, or otherwise, by other observers. 


Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica, /Vov. 73, 7892. 


A. occidentalis. A. alpinus. 


[To ensure complete accuracy, we reproduce in fac-simile the author’s 
original pen-and-ink drawings. —EDs. | 


* A. alpinus may be recognised more especially by the strong outward flexure of the 
bands on the mantle, posterior to the respiratory orifice. In occidentalis they are nearly 
straight. 


a M 


194 ; JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Vertigo pusilla var. albina.—Shell translucent white.— 
Through the kindness of Mr. R. Standen, of Owens College, 
Manchester, I have been favoured with a very beautiful and 
perfect example of this interesting variety, one of several he has 
been so fortunate as to find. It is, I believe, new to science, 
and as yet unrecorded and unnamed, and is a welcome addition 
to the British list. The specimen in my possession is in all re- 
spects, except colour, identical with the typical form, possessing 
the size, shape, number and arrangement of teeth as is usual in 
the species. This variety was found by Mr. Standen associated 
with typical V. pusilla, V. angustior, and other uncommon 
species amongst rejectamenta at Portsalon, near Letterkenny, 
in Donegal County, at the latter end of May of the present 
year.—J. W. TayLor, June 2oth, 1893. 


a 


On a variety of Cyprea cruenta Gmel.—In my 
survey of the genus Cypreea, 1888,* a very striking variety was 
differentiated under the name of C. crwenfa Gmelin var. coloba 
(odoPos Curtus). This form is always, so far as my experience 
goes, very highly coloured, the base especially being bright 
salmon pink, the lowest anterior tooth highly developed and 
somewhat projecting, the shape more rounded than the type, 
and the whole shell dwarfed in comparison with the normal 
cruenta. Mr. Ford has, in the Feb. number of the ‘Nautilus,’} 
this year (1893), given a very succinct and accurate description 
of this variety ; but, having overlooked the remarks in the 
‘Survey’ above referred to, has re-christened the variety as var. 
greegori of C. cruenta, the name coloba having priority of five 
years. A figure is given of this form, both in the ‘Survey’ and 
in the ‘Nautilus’ (vol. vi., pl. ii.), and also in Sowerby Thes. 
Conch.{—JamMEs Cosmo MELVILI. 


*Mem. & Proc. Manch. L. & P. Soc., 1888 (iv. series, vol. i., p. 218. 
+‘ Nautilus,’ vol. vi., p. 112, 1893. 
tSow. Thes. Conch. Cyprza, pl. xxiii., f. 190, as caurica var. 


J.C., vii., July 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 195 


LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA COLLECTED 
AROUND PORTSALON, CO. DONEGAL, 
IRELAND. 


By R. STANDEN. 


(Read before the Manchester Branch, June 8th, 1893). 


TuIs is a record of the results of four days collecting in the 
neighbourhood of Portsalon, on the 28th to the 31st of May, 
1893, and is chiefly interesting on account of its including 
several important additions to the ‘List of Irish Land and 
Freshwater Mollusca,’ by Dr. R. F. Scharff, published in the 
‘Trish Naturalist’ for 1892. Species not recorded for Co. 
Donegal in that list are marked on this with an asterisk (*). 

Portsalon is a retired little bay on the west side of Lough 
Swilly, and about ten miles from Rathmullen. There is a good 
hotel, and an expanse of low-lying sand-hills at the head of the 
bay has been laid out as golf-links. 

The whole district under examination was metamorphic- 
quartzite rock, with occasional masses of intrusive igneous rock, 
peculiarly anti-conchological. A limestone cliff, abutting on the 
sandy waste near to the so-called ‘ Bottom Shore’ at the west 
end of Kinny Lough, is marked on the map as an isolated mass 
of metamorphic-limestone. This proved to be the most pro- 
lific hunting-ground for Helicidze that occurred. 

The extreme dryness of the weather prior to my visit must 
have influenced the comparative scarcity of some species, and 
particularly so of the freshwater ones, of which several were 
only found in a half-grown state. The smaller pools and road- 
side ditches were dried up ; but a good many specimens were 
obtained from such places by examining the surface of the mud 
and turning over the weeds in the damper parts. Rain fell 
more or less each day, which brought out numbers of slugs and 
the larger Helices, and search in the early morning and late in 
the evening proved very productive. But the best hauls were 


196 STANDEN : MOLLUSCA OF PORTSALON. 


made from some rejectamenta on the golf-links, not far from the 
banks of a small river running through the sand-hills near Port- 
salon. Large quantities of shells had been accumulated, includ- 
ing several purely woodland species, and then blown along by 
the wind and lodged in a sheltered hollow; and this deposit, 
dried and sieved, and then carefully sorted over, yielded many 
valuable shells, notably Vertigos and Acme lineata, For the 
most part the shells are in remarkably good condition and quite 
as fresh-looking as living specimens. 


The way in which these collections of shells are formed in 
the hollows of the sand-hills was not a little puzzling at first ; 
but, being out one morning when a brisk wind was blowing, I 
had the whole process satisfactorily demonstrated. Little 
streams of shells, large and small, from the debris left high up 
on the banks of the river by past floods, or from the surface of 
the sand-hills generally, were trickling along through the scanty 
herbage in a most extraordinary fashion, winding in and out 
amongst the grass stems, uphill and down, until they were finally 
precipitated into a deep hollow sheltered from the wind. With 
the shells I often noticed weevils and other beetles being borne 
along by the force of the wind. 

The following is a list of species collected. For convenience 
of reference I have used the classification adopted by Dr. Scharff 
in) his list':— 

*Vitrina pellucida Miiller.—Occurs on the golf-links, Port- 
salon, at Kinny Lough, and in the old burial-ground at 

Fahan, where some very large specimens were taken. 


*Hyalinia cellaria Miller—Common everywhere, and espe- 
cially abundant in burial-ground at Fahan, 


*H. draparnaldi Beck.—A few fine examples at Portsalon 
and Fahan. 


*H. alliaria Miller.—Fairly common under stones at Port- 


salon and Kinny Lough. 


J.G., vit., July 1893. 


alse 


uals 


lp 


*H 


STANDEN : MOLLUSCA OF PORRSALON. 197 


nitidula Drap.—Under stones on road-sides, Portsalon, 
and in the burial-ground, Fahan. I took along with the 
type three very pretty specimens of the pearl-white variety, 
Flelmit Alder, alive. 


pura Alder.—Not uncommon about Portsalon, and princi- 
pally the whitish form (type), but the brown variety also 
occurs sparingly. j 
radiatula Alder.—A few under moss-covered stones in 
company with Vertigo edentula on road-side near Portsalon. 
Alltaken were of the greenish-white variety vzrzdescenti-alba 
Jeff. 

crystallina Miller—Not uncommon at Portsalon. A 
small compact form which may prove to be the variety 
contracta Westerlund. 


fulva Miiller.—Under stones at Portsalon, and on road to 
the Seven Arches ; on moss-covered logs at Kinny Lough, 
and dead amongst the golf-links rejectamenta. 


Arion ater L.—Very abundant, together with var. drunnea 


Rbk., especially at Portsalon, where I counted over forty 
specimens on one rubbish-heap near the hotel. I had a 
curious experience with a large specimen which I picked 
up at the Seven Arches, and carried in my hand for a long 
time, enclosed in a dock leaf. A rasping sensation in the 
palm of my hand revealed the fact that the Arion’s jaws 
were at work on my cuticle, and I allowed it to gnaw away 
until it was so near through that the operation became too 
painful to bear. Examination of the spot with the lens 
showed the skin almost rasped away, and the place re- 
mained tender and sore, like a slight burn, for several days. 


. subfuscus Drap.—Several specimens at Portsalon and 


Kinny Lough. 
hortensis Fér.—Not uncommon in a wood at Portsalon, 
and in the burial-ground at Fahan. 


198 STANDEN : MOLLUSCA OF PORTSALON. 


A. circumscriptus Johnst—Common at Portsalon and 
Kinny Lough. Readily distinguished from A. hortensts 
by its white foot. 

Limax maximus L.—Solitary specimens on moss-covered 
tree stumps at Portsalon. The largest specimen found, 
when fully extended, measured 126 millimeters, and was 
a great beauty. 

L. marginatus Miiller.—Extremely abundant in all stages 
of growth in tufts of moss (Ovthotrichum phyllanthemum) 
on the trees in a plantation behind the hotel, Portsalon. 


Very abundant and exhibiting 


Agriolimax agrestis L. 
much variation in colour. 

A. levis Miiller.—Occurs at Portsalon, Kinny Lough, and 
Fahan. Only three found, and those all under decayed 
wood in damp places. 

Amalia sowerbyi Fér.—One specimen under a stone at 
Kinny Lough. 

Helix pygmzea Drap.—Not uncommon amongst moss at 
Portsalon and Kinny Lough. 

Helix rotundata Miiller.—Strangely enough this common 
shell was found only at Kinny Lough, where it was very 
plentiful and prettily marked. 

*H. pulchella Miiller.—Extremely common in the golf-links 
rejectamenta at Portsalon. The ribbed variety is absent. 
It is rather remarkable that although I have collected 
the species in numerous localities I have never yet taken 
type and variety cos¢a¢a in company ! 

*H. aculeata Miiller.—Amongst moss-shakings, Kinny Lough, 
rare. 

H. hispida L.—Very common under stones and amongst 
nettles at Portsalon, Kinny Lough, and in Fahan burial- 
ground, along with variety concinna Jeff. 

H. rufescens Penn.—Kinny Lough. Not at all common, 
but showing great contrasts of colour. 


J.C., vii., July 1893. 


aloe 


x 


= 


STANDEN : MOLLUSCA OF PORTSALON. 199 


arbustorum L.—One specimen only amongst golf-links 
rejectamenta, Portsalon. Probably brought down by the 
stream running through the sand-hills from woods higher 
up the valley. The shell found is adult-type, and keen 
search was made for additional specimens, without success; 
but I have no doubt careful search in the neighbouring 
woods would reveal its habitat. 

ericetorum Miiller.—Very abundant everywhere on the 
sand-hills, also on many of the road-side fence-backings, 
and showing much variation ; but the prevalent form is a 
remarkably dark one, which Dr. Westerlund has referred 
to a new species, H. /ampra. Though British conchologists 
still prefer to consider this form as merely a variety of the 
typical H. ericetorum, it certainly is quite as worthy of 
specific recognition as many of the continental ‘species. 
acuta Miiller.—Very common everywhere on the dunes, 
but does not exhibit the variation met with in many other 
places, the variety s¢vigata Menke being the only one 
noticed, and the shells are mostly young at this season. 


. nemoralis Miiller.—Occurs at Portsalon, Kinny Lough, 


and ‘Bottom Shore’ Bay, but not at all commonly, alive. 
The wind-blown shells on the dunes are not so numerous as 
one might expect. Most of the living shells are remark- 
ably beautiful in colour, and strikingly marked, principally 
with interrupted bands. Specimens were observed high up 
on the trunks of beeches on the roadside near Rathmullen. 
hortensis Miiller—Much more plentiful at Portsalon 
than A. zemoralis, but only found in two places—one, a 
stunted hedgerow, and the other at the base of a steep cliff 
just above high-water mark amongst some bramble bushes. 
The bandless yellow form predominates, but richly-colored 
banded shells occur, together with very pretty variety 
arenicola Macgill. This species is down for Donegal with 
a query in Dr. Scharff’s list, but at Portsalon it must be 
said to occur frequently. 


200 


Hi: 


STANDEN : MOLLUSCA OF PORTSALON. 


aspersa Miiller.—Very common and full-sized everywhere 
on old walls and bare slopes facing the sea. Those sheltered 
by walls are richly but uniformly marked, whilst those ex- 
posed in the open are quite destitute of epidermis, and look 
dead and weathered, but were quite lively and pairing 
freely. It extends quite down to the sea-shore, indeed I 
found numbers feeding on a heap of decaying sea-weeds 
piled up at the foot ofa cliff. I also noticed many shells 
on the sands, still damp from the outgoing tide, which had 
evidently been blown off an overhanging cliff during the 
night, and it was interesting to observe the unerring instinct 
with which each animal was making all speed for the base 
of the cliff, which many had already reached and were scal- 
ing, their tracks in the sand plainly showing the distance 
travelled. 


*Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller—Common everywhere together 


with its varieties ovate, /ubricotdes, and hyalina. 


Pupa anglica Fér.—Several nice white-lipped specimens in 


e 


*P, 


the golf-links rejectamenta, Portsalon. 
cylindracea DaCosta.—Generally distributed, but re- 
quired careful search, and I only found it singly here and 


there, chiefly under the uppermost stones of old moss- 
covered walls. Two forms occur, one unusually long, the 
other short and stumpy. 

muscorum L.—Fairly plentiful in rejectamenta (dead), 
and alive under stones on the shore just above high-water 
mark at Portsalon ; very large living specimens under stones 
at Kinny Lough. Several pure-white translucent fresh 
shells (var. a/bina Menke) from the Portsalon rejectamenta. 


*Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—Not uncommon in the golf- 


a=W. 


links. rejectamenta, Portsalon. Very fresh and beautiful 
specimens. 
edentula Drap. — Pretty common on dead bramble 
twigs, and the moss-covered stones below them, on road- 
side near Portsalon. The speeimens on the brambles were 


J.C. vii., July 1892. 


aN, 


BN; 


*V, 


2M, 


STANDEN : MOLLUSCA OF PORTSALON. 201 


each curiously located at the base of a prickle, and dropped 
at the slightest touch in a most provoking fashion, causing 
me to lose many. 

alpestris Alder.—In the golf-links rejectamenta. Rare, 
but extremely clean, fresh, and beautiful. 

pygmeea Drap.—Dead amongst the golflinks rejecta- 
menta, Portsalon; and alive amongst moss at ‘Bottom 
Shore’ Bay, very dark-looking specimens, but not at all 
common in either locality. 

substriata Jeff_—Much more plentiful than the last 
species, in rejectamenta and moss-shakings, Portsalon. 
All dead, but many quite fresh and in good condition. 
pusilla Miiller.—Not uncommon in the Portsalon rejecta- 
menta. The shells are quite fresh, and totally unlike any 
I have seen from elsewhere, being remarkably thin in 
texture, and of a delicate translucent whitish colour. 


. angustior Jeff.—By far the commonest of the Vertigos 


found amongst the golf-links rejectamenta, Portsalon. 
Nearly all the shells are beautifully fresh and perfect, the 
animals in many cases being apparently only recently dead. 
I feel confident that ‘sweeping’ the long grass on the banks 
of the river with a net during wet weather would result in 
the capture of this species alive in plenty. There must be 
myriads in this locality, judging from the large number 
I took of quite fresh shells. 


Balea perversa L.—Extremely plentiful zz tufts of Ortho- 


trichum phyllanthemum high up on the trees in the wood 
behind the hotel, Portsalon. 


Clausilia rugosa Drap.—Sparingly amongst the rejecta- 


menta at Portsalon, and very common under moss-covered 
stones at Kinny Lough. Mostly a short .stumpy form 
approaching variety tumzdula Jeff. 


*Succinea elegans Risso.—Plentiful on the margin of water- 


holes on golflinks, Portsalon. A richly-coloured form of 
variety ochracea Betta. 


202 STANDEN : MOLLUSCA OF PORTSALON. 


Carychium minimum Miller.—Common alive under turf 
and cow-dung on margin of water-holes on golf-links, and 
dead amongst rejectamenta, Portsalon; under stones at 
Kinny Lough, Shannagh Lough, and in burial-ground, 
Fahan. Mostly a very short tumid form. 

Limnzea peregra Miiller.— Occurs in all the road-side 
ditches and freshwater loughs. In Shannagh Lough a 
beautifully clean and delicate form abounds, some of the 
specimens being quite white. 

L. palustris Miller.—In water-holes on golf-links, Portsalon, . 
and in Ballymagahy Lough. Not at allcommon. Some 
specimens are decollate, and others are variety voseolabiata 
Jeff. with a very deep rich red interior of lip. 

L. truncatula Miiller.— A few on mud of a dried-up ditch 
near Portsalon. 

*Physa fontinalis L.—A few young specimens taken in 
Ballymagahy Lough, where I have no doubt it will be 
plentiful enough later in the season, as mine were taken 
from one dip of the dredge amongst some long grass. 

*P, hypnorum L.—The Rev. A. H. Delap has sent speci- 
mens of this species which he took in Reenbuoi Lough. 

Planorbis umbilicatus Miiller.—Alive in water-holes on 
golf-links, Portsalon, and dead on shore of Shannagh Lough. 

*P, spirorbis L.—Not uncommon but very small in Shannagh 
and Ballymagahy Loughs. 

P. contortus L.—Small, compact, clean specimens in limited 
numbers were taken in Ballymagahy Lough on alga. 

P. albus Miiller.—Plentiful in both Shannagh and Bally- 
magahy Loughs. 

P. glaber Jeff.—A few nice specimens taken in Ballymagahy 
Lough. on alga. 

*P, nautileus L.—Ballymagahy Lough. All belonged to the 
vy. crista L. 

P. fontanus Lightfoot.—A number of dead specimens on 
shore of Shannagh Lough. 


J.C., vii., July 1893. 


STANDEN : MOLLUSCA OF PORTSALON. 203 


Acme lineata Drap.— Dead but quite fresh specimens 
amongst rejectamenta, Portsalon. 

Valvata piscinalis Miiller.—Common, but very young in 
both Ballymagahy and Shannagh Loughs. Some very large 
dead shells on mud of dried-up ditch, Portsalon. 

V. cristata Miiller.—I took some very fine specimens of this 
in Ballymagahy Lough. The species is down for Donegal 
with a query in Dr. Scharff’s list. 

*Spheerium corneum L.—Some small specimens in water- 
holes on golf-links, Portsalon, and I found it dead in several 
dried-up ditches in the neighbourhood. 

Pisidium fontinale Drap.—Not uncommon in water-holes 
on the golf-links, and ditches, Portsalon. 

*P, roseum Jeff.—Very common in a fine gravel-bed on the 
west side of Ballymagahy Lough. 

*P, pusillum Gmel.—Common in water-holes on golf-links 
and in several ditches near Portsalon, also in Ballymagahy 
Lough on sandy mud. 


Nore.—By way of showing the richness of the rejectamenta, 
and the relative proportion of species, I add a list of shells taken 
out of one tablespoonful of the wind deposit, though to prevent 
misconception the reader must ‘understand that the spoonful 
from which the above were taken, represents the result of a 
careful sieving of at least a pint of the deposit as collected ; all 
sand, and everything above the size of Cochlicopa, being re- 
moved by the process :— 


3 Vertigo pusilla, 5 &. cylindracea, 
79 V. angustior, 3 P. anglica, 
21 V. pygmea, 142 Helix pulchella, 
47 V. substriata, 98 Cochlicopa lubrica, 
3 V. alpestrts, 4 Acme lineata, 
8 V. edentula, 9 Ayalinia crystallina. 
5 V. antivertigo, 1g Carychium minimum. 


30 Pupa muscorum, 


204 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


PROCEEDINGS. 
211th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 12th, 1893. 

Held in the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the chair. 

Library Purchases announced : 

Férussac; Hist Nat. Gen. Partic. des Moll., 1819, etc., 2 vols., folio. 

Millet : Mollusques de Maine-et-Loire, first edition, 1813, and third 
edition, 1854. 

A. Moquin-Tandon : (1) Observations sur les Machoires des Hélices de 
la France, Toulouse, 1848-51 ; (2) Observations sur les Vesicules Multifides 
des Hélices de la France; (3) Mémoire sur l’Organe de l’Odorat chez les 
Gastéropodes terrestres et fluviatiles, 1851; (4) Observations sur le Sang 
des Planorbes, 1851. 

Brard : Histoire des Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles qui vivent aux 
environs de Paris, 1815. 

Cc. A. Westerlund: Fauna der in der Paleearctischen Region lebenden 
Binnenconchylien, VII., Malacozoa Acephala, 1890. 

Dr. Miller : Die Schalthiere des Bodensee’s, 1873. 

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted. From the 
respective Editors: L’Echange Revue Linneenne, Dec., 1892, Jan. and 
Feb., 1893 ; British Naturalist, Nov. and Dec., 1892, Jan. and Feb., 1893 ; 
The Naturalist, April, 1893; Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Mars et 
Avril, 1893 ; Catalogue de la Bibliothéque, fasc. 16, Fev. 1893. 

From the Trustees of the Australian Museum: Records, vol. 11., No. 4, 
Feb., 1893 ; and Ogilby’s Catalogue of Australian Mammals, 1892. 

From the Trustees of the British Museum: F. Jeffrey Bell’s Catalogue 
of British Echinoderms, 1892. 

From the Society: Transactions of the Royal Society of South Aus- 
tralia, vol. xv., part 2, and vol. xvi., part 1 (Dec., 1892). 

From the respective Authors : D. J. Adcock’s Hand List of the Aquatic 
Mollusca inhabiting South Australia, 1893 ; J. Cosmo Melvill and A. Aber- 
cromby’s Marine Mollusca of Bombay, 1893; J. C. Melvill’s Descriptions 
of 25 New Species of Marine Shells from Bombay, 1893 ; and Fauna des 
Grossen Ploner See’s, 1892. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. G. Trevor Lyle: Helix pomatia, one from the Downs near 
Devizes, Wilts. North. 

From Rev. J. McMurtrie: Series of examples of Pes¢dium fontinale, 
P. pusillum, Limnea peregra and varieties, Z. ¢rzzcatula, Ancylus fluvia- 
tihs, Vitrina, Hyalinia cellaria, H. nitidula, H. pura, Helix hortensts, H. 


J.G., vii., July; 1893 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 205 


rotundata, H: pygmea, H. pulchella, Vertigo substriata, V. edentula, and 
Carychium, from the Island of Eigg, Ebudes North, in illustration of his 
paper. ; 
From Mr. C. H. Morris: Valvata piscinalis var. albina from Lewes, 
in illustration of his paper. 
From Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A. : Azeca tridens from Yardley Chace, 
Northants., 18th March, 1893. 


Papers Read: 

A paper by Rev. John McMurtrie, D.D., M.A., entitled ‘ Eigg Shells: 
Additional Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Island of 
Figg,’ was read, and illustrated by a full suite of specimens presented to the 
Society’s collection [paper printed in ‘J. of C.,’ April, 1893, pp. 189-191]. 

Two short notes by Mr. C. H. Morris were also read, the first on 
‘ Valvata piscinalis var. albina at Lewes, Sussex,’ and the second upon 
‘Albino varieties at Lewes, Sussex’ [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ April, 1893, 
pp. 188 and 191]. 

Exhibit : 

On behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham were shown Spherium r7vicola and 

Dreissensta polymorpha from Selly Oak, Worcestershire. 


212th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, May 3rd, 1893. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors: Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Mai, 1893; The 
Naturalist, May, 1893 ; and the British Naturalist, May, 1893. 

From the respective Authors: W. Denison Roebuck, The Specific 
Rank of Limax cinereo-niger, 1893; F. W. Wotton, The Life History of 
Arion ater and its Power of Self-fertilization, 1893. 


Donation to Photograph Album announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. Wm. Moss: 5 photographs of the genital organs of Manx 
Bulimus acutus ; 1 each of lingual ribbons of Cyclostoma elegans (Clifton, 
Bristol), Zestacella haliotidea, Hyalinia alliaria (Lancashire), H. 2ifidula 
(Park Bridge, near Ashton-under-Lyne), Limn@a auricularia (Bardsley, 
near Ashton-nnder-Lyne), A2/zx pomatia (Caterham, Surrey), Orthalicus 
zebra (Trinidad), and Helcina dyson (Trinidad) ; 1 of the darts of Helix 
pomatia (France); and 1 each of the shells of Opisthotoma pulchella E. 
Smith (North Borneo), and Annea (Diaphora) guadrasi Moll. ff. (Ceba) ; 
—16 photographs. 


Donations to the Collections announced and thanksvoted : 

From Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S.,: A large suelo of Land, Fresh- 
water, and Marine Shells, British and F oreign, 

From Mr. Charles Oldham: Sphertum rivicola and Drezssensia ag 
morpha, Selly Oak, Worcestershire. 


206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Candidates Proposed for Membership : 
Mr. Philip James Rufford (proposed by Messrs. A. G. Alletsee and 
Robert Cairns), and Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S. (by Messrs. John W. 
Taylor, F.L.S., and William Nelson). 


Paper Read: 

Anote by Dr. Heinrich Simroth, an honorary life member of the 
Society, entitled ‘Some Remarks with respect to Mr. Wotton’s Paper on 
the Life History of A7zoz ater,’ was read [and is printed in the present 
number, p. 208]. 

Exhibits : 


On behalf of Mr. J. A. Hargreaves were shown some examples, much 
decollated, of Zz#ne@a glabra, from Scarborough. 

On behalf of Mr. J. Madison were exhibited specimens of the same 
species from Hall Green, near Birmingham. 

On behalf of Mr. F. W. Fierke: Examples of Ael¢x hortezsts var. 
castanea 00300, from Cottingham Road, Hull; A. zemorvalis vars. lébellula 
12345 hyalozonata and lbellula 00300 hyalozonata, from Burstwick, near 
Hull; Vertigo edentulaand V. pygm@a from Speeton Cliffs, and of the 
last named from Drewton Vale, all in South-East Yorkshire. 

The Recorder showed a large number of Scottish shells sent by Mr. W. 
Evans, F.R.S.E., for authentication, including Vertigo edentula from Crom- 
dale, near Grantoun, co. Elgin; Carychium, Hyalinia glabra, Hl. fulva, 
HI, pura var. margaritacea, and Helix pygmea from the banks of the Avon 
above Ballindalloch, Banffshire. A. vadiafula from Ballindalloch, Banff- 
shire, and Helzx pygmea from Ballindalloch Castle, Elginshire, all of 
which are new county records, none of them having been before submitted 
to the Society’s referees from the respective counties. 


213th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, May 3Ist, 1893. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the chair. 

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: From 
the respective Editors: The Naturalist and British Naturalist for June, 1893. 

From the Manchester Museum: Museum Handbooks: Catalogue of 
the Type Fossils, by Herbert Bolton, 1893; and Outline Classification of 
the Animal Kingdom, second edition, 1892. 

From the respective Societies: Journal and Proceedings of Royal _ 
Society of New South Wales, vol. xxvi., 1892 ; List of Exchanges of same, 
31st Dec., 1892; Abstract Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South 
Wales, 29th March, 1893; and Transactions of Yorkshire Naturalists’ 
Union, part 18, 1893. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. W. Howard: Six-banded and other examples of He/zx 
nemoralis from Adel, near Leeds. 


J.C., vii., July 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 207 


From Mr. H. Turner: Various band-formule of Helix nemoralis, from 
near the Cemetery, Horsforth, near Leeds. 

From Mr. Hugh Richardson: Various shells from Greece, including 
Helix vermiculata and Stenogyra decollata from Athens ; various fossils from 
Kalamata ; shells from Langada Gorge, near Sparta ; and a slab of shell- 
conglomerate from Olympia, containing many specimens of a small Planordis. 

From Mr. W. Thomson: A valuable and extensive series of 
pleistocene fossil shells from the Copford deposit, Essex, including Vertigo 
pusilla, Helix lamellata, H. aculeata, H. pygm@a, and numerous other 
species. 

New Members Elected : 

Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., Curator, The Museum, Leeds. 

Mr. Philip James Rufford, 1, Gloucester Place, The Croft, Hastings. 

The election (or rather re-election) of Mr. Crowther after a prolonged 
absence from Leeds and his recent return to the city as Curator of the 
Museum there, is of interest, inasmuch as he was one of the four con- 
chologists by whom the Conchological Society was first founded in Leeds 
in 1876. 

Exhibits : 

On behalf of Mr. R. Wigglesworth were shown Spherium corneum and 
Limnea peregra, exhibiting features of interest, from Clayton-le-Moors, near 
Accrington. 

On behalf of Mr. F. W. Wotton were exhibited a few examples of 
Planorbis spirorbis from Bute. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., brought slides of the radule of Avzon 
hortensis and A. ciscumscriptus, Hyalinia cellaria and FH. draparnaldi, H. 
vradiatula and H. electrina, Succinea elegans and S. ovalis, Buliminus 
obscurus and B. montanus, Helix hispida (= conctnna) and var. hisfidosa, 
for comparison. They were shown under the microscope by Mr. Henry 
Crowther, F.R.M.S., who also submitted a table of classification based 
upon the dental system. 

The Recorder showed a number of Scottish shells and slugs sent for 
authentication and record by Mr. W. Evans, F.R.S.E., which included 
Ancylus fluviatilis, Hyalinia mitidula, * Clausilia perversa, Arion subfuscus, 
A. minimus, *Succinea putris, Vitrina, Hyalinia alliaria, H. pura var. 
marearitacea, H. rvadiatula, H. crystallina, H. fulva, * Helix lamellata, 
*H. fusca, *H. rotundata, Vertigo edentula, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Limnea 
truncatula from Aviemore, H. hortensis var. lutea 12345 and Limax cinereo- 
niger from near Rothiemurchus, the last named also from Loch an-Eilan, 
and *Pisidium pusillum and *P fontinale from Loch Phitinlais, those 
marked with the asterisk (*) being new authentications for the vice-county 
of Easterness.—W.D.R. 


208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 


SOME REMARKS, With, RESPECT LO 
MR. WOTTON’S PAPER ON. THE LIFE-HISTORY OF 
ARION ATER. 


By DR. HEINRICH SIMROTH, GouuiIs BEI LEIPzic. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, May 3, 1893). 


THE accuracy of keeping and breeding 47zox aver to a state of 
maturity 1s admirable and Mr. Wotton is to be congratulated 
sincerely on his success. | Every one who has taken pains with 
the subject will know that this species commonly endures in 
captivity for a long time without getting ripe. My own ex- 
periences reach only over few months. But the late Baron 
von Maltzan told me that he had kept Arion empiricorum for 
several years, during which time the animals increased very 
slowly. Evidently the species needs much understanding of 
its habits. 

But another point seems to me less certain. That d7zon 
ater propagated when isolated from its youth is very interesting ; 
nevertheless, Mr. Wotton’s interpretation of the fact is perhaps 
to be doubted. As the author thinks, the act depends on self- 
fertilization. Possibly the eggs were developed without impreg- 
nation, At least, the question is to be kept open. We have 
examples of self-copulation and those of propagation under 
isolation. Already C. E. von Baer saw a Limnzea introducing 
its penis into its vulva. This is presumptively possible only 
where the male and female orifices are separated. On the 
other hand, Braun, e.g., observed the propagation of Limnzea 
under isolation from the egg-state, without deciding, I think, 
whether it was self-fertilization or parthenogenesis. Plate has 
lately described a channel between the penis and the vagina in 
some Testacellze!, and he brings forward the opinion that the 
arrangement would permit selffertilization if the occasion of 


1 L. Plate, ‘Studien uber opisthopneumon, Lungenschnecken,’ Zool. Jahrb., iv., 1891. 


J.C., vii. July 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 209 


copulation is wanting. In Vaginula a channel joins directly 
the vas deferens with the receptaculum, etc. ‘Therefore, the 
possibility of internal self-fertilization cannot be denied, but I think 
it is likely to be restricted to the cases where peculiar arrange- 
ments are present for that purpose. We have now enough ex- 
perience that eggs which commonly are impregnated possess 
the capability of development without fertilization. In the eggs 
of Bombyx mori the fertilization can be substituted by mechani- 
cal or chemical irritation, brushing, acids, etc. Most important 
seems to me the fact that there is a slug in which often the 
male parts, vas deferens and penis, are wanting altogether. I have 
had series of purely female individuals of Ag7violimax levis, our 
smallest cosmopolitan Limacid, from Germany, Madagascar, 
and Mexico. The figure given by Dr. Scharff? means the 
same. With this form parthenogenesis is very probable, and 
therefore, I think, with Avron ater. Mr. Wotton alone is likely 
to be ableto decide the problem by experiment. For this purpose 
another individual should be bred under isolation and shculd be 
killed after having deposited only a few eggs, the capability 
of development of which is to be proved. If then no sperma- 
tozoa are present, either in the receptaculum nor in the 
genital tube, then parthenogenesis would be demonstrated ; in 
the contrary case internal self-fertilization would be probable. 
Certainly the decision would be of high interest. 

Finally, another remark. The restless external parasite 
Mr. Wotton describes is Acarus limacum, an acarine animal. 


Planorbis aibus v. sulcata.—Shell with strong curved 
ridges in the line of growth, of which there are about thirty on 
the last whorl, the intervening spaces being occupied by broad 
sulci from which the variety takes its name. 

Pond near Leeds. 

To Mr. Nelson belongs the credit of discovering this striking 
modification of ourwell-known species. The specimen he kindly 
presented me with is about the usual size attained by the species 
in this district, and the usual spiral striation is fairly visible. The 
upper aspect recalls the general appearance of P. mautileus v. 
crista minus the spinules.—J, W. Tay or, June zoth, 1893. 


2 R. F. Scharff, ‘The Slugs of Ireland, Scient. Trans. R. Dublin Soc., 1891, pl. lvii., fig. 29. 


N 


210 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF 
TRINIDAD. 


By R. J. LECHMERE GUPPY. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, March rst, 1893). 


THE ‘Journal de Conchyliologie’ for January, 1890, contains 
a paper by H. Crosse on ‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca 
of Trinidad,’ accompanied by a neatly-executed plate. I am 
glad that M. Crosse has taken this work in hand, and that he 
has given us figures of some of the species. Others still await 
iconographic representation. 

Descriptions of some of the land and freshwater shells of 
Trinidad were published by me in the ‘Annals and Magazine 
of Natural History’ (1864, 1866, 1868), the ‘ American Journal 
of Conchology’ (1870), and the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological 
Society of London’ (1875). The latter publication contained 
a list of the species, and another appeared in the ‘ Quarterly 
Journal of Conchology’ (1875). Subsequent information en- 
ables me to make some rectifications in the nomenclature, and 
on one or two points I can add further particulars to those 
given by M. Crosse. 

I had thought of adding a table giving the geographical 
distribution of the species composing our molluscan fauna, I 
I did this partially in my paper in the ‘Annals and Magazine 
of Natural History’ for January, 1866, and M. Crosse has done 
it more fully in his paper of January, 1890. But I find that 
with the extension of our knowledge we are compelled to reduce 
the number of specific names, and that as these are reduced the 
geographical range of species is increased, consequently the 
number of forms peculiar to any part of the region is lessened. 
I do not think it desirable, therefore, until the nomenclature of 
South American and West Indian land and freshwater mollusca 
is more settled and better defined to give such a table. 


J.C., vil, July 1893. 


GUPPY: MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 201 


I proceed to give a catalogue of the species. As the 
original authorities have been quoted by Crosse, I do not think 
it necessary to occupy space with them here, but, where possible, 
I give a citation of a figure. 


1. Geostilbia minutissima Guppy. 

Glandina minutissima Guppy, Proc. Scient. Assoc. Trinidad, 
1869, p. 239. Crosse, ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,’ Jan., 
LOOG, Ps 30s (Plat, i412. 

A very minute glassy hyaline smooth shining fusiformly- 
cylindrical shell with five whorls, of which the last forms more 
than half of the length of the sheli; spire short, with an obtuse 
apex; aperture elongate-ovai, narrow above, wide below; 
outer lip simple; columella scarcely truncate; height 2 mill. ; 
diameter ? mil!. 

A minute shell, bearing some resemblance in general aspect 
to Glandina (e.g. Gl. solidula Pf. Cuba). It varies a good deal. 

In 1867 M. Crosse described (‘Journ. de Conch.,’ vol. xv., 
p. 184) the genus Geosti/dia. The following species have been 
attributed to it :— 

t iota Adams, Jamaica. 

mazei Crosse, ‘J. de C.,’ 1883, p. 7, pl. i, f..2, Guadeloupe. 

2 caledonica Crosse, ‘ J. de C.,’ 1867, p. 184, pl. vii., f. 4, 
New Caledonia. 

3 blandiana Crosse, ‘J. de C.,’ 1880, p. 149, and 1886, p. 137, 
pl. 1, f 4, Para. 

4 mariei Crosse, ‘J. de C.,’ 1880, p. 149; 1881, p. 200, pl. viii., 
f. 5, Nossibe. 

5 gundlachi, Pf. ‘J. de C., 1883, p. 7, pl. i., f. 1, Guadeloupe. 

6 comorensis Mor., ‘J. de C.,’ 1883, p. 196, pl. viii, f. 7, 
Comors. 

To these we may have to add the following, or some of 
them :— 

Achatina michaudiana Orb., ‘Moll. Cuba,’ vol. i., p. 170, 
pl, xi., f. to—12, Cuba. 


212 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


A. lowei Paiva, ‘ J. de C.,’ 1866, p. 339, pl. xi, f- 1, Madeira. 
A. balanus Bens. (Ceczlianella tsseli Pal.), Aden, ete. 


If any validity is to be assigned to the genus Geosti/bia, our 
present shell may probably be found to be a member of it, and 
perhaps synonymous with G. b/andiana Crosse, and, further 
again, even with Achatina iota Adams, and G. mazet Crosse. 
It is, I think, likely that Geost/éza may take rank as a sub- 
genus of Czonel/a. 


2. Spiraxis simplex Guppy. 
Crosse, ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ Jan., 1890, p. 37, No. 4. 


A turreted longitudinally sinuate-plicate shell of eight or 
nine whorls, white, under a light straw-coloured epidermis. 
Length 12—15 mill., diameter 4—6 mill. 


This shell, which is rather rare, is a great deal like a large 
Stenogyra, but it has the sinuate outer lip and the twisted 
columella ascribed to Sfzrvaxzs. It is much larger than its 
congeners széftiana and paupercula, but it is smaller than SP. 
dunkeri Pf. (Haiti). 


3. Stenogyra octona Chemn. 
Grosser kc, p244, Nowert 


Mr. Edgar A. Smith remarks (in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 
Sept., 1891, p. 253,) on the wide distribution of this shell, which 
is found in all, or almost all, the West Indian Islands, over a 
large part of tropical America, and in some of the Polynesian 
Islands. Specimens from Central Africa and Madagascar seem 
identical also. On this subject see Adams, ‘ Contributions to 
Conchology,’ 1849, p. 48. It is probable that some shells 
described under other names (e.g. Stexogyra mauritiana and 
St mamillata) are identical. Among those whose distinctness 
is doubtful I would include Sé s¢rzatella Rang. and S¢ tere- 
braster Lam., though the latter is indeed placed in a different 
section by Albers and Von Martens. ; 


J.C., vii., July 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 213 


4. Stenogyra caracasensis Reeve. 
Opeas caracasensis Crosse, l.c. p. 45, No. 26. 
A thin horny shell of about eight slowly increasing whorls, 
and a rather obtuse apex. Height ro mill., diameter 24 mill. 
Much rarer and of a more limited geographical distribution 
than the last. Its characters are in some respects unlike those 
of most shells assigned to the genus. | 


5. Stenogyra plicatella Guppy. 
Opeas plicatella Crosse, l.c. p. 45, pl. 11, f. 2. 

A thin slender elongate-cylindrical sinuate-striate shell with 
eight or nine whorls. Height 12 mill., diameter 3 mill. 

M. Crosse states the opinion of Bland (‘Amer. Journ. 
Conch.,’ vol. iv., p. 185, 1868), that I have confounded under 
this name two previously-described species, namely, S¢. octonordes 
Adams, and St. suéula Pf. It may be that Bland is right, but 
in this event these two species are only one. Our Trinidad 
form is more different from the examples I have seen of the 
two species named than these are from one another. But it 
may readily be inferred that the shells described under these 
names are only local races of one species, for which the 
preferable name may be S¢. subula Pf. Bulimus hortensts 
Adams (Jamaica) may be added likewise to the synonymy. 


6. Cionella lamellata P. & M. 
Leptinaria funcki Bland (as of Pfeiffer). 
L. blandiana Pf., Crosse, l.c., p. 46, No. 29. ’ 

An elongate-ovate colorless or waxy-white shell, with a 
truncate columella, a simple outer lip, and a lamellar parietal 
tooth. Height 13—15 mill., diameter 6 mill. 

I cannot appreciate the characters on which Pfeiffer has 
separated the Trinidad form from that of the Antilles and South 
America. 

The name funckt was bestowed upon the Granada form 
because a similar shell had been described under that name 


214 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


from New Granada, Funck collected in the latter country and 
not in the Antilles. The Granada shell is C. (Zornatellina) 
Jamellata as given in my paper on the shells of that island 
(‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ June, 1868, p. 437). 


7. Zonites guildingi Bland. 

Stenopus guildingt Bland, ‘Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,’ 

VOl Ville. S 7: 
Zonites guildingt Crosse, |.c., p. 38, No. 6. 

A very thin amber-colored umbilicate depressed-orbiculate 
shell, with a lunate aperture. Height 44 mill., diameter 9 mill. 

Apart from the undesirability of retaining the name 
Stenopus for a genus of mollusca, there are objections to the 
original constitution of the genus for such dissimilar shells as 
lividus and cruentatus. The import of the designation was mis- 
conceived by Woodward, who regarded the name as equivalent 
to Manina. But his authority, second to none as regards 
marine mollusca, does not stand so high in reference to land 
shells. We have scarcely yet, indeed, arrived at a satisfactory 
solution of the difficulties which beset the determination of the 
limits of the genera Zonztes, Hyalina, Macrocyclis, ete. 

The figures given by D’Orbigny of his Helix nitensoides 
(‘ Moll. Cuba,’ pl. x., f. g—12) bear much likeness to our shell. 
In the text (vol. i., p. 161) that author notices the resemblance 
to H. cellaria and Hf. nitens. I should not be surprised if 
D’Orbigny’s shell (of which the habitat is Cuba) and ours were 
to prove specifically identical. 


8. Zonites implicans Guppy. 
‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1870, p. 307, pl. xvil., f. 2. 
@rosse> l:c., p: 30, No: 7: 
A minute widely-umbilicate discoidal shell, with four 
depressed whorls. Height $ mill., breadth 2 mill. 


9. Zonites umbratilis Guppy. 
‘Amen, Journ: Conch,’ 1876; p. 3az. ply xvil.f. 3: 
Crosse, !.c:, p. 39. No. 8. 


J.C., vii., July 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 215 


A minute umbilicate heliciform shell, with 5—6 whorls. 
Height 2 mill., diameter 14 mill. 

The difficulty here again arises with reference to these two 
species as to which is their true generic position. 

In my original description of Zonites umbratilis there was 
an error, aS pointed out in a note to page 207 of ‘Amer. Jour. 
Conch.,’ 1870. The umbilicus is deeper but not wider than it 
is in Z. ¢mplicans. ‘The difference in the form of these shells is 
made evident by the figures cited above. ‘These differences are 
similar to those between HZ. ammoniformis Orb. and A. bourno- 
bena Orb. (Amer. Merid.), which are possibly allied to our 
species. 

; 10. Guppya livida Guilding. 
Guppya vacans Crosse, l.c., p. 38, No. 5. 

This varies so much in shape at different stages of growth 
that young and adult examples might easily be taken for 
different species. The texture is transparent shining horny 
brown, with microscopic revolving and cross lines. ‘The surface 
sharacters of the shell are like those of Conulus chersina Say, as 
figured by Morse in the Journal of the Boston Society of 
Natural History (1864). The young shell is subperforate and 
its whorls are carinate. As it grows these characters become 
modified, and the contour becomes more rounded. 

It would be difficult to say what species should be assigned 
to the genus, but Guppya selenkat of Mexico is one, and G. 
gundlachi Pf. another. (See Tate, ‘Amer. Journ. Conch.’ 1868, 


p. 154. ; ; 
Il. Macrocyclis alicea Guppy. 


Hyalina alicea Crosse, l.c., p. 39, No. 9. 

A depressed planorbiform shell of about 5—6 whorls, 
rather evenly convex above and openly umbilicate beneath. 
Diameter 8 mill., height 24 mill. In shape it approaches 15, 
concolor F ér., but its color and texture are more like those of 
Macrocyclts concava. It is, however, much smaller. This 
species, found only in the northern mountains of Trinidad, 


216 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


bears a resemblance to the Stewopus cruentatus of Guilding. 
From Gufppya fivida it differs widely in shape and structure. 
In shape it is nearer to Zondtes guildingi, but it has a widely 
open umbilicus and its colour and texture are very different. 
The present shell is almost a miniature of AZacrocyclis voyana 
Newc. (California). A caudal appendage has not been observed 
in AZ. alicea, but it nevertheless may exist. 


12. Helix coactiliata Fer. 
Crosse nC p40; Nowe: 
Flelix parkeri Tryon. 
FH. bridgesi Lea. 
H1. suturalis Pfeiffer. 
FH. cordovana YF. 

A planorbiform species recalling the European Z. erice- 
torum. Its synonymy will partly indicate the wideness of its 
distribution. 

Of the species of the genus Helix (sensu strictiore) found 
in Trinidad this is the largest, the others all being minute. 
This appears to be very rare and local, as I have only once 
found it. Had it not been discovered under circumstances 
which precluded the idea of its being introduced I should have 
hesitated in retaining its name in the list of our local fauna. 


13. Helix bactricola Guppy. 


2 


‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1S70,p) go7, ple xvii, fs. 


Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 39, No. ro. 

A small pyramidal deeply-umbilicate fuscous-horny He/ix, 
with seven narrow slowly-increasing closely costellate whorls 
carinate on the periphery. Height 24 mill., diameter 4 mill. 

I know of no very near ally to this shell. Its surface 
ornamentation is somewhat like that of HZ. vofundata and other 
members of the section Pazw/a. Another shell having similar 
ornamentation is Helix labyrinthica Say, but our H. bactricola 
wants the reflector lip and the laminar tooth (or teeth) of that 
shell, which, however, it approaches somewhat in general shape. 


J.C., vit., July 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 217 


14. Helix ierensis Guppy. 
‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1870, p. 307, pl. xvil., f. 4. 
Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 40, No. 11. 

A horny-brown trochiform very obliquely costulate deeply 
umbilicate little shell of about five whorls. Height 2 mill. 
diameter 3 mill. The character of the ornamentation in this 
and the following species is rather that of slightly irregular 
lamellee instead of minute regular rounded riblets as in the 
preceding species. 

It has occurred to me that this and the following are two 
forms (or perhaps sexes) of the same species; and a similar 
idea has also occurred to me in reference to Zonztes tmplicans 
and wmbratilis. Jam not ina position to advance any evidence 
in support of this view. 

The Helix guatimalensis of Crosse and Fischer (‘ Journ. 
de Conch.,’ 1873, p. 274, pl. 1x., f. 3), and the Z. cecoides of Tate 
1868, p. 155, pl. xvi., f. 3), seem to be 


) 


‘Amer. Journ. Conch., 
closely akin to if not identical with this. 


15. Helix caeca Guppy. 
Crosse, l.c., p. 40, No. 12. 

This resembles the preceding in most characters, but 
differs in being more elevated and less openly umbilicated. 
The form of the whorls gives also a more circular contour to 
the aperture. 

I6. Orthalicus undatus Brug. 
Shuttleworth, Not. Mal. p. 63, pl. 11., f. 4—5. 
Bulimus zebra Guppy, ‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ Jan. 1866, 
pace 
Orthalicus zebra Crosse, ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 41, No. 15. 

Bland (‘ Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1868, p. 185) remarks on 
this, ‘The apical whorl in the Trinidad shells (and also in 
the Florida specimens) is of a dark purplish brown color. 
Shuttleworth describes the apex of O. zebra as immaculate.” 
D’Orbigny’s figures of the shell (under the name of ZB. zebra) 
are very good (‘ Moll. Cuba,’ pl. vi., f. g—10.) 


218 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


I may observe that the form from the Grenadines described 
by Guilding as 2B. wxdulatus has more claims to be ranked 
as a species than many shells admitted without question 


as such. 
17. _Bulimus oblongus Mill. 


Wood, I. T. ‘ Helix,’ pl. 33, f. ror (not 102). 
D’Orbigny, ‘Voy. Amer. Merid.,’ pl. xxxvul, f. 1. 
Woodward, ‘ Man. Moll.,’ pl. xii., f. ro. 
Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch,’ 1890, p. 40, No. 14. 
I have given a note on some of the anatomical characters 
of this mollusk in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1892, p. 271. 


18. Bulimus glaber Gmelin. 
var. auris-sciuri Guppy. 
Crosse, l.c., p. 40, No. 16. 


19. Bulimulus pilosus Guppy. 

‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1870, p. 310, pl. xvil., f. 12 (not 9). 
Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.’ 1890, p. 43, No. 20, pl. ii, f 3. 

An oblong-conic thin horny-brown-colored shell of about 
6 whorls covered with a fine pubescence. Length rq mill. 
diameter 7 mill. Allied to B. debilis, constrictus, &c., of 
South America. I note the resemblance in shape to species 
of the genus Buliminus (e.g. gruereanus and farnieranus, 
Grasset —Canaries, ‘ Journ. Conch.,’ 1856, p. 346, pl. xiii). 


20. Bulimulus tenuissimus Fer, 
Crosse, l.c., p. 43, No. 19. 

An oblong-conic thin pale horny-brown or almost colorless — 
shell of about seven whorls, differs from the preceding in its 
more elongate proportions and the absence of pubescence. Its 
umbilicus is only a chink. Length 18 mill, diameter 


8 mill. 
21. Bulimulus aureolus Guppy. 


Grosse ep. 425.Nio cng 
A subperforate ovate-conic rather acuminate thin yellow 
shell of 5—6 whorls, sometimes banded. Length 25 mill., 


J:C., vii., July 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 219 


diameter to mill, A shell belonging to the group of which 

B. poecilus Orb. is a member. It is certainly very near to 

B. vincentinus which is distinguished from it by its expanded 

outer lip. I have described several varieties as follows : 

a typicus (yellow). 

P albescens (white). 

y fasciatus (banded). 

6 imperfectus (small banded). 

€ rawsoni (dead white with yellow umbilicus and apex). 
The latter is figured in ‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1870, pl. 

xvil., f. 6. It inhabits Tobago. 


22. Bulimulus vincentinus Pfeiff. 
Crosse) Le,,.p-. 42, No: 28, 

A subperforate ovate-conic acuminate thin yellow white or 
fivebanded shell with an expanded outer Jip. Length 34 mill, 
breadth 14 mill. 

This has varieties parallel with those of the last. 


23. Cylindrella trinitaria Pfeiff. 
‘Malak. Blatt.,’ vol. vii., p. 213, pl. il, f 4—7. 
Crosse suc op. 43) INO. 20, 

A slender cylindrical-turreted costulate-striate dark-brown 
shell with a produced subquadrate aperture. Length 11 mill., 
diameter 24 mill. Nearest to morini Mor. and costata Guild. 
It also inhabits Venezuela. 


24. Pupa uvulifera Guppy. 
Crosse, l.c., p. 44, No. 22. 

A small ovate-cylindrical shell with 5—6 bats and an 
aperture furnished with teeth or plaits. Length 3 mill, 
diameter 1 mill. It is very near to P. pellucida Pf.,a shell 
widely distributed in the West Indies. 

I think it possible that the shell I described as Pufa 
auriformis, and of which I never found more than a single 
specimen, may be a variety or accidental form of this. 


220 GUPPY: MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


25. Pupa eyriesi Drouet. 
Drouet, ‘ Moll. Guy. fran,’ p. 71, pl. u., f. 16—17. 
Crosse, l.c., p. 44, No. 24. 

A very minute short and obtusely-cylindrical shell of 
about five whorls, the last deeply impressed near the aperture, 
the reflected outer lip being thus sinuate: apex very obtuse. 
Height 14 mill., diameter 1 mill. 

It is probable that this species described by Drouet from 
French Guiana is more widely distributed than is thought, and 
perhaps it is recorded under other names from other places. 
The Guadelupe P. inzdigena (Ancey) may perhaps be the 
same ; but the specimens I have received as P. eyrzesi from that 
island are more like P. pellucida, while the Trinidad shell 
agrees fairly in the characters of the aperture with Drouet’s 
figure, and only differs in having a more obtuse apex. The 
teeth of the aperture vary in number in different examples. 
When they are all developed the figure is a good representation 
of the aperture. 

26. Ennea bicolor Hutton. 
(Crosse) Cas 7p One: 
Chenu, ‘ Man. Conch.,’ vol. 1., p. 444, f. 3281. 

A cylindrical shell with a somewhat obtuse apex and an 
aperture furnished with three teeth or plaits; columella and 
outer lip expanded and reflected. Length 7 mill., diameter 
2 mill. 

On the occurrence of this shell in the West Indies see 
Bland, ‘Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York,’ vol. vi., p. 147. 


27. Streptaxis deformis Fer. 
Chenu. ‘ Man. Conch.,’ vol. 1., p. 451, f. 3362. 
Crosse, lic., p. By INGs ss 


A subtransparent whitish shell with a thickened outer lip 
and a lamellar parietal plait. Length 63 mill., diameter 5 mill. 
These are usual dimensions, but we have a variety of somewhat 


J.C., vit., July 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 221 


larger size, which is undistinguishable from Streptaxis g/aber 
Pf. I should be inclined also to add \S. deplanchei Drouet to 
the synonymy. 


28. Simpulopsis corrugata Guppy. 
> Oui: COMER USTISS Da GARD ee lee 
Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 46, No. 30. 
A greenish-hyaline membranaceous shell, wrinkled or 
corrugated. Height 10 mill., diameter 8 mill. 
I am not quite certain that this is a valid name. Want of 
means of comparison with named forms sometimes causes the 


description of a local race as a different species. 


29. Succinea candeana Lea. 


Succinea approximans Crosse, l.c., p. 47, No. 31. 
iS. marcarita Crosse, l.c.5 p47, No. 32 
S. cuviert Guilding. 

I cannot find satisfactory marks of distinction between the 
Succineas (sezsu strictiore) found in the different islands of the 
Antilles, nor can I make two races of the Trinidad forms. 
They vary indeed in proportions, but this, I think, is due only 
to local conditions. There may be some difficulty in selecting 
the right appellation, and in 1877 I pitched upon that given 
here as the preferable one according to my lights. I cannot 
separate the shells denominated—cuuzer?, margarita, approxt- 
mans, etc., by any decided or definite and permanent character. 


30. Omalonyx felinus Guppy. 
ST fourney Conch, Loyola 3245) le Xeuteeee 
Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 48, No. 33, pl. ii., f. 4. 
A similar remark applies to this as to the Simpulopsts. So 
far as concerns the shell I see no difference that could be 
regarded as specific between our specimens and those from 


Guadelupe, Guiana, and Brazil, and these latter are all referred 
to Omalonyx unguis Fér.; but the soft parts of our Omalonyx 


222 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


differ somewhat from the figure given by D’Orbigny, particularly 
in respect of coloration. Hence I gave a new name to our 
shell, but it is possible that they may all turn out to be only 
one species. 


31. Veronicella occidentalis Guilding. 


Veronicella levis (Fér.) Guppy. 


? 


Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 48, No. 34. 

While admitting the force of the arguments urged by Crosse 
so for as to alter the name /evis (Fér.) to occidentalis (Guilding), 
the slug of that specific name having admittedly a range ex- 
tending over the West Indies and Venezuela, I consider that 
the name Vevonicella is the preferable one for the genus. I do 
not wish to occupy space by a long discussion on the point of 
nomenclature, but it appears to me that what choice there is 
is in favour of Verontcella. So far as my observations extend 
the one species of slug found in the neighbouring Antilles is the 
same as ours, and there is no necessity for the adoption of 
Semper’s name punctatissima. 


32. Melampus coffea L. 
Crosse, l.c., p. 49, No. 35. 
Woodward, ‘Man. Moll.’ pl. xii, f. 37. 
Auricula ovula D’Orbigny, Moll. de Cuba, pl. xiii, f. 4—7. 


33. Melampus pusillus Gmel. 
Crosse, l.c., p. 49, No. 36. 
NWiood;*ind. esi wply xxix. 10: 


34. Pedipes mirabilis Megerle. 
Crosse, liey-p. 50, No. 38. : 

These amphibious Auriculidz have the privilege of ap- 
pearing in lists both of terrestrial aud of marine mollusca, 
their geographical distribution following the latter, while their 
zoological affinities appear to be with the land shells. 


J.C., vil., July 1893. 


GUPPY: MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 223 


35. Ancylus textilis Guppy. 

‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1870, p. 311, pl: xvil., f. 9. 
Crosse, ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 51, No. 41, pl. it, fi 5. 

Approaches A. moricandi Orb. (Amer. Merid., p. 355.). 
Ancylus parasitans Drouet, from Martinique, is likewise near if 
not the same. Should these prove to be identical D’Orbigny’s 
name must take precedence ; and probably others of D’Orbigny’s 
and other South American and West Indian species may have 
to be added to the synonymy. 


36. Gundlachia crepidulina Guppy. 


‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1870, pl. xvii, f. ro—11. 
Crosse, ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 51, No. 42. 


37. Planorbis terverianus Orb. 
D’Orbigny, ‘ Moll. Cuba,’ vol. i., p. 194, pl. xui., f, 20—22. 
Crosse,.‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 50, No. 39. 


38. Planorbis meniscus Guppy. 


Grossen lcs, p: SI, No. 40. 
Very near to Pl. haldemant Adams, Jamaica. 


39. Physa rivalis Maton and Racket, 
Wood, ‘Ind. Test.,’ Bulla, 38. 
Physa sowerbiana Orb., Moll. Cuba, vol. i., p. 190, pl. xiii., 

f, 11-—12. 

Crosse," Joumm.de Conch” 1890; ps2, (No. 43. 

It is not unlikely that Crosse is right in referring our shell 
to Ph. sowzrbiana ; but is that shell (from Cuba) any other than 
a local form of PA. rivalis? The specimens I originally dis- 
covered were small, as noted in my paper in ‘Annals and 
Magazine of Natural History,’ 1866, but I have since found 
much larger ones, including two of eighteen millimeters in length 
by nine in breadth, dimensions considerably exceeding those 
of D’Orbigny’s figured example, and approaching Guadelupe 
rather than Martinique specimens of the species. The propor- 


224 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


tions and shape also are somewhat different, the large shells 
being more ventricose ; but I see no reason to regard them as 
being other than forms of P#. rivalis. The shell so called by 
Dillwyn was the Bulla fontinalis of Linné, and the latter de- 
nomination is retained for it, so there does not appear to be any 
reason why Maton and Racket’s species—the Physa sowerbyana 
of D’Orbigny included—should not keep the name of 77zzvadvs. 

Ph. rivalis is found throughout the West Indies and has a 
wide distribution on the South American continent. Iam of 
opinion that the Physa acuta of I’Orbigny (not of Draparnaud) 
is also referable to the same species. 


40. Amnicola candeana Orb. 


Paludestrina candeana D’Orb., ‘ Moll. Cuba,’ vol. ii., p. 9, pl. x., 

f. 13—14. 

P. aubertana YD’Orb., |.c., p. 8, pl. x., f. 6—7. 
Bithinia spiralis Guppy, ‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ 3 ser., 

vol. xiv. p. 244. 

P. spiralis Crosse, l.c., p. 53, No. 45. 

There is some question here again as to the proper 
generic designation of the group. 

In my original description quoted above (May, 1864) I 
remarked on the variability of our shell. I regard it as a typical 
and easily verified instance of a mollusc whose characters admit 
of several species being made out of one. Having had numbers 
of it in my aquarium I can assert that a single brood may 
contain all the various modifications from a smooth shell to 
one to aculeate spines. There are many analogous cases, and 
‘I may call to mind that of the Vitrinellas (= Adeordis) of the 
West Indies, etc., which are given as several species, all 
probably reducible to one, and the true idea of a species may 
be regarded as that of a number of individuals such as might be 
all derived from a single brood, (not, which have all at some 
time or another been derived from one brood), and all the 
forms of which might be reproduced from a single pair. 


J.C., vii., July 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD, 225 


D’Orbigny’s Paludina piscium, parchappit, and perhaps 
also australis (Amer. Merid.) and Laludestrina affinis (Moll. de 
Cuba) are very probably forms of this species. Padlzdestrina 
candeana and aubertana are quoted from Guadelupe by Maze 
in ‘Journ. Conch.,’ 1883 (p. 32). The distribution of the 
species is probably very wide, and includes the West Indies and 
tropical South America, and, perhaps, also, Central America. 
In my above-quoted account in the ‘Annals and Magazine of 
Natural History’ the word ‘moniliform’ was not, perhaps, 
judiciously used ; it was merely intended to denote an incircling 
row of spines or small tubercles. 


4l. Ampullaria cornu-arietis L. 


D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid. pl. xlviii., f£. 7—9. 
Woodward, Man. Moll., pl. ix., f. 31. 
Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 53, No. 46. 


The noticeable differences between the typical (globular) 
Ampullarie and those of the section bearing Gray’s name 
Marisa (or Guilding’s Ceratodes). of which the present is the 
typical species, are that the shell is planorbiform, and nearly 
but not quite symmetrical, the animal without a long siphon 
and the operculum thinner. ‘The form of the shell and the 
organization of the animal adapt it for life in ponds, bayous 
and backwaters, where its favourite aliment is the water-lily and 
other aquatic plants. 


42. Ampullaria urceus Mill. 
Wood, Ind. Test., Helix, 72. 
Crosse, ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 53, No. 47. 


A giant among freshwater shells, as Budémus oblongus is 
among land shells. It has much the same geographical distri- 
bution as that mollusc. It frequents the larger streams in great 
numbers, and buries itself in their beds or banks in seasons of 
drought. 


226 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


43. Ampullaria effusa Miill. 
Woods Ind! Mest) blelna7a. 
Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 54, No. 48. 


Crosse gives the names of only two of the globular 
Ampullarig, this and the preceding. I have included the 
name of crocostoma Phil. in some of my later lists; but if 
specifically distinct from effusa it is a very nearly allied shell. 
We have many varieties of this type of Ampu//aria, and I have 
given names to some of them, but it is doubtful whether they 
ought not all to be included under one species. 


44. Cyclotus translucidus Sow. 


Neocyclotus translucidus var. trinitensts Crosse, ‘Journ. de 
Conch.,’ 1890, p. 55, No. 49. 


This is not uncommon on calcareous soils throughout the 
island, except on the hills, where its place is taken by the next. 


45. Cyclotus grenadensis Shuttl. 
Crosse, l.c., p54, No. 50. 


This is more rare than the preceding, and affects higher 
ground, being found chiefly on the mountains. 


46. Diplomatina huttoni Pf. var. occidentale Guppy. 
Crosse; lic., p. 55, No. 51: 

M. Crosse gives the weight of his opinion against the 
indigenous character of this mollusc, said to be identical with 
the Indian form. The latest contribution of mine on the 
question was printed in ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural 
History,’ April, 1886, p. 385. M. Crosse’s opinion is also that 
of so able an authority as Mr. W. T. Blanford, and naturalists 
generally will no doubt take that view of the case, which is that 
the shell was imported from India. 


47. Truncatella pulchella Pfeiff. 
Crosse, l.c., p. 56, No. 54. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 227 


I am in doubt again as to the validity of this name. [I let 
it stand for the present, however, but add two more species of 
the genus which I have found since my last list was printed. 


48. Truncatella bilabiata Pfeiff. 


I should be inclined to add to the synonymy of this species 
the names of darbadensis Pfeiff. and modesta Adams. It is very 
nearly allied to, and perhaps not really distinct from, 77. 
pulchella. 


49. Truncatella subcylindrica Gray. 


This is near to and possibly identical with 7%. carzbalensts 
Sow. 

It is singular that this and the preceding live together side 
by side, being most abundantly found in sheltered bays at.the 
extreme top of highwater mark. It is unusual for two allied 
species to be found living on the same ground, except under 
particular circumstances. What, in this imstance, is the par- 
ticular circumstance which determines the association of two 
clearly distinct though allied forms I am unable to state. Can 
it be sexual ? 


50. Taheitia reclusa Guppy. 
Blandiella reclusa ‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1870, p. 309, pl. xvii., 
f. 7—8. 
Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 56, No. 53, pl. i, f. 7. 
This mollusca is allied on one hand to Z7uncatella and on 
the other to Geomelania. From the latter it differs in the 
absence of the linguiform appendix of the labrum and in the 
rugose operculum. 


51. Cistula aripensis Guppy. 
Crosse, l.c., p. 56, No. 52, Olle Why Op 
An oblong-turreted longitudinally costellate-striate shell, 
of a reddish-brown color, generally with several more or less 
interrupted dark spiral bands and an oval aperture, with an 


228 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


expanded or double concentrically-striate lip. Height 13 mill, 
diameter 8 mill. 

Bland (in ‘Amer. Journ. Conch.,’ 1868, p. 179) remarks 
the resemblance of this shell to Chondropoma cordovanum 
Pfeiff., but I think there can be no doubt of its very close 
affinity to Crstula tamsiana Pfeiff. of the neighbouring mainland. 


I have observed the existence of two forms in this as in 
other species of mollusca. These two forms are males and 
females. The males are constantly smaller than the females. 
I have noticed this in Bu/zmus oblongus, which I believe to be 
always functionally unisexual whether or not it is so anatomi- 
cally; and it is well-known that in certain species (e.g. 
Cyclophorus pearsoni Bens.) there are a large and a small form. 
These I take to be females and males respectively. 


52. Helicina nemoralis Guppy. 
Crosses eps 50, NOs 55s,p!. Ilyuieno. 


A smooth pinkish or yellowish species belonging to the 
same group as HY. columbiana Phil., Zephyrina Duclos, and 
Jamaicensis Sow. 


53. Helicina barbata Guppy. 
(rossem enn 150.) INO. 565 plneyain Os 


A more obscure and much more common shell than the 
last. It is stated to be near to or identical with A. dyson 
Pfeiff., but I have not been able to demonstrate this identity. 


54. Helicina lamellosa Guppy. 
‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ 3 ser., vol. xix., p. 260, pl. x., f. 4. 
Crosse; Jiourmide Conch. 190. peso mpleniiane nor 


A spirally lirate species belonging to the same group as 
HI, semistriata Sow., H. lirata Pfeiff., and A. Aineata Adams. 
I have designated this group by the name of Pevenna. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD, 229 


55. Helicina ignicoma Guppy. 
Grosse ern 50, Noms: 


An orbiculate-conoidal radiately sinuate-costellate reddish 
or yellowish shell. Height 3 mill., diameter 44 mill. It 
belongs to the section typified by A. plicatula Pfeiff. and 7. 


rugosa Pf. 
56. Cyclas incurva Guppy. 


Spherium incurvum Mazé, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1874, p. 173. 
fisidium incurvum Crosse, ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 61, 
No. 63. 
The Martinique examples sent me by H. Mazé are un- 
distinguishable from ours. 


57. Cyclas punctifera Guppy. 
‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ 3 ser., vol. xix., p. 160 (fig.). 
Pisidium punctiferum Crosse, ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ 1890, p. 60, 

No. 62. 

The Piscdium simile of Prime (Guadelupe) appears to me 
identical. 

The questions as to whether these shells should be called 
Fisidium or Cyclas resolves itself into the question of how far 
generic names are to go. I readily admit the subdivision of 
genera to any reasonable extent, but the names given to the 
subdivisions should not be accorded generic rank. ‘This is a 
test case, because Pzszdium may be admitted to have a greater 
claim to be recognised as a substantive division than many 
others that are frequently used as generic appellations. The 
question between the use of the names Cyc/as and Spherium 
is of another kind altogether. 


58. Anodon leotaudi Guppy. 


Crosse} icy ps 6x, Noon 

I have been at a loss as to what should be considered the 
nearest relation of our Azodon. I am inclined to think it is 
A. strionos Orb. (as A. ferrarisiz Orb., Voy. Amer. Merid., pl. 


230 GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 


74, f. 4—6). Ours is a little longer in proportion to its depth, 
but the likeness is otherwise pretty close. It is roo mill. in 
length by 55 mill. in depth, and in thickness it is about 33 mill. 
It is to be regretted that so fine a shell is so rare with us. It 
is not, I believe, very rare in the localities where it exists, but I 
have never been able to procure more than two or three 


specimens. 


To the foregoing list of freshwater shells I have in former 
publications added the name of WVer¢tina microstoma Orb., which 
is an inhabitant of some of our streams. I have never found it 
more than a mile from salt water. The genus contains fresh- 
water, estuary, and marine species. It furnishes to our marine 
fauna LV. meleagris Lam. and JV. viridis L. Crosse includes 
NV. meleagris in the synonymy of WV. wrginca L., and he 
may be right. But I have been in the habit of regarding these 
as distinct. Certainly the figure of lV. wixgimea, given by 
D’Orbigny (‘ Voy. Amer. Merid.,’ pl. lvi., t. 1—3), represents 
a specimen of JV. meleagris, and I have examples from some 
of the Antilles as WV. meleagrvis which approach JV. virginea very 
closely. On the other hand, the £4. meleagris which inhabits 
the muddy shores of the Gulf of Paria is considerably different 
from the JV. z77ginea of the Antilles. 


The persistence of authors in referring to Trinidad species 
which do not belong to the island, induces me to add a few 
words on the point. 

In my paper in the “Annals and Magazine of Natural 
History” for January, 1866, I gave a list of species wrongly 
ascribed to Trinidad. ‘These were Cyclostomus cttrinus Sow., 
Helix discolor Fér., and Helix perplexa Fér. I find in a paper 
by Smith and Fielden in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural 
History’ for September, 18o1, that the latter shell is again 
attributed to Trinidad. It is not found here nor in Barbadoes. 
Governor Rawson’s specimens came from Grenada, which is 
the true habitat of the species. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


GUPPY : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. me 92h 


In the description of a new genus proposed by them for 
certain West Indian Cyc/ostomacee (‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1888, 
p- 234), MM. Crosse and Fischer repeat the error that Cyclo- 
stomus semidecussatus (= C. citrinus var.) is a native of Trinidad. 
The only member of the Cyclostomacee found in this island is 
Cistula aripensis. 

In my last list I gave as doubtful three names. Of these 
Autonoe riparia is decided to be identical with Awricula pel- 
/ucens, but since my original discovery I have not seen another 
specimen. Of Sfexogyra coronata I never saw but one example, 
and believe it must have been accidentally introduced. I 
observe that the species is recorded from S. Lucia. Under 
Pupa uvulifera I have stated my belief that P. aurzformis is only 
a form of that species. 

In Mr. Edgar A. Smith’s paper (Report IIT. on the Mollusca 
collected by Mr. Ramage in the Lesser Antilles, ‘Ann. and 
Mag. Nat. Hist.,’? May, 1889, p. 400) He/zx orbiculata Fér., and 
Bulimus aulacostylus Pf., are attributed to Trinidad. These 
statements are copied into the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie’ for 
July, 1889, but without mention of the authorities on which 
Smith based them. ‘These species are not found in Trinidad, 
and, so far as I know, they are confined to S. Lucia. 

In Reeve’s Monograph of Helicina, H. rugosa is ascribed 
to Trinidad. It did not come from that island. ‘Trinidad de 
Cuba is probably more correct. 

PO 9g ge 32 ue 

Hyalinia nitida var. albida Jeff. in Tipperary.— 
Amongst a small collection of Clonmel shells, kindly sent by 
the Rev. A. H. Delap, was a specimen of the white variety of 
this species. This form was apparently first differentiated by 
Jeffreys in 1830 as Helix nitida var. B from an Irish specimen 
supplied by Mr. Dillwyn. Westerlund makes a sub.-var. wi77- 
descens to embrace those specimens with a greenish tinge, and 
this has also been recorded from Valentia, and was really the 
precise form intended to be indicated by Jeffreys in 1830.— 
J. W. Taytor, Aug. 2oth, 1893. 


232 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CON DTRIBUMIONS, SOW ARDS As IeSih Or ween 
MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UPPER PORTION 
OF LOCH IN INECE, ARG YIEESIEURIR 


By G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, M.A., BEARSDEN, GLAsGow. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, July 5th, 1893). 


I am uncertain whether any record of conchological re- 
search in the upper part of Loch Linnhe has hitherto been 
submitted to the Society, and I have therefore pleasure in 
tabulating the results of a few weeks’ stay during 1891, at 
Onich, near Balachulish. This village lies at the head of Loch 
Linnhe proper. On the north, however, the loch is continued 
through Corran Narrows under the name of Loch Aber, ti!l it 
joins the Caledonian Canal, while on the east also, under the 
name of Loch Leven, it winds at the base of the peaks which 
overhang the savage pass of Glencoe. 


The peculiarity of the locality is the double system of tide 
races, occasioned by the narrow entrances of the latter two 
lochs. Loch Aber, for instance, empties itself at an ebb speed 
of often nine to twelve miles an hour, and the result is the 
formation of two gigantic banks which line the channel, the 
western being known as Salachan Point, the eastern as Cuil- 
chenna Point. ‘The latter, especially, is rich in mollusca; at 
low water it is bare for about one third of a mile, and for 
another third it is only two to four fathoms under water. Then 
comes a sheer descent of further twenty fathoms, to the natural 
level of the surrounding sea bottom. Nowhere in the neigh- 
bourhood is the depth greater than twenty-four fathoms, except 
in a few holes towards Balachulish, known to fishermen. 

I may say that my dredging was conducted alone, and in 
this way only a light dredge, one weighing nine pounds, with 
twelve inch blades, could be used. When a stiff breeze sprang 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


KNIGHT : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LOCH LINNHE. 233 


up, or the tide caused me to drift; it was my custom to make 
for shallower water, cast anchor, sift out my dedvis, and return 
again to the sport. Nothing could be more enjoyable than 
dredging in these northern lochs, with curious visitants such as 
seals every now and then swimming around the boat, and with 
a surrounding landscape of such a magnificent sweep of 
mountains to gaze upon. 

The most interesting result of the work was the discovery 
of a great number of /7ssoz abyssicola (Forb.) in eleven, fourteen, 
and twenty-four fathoms. Forbes gave this beautiful shell this 
‘abyssal’ title from the fact that he had found it only at great 
depths, but the sand and gravel bottom at Onich had many 
living specimens, perhaps most abundantly at the twelve fathom 
line. Many years ago Frank Buckland, in company with Rev. 
Dr. Stewart (the well-known ‘Nether-Lochaber’), dredged 
this neighbourhood and thought they had finished its resources, 
Buckland particularly being struck with the fact that not a single 
Pecten valve was found. Dr. Stewart, however, remarked to 
me that somehow or other I had ‘simply walked between their 
legs and found treasures which had escaped them,’ a fact 
which shews how we should never despair of any locality, 
however well worked. 

Mr. J. T. Marshall, of Torquay, has very kindly examined 
and identified the minuter forms, and once more proved the 
courtesy for which he is well known. 

In the following list of species obtained by dredging and 
otherwise, the arrangement followed is that of Jeffreys’ ‘ British 
Conchology.’ 

Anomia ephippium L. Valves. 

Ostrea edulis L. Valves, Cuilchenna Point. 
Pecten pusio (L.). Loch Leven Ferry. 

P. varius (L.). 14 fathoms. 

P. opercularis (L.). Valves. 

P. septemradiatus Mill. Valves. 

P, maximus (L.). Valves, Cuilchenna Point. 


234 KNIGHT : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LOCH LINNHE. 


Lima elliptica Jeff. 14 f., occasional. 

Mytilus edulis L. 

M. edulis var. incurvata Penn. Kentallen Bay. 

M. modiolus J.. Cuilchenna Point. 

Crenella decussata (Mont.) One in 12 f. 

Nucula sulcata Bronn. 14 f., one dead and valves. 

N. nucleus (1.). 12 f., numerous. 

N. nitida G.B.Sow. 8—15 f., very plentiful. 
Montacuta bidentata (Mont.). 11—-15 f., fairly common. 
M. ferruginosa (Mont.). 12 f., perfect, but not living. 
Lucina spinifera (Mont.). 14—24 f., in abundance. 

L. borealis (L.). 11—14 f., not common. 

Axinus flexuosus (Mont.).. 14 —24 f., fairly common. 
A. croulinensis Jeff. 24 f., in abundance. 

Cardium echinatum L. Valves. 

C. nodosum Turt. $f. 

C. edule L. At Salachan and Cuilchenna Points. 

C. minimum Phil. 20 f., two specimens. 

Cyprina islandica (L.). 14—24 f, of all ages and sizes. 
Astarte sulcata (DaC.). 14 f,, abundant. 

A. sulcata var. elliptica (Bro.). Valves. 

A. compressa var. striata (Leach). 14 f., three specimens. 
Circe minima (Mont.). Cuilchenna, occasional. 
Venus exoleta L. 

lincta Pult. 15—24 f., of all ages. 

fasciata (DaC.). 15 f. 

ovata Penn. 14 f., occasional. 

gallina L. 14 f, sand, in enormous quantities, young. 


<<<<< 


. gallina var. laminosa Mont. 14f 

- epics virgineus (L.). Cuilchenna. 

T. virgineus var. sarniensis (Turt.). Cuilchenna. 

T. pullastra (Mont.). | Cuilchenna, numerous, beautifully 
marked. 

T. decussatus (L.). Cuilchenna. 

Lucinopsis undata (Penn.). 12—24 f. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893: 


KNIGHT: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LOCH LINNHE. 235 


Tellina tenuis DaC. Cuilchenna. 

T. fabula Gron. . 12 f. 

Psammobia ferroensis (Chem.). 24 f. 

Mactra solida L. Cuilchenna. 

M. solida var. elliptica Bro. Cuilchenna. 

M. subtruncata (DaC.). Valves. 

Scrobicularia nitida (Mill.). 14—2r f, plentiful. 

S. alba (Wood). 21 f., fairly numerous. 

Solen pellucidus Penn, 14 f,, frequent. 

S. siliqua L. Cuilchenna. 

S. siliqua var. arcuata Jeff. Cuilchenna. 

Lyonsia norvegica (Chem.). 12 f., three good specimens. 

Thracia preetenuis (Pult.). r2—2q f. 

T. papyracea (Poli), Numerous at Cuilchenna. 

T. papyracea var. villosiuscula (Macg.). Three good 
specimens, Cuilchenna. 

T. convexa (W. Wood). 15 f., several large valves, two living 
young. 

Nezra abbreviata Forb. 24 f., valves. 

N. cuspidata (Olivi). 15—24 f., several. 

Corbula gibba Olivi. 14-—24 f., very numerous. 

C. gibba var. rosea Bro. 12 f., four specimens. 

Mya arenaria L. Cuilchenna. 

M. truncata L. Cuilchenna. 

Saxicava rugosa (L.). 3, 14, 24 f, in fair numbers. 

Dentalium entalis L. 14 f, fairly plentiful. 

Chiton cinereus L. 3—14 f. 

C. levis Mont. 14 f. 

Patella vulgata L. Onich shore. 

P. vulgata var. elevata Jeff. Kentallen Bay, very much 
‘elevated.’ 

P. vulgata var. picta Jeff. Onich shore. 

P. vulgata var. depressa Penn. Onich shore. 

P. vulgata var. caerulea L. Onich shore. 


236 KNIGHT: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LOCH .LINNHE. 


Tectura testudinalis (Miull.). Abundant and fine on Onich 
shore. 

T. virginea (Mill.). 3—8 f., plentiful. 

T. fulva (Mill.). 3 f., a few dead. 

Emarginula fissura (L.). Cuilchenna. 

Trochus grceenlandicus Chem. Loch Leven Ferry. 

T. magus L. 12 f., a few mature specimens. 

T. tumidus Mont. 12 f., in fair abundance. 

T. cinerarius L. Onich shore, and very plentiful on tangle 
from 2 f. 

T. umbilicatus (Mont.). Rather scarce. 

T. millegranus Phil. 3—r14 f., numerous. 

Lacuna divaricata (Fabr.). Scarce, at low water. 

EL. puteolus (Turt.).. 7 8-1. 

Littorina obtusata (L.). 

L. rudis Maton. 

L. rudis var. sulcata (Leach). Onich shore. 

L. littorea (L.). 

Rissoa reticulata (Mont.). 14 f., one living. 

abyssicola Forb. 11, 14, 24 f., in abundance. 

parva (DaC.). 8 f., only one living. 

inconspicua Ald. 8 f., two living. 

violacea Desm. 8 f., two dead. 

striata (Ad.). 11—15 f,, six living. 

. soluta Phil. 8 f., two living. 

Hiycnoue ulvee (Penn.). Scarce. 

Turritella terebra (L.). 14 f., one hundred and fourteen 
large living specimens ; young ones in great abundance. 

Odostomia pallida (Mont.). 11—14 f., six living. 

conoidea (Broc.). 24 f., one dead, but perfect. 

insculpta (Mont.). 11—rq f,, five living. 

rufa (Phil.). 11—r1q f., two dead. 

rufa var. fulvocincta (Thomp.). 14—21 f., numerous. 

. acicula (Phil.). 14 f.,; only one living. 

Welucins leevigata (Penn.). 12 f., one living. 


qu ao) 20 go) eel oo 


©9000 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 237 


Aporrhais pes-pelecani (L.). 14 f, very numerous alive, 
but generally worn. 

Cerithium reticulatum (DaC.). 7 f., scarce. 

Purpura lapillus (L.). 

Buccinum undatum L. 

Fusus antiquus (L.). 

F. gracilis (DaC.). 

Nassa incrassata var. minor Jeff. Scarce. 

Defrancia linearis (Mont.). 7 f. 

Pleurotoma brachystoma Phil. 14 f., two good living 
specimens. 

P. rufa (Mont.). 24 f. 

P. turricula (Mont.). 14—24 f., plentiful. 

Cylichna nitidula Lov. 12 f., scarce. 

Cc. cylindracea (Penn.). 12 f, large and plentiful. 

Philine scabra (Mill.). 12 f., fragments. 

P, aperta (L.). Fragments. 


——_—_ —_$-@-@—___ 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


214th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, JULY 5th, 1893. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. William Nelson, Hon. Curator, in the Chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
Institute: Transactions of Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia, 
Vol. III., Part 2, Dec., 1892. 

From the respective Editors: Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for June 
and July ; The Naturalist and the British Naturalist for July. 

From the Society : Abstract Proceedings of Linnean Society of New 
South Wales, 26th April, 1893. 

Donation to Collections announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S.: A large number of shells, land, 
freshwater, and marine, from British and foreign localities. 

Candidates Proposed for Membership: 

Mr. John Roseburgh (proposed by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., and 
Mr. William Nelson); and Mr. Charles Edward Wood (proposed by Mr. 
H. Crowther, F.R.M.S., and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.). 


238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Papers Read: 

A short note ‘On a Variety of Cyfrea cruenta Gmel.’ by Mr. James 
Cosmo Melvill, M A., F.L.S., was read [printed in ‘J. of C.,’ July, 1893, 
p- 194]. 

' A paper entitled ‘ Contributions towards a List of the Marine Mollusca 
of the upper portion of Loch Linnhe, Argyllshire,’ by Mr. G. A. Frank 
Knight, M.A., was read [printed at p. 232 of the present Number]. 


Exhibits: 


On behalf of Mr. Tom Petch, B.A., of King’s Lynn, were shown a fine 
typical very pale-coloured adult of Zzmax marginatus (= arborum) anda 
juvenile example of Z. maximus var. fasciata from Holt, East Norfolk, 
where they had been found on a wall, after a thunder shower. 


215th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, JULY 26th, 1893. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 
Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., in the Chair. 


Donations to Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Authors: L. E. Adams on Conchology as a Popular Science, 
1893 ; W. Moss and F. Paulden on the Reproductive Organs of Bulimus 
acutus, with plate, 1893 ; P. B. Mason on the Irish Aran, with seven plates ; 
Heinrich Simroth, Some Remarks with reference to Mr. Wotton’s paper on 
the Life-History of A77oz ater, 1893; R. J. Lechmere Guppy on The Land 
and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad, 1893; R. Standen on Land and 
Freshwater Mollusca collected around Portsalon, co. Donegal, Ireland, 1893 ; 
and T. D. A. Cockerell on Climate and the Variation of Slugs, June, 1893. 

From the respective Societies: Abstract Proceedings of the Linnean 
Society of New South Waies, 31st May, 1893 ; and Annual Report for 1892 
of the Manchester Microscopical Society. 

From the Editor: L’Echange Revue Linneenne for March, April, and 
May, 1893. 

Donations to Collection announced and thanks voted : 

From Mr. J. E. Cooper: Zafes aureus, Haliotis tuberculata, Clausilia 
perversa, and Chiton marginatus from Guernsey; TZeldina crassa, Tapes 
virgineus var. sarniensis, Venus verrucosus, Tapes pullastra, Patella vulgata, 
Trochus umbilicatus var. agathensts, T. zizyphinus with double operculum, 
Phasianella pulla, Lacuna pallidula, Loripes lacteus, Trochus exasparatus, 
Murex aciculatus, Helix pisana, H. acuta, and H. virgata from Jersey ; 
Psammobia vespeitina, Fissurella greca, and Rissoa cancellata from Herm ; 
Trochus lineatus from La Rocque, Jersey ; Lectunculus glycymerts, Solen 
ensis, and S. vagina from Grouville Bay, Jersey; Dentalium tarentinum 
and D. entalzs from Shellness, near Deal, Kent East ; Aydvobia ulve from 
Aldeburgh, Suffolk ; Asstmznxea grayana from Purfleet, Essex ; Planorbis 
lineatus from Barnes, Surrey; 2%. carénatus from Finchley, Middlesex ; 
Paludina vivipara, Anodonta cygnea, and Unio tumidus from the bathing- 
pond at Hampstead, Middlesex; and Helix pisana var. alba from St 
Sampson’s Bay, Guernsey. 


J.C., viil., Oct, 1893. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 239 


From the President (Mr. P. B. Mason): Numerous examples of el7x 
evicetorum and varieties, and of A. nemoralrs from the Irish Isle of Aran, 
and of the last-named from Bundoran, Ireland ; also several shells from the 
collection of Revett Sheppard, including Hex cantiuena and A. hispida 
from France ; H. candidissima and Clausilia bidens from Sicily 3 1. cornea 
from Austria ; A. uszdentata from the Swiss Alps; “4. ventricatus from 
Bengal; ZZ. cingenda (H. rhodostoma) from Tripoli; 72160 juntperd from 
Switzerland; Draparnaud’s Zurbo tridens from Mont Blanc; foreign 
examples of A. terrestris, Bulimulus trifasciatus, Stenogyra decollata, 
Theodoxus mutabilis, Bulimulus radiatus, Helix circinata, FH. detrita and 
HZ, obvoluta, without locality ; the labels and names apparently in the writing 
of the Rev. R. Sheppard. 


