Se

A te Ree Ph ald” aah indi © ah rab he ens ee ee ee

eer renee ec Se eR.
: SR aerk. heake ett

at a Si obit
t patti
wei ay

Se eto

rite BS
pede the Seth nde Inte

te Woo:

ah be Bee eae
Beer ey

at =e

a ot
Dwtarty tee VEST

a Ae hte te Ga:
3 eth

Dots Emitenw sve 2 €
he ahs de
Wied

tite
res ae

eR 8
AN AES

Re

Spb bay ten Go shea FL

hth etl dt Bn Oth
ak ol

sae arte
ced A tis
aA teh
bh
phere ft a

S02 Meaty
RAM EA Ae Re

fide bo A
Apes :

ee re ae

eet Soe

ERPS He Ph
Ags ACS Heh

Siege oe Rae Ee ERs abe ap te
sis rakio sacs
* a

Foe ey A VHS
pe, Rk Re TAA ata ate BN See

Saaee ee
oped Sip Sade tee hed Si ce saprdenit : meas :
¥ : Fig an Ae

Fe eae a
Mens A eS ATS Oe

fmt

BAe Peete rome ate

BS em

atone din
teresa

pete
aly Arad Gen
6 heen

rDNRANRIT COD SOWVITITIOUINIAIN SINDUCTP EU TIYIN IWR IS ISI hott IU ICN OPIATE

(dp) = Ww =

Ms <o us &

= fice 4

o = oc =

<x} eal <x =

oc = a =

a rs e 5

ai z aay Z ~

OILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3Ilayvddll LIBRARIES ia)

Eri ake Z

= S = S

: c : 5

> = > =

a = a -

BRARIES

NVINOSHLINS S43 uvuaiy LIBRARIES

NI

2

io)

. ha

‘il ray 1S =
- William Healey Dall S
| a
eee =

Division of Mollusks S

-— Sectional Library is

ke

2)

2

1

=

=

=

O

wo

BB

e

Ses aS NES anf = ¥ 0 S) Ne
w FS w - Ps To)

/BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS 5

” = 0 > oe
= Aan = wn w NN =
eee fa a a MKS

“x QZ z ao WAG oc

a “Uf 5 = Ne

= 2 a Z + ja
JILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN |
ee as eS ~ S a ip

wo = = w

> SQ F >

Ne SAX = > ~ *
a WS = 2 a =
‘ame ” =

B RAR I ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Ss
Na ee ee un ules lS o ae Sipe =

OILALILSNI

N

IN NOILNLILSNI

SAIYVUaIT LIBRARIES

NVINOSHLIWS

NOILNLILSNI

LIBRARIES

SJIYVYdIT LIBRARIES

INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI

g 5 :
= S — ioe]
hase Ns = Ps)
PE Ve SSE >
=e NY a Bo)
OF KGS ie te
= =— 22)
TLLIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMIILSNI_ NVINOSH!
oe = ae = yA <
Bie 3 ~ = iL yy, =
. § ; S Na 2 GYD, 5
ee SW YS Se SS o Vis Gi, =
= ‘ . Zz E SS 2, ye La
eS ee OS S
N NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSON
im A ls 2 ul .
re a ON = = sz Gy
= 2 SW: : a:
oe S x \ favs = roa Vp, fe
- NE ae, 8
eee
I1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHI
: = . : :
=) ~
= = es - ie
o z o 2 a
= = (op)
IN NOILNLILSNI od VU GIT LIBRARIES SMITHSOM
See S See A
=I = A re Vg Wire WS +
a 2H ? EGY 7S 7
E z 2 Gy =X 2
= = > EE = ee
Fs i (dp) z= 7p) = Zz
11_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI_NVINOSHI
ee rte) : z= _ Ww Ta eS Yo K
g 2 g : Z NX
| ae GZ a WAG
: = “i 3 : 2.
22 a uF 2 5 Zz
IN NOILALILSNI- NVINOSHLINS S3I1uYWygly
5 ely : g
pas wo S = (op) =
= > We 5 : =
2 3 NY E > E
= AQ E =
-_ Qs —
z 7 Ow 2 a Z
T_LLIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI_ NVINOSHI
Se ® (2p)
er ie SN ae Ce ay = Pie?” NO T= I ce oa

ae
oe
Ayal

at

atl

is
‘>
eg
©
2
j
; VY
i |
(
Uy

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE

CONCLOLOGICNE, SOCIETY

Ol GAR aeO | BIRINAUON) AUN ID) URIBE UN ID)

EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL,

LY

WHILE =) HOw Ee

VOL. VIII.

1895—1807.

Lonpon: Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Sa., W.
Lrrps: Taylor Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornish, St. Ann’s Sq.

BERLIN: Friedlaender & Sohn, Carlstrasse, 11,

THE DIFFERENT PARTS COMPOSING THIS VOLUME
WERE ISSUED AS FOLLOWS :—

No. I, pp. 1-32 ah fe ae ig April 21st, 1895.
No. 2, pp. 33-64 Ag i ce a May 17th, 1895.
No. 3, pp. 65-88, pls. 1 and 4... ‘ 585 August Sth, 1895.
No. 4, pp. 89-128, pls. 2 and 3 7 = October 15th, 1895.
No. 5, pp. 129-176 ee ae se an January Ist, 1896,
No. 6, pp. 177-208 fe on ae a6 ... April Ist, 1896.
NOs Gy spe OS 10s ELS Gy oh ail Se ... July 1st, 1896.
No. 8, pp. 241-272... ies ie de October Ist, 1896.
IN@ @, Pi 2PABAQ a i ae oe November rath, 1896.
IN@s U@; jos B2H9H2 a. sy, se a6 January Ist, 1897.
No. If, pp. 253-384, pls. 9, 10, and 11 im ... April Ist, 1897.
No. 12, pp. 385-432 ... ay ee + ... July 1st, 1897.
No. 13, pp. 433-480 .. a i a October Ist, 1897.
Title-Page, Explanation of Plates, and Index ae January Ist, 1898.

Plate + (the portrait of Hugh Cuming) is intended to be placed as a

frontispiece to the volume,

AS THE CONDITION OF THIS VOLUME
WOULD NOT PERMIT SEWING, IT WAS
TREATED WITH A STRONG, DURABLE
ADHESIVE ESPECIALLY APPLIED TO
ASSURE HARD WEAR AND USE.

CONTENTS.

Jones, K. Hurtsrone. Molluscan albinism and the tendency to the oe
phenomenon in 1893 ... ast 300 o6t Bue 3-11
CuasTer, G. W. On the occurrence of PulseJum lofotense Sars in the
Trish Sea ane 000 290 o00 ado 600 II
STANDEN, ROBERY. Vertigo sudbstriala Jcff. var. albina ek II
fTelix aspersa Mill. m. szzzstrorsum Taylor... 23
MARSHALL, J. T. Alterations in ‘‘ British Conchology ” ae 24—4I
COLLIER, EpwARD. Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West
- of Ireland As Ae Saeter ahs ae .. 42—46
STANDEN, ROBERT. Note on Cypriea tessellata (Sowb.) Ses 55

MELVILL, J. Cosmo. An epitome of the life of the late Hugh Cuming 59—70
ADAMS, LIONEL E. Segmentina lineata in Northamptonshire... 70
LAYARD, E. L. Some personal reminiscences of the Jate Hugh Cuming 71—75
CHASTFR, G. W. Wassa reticulata var. minor Ne ane 75

ADAMS, LIONEL E. Helix hortensds var. luteo-labiata noy., and large

felix tala in Northamptonshire... ob se ah 83
MELVILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. Notes on a collection of shells

from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James and

Mrs. Hadfield, with list of species gap ae ee 84—132
Newron, R. BULLEN. On the occurrence of dlectryonia ungulata

in S.E. Africa ; with a notice of previous researches on the Cretace-

ous Conchology of Southern Africa... a ae 136—I51
——— Corrigendum... se a ee 33 208
Wricut?, C. BE. Helzx hortensts m. sinistrorsum in Northamptonshire 151
OLDHAM, CHARLES. Agriolimax agrestis var. albida Picard in Cheshire 151

Liniax cinereo-niger in Cheshire ie ae 151

1V, CONTENTS.

: age.
FarkER, W. J. Notes on the land and freshwater mollusca of the a
English lake district... and an oa ies 152
CrowTHER, HENRY. Protective resemblance of the shell of Helix
cantiana Mont. to its surroundings ... nee es “ee 161

Byne, L. St. G. The marine mollusca of Teignmouth Lay : Additions 162—167

ApAMS, LIONEL E. Helix lapicéda v. albina in Kent 08 167
Cuaster, G. W. On the variation of Stelifer turtoni Brod. ae 176
ADAMS, LIONEL E. Physa acuta at Ostend ... 209 aE 176
CoLLieR, Epwarb, and R. STANDEN. Further conchological notes

from the West of Ireland S05 eo sea cis 177—190
OLDHAM, CHARLES. Note on the habits of Vertzyo edentula Drap. 190
TREGELLES, GEO. FOx. The marine mollusca of Cornwall

I9QI—200, 209—225
ADAMS, LIONEL E. Helix fusca, H. granulata, H. lapicida var. albina,

and Clausilia rolphiz Gray in Northamptonshire aS ae 228
HorsbLEy, Rev. J. W. Note on Helix Jucasz from North Afiica 228
Apams, LIONEL E. Limax maximus L. var. alba nov. in Northamp-

tonshire ... ae ak see a at ane 228
CROWTHER, HENRY. Mucous tracks of Lzmmnea stagnalis L. ... 230
SMITH, EDGAR A. A list of the land and freshwater mollusca of

Trinidad... Bi ie Bde ne et ee 231—251
Hors.try, Rev. J. W. Note on Acléx hortensis, near Dover 251
ADAMS, LIONEL E. Limax marginatus Mill.=Z. arborum B. Ch.,

in Northamptonshire... ae ae oh 580 251
OLDHAM, CHARLES. Helix fusca and Azeca tridens in Denbighshire ... 251
TREGELLES, Gro. Fox. The marine mollusca of Cornwall (cowz.) 252-262
HWorstey, Rev. J. W. The mollusca of Plumstead Marshes ae 262

MELVILL, J. C., and R. StANDEN., Notes on a collection of shells
from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James

and Mrs. Hadfield, with list of species (Part II.) cere 273—315
SHACKLEFORD, LEwIs. The shell-boring of Carnivorous Gastropods ... 315
ADAMS, LIONEL FE. Albino forms of Lzttorina rudis var. tenebrosa 315

Interesting Kentish forms _... - ait 316
Epwarps, THos. Planorbis carinatus Mill. monst. scudurtjornie 320
Hoye, W. E. David Robertson, LL.D., Obituary Notice Ns 329
MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology ” ay 338—372
CHASTER, Gro. W. Adeorbis unisulcatus, new species, from the Irish

Coast ... aes aie San iat ea ie 373
DARBISHIRE, R. D. A visit to a snail farm ath ae ge 374

MELVILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. Notes on a collection of shells
from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James
and Mrs. Hadfield, with list of species (Part II., cov.) oe 379

CONTENTS. v.

TayLor, JoHN W. On two remarkable atavic specimens of Planordbis i
spirorbis Mill ate ay oe fa nae 382
MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘‘ Lritish Conchology ” (co/.) .... 385—395
WricutT, C. E. A colony of Cecilioides acicula Miill. in Northants. 395
MELVILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. Notes on a collection of shells from
Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James and Mrs.
Hadfield, with list of species (Part III.) uae sere .. 396—421
Moss, W. A preliminary note on the genitalia of /Zyalinza (Zonitozdes)
nitida Mull. and Ay. excavata Bean aac aii aes 421
Jounson, J. YATE. Description of Helix watson?, a new species of
land shell, discovered at Madeira, by Senhor J. M. Moniz... 429
Stupss, G. A. Note on Zelina balthica ... ae ae an 430
MARSHALL, J. T. The marine shells of Sciily be a 431
OLDHAM, CHARLES. Limax cinereo-niger Wolff, in Dervyshire ne 433
MELVILL, J. Cosmo. Upon the principles of nomenclature, and their
application to the genera of recent mollusca... a5 .» 435—479
BIBLIOGRAPHY — i abe 56, 123, 207, 229, 334, 381, 422, 480
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY—
June, 1894 Aes ue, ne aoe oe aS 12
January—April, 1895 ace hs - a Bee 47
May, 1895 “ee af MA a UE Ge 76
July—December, 1895 i) ape oe. Au a 168
January—March, 1896 _.. a us ie és 201
April—May, 1896 ... : es sh ie ot 226
June—September, 1596 ... adi CANON ver ap 263
October—December, 1896... ott ts: = ae 330
January—March, 1897 ... fo ooh ont a 375
April—June, 1897... Rae ue ie ie ans 425
July, 1897 na as 1 see sine 80 434
PROCEEDINGS OF TH MANCHESTER BRANCH—
September, 1894—March, 1895 ae me: wee ve 51
May, 1895 sen s00 ute iG ae ce 79
PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEEDS BRANCH—
September—October, 1895 6 Bs Bs mk 174
January—February, 1896 ___... ve oe i Ss 205
PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON LRANCII—
January, 1896 ae 000 ae See ie ak 206
March—April, 1896 a SS Pa ase os 227
May—June, 1896 ... eh ss rt Be bus 269
November—December, 1£96 BH Gi st ade Bae

FEE ES le Sa

Vi. CONTENTS.

LIST OF PLATES. °

Portrait of Hugh Cuming (frontispiece)

Lifu Mollusca

Variation of Purpura lapillus
Irish Kitchen Middens
Trinidad Mollusca

Lifu Mollusca

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

Map of the Loyalty Islands

Stilifer turtont

Planorbis carinatus m. scalar tforme

Adeorbis unisulcatus, Chaster

Olivella williamst, Melvill and Standen
Diagrammatic figures of primitive Planorbis

Atavic sinistral monstrosity of Planorbzs spiroi bis Mill.

Atavic dextral monstrosity of Planordes sptrorbis Miill.

page
Abnormalities (see a/so Scalariform
and Sinistral examples) :
Claustla perversa 377
felix aspersa 175
— hortensts 173
— nemoralis (with Marcetentacles) 175
— perplexa 377
— pomatia 173
Linnea auricularia 175
-—— peresra 47
— stagnalis ...49, 76
Planorbis spirorbis 377, 394
Pupa cylindracea 333
— secale ... 333
Unio tumidus Bd is oo 7G
Achatina churchilliana, Natal... 55
Adams, L. E., Albino forms of

Littorina rudis v. tenebrosa... 315
— Felix fusca Mont., A. granu-

lata Alder, A. lapicida v.

albina Menke, Claustlia rolphit

Gray in Northants. 228
-— Felix hortensts v. luteo- eben

and 4, zta/a in Northants. 83
— Helix lapicidav. albtnain Kent 167
— Interesting Kentish forms 316
— Limax marginatus Mill. = L.

arborum B. Ch. in Northants. 251
— Limax maximus L. v. albanovy.

in Northants. . 228
— Physa acuta at Ostend.. 176
-— Segmentina lineata in Northants 70
Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology,”

J. T. Marshall 338, 385
Adeorbis unisulcatus n. sp., nee )

N. Ireland 373
Africa, North, Helix oe 228
-— S., Cretaceous conchology 136
-— — — Corrigendum 208
Agriolimax agrest?s v. albida,

Cheshire 151
Alaba xadela nv. sp., fig., Ui 305

— mercenaria Li.

age.
Albinism in 1893 oa e 3
Alcyna lifuensis n. sp., fig., LBs 312
Alectryonia ungulata in S. E,
| Africa, fig. 136
— — Corrigendum 288
Alterations in ‘‘ British Condhelass’ 2
Alvania pistnna n. sp., fig., ia 305
Atavic specimens of Planorbis
spirorbts 382
Azeca tridens in Denbenenre 251
Barleeta chasteri n. sp., fig., Lifu 120
— chrysomela n. sp., fig., Lifu... 309
Bibliography, 56, 133, 207, os 334
381, 422, 480
Littium e@olomitres n.sp., fe. oe 298
— albocinctum n. sp., fig., Lifu ... 299
— martleutes n. sp., fig., Lifu 299
— uveanum n. sp., fig., Lifu 299
Bonne of Carnivorous Gastropods 315
‘Brit. Conchology,” Additions oe 385
— — Alterations in 24.
— —- Summary of 40
British Fauna, new records ;
Adeorbis unisulcatus Chaster ... 373
—— imperspicuius Monts... 373
Astarte crenata Gray 364
Axinus eumyarius M. Sars 355
Cardita aculeata Poli 355
Eulima petitiana Brus. ... 432
— monterosatt de Bourg. 432
Leda lucida Lov. 344
— pusilla Jeff. BS 433
Neera rostrata Spengl. ... 200 | AO)
Petricola pholadiformis Lam. 206, 393
Pulsellium lofotense Sars II
Rissoa subsoluta Arad. . 432
Solecurtus scopula Turton 388
Tellina serrata Brocchi 369, 432
Terebratella spitzbergensts Day. 339
Teredo jimbriata Jett. 395
Venus mesodesma Quoy & Gaim. 366

482 INDEX,
page. | page.
Bulimus (Drymeus) aureolus Columbella OT ae pacez=C.
(Guppy), fig., Trinidad 241 | slephent 275, 407
-— — ftrinitariusn.sp.,fig., Trinidad 242 | — — Stephenz n. sp., fig., Lifu... 275
-— — mosstn. sp., fig., Trinidad... 243 — (Mitrella) segaloessa n. sp., fig.
— -— broadwayin.sp.,fig. Trinidad 243 | Lifu s+ 276
Byne, L. St. G., Marine Mollusca | Conchological Society—
of Teignmouth Bay ... . 162 Leeds Branch, Proceedings 174, 205
Cadulus viperidens n. sp. fig., iui 314 Sel oe Report 333
Cectlioides acicula Mill., Northants. 395 List of Members 18, 323
Cambridge Natural ideas, review 56 London Branch, Proceedings ... 206,
Carnivorous aoe Shell- 227, 333
Boring by Bins — — Report 272
Cerithéops?s aurantiaca n. sp., fig., Manchester Branch, Proceadiee 16,
Lifu SOO 55> 79
-— catenaria N. sp., ie, Life 300 — — Report for 1893-4 16
— eutrapela n. sp., fig., Lifu 301 ame loo 82
— fostere n. sp., fig., Lifu 301 Proceedings of, 12, 47, 76, 168, 201,
— hedista n. sp., fig., Lifu 302 226, 263, 330, 375, 425, 434
— adelphan. sp., fig., Lifu 302 | Report for 1893-94 ae
— sinon Bayle, fig. ; ans © BEG — — 1894-95 So
Cerithium armatum Phil. v. See 1095.90 . 269
lifuenszs, fig. 115 | Cretaceous Conchology, S. Africa 136
— aichroum n. sp., fig. ..- 115 | Crowther, H., Mucous tracks of
Chalet St. Denis, La Snail Limnea stagnalis L.... fant 280
Farm ' 374 | — Protective resemblance of Helix
Chaster, G. W., Vie Ce cantizana Mont. 161
catus, n. sp., fig., Ireland 373 | Cuming, Hugh, Life of 59
— Nassa reticulata v. minor 75 | — Mollusca named after ... 69
— Pulsellum lofotense in Irish Sea 11 | — Personal Reminiscences of 71
— Variation of Stzlefer turtoni Cyprea aurora, pu re-
Brod. 176 garding me 131
Chemical and Beyeical Properties — clandestina v. ar SED. ‘Pe 112
of Molluscs : .. 205 | — rashlezghana Melv., fig., Lifu... 111
Cheshire, Aevcolimax dpestss v. — tessellata (Sowb.), Onan 55
albida ... : 151 | Daphnella terina n. sp., fig., Lifu 296
Chiton hanleyz Bean, Nore 29 | — thespesia n. sp., fig., Lifu 207
Cornwall, Marine Mollusca 191, 209, 252 | Denbighshire, Azeca t,idens 251
Clathurella caletria n.sp., fig., Lifu 293 | — Heléx fusca Bi se P25
-— cnephean. sp., fig., Lifu 293 | Derbyshire, Limax cinerco-niger... 433
— episema n. sp., fig., Lifu 294 | Diala hardyin sp., fig., Lifu 118
— hitan. sp., fig., Lifu . 2094 | -— ludensn. sp., fig., Lifu 118
—- longa = M. (Glyphostoma) trt- Drillia cygnea n. sp. fig., Lifu 379
gonostomum Wervier, fig. 295, 402 | — zone n. sp. fig., iti 277
—— rogerst n. sp., fig., Lifu 295 | — themeropis n. sp. fig., Lifu 278
— spyridula n. sp., fig., Lifu 206 | — xanthoporphyria n. sp., Lifu... 278
Claustlia rolphii Grayin Northants. 228 | Edwards, T., Planorbis cartnatus
Collier, E., Excursion to West of Mill. monst. scalariforme 320
Teller: 42 | Egyptian tombs, Shells from 53
— and R. Siinailem, Berner Con- Elusa gradatula n. sp., fig., Lifu... 380
chological Notes from West Engina todosta Duclos, fig. Lifu... 104
Treland... 177 | — mundulan. sp., fig., Lifu 105

Engina sinensis Melvill, fig., Lifu
— spican. sp., fig., Lifu ... 20
Feuchelus favosus n. sp. fig., Lifu...