New Members Elected: 


Mr. John Roseburgh, 54, Market Street, Galashiels, N.B. 
Mr. Charles Edward Wood, 41, Darlington Street, Wolverhampton. 


Paper Read: 

A short note by Mr. J. E. Cooper on ‘ Helix pisana in the Channel 
Islands,’ and illustrated by shells presented to the collection [to be printed 
in a future Number]. 

Exhibit : 

On behalf of Mr. Percy Lund was shown an example of the var. ce//aria 

of Limax maximus from Bradford. 


216th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 6th, 1893. 


Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : From the 
respective Editors: The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for 
August and September; L’Echange Revue Linneenne for June; and British 
Naturalist for September, 1893. 

From Mr. L. E. Adams, B.A.: On the species of Helicidze found in 
Japan, by Arthur Adams (June 1868). 

From the respective Societies: Transactions of the Royal Society of 
South Australia, Vol. XVI., Part 2, and Vol. XVII., Part 1 (June, 1893) ; 
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Vol. VII., Parts 
3 and 4 (March and May, 1893); and Abstract Proceedings of the same, 
June 28th and July 26th, 1893. 

From the Trustees of the Australian Museum, Sydney: Report for 
1892; and the Third Part of Brazier’s Catalogue of the Marine Shells of 
Australia and Tasmania, dealing with the genus J/urex, 1893. 


Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted. 

From Mrs. J. Fitzgerald: Marine Shells collected at Viareggio, Italy, 
viz. :—Tornatella tornatilis L., Donax trunculus L., D. semistrialus Poli, 
Turritella communis L., Pandora inequivalvis L., lanthina nitens Menke 
var. minor; Nassa mutabilis 1, Tellina nitida Poli, 7. zncarnata L., 
T. pulchella Lamk., 7. (Macoma) cumana Da Costa, Ceratisolen leguimen 


240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


L., Solen vagina L., Dosinia lupinus Poli, Ostrea stentina Payr., Mactra 
coraliina L., Venus gallina L., and Natica tosephina Recl. var. egypizana 
Recl., all represented by fine examples. 

From Mr. J. E. Cooper : Several examples of Z72ncatella truncatula 
Dp., from Bawdsey Ferry, Suffolk, with a note that although dead the 
specimens were quite fresh, and must have lived in the river (the Deben) ; 
also a number of Hy:‘vobia 2/ve from the same locality. 


Candidate Proposed for Membership: 
Dr. James Clark (proposed by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and 
Mr. William Nelson). 
Decease of Member. 
The death of Mr. James William Davis, F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
Mayor of Halifax, on July 20, 1893, was announced, and the Secretary 
requested to convey to the family an expression of the Society’s sympathy. 


Paper Read: 

A paper by Messrs. J. G. Milne and Charles Oldham, on ‘ The 
Molluscan Fauna of the Bowdon District of Cheshire,’ which had previously 
been read before the Manchester Branch, was read [and will be printed in 
a forthcoming number of the ‘ Journal of Conchology ’]. 


Exhibits ; 

The Chairman exhibited a specimen of Hyalznza nitida var. albéda from 
Clonmel, collected by Rev. A. H. Delap, and read a short note on its 
occurrence. 

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., exhibited a small specimen of Lzmax 
cinereo-niger var. maura which he had taken in Roppa Plantation, Bilsdale, 
York N.E., on the 20th August. 

Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., then gave a microscopical demonstra- 
tion of points in the biology of Spherdum corneum, which anchors itself to 
bits of water-weed or to the sides of the glass by means of molluscan threads 
fora week or two at atime. In this position the imcurrent and excurrent 
siphons and the foot are extended. The extension of the foot is striking, 
since this organ is usually an organ of locomotion. Microscopical examina- 
tion demonstrates that the primary use of the foot in Spherzum, and probably 
in near-allied genera, is no longer for the progression of the animal, but for 
the procuring of food, by means of a ciliated ectoderm, which is developed 
on the foot. The cilia of the tip are especially long, the movement being 
incurrent, i.e., the cilia carry food and air to the gape of the shell, whence 
they are carried by other ciliated areas over the gills and to the organs of 
alimentation. As he trusts to embody in a paper other facts of some mala- 
cological interest to conchologists about this mollusc, he wishes merely 
to put on record here the fact that we have in Sfheviizm a transitional stage 
in the use of the foot, which is now primarily a feeding organ, a ciliated arm; 
and, secondarily, an organ of locomotion, used occasionally when the animal 
wishes to seek fresh feeding ground.—W.D.R., Hon. Sec. 


——§—_$-0-~—__{_ 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. j 241 


ADDIFIONS: TO“ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


By J. T. MARSHALL. 


(Read before the Conchological Society March 1, 1893). 


In view of the publication of a new edition of Mr. Somer- 
ville’s List of British Marine Shells in the near future, it is 
desirable to place on record descriptions of such new species 
and varieties as have been found since that gentleman issued 
his List in 1886, the best of its kind published up to that date. 
Some of the varieties appeared in that List as MS., and, while 
a few of them have since been described, there are still some 
that await description, together with other varieties and a few 
species which do not appear in that List. 

In introducing doubtful species as British, I think it best 
to state simply the grounds on which they are proposed, and 
leave it to individual collectors to follow their own discretion 
as to adopting or rejecting them. I do not presume to impose 
my d@cfa upon any one. 

I do not propose to include any of the species obtained in 
the ‘Lightning,’ ‘Porcupine, and other deep-sea Government 
expeditions, except where there is evidence of the shell having 
been also found in private dredgings actually on our coasts, 
though Jeffreys says of the ‘ Lightning’ cruise—‘Some of the 
localities may be considered British, being much nearer Scot- 
land than Faroe.’ For although many of the ‘ Porcupine’ 
dredgings were off our coasts, they were mostly at depths which 
preclude their ever being obtainable by private enterprise, and 
it is almost useless to load our List with names of species that 
may never be acquired by collectors. 

In a second paper I propose to enumerate the changes in 
nomenclature which have become absolutely necessary. These will 
be few, for it is to me an important consideration how far we 
ought to conserve our standard authorities while making gradual 


P 


242 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


and necessary changes to meet the just claims and recognition 
of others. Moreover, I do not think it advisable to advocate 
changes so sweeping as would result in their being ignored 
altogether. 

I think it unfortunate, to say the least, that a new list of 
the Land and Freshwater Mollusca should have been recently 
issued under the authority of the Conchological Society, involvy- 
ing innumerable changes and unnecessary additions, without 
any apparent consideration being given to the question whether 
those changes would commend themselves generally to the large 
body of members, and were likely to be followed or not. Old 
collectors are certainly not likely to disorganise their collections 
in so wholesale a manner, with the apprehension that, before 
they have finished, another list may be compiled superseding 
the present one, and containing as many or even more changes. 

This has been done, too, simultaneously with the publica- 
tion of a Revised List by Dr. Norman, the President of the 
Society, the changes in which should have been sufficient to 
satisfy any reformer; but this would not matter so much were 
they decently in accord, instead of being, as they are, consider- 
ably at variance both in arrangement and in nomenclature. 

Again, immediately after this ‘Official List’ in the Journal, 
appears another ‘Revised List’ of Slugs, in which a promise (or 
should I say a threat?) is held out that the writer’s ‘researches 
have led to some opinions different from those usually held, and 
if correct will necessitate a considerable revision of the nomen- 
clature.’ Now, where is all this to stop? It is time to speak 
plainly. We have our standard authorities to go by, and these 
should be loyally followed until superseded by a successor, ex- 
cept in cases which are obviously wrong. The nomenclature of 
the land and freshwater mollusca has been getting into a 
chaotic state for several years past, which the new list rather 
aggravates, and I think pains should rather have been taken to 
bring matters back to a sounder basis, than to repel by a be- 
wildering confusion. 


J.C., vil., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 243 


I say nothing against the compilers of this official list, who 
obviously have taken great pains and given much time to it. If 
published in their own names, and as their own list, there would 
be little to object to; but it is no light matter for the Society, as 
such, to impose these wholesale alterations on those who have 
formed their collections, and who do not care to go to school 
again. Such fundamental changes are the despair of naturalists, 
and if followed would necessitate every collection in the king- 
dom being periodically pulled to pieces and reorganised. 

The following are the proposed additions :— 

Crania anomala var. alba Jeff. Shell white. This was 
published in the ‘Appendix to British Conchology,’ but 
omitted by error from Mr. Somerville’s List. 

Anomia ephippium var. squamula L. Indicated by 
Jeffreys in ‘B. C.,’ but not described. 

A. ephippium var. aculeata Mill. Indicated by Jeffreys 
in ‘ B. C.,’ but not described. 

A. ephippium var. cylindrica Gmel. Indicated by Jeffreys 
in ‘B, C.,’ but not described. 

Pecten aratus Gmel. Living specimens were procured in 
the ‘Triton’ cruise(1882) between the Hebrides and Faroes, 
in 530 fathoms. Also, ‘North of Hebrides, 530 fathoms 
(Carpenter and Thomson); the ‘Lightning’ cruise, 1868 ; 
East Shetland, an imperfect valve (Barlee); Runnelstone 
Lighthouse, off Land’s End, another valve (Hanley) ; west 
coast of Ireland, 340 fathoms, another valve, semi-fossil 
(Hoskyns).’—‘ British Conchology,’ vol. ii, pp. 64—5 ; 
VOl: Vij) DE wOTe 
Although the latter instances afford very slender evidence 

of this species living in our seas, the former would indicate that 

it only wants searching for to establish its position even to those 
who consider the ‘cold area’ between the Hebrides and Faroes 
forbidden ground to English collectors. And this opens up the 
moot point—what is the British zone? For the purposes of 
this paper, at any rate, I consider that the British area extends 


244 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


half-way to Faroe, and as the above dredgings were nearer our 

coast than to the Faroes, it follows that this should be recognised 

as a British species. It does not settle the point to say that it 
is a ‘cold area’ and has an arctic or semi-arctic fauna. It is 
either in British waters or it is not. And if we had a ‘cold 
area’ between England and Ireland, or between England 
and the Channel Islands, English naturalists would claim the 
fauna of that area, arctic notwithstanding. ‘This is a noteworthy 
point, as it affects other species besides the present one. 

A short description of the shell appears in ‘B. C.,’ vol. iL, 

p. 64, under the synonym of P. sulcatus Mill., and a good 

figure is given in Jeffreys’ Supplementary Plates, as well as in 

Sowerby’s Index. 

P. opercularis var. audouinii Payr. Differs from the type 
in having three rows of prickles or imbrications—one on 
the summit, and another on each of the sides. It is also 
a longer shell proportionally. An excellent figure is given 
in Sowerby’s Index. Guernsey, rare. 

P. vitreus Chem. Described in Appendix to ‘B. C.,’ and 
figured in Supplementary Plate, but for some reason not 
included in Mr. Somerville’s List. Besides a valve found 
by Dr. Edmondston in Shetland, it has also been taken 
between the Hebrides and Faroes in 530 fathoms. 

Mytilus edulis var. flavus Poli. Shell straw coloured, and 
smaller. Found by Miss Hockin at Newquay, Cornwall, 
on floating wood. ‘This is the variety named in Somer- 
ville’s List var. pallida Marsh. MS.; but Poli long ago 
described a light-yellow form as var. flavus. 

M. modiolus var. gigas Norm. I find this varietal name 
in ‘Museum Normanianum,’ but do not know if it has 
been described. It is quite applicable, however, to our 
large Dogger Bank form, which sometimes exceeds nine 
inches in length. 

M. modiolus var. cylindrica Marsh. Smaller, of a more 
equal breadth throughout, the margin being less prominent 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893, 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 245 


on the hinge-line, and pouting on the ventral side, with 
the valves more convex. Dredged off Guernsey in r8—20 
fathoms. This variety somewhat approaches a L7tho- 
domus in shape. 

M. barbatus var. depressa Marsh. Shell narrower at the 
anterior and broader at the posterior end, corresponding 
with the var. ovata of MZ. modtolus, and found in similar 
situations, wedged in the crevices of rocks between tide- 
marks. Herm Island (J. T. M.); Gouliot Caves, Sark 
(Jeffreys) ; Jersey, rock-pools and crevices of rocks (Du- 
prey). It derives its peculiar shape from becoming in an 
early stage of growth wedged in the crevices of rocks, 
which contract the umbones and prevent development in 
that part, while giving free play for expansion at the 
opposite end. 

Nucula nitida var. radiata Marsh. Shell having coloured 
rays. Found with the type. 

N. nitida var. turgida Marsh. Shell more triangular, and 
umbones more swollen. ‘Annals,’ December, 1875. Dr. 
Jeffreys described in the ‘ Annals’ for 1879 a var. vevtrosa, 
‘swollen and smooth,’ from the Mediterranean, which I 
take to be the same thing. 

Pectunculus glycymeris var. pilosa L. Mentioned in 
‘B. C.’ by Jeffreys, but not formally described. 

P. glycymeris var. decussata Turt. Mentioned in ‘B. C.’ 
by Jeffreys, but not formally described. 

P. glycymeris var. nummaria Turt. Mentioned in ‘B. C.’ 
by Jeffreys, but not formally described. 

Arca obliqua Phil. This species does not appear in Somer- 
ville’s List ; but as Jeffreys described and figured it upon 
what he thought sufficient grounds, it would be well to let 
it keep its place in the British List tentatively. 

Arca nodulosa Mill. Mr. Frank Coulson, of Glasgow, 
dredged a living specimen off East Shetlands in 1886. 


246 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


Jeffreys also records a valve from Shetland and another 
from the Orkneys (‘B. C.,’vol. ii, p. 180). It was also taken 
in the ‘Porcupine’ and other expeditions off the coast of 
Treland, Shetlands, and North of Hebrides. 


Montacuta donacina S. Wood. ‘There is no doubt of this 
species living in our seas, but for some unaccountable 
reason it appears difficult to get at. As long ago as 1839 
Jeffreys found a valve at Falmouth, then another in the 
Shetlands in 1868, and I found a third in Torbay in 1890. 
The latter valve is as perfect and fresh as if only just 
vacated by the animal. I should not be surprised if it 
proved to be a parasitic species. References to it will be 
found sims Cea awvolt mei). 1 20oyVOle vay Deel 7O.sanGaitas 
figured in the Supplementary Plates. A valve was taken 
in the ‘ Porcupine’ cruise at Lough Swilly, and M. Joly 
has obtained a living specimen off Algiers. 

M. bidentata var. triangularis. Jeffreys makes reference 
to this variety in some of his lists, but I do not think he 
has described it. It is triangular instead of rhomboidal, 
and I have it from Torbay, Milford Haven, Skye, Aber- 
deen, Dornoch Frith, Shetland; also from Drobak, Nor- 
way, 60—100 fathoms. 


Cypricardia lithophagella Lam. See ‘B.C.,’ vol. it, 
p. 263; vol. v., p. 180, and figure in Supplementary Plates. 


Cardium aculeatum var. depressa Marsh. Shell de- 
pressed, and expanding at the sides. Occasionally found 
with the type in South Devon. 


C. tuberculatum var. suborbicula Marsh. This variety 
is also depressed, and has a rounded instead of an oblique 
outline. Found with the last. Probably these two 
varieties are generally diffused with the types. I have 
named them so that they may take a corresponding 
position to similar varieties of most other species of Cavr- 
dium, as I think they deserve. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 247 


C. papillosum var. obliquata Monterosato. Shell more 
globular and oblique. Mediterranean. I have this variety 
from Guernsey, 18 fathoms. 

Venus gallina var. alba. Mr. Somerville has inserted this 
in his list for the pure white form. 

Psammobia tellinella var. lactea Marsh. Shell milk 
white. Found with the type, but scarce. 

P. tellinella var. purpurea Marsh. Uniform purple. 
Found also with the type, but more plentifully than the 
white variety. 

Donax vittatus var. cuneata Marsh. Shell having the 
posterior end wedge-shaped .(as in Psammobia ferroensis) 
instead of obtusely pointed, and more or less. gaping. 
Found occasionally in Torbay. 

D. vittatus var. albida Marsh. Milk white under a straw- 
coloured epidermis. Occasionally found with the type. 
The young are often white, acquiring their colours as they 
become adult ; but some never become coloured. 

Miactra solida var. intermedia Jeff. This is intermediate 
between the type and the var. e//zptica (Jeff. in ‘ Proc. Zool. 
Soc., 1881, p. 923). Itis not uncommon at Scilly, Ten- 
by, and other places. 

Scrobicularia alba var. oblonga Marsh. Shell of the 
shape and size of S. zztida, but having all the other 
characteristics of S. a/ba. Guernsey and Torbay, rare. 

S. longicallus Scac. The supposed large S. a/éa found by 
Jeffreys in the Shetland seas, and mentioned in ‘B. C.,’ 
vol. il., p. 441, as ‘about an inch in breadth and of pro- 
portionate length,’ belongs to this species. It differs from 
‘S. alba in being ‘larger, thinner, and more compressed, 
not so oval, somewhat flexuous at the posterior end; 
cartilage and pit longer and narrower, lateral teeth much 
longer’ (‘ Lightning’ Report, p. 926). It was also dredged 
in the Little Minch during the ‘Porcupine’ cruise. It is 
figured in Sowerby’s Index, but not satisfactorily ; it should 


248 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


be more triangular in outline, the shell being longer and 
the beaks more central and acute. 

Saxicava rugosa var. cylindrica S. Wood. Extremely 
broad one way and narrow the other, of an equal depth 
throughout, corresponding to a similar variety of dZya 
binghamt. J have met with this at Guernsey, Land’s End, 
Torbay, and Lamlash, but it doubtless occurs in other 
places, Its peculiar cylindrical shape is caused by occupy- 
ing the deserted tubes of serpule. Malm has also found 
it ‘in the burrows of Limnoria lignorum’ (‘B. C.,’ vol. ii.) 
Searles Wood described it from the Red Crag. 

The variety #znufa should be expunged from the list. It 
is synonymous with the var. arctica. 

Teredo megotara var. subericola Jeff. Described by 
Jeffreys as Z. subericola in the ‘Annals’ for August, 1860, 
but afterwards identified as a dwarf form of Z. megotara. 
It lives exclusively in floating pieces of cork, and is 
sufficiently remarkable to be retained as a variety. (See 
‘B. C.,’ vol. iii., pp. 178—9.) 

Cadulus jeffreysi Monte. The species described by Dr. 
Jeffreys as C. subfustformis in the Appendix to ‘ British 
Conchology’ was afterwards stated by the Marquis de 
Monterosato to be not that species, and he re-named it 
Helonyx jeffreyst. Cadulus of Philippi is, however, prior 
to Helonyx of Stimpson, and the former generic name 
prevails. On searching over his specimens Dr. Jeffreys 
found one C. subfusiformis, however, and although a single 
specimen is a slender claim to rank as a British species, 
there is no doubt that both live together, and will be 
found in the locality indicated. Dr. Jeffreys dredged 
Cadulus only once, when they came up rather plentifully. 
C. jeffreysi has also been dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ 
cruise in the Shetlands and off Valentia. 

Chiton scabridus Jeff. (For description of animal and 
shell see the ‘Annals’ for July, 1880.) I found this 


J.C., vil., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 249 


species more than twenty years ago in the little island of 
Herm, in company with C. cancellatus, but did not note 
its specific difference until Mr. Duprey made it known. I 
subsequently found it in Guernsey and Jersey, and in one 
or two places in S. Devon. It is gregarious, and I have 
taken as many as thirteen under one stone, besides young. 
It is not rare at Guernsey and Jersey, where it seems to 
affect certain limited spots, and where one or two may be 
found under almost every stone. The animal is flesh 
pink, not blood red as stated by Jeffreys, and they attach 
themselves very slightly underneath stones. The plates 
are very thin and brittle. 

Tectura testudinalis var. pallida Verk. Colour whitish, 
except the centre or dorsal scar, which is reddish brown. 
Occurs sparingly with the type. 

Fissurella greeca var. gibba Jeff. Named by Jeffreys in 
his Appendix, and figured but not described. It is smaller, 
thicker, more tumid, higher proportionately, the sculpture 
is finer and more equalised, and it is less expanded behind, 
giving the shell a more oblong appearance. Guernsey 
and Herm. 

Calyptreea chinensis var. spirata Nardo. Smaller and 
more conical, with an acute apex. I have dredged this 
off Portland Breakwater in eleven fathoms, where it is not 
uncommon, and it doubtless occurs in other places. It 
derives its peculiar form by adhering and shaping itself to 
the whorls of Zurrztella terebra. Dr. Jeffreys, in the 
‘Lightning’ Report, gives this name to a variety of Crept- 
dula ungutiformis, but Monterosato and others make it a 
variety of this species. 

Cyclostrema millepunctatum Friele. (See ‘Conchologist,’ 
vol. 11., no. 6, in which Dr. Chaster records the discovery of 
two specimens from the Isle of Man). Dr. Chaster has 
subsequently dredged three more specimens at Oban, and 
on sending me an example I recognised it as a shell I had 


250 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


dredged off Southport in twelve fathoms with Phz/ine nitida. 
A live P. zitida was also dredged in the Isle of Man with 
the Cyclostrema. The Southport specimen is twice the 
size of the Oban one sent me, but is nevertheless a very 
small object, about the size of our C. zztens. It differs 
from the British Cyclostrema in its microscopic sculpture, 
and especially in having the base keeled somewhat like 
Adeorbis, in this respect resembling the C. excavata and 
C. sulcatum of Watson, species taken during the‘ Challenger’ 
expedition. 

Trochus magus var. conica Marsh. Shell more simply 
conical, having a raised spire, the whorls more compressed, 
the suture much shallower, and the umbilicus smaller. 
Herm Island, several specimens. 

T. tumidus var. minor Norman. I note this variety listed 
in ‘Museum Normanianum,’ and take it to represent the 
southern form, which is usually half the size of the northern 
one. It has its counterpart in Plewrotoma costata, and its 
northern representative var. coarctata. Jeffreys’ dimensions 
of one-third-of-an-inch is for the northern form, while the 
var. minor is one-quarter-of-an-inch. 

T. cinerarius var. pallescens Duprey. See ‘Annals’ for 
March, 1883. 

T. umbilicatus var. pallens Duprey. See ‘Annals’ for 
October, 1876. 

Lacuna puteolus var. plicata Marsh. This must be ex- 
punged from the List. Further specimens convince me 
that its peculiar sculpture—fine transverse plated ribs— 
is caused by the want of homogeneity in the structure of 
the shell, and the consequent irregular wearing away of its 
surface. Lacuna pallidula has the same tendency. 

Lacuna pallidula var. naticiformis Marsh. Smaller and 
thinner, rounded in outline; body-whorl globular, and not 
expanded in any direction; spire prominent and pointed, 
but short, projecting beyond the outline of the shell. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 251 


Guernsey, at low water, on some off-lying rocks. It has 
its white representative. The shell resembles in shape 
Natica montacutt. 

Rissoa striatula var. varicosa Marsh. Having one, two, 
and rarely three prominent ribs on the body-whorl. Found 
occasionally with the type. 

R. parva var. semicostata Mont. Only half ribbed. Not 
noticed by Jeffreys, but quite worthy of a varietal name. 
Var. semicostata is somewhat of a misnomer, as all typical 
specimens have three smooth upper whorls and three ribbed 
lower ones ; but in this variety the bottom whorl is smooth. 

R. striata var. distorta Marsh. Shell more or less distorted 
out of its normal axis. It is found everywhere with the 
type. JLtzssoa striata has the faculty of putting on an adult 
appearance when very small, its mouth and labial rib being 
fully formed, but when it commences to enlarge its domain 
it cannot for some reason follow on the same axis, and the 
renewed growth appears as a dislocation. In every speci- 
men of the var. d7sforta the original labial rib is distinctly 
visible, and I have never met with an exception. This 
peculiarity is limited to the type form, however, whether 
living under stones or in sea-weeds, but it never appears 
in the var. arctica. 

Most of the 2ssoa, as well as other genera, are occasionally 
found with a varix on the body-whorl, arising from a fresh start 
having been made after the formation of the mouth, perhaps 
owing to improved conditions of climate or food prompting an 
extension of the body-whorl; but this species and 2. s¢rtatula 
are commonly liable to these varices, whatever their cause. 
Specimens may be found of either species having the mouth 
and its particular sculpture fully formed, and apparently adult, 
not one-fourth the normal size, and these would probably 
remain as dwarfs but for some unknown change giving an im- 
pulse to its further growth—in other words, they appear to have 
the power either to remain dwarfed or to put on a fresh growth. 


252 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


R. pulcherrima var. pellucida Marsh. Clear white, with 
no traces of coloured markings. Found in sea-weeds at 
Guernsey and Herm, with the type. 

R. cingillus var. graphicus Turton. Straw colour, with 
faint bands of a darker shade. I think this may fairly be 
restored to the British List; it is a well-marked variety. 
It is this form which is so abundant at Weymouth and 
Lulworth, and not the white one as stated by Jeffreys. 
Turton gave Weymouth as the locality for his var. graphicus. 

Hydrobia ulve var. minor Marsh. Much smaller, not 
exceeding a line in length, and narrower throughout. 
Found underneath stones, between tide-marks. This 
variety is exclusively marine, the type living on mud-flats; 
it also has its white representative. It is very closely allied 
(much more so than the type) to the Zurbo minuta of 
Totten, which inhabits the North American and Canadian 
coasts. 

H. ulvee var. tumida Marsh. Shell forming a short cone, 
with a spire of 4-5 convex whorls, and a necessarily deeper 
suture, the body-whorl being abnormally large, with no 
trace of a keel. Found at Skegness and Dornoch Frith. 
This variety 1s analogous to 4/7. ventrosa var. ovata, for 
which it might at first sight be mistaken; but the body- 
whorl is far larger, the suture shallower, and the shell 
thicker. 

H. ulvee var. decollata Marsh. Part of the spire decollated 
and plugged up. From Killala Bay, Sligo, west coast of 
Scotland, and other localities. In the first-named locality 
live specimens are reduced to the two lower whorls only. 

Scalaria pseudoscalaris Broc. For full particulars see 
‘Journal of Conchology’ for March, 1887. 

Odostomia albella var. subcylindrica Marsh. More 
elongated and narrower. It occurs rarely with the type in 
Guernsey and Jersey, but at St. Mary’s, Scilly, under 
stones at low water, nearly half the specimens are of this 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 253 


variety. It has the dimensions and general appearance of 
O. plicata, but the latter has a stronger tooth which is 
always visible, and the suture is shallower. 

‘ ©. acuta var. gracilis Marsh. Shell more slender through- 
out. From Torbay and the Channel Islands. 

O. acuta var. attenuata. Spire much longer and attenuated, 
suture slighter, whorls more flattened, mouth longer and 
narrower, and umbilicus smaller. Guernsey, 20 fathoms, 
rare. Resembles in shape Zu/ima distorta var. gracilis. 

O. turrita var. nana Jeff. A minute facsimile of the type. 
This occurred to me many years ago (1872) from Skye, 
and was shown to Dr. Jeffreys, who adopted and published 
the name. I have it also from Millport in Cumbrae, and 
from ‘Torbay ; in all cases living in sea-weeds at low-water. 
It has also been recorded from the Mediterranean and 
Teneriffe. There is a dwarf form of O. turrita not un- 
common which is less than a line in length ; but the var. 
nana does not exceed half-a-line. 

O. plicata var. carinata Marsh. Having a keeled periphery. 
Habitat: St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey, with the type. About 
twenty per cent. are so keeled, some of them more strongly 
than O. conoidea. 

O. insculpta var. leevissima Sars. Shell quite smooth. 
Habitat : Norway, in deep water (Sars). In this country 
it occurs at Gairloch in 30 fathoms, and in the Minch 
50—70 fathoms. 

.Q. diaphana var. inflata Marsh. Shell broader throughout ; 
whorls more convex, the last one particularly so. Re. 
sembles O. ¢msculpta var. levissima, with which it lives in 
the Minch, in 50—7o fathoms; but the tooth and umbilicus 
of the former enable the two forms to be separated without 
difficulty. 

O. warreni var. intermedia Marsh. Having the oval body- 
whorl and short spire of O. ob/iqgua, but retaining the basal 
strize, the umbilicus, and the truncated apex of O. warrent. 


254 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


Found in Torbay ; Killala Bay, west coast of Ireland; and 

in the Minch. 

There has been some confusion and mixing-up of O. war- 
vent and O. obligua. This should not have occurred, as Clark 
wrote long ago that ‘both animal and shell are very distinct 
from O. obliqua.’ ‘The latter is really a rare species, very true 
to form, and sculptured throughout with spiral striz, which may 
be seen with a lens. It is not ‘shaped like a miniature Zimnea 
stagnalis, as Jeffreys states, nor is the spire ‘long and tapering’; 
that applies to O. warreni, whereas O. odligua is shaped like a 
miniature Lzmnea palustris, and forms a long oval, having a short 
spire and a long body-whorl. The nucleus is twisted upwards 
and exposed, while in all its congeners it is sunk. Jeffreys’ 
figure is not very good ; there should be no umbilicus, the spire 
should be shorter, and the last whorl longer. Forbes and Han- 
ley’s figure is taken apparently from an O. daphana, which 
Sowerby seems to have followed, while the latter’s figure of 
O. diaphana would do for O. zasculpta var. levisstma, but not 
this. O. warrent, on the other hand, is a comparatively com- 
mon shell, widely diffused on our coasts. It is also extremely 
variable in shape, the extreme forms being most marked, and 
liable to be taken at first sight for different species. Jeffreys’ 
type figure, from the Shetlands, of which I have specimens, 
is different from any I have from at least twenty other locali- 
ties, and numbering hundreds of specimens. ‘The shell always 
has a larger body-whorl than this figure; the whorls are 
turreted so as to give the spire a telescopic appearance, espe- 
cially when viewed with the mouth downwards; it is sculptured 
with spiral striae at the base only of each whorl, and it has a 
large and deep umbilicus visible at all stages of growth; the 
suture is deeper and less oblique, the apex abruptly truncated, 
and the aperture shorter and wider. It will thus be seen that 
the two species have very few characters in common. Forbes 
and Hanley’s figure of this is nothing like, neither is Sowerby’s. 
O. spiralis var. coarctata Marsh. (See ‘J. of C.,’ Apr. 1891). 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 255 


O. pusilla var cylindrata Marsh. Long and slender, much 
narrower than the type. Habitat: Jersey; Mount’s Bay ; 
Tenby ; Aberdovey ; off Southport ; Dornoch Frith. 

O. pusilia var. minuscula Marsh. (See ‘J. of C.,’ Apr. 1891). 

O. delicata Monte. This species was taken during the ‘ Por- 
cupine’ cruise at Bundoran, in Donegal Bay, with Crrculus 
striatus (Trochus duminy?). 1 have since obtained it from 
Roundstone Bay in 12 fathoms, Killala Bay, and Bundoran, 
on the west coast of Ireland, also at Portrush, Co. Antrim. 
It is the Chemnitsia gracilis of Philippi, but was for suffi- 
cient reasons re-named by the Marquis de Monterosato in 
the ‘Journal de Conchyliologie’ for 1874, p. 267. 
‘Distribution : Loire Inférieure, Gulf of Gascony, Mediter- 

ranean, from Spezzia to Alexandria, and Adriatic, 18—120 

fathoms. Not Turbo gracilis of Brocchi, nor Chemnitsia gra- 

cilis of de Koninck, fossil species of Odostomta. The colum- 
ellar fold or tooth is sometimes observable.’ — Jeffreys’, in 

‘Lightning’ Report. 

It is well figured in Sowerby’s Index as Chemnttsia stmil- 
lima Mont., and differs from O. /actea var. paullula in being 
longer and more slender. See also ‘B.C.,’ vol. iv., p. 166, 
under Chemnitzia gracilis. 

O. compactilis Jeff. Described in ‘British Conchology’ as 
O. scille var. compactilis, but in the ‘Lightning’ Report 
distinguished as a species. In originally describing the 
shell in ‘British Conchology,’ Jeffreys has stated ‘it may 
be a distinct species.’ Sars has since dredged it in Nor- 
way, and named it Ludimella compactilis. 

O. ventricosa Forbes. Described in ‘British Conchology’ 
as O. acicula var. ventricosa. In the ‘ Lightning’ Report 
Jeffreys has raised it to the rank of a species in deference 
to the opinions of adverse critics. He says it ‘has a more 
delicate texture, the whorls are more swollen and the 
suture consequently deeper, and the apex is more attenu- 
ated.’ Besides having a sharper apex the base is broader, 


256 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


giving the shell a conical appearance, whereas O. acicula 
is cylindrical, the lower whorls being of the same width. 
I have never noticed the slightest trace of a tooth in this 
species, but in O. acicu/a an incipient one is frequently 
observable. It is not easy, however, to establish its generic 
rank, intermediate forms occurring which may be ascribed 
to either ; but Jeffreys having once again separated it as a 
distinct species, the weight of his authority may be taken 
as having turned the scale. The animal has been described 
in the ‘ Appendix to British Conchology.’ 


Eulima perminima Jeff. (‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,’ 
June, 1883, & pl. xvi.). After describing the above species, 
which was dredged ‘off Crete, in 7o—120 fathoms,’ Dr. 
Jeffreys added that he had detected it among his Zetlandic 
shells. It therefore forms part of the British fauna. He 
says it is ‘ proportionately narrower than 2. pAz/ippit, with 
a shorter spire and a smaller mouth.’ His figure is most 
unlike any form of Z£. philippiz, and if it has been correctly 
drawn no one is likely to mistake it for that species. It is 
a very minute shell. 


E. ephamilla Watson. (See ‘Journal of Conchology,’ Octo- 
ber, 1890). Since writing that paper I have seen the 
‘Challenger’ specimen. It is a very poor one, slightly 
broader than mine, approaching more in shape to Z&. 
subulata of the same size ; but the figure in the ‘ Challenger’ 
Report appears more graceful, and approximate to the 
British examples. The young are obtusely keeled, and 
three of my specimens are slightly curved. The apex is 
unlike any other British Hu/zma. I detected a specimen 
in Mr. Jordan’s fine collection, mixed with a series of 
E. philippii var. gracilis, labelled ‘Hebrides.’ With regard 
to the locality of the ‘Challenger’ specimen—Pernam- 
buco—lI believe the affinity between the crustacea of 
S. America and Great Britain has long been known. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 257 


E. philippii (distorta) var. tumidosa Marsh. This variety 


said 


I had originally named in MS. until the publication 
of the ‘Challenger’ Report, when I recognised the £. 
latipes of Watson, described and figured therein, as the 
same thing, and an article on the subject appeared in the 
‘Journal of Conchology’ for October, 1890. Since then 
I have compared my shell with Boog Watson’s in the 
British Museum, and in consequence have relegated my 
specimens back to this variety, to which I consider Dr. 
Watson’s specimens may belong. ‘They are both extreme 
forms of that species, the Scillonian specimens being the 
extremest of the two. The curve or dislocation of the 
spire is a variable quantity. For further particulars see 
‘Journal of Conchology,’ October, 1890. With regard to 
the change of the well-known name dsforfa for philippiz, 
Dr, Watson, in the ‘Challenger’ Report, has followed 
some authors in using Z. pAclippid Weinkauff in preference 
to £. distorta Defrance. Dr. Jeffreys and some others 
prefer to retain it. The former considers Z. distorta Deft. 
(an Eocene fossil) to be distinct from the recent species, 
while in the ‘Lightning’ Report Jeffreys says—‘ Judging 
from the description and figure of the Eocene species in 
Deshayes’ work, I should have been inclined to consider it 
distinct from the recent species, but having lately received 
typical specimens of the former, I have carefully compared 
them with many hundred specimens of the latter, and I 
feel myself conscientiously bound to unite them. Some 
specimens of both forms have the last whorl longer in 
proportion to the next, or else have the outer lip more or 
less flexuous ; the degree of curvature (which is occasion- 
ally double or flexuous) differs considerably, and the 
periphery is now and then somewhat angulated or keeled.’ 


In ‘ British Conchology,’ however, Jeffreys had previously 
‘Although all the colourless Hudmide are much alike, 


Q 


258 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


it must not be forgotten that the fauna of the Eocene period was 
very different from that which now exists in temperate latitudes.’ 


However, Dr. Watson says that ‘a good deal of confusion 
has gathered round the nomenclature of this species, and the con- 
fusion began with Defrance,’ who confounded his £. dstorta 
with another fossil shell from the Miocene and also with the 
recent £. folita. Basterot and Grateloup followed by calling 
the Miocene shell £. distorfa= E. similis @Orb. Searles 
Wood then identified this Miocene shell with the recent one, 
‘but Deshayes says the fossil one is much larger and quite 
distinct.’ Philippi then applied the name of dsforta to the 
Mediterranean shell, which Deshayes subsequently corrected. 

After such a bewildering genealogy, it is well that Z. 
distorta has been assigned to the Eocene shell, and the name 
given by Herr Weinkauff in 1867 assigned to the recent one— 
EL. philippit. ’ 

E. bilineata var. exigua Marsh. Dwarfed, about a line in 
length. It is found everywhere with the type, the latter 
being of all sizes from one line to three and three-quarters, 
and is in this respect analogous to Cerithiopsts tubercularis 
and its var. zaza. Insize and shape this variety resembles 
E.. jeffreysiana of Brusina, but the mouth of the latter is 
smaller and the apex more pointed. 


Natica catena var. leckenbyi Marsh. (See ;‘ Annals and 
Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ for December, 1875.) This may be 
the var. casfanea of Lamarck. It is similar to the Red Crag 
form, and resembles JV. sovdida in outward appearance. 


N. affinis Gmelin. The animal of this species was described 
by Jeffreys in the ‘Annals’ for April, 1877, and figured in 
his Appendix as a British shell, I think with sufficient 
reason. It was dredged during the ‘ Porcupine’ cruise off 
the Butt of Lewis in 445 fathoms, off Shetland in 345 
fathoms, off the S.W. of Ireland in 557 fathoms, and during 
the ‘Lightning’ cruise between the Hebrides and Faroes 


JeCr vit, Oct regs: 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 259 


in 62 fathoms. It has a calcareous operculum, and the 
umbilicus is closed by a thickened continuation of the 
inner lip. It has a very wide distribution—‘ Circumpolar 
and Arctic seas in the Atlantic and Pacific, Iceland, 
Faroe, Norway, Labrador, Gulf of St. Lawrence, New 
England, Siberia, Sea of Okhotsk, Aleutian Isles, and North 
Japan’ (Jeffreys). Like MW. tslandica and WV. granlandica 
this attains a large size in northern latitudes. - I have 
specimens from Nunivak, in the Behring Sea, 1} in. by 
thin. ‘The var. e/atior of Moller lives in the Faroe Channel. 


Aporrhais serresianus Michaud. ‘This species may now 
be added to the British List, living as it does on the western 
coast of Ireland and the eastern coast of Shetland. 
Jeffreys’ description of A. macandree may be taken as that 
of A. serresianus except as to size, the former being merely 
a dwarf form of the latter. A. macandree thereby becomes 
A, serrestanus var. macandree. 

Cerithiopsis tubercularis var. albescens Marsh. (See 
‘Journal of Conchology’ for April, 1891). Scilly and 
Guernsey. 

C. tubercularis var. scalaris Monterosato. Shell more 
conical, whorls turreted as in Odostomta scalarts. Scilly 
Isles, 40 fathoms. 


C. tubercularis var. acicula Brusina. Shell forming a very 
slender obelisk, the base not being contracted as in the 
type, nor do the apical whorls suddenly narrow ; tubercles 
smaller and closely set together ; suture slight. Length, 0-2; 
breadth, o'04. Scilly Isles, 40 fathoms. 

C. concatenata var. lactea Marsh. (See ‘Journal of Con- 
chology’ for April, 1891). 

C. metaxze var. angustissima Forb. Longer and slenderer 
than the type. Scilly, 40 fathoms; Plymouth Sound. My 
specimens are a quarter of an inch long, and less than half 
the width of the type. 


260 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


C. metaxe var. alba Marsh. Milk white. Guernsey, 20 
fathoms ; Scilly, 40 fathoms. 

In the ‘Lightning’ Report Jeffreys mentions a needle-shaped 
variety from the Bay of Naples, which is ‘slender and narrow,’ 
and another which is milk-white. According to Monterosato, 
the former is var. angustissima Forbes = denoitiana Monte. 
Both these forms are now added to the British List. The Scilly 
Islands abound in varied forms of the Cerithiopsidz. 

In reading Jeffreys’ detailed description of C. metaxa, it 
should be noted that the species consists of two forms—the one 
which he describes, having four rows of tubercles on each whorl, 
these whorls convex and rounded, with a very deep suture; in 
the other, the whorls have three rows of tubercles only, the 
fourth row fitting into and filling up the otherwise deep and 
wide suture, and so entirely altering the aspect of the shell. I 
am surprised Jeffreys did not notice this very characteristic 
difference, which should have a varietal name. In about thirty 
specimens from the Channel and Scilly Islands the two forms 
are about equally divided. 

Purpura lapillus var. ovalis Jordan. Spire short and de- 
pressed ; body-whorl globular ; sculpture obsolete. Length, 
1; breadth, 0°75. Found at Paignton, S. Devon. Some 
specimens are almost as broad as long. 

P. lapillus var. gracilis Jordan.—Spire much longer ; body- 
whorl smaller and narrower; aperture not thickened, nor 
provided with the usual plications or tubercles ; suture very 
deep ; sculpture coarse. Length, 1°5 ; breadth, 0°75. From 
Burnham, Somerset. ‘This is like a small and elongate 
form of the var. major. 

Cassidaria echinophora L. Two fine live specimens of 
this species were dredged off the S.W. of Ireland in 1886, 
in 220 fathoms, and about forty miles from land, by a party 
of members of the Royal Dublin Society. One of the 
specimens was presented by the latter body to the British 
Museum, and the other is in the Dublin Museum. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 261 


Buccinum humphreysianum var. ventricosum Kiener. 
Larger and more ventricose ; operculum slightly larger 
proportionately. I have seen a specimen of this variety in 
Mr. Jordan’s possession from the south of Ireland. 

Murex aciculatus var. elongata Monterosato. Spire 
longer and narrower, body-whorl smaller and compressed. 
Coast of Africa (Monterosato). Herm Island, low water. 
This variety appears in Mr. Somerville’s List as a MS. one 
of mine, but the Marquis de Monterosato published it in 
1880. 

Fusus gracilis var. belliana Jordan. (See ‘Journal of Con- 
chology’ for July, 1890). 

F. gracilis var. coulsoni Jordan. (See ‘Journal of Con- 
chology’ for July, 1890). 

Mr. H. K. Jordan, F.G.S., in his very interesting paper on 
the ‘Genus Fusus,’ in the number of the Journal above quoted, 
has proposed the introduction of nine more species of Fusus 
into the British List—species found by various Government 
expeditions, and most of them represented by a single specimen 
only. For the reasons given in my preface I do not propose 
to enumerate these. While it is instructive to record and 
interesting to know that certain species live in that part of the 
ocean surrounding our islands, it appears to me superfluous to 
load our list, perhaps for all time, with the names of species of 
which nothing more may ever be generally known beyond the 
mere name. If these species (and others) had been obtained 
by private enterprise, and could be considered as obtainable 
by the ordinary dredger or naturalist, they would come more 
within the range of practical conchology. As it is, they are 
almost exclusively museum specimens, and are likely to re- 
main so. 

Nassa reticulata var. minor Marsh. Much smaller, rang- 
ing from two to six lines in length. Not uncommon in 
Torbay, and probably to be found in other places. My 
smallest specimens are under two lines in length, and have 


262 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


the thickened outer lip, tuberculated aperture, and enam- 
elled pillar of the largest. The young of the same size 
have none of these characteristics, and the base is more or 
less angulated. The specimen ‘from Clark’s collection, 
not half an inch long,’ mentioned by Jeffreys, belongs to 
this variety. 


Defrancia linearis var. alba Marsh. Pure white. Guernsey, 


20 fathoms ; Scilly, 40 fathoms ; Land’s End. Rare. 


Pleurotoma costata var. coarctata Forbes. I know of no 


reason why Jeffreys did not recognise this variety. It in- 
habits our northern coasts, and is double the size of the 
southern form, with a longer and more tapering spire. It 
is described and figured in Forbes and Hanley’s work. 
Jeffreys’ description is taken from the northern form, judg- 
ing from the dimensions he gives ; this averages four lines 
in length, and the southern form two-and-a-half lines. 


P. nebula var. fusiforme Marsh. Shell larger, the same 


length as the var. e/ongata, with a shorter spire and longer 
body-whorl ; colour ashen-grey, with streaks of pale-brown 
between the ribs ; these ribs are inconspicuous, almost dis- 
appearing on the body-whorl; spiral sculpture finer, and 
uniform; suture much shallower. In shape, sculpture, and 
proportions, this is more like P. Aevigata than nebula, but 
it has not the characteristic strap-like band encircling the 
upper part of the whorls. In the ‘Annals’ for December, 
1875, I referred this variety to the var. e/ougata, as from the 
Doggerbank, in 4o fathoms; but that variety has a long 
spire and short body-whorl, the reverse of this, besides 
other differences enumerated above. I have it also from 
the Minch in 30 fathoms. 


P. rufa var. preelonga Marsh. Spire much produced; whorls 


9 ; ribs slight or altogether absent, especially on the lower 
whorls. Length, three-quarters of aninch. Guernsey, 20 
fathoms, rare. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 263 


P. rufa var. ecostata Marsh. Colour ash-grey; spire shorter ; 
body-whorl longer and compressed ; ribs obsolete, except 
just below the suture, which appears shallower in conse- 
quence of the whorls being but slightly angulated. This 
variety was dredged by the surveying ship ‘Porcupine’ in - 
‘the Lynn Deeps, on the Norfolk coast, in 40 fathoms, and 
are in my collection. It is analogous to P. nebula var. fust- 
forme, which it resembles in several particulars. It also 
approaches very closely to P. pyramidalis, a post-tertiary 
fossil sometimes dredged in our seas; but that has fine and 
regular spiral strize, while this is unequal and irregular. 

Cypreea europea var. minor Marsh. Shell very much 
smaller, measuring 2 lines by 13. From deep water off 
Guernsey ; west coast of Ireland; Barra, 40 fathoms. 

C. umbilicata var. strigella Loven. Larger, with coarser 
spiral striz. It is figured in Forbes and Hanley’s work, 
and in Sowerby’s Index. I can verity this variety from 
Stornoway only. Jeffreys’ figures of C. wmbilicata and C. 
nitidula are misarranged. What he figures as C. nztidu/la 
is C. umbilicata, and vice-versa, while the section showing 
the spiral sculpture of C. wmbilicata has been attached to 
the figure of C. uttidula. This derangement is doubly 
unfortunate, as these two species are rather difficult to 
discriminate. 

Cylichna ovata Jeff. This was described in ‘British Con- 
chology’ as C. umbilicata var. conulus S. Wood, but subse- 
quently raised to a species under the above name. It differs 
from C. umbilicata in being oval instead of oblong; it has 
a wider mouth, is longer, thinner, smoother, more glossy, 
and the depression in the crown is wide and deep, exposing 
the whole interior of the inverted spire. There is an ex- 
cellent figure of it in the ‘Challenger’ Report. It is also 
figured in Sowerby’s Index as C. umbilicata var. conulus, 
but this figure is a form of U¢riculus truncatulus, somewhat 
resembling in shape C. s¢viatu/a Forbes, with which C. 


264 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


ovata has sometimes been confused. C. s¢riatula is a 
conical shell with a truncated apex, has spiral strize at the 
base, and longitudinal strize at the apex, and is more solid. 
(See also ‘Annals’ for July, 1870). 

Acera bullata var farrani Norman. The large Connemara 
form dredged by Dr. Farran, mentioned in ‘B.C.,’ vol. iv., 
p. 432, has been very appropriately named by Dr. Norman 
var. farrant. This and the var. zanza he thinks should be 
‘regarded as entitled to rank as species’; but size has never 
been considered by itself a specific character, and the range 
in size of these two forms, though very great, is not excep- 
tional. 

Scaphander punctostriatus Mighels. (See the ‘Annals’ for 
July, 1890). This is the S. “brarius of Lovén and of 
‘British Conchology’ ; but Mighels’ name is prior. 

Cryptaxis crebripunctatus Jeff. A new genus and species 
established by Jeffreys for several specimens of a small 
Bulla taken in the ‘Triton’ cruise of 1882 between the 
Hebrides and Faroes, in 570 fathoms. It was described 
and figured by the author in Proc. Zool. Soc., June, 1883 ; 
and Dr. Norman has some notes on it in the ‘Annals’ for 
July, 1890. Jeffreys gives the dimensions of his largest 
specimen as 2 lines by 1; but Mr. Jordan has a still larger 
specimen from the Faroe Channel, measuring 24 lines by r$. 
It is impossible to say if this is adult—it may be immature. 
Mr. Jordan’s specimen contains the animal, which I hope 
he will some day describe. 

Philine scabrav. circa Marsh. (See ‘J. of C.’ for Apr. 1891). 

P. angulata var. circumlustra Marsh. Having a broad 
clear band encircling the periphery. Jeffreys in his de- 
scription says that ‘occasionally one or two transparent 
zones may be seen’; but I have never met with any devia- 
tion from the one broad transparent band. I have this 
from the Eddystone, 28 fathoms ; Tenby, Portrush, Killala 
Bay, and Sutherlandshire. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 205 


P. punctata var. cingulata Marsh. Having the same trans- 
parent zone across the middle as the last variety. It occurs 
very sparingly with the type at Guernsey, 20 fathoms ; 
Scilly, 40 fathoms; Sennen Cove, Land’s End ;. Borough 
Island, S. Devon; Killala Bay; Portrush ; Sutherlandshire; 
Minch off Barra, 53 fathoms. Not the P. cgu/ata ot Sars. 

Pleurobranchus plumula var. alba Marsh. Pure white. 
Fifty per cent. of my Jersey specimens are white, and it no 
doubt occurs elsewhere, as Jeffreys states that the shell is 
‘rarely milk-white.’ 

Assiminea littorina var. albida Sykes. Clear white. Wey- 
mouth. See ‘J. of C.’ for Jan., 1890). Found occasionally 
with the type at Torquay, Portland, and Weymouth. 

SEVENOAKS, TORQUAY, 

October, 1892. ——__—-¢ -@¢@—_____ 

Note on Helix pisana in the Channel Islands.— 
This snail is abundant in some spots close to the sea on the 
south coast of Jersey. It lives there on the Wild Radish (2a- 
phanus raphanistrum 1), and the Wall-flower (Che‘ranthus 
cheiri \..), two plants which flourish in the sandy fields near the 
shore. All the examples of He/zx pisana found there were 
typical. Near Vale Castle, in Guernsey, there was a colony of 
this species on the edge of a cultivated field. These snails 
were living on a thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus 1.) and were 
all very pale in colour, most of them being the var. ada. Had 
the food-plant in this case anything to do with the lack of 
colour? A thistle, one would suppose to be an uninviting plant 
to a snail, and just across the road (opposite Vale Castle), there 
were plenty of Wild Radishes, but no 4%. fzsana to be seen 
on them. Does this snail only live for one season? The ex- 
amination of about two hundred living examples at the end of 
May, 1893, failed to produce one shell with the lip fully formed, 
though many of the dead shells lying about were full-grown. — 
J. E. Cooper, 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, N., 2oth July, 
1893. (Read before the Conchological Society, 26th July, 1893). 


266 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF 
OBAN AND THE ISLAND OF LISMORE. 


By R. STANDEN anp J. RAY HARDY. 


(Read before the Manchester Branch, September 14th, 1893). 


We visited Oban in the early part of last August, in com- 
pany with our friends, Mr. W. H. Heathcote, Dr. G. W. Chaster, 
and Captain W. J. Farrer, for the purpose of doing some marine 
dredging, and during our stay we devoted several days to the 
investigation of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the 
district around Oban, and the neighbouring Island of Lismore. 

A full day’s research to the South, and another to the 
North of Oban was participated in by the whole party, and 
another day we two were landed on Lismore, whilst our steamer 
took the others into the Sound of Mull to dredge, calling for 
us in the evening. We also made various short excursions in 
the immediate vicinity of Oban, and searched several valleys 
and woods along the road to Loch Etive. 

The geological features of Oban are at first sight not par- 
ticularly promising—conchologically. ‘The town stands upon a 
strip of the old Red Sandstone, which extends on the North 
along the coast as far as Dunstaffnage, and on the South to 
Loch Feochan, and our search was confined to thisarea. The 
woods are principally pine, which, as all conchologists know, 
usually indicates barren ground for shells. But behind Oban 
there are plenty of clumps of other trees, and groves of hazel, 
and both these and the pine woods are undergrown with a dense 
coating of moss, etc., kept damp in many places by the trickling 
of water from the cliffs, and such places yielded a fair number 
of species to our close search. 

The Island of Lismore is entirely composed of a hard 
metamorphosed limestone, and we searched it with a particular 
interest. It was one of the early Christian settlements, and as 
its sheltered valleys were brought into a high state of 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


STANDEN AND HARDY: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN AND LISMORE. 267 


cultivation by the industry of the ‘monks of old,’ the effects 
of which are still noticeable, it seemed to us extremely likely 
that the introduction of foreign garden and other plants 
might have led to the colonization of species of mollusca alien 
to the locality. The day chosen for our visit was not very 
favourable to the finding of land shells, being extremely hot, 
and but for a heavy thunderstorm and fall of rain on the 
previous night, which had thoroughly soaked the ground, we 
should certainly have found but little. As it was we were fairly 
successful in obtaining a good many species, but were somewhat 
disappointed at not finding Helix asfersa, or Helix hortensis, 
which might very reasonably be expected to occur on the 
island. 

There are several small freshwater lochs and streams on 
Lismore, but the former are mostly deep and clear, with 
scarcely any aquatic vegetation suitable for molluscan life, and 
yielded but little to the cursory dips of the dredge which our 
limited time permitted. Lochan Dubh, a lovely little lake 
on the road between Oban and Loch Etive was very 
closely searched, but although a luxuriant growth of 
waterlilies and bullrush fringed its margin and looked 
very promising, we found that it had a peaty bottom, 
and contained only a few species in limited numbers. Both 
Lochan Dubh, and the lochs on Lismore are the resort of 
numerous gulls, wild ducks, and other waterfowl, which breed 
on their margins, and the presence of these, and their broods of 
hungry young, doubtless accounts to a great extent for the 
scarcity of mollusks. The streams examined were equally barren, 
with one exception, a small brook at Ardbhan Craigs, abounding 
with Z. peregra, so that our record of freshwater shells is a very 
meagre one. 

Mr. Thomas Scott, in a paper ‘On the Land and Fresh- 
water Mollusca about Tarbert, Loch Fyne’ (see ‘Journal of 
Conchology,’ vol. v., p. 72) agrees with us in his observations 
respecting the scarcity of the freshwater shells. His list will be 


268 STANDEN AND HARDY: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN AND LISMORE. 


found extremely interesting, as his hunting-grounds lie compara- 

tively near our own, and he records four species we did not get, 

viz.:—Arion subfuscus, Hyalinia excavata, Helix aspersa, and 

Ancylus fluviatilis. 

The following list of species found is not without interest, 
and whilst affording a fairly good general idea of the Molluscan 
Fauna of the district examined, will also serve as a useful basis 
for future collectors to work upon :— 

Arion ater L.—Common wherever we searched in the Oban 
district, and showing a most remarkable variation in colour. 
Brown, reddish, slaty-grey, yellowish, and beautiful pink or 
lilac varieties were not uncommon. On J.ismore, though 
equally plentiful, none but jet-black examples were found, 
and these chiefly under dried cowdung or sods on sides of 
ditches. 

A. hortensis Fér.—A few in the pine woods at Ardbhan 
Craigs. Much more plentiful on Lismore, at the base of 
garden walls, and near some old ruins. 

A. circumscriptus Johnst.—Far more common throughout 
the Oban district than the preceding species. Only one 
specimen was found on Lismore. 

Limax maximus L.—A few medium-sized specimens occurred 
in a wood behind Oban Railway Station, and one on an old 
garden wall on Lismore. 

L. marginatus Mull.—Very abundant on elms and beeches 
in woods behind Oban Station, chiefly in tufts of Ortho- 
trichum phyllanthemum, which grows luxuriantly on the 
trees. The trunks of the trees were covered with their 
slime-tracks in many cases as far up as one could see. Mr. 
Heathcote climbed to the topmost branches of a very tall 
elm, and found the tracks all the way up, extending along 
the outlying branches, and came across many of the slugs 
hiding in the crevices of the bark. A few were found 
under stones at Ardbhan Craigs, but none on the pine trees. 
Only one was found on Lismore, under a fallen tree. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


STANDEN AND HARDY: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN AND LISMORE. 269 


Agriolimax agrestis L.—Rather rare, both at Oban and 
Lismore. All seen were variety sy/vatica. 

A. levis Mill—Not uncommon in damp situations at 
Ardbhan Craigs; in woods on road to Loch Etive; and 
about Dunollie Castle. On Lismore it is remarkably 
abundant, occurring everywhere in damp places, and is by 
far the commonest slug on the island. 

Vitrina pellucida Miill.—Occurs sparingly in woods at foot 
of Ardbhan Craigs and behind Oban station ; also on the 
banks of Lochan Dubh, and several places on Lismore. 
Mostly dead shells, and very small in either locality. 

Hyalinia draparnaldi Beck.—A few good examples under 
logs close to Dunollie Castle. 

H. cellaria Mill.—A few in woods behind Oban Station ; at 
Ardbhan Craigs, some nice specimens were found ; but about 
Dunollie Castle it is small and scarce. Very abundant 
in many places on Lismore, chiefly at foot of damp walls 
and rocks. 

H. alliaria Miller.—Fairly common all around Oban, and also 
on Lismore, where it approaches /Zy/. glaber in form. 
Several specimens of variety wridu/a Jeff. were taken in 
the pine woods, South of Oban. . 

H. nitidula Drap.—Not uncommon to South of Oban, and a 
few near Dunollie Castle. A specimen of variety He/miz 
Alder, was found at Ardbhan Craigs by Dr. Chaster. The 
type is plentiful in many parts of Lismore. 

H. radiatula Alder.—Rather plentiful in a damp spot near 
the “ Dog Stone”; a few on roadside at Ardbhan Craigs, 
and in a little valley on the road to Loch Etive amongst 
damp moss on the side of a small brook. Several taken 
on Lismore, near Kilcheran. 

H. pura Alder.—Near Lochan Dubh; in pine woods at Ard- 
bhan Craigs ; and in two localities on Lismore. The type 
and brown variety in about equal proportions, except on 
Lismore where the brown variety only occurred. 


270 STANDEN AND HARDY: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN AND LISMORE. 


H. crystallina Miill—Taken very sparingly about Oban ; 
common at Ardbhan Craigs; all very small and compact 
in form (var. contracta Westl.). -On Lismore it is plentiful 
and very much larger. 

H. fulva Mull.—Not uncommon throughout the Oban district. 
Plentiful, and unusually large on Lismore. 

H. nitida Miill.—A few fine specimens on shores of Lochan 
Dubh, close to the water’s edge. Fairly common on wet 
rocks on Lismore. 

Helix rotundata Miill—Not uncommon to the South of 
Oban, but rare on the North Side, where, however, some 
unicolourous specimens were taken—a variety we have not 
observed before (var. vufula Mogq.?). Several specimens 
of variety a/ba Mog. were found under moss-covered stones 
at Ardbhan Craigs. On Lismore the type is abundant, 
very large, and prettily marked. 

H. pygmeea Drap.—A few amongst moss and on dead sticks 
between the “Dog Stone” and Dunollie Castle; and 
amongst moss on Lismore. 

H. lamellata Jeff.—Several specimens from a pile of moss- 
covered debris which had fallen from the cliffs at Ardbhan 
Craigs. They are very small but adult, and much eroded 
at the apex. 

H. aculeata Miill.— Common in the pine woods at Ardbhan 
Craigs, under stones ; several specimens of variety a/bida 
Jeff. taken on a fungus-covered rail. A few amongst dead 
sticks around Dunollie, and under dead branches in several 
parts of Lismore. 

H. pulchella Miill—Scarce. Two dead shells near Dunollie, 
and a few alive at Ardbhan Craigs, all type. On Lismore 
it is more plentiful, but all we found were variety costata 
Mill. 

H. nemoralis L.—Not uncommon about Oban, and on Lis- 
more. Some very richly-coloured and unusually banded 
forms occur in both localities. ‘The hot weather had driven 


VCas vii, Oct. 1893. 


STANDEN AND HARDY: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN AND LISMORE. 271 


H. 


H. 


H. 


H. 


H. 


H. 


the animals for shelter under stones and into rock crevices, 
and it required much labour to get at them in their 
retreats. ‘ 
hortensis Miill.—Scarce. A few weathered specimens near , 
Dunollie Castle, and on road to Loch Etive were all we 
noticed. 


arbustorum L..—Very fine in woods behind Oban, and 
near the Manor House. Mostly a very dark coloured and 
high spired form. Mature specimens were very scarce, 
but young shells occurred in profusion. On Lismore we 
took one solitary specimen—variety marmorata Taylor— 


amongst nettles at foot of an old wall. 


. rufescens Penn.—A dark compact form was fairly common 


about Dunollie Castle. One specimen of variety a/ba 
Mog. was taken at Ardbhan Craigs, but the type was not 
seen in this locality. On Lismore it is rather scarce, 
typical in form, and very large. 


hispida L.—Very rare, only a few of the type were found, 


close to Oban. 


sericea Jeff.tThe commonest Helix found thronghout the 


Oban district; also on Lismore, where it is remarkably 
fine. Both type and var. cornea Jeff. 


ericetorum Miull.—Plentiful on the island of Lismore, 
but we did not see any on the mainland. Extremely 
variable in size and markings. The small dark-banded 
form which corresponds to Westerlund’s A. /ampra was 
not uncommon, and as far as our experience goes it appears 
to be exclusively a maritime variety. 


caperata Mont. Not uncommon on grassy slopes on Lis- 


more. Type and variety ovata Picard. 


. Pupa anglica Fér.—This was found very plentifully under 


stones at Ardbhan Craigs, chiefly along the edge of the 
pine woods, and close to the roadside, wherever the ground 
was wet from the trickling of water down the cliffs. Mostly 


272 STANDEN AND HARDY: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN AND LISMORE. 


red-lipped specimens with nearly black shells. The pale 


white-lipped form—var. pallida Jeff.—also occurred. 

P. cylindracea Da Costa.—Abundant, in company with the 

: above, and a few near Dunollie Castle. Very variable in 
size, and light-coloured. Also common everywhere on 
Lismore, and more uniform in size. Adult shells were full 
of young ones, which came out freely in cleaning. 

P. muscorum L.—A few very much weathered specimens 
under stones near the shore on Lismore. 

Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—We found this species in great 
abundance on the shore of Lochan Dubh. ‘The dead 
stems of last season’s growth of bulrushes had drifted to 
the side in heaps, and on these the Vertigoes were found 
crawling, often quite in the water and always on wet stems. 
The shells are very dark and beautiful, and not in the 
least weathered. 

V. pygmzea Drap.—Found at one spot only, near the “ Dog 
Stone.” Very scarce, but occurs alive. Chiefly from 
moss-shakings. 

V. substriata Jeff—Several very beautiful live specimens in 
moss-shakings from near Dunollie Castle. 

V. edentula Drap.—Several specimens under dead sticks near 
the “ Dog Stone,” and in Dunollie Woods. In the pine 
woods at Ardbhan Craigs it is in some parts the commonest 
shell. At one spot in particular where a great pile of loose 
stones had slipped from the face of the cliff, and become 
overgrown with moss, every stone lifted was certain to have 
this species clinging underneath, as many as 18 specimens 
being taken from one small stone. On Lismore only very 
few were found, and these under logs at the edge of a 
small wood. 

Balea perversa L.—Very abundant on moss-covered rocks 
on the roadside near Oban Station. 

Clausilia rugosa Drap.—Not uncommon anywhere in the 
Oban district, chiefly variety ¢m7dula Jeff. Specimens were 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


STANDEN AND HARDY: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN AND LISMORE, 273 


noticed crawling on the elm trees, to a great height above 
the ground. On Lismore it is extremely abundant, and very 
fine, and may almost be stroked off the wet rocks by the 
handful! Most of the shells are covered with a dense con- 
fervoid growth, which makes them seem unusually large, 
and gives them a weathered appearance, but this easily 
washes off and shows a beautifully marked and fresh dark 
epidermis underneath. 


Cochlicopa lubrica Mull.—Sparingly distributed throughout 
the Oban district. Very common on Lismore. Both 
type and varieties ovata, hyalina, and lubricoides occurred 
in equal numbers in each locality. 


Succinea putris L.—A small tumid form was found in great 
abundance in one locality on Lismore, swarming over the 
watercress growing on a boggy piece of ground near the 
shore. 

Carychium minimum Miill.—Common at Ardbhan Craigs ; 
very scarce elsewhere throughout the Oban district, and on 
Lismore. 


Planorbis nautileus L.—A few amongst duckweed in a 
small pool on Lismore. 


P. albus L.—In Lochan Dubh, sparingly, but nice and clean. 


P. spirorbis Miill.—A few small specimens in a pool on 
Lismore. 


P. contortus L.—A few in a drain on Lismore. 


Physa fontinalis L.—Some small specimens in Lochan Dubh. 
Scarce. 

Limnea peregra Miill.—A few dwarfed specimens in Lochan 
Dubh ; and in a brook near the ferry at Ardbhan Craigs we 
found a small distorted variety in considerable numbers, 
many of them showed “erosion bands,” and others were 
subscalariform. On Lismore a small form was found in all 
the lochs, ponds, and streams examined, but not plentifully. 


R 


Crile: JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


L. truncatula Miill.—A very minute, but apparantly mature 
form was found in abundance in company with S. pud7zs, 
on Lismore. Many of the shells were noticed crawling 
over the dry portion of stones projecting out of the boggy 
ground, in the full glare of the sun, which had made the stones 
so hot that they felt uncomfortably warm to the hand. 

Valvata piscinalis Miull.—Lochan Dubh: very scarce and 
small. 

Pisidium fontinale Drap.—A few in Lochan Dubh; some 
of them a good size. 

P. pusillum Gmel.—Some good sized specimens found in 
Lochan Dubh, but it is far from plentiful. 


—_—_—_—_¢-0+@—_____ 


LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS 
OF DERBYSHIRE. 


By Rev. HERBERT MILNES. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, March 1st, 1893). 


Arion ater (L.). Matlock (J. A. Howe) ; Winster (H. Milnes); 
Darley Dale (R. Standen). Common (/. of Conch., 
VOW Vile Da 77): 

A. ater var. rufa (L.). Matlock (J. A. Howe); Winster 
(H. Milnes). 3 

A. ater var. plumbea_ Rbk. Rowsley (LL. E. Adams, 
Ji GF Cigde, OE Villy 195 717) 

Mr. L. E, Adams also records in /. of Conch., 
vol. vii, p. 77, a variety taken at Clifton, near Ash- 
bourne, which he calls Zuteo-albescens. 

Arion subfuscus Drap. Cliftor, and country south of 
Ashbourne. (L. E. Adams, 7. of Conch., vol. vii.; p. 77): 

A. subfuscus var. brunnea Lehm. Clifton (L. E. Adams, 
J. of Conch., vol. vii., p. 77). 

Mr. L. E. Adams mentions var. rz/o-fusca from 
Clifton (7. of Conch., vol. vit. P- 77): : 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893, 


-MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. 275 


A. minimus Simroth. Clifton and Rowsley (L. E. Adams, 
J. of Conch., vol.-vil., p: 77). 

.A, hortensis Fér. . Matlock (J. A. Howe and H. E. Craven) ; 
Winster (H. Milnes); Darley Dale (R. Standen) ; Clifton 
(L. E. Adams, 7. of Conch., vol. vii., p. 77). 

A; circumscriptus Johnst. (= Arion bourguignati Mab.). 
Common throughout the county (L. E. Adams, /. of 
Conch., vol. vil., Pp. 77)- 

' Amalia gagates (Drap.). Matlock (J. A. Howe). 

- A. gagates var. plumbea Mog. Matlock (J. A. Howe). 

Limax maximus L. Winster (H. Milnes); Matlock 
Gag bay Graven) Darley) Dale u(he. Standen)" Clutton 
(L. E. Adams, 7. of Conch., vol. vil., p. 77). Common. 

L. maximus var. fasciata Mog. Winster (H. Milnes). 

L. flavus L. Matlock (H. E. Craven) ; Repton (P. B. Mason). 
Ciay/Oje CONCH 5 VOla Vila Ds 977 

-L. marginatus (Mill.). (= Zzmax arborum B. Ch.). Winster 
(H. Milnes); Matlock (J. A. Howe); Hathersage (L. E. 
Adams, /. of Conch., vol. vii. p. 77). 

_L..marginatus var. nemorosa Baud. Hathersage and 

Bakewell (L. E. Adams). Sparingly (/. of Conch., vol. vii., 

oe ae 

‘“Agriolimax agrestis L. Winster (H. Milnes and L. E. 
Adams); Matlock (H. E. Craven); Darley Dale (R. 
Standen). /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 249. 

A. agrestis var. nigra Morelet. Clifton (L. E. Adams). 

TAS Of SCONGI, VO\LMVAISS Dar qeT 

“A. agrestis var. lilacina Mog. Matlock (J. A. Howe). 

A: lzevis Miill. Darley Dale and Miller’s Dale (R. Standen). 

~Mitrina pellucida (Miill.).. Matlock (H. E. Craven and 

i Eley); Winstes (a> avinines)" ~~/:~ 07" Conch, vol. vi., 

p- 119. Widely distributed both in North and South 
Derbyshire.’ 

~~ Hyalinia draparnaldi (Beck). Matlock (J. A. Howe and 

H. E. Craven) ; Winster (H.' Milnes); Darley Dale and 


276 MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. 


Miller’s Dale (R. Standen); common about Derby 
(is Heyse/s 07 (Conciey volenvit. sp.) 

H. draparnaldi var. albina (Mogq.). Miller’s Dale (R. 
Colville). 

H. glabra (Stud.). Northern Dale and Wensley (H. E. 
Craven); Matlock (T. Hey). Common. /. of Conch., 
WO Wiky oh LUG) 

H. alliaria (Miller). Matlock (H. E. Craven); Winster 
Hi. Milnes); ~ Repton(j. Hageer™ and wi. deley,/2 07) 
Conch., vol. vi., p. 119). Darley Dale (R. Standen, /. of 
Conch., vol. ill., p. 333). Common. 

H. alliaria var. viridula (Jeff.). More common than the 
type in the neighbourhood of Buxton—as three to one 
(L. E. Adams, / of Conch., vol. vi., p. 248). 

H. nitidula (Drap.) Matlock (H. E. Craven); Winster 
(H. Milnes and J. H. Howe); Chellaston and Willington 
(ii ley, Js of Conch., vel. vi ps 119): ” Darley “Wale 
and Miller’s Dale (R. Standen). Common. 

Mr. P. B. Mason, of Burton-on-Trent, mentions 
having taken specimens of ZH. mitidula var. helmi at 
Miller’s Dale. 

H. radiatula (Alder). Repton (J. Hagger); Ambergate 
(T. Hey, J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 119). Matlock (H. E. 
Craven). Rare. 

H. pura (Alder). Matlock (H. E. Craven); Little Eaton 
(T. Hey, 7. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 120). Abundant at 
Deepdale, (L. E. Adams, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 248). 
Abundant at Matlock (G. W. Chaster, September, 1892). 

H. pura var. margaritacea (Jeff.). Abundant at Matlock 
(G. W. Chaster, September, 1892). 

H. crystallina (Mill.). Abundant at Matlock (H. E. Craven); 
Winster (H. Milnes); Miller’s Dale (R. Colville and R. 
Standen); Repton (J. Hagger) Common (T. Hey,-/. of 
Conch., vol. vi., p. 120). 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. 277 


H. fulva (Mull.). Matlock (H. E. Craven); Repton (J. 
Hagger) ; Darley Dale and Millers Dale (R. Standen) ; 
Amibersate: (I ley, 7. of ‘Conch vol. Vis," py 2020), 
Sparingly distributed. 

H. fulva var. mortoni (Jeff). Robin’s Wood and Repton 
(J. Hagger); Darley Dale (J. R. Hardy, /. of Conch, 
vol. Vis p. 273): 

H. nitida (Mill.). Local in woods at Matlock (H. E. Craven) ; 
Repton (J. Hagger); abundant in Derby district (T. Hey, 
Vico, Conch:; Vola, ps 120): 

H. excavata (Bean). Robin’s Wood and Repton (J. Hagger) ; 
Miller’s Dale (T. Hey, 7. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 120). 

H. excavata var. vitrina (Fer.). Robin’s Wood and Repton 
(J. Hagger). 

Helix rotundata Mull. Common everywhere. 

H. rotundata var. pyramidalis Jeff. Winster (H. Milnes). 

H. rotundata var. alba Mog. Matlock (H. E. Craven); 
one specimen ; rocks on Ashbourne Road, about five miles 
from Winster (H. Milnes); Miller’s Dale (R. Standen) ; 
near Ashbourne (L. E. Adams, 7, of Conch., vol. vi., 
p- 249). 

H. rupestris Drap. Common all through the Peak District 
(J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 121). 

H. pygmeea Drap. Matlock (H. Milnes); Miller’s Dale 
(R. Standen and T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 121). 

H. lamellata Jeff. Hall Dale Woods, Darley Dale (J. R. 
Hardy). /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 314. 

H. aculeata Mill. Hall Dale Woods, Miller’s Dale, (R. 
Standen) ; Matlock (H. E. Craven and T. Hey); Eggington 
(G. Pullen). 7. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 120. 

H. pulchella Mill. Plentiful throughout the Peak District. 
J. of Conch., vol. Vi., p. 121. 

H. pulchella var. costata Miill. Matlock (H. Milnes) ; 
equally plentiful with the type in Matlock district. 


278 MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE: © 


H. lapicida L. Abundant throughout the limestone district ; 
very dark coloured specimens at Ambergate, taken by 
Mr. Hey (probably var. zigrescens). J. of Conch., vol. iii, 
Se WO Wks jos Lei, 

H. lapicida var. subangulata Pascal. Dovedale (C. T.: 
Musson, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 392). 

H. lapicida var. minor Mog. Alport (C. Clare Fryer, 
Science Gossip, 1889, p. 24). r 

H. lapicida var. albina Menke. Matlock, one specimen 
(H. E. Craven); Matlock, two specimens (T. Glover, 
1879, J. of Conch., vol. v., p. 316); Matlock, three speci-. 
mens (G. W. Chaster, 1892). 

H. lapicida monst. scalariforme. Matlock (J. A. Howe, 
J: of Conch: Yo. v..1p. 316): 

Helix aspersa Mill. Repton (J. Hagger) ; Littleover, a few 
specimens (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 120). By no 
means a common shell in North Derbyshire. 

H. nemoralis L. Common in the Peak District. 

H. nemoralis var. major Fér. Smeine, near Winster (H. 
Milnes) ; band-formation 00300, 12345, 0)345. 

H. nemoralis var. minor Moq. Matlock (J. A. Howe); 
band-formation o0000, 123(45). 

H. nemoralis var. albolabiata Von Mart. Matlock (J. A 
Howe) ; Repton (J. Hagger) ; band-formation ooooo. . 

H. nemoralis var. bimarginata Moq. Winster (H. Milnes); 
Repton (J. Hagger); band-formation (12345), ooooo. 
Some beautiful specimens taken in Dovedale, Aug., 1892, 
by Mr. Frank Collier, and exhibited by-him at the annual 
Conchological Meeting at Owens College, Nov. 4, 1892. 

H. nemoralis var. libellula (Risso). Winster (H. Milnes) ; 
Matlock (J. A. Howe); Repton (J. Hagger) ; band-forma- 
tion 00045, 003;45, 00000, (12345), 00300, 00340, 2345, 


02345, 12345, 123(45), 1(23)(45), 00305, (12)345, 10345, 
02300, 0,300. Jah {et 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. 279 


H. 


nemoralis var. rubella Mog. Winster (H. Milnes) ; 
Matlock (J. A. Howe); Dovedale, very fine specimens 
(F. Collier, 7. of Conch, vol. vii., p. 89). Band-formation 
00000, 00300, 00,45, (r2)3(45), 123(45)s (123)45» 02345, 
12345; 0034- 


. nemoralis var. castanea Mog. .Winster (H. Milnes) ;. 


Matlock (J. A. Howe); Dovedale, very good specimens 
(F. Collier, 7. of Conch., vol. vii, p. 88). Repton (J. 
Hagger). Band-formation 00000, 00300. 

nemoralis var. olivacea (Risso). Matlock (J. A. Howe); 
00000. : 


. nemoralis var. hyalozonata Taylor. Matlock (J. A. 


Howe): 00300. 


. hortensis Miill. Widely distributed in the Peak District. 
. hortensis var. minor Mog. Matlock (J. A. Howe) ; band- 


formation 00000, 00300. 
hortensis var. roseolabiata Taylor. Matlock (H. E. 
Craven). 


. hortensis var. fuscolabiata Von Mart. Winster (H. 


Milnes); Matlock (J. A. Howe); Repton (J. Hagger) ; band- 
formation (123)45, (12345), 00000. 


. hortensis var. albina Mog. Matlock (J. A. Howe) ; Rep- 


ton (J. Hagger) ; band-formation oooo0. 


. hortensis var. lutea Mog. Winster and Wovedule (H. 


Milnes) ; Matlock (J. A. Howe); Repton (J. Hagger) ; 
band-formation (12345), (123)(45), 00000, 10345, 12345, 
(123)45, 123(45), 12(345), 12345, (12)345, 12045. 


. hortensis var. olivacea Taylor. Matlock (J. A. Howe) ; 


Oo0o°d. 


. hortensis var. lilacina Taylor. Matlock (H. E. Craven). 
. hortensis var. arenicola Macgill. Matlock (J. A. Howe); 


band-formation 123(45), 12345, 00300, 00340. 


. arbustorum L. Winster (H. Milnes); Matlock (H. E. 


Craven); Derby (T. Hey); Miller’s Dale (R. es 
Frequent throughout the district. 


280 MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. 


H. arbustorum var. alpestris Ziegl Matlock (H. E. 
Craven) ; Bonsall (H. Milnes); Millers’ Dale (F. Collier 
and R. Standen); Buxton (J. H. Ponsonby, /. of Conch., 
vol. lii., p. 247). -Baslow (L. E. Emmet, /. of Conch., 
Voli: pa5303)): 

H. arbustorum var. conoidea Westerl. | Winster (H. 
Milnes). 

H. arbustorum var. marmorata Roffien. Miller’s Dale 
(R. Standen); Baslow (L. E. Emmet, 7. of Conch., vol. ili., 

<P. 393): . 

H. arbustorum var. cincta Taylor = pallida Taylor. 
Matlock (H. E. Craven) ; Winster (H. Milnes) ; Castleton 
(C. Oldham, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 276). 

H. arbustorum var. flavescens Mog. Matlock (H. E. 
Craven); Winster (H. Milnes); Hartington (W. Nelson, 
J. of Conch., vol. iii., p. 249). This variety is more frequent 
than the type in the neighbourhood of Winster. 

H. arbustorum var. albina Mog. Winster (H. Milnes) ; 
Great Longston (Miss E. B, Fairbrass, /. of Conch., vol. 
lil., Pp. 250, 305). 

. arbustorum var. major Pfr. Matlock (H. E. Craven). 

. arbustorum var. minima Pfr. Matlock (H. E. Craven). 

. arbustorum monst. sinistrorsum Taylor. Ashwood 
Dale, near Buxton (by Mr. C. Oldham, / of Conch., vol. 
Villas eel): 

H. arbustorum m. scalariforme. Winster (H. Milnes). 

Helix rufescens Penn. Matlock (H. Milnes and H. E. 
Craven) ; Belper (T. Hey). Sparingly distributed (7. of 
Conch., vol. vi., p. 120). 

H. hispida L. (= H. concinna Jeff.). Widely distributed. — 
Jef Conch. VOlevi.,.p. 1205 Volsili.; Pp. 333. 

H. hispida var. albida Jeff. Monsall Dale (F. Collier) ; 
Miller’s Dale (R. Standen) ; Winster (L. E. Adams, /. of 
Conch., vol. vi., p. 249). 

H. hispida var. subrufa Mog. Matlock (H. E. Craven). 


ac, ane 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE, 281 


H. hispida var. conica Jeff. Matlock (H. E. Craven). 

H. hispida var. albida Jeff. Tideswell (W. D. Roebuck 
and J. A. Howe); Matlock (H. E. Craven and G. W. 
Chaster); Winster (L. E. Adams, /. of Conch., vol. iii, 
P1333 5) Vol vi. p. 249): 

H. granulata Alder (= H. sericea Jeff.).- Ambergate and 
Little Eaton (T. Hey, 7. of Conch., vol..vi., p. 120). 

H. fusca Mont. Cressbrook Dale (H. Shaw, / of Conch., 
vol. ili., p. 286). 

H. itala L.(=H. ericetorum Mill.). Dovedale (H. Milnes); 
Crich (J. A. Howe); Miller’s Dale (T. Hey); Cromford 
(H. E. Craven). Very local. (/- of Conch., vol. vi., p. 120). 

H. itala var. alba Charp. Monsall Dale (H. E. Craven). 

H. caperata Mont. Ticknall quarry (J. Hagger); Matlock 
(J. A. Howe); Ambergate (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., 
[Ds sD) 

H. virgata Da Costa. Near Ticknall, probably imported in 
ballast (J. Hagger) ; near Willington (T. Hey, 7 of Conch., 
vol. vi, p. 121). 

Buliminus obscurus Mill. Common in the Peak District. 

B. obscurus var. albina Moq. Matlock (H. E. Craven). 

Pupa secale Drap. Millers Dale (T. Hey); not common 
(C/O 2Conch, NO\wNiI.» \p: 12): 

Pupa anglica Fér. (=P. ringens Jeff.). A few near Buxton 
T. Hey); Matlock (G. W. Chaster, 7. of Conch., vol. vi., 
pst20): . 

P. cylindracea Da Costa (= P. umbilicata Drap.). 
Abundant (/. of Conch., vol. vi, p. 121). 

P. cylindracea var. albina Mog. On limestone rocks at 

~ Cromford (H. Milnes). 

P. muscorum (L.) (=P. marginata Drap.). Matlock 
H. E. Craven); Dovedale (J. Hagger); Buxton (T. Hey, 
J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 121). Sparingly distributed. 

Vertigo pygmza (Drap.). Burton-on-Trent (P. B. Mason). 


282. MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. ” 


V. substriata (Jeff.). Cresswell (Edgar Pickard, 7. of Conch., 

vol. iv., p. 172). Matlock (G. W. Chaster). 

V. pusilla Mill. Cresswell (Edgar em J of Conch., 

i) VORMVE up) E72)! 

V. angustior Jeff. Cresswell (Réear Biclena); J. of Conch., 
vol..iv., p.'172). 

V. edentula (Drap.). Bretby opal, near Repton (J. Hagger); 
Matlock (H. E. Craven) ; Hall Dale Wood (R.: Standen) ; 
Buxton (I. Hey, /. 0f Conch., vol. vi., p. 122). : ? 

Balea perversa (L.). Cromford (H. Milnes) ; Haddon Hall 
(T. Hey, 7. of Conch., vol. vi.; p. 122). 

Clausilia perversa (Pult.) (= C. rugosa Drap.). Abun- 
dant throughout the district. One specimen with double 
mouth found at. Winster (H. Milnes); one specimen, 
peculiarly turreted, found near Winster (A. G. Stubbs); an 
intermediate variety between type and var. dubia taken at 
Matlock, 1884 (H. E. Craven); perhaps = var. tumidula 
Jeff. 

C. perversa var. gracilior Jeff. Matlock (H. E. aay: 
- Winster (H. Milnes). 

Clausilia laminata Mont. Matlock (J. A. Howe and H. 
Milnes) ; Via Gellia (H. Milnes); Miller’s Dale (R. Stan- 
den) ; Monsall Dale (T. Hey); Cressbrook Dale (H. Shaw, 
J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 122 ; vol. iil., p. 286). Not plenti- 
ful, but locally abundant, as on limestone rocks at Matlock. 
Some curiously decollated specimens were taken at Matlock 
by Mr. G. W. Chaster, September, 1892. 

C. laminata var. albina Mog. Two specimens taken near 
Winster by Mr. L. E. Adams (/. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 249). 

Azeca tridens (Pult.). Matlock (H. E. Craven and H. 
Milnes) ; Sinfin Moor (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 122). 

Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Matlock, Winster, Buxton (H. 
Milnes). Common everywhere (J. of Conch., vol. Vi., 
p. 122). 

C. lubrica var. hyalina Jeff. Matlock (H. E. Craven). ' 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. 2860 


C. lubrica var. lubricoides Fér. Matlock (H. E. Craven). 
Cecilioides acicula (= Achatina acicula Mull.) Rep- 
ton (J. Hagger); Miller’s. Dale (F. Collier, R. Standen, 
and’ T:'Hey; /: of Gozch,; vol. vi.;'p. 122); ane 
Succinea putris (1..).. Common in marshy ground. Crom- 
ford (H. Milnes and J; A. sone a Weston (T. Hey, /. of 
- Conch.,'vol. vi., p. 119). j 

Ss. putris. var. .ferussina Moq. « Matlock Z aa 
Science Gossip, 1881, p. 153).. 

S. elegans Risso. . Equally abundant with 5S. ae: and in 

_ .same localities (/. ef Conch., vol. vi., p. 119). 

Carychium minimum Mill. Matlock (H. E. Craven); 
Darley Dale (R. Standen); Miller’s Dale (T. Hey, /- of 
Counch., vol. vi., p. 122). ' ; 

Planorbis fontanus Lightfoot (=P. nitidus Jeff.). Marple 
(R. Cairns, Conchologist, -vol..1., p. 46). _ Derby canal 
(T. Hey); Cromford canal (J. A. Howe). 

P. albus (L.). Milton (J. Hagger); Weston and Chellaston 

_ (T. Hey); Cromford canal (H. E. Craven and J. A. Howe). 
Je ofa Conc, Vol. Vi, Pp: ELS: . 

P. parvus Say = 2. glaber Jeff.) In pits near Willington 

(J. Hagger). 

P. spirorbis Mull. Cromford canal (H. Milnes and J. A. 
Howe); ditches at Little Eaton (T. Hey) ; Willington (J. 
Hagger). Abundant (/. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 118). 

P. vortex (L.) In equal abundance with P. spivordis We of 
Conch., vol. vi., p. 118). 

P. carinatus Mill. Cromford (H. Milnes and H. E. Craven) ; 
Derby (T. Hey). Frequent (/. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 118). 

P. umbilicatus Mill. (=P: complanatus Jeff.) Old 
Trent, Repton (J. Hagger); near Derby (T. Hey) ; Crom- 
ford (H. Milnes and J. A. Howe). Plentiful (7. of Conch., 
vol. vi., p. 118). 

P. umbilicatus-var. albina Jeff. Top 1 Dam, near Repton 
(J. Hagger). , . 


284 MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE 


P. corneus (L.). Burton-on-Trent (J. Hagger); Derby 
canal, large specimens (T. Hey); Cromford, but very 
sparingly (J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 118). 

P. contortus (L.). Old Trent, near Repton (J. Hagger) ; 
Cromford canal (H. Milnes); Weston canal (T. Hey, /. of 
Conch., vol. vi., p. 118). Moderately common. 

P. contortus var. albida Jeff. Marple (R. Cairns, Con 
chologist, vol. i., p. 46). Marple is just on the confines of 
Cheshire and Derbyshire. 

Bullinus hypnorum (L.). River Dove, near Repton (J. 
Hagger); Darley Dale (J. A. Howe); Little Eaton, a few 
specimens (T. Hey). Sparingly distributed (7. of Conch., 
vol. vi., p. 118). 

Physa fontinalis (L.). Abundant everywhere (7. of Conch., 
vol. vi., p. 118). 

Amphipeplea glutinosa (Miill.). Two specimens in a 
brook near Derby (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 118). 

Limnzea peregra (Mill). Very fine specimens in Cromford 
canal (H. Milnes and H. E. Craven); Abundant (/. of 
Conch., vol. Vi., p. 119). 

L. peregra var. ovata Drap. Matlock (H. Milnes); Darley 
Dale (R. Standen). 

L. peregra var. acuminata Jeff. Via Gellia (H. Milnes). 

L. peregra var. picta Jeff. | Winster (H. Milnes, 7. of 
Conch., vol. iil., p. 153). 

L. auricularia (L.). Cromford canal (H. Milnes) ; Renton 
(J. Hagger); Weston and Chellaston (T. Hey) ; very fine 
specimens (/. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 119). 

L. auricularia var. acuta Jeff. Cromford canal (H. Milnes). 

L. stagnalis (L.). Cromford canal (H. Milnes, H. E. 
Craven, and J. A. Howe); Weston and Chellaston (T. Hey, 
J. of Conch., vol. vi., pp. 118, 384). Mr. Hey took some 
specimens near Derby with a strongly reflected outer lip 
(J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 384). 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. 285 


rc 


. stagnalis var. fragilis (L.). Cromford canal (J. A. Howe). 
. stagnalis var. turgida Menke. One specimen in Crom- 


ford canal. 


. palustris (Miull.). Old Trent, Repton (J. Hagger) ; 


Weston (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi. p. 119). By no 
means common. 


. palustris var.elongata Mog. Old Trent, Repton (J. 


Hagger). 


. palustris var. tincta Jeff. Old Trent, Repton (J. Hagger). 
. palustris var. albida Jeff. Old Trent, Repton (J. Hagger). 
. truncatula (Miill.). Moderately common in North Derby- 


shire, sparingly in South Derbyshire (H. Milnes, J. A. 
Howe, H. E. Craven, and T. Hey). 


. truncatula var. ventricosa Moq. Two specimens near 


Winster (H. Milnes). 


. truncatula var. elegans Jeff. Winster (H. Milnes). 
. truncatula var. microstoma Drouet. Winster (H. 


Milnes). 


. truncatula var. major Moq. Winster (H. Milnes). 

. truncatula var. minor Mog. Winster (H. Milnes). 

. truncatula var. albida Jeff. Winster (H. Milnes). 

. truncatula monst. scalariforme Jeff. Winster (H. 


Milnes). 


. glabra (Miull.). Two specimens in a pond at Farnal Hall, 


near Derby (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi. p. 119). 


Ancylus fluviatilis Miill. River Derwent (H. Milnes and 


H. E. Craven); Darley Dale (R. Standen); Derby (T. Hey, 
J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 119). Common. 


A. fluviatilis var. albida Jeff. Pond near Whatstandwell 


(H. Milnes) ; tributary of Wye in Miller’s Dale (T. Hey). 


A. lacustris (L.). River Trent, Newton Solney (J. Hagger) ; 


Cromford Canal (H. Milnes and H. E. Craven); Weston- 
on-Trent (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 119). Local, 
but not frequent. 


286 .MILNES:-LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. OF DERBYSHIRE, 


. lacustris var. albida oe River Trent, Newton eon 
(J: Hagger).< area A : 

Nevitina fluviatilis i. Son at rates 1 Eebeeye 
Matlock (H. Milnes and J. A. Howe) ; Borrowash (T, Hey, 
J.  Conch., vol..vi:, p. 117). 

Viviparus contectus (Millet). One very young specimen 
adhering to floating leaves of amphibious Zersrcaria in 
Cromford Canal, near High Peak Junction (H. E. Craven); 
two shells in Derby and Burton canal, near Willington 
(T. Hey, 7. of. Conch., vol.-vi., p. 117). - 

-V. viviparus (L.). Scarce and small in Cromford Canal (¢H. 

__ Milnes, H. E. Craven, and J..A. Howe) ; abundant and fine 
in canal at Willington (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. by 
p-. 118). 

Bythinia tentaculata (L.). Cromford (andi (HL Milnes aia 
H. E. Craven); common. /. of Counch:, vol. vi., p. 118.- 

_B. leachii (Shepp.).. Eggington (J. Hagger) ;. Shardlow (T. 
Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 118). Moderately common. 

Valvata piscinalis -(Miill.). . Cromford Canal (H. Milnes, 
HH; E.*Crayen,: and J.-A.“ Howe):; Derby-(T. Hey;:/. of 
Conch., vol. vi., p. 118)... Abundant. 

.V} piscinalis .monst..sinistrorsum . Jeff... Cresswell (E. 
Pickard, J. of Conch., vol. iv., p. 145). 

Vu cristata Mill. Eggington (P.'B. Mason). 

Unio tumidus Phil. . Cromford Canal-(H. Milnes) ; Willing 
ton canal (J. Hagger and T. Hey, /-. of Conch., volisvi., 

o2i* p.jraz). + Plentifal 

U. tumidus var. ovalis Sn Park Pond,- Rewer Ge 

|. Haggér). = i Oe one . 

.U. tumidus var. cadiata Colb. Park Pond, Repton (J. 
Hagger). tes: ; ry aint sh A 

-U. pictorum (L.). Cromford Canal. (H: Milnes); Park 

‘-- (Pond, Repton. (J.. Hagger); .Derby and Burton>Canal 
(T. Hey, 7. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 117). Plentifule 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1893. 


MILNES: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF DERBYSHIRE. 287 


U. pictorum v. curvirostris Norm. Repton (P. B. Mason). 

Anodonta cygnea (L.). Frequent in canals,. etc. (/. of 
Conch., vol. vi., p. 117). 

Mr. Hagger took a specimen in Park Pond, Repton, 
which he marks var. zed/ensis Gmel. 
A. anatina..(L.). Very. plentiful. (7 of Conch., vol. Vi., 

Pp. 117). 3 : 

A. anatina var. ventricosa C. Pfr. Park Pond, Repton 
(J. Hagger). : 

A, anatina var. ag As Rossm. Park Pond, Repton 
(J. Hagger). © 

Spherium corneum (L.).. Very frequent. (7. of Conch., 
vol. vi.,. p. 116). 

S. corneum var. flavescens Macgill. Cromford Canal 
(H. Milnes); Bretby (J. Hagger). Sparingly. 

S. rivicola (Leach). Cromford Canal (J. A. Howe); Willington 
(J. Hagger) ; Chellaston. (T. Hey, /, of Conch., vol. vi., 
p. 116). Sparingly in Matlock district, but. much more 
frequent in South Derbyshire. 

S. pallidum Gray (= S. ovale Jeff.). One specimen in 
canal at Sawley (T. Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 116). 
Peak Forest canal (R. Standen, .Cozchologist, vol. i., p. 56). 

S. lacustre (Miill.). River Derwent (H. E. Craven) ; canal 
near Derby (Hey); pond at Matlock . (A. E. Craven, 
J. of Conch, vol. vi, p. 116). Not. common. 

= lacu stre var. ryckholtii (Norm.). Dead. specimens taken 
from mud round sides of pool near Winster (H. Milnes) ; 
pond at Matlock (H. K., Craven): » 

Pisidium amnicum . (Milk). Cromford (HL. Milnes anid 

; H.: BE. C€raven);. Ambergate ,(T. -Hey; J. of Conch., 
VOle wily spe LOE f Bh gee Fg 

P. fontinale (Drap.). Matlock (J. A. Howe); Stanton (H. 
Milnes); Monsall Dale, (T. Hey). Not plentiful (7 of 
Conch., vol. Vi., p. 116). 


288 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


P. fontinale var. henslowana (Shepp.). Cromford Canal 
(H. E. Craven). 


P. fontinale var. cinerea Alder. Stanton-in-Peak (H. 
Milnes) ; pond near Matlock (H. E. Craven). 


P. pusillum (Gmelin). Winster (H. Milnes); pond at 
Bonsail Moor (H. E. Craven); Monsall Dale (T. Hey, 
J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 117). Not frequent. 


P. pusilium var. obtusalis (Lam.). Winster (H. Milnes). 


P. nitidum Jen. Via Gellia (H. Milnes); Cromford (T. 
Hey, /. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 117). Not common. 


P. milium Held. (= P. roseum Jeff.) See /. of Conch., 
vol. vi., p. 117. Mr. Hey says, ‘I have certainly found 
this in the county, but am uncertain of its locality.’ 
Matlock (H. E. Craven). | . 

Dreissensia polymorpha (Pall). Canal at Willington 
(J. Hagger); Butterley (T. Hey). Local, but abundant 
where it occurs (/. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 117). 


BIBLIOGRAPHY, 

New List of Nottinghamshire Mollusca,— Mr. 
J. W. Carr, M.A., has just published a most useful book, 
entitled ‘A Contribution to the Geology and Natural History 
of Nottinghamshire’ (1893, small 8vo., paper boards, 96 pages, 
price 2/-), to which Mr. B. Sturges Dodd contributes (pp. 
66-75) a revised list of the mollusca; full details of localities 
are given, and one hundred and nine species and a large 
number of varieties are included.—W.D.R. 


J.C. vii, Oct. 1893. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 289 


A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS A LIST OF THE 
MARINE MOLLUSCA AND BRACHIOPODA OF 
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF OBAN. 


By G. W. CHASTER anp W. H. HEATHCOTE:. 


(Read before the Manchester Branch, October rath, 1893.) 


In August last Captain Farrer, Messrs. Hardy and Standen, and 
the authors made an excursion to Oban for the purpose of 
studying the molluscan fauna of that locality, so rich in its 
conchological treasures. 

Through the kindness of Mr. John Munro a capital steam 
launch, the ‘ Lady of the Lake,’ was engaged, in which for four 
days we cruised about dredging in the neighbourhood, hauls 
being made off Maiden Island, in Kerrera Sound, outside 
Kertrera, off Lismore, and in the Sound of Mull. On other 
occasions dredging operations were conducted from a rowing 
boat, in which it was found practicable to work in depths up to 
eighteen or twenty fathoms. The greatest depth from which 
hauls were made was about thirty-five fathoms. In all seventy- 
four successful hauls were made. 

The writers remained a few days after the return of the 
rest of the party, in order to have an opportunity of searching 
the shore during the recess of the highest spring tides of the 
month. This shore work proved extremely troublesome and 
laborious; the Sexfule covering the stones cut the hands 
severely, whilst the heat of the mid-day sun, together with the 
exertion it was necessary to put torth in order to move the 
masses of rock under which were the objects sought, well nigh 
prostrated both. So rich, however, was the reward in objects 
of perennial interest that any temporary discomfort was far 
outweighed, 

A considerable quantity (about three-quarters of a hundred- 
weight) of the finer material from the dredgings was brought 


=) 


290 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


home to be searched through at leisure. This has yielded 
an abundant harvest of the smaller species. Altogether one 
hundred and ninety-six species were obtained, some of them, 
as will be seen from the appended list, of considerable rarity. 

After careful consideration it has been decided to draw up 
and publish a full list of all the species now known to inhabit 
the district, those previously recorded but not taken during our 
excursion as well as those newly found by us being distinguished 
by prefixed marks. i 

Every care has been taken to ensure accuracy in identi- 
fication, doubtful specimens always having been submitted to 
well-known authorities, and we here take the opportunity of 
thanking Canon Norman, Mr. H. K. Jordan, and Mr. J. T. 
Marshall for their kind assistance. 

The nomenclature used by the late Dr. Jeffreys in his 
‘British Conchology’ having, in many cases, been superseded 
by a newer and frequently a better and more correct one—we 
have followed that adopted by Canon Norman in his ‘ Revision 
of the British Mollusca’ (Annals and Magazine of Natural 
History, 1890), as far as it is at present completed, and that 
in the privately published Catalogue of his Museum for the 
remainder. A few emendations furnished by this gentleman 
in a letter have also been adopted. The better known synonyms 
of Jeffreys are given italicised in brackets. 

One of the species met with seems worthy of special 
mention. Cyclostrema millepunctatum, Friele was recorded as 
occurring in British waters by one of the writers early in the 
present year (Chaster: On the occurrence of Cyclostrema 
millepunctatum, Friele, off the Isle of Man.—Conchologist, 
June, 1893). It is interesting to note that so soon afterwards 
it has been found again at another locality so far distant. 

It is perhaps not out of place here to remark that in addi- 
tion to the species mentioned in the list, which are to all 
appearance recent, there were dredged fossil or semi-fossil 
shells of forms which no longer inhabit the area in which our 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 291 


operations were conducted. These are Pecten islandicus, valves 
of which were dredged off Bhaic Island and in the Sound of 
Mull; and the little Portlandia pygmea and P. lucida, of which 
the former still lives in the Minch, and the latter in deep water 
at a considerable distance north of the Hebrides. 

All the available literature on the Mollusca of the West of 
Scotland has been consulted. The most noteworthy records of 
Oban species are Canon A. M. Norman’s list and Mr. R. D. 
Darbishire’s supplement. The latter gentleman has kindly lent 
a MS. list drawn up from the results of his own work, together 
with a few additional notes contributed by the late Mr. F. 
Archer, of Liverpool. . In the case of species named in these 
lists the initials of the respective writers are given, except where 
the occurrence of the form is recorded by both, when they are 
omitted to save space. 

The other works to which reference is occasionally made 
are— 

E. Forbes, ‘ British Marine Conchology,’ 1850. 

J. G. Jeffreys, ‘ British Conchology,’ 1863—69. 

A. Brown, ‘ Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde,’ 1878. 
References to previous records are given in square brackets. 

In the following list species which have been recorded but 
which were not obtained by us are marked with one asterisk, 
and those which we have been able to add to the list with two. 


** Sepiola rondeletii, Leach. Three specimens dredged. 

** Leuconia bidentata, Montg. (Melampus bidentatus). 
Very common under stones below high water mark on the 
shore south of Oban. 

** Alexia myosotis, Drap. (Aelampus myosotis). Two or 
three taken alive among decaying sea-weed under stones 
at high water mark near Kerrera ferry. 

** Doris tuberculata, Cuv. Not uncommon under stones 
at low water. 


292 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


** D. repanda, Alder and Hanc. Dredged and taken on 
the shore. 

** Tornatina truncatula, Brug. (U¢riculzs truncatulus). 
Two dead specimens dredged. 

** Diaphana hyalina, Turton. (U¢riculus hyalinus). Two 
dredged dead. 

** Philine punctata, Clark. A fine fresh example dredged. 

* Aplysia punctata, Cuv. [R.D.D. MS.]. 

** Pleurobranchus plumula, Montg. Two taken alive on 
stones on the shore near Kerrera ferry. The shell of the 
larger measures 17 mm. 

Clathurella linearis, Mont. (Defrancta linearis). [A.M.N. ; 
R.D.D. MS.]. Dredged alive and dead. There is perhaps 
no British shell which so well repays careful microscopic 
examination as a fresh specimen of this species, the 
sculpture of which is exquisitely delicate. 

** C. leufroyi, Mich. An immature example dredged alive 
off Lismore. This species appears to be scarce everywhere 
in our seas. It occurs in the Clyde district (Brown). 

** Mangelia costata, Don. (Pleurotoma costata) Fine 
examples dredged alive and dead off Maiden Island and 
in Kerrera Sound. 

* M. striolata, Phil. [A.M.N.] 
* M. attenuata, Mont. [A.M.N.] 

M. brachystoma, Phil. [Off Dunolly Castle, Forbes; A.M.N.]. 
A fresh specimen with obliquely set ribs dredged off Maiden 
Island. 

Heedropleura septangularis, Mont. (Pleurotoma septangu- 
Jarvis). [A.M.N.]. Two fine live examples dredged oft 
Maiden Island. 

Bela rufa, Mont. (Plewrotoma rufa) [var. ulideana, Jeffreys]. 
Two forms, one small and stumpy with oblique ribs, the 
other elongated, occurred alive in the dredgings. A slender 
specimen, purple-black in colour, was taken on the shore. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 293 


B. turricola, Mont. [var. zosea, Jeffreys.] A few specimens 
dredged alive and dead. The var. vosea, Sars., occurs with 
the type. 

Neptunea antiqua, L. (fusus antiguus). [A.M.N.; scarce 
and small, white and dark vars, R.D.D. MS.]. Small 
immature specimens were dredged in Kerrera Sound. The 
inside of the mouth is of a rich orange-yellow. 

Sipho gracilis, Da Costa. (Fusus gracilis). [R.D.D. MS.]. 
Two dredged alive off Lismore. Mr. H. K. Jordan says 
of them, in lit.: ‘They are acuminate specimens, differing 
from the var. convoluta in the whorls being less rounded.’ 
The nucleus in the specimens of this species and the last 
is less globular than usual, being compressed so as to pro- 
duce no enlargement. 

Buccinum undatum, L. In Kerrera Sound the type is fairly 
common, and with it were taken one or two remarkably 
thin and translucent specimens intermediate between the 
type and the var. felagica, King. A small solid form 
is common under stones on the shore near Oban, the 
mouth being generally tinged more or less deeply with brown 
or purple. This Mr. H. K. Jordan refers to the var. 
littoralis, King. 

Nassa incrassata, Strom. A few dredged dead. 

N. reticulata, L. [R.D.D. MS.] This is common on sandy 
shores in the Clyde district (Brown). 

Murex erinaceus, L. [A.M.N.] Dead and worn specimens 
dredged. 

Trophon truncatus, Strom. Fine examples dredged and 
smaller ones taken in great abundance under stones in the 
lower part of the littoral zone near the ferry to Kerrera. 
The number of ribs varies very greatly, ranging from four- 
teen to twenty-two’on the body whorl. 

-** Trophon muricatus, Mont. A dead but fresh speci- 

men dredged. It has fourteen ribs and twelve spiral lines 

on the body whorl. 


204 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE : MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


T. barvicensis, Johnst. A number of living and dead speci- 
mens of this elegant shell dredged. We are unable to 
consider this as more than a variety of Z. muricatus, Mont. 
Although typical examples, such as our Oban ones, are . 
quite distinct from Guernsey specimens of the last-named 
species, yet the two appear to he connected by inter- 
mediate forms which occur at the Isle of Man, a locality 
lying between the places named. We have very carefully 
examined specimens from these three localities, and give 


the results :— 
OBAN ISLE OF MAN GUERNSEY 


(26 SPECIMENS). (7 SPECIMENS). (6 SPECIMENS). 
Average: Nios ofinibses -ean) ried L255 15 
Range in No. of Ribs)... ro—12 = 12—15 14—16 
Average No. of Spiral Strie 7 9 11 
Range in No. of Spiral Strie 6—8 7—II 8—13 


Not only do the Manx specimens present gradations in the 
number of ribs and spiral lines, but also in the character 
of the sculpture, the spiral lines being sometimes only 
developed in the flounce-like ribs, as in typical darvicensis, 
whilst at others they run regularly and continuously round 
the whorls as in muzicatus. As regards colour, too, it is 
worthy of mention that one of the most characteristic daz- 
vicensis we have from the Isle of Man is tinged with pink. 
With regard to the slight malacological differences it seems 
to us that these too may not improbably be merely varietal, 
an opinion which we hope to have an early opportunity of 
putting to the test. 

Purpura lapillus, L. Abundant, especially on the rocks at 
Fraoich Island, where the adult shells are completely 
covered with 4al/aniz. Yellowish-white and white shells 
predominate, banded ones being rarely observed. 

Trivia europza, Mont. (Cyprea europea). Common on 
the shore near Kerrera ferry and in some dredgings off 
Fraoich Island. As is usual in specimens from northern 
localities all are devoid of spots. A fine series of the 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE : MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 295 


young in all stages of growth was obtained. These 
younger ones are delicate and beautiful objects, puzzling 
to anyone acquainted only with the adult. 


Aporrhais pes-pelicani, L. One living and two or three 
dead specimens dredged between Kerrera and Lismore in 
mud. 


** Triforis perversa, L. (Cerithium perversum). One 
dredged alive. 


Bittium reticulatum, Da Costa. (Cerithium reticulatum). 
[R.D.D. MS.]. <A few fresh examples dredged. 


* Cerithiopsis tubercularis, Mont. [A.M.N.]. 


Trichotropis borealis, Brod. and Sow. This species is 
quite common on hard ground everywhere near Oban, 
especially in Kerrera Sound. Unfortunately the majority 
of specimens lose much of their beauty on drying, owing 
to the shrinking of the epidermal spiny processes, A few 
of the specimens have the interior of a pure white instead 
of the usual brown colour. 


Turritella terebra, L. Dredged alive with the var. zvea, 
Jeff. in mud between Kerrera and Lismore. Brown states 
that in the Clyde district the variety selects a rather cleaner 
bottom than the type. 

** Ceecum glabrum, Mont. ‘Two specimens were found in 
the dredgings. 

Littorina littorea, L. Abundant everywhere in the lower 
littoral zone, living amongst Fuce. 


L. rudis, Maton. [Type and var. ¢enebrosa, A.M.N. ; vars. 
sulcata and ‘enebrosa, R.D.D. MS.]. Very abundant on 
rocks just below the high water mark of ordinary tides. 


L. obtusata, L. This species swarms on the /wc/in the littoral 
zone. ‘The colouring is very varied—yellow, olive, green, 
-and purple-black. Many specimens are banded with black, 
or tessellated in shades of reddish brown, having a beautiful 


296 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


appearance when wet. The banded ones occur chiefly 
south and the tessellated north of Oban. The var. xerzdc- 
Jormis, Bro. occurs plentifully. 

** Lacuna pallidula, Da Costa. A single small dead shell 
dredged. 

L. divaricata, Fabr. Small specimens taken alive among 
uci on the shore and in the dredgings. 

L. crassior, Mont. [Three dead specimens, one large, 
dredged, R.D.D. MS.]. A young dead example dredged. 

** Skenea planorbis, Fabr. A few taken alive under stones 

- on the shore and dead in the dredgings. 

** Homalogyra atomus, Phil. Live and dead specimens 
occurred very sparingly in the dredgings. In some cases 
the shell exhibits strongly marked curved lines of growth. 

** H. rota, F.and H. ‘Two dead specimens dredged. ‘This 
species appears to be met with alive at but few localities. 
Mr. Robertson has taken it alive off Little Cumbrae in the 
Clyde district (Brown). 

** Jeffreysia diaphana, Alder. A few live specimens in 
Laminaria washings. 

** J. opalina, Jeff. Immature specimens taken with the 
preceding. 

* Zippora membranacea, Adams. (2éssoa membranacea.) 
[A.M.N. ]. 

Rissoa parva, Da Costa. Abundant on Laminaria. A few 
examples of the var. czterrupta, Adams, were met with. 
This is contrary to the general rule that in northern 
localities the latter predominates. 

R. inconspicua, Alder. [A.M.N.]. One or two dead ex- 
amples dredged. The variety savsv?, Loven (2Rissoa albella 
var. sarsii—we unhesitatingly follow Canon Norman in 
uniting albella and inconspicua—) is common and of large 
size (4°5 mm.) on Laminaria, and occurs sparingly in the 
dredgings. 


J.C., vil., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 297 


R. violacea, Desm. [A.M.N.]. One dead example dredged. 
This species occurs at several places in the Clyde district 
(Brown). 

** Alvania subsoluta var. abyssicola, Forbes. (2éssoa 
abyssicola). ‘Two dead specimens off Lismore. In upper 
Loch Linnhe Mr. Knight took this species in abundance 
in 11, 14, and 24 fathoms. It was discovered by Messrs. 
MacAndrew and Forbes in Loch Fyne. 

** A. cancellata, Da Costa. A single dead specimen dredged 
in Kerrera Sound. 

A. reticulata, Mont. Common alive and dead in the 
dredgings. 

** A. punctura, Mont. A few dead specimens in the 
dredgings. 

** Flemingia costata, Adams. (/éssoa costata). Several 
dead specimens dredged. 

Cingula semistriata, Mont. (Réssoa semistriata). [A.M.N.]. 
Taken alive in Laminaria washings. 

**-C. obtusa, -Cantr. (Aissoa soluta, Auct. Bnitt.). This 
occurs rather sparingly, alive and dead, in the dredgings. 
Some of the specimens are of large size, one measuring 
2 mm. in height. 

** C. trifasciata, Adams. (Réssoa cingillus). Very 
abundant everywhere under stones just below high water 
mark. 

Onoba striata, Adams. (Réssoa striata). Very common 
under stones on the shore, and in some of the dredgings 
in which a few large distorted specimens (var. d/storta, Mar.) 
occurred. Of the var. saxatilis, Miill. (= arctica, Lov.) one 
live and several dead examples were dredged. 

O. vitrea, Mont. [A.M.N.]. One dead specimen dredged. 

Hydrobia stagnalis, Bast. (4. w/ve). A few examples of the 
variety Jar/eet, Jeff. were taken alive under stones on the 
shore south of Oban. Jeffreys records this variety from 
the Hebrides. 


298 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


Capulus hungaricus, L. [R.D.D.]. One living and several 
dead immature examples dredged in Kerrera Sound. 
Velutina laevigata, Penn. Not uncommon alive in dredgings, 

~ and on the shore under stones at low water. 

** Lamellaria perspicua, 1. One taken alive on the shore 
near Kerrera ferry. 

Lunatia pulchella, Risso. (Vatica alderi, Forbes). [dredged 
alive, R.D.D. MS.]. A few dead specimens dredged. 

* L. montagui, Forbes. (Watica montacuti). [A.M.N.]. 

=a catena, Da Costa) | RID ss: 

* Amauropsis islandica, Bean. (WVatica islandica). [One 
dead, R.D.D. MS. ]. 

** Cioniscus unicus, Mont. (Acs unica). A single dead 
example of this delicately sculptured little shell was found 
in the dredgings. 

Turbonilla rufa, Phil. (Odostomia rufi). [A.M.N.]. Several 
fine Jive and dead examples of the var. fu/vocincta, Thomp. 
were dredged in Kerrera Sound and off Maiden Island. 

T. lactea, L. [R.D.D. MS.]. Dwarfed specimens, apparently 
belonging to the var. pazd/ula, Jeff., were dredged dead. 

** T, indistincta, Mont. A dead and broken specimen 
dredged in Kerrera Sound. 

** Parthenia interstincta, Mont. (Odostomia interstincta). 
A few small live and dead examples in the dredgings. 

** P, scalaris, Forbes. A dead specimen of the var. rufescens, 
Forbes, dredged. This form occurs in many places in 
the Clyde district (Brown). 

* P, decussata, Mont. [Jeffreys; A.M.N.]. 

** P, spiralis, Mont. Dead, in dredgings. 

** OQdostomia conspicua, Alder. An immature fresh speci- 
men dredged. Jeffreys records it from. Loch Fyne. 

O. conoidea, Brocc. Fine and moderately common in the 
dredgings. 


J.C vii., Jan. 1804. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 299 


O. unidentata, Mont. [|A.M.N.]. Occurred sparingly live 
and dead in the dredged material. 


** ©. turrita, Hanley. Dredged dead. 
** ©. nivosa, Mont. ‘Two dead specimens dredged. 


** ©, pallida, Mont. A few examples were taken alive from 
the ears of Pecten opercularis dredged near Fraoich Island. 
The reason of this commensalism may be as Jeffreys 
suggests, that the Odostomza subsists on the foecal matter 
of the scallop, or, as seems quite as likely, that the active 
movements of the latter constantly carry the little gastropod 
to ‘fresh woods and pastures new,’ where provision may 
be brought within reach of its toothless mouth. It is 
ensconced on the only part of the Pecten from which it is not 
liable to be ousted during the erratic flights of the latter. 

We cannot refrain from here quoting Clark’s remarks 
on this species and the so called species 77ssozdes and 
albella. ‘We have not the slightest doubt that the Chem- 
nitzia rissoides is a dwarf littoral variety of the pallida. 
A comparison of our notes on these two animals bear us out 
in this view; these two alone agree, whilst every other 
exhibits some difference. . . . This 7/ssozdean variety 
of Chem. pallida is the parent of the C. albella and C. 
dubia of authors.’ Our own observations of these forms 
bring us into complete accordance with the views of our 
most competent marine malacologist. 

* OQ. umbilicaris, Malm. |Jeffreys; A.M.N.]. Very rare in 
Clyde district (Brown). 

O. lukisi, Jeff. [dredged in 20—25 f, Jeffreys; A.M.N.]. 
One live and two dead specimens in the dredged material. 
Tu addition to the general shape and other characters given 
in ‘ British Conchology,’ a careful examination of the apex 
of the shell gives a ready means of recognition. ‘The first 
whorl visible in side view is keeled above, this keel sur- 
rounding a small concavity in which, when looked at from 


300 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE : MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


above, part of the nucleus of the shell is seen coiling down- 
wards. Our specimens from Guernsey and Puffin Island, 
near Anglesea, exhibit the same peculiar features. 

** Q. minima, Jeffreys. Several living and dead specimens 
of this minute and rare species were found in the dredgings. 
We here take the opportunity of noting that it has occurred 
to us at Rothesay, Isle of Man, and Puffin Island. 
Probably a careful search will show that it is distributed 
over the whole west coast of Scotland and England, as far 
south, at least, as the last named locality. 

Auriculina insculpta, Mont. (Odostomia insculpta). [A.M.N.]. 
Living and dead in the dredgings, all the specimens being 
small. Scarce in Clyde district (Brown). 

** Eulimella scillae, Seacchi. (Odostomia scille). A fine live 
specimen, measuring 10 mm., dredged off Fraoich Island. 

E. acicula, Phil. [Zu/imella affinis, A.M.N.]. <A dead ex- 
ample dredged off Lismore. Of the var. ventricosa, Forbes 
several were dredged alive and dead. These are remarkably 
thin, and present none of the microscopic spiral lineation 
exhibited by the type, the nucleus also being more nearly 
planospiral. As our knowledge is insufficient we prefer to 
retain the varietal position for this form at present. Rare 
in the Clyde district (Brown). 

** E. nitidissima, Mont. A live specimen of this delicate 
little species was found in the dredgings. Mr. Robertson 
has taken it in the Clyde district (Brown). 

Phasianella pullus, L. [Jeffreys; A.M.N.]. Dredged alive 
in shallow water near the basaltic cliff south of Oban. 
Apparently rare or very local. 

Cyclostrema nitens, Phil. [A.M.N.]. Common in many 
of the dredgings. We can find no mention made of the 
two shallow sinuations which are present in the outer lip, 
one just above, and the other below, the periphery. 
This character has been noticed in all the specimens, from 
many localities, which have been examined. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE : MOLLUSCA OF OBAN, 301 


C. serpuloides, Mont. [A.M.N.]. A few dead examples 
dredged. 


** C, millepunctatum, Friele. Three dead specimens 
dredged off Lismore Island. It is to be hoped that a 
careful search will be made for this species, of which live 
examples are to be desired in order both to permit it to 
take rank indisputably amongst the British Mollusca, and 
to give an opportunity of examining the operculum and 
radula, and, if possible, the living animal. We give a short 
description of one of our specimens, in the hope that it 
may be of use to others in their search for this the latest 
addition to our molluscan fauna. 


SHELL, a much depressed cone, very thin and trans- 
parent ; sculpture consisting of closely set spiral rows of 
_ extremely minute round or oval punctures, which cover 
every part of the shell ; colour, white in dead specimens, 
fresh ones being perfectly hyaline ; sfzve, somewhat raised, 
blunt ; agex rounded with the nucleus slightly and obliquely 
twisted ; whorls 23, rapidly enlarging, compressed on the 
sides, the last angulated below the periphery, this angula- 
tion bounding the broad sloping umbilical area; suture 
deep; mouth squarish; feristome thin ; umbilicus very large, 
disclosing all the internal spire. Height ‘6 mm., breadth 
°8 mm. 


This has occurred off the west coast of the Isle of Man, 
45 fathoms, and Mr. J. T. Marshall found an example in 
drift from Southport shore. Friele’s specimens, very much 
larger than ours, were obtained at one station off the west 
coast of Norway. ‘This comprises all that is at present 
known of its distribution. 


One specimen has the characteristic sculpture obscured 
by strong close-set lines of growth. ‘The large umbilicus, 
occupying almost the whole of the under surface, bounded 
by a distinct keel, affords an easy means of recognition. 


302 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


Calliostoma zizyphinus, L. (Zvochus sizyphinus). Not 
uncommon on /wze along the shore. From a rowing boat 
they could be seen crawling over the weeds at a consider- 
able depth, when the water was calm and the sun shining 
brightly. A specimen of the var. dyomsiz, Flem. was 
dredged off Maiden Island. ‘The var. Aummzlior, Jeff. was 
taken on the shore. 

C. montagui, Wood. (Zvochus montacuti). Dredged alive in 
shallow water off Lismore and Maiden Islands. 

C. millegranum, Phil. Very common in all the dredgings on 
hard ground. Most of the specimens are pure white, and 
when clean some of them are beautifully iridescent. One 
or two with a much narrower base may perhaps be referred 
to the var. Ayramidata, Jeff. ° 

Gibbula magus, L. (Zrochus magus). [var. alba, Jeffreys]. 
On Laminaria in the strait between Fraoich and Kerrera 
Islands, and off Maiden Island. The only adult specimen 
obtained alive is almost entirely white, presenting merely 
traces of colour here and there along the spiral strize on the 
body whorl. 

G. umbilicata, Mont. <A few found on Bad/anus-covered 
rocks and stones along the shore. In some the spire Is 
very much depressed. 

G. cineraria, L. Very common among fui. 

G. tumida, Mont. Common on hard ground. 

Margarita helicina, Fabr. (Zrochus helicinus). Immature 
specimens dredged dead. 

M. groenlandica, Chem. [A.M.N.]. Several examples 
dredged alive in shallow water off Lismore and in Kerrera 
Sound. ‘The var. a/bida, Jeff. occurred with the type. A 
single specimen has been taken in the Clyde district 
(Brown) ; Loch Leven Ferry (Knight). 

Fissurella greeca, L.. Dredged in Kerrera Sound and taken 
under stones on the shore. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 303 


Emarginula crassa, Sow. [Jeffreys ; A.M.N. ; one very fine 
dredged alive amongst shingle, Loch Etive, R.D.D. MS.]. 
Two adult and a few smaller ones dredged dead in Kerrera 
Sound. ‘Thirteen specimens of this fine species were-taken 
alive on loose stones on the shore at extreme low water. 
One of these is of full dimensions, measuring 33 mm. in 
length. It was generally noticed that, when the stone had 
been carefully turned without disturbing the mollusk, the 
shell was considerably raised, giving a view of the foot and 
the margin of the mantle. The next species had the shell 
always kept closely down. Very rare in the Clyde district 
(Brown). 

E. fissura, L. [var. zcurva, Jeffreys]. Common alive on the 
shore and in the dredgings on hard ground. Some of the 
specimens obtained appear to belong to the variety zzcurva, 
Jeff. 

** Puncturella noachina, L. A few examples dredged 
alive and dead off Fraoich and Maiden Islands. Not un- 
common in the Clyde district (Brown), 

Propilidium ancyloides, Forbes. [2of., Jeffreys; A.M.N.]. 
A few live and dead specimens in the dredgings. 

Acmea testudinalis, Mill. (Zectura testudinalis). Moder- 
ately common on the shore; near Dunolly Castle a speci- 
men measuring 24 mm. in length was taken. An example 
of the var. Aad/ida, Verk. was found near Kerrera ferry. 

A. virginea, Miill. [Forbes; A.M.N.; dredged, very small 
(var. conica) R.D.D. MS.]. Taken on the shore sparingly 
but of large size, smaller specimens of more conical shape 
dredged. Among the latter are well marked examples of 
the vars. conzca, Jeff. and edaza, Jeff. 

Pilidium fulvum, Mill. (Zectura fulva). Two live and four 
dead specimens dredged in Kerrera Sound. 

Patina pellucida, L. (Helcion pellucidum). Taken sparingly 
on Laminaria, in the bases of which the var. /evzs, Penn. 
occurred. 


304 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE : MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


Patella vulgata, L. Abundant everywhere in the Zaminarian 
zone. ‘The var. ficta, Jeff. occurs with the type. 

Acanthochites fascicularis, 1.. (Chiton fascicularis). [var. 
attenuata, Jeffreys; A.M.N.; fine in Zam. roots and under | 
stones at Kerrera ferry, F. Archer; R.D.D. MS.]. A few 
dredged and taken under stones on the shore. 

Hanleyia debilis, Gray. (Chiton hanley7). |Jeffreys; A.M.N. ]. 
One came up from 30 fathoms in the Sound of Mull, 
nestling inside a valve of Astarte sulcata. 

Trachydermon marginatus, Penn, (Chiton marginatus). 
Several taken on the shore, all of them comparatively small. 

Leptochiton cinereus, L. (Ciiton cinereus). Dredged of the 
usual size; specimens measuring 19 mm. taken under 
stones at low water. 

L. ruber, L. A few dredged in Kerrera Sound and off 
Lismore. S 
Tonicella marmorea, Fabr. (Chiton marmoreus). One fine 
specimen taken on the shore. Another, which was dredged, 
has the shell remarkably raised along the middle so as to 
present a prominent keel; when viewed from the end, 

the angle is seen to equal approximately a right angle. 

Callochiton laevis, Penn. [Jeffreys; A.M.N.]. Fine speci- 
mens, measuring 24 mm., were taken on stones at low 

water near Kerrera ferry and on Fraoich Island. 

Dentalium entalis, L. Common in mud between Maiden 
and Lismore Islands. 

** Pulsellum lofotense, Sars. (Siphonodentalium lofotense). 
A few small specimens in the dredgings from off Lismore. 
Mr. Robertson has taken it in the Clyde district. 

Anomia ephippium, L. Dredged on stones and shells. 
Fairly common but generally small. Large specimens, 
measuring as much as 54 mm., taken under loose stones 
on the shore, where also the var. aculeata, Gmel. occurs 
sparingly. 


J.C., vil., Jan. 18¢4. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 305 


A. patelliformis, L. Both pateliformis and striata, Lov. occur 
in the dredgings. We are inclined to regard these as 
varieties only of the typical species. 


Ostrea edulis, L. A few valves dredged off Maiden Island. 


Lima hians, Gmel. Fresh valves dredged in the Sound of 
Mull and off Maiden Island. 


L. loscombii, Sow. Valves only taken with those of the last 
species. 


L. elliptica, Jeff. Two living specimens and a large number 
of valves dredged off Maiden Island. ‘The record of Z. 
subauriculata given by Forbes is, of course, valueless, as 
he united that species with the present. 


Pecten maximus, L. Two adults dredged off Maiden Island, 
with a few prettily marked young shells. 


Po WAUPIUIS, JL, VA gas AOINLING S IRIDNO, WUSs|b Ine tay9e 
is conspicuously absent. With regard to the szvews form 
the writers are at variance, one considering that it is fully 
entitled to specific rank, whilst in the opinion of the other 
the arguments adduced by Jeffreys are too weighty to be 
lightly discarded. It seems that it ought to be possible to 
finally settle the question by tracing the species from Oban 
to Loch Fyne, where, as in the whole Clyde district, the 
type only occurs, and by noting the presence or absence of 
intermediate forms. The var. zivea is fairly common in 
the strait between Fraoich and Kerrera, moored by a 
strong byssus to the surface of the Laminaria fronds. The 
largest specimens obtained measure 63 mm. in length. 
The large ones are generally more or less C/zona-bored. 
Small examples were found attached to stones on Fraoich 
Island and on the shore south of Oban. 


P. tigrinus, Mill. [A.M.N.; frequent, all ages, on Laminaria 
and free, R D.D. MS.]. Dredged sparingly though generally 
distributed. Most of them belong to the var. costata, Jeff. 


T 


3206 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


One pure white specimen and one concentrically marked 
with alternate bands of white and brown were taken off 
Lismore. 

* P, incomparabilis, Risso. (P. fest). [A.M.N.]. 


P. striatus, Mill. [A.M.N.; rare, small, R.D.D. MS.]. 
Dredged in Kerrera Sound and off Lismore. Two of the 
specimens were remarkably fine It was generally found 
attached by a byssus inside valves of /ecfen and AZodiola. 
A specimen dredged off Lismore was adorned with con- 
centric coloured bands similar to those of the P. tag7inus 
noted above. 


P. pusio, L. Fairly common in Kerrera Sound and off 
Maiden Island, generally attached to /ecten and Modiola 
valves. One or two large specimens were found free and 
not distorted. 


P. pes-lutree var. septemradiatus, Mill. [Loch Etive, 
R.D.D.]._ Valves occurred sparingly everywhere. One 
fresh dead specimen off the south end of Kerrera Island. 
This species seems to be very rarely taken alive in the 
dredge, and Mr. Brown suggests that it owes its escape to 
its activity. 

P. opercularis, L. Very abundant at certain spots in Kerrera 
Sound, the dredge frequently coming up filled almost 
exclusively with this species. The specimens are small 
and thin, often beautifully coloured—whitish, pink, yellow, 
orange, red, and brown, the majority being red, generally 
marbled in various shades. They are generally more or 
less covered with Balani and Serpule. Some curious 
conical pink and white objects, generally furnished with 
three diverging horns, were found adhering to the Pectens. 
The nature of these structures was a matter of doubt until 
Canon Norman informed us that they were the opercula 
of Sexpulidian annelids. Brown records ofercudaris of the 
same colours as those named from the Clyde district. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE : MOLLUSCA OF OBPAN. 3°07 


P, similis, Lask. Not uncommon off Lismore and Maiden 
Islands. The specimens are beautifully rayed and mottled. 

Mytilus edulis, L. Attached to rocks and stones on the 
shore. Small examples of the var. galloprovincialis, Lam. 
occurred wedged in the crevices of the rocks, 

Modiola modiolus, L. (Mytilus modiolus). Dredged in 
Kerrera Sound, and found under stones at low water on 
Fraoich Island. 

M. phaseolina, Phil. A few valves and immature living 
specimens dredged off Maiden Island. In the Sound of 
Mull, off Lismore lighthouse, the dredge brought up a large 
number of valves and several fine living specimens. These 
were unfortunately lost. 

Modiolaria marmorata, Forb. A large number, some 
measuring 20 mm., were taken from the tests of Ascédians 
(Ascidia mentula and others). Near Maiden Island these 
tunicates were crowded with J/odiolarig, Mr. Standen 
being often kept fully occupied in removing them; as many 
as twenty-seven were taken from an Ascidian about five 
inches long. 

M. discors, L. [var. semil/evis, Jeffreys.| A few were taken 
in Kerrera Sound and off Lismore attached to shells, and 
in one instance to the base of an Ascidian. 

M. nigra, Gray. Several dredged alive in Kerrera Sound, 
generally attached amongst masses of Modiola modtolus. 
The largest valve measures 45 mm. in length. 

** Crenella decussata, Mont. Dredged alive and dead 
sparingly. 

Pectunculus glycimeris, L. [A.M.N.; a few adults dead, 
some young living, R.D.D. MS.]. A dead specimen with 
the valves still united off Maiden Island. 

Arca lactea, L. [Jeffreys; R.D.D. MS.]. One live specimen. 

A. tetragona, Poli. [A.M.M.] Two dead and worn valves, 
and a fragment of a valve with the filamentous epidermis 
attached. 


308 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


Nucula nucleus, L. Abundant. 


N. sulcata, Brown. [Forbes; A.M.N.]. A few dredged off 
Lismore and Maiden Islands. 


* N. nitida, Sow. [A.M.N.]. 


Leda minuta, Mill. [A.M.N.; R.D.D. MS.]. Common ; 
with var. dvevirostris, Jeff. 


Astarte sulcata, Da Costa. Abundant throughout the 
district, and presenting great variation as regards the size, 
convexity, and sculpture of the shell. The varieties 
scotica, M. & R., paucicostata, Jeffreys, and minor, Jeffreys, 
were taken sparingly with the type. Most of the speci- 
mens are more or less thickly encrusted with manganous 
deposit, especially around the margins. 


Astarte compressa, Lin. (A. sacata var. elliptica). ‘This was 
confined to the shallow water in the strait between Fraoich 
and Kerrera. A few hundred yards away the type is 
plentiful ; no intermediate forms were taken. We wish to 
call attention to the important change in the nomenclature 
given here. Certainly the name compressa is far more 
appropriately applied to this form than to the next. 

A. montagui, Dillwyn. (4. compressa Mont.). [R.D.D.]. A 
fine specimen of the var. s¢v¢afa, Leach, measuring 18 mm. 
in length, dredged off Lismore ; valves of the var. g/obosa, 
Mill. off Maiden Island. 

A. triangularis, Mont. A few found in the dredgings. 

Kellia suborbicularis, Mont. [A.M.N.]. A large valve 
dredged off Lismore, and young examples of the var. /actea 
Brown off Maiden Island. 

** Laseea rubra, Mont. With the var. Aa//da, Jeff., under 
stones on the shore and in dredgings from shallow water. 

** Montacuta bidentata, Mont. Dredged sparingly. 

** Decipula ferruginosa, Mont. ((ontacuta ferruginosa). A 
few valves dredged. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 309 


Lepton squamosum, Mont. [A.M.N.]. A worn valve 
dredged. 

** L, nitidum, Clark. Two valves dredged in Kerrera Sound. 

** Cardium echinatum, L. Valves only dredged. 

C. edule, L. [A.M.N.; Lochnell beach near Dunstaffnage, 
R.D.D. MS.]. In a small sandy bay past Dunolly. 

C. minimum, Phil. [Small valves, R.D.D. MS.]. A few 
small live examples dredged in Kerrera Sound and off 
Lismore. 

C. fasciatum, Mont. Common throughout the district, but 
generally of small size. 

C. nodosum, Turt. [A.M.N.] Dredged alive and dead very 
sparingly in Kerrera Sound and off Maiden Island. 

Leevicardium norvegicum, Speng. (Cardium norvegicum.) 
[R.D.D.]. Valves dredged off Maiden Island. 

Cyprina islandica, L. A dead specimen dredged. Alive on 
Coram Ledge. 

Isocardia cor, lL. [Between Kerrera and Lismore, Forbes ; 
A.M.M. ; in the McAndrew collection at Cambridge there 
is a family of this species, young, middle, and aged, ona 
card marked Oban. Mr. Anderson Smith, of Ledaig, says 
Admiral Bedford got this in mud off Lismore and S.E. of 
Mull on deep sea lines, R.D.D. MS.]. Two valves, one 
quite fresh, between Maiden Island and Lismore. 

Tapes pullastra, L. [A.M.N.; R.D.D. MS.]. Common 
on Coram Ledge. The specimens, though agreeing in 
size and shape with jw//astra, have stronger sculpture than 
usual. 

T. virgineus, L. Dredged alive, generally of small size. 
Many of the specimens may be referred to the var. elongata, 
Jeff. 

Circe minima, Mont. Dredged alive. Generally distributed 
but not very common. Almost all the specimens obtained 
are wholly white. 


310 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


Dosinia exoleta, L. (Venus exoletz). [R.D.D.]. Large dead 
specimens on Coram Ledge. 

D. lincta, Pult. A few dredged alive and dead. 

Venus casina, L. Large valves and young live examples 
dredged. 

V. gallina, L. Alive on shore in Oban Bay. Dead ona 
sandy beach past Dunolly. 

V. ovata, Penn. Abundant in all the dredgings on hard 
ground. Many are of large size. 

V. fasciata, Da Costa. [A.M.N.; frequent but not brightly 
coloured, R.D.D. MS.]. Valves only dredged. 

Lucinopsis undata, Penn. Valves dredged. 

Cryptodon flexuosus, Mont. (Axtnus flexuosus). Dredged 
alive and dead very sparingly. 

** C. ferruginosus, Forbes. Immature examples, most of 
them quite unencrusted, dredged alive. 

Donax vittatus, Da Costa. [R.D.D.]. A few young shells. 

Psammobia ferroensis, Chem. Dead specimens on the 
beach at Kerrera Island. 

P. tellinella, Lamk. [A.M.N.; frequent and rarely living, 
R.D.D. MS.]. Broken valves and young live specimens 
dredged. 

** Solecurtus antiquatus, Pult. Valves only dredged in 
Kerrera Sound. 

Solen siliqua, L. [R.D.D.]. The var. arcuata, Jeff. found 
dead on the shore near Dunolly. 

* S. ensis, L. In our experience this species merges by 
imperceptible gradations into the foregoing. 

* S. pellucidus, Penn. [A.M.N.; R.D.D. MS.]. 

Mactra solida, L. - A valve ofthe var. ¢vwzcata, Mont. on the 
shore near Dunolly. ‘The var. e//iptica, Lamk. was dredged 
alive and dead. We must confess that it is with consider- 
able hesitation that we retain this in the varietal position 
to which Jeffreys consigned it. . Although specimens from 
Kerry much thicker than usual have come under our 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 311 


notice, these are of characteristic form. On the Lancashire 
coast both are well known, the one littoral and the other 
at depths of 15—-20 fathoms, yet no intermediate forms 
have occurred to our knowledge. 

Mya truncata, L. On Coram Ledge; young shells dredged 
alive. 

Sphenia binghami, Turt. (IZya binghami). [A.M.N.] One 
dredged alive. 

Corbula gibba, Olivi. Abundant, and of large size. A few 
examples of the var. vosea, Brown were dredged in mud off 
Lismore. 

** Saxicavella plicata, Mont. (Panopea plicata). A valve 
dredged. Very rare in the Clyde district (Brown). 

Saxicava rugosa, L. The type and var. arctica, L. were 
taken in Laminaria bases, and dredged. 

* Barnea candida, L. (Pholas candida). [Jeffreys.]. 
* Zirphzea crispata, L. (Pholas crispata). [Mud under 
Dunstaffnage Head, R.D.D. MS. ]. 

Lucina borealis, L. Valves dredged. 

L. spinifera, Mont. Dredged with moderate frequence in 
Kerrera Sound. All the specimens are of small size. 

* Tellina crassa, Penn. 

T. tenuis, Da Costa. [R.D.D.]. Young examples dredged. 

T. fabula, Gron. [A.M.N.]. A valve dredged. 

** T, donacina, L. Dead but fresh specimens and valves 
dredged off Maiden Island. 

T. balthica, L. [Very scarce and small, R.D.D. MS.] One 
or two very young examples dredged. 

* Scrobicularia piperata, Gmel. [A.M.N.; living on 
Coram Ledge, R.D.D. MS.]. 

Abra alba, S. Wood. (Scrobicularia alba). Dredged alive in 
Kerrera Sound. 

** A. prismatica, Mont. Two valves dredged. 


312 CHASTER AND HEATHCOTE: MOLLUSCA OF OBAN. 


A. nitida, Mull. [Forbes; A.M.N.]. One dead specimen 
dredged. 


Cuspidaria cuspidata, Olivi. (Weera cuspidata). [Off 
Dunolly Castle, Forbes; A.M.N.]. Two valves, one quite 
fresh, dredged in muddy ground between Maiden and 
Lismore Islands. 


Pandora obtusa, Leach. Dredged alive sparingly. 


Lyonsia norvegica, Chem. Living specimens and valves 
dredged off Maiden Island. The largest of the former is 
produced at the ends, and belongs to the var. elongata, 
Gray. 

* Cochlodesma pretenue, Pult. (Zhracia pretenuis). 
|A.M.N.; R.D.D. MS.]. 


* Thracia convexa, W. Wood. Mr. H. K. Jordan in lit., 
August 30, 1893, says: ‘Between Maiden Island and 
Lismore we got many fragments of Zhracta convexa.’ 


T. papyracea, Poli. Several valves of the var. v7/lostuscula, 
Macg. dredged. 


Terebratulina caput-serpentis, L. (Zerebratula caput 
serpentis). Abundant in all the dredgings, especially com- 
mon on clinkers from the steamboats. Several specimens 
of a rich red colour were taken. A few young ones were 
found attached to stones at low water near Kerrera ferry 
and on Fraoich Island. 


Crania anomala, Mull. Abundant on stones and shells 
everywhere on hard ground at all depths, especially so at 
low water near Kerrera ferry and on Fraoich Island. These 
littoral specimens attain large dimensions, one measuring 
24 mm. across. They were always attached to the under 
surface of the loose boulders ; those adhering to the more 
superficial stones were dark in colour, while those on the 
stones close to the ground were much paler. The var. 
alba, Jeff. was also taken. 


J.C., vol. vii., Jan. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 313 


THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE BOWDON 
DISTRICT OF CHESHIRE. 


By J. G. MILNE ann CIIAS. OLDHAM. 


(Read before the Manchester Branch, April 13th, 1893 ; and before the Conchological 
Society, September 6th, 1893.) 


The district chosen for the purpose of this paper is so 
much of Cheshire as lies within five miles of Bowdon Church. 
This may seem to be arbitrarily defined, but it has been taken 
as fairly typical of the Cheshire plain, and as a region which we 
have worked with some care. Moreover, it has some natural 
boundaries; on the north side the river Mersey forms almost a 
segment of a circle, about four and a half miles from Bowdon, 
and here our district terminates with the county; and, on the 
south-west, the limit is practically coincident with the watershed 
of the Bollin and Weaver rivers. To mark the circle, a few 
points may be given. It leaves the Mersey at its confluence 
with the Bollin, passes through Lymm, Northwood Hall, Over 
Tabley, Lower Knutsford, skirts Lindow Common, and rejoins 
the Mersey at Gatley Carrs. 

Geologically, the district looks unpromising for shells. 
For the most part the soil is red marl, what stone there is being 
new red sandstone ; a narrow strip of the upper mottled bed 
extends west from Agden Brow, and the lower Keuper appears, 
about a mile wide, at Millington, continuing thence towards 
Lymm, and again from Timperley to Partington in a parallel 
line of about the same width. The alluvial beds of the Mersey 
and Bollin cut through the marl, and supply a somewhat better 
field for the conchologist. 

These remarks, of course, apply chiefly to terrestrial 
mollusca ; in water the district is well supplied, and thus the 
list. of species is swollen. ‘There are three large meres—Tatton, 
Rostherne, and Mere, and considerable sheets of water at 


314 MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 


Norbury Booths, and Lymm. Moreover, almost every field 
has its pit, from which marl was obtained for enriching the land 
before the days of scientific farming. On the mosses, all now 
drained, of Carrington, Hale, Baguley, Warburton, Tabley, and 
Knutsford there are many ditches and pools. The streams of 
the district all terminate in the Mersey, which is joined first by 
a brook known successively as Baguley, Sinderland, and Wych 
Brook, and fed by Fairywell, Timperley, and Caldwell Brooks ; 
then by the Bollin, united with the Birkin, which brings the 
waters of Ashley and Rostherne Brooks, and with Agden Brook. 

A considerable area is taken out of the district for collecting 
purposes by the growing suburbs of Manchester, Altrincham 
and Bowdon, and Sale and Ashton, in which the gardens may 
serve to introduce some new species, but are mostly closed 
ground to the naturalist. The large parks of Tatton, Mere, 
Dunham, High Legh, and Wythenshawe also, being preserved, 
are difficult to work. 

For the most part the distribution of mollusca will be found 
sufficiently indicated in the following pages, but two localities 
are so particularly fertile that they deserve special mention. 

Hampson’s Pit is a pond of no great size at Baguley, 
formed of an old marl pit, with a muddy bottom, overhung by 
trees on one side, full of different species of water-plants, 
especially Anacharis alsinastrum, and fringed on two sides by 
rushes. In it have been taken Planorbis albus, vortex, umbtlt- 
catus, corneus; Limnea peregra and y. ovata, auricularia, 
stagnalis, glabra; Viviparus contectus; Bythinia tentaculata ; 
Anodonta cygnea, v. sellensis and incrassata 3 Spherium corneunt, 
lacustre v. brochoniana ; Pisidium fontinale and vy. henslowana, 
pusillum, milium. L. glabra is represented only by one speci- 
men, which had probably wandered in from a neighbouring 
ditch; and Z. s¢agnalis and V. contectus are introductions. 
Still, the list is a notable one, and its interest is increased by 
the exceptional size to which most of the shells—especially P. 
corneus, L. stagnalis, V. contectus, A. cygnea, S. lacustre, and the 


J.C., vol. vii., Jan. 1894. 


MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 315 


Pisidia—grow, a growth which, in the case of the introduced 
species, can be proved only to have been reached since their 
introduction. 


The other locality has now passed away before the needs 
of improved farming. Behind Ashley Hall there used to be a 
small copse, with a marsh at the bottom, where fallen trees 
rotted at their leasure. Here were found Avion hortensts ; 
Agriolimax agrestis, and v. sylvatica, tristis, levis ; Vitrina 
pellucida; Hyalinia cellaria, alliaria, and vy. viridula, nitidula, 
radiatula, pura, crystallina, fulva; Helix rotundata, pygmca, 
aculeata, hispida vy. hispidosa ; Cochlicopa lubrica and v. hyalina ; 
Succinea elegans; and Carychium minimum, to which may 
be added Limnea peregra and palustris, | Mr. Hardy’s record 
of Vertigo pygmea also probably refers to this copse. As 
these species were almost all in great abundance, it will be 
seen that Ashley Hall Wood was a happy hunting ground for the 
conchologist. 

Some localities in the neighbourhood of Bowdon have 
been published in lists of the Manchester District. The 
following have come under our notice :— 

David Dyson.—Shells of the Manchester District. 1850. 

John Hardy.—British Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca, with 
the localities of the Manchester species. [Manchester 
Scientific Students’ Association Report.] 1864. 

Appendix to above. 1865. 

J. Cosmo Melvill.—Mollusca. [In British Association Hand- 
book to Manchester.] 1887. 

These will be used, with due notice of the sources, in 
our list. 

It remains to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr. W. 
Denison Roebuck for assistance in naming the varieties of slugs, 
which he has given most kindly; and to Messrs. Thomas 
Rogers, Edward Collier, R. Standen, J. Ray Hardy, and T. 
Sparkes for additions and suggestions, which will be dis- 
tinguished by their names or initials. 


216 MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 


We have followed throughout the nomenclature und 
arrangement of the Conchological Society’s List of 1892. 


Arion ater. Found sparingly in gardens at Bowdon and 
Sale, also in the river meadows at Castle Mill, Newbridge, 
and Sale. Its numbers, if recollection can be trusted, have 
decreased considerably of late years. 

A. ater var. brunnea. Not infrequent at Sale and Northen 
den, also from Ringway and Rostherne. 

A. ater var. succinea. One young specimen from Ringway. 

A. subfuscus. Common; found at Bowdon, Sale, 
Hale, Northenden, and Ringway. Mr. L. E. Adams has 
recorded it from Heatley. 

A. minimus. Probably generally distributed. We have 
records from Ringway, Rostherne, Northenden, and 
Baguley Hall. 

A. hortensis. In most places, especially gardens and copses. 

A. hortensis var. subfusca. Bollington meadows ; gardens 
at Sale. 

A. circumscriptus. Found commonly in gardens at Bow- 
don, Sale and Northenden, and at Dunham Park and 
Rostherne. 

A. circumscriptus var. subfusca. One specimen from a 
lane by Carrington Moss. 

Amalia gagates. The rare type form has occurred twice— 
once at Bowdon and once at Sale, in both cases in gardens. 

A. gagtes var. rava. One specimen, from a garden at 
Ashton-on-Mersey. 

A. sowerbyi. Near Jackson’s boat, on the Cheshire side of 
the river (Hardy) ; in gardens at Sale. 

Limax maximus. Not often found ; in gardens and yards 
at Bowdon and Sale. 

L. maximus var. cinerea. Two specimens from Bowdon. 

L. maximus var. cellaria. Bowdon and Wythenshawe, 
common at the latter place. 

L. maximus var. fasciata. Bowdon and Baguley Hall. 


J.C., vol. vii., Jan. 1894. 


MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 317 


L. flavus. In nursery gardens at Sale. 

L. arborum. Mere Park; once from a garden at Bowdon. 

Agriolimax agrestis. Common everywhere; more nu- 
merous individually than Avion hortensis, and much 
oftener seen, as the least dampness brings it out to activity 
in the daytime. 

A. agrestis var. tristis. Bowdon, Sale, Northenden. 

A. agrestis var. sylvatica. Almost as common as the type 
form, but not often found with it. Asa rule, the speci- 
mens from one locality are fairly constant in colour and 
markings. 

A. leevis. Used to be plentiful at Ashley Hall, in the marshiest 
part of the copse; still found at Butt’s Clough. 

Testacella scutulum. Mr. Thomas Rogers has specimens 
from nursery gardens at Sale. 

Vitrina pellucida. Plentiful in a few localities—at Gatley, 
Wythenshawe, Ashley Hall, and in the copses by the Bollin 
at Castle Mill, Butt’s Clough, and Ashley Mill. 

Hyalinia cellaria. Universally distributed through the 
district. 

H. alliaria. If possible, commoner than H. ce//arta, as it 
displays a greater love for fields and unsheltered places, 
probably protected by its smaller size and darker colour, 

H. alliaria var. viridula. Occurs occasionally with the type. 
We have found it at Bowdon, Ringway, Ashley Hall, and 
Lymm. 

H. nitidula. Almost equally common with the last two. 

H. radiatula. Rather scarce. It has been taken in small 
numbers at Ashley Hall, Butt’s Clough, Hale, Bollington, 
and Baguley Hall. 

H. pura. Plentiful where it occurs—at Ashley Hall, Wythen- 
shawe, and Baguley Hall. The prevailing form is the white 
one (v. margaritacea Jeff = type Alder), only in the last 
locality is the brown variety (=type Jeff.) found with the 
other. 


318 . MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 


H, crystallina. Fairly common, especially in the Bollin 
valley at Cotterill Clough, Butt’s Clough, Ashley Mill, and 
Bollington ; also at Ashley Hall, Dunham, Wythenshawe, 
Sale, Baguley Hall, and Gatley (T. S.). 

H. fulva. Found, though not iu great numbers, at several 
places—Ashley Mill, Castle Mill, Butt’s Clough, Hale, 
Dunham, Rostherne, Sale, Millington, Wythenshawe, Bol- 
lington, Gatley (T. S.). 

H. nitida. Very local—at Millington, Sinderland, and Gatley 
(RaS)): 

H. excavata. Not uncommon—at Ashley, Hale, Rostherne, 
Dunham, Sinderland, Sale, Wythenshawe, and Northenden. 

H. excavata var. vitrina occurs, not associated with the 
type, in Butt’s Clough and at Rostherne. 

Helix rotundata. Universally distributed throughout the 
district. 

H. pygmeza. Found, in fair numbers, among dead leaves at 
Butt’s Clough and Ashley Hall; also near Castle Mill ; 
and at Knutsford (T. R.). 

H. aculeata. ‘Taken in great plenty at Butt’s Clough, one or 
two at Ashley Hall. 

H. pulchella. Two specimens taken near Hale Moss ; dead 
shells in flood refuse in Bollington meadows (which must 
have come from the meadows). 

H. aspersa. “About the garden fences at Dunham, but not 
common” (Dyson); ‘ About Bowdon and Dunham, plenti- 
ful” (Hardy). Though perhaps introduced to this locality, it 
still flourishes greatly, more especially in the older gardens. 

H. nemoralis. ‘In the neighbourhood of Jackson’s boat, on 
the Cheshire side of theriver, upon nearly every hedge-backing 
as far as Baguley and down to the river Bolling” (Dyson). 
This species seems to be steadily dying out in this district, 
as everywhere round Manchester. It has been extermin- 
ated by buildings in Bowdon, tae last locality being 


J.C., vol. vii., Jan. 1894. 


MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 319 


destroyed in 1885. It still exists, however, in Dunham 
village, where the usual form is carnea 12345 ; is plentiful 
at Cotterill Clough and Castle Mill, the commonest types 
being Zibellula co000 and rubella 00300 ; and has also been 
taken at the following localities :—Partington, plentiful in 
1886 ; Wythenshawe, two in 1886; Sinderland, one in 
1887 ; Sale, two in 1886, one in 1887; Northenden, one 
in 1888; Brownlow Green, two in 1888, two in 1892 ; 
river bank, near Northenden church, 1889 (R. S.). 


H. arbustorum. “Common in the neighbourhood of Jack- 
son’s boat, Cotterill Clough, Baguley, and near the river 
Bollin, on the hedge-backings” (Dyson); ‘‘ Banks of Mersey 
and Bollin rivers, not very plentiful” (Hardy). This species 
must have become much scarcer since Dyson’s day. It is 
still to be found in some numbers at Cotterill Clough, and 
occasionally at Butt’s Clough, in the Bollin valley ; and at 
Gatley Carrs, in the Mersey valley. 

H. arbustorum var. fuscescens. Found at Cotterill Clough 
with the type. 

H. hispida. The type form is rare. Found at Bollington 
meadows and Gatley (T. S.). 

H. hispida var. hispidosa. Common in several localities 
in the Bollin valley—Morley, Castle Mill, Butt’s Clough, 
Newbridge, and Bollington ; also at Ashley Hall, Jackson’s 
boat, and Carrington. _ 

H. fusca. Ashley (Rogers in Melvill), Cotterill Clough, among 
Luzula sylvatica, not uncommon; Gatley (J. R. H.), 
Davenport’s Mill (J. R. H.). 

Buliminus obscurus. Found, very occasionally, in the 
hanging woods below Castle Mill. It is rare to get more 
than one specimen in half-an-hour’s search. 


Pupa cylindracea. “Cotterill Clough” (Hardy). We have 


not succeeded in finding it here, but the greater part of the 
clough is now closed. 


320 MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 


Vertigo pygmeea. “Near Ashley Mill, and again in the road 
at the back of Ashley Hall, under dead leaves” (Hardy). 

V. substriata. One specimen found at Butt’s Clough with 
the next species. 

V. edentula. Very plentiful in Butt’s Clough, among dead 
leaves, especially oak, in the autumn. 

Clausilia perversa. “Wall at Dunham Park” (Hardy). Long 
and frequent searching here has only produced one speci- 
men, on the Bollington wall, but it is fairly common higher 
up the valley, at Castle Mill, and occasionally occurs at 
Ashley Mill. 

GC. laminata. “Cotterill Clough” (Hardy). It is fairly plentiful 
in the clough, and still more in the copses half-a-mile 
lower down the river. 

Cochlicopa lubrica. Generally distributed, in ditches and 
copses. 

C. lubrica var. hyalina. Ashley Hall, Hale. 

Succinea putris. ‘Several varieties are found on the banks 
of the Mersey, at Jackson’s boat” (Dyson), Gatley, Knuts- 
ford. 

S. elegans. “Banks of the Mersey, at Jackson’s boat” (Dyson), 
Hale Moss, Seaman’s Moss (Hardy). The last locality is 
probably destroyed. ‘The species is still to be found on 
Hale Moss, and also at Ashley Hall and Bollington 
meadows, especially on sedges. 

Carychium minimum, Occurs sparingly in several places— 
Castle Mill, Butt’s Clough, Dunham, Bollington, Wythen- 
shawe, and Baguley Hall. We have taken it in great 
numbers in rotten wood under the bark of a decaying 
stump at Ashley Hall, associated with H. crystallina ; and 
found it equally numerous in a similar stump at Gatley 
Carrs. 

Planorbis fontanus. Fairly common in ponds, with a 
seeming preference for Zemne—at Ashley Mill, Hale, 


J C., vol. vii., Jan. 1894. 


MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 321 


Ringway, Dunham, Peelcauseway, Millington, Northen 
Etchells. 

. fontanus var. albida. In the summer of 1885 all the 
specimens taken in one of the ponds at Ashley Mill were 
white or light grey, in the previous and succeeding years 
the same pond only produced examples of the typical 
colour. No reason for the variation could be discovered. 

. nautileus. Ashley, Ringway, Warburton, Ross Mill, 

Hale. The specimens from the last locality—a small pond 

in a copse, full of branches and twigs—usually show a pro- 

nounced scalariform tendency. 

. nautileus var. crista. Occurs with the type at Ringway, 

also at Bow Green and Bowdon Vale. 

. albus. Found commonly throughout the district. 

. spirorbis. Not uncommon. Found at Hale Moss, Part- 

ington, Sale, Northenden, Baguley, Baguley Moor, Daven- 

port’s Green, Baguley Hall, and Ashley. It is frequently 
associated with Bullinus hypnorum, while P. vortex prefers 
the society of Physa fontinalts. 

. vortex. The commonest Planorbis, found equally in 

ponds, ditches, and streams all through the district. 

. carinatus. Ashley, Hale, Hale Moss, Peelcauseway, 

Rostherne, Millington, Knutsford. 

. umbilicatus. Much scarcer than the last species ; plenti- 

ful in the ditches in Sale meadows, elsewhere only in 

Hampson’s pit and a pond near Baguley Hall. 

. corneus. Found only in Hampson’s Pit, and here perhaps 

introduced, but thoroughly naturalised. 

. contortus. Baguley Hall, Knutsford, and Carrington Moss. 

The latter locality—a backwater of Sinderland Brook, where 

it was among Ranunculus—has now been destroyed by the 

Manchester Corporation’s improvements. 


Bulimus hypnorum, Hale Moss, Partington, Baguley Moor, 


Baguley, and Baguley Hall. In all these localities it is 
associated with Planorbis spirorbis. 


U 


22 


MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 


Physa fontinalis. ‘Inthe ponds on Baguley Moor” (Dyson). 


Also at Ashley Mill, Agden, Warburton, Sale Meadows, 
and Mere. 


Limneea peregra. Universally distributed and very variable. 


LE 


ee 


L. 


be 


L. 


Is one of the causes of variation in size of this species to be 
found in the plants among which it lives? In ponds, 
especially, where there are large leaved plants, as—/Vjm- 
phea—the shells are usually large, and frequently covered 
with green slime, matching the leaves. Among Potamoge- 
ton, the specimens are smaller ; while in ponds where only 
Lemna grows the Limnee are generally slight, and with 
transparent shells, showing the markings of the mantle. 
The smallest are found in pools, where there is only 
confervoid growth on stones, and here they appear uni- 
colourous. (This rule, however, is not universally applic- 
able ; in some cases other means of self-preservation seem 
to have been more efficacious than assimilation to surround- 
ings). The same principle may be applied to the other 
Limnee. 


peregra var. ovata. Found almost as commonly as the 
type. 

peregra var. labiosa. A very labiate form occurs at 
Ringway, which may deserve separate mention. 


auricularia. A few specimens have been taken in Hamp- 
son’s Pit. 


stagnalis. Sparingly distributed. At Dunham Wood- 
houses, Agden, Mobberley Mill (now drained), Heyhead, 
Northen Etchells, Brooklands, and Hampson’s Pit. The 
species was introduced to the last locality from Northen 
Etchells in 1884, the average length of the specimens at this 
place being 37 mm. By 1890 they had attained an average 
of 47 mm. in their new abode. 


palustris. Plentiful and widely distributed. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 323 


L. truncatula. Occasionally found, not usually in great 
plenty. Localities are at Partington, Bollington, Northen 
Etchells, Ringway, Sale, Baguley, Ashton, and Mobberley. 


L. glabra. Very local. Only found in two localities at 
Baguley, in ditches. 


Ancylus fluviatilis. ‘In a small rivulet of clear water that 
crosses the road a little before arriving at Baguley Moor” 
(Dyson). ‘River Mersey, near Didsbury” (Hardy). It is 
to be found also in the Bollin at Ashley, in the brook 
connecting Mere and Rostherne Meres, Baguley Brook, 
and streams in Bollington Meadows, and Gatley Carrs. 


Velletia lacustris. In the Bollin valley, from a pond by 
Cotterill Clough, and two others in Hale, and at Mere. 


Viviparus contectus, “Very abundant in ponds at Sale, 
Cheshire” (Standen in Melvill). This record refers to 
Hampson’s Pit, where the species was introduced about a 
quarter of a century ago, from the Twenty Pits, Moss Side, 
Manchester, then being filled up. We have not been able 
to see any specimens from this locality, but, if examples 
from Birch may be taken as probably representing them in 
size, the shells introduced to Hampson’s Pit will have 
averaged about 32 mm. in length ; specimens may now be 
taken there of 45 mm. or upwards, showing an increase in 
size very similar to that of Zzmnea stagnalis, From Hamp- 
son’s Pit the species has been introduced to two pits in 
Brooklands (in 1884 and 1888) and one at Baguley Hall 
(in 1888), in all of which it was still existing last year. 


Bythinia tentaculata. Rather uncommon—in Hampson’s 
Pit, Rostherne Brook, and the stream in Bollington 
meadows. 


Valvata piscinalis. River Birkin at Ashley, and its tribu- 
tary, Rostherne Brook ; and Brooklands. From the Birkin 
come a few rather scalariform specimens, 


324 MILNE AND OLDHAM : MOLLUSCA OF BOWDON DISTRICT. 


Anodonta cygnea. “In the ponds at Dunham” (Dyson) ; 
‘Especially fine and abundant at Lymm” (Melvill). We can 
verify the latter record, and add Ringway, Ashley, Arden, 
Wythenshawe, Baguley Brook, Rostherne, and Mere. 
There is considerable variation among the shells—those 
from Arden approaching v. vadiata, those from Ashley 
v. pallida. 

A. cygnea var. incrassata. Hampson’s Pit, where it is 
very fine; Brooklands, Northen Etchells. 

A. cygnea var. zellensis. Hampson’s Pit, Baguley Moor, 
Over Tabley. 

A. anatina. Very plentiful in some years in Rostherne Brook, 
in others not to be found ; the supply probably comes from 
the Mere. 

Spherium corneum, Very common, and showing con- 
siderable variety. 

S. corneum var. pisidioides Gray. Pond, Rostherne. 

S. lacustre. Occurs at Bollington, Dunham, Baguley, Peel- 
causeway, Sale, and Northen Etchells. 

S. lacustre var. brochoniana. Hampson’s Pit. 

S. lacustre var. ryckholtii. Ashley and Booth Bank. 


Pisidium amnicum. Rostherne Brook and River Birkin, 
Caldwell Brook, Brooklands, Mobberley. 

P. fontinale. “In the ponds on Baguley Moor” (Dyson). It 
is still found here, and also at Hampson’s Pit, Sale 
Meadows, Ashton, Sale Moor, Brownlow Green, Agden, 
Mere, Rostherne Brook, and Mobberley. 

P. fontinale var. henslowana. “ Pits on Cheshire side of 
Mersey, and in a pit on Hale Moss” (Hardy). We find it 
at Mere, Brooklands, Heyhead, and Hampson’s Pit, where 
it grows to a size of 5 x 6 mm. 

P. fontinale var. pulchella. Ina pond at Brownlow Green. 


P. pusillum. Found almost everywhere, and very variable. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 325 


P. nitidum. In four spots near Baguley Hall, all on swampy 
ground. 


P. milium. Very fine at Hampson’s Pit, measuring 3 x 4 mm. ; 
also at Sale, Baguley, Northen Etchells, Baguley Hall, 
Ashley Mill, Ashley, and Mere. 


In reviewing the list, it will be noticed that there are some 
gaps among the land molluscs, especially as regards the He/zces. 
These are, as has been remarked, to be explained by the character 
of the soil. A. zotundata is the only Hedix which seems to 
flourish on the Red Marl. JZ. nemoralis is dying out, and, 
of the other species found, pygmcea, aculeata, arbustorum, and 
hispida are chiefly found in Cloughs, where leaves and vegetable 
matter accumulate. A. pulchella and fusca belong to gravelly or 
alluvial deposits, and asfersa is only found on the hill at Bowdon, 
an isolated sand heap. Buliminus, Pupa, Vertigo, and Clausilia, 
also, are only represented in the valley of the Bollin. On 
the other hand, we are well off in Ayadznia, both as regards the 
number of species and frequency of individuals. Altogether, 
while it is possible that one or more species may turn up—- /e/zx 
hortensts, for instance, which is found at Romiley ; Myalinia 
glabra, found at Marple; Valvata cristata, at Marbury—we 
believe that we have worked the district fairly thoroughly, and 
that our total of seventy-four species is practically complete. 


——____+¢-e-¢—_—____ 


Hydrobia jenkinsi Smith in an inland locality. — 
While dredging in a small branch canal near Dudley, just within 
the borders of Staffordshire, with my brother, I came across a 
flourishing colony of Aydrobia jenkinst. With time I could 
have collected hundreds. They had evidently thoroughly 
established themselves in the locality for some little time. The 
specimens have the keel somewhat less pronounced than the 
type. They were found in company with Planorbis nautileus 
and P?. fontanus.—A. T. DAntEL, November 28th, 1893. 


326 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


The Dispersal of Shells: An Enquiry into the Means 
of Dispersal Possessed by Freshwater and Land Mollusca, 
by Harry Wallis Kew, F.L.S., with a preface by Alfred 
Russel Wallace. 

Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd, 1893. 5/-. $vo, 


pp. 291. 


This work, which forms the 75th volume of the well-known 


” is a welcome and valuable 


‘‘Tnternational Scientific Series, 
addition to the literature of a somewhat neglected subject, 
though replete with interest not only to the student of geo- 
graphical distribution but to conchologists and _ scientists 
generally. 

The author agrees with the opinion of Darwin, Wallace, 
and others that the great and repeated changes in the con- 
figuration of the earth’s surface, solely relied upon by some 
authors to account for the distribution of organic life, are not 
always necessary for its explanation, and that in the case of the 
Mollusca the involuntary dispersal by the aid of man, other 
organisms, or by the operation of natural forces is, in many 
cases sufficient to account for their dissemination. 


Mr. Kew treats the subject under nine heads, dealing first 
with what he has termed anomalies in local distribution, in- 
stancing the cases of isolated or comparatively newly made 
bodies of water, which have become possessed in a short time 


of a special molluscan fauna—the two representative forms 
that usually seem to be among the first to appear are Z. peregra 
and S. corneum. The fauna of some of the isolated ponds 
mentioned are of great interest, sometimes containing species 
not known to be living elsewhere in the district, and whose 
presence seem only to be accounted for by the action of one or 


other of the dispersive means suggested by the author. 


The second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh chapters are of 
special interest, and deal in detail with many of the means of 
dispersal, and citing numerous well authenticated instances of 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 327 


mollusca discovered in actual transit from one locality to 
another by the active aid of other organisms, some of the more 
interesting methods being carefully figured. Many striking 
cases of the more usual and better known methods of dispersal 
are here discussed in detail. 

The fifth chapter demonstrates the vitality of mollusca, 
and gives many recorded examples of their remarkable tenacity 
of life, and of their retention of vitality when submerged in 
salt water for a length of time sufficient to secure for them an 
extended distribution under certain favourable circumstances. 


The ezghth and xinth chapters deal exclusively with the 
dispersal of the mollusca by voluntary or involuntary human 
agency, and in chapter nine is enumerated some of the species 
introduced into the British list owing to the discovery of speci- 
mens on British soil, which had doubtless been introduced into 
this country by some of the varied means here discussed. 

The volume is altogether of especial interest to British 
Conchologists, as many of the author’s most interesting facts, 
illustrations, and conclusions are derived from observations on 
British species. 


A 


Abnormal Clausilia perversa.—Mr. W. Nelson has 
recently shown me a most curious abnormal specimen of this 
species found by him at Cooper’s Hill, Gloucestershire. ‘The 
shell has evidently been damaged after attaining its full growth 
and after roughly repairing the injury, has recommenced to grow 
as a free tube for a length of six or seven millimetres, exactly 
simulating the Cy/indrelle in this particular. This abnormal 
growth is entirely deficient of epidermis and seems to be formed 
entirely by the visceral mantle, bearing out the statement that the 
glands of collar atrophy on the shell attaining the normal full 
growth. It is somewhat remarkable that Mr. Nelson has found 
two specimens of He/éx nemoralis in the same district, exhibiting 
a similar character.—JNo. W. TayLor, December, 1893. 


328 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA: 


By PHILIP BROOKES MASON, J.P., F.L.S., Erc., 


PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN 
AND IRELAND. 


BEING THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS DELIVERED TO THE SOCIETY, SEPT. 16, 1893. 
“ ’ fo) 


I must commence with an apology for selecting variation 
as the subject for this evening’s address, especially after the 
demonstrations to which we had the privilege of listening last 
year in Manchester, when Dr. Norman showed us part of the 
riches of his vast collections—collections which enable him to 
survey the shell, if not from ‘China to Peru,’ at least from that 
portion of the earth’s surface, viz., the whole of the Palearctic 
Region, which is best known, most completely explored, and in 
which the relationship of the indigenous species and varieties 
have been most thoroughly investigated. 

My own horizon is, indeed, a much more humble one, 
being bounded by the limits of the British Seas. 

The theme, although well worn, is of so great and, if we 
extend our enquiries beyond the limits of the Mollusca to the 
Vegetable and remainder of the Animal Kingdom, of so 
absorbing an interest, lying as it does at the root of so many of 
the problems of Biology, that I hope it may not weary you too 
much if I devote a short time to a glance at some of the aspects 
of variation in this class. 

Before we can speak of variation or varieties, we must have 
a standard from which the individual can diverge in some way 
or another. ‘This leads me directly to the question—What Is a 
species? It must not be forgotten that the species itself is an 
arbitrary abstraction, no such thing existing in nature. It isa 
convenience to class many individuals, which possess certain 
features in common, as one species, although if these individuals 
be minutely examined, no two specimens will be found to be 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 329 


exactly alike. Sometimes varieties, acknowledged to belong to 
the same species, differ much more among themselves than do 
good species from each other. The distinction generally 
accepted between species and varieties is that the hybrids 
between different varieties of the same species are fertile, while 
the mules resulting from the union of different species are 
infertile. 

Granting the existence of species, the conception of a type 
is essential. In this connection the word type is used in two 
different senses. 

Strictly speaking, the type is the specimen first described 
by the original author, but in many cases the species was first 
described from an aberrant specimen, especially where a de- 
scriber yielded to the temptation of founding a new species on a 
single individual, a proceeding always dangerous. The meaning, 
however, in which I shall use the word this evening is something 
different, viz., the average individual. 

It is a curious fact that the first classification of Animal 
Variations ever formulated was published by Professor A. 
Brandt at the last International Congress of Zoology. He 
divides them into three categories, viz., I. Spontaneous ; 
II. Acquired ; III. Hereditary. 


I. The Spontaneous may be (a) strictly individual ; (8) proper 
to the vital cycle; (y) proper to the sex; (6) proper to 
future generations. 

II. The Acquired may be due to (a) external action, mechani- 
cal, physical, chemical, or composite ; (f) due to function, 
such as use or disuse ; (y) due to pathological processes ; 
(6) or correlated with the preceding variations. 

III. Hereditary (a) directly from parents ; (2) indirectly by 
influence; (y) by atavism from more remote ancestors.— 
Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1893. 


The formation of new species and varieties by natural 
selection, or the survival of the fittest, by the gradual accumula- 


330 MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 


tion of slight beneficial modifications of the individuals trans- 
mitted from parent to offspring includes all these categories. 
One very interesting example of this has been put on record by 
Mr. E. S. Morse. As his account is interesting I will quote it. 

‘On a ledge in the harbour of Eastport (Maine), just east 
of the town, a small variety of Auccinum undatum occurs in 
great profusion. At the time of collecting them the sexes were 
pairing, and in every case (and hundreds were observed) the 
male was much smaller, sometimes not exceeding half the length 
of the female. It seemed impossible that the males could be 
mature, and yet they were not only found paired, but an ex- 
amination of the shell revealed the full number of whorls, and 
other well-known characters indicated the fact that they were 
full-grown though of diminutive size. 

‘A glance at the condition of things at once revealed the 
mystery of these dwarfed males. The ledge on which these 
specimens were found is partly exposed at low tide, and is at all 
times washed by impetuous currents, so that it is quite difficult 
to land. 