Excursion to West of Ireland 42,

Varrer, W. J., Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca of oe
Lake District .

Genitalia of Palins nitida Mii I
and &. excavata Bean

Hadfield, Rev. J. and Mrs., [396 |
Loyalty Is. collection 84, 273, 379, |

Llelix aspersa im. stnistrorsum
Taylor is was

— fusca Mont., Denbighshire

—— Noccames. ise

— vranulata Alder, IOrInanIe ae

— hortensts, Dover, Note

— — m. sznzstrorsum, Northants.

—- — y. luteo-labiata, Northants.

— iztala, Northants.

— lapicida v. albina, Kent

= — Nozthants. ...

— lucast, North Africa

— watsonin. sp., Madeira

Horsley, J. W., Aeléx hortensis,
near Dover a6

— /ucasz, from North ALG ica

— Mollusca of the Plumstead
Marshes : aoe oa

Hlyalinia nitida Mill. and Z.
excavata Bean, Genitalia of ...

Ireland, West, I‘xcursion to

-— Further conchological note

Johnson, J. Y., Helix le n.
Sp., Madeira igh

Jones, K. H., Albinism in “Gee -

Journal of Malnestoay, review

Kellia fideliwm, n.sp., fig., Lifu...

Kitchen Middens, Irish

Kent, Helix lapicida v. albina

Lake District, L. & F. W. Moll...

Layard, E. L., Reminiscences of
H. Cumpe 60 é

Leucorhynchia tricarinata, vn. Sp-,
fig., Lifu :

Lifu, Shells from ... ff, ays 270,

Lima excavata, large example

Limax cinereo-niger, Cheshire

— — Derbyshite ... sia

— marginatus Mill., Northants.

— maximus var. alba, Northants.

INDLX, 483
age. | page.
106 Lancashire, Helix aspersa m.

105 | StnIStrorsune ais Hae 23
31l Limnea stagnalis, distorted
177 | specimens 49, 76

: — Mucous tracks of 230
| Linnean genera of shells, List 466

ee Litiopa limnophysa, n.sp., fig., Lifu- 305
nee | Littovina rudis var. tenebrosa

ae albino 315

Loyalty Islands, Wie ae 130
— — Shells from... 84, Ey 379, 396

BOO nee a General eicervatiens 416
251 | Madeira, Helix watsoni, n. sp. 429
228 Manchester Museum, Library Cata-

228 | logue, review ... 7)
251 Alangilia agna n. sp., fig., Lifu ... 279
I5l | — bascauda n. sp., fig., Lifu 279

83 — calathiscus n. sp., fig., Lifu 280

83. — eumerista n. sp., fiz. Lifu 280
167 | — himerodes n. sp., fig., Lifu 281
228 — himertan. sp., fig., Lifu 281
228 — orophoman. sp., fig., Lifu 282
429 — stibarochila n. sp., fig., Lifu ... 283

| — thalycra n. sp., fig., Lifu 283

251 — ¢hiasotes n. sp., fig., Lifu 284
228 — (Costellaria ?) nitidiss¢ma n. sp.

| fig., Lifu 02

262 — (Cythara)euselian.sp., fies vim 284

| — — psalterium n. sp., fig., Lifu 285

421 — — signumn. sp., fig., Lifu ... 286
2. — (Daphnella) dulcinean. sp., fig.,

Wi | Lifu 98
| — (Glyphostoma) Tene Sp., fe, ;
429 Lifu bee Hels

3 | — — calcicincta n. SP-5 fies ihe 95

58 | — — chrysolitha n. sp., fig., Lifu 286
128 | — — cremonillan. sp., fon Lifu 96
187 | — — diahthan. sp, fig., Lifu ... 287
167 | — — emma n. sp., fig., Lifu 96
152 | — — /atirellan. sp., fig., Lifu ... 287

| — — notopyrrha n. sp., fig., Lifu 288

71 | — — rhodacme n. sp., fig., Lifu... 288

— — thaleran. sp., fig., Lifu 289
311 ) — — fheoteles n. sp., fig., Lifu ... 289
396 |. — — thepalean. sp., fig., Lifu ... 290

79 | — — thereganum n. sp., fig., Lifu 291
I51 | — — ¢hesaurista n. sp., fig., Lifu 291
433 | — — theskela n.sp., fig., Lifu 97
251 | — — ¢hyridota n. sp., fig., Lifu... 292
228 | — — trigonostomum Hervier, fig. 402

SN ee et ee ee

484 INDEX.
pase. page.
Mangtlia (Volutomzttra) honesta Odostomia versicolor n. sp., fig., Lifu 379
n. sp., fig., Lifu tor | Oldham, C., Agriolimax oo v.
Marshall, J. T., Additions to “Brit. albida, Glens Etc
Caninion” 338, 385 | — Aelex fusca and Azeca triJdens,
— Alterations in Capateh Con- Denbighshire ... 251
chology ” ec ‘ 24 | — Limax cinereo-niger, Chestacen I51
—— Marine Shells of Seiiy. 431 see SPAg8
Mathilda eurytima n.sp.,fig., Lifu 310 | — ie on habits of Vertigo
— simensis Fischer, fig., Lifu 117 edentula 190
Melvill, J. C., Life of H. Cuming 59 | Olvella wilkamsi n. Eom foe Ge 380
-— Linnzan genera of Shells 466 | Ostend, Physa acuta -- 176
— Principles of nomenclature 435 | Owen, R., Cumingian collection... 55
-- and R. Standen, Notes on | Pholadomya candida, Tortola 227
shells from Lifu, &c., Part I. 84 | Physa acuta, Ostend . 176
a Part lle 273, 379 | Physical properties of Molluscs 205
ae Part Lil 396 | Planorbis carinatus m. scalart-
Miinolia agapeta nv. sp., fig., Lifa.. 312 forme, fig. : a suPtoee
Bible wm, se, fe, ne | Spirorbis, atavic specimens, fig. 382
‘ : Pleurotoma (Drillia) hadfieldi n.
Mitra (Chrysame) JSulvosulcata sp., fig., Lifu... Mite oa
Melv., fig. Lifu Fann Principles of nomenclature = 435
— WORT ES) LEU VS, Protective resemblance of Helix
fig., Lif see cantiana 161
Modiola valepa Vunkc.; Lif ~ 127 | Prulsellum lofotense, Ti Sa II
ee ie (coll.), Helix watsont, Pupa uvulifera Guppy, fig. . ci 244
429 | Pur pura pices variation in
Moss, W., Genitalia of Renee form, pl. i 56
itil oc on GBT ‘
Mucous tracks of Zim. ress. 230 Poeun van ee fg. Lit ene
Murex (Ocinebra) benedictus n.sp., — joviana n. sp., fig., Lifa 309
fig., Lifu oo --- 108 | — pyrrhacme n. sp., hie Lifu 310
SS LLG es Soke, hee, UNA oon 2/30 = Vege cose: . 32
Nassa reticulata var. minor 75 | — baculum-pastoris w.sp., a: F ce 306
— (Niotha) rotunda n. sp., Ee — catholica n. sp., fig., Lifu 306
Lifu 273 | — enteles n. sp., fig., Lifu 307
> (Bites) shocker din. =12b5 fe, ) — nesiotesn. sp., fig., Lifu 307
Lifu - 274 | — sincera n. sp., fig., Lifu 308
— ~~ ecstelba n. sp., fig., Lifa 274 | — conulan. sp., fig., Lifu 308
Newton, R. Bullen, <Avectryonia ~ (Phosinella) quasillits n. sp., fig.,
ungulata in S. EF. Africa 136 Lifu 2220 GOS
— — Corrigendum 208 | Robertson, David, Oleenr ‘Notice 329
Northants. — Scalarta eranna n. sp., fig., Lifu... 276
Helix fusca 228 | — exomilan. sp., fig, Lifu 277)
— granulata 228 | Scalariform examples of :—
— hortensis vy. lutco- ib: tt 83 Fusus antiquus ... 267
— itala 83 Helix arbustorum 52
— lapicida v. kine 228 —- caperata 267
Limax marginatus 251 -—— ericetorum Me B27,
— maximus v. alba 228 — lapicida yt, 3)
Segmentina lineata 70 —-- nemoralts 50
Obituary, David Robertson 329 Limnea palustris 265

INDEX.

page.
Scalariform examples of :—
Limnaa peregra... boc fa 49
Planorbis albus ... ee LSC
— carinatus a a 267, 320
— nautzleus Bye soc a) 150
— spivorbis Ses fae 49, 51
Ukko turtont .. 12
Scilly Isles, Marine Shells 191, 2 431
Segmentina lineata, Northants. ... 70
Selenztes alicea (Guppy) fig. 46) 239
Shackleford, U., Shell-Boring cf
carnivorous Gastropods LS
Sinistral examples of :—
Buccinum undatum ee 53, 267
Fusus antiquus ... a 207
Gibbus Lyonetianis 338 Pees 7
felix aspersa Miill. ace ey Sy Ces)
— caperata Mont., ae LSS
—- hortensis Ado we 151
— mnemoralis ... he Wee Ua
— obvoluta a 3 428
— rotundata Miill. ae oo, 175
Planorbis spirorbis PORT Sea.
Smith, FE. A., Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca of Trinidad ... 231
Snail farm, visit to.. eae “374
Solariella ((Garaeachias) tragema Nn.
Spy hi@ay Wit! ©... ae Se air
Standen, k., /eléx aspersa m.
SENISCVOVSUME 0 208 23
— Note on Cyprea tes Ee vane 55
— Vertigo substriata v. albina ... 11

—and E. Collier, Further Con-
chological Notes from West of

Ireland 5 177
-— andj. C. ae leai Shells fon

Lifu, &c. .... 84, 273, 379, 396
Stelifer turtont, var., fig.... os 7.0

Stubbs, A. G., Note on TZedlina
balthica ac

Subulina (Nothus) Salen Be:

— — urichi, n.sp., fig., Trinidad

Superstition pelea ae
aurora ...

Syrnola jaculuni n. ‘gh nae ath.

-— mossiana n. sp., fig., Lifu

— violacea n. sp., fig., Lifu

Taylor, J. W., Atavic specimens cf
Planorbis spirorbes ;

— Monograph of L. and F. W.
Moll. British Is., review
Teignmouth Bay, Marine Moll.,

Additions 3b
Tellina balthica, Note on ... ah
Terebra (Alyurella) nectarea u. sp.,

fig., Lifu
Th peenonie. a bactricola, a.
Tornatina hadfield? n. sp., tig. ...
Tregelles, G. F., Marine Mollusca
of Cornwall ... ans IQI,
Trinidad, L. and I’. W. Moll.
Turbo (Senectus) moluccensts, Lifu
Turbonilla belonis n. sp., fig., Lifu
Unio tumtdus, distorted specimens
Uvea, Shells from 84, 273, 379,
Variation of Stzlifer turtonz
Vertigo edentula, habits of...
— substriata v. albina
Visit to a Snail farm
Vitrer tmplicans, fig.
Voluta canaliculata, S. Austr. ae
Weight lifted by Helix
Wright, C. E., Cectlioides aie,

Northants. ‘
—FHelix hortensis m. mys orsum

Northants.

CORRE GE NEDIAC:

P. 28, dast line, for “incisions ”

read *‘ excisions.”

P. 267, dine 16, for “ Northampton” vead “ Dover.”

P. 378, dine 23, for “July and August ”

tember.”

P. 424, dine 9, from below for “ Mai

See valsoy pi. 132:

read. (ain

age.

430
235

235

131
304
122
304

read August and Sep-

THE

TOUR NAL

CONCHOLOGY.

The ‘ Journal of Conchology,’ which Mr. J. W. Taylor has
conducted with so much enthusiasm and success for the last
twenty-one years, has now become the property of the Con-
chological Society. It will for the future be issued under the
direction of the Council, by a Publication Committee which
at the present time consists of the undersigned.

It is hoped that the character of the journal will be
fully maintained, and that articles of morphological interest may
be somewhat more frequent than in the past.

We may also indicate that papers will be received on
Paleeo-Conchology, this branch of the subject being of the
utmost importance to the geologist as well as to the the recent
systematist. The former is enabled by fossil shells to fix his
geological horizons, whilst the latter must study the shell-life of
the past if he wishes to become acquainted with the ancestral
forms of many of the modern genera.

The formalities consequent upon the change of ownership
have somewhat delayed the appearance of the present number,
but every effort will be made in the future to secure regular
publication,

il.
It is proposed to continue the practice of printing short
Notes where space allows, and the committee will be happy to

receive communications of this nature from members of the
Society and others.

Among the papers which it is hoped will appear in the near
future are a ‘Catalogue of the Shells of Lifu,’ by Messrs.
Melvill and Standen, containing descriptions and figures of new
species, and a ‘Monograph of the British Odostomie,’ with
figures of all the species, by Dr. G. W. Chaster.

The ExcHANGE CoLumn recently inaugurated will be
continued, and will for the present be open free to members of
the Society, and to others on payment of a small fee. It is also
proposed to institute an ENQuiry CoLuMN in the hope that
members may be induced to facilitate each other’s studies by the
communication of scraps of knowledge.

In conclusion it may be allowable to remind the members
of the Society that the Journal having now become their
property, each one incurs a certain amount of responsibility for
its successful continuance, and it is hoped that all will co-operate
in carrying on its useful work.

H. CROWTHER,
EpwarD COLLIER,

R. D. DARBISHIRE,

W. E. Hovte (£ditor),
R. BULLEN NEWTON,

Committee of
Publication.

—— —- -- $+@0—____-.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 3

MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM AND THE TENDENCY
TO THE PHENOMENON IN _ 1893.

IB IK, ISTUIRIES IONS, fONIES.

(Read before the Conchological Society, August 22nd, 1894 ; and before
the Manchester Branch, April 12th, 1894).

THE object of this little paper is not to set forth a lengthy
dissertation on Albinism, but by bringing forward a few ele-
mentary facts and observations, and by an attempt to draw
deductions from them, to awaken an intelligent interest and to
call forth further investigation in this much-neglected branch of
the study of conchology.

I think it is advisable in the first instance, before dealing
specially with albinism in the mollusca, to define and give a
slight sketch of albinism generally. Albinism is lack of colour.

That Albinism is not due to a white pigment, as occasion-
ally advanced, is easily proved. The eye of an albino is
proverbially pink; the pink colour is due to the fact that the
blood-vessels are visible through the transparent iris. Were
any white pigment present, such vessels would be obscured by
it, and the eye would appear white. Albinism is always an
abnormality.

There are, it is true, many albino species—instance the
white rabbit, rat, and mouse; but these are the propagation of
an abnormality by man, and not natural products. ‘There are,
also, numerous instances of white animals, such as the polar
bear, and many birds. These are not albinos. The polar
bear, although its fur is white, has brown eyes, whilst the
mucous membrane lining the inside of the lips, and the claws are
black. Some animals there are, moreover, which are white at one
season of the year and brown at another. The Alpine hare and
the ptarmigan are white in winter and brown in summer.

The above remarks have their bearing on the conchological
aspect of the subject, as I shall endeavour to show later on,

4. JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM,

_ With this brief glance at albinism generally, let us turn to

albinism from a strictly conchological point of view, and in
doing so, a few words as to the structure and colouring of the
shell, and the various parts of the animal from which they are
produced, may not be out of place.

The shell consists of three layers. The most external, the
epidermis or ectoderm, is chitinous ; the middle, the thickest,
is calcareous, and sometimes called the prismatic ; the third, or
nacreous, also calcareous, is always smooth and shining and
frequently beautifully coloured. The external and middle
layers are formed in the Gastropoda by the collar, and in the
Pelecypoda by the free edge of the mantle, which corre-
sponds to the collar of the former class.

In both orders the nacreous layer is secreted by the mantle.

The colouring of the shell. There are two kinds of colour-
ing: that produced by the deposition of particles in such a
manner as to break up the light and give rise to the idea of
colour; and that due to the deposition of particles of colouring
matter, which matter is known as melanin. ‘The shell of an
Anodon gives a good illustration of both varieties, the pearly
inside being a good sample of the first, and the green ectoderm
of the second. ‘The ectoderm is generally coloured, the nacre-
ous layer less frequently, and the prismatic but rarely. The
ectoderm is developed from the collar, therefore the collar plays
the most important part in the colouring of the shell as a whole.
Indeed, the collar presents a highly complex organ, producing
as it does two different kinds of shell material and the colouring
material of the ectoderm at one and the same time. There are
many minor points, very interesting in themselves, with regard
to the colouring matter of the shell; but, as they do not bear
directly on the subject in hand, and would take up much space,
I am forced to leave them untouched in this paper.

A mollusc bearing an albino shell presents a paradox. The
shell may be perfectly devoid of colour, but the animal inhabit-
ing it is always more or less pigmented. In short, a shell-bearing

J.C., viii., Jan. 1895.

JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM. 5

albino mollusc, in the general conchological acceptance of the
term, is not an albino at all. The coloured mollusc, carrying
an albino shell, is, indeed, in precisely the same position as the
polar bear, mentioned above. ‘There are, also, shells which are
partly albino and partly typical in colour. I have two speci-
mens of the shells of Planorbis corneus, taken at Birch, which
were partly white and partly typical in colour. Mr. Moss and
Mr. Cairns have similar specimens from Ashton-under-Lyne.
Examples of this curious abnormality have also occurred among
the terrestrial mollusca. Capt. W. J. Farrer has taken a speci-
men of Helix hispida at Bassenthwaite in Cumberland, the last
whorl of which is albino, the others are typical. I took, also, a
specimen of A. rufescens, at Matlock, presenting the same
curious condition. Mr. Standen possesses a specimen of C/au-
silia rugosa, the apex of which is white, the rest typical. There
are other instances, but these are sufficient for illustration. The
rule seems to be that a shell, having started typically,
finishes as an albino, for most of the above present this con-
dition ; there are, of course, exceptions.

The cause of the above remarkable phenomenon I do not
exactly know; it is, however, I think, due most probably to
constitutional weakness 1n the animal, and not to lack of some-
thing in the food. Were the latter the case, instead of finding
single individuals presenting the above remarkable character-
istics, we should find colonies representing the condition.

That food, however, does influence the colouring of the
shell in a very remarkable manner, I have experimental evidence
to prove. My friend, Capt. W. J. Farrer, took at York Aelix
arbustorum var. fusca and H. hortensis var. olivacea, both in con-
siderable quantities. Having transported the specimens, which
were about half-grown, to Bassenthwaite, he commenced feeding
them upon cabbage-leaves. All that portion of the shell in both
species which has been formed since their arrival at Bassenth-
waite is pure white. Obviously something is wanting in the
food supplied to them—that something may possibly be a cer-

6 JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM.

tain combination of iron. It may be urged that a similar
explanation will suffice for those parti-coloured individuals
which have been captured at large. I do not think it will,
and for this reason: if the cause had been one dependent on
food material, all the animals in a certain locality would have
presented pseudo-albino tendencies, as was the case with Capt.
Farrer’s Helices, but this, so far as we know, has not been
noticed with regard to free-roaming snails. Such an explana-
tion will in no case account for the abnormality in the specimens
of Planorbis corneus mentioned above, which were taken where
both the white variety and the type existed under exactly
similar conditions, and living on the same kind of food in the
same pond.

Albinos, as a rule, are taken under one of two conditions:
either singly or in colonies. Many instances, embracing many
species, both freshwater and terrestrial, can be cited in proof of
this. There is a pond at Birch in which occurs /lanorbis
corneus var. albida in such quantities that last year the white
specimens numbered 73 per cent. of the whole! Again, ina
pond at Gorton, I found white Planorbis corneus present to the
extent of 16 per cent.