“A study of the surface features of the ledge indicated the 
force of the tidal currents. There were no loose fragments of 
rock upon it, save those which were so tightly wedged in the 
crevices of the ledge that they could not be worked out with 
the hands. The specimens of Auccima in every case were found 
hid away in nooks and concealed in the cracks and crevices 
marking the ledge. It was clearly obvious that only the 
smallest males could work their way into such constricted 
quarters for the purpose of uniting with the female, and, that 
the smaller males had the advantage over the larger males in 
this respect there could be no question. ‘The true state of the 
case was instantly seen, and although hundreds of specimens 
were collected with the object of determining whether in any 
case a large male occurred, not a single exception was met with 
in which the female was not being fertilized by a diminutive 


male. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


MASON: VARIA'TION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 331 


“The constrained position in which these were found pre- 
cluded the possibility of a large male, with his cumbrous shell, 
getting sufficiently close to the female in her narrow quarters. 
The smaller males having this advantage, have from generation 
to generation perpetuated their dwarf characters. It would 
seem from these facts that natural selection has worked in an 
unusual way in producing secondary sexual characters, rarely, 
if ever, seen in the mollusca. 


‘“‘ Both males and females presented a wide range of varia- 
tion in the character of the shell, some of them showing very 
distinctly the oblique folds so characteristic of the species, 
while in others the folds were scarcely visible. The shell of the 
male is smoother than that of the female, and is also more 
slender and more delicate.” 


Certain genera seem to be especially prone to evolutionary 
influences, or, in other words, the process of evolution has not 
yet proceeded far enough to produce stable species. This is 
strikingly exemplified in plants among the brambles, roses, 
hawkweeds, and willows. Examples among the mollusca are 
found in the freshwater Vazad genera Unio and Anodon, and in 
the Pulmonate genus Succinea. 


In plants it is easy to test the effects of change of environ- 
ment, but for obvious reasons this is impossible among the 
mollusca. Variation, then, may be simply defined as divergence 
from the type. 


But the time at my disposal will not allow me to enter 
into any systematic examination of Professor Brandt’s sub- 
divisions. ‘The place which the mollusk fills in the kingdom 
of nature in itself limits the possible number of variations. On 
the one hand the mollusk has reached a plane of development 
in which it has climbed above the excessive multiplication of 
similar organs, as in the Annelids, and the stage in which a large 
number of quasi-independent individuals live in a common 
Zocecium, as in the Molluscoid Bryozoa. On the other hand, 


332 MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 


it has not yet attained to the dignity of distinct limbs, so that 
many of the forms produced by reduplication, coalescence or 
suppression are impossible. Again, so many of the group are 
hermaphrodite, and therefore destitute of secondary sexual 
characters, that the so-called gynandromorphs cannot be looked 
for. 

Are there Hybrid Mollusca? As far as I know this is a 
question that has never been satisfactorily answered in the 
affirmative, but the difficulty or impossibility of applying the 
physiological test prevents any certain answer being given. 
Among insects it has been found possible to artificially pair 
nearly allied species, and so produce undoubted mules, and in 
the vegetable kingdom, numerous florists’ flowers, as is well 
known, are thus produced, 

I do not know that any case of mimicry has been brought 
forward among the mollusca. By mimicry I mean the protec- 
tion acquired, as is especially seen among insects, by the 
assumption of characters similar to those of other species which 
are distasteful to the creatures which prey upon them, or to 
inanimate objects like dry stick or parts of plants, some insects, 
indeed, being quite indistinguishable when at rest upon a plant, 
from its own leaves and twigs. The only approach to this is 
the change of colour occurring among the Cephalopods, due to 
the more or less diffusion of the colour in the pigment cells, 
according to the colour of the ground over which they are 
swimming, It is quite true that certain specimens, as Mr. Melvill 
states, of the Ovulum dtmplicatum, of Florida, are purple or 
yellow, as they live among the Gorgonie of those colours, but 
this may be due to the colour of the food. The majority of the 
mollusca are so little dependent on locomotion for the supply 
of food that we cannot expect to find varieties such as are 
developed in other classes by an activity greater or less than the 
average in the pursuit of prey. There is doubtless a wide field 
open to anyone who will investigate the variations in the 
animals themselves, but this is practically an untrodden field 


J.C, vii., Jan. 1894 


MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 333 


owing to the difficulty of examining them alive. In the first 
place, the mere fact of the removal from the shell cannot be 
effected without grave injury, and very few of the marine 
species can be kept alive for any length of time after their 
capture, while all preservative fluids distort them so much that 
they cannot be satisfactorily examined unless by tedious methods 
of dissection and sectionizing. 


Moquin-Tandon, however, describes Lzmnea auricularia 
with two heads, and Physa acuta with bifid tentacles. My 
remarks will therefore be restricted to the shell alone, and it is 
to the shell that most attention has been paid. 


The systems of Conchology, at all events all the older ones, 
are based on the characters which the shell presents. There is 
no doubt that the form of the shell is intimately correlated with 
the structure of the animals, although in some cases, if the form 
of the shell be alone considered, mistakes will be made. To 
take an example from our own fauna, Asszminea grayana would 
be at once placed in the family Zz¢forintde, but the animal 
shows that it belongs to a totally different group. 


It is, therefore, necessary in the first place to consider what 
is the relation of the shell to the animal itself, and how it is 
formed. The shell is the product of a single organ, viz., the 
mantle, and all the markings and variations of the shell are 
produced by corresponding peculiarities of that organ. In the 
vast majority of cases the shell is external, and is generally large 
enough to enclose the whole of the soft parts, but in some cases, 
as in the Acera and Lulla, part of the animal is permanently 
external to it. 

The Wudibranchs, which are all marine, have no shell 
whatever. In the few cases where the shell is formed in the 
interior of the animal, as in the Zzmaces, I am not aware that 
there is much variation either in form or colour in any species, 
so that I need not further refer to them. In this case only the 
more important vital organs are protected by the shell, The 


334 , MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 


molluscan shell differs from the skeletal parts of other animals 
in the fact that where once formed it is not subject to change 
and the removal of effete portions, either interstitially as in the 
Vertebrata, or en masse as in the Crustacea, although the 
structure is to some extent organised. 


As I have just stated, the shell itself is secreted by the 
mantle or cloak, although there is reason to suppose in some 
Gasteropods with expanded bases, such as Casszs, that the 
upper part of the foot is also concerned in its formation. The 
shell is really an excretion, and the body of the animal moves 
freely over its polished inner surface, except at the insertion of 
the muscles which are inseparable from the shell during life. 
The muscles are attached to the shell in different ways. In 
bivalves there are either one or two transverse muscles which 
pierce the body, and when contracted overcome the elasticity 
of the hinge and close the interval between the valves. 


In the Mollusca which are covered with a shell in the form 
of a case or sheath, as in some Pferopods and Gastropods, the 
animal is connected to the base of the shell by a large dorsal 
retractor muscle. In the limpet the muscular fibres are attached 
all round the shell, and inserted into the edge of the foot, where 
they interlace with its circular fibres. 


The spiral shells are attached to the snail by two muscles 
attached to the columella, which traverse the mantle and take 
their origin in the foot. By the examination of the inner side 
of shells much variety may be seen in the depressions which 
mark the site of the attachment of the muscles, these being 
apparently in some cases much stronger than in other examples 
of the same species, as may be seen in Capudus. 

I have called the shell an excretion, and so it is, although 
it exhibits a distinctly organised structure, due to the fact that 
it is formed by epithelial cells of the mantle and consolidated by 
the withdrawal of carbonate of lime from the circulating fluids 
of the animal, but at the same time the living inhabitant exerts 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894, 


MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 335 


some influence on it, for very shortly after the death of the 
animal the shell loses many of the characters which distinguished 
it during life. How this is effected is not known, although at 
one time there was an idea that vessels passed into the shell 
among the fibres of the muscles. The first change in a dead 
shell is for the epidermis or periostracon to fall off, and the 
substance of the shell then tends to lose its lustre and become 
opaque. ‘This might be supposed to be due to the action of 
the atmosphere on the unprotected element of the shell, but 
that this is not the only cause is shown by the fact that on the 
extensive sand hills at Bundoran, with their myriads of individuals 
of Helix nemoralis and HZ. hortensis, it is rare to find a specimen 
even with a trace of epidermis, yet the shells themselves are as 
brilliant and translucent examples as can be found anywhere 
else, as the specimens before you testify. In this case I believe 
that the epidermis is destroyed by the action of the winds on 
the sharp angles of the drifting sands. 

It is evident that the function of the shell is to protect the 
soft parts of the animal, and without its protection the life of the 
mollusk would be a very short one. It also aids in locomotion. 
Until a few years ago this statement would have been con- 
sidered to have summed up the whole case. But, here again, 
as is so generally the case in nature, making a universal state- 
ment is only a proof of ignorance, for in the year 1884, the late 
Professor Moseley made the extraordinary discovery that the 
shells of some of the Chzonzde contained not only other organs 
of sense but also eyes. He first found them in a specimen, 
preserved in spirit, of Sch@zochiton incisus, and afterwards 
recognised them in most of the other genera, although they are 
absent in the genus C/z/on itself. 

These structures are confined to the tegmentum or ex- 
posed area of the shells, and are absent from the girdle. The 
entire substance of the tegmentum is traversed by a series of 
branching canals, which are occupied in the living animal by 
corresponding ramifications of soft tissue, accompanied by 


336 MASON : VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 


abundance of nerves. This network terminates at the shell 
surface, either in eyes or in peculiar elongate bodies which are 
probably organs of touch. The soft structures of each eye lie 
in a pear-shaped chamber excavated in the substance of the 
tegmentum, and one side of this chamber is pierced by a cir- 
cular aperture, covered by the cornea which is calcareous. 

The cavity is lined by a dark brown pigmented choroid 
membrane, which, by projecting round the margin of the cornea 
all round, forms an iris. A perfectly transparent, hyaline, 
strongly bi-convex lens is fitted in behind the iris aperture ; 
this is composed of soft tissue, and slowly dissolves in strong 
acetic acid. Some of the fibres of the nerve entering the eye 
cavity proceed to the retina, while others, perforating the 
choroid at its outer margin, end at the surface of the shell, all 
round the area occupied by the cornea. 

In some cases the eyes are present in enormous numbers ; 
in one specimen of Corephium aculeatum, which was densely 
covered by a green a/ga, there were something like 12,000 
eyes present in good condition, not counting the eyes destroyed 
by the boring of the shell by a/ge and animals on the rest of 
the area. To see these eyes in dried specimens the shell should 
be wetted with spirit, and examined with a lens as powerful as 
No. 4 Hartnack. No eyes could be found in any of the fossil 
specimens in the British Museum collection, although the 
ancient forms of the group appear to be allied to Schzzochiton. 

The shell, then, is secreted or formed by the glands of the 
mantle, and may be either calcareous or chitinous in texture. 
It is first formed by the glands, near the free margin, but all 
parts of the mantle have the power of secreting the shelly 
matter, as may be frequently seen in specimens which have 
been accidentally broken or damaged by the attacks of other 
animals and afterwards repaired. ‘The variation in the structure 
of the shell itself is very great, and if I were to enter on the 
subject it would in itself absorb all the time at my disposal. I 
may say, however, that the late Dr. Carpenter made a special 


study of the structure of shells. 
J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 337 


In most cases the form of the shell accurately reproduces 
the form of the mantle, and every fold or projection on the 
mantle is shown in the sculpture and appendages of the shell. 
To this rule, however, there are exceptions, where all the 
processes of the mantle do not secrete shelly coverings, as the 
Cerithia and Oriental AZelani@ have delicately digitated mantle 
margins which are thrown back over the margin of the shell, 
while in others, as in AZarginella and Cypree, the lateral lobes 
of the mantle nearly or completely cover the outside of the 
shell, which is never covered with epidermis and has therefore 
that highly polished surface and lustre which give to these shells 
so brilliant an appearance in our collections. Any injury to the 
mantle may, therefore, produce a deformity of the shell. In 
some species the processes on the edge of the mantle seem to 
be of intermittent growth, and wither away periodically ; while 
present they are protected by a deposition of shelly matter, and 
in this way the spines and projections found on adult speci- 
mens are formed. ‘The spines on different specimens of the 
same species may vary greatly in delicacy and strength, as is 
shown in Cardium aculeatum and its variety ovata; in this 
variety the spines assume a beautifully arched form. 

The colour of the shell, however, is not an index of the 
colour of the tenant. ‘The shell may be of the plainest appear- 
ance while its habitant may be a gorgeous creature, as in the 
European Cysrea—a plain white shell is the home of an animal 
with a dark vermillion proboscis, yellowish-red tentacula spotted 
with yellow, with the upper part of the foot streaked longitudin- 
ally by yellow and brown, and with the mantle greenish-brown 
edged with brownish-red. ‘The colouring matter of the shell is 
confined to the outer layer, the inner laminz being often 
nacreous or pearly, as may be seen in Unio pictorum, when the 
outer layer has been removed, and is produced by small miliary 
glands on the edge of the collar of the mantle, the patterns 
being due to the arrangement of these pigment secreting glands. 
The object of these brilliant patterns is somewhat mysterious in 


Vv 


338 MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 


many cases, since they can scarcely be seen while the shell is 
living and until after the epidermis has been removed. There 
is another way in which patterns are produced in some land 
shells, viz., where the normally coloured opaque bands 
become translucent, and allow the dark colour of the animal 
to show through. These translucent bands show a difference 
in the structure of these portions of the shell, and are not 
merely thinner because the pigment cells are absent, as in these 
cases there are plenty of specimens in which there is the same 
absence of the pigment cells while the shell itself is not banded 
in any way. No species shows this better than the common 
FTelix ericetorum. 

Nature is too fertile in resource to invariably produce the 
same effects in one way, for the colour and patterns of some 
species are due to the epidermis, the epidermis being formed in 
a manner similar to the shelly portion of the mantle. Some 
Bulimi have peculiar epidermis. ‘It is a common feature in the 
Phillipine species,’ says Mr. Lovell Reeve, ‘that the varieties of 
pattern which constitute their chief ornament reside only in the 
epidermis. The colours of the shell rarely describe any kind 
of configuration. They are mostly blended into a uniform tint, 
over which a fanciful pattern is produced by the epidermis 
forming a double porous membrane in some places and a single 
one only in others, developed moreover with the same con- 
tinuous regularity as the textile markings of a Volute or Cowry. 
This phenomenon is easily detected by immersing the shell in 
water, when the light portion or upper porous layer of the 
epidermis becomes saturated, and the ground colour of the shell 
is seen through it; as the moisture evaporates the epidermis 
resumes its light appearance. In some cases the epidermis 
alone gives colour to the shell, and when this is removed the 
shell is left of a uniform white of greater or less purity.’ 

While on the subject of colour, it will be convenient to add 
a few remarks on the subject of colour variation and the way in 
which it is produced. Speaking generally, shells are the more 


J.C., vil., Jan. 1894. 


MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 339 


brilliantly coloured the more sunshine they get, and the species 
from the deeper waters of the sea are usually white or light 
pink in colour. This holds true, not only of the whole shell 
but also of the different parts of the individuals themselves, 
that part most exposed to the light showing the brightest 
colouration ; and in those species permanently fixed, the side 
protected from the light shows none of the patterns which 
may exist on the exposed surfaces, and the same shell, like 
some of the Pate//e and Crepidule, may show a difference when 
they have changed their habitat to a place where they received 
a more to a less free exposure to light, the markings showing 
much more either on the younger or older portion of the shell. 
The most brilliant of all the sea shells are those inhabiting the 
littoral zone, where we get red, orange, yellow, blue, brown, 
black, and even white, of much greater purity than in those 
from greater depths. 

In a similar manner, as we near the equator; the colours 
increase in brilliancy ; no one can fail to observe the difference 
in a number of shells collected from the Northern or from the 
Tropical Regions. ‘The same thing holds good with land shells. 
Even in our own seas I have noticed that the colours of the 
littoral specimens gathered from the shores of Cornwall—in 
places like Kynance Cove and Newquay—are remarkably 
brilliant ; here there is no mud to foul the water and obstruct 
the light, the sands themselves being remarkable for their 
cleanliness and bright colours. 

In some cases it 1s possible that certain colour variations 
may have influence in protecting them from being preyed upon, 
and so tend to become predominant in the species. 

All mollusca, the shells of which are adorned by patterns, 
vary much in the disposition of the pigment-producing glands. 
Thus, Helix ericetorum varies trom a uniform white, through 
pink, to a deep brown colour, entirely without markings, while 
it may have five bands running round each whorl, these bands 
may coalesce in every possible way, any one may be absent, 


340 MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 


they may have sharply defined or serrated margins, and they 
may be represented by interrupted streaks or dots. The fact 
that the growth of the shell is spiral tends to produce a banded 
pattern in the markings in univalve shells. In the bivalves, 
each valve of these being a flattened spiral, the tendency of the 
colour markings is to form streaks running from the hinge to 
the periphery of the shell. 
I now come to the subject of the so-called sinistral and 
dextrorsal varieties or monstrosities. The direction of the 
spiral is easily observed in the Gastropoda, but it is not so easy 
% recognise the fact that in the Zame//ibranchs one shell, viz., 
that to the left when the animal is walking, is a dextral and the 
opposite one a sinistral spiral. In a few cases the reversal of 
this rule has been observed, as in two specimens of Lucia 
childreni in the Tankerville collection, and it may be much more 
frequent than is generally supposed. Among the univalves, the 
vast majority have a dextral spire, viz, one turning from the 
left to the right, and which have in consequence the mantle on 
the right side of the axis; while the species like the Claustlie 
have the spire normally sinistral. That this is not a character 
of high antiquity is proved by the fact that there may be species 
in the same genus normally dextral and others sinistral, as 
among our British Certthia, reticulatum and perversum. All 
shells may have the spire reversed, and in the case of Fusus 
antiguus there is the remarkable fact that it is possible to trace 
the change from a normally sinistral to a normally dextral shell, 
the former being found in the inhabitants of the seas in which 
the crag deposits were formed, and the latter in the seas on our 
own shores. In this case it is not very infrequent to find both 
dextral and sinistral forms living together, doubtless the results 
of inheritance. It might be supposed that the numbers of 
specimens of sinistral “sz? and Buccina found in collections are 
due to the large number of specimens collected for food, but in 
Littorina littorea, which is literally collected in millions for the 
same purpose, only three sinistral specimens are known—two 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


MASON : VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 341 


procured by Mr. Jeffreys in Billingsgate Market, and one by 
Mr. Rich, which you will see in my drawer to-night; and in 
Purpura lapillus, which is as common or even more universal 
in its distribution and numbers, only two specimens—one 
picked up by Mr. Bean’s little grand-daughter at Scarborough, 
and the other by Mrs. Stebbing in North Wales, which latter we 
had an opportunity of seeing last year in Dr. Norman’s collection. 

As might be expected, the examples of normally sinistral 
shells known to show dextral varieties are rarer than the opposite 
condition, as they themselves are so much fewer in number. 

Moquin Tandon, in his work on the European Land and 
Freshwater Shells, gives five instances, and Jeffreys one, viz., 
Clausilia rugosa var. dextrorsa, which is also one of the species 
mentioned by the French author. To this list I can add one, 
which you will see this evening, viz., a dextrorsal specimen of 
Balea perversa, from the collection of the Rev. Revett Sheppard, 
to which he had given the MS. name of Zurbo bland?. 

As to the causes of variation among shells themselves they 
are almost infinite in number, and I can only glance at a very few. 

Among these are abundance or scarcity of food, influencing 
the size and thus producing geographical races of giants and 
dwarfs ; abundance or scarcity of lime, influencing the thickness 
or thinness of the shell. Warmth or cold may affect the size in 
either direction, some shells being much larger in warm and 
others in colder areas. A remarkable instance of this is given 
by Johnston, who states that the specimens of Le¢forina nert- 
toides found on the southern slope of Plymouth breakwater, and 
therefore fully exposed to the sun, are twice the size of any 
‘found on the northern face. Exposure to the fury of the ele- 
ments ; the marine univalves which have to resist the effects of 
the surf are generally squat in form, while those that live in 
deeper and quieter regions are more elongated and elegant in 
in shape; this especially applies to different specimens of the 
same species. 

A similar condition may be seen in land shells, as in the 

large race of Helix nemoralis found on the Irish Aran. ‘The 


342 MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 


animals are protected by massive shells from the heavy winds 
and rain coming straight from the Atlantic. Here, again, nature 
shows that there is more than one means of obtaining the same 
result, viz., the protection of the individual under the same 
conditions. The shells of Aelix ericetorum, which live in 
myriads on the same rocks, are much thinner, more delicate and 
elastic than those found on our southern Downs; if heavier, 
they would more probably be broken, as the plants to which 
they cling are tossed about by the wind, while the massive shell 
and the powerful foot of H. zemoralis allows it to resist destruc- 
tion. Again, the massive Zvochus and the delicate Homalogyra 
are found in the same situation. 

Among bivalves Jeffreys draws attention to the parallel 
case of Mactra solida and its variety ¢e//iptica, forms which 
exhibited so striking a difference that until recently all con- 
chologists regarded them as distinct species. Again, there can 
be no better illustration of this than in the common Azomza, 
which, when living a quiet and protected life, has a thin and 
semi-transparent shell, while in other circumstances it resembles 
a small oyster from the thickness of its valves. Similar causes 
affect not only the size but the sculpture of the shells—those 
exposed to rough usage show little beauty of surface, while those 
enjoying quieter conditions may be richly adorned with spines 
or foliaceous scales, as in Pinna rudis among bivalves, out of 
which many so-called species have been manufactured, simply 
from differences in the spines and sculpture of the shell ; and 
Purpura lapillus var, imbricata among univalves. 

Does age affect the size of shells? This is a question 
which I cannot answer definitely. I am inclined to think not. 
The Anodons procured by Mr. Heathcote have been thought to 
owe their immense size to advanced age, but specimens of 
Unios found in quiet lakes, and bearing marks of extreme age, 
are of no more than the average size. M. Picard published a 
paper in the Bulletin of the Linnean Society of Normandy in 
1840 on the changes induced by age in the Uvios. Owing to 


Gy vies) Jane coer. 


MASON : VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 343 


the closing of the library of the Zoological Society during the 
month of September, I regret that I am unable to show this 
paper to-night. For the majority of species there is a certain 
area in which the shell exhibits its most typical form and in 
which it is most numerous. Beyond these limits it is more apt 
to vary and to form races and varieties. Of course where it is 
most abundant it is more common to find monstrosities, either 
due to injury or freaks of development, as ovate shells becoming 
acuminate like Buccinum undatum var. acuminata, globose 
shells disciform as in 7lelix nemoralis var. planospira of Picard, 
in which the whorls are depressed until it resembles a Planorbis. 
The whorls also may be partially or completely disjointed so as 
to produce turreted, scalariform, or even ceratoid forms like a 
ram’s horn, as in the specimen of Helix aspersa in the drawer 
before you. 

Monstrosities may also be produced by external injury, as 
where a Unio has the valves partly fastened together by the 
byssus of Dveissena ; and in an individual of Helix terrestris in 
the British Museum, which has a small stick passing through it ; 
and in my Helix hortensis which, when small, got into a nut- 
shell, and not only carried it on its back during the remainder 
of its life, but also partly utilized it in the growth of its shell. 
At Montpellier Helix aspersa, deprived of its shell, was placed 
in the upper parts of the shells of Paludina and Lanthina com- 
munis, and a perfect compound shell thus formed like the speci- 
mens exhibited. : 

Johnston records the occurrence of an oyster in the Firth 
of Forth in which the interference of three corallines growing 
near its edges distorted it so that it resembled an ace of clubs. 
Again, the effects of injury may be to render necessary the dis- 
use of a mouth and the formation of a new one—C/lausilie 
have been described furnished with as many as four mouths. 

Boring moliusca and shells which are closely applied to 
other surfaces, such as Avomie and Capiula, also show con- 
siderable variation due to these causes. You will see Anomie 


344 MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCa. 


in the drawer which completely reproduce the markings of the 
Fectens to which they are attached. Other causes of variation 
and distortion are the mixture of fresh and salt water, and the 
chemical action of the water in which they live. This frequently 
produces decollated forms. Parasites are not much responsible 
among the mollusca for monstrosities, but, as Canon Norman 
showed last year, an annelid is responsible for deforming Lzc- 
cinum undatum, whilst numberless parasites may be harboured 
by some species, a certain stage in the development of the sheep 
fluke by Zémnea truncatula, without leaving any external mark. 
The mechanical effects of the erosions caused by algze, sponges, 
and boring mollusca are easily distinguishable, and do not pro- 
duce marked varieties. To take an instance of the way in 
which a species may vary, nothing can be better than our 
common Purpura lapillus. It may vary in size—be a giant, 
medium-sized, or dwarf, have the shell thick or thin, the spire 
elongated or shortened, be dextral or sinistral, have the lower 
whorls hollowed, compressed, or ventricose, the mouth narrowed 
or expanded, the teeth of the peristome prominent or obliter- 
ated ; the surface, quite smooth, be marked by strong spiral 
ridges or plates alone, by longitudinal ridges alone, have both 
longitudinal and spiral striz producing cancellz, or be covered 
by beautiful foliaceous plates. If specimens be examined taken 
from the crag, it will be found that in the seas of that epoch the 
sculpture was even more prominent than in those procured from 
our own seas. In colour, again, it may be absolutely white, 
both inside and outside, or uniformly coloured on each surface 
in various tints of yellow, brown, and black, or be adorned in 
different ways by variously coloured bands. The suture may 
also be almost filled up or obliterated in some species, or be 
channelled, or the whorls carinated. 


Time kas not permitted me to do more than glance at 
the different causes of variation and at the results produced, 
and many more will, without doubt, at once occur to you. 


J.C., vil., Jan. 1894. 


MASON: VARIATION IN THE SHELLS OF THE MOLLUSCA. 345 


Now, one word as to varietal names. Although 


Names are good, for how, without their aid, 
Is knowledge gained by man to man conveyed ? 


It is possible out of a large number of specimens of the same 
species to pick out examples which contrast strongly with one 
another, and to label them with distinctive names. 

In the arrangement of a large collection, however, these 
names, which at first seem to be a means of accurate description, 
become a source of confusion, as every gradation may be 
observed to exist between the different forms. This, however, 
is a mere matter of convenience, and every one must be a law 
to himself. 

In these days, nearly all work except that done by the 
microtome and microscope, 1s looked down upon as somewhat 
unworthy of serious attention, although, with the present per- 
fection of mechanical appliances, no work is much easier than 
that of section-cutting. I believe that the work, humble though 
it may be, of those who examine the alterations of external form 
have a distinct and useful place in the study of nature, if only 
to prevent the microtomist from treating dissimilar forms as 
distinct species, while they are essentially the same. No one is 
competent to undertake the discrimination of allied forms who 
has not been exercised in what an American writer well called 
‘the dead work of science,’ that is, the examination and separa- 
tion of large numbers of specimens. I recently read an offer, 
by a gentleman, of a large amount of material dredged in the 
Indian Ocean, to any one who would thoroughly work it, as he 
was unable to do so himself. This offer was, however, accom- 
panied by a notice that ‘ No species-maker need apply.’ 

When the dust-heaps of science come to be riddled and the 
dross separated from the ore, I have no fear that as large a 
proportion of the work done by the species-maker and variety- 
monger will prove to be as good metal as that brought forward 
by the pedigree-maker and the so-called philosophical naturalist. 
‘The epoch-making labours of Darwin depended on the observa- 
tion of small differences; and he who has first thoroughly 


346 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


elucidated a single species, either in its life history or in its 
variations of form, has erected a ‘monumentum ere perennius,’ 
and, although he may be unknown to fame, he has fashioned 
a stone necessary to the completion of the building of the 
perfected Temple of Nature. 

6-6. 


CONSTITUTION (As AMENDED SEPTEMBER I6TH, 1893) OF 
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


1.—This Society shall be called “Ube Conchological Society of 
Great Britain and Frelanod.” 

2.—Its objects shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by 
the holding of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original 
papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of 
a Library and Collections illustrative of the science. 

3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members. 

4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, 
and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the 
Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound 
for life by the payment of Three Guineas. Foreign Members shall 
pay an annual subscription of 7/6. : 

5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other per- 
manent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think 
most conducive to the benefit of the Society. 

6.—Members shall have the privilege of appending to their names the 
initial letters M.C.S. (Member of the Conchological Society). 

7.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they 
shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of 
Ordinary Members. i 

8.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice- 
Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a 
Librarian, and six other members, who shall be elected annually 
by ballot ; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, 
under cover of sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. The 
President and Secretary of the Manchester Branch shall, ex officzo, 
also be members of the Council of the Society. 

9.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than one year continu- 
ously, and the President is expected to give an address. 

10.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by 
the Council, who shall have also power to arrange such additional 
meetings as they may think desirable. 

11.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings. 

12.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be 
fixed at the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and 
Balance Sheet of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and 
Officers for the ensuing year. 

13.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two mem- 
bers, appointed at a previous meeting. 

14.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of 
the Council. : 

15. —The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by 
the Society. 

16.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three- 
fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially 
summoned. 


bo 


J-C., vol. vii. Jan. 1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL’ SOCIETY. 347 


LIST “OF MEM Bhs: 


(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member, 


who has compounded for his subscription). 


HONORARY MEMBERS 


(Limited to ten in number). 


Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rud., Vestre Hospital, Stormgade, 19,2, Copenhagen. 

Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. 

Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin 
de fer du Nord, 95, Kue de Maubeuge, Paris. 

Crosse, Hippolyte, Rue Tronchet, 25, Paris. 

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main. 

Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstiasse, Berlin, N. W. 

Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds. 

Philippi, Dr. Rk. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile. 

Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitat, Christiania, Norway. 

Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig. 


ORDINARY MEMBERS. 


Adams. Gerald Wheatley, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Elmfield, 122, 
Moseley Road, Birmingham. 

Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 77, St. Giles Street, Northampton. 

Agius, Paul, B.A., 106, Strada Reale, Valetta, Malta. 

Alletsee, Albert Gregory, 40, Milward Crescent, Hastings, Sussex. 

Ancey, César Felix, Membre de la Société Malacologique de France, 
Member of Colorado Biological Association, Membre de la 
‘Societas Entomologica’ de Zurich, etc., Administrateur- 
Adjoint, Boghari, Algeria. 

Bailey, Rev. George, F.R.M.S., The Manse, Finchingfield, Essex. 

Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire. 

Baker, Arthur Edwin, 1, Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham. 

Barnacle, Kev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., The Vicarage, 
Holmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O. 

Beaulah, John, Ravensthorpe, Brigg, Lincolnshire. 

Beckett, James Benjamin 

Bell, Alfred, 78, Wells Street, Oxford Street, London. 

Bendall, Wilfrid, 77, Baker Street, Portman Square, London, W. 

Bostock, Edwin D., The Radfords, Stone, Staffordshire. 

Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curagoa House, 82, Windmill 
Street, Sydney, N.S. W. 

Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Glen View, Gledhclt, Huddersfield. 

Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow. 

Burkill, Isaac Henry, Caius College, Cambridge. 

Burrows, Thomas F., 4, Wellington Road, Newark-on-Trent. 

Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley. 

Byne, Loftus St. George, 5, Sea View Terrace, Teignmouth, Devon. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, [urst, Ashton-under-I.yne. 

Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 1, Lauriston Park, Edinburgh. 

Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 38, Elmfield Terrace, Halifax. 

Champ, Henry, c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland St., Manchester. 

Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire. 

Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, near Chelms- 
ford, Essex. 

Clark, James, M.A., Ph.D., Ass.R.C.S., Yorkshire College, Leeds. 

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth, 

Cockerell, T. D. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Agricultural College, Las 
Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A. 

Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Oxford Road, 
Manchester. 

Cooke, Rev. Alfred Hands, M.A., F.Z.S., King’s College, 
Cambridge. 

Cooper, James Eddowes, 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, London, N. 

Coulson, Frank, Greenhead Brewery, Greenhead,. Glasgow. 

Cox, Chas. Stanley Bell, B.A., M.B.C.S., San Remo, Chelston, 
Torquay. 

Craven, Alfred E., F.G.S., F.Z.S., 65, St. George’s Road, War- 
wick Square, London, S.W. 

Craven, Henry Ernest, Matlock Bridge, Derbyshire. 

Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape 
Colony. 

Crawshaw, Rev. Charles, Wesley Villa, Saltburn-by-the-Sea. 

Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Nerthampton. 

Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, 
Essex. 

Crowther, Henry, F.R.M.S., The Museum, Leeds. 

Cundall, J. W., 21, Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol. 

DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London. 

Dale, Henry F., A.A., B.Se., F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., F.Z.5., V.E.S., 
etc., Post Office, Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A. 

Dale, (Mrs.) Violet, P.O., Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A. 

Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Rd., Torquay, Devonshire. 

Daniel, Arthur Trevelyan, M.A., Richmond Terrace, Shelton, 
Stoke-on-Trent. 

Darbishire, Robert D., B.A., F.G.S., Victoria Park, Manchester. 

Dawson, Oswald, Caledonian House, Leeds. 

Dawson, Robert Southworth, 4, Richmond Rd., Bradford, Yorkshire 

Dewick, Kev. Edward S., M.A., 26, Oxford Square, London, W. 

Dixon, James Bassett, 15, Bushell Place, Preston. 

Dodd, B. Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham. 

Duncan, W., 31, Mill Lane, Montrose, Forfarshire, N.B. 

Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston. 

Elgar, Hubert, 3, St. Michael’s Terrace, Fant Road, Maidstone, Kent. 

Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


1888. 
1886. 
1889. 
1891. 
1890. 
1887. 


1884. 
1886. 
1888. 
1892. 
1886. 
1887. 
1889. 
1887. 
1887. 
1886. 
1886. 
1890. 
1890. 
1892. 


1886. 
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1886. 
1888. 
1887. 
1887. 
TSS8o. 
1887. 


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1887. 
1889. 
1888. 
1892. 
1878. 
1887. 
1887. 


1893. 
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1888. 
1886. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 349 


Evans, (Mrs.) A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud. 

Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants. 

Falloon, (Mrs.) Beatrice J., Long Ashton Vicarage, Clifton, Bristol. 

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick. 

Fierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull. 

Fitzgerald, Francis R., F.S.Sc., 26, Great Percy Street, Penton- 
ville, London, W.C. 

Fitzgerald, EI. Purefoy, North Hall, Preston Candover, Iants. 

Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone, Kent. 

Fortune, Riley, F.Z.S., Ravensgill, Franklin Mount, Harrogate. 

Fulton, Hugh, 216, King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S.W. 

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts. 

Galizia, Joseph Sylvester, M.D., 65, Strada Vescovo, Valletta, Malta. 

Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N. 

Gatto, Alfred Caruana, B.A., 59, Strada Levante, Valetta, Malta. 

Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., ete., Accrington, Lancashire. 

Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 

Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots. 

Grocock, Leonard Oakley, 21, Beckenham Road, Penge, London. 

Gude, G. K., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N. 

Guppy, R. J. Lechmere, 26, Queen’s Terrace, Port of Spain, 
Trinidad. 

Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. 

Hadow, Gerald Elliot, South Cerney Vicarage, Cirencester. 

Hagger, John, F.L.S., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent. 

Halstead, John J., 19, Millholme Terrace, Carlisle. 

Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, [lornsey Road, London, N. 

Hargreaves, J. A., 40, Ramskill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire. 

Hartley, Alfred, 8, Cavendish Road, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire. 

Harvard, T. Mawson, 16, Radford Road, Hither Green, Lewisham, 
London, S.F. 

Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middles- 
brough. 

Hawes, Alfred, Penistone, Yorkshire. 

Heathcote, Wm. Ifenry, 54, Frenchwood Street, Preston. 

Hedworth, Thos. H., 1, Railway Terr., Dunston, Gateshead-on-Tyne. 

Heitland, (Mrs.) M., Colkirk, Fakenham, Norfolk. 

Henshall, Joseph, Ivy Cottage, Barton-on-Irwell, near Manchester. 

Hepburn, Fiederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey. 

Hey, Thomas, Bloomfield Street, Derby. 

Hey, Rev. Wm. Croser, M.A., Derwent House, West Ayton, 
Seamer, York. 

Hill, J., Little Eaton, near Derby. 

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 

Hockin, (Miss) S., Phillack Rectory, Hayle, Cornwall. 

Hodgson, (Mrs.) Julia, Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard. Beds. 

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Horsley, Rev. J. W., Holy Trinity Vicarage, Woolwich. 

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent. 

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.1E., M.P., F.S.A., ete., 
Bentcliffe House, Eccles, Manchester. 

Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.Sc., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Keeper of the 
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. 

Hudson, Baker, Public Library, Middlesbrough-on-Tees. 

James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro, 
Cornwall. 

Jenkins, A. J., 6, Douglas Terrace, Douglas Street, Deptford, 
London, S.E. 

Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes. 

Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 27, Mayton Street, Holloway, London, N. 

Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport, 
Monmouthshire. 

Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, 
London, N. 

Knight, G. A. Frank, M.A., Rosenlaui, Bearsden, Glasgow. 

Lamb, Henry, Lime Villas, Bower Street, Maidstone, Kent. 

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Trinity Street, Colchester, F'ssex. 

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc., Otterbourne, Bud- 
leigh Salterton, South Devon. 

Leicester, Alfd., 1, Priory Gardens, Weld Rd., Birkdale, Southport. 

Lightwood, James T., Hope House, Lytham, Lancashire. 

Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham, Middlesex. 

Lowe, Edward Joseph, D.L.,J.P., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,F.R.A.S., 
etc., Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow, Monmouthshire. 

Luther, S. M., Garretsville, Ohio, U.S.A. 

Lyons, Lady, Kilbrough, Swansea, Glamorganshire. 

MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. 

McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C. 

McMuttrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 5, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. 

Madison, James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham. 

Marquand, Ernest D., Fermain House, Guernsey. 

Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire. 

Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 

Mason, Philip Brooke, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S.,F.Z.S., Horninglow 

Street, Burton-on-Trent. 

Mayfield, Arthur, 88, Stafford Street, Norwich. 

Mellors, George W., 10, Notting Hill Square, London, W. 

Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.LS., Kersal Cottage, Prestwich, 

Manchester. 

Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds. 

Milne, J. Grafton, Mansfield Iouse, Canning Town, London, FE. 

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Winster Vicarage, near Derby. 

Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow. 

Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex. ; 


J.C. vii., Jan. 1804. 


1SOl. 
1887. 


1SQI. 


1890. 


1891. 


1887. 
1887. 


1889. 


1882. 


1887. 


1888. 


1886. 


1892. 
1886. 
1885. 
1888. 
1886. 
1887. 


1885. 


1887. 
1888. 


1888. 


1892. 
O 
1886. 
1803. 


1892. 


1893. 
1893. 
1877. 


1893. 
1886. 
1893. 
1887. 
1892. 
1886. 
1884. 
1886. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 351 


Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. 

Newstead, A. H. L., B.A.Cantab., Roseacre, Epping. 

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West 
Kensington Park, London, W. 

Nicholson, John, Chapeltown, Pudsey, Yorkshire. 

Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F-R.S., F.L.S., etc., 
Burmmoor Rectory, Fence [louses, Durham. 

North, S. W., M.R.C.S., F.G.S., Micklegate, York. 

Oldham, Charles, Ashlands, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire. 

Paling, Albert, B.A., B.Sc., Middlesex Hospital, London. 

Parke, George H., F.L.5., F.G.S., St. John’s, Wakefield. 

Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex. 

Peal, Charles Nathaniel, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Fernhurst, Mattock 
Lane, Ealing, London, W. 

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Wood- 
stock, Oxfordshire. 

Petch, Tom, B.A., 10, All Saints’ Street, King’s Lynn. 

Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W. 

Quilter, Henry I!., 34, Sparkenhoe Street, Leicester. 

Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne. 

Ramage, John, 20, Hill Street, Dundee, Forfarshire, N.B. 

Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury, 
London, N. 

Redding. J. Roland, 31, Belvedere Road, Dublin. 

Renton, Robert, Fans Road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire, N.B. 

Rhodes, Frederick, 16, Moorland Place, Leeds Road, Bradford, 
Yorkshire. 

Robertson, David, F.L.S., F.G.S., Fernbank, Millport, Great 
Cumbrae, N.B. 

Robinson, Charles, 29, Stretford Road, Manchester. 

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds. 

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester. 

Roseburgh, John, 54, Market Street, Galashiels 

Rosevear, John Burman, 5, Pomona Place, Poole Park, Fulham, 
London, S. W.- : 

Rosevear, Samuel Blackman, 122, West Street, Fareham, Hants. 

Rufford, Philip James, 1, Cloucester Place, The Croft, Hastings. 

Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A., Curator of the 
Natural History Museum, Dublin ; 22, Leeson Park, Dublin. 

Scharff, W. E., Hillcrest, Ripon Road, Harrogate. 

Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B. 

Shackleford, Lewis John, Ripley College, Ripley, Deibyshire. 

Shaw, Alexander, 439, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. 

Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield. 

Shrubsole, George Wm., Town Hall Square, Chester. 

Skilton, (Mrs.) Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex. 

Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon, 


65% 


1886. 
1892. 


1886. 
. ZSomerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.1..S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, 


1886 


1887. 


1886. 
1892. 
1886. 
1888. 
1886. 
1888. 
1888. 


1885. 
1890. 
1893. 
1888. 
1886, 
1887. 


O 


1886.. 
1886. 
188o. 
1886. 
1890. 
1891. 
1885. 
1886. 


1888. 
1886. 
1893. 
1889. 
1So1. 


1890. 
1893. 
.Z£ Woodward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 131, The Grove, 


1886 


1886. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Smith, Fdgar A., F.Z.S., Nat. History Museum, South Kensington, 
London, W. 

Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth Street, 
Topsham, Exeter. 

Smout, Charles L., 141, Burdett Road, London, F. 


Glasgow. 
Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., 11, Southpark Terrace, 
Hillhead, Glasgow. 
Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S.,121, Fulham Rd., London,S. W. 
Span, Bartlet, Heywood Mount, Tenby, South Wales. 
Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester. 
Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent. 
Steel, James, (Glass Stainer), 104, Renfrew Street, Glasgow. 
Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester. 
Storrs, Rev. George Godwyn., B.A., Laurel Cottage, Florence Road, 
Southsea. 
Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Cardiff. 
Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. 
Stump, Edward Constadine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester. 
Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 9, Belvedere, Weymouth, Dorsetshire. 
Taylor, (Miss) Helen J.., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby. 
Taylor, J. M., Free Museum, Paisley, Renfrewshire, N.B. 
Taylor, John W., I’.L.S., Spring Bank, Horsforth, Leeds. 
Tomlin, J. R. Brockton. B.A., 59, Liverpool Road, Chester. 
Turner, Rev. William, 5, St. Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh. 
Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham. 
Viner, C. W., M.A., Ph.D., 9, Seymour Street, Bath. 
Warren, (Miss) Amy, Moyview, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland. 
Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Ietroit, Michigan. U.S.A. 
Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge. 
Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free Church 
Manse, Cardross, Dumbartonshire. 
Whatmore, Charles A., Much Marcle, Herefordshire. 


Whitwell, Wm., F'.L.S., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W. 


Williams, Ernest W., Boif Street, Bridgetown, Barbados, B.W.I. 

Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool. 

Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., Old Benwell Villas, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. 

Wood, Chas. Ed., 41, Darlington Street, Wolverhampton. 


Ealing, London, W. 
Wotton, F. W., 11, Moira Terrace, Cardiff, Glamorganshire. 


J.C., vii., Jan. 1894. 


i as 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 353 


ENNIO AL REPORD RORY 1393. 


Your Council in presenting their Report for the year 1893, have again 
to congratulate the members upon a year of quiet and uninterrupted progress. 

The membership, which stood at 220 at the date of the last Annual 
Meeting, is now 223, composed of 10 honorary life members, 13 ordinary 
members resident abroad, and 200 ordinary members on the home list. 

Ten new ordinary members have been elected during the year, and the 
vacancy in the honorary life membership has been filled up by the election 
of Mr. William Nel-on, one of the four members by whom the Society was 
founded in 1876. Four members have resigned, and three have died, 
namely, Mr. A. J. Rk. Sclater, of Teignmouth; Mr. J. W. Davis, Mayor 
of Halifax ; and Mr. G. W. Shrubsole, of Chester. 

Ten meetings have been held since the last Annual Meeting, all at 
Leeds, and a large number of interesting exhibits have been made at all the 
meetings. 

The following papers and notes have been read :— 

Lionel E. Adams—‘ The Examples of Zonztes cellarius in the Montagu 

Collection at Exeter.’ 

Edgar A. Smith—‘ Description of a New Species of MVuczla, and a List of 
the Species belonging to the sub-genus Acz/a.’ ; 

J. Cosmo Melvill—‘ Notes upon Cyprea chrysalis, and upon C. amphithales.’ 

C. Oldham—‘ Additions to the South Devon List of Land and Fresh- 
water Mollusca.’ 

F. W. Wotton—‘ The Life-History of Azzon ater and its power of Self- 
fertilization.’ 

Lionel E. Adams—‘ A Theory as to the Possible Introduction of Aydrobia 
jenkinst.’ 

Robert F. Scharff—‘ He/zx memoralis in the Pyrenees.’ 

W. Nelson and R. Standen—‘ Observations on the Misplacement of the 

Names of Type and Variety in Ayahnia pura’ (Alder). 

Loftus St. G. Byne—‘ The Marine Mollusca of Teignmouth.’ 

Charles Oldham—‘ Note on /?szdza near Leicester.’ 

J. E. Cooper—‘ Note on Valvata. pisctnalis monst. szz¢stvor sum at Hun- 
stanton.’ 

R. J. Lechmere Guppy—‘ The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad.’ 

Rev. Herbert Milnes—‘ List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the 
Peak of Derbyshire.’ 

Lionel E. Adams —‘ Hyalinia glabra in Northamptonshire.’ 

Rev. J. W. Horsley—‘ Helix nemorals in the Pyrenees.’ 

J. T. Marshall—‘ Additions to British Conchology.’ 

Rev. J. McMurtrie—‘ Figg Shells: Additional Notes on the Land and 

Freshwater Mollusca of the Island of Kigg.’ 

C. H. Morris—‘ Valvata piscrnalis var. albina at Lewes, Sussex.’ 

C. H. Morris—‘ A/éz70 varieties at Lewes, Sussex.’ 

Heinrich Simroth—‘ Some Remarks with respect to Mr. Wotton’s paper on 
the Life-History of Avzoz ater.’ 

J. Cosmo Melvill—‘ On a variety of Cyprea cruenta Gmel.’ 


W 


354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


G. A. Frank Knight—‘ Contributions towards a List of the Marine Mollusca 
of the Upper portion of Loch Linnhe, Argyllshire.’ 

J. E. Cooper—‘ Note on Helix pisana in the Channel Islands.’ 

J. G. Milne and C. Oldham—‘The Molluscan Fauna of the Bowdon 

District of Cheshire.’ : 

All these papers and notes have appeared or will shortly appear in the 
‘Journal of Conchology.’ It will be seen that the members of the Society 
pay attention to Conchology in its broadest sense, and that the papers read 
show evidence of original investigation on diverse branches of the science. 

Four numbers of the ‘Journal of Conchology’ have been issued to the 
members during the past year, and another is nearly ready for issue. The 
arrangements for the issue of the Journal made with the Editor have con- 
tinued as in past years, and your Council recommend their continuance. 

The Society’s Collections, which are deposited in the Museum of the 
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, and are in part displayed for 
public inspection, have been materially added to during the year. Among 
the donations special attention may be called toa large series of Marine 
Shells from Sutherlandshire, presented by Mr. Wm. Baillie, a fine set of 
Marine and Land and Freshwater Shells from the neighbourhood of Ballina, 
Ireland, by Miss Amy Warren; an additional set of Eigg Shells, by Rev. 
J. McMurtrie; a series of Shells from the Copford Pleistocene Deposit, 
by Mr. W. Thomson; a large number of Marine Shells from the Channel 
Isles, by Mr. J. E. Cooper; a number of shells from the Revett Sheppard 
Collection, by the President (Mr. P. B. Mason); a series of fine examples of 
Marine Shells collected at Viareggio, Italy, by Mrs. J. Fitzgerald; and a 
large number of specimens of Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells from 
various localities, by Mr. Jno. W. Taylor; besides donations of smaller ex- 
tent from the late Miss Fairbrass, Rev. W. C. Hey, Messrs. Lionel Hinxman, 
W. Denison Roebuck, Geo. Roberts, L. E. Adams, J. E. Mason, G. T. Lyle, 
C. H. Morris, C. Oldham, W. Howard, H. Barker, and H. Richardson. 

The Society has also received donations in money towards the Cabinet 
Fund from Mr. Hubert Elgar, Lieut.-Col. Parry, and Rev. W. L. W. Eyre; 
and Mr. J. Basset Dixon has kindly presented a new Cabinet, whi. h is to be 
devoted to the reception of specimens of British Marine Mollusca—and will 
be known as the ‘ Dixon Cabinet.’ 

The Curator will always be glad to receive donations of Shells for the 
Collections under his charge. 

The Library has increased during the year by numerous donations, and 
by a few purchases of standard works on the science of conchology. The dona- 
tions received have been from Canon Norman, Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck, 
W. H. Dall, C. Hedley, B. B. Woodward, R. B. Newton, C. T. Simpson, 
Jno. Brazier, J. C. Melvill, F. W. Wotton, L. E. Adams, W. Moss, P. B. 
Mason, Dr. Simroth, R. J. Lechmere Guppy, R. Standen, and T. D. A. 
Cockerell, in addition to the periodicals and publications of Societies received 
in exchange for the Journal of Conchology. 

Photographs have been received from Messrs. J. E. Cooper and Wm. 
Moss, the latter of whom has contributed a number of photographs of anatom- 
ical preparations, 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


350 

The office of Hon. Librarian has been vacant the greater portion of 
the year, owing to Mr. Edgar R. Waite having removed to Australia on his 
appointment to a post in the Australian Museum at Sydney. The Library 
has been moderately well used during the year, about 200 books and 
pamphlets having been borrowed during the year. 

The reports of the Treasurer and of the Manchester Branch are 
appended. 

Treasurer’s Report. 

My Annual Report for 1893 represents the society in the same position 
as that for the previous year. The receipts of subscriptions are, by a coinci- 
dence, precisely the same (£45 10s.); and the balance of £3 18s. 6d. is 
again nominal, as there remain Nos 7 and 8 of the Journal to be paid for. 
The amount of arrears—nearly £30—must probably be considered a bad 
debt. —LIoNEL E. ApAms, Hon. Treasurer, 77, St Giles’ Street, North- 
ampton, February 21, 1894. 


15) bya Geh pS Bi aan ae 
GENERAL FUND. 


1893; 7893; 
Dec. 31. Receipts. £s. d. Dec. 31. Payments. Be Go ls 
Brot. forward from 1892 4 8 7 *Cost of Journals (Nos. 
Subscriptions received 3, 4 5, 6) tee res 290 0 9 
in 1893 - 45 10 O Secretary’s Expenses ... 716 3 
Sale of Journals, Lists, Treasurer’s do. jon BB Ge 
and Reprints 2 ii) igs Stationery... 417 9 
Bank Interest .... ... 0 2 0 +Transferred tone ‘cm 
inet Fund of last year I O 6 
Rent of Room and Gra- 
tuityto Porterat Leeds 1 0 6 
Books bought 211 O 
Balance in hand 318 6 
£52 10 85 
452 10 83 *Nos. 7 and 8 still unpaid. 
CALINET FUND. 
1593, : 1803, 
Dec. ji. Receipts. £s. ad. Dec. 31- Payments. £s. d 
Balance from 1892 319 9+ To Boxes, &c., for 
+Wrongly entered as pay- Mounting... oa Z2IO S 
ments by Cab, Fund On account for Gane! 
last year ... Bate WORE NLS) bought 210 0 
Donations in 1893 ... I 5 0 Ditto dae hase 1) IG}5. (0) 
To sale of Tubes... © © Balance in hand o 1 33 
46 § 114 AO Hi 
LIONEL E. ADAMS, 


feb. 27, 1894, examined and found correct, 
WILLIAM MOSS, F.C A. 
ROBERT CAIRNS, 


Hon. TREASURER. 


} AUDITORS. 


356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


REPORT or ru—E MANCHESTER BRANCH. 


SEPTEMBER I6TH, 1893. 


Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN, 

During the past year the Manchester Branch has steadily increased in 
strength. We have lost one member by death and one by resignation, but 
eight new members have been elected, and we now number forty-five. 

The monthly meetings have been extremely well attended, and the 
interest shown in the proceedings is unabated. Numerous specimens have 
been exhibited, and, together with the numerous notes and papers con- 
tributed, have been full of interest, and given occasion for much discussion 
and interchange of ideas and information amongst the members. 

At the Annual Meeting of the Branch, held in the Owens College on 
May 13th, the members made a capital exhibition of special groups of 
Mollusca, principally marine, from Foreign as well as British shores. This 
extension of their field, besides increasing the interest of the members in 
the ordinary business of their meetings, will doubtless prompt the scientific 
study of British as well as Foreign Mollusca and their distribution. 

The following Notes and Papers have been read :— 

By Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A.: ‘A description of the animal of Mautz/us 
pompilius L.;’ and ‘On the Luminous Organs of certain Cuttlefishes.’ 
By J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A. : ‘ Ona variety of Cyfrea cruenta Gmel. ;’ and 

‘Preliminary Remarks on a Collection of Marine Shells from Lifu, 

Loyalty Islands, recently presented to the Owens College Museum.’ 
By Messrs. W. Nelson and R. Standen: ‘Observations on the Misplace- 

ment of the Names of Type and Variety in Ayalinza pura Alder.’ 

By Messrs. J. Grafton Milne and Charles Oldham: ‘The Molluscan Fauna 
of Bowdon and District.’ 

By Mr. L. St. George Byne: ‘An account of the occurrence of Plewzo- 
branchus membranaceus Mont., in Teignmouth Bay.’ 

By Mr. R. Standen: ‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca collected around 
Portsalon, County Donegal, Ireland.’ 

By Messrs. Rk. Standen and J. Ray Hardy: ‘The Land and Freshwater 

Mollusca of Oban and District and the Island of Lismore.’ 


The general collection of British Land, Freshwater, and Marine 
Mollusca in the Cabinet placed at the service of the Branch by the Owens 
College authorities has been largely increased by the donations of members 
and friends, and the specimens have been temporarily arranged. It is 
hoped in course of time to have the entire collection catalogued for more 
ready reference by the members. 

The Library of the Branch has received several valuable donations 
of useful conchological works from various members.—R. STANDEN, Hon. 
Secretary Manchester Branch. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 357 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


217th MEETING (ANNUAL MEETING), SATURDAY, 16th SEPT., 1893, 
Held at Burton-on-Trent, by kind invitation of the President, Mr. 
Philip B. Mason, F.L.S. 
At 1-30 p.m. the President’s Museum and general collections were on 
view to the members at his residence, Trent House, Bridge Street. 
At 4 p.m. the members were entertained by the President to tea in one 
of the rooms attached to St. Paul’s Institute. 


After tea, his fine collection of Mollusca of the British Islands and Seas 
was shown, having previously been specially arranged for exhibition in the 
spacious large room of the Institute. It contained over 25,000 specimens of 
British Shells, the collection being especially formed to show the range of 
variation in each species in size, form, sculpture, and colour—long series 
of littoral shells from different localities having been collected for this 
purpose. Amongst them the following were especially noticeable :— 
Very full series of all the species of Zeredo; unusually fine and perfect 
Thracia convexa and pubescens ; a great many of the Odostomée collected 
by Mr. W. Clark at Exmouth, from which he described the animals in 
his book; good series of Buccinum and Fusus, including two Lusus 
fenestratus, viz., one of the original Cork specimens, and the other a living 
shell dredged by Jeffreys off Valentia ; very long series of their varieties 
and monstrosities; all the best specimens collected by W. W. Walpole of 
Dublin from the Irish coast ; all specimens which were worth acquisition 
from the Leckenby collection, including those dredged with Jeffreys in their 
joint Shetland expeditions ; among others, sinistral specimens of Liétorzna 
littorea and Helix ertcetorum and a dextral Balea perversa; among the 
land and freshwater shells are the collection made in the earlier part of the 
century by Pickering around London in numerous localities now destroyed ; 
and the whole collection of the Rev. Revett Sheppard, including the types 
described by him in the Linnean Transactions. 

In addition to the President’s collections, there were a number of ex- 
hibits by the following members : 

Mr. B. Sturges Dodd, of Nottingham, showed a collection illustrative 
of the following species of 7eredines: Teredo norvegica, T. navalis and var. 
occlusca, T. pedicellata, T. megotara, var. ontonata, var. subertcola, T. 
malleolus, T. bipinnata, T. fimbriata, and Xylophaga dorsalis, including an 
example of a submarine telegraph cable having been attacked and perfor- 
ated through gutta-percha, the outer steel casing and other protections having 
been removed ; also a portion of fossil wood perforated by Zéredines from 
London clay-deposits, Isle of Sheppy. Mr. Dodd also had a collection of 
‘Otoliths, and various other interesting objects. 

Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, M.A., exhibited Drezssensza polymorpha from 
the Colwich Canal, Zémnea peregra var. ampullacea from near Cheadle, and 


358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


the albino forms of three species, viz., Linea auricularia from the Canal, 
Colwich, Z. stagnalis from Milford near Stafford, and Bzedenecrws obscures 
from Weaver Hills near Cheadle—all in Cheshire. 

Mr. William Nelson showed a fine series of distortions of Lzmncea 
peregra from Allerton Bywater near Leeds. 

A number of large examples of Azodons were shown by Mr. W. H. 
Heathcote, and malformed specimens of Zea stagnalis from the Derby 
Canal by Mr. Thomas Hey; and other exhibits were made by Mr. James 
Madison and Mr. G. Sherriff Tye of Birmingham. 

At 6 p.m. the Annual Meeting was held in the large hall of the St. 
Paul’s Institute. 

The chair was occupied by the President, Mr. Philip B. Mason, J.P., 
In JLpSe5 Ge: 

The attendance included about forty or fifty members and friends, in- 
cluding Messrs. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., Hon. Secretary; Lionel E. 
Adams, B.A., Hon. Treasurer; William Nelson, Hon. Curator; W. E. 
Hoyle, M.A., F.R.S.E., and John Wm. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice- Presidents ; 
R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., John R. B. Masefield, M.A., James C. 
Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., Members of the Council; Robert Standen, Hon. 
Secretary, Manchester Branch; A. E. Baker, Thomas F. Burrows, Edward 
Collier, Walter D. Crick, A. T. Daniel, M.A., B. Sturges Dodd, Thomas 
Hey, James Madison, and A. G. Stubbs; and some members of the Burton- 
on-Trent Natural History Society were present as visitors. 

The minutes of the 216th Meeting were taken as read and confirmed. 


Appointment of Scrutineers : 

Messrs. W. D. Crick and B.S. Dodd were appointed to examine the 
voting-papers. 

Annual Reports : 

The Annual Report of the Council (which had previously been distri- 
buted in proof form among the members present) was taken as read. 

The Hon. Treasurer read an interim statement as to the financial 
position of the society, and mentioned that the Council had recommended 
that, on account of the year having been a short one of about nine months, 
the making-up and auditing of the complete Balance Sheet should be 
deferred to the end of the calendar year [the financial statement has since 
been made up accordingly, and is printed with the Annual Reports at p. 355]. 

The Annual Report of the Manchester Branch was read by its Honorary 
Secretary, Mr. Robert Standen. 

The Reports and Recommendations of the Council were adopted unani- 
mously, on the motion of Mr. Edward Collier, duly seconded. 


Alteration of Rules: 

In accordance with notice given, it was moved by Mr. W. Denison 
Roebuck, F.L.S., seconded by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., and unani- 
mously resolved, that the following words be added to Rule 8: 

‘The President and Secretary of the Manchester Branch shall, ex-officio, 
also be members of the Council of the Society.’ 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 359 


Election of Office-Bearers: 

Mr. B. S. Dodd reported on behalf of himself and co-Scrutineer, that 
they had received forty-one voting-papers, none of which had been invalid- 
ated by any informality, and that the following members had received the 
highest number of votes for the respective offices : 

For PRESIDENT: Mr. RoBEerRT F. ScHARFF, Ph.D., B.Sc., Dublin. 

For VICE-PRESIDENTS : Mr. W. E. Hoyts, M.A., F.R.S.E., Manchester ; 
Mr. Puitipe B. Mason, J.P., F.L.S., Burton-on-Trent; Rev. A. MERLE 
NorMan, LL.D., F.R.S., Burnmoor ; Mr. JoHNn W. Taytor, F.L.S., 
Leeds. ‘ 

For Hon. SECRETARY and RecorpDER: Mr. W. DENISON ROEBUCK, 
F.L.S., Leeds. 

For Hon. TREASURER: Mr. Lione, E. ADAMS, B.A., Northampton. 

For Hon. CurAror: Mr. WILLIAM NELSON, Leeds. 

For Hon. LiprariAN: Mr. HENRY CROWTHER, F.R.M.S., Leeds. 

For the CounciL: Mr. R. D. DarpisHire, B.A., F.G.S., Manchester ; 
Mr. J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A., Cheadle; Mr. J. Cosmo MELVILL, 
M.A., F.L.S., Manchester; Mr. R. BuLteN Nerwron, F.G.S., 
London; Mr. Joun Ponsonsy, F.Z.S., London; Rev. R. Booc 
Warson, B.A., F.R.S.E., Cardross, N.B. 

The President having declared these members duly elected to the re- 
spective offices, the Secretary announced that he was in receipt of letters 
from Dr. Scharff and Mr. Ponsonby expressing their wish not to serve the 
offices to which they had been elected, and that another vacancy on the 
Council was caused by the operation of the alteration in rule giving Mr. 
Darbishire an ex-officio seat on the Council. 

Whereupon it was moved by Mr. J. C. Melvill, seconded by Mr. R. 
Standen, and unanimously resolved that Mr. W. E. Hoyle be elected 
President in place of Dr. Scharff, that Mr. Masefield become Vice-President 
in succession to Mr. Hoyle, and that Messrs. Edward Collier of Manchester, 
J. T. Marshall of Torquay, and Charles Oldham of Manchester, become 
members of the Council in the room of Messrs. Darbishire, Masefield, 


and Ponsonby. 
Place of next Annual Meeting: 


The newly-elected President, Mr. Hoyle, then gave the Society an invi- 
tation to hold the Annual Meeting of 1894 in Manchester, and the invitation 
was cordially accepted, a motion to that effect being duly proposed, seconded 
and carried. 


The Presidential Address 

was then delivered by the retiring President, Mr. P. B. Mason, J.P., F.L.S., 
etc., who took as his subject : ‘Variation in the Shells of the Mollusca’ [the 
address has since been printed in the ‘J. of C.,’ Jan. 1894, pp. 328-346]. 

At the conclusion of the address it was moved by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, 
B.A., F.G.S., seconded by Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, M.A., and unanimously 
resolved, that the best thanks of the Society be tendered to the retiring 
President for his services during the year, the address just delivered, and his 
hospitable reception of the Society upon the occasion of its holding a meeting 
at Burton-on-Trent. 


360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


MANCHESTER BRANCH. 


Meeting held at Owens College, Sept. 14th, 1893. 
The President, Mr. R. D. Darbishire, in the chair. 


New Members Elected: 


Mr. G. W. Chaster, 42, Talbot Street, Southport. 
Mr. P. W. Abbot, 44, Brasenose Street, Manchester. 


Paper Read : 
‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Oban and the Island of 
Lismore,’ by Messrs. R. Standen and John Ray Hardy. 


Donation to Library: 
By Mr. Chas. Oldham: A copy of Brown’s Mollusca, for which the 
thanks of the meeting were tendered to him. 


Exhibits : 

By Messrs. Standen and Hardy: A mounted series of the shells 
described in their paper, which were afterwards presented by them to the 
Cabinet of the Branch. 

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: Spirwla peronii taken on the Donegal 
coast this year ; young /socaridza cor, and two remarkably fine specimens of 
Fusus islandicus, recently obtained in Carmarthen Bay. Mr. Darbishire 
presented the /. is/andicus to the Cabinet, a most acceptable addition to the 
collection. 

By Mr. R. Cairns: H. hortensis, H. rotundata, distorted Cl. rugosa, 
and Vertis substriata, from Isle of Man. The Vertigo is an addition to 
the Manx list. 

By Mr. W. Moss: Cylindrella trinitaria, with perfect apices, and 
Cyclotus translucidus, from Trinidad ; and a very fine series of hortensts, 
H. lapicida, H. cantiana, and Cyclostoma elegans, collected by himself at 
Christchurch Road, Hants. 

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Fine specimens of Uzzo ¢umadus, from Mar- 
bury Mere, a new Cheshire locality for this species. 

By Mr. F. Taylor: Specimens of Bulimus, Orthalicus, and Ampularia 
from British Guiana; and a series of very beautiful Helix rotundata var. 
alba from near Woolwich. 

By Mr. R. Standen: @. concinna from Ballintrae, co. Antrim, found 
living about two feet above high water tide mark on wet rocks on the shore ; 
P. muscorum from Bundoran, co. Donegal ; a large series of white-mouthed 
H. nemoralis var. hyalozonata from the Bundoran sandhills ; and a beautiful 
set of Zanthina rotundata, all collected by Mr. Brockton Tomlin during last 
August. Mr. Tomlin obtained the Zanthinas alive in considerable quantity, 
thrown up on the shore at Ballintrae.—R. STANDEN, Hon. Sec. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 361 


218th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 4th, 1893. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., vice-president, in the chair. 

Library Purchase announced: A Contribution to the Geology and 
Natural History of Nottinghamshire, by J. W. Carr, M.A., 1893 (containing 
a full list of the mollusca by Mr. B. Sturges Dodd). 

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
Society: Evkonyve, 1892-3  Jahreshefte des Naturwissenschaftlichen 
Vereines des Trencséner Comitates, 1893, with plates. 

From the respective Editors: The British Naturalist and the Naturalist 
for October. ; 

Donations to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted : From 
Dr. R. F. Scharff and Mr. J. G. Milne, five shillings each. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted: From 
Mrs. Janet Carphin: Hyalznia nitida and Carychium minimum from Faldon- 
side, Roxburghshire ; Helix aculeata, H. pygmea, and Luliminus obscurus, 
from Elwand, near Melrose, Roxburghshire; Valvata piscinalis, V. cristata, 
Pisidium miltum, P. pusillum, Physa fontinalis, Planorbis albus, Pl. 
contortus, Pl. fontanus, Limnea palustris, L. peregra var. lacustvis, and 
L. auricularta var. acuta, from Faldonside Loch, Roxburghshire ; Helix 
hispida and var. albida, Pupa cylindracea, Succinea elegans, Pisidium fon- 
tinale, Limnea palustris, Planorbis contortus, Hyalinia nitidula, H. nitida, 
and H. pura var. margaritacea, from Clovenfords, Selkirkshire ; Vertégo 
edentula, from Craigiehill Wood, Linlithgowshire: and Helix pygmea and 
Planorbis nautileus from Dalmeny, Linlithgowshire, all being new 
authentication-records for their respective counties. 


New Member Elected : 
Mr. James Clark, M.A., Ph.D., Assoc.R.C.S., Lecturer in the York- 
shire College, Leeds. 
Decease of Member: 
The death of Mr. G. W. Shrubsole, F.G.S., of Chester, was 
announced; and it was resolved that the Secretary convey to the 
family an expression of sympathy at the loss which they and the Society 


have sustained. 
Paper Read: 


A paper by Messrs. R. Standen and J. Ray Hardy, which had 
previously been read before the Manchester Branch, upon ‘ The Land 
and Freshwater Mollusca of Oban and the Island of Lismore’ was read 
fand has been printed in the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ October, 1893, 
pp- 266—274]. 

Exhibits : 

On behalf of Mr. J. R. Brockton Tomlin, B.A., were shown a 
number of slugs from the Island of Guernsey, including a deep reddish- 
brown and a nearly white example of Amalia gagates, as well as typical 
specimens of that species and of A. carinata, Limax flavus, Arion 
hortensts, A. ater var. marginata, and Limax maximus var. cellaria. 


362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


MANCHESTER BRANCH. 


Meeting held at Owens College, October 12th, 1893. 
The President, Mr. R. D. Darbishire, in the chair. 
Donation to Library: 
By Mr. J. W. Taylor: A number of Reprints of Papers from the 
‘Journal of Conchology,’ for which a vote of thanks was tendered to the 


donor. 
Paper Read: 


‘The Marine Mollusca and Brachiopoda of Oban,’ by Dr. G. W. 

Chaster and Mr. W. H. Heathcote. 
Exhibits : 

By Messrs. Chaster and Heathcote: Series of the 195 species described 
in their paper. 

By Mr. G. W. Chaster : Fine sets of the following species :—Auceinzm 
wndatum vars. flexuosa, zetlandica, and alba, from Shetland; monst. 
acuminatum and other unnamed varieties and monstrosities from Whitstable ; 
Fusus antiguis var. striata and Fuses berntcensis, from Bristol Channel ; 
Fusus gracilis and var. convoluta from Isle of Man, var. coudlsont from 
Shetland, and var. ée//7ana from Bristol Channel; veszes NOIVELICUS, 
Scalaria trevelyana, Trochus occidentalis, Natica islandica, and N. gren- 
landica, from North Sea. 

By Mr. T. Rogers: Varieties of Bucctnum undatum from several 
British localities. 

By Mr. A. T. Daniel: Live Aydrobia jenkinséé from canal at Wolver- 
hampton—a new British locality. —R. STANDEN, Hon, Sec. 


219th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER Ist, 1893. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.LS., vice-president, in the chair. 

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: From 
the late Author: Histoire Malacologique du Lac Tanganyika, par 
J. KR. Bourguignat, and Iconographie Malacologique des Animaux 
Mollusques Fluviatiles du Lac Tanganyika, par J. R. Bourguignat. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted. 

From Mr. Arthur G. Stubbs: Specimens of Spherium rivicola, 
S. corneum, Bythinia tentaculata, B. leachtt, Valvata piscinalis, Planorbis 
cartnalus, Pl. vortex, Pl. corneus, Pl. umbtlicatus, Neritina, and 
Limnea auricularia from the Nottingham Canal. 

From Mr. J. G. Milne: Slugs from Montenegro. 

From Dr. R. F. Scharff: Specimens of extended mollusca killed 
by acetic acid. 

From Mr. T. F. Burrows: Lemna auricularia from the tanks at Kew. 

Papers Read: 

A paper on the * Land and Freshwater Molluscs of East Norfolk’ by 
Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A., and Mr. Arthur Mayfield was read [and 
will be printed in a forthcoming number of the ‘Journal of Conchology]. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 363 


A paper by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.Z.S., on the ‘ Marine Shells 
of South Africa’ was read [and is published in the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ 
April, 1894, pp. 368—-378]. 

A paper by Messrs. G. W. Chaster and W. H. Heathcote on ‘ Dredging 
at Oban,’ which had been previously read before the Manchester-Branch, was 
read [and has been printed in the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ January, 1894, 
pp. 289—312]. 

A communication from Dr. R. F. Scharff was also read, in which he 
indicated a ready method of distinguishing between L2max maximus and 
L. marginatus (arborum). By touching the front part of the mantle in 
L. maximus with a pencil or forceps the whole of that part and the sides 
will be raised up and almost inverted, while if the same be done with 
L. marginatus nothing of the kind takes place, indicating probably a more 
extended connection between the mantle and the body. In Limax flavus, 
which is so readily distinguishable from both Z. maximus and L. marginatus 
in colour, the mantle is very loose too, and is likewise raised up when 
touched, but not to such a degree as in L. maximus. 

A further communication from Dr. Scharff was read, in which he 
described a new method of killing mollusca in an extended condition. 
Having tried various methods of obtaining snails and slugs fully expanded 
for museum purposes he finds that the acetic acid process is fairly satisfactory 
if the solution is not too strong. The animals will at first contract pretty 
strongly and then relax again, when they should be carefully washed in 
water, then transferred to weak methylated spirit (about 30 per cent.) end 
afterwards to a 70 per cent. mixture, in which the animals should be 
preseived. 

Exhibits : 

Mr. William Nelson exhibited, on behalf of Mr. James Madison, of 

Birmingham, photographs of abnormal specimens of Limnea peregra. 


220th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 6th. 1893. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., vice-president, in the chair. 

Donation to Library announced and thanks voted : The Naturalist 
for December, 1893. 

Paper Read: 

A note by Mr. A. T. Daniel, M.A., on ‘ Hydrobia jenkinsi in an Inland 

Locality ’ was read [and has been printed in the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ 


anuary, 1894, p. 325]. 
J Exhibits : 


On behalf of Mr. H. Wallis Kew, F.Z.S., was exhibited an example 
of Limnaea auricularia from High Beech, Epping Forest, to show the 
manoer in which it had repaired its shell. A hole having been accidentally 
made in the middle of the superior aspect of the body whorl of its shell, 
the mollusc had repaired the damage by making what might be termed a 
‘dormer’ mouth of the hole, and using it instead of the ordinary orifice. 


364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., exhibited type specimens from Cape 
Town of Colendbella hitching? Sowb., which had been presented by Mr. J. 
Langley Kitching, J.P., of Bewdley, to the Leeds Museum. 

On behalf of Mr. F. W. Wotton were shown examples of Hedi ééala 
(= ertcetorum) and A. caferata, British species, from Wellington, New 
Zealand, where they are acclimatized. The former species was only 
introduced five or six years ago, with grass seeds. The specimens of //. 
caperata were from a virgin forest, where they are well distributed. 

The Chairman exhibited a series of coloured drawings of distorted and 
labiate specimens of Lemncea peregra; also specimens of Helix nemoralis 
var. Pseudo-austriaca Cless., from the Tyrol (Staudinger), 7/. asfersa var. 
minor Mogq., from Llantwit Major, near Cardiff. HZ. fomatia var. thessalica 
Bet., from Bulgaria, A. remorak’s var. albolabiata from Andorra, and var. 
rescosonata from Blagdon, near Bristol. 

Candidate Proposed for Membership : 

Mr. Ernest W. Williams (proposed by Mr. J. Burman Rosevear and 

Mr. James E. Cooper). 


MANCHESTER BRANCH. 
Meeting held at Owens College, December 9th, 1893. 
Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair. 
Donation to Library : 
By Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins: ‘Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of 
New Zealand,’ for which thanks were voted to donor. 


Paper Read: 

By Captain W. J. Farrer: ‘ Notes on Collecting in the United States, 

and Habits of Certain North American Molluscs.’ 
Exhibits : 

By Captain W. J. Farrer: A drawer of shells illustrative of his ‘ Notes,’ 
including the denticulated Helices found in the States—e/ix sargenteana, 
LPatula perspectivum monst. senestrorsum, Limnea gracelis, and a number of 
species of Physa, Succinea, and Unio. 

By Mr. C. H. Schill: elev arbustorum, of gigantic dimensions, from 
Austria ; and a singular form of Zzyesea, remarkable for its solid structure 
and inflated lip, obtained by the amber dredgers in a large lake at Konigs- 
berg, in Northern Prussia. 

By Mr. R. Cairns: Helix nemoralis and v. mznorx from Hawick, Scotland. 

By Mr. C. Oldham: 86 locality sets of choice specimens, mounted in 
glass-topped boxes, of British land and freshwater shells, which he 
presented to the Cabinet. The thanks of the meeting were voted to him for 
his valuable and acceptable gift, which will form an important nucleus for 
the ‘local’ collection which is being formed by the Branch. 

By Mr. Darbishire : 26 mounted sets of marine shells dredged by him 
in Mulroy Bay, co. Donegal, during August last, including Panofea plicata, 
Axinus flexuosus, Lima hians, and other good species. The entire collec- 
tion was presented to the Cabinet by Mr. Darbishire, and the thanks of the 
meeting were tendered to him for his gift.—R. STANDEN, Hon. Sec. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOJOGICAL SOCIETY. 365 


22Ist MEETING, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 3rd, 1894. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., vice-president, in the chair. 

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors: The current numbers of the Naturalist, the British 
Naturalist, and the Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes. 

From the respective Societies : Proceedings of the Davenport Academy, 
and of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. 8, part 1. 

From the Smithsonian Institution for their respective authors : A Sub- 
tropical Miocene Faunain Arctic Siberia; Report on Pteropods and 
Ifeteropods collected by the U. 5. Fish Commission Steamer ‘ Albatross’ 
in 1887-8; Molluscan Fauna of the Galapagos Islands; Rare or Little- 
known Mollusca from the Western Coasts of North and South America ; 
Preliminary Report on Mollusca collected by the U.S. Scientific Expedition 
to West Africa in 1889-90. 


New Member Elected: 
Mr. Ernest W. Williams, Boof Street, Bridgetown, Barbados, B.W.I. 


Candidates Proposed for Membership : 

Mr. Edward Consterdine Stump (proposed by Messrs. R. Standen and 
Edward Collier) ; Mr. W. E. Scharff (by Messrs. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., and 
W. Nelson); and Mr. John Hill (by Messrs. Thomas Hey and John 
W. Taylor, F.L.S.). 

Paper Read: 

A paper was read on behalf of Mr. R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S., of the 
British Museum (Natural Jistory), entitled ‘Note on some Molluscan 
Remains lately discovered in the English Keuper.” The paper was 
illustrated by diagrams and by the actual specimens from the collection of 
the Rev. P. B. Brodie [and will be published in a forthcoming number of 
the ‘ Journal of Conchology |. 

Exhibits : 

On behalf of Mrs. Crowther were shown examples of Helix lucorum 
from the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. 

The Recorder showed an example of Amalia carinata collected at 
Middlesbrough by Mr. C. W. Baines. 


222nd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 15th, 1894. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., vice-president, in the chair 
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: From the 
respective Editors: The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for 


February, 1894. 

From the respective Societies: Bulletin de Ja Socicté d’Etudes 
Scientifiques de Paris—15e et 16e années—1892-93 (one part); and 
Transactions of Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 17, part 2, for 


1892-93. 


366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


From the respective Authors: Ueber einige verkannte und neue Dori- 
diden, von Dr. Rudolph Bergh, 1893; Die Gattung Gastvoptevon, von Dr. 
R. Bergh, 1893; and Land Shells of the genus Azdimulus in Lower 
California, with Descriptions of Several New Species, by W. H. Dall, 1893. 

From the Leeds Corporation : Catalogue of Natural History Works in 
the Reference Department of the Leeds Public Library, $vo, 1893. 


Donations to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted: From 
Mr. Wm. Whitwell, F.L.S., Five Shillings. 


New Members Elected : 
Mr. Edward Consterdine Stump, 16, Herbert Street, Moss Side, 
Manchester. 
Mr. W. E. Scharff, Hill Crest, Ripon Road, Harrogate. 
Mr. John Hill, Little Eaton, near Derby. 


Decease of Members, etc. : 


The decease of the veteran naturalist, Rev. George Gordon, LL. D., of 
Braebirnie, Elgin, who died on the 12th of December last, in his 93rd year, 
was announced and sorrow expressed at the loss of a member who had 
during a long and useful life done so much good service for the natural 
history of Moray. 

The Chairman also called attention to the loss which conchology as a 
science, particularly from its anatomical standpoint, had sustained in the 
decease of Mr. Charles Ashford, of Christchurch, which took place suddenly 
on tke 31st January, at the age of 65. Although Mr. Ashford had never 
been a member of the Society, he nevertheless took great interest in its 
work, and was a frequent donor to its library and collections. Apart from 
this his remarkably accurate knowledge of malacology and his unrivalled 
excellence in dissecting and drawing entitle him to be had in remembrance 
by any body of conchologists. 


Papers Read : 

A brief and interesting note on ‘ Mimicry in Mollusca,’ embodied in a 
letter addressed to the ex-president (Mr. Mason) by Mr. Edgar Leopold 
Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S., was read [and will shortly be printed in the 
‘Journal of Conchology ’]. 

A short note by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., on the ‘ Occurrence of 
a Sinistral Example of Szcc¢nea chlonga in South Perthshire’ was read, and 
the specimen exhibited [this note will shortly appear in the ‘ Journal of 
Conchology ’]. 

Exhibits ; 

On behalf of Mr. William Moss, F.C.A., of Ashton-under-Lyne, were 
shown several fine examples of Helix itala (=ericetorum) var. leucozona 
from Peel, Isle of Man; also a number of photographs, viz., of the jaws of 
Fissurella reticulata (Guernsey), Glandina algiva (Europe), and Gzibbula 
cineraria (Looe), and of the shells of Cyhndrella trinitarta and an un- 
identified Bzlimulus, both from Trinidad. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 367 


On behalf of Mr. A. G. Stubbs, of Nottingham, were shown living 
examples of Helix obvoluta from Sussex. 

The Chairman showed examples of Physa acuta from Banner Mill, 
near Aberdeen, and from the Botanical Gardens, Regent’s Park, I.ondon. 

Ile also exhibited Helix cantiana var. minor from Yardley Ilastings, 
Northamptonshire, where they were collected in August, 1886, by Mr. 
R. Rogers. 

Also Paludina contecta, from Southport, sent by Mr. G. W. Chaster ; 
and Planorbis corneus in its extreme variations of size; var. major from 
Krapinova, Slavonia, and var. 2707 from Newsholme, Yorkshire. 

On behalf of Mr. H. Wallis Kew, F.Z.S., was shown an example of 
Limnea glutinosa from Saltfleetby All Saints, a new record for the county 
of Lincoln. 

The Recorder exhibited a number of shells collected in Banffshire by 
Mr. Lionel W. Hinxman, of the Geological Survey of Scotland, during the 
summer of 1893, the locality being Inchrory in Glenavon, at an altitude of 
1,400 —1,600 feet above sea-level, including Zimmea auricularia var. 
acuta and Ancylus fluvratilzs and its var. albida, which are new records for 
that county. 

He also showed a number of shells collected in Stirlingshire by Mr. 
Andrew McLellan, including the following, which are new records for that 
county: Vertigo pygmea, Dreissensia polymorpha, Limnea palustris, 
Planorbis parvus, Succinea elegans, Hlyalinia vadiatula, H. fulva, H. pura, 
Ff, allicsia, Anodonta cygnea, Unio margaritifer, Physa fontinalis, Bullinus 
hypnorum, Bythinia tentaculata, Carychium minimum, Helix pulchella, 
H. aspersa, and HZ. aculeata. 

The Recorder further showed a considerable number of shells embodying 
new records for Scottish counties which had been sent by Mr. Wm. Evans, 
F.R.G.E. The new records among these were Ayalinia radiatula for 
Haddingtonshire (from Luffness Links), Planorbis sperorbis for Linlithgow- 
shire (from Drumshoreland), Helix aculeata, H. arbustorum, and H. hispida 
for South Perthshire (all three from Bridge of Allan), and Bzdlzmznus 
obscurus (Aberdour) and Planorbis parvis (Kilconquhar Loch) for Fifeshire. 

Vio 1D), IR; 


+ Oe g——__—_ 


Succinea oblonga m. sinistrorsum.—Shell sinistral. 
This form which is, I believe, new to science, was picked out 
by me from amongst a few of the typical form kindly given by 
Mr. McLellan. The specimens were found in an old road-side 
quarry in South Perthshire during the autumn of 1893 by a 
conchological friend of Mr. McLellan’s.—JoHn W. Taytor, 
February, 1893. 


368 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 


MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, November 3rd, 1893). 


THE following species have been brought to my notice 

since the publication of my work with the above title in 1892. 
The references are not always to original descriptions, but 

to figures in well-known works. 

Murex ramosus Linn.—Sow., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. iv., pl. 
387, fig. 69. Natal. 

Tritonidea subrubiginosa. — Smith, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 
1879, p. 200, pl. 20, fig. 40. Natal (Burnup). 

Pleurotoma cingulifera Lamk.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ 
vol. 1., Pleurotoma, fig. 1. A young shell from Knysna. _ 

Mangilia cerea (?) Carpenter.—A small shell bearing a very 
close resemblance to this species has been submitted to me 
by Mr. Langley Kitching, from near Cape Town. 

Triton gemmatus.—Reeve, ‘Conch, Icon.,’ vol. i1., Z77¢on, 
pl. 15, fig. 60. Natal. 

Triton tuberosus Lamk.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ vol. ii., 
Triton, p\. 1, fig. 1. Natal. 

Triton gallinago,—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ vol. u., Z7eton, 
plias tie. 3) 1 Natal’ 

Triton monilifer.—Adams & Reeve, ‘Voyage, Samarang, 
pl. to, fig. 18. Natal. 

Triton (Persona) anus Lamk.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ vol. 
ii., Zriton, pl. 12, fig. 44. Natal. 

Nassa algida.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ vol. vili., Massa, pl. 
22, fig. 145. Natal. 

Bullia pustulosa Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa acuminata, solidiuscula, luteo-albida; spira acute turrita, 
ad apicem obtustuscula ; anfractus 6 primt (2) leves, sequentes 
eranulati, spiraliter sulcati, longitudinaliter plicati, sutura 


J.C., vil., Apr. 1894. 


SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 369 


anguste canaliculata divisi ; anfractus ultimus spiram paulo 
superans, leviter inflatus ; apertura latiuscula ; columella 
leviter incurva, callosa. 


Long. 19, diam. maz. 9 millim. 
Fab. Natal, Durban. 
A very distinct species which may be at once recog- 
nized by its granular sculpture. 
Oliva ispidula Linn.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. iv., p. 21, 
pl. 343, fig. 248. 
Fasciolaria trapezium Linn.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. v., 
pl. 426, fig. 22. Natal. 
Latirus abnormis Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa elongato-fusiformis, crassa, utringue acuminata, umbili- 
cata, castanea ; spiva turrita, acuta, sutura trregularts ; 
anfractus 6-7, leviter convext, nodis conspicuis rotundatis 
armati , spiraliter sub-obsolete lirati ; anfractus ultimus 
superne leviter concavus, obtuse bt-angulatus, ad angulum 
superum valde nodosus, ad angulum inferum nodis levigatis 
munitus, tnferne leviter concavus, in cauda breviuscula de- 
sinens ; apertura oblonga ; columella recttuscula, albo-callosa, 
glabra, haud plicata ; canalis latiusculus, medtocriter longus. 


Long. 57, diam. maj. 23 millim. 
flab. Natal. 

This species, though evidently a Zazirus, shows no 
signs of the columellar folds supposed to be characteristic 
of that genus. In this respect, however, it does not stand 
alone, the same being observed with regard to Z. gibbulus 
Gmel., and the species from the Cape de Verde Islands, to 
which I recently gave the name of Z. maxzmus (‘The Con- 
chologist,’ 1893, vol. ii., p. 139, pl. 1, fig. 5). 

Voluta festiva Lamk.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. i, pl. 52, 
figs. 79, 80. A young specimen of this rare species was 
recently found on the Natal coast by Mrs. Trotter. 

Mitra literata Lamk.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. iv., pl. 
372, fig. 436. Natal. 

Mitra limbifera Lamk.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. iv., pl. 
366, fig. 261. Natal. 


370° SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


Marginella rufula Gaskoin (MSS.).—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ 
sp. 149. Green Point, Cape of Good Hope. 
Marginella perminima Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa minuta, oblongo-ovalis, albida, postice rotundata, antice 
lewter attenuata; spira immersa; apertura angusta ; 
columella triplicata ; labrum crasstusculum. 


Long. rh, lat. 4 millim. 
Hab. South Africa (Captain Turton). 
A minute species with immersed spire, allied to JZ 
minima Guilding, but more cylindrical in form. 
Columbella kitchingi Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa breviuscula, crassa, tmperforata, albida, fusco-bifasciata ,; 
spira acuttuscula ;, anfractus 5, convext, sutura anguste 
canaliculata sejunctt, longitudinaliter costati, costis circ. 8, 
rotundatis , anfractus ultimus leviter inflatus, tnfra medium 
contractus ; apertura auriformis ; labrum arcuatum, tntus 
valde guadriplicatum ; columella rectiuscula, levts. 


Long. 6, maj. diam. 3 millim. 
Hab. Green Point, Cape of Good Hope. 

This species somewhat resembles C. cereadis, but it has 
plain-brown bands in place of the zig-zag markings, and is 
notably distinguished by the dentiform plicz in the mouth. 
The type-specimen was found in the above locality by 
Mr. Langley Kitching, after whom I have pleasure in 
naming it. There are also specimens in the British Museum. 

Columbella (Mitrella) pyramidalis Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa angusta, crasstuscula, levis, lutea, fusco sparsim strigata ; 
spira elongata, acuta; anfractus 8, plant, levis, sutura 
linearts » anfractus ultimus infra medium obtuse angulatus ; 
apertura latiuscula, utringue attenuata ; columella tncurva, 
truncata ; canalis brevissimus. 


Long. 11, diam. maj. 3 millim. 
Flab. Port Elizabeth. 
A smooth shell with a very long spire. 
Cassis glauca Linn.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ vol. v., Casszs, 
pl. 12, fig. 33. Natal. 
Pyrula ficus Linn.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. iv., pl. 423, 
fig. 4 (as Ficula f.). Natal. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 371 


Natica quekettii Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa globosa, medtocriter umbilicata, crasstuscula, undique 
fusco multipunctata, maculis grandibus fuscis trregulariter 
picta ; spira brevissima, anfractus 4, levis, convext, sutura 
profundiuscula sejuncti,; anfractus ultimus inflatus, rotun- 
datus; umbilicus profundus sub-circularis, saturate fusco 
marginatus ; apertura semt-circularts ; columella obliqua, vix 
curvata. 


Long. 7, maj. diam. 8 millim. 
Hab. Natal. 


A small species somewhat resembling 1. zmferforuta, 
but distinctly perforate. It differs in form from JV. forata, 
and the umbilicus is smaller. 


Natica sebze.—Souleyet, ‘Voyage de la Bonite,’ pl. 35, figs. 
6, 7; ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. v., pl. 457, fig. 79. Natal. 


Natica teeniata Menke=N. ala-papilionis Chemn.—Sow., 
‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. v., pl. 457, pl. 46. Natal. 


Scalaria simplex Sowerby, n. sp. 
Testa elongato-pyramidata, tmperforata, alba, nitida ; anjractus 
o - 4b 4 . i “4 - x . . 
6, rotundatt, sutura profunda sejunctt ; costis leviter obliguts 
, y ass eos Nosed de ie 

9-10, equalibus, crasstuscults, stmplicibus,vix angulatis ; aper- 
tura fere circularis, peristoma crasstusculo. 

Long. 8, maj. diam. 4:5 millim. 

flab. Natal. 


A small Scalaria with no prominent distinguishing 
characters, but seemingly different from any hitherto 
described. 


Aclis unilineata Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa elongata, angusta, tenuis, alba; spira turrita; anfractus 
8, planato-convext, longttudinaliter minutisstme densissime 
Pplicati, linea unica fusca spiraliter cincti ; sutura impressa, 
lira angusta insecta ; anfractus ultimus breviusculus vix 
inflatus, ad basin rotundatus, levissime productus ; apertura 
ovata ; columella tenutssima, leviter incurvata, haud plicata, 
peristome simplex. 


Long. 5, maj. diam. 1 millim. 
flab. Port Elizabeth, 


272 SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


A narrow little white shell with a brown spiral line 
about the middle of the whorls. From the form of the 
mouth and columella it appears to be an Acé/zs, though in 
sculpture it is more like a Zurbonilla. 

Solarium perspectivum Linn.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch..,’ vol. 
iil., pl. 253, fig. 36. Natal. A small specimen. 


Solarium (Philippia) hybridum Linn.—‘ Thes. Conch.,’ 
vol. ili., pl. 253, fig. 42. St. John’s (Captain Turton). 
Solarium dorsuosum Hinds.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. 
iii., pl. 254, figs. 73-74. Natal. St. John’s (Captain Tur- 
ton). This species is found in the Persian Gulf and in 

Japan. 


Cerithium crassilabrum Krauss.—Sud., ‘Afr. Moll.,’ pl. vi., 
fig. 10. Natal. 


Pyrazus: palustris Brug.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. ii., pl. 
185, fig. 261. Natal. 


Turbo (Pachypoma) taylorianus Smith, Proc. Zool. 


Soc.,’ 1880, pl. 48, fig. 9, p. 483. Port Elizabeth. 


Turbo (Collonia) pillula Dunker.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ 
vol. v., pl. 505, fig. 160. St. John’s (Captain Turton). 


Gibbula fucata Gould, ‘Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hz,’ p. 8, p. 20. 
Simon’s Bay (Captain Turton). A prettily-marked rather 
compressed variety was found by Mr. Langley Kitching, 
at Green Point, near Cape Town. 


Gibbula incincta Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa conica, obtustuscula, umbilicata, aurantiofusca, et virt- 
descente, fascits angustis albidis, maculis angulatis fuscts 
articulatis picta ; anfractus 5 convexo declives, fere leaves, 
oblique sub-obsolete sulcati, lira volundata marginatt ; basis 
leviter convexa, oblique plicata, spiraliter subtilissime striata ; 
umbtlicus late et profunde excavatus, albus, carina obtustus- 
cula marginatus ; apertura oblique sub-quadrata ; columella 
tenuis, obliqua, levissime reflexa ; peristoma simplex. 


Alt. 6, maj. lat. 6 millim. 
Hab. Port Elizabeth, 


J-C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 373 


A simple conical shell with an obtusely-keeled margin. 
It somewhat resembles G. capensis, but is much more ele- 
vately conical. 


Clanculus kraussi Philippi, ‘Conch. Cab.,’ p. $2, pl. ra, 
fig. 14. Natal. 


Fissurella mutabilis Sowb. var. sagillata Reeve.—-Sowb., 
‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. iii., pl. 239, fig. 83. 


Fissurella similis Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. iu., pl. 241, 
fig. 143, p. 143. Durban (Captain Turton). 


Macrochisma compressa A. Adams. — Sowerby, ‘ Thes. 
Conch.,’ vol. 111., pl. 244, fig. 218. Captain Turton. 


Chiton lyratus Sowb., ‘Conch. Illust.” fig. 15. Port 
Elizabeth. 


Cylindrobulla sculpta G. & H. Neville,‘ Journ. Asiatic Soc.,’ 
Ge 2 ye NOl2,. TSOO) a). OSammlenkas tees: 


Volvatella laguncula Sowb., n. sp. 


Testa ovato-cylindracea, membranacea, tnvoluta, postice abrupte 
contracta, breviter producta, antice rolundata; apertura 
antice late ovata, postice sinuosa, angustissima, labro dextro 
utringue desinente, tn medio inflexo, stnistro leviter reflexo. 

Long. 6, diam. 34 millim. 


Hab. Port Elizabeth. 


Unfortunately I have only the shell of this species, so 
that it is impossible with certainty to establish its generic 
position; the form of the shell, however, leaves little room 
for doubt that it is a true Volvatella. Compared with V. 
cumingt@ it is much smaller, less abruptly truncated and 
produced posteriorly, and proportionately wider anteriorly; 
it is also less cylindrical in form than V. cincta of Neville, 
and shows no sign of the transverse bands characteristic of 
that species. 


374 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


PELECYPODA. 


Basterotia obtusa Sowb., n. sp. 


Testa ceguivalvis, tneguilateralis, quadrato-subovata, leviter 
inflata, antice abbreviata, rotunde truncata, postice obtuse 
angulata, oblique producta, sordida, concentrice dense striata. 
OUmbones approximati, leviter prominentes. Cardo in utraque 
valva dentem unicum valde productum, leviter excurvatum, 
postice lamina abbrevitata crasstuscula angulato-elevata 
munitus. Lmpresstones musculares vix perspicua. 


Antero-post. 12, umbono-marg. 8 millim. 
Fab. Durban. 

The genus Basterotia Mayer in Hornes (‘Die Fossilen 
Mollusken des Terticer-Beckens von Wein,’ vol. iv., p. 40, 
pl. 3, fig. 12 a-g, 1859) was founded on a fossil species 
B. corbuloides Mayer. he recent type is Corbula quad- 
vata Hinds (‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 1843), for which Recluz 
proposed the generic name of Lucharis (‘Journal de Con- 
chyliologie,’ vol. 1., p. 168, 1850); name pre-occupied by 
Latreille in 1804. The new species Basterotia obtusa re- 
sembles &. corbuloides in torm, but instead of a keel from 
the apex to the posterior margin, it has only a very obtuse 
rounded angle. a 


Pandora dissimilis Sowb., n. sp. 


Testa fere equivalvis, tnequilateralts, oblonga compressa, pos- 
tice latior, antice angustior, utrinque obtuse subangulata ; 
extus sordida, concentrice trregulariter rugata. Margo dor- 
salts acutus ; anticus curtus leviter declivis ; posticus longus 
rectiusculus ; lunula nulla. Margo ventralis leviter flexuo- 
sus. Valvis utrinque leviter hiantis. Umbones acutt, Cardo 
lira longa crasstuscula, oblique descendens, ligamentum fer- 
ente; in valva dextra dente unicus elevatus claviformis 
instructus. Pagina interna margaritacea tidescens ; tim- 
pressiones musculares due subcirculares. 


Antero-post. 45, umbono-marg. 25 millim. 
flab. Sea Point, Cape Town. 


After some hesitation I have decided to place this 
remarkable species in the genus Pandora. It differs very 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 375 


much from the typical forms, and chiefly in the equality of 
the valves. The hinge, however, is that of a Pandora, 
although the club-shaped tooth is much more prominent 
than in any other species with which I am acquainted. 
The oblique ridge holding the ligament is similar to that of 
P. claviculata Carpenter. 


Raeta pellicula Deshayes.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ AZactra, 
pl. 21, fig. 124. A single valve from Durban. 


Semele cordiformis Chemnitz. — Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ 
Amphidesma, pl. 5, fig. 30. Natal. 


Psammobia burnupi Sowb., n. sp. 


Testa oblonga, cguivalis, ineguilateralis, planulata, antice 
rotundatz, postice truncata, ubique concentrice striata, luteo- 
Jusco tincta, fascits fuscis trregulariter notata, linets fuscis 
minutis adivergentibus ventformibus picta; umbones acuit, 
haud prominentes; margo dorsalis anticus longus, leviter 
curvatus ; anticus curtus leviter declivis, obtuse angulatus ; 
margo ventralis rectiusculus anticus rotundatus, posticus ob- 
fuse angulatus ; ligamentum externum, mediocriter longum ; 
cardo normals ; pagina interna saturate purpurea. 


Antero-post. 28, umbono-marg. 14 millim. 
Hab. Natal (Burnup). 
Var. B—sordide lutea, obscure radiata ; pagina interna albida 
pallide luteofusco tincta. 
Tellina dispar Conrad,—Sowb.,‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. i., p. 306, 
pl. 59, fig. ro8. Natal. 


Tellina virgata Iinn.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch., vol. i., p. 228, 
pl o3, figs2r2. . Natal: 


Tellina rastellum Hanley.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. i., 
p. 225, pl. 64, fig. 231. Natal. 


Tellina (Macoma) candidata Sowb., n. sp. 


Testa sub-oblique ovalis, equivalvtis, ineguilateralts, leviter in- 
fiata, alba, glabra, nitens. _Umbones acutiuscult, leviter 
prominentes, conjunctt, Margo dorsalis utringue declivis ; 
anticus longiusculus ; posticus brevior, magis declivis. Margo 
ventralts leviter arcuatus. Latus anticum rotundatum ; postt- 
cum obtuse biangulatum. 


376 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


Antero-post. 16, umbono-marg. 12 millim. 
Hab. Durban. 
A very simple white shell. 


Strigillia trotteriana Sowerby, n. sp. 


Testa rolunde subovata, solidiuscula, equivalvis, subcequilater- 
alts, convextuscula, nitida, alba, luteo tincta, prope umbones 
lutea, varte et conspicue striata; striis anticis concentricts 
sub-remotis ; mediantis obliquis subradiantibus, cum strits 
anticis angulum deflectum formantibus ; posticts sub-concen- 
tricts, creberrimus, leviter undulatis. Margo dorsalis utrinque 
declivis ; anticus brevis, rotundatus, leviter flexuosus ; posticus 
longior, rectiusculus. Cardo normalis. Pagina interna lutea. 


Antero-post. 12, umbono-marg. 10 millim. 


The strize are not so close as in JS. carnarta ; those on 
the anterior side (nearly half the valve) are nearly con- 
centric, and form an angle with the oblique striz which 
cover the middle portion to the posterior angle, behind 
which they are again concentric and much closer. This 
very interesting species was found at Durban by Mrs. 
Trotter. 

Donax nitidus Deshayes.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. iii., 
p- 314, pl. 282, fig. 75. Natal (Burnup). The specimens 
of this species in the British Museum are from E. Australia, 


Donax lubricus Hanley.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ Donxax, 
pl. 7, fig. 46. 

Donax eemulus Smith, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 271, pl. 
75, figs. 23-25. Durban (Captain Turton). 


Mactra zquisulcata Sowb., n. sp. 


Zesta sub-trigona, ee Jere eguilaterahs, Pee, 
leviter inflata, pallide lutescente-cornea, utringue concentrice 
dense sulcata; umbones obtustuscult, incurvati, purpureo 
tinctt; margo dorsalis wutringue declivis, area latiuscula, 
planato-convexa, lunula vix conspicua; margo ventralis 
arcuatus ;, cardo normalis; pagina interna polita, albida, 
pallide purpureo-griseo fasciatim tincta. 


Antero-post. 58, umbono-marg. 48 millim. 
Hab. Natal (Burnup). 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA, 377 


I know of no species bearing a very close comparison 
with this. It is of much the same texture as AZ. semisulcata 
Desh., but higher and much more nearly zequilateral ; it 1s, 
moreover, equally sulcated at both ends, the sulci, except- 
ing near the umbones, crossing the valves. 


— Donax burnupi Sowb., n. sp. 


Testa elongata, angusta, leviter flexuosa, pallide fulva, obscure 
fusco radiata, polita; area postica sulcata, sulcts numerosts 
profundis oblique sub-verticalis. Margo dorsalis anticus 
longus, rectiusculus, leviter declivis, posticus brevis, rotundatus. 
Cerdo normalis. Pagina interna albida, utringue violacco 
tincta. 


74 


Antero-post, 26, umbono-marg, 12 muillim. 
Hab. Natal (Burnup). 

At first sight this shell resembles the European D. 
politus, but it is distinguished by the remarkable posterior 
sulci. 

Cytherea (Caryatis) manillae Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ vol. 
. ii., p. 634, pl. 136, figs. 180-181. Natal (a single valve). 
Cytherea (Meretrix) zonaria Lamarck. —Sowb., ‘Thes. 
Conch.,’ vol. ii., p. 620, pl. 129, figs. 53-54. Natal. 
Circe (Crista) divaricata Chem.—Sowb., ‘Thes. Conch.,’ 

VOlees pa zino.epl. nay, ngs. 6-9.) Natal: 

Meroé contempta Smith, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ Natal. 

Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ 
Cardium, pl. to, fig. 50. Natal. 

Cardium rugosum Lamarck.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ Car- 
dium, pl. 14, fig. 68. Natal. 

Cardium rubicundum Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ Cardium, 
pl. 9, fig. 44. Natal. 

Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ 
Cardium, pl. 2, fig. 9. Natal, A specimen in excellent 
condition, with epidermis in raised ridges on the ribs. 

Cardium turtoni Sowb., n. sp. 


Testa sub-oblique orbiculata, equivalvis, inequilateralis, solidt- 
uscula, parum inflata, albida, maculis fuscts diverstformibus 


378 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


picta, rafiatim costata ; costis 26, planulatis, rotunde con- 
spicue nodulosis ; tnterstitits angustis, transversim sulcatis ; 
umbones prominentes ; pagina interna alba, ulrinque fusco 
tincta. 


Antero-post. 12, umbono-marg. 12. 
Flab. Port Elizabeth. 
This species is quoted by me—‘ Marine Shells of 
South Africa,’ p. 61—-as C. fasciatum from worn valves 
found at Port Elizabeth. Having now seen shells in better 
preservation (though still only odd valves) I am convinced 
of my error. The nodules are easily worn off, leaving the 
ribs smooth. 
Chama iostoma Conrad.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon., 
plz nnes 7.0) Natal: 


> Chama, 


Lucina (Codakia) pecten Lamarck.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ 
vol. vi., Lucina, sp. 38. St. John’s, Durban. 

Lucina (Divaricella) quadrisulcata D’Orbigny =Lucina 
eburnea Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon.,’ vol. vi, Zuctza, pl. 8, 
sp. 49. Natal. There are specimens in the British 
Museum from St. Helena. I have the same species 
from Hong-Kong. 

Loripes clausus Philippi, ‘Abbile und Beschr. Conch.,’ voi. 
lil, Zecina, pl. 2, fig. 2. Natal. This is the shell quoted 
by me in ‘ Marine Shells of South Africa,’ p. 61, as Lovipes 
lacteus. There are specimens in the British Museum from 
Mozambique. 

Pinna saccata Linn.—Reeve, ‘Conch. Icon., Pzzna, pl. 4, 
fig. 6. Natal. 

Anomia ephippium Linn.—Sowb., ‘Illust. Index of British 
Shells,’ pl. 9, fig. 18. Natal. 


————_¢-e-¢-____—_ 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 379 


ADDITIONS “LO> “BREDISE CONCHOLOGN: 
ADDENDA. 


By J. T. MARSHALL. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, April 4th, 1894). 


The following should be added to my paper under the 
above title, which appeared in the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ for 
October, 1893 :— 

Terebratula septata Phil. Dr. Jeffreys, in ‘B.C.’ vol. ii., 
p. 14, writing on Z! cranium, says that the young ‘are 
furnished with a very distinct and prominent crest or ridge, 
placed inside and nearly in the middle of the lower valve. 

This character also occurs in 7? sep¢ata Phil., 
and is remarkably developed in that species; but the 

foramen is incomplete in Z. cranium and entire in 7: 

septata. [These remarks apply zo¢ to the young of 

T. cranium but to that of Z! sepftata, and both were 

dredged together in Shetland. It was not figured nor 

noticed by Jeffreys in his work, but full particulars and 
figures will be found in the ‘ Lightning’ Report, and it is 
well figured in Sowerby’s Index]. 

In the ‘ Porcupine’ cruise of 1869 about thirty speci- 
mens of this fine brachiopod were obtained alive in one 
haul of the dredge, besides numerous fragments, in 345 
fathoms in the Shetiand Channel. Single specimens and 
other fragments were also obtained at different depths in 
the same cruise. 

Leda pernula Mill. I think this species has sufficient claim 
to be admitted into the British List. Dr. Jeffreys dredged 
a small live specimen and a valve off the Shetlands, but 
hesitated to introduce it as British until he had obtained 
a full-grown specimen. Although he did not succeed in 
this, perfect dead shells and some valves have been taken 
in Loch Duich, Rosshire, and St. Magnus Bay, Shetland 
(‘B. C’ App., pp. 173—4); Eigg Island, near Skye, 20 


380 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


fathoms ; west coast of Ireland, 251 fathoms; and Loch 
Torridon, 40 fathoms (‘ Porcupine’ cruise). 


Nezera rostrata Spengler. This was described and figured 
by Jeffreys in their proper places in ‘ British Conchology,’ 
but omitted from Mr. Somerville’s list, as it was introduced 
into the British fauna on the very slightest grounds—‘a 

right valve only.’ But Dr. Jeffreys afterwards dredged it 


off the west of Ireland and off the Butt of Lewis, and it 


may be well to retain it, at least tentatively, as a British 


species. 


Cassidaria echinophora L. (See ‘J. of C.’ for October, 
1893.) The specimen in the British Museum was inad- 
vertently labelled C. echinophora, but has now been 
corrected to C. ¢yrrhena Lam., and the date of its discovery 
should be 1890, and not 1886, as stated in my paper. 
Specimens of C. 4yrrhena were, however, taken in 1886, 
as well as on several other occasions, off the coast of 
Ireland, and Professor Haddon has given the following 
records in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Association 
(I., pp. 40—42):—(1) Off Valentia Island, Kerry, 40 
fathoms, a dead specimen taken in the trawl, 1880; 
(2) off the south-west of Ireland, 265 fathoms, two live 
specimens dredged in a cruise organised by the Royal Irish 
Academy, 1886. Iam indebted to Mr. A. R. Nichols, of 
Dublin, for the following further records :—(3) Off the 
south-west of Ireland, 345 fathoms, a live specimen pro- 
cured in another cruise of the Royal Irish Academy in 
1888 ; (4) off the same part of the coast, 400 fathoms, two 
specimens dredged by H.M.S. ‘Research,’ in 1889. In 
addition to the above, fragments were dredged in the 
‘Porcupine’ cruise of 1870 off Ireland, in 530 fathoms, 
in lat. 48° 6’ N., long. 9° 18’ W. 


The particular specimen in the British Museum was 
taken with another in a fishing expedition organised by 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 381 


the Royal Dublin Society in 1890, tony miles off Achil 
Head, Mayo, in 220 fathoms. 


Perhaps C. echinophora may yet be added to the 
British List, as fragments were obtained in the ‘Porcupine 
cruise Of 1869, in lat. 54° 15’ N. long. 11° 9’ W. 


The Museum specimen also appeared under the 
generic title of M0710 Montfort (1810), following Fischer, 
it being taken for granted that the latter had sufficient 
reasons for adopting that name, as it has priority over 
Cassidarvia Lam. (1812); but ‘ Latreille used that name in 
the same year, and as I believe with acceptance, for a 
group of coleoptera’ (Watson, ‘Chal.’ Rep.). Asa matter 
of fact, AZov70 is now in use among coleopterists, and is 
therefore out of court for conchological purposes. 


Odostomia interstincta var. moulinsiana = O. (Pyrgu- 
lina) moulinstana Fischer. Described and figured in the 
‘Journal de Conchyliologie,’ 1865, p. 215, pl. vi., fig. 9. 
I know this variety from Torbay only, where it is occasion- 
ally dredged. It is a well-marked variety, but hardly a 
distinct species, and differs from the type chiefly in being 
longer and more slender, with coarser sculpture and a 
prominent tooth. It differs equally as much from the 
var. ¢erebellum, being less than half thé size, narrower and 
more tapering, with proportionately stronger sculpture. 
My specimens have been compared with Dr. Fischer’s 
types from Arcachon, and they are identical. Dr. Jeffreys 
could not have given sufficient examination or considera- 
tion to this form, or I feel sure he would not have united 
it with the var. zevebe//um, from which it differs in size, 
shape, and sculpture. 

E. philippii var. tumidosa Marsh. (See ‘J. of C.’ for 
October, 1890, and for October, 1893). I have submitted 
specimens of this puzzling species to the Marquis de 
Monterosato, and he pronounces them to be ‘distinctively’ 


382 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


£. curva (Jeff. MS.) Monts., and it was described by him 
in the ‘Journal de Conchyliologie,’ 1874, XIV., p. 269. 
The species had altogether escaped me in consequence of 
Jeffreys not mentioning it in any of his works. A paper 


on the Lulimide of the ‘ Lightning’ 


expedition, published 
just before his death, does not notice it in any way. 
Besides the localities Land’s End and Scilly given in my 
paper, I have dredged it also off Guernsey, in 22 fathoms. 
These latter are very much smaller than those from Scilly, 
showing a great variation in size peculiar to all the 
Eulimide. (See also a note by Mr, Sykes in the ‘ Con- 


chologist’ for June, 1893). 


Odostomia pusilla Philippi. Dr. Jeffreys has confounded 


two species under this name. He originally described it 
(*) as having ‘the ribs always curved, but not set obliquely,’ 
whereas Philippi’s shell was described as having the ribs 
oblique. Jeffreys afterwards wrote—(*) ‘On further con- 
sideration I must hesitate in considering this species that 
of Philippi. The size given by him is much smaller, the 
ribs are set obliquely, and he noticed spiral strize, which 
this species does not possess. Judging from the excellent 
figure of Zurbonilla gradata Monts., which represents a 
variety of this, I am inclined to adopt the latter name.’ 
Yet, although ‘inclined to adopt’ O. gvadaza for our shell, 
he refrains from doing so, and adheres to O. fusz//a in the 
‘Lightning’ Report. But, as will be seen below, O. gvadata 
is inadmissible for our shell. 

The Marquis de Monterosato, whose opinions are 
entitled to the greatest weight, holds that the shell de- 
scribed by Jeffreys is not the O. pusilla of Philippi, and he 
has re-named our shell O. cznovata (°); but what he 
calls O. pusilla is also British, and not uncommon on some 
parts of our coasts. 


(z) British Conchology, vol. iv., p. 168. 
(2) Annals, May, 1884, p. 358. 
(3) Nomenclatura, 1884, p. 92. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 383 


The above changes do not, however, put matters 
quite straight, for Philippi described his shell as ‘much 
smaller’ and as ‘having spiral strize,’ while Monterosato 
calls our shell ‘zi grande.’ As regards size, however, 
Mediterranean specimens are much smaller than British 
ones, both species attaining on our coast 24 lines in length; 
but the question of ‘spiral strie’ is rather puzzling. I 
should have attributed this to O. ¢erebe//um, but that that 
is also one of Philippi’s species. Or Philippi may have 
had O. terebellum and O pusillum mixed, as I have had 
myself from Continental collectors ; they are certainly very 
much alike. But, at any rate, Philippi’s ‘spiral strize’ is 
not present in any British form in this section. 


The true O. fuszl/a is intermediate between O. dactea 
and O. innovata. While O. dactea is a lengthened cone, 
O. pusilla is subcylindric, and O. tnnovata tubular. In 
O. lactea the ribs are curved, in O. pusilla they are oblique, 
and in O. zunovata they are flexuous, especially on the 
lower whorls. The characters of O. zmnovata are well 
defined in ‘British Conchology, while O. pusilla differs 
from it in being thinner, the sculpture is finer and closer, 
the spire is gracefully proportioned, and there is no trace 
of a tooth. Both forms have their peculiar variations, 
and they are especially variable in size. 


The localities given by Jeffreys in ‘British Conchology’ 
must not now be relied upon, as he included both species ; 
but I think it will generally be found that, except from 
Guernsey, nearly all the shells under this name in British 
collections are O. pusilla Phil. (non Jeff). I append below 
the localities that I can vouch for myself. 


O. pusilla Phil. (non Jeff.). The sculpture varies in the degree 
of obliquity, being occasionally nearly straight, but it is 
never curved as in O. Jactea, nor flexuous as in O. zmnovata. 
It attains the same length as the latter in Britain, but is 


384 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 


more gracefully proportioned, and the spire never terminates 
abruptly as in that species, and is probably widely diffused on 
our coasts, and not uncommon in Jersey and Torbay. At 
present I am sure only of the following localities for it :—- 
St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey ; Guernsey ; Borough Island, Tor- 
bay, and Exmouth, South Devon ; Portmarnock. L. 0°35. 
B. 0706. Most of the shells under this name in British 
collections will be found to belong to this form. 

Var. grossa Monts. MS. This is less cylindrical than the type, 
and broader throughout, with coarser sculpture. It has 
somewhat the proportions of O. /actea, for which it may 
easily be taken, but it is never conical like that shell, the 
lower whorls being of the same width, and rounder at the 
base. I know of only three localities for this variety, all 
northern—Stornoway, 10 fathoms; Loch Inver, 25 fathoms; 
and Gairloch, r2—30 fathoms. In the latter district it is 
fairly plentiful. L. 0°35. B. 008. 

Var. cylindrata Marshall. Already described by me (*) and 
recorded from various localities. This is very slender and 
cylindrical, the base somewhat contracting, and it resembles 
a large and coarse O. delicata. \.. 0°30. B. 0°04. Not 
‘Eulimella cylindrata Dunker. 

Var. minuscula Marshall. Also previously described (*) and 
recorded from Jersey, North Wales, &c. 

O. innovata Monts. (emend.). This is the form described by 
Jeffreys as O. pusi/la in ‘British Conchology.’ It is a 
scarce shell, and I have not found it in any number except 
at Guernsey. The following localities may be relied 
upon :—Jersey, Guernsey, and Herm; Scilly, 40 fathoms ; 
Borough Island and Torbay, South Devon. The ribs on 
the last whorl are not continued so far down as in O. 
pusilla and O. lactea, nor do they end so abruptly. The 
sculpture is exactly that of O. ségmotdea Monts., oblique on 


(2) ‘ Journal of Conchology,’ October, 1893. 
(2) ‘Journal of Conchology,’ April, 189r. 


J.C., vii., Apr. 1894. 


3 
1" 
es 


= 


JAN. 7, 1829. JAN. 87, 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 385 


the first whorls, then gradually becoming flexuous, and the 
tooth is often visible. Jeffrey’s figure is a fair outline of 
the shell, but it is wretchedly executed, and the dimensions 
(3 lines) are too long. His largest specimens came from 
me, and were 24 lines long, but the usual size 1s 2 lines. 
Sowerby’s figure does not correctly represent any British 
shell. It is conical in shape, has straight ribs, compressed 
whorls, and a narrow suture, unlike any of the foregoing, 
and the length given is a line and a quarter. 


Var. nana Marshall. This form was included in my descrip- 
tion of O. pusilla var. minuscula, but must now be 
separated. The two dwarfs are as distinct as the types. 
L. oot. B. 0°03. I can record this from Guernsey only, 
in 20 fathoms. Specimens from Algiers, however, labelled 
Turbonilla semicostata de Folin (non O. semicostata Jeff.) 
are without doubt the same as this. 


Var. gradata Monts. (+) Without entering on the question 
whether this is a good species, it certainly is distinct from 
any of the foregoing. All its characteristics are those of 
O. innovata, but that the whorls are turreted or scalariform 
as in O. scalaris, though not to the same extent. But 
while O. scalaris is a conical shell, this is cylindrical, as 
the whorls shelve downwards towards the suture. We 
have nothing like this form in Britain. 


The East Shetland record. of Arca nodulosa Mill., given 
in my paper, is open to doubt, and must not therefore be 
relied upon. 


SEVENOAKS, TORQUAY, 
February, 1894. 


(x) Enum. e Sin, 1878, -p. 33. 


386 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


MIMIERY “IN MOLEUSCA: 


By EDGAR LEOPOLD LAYARD, C.M.G., F.Z.S., ETc. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, February 15th, 1804). 


I read with much interest the Presidential address by Mr. 
P. B. Mason, and while doing so, one or two little things oc- 
curred to me that I think are of interest. All my life I have 
been a ‘collector’ and my work has lain in the woods and fields, 
to my great delight and happiness, and now when old age and 
ill-health confine me to the house, I have the pleasures of remt- 
niscence and my collection of shells. 

Our President remarks that we ‘do not know that any case 
of mimicry has been brought forward among the mollusca.’ Is 
not Zrochus agglutinans a case of mimicry for ‘ protection,’ as 
the President terms it? If not, why does the creature fasten 
bits of shells and stones to its covering? I dredged it abundantly 
at Point Pedro, in the north of Ceylon, and always on ground 
covered with materials similar to those placed on its shell. 
Indeed, it was difficult to distinguish the shells from the rubbish 
in the dredge. I have known examples of this shell found in 
large fish. Can the attaching of this extraneous matter, by 
rendering them so similar to their surroundings, save them from 
being devoured ? 

In 1854, I was in the Comoro Islands, off the east coast 
of Africa. One day I took refuge under a bushy tree creeper 
from a shower of rain. I observed that the branches were 
covered with short stout spines. As the rain ran down the 
branches I was astonished to see some of the ‘spines’ move 
along the bark! On taking them in my hand was pleased to 
find that they were Bulimini / They were covered with a 
thick, scurfy epidermis, exactly like the spines of the creeper, 
from which I could not distinguish them, until I had touched 
them. When cleaned from the epidermis, they were clear shining 
brown. I have some still in my cabinet. I suppose our 
President knows the beautiful Budimus miltocheilus Reeve, from 


J.C., vii., July 1894. 


LAYARD : MIMICRY IN MOLLUSCA. 387 


Solomon Isles, with its deep orange mouth. My son, who 
collected for me in these islands, tells me it is found on broad- 
leaved plants, on the leaves, and that the animal shines through 
the shell, a lovely green, and the orange mouth barely shows 
from the upper side, so that the shell is most difficult to find, 
approximating so closely to the green leaves on which it creeps. 
Surely these two cases are instances of protective mimicry ? 
Further on, Mr. Mason alludes to the destruction of the 
epidermis in some shells ‘by the action of the winds and the 
sharp angles of the drifting sands.’ This reminds me of the 
action of sand (and heat) in New Caledonia, where I resided 
some seventeen years, on the magnificent Bulimi (Placostyl:) 
found there. They are essentially forest shells, always found 
under trees, but one or two species—JL/. porphyrostomus and 


Fl. mouackensts for instance—are found in the Jow scrub of the 


sea littoral. Now, those found in the forests, where the large- 
leaved trees afford plentiful shade, have—even in the most 
adult examples—a lovely brown epidermis on the upper part, 
though the lower is almost always worn away down to the 
“calcareous matter of the shell, by crawling on the rocks and 
stones. Those that live in the sandy littoral of the sea shore, 
where the scrub is open and the small-leaved trees give little 
shade, are invariably, when fully adult, deprived of their epider- 
mis, while in youth they always possess it. They all burrow 
down into the soil, and I doubt not the ‘sharp angles’ of the 
hot sand (so hot that you can sometimes hardly bear to lay 
your hand on it) doa great deal to grind off their epidermis. 
There is a fine species from the Solomon Islands—/7. cleryi— 
of which I am informed that not one in five hundred adults 
has the epidermis (I have a fine example), while the young have 
a lovely greenish one. I should like to know the life history of 
_ this species, where it is found, etc. 

At page 338, our President mentioned the case ‘ where the 
normally coloured opaque bands become translucent.’ I have 
some lovely examples of Hel¢x horfensis of this nature, taken by 


388 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


me in Lincolnshire over fifty years ago. A friend tells me the 
var. is named arenicola Mcgill., but I have a single example 
from M. Ancey, from the Jura, which he names var. pe/luctda— 
fasciata ; this is a little different, but evidently ortenszs. 

In the same page Mr. Mason mentioned the peculiar 
epidermis of the Philippine Island species of Budlimz ( Cochlostyla). 
One day I paid a visit to dear old Cuming. I was always ad- 
mitted to his ‘sanctum ’—a privilege accorded to few,—I found 
him in a towering rage! He had sold a fine series of the 
Philippine shells to the King of Portugal, which had been 
presented to some national museum by His Majesty. The 
curator, thinking to make them ‘look nicer,’ rubbed oil over 
them ! with the result that they all became a uniform brown, 
and had been returned to my old friend as ‘shells painted by 
him’!!! He stormed and raged at the destruction of the 
beautiful specimens, but calmed down when I suggested their 
immersion in an alkali to remove the oil. This was done, and 
the shells, restored to their former beauty, were again sent to 
the King with an explanatory letter. 

I have heard collectors say that Cuming’s ‘ localities’ were 
not to be trusted. I have seen him get out a collection of shells 
for a customer, so can throw a little light on the subject. He 
had a long table running along one side of his room in the upper 
story. He would walk along this with a basket of shells in one 
hand, a ‘jumble’ of shells !! | He would pick out a pair, place 
them on the table, and dictate to his secretary (I never saw him 
write) name, author, and locality !! His memory of shells was 
‘ prodigious’ ! but, of course, he was but human, and therefore 


liable to err. Si bie eel iat 


Hyalinia cellaria m. sinistrorsum. — Mr. C. W. 
Johnson records in the ‘ Nautilus’ for December, the finding of 
a reversed specimen of this species at West Conshohocken, in 
Pennsylvania, U.S.A., by the late Mr. Robert Walton. This is, 
I believe, the first recorded instance of the occurrence of this 
monstrosity in this one of our most abundant species. —J. W. 
TayLor, December, 1893. 

J.C., vii., July 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 389 


NOTE ON THE GENUS BALEA. 


By EDGAR A. SMITH. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, March r4th, 1894). 


In the ‘Journal of Conchology’ (vol. vi., pp. 421-422), Mr. 
A. E. Craven and myself made some remarks on the vivipar- 
ous nature of the genus Aa/ea, believing at the time that it was 
with one exception the first record of this characteristic. I 
find, however, that such is not the case, and, therefore, in 
justice to a previous discovery I beg to call the attention of the 
Society to a paper by C. Hartman published in 1867.* 

On page 385 of this treatise he mentions the fact that 
certain specimens of Galea perversa were capable of producing 
young before arriving at maturity, and also that he had observed 
within such immature examples, as well as in adult specimens, 
young shells consisting of two whorls. It therefore appears that 
Hartman was the first to record the viviparous nature of this 
genus. 

Mr. T. Rogerst appears to have been cognisant of this 
fact a short time after the publication of Hartman’s paper, but 
he did not then place it on record. 

Both Jeffreys in 1869{ and Rimmer$ in 1880 quote Mr. 
Rich’s observation upon this subject. 

I must plead as an excuse for having overlooked Hart- 
man’s discovery when writing my previous note upon this 
subject, the fact of having trusted to the most recent manuals 
on Conchology, such as Fischer’s and Tryon’s, to contain, if it 
were known, such an important fact as the viviparous character 
of this genus. 


* Ofversigt Kong]. Vetenskaps-Akad, Férhandl. 1866 (published 1867) pp. 381—394. 
+ Journ. Conch., yol. vil., p. 4o. 

{ Brit. Conch., vol. v., p. 161. 

§ Land and Freshwater Shells British Isles, p. 169. 


396 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


HYDROBIA (PALUDESTRINA) JENKINSI 
AT LEWES. 


By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, April 4th, 1894). 


I HAVE just examined an interesting consignment of Yydrobia 
yenkinst from Mr. C. H. Morris, of Lewes, who has discovered 
a large and, apparently, suddenly-arisen colony in a small tribu- 
tary of the Sussex Ouse near Lewes. ‘This colony is interesting 
in consisting, as far as can be judged from a few thousand 
specimens, entirely of the uncarinated form, the carination 
obtaining in the great percentage of specimens from all other 
known localities. In this journal (Jan. 1893) I hazarded the 
conjecture that this species was introduced in Baltic timber, 
and I mentioned Newhaven as a likely place for the shell to 
appear if the timber theory were correct. It is quite possible 
for the shell to ascend the eight miles between Newhaven and 
Lewes. 

I have just returned from a cursory visit to Wisbech, King’s 
Lynn, Sutton Bridge, etc., in search of H geninst, thinking it 
likely that the timber imported along the ports of the Wash 
might bring it there also; but in each case the rivers are too 
strongly tide-washed at the localities I visited for any shells to 
remain on the banks, but I expect that a further and more ex- 
haustive search among the backwaters and marshes around the 
mouths of these rivers may establish its existence there. 


Mr. Daniel’s discovery of the shell in a Staffordshire canal 
is very interesting, but I have not yet been able to obtain par- 
ticulars to throw light upon its supposed introduction there. 


NORTHAMPTON, March 26th, 1894. 


—_—____$-9-4—_____ 


J.C., vu., July 1804. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 391 


THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF 
EAST NORFOLK. 


By THE Rev. S. SPENCER PEARCE, M.A., aAnp 
ARTHUR MAYFIELD. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Nov. 1, 1895). 


The following list of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca 
of East Norfolk is the combined work of Mr. Arthur Mayfield, 
now resident in Great Yarmouth, and of myself, who, during 
the years 1891-2, happened to be residing at Yelverton, a 
village five miles south-east of Norwich city. Mr. Mayfield’s 
acquaintance with the molluscs of Norfolk has extended over 
several years. At my suggestion, he kindly offered to co-operate 
with me to work up the East Norfolk district as far as was 
possible. For this purpose I made myself responsible for the 
localities in the region lying to the south-east of the city, and 
stretching towards Bungay and Yarmouth. Mr. Mayfield, on 
his part, undertook the region on the other side of the city, 
which may roughly be described as the valley of the Wensum 
River, and localities on the west, north-west, and north-east of 
Norwich. The list with regard to the vicinity of Norwich is 
fairly complete. In many respects the district explored by us 
is singular, and may conveniently and properly be considered 
as falling into two areas, which in natural features are very 
distinct from one another. There is (1) ¢he low-lying marsh 
Zand which constitutes the wide valley of the River Yare with 
its tributaries, the Wensum and the Taas; and that of the River 
Bure with its many tributary streams. In these valleys, the 
Bure and the Yare, which broaden out as the sea is approached 
eastward, are situated most of the famous Norfolk lakes of 
freshwater—the Broads. The number and the variety of the 
freshwater molluscs in this low-lying area is immense; and a 


392 PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 


further interest attaches to these valleys, inasmuch as within 

the days of history they formed more or less arms of the sea. 

The other area is (2) the upland district of low undulating 
hills which hardly rise higher than too feet above the sea. 
These uplands are chiefly arable land, in a high state of cultiva- 
tion, for the most part treeless, and geologically composed of 
thick glacial beds of gravel, clay, and crag, resting upon the 
white chalk, which is not often visible except in cuttings and 
pits. These features sufficiently explain the molluscan phe- 
nomena of this Norfolk district, which are the abundance of 
species and individuals of all the freshwater forms ; the paucity 
of the wood-loving species; and the great number and variety 
presented by the hedge-row kinds, as many of the true snails— 
felix aspersa, H. nemoralis, Hl. hortensis, etc. The albinos 
seem to be fully represented, as this list will show. 

The only former examination of the mollusca of Norfolk 
was that undertaken in 1872 for the Norfolk and Norwich 
Natural History Society, by Mr. Jno. B. Bridgman, and was 
published in the Proceedings of that Society, which still 
flourishes. 

Mr. Bridgman chiefly collected in the neighbourhood of 
Norwich. The number of species recorded by him is eighty- 
four in all. 

Arion ater (L.). Plentiful on the higher as well as in the marsh 
lands. ‘The black form is usually found, but at Alpington, 
Yelverton, and Rockland, the chocolate-brown shade is 
much the most plentiful (S.S.P.); St. Faith’s, Colney, 
Thorpe, Postwick, and Costessey (A.M.). 

A. hortensis Fér. Gardens, woods, and waste places, under 
stones and logs of wood. Whitlingham, Yelverton, Fram- 
ingham Earl (S.S.P.); Heigham, Earlham, St. Faith’s 
(A.M.). 

Var. grisea. Heigham (A.M.). 

Amalia sowerbyi (Fér.). A single specimen at Kirby-Bedon 

(A.M.). 


J.C., yii., July 1894- 


PEARCE AND MAYFIELD! MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 393 


Limax maximus L. Under logs of wood at Yelverton, 
Howe, near Whitlingham Church (S.S.P.); Kirby-Bedon, 
Heigham (A.M.). 

L. flavus L. Outhouses and gardens, Yelverton, and Fram- 
ingham Earl (S.S.P.); Norwich (A.M.). 

L. marginatus (Miill.). Whitlingham Woods, on beech trees 
(Grs28.) 3 on willows at Eaton (A.M.). 

Agriolimax agrestis L. Common everywhere (S.S.P. and 
A.M.). 

A. levis Mill. In the marsh lands, Bramerton, Surlingham 
Ferry, Whitlingham (S.S.P.); Costessey, Colney (A.M.). 

Testacella haliotidea Drap. Sent to me from a garden in 
Aylsham, some miles to the north of Norwich (S.S.P.). 

Vitrina pellucida (Mill.). Common in shady places, Yel- 
verton Churchyard, Whitlingham Woods (S.S.P.); Heig- 
ham, Earlham, Mousehold Heath, Stratton Strawless (A.M.) 

Hyalinia cellaria (Mill). Whitlingham Marsh, Rectory 
garden, Yelverton, Rockland St. Mary Churchyard, Fram- 
ingham Earl, etc. (S.S.P.) ; Heigham, Earlham, Lakenham, 
Norwich Cemetery, etc. (A. M.). 

H. alliaria (Miill.). Local and gregarious, under stones and 
logs of wood, and at roots of trees; near Whitlingham 
Church (5.S.P.); Costessey, Earlham, Caistor St. Edmund’s 
Churchyard (A.M.). 

H. nitidula (Drap.). Plentiful. Rockland St. Mary, Yelver- 
ton, Whitlingham Woods, etc. (S.S.P.); Heigham, Earlham, 
Thorpe, Lakenham (A.M. ). 

Var. helmii (Alder), Lakenham (A.M.). 

H. radiatula (Alder). Among dead leaves and moss, Whit- 
lingham Woods; under alders near Surlingham Ferry 
(S.S.P.) ; ina wood near river at Costessey (A.M.). 

H. pura (Alder). On hedge-bank at Caistor (A.M.). 

H. crystallina (Miill.). Whitlingham Woods (S.S.P.) ; Cos- 
tessey, Heigham, and Earlham (A.M.). 

Var. contracta (Westl.). Whitlingham Woods (S.5.P.). 


394 PEARCE AND MAYFIELD! MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 


H. fulva (Mill) Under alders in the marsh at Surlingham 
Ferry, in Whitlingham Woods (S.S.P.) ; Earlham, Costessey 
Common, Eaton (A.M.). 

H. nitida (Mill.). Whitlingham Marsh, Bramerton, under 
alders at Surlingham Ferry, near Stoke Holy Cross (S.S.P.); 
Colney, ditch-banks at Costessey Common (A.M.). 

Helix rotundata (Miill.). Not at all uncommon in Norfolk, 
as some seem to have imagined. Under logs and dead 
wood and stones at Yelverton, Whitlingham, Rockland St. 
Mary (S.S.P.); Thorpe, Postwick, Carrow, Norwich, Cos- 
tessey (A.M.). 

H. pygmeea Drap. Generally distributed, by roadsides, on 
banks, and under stones and dead wood. Framingham 
Pigott, Yelverton Churchyard (S.S.P.); Heigham, Earl- 
ham, Hellesdon, Costessey Wood, etc. (A.M.). 

H. aculeata (Miill.). Among dead leaves and moss, Heigham, 
Earlham, Stratton Strawless (A.M.). 

H. pulchella (Miill.). On ivy-covered walls and under stones 
and moss, Yelverton Churchyard, Brooke Churchyard, 
Bramerton (S.S.P.); Heigham, Eaton, Earlham, Mouse- 
hold Heath (A.M.). 

Var. costata (Miull.). With type on Yelverton Churchyard 
wall (S.S.P.) ; Earlham and Hellesdon (A.M.), 

H. lapicida L. This was altogether an unexpected find for 
me. It is by no means uncommon on the palings round 
Mr. Christie’s park at Framingham Pigott, on the bark of oak 
trees at the road-side between Yelverton and Framingham 
Earl Rectory, on palings at Halverston, also on hedge-banks 
at several spots between Bixley Mill and Yelverton (S.S.P.); 
on hedge-bank on chalky soil at Upper Hellesdon, Norwich, 
Kingland (A.M.). 

Var. nigrescens Taylor. The specimens from Framingham 
Earl belong to this form (S.5.P.). 

H. aspersa (Miill.). Very abundant everywhere (S.S.P. and 

A.M.). 


J.C., vii, July 1804. 


PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 395 


Var. minor Mog. Frequently with others. Yelverton, 
Alpington, Old Lakenham Churchyard, Trowse (S.S.P.) ; 
Heigham, Hellesdon (A.M.). 

Var. conoidea Picard. Yelverton (S.S.P.). 

Var. grisea Mog. Yelverton (S.S.P.) ; Hellesdon (A.M.). 

Var. exalbida Menke. Not uncommon in hedges at Yel- 
verton and Alpington. A single example in Old Lakenham 
Churchyard with type and var. minor (S.S.P.); Thorpe, 
Hellesdon (A.M.). 

H. nemoralis L. Common in hedges in company with the 
next species, which it outnumbers. We are able to record 
the following varieties :— 

Var. minor Mog. Alpington, two specimens, /7be//ula 00000 
(S.S.P.); Earlham and St. Faith’s (A.M.). 

Var. roseolabiata Taylor. Alpington (S.S.P.); Earlham 
(A.M.). 

Var. libellula (Risso). Common. Alpington, Yelverton, 
Thurton, etc. (S.S.P.) ; Earlham, Catton, etc. (A.M.). 

Var. rubella Mog. Fairly common. ‘Thurton, Yelverton, 
etc. (S.S.P.); Earlham and Hellesdon (A.M.). 

Var. castanea Mog. Not frequent. Alpington (5.S.P.) ; 
Earlham, Horsham, St. Faith’s (A.M.). 

Var. olivacea (Risso). Rare. Alpington (S.S.P.). 

Var. cornea. Not unfrequent in the marsh land as well as 
in the uplands. Surlingham, Reedham (S.S.P.) ; Earlham 
(A.M.). 

Var. diaphana. A single specimen at Yelverton (S.S.P.). 

Var. hyalozonata. A single specimen at Earlham (A.M.). 

H, hortensis Mill. Plentiful, though not so generally dis- 
tributed as 4. xemoralis. The form that predominates is 
the var. a/bina with var. lutea. 

Var. fuscolabiata Taylor. Alpington (S.S.P.). 

Var. albina Mog. Alpington, Rockland, Yelverton (S.S.P.): 
Catton, Old Lakenham (A.M.). 


396 PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 


Var. lutea Mog. Alpington, Yelverton, Rockland, Hilling- 
ton, Brooke, and Burgh Apton (S.S.P.); Catton and Old 
Lakenham (A.M.). 

Var. incarnata Mog. Unicolorous and banded, at Catton 
(A.M.). : 

Var. arenicola Macgill. Kirby Bedon and Catton (A.M.) ; 
Yelverton (S.5.P.). 

Var. tenuis Baudon. Yelverton (S.S.P.). 

H. arbustorum L. Common in the Yare valley, especially 
on the marsh land. 

Var. cincta Taylor (= var. paléida Jeffreys). Brundall and 
Surlingham (S.5.P.); Thorpe (A.M.). 

Var. flavescens Mog. Brundall and Surlingham (S.S.P.) ; 
Thorpe (A.M. ). 

H. cantiana Mont. Generally distributed, plentiful on all 
road-sides, hedges, and waste places where there are nettles. 
Hedenhem, near Bungay, Yelverton, Alpington, Burgh 
Apton, Bramerton, Poringland, Framingham Earl and 
Pigott, eedham, Bisley, stoke Holy (Cross 1(S:s:25)5 
Eaton, Lakenham, Thorpe (A.M.). 

H. rufescens Penn. Very abundant, especially in gardens 
(S.S.P.-and A.M.). 

Var. rubens Mog. Earlham (A.M.). 

Var. alba Mog. Earlham (A.M.). 

Var. depressa ‘Taylor. Catton (A.M.); Yelverton (S.S. P.). 

Mons. subscalare Williams. A single specimen at Eaton 
(Science Gossip, xxvil., p. 166). 

H. hispida L. Very abundant, especially in gardens. The 
most abundant form is var. A7spidosa Mousson (S.S8.P. and 
A.M.). 

Var. nana Jeff. Banks of the Yare at Whitlingham (S.S.P.). 

Var. depilata Alder. Costessey Common (A.M.). 

H. granulata Alder. Local. Among dead willow leaves at 
Costessey, Ringland, and Trowse (A.M.). 

Var. cornea Jeff. Costessey Common (A. M.). 


J.C., vii., July 1894. 


PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 397 


H. itala L. (= & ericetorum Mill.). Hedge-banks, fields, and 
dry places. Frequently with the following species. The 
commoner form is— 

Var. grisescens Colbeau. Bramerton, turnpike at Bixley, 
Framingham, Yelverton, etc. (S.S.P.); Thorpe, Earlham, 
Bowthorpe, Hellesden (A.M.). 

Var. minor Mog. On the Loddon Road-side, Earlham 
Road, Heigham, Norwich (S.S.P.); Bowthorpe, Earlham 
(A.M.). 

H. caperata Mont. Very generally distributed by road-sides 
and under hedge-banks, also in cultivated fields (S,S.P. and 
A.M.). 

Var. major Jeff. Stoke Holy Cross (S.S.P.); Eaton and 
Framingham Earl (A.M.). 

Var. gigaxii. Plentiful (S.S.P.) ; Eaton (A.M.). 

Var. subscalaris Jeff. Banks of New Cut, Reedham 
(S.S.P.) ; in a cultivated field at Eaton (A.M.). 

Var. ornata Picard. Very rare. A single specimen on 
road-side near Stoke Holy Cross (S.S.P.). 

Var. bizonalis Moq. Yelverton (S.S.P.). 

Var. lutescens Pasc. Yelverton (S.S.P.); Eaton (A.M.). 

Var. obliterata Picard. An arable field near Yelverton 
(StSske): 

Var. alba Picard. Road-side at Drayton (A.M.). 

H. virgata Da Costa. On road-side banks, between Old 
Lakenham and Bracondale Hill, Yelverton (S.S.P.); 
Heigham, Hellesdon, Drayton, Mundesley (A.M.). 

Var. subalbida Poiret. Earlham Road, Norwich; near 
Old Lakenham (S.5.P.). 

Var. albicans Grat. With above at both places (S.S.P.) ; 
Hellesdon (S.5.P.). 

Var. subdeleta Ckll. Yelverton (S.S.P.); Hellesdon, 
Mundesley (A.M.). 

Buliminus obscurus (Miill.). Local. Earlham, Poringland, 
Eaton (A.M.), 


3208 PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 


Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa) (=P. wmbilicata Drap.). 
Confined mostly to ivy-covered walls. Yelverton Church- 
yard, Howe Churchyard (S.S.P.); Earlham, Weston 
Churchyard, Thorpe, Kirby Bedon (A.M.). 

P. muscorum L., var. unidentata C. Pfr. (= Pupa mar- 
ginata Drap.). Very local. Bawburgh, Ringland, Helles- 
don, Bramerton (A. M.). 

Vertigo pygmeea (Drap.). A single individual under a 
stone in Yelverton Churchyard (S.S.P.) ; among stones at 
Earlham, under leaves at Costessey and Ringland (A.M.). 

V. pusilla Mill. Rare. On hedge-banks at Earlham and 
Bowthorpe, a single specimen at Bramerton (A.M.). 

V. edentula Drap. Rare. Among dead leaves in a wood 
at Costessey, hedge-bank at Earlham (A.M.). 

Clausilia rugosa Drap. On old walls, hedge-banks, and 
among dead leaves. Yelverton Churchyard, Framingham 
Earl, Whitlingham Woods (S.S.P.); Heigham, Earlham, 
Thorpe, etc. (A.M.). 

Var. everetti Miller. Earlham (A.M.). 

Var. tumidula Jeff. Whitlingham Woods (S.S.P.). 

Var. albina Mog. Several individuals on Yelverton Church- 
yard wall, 1891 (S.5.P.). 

C. laminata’ (Mont.). Rare. Among fallen ash leaves at 
Costessey, a single specimen on hedge-bank at Framingham 
Earl (A.M.); it used to occur in time past in the woods 
at Whitlingham, and may still exist there, though I spent 
a day searching for it in vain last autumn (S.S.P.). 

Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. Common and generally dis- 
tributed in the higher parts as well as the marsh lands. 
Rockland St. Mary Churchyard, Yelverton, Surlingham 
Ferry, Whitlingham Woods and Marsh (S.S.P.) ; Heigham, 
Earlham, Thorpe, Costessey (A.M.). 

Var. lubricoides Fér. Whitlingham Marsh (S.5.P.). 

Succinea putris L. Banks of the Bure at Salhouse, also by 
the Yare at Brundall, Reedham, Bramerton, stream near 


J.C., vii., July 1894, 


PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 399 


Burgh Apton Church (S.S.P.); Costessey Common, 
Colney, Thorpe (A.M ). 

S. elegans Risso. With S. putris often. Bure banks near 
Yarmouth, Salhouse Broad, Surlingham, Brundall, Bramer- 
ton, Whitlingham, Trowse, Stoke Holy Cross (S.S.P.) ; 
Banks of Wensum at Heigham, Hellesdon, and Costessey, 
Thorpe, Lakenham (A.M.). 

Var. pfeifferi Rossm. With type at Heigham. 

Carychium minimum Mill. Abundant in damp shady 
places amongst dead leaves. Surlingham Ferry, Whitling- 
ham Woods, Bramerton (S.S.P.); Costessey, Stratton 
Strawless, Haynford, Earlham (A.M.). 

Segmentina nitida (Mill.). Local. Whitlingham Marsh 
opposite Thorpe village (S.S.P.); plentiful in a ditch at 
Thorpe (A.M.). 

Planorbis fontanus (Lightfoot). Ditches at Bramerton, 
Horning Ferry, and near Whitlingham Church (S.5.P.) ; 
Colney and Hellesdon (A.M.). 

P. nautileus (1.). Not plentiful. Ditch near Horning Ferry 
on the River Bure (S.S.P.); pond at Bawburgh (A. M.). 

Var. laevigata Adami. Pond on Mousehold Heath, Nor- 
wich (A.M.). 

P. albus (L.). Ditches at Acle and Horning Ferry, in River 
Yare on WWuphar leaves at Brundall and Coldham Hall, 
the Taas at Stoke Holy Cross (S.S.P.); ditches at Colney 
and Hellesdon (A.M.). 

P, spirorbis Mill. Plentiful in a ditch at Thorpe (A.M.) ; 
Whitlingham, Bramerton, Brundall, Surlingham Ferry, 
ditch near Reedham New Cut, ditches at Stoke Holy 
Cross, at Acle, Horning Ferry, Horsey Mere, Heigham 
Bridge, ete(Sis:R5): 

P. vortex (L.). With the preceding, and also alone. Brun 
dall, Bramerton, Stoke Holy Cross, Acle, Reedham, Whit- 
lingham (S.5.P.) ; Colney, Heigham, Hellesdon, Thorpe, 
Costessey, etc. (A.M.), 


400 PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 


P. carinatus Mill. Common, though more local than next 
species. Ditch at Acle, Horning Ferry, Heigham Bridge, 
ditch by side of New Cut, Reedham, ditches by River 
Taas at Stoke Holy Cross, Whitlingham (S.S.P.); ditches 
at Colney, Heigham, Hellesdon, etc. (A.M.). 

Var. disciformis Jeff. With type at Colney (A.M.). 

P. umbilicatus Mill. Very common and abundant (5,5.P. 
and A.M.). 

P. corneus (L.). Ditch at Acle, Bramerton, Postwick Grove, 
Whitlingham Marsh (S.S.P.) ; Colney, ‘Thorpe (A.M.). 

P. contortus (L.). Not at all uncommon. Ditches near 
Whitlingham Church, Bramerton, Surlingham, Brundall, 
Buckenham Ferry, and Stoke Holy Cross, in the Bure 
Valley at Acle and Horning Ferry, where it affects the form 
minor (S.S.P.); very plentiful at Colney, Thorpe, Postwick 
(A.M.). 

Bullinus hypnorum (L.). Decidedly rare. In a ditch at 
Thorpe, in company with Planorbis spirorbis and Pisidium 
Jontinale (A.M.). 

Monst. decollatum (Nelson). With type at Thorpe (A.M.). 

Physa fontinalis (1.). Common, and generally distributed 
(S'S P Samed Ae Mr): 

Amphipeplea glutinosa (Miull.). Local. In a ditch at 
Colney, in the River Wensum at Heigham and Hellesdon 
(A.M.). 

Var. albida Williams. A single specimen at Colney (Science 
Gossip, xxvi., p. 232). 

Limnzea peregra (Miil.). Common everywhere, and in- 
dulging in all kinds of variation (A.M. and S.S.P.). 

Var. lacustris Leach. <A form found in the Yare and Bure 
valleys at Ranworth Broad and near Brundall (S.S.P.). 

Var. near vulgaris. Mr. Taylor calls my attention to this 
form, which I took in a ditch near Horsey Mere (S.5.P.). 

Var. inflata Kob. Ranworth Broad, and also in a ditch at 


Acle (S.S.P.). 


J.C., vii., July 1894. 


PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 4OI 


Var. margaritana Esm. Heigham (A.M.); Acle (S.S.P.). 
Var. candida Porro (=a/bida Lister Peace). Ditch by side 
of New Cut near Reedham (S.S.P.). 

L. auricularia L. Generally distributed, especially in the 
rivers and larger streams. River Yare between Norwich 
and Brundall, in the Bure above Acle Bridge, Thurne 
Stream, Heigham Sounds, Old Meadow Dyke (S.S.P.) ; in 
the River Wensum at Heigham and Hellesdon (A.M. ). 

L. stagnalis L. Plentiful. Acle, Bramerton, Whitlingham 
Marsh, Stoke Holy Cross (S.S.P.); Old Lakenham, Earl- 
ham, Weston, etc. (A.M.). 

L. palustris (Mull.). Common in the marshes. Bramerton, 
Whitlingham, Brundall, Buckenham, Reedham, near Acle 
(S.S.P.); Colney, Thorpe, Postwick, Costessey, etc. (A.M.). 

Var. tincta Jeff. Not uncommon with type at Brundall, 
Reedham (5.5. P.). 

Var. noy. carinata. Shell with body-whorl strongly 
keeled. Occurs with type and the var. /¢vcfa in a ditch by 
the side of the New Cut, Reedham (S.5.P.). 

L. truncatula (Mull.). On the banks of the Yare at Bramer- 
ton, in ditches on Costessey Common (A.M.). 

Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. On stones and water-lily leaves 
in the River Wensun at Hellesdon (A.M.). 

Velletia lacustris (L..). On JVuphar leaves, etc. At Brun- 
dall, Whitlingham, Surlingham, in the Yare, and at Acle 
and Heigham Bridge (S.S.P.); River Wensum at Heigham 
and Hellesdon (A.M.). 

Var. compressa (Jeff.). At Brundall, in the River Yare 
(SashlP,) 

Cyclostoma elegans Mill. Rare. In Whitlingham Woods ; 
on a hedge-bank at Drayton (A.M.). 

Neritina fluviatilis (L.). In the River Yare at Surlingham 
Ferry and Brundall, in the Bure between Salhouse Broad 
and Horning, also in Old Meadow Dyke, Thurne Stream, 


zy 


402 PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 


Horsey Mere, and Heigham Sounds (S.S.P.) ; in the River 
Wensum at Heigham and Hellesdon (A.M.). 

Var. pallida Pascal. With type at Heigham (A.M.). 

Var. trifasciata Colb. Heigham (A.M.). 

Viviparus contectus (Millet). River Bure at Acle, Horn- 
ing, Wroxham, also at Bramerton, Surlingham, Brundall, 
in the River Yare (S.S.P.) ; ditches in the Wensum Valley 
at Heigham, Hellesdon, and Costessey, ditches at Colney 
and Thorpe (A.M.). 

V. viviparus (L.). As abundant as the preceding species, 
and generally taken with it. Brundall, Bramerton, Sur- 
lingham, in the Yare; at Wroxham and Horning Ferry, in 
the Bure (S.S.P.); Heigham, Hellesdon, and Postwick 
(A.M.). 

Bythinia tentaculata (L.). Most abundant in all the 
streams and ditches of the Yare, Bure, and Wensum 
Valleys (S.5.P. and A.M.). 

B. leachii (Shepp.). Ditch at Horning Ferry, Acle, by New 
Cut at Reedham, Whitlingham, and in the Taas tributary 
at Stoke Holy Cross (S.S.P.) ; Colney, Heigham, Thorpe 
(A. M.). 

Var. elongata Jeff. Surlingham Ferry (S.S.P.). 

Valvata piscinalis (Miill.). Very plentiful in ditches, 
streams, and broads of the Yare and the Bure rivers 
(S.S.P.); at Colney, Costessey, especially abundant at 
Thorpe (A.M.). 


V. cristata Miill. Plentiful. Ditches at Horning Ferry, 
Postwick Grove, ditch at Whitlingham Marsh  (S.S.P.) ; 
Arminghall, Thorpe, Colney, etc. (A.M.). 

Unio pictorum L. In the River Yare abundant, Postwick, 
Whitlingham, Trowse, Surlingham, Brundall; in the Bure 
valley it is common at Wroxham and Acles Bridges, also 
in Thurne Stream and Heigham Sounds (S.S.P.); River 
Wensum at Heigham and Hellesdon (A.M.). 


J.C., vii., July 1894. 


PEARCE AND MAYFIELD: MOLLUSCA OF EAST NORFOLK. 403 


Var. compressa Jeff. Most abundant at the bends of the 
River Yare near Surlingham Ferry and Bramerton Woods 
End. At low tides it is possible to obtain hundreds with the 
hands, and there is represented in this locality every grada- 
tion of form between the type and this remarkable variety 
(S.S.P.). Mr. Bridgman, in 1872, was the first to notice 
this variety, and in his list thinks that its distinctive form 
‘“may be caused by the swiftness of the current carrying 
‘away the loose particles of soil and leaving a very hard 
“bottom for the shell to live in.” 


Anodonta cygnea L. In the River Wensum at Heigham 
and Hellesdon (A.M.); in the Yare and Bure Rivers—in 
the former at Postwick and Bramerton, etc., and in the 
Bure everywhere above Acle (S.S. P.). 

A. anatina L. Inthe Wensum at Heigham and Hellesdon 
(A.M.); in the Rivers Yare and Bure (S.S.P.). 

Sphezrium corneum (L.). Common in Yare and Bure 
Valleys ; ditches, Bramerton, Surlingham Ferry, Whitling- 
ham Marsh, Brundall, Stoke Holy Cross, Acle, Halvergate, 
Horning Ferry, Thurne Stream, Old Meadow Dyke, 
Salhouse and Ranworth Broads (S.S.P.); ditches at 
Colney, Haynford, Costessey (A.M. ). 

Var. flavescens (Macgill.). Horning Ferry, Brundall 
(GoseP,)) 3 (Colney (Asie). 

Var. nucleus (Stud.). Near Bramerton and Whitlingham 
(S.S.1%5)): 

Var. pisidioides Gray. Ditches at Brundall (S.S.P.); and 
Colney (A.M.). 

S. lacustre (Mull). More local than preceding, but plentiful 
in both Bure and Yare valleys. Surlingham Ferry, Brun- 
dall, Horning Ferry (S.S.P.) ; Thorpe, Old Lakenham, and 
Colney (A.M.). 

Pisidium amnicum (Mill.). In the River Yare at Bramer- 
ton, Brundall, Coldham Hall, as well as in the tributary 


404 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


stream the River Taas at Stoke Holy Cross (S8.S.P.); in 
ditches at Colney, Thorpe, and Old Lakenham (A.M.). 


P, fontinale (Drap.). Common. Ditches-at Stoke Holy 
Cross, Surlingham Ferry, near Horning Ferry, shallow part 
of Ranworth Broad (S.S.P.); Thorpe, Old Lakenham, 
Swainsthorpe, Costessey (A.M.). 


_ Var. pulchella Jenyns. Ditch at Colney (A.M.) ; with type 
at Stoke Holy Cross (S.5.P.). 


P, pusillum (Gmelin). Shallow water. Hickling Broad 
(S.S.P.) ; in a ditch in wood at Costessey, Old Lakenham 
(A.M.). 


P. milium Held.  Sparingly in a ditch at Old Lakenham 
(A.M). 


All the above species, except those enclosed in brackets, 
have been submitted to the inspection of Mr. Taylor and Mr. 
Roebuck, of the Conchological Society, and we have to thank 
them for undertaking to look them through and making several 
suggestions. Two species recorded by Mr. Bridgman have 
eluded our notice so far, namely, Acicula Mineata, two specimens 
of which were recorded from Caistor Woods ; and Cecilioides 
acicula Mill., which I am rather surprised at not having taken 
dead or alive. 


Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas——Would you allow 
me to ask of any of your readers whether the proper name of 
this species should not be YD. volgensis? Pallas’s name was 
published before 1758, the starting-point of our nomenclature, 
and included both a marine and freshwater form. Either of 
the above two reasons seem sufficient to invalidate the use of 
the name.—A. A. 


J.C., vit., July 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 405 


Obituary. 


Charles Ashford. 


Few persons haye in recent years done more to advance 
the philosophical study of shells, and the animals forming them, 
than the subject of the present notice, who died suddenly from 
apoplexy on the morning of January 31st of the present year. 

Charles Ashford was born at Baldock, Hertfordshire, on 
January 7th, 1829, and when nine years old was sent to the 
Friends’ School at Ackworth, Yorkshire, where he remained as 
scholar and teacher for a period of thirteen years, and where he 
imbibed that strong love for conchology and other sciences 
that distinguished him, and which he pursued with such marked 
success in after life. 

Astronomy at one time, while at college, claimed a large 
measure of his attention, and in his ardent pursuit of this study 
he injured to some extent his right eye, which reduced him in 
after years to the use of the left eye for all minute and critical 
work. 

He left Ackworth in 1854, but before doing so compiled a 
list of the Mollusca of Ackworth, which was published in the 
‘Zoologist’ for April, 1854. 

For four years, 1875 —8, he devoted his leisure time to the 
study and collection of the Eocene Fossils from the freshwater 
deposits at Hempstead, Sconce, Colwell Bay, Totland Bay, and 
Headon Hill, in the Isle of Wight, and amassed some very 
beautiful examples of these interesting remains. 

From the beginning of 1880, the time of his permanent 
settlement at his brother’s home at Christchurch, dates his 
active prosecution of the study of the anatomical structure of 
the mollusca, which he followed with such success until his 
death, patiently amassing information upon the structure and 
physiology of many species, elucidating his observations by 
careful and conscientious measured drawings of the more 
important organs. He first gave attention to and studied the 
British Dart-bearers, the results of which were published in 


406 OBITUARY : CHARLES ASHFORD. 


an elaborate and detailed article in the ‘Journal of Conchology’ 
entitled ‘The Darts of the British Helicidee.’ 

During a portion of the last decade he was closely associ- 
ated with Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, of Leeds, in the revival of 
Limacology, a study which had been neglected and practically 
dormant in England since the days of the Rev. B. J. Clarke. 
During the whole of the period when Mr. Roebuck was so 
successfully devoting his attention to and creating an interest 
in the British slugs, Mr. Ashford was closely identified with him, 
and to Mr. Ashford is due much of the credit of eliminating the 
species from the chaos in which they were involved, and of 
placing the British species of the naked genera on an un- 
assailable basis by his careful and accurate drawings of their 
anatomical peculiarities and distinctive characters. A convinc- 
ing proof of the thoroughness and comprehensiveness of their 
joint labours is evidenced by the fact that only one genuine and 
undoubted species—Azsz0n minimus—has been added to the 
British list with which Mr. Ashford or Mr. Roebuck have not 
been in some way identified. 

The genus Zes¢ace//a was also studied by Mr. Ashford with 
marked results, his investigations establishing firmly the validity 


of Zestacella scutulum as a thoroughly distinct species, and 
proving the error of the accepted opinions which regarded it 
as a simple variety of Zestucella haliotidea, from which he 
showed it to differ very markedly in its organization. 

Evidence of his diligence in his scientific studies is amply 
furnished by the following list of some of the more important 
papers he wrote, embodying the results of his investigations 
and researches :— 

‘A List of the Land and Freshwater Shells found in the neigh- 
bourhood of Ackworth, Yorkshire.’ 

‘On the Habits of Helzx fusca.’ 

‘Note on Limnea glutinosa Muller.’ 

‘Land and Freshwater Shells observed in the neighbourhood of 

Redcar.’ 


J.C., vii., July 1804. 


OBITUARY : CHARLES ASHFORD. 407 


‘ Suggestions for a Serial Arrangement of the Variations of our 

Banded Land Shells.’ 

‘ Bulimus acutus var. bizona in the Isle of Wight.’ 

‘Note on Bulimus heterostomus of the Eocene, Isle cf Wight.’ 

‘Notes from the Isle of Wight.’ 

‘Destruction of Shell-life by Floods.’ 

‘Note on the Anatomy of Helix hispida and Hf. cantiana.,’ 

‘A List of the Shells of the Lower Tees District, Yorkshire.’ 

‘On the Action of the Heart in the /e/zcde during Hiberna- 
tion.’ 

‘The Darts of the British Helcrda.’ 

‘Note on the Anatomy of e/tx sericea Mull,’ 

‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca round Christchurch, South 

Hants.’ 

His wealth of knowledge upon the mollusca was freely and 
unselfishly given to everyone who desired information, and by 
the writer and many others he was consulted upon every point 
of difficulty, his wise and moderate counsels being valued and 
appreciated. Few will miss his wise and friendly help more 
than the writer, who was closely associated with him for a 
number of years, constantly receiving help and assistance in 
our mutual study, his kindly and unselfishly generous nature 
and actions endearing him more and more and rendering his 
lamented death harder to be borne. The autograph, etc., 
accompanying the portrait of our late dear friend and colleague, 
has a melancholy interest attached, as they were part of a letter 
addressed to the writer, the last he ever wrote, only just before 
retiring to rest the evening before his lamented death. 

The beautiful collection of British land and freshwater 
shells formed by him has generously been placed for a time in 
the Leeds Museum, under the care of the Conchological 
Society, and it is hoped that every conchologist who can make 
it convenient will endeavour to avail himself of the opportunity 
to examine the instructive series Mr. Ashford brought together 
with so much pains and labour. 


408 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTE ON SOME MOLLUSCAN REMAINS LATELY 
DISCOVERED, IN THE ENGLISH KEUPER: 


By R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S. 


(Read at the. British Association, Nottingham Meeting, 1893, and before 


the Conchological Society, 3rd Jan., 1894). 
THE green gritty marls of the Upper Keuper Sandstone of 
Shrewley, Warwickshire, have recently yielded some obscure 
impressions of Lamellibranch shells, which are of extreme in- 
terest as affording the first evidence of a molluscan fauna 
from these beds as developed in this country. Unfortunately, 
the matrix containing them is so peculiarly unfavourable for the 
retention of shell structure that it is very unlikely any better 
material than the present will ever be obtained. The specimens 
indicate truly marine types, though on account of their imperfect 
preservation only a few of them could be selected for descrip- 
tion, as exhibiting certain characters in their contours and 
sculpturing, which might be of service in ascertaining their 
probable generic positions. So sparingly are fossils found in 
this division of the British Trias that up to the present time 
only one form of invertebrate has been recorded, viz., the 
small phyllopodous crustacean, /stheria minuta, that is, ex- 
cluding some Foraminifera described by Professor T. R. Jones 
and Mr. W. K. Parker,? which came from an alabaster pit, near 
Derby, and which were doubtfully referred by the authors to an 
Upper Triassic age. ‘The very modern facies of these Foramini- 
fera has suggested the highly probable idea that they were 
derived from superficial deposits.* Scattered through the matrix 
containing the Lamellibranch impressions are portions of 


1 ‘On some Fossil Foraminifera from Chellaston, near Derby,—Quart. Journ. Geol. 
Soc., 1860, vol. 16, pls. 19—20, pp. 452—458. 
2 Vide ‘ The Geology of England and Wales,’ by H. B. Woodward, 1887, 2nd ed., p. 228. 


J.C., vii., July 1894. 


NEWTON : MOLLUSCAN REMAINS IN ENGLISH KEUPER. 409 


Cestraciont spines and teeth (Acrodus Keuperinus), besides a 
- fragmentary carapace of the crustacean previously mentioned. 

The credit of this discovery is shared between the Rev. 
P. B. Brodie, M.A., F.G.S., and Mr. E. P. Richards, of Warwick, 
both of whom have devoted considerable time in studying the 
paleontological features of the section at Shrewley Quarry. 
Since Murchison and Strickland? first directed attention to the 
geological structure of the Keuper-beds of this locality, we have 
been mainly indebted to Mr. Brodie? for any subsequent details 
on the subject, his last contribution, only recently issued, 
referring to the occurrence of the molluscan remains now under 
review. 

The author has had access to the whole of the specimens 
contained in Mr. Brodie’s collection as well as to a smaller series 
collected by Mr. Richards, and deposited by him in the 
Geological Museum at Jermyn Street. For the loan of the 
latter the author desires to thank Sir Archibald Geikie, F.R.S. 


DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS. 


Thracia (?) Brodiei sp. nov. 

The impression illustrated by fig. 1, and which is drawn 
natural size, appears to represent a left valve belonging to a some- 
what oval and compressed shell. It measures 29 millimetres 
in height and 31 mill. in length. The original length of the 
specimen is uncertain as its posterior portion is absent. Anterior 
area extensive, with a rounded margin ; umbo situated either 
mesially or posteriorly and taking a slightly posterior direction ; 


1 “On the Upper Formations of the New Red Sandstone System in Gloucestershire, 
Worcestershire, and Warwickshire. —Trans. Geol. Soc., London, 1840, Ser. 2, 
vol. 5, pl. 28, pp. 331—348. 
2 “On the Upper Keuper Sandstone (included in the New Red Marl) of Warwickshire.’ 
—Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1856, vol. 12, p. 374. 
‘Notes on the Upper Keuper Section at Shrewley, where the fish (Serzionotus Brodiei) 
were found, and on the Trias generally in Warwickshire. ’—Ibid., 1887, vol. 43, p. 540. 
“On some Additional Remains of Cestraciont and other Fishes in the Green Gritty 
Marls, immediately overlying the Red Marls of the Upper Keuper in Warwick- 
shire. —Ibid., 1893, vol. 49, p. 171. 
“On the Discovery of Molluscs in the Upper Keuper at Shrewley, in Warwickshire,’ — 
Ibid., 1894 (May), vol. 50, p. 170. 


410 NEWTON : MOLLUSCAN REMAINS IN ENGLISH KEUPER. 


ventral margin curved and ascending soon after passing the 
umbonal axis ; posterior line runs obliquely from the umbo; 
ornamentation consists of concentric furrows, more or less ob- 
scure on the central and umbonal regions, but distinct else- 
where; One more prominent than the others near the ventral 
margin probably indicates the position of the pallial line. 
There is an absence of radiating strie. 


Thracta (?) Brodiet. 


Fig. 1. 
(Nat. size). 


OBSERVATIONS.—Great difficulty is felt in assigning this 
impression to any particular genus, but taking into account the 
preponderance of its anterior region, the possibility of an 
attenuated posterior end as suggested by the obliquity of the 
posterior line and the rather rapidly ascending ventral margin, 
together with the fact that the original shell structure was of a 
most delicate description as evidenced by the distinctness of 
the concentric markings, we may venture to regard it as belong- 
ing to the family of the Anatinidze and most possibly to the 
genus Zhracia. It may be recognized, at any rate, provisionally, 
under the name of Zhracia (?) Lrodtet. 

Another species of this genus, mostly found as casts, called 
Thracia mactrotdes Schlotheim? sp., has been recorded from 
the Muschelkalk and Keuper strata of Germany, but there 
appears to be no need to confound it with the British form, 
which is anteriorly deeper in contour, generally larger, and with 
the umbo directed rather more posteriorly. 


1 “Nachtrige Petrefactenkunde,’ 1823, part 2, pl. 33, fig. 4, p. 109. 


J.C., vii., July 1894, 


NEWTON : MOLLUSCAN REMAINS IN BRITISH KEUPER. 4II 


The specimen figured is in the collection of the Rev. P. B. 
Brodie, of Rowington, Warwickshire. 


Pholadomya (?) Richardsi sp. nov. 


The specimen represented by fig. 2 (drawn twice natural 
size), exhibits an impression of a left valve of a transversely 
elongate and oval-shaped shell; it is, besides inzequilateral in 
contour, having the umbo placed anteriorly. The cardinal 
margin slopes gradually down each side, whilst the ventral line 
is much curved. The surface ornament consists of a series of 
coste or ribs radiating from the umbo and extending without 
interruption over the entire valve including the anterior and 
posterior areas. ‘These ribs are coarser and straighter in the 
centre, but become slightly concave in their descent, closer and 
somewhat finer over the terminal portions of the shell. There 
are no indications of lines of growth crossing the coste. 


DIMENSIONS.—23 mm. in length by 11 mm. in height. 


OBSERVATIONS.— This specimen bears a general resemb- 
lance to an Arca or a Cardium, but in both these genera the 
tests are usually too thick for their external sculpture to be 
observed within the valve; and in their casts only muscle 
marks and pallial impressions would mostly be seen. We must 
therefore regard our shell as having possessed an extremely 
thin-tested structure such as exists in Pholadomya. Although 
it is rather rare for PZoladomya to exhibit radiating ribs over 
the whole posterior area, we can cite a precedent in Agassiz’s 
species P. multicostata* from the Portlandian rocks of Switzer- 
land, where the entire valve is ornamented in this manner. As 
a provisional arrangement, I shall, therefore, refer the Keuper 
shell to this genus, and name it Pholadomya (?) Richardsi. 


This specimen (fig. 2) was obtained by Mr. E. P. Richards, 
and is now in the Geological Museum at Jermyn Street (No. 


* B’tudes Critiques Mollusques Fossiles (Myes), 1842, pl. 2 11, fig. 8, p. 52. 


412 NEWTON : MOLLUSCAN REMAINS IN BRITISH KEUPER. 


4980). A small fragment of another shell, probably belonging 
to this species, is in Mr. Brodie’s collection, and is shown in 
HE: 


Pholadomya (2) Richardst. 


FIG 2. FIG 3. 


(Enlarged twice). (Enlarged twice). 


Nucula (?) Keuperina sp. nov. 

Fig. 4 (drawn twice natural size) represents the right valve 
of an oval-shaped shell having its umbo situated either mesially 
or slightly on the posterior side. The anterior area is rather 
more extensive than the posterior, and the margins are round. 
The sculpture, which is most obscure, appears to consist of a 
series of acutely sinuated strize, which ornaments the upper half 
of the valve, whilst below these occur a few concentrically 
arranged sulcations or lines of growth. 

DIMENSIONS.—20 mm. in length, 14 mm. in height. 

OBsERVATIONS.—A fragment of this shell in Mr. Brodie’s 
collection (fig. 5) was mistaken for a portion of Gonzomya at the 
time when my paper was read at the British Association { last 
year. The present specimen being more complete has enabled 
me to rectify this determination. Instead of having a central 
set of v-shaped ribs fitting into one another beneath the umbo, 
as in the true Goniomya, this impression shows the sinuated 
strise continued over the upper portion of the valve, thus pre- 
senting a series of zig-zags or divarications. Some Nucule 
exhibit a somewhat similar character, as for instance /Vucula 
Cobboldie J. Sowerby, from the Crag formation, though the 


+ For abstract of this see the ‘Geological Magazine,’ 1893, p. 557. 


J.C., vii., July 1894. 


NEWTON: MOLLUSCAN REMAINS IN ENGLISH KEUPER. 413 


species recorded by Albertit from the continental Keuper do 
not possess this peculiar ornamentation. It is, however, with 
much hesitation that I attach this generic name ; but, as a tem- 
porary measure, and for the sake of convenience, it may be 
regarded as WVucula (?) Keuperina, the specific designation being 
of service in fixing its stratigraphical position. 


The specimen (fig. 4) was collected by Mr. E. P. Richards, 
and is now in the collection of the Geological Museum (No. 
4979): 


Nucula (?) Keuperina. 


FIG. 4. Fic. 5. 

(Enlarged twice). (Enlarged twice). 
ConcLusion.—The unsatisfactory nature of these Keuper 
shell-relics has compelled me to place them under somewhat 
provisional determinations, though their uniqueness, as illustrat- 
ing the first proofs we possess of a molluscan fauna from this 
formation, is a sufficient excuse for having stamped them with 
doubtful generic designations. Until better specimens are 
available, the present record may be of interest in adding some 

further facts to the faunistic list of British Triassic rocks. 


I wish to thank Mr. George Sharman, paleontologist of the 
Geological Museum, for having directed my attention to Mr. 
Richards’ specimens in that institution, the existence of which 
I was ignorant of until quite recently. 


+ Ueberblick tiber die Trias, &c., 1864. 