Among the terrestrial mollusca, the tendency to form
colonies is still more marked. Capt. Farrer communicates to
me that he has found Clausilia rugosa var. albida congregating
in quantities on a wall near Kew Gardens. ‘The same observer
finds that although Helzx rotundata can be found in any quantity
around Bassenthwaite, there is only one spot-—a certain heap of
stones—where the white variety occurs, and that in that spot
the type is never met with. The white variety is so numerous,
however, where it occurs, that he has taken as many as fifteen
specimens from the same stone. Last year, Mr. F. Taylor,
a member of the Manchester Branch, took at Plumstead,
Flyalinia nitidula var. helmit and H. rotundata var. alba,
both living in large colonies and within circumscribed limits.
Mr. Charles Oldham informs me that some years ago he took

J.C., viii., Jan. 1895.

JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM. 7

from a bank in Derbyshire large numbers of Helix concinna
var. albida. ‘This year, I took at Disley in Cheshire specimens
of Hyalinia cellaria and 7. alltaria, both white, and both from
the same bank, and that not thirty feet long. Again, in the
same locality last year I found in a pile of bricks, not ten feet
square, two specimens of Hyalinza cellaria var. albina, and some
type individuals, the shells of which were so light in colour that
it was difficult to say whether they were albinos or not. Indeed,
though it sounds anomalous to say so, a Hyalinia to be white
must have a shade of green. This green appearance is, how-
ever, I am of opinion, due more to the composition of the shell
than its colouring matter.

There are many more instances of gregarious habits among
molluscan albinos, so called, but one will suffice. Captain
Farrer has lately taken at Bassenthwaite, Pupa cylindracea var.
albina, in considerable quantity. There is a curious point with
regard to this particular colony. The mollusca occur upon a
wall, which is whitewashed in one part; on that part which is
whitewashed, and that only, occur the animals with the white
shells, though the type is plentiful on that portion of the wall
which is not whitewashed. Captain Farrer is inclined to regard
this instance as one of protective colouring. I cannot altogether
agree with him. I think the dark body of the mollusc, being
very plainly visible through its semi-transparent shell, prohibits
the idea that that shell is of much service as a protective agent.

All these facts, I believe, go to prove that albinism amongst
mollusca is extremely hereditary. Take the case of Planorbis
corneus at Birch. Mr. Standen can remember a few years ago
when, out of several hundreds, he did not obtain a single white
specimen. Then a few began to appear, and, in succeeding
years, the few continually increased, till in 1893 they formed nearly
three-fourths of the total. Probably in this case a few albinos,
or perhaps a brood of albinos, were produced accidentally, so to
speak, and these growing up and coming to maturity have
propagated the abnormality, some doubtless, however, reverting

8 JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM.

to the original type. Ina pond everything is in favour of this.
The animals cannot, in the generality of cases, leave their
habitat, even if they wish to do so, and provided food be plenti-
ful there is no reason why they should make the attempt.

As regards land snails, conditions are very similar. The
animals do not wander far in search of food as a rule, for every
collector knows how certain species, or varieties of species, are
found year after year in the same locality, though that locality
may be only a few yards across. Single albinos are also
frequently taken. Last year I took in the Reddish canal a
single specimen of P. corneus var. albina, and, although I
searched a whole afternoon most diligently, I was not rewarded
with a second. But the conditions in a pond and ina canal
are widely different. In the former the inhabitants are cramped
into a small space without the opportunity of travelling far, in
the latter there are currents, together with unlimited space to
rove over, so that no doubt broods of albinos in the latter get
widely dispersed, and are prevented from propagating the
abnornsality. I believe that an albino is such owing to
constitutional deficiency and not on account of its surroundings.
Where one finds albinos there are frequently typical individuals
living on the same food and under similar conditions.

It is worth while bearing in mind the fact that there are
some species of mollusca which normally carry an albino shell,
for instance, Carychium minimum and Hyalinia crystallina, and
it is possible that such species have been evolved from species
having coloured shells in a manner similar to that of the white
varieties mentioned above. Most probably, however, the earliest
shell-bearing mollusca carried. uncoloured shells, and it is pos-
sible that such snails as C. minimum and H. crystallina represent
an older form of shell development, and that albinos are a
reversion to the original type.

The popular idea is that a shell in order to be an albino
must be white. From a scientific point of view this is not
necessary. Albinism is lack of colour. Then, a transparent, or,

J.C., vili., Jan. 3895.

JONES: MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM. 9

to speak more correctly, a semi-transparent shell, may possess
no colour, yet not be white, and still an albino. The fact is
that a shell appears white when it is opaque, because all the
rays are reflected from it; it does not appear white when trans-
parent, because it allows the rays of light to pass through.
These two modifications of albinism can be well studied on a
specimen of “4. virgata var. hyalozonata, where they may be
seen side by side. Such a thing as a really transparent shell
does not exist, but a good test for a semi-transparent one is to
lay the specimen ona sheet of white paper—if any colour is
seen it is not an albino.

The title of this paper contains the word ‘Tendency.’ By
“tendency,” I mean to indicate a general and wide-spread in-
clination amongst shells last year to occur lighter in colour than
normally. The word ‘tendency’ may also, and more correctly,
perhaps, be used to indicate the frequency of albinism proper dur-
ing last year. Whether this observed frequency is in reality due
to an unusual prevalence of the phenomenon last year, or whether
it is an outcome of investigation into the subject, I cannot say.
In many cases where the albino variety of shell is found the
typical specimens are extremely light in colour. At Birch, for
instance, the typical shells are of a light straw or amber colour,
which is quite different to the usual condition. Ayalinia
cellaria at Disley in Cheshire, and at Matlock, were last year of
a very faint yellow colour; A. cel/arta, however, is a shell
normally light in colour. Z. g/abra is a shell usually dark, but
last year at Disley, and this at Marple, specimens were as light
as Hf. cellaria. ‘The locality at Marple is that in which this shell
was discovered by Mr. Thomas Rogers, and has naturally been
under surveillance for a long time, and it is noteworthy that a
light form of this species has never been met with there before.
The lightness may be due to one of two causes—the usual
amount of pigment granules may be deposited of a lighter
colour, or fewer granules of the normal shade may be produced.
The fact that these light coloured individuals have been taken

10 JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM.

living with albinos is significant, but on the original cause I do
not care to speculate. In the Reddish canal last year Bythinza
tentaculata was taken in many cases abnormally light in colour.
The specimens ran, in fact, through every shade from normal
to real albinos.

I now append a list of the albino shells taken last
year by the members of the Manchester Branch. To make
the list more complete, those which have been taken in the
present year have been added. Such varieties as wtvina of ZH.
excavata and viridula of H. alliaria, are included as at any rate
the nearest approach to albinism in those species.

Those specimens taken in 1894 are marked with an
asterisk.

Hyalinia cellaria, Disley, Cheshire, K. H. Jones ; Bassenth-
waite, Cumberland, W. J. Farrer.
(?) H. glabra. Disley, Cheshire ; Marple, Cheshire,* K. H.

Jones.

H. alliaria. Disley, K. H. Jones; Co. Donegal,* R. Standen.
H. nitidula. Oban, G. W. Chaster ; Port Salon, Co. Donegal,

R. Standen; Plumstead, F. Taylor.

H. excavata. Disley, Cheshire, K. H. Jones; Bassenth-
waite, W. J. Farrer.
Helix rotundata. Matlock, Derbyshire, K. H. Jones ; Port

Salon, R. Standen ; Oban, J. R. Hardy ; Bassenthwaite,*

W. J. Farrer. . ;
H. aculeata. Oban, J. R. Hardy and R. Standen; Bassenth-

waite, W. J. Farrer. i
H. hortensis. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.

H. arbustorum. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.

H. cantiana. W. J. Farrer.

H. rufescens. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.

H. hispida. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer; Matlock, K. H.

Jones.

H. itala. W. J. Farrer: Co. Donegal,* R. Standen.

J.C., viii., Jan. 185.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. I!

H. caperata. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.
Pupa anglica. W. J. Farrer; Isle of Man,* R. Cairns and
W. Moss.

P. cylindracea. Keswick, Cumberland,* W. J. Farrer ; Isle
of Man,* R. Cairns and W. Moss.

P. muscorum. Port Salon, R. Standen.

Vertigo pusilla. Port Salon, R. Standen.

Clausilia laminata. Helmsley, Yorkshire,* W. J. Farrer.
Cochlicopa lubrica. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.

Planorbis corneus. Ashton-under-Lyne, R. Cairns and
W. Moss; Birch, K. H. Jones and R. Standen ; Gorton,
K. H. Jones; Reddish canal, K. H. Jones.

P. carinatus. Reddish canal, K. H. Jones; Little Tarn,
Cumberland, W. J. Farrer.

Ancylus fluviatilis. W. J. Farrer, W. Moss, and R. Cairns.
Velletia lacustris. W. Moss and R. Cairns.

In conclusion, it only remains to offer my best thanks to
those who have so kindly placed their observations at my
disposal, especially my friends Mr. R. Standen and Captain
W. J. Farrer.

—_—__—_-0-¢—___

On the occurrence of Pulsellum lofotense Sars. in the Irish Sea.
During the summer I receive! from my friend, Mr. R. Cairns, of Ashton-
under-Lyne, who was then staying at Peel, Isle of Man, a quantity of mud
brought up by a trawler from a depth of 60 fathoms, about five miles North-
West of that place. An examination of this yielded six live examples of
Pulsellum lofotense (the Siphodentalinm lofotense of Jeffrey’s ‘ British
Conchology’). The specimens are all of small size, the largest measuring
only ‘og inch in length. The nearest locality recorded for the species is, I
believe, the Clyde district, in which Mr. David Robertson obtained a few
examples. —G. W. CHASTER, Southport. (/eead before the Manchester Branch
of the Conchological Society, November 8th, 1894).

Vertigo substriata Jeff. var. albina. A beautiful live specimen of
this variety—which I presume is a new British record, if not new to science
altogether—was taken by Captain W. J. Farrer near Bassenthwaite last
summer, and exhibited by me at the Branch Meeting on October 11th,
1894.—R. STANDEN (Hon. Sec. Manchester Branch).

12 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.

226th (or ANNUAL) MEETING, SATURDAY, 9th JUNE, 1894.
Held at the Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.
At 3 p.m. there was an Exhibition of specimens by members, the ex-
hibitors being as follows :—
Exhibits :

By the President, Mr. W. E. Hoyle: A series of objects illustrating his
address, comprising (@) Micro-sections of Gills of Anodon, Arca,
Nucula, Pecten, Cuspidaria, and Mytilus shown under a number of
microscopes ; (4) Dissections of the same showing position of Gills,
illustrative of Pelseneer’s system of classification ; and (c) a selection of
Shells from the principal families of Bivalves. showing the various forms
of hinge upon which Neumayr’s system is based. All these exhibits were
accompanied by explanatory drawings and diagrams.

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A drawer containing a fine series of JZiilleria
lobata D’Orb. from Bogota, and Ztherta caillaudi Fér. from the Nile
Cataracts ; and a drawer of Helices from Australia.

By Mr. E. H. McConnell: Achatinelle and Helicine from Sandwich Islands.

By Rev. H. Glanville Barnacle: Land Shells from Somali-land.

By Mr. Ed. Collier: A drawer of varieties of Helix nemoralis and H. hor-
fensis, and a drawer of exotic Succinea, Vitrina, Helix, Buliminus,
Bulimulus, and others, also a fine series of varieties of Helix virgata.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: The fine collection of British J.and and Freshwater
Shells presented by him to the Cabinet of the Branch.

By Mr. Thos. Rogers: A collection of Tasmanian Land Shells.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: A fine collection of British and Foreign Tellina.

By Mr. G. W. Chaster: /das argenteus Jeff., Cocculina spinigera Jeff.,
Cryptodon incrassatus Jeff., Astyris haliceti Jeff., Cyclostrema levigatum
Jeff., Ukko turtont Bean, and monst. scalariforme; Pulsellum quinguan-
gulare Forbes, Portlandia frigida Torell, and other rare British Marine
Mollusca,

By Mr. W. Moss: Land and Freshwater Shells from Trinidad, including a
fine series of Bulimus oblongus, adult, young, and eggs; Ampullaria
urceus and effusa, with specimens of the pretty green eggs of the latter ;
Marisa cornu-arietis, Cyclotus translucidus, Unio leotaudi, Guppya
hivida, Simpulopsis corrugata, and many others. Also a fine series of
photographs of small mollusca and of radulz.

By Mr. R. Standen: Fighty species of Foreign Scalaria, and the four

British species, S. communis, S. turtone, S. trevelyana and S. clathratula,
from many localities.

J.C., vill. Jan. 1895.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOIJ.OGICAL SOCIETY. 13

By the Manchester Museum: Two specimens of Vautilus stenomphalas, with
the animal, from Lifu ; and a collection of Foreign Tellina.

At 5 p.m. the members partook of tea in the College Refectory.

At 6 p.m. the Annual Meeting was held in the Natural History Lecture
Theatre, Owens College.

Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., F.R.S.E., etc., President, in the chair.
There were present the following members—Messrs. P. B. Mason, F.L.S.,
V.P. ; Edward Collier and Charles Oldham, members of Council; R. D.
Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., and Robert Standen, President and Secretary of
the Manchester Branch; Thomas Hey, John Hill, R. Cairns, Wm. Moss,
A. Leicester, L. St. G. Byne, E. C. Stump, K. Hurlstone Jones, Rev. H. G.
Barnacle, A. T. Daniel, M.A., Thos. Rogers, etc., and also a large number
of members of the Manchester Branch, anc a few other visitors.

The minutes of the 225th Meeting were taken as read, and confirmed.

Appointment of Scrutineers :

Messrs. Edward Collier and R. Cairns were appointed to examine the
voting-papers sent in.

Annual Reports:

The Annual Report of the Council (which had previously been circu-
lated in proof among the members present) was read by Mr. Robt. Standen,
acting on behalf of the Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,
F.L.S. (who was unavoidably prevented from attending) ; and on the motion
of Mr. P. B. Mason, F.L.S., seconded by Mr. Alfred Leicester, was unani-
mously adopted.

The Treasurer’s report for 1893 (as printed at page 355 of the Journal
of Conchology for April, 1894) was also adopted by an unanimous vote, on
the motion of Mr. Thomas Rogers.

The report of the Manchester Branch was read by Mr. Robert Standen,
its Secretary, and adopted.

Election of Office-Bearers :

The Scrutineers reported that twenty-six voting papers had been sent
in, of which twenty-five being unmarked were valid, and that the choice
had fallen unanimously upon the following :—

For PRESIDENT :

Mr. Joun W. Taytor, F.L.S.
For VICE-PRESIDENTS :
Mr. WiLL1AM E. Hoyur, M.A., F.R.S.E. ;
Mr. P. B. Mason, J.P., F.L.S. ;
Mr. Joun R. B. MaAsEFIELD, M.A. ;
Rev. R. Booc Watson, LL.D., F.R.S.E.
For Hon. TREASURER:
Mr. LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
For Hon. SECRETARY AND RECORDER:
Mr. W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S.
For Hon. CURATOR:
Mr.’ WILLIAM NELSON,

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

For Hon. LIBRARIAN:
Mr. HENRY CROWTHER, F.R.M.S.

For the CouNCIL:
Mr. B. StuRGES Dopp;
Mr. JoHN H. James, A.R.I. Cornw. ;
Mr. Epcar L. Layvarp, C.M.G., F.Z.S.;
Mr. J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A,, F.L.S. ;
Rev. Joun McMurtrigz, D.D., M.A. ;
Mr. R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.

These members were thereupon declared to have been duly elected to
serve the respective offices for the year 1894-95.

Proposed Transfer of Head-Quarters of Society:

On the motion of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., seconded by
Mr. Edw. Collier, it was unanimously resolved to ask the incoming Council
to consider the question of the proposed transfer of the society’s head-
quarters from Leeds to Manchester.

Place of next Annual Meeting:

An invitation having been sent by the Leeds members, it was resolved
that the next annual meeting be held in Leeds at such a date as might suit
the convenience of the newly-elected President, and that the thanks of the
society be tendered to the Leeds members for their invitation.

The Presidential Address
was then delivered by the retiring President, Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., etc.,
who took as his subject ‘ The Classification of the Pelecypoda.’

At the conclusion of the address it was proposed by Mr. Alfred Leicester,
seconded by Mr. P. B. Mason, F.L.S., supported by Mr. R. D. Darbi-
shire, B.A., F.G.S., and unanimously resolved, that the best thanks of the
society be tendered to the retiring President for his services during the year
and the able address just delivered. :

On the motion of Mr. Darbishire, thanks were also voted to the authori-
ties of Owens College for the use of the museum buildings for the annual
meeting, as also for the facilities they show to the Manchester Branch in
respect of a place of meeting, and in other ways.—W. D.R. from notes by R.S.

+o

ANNUAIE REE Ohi aar Oi arcoce

The report now presented is for an unusually short year of nine months,
in which the Society has kept up its customary quiet and steady progress.
The membership is now 205, composed of 10 honorary life members, 12
ordinary members resident abroad, and 183 ordinary members on the
home list.

Eight new ordinary members have been elected during the year, while
twelve have resigned, one has died and several have been struck off for non-
payment of subscriptions and arrears.

J-C., viii., Jan. 1895.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15

The member of whom the Society has been deprived by death is the
veteran naturalist the Rev. George Gordon, LL.D., of Elgin, whose name
will ever be honourably associated with the development of natural science
in the north of Scotland, and for his own herculean share of work done in
investigating the Fauna and Flora of the province of Moray.

In this connection mention should be made of the great loss which our
science has sustained in the death of Mr. Charles Ashford, for although he
was never actually a member of the Society, he was an anatomist and con-
chologist with whom very few if any could compare in the accuracy and
fidelity of his work.

Eight meetings have been held since the last Annual one, all of them in
Leeds, and a large number of interesting exhibits have been made at all the
meetings.

The following papers and notes have been read :—

R. Standen & J. Ray Hardy—‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of

Oban and the Island of Lismore.’

Rey. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A. and Arthur Mayfield—‘The Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca of Kast Norfolk.’

G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S.—‘ Marine Shells of South Africa.’

G. W. Chaster and W. H. Heathcote—‘ Dredging at Oban.’

R. F. Scharff, Ph.D.—Short Notes on a Method of ‘ Distinguishing Zémax
maximus and L. aréorum, and on a New Mode of Killing Mollusks
in an Extended Condition.’

A. T. Daniel, M.A.—‘ Hydrobia jenkinsé in an inland locality.’

R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S.—‘ Note on Some Molluscan Remains lately
observed in the English Keuper.’

Edgar Leopold Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S.—‘ Mimicry in Mollusca.’

John W. Taylor, F’.L.S.—‘ Occurrence of a Sinistral Example of Szccznea
oblonga in South Perthshire.’

Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.—‘ Note on the Genus Ba/ea.’

Lionel E, Adams, B.A.—‘ Hydrobia ( Paludestrina) jenkinsi at Lewes.’
J. T. Marshall—‘ Additions to British Conchology.—Addenda.’

All these papers have been, or will shortly be, published in the
‘Journal of Conchology,’ and it will be seen from the list given that the
members’ attention is devoted to all branches of the science.

Three numbers of the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ have been issued during
the past year, the contents of which show that it is still worthy of its
position as the most important English periodical devoted to the study of
the mollusca. :

The arrangements for its issue made with the Editor in 1889 will
continue to be in force till the end of the volume now publishing. Your
Council are engaged in negotiations with the Editor respecting the future
conduct of the Journal, and the terms on which future volumes are to be
issued.

The Society’s collections which are deposited in the Museum at Leeds,
have received numerous interesting additions during the year. Special

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

attention may be called to some of the donations, as follows :—Shells illus-
trative of new county records for Scotland from Mrs. Carphin, Mr. Thomas
Scott, F.L.S., Mr. Lionel Hinxman, Rev. W. Turner, Mr. Alex. Shaw, and
Mr. T. W. Evans; fine series of shells from Nottinghamshire and Gloucester-
shire, from Mr. A. G. Stubbs ; a series of Corsican shells from Dr. R. F.
Scharff; and of Madeiran shells from his brother, Mr. W. FE. Scharff; and
other donations from Mr. J. G. Milne, T. F. Burrows, and Mr. J. W.
Taylor, F.1..S.