6-6-9 


A2 


414 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Hydrobia (Paludestrina) jenkinsi at Lewes.— 
Referring to Mr. Lionel E. Adams’ paper upon my recent dis- 
covery of this species, it may be interesting to note that the 
shell is increasing in numbers enormously. I visited the stream 
a short time ago, and found the weeds covered with them; a 
gallon could be collected with a net in a very short space of 
time. It is a most extraordinary thing that I have never found it 
before this year, because I, as well as others in the town, have 
worked the locality regularly for many years. If I had only 
taken a few specimens I can understand that we might have 
overlooked it, but how are such numbers to be accounted for? 
I have also recently discovered it in a ditch close to the river, 
quite disconnected from the previous locality ; this place, how- 
ever, I had never worked before, therefore I was not so much 
surprised at finding it.—C. H. Morris, Lewes, 75th July, 7894. 


Hydrobia jenkinsi Smith.—Whilst journeying to Willen- 
hall by Midland Railway, as I passed Short Heath Station I 
noticed that one of the locks of the canal was dry, owing to some 
repairs being done. I thought this would give me a good oppor- 
tunity for examining the bed; so after lunch I went to it, and 
found a great quantity of Mydrobia jenkinst, together with Unzo 
tumidus, U. pictorum, Anodonta cygnea, a few Paludina vivi- 
para, Bythinia tentaculata, and Limnea peregra. The bed 
was literally covered with the Hybrobias; you could scoop 
them up by hundreds, and I found on reaching home that I 
had close on 2,000! I should fancy they have been established 
several years—H. Overton, Brookdale, Tudor Hill, Sutton 
Coldfield, zst Vov., 2894. 


Succinea oblonga in Jersey. — Mr. J. T. Marshall 
informs me that he was fortunate in finding this species in 
Jersey, last summer, five specimens being obtained.—J. W. 
TAYLOR. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 4T5 


ON DREISSENSIA POLYMORPHA Pattas. 


By Pror. Dr. E. v. MARTENS. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Aug. 22nd, 1894). 


To the question brought forward in the last number of the 
‘Journal of Conchology,’ (page 404), concerning Dreissensza 
polymorpha or volgensis, I may be allowed to answer that 
Pallas’s voyage in Southern Russia and Siberia, on which he 
detected this shell, was in the years 1768-1770. He found the 
said shell at the mouth of the Jaik or Ural river, in August, 
1769, and the first volume of his work on his voyage in which 
this shell is described, was published in 1771 ; an abbreviated 
German edition, published in 1776, is now before me, in which 
at page 26 of the appendix the description of AZytilus poly- 
morphus is given in full. Further, the name and description is 
given also in Schroter’s ‘A Geschichte dor Flussconchylien,’ 
1779, page 197. It is therefore a mistake to surmise that the 
name Mytilus polymorphus was given before 1758, and should 
yield to M. volgensis Chemn., all the said publications being 
between 1758 and 1795, the date of Chemnitz’s ‘AZydzlus e fluvio 
Wolga’ (not ‘volgensis’) in the xi. volume of his ‘Conchylien 
Cabinet,’ page 256. 


Neither is the circumstance that Pallas has distinguished a 
M. polymorphus marinus and fluviatilis of any value for the 
rejection of the name. Pallas states in the description of his 
voyage that he did find some of his shells in the river Jaik itself, 
and others in a living state on the shore of the island Kamenoi, 
at the mouth of this river in the Caspian Sea. Those from the 
river were of larger size and angulated, those from that island 
smaller and not so sharply angulated; but, nevertheless ‘ pre- 
sertim versus nates carinata.’ With regard to the size, he 


416 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


compares the former to the kernel of a plum (prunum), the 
latter to that of a date. In the ‘Museum fur Naturkunde,’ at 
Berlin, there are specimens given by Pallas himself, who died 
at Berlin in 1811, a year after the foundation of the university 
and its zoological collections in Berlin, and these specimens 
answer very well to the description of both the fluviatile and 
marine form, differing in size, relative breadth, sharpness of the 
keel, curvature of the beaks, and in colour as much as do speci- 
mens which are collected now on the Havel river near Berlin ; 
there can be no doubt that all belong to one species. It is true 
that Pallas mentions the characteristic septum at the close of 
the whole description immediately after the distinguishing 
features of the form /Zzvzatilis, but I am convinced that it is 
meant for both forms, as the preceding words—‘ natibus acutis 
deorsum inflexis ’—for #wvzadelis correspond to the last words 
for marinus—‘nates acuminate subdeflexe.’ Bourguignat’s 
surmise that the marine form described by Pallas was JZj¢zlus 
edulis, is contradicted by the description itself, which distin- 
guishes it expressly from JZytilus edztlis. I think, therefore, 
that there is no reason to oppose the specific name folymorpha. 


—>- 0+ __—__ 


Wollaston’s ‘Testacea Atlantica.’-—On the cover is 
a notice offering for sale the collection of shells of the late 
T. Vernon Wollaston, the author of ‘Testacea Atlantica.’ 
This collection constituted the basis of the work, and was 
formed by Mr. Wollaston with the assistance of Lowe, Paiva, 
and others. It comprises about 380 recent and 74 sub-fossil 
species, besides numerous varieties. The shells from each 
island are kept separate to show the variations thus occasioned. 
They are all contained in carefully-labelled glass-topped boxes, 
and as a typical and well-selected geographical collection, 
would be most valuable for reference in any public museum.— 
E. L. Layarp. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 417 


BIOLOGY OF SPH#RIUM CORNEUM. 


By HENRY CROWTHER, F.R.M.S. 


(CURATOR OF THE LEEDS MuSEum). 


(Read before the Conchological Society, with microscopical demonstrations, 
March 14th and April 4th, 1894). 


Tuts bivalved mollusc is common in that portion of the Leeds 
and Liverpool Canal which runs through the western side of 
Leeds, especially between the forges, into which hot water is 
continually being discharged from condensers and twyers and 
is aérated by opening lock-gates and over-flow goits. 

These little pelecypods present many points of interest. 
I offer one or two for consideration. If put into a tall glass 
vessel of water they will be seen to travel up its sides, with ease, 
by the alternate expansion and contraction of the foot which 
each possesses. An animal in a shell half-an-incb in length 
crawled one inch in four minutes, lifting its shell three-eighths- 
of-an-inch at each contraction. At various heights on the sides 
of the vessel the molluscs anchor themselves by means of 
molluscan threads, often several in number, which appear as 
mucous prolongations of the mantle, and are dirty-looking from 
entangled organic matter, desmids, and other algal cells. As the 
animals seek higher levels they come to the surface film of the 
water and there anchor, depressions in the film due to their 
suspension being easily seen even without a lens. A sharp 
knock on the glass causes film-suspended animals to fall through 
the water to the bottom of the vessel, but as many catch and 
hang on intervening weeds and even on the sides of the vessel 
as they fall the threads are probably left trailing outside the 
closed shell of the alarmed mollusc. 

A sprig of water thyme (£/ode) in the jar is soon peopled, 
mostly by dropping surface-film specimens, and suspension soon 
follows. It seems so strange to see these molluscs in such a 
hurry to reverse the usual order of things, since in crawling 


418 CROWTHER : BIOLOGY OF SPH#RIUM CORNEUM. 


their incurrent siphons are inferior in position and in suspension 
superior. After remaining in suspended rest for some time, 
the animals lower themselves in jerks, as 1f a certain amount of 
thread-slime were run out, and then comes a stoppage, until the 
shells cease to oscillate from the jerky action of the fall, and 
again more thread is run out and the process repeated until the 
animals are satisfied with their quarters or the anchoring points 
give way, and the molluscs fall to the bottom, soon to seek the 
higher levels. Specimens anchored to the sides of the vessel 
and which as a rule are tied by web-like arrangements of threads 
often remain so for days, and when they crawl away leave the 
sprawling filaments filled with effete particles. The method of 
attachment here aids the molluscs in breaking free from useless ~ 
threads. Hence it is reasonable to suppose that mucous fila- 
ments are secreted as needed.  Spherium cannot crawl up 
its thread. 

When undisturbed the suspended animal has the shell 
gaping a little and the umbo downwards. From the posterior 
end of the shell are extended, in each specimen, a pair of 
united siphons; from the anterior end a cylindrical foot. The 
longer of the two siphons has its aperture reflexed and ciliated, 
is usually turned upwards, bends gracefully and slowly about, 
and organic particles in the water are in a constant rush to it. 
This is the incurrent or afferent siphon. Somehow many small 
infusorians— Vorticelle and Paramecia especially were watched 
—when they come within the vortex of the incurrent stream 
are dashed outside it just as they come within the play of 
the siphonal cilia. The shorter of the two siphons, which is 
united for two-thirds its length with the incurrent siphon, is the 
excurrent or efferent siphon. Its orifice is contracted, ciliated, 
and in the suspended animals is turned downwards. The 
decrease in the orifices of the excurrent siphons gives greater 
ejective force to the outflowing current and their tendency to 
point downwards and away from the animals aids the gravitation 
of the ejectamenta. A wonderfully simple but effective method 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894. 


CROWTHER: BIOLOGY OF SPHA RIUM CORNEUM. 419 


of preventing much of the waste material of the same animal 
from coming within the range of the in-flowing currents. 

The protrusion of the foot, to which I have already drawn 
attention, is best seen in those animals which have been sus- 
pended for some time; for days together they may remain with 
their siphons extended to twice the length of their shells, and 
their foot equally as far, no attempt being made by the animals 
to use it as an organ of locomotion. The microscope reveals 
that the foot is ciliated, and that it is assisting the mantle and 
the incurrent siphon in bringing to their possessor food and 
air. This adaptation of the foot in these pelecypods as an 
incurrent ciliated respiratory and alimentative organ is surely 
an interesting example of those modifications which may occur 
in animals when conditions are favourable to their develop- 
ment. A dozen or more of these molluscs dropped like 
pebbles to the bottom of a small beaker, used the foot only 
to adjust themselves, or to better their position, and then 
held vertically their extended siphons, the excurrent of course 
being diverted at their distal extremities. The extension of the 
foot was not practised in this case, as the molluscs would 
have only stirred up matter already cast away. We see, then, 
in the suspended forms the primary use of the organ of loco- 
_ motion subordinated to another purpose. 

The gills are an ever-charming study. The exploration of 
their ascending and descending lamellz in the living Spherzum 
is productive of many surprises—light-coloured gill filaments 
with their chitinous rods, lacunar spaces with blood corpuscles; 
cilia of many shapes and performing different functions come 
in succession under the eye of the observer. The stout cilia, 
which in some forms of pelecypods interlock and bind gill 
filaments together, here are separate, though playing between 
each other at places as the fingers of our hands may do, 
and at other places are wide apart, encircling oval fenestree. 
They run down the edges of the filaments in great numbers, 
until they are replaced by smaller and quicker-moving cilia on 


A420 CROWTHER: BIOLOGY OF SPH/ZRIUM CORNEUM. 


‘the scalloped margins of the gill-plates. The stout cilia have a 
finger-like movement, especially such as are scattered in spare 
groups on the inter-marginal areas of the filaments. Teased-off 
portions of the gill lamellz are singularly vital, behaving like so 
many protozoans ; a bit with stout cilia on it is marvellously like 
Euplotes. Isolated ciliated cells are motile so long as life lasts, 
and then die as is shown by the gradual cessation of ciliary 
action. ‘This movement may, however, continue for some time; 
comparatively large pieces teased off gill tissue lived ten hours 
in .a moist cell. This vitality varies; cells of the incurrent 
siphon lived longer than those of the excurrent siphon in teased- 
off portions of the same animal. Ciliated foot tissue is com- 
paratively long-lived, but dies somewhat suddenly, and is 
preceded by a shrinking of the organ to which they belong. 
The stout cilia of the gills are short-lived, whilst those on the 
margins are long-lived. 


I believe that in the locality where I gather my specimens, 
the deposition of ova goes on all the year round. I have taken 
embryos from the brood pouches from March to January. With 
the exception of a single specimen, examined in December, all 
my adult examples have yielded young, an interesting confirm- 
ation of the herma phroditism of Spherium corneum. There are 
usually six or seven specimens which can be seen with the 
naked eye in each brood pouched, and I have taken as many 
as thirty young from within a single animal. The microscope 
reveals most minute forms in a state of gradual evolution within 
the gills. Some of the larger specimens are one-sixteenth the 
size of the parent, and have shells of a compressed sphenoid 
shape. At the slightest pressure on the gills of the mother- 
mollusc these bigger embryos cut their way out and then stop, 
as if anchored by their byssal threads, and forced separation 
from the parent requires a pull with the teasing needle. 

As the young are found of all sizes in the brood pouches, 
there is probably in this form a prolonged deposition of ova; 
in localities where the water is tempered by meteoric changes 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 421 


this may go on for several months of the year only, in our canal 
at Armley probably all the year round. The following facts 
support this view. No gill pouches of Spherium corneum that 
I have examined possessed young with shells of equal size; the 
brood pouches could not have retained the number of indi- 
viduals they actually did possess if these had grown equally, for 
the gill tissues are merely held by concrescence, and are separ- 
ated by the larger forms as they grow; the young of Spherium 
spins a byssus, probably to retain it in the brood pouch whilst 
the larger forms are passing out ; embryos of all sizes are to be 
found at one time in a brood pouch. These little embryos are 
most exquisite objects for the microscope—the tiny shells, the 
crawling ciliated foot, the paired otocysts with the pulsating 
otoliths at one end of the capsule, each with a little streak, like 
a crease in a minute air-bubble, the tuft of tinted liver czecz, 
and a heart pulsating at sixty beats per minute. These and many 
other points might be profitably enlarged upon did space per- 
mit, many structures I have passed over for this reason. No 
animal offers easier study of cell structure. The blood cor- 
puscles are best procured from a teased bit of mantle. The 
shell is covered with a brown periostracum, which is hairy, the 
hairs being simple and curved. 

Amongst the parasites and commensals, I have noticed the 
young of the river leech, intestinal worms, Cyclops, Vorticella, 
. Stentor, Paramecium, and Ameba, some of the temporarily 
fixed Protozoa being attached to the base of the foot and 
others bejewelling the shells. 


————— +o —____— 


On Gibbula incincta Sowerby.—In looking over the 
last Journal, I see a description by Mr. Sowerby of a Gibbula 
incincta, from Port Elizabeth. This seems to me to be the 
same as my Gzbdula tryont (‘Man. Conch., xi., p. 239, pl. 57, 
figs. 20-21, 1889), although my shells are larger. Perhaps, if 
you will publish this note, someone may compare Mr. Sowerby’s 
(unfigured) specimens with my figures and description, and so 
decide the question.—H. A. Pitspry, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 


422 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA var. CRAVENENSIS. 


J. W. TAYLOR, F.L.S. 


This interesting and fine variety has long been known to 
English conchologists under the name of var. dubia Drap., and 
latterly has been included or confounded with the var. szttone 
Westl. by Dr. Boettger, Westerlund, Clessin, and others. 

The Clausilia dubia Drap. is especially distinguished from 
C. rugosa, according to its author, by its fewer whorls and 
smaller size, the figure he gives (pl. iv. f. 10) being only 12 mill. 
long, and showing, as stated in the description, 9 to 10 whorls. 
The figure indicates a stouter shell than C. 7wgosa, and, indeed, 
shows much affinity in general outline to Papa secale. 

The true var. szttont was originally published and described 
in the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ (vol. i., p. 35, Aug. 1874) as var. 
schlechtit Zelebor, and is especially distinguished by a smooth 
shell, resembling Clauszlia laminata in its smoothness and 
transparency, the typical specimens in my possession possess- 
ing 11 whorls, and showing no striation under an ordinary lens. 

The typical cravenensis is especially characteristic of the 
West Yorkshire Highlands, and has a shell composed of about 
13 whorls, and measures 17 mill. long by 34 broad. 

The striation obsolete in true sz¢foni is strongly developed 
in cravenensis, and give the shell a distinctly reticulate appear- _ 
ance, The palatal callus is also strongly developed in crvaven- 
ensis, but is weak and sometimes hardly perceptible in szd¢¢onz. 
The inferior lamella is in cravenensis distinctly and strongly 
bifurcate, but this is indistinct in sz¢¢onz, and when perceptible 
is more abruptly divaricated. The sub-columellar lamella is dis- 
tinctly visible at the aperture in cvavenensis, but not so in sutéonz. 

The name Jdzdentata is adopted for the species on the 
authority of Dr. O. Boettger of Frankfort, the chief authority 
upon the group, who has satisfied himself that the prior claim 
of Strom’s name is entitled to recognition. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 423 


CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


223rd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, Marcu 14th, 1894. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., V.P., in the chair. 

Library Purchases announced: (1) Clark’s History of British Marine 
Testaceous Mollusca, 1855; (2) Macgillivray’s History of the Molluscous 
Animals of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine, 1843. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 

L’Echange Révue Linneenne, Nos. 103 to 106, Juillet to Oct., 1893 ; 
_ Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 276 to 279 and 281, Octobre to Décem- 
bre, 1893, and Janvier and Mars, 1894; British Naturalist, part i, Jan. 1894; 
and The Naturalist, No. 224, March, 1894—all from the respective editors. 


Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, vol. ix., for 1892—93 ; 
Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, vol. 
i, part 2, 189192; Abstract of Proceedings of Linnean Society of New 
South Wales, Aug. 30, Sep. 27, Oct. 25, Nov. 29, 1893; Records of the 
Australian Museum, vol. ii, No. 5, Sep., 1893—all from the respective 
Societies or Institutions. 

Papers by R. F. Scharff on the Geographical Distribution of Geoma- 
lacus maculosus, 1893 ; by John Brazier on the Linnean AZzerex corneus found 
living on the coast of the Island of New Caledonia, South Pacific Ocean, 
Jan., 1889; by the late George Gordon on the Probability of a Mollusc 
(Bulla striata), not yet classed in the British Fauna, being found on the 
Northern Shores of Scotland. 1892 ; by Robert E. C. Stearns, Ph.D., on 
Recent Collections of North American Land, Freshwater and Marine Shells 
received from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1894; by Dr. R. Bergh 
on Eine Neue Gattung von Polyceraden (Grezlada), 1894; and by A. Merle 
Norman, D.C.L., on a Monthon the Trondhjem Fiord, 1893, in two parts 
—all from the respective authors. 

Isaac Lea’s Check List of the Shells of North American Unionide, n.d., 
from Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 


A small collection of freshwater shells from Loch Tay, Mid-Perthshire, 
including Valvata prscinalis, Pisedium pusillum and v. obtusale, P. milium, 
P. fontinale, and Linnea peregra, the two first-named being new records for 
the vice-county ; from Mr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S. 

A few shells collected in Banffshire, at Inchrory, Glenavon, in June, 
1893, including Lzmne@a peregra, L. auricularia var. acuta, L. truncatala, 
Ancylus fluviatilis and var. albida, Bulimus obscurus, and Helix arbus- 
torum, the Ancylus and Limnea auricularza being new records for the 
vice-county ; from Mr. Lionel W. Hinxman, of II.M. Geological Survey. 


424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Shells from West Linton, Peeblesshire, including a single young Pupa 
cylindracea, several Vertigo edentula, and a few each of V. substriata, Helrx 
fusca, Spherium lacustre and Pistdium miliam ; from the Rev. Wm. Turner. 

Tectura testudinalis from Dunoon, Argyleshire, and Melzx rotundata 
from Dumbuck, Dumbartonshire ; from Mr. Alexander Shaw. 

Various Scottish shells, including AHe/¢x hortenses and Lzmax cinereo- 
niger (dried) from The Doune, Rothiemurchus, Easterness vice-county ; 
Pupa cylindracea and Clausilia perversa from the Isle of May, Fifeshire, 
Aug., 1893 ; Szccinea putris from Keilsden near Largo, Fife, 30th Aug., 
1893 ; Planorbis spirorbis from Drumshoreland, Linlithgowshire, 13th Sep., 
1893 ; and various species from Luffness Links ; all from Mr. Wm. Evans, 
FR. S. i. 

Dreissensia polymorpha, a couple of valves from the canal, Gamston, 
Notts. ; from Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 


Candidates Proposed for Membership : 
Mr. Kenneth Hurlstone Jones (proposed by Messrs. Robert Standen 
and Loftus St. George Byne); and Mr. Frederic E. Daniel (proposed by 
Messrs. A. T. Daniel, M.A., and John W. Taylor, F.L.S.). 


Paper Read: 

A short paper by Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., entitled ‘ Note on the 
Genus Balea,’ was read, and has since been printed in the Journal of Con- 
chology for July, 1894, p. 389. 

Exhibits, etc. : 

The Chairman showed a series of the original inimitable drawings of 
dissections of slugs made during the past ten years by the late Mr. Charles 
Ashford. 

Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., then gave a preliminary account of 
some interesting observations he had recently made in investigating some 
points in the life-history of Spheriwm corneum from Leeds and Liverpool 
canal specimens, promising to give a microscopical demonstration of them at 
a succeeding meeting. 


224th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 4th, 1894. 
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., V.P., in the Chair. 
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 


The Naturalist, No. 225, April, 1894; and Feuille des Jeunes Natur- 
alistes. No. 282, Avril, 1894—from the respective Editors. 


Donations to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted to donors: 

Five shillings each from the Rey. Carleton Greene, Mr. Henry Coates, 
F.R.S.E., and Mr. J. Bassett Dixon. 

Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 


Shells from Corsica, including Helix aspersa, H. lenticuia, and Clausilza 
porrot from Ajaccio; H. aperta, H. pisana, H. virgata, H. barbara, and 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 425 


Limnea peregra from St. Florent ; Bythinia tentaculata and Ancylus costu- 
latus from Bastia; and ZH. terrestris from Corte: all from Dr. R. F. Scharff. 

Marine shells from Auckland, New Zealand, viz : Pleurotoma zea- 
landica, Littorina mauritiana, Cerithidea bicarinata, and Volampyrgus 
cumimeranus ; from Mr. Alexander Shaw. 

Various Scottish land and freshwater shells, including Helix nemoralis 
var. /ibelluda 00000 and 12345 from Bardowie Loch, Stirlingshire ; 00000, 
00300 and (123)(45) from Campbeltown, Kintyre; A. hortensis var. lutea 
oooco, and 12345, A. arbzustorum var. flavescens, and H. hispida, from Sum- 
merston, Lanarkshire; A. semoralzs var. carnea 12345 from Duntocher, 
Dumbartonshire ; 4. arbustorum, H. votundata, and Cochlicopa lubrica from 
Tarbert, Loch Fyne; A. xemoralis var. libellula 12345, H. arbustorum, H. 
hispida, H. rotundata, Hyalinia nitidula, H. fulva, H. crystallina, H. 
alliaria, H. pura, Vertigo edentula, and Vitrina pellucida from Stewarton, 
Ayrshire; A. aspfersa from Largs, Ayrshire; A. votundata, Hyalinia 
alliaria, H. nitidula, and Cochlicopa lubrica from Castlecarry, Stirlingshire, 
30th Aug., 1890; Balea perversa, Clausilia perversa, and Helix granulata 
(sericea) from Port Bannatyne, Bute; and 4. votundata and Hyalinia nitz- 
dula from Lamlash, Isle of Arran ; all from Mr. Alex. Shaw. 


A number of Irish Land and Freshwater Shells, including Helix 
nemoralis var. rubella 00345 from Rathmullen, co. Donegal, Feb., 1894 ; 
HZ, rufescens, H. nemoralis var. carnea 12345, 00345, 00300, 00000, var. 
rubella 00300, and var. lzbel/ula 12345 and (123)(45), A. aspersa, Hyalinia 
nitidula, Clausilia perversa, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Pupa cylindracea from 
Rostrevor, co. Down, July, 1892; Helix rufescens, H. rotundata, Hyalinia 
pura and H. cellaria from Holywood, co. Down, July, 1892; and Pupa 
cylindracea from Omagh, co. Tyrone, Feb., 1894; all from Mr. Alexander 
Shaw. 

New Members Elected : 
Mr. Frederic E. Daniel, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 141, Abbey Road, Barrow- 
in-Furness. 
Mr. Kenneth Wurlstone Jones, St. Bride’s Rectory, Old Trafford, 
Manchester. 


Candidate Proposed for Membership: 


Mr. Wm. Evans, F.R.S.E. (proposed by Mr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., 
and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. ). 


Papers Read: 

A note by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., hon. treas. C.S., on ‘ Aydrobia 
(Paludestrina) jenkinst at Lewes ’ was read, and has since been published in 
the ‘J. of C.’ for July, 1894, p. 390. 

A paper, by Mr. J. T. Marshall, entitled ‘* Additions to ‘ British Con- 
chology ’” was read, and has since been published in the ‘J. of C.’ for April 
and July, 1894, pp- 379—385. 

A paper by Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., on the ‘Biology of 
Spherium corneum’ was read, and is published in the present number of 
the ‘J. of C.’ pp. 417—42I1. 


426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Exhibits : 

On behalf of Mr. C. H. Morris, were exhibited in illustration of Mr. 
Adams’ note, examples of Hydrobia jenkinst from a stream at J.ewes, eight 
miles away from the sea, where they were collected in March, 1894. 

On behalf of Mr. Robert Cairns were shown examples of He/zx hortensis 
taken by Mr. Alletsee near Douglas, Isle of Man, July, 1893; Vertigo 
substriata from Whitestrand, two miles north of Peel ; and Pupa anglica from 
three Manx localities. 

_ Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., exhibited a series of shells he had put 
together for the Leeds Museum, showing the influence of climate on the 
coloration of Molluscan Shells. 

Mr. Crowther then demonstrated under the microscope various points 
in the anatomy and life history of Spherizm corneum, in illustration of his 


paper. 


225th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, MAy 2ND, 1894. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the Chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 

The Naturalist, No. 226, May, 1894; and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, 
No. 283, Mai, 1894; from the respective Editors. 

Donations to the Collections announced and thanks voted : 

Shells from Gloucestershire for the typical series displayed permanently 
in the Museum at Leeds, including He/éx hortenszs var. lutea (12)345, 00000, 
12345, var. albéda 00000, and var. Jutea 12345, and (12)345 arenzcola, H. 
nemoralis vars. rubella 00000 and 00300, castanea 00000 and 00300, and 
libellula 00000 and 00300, H. rzfescens with vars. rubens, albocitncta and 
alba, H. lapicida, H. aculeata, Cyclostoma, Zua, Clausilia perversa, Bulimus 
obscurus, Cl. volphii, Vitrina, H. rupestris, and H. pulchella from Cooper’s 
Hill, near Cheltenham; and C/. /aminata from near Gloucester ; all from 
Mr. A. G. Stubbs. 

Various species of land shells from Porto Santo, Madeira ; from Mr. W. 


E. Scharff. 
New Member elected : 


Mr.Wm. Evans, F.R.S.E., F.R.P.S.E., 18a, Morningside Park, Edinburgh. 
Exhibits : 

Mr. W. E. Scharff exhibited a series of land shells from Puerto Santo, 
Madeiran Archipelago, including Helix polymorpha in three varieties, 7. 
punctulata, H. lenticula, H. pampercula, A. abjecta, H. albersiz, A. phle- 
bophora, H. consors, H. pisana, H. acuta, and Claustlia deltostoma, also 
semi-fossilized examples of 4. Jowezz, and specimens of seven or eight other 
species not yet determined. Mr. Scharff gave an interesting account of his 
researches on the island. 

Letter Read : 

A letter addressed to the Chairman by Signor Augusto Statuti, of 
Rome, was read, in which he asked for specimens of the common Cardzum 
edule—both the typical British form and some of its more interesting varia- 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 427 


tions—and offering many different forms of the same species which are living 
in southern seas, as he is now engaged in a study of this common species. 


226th MEETING (ANNUAL), SATURDAY, 9th JUNE, 1894. 
Held at Manchester. 


[Full Report, with Annual Report, List of Members, &c., will appear in 
the January number]. 


227th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 22nd, 1894. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., president, in the chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 

Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, vol. viii, 1892; Journal 
and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. xxvii, 1893 ; 
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2nd series, vol. viii, 
parts 2 and 3, 1893—all from the respective societies and institutions. 

Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 284—285, Juin and Juillet, 1894 ; 
and The Naturalist, Nos. 227 to 229, June to August, 1894—from the 
respective editors. 

Reprints of papers by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns on the Shells of the Tres 

Marias and other localities along the shores of Lower California and the 
Gulf of California, 1894; Charles A. White, Notes on the Invertebrate 
Fauna of the Dakota Formation, with Descriptions of new Molluscan Forms, 
1894; and W. H. Dall, a Monograph of the genus Gzathodon Gray (Rangia 
Desmoulins) 1894—all from the respective authors. 


Donation to Photograph Album announced and thanks voted : 
Cabinet portrait of the Rev. Carleton Greene, from himself. 


Donations to Collections announced and thanks voted : 


A series of marine mollusca from the coast of Dorsetshire, including 
Tapes pullastra var. perforans, Venerupis irus, Rissoa striata, R. costata, 
Odostoma lactea, Adeorbis subcarinatus, Tectura virginea, Saxicava rugosa, 
Cardium exiguum, Littorina rudis, Rissoa parva, Nassa incrassata, Littor- 
ina neritordes, Trochus zizyphinus, Purpura lapillus, Natica catena, and 
Patella vulgata, all from Swanage; Modiolaria marmorata, Lamellaria 
perspicua, Axinus flexuosus, Akera bullata, Philine aperta, Pissurella 
greca, Loripes lacteus, Corbula gibba, Sepia officinalis, Rissoa membranacea, 
Solen vagina, Ostrea edulis, Mytilus adriatecus, Lacuna pallidula, L. put- 
colus, Hmarginula rosea, Donax vittatus, D. politus, Turritella terebra, 
Pleurotoma rufa, Trophon truncatus, Helcion pellucidum, and, Lacuna 
crasstor, all from Studland Bay ; Dentalizum tarentinum, Lacuna adivare- 
cata, and Tellina fabula, all from both Studland Bay and Swanage ; 7rochus 
umbtlicatus from Chapman’s Pool, Dorsetshire ; Hydrobia ulve and Littorina 
rudts from Poole Harbour ; and Cyfrzna zslandica from near Parkstone, Dor- 
set—all from Mr. J. Eddowes Cooper 


428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Candidate Proposed for Membership: 
Mr. Peter Lawson (proposed by Messrs. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., and 
W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.). 
Papers Read: 
A note by Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., and one by Dr. E. von Martens, 
C.M.Z.S., both on the ‘Nomenclature of Dreissensia polymorpha,’ were 
read ; Dr. Martens’ note is printed in the current number, pp. 415—6. 


A paper by Mr. Kenneth Hurlstone Jones on ‘Molluscan Albinism and 
the Tendency to the Phenomenon in 1893,’ was read, and will be printed in 
the Journal of Conchology for January, 1895. 

A note by Mr. H. A. Pilsbry ‘On Gzddula tncincta Sowerby’ was read, 
and is printed in the current number, p. 421. 

A paper by Mr. J. T. Marshall entitled ‘Alterations in “‘ British Con- 
chology”’ was read, and will be published in the Journal of Conchology 
for 1895. 

A short paper by the Rev. J. W. Horsley, M.A., entitled ‘ Notes on 
Mollusca at Canterbury’ was read, and is printed in the current number, 
Pp. 434- 

A paper by Mr. C. H. Morris on ‘Hydrobia (Paludestrina) jenkinsi at 
Lewes,’ was read, and is printed in the current number, p. 414. 

A note by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., on ‘Szccinea oblonga in Jersey,’ 
was read, and is printed in the current number, p. 414. 

A paper by Messrs. James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., and Robert 
Standen, entitled ‘Notes on a Collection of Marine Shells, with List of 
Species, from the Loyalty Islands, made by the Rev. James Hadfield,’ was 
read, and will be printed in a future number of the Journal of Conchology. 

A note by Mr. J. E. Cooper on ‘ Dorsetshire Marine Shells,’ was read, 
and is printed in the current number, pp. 435—436. It was illustrated by 
the series of examples presented to the society for its collection. 


Exhibits : 


Various species of land and freshwater shells from Gloucester were 
shown on behalf of Mr. A. G. Stubbs. 


228th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26th, 1894. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., president, in the chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 

Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 186—187, Aottt and Septembre, 
1894; and The Naturalist, No. 230, September, 1894—from the respective 
editors. 

Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, sess. 1893—94, 
vol. xii, part ii, 1894—from the Society. 

Donations to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted: Five 
shillings from Mr. J. C. Eccles. 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOIJOGICAL SOCIETY. 429 


New Member Elected: 
Mr. Peter Lawson, 11, The Broadway, Walham Green. London, S.W. 
. Exhibits : 

Oh behalf of Mr. A. G. Stubbs were shown a further series of Glou- 
cestershire land and freshwater shells, including 7/el?x arbustoywm from near 
Hempstead, Haresfield, and Minsterworth, and var. /uscescems (marmorata) 
and alfestr7s from Haresfield ; A. zemoralis var. libellula 00045, 000(45), 
00(345): 0003(45). 10345, 02345, and 00345. HY. aculeata, Hl. hispida var. 
albida, Hyalimia nitidula, H. cellaria, Arion ater, Limax maximus, FH. 
aspersa, 1, nemoralis vars. libelluda 12345, (12345), rubella 12345, 00045, 
(12345), 00300 mzz7077, (12345) mer7207, and 00300 cemeca, castarex 0000D, 
12345, 00345, and 00000 mz707, Hl. hortensis var. lutea (12345), (12)345, 
1(23)(45), 10345, 12345 with semi-translucent brownish bands, 00090 727207,, 
10345 mzr07, 12345 menor, LH. rotundata, H. concinna var. subrufa, A. 
memoralis var. carmed 10345, (12)3(45), 1(23)(45), var. Zibellula 1(23)(45), 
fT, arbustorum var. flavescens and HA. nemoralis var. libe'lula 00045 
conzica, all from near Gloucester, 1894; A. zwtala (ertcetorun), Balea, and 
Vertigo edentiula from Haresheld Beacon, 1894; WZ. zlala var. alba, H. 
caperata, H. virgata and varieties from canal banks near Gloucester, 1894 ; 
Pupa cylindracea from Upton near Gloucester, Carychiam from Matson near 
Gloucester, Szcczrea elegans and var. albiva, and Helix virea'a var., from 
Hempstead near Gloucester, 1894 ; Limax marginatus, Agriolimax agrestis 
from Parkend Road near Gloucester, 17th May, 1594; Clawstlia laminata 
var. albida from Cranham Woods near Gloucester, 1894; zines moz- 
tanus, Pupa secale and Ayalinza crystallina from Cranham near Gloucester, 
Helix concinna var. hispidosa from Waresfield near Gloucester, 1894; Z, 
nemoralis var. libelliula 12345 major, 1(23)45 major and 123(45) major from 
Bristol Road, Gloucester ; Szcctnea poitv7s and var. albz¢da from the banks of 
the Severn, Gloucester ; and Helix caperata var. ornata from Birdlip Hill 
near Gloucester. 


220th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 3rd, 1894. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Chair occupied successively by Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., hon. 
librarian, and Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., president. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 

The Naturalist, No. 231, Oct., 1894; and Feuille des Jeunes Natura- 
listes, No. 288, Oct., 1894—from the respective editors. 

Report of the Trustees of the Australian Museum for the year 1893— 


from the Trustees. 
Exhibits : 


On behalf of Mr. A. G. Stubbs, a further series of shells from the neigh- 
bourhood of Gloucester were exhibited. 

On behalf of Mr. G. A. Frank Knight were shown a number of Scottish 
land and freshwater shells, including Uito margaritifer from the river Spey, 
Invernessshire ; Aelzx wirgata and var. szbdeleta, and AH. acuta and var. 
articulatg. from the ballast hills at Troon, Ayrshire; A. refescens from 


Be 


430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Bearsden, county Dumbarton ; Azcyles fluviatilis and Limnea peregra and 
var. ovata from Bull Loch, Bute; Valvata pisctnalis, Planorbts albus, and 
PI. contortus from Dougalston Loch, Stirlingshire; Za, and very small 
Clausilia perversa from Onich, Loch Linnhe ; Azcylus fluviatilis from Righ 
Water, Onich, Loch Linnhe ; Sp. corieum from Loch of Skene, Aberdeen- 
shire ; Helix rvotundata from Loch Ridden Islands (Kyles of Bute), Strachur 
(Loch Fyne), Kilpatrick Ilills, Dumbartonshire, and Baldernock, Stirling- 
shire ; 7¢,7a from Bearsden and Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire, and Strachur, 
Argyllshire ; Zva from Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire ; Lemmea peregra var. 
ovata from Craigton, Milngavie, Dumbartonshire ; Pisédzem pusillum and 
Limnea peregra var. minor from Iorsa Water, Isle of Arran; Pesideum 
nilidum from Loch Morlich, 1046 feet altitude, Invernessshire ; Zznca 
peregra from Lochinver, Sutherlandshire; Z. fevegra var. ovata, and Helix 
aspersa from Auchenlochan, Kyles of Bute ; Swecinea elegans from Collieston, 
Aberdeenshire ; Wyalénia cellarta and Pupa cylindracea from Loch Ridden 
Islands, Kyles of Bute; Helix aspersa var. aff. wz Zadata (but not character- 
istic), from Aberdeen ; Lemna peregra from Little Machrie Water, Isle of 
Arran ; Z/elix arbustorum from Arrochar, Loch Long, at a height of 700 
feet up Ben Chrois ; ZW. hortensiés var. dutea 00000 from Cruden Bay, Aber- 
deenshire ; Lémnea peregraand Ancylus fluviatilis from the Pass of Brander, 
Lech Awe; Z. peregra var. ovata and L. auricularia var. acuta from the 
Gatehouse of Fleet, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Z. pevegra var. ovata from Nethy 
Bridge, Speyside, and from Loch Meldalloch, Tighnabruaich, Kyles of Bute, 
Argyllshire ; //yalinia alliaria and Hl. nitidula from Loch Awe islands, 
Argyllshire ; Helix asfersa from Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire ; and Szc- 
cinea putris from Arrochar, River Loin; and several foreign shells from 
various localities. 

On behalf of Mr. Arthur Mayfield, was shown living Amalia gagates 
from North Heigham near Norwich. 


230th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 7th, 1894. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., president, in the chair. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 

The Naturalist, No. 232, Nov., 1894; and Feuille des Jeunes Natura- 
listes, No. 289, Nov., 1894—from the respective editors. 

Journal and Proceedings of the Hamilton Association, session 1893-94, 
No. 10, 1894—from the Association. 

Candidate Proposed for Membership: 
Mr. William Charles Smith (proposed by Messrs. Peter Lawson and 


John W. Taylor, F.L.S.). 
Exhibits : 

On behalf of Mr. C. H. Morris were shown numerous translucently- 
banded white examples of He/ix virgata from Friston near Eastbourne, East 
Sussex, collected Nov. 1st, 1894. 

The President showed Hydrobia jenkinsi from the canal, Shortheath, 
Staffordshire ; Helix carthustana sent by Mr. Adams from Sandwich, Kent ; 
and Z. obvolyta from Crabbe Wood near Winchester, 


J.C., vii., Oct. 1894 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 431 


23Ist MEETING, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 5th, 1894. 

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., president, in the chair. 

Library Purchase announced: Part I of Mr. Taylor’s Monograph of 
the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles. 

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : 

The Naturalist, No. 233, December, 1894; and Feuille des Jeunes 
Naturalistes, No. 290, Décembre, 1894—from the respective editors. 

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 1892—94, vol. x., and 
index to vol vii., viii., and ix.—from the society. 

New Member elected : 
Mr. William Charles Smith, Vanston House, 7, Vanston Place, Walham 

Green, Fulham, London, S.W. 

Candidate Proposed for Membership: 

Mr. Bernard Arnold (proposed by Messrs. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., and 
John A. Hargreaves). 

Exhibits : 

On behalf of Mr. Arthur Mayfield were shown examples of Arion mini- 
wus found on a tree stump under dead leaves at Caistor and Dunston near 
Norwich. 

Mr. A. G. Stubbs was present, and showed Vitriza from Hempstead, 
Helix rotundata v. alba from Whaddon, 4. caperata from Haresfield Beacon, 
and varieties of the last-named and of H. vzi-gata from the canal banks, all 
near Gloucester, 1894; also a great number of species and varieties of land 
and freshwater mollusca found within ten miles of Gloucester, including a 
number of scalariform and other monstrosities. 

Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., showed on behalf of Mrs. Crowther, 
a fine example of Pectunculus glycymeris with pilose covering, and a very 
perfect example of Zsocardia cor, both from Helston River, Cornwall. 

The President showed living examples of Zyalinia glabra from Newlay; 
Helix virgata from Laugharne ; Clausilia rugosa from Debdale, near Mans- 
field, Notts. ; var. sz¢foni from Starbotton in Wharfedale ; and var. schlechtee 
from Wark, Northumberland. 

He also showed a number of shells collected in the vice-county of South 
Perth with Clackmannan, all near Bridge of Allan, Blairlogie, Abbey Craig, 
and Lake of Menteith, by Mr. G. W. McDougall, of Stirling, including 
Helix nemoralis var. olivacea 00000 and Jibellula 12345, H. hortensis var. 
lutea 12345, H. arbustorum, H. concinna var. albocincta, H. rotundata, H. 
hispida, Hyalinia cellaria, H. alliaria, H. nitidula. Physa fontinalis, 
Bulinus hypnorum, Succinea elegans, Vitrina, Ancylus fluviatilis, Limnea 
peregra and var. lacustris, L. palustris, Spherium corneum, Pisidium fon- 
tinale, Planorbis spirorbis, Pl. albus, Pl. parvus, Pl. contortus, Valvata 
piscinalis, Zua, Clausilia perversa, Hyalinia radiatula, H. crystallina, FA. 
fulva, 1. pura, Helix pulchella, H. aculeata, Pisidium pusillum, P. miliune, 
Carychium, Vertigo edentula, V. pusilla, and V. pygiuea.—W.D.K. 


432 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


THE NEW MONOGRAPH. 


J. W. Taylor.—A Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of 
the British Isles, Part I. (Leeds, pp. 64, 1 plate, 138 illustrations in 
text). Price 6/-, or by subscription 5/-, free by post, 5/3. 


A GREAT deal has happened to some of us since this monograph was first 
publicly proposed in 1883, and it is much to be deplored that some of those 
who took considerable interest in the work have not lived to see its publica- 
tion. However, Mr. Scudder was twenty years preparing his great treatise 
on the Butterflies of New England, so perhaps we ought to be very grateful 
for the appearance of Part I. of the Monograph in a little more than ter years 
from thé publicly announced commencement of its preparation. 

Those who have taken part in the controversies of the day, cannot fail 
to look with interest for the publication of those parts of the monograph 
treating of the various species and varieties in detail. Here will be found 
the results of ten years’ deliberation on hundreds of knotty points concerning 
which great diversities of opinion prevail, and the conclusions arrived at 
cannot fail to be interesting, whether we agree with them or not. The 
present part, however, does not stir up the fires of controversy to any great 
extent, dealing almost entirely with fundamental and well-known facts. 

If the practised conchologist is possibly a little impatient at finding more 
interesting matters temporarily shelved for what he regards as common- 
places, the amateur will assuredly be grateful; and as the chief value of the 
book, perhaps, will be its power of attracting new students and stimulating 
beginners, it cannot be said that the space thus given up is wasted. It is 
undoubtedly one of the greatest misfortunes that science has to contend with, 
that great and serious obstacles are commonly placed in the way of the 
beginner. Many naturalists continually forget that all are not so well- 
informed as themselves; and drift into a style which is simply bewildering to 
any but the old hands. This is most conspicuously illustrated, perhaps, in 
synopses of families, genera, and species, which though seeming satisfactory 
to their authors, are frequently even misleading to beginners. 

It is therefore satisfactory to welcome a book which begins at the 
beginning; and at the risk of thrashing a considerable amount of old straw, 
aims to be almost entirely self-explanatory, like a sort of Euclid of Conchology. 
Most especially to be commended is the abundance of illustration, whereby 
space in description may be saved, and everything made much easier to 
understand than would be possible by the most carefully chosen words. It 
is more especially this feature in Mr. W. G. Binney’s A/anual of American 
Land Shells which makes that work so admirable a guide to the North 
American species, combined as it is with an extremely lucid text. 

The list of terms used in describing, while not so full as that given by 
Dr. Westerlund in his Fundamenta Malacologica (1892, p. 119), is probably 
sufficient for ordinary purposes. In order to test this, I gave the 
work to a student who had not any special knowledge of mollusca, and 
requested her to describe, with its help, a Cyclotes from Jamaica. The 


J.C. vii., Oct. 1894. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 433 
result was as follows:—‘ Coiled dextrally ; depressed, paucispiral, trans- 
versely striate, sulcate, umbilicated, subcarinate periphery, rounded aperture, 
peristome continuous.’ The colour and size were purposely omitted. I should 
hardly have applied the term paucispiral to the shell, but to do so was natural 
enough in the’light of the figures on p. 26. Westerlund goes into.this matter 
a little more fully, distinguishing between the gradually and rapidly enlarging 
whorls separately from the question as to their number. Westerluna also 
explains the meaning of ‘ penultimate whorl,’ which perplexed my student. 

«A few other points in the work deserve mention. The printing is most 
excellent, and free from errors ; but the binding of my copy is rather unsatis- 
factory. The plate is very good, the three varieties of A. asfersa being 
especially excellent ; but I do not know why it was necessary to go to 
Férussac for a Limax maximus. 

Credit is given to collectors of all specimens figured ; but it seems rather 
unnecessary, in addition to this, to inform us to what learned society the said 
collectors happen to belong ! 

I feel tempted to offer some criticisms of the remarks on varieties,. bnt 
refrain, as these are not concluded in the present part, and on previous 
occasions I have said my say on this subject pretty fully. Thereis, however, 
one point that should be emphasised. On p. 61 reference is made to the 
palpable band-variations in /e/ix, which may be less important than more 
subtle variations in form or character. It has been too little noticed, that 
while a species may present similar variations in two localities, the average 
appearance or /aczes. of long series from these localities may be different. 
These differences are often subtle, and only noticed when comparing 
numerous specimens all together, yet they are certainly worthy of serious 
attention. 

So far Part I. It may be said in conclusion that everyone who is 
interested in British Mollusca ought certainly to have the book, and judge 
for himself of its contents. To such persons it will be a necessity. 


Ilo IDs Ae (COCIKKIDINIGILI., 
———_—_#-0-¢@—_____ 


Habitat of Unio pictorum v. platyrhinchoidea 
Dupuy.—On page 64 of Taylor’s ‘Monograph of British Land 
and Freshwater Mollusca,’ there is a reference to the occurrence 
of this variety in Hethersett Lake, with the remark that possibly 
there was some peculiar feature in the lake which would assist 
in accounting for the existence of this running-water form in that 
locality. Hethersett Lake is about 200 yards Jong and about 
50 yards wide. A small stream flows in at one end, a stream 
quite three times as large flows out at the other end ; this differ- 
ence in volume is accounted for by the fact that there are 
numerous springs in the lake itself, which can be felt when 
bathing, and which show themselves distinctly when the lake is 
frozen. Perhaps this peculiarity accounts for the occurrence of 
this variety.—A. G. Srusss, November r1rth, 1894. 


434 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTES ON MOLLUSCA AT CANTERBURY. 


By THE Rey. J. W. HORSLEY, M.A. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, 22nd August, 1894). 


DuRING a short visit to Canterbury I found Helix cartusiana 
var. minor and one specimen of var. a/ba at Barham Downs ; also 
a colony of H. hortensis 00300 at Stuppington. Why this variety 
should be so rare in 1. hortensis and so common in #7. zemoralis 
always puzzles me. Wherever I have found it, it prevails over 
any other variety of & Hortensis in the same hedge. At Upper 
Hardres I found plentifully, on a somewhat barren hill-side, 
H. virgata var. alba and var. hyalozonata. Something in the 
nature of the soil or its vegetation was unfavourable to the 
development of pigment, as the var. a/descens was still more 
plentiful, and the type and the var. swbmaritima comparatively 
rare; and also H. ericetorum and A. cantiana were mainly 
white or whitish, though A. caferata (the only other Helix I 
noticed in the field) was well marked and coloured. This was 
the first time I had taken var. a/ba, and I may note the differ- 
ence between it and var. albescens :—(1). When the animal is 
extricated the shell is so pure white as to Ceserve the name of 
candtdissima, whereas that of adbescens has always a yellowish 
tinge. (2.) The tip is pure white and well defined—that of 
albescens less strong and always reddish. (3). The shell of alda 
is more transparent and the body of the animal, I think, blacker, 
the result being that a/Za on the grass has a distinctly slate or 
bluish tint, so much so that my young children at once distin- 
guished between what they called the white (a/escens) and the 
blue (a/ba) shells, and brought me only the latter. And when 
alba is banded (which it frequently is, white a/bescens is never) 
the dark body seen through the transparent bands seems defin- 
itely bluish-grey, not at all like the black or brown bands of 
the typical Heltx virgata. 


Sr, PEVER’s RECTORY, WALWORTH. 


J.G., vii., Oct. 1894, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 435 


NOTES OF DORSETSHIRE MARINE SHELLS. 


By JAMES E. COOPER. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, 22nd August, 1894). 


In the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ vol. vi., page t1o, the Rev. 
Carleton Greene published an interesting list of the shells of 
Studland Bay, Dorset. A recent visit to Swanage has enabled 
me to submit the following additions to that list for the shore 
from Poole Head to Studland :— 


Ostrea edulis I. 

Mytilus adriaticus (amk.). 
Modiolaria marmorata Forbes. 
Loripes lacteus L. 

Axinus flexuosus (Mont.). 
Cyprina islandica (1..). 
Tellina fabula Gron. 

Donax vittatus (Da Costa). 
D. politus Poli. 

Solen vagina L. 

Corbula gibba Olivi. 
Dentalium tarentinum Lamk. 
Emarginula rosea Bell. 
Fissurella greeca L. 
Helcion pellucidum (L.). 
Lacuna crassior Mont. 

L. puteolus Turton. © 

L. divaricata Fabr. 

L. pallidula Da Costa. 
Rissoa membranacea (Ad.). 
Turritella terebra (L.). 
Natica catena (Da Costa). 
Lamellaria perspicua L. 
Trophon truncatus Strom. 


436 COOPER : DORSETSHIRE MARINE SHELLS. 


Pleurotoma rufa Mont. 
Akera bullata Miill. 
Philine aperta (L.). 
Hydrobia ulvzee (Penn.). 
Sepia officinalis L. 
At or near Swanage the following species also occur :— 
Cardium exiguum Gmel. 
Tapes pullastra var. perforans (Mont.). 
Savicava rugosa (L.). 
Venerupis irus L. 
Gastrochena dubia Penn. 
Thracia distorta Mont. 
Pholas parva Penn. 
Tectura virginea (Mull.). 
Patella vulgata IL. 
Trochus zizyphinus L. 
Littorina neritoides L. 
L. rudis Maton. 
Risscea parva (Da Costa). 
R. striata Ad. 
R. costata Ad. 
Skenea planorbis Fabr. 
Odostomia lactea (L.). 
Adeorbis subcarinatus Mont. 
Nassa incrassata (Strom.). 
Purpura lapillus (I.). 
And at Chapman’s Pool, 
Trochus umbilicatus (Mont.). 
This list is probably far from complete, as it only repre- 
sents the results of shore-hunting. Dredging and shore-work 
after stormy weather would no doubt largely increase the list. 


- 93, SOUTHWOOD LANE, HIGHGATE, 
Lonpon, N., 237d June, 1894. 


a ON ON 


-C,, vii., Oct. 1894, 
9 


No. 1.] cre JAN. (Faplighed) 1892. [Vo. vin. 


THE 


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ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
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| CONTENTS. 
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The Relation of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Madeiran 
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B Ay, POR S Ey FLL, Se 8 sa at See ae icon 
Vertigo prciie Miill. in Lancashire. —R, gtandlen ue 
Planorbis albus m. scalariforme at Penistone. —Lionel E. Scns ue 7 
ae eles Miill. m. sinistrorsum pein in the Isle of Man.— 

- Standen ... : 24. 


= on the Marine Mollusca’ of the. North Wales Cnet, oi 
complete Lists of the recorded Nudibranchs and Cephalopods. 


—J. kk. Brockton Tomlin, BeA. ... ce 356 25 
Arion minimus= intermedius Norm.—T. D. A. Gocketall tS ea 31 


List of Mollusca found at sy eee Switzerland.—Rey. = W. 
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PROCEEDINGS 6f the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 8 


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Observations on the Reproduction of the Dart, during an attempt to 
Breed from a Sinistral Helix aspersa Miill.—R. Standen 


Helix rotundata var. alba at Conisborough.—Lionel E. Adams 
New Varieties of American Mollusca. —T. D. A. Cockerell, F.Z.S., 
F.E.S. = 


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FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


PRICE 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavaBLE ON RECEIPT OF PART. 


The work will be compicieds in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic pets in each part. — 
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PRIVATE MUSEUM FOR SALE, 
PRIOR 9": e300: 


; COMPRISING 
A valuable collection of Tropical Land and Marine Shells, 
Valuable collection of British Land and Freshwater 
and Marine Shells, 
Collection of Fossils (choice), 
Collection of Polished Corals from Bristol & Devonian Beds, 
- Dog Teeth Spars from bed of Severn Tunnel, 
Valuable Quartz and Crystal collections, 
pee Precious Stones, &c., &c. 
Also a number of duplicate Tropical Land Shells for Sale apart from the Collections. 


FURTHER PARTICULARS ON APPLICATION TO 


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Offered: 2. montanus, FH. aculeata, V. pygmea, V. edentula, C. minimune, 
P. nautileus.—F. A. KNIGHT, BRYNMELYN, WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 


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CATALOGUE OF BOOKS AND PAPERS 


MOLLUSCA AND MOLLUSCOIDEA, 


Containing over 1,500 Titles. 


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aE SING: ee a A AEE INE 


Monograph of the Land & Freshvrater Mollusca 


OF .THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


INFORMATION. URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 

1.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutulum wanted. 

2.—Authentically named specimens of 7estacella bisudcata (living preferred) on loan 
or otherwise. _~ 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacelle from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacellze. 

Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
Aay information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srrucrurg, 
DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully 
acknowledged. Address :—_Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Fournal of Con- 
chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


- MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells. 7 


BY Gio. W. ERYON,: JUN, 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 
OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 

* .* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. 
Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts ina volume)... ap Re ste | SHasOO 
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part... ... 5 00 
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 

tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies i ae te «. 8 00 


First Series.—-Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. 
The seven completed voiumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing 8,482 figures. 


Any volume sold separately. 


Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricidee and Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. III.—Tritonidz, Fusidz, and Buccinidz, 1881. Vol. [1V.—Nassidz, Mitride, 
Volutide, and Turbinellide, 1882.. Vol. V.—Marginellidze, Olividee, and Colum- 
bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomidz, 1884. Vol. VII.— 
Terebridz, Cancellariide, Strombidz, Cypreide, Ovulide, Cassididz, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticidw, Calyptracidw, Turritellid, Eulimidz 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. 

Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidz, Vitrinidz. Limacidz, Arionidz, etc.. 364 

pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitidze, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 


GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN., 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LupGaTE HiLL, Lonpon 
F, SAVY, 77, Bou. St. GERMAIN, PARIS. 


Conehylien 


Neu-Caledonien, Hayti und Neu-Hebriden 


(coll. oT Rolle ere) 


Hermann Rolle, Conchyliologe 
Berlin N. W., Emdenerstrasse <45. 


| Mark — Francs 1.25 — 1 Schilling — 25 Cents U. S. A. 


Preise netto, bei Ordres von 50 Mark 10°, Rabatt. 


Prices are net, by orders of 50 Mark 10°, discount. 


Prix nets, 4 partir de 50 Mark 10%, d’escompte. 


Neu-Caledonien. 
Mk. || | Mk. 
Melania. | | Neritina. 
arthuri Brot. . 0,80-1 ) aquatilis Rve. 0,30-50 
v.minor , : ’0,50 | chimnoi Rve. 1-—2 
aspirans Hinds . 0, 60-1 || nouletiana Gass. . 0,30 
v. macrospira Morl. | 1,— || nucleola Morl. typ. 0,20-30 
Lamberti Crosse 0.50 vy. plicata Morl. + 0,50 
matheroni Gass. | 1,— || v. spinosa Sow. 2 | 0,380 
montrouzieri Gass. 0,50 || v. xanthocheila Morl. | 0,50 
moreleti Rve. (major) 1—50 || variegata Less. 0,50 
perpinguis Hinds 0,50 Navicella 
rossiteri Gass. : Be ap aa 
eae ee Bougainvillei Reclz . | 0,50 
. Rhytida. 
Melanopsis. Ferrieziana Crosse 0,80 
aperta Gass. . 0,50 || v. minor RS 0,50 
aurantiaca Gass. 0),50-80)) v. monozonaria ,, i 
brevis Morl. 0,50 || inaequalis Pfr. J,30 
Brotiana Gass. (0),50-80) f. major | 0,50 
carinata — ,, 0,30 || multisuleata Gass. | 1- 
fragilis es : 0,30 || raynalis Gass. fine ie 
frustulum Morl. . 0,50 || testudinaria Gass. 0,50-80 
fusiformis Gass. 0),30-50 : 
Lamberti Souv. . 0,50 Fab A TUTTE 
Fev 050 abrei Crosse . . . | 2—3 
Se i Heckeliana Crosse typ. . 1,50 
mariei__,, 0,50 Lag a ak 1 
robusta _,, 0:50) Metereyanee ed)? aS 
Rossiteri 0,30 Wiest Leo. i= 
22 ui Vaysseti Marie 1,50 
Hydrobia. Nanina. 
Dupuyana Gass. 0,40 | artensis Souvb. 0,50 
chelonitis Crosse . 0,80 
Valvata. multisuleata Gass. 0,80 
Petiti Crosse 0,50 || Saisseti Montrz 0,50- 80 


nucleolus Mart. 


Mk. Mk 

Zonites. |v. unicolor Crosse 1,50 
Desmazuresi Crosse 1,50, Mariei Cr. et F. AO 
subnitens Gass. 0,50 | Monackensis Marie 5—8 

| Pancheri Crosse 1,50 

Trochomorpha. pinicola Gass. 3—5 
dictyodes Pfr. 1,— | porphyrostomus Pfr. extra 1-1,50 
f. major. 1,50 | V- Lessoni Pet. ~ a eee) 
dictyonina Euth.. 1-1,50 | pseudo caledonicus Pet. 2,50 
|v. chrysochilus Crosse . | 3,— 

Patula. | scarabus Alb. 2,— 

alveolus Gass 0,50 | ae Crosse . Hr 
au : oe senilis Gass. cath: 3,— 
ae Gee (ep, | Souvillei Morl. extra 2-4 
a ane ; 0.50 submariel Souv. 38—5 
weenie 1Se 0.50 || abbreviata Crosse 4,— 
ACS pie 0.50 | Subsenilis Gass. 5,— 
Derbesiana Crosse . 0,50-80 Stenogyra. 
SSP eREGHEaaT Cries i ates etsy Cae. ou 
ee ala Gast 0'50 | Souverbiana Gass. 0,50 
vetula » La Pupa. 
: | artensis Montrz. 0,50 
Helix. | Fabreana Crosse . 0,50 
abax Marie L— 
acanthinula Crosse 0,50 | Succinea. 
Prevostiana __,, 1,—  ealearea Crosse 0,50 
singularis Pfr. 0,50°80 | 
} Melampus. 

Bulimus. | exesus Gass. 0,30 
Alexander Crosse typ. 3,— | fasciatus Desh. 0,20-30 
Vv. crassus - ,, 3 5,— || granum Gass. 0,30 
‘vy. procerula ,, 5 || luteus Quoy et G. 0,30 
annibal Souy. k 5—8 | Montrouzieri Souv. 0,30 
Bondeensis Cr. et F. 5—8 || parvulus Nutt. 0,50 
Caledonicus Pet. 3,— | Strictus Gass. 0,50 
cicatricosus Gass. . . . | 3—4 | variabilis Gass. 0,30 
duplex Gass. semifossil . 5,— |. : 

Dautzenbergianus Moric. | 2—3 Pedipes. 

fibratus Mart. extra 2,— | Jouani Montrz. 0,50 
v. Bairdi Rve. 2,— : 

v. Danieli Crosse — Pythia. 

v. Garreanus ,, ries 3—5 | chalecostomus Ads. 1,— 
v. Grammicus Crosse 3,— || maurulus Gass. 1,— 
v. insignis Pet. . 4— || nux Rve.. . . 1,— 
vy. pallidulus Crosse 3—4 || regularis Gass. 1,— 
Guestieri Gass. extra 3—4 

hienguenensis Pfr. . 6—8 Plecotrema. 

insignis Pet. . 1—2 || typica Ads. . 0,50 
kaualensis Crosse 4—6 : 

Loyaltyensis Souv. 2,— || Cassidula. 

Magenii Gass. 1,— || intuscarinata Mouss. 0,50 
v. colorata Crosse . 1,50 || mustellina Desh. 0,30 
Vv. monozona ,, 1,50 0,30 


Mk. || Mk. 
Auricula. Paludinella. 
Binneyana Gass. 1,— || vitiana Garr. 0,50 
semisculpta Ads. 0,50 
Physa. Cyclophorus. 
auriculata Gass. 0,50 | Boccageanum Gass... . 030-50 
v. minuta ,, 0,30 | Montrouzieri Souv. 
Caledonica Mart. 0,50 subfossil 1,50 
castanea Lam. 1— 
doliolum Gass. 0,50 Hydrocena. 
Guillaini Crosse . 1,— || coturnix Crosse 0,80 
incisa Gass. ; 0,50 || Crosseana Gass. i 
Moluccensis Gass. . 0,50 || Fischeriana _,, 0,50 
obtusa Morl. . 0,30 || granum Pfr. 0,80 
perlucida Gass. . 0,80 || pygmaea Gass. 0,50 
Petiti Crosse 0,50 || rubra Gass. . (0,50 
tetrica Morl. . 1,— || turbinata Gass. 0,50 
varicosa Gass. 0,50 
Planorbis. Teaeatt one nen 
Pel Sores = ittoralis Montrz. . e 
Montrouzieri Gass. 0,a0 ao Gee 0,80 
Truncatella. mediana Gass... 0,50 
conspicua Brown 0,50 || Piao ee en 
semicostata Montrz. 0,30 | fozatnla Morl, 0,50 
Diplommatina. 
Montrouzieri Crosse 1- Cyrena. 
Perroquini of 1,— | sublobata Desh. 3,— 
Hayti (coll. Rolle 1887.—88). 
Oleacina. undulata Fér. a 
Miilleri v. Maltz 1—g || #. major a 
voluta Ch. rare . 5—10 Bulimulus. 
exilis Gmel f. haitiensis 
ne Sauda: ew Malkz 030 
effusa Pfr. —“ || v. rufofasciata Rve. U,50 
i lilaceus Fér.. 3,— 
Helix. 55 juvenis 1,— 
aspersa Mill. f. Haitiensis 
v. Maltz 0,50 Liguus. 
bizonalis Desh. . 2—3 | virgineus L. div. var. 0,50 
cepa Mill. . 5—5 
circumornata Fér. 1-1,50 Macroceramus. 
var. alba 2,— | Hermanni Pfr. . 1,— 
var. Vigiensis Weinl. 3,— || Ludovici Pfr. 1,— 
cornu-militare Desh. 12—15| Richaudi Pet. 0,80-1 
dilatata Pfr. 2—3 || tenuiplicata Pfr. 1,— 
indistincta Fér. 1—2 : 
insititia Shuttl. . 2—3 Cylindrella. 
leucoraphe Pfr. . 0,30°50) arcuata Weinl. 0,80-1 
loxodon Pfr. . 1-1,50 1,— 


cristata _,, 


Mk. | | Mk. 
| 
crenata Weinl et Mart. . 3,— || v. gracillima v. Maltz . 1,50 
Dohrni v. Maltz 2,— | Kobelti s 1-1,50 
dominicensis Pfr. 0,50-80| v. fusea 1,50 
Eugeni Dohrn. vera 1-1,50 solutum Rich. . . 1-1,50 
eximia Pfr. 3,— || strictecostatum v. Maltz 1-1,50 
flammulata Pfr. . 3,— || tentorium Pfr. 0,50-80 
gracilicollis Fér. 1,— 
Petitveriana Pfr. 3,— Tudora. 
Salleana Pfr. 1-1,50|) umbricola Weinl. . 0,60-1 
Srohmi v. Maltz 2—3 d 
v. acupicta ,, 3,-- Cistula. 
Spanegee || cinclidodes Pir. 0,40 60 
Salleana Pfr, . 1-1,50! Chondropoma. 
v. minor : ),50°80)| eusarcum. Pfr. 0,80-1 
: hemiotum Pfr. . 1-1,50 
_Strophia. litturatum Pfr. 0,80-1 
SUS) ESTs 0,50°80) Petitianum Pfr. 0,40-60 
striatella Fer. 0,50 80 quaternatum Lam. i= 
Succinea. Salleana Pfr. 1-1,50 
eer : if simplex Pfr. 0,40-60 
LSE gensis i 0,50 | subreticulatum v. “Maltz ee 
Rolleia (Crosse) |v. sericeum oS 
Martensi v. Malta . goon, | ieinlandigh le: eee 
Cyclotus. | Helicina. 
floccosus Schuttl. 1—2 | Haitiensis v. Maltz 1,— 
: || succinea Pfr. 1,— 
Licina. E 
Rollei v. Maltz . 8—10 © BUEN: 
v. violacea_,, 8—10/|| refulgens Dkr. 0,50-1 
Choanopoma. Neritina. 
Bertini v. Maltz 1-1,50|| Listeri Pfr. . 0,20-30 
Neu-Hebriden. 
Trochomorpha. Melania. 
apia Homb. 1,— | acanthica Brod. 1-1,50 
; aspirans Hinds 1,— 
j Nanina. auroraniuna Hartm. . 2—3 
rapida Pfr. 1,— || Montrouzieri Gass. 0,50 
picta Hinds . | 0,50 
Geotrochus. _,|| plutonis Hinds . 1-2 
Eva Pfr. See (),50-80 setosa Sws. 19 
Layardi Hartm. n. sp. = we 
Neritina. 
en Placostylus. cornuta Rve. — 
fuligineus Pfr. 2—3 || Roissyana Reclz. 0,50 
; i 0,50 
Diplomorpha. sumatrensis Soul . ‘ 
Delantouri Hartm. . 5,— wTnOnES pec, bgt 
Layardi Braz. 2—3 Helicina. 
Veralbe | 3,— || tuberculata Pfr. 0,50 


JULY (Puplished) 1892. [VoL vit. 


THE 


JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
THE: QUARTERL ¥ JOURNAL -OF CONCHOLOGY. 
CONDUCTED BY 
JOURN, We SEAT OR, SUES. 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
__OF GREAT BRITAIN. AND IRELAND, 
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


CONTENTS. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. 
- A Revised List of the Species of British Slugs. —T. D. A. Cockerell 66 


Description of a. New Species of cae ha and a New Helix.— 

Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. —.. o Se 70 
Notice Nécrologique sur J. R. oumienat iG F, Ancey.” a5 74 
A Contribution to the Authenticated Records of Derbyshire -— 

Lionel E. Adams, B.A. .:; ae 77 
Arion ater_v. bicolor in Derbyshire and the Tite of Maw ay. Dest 

son. Roebuck, F.L.S. ; baie < ee Til 
Shell Hunting in Merionethshire. BY W. Chaster os 78 
The University of Edinburgh and the-ex-President of the Conciee 

logical Society 0 : Sey So 
Land and Freshwater Shells at ache eer ald W. Adare bee 81 
Extraordinary Finds of Vertigo pygmea Drap, at Clitheroe, Lanca- - 

shire, and Beezley, Yorkshire.—k. Standen... oie a 80 
Pupa ringens in Cheshire—R. Standen is 89 
On some Shells from Eastern Bolivia & Western eae aC, F Ang go 

PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 82 
Manchester Branch 88 
The Conchological Secne s List of British ‘Land re Frediwater 

Mollusca, 1892 (contd.) —.. ee oe sd hee aaa 65 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. 
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( B OWERBY, 121, FULHAM. ROAD, Lonvon, S.W. 

Bs (Removed from 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET), has 
probably the Largest STOCK OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the 
world, from. w hich selections may be made on the premises or specimens sent for 
selection. 

COLLECTIONS IMlustrative of Generic and Sub-generic Forms, and Species, 
from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 10s. to 4300. 

Museums, Private Collections, and Specimens Chesihied: Named, and 
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THESAURUS CONCIIYLIORUM, by G. B. Sowerby. Part 44 (com: 
pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera 
CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. — Price, £1 5s. 

ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS, New Edition, 
Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates, giving a figure of every 
known British species. Price, 41 15s. 

N.B.—G.B.S. continues to supply GLASS-TOP BONES, &c. Prick Lists 
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R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Berlin, N.W., Carlstrasse 11. 
JUST PUBLISHED, OUR CATALOGUE OF THE LITERATURE ON 


MOLLUSCA. 


62 PAGES IN ROYAL OCTAVO, WITH 2,500 TITLES OF BOOKS, PAPERS, PERIODICALS, &c. 


ConTeENTS: L., Scripta miscellanea; IL, Faunae Malacologicae; III., Gasteropoda’; 
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THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON - 


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FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
‘By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


PRICE 4 FRANCS PER. PART, PAYABLE -ON -RECEIPY:.OF PART. 


The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts,-and 5 photographic plates in each part, 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


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PRIVATE MUSEUM FOR SALE, 
PRICE - - £800. 


ROHERISING 
A valuable collection of Tropical Land and Marine Shells, 
Valuable collection of British Land and Freshwater 
and Marine Shells, | 
Collection of Fossils (choice), 

Collection of Polished Corals from Bristol & Devonian Beds, 
Dog Teeth Spars from bed of Severn Tunnel, 
Valuable Quartz and Crystal collections, 
Precious Stones, &c., &c. 

Also a number of duplicate Tropical Land Shells for Sale apart from the Collections. 


FURTITER ‘PARTICULARS ON APPLICATION TO 


F. M. HELE, FAIRLIGHT, ELMGROYE RD., COTHAM, BRISTOL. 


THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY’S LIST OF 


British Land & Freshwater Mollusca, 


1892. 
Compiled by W. NELSON, W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 
and J. Ws TAYLOR, F.L.S. 
Price: 2d. each, by post 2:d.; or 1/6 per doz. post free. 


This List is to be obtained of the Honorary Treasurer (LIONEL E. ADAMS, 
B.A., Rose Hill, Penistone, Yorkshire), or of the Honorary Secretary of the Con- 
chological Society, who may be addressed at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 


AGING © se Be eee cA AE GaN 


Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 

1.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutulum wanted. 

2.—Authentically named specimens of Zestacella bisulcata (living preferred) on loan 
or otherwise. 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellz from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacelle. 

Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 

Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srrucrure, 

_ DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c,—will be welcomed and carefully 
acknowledged. Address ---MR. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Con- 

cholozy, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 5 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: — 
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells. 


By GEO. W. TRYON, JUN., 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 


oF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts: (ir. 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, ete. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 

*,.* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. 
Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts ina volume)... ‘Nie he coil GSO 
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... PO eC 
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 

tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies as ae ke ea tro 


First. Series.—Marine Gastropods.. To be completed in eleven volumes. 

The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing 8,482 figures. 

Any volume sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. IL.—Muricidxe and Purpuridee,- 188o. 
Vol. TI.—Tritonidze, Fusidee, and Buccinidee, 1881. Vol. [LV.—Nasside, Mitridze, 
Volutidee, and Turbinellida, 1882. © Vol. V.—Marginellidze, Olividse, and Colum: 
bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conidz, and. Pleurotomidie, 18$4.° Vol. VIT.-— 
Terebridze, Cancellariidze, Strombidee, Cypreidee, Ovulidz, Cassididee, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol.. VIII. —Naticidw, Calyptracidee, Turritellide, Eulimidze 
and Pyramidellidz, 1886]. 
Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidz, Vitrinidse, Limacidz, Arionide, etc.. 364 
pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitidee, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 
GEORGE WY. TRYON, JUN., 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.; _ 


OR, 
TRUBNER: & CO., 57,59, Lupeare Hiri; Lonpex 
F, SAVY, .77, Bourn. St.: GERMAIN, Paris. 


pee 


14 


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eps ae: 
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6 


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bas soap GOGOGOG. ocoqededoqededoas GICWGOGIGAGAG9G06. 


ae VOLVO LOS Oe Be 20 2 ae ee 


ROE 
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Meter, a 
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BS 75S 
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OOWGWGAWGOG AG OG OG OG eGog oc 3 


Hermann Rolle, 
Conchyliologe 


iS 2] 


Mindenareiriase AD. 


en poe 
Ni : 


Marine-Conchylien 


(Univalves). 


Coquilles. © Shells. 


a 


| Mark = Francs 1.25 = 1! Schilling = 25 Cents U. S. A. 


1 
Ys 


Preise netto, bei Ordres von 50 Mark 10°/, Rabatt. 
Prices are net, by orders of 50 Mark 10% discount. 
Prix nets, a partir de 50 Mark 10°/, d’escompte.. 


$ rb & 
eGoGoGoG 


| 
b 
® 


$ 
FOGOGOGOGAGOS 


is 
DO 


Denek yon Lite & Reis, Rees a. M. 


Den geehrten Her ren “Sanne ‘unl Hilressonen der Oo1 
liologie, beehre ich mich hierdurch einen neuen Katalog meiner 
Marine-Conchylien (Univalves) xu behdindigen. Derselbe ist. nach 
der letxten Ausgabe des Katalogs von , Fr. Paetel* bearbettet und 


stnd die Huropdisch - palacarctischen Species mit einem * be- 
zeichnet. Specialcataloge iiber meine sehr reichhaltiyen Vorrathe in. 


,,Landmolluscen’ und ,,Bivalven® siehen auf Wunsch oe ne 

aur Verftigung. . 
Auf Wunsch stelle ganze Sammlungen aus einxelnen Gruppen 

oder dem Gesammtgebiet, xu bedeutend reduxirten Preisen xusammen. 

Ebenso stehen STINGS TEI E gern xu Diensten. Fehlende 
Arten nehme ich in Tausch. 

Durch Erwerbungen mehrerer bedeutenden Sammlungen und 
aahlreiche neue Hingdnge aus allen Welttheilen habe ich mein 
Lager xu einem solchen ersten Ranges erhoben. Die Preise sind 
billigst caleulirt und die Exemplare von entsprechender Reinhett 
und Giite. 

: Fir die Richtighett. . der Determinationen tibernehme ich were 
Garantie. 


Par achats de plusiewrs grandes collections mon magasin est 
devenu un de premier rang. J’ai Vhonneur de vous sowmettre ci- 
contre le catalogue de mes coquilles (univalves) en vous priant de 
bien vouloir Vexaminer. Les espéces avec un * sont des ,,Hurop- 
palaearctiques“. 

La liste est faite daprés le systeme de Mr. Paetel. Les pris 
ont été calculés de meilleur marché et les espéces sont de premiere 
qualité et de la plus grande pitireteé. 

En méme temps je vous recommande mes coquilles fort nom- 
breux de terre et bivalves. 

Je tens selon votre vee des listes speciales a oa dis- 
position. 


To Collectors and persons who are interested in Conchology — 
I take the honour to hand a catalogue about my immense stock of 
Marineshells (Univalves.) : 

Having acquired lately some of the best privatecollections on 
the European continent and received new arrivals from all parts of 
the world, my stock ist the most completest among all. Species 
marked by a * are Huropean-palaearctic species. 


The prices are suitable and the specimens perfect and im best a 


condition. : 
Species not im my possession mall be taken in exchange. 


Argonauta. Mk. Mk, Mk. 

tareo Pe. .|3—L0'|| endivia Lm... |) 1-3 | dribulus L. - . .| 1-250) 
v. pacifiea L. . . | 5—80 || v.depresso spinosus tripterus Born. .| 3—5 
gondola Dillv.. .| 2—4 DK Soe noise aniqueter Borns». sel 

Spirula. | *erinaceus L. . - | 0,50-1/| Troscheli Lisch.ext. |80—a35 
*Peroni Lm. . . . | 0,30-60/| v.cinguliferusLam. | 1,50 |*trunculus L. . .| 0,30-1 

Nautilus. | v. decussatus Gm. | 1,50 |*v. faleatus Sandri .| 1,50 
Pompilius L. . .| 1—8 ||,v-Squamulosus Ar. | 1,— turbinat Lam.(min.) | 2—3 
umbilicatus L. . . 12—18*v. Tarentinus Lm. | 0,50-1 Typhis. 

Janthina. | y. triqueter Oliv. . Si | fistulosus Phil... .| 1—2 
casta Rve. def. . | Paes oe ae , 10—25 *tetrapterus Bron . | 0,50-1,50 
communis L. . . | 0,50-1 See eee r te Trophon. 

eae lmicge -..| 0.30240) Cou vUS Snes uae Ameasi: Crosses). oes 
fragilis Lam. . .| 2—3 || Sibba Pse . . .| 11,50) BorvicensisJohnst.| 1,— 

8 ribbosus Lam.. .| 3—4 & ! 

*olobosa Sw. . .| 1,— Batige ie aoe. candelabrum Rve.| 2—5 
trochoidea Cuv. . 11,50) yon ie u oot oe Ya. *clathratus Les Dpesean 
umbilicata D’orb. . |0,50-80| joe Sotis Swa, || 94 |'¥: Gunneri Low. . | 1-1,50 

Carinaria. ee ea | | erassilabrum Gray | 1—2 

; t gua-vervecinaCh | 3—4 |," 3 

*mediterranea Desh. | 2—4 | jyratus Ads. ies /*craticulatus Sue | eles 
Murex. MacgillivrayiDohrn | 5,— || ¥- Pabtiecl Beck .) 3. 
acanthopterusLam. | 3—5 || Martinianus Rv. oe | Ge aces MASoneaE ee 

: 7 : Ware || Geversianus Pall..| 2—5 
adunco-spinosusBk | 1—2 |) maurus Brod. [z= Kobelfi v. Males pe 
adustus Lm. . .| 0,50-1|| messorius Sow. .| 3,— | ae ; en eae 

ist : hie ' laciniatus Martyn. | t0—15 
v. fuscus Dkr.. .| 2—3 | micropbyllus Lam.) 2—6 | pian ine 5A 
v. rufus Lm. . .| 3,— || miliaris Gm. | 23 | ipE ue ae : 
F 3 é | recurvus Koch. .| 2—3 
affinis Rve.. . .| 3—4 || monachus Crosse .| 2—3 eer eRe - 

; : Z truncatus Strom. . |0,20-50 
alveatus Kien. . . |0,50-0,30|| nigrescens Sow. 2,—- | Tehtevseval ee 
angularis Lam. .| 8—5 | nigrispinosus Rv. .| 2—3 | Nae Gh eg 
anguliferus Lm. . | 0,50-1,50)) nigritus Phil. 1—4 | vag aS : ee 
v. erythraeus Fisch | 5,— || Nuttalli Conr. 1—3 | Urosalpinx. 

v. ferrugo Wood .| 2—3 || occa Sow. . 3—5 || Floridana Conr. .| 3 = 
y. ponderosus Chm | 2—4 || palmarosae Lm. 4—6 | tritoniformis Blvll. | 3,— 
Banksi Sow. . .| 3—5 | palmiferus Sow. 1—3 |, Pyrula. 

bicolor Val. . | 1—2 || pinnatus Wood 1—3 | angulata Lm. . ./|0,50-80 

*brandaris L. . . | 0,50-1/| pliciferus Sow.. .| 4—6 | bispinosa Phil. .| 5—8 

*v. coronatus Riss. . | 0,80-1,50|| pomum Gm. 0,50-1,50 || v. Martiniana Phil. | 5,— 
brassica Lm. .| 3—6 || Poulsoni Carp. | 1—2 || citrina Lam. 1— 
breviculus Sow. .| 1—2 || princeps Brod . 5—S5 | cochlidium L 2—3 
brevifrons Lm. 1—3 || radix Gm. 1—6 || colossea Lm. . .| 3—10 
brevispina Lm. ~. | 1-1,20// ramosus L. : 0,50-150,|} corona Gm. . . .| 2—6 
Cailleti Pet. . .| 2—5 || rarispina Lam. 1—3 || elongata Lam. .| 3—9 
calcitrapa Lm.. . | 0,80-2|| rectirostris Sow. 2—3 | galeodes Lm. . ./|0,50-80 
Capritii Bern. . .| 3—5 || regius Wood 1—3 | melongena L. . ./|0,50—1 
eapucinus Chm. . |0,50-1,20|| rosarium Chm. .| 2—5 || morio L.. . . .| 1—2 
elavus Kien. . ./10—30)| rubiginosus Rve. .| 3—4 || pallida Brod . . |0,80-1,20 

*corallinus Sc. . . 0,20-30) rufus Lam. .| 1—8 || pallidaBrodetSow.| 1—2 

*y. aciculatus Lm. . | 0,20-30| salebrosus King. . | 1,50-3)| v. anceps Ads...) 2,— 
cornutus L.. . .| 1—3 Saleauas A dante ,— || paradisiaca Mart. . 0,30-80 
corrugatus Sow. .| 2—3 || saxatilis L. . . 1—8 || v. nodosa Lm... |0,50—1 

*cristatus Broc.. . |0,40-60| scolopax Dill. . .| 2—4 || patula Brod ._ . /0,50-1,50 

*y, Blainvillei Payr. |0,40-50| scorpio L. . . 2—5 || .pugilina Born... |0,50—1 
v.senegalensisv.M. | 0,50 || Senegalensis Gm. . 1—3 || squamosa Lam. .| 1,50 
Cumingi Ads. . .| 3—4 || v. calear Kien.. .| 3—5 || Ternatana Gm. .| 1—2 
eyclostoma Sow. . |0,50-80| similis Sow. . .| 8—5 || tuba Gm. . . .| 1-8 
Dunkeri Krss. ._ . |0,40-50) sinensis Rve. . .| 1—3 Busycon. 

*Edwardsi Payr. . 0,30-40| Talienwahanens.Cs | 1—2 | canaliculatum Lm.| 1—3 
vy. nux Rve. . .|6,30-40| tenuispina Lm. .| 2—6 | perversum L. . .| 1—38 
elongatusLm.nonR. | 2—4 | ternispina Lm... .| 1—2 | pyrum Dillw. . .| 1-3 
emarginata Sow. .| 2—4 || torrefactus Sow. .| 2—3 | spiratum L.. . .| 1—3 


Neptunea. 
*alternata Phil... .| 
*antiqua L. 

f. maxima 
arthriticaVal. vera! 
Behringi Midd. 

Go operculum 
castanea Morch 
contrariaL.subfoss: | 

*despecta L. . 
%y, carinata Penn. . 
vy. elongata Verkr. 
plicata Ads. 
plicosa Mke. 
*Turtoni Bean 
Streptosiphon. 
afer Gmel. 
Cumingi Jonas 
Tudicla. 
spirillus L 
Sypho. 
*eurtus Jeffr. 
glaber Verkr. 
*oracilis F. et H. 
JeffreysianusFisch. | 
*islandicus Chm. 
Kroyeri Moell. . 
latericus Moell. 
propinguus Ald. 
pygmaeus Gld. 
Stimpsoni Moreh . 
*striatus Ry. . 
ventricosa Gray 

Syphonalia. 
cassidariaeform Rv. 
v.conspersaLischke 
v. ornata Ads. 
fusoides Rve. . . 
Kelleti Forb. defect 
pastinaca Rve. 
signum Rve. 
spadicea Rve. . 
varicosa Chm. 
zelandica Quoy 

Pisania. 
cingilla Rve. 
crenilabrum Ads. . 
fasciculata Kve. 
francolina Lam. 
gracilis Rve. 

%maculosa Lm. . 
picta Rv. 
pusio L. 

Clavella. 
serotina Hinds. 

Pollia. 
angicostata Rve. . 
CoromandelianaLm 
vy. lautus Rve. . 


Mk. 
1—2 
0,50—1 
i= 
225 
20, 
5,— 
3—5 
13 
1 
5, 
a= 
3—5 
4-10 
D's 
AD | 
73 
B= 
a 
i=) 
10,— 
5—10 
10,— 
2—— 
46 
1—1,50 
5—10 
= 
9—3 
ey) 
3,— 
3,— 
4—6 
2 
6—10 


fi dll 


i 


[es a eS LS (SS) > S1 o> OO 
on 
(=) 


|0,50—1 
- | 0,80-60 


2—5 


i 
0,30-50 


vy. ringens Rve. 
v. Tissoti Pet. 


| cingula Rve. 


distorta Gray 
elegans Gray 
*Orbignyi Payr. 

v. assimilis Rve. 
picta Se. . 
Proteus Rv. . 
v.subrubiginosus 8. 


| puncticulata Dkr.. 


sanguinolentaDuel. 


| tafon Ads. 


v. variegata Gray 
tinctus Conr. 
Tranquebarica Gm. 
undosa L. 
uniclor Angas . 
Metula. 
Marmorata Kv. 
Euthria. 
®ceornea L. 
dira Rv. 
lineata Mart. 
plumbea Phil. . 
vy. viridula Dkr. 
Fusus. 
aureus Rve.. . . 
Boettgeri v. Maltz. 
colosseus Rye. 
colus L. 


*eraticulatus Broce. 


distans Lm... . 
Dupetitthouarsi K. 
elegans Rv. . 
forceps Perry: 
Hanleyi Ang. 
inconstans Lischke 
latecostatus Perry 
lividus Phil. 
longicauda bory 
longissimus Gmel. 
mexicanus Rve. 
multicarinatusLam. 
nicobaricus Chm. . 
novae Holland.Rve. 
nodoso-plicat. Dkr. 
Paeteli Dkr. 
perplexus Ads... 
polygonoides Lm. . 
proboscidiferusLm. 
pyrulatus Rve. 


Srostratus Oliv. . 


subquadratus Sow. 
*Syracusanus L. 
| tuberculatus Lm. . 
undatus Gmel. . 


? 


Lachesis. 
minima Mtg. 


Nr oi 


-2 
2 
0,20 
0,50 
0,50 
030-60 
tee 
es 
10) 


1,— 
1- 
1— 


e | ) 


~) 


Ot r= BS DO SUR BO OD DOR 
hed 
oo Go OS 


Lida 


= 
S&S 


ae 
A) 


| 


~~ 


Oo RY Oo G9 09 OD 
| 
oo 


Columbarium. 
pagoda Less. 

Pleurotoma. 
abbreviata Rv. 
australis Ch. 
Babylonia L. 


bilineata Rve. . 
bijubata Ry. 


carbonaria Rv. 
cincta Lm. ; 
cingulifera Lm. 
ereiulata Lam. 
crenularis Lam. 
diadema Kien. . 
digitalis Rve. . 
discors Sow. 

exasperata Ry. 


|| flavidula Lm. 


Garnonsii Rv. . 
grandis Gray 
Griffithii Gray . 
Javana L. 
lanceolata Rve. 
leucotropis Ry. 
lineata Dkr. 
luctuosa Hinds. 
maculosa Sow. 
marmorata Lm. 


muricata Lm. 
nodifera Lm. 
ornata D’Orb. 
sacerdos Ry. 
*similis Rve. . 
| tigrina Lm. . 


varicosa Rve. 
virgo Lm. 
zebra Lm 

Bela. 
*pyramidalis Str. 


*septangularis Mtg. 


*simplex Midd. . 


‘*turricula Mtg. 


*vy_exarata Moll. 
*v. nobilis Moll. . 
*y. rosea Sars 


*violacea Migh. . 


Pusionella. 
aculeiformis 


| Milleti Pet. . 
subgranulata Pet. . 


vulpina Born. 

Wallaysi Pet. . 
Clionella. 

buccinoides Lm. 


eaffra Smith 


Barclayana A. Ad 


bimarginata Lm. . 


i= 


mitraeformis Kien. 


tuberculata Gray . 


Lam. 


S 
Ssprsrer esr 
wo 


Kraussi _,, 
rosaria Rve. 
semicostata Kien. 


subventricosa Sm. 


taxus Chm. . 


Defrancia 
*Cordieri Payr. . 


*y. cancellata Sow. 


%y, histrio Jan. . 
rugosa Mighl. 
v. cureulis Nev. 

*Leufroyi Mich. 


v. carnosula Jeffr. 


v. coralligena Mtg. 


Daphnella. 
decorata Ads. . 
*nebula Mtg. 
*y. Ginaniana Phil. 
*taeniata Desh. . 


Triton. 
acuminatus Mont. . 
aegrotus Rve. . 
africanus Ads. 
aquatilis Rv. 
australis Lm. 
bacillum Kve. . 
Bassi Ang. : 
Bednalli Braz. . 
bracteatus Hinds. . 
caudatus Gmel. 

55 Wood 
Ceylonensis Sow. 
Chemnitzi Gray 
chlorostomus Lm. 
cingulatus Lm. 
claudestinus Ch. 
clavator Ch. 
comptus Sow. rare 

*corrugatus Lm. 
crispus Rve. 
*eutaceus L. . 
We intermediusBrch. 
v. tuberculatusRiss. 
pesbcephalire Lm. 
decapitatus Rve. 
deollata Sow. 
distortus Schub. 
doliarius L. . 
eburneus Kve. . 
exilis Rve. 
eximius Rve 
femolaris L. 
ficoides Rv. . 
fusiformis Kien. 
gemmatus Rve. 
gracilis Rve. 
intermedius Pse. . 


0,30-50 
pe 
== 
0,50 
Ie 

0,30-80 
1,50 
1.— 
1, peed 

o |), 30- 50} 
0, 40 

0,40-50 
1—2 
rhe 
6—8 

50 1,50 
50—4 
1,50 
3—5 
VQ 
0,50—1 
150 
aya 
2—3 
1—3 

0,30—1 
1—2 

(atest 
1—3 

10—15 
1—2 

1—1,50 

0,50-1,50 
2.— 
2,— 

0,50 1,50 

0,50—1 
129 
1—2 

0,50—1 
3,— 
pais 
i—2 
1—2 
1—2 
1—2 

0,30-50) 

e510 
2—3 


Klenei Ads. . 
Kobelti v. Maltz. 
labiosus Wood. 
v. Strangei Ads. 
lampas L. 
lotorium L.. . 
maculosus Gm. 
magellanicus Ch. . 
Martensianus Wood 
moritinetus Rv. 
nitidulus Sow. . 
nobilis Conr. 
v. Sequenzae Ar. 
et Ben. 
nodiferus Lm. . 
olearius L. : 
obseursus Rve. 
Oregonensis Say . 
*parthenopeus Sal. 
parvus Ads. 
Pfeifferianus Rv. . 
pilearis L. 
pyrum L. 
Quoyi Rv. 
reticosus Ads. . 
*reticulatus Blvll. . 


-| v. lanceolatus Mke. 


retusus Lm. 
rubecula L. 
rudis Brod. . 
saccostoma Rve. 


|| Sauliae Rve. 
| secaber King. 


sculptilis Rve. . 
siphonatus Rve. 
Spengleri Ch. 
subdistortus Lam. 
tenuiliratus Lischk. 
testaceus Morch. . 
tessellatus Rve. 
thersites Rve. . 
tigrinus Brod. 
v. Ranzani Biane. . 
tortuosus Rve. . 
tranquebaricus Lm. 
tripus Chm. . 
truncatus Hinds. 
tuberosus Lim. . 
vestitus Hinds. 
variegatus Lm. 
vespaceus Lam. 
Persona. 
anus L. 
eancellina Roiss. 
constricta Brod. 
decipiens Rve. . 
reticulata L. 
ridens Rve. . 


Smithi v. Maltz 


19 
Ree 
0,50—1 
Bue 
aA 
0,50-1,50 
D— 
p85 
1-3 
0,50-1,50 
re 
B= 
6—25 
1—5 
1,50 
om 
4 
Ons 
Ke 
1—2,50 
0,30—1 
0,80-1,50 
0,40-50) 
0,50—1 
0,30-40 
1—1,50 
ilj—= 
(),30-50 
0,50—1 
25 
5—8 
0,50—1 
1—1,50 
TE | 
13 
pl 
Bice 
pes 
1—1,50 
2—3 
10—15 
Se 
2—3 
3 
9—3 
1—1,50 
0,20-50 
9—3 
910 
12 


Mk 
Ranella. 
affinis Brod. 0,50--1 
albivaricosa L. 0,50 —1 
anceps Lm. . 0,50—1 
argus Gmel. 2—3 
f. gigantea . 5,— 
Bergeri Ads. 2,— 
bitubercularis Lm. |0,50—1 
bufonia Lm. - |0,50 1,50 
v. siphonata Rve. |0,50—1 
v. venustula Rve. | 1—2 
caelata Brod. 1—2 
californica Hinds. | 2—4 
candisata Ch. rare | 6,— 
caudata Say. 1,— 
erassa Dilw. 'J,00—1 
cruentata Sow. {—1,50 
crumena Lm. 0,50-1,50 
dubia Pet. 1—2 
foliata Brod. 1—3 
Garettii Semp. 0,60-80 
*oigantea Lm. 2—4 
granifera Lm. 0,30-60 
|| gyrina L. 0,30-50 
hastula Rve. 1.— 
laevigata L. (Aspa) | 10,— 
leucostoma Lm. _. /0,60-1,50 
livida Rve. .| 1-8 
margaritula Dsh. . |0,50—1 
| muriciformis Brod. | 1—3 
nana Sow. 3—5 
| nitida Brod. 1,50 
Paulucciana T. C. | 2—3 
perca Perry. 3I—)D 
f. gigantea . i 
ponderosa Rv. . . |1L—1,50 
pusilla Brod. . |0,50—1 
vy. concinna Dkr. . | 1,50 
pustulosa Rve. — 
ranelloides Rve. 6—10 
rhodostoma Sow. .| 1,50 
|| rosea Rve. 1,50 
rugosa Sow. 3—4 
siphonata Rv. 0,50—1 
spinosa Lm. . 1—2 
tuberculata Brod. | 0,80-80 
tuberosissima Rve. | 1—2 
ventricosa Brod. 1—2 
vexillum Sow. . 2—4 
Buccinum. 
Adelaidense Cr.ver. |1—1,50 
*Amalia Verkr. . 3—5d 
,» extra c.opercul. | 8,— 
anglicanum Mart. .| 1—2 
alveolata Kien. 0,50: 
*Belcheri Rve. rare | 15,— 
corrugatum Rve. .| 1,50 
*earinatumDkr.rare | 10,— 
costata Quoy. . 0,50—1 


*Donovani Gr. 
filiceum Crosse 
*Finnmarkianum V. 
*y, pellucidumVerk. 
*fragile Verkr. 
*oroenlandicum Ch. 
*v.cyaneum Miill. . 
*y.inflatum Aur. 
*elaciale L. 

*v. polare Gray. 
*HumphreysianumB 

Huttoni Kob. A 
*hytrophanum Hank 
*inexhaustum Verk. 

lagenarium Lm. 
limbosa Lm. 

lineare Rve. 

lineolata Quoy. 

maculatum Mart. 
*Moerchianum Fisch 
*Moelleri Rve. 

Paulucciana T. C. 

Perryi Jay... 
*pictum Verkr. . 

poreatum Gm. . 
*Sarsi Pfeffer 
*scalariformis B.ver. 
*tennue Gray. 

testudinea Mart. . 
*Totteni Stimps. 

* . extrac. opercul. 
*undatum L.. . 

f. grandis Verkr. 
*y. acumiatum Brod. 
*v. americanum Verk 
*v.imperiale Rve. . 
*v.pelagicum Sars. 
*y. planum Rve. 
*y. pyramidale Rve. 
*y. sinistrorsum Brd. 
*v. undulatum Moell. 
*v.Vadsoensis Verk. 
*v.zetlandicumForb. 

Zeyheri Krss. 

Truncaria. 
modesta Powis. 


Northia. 
pristis Desh. 


Bullia. 
annulata Lm. 
armata Gray. 
Belangeyi Kien. 
callosa Wood. . 
Cumingiana Dkr. . 
digitalis Meusch. . 
v. achatina Gray. . 


rare 


v-rhodostomaGray. 


Vv. semiusta Rve. 


Mk. 
8—10 
ee 
0,50 1,50 
yas 
1—3 

0,50—1 
= 
a 
1—3 | 
| 
3—5 || v 
2 
Gs 
3—9 

(),30-50 
1—2 
Da 
1—2 | 

1—1,50 
O-= 
3—)d 
1G, == 
3—) 
1—3 

0,50—1 
Oh 
Di 
ao 
i= | 
2—3 
5, || 

0,50—1 
3—5d 
1—2 
==) 
6—8 
=) | 
2—38 | 
3—) | 
3—9 
3I—D 
2-3 
aoe 
i] 

- | 0,80-1,20 
3—8 
=e 
13 

0,50—1) 
Ly 
1—2 

0,50 —1 

0,50—1 

1—1,50 

’ 


| albescens Dkr. . 


diluta Krss. . 
giobulosa Kien. 
gradata Desh. . 
Grayi Rve. . 
laevigata Mart. 


_malabarica Hanl. . 
| polita Lm. 


pura Melv. 


_ tenuis Gray. 
| vittata LL. 


.livida Rve. extra 
Phos. 
Grateloupiana Pet. 

ligatus Ads. 


| pallidus Powis. 


senticosus L. 


| v. fasciatus Rve. 


textilinus Moérch. 
textum Gm. 


| v. rhodostomus M. 


Cyllene. 
lyrata Lm. 
plumbea Sow. . 


Desmoulea. 


pinguis A. Ad.c. op. 


retusa Lm. 
Nassa. 


acuticosta Monstr. | 0, 
. | 0,80-40 


ambigua Mtg. 
arcularia L. . 

v. pulla L. 

v. Rumphii Desh. . 
Bronni Phil. . 
callosa Ads. 


curta Gid. 


. |0,380-40 


0,50 


vy. callospira Ads. .| 0,50 
canaliculata Lm. .| 0,30 
| candens Hds. (),50 
Capensis Dkr. . 0,20-30 
clathrata Kien. 0,20-40 
v.globosa Gray 0,40 
coccinea Ads. 1,— 
compta Ads. 0,50 
concinna Powis. 0,40-50 
conoidalis Dsh. 0,40-50 
*cornicula Oliv. . 0,20 
*v, Camieli Payr. 0,50 
*v.GallandianaFsch. | 0,50 
*v. plicata Oliv. 0,50 
coronata Lm. 0,20-30 
corrugata Ads. 1,— 
*eostulata Ren. . (0,30 
v. crassa Koch. (0,50 
v. unifasciata Brus. | 0,50 | 
crenulata Brug. . 0,30- 50 
crenata Hinds. 1,— 
v.margaritifera Dk. 0,30-50 


. |0,40-50, 


*Cuvieri Payr. 
dentifera Ads. . 
dispar A. Ad. . 
echinata Ads. . 
elegans Kien. 
exilis Powis. 
fasciata Lm. . 
festiva Powis. . 
filosa Gray. 

v. algida Rve. 

v. bicallosa Sm. 

v. graphitera B. ver. 
v. marmorea 
v. picta Dkr. 
fossata Gld. 
gemmulata Lam. . 


gaudiosa Hds. . 
Gayi Kien. . 


glans L. 


globosa Quoy. . 
*oribbosula L. 


grana Lam. . 
granifera Kien. 


| hirta Kien. 

y. bifaria Baird. 
hispida Ads. 
horrida Dkr. 
*incrassata Miill. 


Jonasi Dkr. 


| Japonica Ads. . 


Kieneri Desh. 
Kraussiana Dkr. 
Kochiana Dkr. 
lentiginosa Ads. 
leptospira Ads. 
*limata Ch. es: 
limnaeiformis Dkr. 


|| lineata Lam. 


livescens Phil. . 
luteostoma Kien. . 
maculata Ads. . 
marginulata Lm. . 
v. Isabellei D’Orb 
wangeloides Rve. 
| mendica Gld. . . 
v. Cooperi Torb. 


| miga Ad. . 
v. obliqueplicata iD, 


mitralis Ads. 
momile Kien. 
v. Jacksoniana Qu. 


Ads. 


vy. conoidalis D. ver. 
gemmulifera Ads. 
v. elegans Kiener ; 
vy. susturalis Lm. . 


vy. circumeincta Ad. 


gaillardoti Fisch. 


*vy, coccinella Lam. 
| v.senegalensis v. M. 


0,50 


Mk. 
mucronata Ads. 0,50 
multigranosa Dkr. | 0,50 
Miilleri v. Maltz. .| 1,50 
Murati Sm. n. sp. 1,— 
muricata Quoy. 0,30-40 
=mutabilis L. . | 0,20-30 
*y. albida Monter. .| 1,— 
=v, ebenacea , 1,— 
%y.maculata ,, 1,— 
nodifera Powis. . |0,3C-50 
*obsoleta Say . |0,20-30 
olivacea Brug. extr. |0,50—1 
pachychila v.Maltz. | 2,— 
pagoda Rve. 1—2 
papillosa L. 0,40-60 
f. gigantea . 1.50 
pauperata Lm. 0,30-40 
paupera Gld. 0,50 
pedicularis Lm. 1.— 
plicosa Dkr. 1,— 
polygonata Lam. .| 1,— 
pulchella Ads. . 0,30-40 
ravida Ads. 0),40-60 
reticulata L. 0,20 
*v. curta Mont. . 0,50 
*yv. depicta _,, -| Ll- 
vy. hepatica Powis 
Ind. orient. 0,50—1 
*v.nitida Jeffr. . 0,50 
*vulgata Gmel. . 0,50 
rufula Kien. 0,50-80 
Samoensis Dkr. . |0,30-40 
semigranosa Dkr. | 0,50 
semiplicata Ads. .| 0,50 
semistriata Brocch. | 0,50 
sinusigera Ads. 1.— 
v.siquijorensisAds. | 0,50 || 
speciosa Ads. . 0,50—1 
spirata Ads. vera 
non glans 1-— 
Stimpsoni Ads, 0,50 
stolata Gm. 1— 
v. ornata Kien. 1,50 
Sturmi Phil. .| 1— 
subspinosa Lm. . |0,30-40) 
succincta Ads.  . |0,30-50 
Sutoris Dkr. 1.50. 
faemian Gin. 2% 5 0,30 
taeniolata Phil. ./| 0,50 
tegula Rve.. . . |0,30-40 
Thersites Brug. . |0,20-30 
v. bimaculosa Ads. | 0,50 
v.Irus Marts. 0,50 
tiarula Kien. 030-50 
v. delirata Ads. 0,50 
Mennei: Maries Sy, |) O50) 
tritoniformis Kien. |0,50—1 
*trivittata Say. . . | 0,380-40) 
unicolorata Kien. . | 0,40-60 


*variabilis Phil. 
v. Ferrussaci Payr. 
*varicosa Turt. . 
verrucosa Ads. 
versicolor ,, 
vibex Say. 
virescens Phil. . 
Woodwardi Forb. 
Eburnea. 
areolata Lm. extra 
ambulacrum Sow. 
Borneensis Sow. 
Ceylancia Lm. . 
Japonica Ry. 
lutosa Lm. 
spirata Lm. 
Cyclops. 
Kamieschi Ch. . 
*neriteus L. . 


/*pellucidus Riss. 


Chorus. 


| Belcheri Hinds. 


xanthostomus Brd. 
c. operculum 


Purpura. 
aperta Blvll. 
armigera Ch. 
biserialis Bl. 
bitubercularis Lm. 
Blainvillei Desh.ex. 
bufo Lm. 
v.callosa Lm. . . 
Callaoénsis Gray. 
Carolensis Rve. 
cataracta Chm. 
chocolata Duel. 


| cingulata L. 


columellaris Lm. . 
consul Chm. 


| coronata Lm. 


v. callifera Lm. 
erispata Ch. 
eruentata Gm. . 
deltoidea Lm. 
echinata Bl. extra 
echinulata Lm. extr. 
Fischeri Pet. 
Floridana Conr. 
Forbesi Dkr. 
*haemastoma L. 


| f. gigantea Rv. extr. 


v. bicostalis Lm. , 

v. fasciata R. (spec.) 
haustrum Mrt. extr. 
_hippocastanum L, 
_v.aculeata Desh. . 
v. alveolata Rve. 
v. intermedia Kien. 


S 
on 
=) 
I 


0,50—1 


0,50-1,50 
050—1 
0,50-1,50 
0,30-50 
0,40-60 


. |0,50—1 


1,50 


v. plicata Lm. . 

*lapillus L. 

y. attenuta Rve. 
(species) . 

vy. bizonalis Lm. 

*v. canaliculata Duc. 

v. Conradi Nutt. 

y. lima Mart. 

v. rupestris Val. 

v. squamulosa Gr. 

luteostoma Ch. 

v.capensisPet.spec. 

mancinella L. extra 

v. aegrota Rv. spec. 

macrostoma Kiist. 

melones Ducl. extra 

neritoidea L. 

nigrocincta Dk. rar. 

nux Rve. 

patula L. 

persica L. extra 


Ba 


|| pica Bly. 5 
| planospira Lm. 


Quoyi Rve. . 


| Rudolphi Ch. 
| rugosa Born. 


rustica Lm. . 
Savignyi Desh. 
saxicola Val. 


)| v.ecanaliculata Duc. 
| v.emarginataDesh. 


v. fuseata Forb. 
v. ostrina Gould. . 
| scobina Quoy. . 


| serta Brug. . 


speciosa Val. 
spiralis Rve. 


|| suecineta Mrt. extr. 


Vv. squamosa Lam. 
(species) . 
taenita Powis. rare 
textilosa Lm. 
tumulosa Rve. . 
v. Bronni Dkr. spec. 
v.clavigeraKst. , 
undata Lm. . 
vexilla Lam. 


Ricinula. 
anaxares Duel. 
aspersa Lam. 
biconica Blvll. . 
v. bicatenata Rve. 

(species) . 
cancellata Quoy. . 
v. fenestrata Blvll. 
chaidea Duel. . 
clathrata Lm. . 
Vv. miticula Lm. 


Mk. 
Lo 
0,20-30 
he 
0.50 
1,— 
= 
1e 
i 
1,— 
0,50—1 
rie 
0,40—1 
2,— 
1—1,50 
0,80—1 
0,50—1 
2,—- 
0,50 
0,50—1 
0,50—2 
0,30—1 
1—2 
es 
0,50—1 
1—1,50 
1,50 
ees 
0,50-80 
LAO 
ie 
ee 
0,50—1 
0,50—1 
0,50—1 
1—2 
0,50-1,50 
0,50—1 
3,—- 
0,50—1 
0,50—1 
0,50 —1 
0,30-50 
0,50—1 
1,— 
0,50-80 
| 0,50 
oe 
. |0,50-80 
0,50-80 
0,80—1 
0,50—1 
11—1,50 
Qa 


Mk. 
concatenata Bl. . | 0,40-60 
concentria Rvyl. . |1—1,50 
digitata Lm. 0,50 —-1 
v. lobata Desh. 1—1,50 
elongata Bl. 0,40-50 
fiscellum Ch. 0,30-50 
v. fusco-nigra Dkr. 1,— 
ferruginosa Rve. (0,50 
fragum Blvll. 0,50-80 
granulata Duel. 0,50-80) 
horrida Lm. 0,50— 
hystrix L. 1—1,50 
v. Reeveana Crosse 2,50 | 
jodostoma Les. 0,80—1) 
lineata Rve. 1,— 
margariticola Brod | 0,50 
mauritiana Rve. . | 0,30-50 
morus Lm. . |0,30-40 
v.alba Mart. 1,— 
v.uspera Lam. 1,— 
v. striata Pse. . 1,_— 
musiva Kien. | — 
mutica Lam. 0,50—1 
nodulosa Ads. 1— | 
ochrostoma  Blvll. | 0,30-50 
GCS uae 0,30-50 
v. albolabris Blvll. 0,30-5( 

a extra | 1,— 

speciosa Dkr. 2,—-- 
spectrum Rv. 0,30-50 
trifasciata Rve. 1,— 
tuberculatum Bly. |0,30-5 
undata Chm. — 
v.albovaria Ktist. | 1,50 

Monoceros. 
brevidentatum Gr. |(,40-60 
calear Mart. extra | 1—2 

v.acuminatum Sow. | 1—2 
v. citrinum Sow. 1— 
v. costatum Sow. . |0,50—1 
cingulatum Lm. 0,50—1 
crassilabrum Lm. . |0),60—1 
engonatum Conr. .| 1—2 
glabratum Lam. . | 0,50-1,50 
lapilloides Conr. . |1—1,50 
lugubre Sow. 1—2 
v.cymatum Sow. .| 1— 
muricatum Brod. .| 2—3 
tuberculatumGray. 

extra . 3—5d 
Concholepas. 
Peruviana Lm. 0,50—2 
Cuma. 

angulifera Ducl. 1—2 
carinifera Lm. . . |0,50—1 
gradata Jon. 1—2 
imperialis Blvll. 1—3 
kiosquiformisDucl. |0,50—1 


Mk. 
tectum Gray. 1—2 
thiarella Lm. 1—2 
trigona Rve. 1,— 
Rapana. 
angulifera Lam. 1—2 
bezoar L. (2 
v. Tomasiana Cross. 2—3 
, extra, grande 
c. operculum 5,— 
bulbosa Sol. 1—2 
»  extrac.op. | 3,- 
coronata Lm. 0,40-80 
squamosa Lm. . 0,50-1,50 
Latiaxis. 
Mawae Gray 35,— 
Idolae Jonas rare | 45,— 
Coralliophila. 
bulbiformis Conr, | 3,— 
costata Ducl. 1,50 
costularis Blv. 1—1,50 
exarata Pse. . {L—1,50 
galea Ch. . | 1—1,50, 
i*lamellosa Jan. 2,— 
madreporina Ad. . |0,60—i 
neritoidea Ch... |0,50—1 
squamulosa Ry. . |0,60—1 
Pseudomurex. 
| Meyendorffi Cale. | 5,— | 
Melapium. | 
lineatum Lam. . 8—10)) 
Rapa. | 
papyracea Lm. No=3} | 
rapiformisBorn.ext. | 1—5_ 
Leptoconchus. | 
Cumipngi Desh. 3,— 
Lamarcki Desh. 0,50-1,50 
Robillardi Leon. 0,50-1,50 
stritatus Riipp. 0,50-1,50 
Magilus. 
antiguus Mft. 2—6 
Olivancillaria. 
aquatilis . . |0,50—1 
Brasiliensis Ch. 1-2 
gibbosa Born. . 0,30-80 
vesica Gmel. . |0,50—1 
Aragonia. 
acuminata Lm. 0,50—1 
contortuplicataRve | 1—2 
hiatula Gum. 0,50—1 
intricata Marr. . 2,— 
nebulosa Lam. 1—1,50 
pallida Sws. — 
subulata Lam. extr. | 1—-1,50 
testacea Lm. . |0,50—1 
Olivella. 
attenuata Rve.  . |0,30-40 


Mk. 
affinis Marr. 0,30-50 
anazora Ducl. . 0,50 
baetica Carp. . .|0,30-40 
columellaris Sow. |0,20-40 
consobrina Lischk.| 1,— 
dama Mawe. (),30-40 
dealbata Rve. . 0,50-80 
diadochus Ads. 0,50. 
cuneata Marr. 0,50 
elongata Marr. 0,50 
exigua Marr. 0),30-50 
Fortunei Ads. . 1—1,50 
fulgida Rve. 1,50 
gracilis Brod. 0,30-50 
guildingi Rve. . 0,50 
jaspidea Gmel. non 
Duel. = ep ee OMOESO 
inconspicua Ads.| 0,30 
lineolata Gray. 0,50 
micans Ducl. 0,50—1 
|| millepunctataDuel.| 1,— 
monilifera Rve. (),30 
mutica Say. . 0,20 
myriadina Duel. 0,30 
nana Lam.-micans 
Dillw. non Duel. | 1,— 
nivea Gmel. 0,20 
vy. eburnea Lm. 0130 
vy. oryza Lam. . 0,30 
nitens Dkr. 0,50 
nympha Ads. 0,30-50 
panniculata Ducl.| 1,50 
paxillus Rve. pulp lee) 
puelchana D’Orb. .| 1,— 
pulchella Duel. 1—1,50 
pusilla Marr. 0,30 
priperita ,, 2 1,50 
rosalina Duel. . 0,50 
semistriata Gray.| 0,20 
strigata Rve. 0,30-40 
tergina Ducl. 0,20-30 
undatella Lm. . (0),20-30 
Verreauxi Duel. (),20-30 
versicolor Marr. 0,50—1 
volutellaLam.extra | 0,20-30 
zanoeta Duel. . 1,— 
zenospira Ducl. 1—1,50 
ziezac Duel. 0,20 
Oliva. 
angulata Lm. 1—4 
araneosa Lm. 0,50-80 
v. fuseata Marr. — 
v. Julietta Del.spec; 1—2 
v. polpasta Del. , {11,50 
vy. venulata Lam. , |0,30-50 
Australis Ducl. . |1—1,50 
avellana Lam. . |0,50—1 
biplicata Sow, — . |0,30-50 


=] 


MK. Mk. Mk. 


Broderipi Ducl. .| 1,— || similis Marr. . .| 2— |#lignaria L. . . .|0,50—1 
bulbiformis Duc]. |0,60-80) splendidula Sow. . |1— "1,50 papillosa Sow. .| 6,— 
bulbosa Bolt. . . |1—1,50] stellata Ducl. . .| 2,— || ponderosa Jon. ./|8—10 
Biillowi Sow. n.Sp. | 2—38 || tesselata Lm. . . 0,20-40 trapezium L. . .|0,50—1 
carneola Gm. . . |0,30-50) textilina Lm. . 0,50-1,50|| tulipa L.. . . ./|0,50—2 
_v.atheniaDucl.spec | 0,50 || y. olympiadina Del. - Latirus. 
Caroliniana Duel. | 1,50 extra. . . .| 2—3|| Bairstowi Sow. .| 2.— 
castanea Lam. . . |1—1,50/ v. pica Lam. . .| 1—2 || Brasilianus TOMO nal 
Cumingi Rve. . .| 2—3 || tigrina Lm.. . . |0,30-50 etiesantie lew. Pi 
cylindrica Marr. .| 1,— || v.bolosericea Marr. | 1,— Caledonicus Pet. .| 2—3 
Duclosi Rve. . . \0,60—1| tremulina Lm. . . |0,50—1| eastaneus Rve. .| 2.— 
elegans Lam. . . |0,40-50) tricolor Lm. . . |0,20-40] ¢ gigantea extra . oe 
episcopalis Lm. . |0,30-60| undata . . . .| 1.— || ceratus Gray... ee 
eridona Ducl. . .| 1,50 || v.bicincta Lm. .| 1,— chlorostoma Sow.) 1—2 
erythrostoma Lm. /0,30-80] v. ventricosa Sol. .| 1,— cinguliferus Lam.| 1—2 
v- pallida Duel. .| 2,— Dipsaccus. craticulatus L.  . |0,50—1 
v.ponderosaDcl.ext 0,50—1 lab elezans Dkr 0.50—1 
flaveola Ducl. . . |0,50—1] Slabratus L.  . | 0,50-1,50 fil 2 ehupueden mal 
flammulata Lm. . |(.20-60| Lienardi Bern. extr. | 8—10 || Mosus sehub. def.) 1,— 
Goro, Dncl(” - |Gegtag) Miveus Swe 00 2 3D | ee 
funebralis Lm. . |0,30-60 Amalda. iafurubuliin (Can | ee 
y. dactyliola Duel. lineata Kien. . . | 2,— || Knorri Desh. ||. oo 
species - | 1 || marginata Lm. | 3-5) || nasa Gm. 20. os OnOneE 
fusitormis Lm.  . |0,40—1) obesa Sow. . > ple 2iel| wasaatalia lcm OMorsa 
glandiformis Marr. | 1,— | oblonga Sow. . . |1—1,50 Newcombi Ads, . |l1,50 
ote iu 5 BAO dv. 60/ TankervilleiSws.ex | 15,— | nodatus Martyn. .| 1—2 
: emieaior Moreh. | Ancilla. [atta eeu OS 
Be ety Duck 1’ | achatina Kien. rare | 3,— Philberti Recl.. .| 1,50 
graphica Marr. . j1—1,50/ 2cuminata Sow. . 0,60—-1/ Pictus Eve. . .) 13 
harpularia Lam. g,— || albisulcataSow.ext | 3,— | poeonus Gun ae 
Fea oa 020-30 Candida Lam. = Jp prismaticus Mart.| 1—3 
v.alba Lam. . . |0,40-50| Australis Sow. .| 3,— || smaragdalus L. .0,50— 1 
v.undata Lam. | 0.30. || ¥-depressa Sow. .| 3,— || Spinosus Mart. . .|0,50-80 
Tere. a) shy || castanes, Sow.r. 5/2 | turritus L. . . .j|0,50—1 
Eyal ee |0,10-anjpeumamomea! Lam | oe oe Eas Sie 
crassa Sow. . . = urbinella. 
y, figridella Duc. 19) fulva Sws. |. | | /0,0-60) gravis Dillw. extra | 5,— 
Keenei Mane od 50) mee ols Ads. . . {1—1,50) ovoidea Kien. . .| 2—5 
Lecoquiana Ducl. . flea 00 Lae ener ue py 
- 4, marmorata Rve. . j= 

poe el: ae a 50 Mauritiana Sow. . |0,30-60| Scolymus (Vasum). 

maura Lm. . . . | 0,50-1,50 v.alba. _._. «| 0,50 || armata Brod. extra 1—2 
murina Mke. . .| |, | Montrouzieri Souv. caestum Brod. , | 3—6 
mustellina Lam. . 0,30- 50 extra... | 85 capitellus L. . «| 0,60-1,50 
ayaiaile, Jb 0,40- 60 obtusa PWS a emel fal igee cassidiforme Ry. .| 2—5 
armen, Wie Le. 2, _ || £ gigantea extra .| 5,— || ceramicus L. . .| 1—2 
Peruviana Lm. . |0.30-80/ TwbiginosaSow. ext. | 8—10 OA So he 
v.coniformis Ph. . |0.50-60| t0t08a Meusch. , |1—1,50 cornigerus Lm. . |0,50—1 
picta Rve. . 0.50 || alba Lam. y 1—4 muricatus Born. 5 | ls! 
porphyria L. extra | 13 || tricolor Gray. - .| L— || v. pugillaris Lam.| 4—6 
reticularis Lm. . 0,30-50 variegata Sow. . oa: rhinoceros Lm. _ . | 0,80-1,50 
v.candida Lam. .| 0,50 ventricosa Lam.ext. | 1—2 iS extra .| 3,— 
v. graphica Marr. .| 1,— Fasciolaria. SaaS G Hc 3 | 8 
v. hepatica Lam. .| 0,50 | distans Lm.. . .| 1—g | tubiferum Ant. .| 5,— 
rufopicta Wkff. .| 2,— || filamentosa Lm. . 1—1,50 Voluta. 

sanguinolenta Lm. |0,30-50) v. ferruginea Lam. | 2—3 | Aethiopica L. . .| 2—3 
seripta Lam. . . |0,60—1) fusiformis Val.. .| 5,— v.regium Schub.ex. | 10,— 
sidelia Ducl. . .| 2,— || inermis Jon. . . |0,80—1|| angulata Sws.. .| 3—6 


Mk. Mk, Mk. 
bullata Sws. defect | 5,— || adusta Lm. extra. | 1—3 || v. buccinata Quoy.| 3,— 

» perfect. . |30—40|| alauda Soul. . . |0,50—1|| Graeffei Cross.  . |0,80—1 
cassidulakve.extra |8—10 || ambigua Sw. . ./1—1,50)) granatina Lam. .| 1—2 
cisium Mke. . .| 1—8 || v.fulva Sws. . .| 1--2 || granulosa Lm. . ./|0,50—1 
coloeynthis Ch. .|8—10 || arenosa Lm. . . |0,40-50| Gruneri Rv. . .| 2,— 
Cumingi Brod. , |8—10 || astricta Rve. . .| 1—2 || hybrida Kien. . .| 2—3 
Delessertiana Pet.| 6—7 || aurantia Gm. . . /0,50—1)| intermedia Kien. .| 1-—2 
deliciosa Montrz. .| 4—6 | aureolata Ry. . . |0,80—1) Isubella Sw. defect) 3,— 
Deshayesi Rv. . 4—8 || v.affinis Rve. . .| 1,50 || latruncularia Rve.| 1,50 
diadema Lm. 2—3 | Barbadensis Gm. . |0,50—1)| lens Wood. . . .| 1—3 
ducalis Lam. 3—5 || v.picta Rve. . . |1—1,50)| litterata Lm. . . |0,40-50 
Ellioti Sow. exira | 8—5 || brumalis Rv. . . |0,80—1]) v. maculosa Rve. .| 1,— 
flavicans Gm. . |L0—20)| brunnea Pse. . . (0,50—1|| melongena Lm. ext.| 3—4 
fusiformis Sw. extr. | 8,— || cadaverosa Ry.  . | 0,40-50') muriculata Lm. — . |0,80—1 
fulgetrum Sws. , | 30,— || caffraL.. . . .| 1—2 || nebulosa Sws. . .| 2—3 
harpa Barn. . , |8—10 || cardinalisGron.ext. | 1—2% || nucleola Lam. . .|0,50-80 
Hebraea L. extra .| 5,— || chrysalis Rv. . . |0,50—1]| nucea Gron. . .| 1—2 
imperialis Lm. . |5—10 || chrysostoma Sw. .| 1—2 || obesa Rve. . . .| 2,50 
Indica Gm. . . .| 1—3 || cinetella Lm. . . | 0,80-1,50|| oleacea Rve. . .| 1—2 
lapponica L. . .| 2—8 || cineracea Rve.. . 0,50 ornata Schub. . .| 5,— 
maculata Sw. . .|15—20)|| cinnamomea Ads. . 0,50 paligiray Sow. “22 |\5 
magnificaChm.ext. | 20,— || clathrata Rv. . . | 0,80-1,50/| papalis L. . . .| 2—6 
marmorata SWs. , 30,— /*columbellaria Se. . |0,20-40) pardalis Ktist. .  . | 0,50-80 
megaspira Sow. . |20—30) columbellaeformis | patriarchalis Lm. . |1—1,50 
v.lyriformis Kien. | 50,— | Kien 2,— || y.tuberosa Rve. . | i= 
mitraeformis Lm. .| 4—6 | consanguinea Ry. 0,50— 1) paupercula L. . . |0,60-80 
musica L. 1—d |fcornicula L. . . 0, 20-50) v. tigrina Ads. . .| 1,— 
Neptuni Gm. extra 5,— | v.lutescens Lam. . eu | picta Rve. . . .|1—2 
nivosa Lm. 2—6 | coronata Lm. . . |0,80—2) plicata Klein. . .|1—1,50 
v. norrisi Sow. . 3—4 _ corrugata Lm... |0,50—1! pontificalis Lm. - | 0,50-1,50 
nucleus Lam. 5,—  costellaris Lm. . |0,50—1) puncticulata Lm. . |1—1,50 


*olla L. extra 1—3 || crassa Sw. def. .| 1,— || retusa Lm. . . ./0,80—1 
pacifica Sol. 4—6  crebrilirata Rve. .| 1-2 | Savignyi Payr. .| 0,30 
v. elongata Sw. .| 5—6 | cremans Rve. . .| 1,— || seabriuscula L. . |0,50—2 
pallida Gray. .| 5—8 | crenifera Lam. .| 1—8 || scutulata Chm.  .|0,50—1 
papillosa Sws. perf. | 40,— |) crenulata Lm. . . | 0,50-1,50|| v. amphorella Lam. | 2,— 

: def. . .| 10— || crocata Lm. . . /|1—1,50) simplex Dkr. . .| 1,— 
polyzonalisLm.def.| 5,— | cruentata Ch. . . 0,60-80) sphaerulata Mart. |1—1,50 
perfect M. 40 v. gemmulata Rve. 1h, — || stigmataria Lm. .| 2—4 
v.virescens Sol.def. | 8,— || cucumerina Lm. . |0, 50- 80) v. granosa Chm. .| 5,— 
perfect M. 40 dactilis la asme i—2 | tesselata Mart. ext. |5—10 
porcina Lm. . .| 1—8 |) dermestina Lm.  . |0,60-80) texturata Lam. .| 1—2 
praetextaRve.extr. | 40,— || digitalis Ch. . .| 1—2 || Ticaonica Rve. .| 1—3j 
proposcidalis Lm.) 2—5 |*ebenus Lm.. . . |0,30-50) *tricolor Gm. . .| 0,20 
reticulata Rv. . .|6—12 |) v. plumbea Lam. .| 1,50 || turgida Rv. . . .|0,40-60 
Rossiniana Bern. . |15—20)) episcovalis L. extr. |0,50—2) variabilis Rve.. .| 2,— 
Riickeri Cross. .| 3—5 || exasperata Ch. . |0,50-80] vulpecula L. . .| 1,50 

rupestris Gm. . .| 1—3 || v.torulosa Lm. .| 1,— . 
Se Reco | e160) | eximiasaas: of50-—al| 2 Ganeheline a eae 
scapha Lm.. . .| 1—2 || exigua v. Maltz. .| 1,— pitmaseiienyere to. 
ait ; olivaeformis Sw. . |0,60—6 
, extra . .| 4,— || fenestrata Lm. . |1—1,50 fe 
: punctata Sw. . .|1—1,50 
undulata Lm. . .| 2—3 || ferruginea Lm. _ . | 0,50-1,50 VWarrsoreneis One ioe 
vespertilio L. . . |0,50—1) v.rubritincta Rve. | 3,— Yeas 
v.mitis Lm. . . |0,50—1)) filaris L. ne O01 Marginella. 
vexillum Ch. . .| 3—6 |] v.nexilis Mart.  . | 0,50-1,50|/ albolineata Ads. .| 1— 
volva°Ch. . . .| 4—8 | filum Wood. . ./|1—1,50| amygdala Kien.  . | 0,50-80 
zebra Leach. . .| 2—4 | Formosensis Sow. angustata Sow. .|1—1,50 
Mitra. n. sp. . 10,— || aurantia Lm. . .| 1—2 
acuminata Sw.  . 0,50—1)) glabra Sws. defect 2,— || Bairstowi Sow. .| 3—5 


Mk, 
bifasciata Lm. 1—2 
vy. pulcherrima v. M. | 10,— 
bivaricosa Lam. 0,50-1 
bullata Born extra | 6,— 
catenata Mont. 0,50 
cincta Kien. . . | 2— 
cingulata Dillw. . |0,30-50 
conoidalis Kien. . |0,30-50 
#clandestina Broc, . 0,20-30. 
Cleryi Pet, 2—38 
cornea Lm. 0,50-1 
curta Sow. . |0,80-1,50 
j diaphana Kien. ._ . |0,20-30 
flavida Redf. . |0,30-50 
glabella L. 1-1,50 
y. irrorata Mke, 1—2 
Goodalli Sow. . . |L0—15 
guttata Dillw. . |0,40-50; 
interrupta L. 0,20 
lactea Kien. . 0,20-30 
maculosa Kien. 1,— 
marginata Born. 0,80- 1,50 
smiliaria L. . . 0,20 
xminuta Pir. . 0,20 
monilis Lm. . . |0,20-30 
mosaica Sow. . | 10,— 
muralis Hinds . . |0,50-80 
muscaria Lm. . . |0,30-50 
obesa Rdfld.. . . 0, 30-50 
olivaefermis Kien, . 1,50-2 
opalina Stearns . 1,— 
persicula L. . 0,50-80 
Petiti Dy. rarissima | 50,— 
piperata Hinds . 3,— 
porcellana Gm. . 1,50 
pseudofaba Sow. 10—15 
quinqueplicata Lm. |0,50-1,50) 
zonata Kien. 1,— 
v. bilineata Krss. . | 2,— 

Erato. 
Maugeriae Gray. |0,30-50) 
Voivaria. 
pallida L. . |6,80-60 
rubella Sow. . |0,50-80 
xSecalina Phil. . |0,30-50 
vy. seminula Gld. 1,— 
varia Sow. . |0,20-30 
Columbella. 

catenata Sow. . |0,80-40 
eribaria Lm. . | 0,20 
dichroa Sow. . 10,20-30 
elegans Ad, . . |0,80-40 
Kssingtonensis Rv. |0,30-50 
ferruginosa Ry. — . |0,30-40 
festiva Kien. . |0,20-30 
flavida Lm. . |0,40-60 
fulgurans Lm. . 0,20 
vy. punctata Lm.  . |0,20-30 


| flammea L. Buh 
Weclanmea, Tia: : 
| Vs coronulata Sow. 
| paucirugis Mke. 


plicata L. rare extra 
pyrum Lm. 


recurvirostris Wood 
| rufa Sow. 

xsaburon Lm, . 

| v. abbreviata Mont, 
| v. Japonica Rve, 


y. nucleola Kist. . 
v. pila Rve. , 

semigranosa Lam. . 
spinosa Gron, rare 
strigata Gmel. exira 


| v. zebra Lam. 


testiculus L. 


vy. crumena Lam. . , 
| torquata Ry. 


tuberosa L. . 


| turgida Rve. 
50} v. pyrum Lam. 
undulata Gm. typus 


v. abbreviataL. extr. 


5Oj*v. crassa Monter. 


Mk. 
fuscata Sow. 0,20-40 
laevigata L. . . . |0,20-30 
| lauta Dkr. . . ./|0,30-50 
ligula Ducl.. . ,60-1 
lineata Rv. 0,30-50) 
lyrata Sow. 0,50-80 
major Sow. 0,40-60 
mendicaria L. 0,20-30 
mercatoria L, 0,20 
sminor Sc. . 0,20-40 
| mitrata Mke. 0,20 
nitida Lm. 0,20 
nucleus Kien. 0,30-40 
| pardalina Lm. 0,30-50 
picata Sow. 0,30-50! 
recurva Sow. 1—2 
rugosa Sow. . 0,30-40 
xrustica L. 0,20-30, 
\xscripta Lam, .| 0,20 
xv. Gervillei Payr. . |0,20-30 
striata Ducl. . .|0,30-50) 
strombiformis Lm. |0,40-80, 
| sublaevis Mtrz. 0,80-50 
| troglodytes Souv. 0,20 
turbinella Kien. 0,30-40 
turturina Lm. 0,30-50 
Tyleri Gray 0,50-80 
unicolor Sow. 0,30-50) 
varia Sow. 0,30-50! 
varians Sow. 0,20-40, 
versicolor Sow... |0,20-30, 
etc! etc: 
| Harpa. 
articularis Lm.extra | 1—3 
conoidalis Lm. ,, 1—3 
Gostatayluee. 8—12 
v. imperialis Ch. ext. d,— | 
crenata Sw. nf 3—6 | 
| v. testudinalis Lm.) 10,— | 
| gracilis Brod.etSow. | 2—3 | 
ligata Mke. species | 1—2 | 
minor Rumph. extra | 0,50-1 | 
v. crassa Phil, ,,  |0,50-80, 
nobilis Rumph. ,, 1—3 
rosea Lm. _ 4—6 | 
striata Lam. . | 2— | 
ventricosa Lm, extr. | 0, 0-2 | 
Cassis. | 
areola Ta... . (0.50-1,50 
canaliculata Brug. | 
extra | 0,50-1 | 
cernica Sow. n. sp. .| 3—5 
Ceylanica Lam. 1-1,50 | 
coarctata Gray . 1—2 | 
cornuta L, 2—5 | 
decussata L. eh 
erinacea L. é 0,50-1 | 
fimbriata Quoy extr, 3-5 | 


xv. elongata Monter. 
v. granulata Mont. 
vibex L. 


Cassidaria., 


xechinophoraL. extra 
xv. Carinata Sow. 


#v. tuberculosaSchm. 
*Tyrrhena Chm. . 

’ Oniscia. 
cancellata Sow. 
Lamarecki Less. 
ONISCUS ener ee 
y. Lamareki Desh. 
tuberculosa Sow. 


Dolium. 


| ampullaceum Phil. 


Chinense Dillw. 
costatum Desh. 
Cumingi Hanl. extra 
fasciatum Brug. . 
fimbriatum Sow. 
xgalea L, extra 
v. epidermata Greg. 
Vv. spiritrorsum Gray 
lactescens Mart. 
Lischkeanum Kust. 
luteostomum Kiist. 
maculatum Lm. . 
olearium L. 
pennatum Moreh. 


perdix L.. 


- 10,50-1,50) 


4 
. |0,50-1,5¢ 
i 


i 


1 
: 


variegatum L, -extr. 


variegatum L, 
zonatum Green, 


Malea. 


dentata Born 
latilabris Val. vera 
pomum L. Were 


Sycotypus. 


decussata Wood 
Dusumieri Val. 
ficus L. : 
ficoides Lam. 
papyracea Say . 
reticulata Lm. . 
tesselata Kob, 


Velutina, 
«laevigata L. . 


Cryptocella. 

Berghi Desh, 

Natica. 
xaffinis Gm, : 
alapapilionis Ch. 
v. articulata Phil. . 
v. taeniata Mke. 
albula Reelz. 
xAlderi Forb. 

xv. lactea Jeffr. . 

«v.Macrochiensis.Phl 

xv. nitida Forb 

#y. ventricosa Jeff, . 
albumen L. . 
ampla Ph. 
areolata Reclz. . 
aurantia Lm. 
vy. straminea Reelz. 
ibicolorseh 2 
bifasciata Gray . 
Campechiensis Relz. 

cancellata Born 
canrena L. ; 
v. lemniscata ThA 
Chemnitzi Recl. 
xcatena D. C. extra 
y. castanea Lam. 
eatenata Ph.. 
cernica Jouss. . , 
Chinensis Lm. . 
citrina Lam. 

xclausa Brod. . 

Vv, consolidataCouth 
v. janthostoma Dsh. 
collaria Lam. 3 
v. gambiensis Reclz. 
columnaris Reelz. . 
Cumingiana Reclz. 
conica Lm. 


Otek Sead 


50 fulminea Gm. . . |0,50-1,50) 
| v. punctata Sws. . | 2,— 
fusca Carp. ..2)9 0/82 
sfusca Blv. 59. ) 111,50 
| glauca Humb. . .| 1—2 
glaucina Lam. . .| 1—2 
|Goehet Ads... 21) 2,— 
| Gualteriana Pet, . |0,30-50 
Guillemini Payr, .| 1,— 
‘zshebraea Mart. - | 0,50-1 
| helvacea Lam. . .| 2.— 


imperforata Sow. 


‘sintricata Don. 


-60/#Josephinia Risso . |0,80-80 
-00) v. alba Reclz. .. .| 1,— 
| v. glaucina Salis .| 1,50 

| lactea Guild. . |0,40-60 
Lamarckiana Reclz. | 2—8 
Lewisi Gld, extra | 3—5 
lineata Lm. . . | 0,50-1 

| macrostoma Phil. . | 1-1,50 

|| Maheensis Reclz, 0,50-1 

|mamillaL. . . 0,30-50 

| mamillaris Lm. . 0,40-1 


|v. maculata Desh. | 1—2 
«monilifera Lam, . | 0,30-1 
'sMontacuti Forb. . | 0,50 

| orientalis Gm. tr? 


Boi) = 


Mk. 
didyma Bolt extr. | 0,50-2 
Dillwyni Ph. (Payr.) |0,30-50 
_ Dillwyniana Reclz. 
W. Ind. |0,30-50 

| duplicata Say. . . 2, _ 
bfanel) Ads.) et Aled 22 


| filosa Sow 4 0,50-1 
flammulata Reg. . | 0,50-1 
| Flemingiana Reelz. | 1,50 

| fluctuata Sow. . .| 1-2 

| forata Reclz. . . |0,80-50 


Fortunei Rve, . . | 2,— 


heros Say . . .|0,50-3 
| v. triseriata Say 


| Immaculata Tott. 0,50 
| v. genuana Rve. 


v. Valenciennesi P. 0,50-1 


Marochiensis Gmel. |0,30-50 
vy. Californica Conr. | 1,50 
v. livida Mull. . .| 1,— 
Maroccana Ch. . 
maura Brug. . . 12 
melanostoma Gm. . 
v. melanostomoides 
Quoy | 1 
vy. succinoides Rve. | 1,— 
y.zanzebarica Reclz. | 1 
melastoma Sw. . . |0,30-50 
«millepunctata Lm. . 


‘xpallida Brod. 
| ==groenlandica Beck | 1-1,50 


Mk. 
papyracea v. d. B.| 1—2 
Panamensis Reclz. | 1—2 
pellis-tigrina Ch. . | 0,50-1 
v. maculosa Lam. .| 1-1,50 
pes-elephantis Chm. 


juv. | 1— 
Petitveriana Reclz. 
c. op. | 1—2 


ponderosa Ph. . 
Powisiana Reclz. .| 2—3 
xpulchella Risso . 
pyriformis Reclz. 

species | 0,50-1 
Raynaudiana Reclz. | 0,50-1 
Recluziana Desh. 


cop, jas 
rufa Born , . | 0,50-1 
v. spadicea Gm. 1-1,50 
Sebae Soul. . 1-1,50 
simiae Ch. f 0,60-1 
vy. simioides Reelz. | 1,— 
solida Blvll.. . .{0,30-50 


Strangei Rv. . .|0,50-1 
sulecata Born 


#triseriata Say . . |0,40-60 
uber Val, 0,501 
umbilicata Quoy .}| 1,— 
unifasciata Lam. 0,50-1 
vy. avellana Phl.  .| 0,50-1 
v. lurida Phil. .  . |0,50,80 
variabilis Reclz. 0,50-1 
Vavaosi Leg. . .| 1,— 


vesicalis Phil. c. op. | 1—2 


violacea Sow. 1-1,50 
vitellus L. extra .| 0,50-1 
zebra Lam. . | 1-1,50 
Amauropsis. 
xhelicoides Johnst. .| 1—2 
Sigaretus. - 
cymba Mk. extra .| 1—3 
depressus Phil.. .} 1—2 
Javanicus Gray . |0,50-1,50 
laevigatus Lam. | 2,— 
Leachi Blvll. . .| 1-1,50 
maculatus Say . .| 2—3 
Martinianus Phil. . | 0,50-1 
neritoideus L. . |0,50-1,50 


perspectivus Say .}| 1—2 


planulatus Reelz. .| 0,50-1 

zonalis Cruoy . .| 2,— 
Scalaria. 

alata Sow. . . .| 2-3 

aculeata Sow. 1—2 

aurita Sow. . . .|1-1,50 


australis Lam. . 


pe 
borealis Gould . .| 2,— 
casta Ads. ae oo 


Mk. 
xcomunis Lm. . . |0,30-50 
«v.variegatus L.extra | 1-1,50 

coronata Lam. . 1—3 
crenata L. . | 1—2 
crenatoides Carp. . | 2,— 
Kschrichti Holb. 2,50 
«Groenlandica Ch. .| 1-3 
Georgettina Kien. . | 2,— 
granulata Quoy 1-3 
Juckesiana Forb. 1,— 
xlamellosa Lam. . 1-1,50 
lineata Say 1-1,50 
lineolata Sow. . 2—8 
lyra Sow. 2. . «| 3,— 
neglecta Ads, et Rve. | 5,— 
occidentalis Nyst. . | 3,— 
«pseudoscalaris Broc. | 0,30-1 
#v. lamellosa Jan. 1-1,50 
«Trevelyana Leach. .| 0,50 
*Turtonis Risso . (),50-1 
«V.planicostatus Phil. | 3,— 
venosa Sow, . 0,30-50 
Terebra. 
aciculata Lam. . . | 0,30 
v. Cosentini Phil. , | 0,50 
affinis Gray . . . |0,30-50 
anomala Gray 1—2 
aspera Lam,. . 1-1,50 
v. PetitverianaDesh. | 1-1,50 
Babylonia Lm. . 1-1,50 
bacillus Desh. 1—_ 
Bernardi Desh. . 2,— 
bifrons Hinds 1—3 
caerulescens Lm. . |0,30-50 
v. castanea Kien. . | 2,— 
v. flammulata Mart. | 1-1,50 
cancellata Quoyextr | 2,— 
cerithina Lam... |0,40-50 
chlorata Lam. . | 0,60-1 
cinerea Born 0,30-50 
corrugata Lam. , 3—5 
crenulata L. extra | 1-1,50 
Cumingi Desh. . 8—15 
cingulifera Lam. 1-1,50 
v. laevigata Quoy . | 2-2,50 
dimidiata L. . . | 0,50-1 
6 extra .| 2,— 
dislocata Say . |0,50-80 
dispar Desh. 1,— 
dupheata L. , . | 0,50-1 
vy. Lamarcki Kien. | 0,50-1 
v. Reevei Desh. 2,— 
Dussumieri Kien. , | 1—3 
exigua Desh, 1,— 
fimbriata Desh. 5. 
fulgurata Phil. . 0,30-50) 
flammea Lam. extr. |10.u. 20 
funiculata Hinds. .| 1—2 | 
hastata Gm. . . 10,30-50 


11 


vy. casta Hinds . 
v. costata Mke, 
inconstans Hinds . 
Kieneri Desh. 
laevigata Gray . 
lanceata L. 
luctuosa Hinds . 
lingualis yv. insignis 
Desh. 
maculata L.. . 
= extra 
marmorata Desh. . 
mera Hinds . 
micans Hinds . , 
modesta Desh, . , 
monilis Quoy 
muscaria Im. 
myuros Lam. extra 
nimbosa Hinds, , 
occulata Lm. extra 
ornata Martyn . 
penicillata Hinds 
v. venosa Hinds 
pertusa Sw... 
pulchella Desh. 
puncticulata Desh. 
pura Desh. : 
raphanula Desh. 
rudis Gray ‘ 
Salleana Desh. . 
Senegalensis Lm. 
v. Speciosa Desh, 
v. Striatula Lam. . 
simplex Carp, 
solida Desh. 
spectabilis Hinds 
splendens Desh. 
strigata Sow. 
strigillata L. 
subulata L. extra . 
v. consobrina Desh. 
def. 
Swainsoni Desh. 
textilis Hinds . , 
v. nodularis Desh. 
tigrina Gm. , 
triseriata Gray . 
undulata Gray . 
varicosa Hinds . 
variegata Gray . 
v. albocincta Gray 
Pyramidella. 


auris-cati Ch. 


| nitida A, Ad, : 
proquinqua A. Ad. 


Obeliscus. 


|| dolabratus L. 


punctatus Ch. 


—- 


Mk, | Mk, 
1,— | scitulus Ads, 2,-—- 
1,— | sulcatus Ads. 0,50-80 
5,50 | terebellum Lam. 0,50-1 
1,50) || teres Ads. . , 2,— 

S| oll Rirgicula. 

i OCT, grandinosa Hinds .| 1,— 

See | propimeuanss Hinds.) 
8—10 || Chemniizia. 

. |0,50-1,50/*delicata Mte. R. 0,20-30 
3,— || elongata Pse. 1-1,50 
3—5 |excavata Phil. . 1,— 
1,50 |+fenestrata Forb. 1,—- 

jaar qilselactea aly uur 4) tink 020-30 
I,— j#indistincta Mtg. . 0,20-30 
1—2 |xpusilla Phii. . 0,30-40 
0,50-150)rufa Phil. 0,50-1 
1—3 | sstriolata L. 0,20-30 

0,40-80 Odostomia. 

Raat xacuta Jeffr. . ,0,20-40 
1. |*eonoidea Broch. . 0,20-40 
1.50 *decussata Mtg. . .| 0,50 
1_9 eulimoides Hanl. .| 0,50 
9 — |*xeXimia Jeffr. . |0,20-40 
Oy xplicata Mtg. . . 030-50, 
9 |polita Biv. . 0,30-50 
35 xrissoides Hanl. . . 0,30-40 
1—2 xSpiralis Mtg. . 0,20-40 
9 _ |#truncatula Jeffr. sp. | 1,50 
Gieabieg xturrita Hanl. . . 0,20-40 
99 |*unidentata Mtg.. . 0,20-40 
De Aclis. 
0,30-50) Walleri Jeffr, 1,50 
aaa Eulima. 

3. 4 exilis Pse. 1,— 
2—3 Stylifer. 
es O},,Purtoni Brod. 5, 

Solarium. 

1,— || cingulatum Kien 1—2 
2,— || v. subconcolorChm. | 3,— 
1,— || dorsuosum Hinds . | 2,— 
1,50 |infundibuliforme Gm. | 1,50 

90-1 || v. strigata Hanl. 2,— 
1—3 || laevigatum Lam. 2,—- 

0,50-1,50)| luteum Lm. . 0,50-80 

1,50 || maximum Ph. . 2—5 

. |0,50-1,50) Mighelsi Phil. 2,— 
2—8 || perdix Hinds. 1—2 

perspectivum L, 1—2 
_ extra 
aoe (grande). . .| 3,— 
0.50 v. trochlearis Hinds —3 
? pictum Phil. 2—3 
purpuratum Hinds. | 2,— 
0,50 | Taylori Hanl. 5,— 
1—2 || variegatum Gm. 0,5 


Scissurella. 
crispata Flem. . 


Conns. 


abbas Brug. . é 
abbreviatus Nutt. . 
achatinus Ch. 
v. ranunculus Brug. 
acuminatus Brug. . 
vy. alba Brug. 
vy. scularis Jick. 
acutangulus Brug. . 
Adansoni Lam.. . 
Algosensis Sow. def. 
amadis Ch. . 
ambiguus Rve. . 
anceps Ads. . 
anemone im. . . 
arachnoideus Gm. 
arenatus Brug. . 
y. granulatus Brug 
v. minor Brug . 
aristophanes Ducl. . 
augur Brug . 
aulicus L. : 
aurantius Brug. 
aureus Brug. 
aurisiacus ie) 3), 
US tralis «Chy titan. 
Bairstowi Sow. n.sp. 
betulinus L. . : 
a L. extra 
boéticus Rve. 
brunneus Gray. 
bullatus L. 
Cabriti Bern. 
Californicus Hinds. 
canonicus Brug. 
capitaneus L. 
catus Brug. , . 
cedo-nulli Klein. 
centurio Born. . 
cernicus Ads. 
Ceylonensis Brug. . 
Ceylonicus Ch, . 
characteristicus Ch. 
Chenui Crosse . 
cinereus Hw. . 
circumcisus Born. . 
celassiarius Brug. 
v. Pazi Bern. 
Clarus HE, Sm, . 
coccineus Gm. . 
coffea Gm. = 4 
v. fumigatus Brug. 
columba Brug. 
consors Sow. extra 
conspersus Rye. 
coronatus Dillw 


to 
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= 


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era eel 


eg | Oe a nate 


cyanostoma Ads. 


daucus Brug. 
distans Brug. 
eburneus Brug. . 
vy. polyglottus Ads. 
emaciatus Ry. . 
emarginatus Rve. . 
encaustus Kien. 
episcopus Brug, ex. 
Hrythraeensis Bk, . 
v. Dillwyni Rve. 
figulinus L. . 


- extra 


vy. Loroisi Kien. 
flavidus Lam. extra 
Floridanus Gabb. 
fulmen Rve, 
generalis L. . 
genuanus lL. . . 
geographus L. . , 
7 extra . 
v. intermedius Rve. 
(species) . 
gladiator Brod, 
glans Hw. extra 
gloria maris Chm. 
Hine. FO 
gubernator Brug. 
Hebraeus L. : 
v. vermiculatus L. 
hyaena Lam. 
hybridus Kien. . 
Janus Brug, 
Japonicus .., 
imperialis L. 
» extra 
y. fuscatus Lam. 
v. viridulus ,, ext. 
infrenatus Rve. 
interruptus Brod 
L’Argillierti Kien 
def. aes. 
leoninus Ch. 
lignarius Rve. . 
v. fasciatus Kien. . 
lineatus Ch.. . . 
lithoglyphusMeusch 
lutteratus| is) 7 ier 
* L. extra. 
vy. millepunctatus 
Lam. extra . 
lividus Brug. j 
vy. citrinus Gemel. 
vy. crepusculum Rve. 
v. sugillatus Rve. 
Loveni Krss. 
lucidus Mawe 
maculosus Sow. 
Madagascariensis 8. 


- + 


magnificus Rv. 
magus Wlsee tee ie 
v. carinatus Sow. . 
v. consul Boivy . 
v. epistomium Rve. 


| v. raphanus Brug. , 


mahogani Rv. 
Malaccanus Brug. . 
Maldivus Brug ext. 
Maltzamianus Wkfif. 
Marchionatus Hds. 
marmoreus L. 

i extra . 


| vy. bandanus Brug. 
|v. bandanus extra 


v. nigrescens Sow. 


«Mediterraneus Hw. 


v. hybridus Kien , 


Vv. minor Monteros 
v. pusio Lam. (spec.) 


mercator L. . ‘ 
vy. desidiosus Ads. 
miles L. i 

»  L. extra . 


_ miliaris Brug. ext. 


Mindanus Brug. 
minimus L, . . 
mitratus Hw. 
monachus L. 
monile Hw. extra 
mus Brug. 
musicus Brug. , 
v. Mighelsi Kien. . 
mustelinus Brug . 
v. Cecilliae Chenui 
v.sulphuratus Brug. 
nanus Brod, 
nebulosus Sol. . 
Nemocanus Brug. . 
nigropunctatus Sow. 
nocturnus Brug. . 
v. Deburghiae Sow. 
Nova Hollandiae Ad. 
nussatella L. 

nux Brod. 


|| obseurus Rye. . 


olivaceus Kien.. , 
omaria Brug. extra 


Orbignyi Aud. fine | 


panniculus Lam. 

papilionaceus Brug. 

y. Canariensis Brug. 
fine 

parius Ry. 

parvus Pse. . 

pennaceus Born , 

pertusus Brug.. . 

pigmentatus Ads. 
et Rve, 


— 


eat 


= 
=} 


S 

S | 
oS . 
— 


Tider Wace les 
DS co CO DD 09 GO > CO DO 


bo 


S 


—20 
0,50-1,50 
2-8 
P38 
4—5 
gts 
0,50-2 
1-1,50 
1,50 
0,50-1 
122 
Byes 
. | 0,50-1,50 
prs 
0,50-1,50 
= 
0,20-50 
3—6 
i—2 
ms 
0,30-50 
0,30-50 
jo 
Qsae 
125 
0,30-50 
1—5 
ee 
1,50 
3-8 
10—15 
Te 
0,50-2 
0,30-50 
22 
Deu 
1—2 
20—30 
35 
25 
yee 
1-1,50 
peak 
9-8 
5—8 
ees 


planorbis Born extra 
pontificalis Lam. 
Portoricanus Brug 
Olan’ Rigi ery raaes 
PEINCepSmls aes &. 
v. regius Ch, extra 
Promotheus Brug. 
ICTS Ce oe 
propinguus Smith . 
Protheus Brug. 
pulchellus Sw. . 
v. cinctus Sw, . 
pulicarius Brug. 
v. fustigatus Brug. 
punctatus Sow. 
puncticulatus Brug. 
purpurascens Brod 
vy. luzonicus Sow. . 
v. regalitatis Sow. 
pusillus Chm. 
pygmaeus Rv. 
pyramidalis Lam. . 
pyriformis Rv. . 
f quercinus Brug. 
» extra 
radiatus Gm. 
v. parius Rve. . 
regularis Sow. . 
retifer Mke, (minor) 
rogaceus Ch. 
vy. signifer Crosse . 
y. Tinianus Rve. 
roseus Lam. 
scabriusculus Ch. . 
senator L. extra 
Siamensis Brug. 
simplex Sow. . . 
spectrum L, 
v. lacteus Lam. 
vy. subulatus Sow. 
splendidulus Sow. 
(minor) 
sponsalis Ch. 
stercus musarum L. 
stramineus Lam. 
striatus L. : 
subulatus Kien. non 
Sow. 
sugillatus Rv. 
sulcatus Brug, . 
Sumatrensis Brug. 
PRONTO JEN gees 
taeniatus Brug. 
Tahitensis Brug. 
y. rattus Brug. 
tabidus Rv... 
taeniatus Brug. 
tendineus Brug fine 
tenuisulcatus Sow. 


Mk. 
0,50 —-2 
3-5 
Baal 
15,00 

5,00 
33. ak 
3—) 
4—6 
3—5 
0,50-1 
0,50-1 
3,— 
0,30-50 
2—4 
5,— 
3-5 
0,50-1 
30-5 0 
3—5 
yi) 
0,50-1 
2,00 
3,— 
2 
2—4 
3—) 
3—5 
2 
8,— 
1—3 
1—3 
pyeze 
10,— 
2,— 
1—3 
5,— 
3) =a 
Oe 
0,30-50 
0,50-1,50 
J—3 
0,50-1,50 
TNO) eee 
1—3 
1—2 
2—4 
2-3 
1—2 
1-1,50) 
0,50-1 
2—3 
1—2 
10= 
2—3 


18 


— 


Mk. 
terebellum Mart. 1—2 
tessellatns Born. 0,50-1 
. extr. 2,— 
v. crassus Sow, def.| 1,— 
terminus Lam. . 2—4 
testudinarius Mart.| 2—3 
vy. Guinaicus Brug. | 2—3 
vy. nareissus Lam.| 3—4 
y. Madagascariensis 
Sow. . .| 3- 
v. scriptus Sow. ex.| 2—5 
vy. telatus Rve. ex.| 6,— 
vy. vetrriculum Rve, 
extr. Hebe MORES 
v. vicarius Lam.ex.| 1—3 
xtextile L. . ; 13} 
tornatus Brod. . 3,— 
[ula ars eee ce 1—2 
Pv extiral 3,— 
varius L. : 1—2 
Vautieri Kien. . 3—4. 
venulatus Hw. . 1—3 
vy. nivosus Lm. 12 
verrucosus Brug 1, - 
vexillum Gm. .| 1-38 
F extr. | 4,— 
Victoriae Rve. . 8) 
virgo L. ‘ 0,50-1 
Peels extray. 2 
virgatus Rv. 3—5 
vitulinus Brug. 0,50-1 
vulpinus Brug. . 1—2 
Dibapaus. 
edentulus Phil. 3—6 
Strombus, 
alatus Gm. extra .| 2—3 
auris-Dianae L. . |0,40-60 
Ks a: extra| 1,— 
vy. melanostomus 8. 
spec. ws eo 
bubonius Lm. . .| 3—5 
bulbulus Sow. fine} 3—5 
Campbelli Gray 1-1,50 
canarium Ll. . 0,30-50 
columba Lam. 0,50-1 
costatus Gm. 5—8 
vy. inermis Sow. .| 8—10 
eylindricus Sw. 0,40-80 
vy. Mauritianus Lam. 
exthaiccus 1—2 
deformis Gray . 5 
dentatus lL, . . .| 1,— | 
v. corrugatus Ads.| 1,50 | 
v. erythraeus Chm. | 1,50 | 
vy. elegans Sow. (sp.) | 0,50-1 
vy. plicatus Lam. .| 0,50 | 
v. rugosus Sow. 1,— 
dilatatus Sow. ahesertt| 


epidromis L. 0.50-1 
fasciatus Born. . 0,30-60 
floridus Lm. . . |0,20-30 
vy. mutabilis Sw. 0,30 

v. furiformis Sow. | 1.— 

galeatus Wood . 8—10 
gallus L. . ri pl eee 
gibberulus L. . . {0,20-50 
yv.rhodostomusMoer. | 1-1,50 
gigas L fine 3,— 

gracilor Wood . 1-1,50 
granulatus Wood . | 1-1,50 
guttatus Mart. 0,50-80 
haemastomus Sow. | 1-1,50 
Japonicus Rve. 1-3 


Isabella lam’ 2 ).10-40-60 


labiosus Gray 2,00 
laciniatus Ch. 6—12 
latissimus L, . 10—15 
lentiginosus L. . 0,50-1 
lobatus Sw. extra . |0,50-1,50 
Luhuanus L. 0,30-50 
vy. laevilabris Mke. | 2,— 
maculatus Nutt. 0,60-1 
marginatus L. ety le 
minimus L, . . |0,30-50 
papilio Ch. . . 4—6 
pacificus Sw. extra | 3—4 
vy. Australis Sow 2—3 
Peruvianus Sw. 5,— 
pugilis L. . 0,50-1 
Riippelii Rv. 0,50-1 
Samar Ch. E 0,60-1 
septimus Ducl. . 2,— 
succinctus L. 0,50-1 
Swainsoni Rve. 4—6 
terebellatus Sow. . | 1-1,50 
thersites Gray . 45,— 
tricornis Lm. . 0,50-1 
i Lm. extra | 2,— 
urceus L. . |0,20-50 
vy. chrysostomus R. |0,50-80 
variabilis Sw. . |0,50-80 
vittatus L. 1~2 
y. turritus Lam. 3—5 
Pierocera. 
aurantia Lm. 1-1,50 
bryonia Gm. 3-5 
chiragra L. 1—2 
elongata Sw. 2—4 
lambis L. 0,50-1 
millepeda L. . .| 2—3 
rugosa Sow. . . = 
scorpio L. | 1-150 
violacea Sw. . . | 3—10 
Rostellaria 
curvirostris Lm. 2—3 
ex. fine — 


” 
cancellata Lam. 


Aporrhals. 
soccidentalis Beck . 
«Mac Andreae Jeffr. 
«pes-carbonis Brug. 
spes-pelicani L. . 
extra 
Gray 


” ” 
Senegalensis 
vera! . 
Struthiolaria. 


Australis Gm. . 
pes-struthio-cameli. 
Chm. 

scutulata Martyn 

seutulata Mart. 

vermis Mart. 

vy. crenulata Lam. 
Terebellum. 


subulatum Lm. fine 


Cypraea. 
albuginosa Mawe 
angustata Gm. . 
annulus L. 

Wo (OWE, 7% 
Arabica L. 
Arabicula Lm. . 
arenosa Gray 
Ameusiil i820, 
asellus L. 
Beckei Gask, 
camelopardalis Per. 
Capensis Gray . 
caput-serpentis L. 
carneola L. 
caurica L. 
cernica Sow. 
cervinetta Kien. 
cervus L. 
cinerea Gm, 
clandestina L. 
Comptoni Gray . 
clibaria L. 
eruenta Gm. , 
v. variolaria Lam. 
Cumingii Gray . 
cylindrica Born 
diliculum Rve. . 
edentula Sow. 
erosa L, 
errones L, ‘ 
esontropia Ducl. 
exanthema L. 
felina Gm. : 
v. fabula Kien. 
fimbriata Gm. 
flaveola L, 
fusco dentata Gray 
- gangrenosa Dill. 
y. Reentzi Dkr, (sp.) 


14 


Mk. cs 
5—8 | Goodall Gray . 0,50-1 
8,00 | helvola L. . . |0,10-20 
g—3 || hirundo L. . |0,10-30 
0,30-1} bistrio Gm, . | 0,50-1 
2,— || wrorata Soland . . |0,50-60 
| Isabella L. . |0,10-40 
10,00 || Lamarck Gray. |0,40-80 
Listeri Gray .| 2-3 
slurida L. . 0,30-1 
1,50-2 lueta Gronov 2—3 
| lynx L. 3 0,10-40 
2—3 margarita Sol. 2,— | 
2—3 | Mauritiana L. . . | 0,50-1 
1—3 microdon Gray . . |0,30-50/ 
2—3 | miliaris Gm... |0,40-80] 
5,— | moneta L. 0, 10-20 
v. icterina Lm. _ . |(),20-30) 
1—3 || mus L. . . 10,40-60 
y. bicornis Sow. .| 1,50 
neglecta Lm. . |0,80-50 
2-3 | nigropunctata Gray | 10,— 
1,50-3)} obvelata Lm. 0,20-50 
0,10-30)} ocellata Lm. 0,20-30 
0,50 | onyx L. . | 1-1,50 
0,20-1) v. adusta Lm. fine . 1-1,50 
0,40-50) v. succinatus L. 2,—- 
0,50-1| Oweni Sow... . .| 2— | 
1—2 || v. Menkeana Desh. | 2,— 
0,10-20) pallida Gray . 5—8 
3,— | pantherina Soland . |0,30-80 
2—3 |xphysis Broch. extra |15—20 
4—6 || picta Gray yi il 
0,20-30) piperita Sol. . 2— 
0,20-1| poraria L. 0,20-30) 
0,20-50) punctata L. . 0,40-80 
1—2 | y.stercus-muscarum | 
0,50-1! Wem 5° 1— | 
1—4 | punctulata Gray. |0,30-50 
1—2 |xpyrum Gm. 5 0,50-1 | 
0,10-20) pyuiiorms Gray 
1—2 | v. Smithi Sow. joe | 
0,50-1 ruaduiboaeulatiGnee 1—2 
0,30-60) reticulata Martyn . | 0,30-1 
1-1,50) sanguinolenta Gm, | 1—2 
1—2 | seurra, Ch... . |0,50-1,50 
i1—2 || Sowerbyi Kien, . 1255 
0,30-50| spadicea Sws. . |10—15 
. | 1—2 |xspurea L. . . |0,80-50 
. |0,10-30)| stercoraria L. . |0,50-1,50 | 
_ |0,10-30 e L. extr. | 2—3 
1—2 | stolida L. 1—2 
. | 0,50-1|} subeylindrica Sow. | 1—2 
; 0,30- 60|| subviridis Rv. 3,— 
Ih sulcidentata Gray . | 20—30) 
0,20-30| tabescens Soland. . | 0,50-1 | 
2—3 | talpa L. extr. 0,50-1,50 
10— 20] teres Gmel. 1,- 
. |0,20-40]] testudinaria L. . 1,50-3 
10,— || Thersites Gray extr. | 12,— 


triticea Lam. 


Mk, 
tigris L. extra . 0,30-1 
turdus Lm. . |0,20-40 
umbilicata Sow. 
extra. . -| 15,— 
ventriculus Lm. . |0,60-1,20 
vitellus L. , . |0,20-50 
ziczac Lines . |0,30-50 
Trivia. 
Adamsoni Gray 3,— 
annulata Gray . | 0,60-1 
Australis Lam... |0,50-80 
Californica Gray 1—2 
| Childreni Gray . .| 0,50-1 
_ cicercula L. . . |0,20-40 
costata Gm. .| 3-5 
+«Europaea Mtg. - |0,10-30 
grando Gask. 1— 
globula L. 0,50 
insecta Mighls. . 0,50 
Madagascariens Gm. | 3—5 
nucleus L. 0,30-60 
| vy. cerea L. — 
-oniscus Lm.. . 2—3 
oryza Lm. 0,20-30 
ovula Lm. 1—2 
| pacifica Gray 1-1,50 
| pediculus L, . 0,20-30 
«pulex Soland. 0,20-30 
pustulata Lm. . | 0,50-1 
quadripunctataGray |0,20-30 
_radians Lm.. . .|0,50-80 
| rubinicolor Gask, .| 1--2 
| sanguinea Gray. . |0,30-50 
Solandri Gray . |0,40-50 
staphylaea L. . |0,10-30 
| v. limacina Lm. . |0,10-30 
| subrostrata Gray — 
| suffusa Gray . |0,20-30 
| tricornis Rob. .| 2-38 
Ovula. 
Adriatica Sow. fine} 1,— 
bullata Ads et Rve.| 1,50 
carnea Poiret . ./|0,20-30 
concinna Ad. et Rve. |0,60-80 
lactea Lm. - | 1-1,50 
ovum Le. 2). 05058 
tortilis Martyn . .| 3—5 
Calpurnus. 
verrucosus L. 0,50 
Cyphoma. 
| gibbosa L. 0,20-30 
| Birostra. 
acicularis Lam. . 3,— 
| volva L. 1,50-3 
| Simnia, 
spelta L. . 1-1,50 


Pedicularia. 
elegantissima Desh. 
Pacifica Pse. , 
sicula Sow. . . . 


Cancellaria. 


albida Hinds 
Angasi Crosse 
articularis Sow. 
asperella Lam. . 
Bocageana Cross, . 
brevis Sow. . 
buccinoides Sow. 
bullata Sow. : 
cancellata L. extr. 
v. senegalensis 

vy. Maltz. extr, 
cassidiformis Sow. . 

- extra fine 
chrysostoma Sow. . 
clavatula Sow. . 
costifera Sow. 
crenifera Sow. . 
eburnaeformis Rve. 
elegans Sow. . ,. 
excavata Sow. : 
Forestieri Montrz. 
foveolata Sow. . 
goniostoma Sow. 
granosa Sow. . 
haemastoma Sow. . 
identata Sow. 
v. affinis Rve. . 
Lamberti Souw. 
lamellosa Hinds 
littorinaeformisSow. 
mitraeformis 

Brocchi fossil 

nodulifera Sow. , 


f, gigantea ext. 
obesa Sow. 
obliquata Lm. 
oblonga Sow. 

ovata Sow. ext. 


piscatoria Gm. . . 
pulchra Sw. ext. fine 
reticulata L. ext. 
rigida Sow. 

rugosa Lam. 
scalata Sow. . : 
scalariformis L. . 
scalarina Lam. . 
semidisjuncta Lam. 
similis Sow. . 
solida Sow. . . . 
Spengleriana Desh. 
v. tritonis Sow. . 
spirata Lam . 
Sowerbyi Crosse 
tesselata Sow. 


1—2 
1-1,50 
3; 
2—3 
2—3 
3—5) 
3—5) 
2 
3—5 | 
1—3 
6—8 
1—2 
3—5 
B= 
10,— 
3—) 
8,— | 
eee 
2—3 | 
3—5 
3—4 
15—20 | 
= 
6—8 
3=5 | 
4—6 | 
a5 a 
3,— 
| 
4—6 
3-4 
3—5 
1,50 
5—10 
oa 
3—5 
2—3 
i= 
5—10 | 
1—8 | 
20,— | 
2—5 
2—5 | 
1-3 | 
1—2 
15,— 
6—10) 
Ss | 
1—3 
6,— 
4 
Bice 
8—i0 
15,— 
Al 


15 


Mk, 
Thomasiana Cr. fin. |10—15 
| tuberculosa Sow.ex. |10—15 | 
| undulata Sow. 2—3 | 
urceolata Hinds fine | 3—5 | 
Verreauxi Kien. ,, | 15,— | 
#viridula Fab. 0,50-1 | 
#v. elongata Leche .| 2,— | 
xv. laevior leche 1-1,50 
Trichotropis. 
borealis Brod, et S | 1—2 | 
‘xv. acuminata Jeffr.| 1,50 | 
*insigois Middf. . i 
#cancellata Hinds 2,— 
«St. Johnensis Verkr. | 3,— | 
Cerithium. i 
atratum Born . |0,20-40) 
caeruleum Sow.  . |0,20-40) 
caudatum Sow. . 1,50 | 
columna Wood . 0,40-50 
Erythraeense Lm. . |0,40-80 
ferrugineum Say 1,— | 
v. versicolor Ads. .| 1,— 
«MediterraneumDsh. |0,20-30) 
morus Lm. . |0,30-40)) 
| v. variegatum Quoy |0,30-40) 
| nodulosum Brug. . | 0,60-1 | 
rubus Mart. . | 1— | 
Schroeteri Mérch. .| 1-2 
septemstriatum Say | 1,— 
tuberculatum L.ext. | 1,— 
‘zvulgatum Brug. 0, 20-50 
Vertagus. 
aluco L. 0,40-60 
asper L. . . . .|0,80-40 
y. lineatus Lm... |0,40-5t' 
| fasciatus Brug. . 0,40-80 
v. procerum Kien. |0,40-80 
|| v. Martianus Pfr. . | 1,— 
| Obeliscus Brug. . . |0,30-50 
| Pharus Hinds . 0,50-1 | 
| pulcher A. Ad... |0,50-60, 
| Sowerbyi Kien. . 2,90 | 
| vertagus L. . 0,30-40 | 
vulgaris Schm. . 0,50 | 
v. taeniatus Quoy . | 1,50 | 
Bittium. | 
| filosum Gould 030-50) 
«reticulatum Cost. . |0,10-20) 
I Triphoris. | 
Bermudae Sow. 1— | 
perversus L. . |0,20-40) 
Lampania. | 
Cumingi Crosse 1— 
multiformis Lschk |0,30-56 
zoaalis Brug. . .| 0,50 
v. aterrima Dkr. 1— i 


Potamides. Mk, 
| ebenius Brug. 0,60-1 
pacificus Sow. 1—2 
Tympanotonos. 
| fluviatilis Pot. et M. | 0,60-1 
v. microptera Kien. | 0,60-1 
fuscatus L. . |0,40-80 
| v. radula Ib. . . |(0,40-60 
| Oweni Fér. . | 0,50-1 
Pyrazus. 
palustris L. . . .| 1-1,50 
| semisulcatus Bolt. . |0,60-80 
'suleatus Brug. . .|0,30-50 
_v. Molluccanus Gm, | 1,— 
Telescopium. 
fuscum Schmch. 1—2 
Cerithidea. 
| decollata L. . 0,30-50 
| ijostoma Pfr.. . .| 0,50 
| Mazatlanica Charp.} 1,— 
| obtusa Wood 0,30-60 
_ vy. Kieneri 
Homb. et J. | 1-1,50 
rhizoporarum Ads. | 0,60-1 
sacrata Gould 0.50 
v. albonodosa Carp. | 0,80 
v. fuscatum Gould.| 1,50 
scalariformis Say .| 1,— 
Paludomus. 
Chilinoides Rv... |0,30-50 
Gardneri Rve . |0,30-50 
loricatus Rv. . .,|0,60-1 
phasianinus Rye. . 0,20-50 
stephanus Bens. .| 1,— 
Tennanti Rve. 0,50 
Leptoxis. 
praerosa Say . |0,10-20 
| rubiginosa Lea. . |0,20-30 
subglobosa Say . 0,30 
v. globula Lea . 0,30 
tintinnabulum Lea |0,20-30 
Jo. 
spinosa Lea . 1,— 
Melania, 
acanthica Brod. 1-1,50 
amarula L 0,40-60 
Amurensis Gerstf. .|0,40-60 
anthracina v. d. B, | 1—2 
arachnoidea Anth. . |0,20-30 
arthuri Brot. 0,80-1 
Vv. minor . . | 0,50 
asperata Lam. . |0,50-1,50 
aspirans Hinds — . |0,60-1 
v. macrospira Morl. | 1,— 
' atoerina Lea . . 0,20-30 
aurita Mull. , . \0,40-50 


By) Fed vt 


Mk. Mk. Risella. Mk. 
auroraniana Hartm. | 2—3 || variabilisv.d.Busch | 2,— || Isselli Semp. . .| 0,50 
canaliculata Say . |0,30-40) villosa Phil. 1-1,50 Lacuna. 
castanea Lea . . |0,10-20) Virginica Gm, .| 0,20 |.divaricata Fabr,  . |0,20-30 
pete es sews ae v. He ceca Say nes xv. bifaseiata Brown, | 0,50 
actylus Lea . ./|0,50-1 |) virginica Say — ‘ auavin 
depygis Say . . |O,10-20)) Winteri vy. d. B. 1,— ne : 
elegans Bens. . . 0,30-50 pincnae l ae Besa . 0,80-1,50 
mUSCanG Moles eh le — anaxis. 
eredleri Btte. ae ee 0,30-50] ater = il R 1j— nucleus Lm. . . |0,20-80 
See onan caals 0,50 Vv. perdeco ata ve. La Ne semisulcatus Sow. (),50 
Hanleyi Brot. . |0,50-80 v. terebralis Lam. | 2,— || pedicularis Lam. .| 0,50 
yv. cancellata Bens. | 1,— #bussinoides Oliv. . |0,10-20) pianicostatatus Sow. |0,30-50 
tHollandri Far... .,|0,10-20/°208@% Ob. <7. 9/0220) sulcatus Born, ea pi)oe 
Horei E Sm. . . ie Esper Fer. . . . | 0,20 Litiopa. 
Lamberti Crosse . | 0,50 Melanapsis. | bombyx Rang . . |0,20-30 
lancea Lea . *\ 1,— || aperta, (Gassi7y =) 0000 Paludina. 
L’Argillierti Pie 0,40-80) aurantiaca Gass. . |0,50-80) Benegalensis Lam. |0,30-50 
liberfina Gld. . . |0,30-50| brevis Morl.. . .| 0,50 || zonata Hani. .| 0,50 
y. Japonica Rve. . |0,50-80) Brotiana Gass . . |0,50-80) Chinensis Gr 10.50-80 
y.tenuisulcataDesh. |0,30-50)| carinata , . . 0,30 | a leamnoidea eae pas 
lineolata Anth.. .| 1,— || fragilis - «+ «| 030 ixeontecta Mill 0,10-20 
lneaAtaw DENS op we iep nics 20- 30) frustulum Morl. .| 0,50 | y, Gammlicn Bien 030-50 
livescens Mke.. . 0, 10 || fusiformis Gass. |0,36-50) dissimilis Mull. ~ | 0,80 
aber Bia : 1-1,60 tee Souv. . ne v. obtusa Tr. . .| 0,50 
matheroni Gass, . ae || utataGasss) ah: , ¥e ari az. .|0.30-50 
mitra Meusch . .| 1,— || mariei , . . .| 0,50 | EE CT _ | 0,50 
montrouzierl Gass. 0,50 nodosa Fer. v. Jor- | Javanica v. d, B. .|0,80-50 
moreleti Rve. (maj.) | 1—50)/ — danica Roth. .| 1,— | intertexta Say_. .|0,30-50 
anes Ute re 50 one Gass... ae | melanostoma Bens. | 0,30 
grita Morl, . .| 1,— | Rossiteri , . -| 0,90 | praerosa Gerstf. .| L— 
See wee on eRe Littorina, | stelmaphora Bourg. 0,20 
Le aero ; 0.50 | angulata Lam. . . 0,50 unicolor Oliv. Seaoss0 
Bae Pha "| 9$0-1 | catinata D’Orb. . . |0,10-20 Melantho. 
fete Si deel GRO carinifera Mke . .| 0,50 || decisa Say . . .| 0,380 
Stee Rants . ee || v. pyramidalis Desh. | 0,50 || v. crassa Say . . 0,50 
Sree EaSdGh, allie granularis Gray. .| 0,30 || v. integra Say . . 0,50 
ee Pa Teague i 0.30 intermedia Phil. .| 0,20 || v. ponderosa Say . |0,30-50 
P Haid ira | y. strigata Phil. .| 0,30 | Georgiana Lea . .| 1,— 


pyramis Bens, . . | 0,20 | 3 
aaeeicaml GAs 0,50 xlitorea L.. . . |0, 10-20) Pyrguia. 


seabra Mull... 0,30 Mauritiana Lam. 0,20-30} vevadensis Stearns. | 0,30 


2 melanostoma Gray |0,20-40 
oa yp.) mae jwneritoides L. . . | 0,10 Neothauma. 
setosa Sow. . _ . 10,40-60)) Basteroti_ Payr. 0.50 | PAnEaD Ee l ut 
28 eer gas Tue Philippiana Rve. .| 0,50 | Sm. c.operculum Bh 
Stinifors Aas. | O60. | Seana Dew. 1020-40), SN AT ai eae 
spinulosa Taeem |oso=5oll tenuis Phil... 1— | Macrocheilus, 
: salle | scutulata Gould. . |0,20-30] misellus Gredl.. . | 1,— 


subspinulosa Brot, | 0,50 


Aa, undulata Gray . . |0,20-30 Bithynia. 