Donations in money towards the Cabinet Fund have been received from
Dr. Scharff, Mr. J. G. Milne, Mr. W. Whitwell, Rev. Carleton Green,
Mr. H. Coates, and Mr. J. B. Dixon. Further contributions will be
acceptable.

The Library (which has been moderately used during the year) has in-
creased during the nine months by various donations and purchases. The
donors have been Dr. R. Bergh, Mr. W. H. Dall, Leeds Public Library,
Dr. Scharff, Mr. Brazier, Rev. G. Gordon, Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, Canon
Norman, and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, in addition to the various
journals and transactions received in exchange for the ‘Journal of Con-
chology.’

In conclusion your Council have a matter of some importance tc bring
before the members viz :—a proposal that the head-quarters and general
management of the Society be transferred from Leeds to Manchester. The
proposal is one that has been informally and spontaneously made by the
Leeds members of the Council, by whom the Society was founded and un-
interruptedly carried on for the space of eighteeen years with the success
that we all know, and it has been accepted by the Manchester members, the
transfer to be made at the next succeeding Annnal Meeting, subject to the
approval of the Society. It was the decided wish of the Leeds members, by
whom the heat and burden of the day had been borne for so many years, and
particularly of your secretary, that transfer be made at once, but they have
been prevailed upon to retain their respective offices for another year.

The Treasurer’s Report and Balance Sheet, which in accordance with
the resolution passed at the last annual meeeting, has been made out and duly
audited for the calendar year ending 31st Dec. last, and have been already
printed in the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ (pp. 353-355) will be submitted for
approval, as also will the report of the Manchester Branch.

REPORT or tHe MANCHESTER BRAN Gre

JUNE oth, 1894.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :
I am pleased to report that the interest shown by members in the pro-
ceedings at our monthly meetings is unabated and very gratifying, and the
attendance at each meeting has been extremely good.

Several excursions have been made to places around Manchester, result-
ing in some important additions to our local records.

J.C,, viil., Jan. 1895,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17
The exhibits at each meeting have been numerous and varied, embracing
a wide range of subjects of considerable interest locally and geographically.

Some valuable papers have been read, the interest of which has been
enhanced by their being fully illustrated by the exhibition of the shells dealt
with in the several communications.

The following is a list of the principal papers contributed :—

By Capt. W. J. Farrer—‘ Notes on the Habits of certain North American
Mollusca.’

By Mr. Edward Collier—‘ On the Geographical Distribution of the Genus
Placostylus.’

By Mr. Hugh Fulton—‘ On the Genus Pleurotomaria.’

By Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen—‘ On a Collection of Marine
Shells from the Loyalty Islands.’

By Mr. K. Hurlstone Jones—‘ On Albinism in Mollusca, with Observations

on the Tendency to the Phenomenon during 1893.’

The donations to our Cabinet have been very numerous and valuable.
To Mr. Chas. Oldham we are especially indebted for the gift of his whole
collection of British land and freshwater shells, which, besides being com-
plete as to species, is also very rich in varietal and local forms, and remark-
able for the extreme beauty of the specimens, which have been selected and
preserved with the utmost care, and neatly mounted by the donor, so as to
be readily available for reference.

The conchological collection in the Manchester Museum is becoming
one of very considerable extent, and affords valuable material for the student
and collector. The keeper has reported from time to time the additions
made during the year. These have been exhibited to the members, and the
most notable of them are the following :—-(a), an extensive series of Placo-
styli from New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands; (4), a large collection of
Helicide from South America and India, containing many rare species ;
(c), a collection of marine, land and freshwater shells made in the Loyalty
Islands by the Rev. James Hadfield; (d), a collection of marine shells from
Norway, named by Prof. G. O. Sars, and presented by Dr. Fridtjof Nansen;
(e), a collection of Cy/ndrellide from Jamaica; and (/), a fine series of
Tellina.

A number of useful conchological works have been presented to the
Library of the branch by various members and friends.

The approaching completeness, so far as the collection at present ex-
tends, of the catalogue of works of natural history, and with especial reference
to the sub-kingdom of the mollusca, in the Library of the Museum is anxiously
to be welcomed. This Library is open to the public on application to the
keeper, and will be found of very great value to the collector and the student.

Rh. STANDEN, Hon. Sec., Manchester Branch.

~~ -@+@—___

18

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF Vi VSI:

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member,

who has compounded for his subscription).

HMONORARY MEMBERS

(Limited to ten in number).

Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rud., Vestregade, Copenhagen.

Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin
de fer du Nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.

Crosse, Hippolyte, Rue Tronchet, 25, Paris.

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main.

Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W.

Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds.

Philippi, Dr. R. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile.

Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.

Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Adams, Gerald Wheatley, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Elmfield, 241,
Moseley Road, Birmingham.

Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 77, St. Giles Street, Northampton.

Agius, Paul, B.A., 106, Strada Reale, Valetta, Malta.

Alletsee, Albert Gregory, 40, Milward Crescent, Hastings, Sussex.

Ancey, César Felix, Membre de la Société Malacologique de France,
Member of Colorado Biological Association, Membre de la
‘Societas Entomologica’ de Zurich, etc., Administrateur-
Adjoint, Boghari, Algeria.

Arnold, Bernard, Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

Bailey, Rev. George, F.R.M.S., The Manse, Finchingfield, Essex.

Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.

Baker, Arthur Edwin, 1, Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham.

Barnacle, Rey. HH. Glanville; M:A., V.NVA.S., The Vicarage;
Holmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O.

Beckett, James Benjamin, 11, Lancaster Road, Great Yarmouth.

Bell, Alfred, 78, Wells Street, Oxford Street, London.

Bendall, Wilfrid, 77, Baker Street, Portman Square, London, W.

sostock, Edwin D., Tixall Lodge, Tixall, Stafford.

Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.. Curacoa House, $2, Windmill
Street, Sydney, N.S. W.

Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Glen View, Gledholt, Huddersfield.

Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow.

Burkill, Isaac Henry, B.A., Caius College, Cambridge.

Burrows, Thomas F., 4, Wellington Road, Newark-on-Trent.

Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley.

Byne, Loftus St. George, 5, Sea View Terrace, Teignmouth, Devon.

J.C., viti., Jan. 18y5.

1891.
1893.
1878.
1892.
1887.
1889.

1893.
1886.
1885.

1880.

1892.
1886.
1888.

1892.
1890.

1889.
1886.
1888.

1893.

1879.
1886.
1888.

1888.
1888.
1892.

1893.
1886.

1889.

1888.
1892.
1886.
1892.
1891.
1884.
1888.
1886.
1889.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, age)

Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 52, India Street, Edinburgh.

Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 26, Mayfield Terrace, Halifax.

Champ, Henry, c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland St., Manchester.

Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire.

Christy, Robert Miller, F.1..5., Pryors, Broomfield, near Chelms-
ford, Essex.

Clark, James, M.A., Ph.D., Ass. R.C.S., Yorkshire College, Leeds.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth.

@ockerell, TP. Ds A., F:Z-S:; PSE.s:, Agricultural College) Was
Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A.

Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Oxford Road,
Manchester.

Cooper, James Eddowes, 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, London, N.

Coulson, Frank, Greenhead Brewery, Greenhead, Glasgow.

Cox, Chas. Stanley Bell, B.A., M.R.C.S., San Remo. Chelston,
Torquay.

Craven, Henry Ernest, West Cliff Pharmacy, Whitby.

Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape
Colony.

Crawshaw, Rev. C., Opal House, Emerald St., Saltburn-by-the-Sea.

Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton.

Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead,
Essex.

Crowther, Henry, F.R.M.S., The Museum, Leeds; and 52, Bru-
denell Mount, Hyde Park, Leeds.

Cundall, J. W., 21, Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol.

DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London.

Dale, Henry F., A.A., B.Sc., F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., F.Z.S., F-E.S.,
etc., Post Office, Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A.

Dale, (Mrs.) Violet, P.O., Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A.

Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Rd., Torquay, Devonshire.

Daniel, Arthur Trevelyan, M.A., Richmond Terrace, Shelton,
Stoke-on-Trent.

Daniel, Frederic E., M.D., 141, Abbey Road, Barrow-in-Furness.

Darbishire, Robert D., B.A., Victoria Park, Manchester.

Dawson, Oswald, Seacroft, Leeds; and Albion Walk Chambers,
Leeds.

Dewick, Rev. Edward S., M.A., 26, Oxford Square, London, W.

Dixon, James Bassett, 15, Bushell Place, Preston.

Dodd, B. Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham.

Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston.

Elgar, Hubert, 3, St. Michael’s Terrace, Fant Road, Maidstone, Kent.

Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Evans, (Mrs.) A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud.

Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants.

Falloon, (Mrs.) Barbara J., Christchurch Vicarage, Dover.

20

1801.
1890.

1884.
1886.

1888,
1892.
1886.

1887.

1889.
1887.
1887.
1886.
1886.

1890.

1890.
1892.

1886.

1891.

1886.
1888.

1887.

1887.

1889.

1887.

1891.

1891.
1887.

1880.

1888.
1892.
1878.

1887.
1887.

1893.

1886.
1888.
1886.
18o1.
1884.
1892.

1886,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.

Fierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull.

Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.

Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone, Kent.

Fortune, Riley, F.Z.S., Ravensgill, Franklin Mount, Harrogate.

Fulton, Hugh, 216, King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S. W.

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts.

Galizia, Joseph Sylvester, M.D., 65, Strada Vescovo, Valletta, Malta.

Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N.

Gatto, Alfred Caruana, B.A., 59, Strada Levante, Valetta, Malta.

Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., etc., Accrington, Lancashire.

Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots.

Grocock, Leonard Oakley, 21, Beckenham Road, Penge, London.

Gude, G. K., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Guppy, R. J. Lechmere, 26, Queen’s Terrace, Port of Spain,
Trinidad.

Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.

Hadow, Gerald Elliot, M.A., South Cerney Vicarage, Cirencester.

Hagger, John, F.L.S., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent.

Halstead, John J., 19, Millholme Terrace, Carlisle.

Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, Ilornsey Road, London, N.

lfargreaves, J. A., 40, Ramskill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

Hartley, Alfred, 14, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire.

Harvard, T. Mawson, 16, Radford Road, Hither Green. Lewisham,
London, S.F.

Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middles-
brough.

Hawes, Alfred, Penistone, Yorkshire.

Heathcote, Wm. Henry, 47, Frenchwood Street, Preston.

Hedworth, Thos. H., 1, Railway Terr., Dunston, Gateshead-on-Tyne.

Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury.

Henshall, Joseph, Ivy Cottage, Barton-on-Irwell, near Manchester.

Hepburn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey.

Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

Hey, Rev. Wm. Croser. M.A., Derwent House, West Ayton,
Seamer, York.

Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

Hodgson, (Mrs.) Julia, Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard. Beds.

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.

Horsley, Rev. J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.S.A., ete,
Bentcliffe House, Eccles, Manchester.

Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.Sc., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Keeper of the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

, J.C., vili., Jan. 1895.

1883.
1886.

1801.
1894.

1888.
1889.

1887.
1889.
1879.

1894.
1892.

1878.
1886.
1889.
1886.

1887.
1SOI.
1889.
1885.
1886.
1884.
1885.
1887.
1887.
1888.

1889.
1880.

1891.
1888.
1870.
1891.
1891.
1891.
1887.
rsol.

1890.
1891.

1887.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

Hudson, Baker, Public Library, Middlesbrough-on-Tees.

James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro,
Cormwall.

Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes.

Jones, Kenneth Hurlstone, St. Bride’s Rectory, Old Trafford,
Manchester.

Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 27, Mayton Street, Holloway, London, N.

Jordan, H. K., F.G.S.. The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport,
Monmouthshire.

Kew, HW. Wallis, F.Z.S., 3, Topsfield Rd., Crouch End, London, N.

Knight, G. A. Frank, M.A., Rosenlaui, Bearsden, Glasgow.

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S.. F.L.S., Trinity Street, Colchester, Essex.

Lawson, Peter, 11, The Broadway, Walham Green, London, S.W.

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etce., Otterbourne, Bud-
leigh Salterton, South Devon.

Leicester, Alfd., 1, Priory Gardens, Weld Rd., Birkdale, Southport.

Lightwood, James T., Hope House, Lytham, Lancashire.

Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham, Middlesex.

Lowe, Edward Joseph, D.L.,].P., F.R.S., F.L.S.,F.G.S.,F.R.A.S.,
etc., Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow, Monmouthshire.

Luther, S. M., Garretsville, Ohio, U.S.A.

Lyons, Lady, Kilbrough, Swansea, Glamorganshire.

MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire.

McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C.

McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 5, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.

Madison. James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham.

Marquand, Emest D., Fermain House, Guernsey.

Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire.

Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

Mason, Philip Brooke, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Trent
House, Burton-on-Trent.

Mayfield, Arthur, 88, Stafford Street, Norwich.

Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Brook House, Prestwich,
Manchester.

Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds.

Milne, J. Grafton, Mansfield Eiouse, Canning Town, London, E.

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Winster Vicarage, near Derby.

Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex.

Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Newstead, A. H. L., B.A.Cantab., Roseacre, Epping.

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West
Kensington Park, London, W.

Nicholson, John, Chapeltown, Pudsey, Yorkshire.

Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F-R.S., F.L.S., etc.,
Burnmoor Rectory, Fence Houses, Durham.

North, S. W., M.R.C.S., F.G.S., Monkgate, York.

22

1887.
1889.
1882.
1887.
1886.

1892.
1886.
1885.
1888.
1886.
1887.

1885.
1887.
1888.

1888.

O

1886.
1893.
1892.
1893.
1877.

1893.
1886.
1893.
1887.
1892.
1884.
1886.
1886.

1892.

1894.

1886

1887.

1886.
1892.
1886.
1888.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Oldham, Charles, Ashlands, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire.

Paling, Albert, B.A., B.Sc., Middlesex Hospital, London.

Parke, George H., F.L.S., F.G.S., St. John’s, Wakefield.

Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer. M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Wood-
stock. Oxfordshire.

Petch, Tom, B.A., Hedon, near Hull.

Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S.W.

Quilter, Henry E., 34, Sparkenhoe Street, Leicester.

Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Ramage, John, Thistle Street, Dundee, Forfarshire, N.B.

Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury,
London, N.

Redding. J. Roland, 31, Belvedere Road, Dublin.

Renton, Robert, Fans Road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire, N.B.

Rhodes, Frederick, 16, Moorland Place, Leeds Road, Bradford,
Yorkshire.

Robertson, David, LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., Fernbank, Millport,
Great Cumbrae, N.B.

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds.

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester.

Roseburgh, John, 54, Market Street, Galashiels.

Rosevear, John Burman, 113, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S. W.

Rufford, Philip James, 1, Gloucester Place, The Croft, Hastings.

Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A., Curator of the
Natural History Museum, Dublin ; 9, Leeson Park, Dublin.

Scharff, W. E., Hillcrest, Ripon Road, Harrogate.

Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B.

Shackleford, Lewis John, Ripley College, Ripley, Deibyshire.

Shaw, Alexander, 154, New City Road, Glasgow.

Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield.

Skilton, (Mrs.) Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon.

Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Nat. History Museum, South Kensington,
London, W.

Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth Street,
Topsham, Exeter. :

Smith, Wm. Chas.,Vanston Ho., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green,
Fulham, London, S.W.

. Z Somerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.1..S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead,

Glasgow.
Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., 11, Southpark Terrace,
Hillhead, Glasgow.
Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S.,121, Fulham Rd., London,S. W.
Span, Bartlet, Heywood Mount, Tenby, South Wales.
Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent.

J.C., viti., Jan. 1895.

1886.
1888.
1888.

1885.
1890.
1893.
1888.
1886.
1887.

O

1886.
1886.
1880.
1886.
1890.
1891.
1885.
1886.

1888.
1886.
1893.
1859.
1801.

1890,

1893.
.£ Woodward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 131, The Grove,

1886

1886.
1895.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 23

Steel, James, (Glass Stainer), 104, Renfrew Street, Glasgow.

Sturup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester.

Storrs, Rev. George Godwyn, B.A., Glen Holme, Crosslanes, Clare-
mont Avenue, Woking.

Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Cardiff.

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, 9, Park View, Gloucester.

Stump, Edward Constadine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester.

Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 9, Belvedere, Weymouth, Dorsetshire.

Taylor, (Miss) Helen J.., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby.

Taylor, J. M., Free Museum, Paisley, Renfrewshire. N.B.

Tayior, John W., F.L.S., Spring Bank. Horsforth, Leeds.

Tomlin, J. R. Brockton. B.A., 59, Liverpool Road, Chester.

Turner, Rev. Wm., 5, St. Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh.

Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Kichmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.

Viner, C. W., M.A., Ph. D.. 9, Seymour Street, Bath.

Warren, (Miss) Amy, Moyview, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland.

Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, ]etroit, Michigan, U.S.A.

Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge.

Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, LL.D., B-A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free
Church Manse. Cardross, Dumbartonshire.

Whatmore, Charles A., Much Marcle, Herefordshire.

Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W.

Williams, Ernest W., Boif Street, Bridgetown, Barbados, B.W.I.

Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool.

Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., 14, Upper Mount Street,
Dublin.

Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

Wood, Chas. Ed., 41, Darlington Street, Wolverhampton.

Ealing, London, W.
Wotton, F. W., 43, Sotheby Road, Highbury, London, N.
Wright, Charles East, Orchard View, Kettering.

oe

Helix aspersa Miill., m. sinistrorsum Taylor.—At the September

meeting of the Manchester Branch a fine specimen of this monstrosity was

exhibited by Mr. J. Ray Hardy. He had found it in a collection of shells

recently acquired by him, formerly belonging to an old Manchester collector,

and it bore a label with ‘ Morecambe, 1841,’ upon it. This is interesting

from the fact of its being the second record for Lancashire ; the first being

the specimen taken in Whalley churchyard during an excursion of the
Branch in 1889.—R. STANDEN (Hon. Sec. Manchester Branch).

———_—$-@-@—___

24 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’

By J. T. MARSHALL.

(Read before the Conchological Society, August 22nd, 1894).

In a paper which appeared in the ‘ Journal of Conchology’
for October, 1893, on ‘‘ Additions to ‘ British Conchology,’” I
expressed my intention of writing a second and supplementary
one on some of the changes of nomenclature and classification
which have been proposed or adopted since the publication of
that excellent work—with many reservations, however. ‘These
proposed alterations are of such a nature and extent as would,
if carried out, wholly revolutionise British conchology as laid
down in our standard works, and as generally accepted by
British naturalists. That many obvious changes are necessary
and even imperative is, of course, admitted; some due to
original error, and others to more light having been thrown on
certain groups and species. But it is possible to overdo this.
At the same time, every writer has a perfect right to propose,
reject, or adopt any system of nomenclature or of classification
he pleases ; there is no law to the contrary, and no arbiter to
decide which shall prevail. In science, we have not yet
reached that happy stage when rival and conflicting views can,
like those of a coal or a cab strike, be referred to a board of
arbitration.

The following notes are therefore offered only as a modest
contribution to a rectification and modification of some palpable
errors, and of changes that may fairly be considered absolutely
necessary in arranging any new British List.

I hope in a further paper to give a list of the additional
localities, which have been recorded for British marine shells
since the publication of ‘ British Conchology.’ These are
very numerous, embracing as they do a period exceeding a
quarter-of-a-century.

J.C., viil., Jan. 1895.

MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 25

Argiope capsula Jeff. ‘ Professor King proposed to make
this species the type of a new genus, which he named
Gwynia, out of compliment to me; but although I duly
appreciate the intended honour, I cannot conscientiously
accept it. Although the species is unquestionably distinct
from the foregoing (4. ciste//ula), it may be the young of
A. neapolitana.’-—Jeffreys, ‘B. C.,’ vol. ii, p. 22.

The identity of this species as a good one is now well
established, and the use of Gzwyza as a sub-genus (not
genus) is generally adopted. ‘The shell is quite unlike
Argiope, either internally or externally. The animal is
undescribed, and although I have taken many specimens
tn situ at different times, its sluggishness or temerity, to say
nothing of its minuteness, renders it difficult to examine.
I have watched them for days, but could never observe the
slightest movement in them.

Lamellibranchiata Blainville. Mr. Edgar Smith, in the
‘Challenger’ Report, has suggested, and on very excellent
grounds, that ‘the name Pe/ecyfoda given to this section of
mollusca by Goldfuss ought to be used in preference to
that of Lamellibranchiata Bl. Not only has it priority,
but it is more in conformity with the nomenclature of the
other classes of mollusca—the Cephalopoda, Pteropoda,
Gastropoda, &c.

and points to the modification of one of
the most important organs (that of locomotion) of the
animals.’

Pecten testz Bivona (1836), according to Monterosato,
in his ‘Nomenclatura,’ is P. czcomparabilis Risso (1826),
and the latter should therefore take precedence.

P. testze var. suborbicularis Jeff. I think this variety
should now be expunged from the list, thirty years having
elapsed without adding to the single valve on which it was
founded.

P. septemradiatus Mill. The Ostrea pes-lutre of Linne.
‘The Linnean name appears to have been first recognised

26 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’

and adopted by the late Mr, Gay in 858, but the var.
dumastt agrees more nearly with Linne’s description.’—
Jeffreys, ‘Lightning’ Report.

It is now generally conceded that P. septemradiatus
Mull. is a variety only of the type, the type being what
English collectors have hitherto called var. dumasii Payr.
The latter should therefore be called P. fes-lutre J.., and
the former P. fes-lutre var. septemradiatus Miill.

Lima elliptica var. leviuscula Jeff. The author fell into
an error in making this a variety. He observes that
‘although evidently immature, it differs from the young of
the typical form in being destitute of ribs.’ These speci-
mens are about a line in length, and are dredged in very
fine sand in deep water. But if compared with adult
examples from similar ground and depth, it will be observed
that the region of the umbones in the adult is quite smooth,
and the shell generally thinner and less strongly ribbed
than those from shallower water. I have specimens from
the Minch, 70 fathoms; the Sound of Sleat, 85 fathoms ;
and other localities in the Hebrides, with the umbonal area
perfectly smooth, clearly indicating that this variety is the
young stage of a thinner form. The very young of Z.
loscombii are also smooth.

Leda pygmeea Miinst. Philippi assigned his Vucula tenuts
to the WV. pygmea of Von Miinster, but that is a different
species, and fossil, so that Phillipi’s name ¢enw7s should
stand for this species. (See ‘ Lightning’ Report, p. 577)
Both names are inappropriate to the species, and especially
that of evs, as there is not only some confusion between
the genera Wucula and Leda, but there is already a well-
known Mucula tenuis.

Mr. Edgar Smith has substituted Wuculana for Leda
on account of the priority of the former by some years,
and Dr. Morch agrees with him. Mr. Dall, on the
other hand, claims Miculana for a group only of Leda,

JE@iy Villy, Jans eos.

MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 27

retaining the latter name for another group. As the
difference between these authorities arises as to the correct
rendering of a deceased author’s (Link’s) German defini-
tion, it seems inadvisable to change a well-established name
for one which is in doubt.

Kellia cycladia 5S. Wood. This was definitively assigned to
the genus Axvinus by Jeffreys in the ‘Lightning’ Report.
It is the Porvomya subtrigona of Sowerby’s Index (plate ix.),
and Kellia cycladia of his Supplementary Plate. Both
these figures, however, differ from that of ‘ British Con-
chology,’ and neither of the three are good. Sowerby’s
figure of Ked/ia cycladia (plate xxv.) is quite unlike, but
that under the name of Poromya subtrigona (plate ix.) is
better, and the best of the three. Jeffreys’ figure has the
beaks too obtuse.

Artarte sulcata var. incrassata Brocchi (1814) should be
altered to A. sudcata var. fusca Poli (1791).

Tapes pullastra Mont. is the northern form of Z. geographi-
cus Chem., a Mediterranean species. ‘The latter is much
smaller, and the ‘geographical’ markings which give it its
name are usually spread over the whole shell, instead of, as
in ours, being confined to the posterior end ; but they are
otherwise identical. The proper name for the British form
should be 7: gcographicus var. pullastra Mont., but in the
absence of the former species from our ‘coasts, British
collectors may prefer to retain Montagu’s specific name.

Solecurtus candidus Renier. Considerable doubt being
entertained as to this being Renier’s species, recent writers
have not followed it, but adopted mostly that of S. muddi-
striatus Scacchi. ‘Turton’s Psammobia scopula, however,
published in 1822, has priority over all other names.

Pandora inzequivalvis var. obtusa Jeff. Jeffreys admits
that this was described by Montagu as Solex pinna, but he
gives no reason for re-describing it as var. obtusa, and it is
only right that Montagu’s name should be restored.

28 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’

Saxicava rugosa var. minuta L. ‘This variety should be
expunged ; it is admittedly the immature stage of the
var. arctica.

Cadulus subfusiformis Sars.=C. jeffreysi Monts. (See
‘J. of C.,’ vol. vii, No. 8).

Dentalium abyssorum Sars = D. striolatum Stimpson
(1851) as Sars himself admits.

D. tarentinum Lam.— The law of priority in zoological
nomenclature has been strangely disregarded in reference
to this species, for while Lamarck neither figured nor
properly described PD. farentinum, Da Costa did both for
D. vulgare long previously, and it is surprising to find
Jeffreys adhering to Lamarck’s name “because it would
be inconvenient now to substitute it for tarentinum, which
has been for between sixty and seventy years accepted and
used by nearly every conchologist.” The British Associa-
tion rules are too rigidly applied to make any allowances for
“inconvenience,” and strict justice demands its restoration.

Gasteropoda.—Without any explanation, Jeffreys merely says
in his Appendix to ‘ British Conchology’—“For Gastero-
poda read Gastropoda.” But the suggestion has not met
with general approval. Dr. Watson writes in the ‘Chal-
lenger’ Report—‘“‘ The alteration of Cuvier’s word to
Gastropoda, which has found some acceptance, could only
have been justified had he been wrong in his spelling,
which he is not. Between the two forms of the Greek
root in composition, surely Cuvier was free to choose
which he pleased even though he preferred the less
common one.”

Against this, it may be remarked that it is a canon of
literary law that a redundant letter or syllable, when
doubtful or extraneous, may be expunged. Thus ecten
tigerinus has been changed to P. tigrinus, Siphonodenta-
lium to Sitphodentalium, &c., and they lose nothing by
the incisions.

J.C., viii., Jan. 1895.

MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 29

Chiton hanleyi Bean. Jeffreys (‘ Lightning’ Report) has
changed this name to C. mendicarius Mighels on the
ground of priority; but the identity of Mighels’ species
with Bean’s is not uncontested, and Gray, on presumably
good grounds, had long previously changed the name to
C. debilis, by which it is more generally known.

Mr. Dall (‘ Explor. Alaska’) and Professor Haddon
(‘ Chall.’ Report) cite C. dedzlis and C. mendicarius as two
species without expressing any opinion on them.

We have recently been told (') that we have no Chitons
in England; they are all something else. The statement
in itself would hardly require further notice, but that the
writer of it adopts the extraordinary and unusual assump-
tion that it is the result of “the light of our advancing
knowledge,” and he holds up to compassion, as being in the
outer pale of darkness, those who may not acquiesce in it.
A proper appreciation of contemporary writers should
teach him that this is fallacious, and that the differences
between naturalists arise from some preferring to treat
sections or sub-genera as such, while others regard them as
genera, as to which every one has a right to judge for him-
self, We are now invited to divide our small group of
eleven species of Chzfon into no less than six genera—a
long step towards a condition of things so strongly protested
against by a well-known author, when “we shall soon have a
distinct generic title for every specimen of a shell we possess,
and the confusion of the Tower of Babel will be reproduced
in conchology.” And when it is considered that these old-
new names have been proposed, some for more than a
century, and none less than half-a-century ago, it is not
quite clear how they have evolved from “the light of
our advancing knowledge.” And yet this brand-new
arrangement, after leaving the writer’s hands but before it
can reach the reader, undergoes yet another rearrangement !

(«) Malacological Society's Proceedings, 1894.

30 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’

Obviously, a quarterly journal is utterly inadequate to keep
us au courant with the change of systems ; we shall almost
require a daily tape to record the movements of ‘our ad-
vancing knowledge.”

Tectura fulva Mill. Both Mr. Dall and Professor Sars have
examined the animal of this species, and declare it to
be a true Zepefa. The name should therefore be changed
to Lepeta fulva, although Dall places it in the sub-genus
Pilidium, and Sars in the sub-genus Scutellina.

Emarginula cancellata Phil. This was figured though not
described in “ British Conchology,” and inserted in Somer-
ville’s List. But I fear there has been some error as to its
origin. Herm has been well searched since the two
alleged specimens were taken by Mr. Gallienne thirty years
ago, yet no further examples have been found, and Mr.
Gallienne’s collection in the Guernsey Museum certainly
does not contain these two specimens. I think it should
be put in the same category as other species that have had
a supposed origin in Guernsey and Herm.

I have myself found in the latter island a perfect
specimen of £. elongata Costa. This differs from £.
jissura in being more depressed, with much coarser though
similar sculpture, the apex overhangs the margin, and the
slit is shorter and wider. Many currents converge on Herm
Island, and some of its little bays and shores are strewn
with shells knee-deep.

Scissurella crispata var. paucicostata Jeff. In the
‘Lightning’ Report Jeffreys states that Philippi’s var.
aspera corresponds with his var. paucicostata, and is
‘‘more conical, with fewer and stronger striz.” The latter
name must, therefore, be withdrawn in favour of the former.

Trochus duminyi Requien. Circudus striatus Phil. is prior
to Z. duminyi, and must take its place. Philippi originally
described it as ?Valvata striata; Cantraine afterwards
redescribed it as Solarium philippi, and Requien subse-

J.C., viii, Jan. 1895,

MARSHALL : ALTERATIONS IN ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 31

quently as Delphinula duminytz. Although the animal is
not known, Jeffreys had suggested that it should form a
section of Zrochus under the name of Crrculus, which has
since been adopted as a generic name by Monterosato and
others, perhaps prematurely. As it was necessary, how-
ever, to alter the name, and as Zyochus striatus is already
occupied by a well-known Linnean species, the alteration
to Circulus striatus is perhaps the best that could have been
adopted. It should be placed provisionally between
Cyclostrema and Trochus until the animal becomes known.

T. glaucus Moll. Moller described his Margarita glauca
in 1842, but Brown described its. fossi! representative as
T. olivaceus in 1827, so that the latter name must stand.
Brown’s type is a fossil of the Clyde beds. It is the
Margarita argentata of Gould (1841), and AZ. harrisont of
Hancock (1846).

T. amabilis Jeff. This was originally described by Philippi
as ZT: cinctus as long ago as 1836 for a fossil shell, and ~
must therefore take the place of Z: amabilis. It is also the
Solariella maculata of Searles Wood, from the Coralline
crag. Jeffreys erred in describing it as new because these
fossil typical specimens are ‘‘ usually marked with an irregu-
lar row of reddish spots, which are not observable in the
recent form.”

T. millegranus Phil. This specific name is long subsquent
to 7: miliaris Brocchi, and the latter should take precedence
according to the strict law of priority, although it is quite
true that “the specific name mz/zaris is not appropriate if it
has. reference to millet-seed, nor is it a Latin word.”
(Jeffreys, ‘ Lightning’ Report).

Rissoa cancellata var. paupercula Jeff. I do not think
this variety should hold a place any longer in the British

List on the strength of ‘a dead and worn specimen found
at Herm.”

32 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’

R. abyssicola Forbes. This is admittedly a variety of 2. teste
Arad. and Mag., but as the latter is not found on our coasts
it appears undesirable to make any alteration in the List,
so that 2. adysstcofa will remain.

Dr. Norman, in the “ Annals” for November, 1893,
criticising Jeffreys, considers 2. abyssicola Forbes a variety
of R. subsoluta Arad. He atso queries 7. delictosa Jeff. as
a synonym of the latter, and he further assigns 7. fischer?
Jeff. to &. zeste Arad. and Mag.

Now, I fear Dr. Norman has not seen specimens of
R. fischert, nor a sufficient series of /. delictosa, and com-
pared them with typical #. ¢este and R. subsoluta, or I
think he would have arrived at different conclusions.
The three are quite unlike each other, and in my opinion,
such as it is worth, are good species.

Given a sufficient series of specimens from various
localities and depths, 27ssoa adbyssicola can be graduated
with ease into A7ssoa fest, and the two forms appear self-
evident as one species ; but A. svbsoluta is not like either.
The Norwegian form of 2. sazbsoluta (which is R. adyssicola
Sars = FR. elegantissima Seg.) approaches FR. abyssicola
Forbes in its sculpture, but that is the only resemblance.
It differs from &. zesfe and all its forms in having much
finer sculpture, 4-5 whorls instead of 5-6, which are more
convex, and especially in the apex being obtuse or button-
shaped. In A. /este and the var. abyssicola the apex is
always pointed.

Then, 2. fischeri Jeff. has no affinity with &. /esze,
and cannot be compared with it in any way. It is placed
by Jeffreys next to 2. dictvophora (which it most closely
resembles) ; he compares it with 2. ca/a/hus, and says it is
“allied to R. zetlandica” ; but FR. feste is like none of these
species. Jeffreys’ figures of 2. fischeri and R&. teste in the
‘Lightning’ Report, though admirably executed, are not a
sure guide. That of #. ¢este is much too coarsely

J.C., vili., Jan. 1895.

MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 33

sculptured, while the body-whorl of R. fischeri should be
more expanded, and the peculiar spiral apex should be
shown. ‘The latter is a very coarsely sculptured shell, and

_ the intersections of the ribs are nodulous, while those of 2.
teste would be more correctly described as riblets in com-
parison. And I speak here of similar specimens of 7. fest
to those adduced by Dr. Norman—R. ¢feste =conformis,
Palermo.”

Dr. Norman also places #. de/iciosa Jeff. (with a query)
as asynonym of #. subsoluta ; but Jeffreys’ figure of the
former (a good one) shows an altogether different shell ; it
is a short cone, with compressed whorls and a bulbous
apex, and comes nowhere near any of the forms of 2. feste
or Le. subsoluta except in its var. muétecostata ; in this the
sculpture is somewhat similar to the finely-sculptured abyssal
form of &. subsoluida.

It must not be forgotten that Jeffreys separated his 2.
adeliciosa from R. subsoluta only after having received the
type of the latter from the author, Aradas. And it is the
same species described as &. e/ecta by the Marquis de
Monterosato, who would be well acquainted with A&.
subsoluta,

The variation of 2. deliciosa is no doubt extreme, as
well as its great diversity of habitat, and Jeffreys might well
say of it that species-makers would revel in the manufacture
of other forms out of it ; but its family likeness is always
apparent.

I have all these shells before me, and find no difficulty
in determining Jefireys’ types and varieties.

R. costulata Alder. This stands in the same category as
k. abyssicola, being a variety of the &. sémilis of Scacchi,
which name is prior to Alder’s ; but for the same reason as
previously stated, it is not advisable to alter the name in the
British List. 2. szwzdis is smaller and more slender than
this, and has numerous varieties outside Britain. Moreover,

G

34 MARSHALL? ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’

some writers regard both these forms as only varieties of
R. parva, and Dr. Boog Watson has well expressed the
prevailing confusion of this group of /zssoa in the ‘Challenger’
Report, p. 588 :—“ Dr. Jeffreys regards FR. szmzlis Scac., as
a small variety of 7. costulata Alder, a view I entirely share,
with the addition that I believe both these and a great
many other species, both British and foreign, to be mere
varieties of 2. parva Da Costa. Perhaps, when all zoolo-
gical classification has been reduced to chaos, and each
museum specimen has received a separate name, a real
revision of species will be entered upon. In the meantime,
such labour is thrown away, and Scacchi’s species has as
much right to recognition as the others around it.”

Hydrobia similis and H. ventrosa should be expunged
from Mr. Somerville’s List. Under no circumstances can
they be regarded as marine species.

Aclis unica Mont. Dr. Jeffreys in the ‘Lightning’ Report
adopted this species as the type of his genus Cvonzscus,
which differs from Acs proper in several respects. It
has well-defined characters, and differs in the apex, the
shape of the aperture, and particularly in having longitu-
dinal strie. He has associated with it two other species
taken in the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition—C. gracilis and C.
striatus,

A. gulsone Clark. In ‘ British Conchology’ the author had
remarked that “this and A. wnica are aberrant forms of
Aclis. Each has peculiar characters which render their
systematic allocation very difficult.” | Having, therefore,
suggested a new genus for the reception of A. unica, he
proposed JZenippe for A. gulsone; but in his Appendix he
altered that again to Pherusa, as Menippe was already em-
ployed in the Crustacea. Clark, when originally describing
the species, called it Pherusa.

Odostomia scillz var. compactilis Jeff. (See ‘J. of C.,’
yol. vii., No. 8).

J.C., viii., Apr., 1895.

MARSHALL : ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 35

O. acicula var. ventricosa Forbes. (Ibid.).

Eulima distorta Desh. (Ibid.)

I must repeat here what I have already informed Mr.
Sykes in reply to his inquiry zz /¢¢., and which should
have satisfied him, that whatever this species might even-
tually prove to be, “in no case should I ascribe £. latipes
Wats. to my MS. £. ‘umidosa.” He should be aware of
the elementary fact that a MS. name is of no account
against a published one.

Natica groenlandica Beck. Jeffreys has abandoned the JV.
grentandica of “ British Conchology” in favour of JV.
pallida Brod. and Sow. on the ground of priority ; but it is
doubtful what is Broderip and Sowerby’s &. pallida, as the
type is lost and no figure was published with the original
description. Dr. Boog Watson puts the matter thus :—
“Tt is quite possible that the /V. pallida of Gray, Midden-
dorff, and Philippi may be W. grwnlandica of Beck, though
all three authors assert the contrary. Jeffreys himself says
that he had been ‘inclined to doubt whether it might not
be ZV. zslandica.’ The state of the case is this—some shells
called WV. pallida Brod. and Sow. are WV. grenlandica Beck,
but whether they really are Broderip and Sowerby’s species
no one can tell.” (‘ Challenger’ Report, p. 448). In this
view of the case, it would be preferable to retain the name
used in “ British Conchology ” to using a doubtful one.

N. alderi Forbes. ‘‘ As a mere act of justice to the illustrious
Swede, I feel myself compelled to substitute for alder7 the
specific name g/aucina, by which Linné originally and
undoubtedly designated and fully described this common
European shell in his ‘Fauna Suecica.’” (Jeffreys, ‘Lightning’
Report, p. 30).

Lamellaria Mont. Various names by various authors have
been proposed or adopted for this genus, which was long left
unnoticed, probably on account of its shell not being
external or visible. Jeffreys says that ‘‘a great deal has

MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’

been written on the ‘historical part of this subject,” which
he abridges, but acknowledges that he does not “claim
any merit for endeavouring to elucidate it.” (‘B. C.’ vol.
iv., pp. 234-5). However, Dr. Rudolph Bergh in the
‘Challenger’ Report, and also in his Monograph on the
Marseniade, has attacked the question boldly, and the
result is an exhaustive account of the genus, which may
now be said to be placed on a substantial basis. Shortly
stated, the case stands thus—Lamellaria tentaculata was
described by Montagu in the Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
in 1811, and referred by him to his genus ZLamedllaria,
His generic name, however, so resembled that of Lamznaria
(a group of a/g@), as also the fact that Zamel/arza cannot
be fitly applied to Montagu’s type, which was Pleure-
branchus membranaceus, that in 1819 Leach advocated
the disuse of the name and adopted that of JAZarsenza,
which has been followed by some authors, and which will
no doubt be now generally followed.

Capulidze Fleming. Jeffreys has placed this family between

Lamellaria and Velutina, instead of between /issuvella and
Calyptrea, and says that Mr. Jabez Hogg, writing on the
radula of the mollusca, states that the ‘dentition is seen to
be almost identical with Ve/utina,’

Torellia vestita Jeff. There are no grounds for including

this species in the British fauna; ‘a single dead specimen,
not in good condition,’ is obviously insufficient. And
although specimens were taken in the ‘Lightning’ and
‘Porcupine’ expeditions between the Hebrides and Feerees,
they were from stations nearer the latter group of islands.

Cerithium perversum L. ‘From Professor Mobius’s notes

and drawings, it appears that the animal of this species
differs considerably from that of Cer7thium, particularly in
respect of the foot and odontophore. I would consequently
adopt the genus Z7zforis of Deshayes for this species.’
(Jeffreys, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1870).