Pinas vd. B. 0,80-40| zebra Wood. . . |0,20-30 Leachi ee eraeca 
y. elongasta Mouss. |0,40-60 Tectarius. Westl, : |. .| 0,30 
v. lutea Mouss. ° 1,— | bicolor Lam. . .| 2—3 | levis Mor], .9(0stae. 0,50 
«tuberculata Mill. .| 0,10 | previeulus Phil ).5 longicornis Bens. .| 0,50 
‘ f _breviculus Phil, . > 0,00 : = 02 
y. punctulata Grat. |0,30-50) muricatus L. . . |0,10-20, marginata Ch. . .| 0 
v. Cochinchinensis | _ pagodus L. . . .|0,50-1 | monilirata Morl. . 0,50 
Mouss. . . .|0,50-1]| ‘xproxima Frauf. . .| 0,0 
v. tigrina Hutt.  .|1— || Modulus. | striatula Bens... 0,50 


tuberculosa Rang . | 1,50 | lenticularis Ch. 0,30-40|stentaculata L. . .| 0,10 
yariabilis Bens. .| 1—2 || unidens Ch.. . . |0,20-40) Troscheli Mich. .| 0,10 


Stenothyra. 
cingulata Bens, 
divalis Gld. . 

Lithoglyphus, 
modestus Gredl. 

snaticoides Fer, . 


#v. danubialis Kim. 
Fuchsianus y. Moell. 


Spekia. 
zonata Wood. , 
Bythinella. 
epirotica Bttg. . 
Rissoina. 
#bruguierl Payr. 
Rissoa. 
xalgeriana Montr, 
xarenaria Middf, 
xauriscalpium L, 
#cahatus Forb. 
#Ccarinata Cost. 
xcarbiaea D’Orb . 
xcostata Desm., 
xcostulata Ald. 
*dohum Nyst 
+Guerini Reclz. . 
#v. decorata Phil. 
«Jeffreysi Walk . 


#inconspicua Ad. , 


xlabiosa Mtg. . 
xlineolata Mich. , 
+membranacea Ads. 
«monodonta Biy, 
xparva da Costa 


#V. interrupta Johnst. 


sradiata Phl. . 


xreticulata Mtg. . , 


#rudis Phil, 
srufilabris Leach 
«Vv. lilacina Reclz 
asaxatilis Moell. 
similis Scach 
#v. laevis Wats. 
Eos] 9 EZ ie: as U6 kop 


*subcostulata Schw. 


#valriabilis Muhlf. 


#V. Splendida EKichw. 
#ventricosa Desm. . 


*«venusta Phil. , 
Cingula. 
«cancellata Cost. 
*cingillus Mtg. 
xdictyophora Phil. 
+fulgida A. Ad. 
#lanziae Cale. 
*minuta Tott. 
*Montagui Payr. 
#semistriata Mtg, 


0,30 


. |0,10-20) 


0,20 
0,50 


- 0;10-20) Noellendorffi Bite.| 0,50 


0,50 
0,50 
0,50 
0,30 
0,20 
0,50 
0,50 
0,50 
0,50 


0,10-20] 


0,20 
0,50 
0,20 
0,20 


Mk. 
#Striata Mtg. . 0,20 
*violacea Desm. . 1,— 


«Vv. rufilabris Leach | 1,— 
Aivania. 


#calathus F. et H. .|0,20-30 
xcimex da Costa 0,30 
*v. fasciata Phil. 0,50 


*«v. granulata Phil. .| 0,50 
«crenulata Mich, 0,10 
*punctura Mtg. -| 0,30 
«reticulata Mtg. 0,10 
Assiminia, 

| brevicula Pfr. 0,50 | 
v. flayida Pfr. . 0,50 | 
| Francesii Gray . 0,20. | 
*«Grayana Leach 0,20 

| Japonica vy, Mart. .| 0,20 
lutea Ads. . . 0,30 


violacea Heude. 0,50 | 
Valvata. 
| tolosana 8. Sim. 0,50 
Ampullaria. 
ampullacea L, . 0,50- 2) 
| Australis D’Orb. 1—3 | 
canaliculata Lam. 2,— 
carinata Sw. 2— | 
Columbiensis Miill. 1,50 
crassa Sw. 0,40-60 
crostoma Phil. . 1,50 
Cumingi King, . 2— 
decussata Moric. 0,50 
depressa Say 1,-— | 
v. Hopetonensis Lea} 1—2 | 
effusa Mill. . 2—3 | 
encaustica Rve. .| 3,— | 
figulina Spix . .{1,— | 
flagellata Say 0,50-1) 
glauca L. 0,50-1, 
geveanensis Desh. 12) | 
v. fasciata Desh. 2,— || 
gigas Spix. 3,— || 
globosa Sw... . .|0,50-1,50} 
insularum D’Orb. i—3 | 
Kordofana Parr, 2,50 || 
| Layardi Rve. c. op.}| 1,50 | 
luteostoma Sw. 2—3 | 
Malabarica Phil. .| 1-1,50) 
'neritoides D’Orb, | 
(grande) . . .| 5—10) 
nobilis Rye: 7), | 3) 
orvinocoensis Ziegl.| 2—3 | 
nigrilabris Phil. 1,50 | 
paludinoides Crist.| 1-1,50) 
pomum Phil. 2—3 | 
reflexa Sw. . .| 1-2 
scutata Mouss.. .| 1—2 


speciosa Phil. 
Sumatrensis 
C. Ops = 
Tamsiana Phil, 
turbinis Lea. 


v. subglobosa oe 


vitrea Born. c.op. . 
Lanistes. 


Bolteniana Ch. . , 


carinata Oliv. 
Lybica Morl. 
purpurea Jon, 


Marisa. 
cornu-arietis L. 

Turritella. 
attenuata Rv. 
baccillum Kien. 
Banksi Gray. . 
bicingulata Lm. 
carinifera Lm. . 
cingulata Sow. . 
cingulifera Sow, 
columnaris Kien. 


| «communis Risso 


xv. Divea Sow. 

«Vv. ungulina S. , 
cochlea Rve. , 
crocea Kien. 
Cumingi Rve. 
duplcata L. fine 
v. replicata L. . 
goniostoma Val, 
terebra L. fine . 


_striplicata Broch. 


Mesalia. 
brevialis Lm. ¢. op. 


Thylacodes. 
longifilus Morch 
polyphragma Sassi 
Novae Holland, Rve. 

Siliquaria. 
Bernardi Morch 
trochlearis Mérch 

fine 
Onustus. 
exustus Rve. 
solaris L.. 


Xenophora. 
conchyhophora Brn, 
corrugata Rve. . 
pallidula Rv. . 
sinensis Phil, . 


Calyptraea, 


SCQUCstrisn em. 
tectum-sinense Ch, 
cicatricosa Ry. . . 


Phil. 


Crucibulum. 
cinereum Rv. 


corrugatum Carp. . 
imbricatum Brod. . 


lividum Rve. 

morbidum Ry. . 
pallidula Rv. 

papyracea Ads. . 
rugosum Desh. . 
scutellum Gray 
spinosum Sow. . 
tubiferum Less. 
umbrella Desh. . 


Trochita. 
mamillaris Brod 
radians Dsh. . 

x9inensis L, 
spirata Forb. 

Galerus 
maculatus Quoy 

Crepiduia. 
aculeuta Gm, 
adspersa Dkr. 
bilobata Gray 
Capensis Quoy . 
dilatata Lm. . 


+ 


1-1,50 | 


. |0,50-1 50, 


e 


vy. nautiloides Less. 


echinus Brod. 

excavata Brod. . 
explanata Brod. 
grandis v. Midd. 


* 


(species) 


glauca Say .. 
hepatica Desh. . 
v. complanata Krss. 
incurva Brod. 
lirata Rve. 
monocycla Less, 


Navicelloides Nutt. 


Peruviana Lm. . 


* 


plana Ads. et Rve. 
v. Walshi Herm. . 


Proteus D’Orb. . 
rugosa Nutt. 


unguiformis Lam. . 


Pileopsis. 
*«Hungaricus Lm. 
lamellosus Ch. . 
subrufus Lm. 


Hipponix. 
antiquatus L. . 
Australis Dsh. . 
barbata Sow. 


Narica. 
acuta Reelz. . 


Neritopsis. 
Tadwlay lie. 6 


. |0,30-50) 
. |0,50-1,50) 


0,50 
ok 


. |0,50-1 ,50 


. |0,50-1,50) 
. |0,30-50 
. 0,20-50) 


|| V. 


Nerita. Mk. 
albicilla L. . |0,20-30, 
vy. nigro-alba-bifas- 

ciata | 0,50 | 
y. rubro maculata .| 0,50 | 
annulata Rve. 1 — 
Antillarum Gm. . |0,20-30 
| atrata Ch. 0,30 
| bisecta Rve. . 0,50 | 
chamaeleon L. . . |0,30-50 
| chrysostoma Relz. . |0,30-50 
| costata Ch, ; 0,50 
Deshayesi Rel. . 1—2 
exuvia LL. . 72 |0)30-60 
funiculata Rv. 0,50 
histrio L. . 0,30-50 
| Leguilleana Recl. 

c. op.| 1l— | 
lineata Ch. . |0,30-50 
v. costis-albo-macul. | 1,— 

v. pallide-fasciata .| 1,— 
Mauritiae Recl. . 1,— 
ornata Sow. . 0,50-80 
| v. ovata Sow. La) | 
oleacina Rve. 1— | 
| peloronta L. . 0,30-50 
| pica Gould 0,50 
planospira Ant. —. |0,80-60 
plexa Ch. 0,60-1 
plicata L. : 0,30 
v. nigro-bifasciata .| 0,50 
| vy. nigro-maculata .| 0,50 
rubro-trifasciata | 0,50 
polta L. . . |0,30-50 
pr aecognita C. B.Ad. 0,20-30 
quadricolor Gm. 030-50 
Rumphi Relz. 0,30-50 
Senegalensis Gm, .| 0,30 
signata Lm. . . ./0,30-50, 
squamulata Leguill. |0,20-50 
tesselata Gm. . |0,20-30 
undata L. . |0,30-50 
versicolor Lm. . . |0,20-50) 
Yoldii Reelz. . |0,30-50) 

Neritina. ] 
aquatilis Rve. . |0,30-50 | 
auriculata Li. . 0,20-40 | 
brevispina Lm... |0,30-40, 
v. mutica Mrts. 0,50 | 
Brugieri Reel. 0,50 | 
caffra Gray . |0, 20- 50 
eanalis Sow. . 0,50 | 

| chimnoi Rve. : 122 | 
communis Quoy_ . |0,20- 50 
cornea L. . |0,30- -50 
cornuta Rye. 1—2 | 
corona, Waseiars 0,50 | 
crepidularia Lm, . |0,30-50 
cryptospira Mouss, | 0,50 | 


Mk. 
Cumingiana Reclz. |\0,20-40 
| dilatata Brod. . ||0,30-50 
| dubia Chm. . |/0,30-50 
| fluviatilis L. 0,10 
| vy. thermalis Boubl 0,10 
frondosa Mouss. | 0,50 
gagates Lam. 0,50 
granosa Sow. . |0.50-1,50 
| Layardi Rve. | 0,50 
lattissima Brod.  . |0,50-80 
Listeri Pfr. (Hayti) || 0,50 
longispina Reclz. 0,50-1 
Madecassina Morl. . || 0,50 
meleagris Lm. 0,10-20 
Mertoniana Relz. 0,10- 20 
nouletiana Gass. 0,30 
nucleola Morl. typ. |'0,20-30 
y. plicata Morl. 0,50 
vy. spinosa Sow. 0,30 
v. xanthocheila Morl | 0,50 
Philippinarum 8w. . || 0,50-1 
| picta Sow. 0,20-30 
piperina Ch.. . 0,50 
| Pritehardi Dhrn. 0,30-50 
| pulechra Sow. . . 1] 1,— 
pulligera L. . . |10,30-50 
pulligiroides Reel, . || 0,50 
| pupa L. 0,10 
Vv. aminor li.) oe 0,10 
retropicta Mrts. 0, 20-50 
Roissyana Reclz. 0,50 
|| Sandwichensis Dsh., || 0,50 
| Sowerbyana Recl. . |0,30-50 
| squamaepicta , | 0,50 
5()| Subpunctata _,, 0,30-50 
| sumatrensis Soul. . |) 0,50 
| tristis Orb. 0,20-30 
Turtonis Reelz. . 0,50 
Ualanensis Lass. 0,50 
variegata Less. ),30-50 
virginea L. . U0, 10-20 
viridis Te.) 0, 10-20 
zebra Lm. 0,30-50 
Naviceila. 
Borbonica Bory 0,50-1 
Bougainvillei Reelz. || 0,50 
orbicularis Sow. 0,50-1 
porcellana L. 0,50 
tesselata L. . 1,— 
Phasianella. 
| Australis Gm. 1-3 
Capensis Dkr. , 0,20-30 
elongata Krss. 0,30-50 
Graeffei Dkr. 0,50-80 
Kochii Phl. . 0,20-30 
marmorata Duf. 0,50-80 
pygmaea Ph. . .|| 0,20 
rubens Lam, 0,50-1 


Mk, 
tenuis Mich. . . 10,20-30 
v. intermedia Sc. . | 0,30 
tessellata C. B. Ad. | 0,20 
variegata Lam... |0,30-50 
zebra Gray . . .» | 1,— 
Turbo, 
argyrostomus L. 0,50-1 
Bs extra | 2,— 
artensis Montrz, 1- 1 50 
articulatus Rve, 0,50-1,50 
canaliculatus Gm. . oie 
eastaneus Gm. 0),40-1 
cidaris Gm. . 0,50-1,50 
concinnus Ph. 0,60-1 
cornutus Gin, 2—4 
coronatus Gm. . . | 0,50-1 
a extra | 2,— 
Coreensis Reel. c.op. | 0, 50-1 
crassus Wood 3—5 
chrysostomus L. 0,50-2 
crenulatus Gm. . 0,50-1 
fluctuatus Rve. . 1-2 
v. FokkesiJon.vera | 1—2 
grandineus Val. 1—2 
granulatus Gm. 0.50-1 
Hemprichi Trschl. . | 0,50-1 
Iugubris Rve, 1-1,50 
marmoratus L. . —2 
» extr.gr.c.op | 5,— 
modestus Phil. . 1,— 
natalensis Krss, 1-1,50 
niger Gray 5 0,50-1 
petholatus L.  , 1—2 
poreatus Rve. 0,50-1,50 
porphyrites Martyn 0,60-1 
vy. versicolor Gm. . /|0,50-1,50 
princeps Phil. 5 
pulcher Rve. 1—3 
punctulatus Mart. . | 1—2 
Quoyi Kien. . 0,50 
radiatus Gmel. . 1—2 
Sarmaticus L. 1—3 
saxosus Wood. , 0,50-1 
setosus Gm. 1—3 
smaragdus Gm. . 0,40-1 
sparverius Gm... ,| 1—3 
SpenglerianusGm,ex | 3-6 
Spinosus Gm. 0,50-1 
tesselatus Kien. 1—3 
Ticaonicus Rve. 0,50-1 
torquatus Gm. 1—3 
undulatus Ch. . ,0,50-1, 50 
Callonia. 
xSanguinea L. . . ,0,20-30 
Astralium. 
aculeatum Gm. . 1-1,50 
auripigmentum Jon. | 1,— 


Mk. Mk. 

brevispinum Lam..| 1—2 | formosa Rve. . .| 3—5 
ealear L. . 0,80-1 || lacinlata Lm. .| 1—2 
columellare Phil. 1—2 Livonia. 
confragosum Gld. .| 1—2 | _.. ; 
costulatum Lam. .| 0,50-2 pica L. 0,50-2 
heliacum Phil. ext. | 3-5 Trochus. 
latispinum Phil. 1-2 | acutangulus . . 2—3 
longispinum Lm, ,| 2—4 | maximus Koch. 1-3 
papillatum Pot. i= 4 | . extr. | 3—5 
planum Gm. . 0,40-1 | Niloticus L. . .| 1—2 
rotularium Lam. 2—8 | a extr. | 3,— 
spinulosum Lam. .| 1—3 | Cardinaiia. 
stellatum Chm. 2—3 | virgata Gm. . 1-22 

Uvanilla. | Pyramidea. 
Buschi Ph. 0,50-1 | caerulescens Lm. .| 2—3 
o'ivacea Wodd. 1—2 || gentata Forsk. 14 
tentoriformis Jon, .| 1—2 || fonostrata Gm. . 0,50-1 
unguis Wood 1—2 || Mauritiana Gm. .| 1,— 

Pachypoma. | nodulifera Lam. . 1—3 
Americanum Gm, 1,— || Pyramis Born. .  . |0,50-1,50 
caelatum Ch. 0,50-2 Polydonta, 
dle Da extra | 3,— || calcarata Souv. . 1-1,50 
Cooki Chm. , 3,— || crenifera Phil. 129 
Cubanum Paul, 0,50-1,50| concinna Ph. (ies 
Japonicum Dir. .|10—20 | Rrythraea Broch, 0,50-1 
imbricatum Gm. 1—3 | fammulata Lam. .| 1—3 
modestum Rve. .| 2—4 | gibberula Ads. . 1-1,50 
plicatulus Phil. . 1,— || granosa Lm. 0,50-1 
rhodostomum Lam.| 1—2 | incarnata Fisch. 1-1,50 

srugosum L. . 0,50-1 | Jonasi Phil. . eons 
tuber L, 0,50-1 | maculata L. . .  . |0,50-1,50 
extra 2,— | radiata Gml. . .|0,40-1.. 
undosum Wood ext.| 2—5 | sacellum Phil. 1-1,50 
Liotia, | squarrosa Lm. , 1-1,50 
Hermanni Dkr. . 0,50-1 tubifera ee ua 
Cyclostrema, | Oita WOks 5 e oa 
#Cutleriana Clark  . |0,20-40 auancuus: 
Adeorbis carinatus Ads. 1,— 
; é xcoralinus Gm... !0,20-40 
#subcarinata Mtg. . |0,20-30) y, aul gv Phil. | 0,50 
Malleria. «xcruciatus L, 0,10-20 
scostulata Moll, . .|0,30-50) Dunkeri Cox. . .| 0,50 
Rotella | Guineensis Gm, ,| 2,— 

: ; ‘wJussieui Payr, 0, 10-20 
conica Ads et Rve.| 1,— || jimbatus Gray . fee 
costata Val. . 0.50-80) maxillatus Mke. fe 
gigantea Less. ext.| 1—2 | nodiliratus Ads. ie 
monilifera Lm. . 0,50 || obscurus Dkr. ee 
superba Gould. . 0,50 | Pharaonis L. 0,40-60 
suturalis Lm. 0,50-1 | puniceus Ph. 0,40-50 
vestiaria L. . . 0,30 | spadiceus Phil. . 1,50 
y. lineolata Lam. .| 0,50 — stigmatarius A. Ad. |0,60-80 
v. elegans Bk, 0,30 Thomasi Crosse — 
v. rosea Lm. 0,50 unedo A. Ad. 0,50 
Zejandica Hombr. . |0,30-50) yrbanus Gm. 1-1,50 

Delphinula. Monodonta. 
atrata Ch. 1—2 |xarticulata Lm. 0,30-50 


Mk, Bankivia, Mk. | Mk. 
Australis Lm. . . |0,50-80) varians Bk. . . ./|0,20-40)/#varia L. . . . . |0,20-30 
canalifera Lam. .| 1,— || v. fasciata Bk. . .|0,30-50j#villica Ph, . . . |0,20-30 


carinifera Beck. .|1-1,50) v. fulminata Bk. . |0,30-50 Trochiscus. 


xcrassa Mtg. . . .|0,20-30! v. mitida A, Ad. . |0,30-50 raga 
ise Cae 0/30-60| Teschoecehtees y Norrisi Aas Ga O95 || S's 
neritoides Phil, 0,30-50, : Margarita, 
punotnlata, Lm, :]o,0.50, Stbops Gm. (02040) eatoata Gould «| Me 

seatonia Boe POH Souttica im lodbsoreeeer eet 

Sees | multicarinata Lm. . |0,30-50\"-.. Pe ih, oy 
Euchelus. | pellis-serpentis Wd. | 1-1,50 ee ae al Weer 
atratus Gm.. . . |0,40-50) striolata Quoy . .| 1,— le qh ee mie vos 
baccatus Mke. . . |0,40-50| Tamsi Dkr. . . .|0,30-60 eae caw Bee O50 
g of 1 DN || hr: : . ’ 
tricarinatus Lam. . | 1-1,50 | zebra Wood. . .|0,50-1 obseunan Coutht lumaltaeaner 
Diloma. Oxystele. pupilla Gld.. . . |0,30-50 
morio Trosch, . .| 0,50 | impervia Mke. . .|0,30-5Oljxstriata Leach. . .| 1,— 
nigerrima Ch. . .| 0,50 | indecora Phil. . .| 1,—  |#umbilicalis Br. et S. |0,50-1,50 
tenera Trschl. . . |0,30-40) merula Cb. . . .|0,50-1 |sundulata Sow. . |0,50-80 
Thalotia. | ae KnSSo aa Cilia eae eee : oe 
coniea Gray... . \0,20-30/ 1@™Si Dkr. + - .| 1,— |eviolacea King 17 | a 
elongata Wood . .|0,50-1/ Chlorostoma. Stomatella, 

_monilifer Ads. . . |0,30- 50) argyrostomum Gm, | 0,40-1 Baconi Ads,. . .| 1—2 
pulcherrima Wood (ie | ater Less. . . .|0,40-1 || imbricata Lm. ._ . |0,80-1,50 
purpurata Mart. .| 1,— | brunneum Phil. 1,- Mariei Crosse . .| 1—2 

Zizyphinus. | Carpenteri Dkr. .| 0,50 | picta D’Orb, def. . | 0,50 
annulatus Martyn. sel funebrale A. Ad. . |0,40-60) Stomatia. 


10 : ¢ 
’ | luctuosum Orb, .|0 | phymotis Helb. 0) ier 


1 
Pan 60-1 

aS es 8 | rusticum Gm. 0,30-50) Gena. 

Parte peta aed "10,2 50) Pfeifferi Phil. . .{0,50-80 planulata bi. . . | 0,60-1 
*V. zizyphinusl. eeen 1— Omphalius. Haliotis. 
*v.granuloidesL. ,, | 0,50-1 | carneolus Lm. . .|0,40-60) alternata Sow. . ./} 1,50 

costatus Crptr.. .|0,80-1 || excavatus Lm. . .|0,20-40] astricta Rve. . .| 2,50 

Cuninghami Gray .| 3—5 | rubroflammulatus bistriata Gm. fine . | 2—3 
xdubius Phil. . 20-50, Koch| 1,— || Capensis Dkr. . .| 2—4 

80-50) scalaris Ant. . .{|0,30-50) Californiensis Dkr. | 3, 


— _jxumbilicaris L. . .|0,20-30) coccoradiata Rve. . | 1-1,50 
| viridulus Gm, . .|0,30-50 Original 
30-80) Monilea. Martini et Chem. 3,— 


eximius Rve. . 
xexiguus Pultn. . 
xgranulatus Born . 
xgualtieri Phil. . . |0,30-50) 


Ts 
= 
to 


0 
xexasperatus Pen. . |0 
0 
0 


5g corrugata Gray ext, | 10,— 
iridescens Midd. .| 1,— | ehngmeee Be aoa Groen Teeny » |0,50-1,50 
Japonicus Ads.. .| 0,50 Gibbula. decussata Phil,. .| 1,— 
jujubinus Gm. . ./|0,60-1 :Adansoni Payr. . |0,10-20) Dohrniana Dkr. 1—2 
*xLaugierl Payr. . . |0,20-40/%v. Adriatica Ph. .|0,20-30! exigua Dkr. . 1,— 
xmillegranus Ph. . |0,20-60) albida Gm. . . .|0,20-50!| funebris Rve. . . | 2—3 
ornatus Lam. . .| 0,50 | Capensis Gm. . ,./|0,30-40] gigantea Chem. 1—2 
papillosus Cost. .| 0,50 j#cicer Mke. . . .| 0,30 || v. discus Rve. . =e) 
v. granulotus Bora | 0,50 J/xcineraria L. . . .|0,10-20) v. Kamschatkana 
xStriatus L. . Arey constellata Sow. .| 0,50 Jon. sp, | 1—3 
v. depictus Desh. 0,20 | crinita Ph. . . ./0,20-50) v. tubifera Lam. . | 1—2 
scitulus Ads. . .| 1,— j|«divaricata L. . .|0,10-20) glabra Ch. oie 
splendidus Phil. .| 1—2 |sfanulum Gm. . . 0,20-50, Gruneri Phil, . . | 1-1,50 

Cantharis. *Fermoni Payr. . .|0,10-30) Japonica Rve. . ,| 2-3 
ame (Cl 12 magus Deere . |0,20-80)| Iris Gm. . . 0,50-1,50 
cya akleet eeeAwe eal ave senegalensis v.M. 0,20-30)| Mariae Gray Orig. 
Elenchus. *Richardi Payr. . .|0.20-40] Mart. et Chemn, | 8,— 
bellulus Ph.. . . |0,30-50/xtumida Mtg.. . .{|0,20-40) marmorata Gray. | 1-1,50 
irisodontes Quoy .10,30-50)xumbilicata Mtg. 0,20-30) Midae L. extra. .! 3,— 


Mk. 
nebulata Rve. 5) U0) 
planilirata Rve . .| 1—3 
pustulata Rv. . | 0,50-1 
rufescens Sw, : | 1—3 
rugoso-plicata Ch. . | 1—2 
v. Australis Gm. fine | 5,— 
sanguinea Hanl, ,50-1,50 
semistriata Rve. 1,— 
splendens Rv. 1—3 
squamnata Rve 0,50-1) 
subvirginea Dkr. a 
submarmorata Rve. | 1-1,50_ 
v. gibba Rve. 2,— | 

astriata Gm. 1— 
Tayloriana Ry. . 1—2 
xtuberculata L. 0,50 | 

ee extra fine | 1,— 
xv, lamellosa Lam. . | 0,30 1 | 
tumens Pir. . 2-30 
varia Pfr. 0,50-1) 
ziczac Rve. 1,— 
Teinotis. | 
asinina L, 0,50-1 | 
Padollus. | 
clathratus Rve. . 12) 
Dringi Rve. . af Tele) 
Emmae Gray fine .| 2-3 | 
excavatus Lm. . 1—2 
naevosus Mart. ext. | 2—3 
ovinus Ch. . , 1-1,50 
parvus L. 1,50 
pulcherrimus Mart. 1,— | 
Roei Rv, 1—2 
sanguineus Hanl, 0,50-1,50 
Fissure'la. 
adspersa Phil. 1,— 
alabastrites Rv. —, |0,20-50 
alba Phil. 1,— 
asperella Sow. . 0,50-1 
Barbadensis Gm. 0,20-30 
biradiata Fremb. 1-1,50 
calyculata Sow. 0,30-50 
Cayennensis Lam. .| 1,— 
Chilensise Sows. 4) 1-2 
costata Less, 0),50-80 
crassa Lm. 0,50-1 
crenulata Sow. . 3—5 | 
Cumingi Rve. 1,50 
Dysoni Rve. . 0,50 
Edita Rve. . 0,50-80 
elongata Phil, 1,— 
fascicularis Lam. 1,- 
galericulum Rve. 0,50-1 
xgibberula Lm. 0,20-40 
xv. minuta Cost. 0,30. | 
glaucopsis Rve. i | 
xgracea L. . . 10,30-50 


21 


= 


—s 


Mk. || Mk. 

xv. Europaea Sow. 0,30-50) Iacteum Desh. 1,— 
lata Sow. extra 3,— || longitrorsum Rye..| 1—2 
limbata Sow. . 0,50-80 Maltzani Dkr. — 
Lincolni Gray . . ee octogonum Desh. 0,80-1 
larva Rve. 1,— Philippinarum Sow. | 1,— 
Listeri Orb. . 0,30-50|| politum L. 1—2 
maxima Sow. 1—3 || v. laeve Tutt. 2,— 
minuta Sow. . l= pseudo-hexagonum 
mutabilis Sow. . 530-50 Desh, | 1,50 

«neglecta Desh. Q,50-1 || subulatum Desh. 1,— 
nigropunctata Sow. 0,50-80|xvulgaris Cost. 0,50 
nimbosa L Q,50-1 Antalis 

xnubecula L. 0,30-50 ; 
nigra Less. . .| 1,—_ |Delessertiana Chenue | 5,— 

v. violacea Erch fine Le Vernedi Ads. 12—15 
nodosa Born. . . (0,300) patelloidea. 

| orlens Sow. a, 

Peruviana Sow. 1,50 || alveus Conr. . 0,30 
picta Gmel. 2—3 || angulus Eschh. . 1% 
pustula Lm, . _| 0,50 || Araucana Orb. . . |0,30-50 
lxreticulata Donoy. . |,30-50) cassis Exchh. . . |0,30-50 
rosea Lam. . 1-1,50 | concinna Lischke . |0,30-40 
rudis Desh. . 1-1,50 || Chiloensis Rve. 1-1,50 
soutella Gray .| 1-1,50) conoidea Quoy . OO 
virescens Sow. . . |Y,30-50) diaphana Nutt... |0,30-50 
viridula Lam. _|0,30-50)) digitalis Esch. . . |0,30-50 | 
Fissurellidaea. discors Phil. . 10,30-50 
fea Tae ryan floccata Rve. - |0.30-40 
: i ioe ja fluviatilis Bldf. . . )0,30-50 
inornata Krss. ) gigantea Gray ee 
Macrochisma. Heroldi Dkr. . |0,40-50 
Tasmaniae Gray 3,— || v. conulus Dkr. . |0,40-50 
Pupillia. leucopleura Gin. 0,30-50 
ta § earl lentiginosa Rve. 0,30-50 
issue te 35 | melanosticta Gm. 0.50 
migmta Sow: Fic a mesoleuca Mke. (),30-50 
Cemoria. Mexicana Brod, 3— 
noachina L 0,50 | Miilleri Dkr. . 1,— 
Emarginula. Nuttalliana Rve. 0,30-50 
conoidea Sow Je |e 2 ela 
Ta ae BIvIl 1— || paradisiaca d’ Orb. 0,30 
ae he raat 1. — | patina Eschh. : ‘ 10,30- 50" 
ricostata Humph. .| 1, poltall Dell! Fay 
Parmophorus. penicillata Rve, 0,30 

| Australis Lm. 0,50-1,50) persona Eschh. . |0,30-50 
corrugatus Rye. pene sacharina aie 030-50 

| ossea Gould . Oey || vena huvey (spec) 0,30-50 

| unguis Gy. i 0,50-1 scabra Nutt. 0,50 

J ‘ secutum Kschh. 0,30 
Dentalium. | Schrencki Lischke |0,30-50 

| abyssorum Sars 1-1,50) spectrum Nutt... 0,30 

| aprinum L. oe Sie 2) | tenena: Ads. 9 2.0.0 

| bisexangulatum Sw.! 2,50  |xtestudinalis Mull. . |0,20-30 

jedentale L. . |0,30-50)xv. pallida Sow. , 050 
xv, crocea Mont 1.— variabilis Sow. 0,20-46 | 

lav. resea Mont. . 1,— |evirginea Mull. . |0,20-30 © 

| elephantinum L. 6-8 | viridula Lm. ._ . |0,30-50 
fasciatum Gm. . 1,50 v. Pretrei d’Orb. 1,— 
Joponicum Dkr. 1,— | zebrina Less. » '0,80-50 - 


Scurria. 


pallida Sow. . 
scurra Less. . 


Helcion. 


pectinatus L, . 
spiniferus Lm. . 


Lepeta. 


aucyloides Forb. 
xcaeca Mull. . 


Gadinia. 
«Garnoti Payr. 
Peruviana Sow. 
varians Garrett . 


Patella. 


Adansoni Dkr. . 
aenca Martyn 
Argenvillei Krss. 
articulata Rv. . 
amussitata Rve, 
apicina Lam. 
xathletica Lam. . 
barbata L. 
xcaerulea Lm. , 
#Vv. aspera Lm. 
#Vv. angulata Lm. 
#V. fragilis Phil. . 
#V. radiata Lm . 


- 10,20-40 
. |0,30-50 


. |0,380-50 


v.senegalens.v.Mltz. 


xv. Subplanata Pot. . 


«Vv. Tarentiaa Salis . 


Capensis Gin 
cochlear Born 
compressa L. 


és extra 
*costosoplicata Mart. 
xv. ferruginea Gm. . 


clypeaster Less. 
conspicua Phil. 
cretacea Rve. 
deaurata Gm. , 
decora Phil. . 
xdeplana Mill. 
exarata Nutt. 
excavata Desh. . 
#ferruginea Gm. . 
ferruginea Sow. 
granatina LL. . 
granularis Lam. 
limbata Phil, 
longicosta Lm. . 
lugubris Blyll. . 
*Lusitanica Gm. . 
Magellanica Gin. 


*xmargaritacea Gm. . 


nigrolineata Rve. 


nigrosquamosa Dkr. 


oculus Born, . 


° 


0,30-50 


ee 
pw 
pee 
? co 


oro 


MOORES 
Se |i | 
pe 


| 


Set 
ON 
S 
— 


SS 
os Ol 


Seas 

Woon 
(o2) 
ore 


2) 
on 


ooo Go 


—— —w 


22 


Mk. 


xolissyponensis Gm | 0,50-1 
Paumotensis Gould} 1-1,50 


pectacea Meusch 1,— 
petelata Rve. . |0,30-50 
plana Rve. . |0,30-50 
plicata Born . . | 0,50-1 
+plumbea Lam. . |0,80-50 
pruinosa Krss. . . |0,40-60 
+punctata Lam. . |0,80-50 
puncturata Lam. . |0,20-30 
radians Gm, . . .|0,80-1 
rota Chm. . . |0,50-1,50 
rustica L. 0,50-1 
é extra fine — 
Schroeteri Krss. 1-1,50 
xscutellaris Lam.  . |0,20-50 
spinifera Lam. . 0,50-! 
Surinamensis Gm..}| 1,— 
testudinaria L.. .|0,50-1 
toreuma Rye. . |0,30-50 
y. tenuilirata Carp. |0,50-80 
tramoserica Mart. . |0,30-50 
umbella Gm. 0,50-1 
v. miniata Born — .|0,50-8) 
varicosa Rve. 0,50 
variegata Rve. . . |0,80-50 
«vulgata L. . . ,/0,10-30 
Nacella. 
depicta Hinds. . 1,50 
hyalina Phil. 1—8 | 
insessa Hinds 2,— 
instabilis ‘Gould 2—3 
xlaevis Lam. . 0,50-1 
epellucida L. . . ./0,30-50 
radians Gm.. , 2-38 
vitrea Phil, 2—3 
Tornatella. 
xtornatilis L. . 0,20-40 
Buccinulus. 
solidulus L. . 0,50-1 
Chiton. 
aculeatus L. extra} 3~5 
albus L. . 0,50 
assimilis Rv. 1—2 
| borbonicus Desh, 1,-- 
cajetanus Poli . .| 1,— 
xcancellatus Sow. 0,30-50 
Chiloensis Sow. 2,— 
jxcinereus L. . . 0,50 
elegans Fremb . 0,50-1/' 
granosus ,, i 
gigas Ch. . .| 2,— 
Japonicus Lischke 1,— 
lineatus Wood . ./0,50-1 
marmoratus Ch 1-1,50 
J} maguificus Desh. 1—3 


el meen L, . ° e ° 


Spinosus Brug.. . 
squamosus L. 
Stelleri Midd. 

extr. fine 
tunicatus Wood 


Aplustrum. 
Thalassiarchi Mart. 
Hydatina. 


albocincta Howen . 
physis L. 

v. virgata Mart. 
vexillum Ch. . 


Bullina. 


lineata Wood, . 
nitidula Lister . 
Cylichna. 
xalba Brown . 
arachis Quoy  . 
xcorticata Penn. . 
gracilis Quoy . 
Jeffreysi Mtg. . 
xstriata Brown . 
sumbilicata Mtg. 


Tornatina. 


coarctata Ads. , 
olivula ~ 


Bulla. 


Adansoni Ph. 
ampulla L. 
aspersa A, Ad.. 
bifasciata Mart. 
intermedia Arad. 
| maculosa Mart. . 
| nebulosa Gld. 
oblonga A. Ad.. , 
punctata A. Ad. 
Solinols Ging 5 
xStriata Brug. . 
tenuicula Mke. . 
tenuissima Sow. 


Haminea, 
crocata Pse. . 


cymbulum Quoy 
subrufa Dkr. 


Akera. 


«bullata Mull. : 
xv. elastica Sandri . 
| Ceylanica Brug def, 
soluta Gm. extr. . 


Scaphander. 


xlignarius L, . . 
We Billo, Ibs 95 6 
Vv. curta DL, 


. |0,30-50 


0,50-1 
0,50-1 
2—3 

0,50-1,50 


Atys. Mk. 
cylindrica Hlblng. . | 0,50 
elongata Ads. 1,— 
naucum L. 0,30-50 
ovoidea Quoy 1,— 

Philine. 
xaperta L.. . . . |0,30-60 
#V. quadripartita Asc. | 1,— 
xstriatula Jeffr. | 1,50 


| 


es 
Lobiger. 
«Philippii Krohn 
Lophocercus. 
Cumingi Ads. 


Dolabella. 
fragilis Lam. . 
gigas Rang 


Rumphi Cuy. 


-S@aelih Kawa - 


—= 


ME. 
0,50- 1 


Aplysia. 
«depilans L. . 


Oscanicus. 


Umbrella. 
Indica Lm. 


membranaceus Flm. 


«Mediterranea Lm. . 


0,30-1 


OCT Gass) 1892. 
— Rect Geb. 3rd 


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Vol. I11.—Tritonide; Fusidze, and Buccinidx, 1881. Vol. 1V.~Nassidx, Mitridee. 
Volutidze, and Turbinellidz, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidze, Olividze, and Colum: 
bellidae, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomidz, 1884. . Vol. VII.-— 
Terebridz, Cancellariidze, Strombidz, Cyprzeide, Ovulide, Cassidide, and 
Doliidz, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracide, Turritellida, Eulimidze 
and Pyramidellidz, 1886]. 
- Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes, 
Vol. I.—Testacellidz, Oleacinidze, Vitrinidz, Limacidz, Arionidz, etc., 364 
- pp., with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitidze, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 


GEORGE VW. TRYON, JUN., 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & C€O., 57, 59, LupcaTe Hitt, Lonpon 
E SAVY, 77, Bour. Sr.-GERMAIN, Paris. 


JAN. CR, 1893. (Vou. vu. 


THE 


“JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY.. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874- AS 
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


JOUNawW: TA YLOR; EES: 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malavslosida’ de France, 

WITH WHICH 1S INCORPORATED THE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND. IRELAND; 
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


CONTENTS. 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: 


A Theory as to the possible Introduction of yd! bia CD. aes 
Jenkinsi.—Lionel E. Adams, B.A.. 
Hyalinia glabra in Northamptonshire. once E. Agen B. A. 


Observations on the Misplacement of the Names of Type and Variety 
in Hyalinia pura.—W. Nelson and R. Standen 


List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca ee in the qevdetade 
District. —H. Elgar and H. Lamb ... § se 


Helix nemoralis in the Pyrenees. —R. F. Scharff 


The Life-History of Arion ater and its Power of Self-Fer iiticawens —- 
F. W. Wotton 


PROCEEDINGS of the OSES e SOCIEEY. 


Annual Report 
Report of the Manchester Pec 
List of Members 


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CONCHOLOGY. 


( I. B. SOWERBY, in constant receipt of interesting SHE LLS from all parts 
of the world, supplies Specimens and Collections from his large and varied 
stock, and sends selections to amateurs on approval. 


PRESENT SPECIALITY.—A wonderful stock of PTEROPODA, from 
which sets may be had at moderate prices. 


BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :— 


‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum, in parts or monographs. 

‘Wustrated Index of British Shells.’ Coloured figures of all known species. 
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COLLECTIONS PURCHASED. 
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Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


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1892. 
TEN by W. NELSON, W. DENISON ‘ROEB UCK, F-L.S., 
and J. W..TAYLOR, EF-L.S. 


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EINE PRA PARA TION. 


Monograph of the Land 4 Freshwater Mollusca 
OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 


1.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutalum wanted. 
2.—Authentically named specimens of Zestacella bisulcata (living eetetieds on loan 
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Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellee from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacellze. 


Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srrucrurg, 
DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully 
acknowledged. Address: Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Fournal of Con- 
chglesy, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells. 


By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN., 
CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 


OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. — 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (iv 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from: 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence | 
- with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. . . 

*, The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. 
Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume)... sks BAe eee tom 
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Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in- duplicate, colored and India 

tinted, edition strictly limited-to 25 copies. Barcelo si Boe Maire) (2.0 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed:in eleven volumes. 

The seven completed volumes comprise ‘2,176 Pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing 8,482 figures, 

Any volume sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. I1.—Muricide and Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. I1I.—Tritonide, Fusidee, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. 1V.—Nassidz, Mitridz, 
Volutide, and Turbinellide, 1882. ~Vol. V.—Marginellidz, Olividee, and Colum- 
bellidz, 1883. Vol. Vi.—Conidz, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.-— 
Terebridz, Cancellariide, Strombide, Cypreidze, Ovulide, Cassididz, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Ces Turritellide, Eulimidse 


- and Pyramidellidz, 1886]. 


Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 
Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinide, Vitrinidz, Limacidz, Arionidz, etc.. 364 
pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885... [Vol. II.—Zonitidze, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 
GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN., 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 
OR, ‘ 
TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LuDGaTE HiLt, Lonpon 
F, SAVY, 77, Bout: St. GERMAIN, Paris. 


No. 6]. Sill (ea), 1893. [Von vi. 
@c Mea, 3 


THE 


JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
TELE, QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


JOHN: W.- TAYLOR; oF. L-S., 


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WITIT WHICH 1S INCORPORATED THE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


‘ CONTENTS. 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. 
The Life-History of Arion ater and its Power of Self-Fertilisation.— 

F. W. Wotton (comtizued) ... ane Aa Bas a wu TOI 
Pisidia near Leicester.—Charles Oldham ie ee Saks ia hal? 
Helix nemoralis in the Pyrenees.—Rev. J. W. Healey nee 174 
Valvata piscinalis monstr. sinistrorsum at Hunstanton, West N soe 

—J._E. Cooper ae 174 
A Contribution towards a List of the Marine Aatlusea: OF Teignmouth 

—L. St. G. Byne ©... oe ce oo AS 
Valvata piscinalis var. albina at tenes, Siksex. —C. H. Morris Peel tele) 
Eigg Shells :- Additional Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca 

of the Island of Eigg.—Rev. John McMurtrie, D.D. — ... 189 
Albino Varieties at Lewes, Sussex.—C. H. Morris ... 191 


Arion occidentalis : An apheengy New Spe —T. D. A. Gédkerelt’ 
192 
PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 168 _- 


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CONCHOLOGY. 


B. SOWERBY, in constant receipt of interesting SHELLS from all parts » 
° of the world, supplies Specimens and Collections from his large and varied 
stock, and sends selections to amateurs on approval. cli 


PRESENT SPECIALITY.—A wonderful stock of PFEROPODA, from 
which sets may be had at moderate prices. ; 


BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :— 


‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum, in parts or monographs. 

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121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 
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an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, etc., of those persons willing to co-operate.- If desired 
the favour will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the 
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Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: 


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FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


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Compiled by W. NELSON, W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 
and J... Wo LTAVIOR, FF. LS. 


Price: 2d. each, by post 23d.; or 1/6 per doz. post free. 


This List.is to be obtained of the Honorary Treasurer (LIONEL E. ADAMS, 
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SON oR IP AR AT TON. 


Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 


1.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutiulim wanted. 
2 — Authentically named specimens of Zesfacella bisulcata (living preferred) on Joan 
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Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellae from’ any locality, 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
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Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srructurs, 
DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully 
acknowledged. Address: Mr. J. W. Eernoe Office of thé Yournal of Con- 
chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY : 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
__ Species of Shells. 


By GEO. W. TRYON, JUN., 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE Acapemy 


oF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, hy subscription, in parts (ip 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
_ furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


* .* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. - 


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Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... 3° Sa 00s 


Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 
tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies Sipe net ae se) 8.00 


- 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. 
The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing 8,482 figures. 


Any volume sold separately. 


Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricidze. and Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. I1I.—Tritonide, Fusidz, and Buccinidee, 1881. Vol. [1V.—Nasside, Mitridze, 
Volutidze, and Turbinellidze, 1882. | Vol. V.—Marginellidze, Olividze, and Colum: 
bellidze, 1883: Vol. VI.—Conidz, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.-— 
Terebride, Cancellariidze, Strombidz, Cyprzide, Ovulidz, Cassidide, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimidz 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. 5 
Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. I.—Testacellidz, Oleacinidze, Vitrinide, Limacide, Arionidz, etc.. 364 
pps with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitidz, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 


GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN., 3 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & €O., 57, 59, LupcaTe Hitt, Lonpon 
F, SAVY, 77, Bout. Sr. GerMatn, Paris. 


re | SULY (Phuyit’), 1893. _ SEVou svi: 
~ Reet Vib. if 


JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


- ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL: OF *CONCHOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


JQ SENG ANVi AY YES OUR, | Set 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


CONTENTS. 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. 
Arion occidentalis : An apparenuy New SEO P —T. D. A. Cockerell, 
F.Z.S. (continued) ... 193 
Vertigo pusilla yar. albina.—J. W. Taster nt ae ; S 194. 
On a Variety of Cyprzea cruenta Gmel.—James Cosmo Melvill Vi siee TOF 


Land and Freshwater Mollusca collected around eae Wiese 
Donegal, Ireland.—kR. Standen... 195 


Some Remarks with respect to Mr. Wotton’s Paper on the Life 
History of Arion ater.—Dr. Heinrich Simroth _ ahs f - - 208 


Planorbis albus var. sulcata.—J. W. Taylor —... : 209 
The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad. Le J. Lechmere 
Guppy -- we 210 


PROCEEDINGS ©¢f the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 204 


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CONCHOLOGY. 


B. SOWERBY, in constant receipt of interesting SHELLS from all parts 
¢ of the world, supplies Specimens and Collections from his large and varied 
stock, and sends selections to amateurs on approval. 


PRESENT SPECIALITY.—A wonderful stock of PTEROPODA, from 
which sets may be had at moderate prices. 


BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :— 


‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’ in parts or monographs. 

‘Tilustrated Index of British Shells.’ Coloured figures of all known species. 
30s. nett. 

‘Marine Shells of South Africa.’ 12s. nett. 


COLLECTIONS PURCHASED. 
Museums and Private Collections Classified, Named, and Arranged. 


121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 
ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Editor of the ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, etc., of those persons willing to co-operate. If desired 
the favour will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the 
Album :—Mr. J. B. BECKErT and Dr. P. B, Mason, F.L.S. 

Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON : 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


PRICE 4 FRANCS PER PART, PAYABLE ON RECEIPT OF PART. 


- The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


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THE COLONIAL RECORDER 


AND EXPORTERS’ GUIDE, 
Circulates extensively amongst 
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Ke CERTIFIED CIRCULATION. J 


For ADVERTISING RATES, apply 
SOVEREIGN STREET, LEEDS. 


THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY’S LIST OF 


British Land & Freshwater Mollusca, 


1892. 
Compiled by W. NELSON, W. DENISON ROEBUCK, FLL.S., 
and J. W. TAYLOR, F.L.S. 


Price: 2d. each, by post 2}d.; or 1/6 per doz. post free. 


This List is to be obtained of the Honorary Treasurer (LIONEL E. ADAMS, 
B,A., 15, York Road, Northampton), or of the Honorary Secretary of the Con- 
chological Society, who may be addressed at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 


TW PREPARATION. 


- Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 


1.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutulum wanted. 
2.—Authentically named specimens of 7estacella bisulcata (living preferred) on loan 
or otherwise.. S 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellz from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacelle. 


Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 

Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srructurg, 

DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully 

_ acknowledged. Address :—MR. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Con- 
chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY: 


GEORGE W. TRYON, June, 


CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE 


Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, 
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in 
parts (In octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part 
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. 
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate 
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- 
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume) Yigg ee $3 00 
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First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed. 


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No." °° OCT, Cais, 1893. [Vou wh 


JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
THE OUERTE ATL JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


TOHN Wo-TA VIO; Fs. 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


CONTENTS. __ 7 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. 
The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad.—R. J. Lechmere 
Guppy (continued) ... Ss 225 
Hyalinia nitida var. albida Jeff. in CGencary. 2g. W. Pelor fo A 


Contributions towards a List of the Marine Mollusca of the Upper 
Portion of Loch Linnhe, Argyllshire.—G. A. Frank Knight,M.A. — 232 


Additions to ‘British Conchology.’—J. T. Marshall... at set eA 
Note on [felix pisana in the Channel Islands.—J. E. Cooper Shee 205 
The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Oban and the Island of Lis- 
more.—-R. Standen and J. Ray Hardy... So 266 
List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of ie ace ane Herbert 
- Milnes. a6 2745 
- PROCEEDINGS ©f the » CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 237 
BIBLIOGRAPHY: .-- ae a Poe a0 ae ve 288 


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CONCHOLOGY. | 


G. B. SOWERBY, in constant receipt of interesting SHELLS from all parts 
of the world, supplies Specimens and Collections from his large and varied 
stock, and sends selections to amateurs on approval. 


PRESENT SPECIALITY.—A wonderful stock of PTEROPODA, from 
which sets may be had at moderate prices. 


BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, ——. — 


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‘Tllustrated Index of British Shells.’ oo figures of all known species. 
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an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, etc., of those persons willing to co-operate. If desired’ 
the favour will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the 
Album :—Mr. J. B. BECKErT and Dr. P. B. Mason, F.L.S. 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


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nee 


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ty ee S ik 


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Se OLN, oY 
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THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY’S LIST OF 


British Land & Freshwater Mollusca, 


1892. 
Compiled by. W. NELSON, W. DENISON ROEBUCKE, F.L.S., 
and J. W. TAYLOR, F.L.S. : 
Price: 2d. each, by post 2!d.; or 1/6 per doz. post free. 


This List is to be obtained of the Honorary Treasurer (LIONEL E. ADAMS, 
B.A., 15, York Road, Northampton), or of the Honorary Secretary-of the Con- 
chological Society, who may be addressed at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 


EXCHANGE. 


sa Unusually marked or fine specimens of British Land and 
Freshwater Shells, or of British Specimens from Foreign Coun- 
tries desired. Satisfactory Exchange given, or Purchase can be 
arranged if preferred. 


JOHN W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, LEEDS. 


ANTED for a Public School Collection DupPLicaTes oF BRITISH 
SHELLS. Those not required will be returned.—Rev. C. GREENE, 
Great Barford, St. Neots. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the 
Recent Species of Shells. 


GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., 


CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE 


Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, 
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CES ea 


The Manual of Conthaloey 4 is otienee by subscription, in 
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume, Each part 
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. 
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate 
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- 
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 


Colored Edition.—Plates eeretully ze colored Py hand, 
per part- - - - - - - - $5 00 


Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, Slate in duplicate, colored 
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Tourteen vols. completed. 
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- 
graphy of the great family Helicide) completed. 


ae The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received 
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells 


published. 


INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— 


S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, 


P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.uJ., U.S.A.; 


KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH; TRUBNER & Co,, Lid., 
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ; 


R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Berlin, 


| 1 fo Rat ae JAN. (Pyros), 1894, (VoL. vir. 


THE 


JOURNAL 


or 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
THE, QUARTERLY JOURNAL. OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


Or NW TAY ROR Fine. 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 

WITTE WHICIL 1S INCORPORATED ‘TILE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND, IRELAND, 
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


CONTENTS. 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. 


A Contribution towards a List of the Marine Mollusca and Brachio- 
poda of the Neighbourhood of Oban.—G, W. Chaster and 
W. H. Heathcote ... one Sy “an . A eM es =12) 


The Molluscan Fauna of the Bowdon District of C Geshioa? —J. G. 


Milne and Chas. Oldham... ies vss ses Pree AA 
Ifydrobia jenkinsi Smith in an Inland L -iteh As T. Daniel. .,.. 325 


Abnormal Clausilia perversa.—Jno. W, Taylor “vi ee Hrd RO 
Variation in the Shells of the Mollusca. iinet Brookes Sake 
J.P., F.LS., ete, .. 328 
6's ea ebal of the sc ace agh ns paps SOCIETY: 
Constitution ; ; se ninet QAO 
List of Members... aie 3 ie stay yee Ari eat Me vel, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY : The Dispersal of Shells Hn nat pint aeO 


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CON CHOLOGY. 


G. B. SOWERBY, in constant receipt of interesting SHELLS from all parts 
of the world, supplies Specimens and Collections from his large and varied — 
stock, and sends selections to amateurs on approval. 


PRESENT SPECIALITY.—A wonderful stock of PEGs. from - 
- which sets may be had at moderate prices. 


BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :— 


‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’in parts or monographs. 

‘Tlustrated Index of British Shells.’ Coloured figures of all known species. 
30s. nett. 

‘Marine Shells of South Africa.’ 12s. nett. 


COLLECTIONS PURCHASED. 
Museums and Private Collections Classified, Named, and Arranged. 


121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 
“ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Editor of the ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, etc., of those persons willing to co-operate. If desired 
the favour will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the 
Album :—Mr, J. B. BEckErT and Dr. P. B. MAson, F.L.S. 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON : 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONIYMIC. . 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


- Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PAYABLE ON RECEIPT OF Part. 


The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


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THE COLONIAL RECORDER 


MONTHLY SHIPPING LIST, 
AND EXPORTERS’ GUIDE, 


3 Circulates extensively amongst 
IMPORTERS ABROAD AND SHIPPERS IN THIS COUNTRY. 


For ADVERTISING RATES, apply 
SOVEREIGN STREET, LEEDS. 


THH CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S LIST OF 


British Land & Freshwater Mollusca, 


1892. 
Compiled by W. NELSON, W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F-L.S., 
and J, W. TAYLOR, F.L.S. ; 

Price: 2d. each, by post 2}d.; or 1/6 per doz. post free. 


. This List is to be obtained of the Honorary Treasurer (LIONEL E. ADAMS, 
B.A., 15, York Road, Northampton), or of the Honorary Secretary of the Con- 
chological Borie, who may be addressed at the Philos Hall, Leeds. 


EXCHANGE. 


ae Unusually marked or fine specimens of British Land and 
Freshwater Shells, or of British -Species from Foreign Coun- 


tries desired. Satisfactory Exchange given, or Purchase can be 


arranged if preferred. 


JOHN W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, LEEDS. 


OR’ SALE.—Collection. of Lanp AND: FRESHWATER SHELLS, 
containing over 3,600 species, embracing a noted collection 
of Clausilias, European Helicidz generally, and grand Tropical Land 
Shells, many unique.—F. M: Het, 11, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, 


Bristol. N.B.—Duplicates for sale cheap. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY : 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the 
Recent Species of Shells. 


GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., 


CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE 


Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, 
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in 
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part 
embraces from sixteen to tw enty- -four plates, with accompanying text. 
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate 
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions. can commence with, and are re- 
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


Plain Edition,—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 
Colored Edition.—Plates es colored by hand, 

| Per sfatt soe) See = =. 2 $s G6 
_ Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored 

and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. - Fourteen vols. completed. 


Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- 
graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed. 


wie The ILLUSTRATIONS of. the Manual have received 
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells 


published. 


INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— 


S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, 


P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; 


KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & er Lta., 
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ; 


R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Berlin. 


] No. 10]. APRIL (ss), 1894, [Vor. vir. 


THE 


“JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
THE OUARTEELY pf TEN AL OF CONCHOLOG Y. 


AR CONDUCTED BY 


TOR Ns Wi OLAY WOR? Pol. Ss 


Membre Honoraire de la Saciété Malacologique de France, 

WITH rcs IS INCORPORATED THE 
“PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN. AND IRELAND, 
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


CONTENTS. 

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. 
Succinea oblonga m. sinistrorsum—John W. Taylor ... ave cee. 367 
Marine Shells of South Africa—G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 2, 368 
Additions to ‘ British Conchology ’—J. T. Marshall... ae bee BAO 

PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 
Annual Report... + one S3e es tS no ni 5 ASS 
Balance Sheet was : ee sed eS Be We Ww BSS 
Report of the Manchester Boas see oe ae sae may 4350 

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CON CHOLOGY. 


( r, B. SOWERBY, in constant receipt of interesting SHELLS from all parts 
of the world, supplies Specimens and Collections from his large and varied 
stock, and sends selections to amateurs on : approval. 


PRESENT SPECIALITY.—A wonderful stock of PTEROPODA, ion 
which sets may be had at moderate prices. 


BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :— 


‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’ in parts or monographs. 
‘Tilustrated Index of British Shells.’ Coloured figures of all known species. - 

30s. nett. 
‘Warine Shells of South Africa.’ 12s. nett. 


COLLECTIONS PURCHASED. 
Museums and Private Collections Classified, Named, and Arranged. 


121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 
ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Editor of the “JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, etc., of those persons willing to co-operate. If. desired 
the favour will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the 
Album :—Mr. J. B. BecKErT and Dr. P. B. Mason, F.L.S. 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, over ian Street, Leeds. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON : 


DESCRIPTIVE AND. SYNONY MIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


PRICE a FRANCS PER PART, PAYABLE ON RECEIPT OF Parr. 


The work will he completed i in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic pinues" in each part, ne 


Subseriptions to be sent.to 


‘M. Pau.  DAUIZENRDERG, 218, me de P Universite, Paris. 


JNO. W. “TAYLOR, 
‘SOVEREIGN V ST, LEEDS. 


Bemmirence to amount must accompany order. 


‘ar 


_ Marine Fauna om er iatiordene oy Jonas Collins, 1884 . oe 
_. The Recent Marginellidee of South Australia—Prof. R. rates 1878 
Faune Malacologique du Lac Tanganyika—H. Crosse, and plate, 1881... 


Land and Freshwater Shells of Tanganyika—J. R. Bourguignat, 1885 


-— Unionide of Peninsule Italique—J. R. Bourguignat, 1883 


Melaniens du Systeme Europeen—J. R. Bourguignat, 1884 


ie Lettres Mal’que a M.M. Brusina & Kobelt-—J. RB. Pen ete & Be go 


Marine Conchology of Torbay—D. Pidgeon, 1875.. 


‘Descrip. of a n. Dolabella from Caitonua, and remarks on oehee: rare or 


‘ Biological Address to British Wosdaiabion *or G. Jeffreys, 1877.. 


_ Variation of Sculpture in Nassa—F. P. Marrat, 1876 : 
West African Shells, with descript. of new species—F. P. Maxtat, 1877 
Zoologica et Paleontologica Miscellanea—Prof. Ralph Tate. and plate 


- Shells of West Tndips Ar x0) Expedition —Higgins & Marrat, and Bien 
‘New Marine Shells from N.S 5. W.—G. F, Angas, and plate, 1877 
Helix sepulehralis and its allies—G. F. Angas. and plate, 1875.. 


New Genus of Gasteropods from J apan—G. F.. Angas, 1s77 

 Helices of New Caledonia—A. de St. Simon, 1881 ie 

_ Forty New Forms of Nassa—F. P. Marrat, and plate, 1877 
- Geographical Distribution of Terrestrial Mollusks—C. P. oe 1878 

On Helix signata-—A. de St. Simon, and plate, 1878 : 

- Jife History of Helix arbustorum—J. W. Taylor, and plate, 1882 
Life History of Helix aspersa—J. W. Taylor 


- Critical List of N. W. Australian Mollusca—J. Brazier, 1884 ne Sant 
Synonymy of some New Guinea Landshells—J. Brazier, 1884... seca 
_ On the Californian species of Fusus—W. H. Dall, 1877... 

_ * Calkin’s Marine Shells of Florida—R. E. C. Stearns, 1879 
Terrestrial Mollusca of the Celebes.—C. T. Canefri, and plate, 1883 . 

-. Fauna Malacological of Nossi-bé & Nossi Comba—H. Crosse, pl., 1881 
- Seientific Results of the Exploration of Alaska—W. H. Dall and 8. F, 


little known species from the same region—R; -E. C. Stearns, & vt 1878: 


Carboniferous Cephalopoda—W. Cash, and plate, 1877 


North: Sea Dredging—J. Leckenby and J. 'T. Marshall, 1875 


Land & Freshwater Shells from $8.E. Madagascar—G. F. Angas. & te, \ 


Conchology of Johanna Islands—A. Morelet, and 2 tales 1877 
Synonymy of Australian, etc., Shells—J. Brazier, 1883 . 


Clark, 10 plates, 1876 


~ Mollusca of the Bergen Fiords, N aay M. Mor man, 1879 


Shells of the Gulf Gabes—Ph. Dautzenberg, 1883 
Bulimi of New Caledonia—A de St. Simon, 1883 . 


New British Nudibranchs—A. M. Norman, 1877 ... 


Mollusca of the Fisheries Exhibition—J. G. Jeftreys, 1883 


Shells from the Solomon Islands, ete.—J. Brazier, 1880 . 


He New species of Oliva—F. P. Marrat, 1868 . 


Synonymy xxx of Tasmanian Shells xx—J. Beton 1876 


e Deep Sea Mollusca of Bay of Biscay—J. G. Jeffreys, 1880 
-_Mollusea of Hertfordshire—Roebuck and Taylor, 1884... 


ese fie OS eS ie eae ogee diel 


ee ee 


P BOOKS OFFERED FOR SALE : 


S 


[Benge 


SAWRoOSCOSD © SSoCOKRSOHREOCHE OS GO. S OG S.0F 


Gap SeCSeon. 


wer Oaagnoaoos 


Suicanaees bt American and European Mollusea—J : 


Helix Rangian: Raat te 
Anatomy of Hele Canepa de St. cau 1880 


Cypreea‘citrina of Gray—J. Brazier, 1882... i Delano ses c55 
Descriptions of New Shells—G. B. Sowerby, ate 1878. Ned Cs 
On the Opercula of Strepomatidae—W. 1.00) Heir tman .. Ate : 
- Black Sea Mollusca—J. Gwyn Jetireys, 1882 ; oh 
New Species of Shells—F. P. Marrat, LCV ere chia Soi 
New Species of Oliva—F. P. Marrat, 1868 . 

New Species of Oliva and a new Trivia—F. P. Marrat, 1867 
New Species of Oliva—F. P. Marrat, 1868 . Becca Me chat bes 
Ona new British Chiton—J. G. Jetireys, 1880 ae erst ONG 
On Mollusea of the Mediterranean—J. G. ape 1882. 
Notes on Cylindrella—C. P. Gloyne ... 


- Mollusks of Jamaica and description of a n. ay 0), Ps Gibyaee 871 ions 
‘aDo, do. do. (suppl.)— do: 187s yahne 


Terres. Moll. inhabiting Samoa or Navigator Islands—A. Garrett, 1887 
Die Sidafrikanischen Mollusken—Ferd. Krauss, Stuttgart, 1848, 6 tab. 
Die Moll. der Maskarenen & Seychellen—E. v. Martens, 1880, 4 pls.... 1 
Monog. of Genus Partula—h. Reeve, 4 plates 

- Terrestrial Mollusca inhabiting Cook’s or Hervey (anda Caen 


Memoires concernant V’ Eiicioies Naturelle de 1’ Empire Chinois—par 
les Peres de la compagnie de Jésus—Troisiéne Cahier, 1885, 10 pls. 3 
Notes sur les Mollusques Terrestres de la Vallée du Fleuve Bleu ~ 


Moll. Fluy. Nyanza-Oukéréweé, etc.—-J. R. Bourguignat, 1884, 1 plate — 4 . 
Moll. regionis Arctica Norvegiw—G, O. Sars, 1878, 18 pls. and 1 map 17 

Geog. Dictar of West Indian Land Shells—Thos. Bland, 1861, 2 tables 3 _ 
Bonners in Yorks. ; with special reference to 1876 fiight—W. D. Roebuck 0 


“oe ania woo = 66 So Sie SG o4:> 


AiG KCOWwHwWHNwWoOmow 


Fo eee 


A-O.S> 


= 


The ‘Metamorphoses of Galeruca nymphea L.—H. E. Quilter, 1886 0. 
‘Terrestrial Mollusks of the Vitis—Andrew Garrett, 1887 2 

Land Shells of Rurutu, Austral Islands—A. Garrett, 1879 vel 

Dr. Cox’s List of Australian Shells, 1868 eee 

Dr. Cox’s Cat. of Australian Land Shells MS. otee ie $i Brewien 64 ue : 
Shells of Mergui and Archipelago. E. v. Martens, 1886, and 3 plates... - 3 _ ‘ 
Cerithiopsides, of E. N. Atlantic —R. B. Watson, 1885. and 1 plate 2 ; 


Cruise of “Triton” in 1882—J. G. Jeffreys, 1883, and 1 plate ... es 
Lightning & Porcupine Expeds., 1868-70—J. G. Jettreys, 78-84, & 16 pls. 12° 
The Aalorous Exped. —J. G. Jetireys & W. B. Carpenter, 1876, & 3 maps 3 


“New Mollusea “ Valorous Expedition ’—J. G. Jeffreys, 1876-7. aoe ik 
Notes on Brocchi’s coll. of Subappennine Shells—J. G. Jetiveys, 188... Oss 
The Post-Tertiary Fossils—Aretic Expedition—J. G. Jeffreys, 1877 .:. 1 


ee Saceaocoowoaoas 


Post-Tertiary Beds—Grinnel-land & N. Greenland—Feilden & Jelireys ] 
Catalogue of Partula—W. D. Hartmann, 1881, and cuts : 
Pinta Synon. Catal. and dese. of n. sp.—Hartman, 1885, and aie 
The Ceecide of the Challenger Expedition—Folin and Siete ous tei 
New. Mexican Land) Shells. v. Martens, 1863 ... 

New Shells from Indian Archipelago—E. vy. Martens, 1864 

- Helices of Indian Archipelago—KE. v. Martens, 1864 nik Se 3 
In the matter of certain badly-treated Mollusks—Stearns, 1879 
New Moorean Partula—W. D. Hartmann, 1880 .. i 

“Notes on Land Shells and dese. of new species—T, Bland, 1874 

On H, Jamaicensis and other Mollusks—T. Bland, 1875.. 

Alaskan Brachiopods—W. H. Dall, 1877 ; 

Variations 1 in and dese. of n. Strepomatida—aA. G. Wetliexby, 1875, & a 
On species & vars. of the genus Fusus of the Brit. Seas—H. K. J ordan 
North Atlantic Brachiopod—J. G. Jeffreys, 1876 . 


’ 


CS. G1 OS ee oS oS 


Derm soocooeoooeNL, 
= : 


we) 
Bx 
rn 


“EXCHANGE, 


“LARGE. Quantities of Paces Land and Freshwater 


A 


Shells offered in Exchange for other species not in Collec- 
tion. Lists exchanged. Foreign exchanges particularly desired.— 


EDWarb les 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, MANCHESTER. | 


‘CALARIA._ —WANTED, Prarcions species of this genus, together 

with British examples from localities not represented in 
my collection. OFFERED, many good Land, Freshwater, and 
Marine species from Loyalty Islands and other places, and 
Vertigo angustior from County Donegal, Ireland.—R. STanpDEN, 40, 
Paerton Street, Moss Side, MaANCHESr ER. 


R. E. L. LAYARD is desirous of effecting Exchanges 
in Foreign Land and Freshwater Mollusca. Having 


resided many years in Fiji and New een he has.a-con-. 
_ siderable number of shells from those islands, the New Hebrides, 
_ &c., in duplicate, also from other countries, obtained in exchange. 


Would also be glad to Exchange Ferns for Shells, having. a 
large stock of duplicates on hand. —“ OTTERBOURNE, ” BUDLEIGH 
SALTERTON, Deryon. ; 


_ #&° Unusually marked or fine specimens of British Land and 
Freshwater Shells, or of British Species from Foreign Coun- 
tries desired. Satisfactory Exchange given, or Purchase can he 

~ arranged if preferred. 


JOHN W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, LEEDS. 


OR SALE.—Collection of Lanp -aND FRESHWATER SHELLS, 


containing over 3,600 species, embracing a noted collection 


of Clausilias, European Helicidz generally, and grand Tropical Land. ~ 


Shells, many unique.—F. M. Here, 11, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, 
Bristol. N.B.—Duplicates for sale cheap. 


THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY’S LIST OF 


- British Land & Freshwater Mollusca, 


1Ss9g2. 
Compiled by W p ‘NELSON, W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S, 
and Soe TAMEOR OF. ES. 


Price: 2d. each, by post 2}d.; or 1/6 per doz. post free. 


This List is to be obtained of the Honorary Treasurer (LIONEL E.. ADAMS, 


B.A., 15, York Road, Northampton), or of the Honorary Secretary of the Con- - 
_ chological Society, who may he addressed at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds. 


4 


MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, lilustrated Monography of the 
Recent Species of Shells. 


GEORGE W. TRYON, Junrv., 


CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE 


Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, 
BY HY. A. guard CONSERVATOR. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in 
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part 
Saiiees from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. 
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate 
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- 
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - -  - $3 00 
Colored Edition.—Plates ay colored by hand, 
PErspalty Ga] Meee ne CBG Sao ce a ee ee 
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored _ 
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed. 


Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- 
graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed. 


(s~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received 
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells 


published. 


INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— 


S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, 


P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; 


KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co.,, Lid., 
Charing Cross Road, LONDON; 


R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Berlin. 


JULY (@H%) 1g94, ora 
fet Wu2 §. 
i 


THE 


JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


JOURN! (NV rl A ACTOR 3 on ae 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIEFY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


CONTENTS. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : 
Additions to ‘ British Conchology ’—J. T. Marshall (coz¢inued) 
Mimicry in Mollusca—Edgar Leopold Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc. 
Hyalinia Cellaria m. sinistrorsum—J. W, Taylor 
Note on the genus Balea—Edgar A. Smith Se é 
Hydrobia (Paludestrina) Jenkinsi at Lewes-—Lionel E. Aaine B. re 


The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of East Norfolk—The Rev. S. 
Spencer Pearce, M.A., and Arthur Mayfield san 


Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas—A.A. 


Note on some Molluscan Remains ao discovered in the English 
Keuper—R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S a ae 


OBITUARY : Charles Ashford. :. 


> 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER &. SOHN, Cartsrrassz, 11, 


PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER 
ANNUM, POST-FREE. 


RHPRIIN TS. 


UTIIORS of Papers who may wish additional copies of their Articles, may have 
them on payment of the Printer’s Charges as below (such reprints to be 
ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— ; 


25 copies 4 pp. 3/6. 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp. 8/-. “16 pp. 10/6. 
SO=)5 es 4/6. tO) 55. LO]. Ti eis aos 
TOO 55 e 6/6. ae Sy pes Opes Pps 2 ESAS 


—— aan 


IN THE PRESS and TO BE SHORTLY ISSUED. 


Subseriptions are invited for the fortheoming work :— 


A 


MONOGRAPH 
OF THE 


LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA 
OF THE 


BRITISH ISLES, 


BY 


J 8 WS ASE IO RR seis 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 
President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 
Editor of ‘The Journal of Conchology,” 
etc, etcs, 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 
W. D. ROEBUCK, F.L-S., and the late CHAS. ASHFORD. 


The first part is Introductory and deals with the DEFINITION OF CONCHOLOGY, 
History, CLASSIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, SYNONYMY, SHELL, SPECIES, 
VARIETIES, &c., and is illustrated with numerous figures in the text and a plate 


in colours. 
The second part which will follow as quickly as practicable will conclude the 


consideration of the modifications of the shell, and treat upon the animal inhabitant 
and its various systems of organs. : 


Subscription, 5/- per part. 


Subscribers Names to be sent, with Subscription, addressed to 
TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street, LEEDS. 


A full list of Subscribers will be printed at the completion of the work. 


FAOR SALE.—A small Dissecting Microscope; almost as 

good as new. Maker, Edmund Wheeler. Cost 42.5s.; will. 
take. 30). —Particulars on application to M. ASHFORD, Stampit Villa, 
Christchurch, Hants. 


OR SALE.—Collection of Lanp AND FRESHWATER SHELLS, 

containing over 3,600 species, embracing a noted collection 

of Clausilias, European Helicide generally, and grand ‘l'ropical Land 

‘Shells, many. urique.—F. M. HE.r, rr, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, 
Bristol. N.B.—Duplicates for sale cheap. 


EXCHANGE. 


OFFERED.— —Land Shells from Lifu, Loyalty Islands, and 
from Trinidad ; Mounted Radulz and Photo- -micrographs 

and Lantern Slides of Radulz, in exchange for rare Foreign 

Land Shells.—Wm. Moss, 13, Milton Place, “Ashton-under- Lyne. 


| ARGE Quantities of Foreign Land and Freshwater 

Shells offered in Exchange for other species not in Collec- 
tion. Iists exchanged. . Foreign exchanges particularly desired.— 
EDWARD COLLIER, 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, MANCHESTER. 


CALARIA.—Wantep, Foreign species of this genus, together 

with British examples from localities not represented in 

“my collection. OFFERED, many good Land, Freshwater, and 

Marine species from Loyalty Islands and other places, and 

Vertigo angustior from County Donegal, Ireland.—R. STANDEN, 40, 
Palmerston Street, Moss Side, MANCHESTER. 


ME: E. L. LAYARD is desirous of effecting Exchanges 

in Foreign Land and Freshwater Mollusca. Having 
resided many years in Fiji and New Caledonia, he has a con- 
siderable number of shells from those islands, the New Hebrides, 
&ec., in duplicate, also from. other countries, obtained in exchange. 
Would also be glad to Exchange Ferns for Shells, having a 
large stock of duplicates on hand.—‘‘OTTrERBOURNE,” BUDLEIGH 
SALTERTON, DEVON. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


B. SOWERBY, in constant receipt of interesting SHELLS from all fas 
e of the world, supplies Specimens and Collections from his large and varied 

stock, and sends selections to amateurs on approval. 

PRESENT SPECIALITY.—A wonderful stock of PYEROPODA, from 
which sets may be had at moderate prices. 

BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F. L. SHH 

“Thesaurus Conchyliorunt,’ in parts or monographs. 
‘Tlustrated Index of British Shells.’ Coloured figures of all known species. 

30s. nett. 
‘Varine Shells of South Africa.’ 12s. nett. 

COLLECTIONS PURCHASED. 


Museums and Private Collections Classified, Named, and Arranged. 


121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the 
Recent Species of Shells. 


GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., 


CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE 


Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, 
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in 
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part 
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. 
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate 
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- 
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


Plain. Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - -.- $3 00 
Colored Edition.—Plates een colored by hand, 

per part=  -- 2-4 o-s Spe ee ee 
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored 


and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8.00 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed. 


Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- 
graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed. 


(EE™ ~The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received 
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells 


published. 


INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS.SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— 


S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, 


P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; 


KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd., 
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ; 


R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Berlin. 


| grt OCT. (san'24,18%5), 1894. [ Vor. vir. 
IR Gh. Feb. 2EL 7 


THE 


JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 
CONDUCTED BY 


FOUN Wo TAY LOR, i Ss 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 


WITH WHICH 1S INCORPORATED THE 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


| 
| 
| CONTENTS. 
_ ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. 
| Note on some Molluscan Remains lately discovered in the English 
: Keuper—R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S. (continued) ... 3 oer a ALS 
Hydrobia (Paludestrina) jenkinsi at Lewes.—C. H. Morris ... pro AEA 
Hydrobia jenkinsi Smith.—H. Overton.. - Pe 1s: wie al 
Succinea oblonga in Jersey.—J. W. Taylor, F. ie See alae “ne ce RATA 
On Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas.—Prof. Dr. E. von Martens $22. JARS 
| Wollaston’s ‘ Testacea Atlantica.’"—FE. L. Layard Bee . a» 416 
Biology of Sphzrium corneum.—Henry Crowther, F.R.M. Ss. oie, ALT 
On Gibbula incincta Sowerby. —H. A. Pilsbry... . ie ag A cE 
Clausilia bidentata var. cravenensis.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. See toe 
Habitat of Unio pictorum v. platyrhinchoidea Dupuy.—A,. G. ‘Stubbs 433 
Notes on Mollusca at Canterbury.—Rev. J. W. Horsley, M.A. is) 1-434 
Notes of Dorsetshire Marine Shells.—James E. Cooper Be 435 
PROCEEDINGS *f "=" CONGHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 423 
BIBLIOGRAPHY: «.. — --- “+ 432 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street, 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER. & SOHN, CARLsrRassE, 11, 


PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER 
ANNUM, POST-FREE. 


Part J. Now Reapy. Part II. in tae Press. 
A 


MONOGRAPH 
OF THE 


LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA 
OF THE 


BRITISH ISLES, 
“BY 


IW. TAYLOR, HES. 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 
President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 
Editor of ‘‘The Journal of Conchology,” 
etc., etc., 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 
W. DENISON ROEBUCK, _F.L.S., the late CHAS. ASHFORD, 
AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN CONCHOLOGISTS. 


Price 6/- per part, or by Subscription 5/- per part, poste 
3d. per copy extra. 


TAYLOR Bros., Publishers, Sean Street, LEEDs, 


OPINIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PRESS. 
“THE NATURALIST,” January, 1895. 


‘We know no one better fitted to write such a book than the Author of this 
Monograph. To the study of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, Mr. Taylor 
has devoted the best part of a lifetime and from years of personal knowledge we 
know how closely he has applied himself, strictly and specially, to the subject he has 
undertaken to write upon, and has mastered, as few in Britain have, those generic and 
specific differences and varietal intricacies which will be the book’s chief value when 
completed. . . The illustrations are numerous, truthful, and got up ina manner 
somewhat different from what Conchologists are accustomed to, since photography, a 
worry after half-hidden details, an artistic hand, and a brain educated to recognise 
conchological divergencies have combined to pourtray the most of-them. . .- In 
a sentence, we may say Mr. ‘Taylor's ‘Monograph of the Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca of the British Isles’ is a bock printed on good paper, with clear type 
properly displayed, excellent and original illustrations, full of close and sound reason- 
ing, well balanced subjects, and giving (as few books have given) credit to those 
workers who have made and are making the study of British Conchology worth 
following for its own sake.” 


“SCIENCE GOSSIP,” Dec. 1st, 1894: 


‘The first part of this long-expected work is at last before us, and we may 
candidly say it exceeds our expectations. | Well considered, well arranged, well 
illustrated, and well produced, Part I creates the impression that we have at last in 
view a standard work on this popular group of easily studied animals. It bids fair 
to be, for a long time to come, much the best and most complete work ‘on the 
subject. The illustrations are excellent, specially the coloured plate . . . If 
the high character of this first part is as well maintained to the end of the work, and 
of this there is no reason for doubt, we shall have not only an useful, but a very 
handsome book indeed.’ 


« ANNALS & MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,” Jan. 7th, 1895. 


‘*Judging from the part of Mr. Taylor’s work before us, it would appear that 
the subject will be treated in a far more exhaustive manner than has ever been 
attempted previously. . . . The printing, paper and general appearance of the 
work are all that can be desired ;-the figures as a whole are yery good indeed. 

The coloured plate, produced by chromo lithography is also very successful. 
Considering the need of such a work, the style in which it is issued, and the com- 
pleteness aimed at, there seems oy probability of its gaining a wide culate 


aoe RE WS All natn anys ian the anliart ?? 


CONCHOLOGY. 


G. B. SOWERBY, in constant receipt of interesting SHELLS from all parts 
of the world, supplies Specimens and Collections from his large and varied 
stock, and sends selections to amateurs on approval. 


PRESENT -SPECIALITY.—A wonderful stock of PTEROPODA, from 
which sets may be had at moderate prices. 


BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. : 


“Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’ in parts or monographs. 

*Tilustrated Index of British Shells.’ Coloured figures of all known species. 
g 30s. nett. : 
‘Marine Shells of South Africa.’ 12s. nett. 


COLLECTIONS PURCHASED. 
Museums and Private Collections Classified, Named, and Arranged. 


121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 
FOR SALE. 


OR SALE.—A sinistral specimen of Helix hortensts v. lutea from 
Normandy.—Apply Mr. QuILTER, care of Mr. J. W. Taytor, 
F.L.S., Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


OR SALE.—A small DissEcTING Microscope; almost as 

good as new. Maker, Kdmund Wheeler. Cost £2 5s.; will 

take 30/-.—Particulars on application to M. AsHrorD, Stampit Villa, 
Christchurch, Hants. 


OR SALE by Private Contract.—The CoLLEcTION oF MoLLusca 
on which was founded the standard work on the shells of the 
Atlantic Islands—Wollaston’s ‘‘’Testacea Atlantica.” It comprises 
450 species besides numerous varieties from the different islands, 
represented in most instances by a great number of examples; and is 
contained in round glass-topped boxes in a handsome cabinet. There 
is also. a small.miscellaneous collection of about 150 species from 
Morocco, the Philippine Islands, Ceylon, etc.—For particulars apply 
Mr. E. L. Layarp, “‘OTTERBOURNE,” BUDLEIGH SALTERTON. 


EXCHANGE, 


FFERED.—Land Shells from Lifu, Loyalty Islands, and 

from ‘Trinidad ; Mounted Radulz and Photo- -micrographs 
and Lantern Slides of Radule, in exchange for rare Foreign 
Land Shells.—Wmn. Moss, 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. 


EeaRGe Quantities of Foreign Land and Freshwater 
Shells offered in Exchange for other species not in Collec- 
tion. Lists exchanged. Foreign exchanges -particularly desired.— 
EDWARD COLLIER, 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, MANCHESTER. 


CALARIA.—Wantep, Foreign species of this genus, together 
with British examples from localities not represented in 
my collection. OFFERED, many good Land, Freshwater, and 
Marine species from Loyalty Islands and other places, and 
Vertigo angustior from County Donegal, Ireland.—R. PLAN DIN 40, 
Palmerston. Street. Moss Side. Rie ene lon Ee RR LATION ER 


MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the 
Recent Species of Shells. 


GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., 


CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE 


Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, 
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subs¢ription, in 
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume, _ Each part 
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. 
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate 
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- 
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume) - - - $3.00 


Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, 
per park Pye r see NSS On oe eee Toot Toes ee oe 


Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored 
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed. 


Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono- 
graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed. 


(9s - The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received _ 
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells 


published. 


INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— 


S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, 


P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. ; 


KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Lia., 
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ; 


R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Berlin. | 


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