J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.

“MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY:’ 37

In the ‘ Lightning’ Report, Jeffreys has extended these
remarks. He there observes :—‘I am now inclined to
separate Z7zforis from Cerithium by reason of the differences
in the apex or embryonic part of the shell, and in the
former having a short basal canal instead of a mere groove
or notch. ‘The spire [tip] of Z7z/oris is finely blunted ; in
Cerithium itis blunt. In 7Z7zfor’s the apical whorls are
much narrower in proportion and are closely striated
lengthwise, and the canal is small and nearly closed, as in
Murex ; in Cerithtum the groove is comparatively large and
open. According to Meyer and Mobius there is also a
characteristic distinction between the animals and odonto-
phores of the two genera. The snout in Z7zforis and
Cerithiopsts is retractile, while in Cer/thium it is contractile.
Sis Triforis appears to be congeneric with
Cerithiopsts and to belong to the same family. When the
shells of Z: perversa and C. tubercularis are exhibited, one
before a mirror and the other not, it will be seen that almost
the only differential character consists in the lower or basal
portion of the mouth being more closed in Zrzforcs than
in Certthtopsts.’

The description of the apical whorls of Z! perversa
given by Dr. Watson in the ‘Challenger’ Report does not
agree with that of Dr. Jeffreys in ‘ British Conchology.’
While the latter describes them as exhibiting ‘very minute
and numerous longitudinal strize, which are encircled in the
middle by a delicate spiral thread in such a manner as to
make them appear keeled or angulated, and the nucleus is
smooth and glossy,’ Dr. Watson says that these apical
whorls ‘are beset with close-set and numerous riblets, and
they have two close-set spirals at the carina, while the ex-
treme apex has about seven spiral scratches, parted by
roughened threads.’ This discrepancy may be accounted
for by the former writer habitually using no higher power
than a Coddington, while the latter used a microscope.

38 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY,”

The Siphobranchiata should therefore properly com-
mence with and include Z7zforis, instead of beginning, as
hitherto, with the Cevthiopside.

Cerithiopsis pulchella Jeff. Dr. Watson, in a paper on the
‘Cerithiopsidee from the Eastern Side of the North
Atlantic’ (Linn. Soc. Journ., Aug., 1885) stated that
pulchella was pre-occupied by C. B. Adams for another
species, and adopted the specific name effreysz ; but Conti,
in his ‘ Fossiles di Monte Mario,’ had previously called it
concatenata, which name should stand.

Cassidaria echinophora L. (See J. of C. for April, 1894).

Trophon truncatus Strom. Admittedly a variety of 7: cla-
thratus Linné, which does not occur in our seas except as a
glacial fossil. The name, however, should remain as it is,
for the reasons given under Léssoa abyssicola, R. costulata,
etc:

Nassa nitida Jeff. This is so obviously a variety of WV. vede-
culata, that it has been tacitly ignored as a species as
published in ‘ British Conchology.’ Moreover, only some
specimens from the Thames and Orwell answer to Jeffreys’
description, while others partake more or less of the
characters of the type. These are—turreted whorls,
fewer and broader ribs, and absence of tubercles on the
inner lip. The turreted whorls are certainly peculiar,
but the number of ribs in the type are exceedingly variable,
being nearly twice as many in some specimens as in others,
there being, in fact, no two specimens alike in this respect,
while the absence of tuberculation on the inner lip is owing
to the want of carbonate of lime, those on the outer lip
being much fainter than the type, and the shell generally
thinner. As to the number of ribs, I have typical speci-
mens which are quite as sparsely ribbed, and which are also
without the usual reticulations.

Columbella haliaéti Jeff. Dr. Jeffreys, reporting on the results
of the ‘Triton’ cruise, stated that this species should be

J.C., yiii., Apr. 1895.

MARSHALL! ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 39

placed in the genus Pleurofoma ; that it is the Fusus costu-
fatus of Cantraine, but as the type of the latter has been
lost he adhered to his specific name haliaéte.

Although Cantraine’s species was for a time identified
with C. haliaétz, it is now held to be the same as Philippi’s
Buccinum acuticostatum, a Calabrian pliocene fossil, which
is certainly not Jeffreys’ C. Aaliaété according to Boog
Watson. |

_ The conclusions of Seguenza and of Monterosato
cannot be accepted on this point, as the species they had
before them was Buccinum acuticostatune Phil.

Then, as to Hornes’ Columbella corrugata (which he
referred to Buccinum corrugatum Broc. whereas the latter is
a /Vassa), his species is provided ‘with strong teeth’ both
on the inner and outer lip, which is not the case with C
haliaétz; teeth are present but they cannot be called strong.
But if Hornes’ C. covrugata is the same thing as ours, then
Michelotti’s name of arpula is prior. Dr. Watson well
says—‘It is obvious that there is here a whole group of
Columbellas greatly in need of revision.’

However, it is so far clear up to the present that C.
haliaéti of Jeffreys has as much right to stand as a species
under that name as under any other.

Mr. Sowerby figures this in his Index as a smooth
white shell; but it is strongly ribbed, with interstitial
strie, and of a light yellowish brown.

Cylichna umbilicata var. conulus S. Wood gives place to
S i

C. ovata Jeff.. (See J. of C., vol. vii., No. 8).

Scaphander librarius Lovén was described and published

five years subsequent to Bulla punctostriatus Migh. and Ad.,
so that the latter specific name takes precedence.

Spirialis retroversus Fleming. Zzmacina was published

long prior to Sfzvva/ts, and is now generally used.

S. retroversus var. jeffreysi F. and H. This variety should

be cancelled. It is admittedly immature. I have some

do MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY,

very large specimens of the type from the west coast of
Ireland, about a line in length, and if a section of the spire
of one of these large specimens be compared with the
figure of the variety, it is seen that they are identical.

SUMMARY. ;
Argiope capsula Jeff. .. == Gwynia capsula Jeff.
Lamellibranchiata Blainy. .... = Pelecypoda Goldf.
Pecten teste Biv. = P. incomparabilts Ris.
P. teste vy. suborbicularis Jeff. Yo be cancelled.
P. seplemradiatus

v. dumasii Payr, = P. pes-lutre 1.

LP. seplemradiatus Mull. = P. pes-lutre

v. septemradiatus Mull.
Lima elliptica vy. leviuscula Jeff. To be cancelled.
Leda pygmea Miinst. L. tenuis Ph.
Kellia cycladia S. Wood Axinus cycladius S. Wood
Astarte sulcata v.tncrassata Broc.= A. sulcata v. fusca Poli.

|

Tapes pullastra Mont. “Bb To remain.
Solecurtus candidus Rénier .... = S. scopula Turt.
Pandora tnequivalvis

v. obtusa Jeff. .... = FP. rostrata var. pinna Mont.
Saxicava rugosa vy. minuta 1. To be cancelled. -
Cadulus subfustformts Sars = GC yeyreyss lonts.
Dentalium tarentinum Lam. = D. vulgare Da C.
D. abyssorum Sars... .. == D. striolatum Stimps.
Gasteropoda ... a .. = Gastropoda
Chiton hanleyi Bean Sone es (Ob AIAN Cie Ny
Tectura fulva Mill. ... . == Lepeta fulva Mull.
Emarginula cancellata Phil. To be cancelled.

Scissurella crispata
v. paucicostata Jeff. = S. crispata v. aspera Ph.

Trochus duminyt Req. .. == Circulus striatus Ph.
T. glaucus Moll... ... == T. olivaceus Brown.
ZT. amabilis Jeff... > == JZ. cinctus Ph.

J.C., viii., Apr., 1893.

MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN

T. millegranus Ph. ...
Rissoa cancellata v. paupercula Jeff.
R. abyssicola Korb.

FR. costulata Ald. — ... See
Fydrobia similis Drap.

fT. ventrosa Mont.

Adlis unica Mont.

A. gulsone Clark

Odostomiascillev.compactilis J eff.=

O. acicula y. ventricosa Forb.
Lulima distorta Desh.

L£. distorta vy. tumidosa Marsh.
Natica grenlandica Beck

LV. alderi Forb. :
Lamellaria Mont.

Capulide Fler.

Torellia vestita Jeff. ...
Cerithium perversum L.
Cerithiopsis pulchella Jeff.
Cassidaria echinophora \..
Trophon truncatus Str.
Massa nitida Jeff.
Columbella haltacti Jeff.

Crlichna umbilicata
vy. conulus S. Wood =

l

!

l

Scaphander librartus Vov.
Spirialis retroversus F lem.
S. retroversus v. jeffreyst F. & H.

‘ BRITISH’ CONCHOLOGY.’

T. miliaris Broce.

To be cancelled.

To remain.

To remain.
Non-marine.
Non-marine.

Ciontscus unicus Mont.
Pherusa gulsone Clark.
O. compactilis Jeff.

O. ventricosa Forb.

L.. philippit Weink.

E. curva Monts.

To remain.

NV. glaucina U..
Marsenia Leach.

To be transferred.

To be cancelled.
Triforis perversa L..

C. concatenata Conti.
C. tyrrhena Lam.

To remain.

LV. reticulata v. nitida Jeff.

‘To remain.

C. ovata Jeff.
S. punctostriatus Mi. & Ad.
Limacina retroversa Flem.
To be cancelled.

ERRATUM.

In yol. vill., part 1, p. 28, in last line, for ‘incisions ’ read

‘excisions.’

SEVENOAKS, TORQUAY,
february, 1895.

~AT

42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

NOTES ON A CONCHOLOGICAL EXCURSION
TO THE WEST OF IRELAND.

By EDWARD COLLIER.

(Read before the Conchological Society, March 6th, 1895).

Ear ty in August my son and I went for a few days collecting
to the west of Ireland, and I thought a few notes and a list of
the species collected would be interesting. We went direct
from Dublin to Galway, where we arrived during the afternoon
of Saturday, August 4th. We collected very little in the neigh-
bourhood of Galway, as we did not stay there very long, but on
or near the Oughterard Road we got the following species :—

Hyalinia cellaria Mill.—A few only.

Helix rotundata Miill.—One specimen only. This I was
much surprised at, as it is generally one of the commonest
shells in most districts.

H. rupestris Drap —Very common on stone walls and very
fine.

H. aspersa Miull—Common everywhere; principally about
walls.

H. nemoralis L.—Four specimens only on a wall about two
miles from Galway.

H. rufescens Penn.—Fairly common.

H. rufescens var. alba Moq.—One specimen only.

H. hispida L.—A few only.

H. itala L.—Very plentiful and very fine ; some of them were
beautifully marked.

H. itala L. var. alba Charp.—A few only with the type.

H. virgata Da Costa.—Plentiful on the wall where we found

the Helix nemoralts.
Pupa cylindracea Da Costa.—Very common.
P. cylindracea var curta West.—A few with the type.
Balea perversa L.—One specimen only on the wall sur-
rounding Queen’s College.

J.C., vii.. Apr. 1895.

COLLIER ! EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF IRELAND. 43

Clausilia perversa Pult.—Common on walls.

Succinea elegans Risso. var. ochracea Betta.—Plentiful in
one very damp field on flags and rushes that had been cut
down.

Only a very short list, but we only collected on one day,
and had no opportunity of getting any freshwater species, as we
were here such a very short time.

On leaving Galway, we took the steamer across the bay to
Ballyvaughan in County Clare, which was really the locality we
had come to visit, as I had seen some very fine Helix nemoralts
from there collected many years ago by my friend Mr. Thomas
Rogers. This northern part of County Clare is all on the lime-
stone, with hills rising to a height of over 1,000 feet, very often
in terraces of the limestone pavement—a very paradise for ferns
and botanical specimens generally. We only collected between
Ballyvaughan and Black Head, a distance of some six miles,
and got the following species :—

Hyalinia cellaria Mull. Not common.

H. nitidula Drap. <A few only. I account for the scarcity
of AHyalinie through there being so little cover for them.
There were virtually no trees and very few bushes.

Helix rotundata Miill. Very scarce.

H. rupestris Drap. Everywhere; on rocks and walls, and
generally very fine.

H. pulchella Mull. ‘Two specimens only.

H. aspersa Mill. Very abundant, and a good size, but not
very thick shells, In some of the little meadows this
species and /. z¢a/a were so common that one could not
step without crushing them by dozens as one walked
across.

H. nemoralis L. ‘The shell fav excellence of this district.
Very fine and very variable. ‘The first two days at Bally-
vaughan were very wet, and although we went out whenever
practicable we could not find any, as they do not seem to
crawl out during very heavy rain. When we found the

44

COLLIER : EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF: IRELAND.

locality for them, which is on or near the stone walls that
surround the little meadows and orchards, we found
them fairly plentiful, although they always needed looking
for. They were very restricted in locality, and in some
seemingly likely places we could not find them at all.
Their average size was 1 mill. in height and 25 mill. in
breadth, but a few specimens were 20 mill. by 28 mill.
‘They varied in colour very considerably, much more than
in any other locality I have ever visited. Vhe type
specimens (five bands) were the commonest, and were
generally very handsome shells, as the bands were very
dark and mostly of the band formula (123)(45), but occa-
sionally (12345). Below is a list of the varieties we found
that are acknowledged in the last-published list of the
Conchological Society :— |

Var. roseolabiata Taylor.—Ten specimens.

Var. albolabiata Von Mart.—Six specimens (12345)
(123)(45) (12345).

Var. bimarginata Moq.—'l'wo specimens only.

Var. rubella Moq.—Common. The three largest specimens
we got were all of this variety.

Var. libellula Risso.—Common.

Var. castanea Mog.—Five specimens.

Var. hyalozonata Taylor.—Four specimens. This variety
seems to be very soon weathered, and its light-cream
coloured epidermis comes off in patches, leaving the shell
pure white with translucent bands. I have them from
Bundoran without a scrap of epidermis lett.

M. sinistrorsum ‘Taylor.—My greatest prize, a very fine
specimen, fully mature, of the plain yellow colour (“del/uda)..
I found it low down and far in the wall surrounding a little
meadow near Gleninagh Castle, Cregg, about three miles
from Ballyvaughan.

J.C., viit., Apr. 1895,

COLLIER : EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF IRELAND. 45

Besides the above, I got the following :—
Var. coalita Moq.-—-Common.
Var. punctella Moq.—Fairly common:
Var. petiveria Moq.—Three specimens.

Var. albescens Moq.—Two specimens. One with a white
mouth, the other with a black mouth.

Var. luteolabiata Ckll.—One specimen, of a uniform yellow
colour with a brilliant yellow mouth.

Var. tenuis Ckll.—Four specimens, extremely thin, and all
different in colour.

A good many of the shells were rather thin, not only of
this species, but also of H. asfervsa and ZH. zfa/a, and one (var.
tenuis) extremely thin ; and this I account for in the following
way :—Although this is a purely limestone district, and there-
fore presumably suitable for snails with good thick shells, I
found by observation and enquiry that nearly all the little
meadows and orchards had been made by filling up the cracks
in the limestone pavement, and then covering it over to a
considerable depth with soil, brought from a_ distance,
taken from underneath the peat when this had been removed.
It is a well-known fact that snails do not thrive on bogs or in
boggy places, and although on the limestone, the plants these
snails lived on grew most on rich loamy or peaty soil.

Helix rufescens Penn.—-A few only.

H. itala .—In thousands, if not in millions. This is certainly
the commonest shell in County Clare. By the roadside on
walls, climbing rocks, on bushes, in the orchards and
meadows, they were to be found by thousands. In one
little meadow, in which were two of the small stacks they
make in this part of the country, I could rake them off by
hundreds at a time. There were a good many Z&. aspersa
on the stacks and occasionally a few H. xemoralis. ©

H. itala L. var. alba Charp.—A few with the type,

46 COLLIER : EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF IRELAND.

H. itala var. leucozona Moq.—Fairly common, some of
them very dark.

H. caperata Mont.—One specimen only on an old wall near
the coast-guard station.

Buliminus obscurus Miill.—One only.

Pupa cylindracea Da Costa. — Very common and very
generally distributed.

Pupa cylindracea var. curta West.—A few amongst the
type.

P. muscorum IL.—Common, under stones on the road-side
on the way to Black Head.

Balea perversa L.—A few only.

Clausilia perversa Pult.-- Fairly common on walls and
under large stones.

Limneea peregra Mill. v. maritima Jeff.—The only fresh-
water shell we got. Plentiful on wet rocks by the road-
side near Black Head. This answers exactly to the
description given by Jeffreys, and is a very thick solid
shell, with suture very deep and spire produced. A few
of my specimens are rather larger than the one figured by
Taylor (Journ. of Conch., vol. vi. p. 297).

On our return, we went by car from Galway to Westport,
via Clifden, where we stayed one day, intending to go down to
Dogs’ Bay, near Roundstone, for some of the thick-shelled (semi-
fossil) A. zemoralis from the sand-hills there, but the weather
turned out so very bad we had to give it up, and we were
weather-bound in the hotel all day, and the following day got
thoroughly drenched in our forty miles drive to Westport.

Since writing the above, I have received about 150 more
Helix nemoralis from Ballyvaughan, quite as variable as those
I got myself, but amongst them was one specimen of var.
major ¥Fér., measuring 21 mill. in height and 29 mill. in
breadth, of a reddish colour 00345 with the bands half-effaced.

= 8:

J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 47

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.

232nd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 23rd, 1895.

Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds.

Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

The Naturalist, No. 234, Jan., 1895; and Feuille des Jeunes Natura-
listes, No. 291. Jan. 1895—from the respective editors.

Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science,
session 1892—3, vol. i., part 3; and Transactions of the Royal Society of
South Australia, vol. xviii. for 1893—4; from the respective societies.

New Member elected :

Mr. Bernard Arnold, Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

Candidate Proposed for Membership :

Mr. Charles East Wright (proposed by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.,

and seconded by Mr. Charles Oldham).
Exhibits :

On behalf of Mrs. Henry Crowther were exhibited a series of distorted
examples of Zimmea peregra, collected by Mr. Joseph Whitwham, in a now-
destroyed pond in Greenhead Park, Huddersfield, the specimens shown
showing a great variety of excesses of growth of the lip, the margins being
in some cases perfectly reflected. Examples of the same species from
Middleton near Leeds were also shown.

The President exhibited a number of coloured drawings of snails and
slugs, executed by Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., including Zimax flavus, Helix
votundata, Hf. lapicida, etc., the drawing of the last-named being especially
characteristic.

On behalf of Mr. Alexander Shaw, of Glasgow, were shown a number
of Scottish shells, including Helix caperata, Pupa cylindracea, and Cochh-
copa lubrica, from Ayr, and the two last-named, together with Vertigo
edentula, Hyalinia alliaria, and Helix rotundata from Strathblane, South
Perth vice-county.

233rd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 6th, 1895.

The President in the Chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, for Feb., 1895, from
the respective editors; and the Transactions of the Manchester Microscopical
Society, for 1893, from the society.

New Member elected :
Mr. Charles East Wright, Orchard View, Kettering.

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Exhibits :

On behalf of Mr. Alexander Shaw, of Glasgow, were shown various
Scottish and Irish land and freshwater shells, sent for record, as follows :—
Ancylus fluviatilis, Carychium, Hyalinia cellaria, H. nitidula, H. crystal-
lina, and Helix aculeata, from Old Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire ; V2tv27a,
Flyalinia crystallina, H. alliaria, H. nitida, H. fulva, Helix rotundata,
Pupa cylindracea, Clausiha perversa, and Carychium, from near Salen,
Island of Mull, vice-county of Ebudes South; Ayaknza alliaria, H. niti-
dula, H1. fulva, H. crystallina, Helix hispida, H. rotundata, Pupa cylind-
racea, Claustha perversa, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Carychtum, from Killin,
Mid-Perthshire ; and Claustlia perversa, Pupa cylindracea, and Helix rotun-
data, from Coleraine, county Londonderry.

The Recorder also showed a number of shells, sent for record, by Mr.
Wm. Evans, F.R.S.E., and collected by him at Oban in April, 1894, in-
cluding 47720 hortensis, A. circumscriptus, A. minimus, Limax marginatus
(arborum), Agriolimax agrestis, A. levis, H. aspersa, A. arbustorum, H.
hortensts var. lutea 12345, H. rvefescens, 11. granulata, Hyalinia cellaria,
H, pura, 7. fulva, H. crystallina, A. nitidula, H. nitida, Clausilia per-
versa, Pupa cylindracea, Ancylus fluviatilis, Cochlicopa lubrica and var.
lubricoides, Succinea putris, S. elegans, Vitrina, Limnea truncatula, L.
peregra, Helix hispida, H. fusca, H. rotundata, H. pygmeaa, Vertigo eden-
tula, Planorbis parvus, Pisidium pusillum, P. fontinale. and Hyalinia
cellaria var. albina.

_ The Recorder also exhibited an example of Swcc¢nea elegans, collected
by Mr. Evans, at Callander, May 6th, 1894.

234th MEETING, WEDNEsDAY, Marcu 6th, 1895.

The President in the chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :—

The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, for March, 1895 ;
from the respective editors.

Report of Manchester Museum, Owens College, with appendices, Oct 1,
1890, to Dec. 31, 1894 ; from the keeper.

Reprint of paper by R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S., ‘On a Collection of
Fossils from Madagascar,’ obtained by Rev. R. Baron (Q.J.G.S., Feb. 1895,
pp- 72—91, and plates 2—3; from the author.

Donation to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted :—

Five Shillings from Mr. Wm. Whitwell, F.L S.

Candidates Proposed for Membership:

Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., and Mr. Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S. (both

proposed by Mr. L. E. Adams, B.A., and Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S.).
Death of Member.

It was announced that Mr. John Hagger, F.L.S., of Repton School,
Burton-on-Trent, died on Friday, 1st of March, and the secretary was
requested to convey to his daughter an expression of the Society’s condolences

J.C., viii., Apr. 1895

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49

with the family, and their regard for one who was so long a member of the
Society, and so well-known a conchologist.

Papers Read :

A paper by Mr. Edward Collier entitled ‘ Notes on a Conchological
Excursion to the West of Ireland’ was read and is printed in the present
number of the ‘ Journal of Conchology.’

A couple of notes by Mr. G. W. Chaster, M.R.C.S., on ‘ Massa reticu-
lata var. minor,’ and ‘On the occurrence’ Pu/sel/um lofotense Sars in the Irish
Sea,’ were read, and appeared in the last number of the ‘ Journal’ (see p. 11).

A couple of notes by Mr. Robert Standen, on ‘ Hel?x asfersa monst.
stmistrorsum, and on ‘ Vertigo substriata var. albina’ were read, and were
printed in the last number of the Journal (pp. 11, 23).

Three notes by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., on ‘ Helix vermiculata in
Staffordshire,’ on ‘ Helzx hortensis var. luteolabiata, a variety new to science,
in Northamptonshire,’ and on ‘ Large specimens of Helix ertcetorum in
Northamptonshire. ”

Exhibits :

On behalf of Mrs. Crowther was shown a series of cut sections of Welzx
nemoralis and H. arbustorum ; large examples of Limnca peregra from Cannon
Hall pond, near Barnsley, 5. W. Yorks., showing inflation of the shell-whorls
by the animals at a time when there was excessive growth of plant-life ; and
a fine series of Szecczzea elegans from a pond close to the beach of Falmouth
Bay, Cornwall, so close to high-water mark that only the pathway or road
intervenes, and the pond is subject to occasional influxes of salt-water.

The Recorder showed some drawings and photographs of Carychtum
minimum and var. curta found at Edenhall, near Penrith, Cumberland; there
were about eight examples found by Mr. J. Charles Smith, by whom the
photographs and drawings were executed.

The President showed on behalf of Mr. Edward Collier examples of
Liguus virginicus and Helzx picta in illustration of polychromatism, and cut
sections of Hel¢x nemoralis to show the thickness to which it is possible for
the shell to attain.

He showed on behalf of Mr. J. Ray Hardy an example of Helix aspersa
var. flammea from Scarborough; and on behalf of Mr. Robert Standen
monstrosities of Planorbis albus from the canal at Burnley, 1888; and
examples of P/. spzvorbzs from a ditch at Birch, near Manchester, 1889.

On behalf Mr. Charles Oldham he showed Planorbis nautileus var.
crista from Khos Neigir, Anglesea, 1892, and monstrosities of the same
species collected at Hale, Cheshire, on the 15th of September, 1888.

On behalf of Mr. W. H. Heathcote he exhibited a large number of
interesting specimens, as follows :—Scalariform specimens of Limn@ea peregra
from Grimsargh, Lancs. W., 1887; scalariform examples of Planorbis spirorbts
from Tarleton, Lancs. S.; //. zautilews from Whittingham, Lancs. W.,
Charnock Moss and Walton-le-Dale, Lancs. S., and Lofthouse, Yorks. S. W.
(Geo. Roberts); examples of Lzmzuea stagnalzs collected in Drinkwater
Park, Prestwich, Lancs. S., showing distortions caused by the chemical
refuse which was formerly allowed to run into the lake ; also examples col-

D

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

lected in the same lake after the refuse was turned into the river, in 1887 ;
examples of the same species collected in the Ringley Canal, Lancs. S., in
1886. when the water was high and clear, and other examples collected in
the same place on Aug. 24th, 1886, during the heavy and long-continued
drought, when the water was stagnant and foul-smelling, with the top
covered with iridescent scum from the aniline dye-works, these latter
examples being much darker in colour than those collected during the spring ;
examples of Limnea peregra var. boissiz from Southport, Lancs. 5., from a
ditch which is filled with salt water at every tide, collected from the fronds
of Enteromorpha intestinalis in three different lots, showing very great
differences, one collected early in 1886, a second in the autumn of that year,
and a third in 1887 ; Planorbis nauteleus var. crista and monst. scalariforme
from Whittingham, Lancs. W.; and //. aldws monst. scalarzforme from
Farington, Lancs. S.

The President also showed Limca stagnalis v. appressa Say, from Marl
lake, Roscommon County, Michigan, where it was collected by Mr. M. L.
Leach.

Hyperstrophy :

A discussion arose on the questions of sinistrorsity, inversion, and
hyperstrophy, and eventually it was decided that the discussion be resumed
at the next meeting.

235th MEETING, THURSDAY, MARCH 2ist, 1895.
The President in the chair.
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

Iconographie malacologique des animaux mollusques fluviatiles du Lac
Tanganika, par J. R. Bourguignat, 1888—from La Sociétié Malacologique de
France.

Donations to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted:

Five Shillings from Rev. C. A. Williamson, M.A.

New Members Elected :

Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., Villa Amalinda, Burlington Lane, Chiswick,
Middlesex.

Mr. Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S., Editor of the ‘Journal of Malacology,
Staff Demonstrator in Biology to the County Council of Essex, Holmesdale,
Brentwood, Essex.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :

Mr. Reginald Hawkesworth Barker (proposed by Mr. J. A. Hargreaves
and Mr. Robert Standen), and Mr. Charles R. C. Hibbert, F.Z.S. (proposed
by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S. and Mr. William Nelson).

Exhibits :

The President showed some abnormal specimens of Helix nemoralts,
bleached examples found on the sand-dunes in the neighbourhood of Bally-
shannon or Bundoran in co. Donegal, sent by Mr. Wm. Swanston, F.G.S.,

of Belfast, one being a specimen with abnormal mouth, and two examples of
monst. scalarzforme.

J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51

The President also exhibited Planorbis spivorbts monst. scalare from a
pond on Hayling Island, Hants S., 1881, collected by Mr. H. H. Haines;
and examples of the var. major of both Planorbis complanatus and
£1. corneus from IXupinowa, Sclavonia, collected by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke
some years ago.

The discussion on hyperstrophy was continued, and in illustration of it
the President showed <Ampullaria olivacea, Marisa cornu-ardtetis from
Trinidad, and AZeladomus olivaceus from Zanzibar, as examples of the three
stages in the process.

The Recorder showed on behalf of Mr. Alexander Shaw, of Glasgow,
examples of Hyd7obza ulve Mont., from Dunstaffnage Castle, Oban, collected

in July, 1894.

236th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1895.

The President in the chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for April, 1895-—from
the respective Kditors.

New Members Elected :
Mr. Reginald Hawkesworth Barker, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.
Mr. Charles R. C. Hibbert, F'.Z.S., F.E.S., Sefton Park, Slough.
Papers Read:

A note by Mr. Lionel EF. Adams, B.A., on ‘ Segmentina lineata in
Northamptonshire’ was read, and will in due course be printed in the
« Journal.’

A note by Mr. Robert Standen entitled ‘Note on Cyprea tessellata
(Sowb.)’ was read, and will in due course appear in the ‘ Journal.’

Exhibits :

The President showed photographs of deep-water and shallow-water
forms of Limnea stagnalis found in Lake Michigan, U.S.A., the deep-water
examples occurring at twenty feet below the surface.

The President further showed some of his own original drawings for his
Monograph, and a series of the clausia of all the British species of Claus¢/ia,
viz., of Cl. b¢dentata, Cl. cravenensis, Cl. laminata, Cl. rolphit, and Cl.
biplicata, which had been carefully extracted by Mr. Fred. Rhodes, of
Bradford ; and also a section of WVerz/zna fluviatilis prepared by the same
member.

The Recorder showed on behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham a number of
spirit-specimens of Amalia gagates, which were referable to vars. plumbea and
vava, and of Limax maximus, which, although not very characteristic of
any of them, were referable to the type form and to vars. cellarza, miillert,
and fasctata, all collected in September, 1894, in a nursery garden at Sale,
Cheshire. —W. D.R.

MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,
At the Owens College, September 13th, 1894.
Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair.

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

New Members Elected :
Mr. William Wright, of West Gorton ; and Mr. George Viney, of Moss

Side.
Exhibits :

By Mr. Thos. Rogers : Janthina africana, from Lord Howe Island ;
Helix nemoralis, from Ross Point, co. Sligo; and a set of H. aspersa show-
ing erosion of the living shells by blowing sand.

By Mr. W. Moss: Series of Amphidromus chloris; land shells from
Arabia; H. perplexa, Cyclotus grenadensis, and Helicina keatet, from
Grenada, West Indies; Hzdodonta novozeelandica and E. wnguzcula, from
New Zealand.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy : Helix asfersa monst. sénistrorsum, from More-
cambe ; and a series of large H. nemoralis from the Aran Is., Ireland.

By Mr. R. Standen: Bacctnum undatum v. littoralis, from Southport ;
Acme lineata, from Bassenthwaite (collected by Captain Farrer); Unio
margaritifer of unusual form, from river Teith, Callander; Aelx arbus-
zorum v. fusca, from Seydisfiord, Iceland ; Mazina adamsi, from Pitcairn’s
Island ; and a fine series of Xy/ophaga dorsalis (presented to the cabinet by
Dr. G. W. Chaster).

By Mr. Chas. Oldham : Series of Unio pictorum, from Cheshire locali-
ties (presented to the cabinet).

By Mr .R. Cairns: A large series of land shells from the Isle of Man,
including Helix aspersa monst. szzistrorsum, Pupa anglica, from three
localities, Bzulimus acutus, Succinea elegans v. ochracea, Acme lineata, and
Zonites radiatulus ; also a fine specimen of Helix arbustorium monst. scalart-
forme, from Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire.

MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,
At the Owens College, October 11th, 1894.
Mr. R. D. Darbishire in the chair.

Papers Read:

By Mr. Ed. Collier : ‘ Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West
of Ireland,’ and is printed in the present number of the Journal.

By Dr. G. W. Chaster: ‘ Note on Wassa reticulata v. minor Marshall.’

Exhibits :

By Mr. Ed. Collier: Series of all the species treated of in his paper,
the most notable being a handsome yellow sinistral He/zx memoralis, taken
alive, and mature.

By Mr. W. E. Hoyle: Recent gifts to the Manchester Museum. A col-
lection of marine shells from Singapore (collected by Dr. S. Archer),
including fine examples of Aspergillum pulchrum, Fistulana clava, Anomia
enzgmatica in situ on leaves of mango tree, and the great freshwater bivalve
Cyrena essingtoniana.

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: Bucczeum undatum v. zetlandica from Aber-
deen, and specimens of Dazdebardia novozeelandica with the animal.

J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53

By Mr. Thos. Rogers: Helix nemoralis v. castanea from Herefordshire.

By Mr. R. Cairns : Helix nemoralis with remarkably broad single band,
from Blackpool.

By Mr. C. Oldham: Lzwnea truncatula, from Leasowe, Cheshire, and
an unusual form of Spherdum corneum v. nucleus, from Mouldsworth (pre-
sented to the cabinet) ; also two cases of choice specimens of Achatinella,
‘from the Sandwich Islands.

On behalf of Captain W. J. Farrer, a large number of interesting species
of land shells were shown, collected by him in the neighbourhood of Bassen-
thwaite, Cumberland, including a fine live example of Vertigo substriata v.
albina ; also a remarkably distorted form of Patella vuleata, from Ramsgate.

MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,

At the Owens College, November 8th, 1894.
Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.

Communications Read:
From Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A Transcript of an interesting letter from
a friend at Chalet St. Denis, Switzerland, describing a visit to a ‘Snail Farm’
for the culture of 4. pomatia.
From Dr. G. W. Chaster: ‘ Note on the occurrence of Pudsel/um Tofo-
tense Sars, near Peel, Isle of Man’ (printed in the Journal, vol. viii., p. 11).

_ Exhibits :

By Mr. Rk. D. Darbishire: ‘A Study in Helix pomatia,’ in which he
showed a large series of forms from a number of British and continental
localities, and series of the allied species, viz., H. schlafizt, H. buchii, H.
lutescens, H1. ligata, H. cincta, and H. melanostoma.

By Mr. W. Moss: A collection of land and freshwater mollusca from
New Zealard, the more minute species being shown under the microscope.

By Mr. W. Wright: Beccinem undatum monst. sizéstrorsum, picked
from a mussel-stall in the city.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Helix pulchellum, Pisidium amnicum, P. henslow-
wanum, P. obtusale, P. pilchellum, and P. milium, collected about Ashton-
under-Lyne.

By Mr. R. Standen: A collection of marine shells from Gulf of Finland,
and freshwater species from near Cronstadt (presented to the Manchester
Museum by Mrs. G. Linnzus Banks).

By Mr..Thos. Rogers : Specimens of Cyprzea, Nerita, and Columbella,
obtained from Coptic tombs by Prof. Flinders Petrie; probable date 600 A.D.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Helix nemorahs v. albolabiata and v. roseolabiata,
from the Isle of Man.

MANCHESTER BRANCH MERTING,

At the Owens College, December 13th, 1894.
Mr. Wm. Moss in the chair,

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Additions to Library :
‘Monograph of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca,’ by J. W. Taylor
(part I) ; and a reprint of Dr. Woodward’s address to the Malacological

Society, Oct., 1894.
Exhibits :

By Mr. R. Cairns: A large series of /socardia cor, dredged near Peel,
Isle of Man.

By Mr. Fred. Taylor: Series of varieties of Azmnea peregra and L.
glabra, from near Oldham ; Helzx aspersa v. flammea, from Douglas, Isle of
Man ; and several forms of WH. zenzorvalis, from Belvedere, Kent.

By Mr. W. Moss: Clauszlia tetsua, from China; and an extensive
series of Bulimus glaber from Trinidad, and JB. auris-sctur? from Grenada,
showing connecting links between the two.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Helix nemoralis v. cristata, Limnea auricu-
/aria, and others, from Cheshire localities (presented to the cabinet).

MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,
At the Owens College, January roth, 1895.
Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair.
Paper Read :
By Mr. Ed. Collier: ‘On the genus Macroon, Pilsbry.’
Exhibits :

By Mr. Ed. Collier: A fine series of nearly all the known species of
Helicophanta, Panda, Acavus, and Stylodonta, comprising the genus Mac-
roon, dealt with in his paper.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Helv pygmea, from Wythenshawe (presented
to the cabinet); Cyprca tessellata, C. caput-anguts, C. tsabelia, C. arabica,
C. mauritiana, C. carneola, Trivia madagascariensis, and others, from
Honolulu.

By Mr. Thos. Rogers: Rhytida whitelegget, and some near allies from
Tasmania ; Vanina sophie and Helix howetnsule, from Lord Howe Island;
flelix globosa, Khytida confusa, and Helicarion robustus, from New South
Wales.

MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,

At the Owens College, February 14th, 1895.

My. k. D. Darbishire in the chair.

Exhibits :

By Mr. Darbishire: A case of Helix. nenoralis showing difference
hetweeen British and Continental specimens; Admete vir¢dula, and ten
species of Z7ichotropis, mostly collected by the late Mr. H. Adams in Japan,
including a fine example of 7. wzcartnata, and examples of 7. borealis from
east and west coasts of Scotland, Iceland, North America, and Japan;
Chiton discrepans of unusual size, and spirit specimens of Sepiola atlantica,
and Loligo media from Jersey ; sections of shells of Olva exythrostoma and
Ovula volva, prepared by Mr. A. Hartley.

J.C., viii., Apr. 1895

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 55

By Mr. Ed. Collier : Rare land shells from Central China, German New
Guinea, and Philippines, received from O. F. von Mollendorf, including
Cochlostyla dactylus, C. connectens, C. evanescens, C. diversicolor, C. fuli-
einosa, and C. hidalgot, Obba bulacanensts, and O. horizontalis, Chlorea
cerulea, Stegodera augustecollis, and Geotro-hus wiegmannt.

By Dr. G. W. Chaster: Zeredo megotara var. minola collected alive on
the shore at Southport, and a series of the British Eulimidee.

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: Eight specimens of Conus splendidulius
dredged off Berbera in the Gulf of Aden; and Achatina churchilliana, a
new species from Natal, described by Messrs. Melvill and Ponsonby (Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1895). This unique specimen is in the collection in
the Manchester Museum, Owens College. ;

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: A fine specimen of Betcetnune humphieystanum
taken from the stomach of a gurnard purchased in the London market.

MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,

At Prestwich, March 14th, 1895.

In response to an invitation from Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill to hold a
meeting at his residence, Brook House, Sedgeley Park, a large number of
members of the branch and friends attended, and greatly appreciated the
opportunity thus afforded of viewing a considerable portion of his extensive
and varied collection of all orders of mollusca.

Mr. Melvill occupied the chair, and read ‘An Epitome of the Life of
the late Hugh Cuming, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.” (Printed in this number of the
Journal.)

A cordial vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Melvill, and the rest of the
evening was agreeably passed in examination of the collections in his numer-

ous cabinets.
—_—___—_.9o—____—_——

Note on Cyprea tessellata (Sowb.). ‘The precise
habitat of this species has been long uncertain, and localities,
when given at all, have been quoted doubtfully. Later writers
give the Sandwich Islands and New Zealand—the latter with a
query. Authentic information was afforded by the recent exhi-
bition to the Manchester Branch of two examples collected ona
sandy beach at Kahuku, Oahu, Sandwich Islands, in 1891, by
Mr. E. Worthington, who was present at the meeting, and gave
an interesting account of his finding them associated with 77/vza
Madagascariensis, Cyp. caput-anguis, and numerous other species
of lesser note. The smaller specimen is now in the collection of
Mr. R. Cairns ; and the other, a magnificent one, in good con-
dition, (40 mill. long, by 29 mill. broad, and 23 mill. high), is in
the collection of Mr. Thomas Rogers. The above dimensions
considerably exceed those mentioned by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill
(Monogr. Cyprezeidze, pp. 22, 70). ‘Iwo of three specimens in the
Manchester Museum, Owens College measure about 28 mill. in
length.—R. STanvDEN (Read before Conch. Soc., April 3rd, 1895).

56 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The Cambridge Natural History. Vol. III. Molluscs. by the Rev.
A. H. Cooke; Brachiopods (recent). by A. E. Shipley ; Brachiopods
(fossil), by F. R. C. Reed. London: Macmillan, 535 pp., 8vo., maps
and cuts ; price 17/-.

The present volume, although the third in respect of the complete
scheme of the work, is the first to appear of a new treatise on zoology,
which is edited and for the most part written by Cambridge men, and ‘‘is
intended, in the first instance, for those who have not had any special scien-
tific training, and who are not necessarily acquainted with scientific language.
At the same time, an attempt is made not only to combine popular treat-
ment with the latest results of modern scientific research, but to make the
volumes useful to those who may be regarded as serious students in the
various subjects.” It will be seen from these extracts from the prospectus
that the work could hardly have been planned on lines better fitted to meet
the requirements of the members of the Conchological Society.

Turning to the contents of the book itself, we find at the outset a tabular
statement of the classification adopted. The arrangement of the Cephalopoda
presents no noteworthy features, except that it professes to follow that given
in the ‘Challenger’ Reports, but does not. The Gastropoda (or Gasteropoda
as Mr. Cooke prefers to write the word) are divided into Amphzneura,
Pi osobranchiata, Opesthobranchiata, and Pulmonata. The Prosobranchiata
are sub-divided, firstly in accordance with the number of auricles in the
heart, and secondly according to theform of the radula. Among the Ofzstho-
branchiata, we notice the inclusion of the Pterxofoda, which, however, are
still retained as one group and not divided between the Bulloid and Aply-
sioid Tectibranchs,as by Pelseneer. This appears to us rather a half-hearted
proceeding. The Bivalves, for which the name Pe/ecypoda is (rightly, in our
opinion) adopted, are classified according to the anatomical scheme, based
mainly on the gills, of Pilseneer. This is doubtless a great advance on
the artificial system of Fischer’s well-known text-book, and is probably the
best which has been hitherto propounded, though the way in which it runs
counter to some of Neumayr’s beautiful palzeontological series renders it open
to suspicion in certain directions.

The earlier chapters of the work discuss general questions, such as
‘Origin of land and fresh-water mollusca; their habits and general economy.’
The important topic of ‘Variation’ is discussed in fourteen pages, and appre-
ciative reference is made to our President’s memoir in vol. v. of this Journal.
We would especially commend to the notice of all our collectors, the figures
on page 90. We should much like to erase the names from it, and then
hand it round as a kind of picture puzzle, and ask the views of conchologists
as the number of species there represented. Particularly interesting reading
will be found in chapter iv., which treats of the decorative and economic
uses of mollusca, including the rate of exchange at which cowries pass for
money, the use of bivalve hinges as bills and receipts, pearls and pearl

J.C, viit., Apr. 1895)

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 57

fisheries, the oyster and its culture, the rearing of snails for market, and con-
cluding with a few words on the prices that have been paid for remarkable
shells.

The anatomical sections are clearly written and well up-to-date, and as
might be expected, the treatment of the radula is specially complete ; we are
acquainted with no work in which the account of this organ is so satisfactory.
Three chapters are devoted to geographical distribution, and the more strik-
ing forms characteristic of the different regions of the world are enumerated.
The last one-hundred-and-fifty pages are devoted to a systematic survey of
the whole sub-kingdom, in which the definitions of the groups are given as
far down as families, with abundant illustrations of typical species. Particu-
larly instructive are two series of drawings depicting the transition of the
shell, from the pointed spiral to the almost flattened plate, and also its
gradual covering by the mantle in the Tectibranchiata.

The Brachiopoda are treated from two distinct points of view—the mor-
phological, with special reference naturally to the recent forms, by Mr. A. E.
Shipley ; and the palzeontological by Mr. F. R. Cowper Reed. Both are in
their different ways admirable.

We cannot conclude without a word in praise of the illustrations in the
work ; a very large proportion of them are new—a most praiseworthy con-
trast to the practice of reproducing figures time after time, which is only too
prevalent. This fact naturally renders the volume somewhat more expensive
than it would otherwise have been, but it is anything but dear. We com-
mend it to all our members who have a mind for the scientific aspects of
their study, which alone can render the collection of shells a dignified and
intellectual pursuit.

The Manchester Museum, Owens College. Museum Hand-
books. Catalogue of the Booksand Pamphlets in the Library, arranged
according to subjects and authors. By William E. Hoyle. Manchester:
Cornish. 302 pp. 8vo.; price 2/6.

The Library of the Manchester Museum and its collections are, we learn
from the regulations printed on the cover of this volume, ‘‘ open to persons
desirous to make use of them for the purposes of study.” To such it must be
of great importance to be able to ascertain in their own homes whether the
works they desire to consult are in the library or not, and to obtain an
accurate idea of the resources of the library on any given topic. Such know-
ledge may save many a fruitless journey and suggest many a productive one.

To facilitate the work of consultation, the catalogue has been drawn up
in duplicate: in the first section the books are arranged according to sub-
jects, and the difficulty of deciding in doubtful cases on the class to which the
book should be assigned is met by a liberal use of cross references. Looking
for ‘Mollusca,’ we find them treated under ‘Paleontology,’ and also under
‘Zoology.’ This division may seem somewhat antiquated when so much
stress is laid on the necessity of studying recent and fossil forms side by side,
but it was perhaps advisable in the case of a museum where the respective col-
lections are in the main separated. Thetitles of books and pamphletsbearing on

58 BIBLIOGRAPHY,

these animals occupy twenty-five pages. Amongst them we notice the
classic treatises of Kiener, Reeve, Sowerby, and Tryon, along with a large
number of tracts bearing on the fauna of different regions ; for example,
twenty-six works are catalogued bearing on the mollusca of France alone,
and other countries are nearly as well represented.

In the second section of the cata'ogue, the works are arranged alpha-
betically, according to the author’s name, the titles being contracted so that
two columns may go in a page, so that if a particular work by a particular
author is sought it can be very readily found. At the end is an index of
subjects by which reference can be instantly made either to the shelves of
the library or to pages of the catalogue. We are sure that all working
naturalists in Manchester and the neighbourhood will find this catalogue a
valuable help in their studies.

The Journal of Malacology, Vol. IV, No. 1, March 30th, 1895.
Edited by Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S., and Walter E. Collinge, F.Z.S.

The first number of this magazine, already so well-known to all students
of the mollusca, under the new joint editorship of Mr. W. M. Webb and Mr.
W. E. Collinge, augurs well for its future, and we would wish to express our
sincere congratulations and best wishes for its success in every way.

The principal original articles are six in number: two being devoted to
our native oyster ( Ostvea edulis) under two different aspects. One is by Mr.
W. M. Webb, on the di-myarian stage of this bivalve, with three explana-
tory diagrams, and one full plate, which would tend to prove the existence
of a posterior adductor muscle at one period of its existence ; the other, by
John C. Thresh, deals with oysters as disseminators of disease, especially
cholera and typhoid fever, when the beds are liable to sewage contamina-
tion. The eating of oysters procured from such sources is proved to be
attended with much danger, and the earlier attention is called to the
matter the better.

There are descriptions of Zzmax hedleyz sp. n. from Ireland, and a note
on Amaha parryi sp. n. from Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, by Mr. Walter E.
Collinge. Mr. George Bailey has observed the process of fission in Cheto-
gaster, a worm parasitic on Limnea stagnalis, but his paper would have
been more complete if he had referred to Lankester’s work on the subject ;
and, lastly, Mr. Edgar A. Smith unearths the prior names J/orio (Mont-
fort) and Lambideum (Link.) which will have in future to supersede the
well-known terms Cass¢darza (Lamarck) and Oziscéa (Sowerby). We are
sorry for this, but it is well to have the question settled, once for all, and
doubtless many other well-known names will in time have to give place to
others waiting for a priority-student to unearth. We may point out that
many generic names are in a like predicament, and we fear the classification
of these will be a most difficult, and in some cases almost hopeless, matter.
Some interesting notes on mollusca, both recent and fossil follow, and the
number concludes with the usual full and clear tabular arrangement of cur-
rent literature.

——————$ + @-________

J.C., viii., Apr. 1859.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 59

AN EPITOME OF THE LIFE OF THE LATE
HUGH CUMING, F.LS., C.M.ZS., &c.

By J. © MELVILL, MA., FI.S.

(Read before the Conchological Society, May rst, 1895).

THE science of conchology, more especially as regards its geo-

graphical and systematic aspects, owes, perhaps, more primarily
to the subject of the forthcoming sketch than to any who either
preceded or followed him.

The history of the career of the late Mr. Hugh Cuming
may be told very briefly. He was born on February r4th,
1791, at West Alvington, near Kingsbridge, South Devon, and
we gather his parents were possessed but of small means, for
very early in life, say at the age of thirteen or fourteen, he was
apprenticed to a sail-maker in the neighbourhood, and this gave
him the opportunity of making acquaintance with many sailors,
who fired his youthful imagination, in which a strong leaning
towards the pursuit of natural history had already been dis-
cerned, with stirring tales of the delights and excitements of
foreign travel. Accordingly he did not rest until he himself
had with his own eyes beheld the marvels so vividly pourtrayed
by his friends ; and, in the year 1819, the opportunity somewhat
suddenly arrived. An opening in business was found for him
in Valparaiso, and he accordingly set sail for Chili in the middle
of that year. Here he at once began, without delay, to lay the
foundations of those collections for which he became so famous
in after years, and by a piece of good fortune he almost at the
outset fell in with Lieut. Frembley, one of the officers of the
survey under the command of Captains King and Fitzroy.
Frembley is well known as a conchologist, having been the first
to study those large Chitonidz which abound on the Chilian
coasts, and many were described by him for the first time.
The other officers also lent their aid to Cuming, and Mr.
Nugent, the English consul at Valparaiso, proved a very kind

60 MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.

and valued friend to the young enthusiast. So absorbing in-
deed were these tastes, that a few years later, in 1826, he
actually retired from business, in order that he might be
unfettered and able without let or hindrance to follow the
dictates of his inclination. He, therefore, built and fully
equipped a yacht, especially designed for the purpose of dredg-
ing and collecting natural history specimens, and began his
cruise amongst the South Pacific Islands. He first touched at
the Island of Juan Fernandez, situate some 400 miles west of
Valparaiso, and noteworthy as the retreat of Alexander Selkirk.

From thence he sailed to the Society Islands, and visited
Pitcairn’s Island, so famous for having been colonized by the
descendants of the mutineers of Zhe Bounty. Nearly forty
years had passed since this event when Cuming visited the
place, and he was pleased at making acquaintance with
John Adams, one of the few original survivors. He stayed
with him some little time, and was much impressed at the
patriarchal character assumed by this good old man as head of
the colony, now so prosperous.

One after another of the small groups of islands, most of
them coral-reefs or atolls, was visited by Cuming. It will be
noticed that the small Island of Annaa, only signified by a
minute dot on the Polynesian map, being one of the most west-
ward of the Low Archipelago, or Paumotu Isles, is men-
tioned as a locality for many rare tropical shells in the pages of
Reeve and Sowerby, and on the older labels of the national
collection. For some time Mr. Cuming made this isle his
head quarters, and here reaped a rich and abundant harvest,
principally in the showy marine genera—Conus, AZitra, Pleuro-
toma, Cyprea, etc., that affect sunny shallow coral reefs.

After a circular tour round most of these groups, he re-
turned to Valparaiso, and forthwith began to prepare for his
second extensive voyage of exploration, viz., along the western
shores of the great South American continent. He was aided

J.C, vili., Apr. 1895.

MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING. 61

in every way by the Chilian Government, which allowed him to
anchor in its ports free of charge, and also provided him with
letters of introduction to the authorities of all the places he
wished to visit; and consequently every facility was given him,
and his collections grew apace.

Two years were spent in explorations along the coasts, from
Lima southward to the Isle of Chiloe, where he both dredged
largely and collected shells at half-tide and low water. Here
the larger forms of Patella, Chiton, and Fissuredla, attain their
maximum size, and other interesting monotypic forms, such
as Chorus giganteus and Concholepas peruvianus, delight the
naturalist. It is calculated Cuming collected nearly 400 species
during this expedition. He included the Galapagos Islands in
his researches, at which isolated group he found rir marine
shells. He did not pay so much attention to the land mollusca
as Darwin, who visited the group a year or two later in Zhe
Beagle, and made closer observations regarding its climate, soil,
and natural productions.

This voyage completed, Cuming now returned to England
and thereupon came a turning point in his career. He awoke
to find himself famous.. In 1831 the Zoological Society came
into existence, and its opening volumes contain the first descrip-
tions of new species discovered by this ardent conchologist.
Mr. W. J. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby, the elder, mainly
contributing the systematic and descriptive articles, while Prof.
R. Owen detailed the anatomy of the more remarkable.
This brought Mr. Cuming very prominently before the
scientific world, and it was thought desirable that a man posses-
sing such unusual qualifications should explore portions of the
tropical eastern hemisphere in the same way as the western had
been so successfully traversed, and he, therefore, turned his
attention to that large, and then almost unknown, group, the
Philippine Islands, belonging then, as now, to Spain. Through
the influence of the Earl of Derby, he was provided with letters
from the authorities at Madrid to the Governor of Manila, and

62 MELYILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.

likewise to the Archbishop of the same place, and on his arrival,
he found every attention given him, and assistance in carrying
out his work. He happily possessed a considerable knowledge
of the Spanish tongue, which was, of course, indispensable. He
systematically travelled through nearly all the islands, not merely
Luzon and Mindanao, but the smaller, such as Samar, Leyte,
Bohol, Ticao, Cebu, Mindoro, Masbate, Panay, Negros, and
others, everywhere becoming the guest for the time being of the
Padre of each village and township ; and for four-and-a-half years
he continually laboured, with unrivalled results. It is true that
Semper, and more recently von Moellendorff, have added
several species to the lists, but still the fact remains that so
assiduously did Cuming scour the interior, sometimes quite
pathless, of these islands after specimens, that by far the
majority of the terrestrial and fluviatile mollusca were dis-
covered by him. It is calculated, by Kobelt, that there are
about 600 species in the Philippines—of these the genus Cochlo-
sty/a, in its wider sense, contains more than a third, say 211
species (Fischer).

The principal method adopted by Cuming was, by a small
bribe, to engage the services of the school children, who would
traverse the woods and forests where the greatest exuberance of
life was to be found, and daily bring him new and beautiful
spoils, many being thus secured which are still almost, if not
quite unique. Such is the Cochlostyla leytensts, that beautiful
almost hyaline shell, latticed with green.

The natives, naturally, were slow to comprehend why he
required this vast array of snail shells, and he was frequently
interrogated as to this. He found that they were beyond
understanding what cabinets of Natural History meant ; and as
they are in the habit of burning these shells for the sake of the
ash to assist them in chewing the betel-nut, he had to resort to
the expedient of telling them that he required all he could get
to send to England for the same purpose, and this appeared to
satisfy their minds. Another strong influence he exercised over

~

J-C., viti., Apr. 1895.

MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING. . 63

the natives by practising as a medicine man. Nearly all our
most successful travellers, such as George Gardner, in Brazil,
and Wallace, in the Malay Archipelago, have attributed much
of that success to this gift, and Cuming always carried supplies
of quinine and other drugs with him, and was soon con-
sidered a friend in need by all. He was not only welcomed,
but feared as a kind of supernatural power, and the priest often
came second-hand in their regard, upon some patient being
restored by his agency.

More than four years passed in this arduous, but delightful
way, and he then on his return journey paid short visits to Singa-
pore, and the Malay Peninsula, finishing up with a short period
at St. Helena, and quickly returning to England with more
spoils than had ever before fallen to the lot of one man to
collect personally. According to Woodward, he found 2,500
species of marine shells, of which 250 were A@itra, 120 Conus,
100 Pleurotoma, and 50 Cyprea, and in land shells over 500
species. He also collected 130,000 specimens of plants, both
living and dried, some of which, specifically and generically, bear
his name. Many birds, mammals, and reptiles, also, several
new to science, were included in his collections, and, although
he was not, as were Wallace and Bates, an entomologist, he did
not neglect this vast field, but brought home many specimens of
both Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. As we have
before remarked in this sketch, a search through the early
volumes of the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ of the
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ then known as
‘Charlesworth’s Magazine,’ and of the Linnean Society, amply
testifies to the value of his collections.

Mr. Cuming, being his own master, was enabled to
exchange his specimens for other desiderata, and annually he
visited the chief museums and cabinets in Europe, always with
an eye to a satisfactory bargain. He thus succeeded in amass-
ing a series unequalled and unique in every way, and estimated
to contain nearly 19,000 species and varieties.

64 MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.

He was a well-known figure at Stevens’ sales, in King
Street, Covent Garden, in the days when shell sales used to be
more frequent than at present, and always well attended, with a
considerable amount of competition amongst the many votaries,
as Miers, Lombe-Taylor, Angas, Barclay, &c., who all were in
the habit of personally attending. In April, 1865, at the sale of
the collection of the late J. Dennison, of Liverpool, which
abounded in rare and beautiful examples, I have a very vivid
recollection of seeing him sitting before the green baize table
in front of the auctioneer’s desk, and very intent on the various
treasures as they were handed round lot by lot before being put
up to auction. *I remember him as a somewhat stout, rubi-
cund, good-humoured looking old man, with scanty, white curly
hair, dressed in black, with open waistcoat, and white-frilled
shirt front. I remember, too, seeing him secure what probably
was his last purchase—Pseudachatina Downesit and P. Wrightit
on the third day of the sale. He died four months later (Aug. ro).
That winter (1865) his duplicates mostly of land shells were sold
by Stevens, enormous quantities of the commoner forms of
Flelicostyla, Cochlostyla, Cyclophorus, etc., being put up to auction,
proving how enormous were the stores of duplicates amassed,
especially from the Philippine Islands.

The disposition of his collection, and the offer of them
primarily to the British Museum for the sum of £6,000,
occasioned the Keeper of the Natural History department (the
late Sir Richard Owen,) much anxiety, his first fear being
that so valuable and unique a collection should be allowed to
depart from this country, and it is worth while here transcribing
part of the appeal issued by Professor Owen, in which he urges,
in impassioned language, the purchase by the nation, in a letter
addressed to Dean Buckland, a trustee of the British Museum,
during Mr. Cuming’s life-time, in 1848, when the first offer for
sale was made, but not then accepted :—

*T exhibit a photograph of Mr. Cuming, taken about the year 1861, by Joseph
Sidebotham, Esq., of Bowdon, who gave it me many years ago. ;

J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.

MELVILL: MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING. 65

‘“‘T may briefly state that this collection, as now offered to
the British Museum, contains upwards of 19,000 species and
varieties of shells, represented by about 60,000 specimens ; and
that not only is every specimen entire, but choice and perfect
of its kind, as respects form, texture, colour, and other characters
that give it value in the eyes of the shell-collector.

“As I can affirm from my personal knowledge, and from
authentic sources of information, that no public collection in
Europe possesses one-half the number of species of shells that
are now in the Cumingian collection, you may judge of the vast
proportion of rarities and unique specimens possessed by Mr.
Cuming. It is this which has given him for some years past the
command, so to speak, of all the conchological cabinets in
Europe. He is better known and respected, and his labours
more truly and generally appreciated in any city or town in
Europe having a public natural history museum than in busy
London. Mr. Cuming in his annual visits to the continent
carries with him the inferior duplicates of his rarities, represent-
ing species with the sight of which the eyes of the foreign
naturalist are gladdened for the first time. They open to him
their treasures in return, and from most of the collections of
Europe Mr. Cuming has borne away the prized species or speci-
mens in exchange for the still rarer and more valuable shells
which his abundance has enabled him to offer without detri-
ment to his own stores.

“The mode in which Mr. Cuming has obtained this con-
chological wealth is as moral and exemplary as the result is
important and marvellous, considered as the work of one indi-
vidual. Not restricting his pursuit to the stores and shops of
the curiosity-mongers of our seaports, or depending on casual
opportunities of obtaining rarities by purchase, he has devoted
more than thirty of the best years of his life to arduous and
hazardous personal exertion, dredging, diving, working, wander- -
ing under the Equator and through the Tropics, the Temperate
Zones, both north and south, in the Atlantic, in the Pacific, in

31/7/95. E

66 MELVILL: MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.

the Indian Ocean, and in the islands of its rich Archipelago—
in the labour of obtaining from native seas, shores, lakes,
rivers, and forests, the marine, fluviatile, and terrestrial mollusca,
60,000 of whose shelly skeletons, external and internal, are accu-
mulated in orderly series in the cabinets with which the floors
of his house now groan. I never think of the casualities to
which such a collection in such a place is subject without a
shudder! . . . Perhaps one of the most striking points in
the estimate of the scientific value of an extensive collection
like Mr. Cuming’s, arises out of its relation to the present active
pursuit of geology as an indispensable instrument to the deter-
mination of fossil shells. No one can give higher sanction than
yourself to any expression of the importance of well-determined
fossils, and especially shells, to a right knowledge of the relative
age and position of the strata in which they were embedded;
and the geologist’s confidence in results based upon fossil con-
chology must be in the ratio of the extent of this comparison
with recent shells that have been gone through in the deter-
mination of the fossil shells, and especially before a species is
pronounced to be extinct.

“This, however, is but one of its scientific uses. From the
period when the Atlantic, American, and Polynesian depart-
ments of the Cumingian collection reached England, in 1831,
scientific conchologists have there found subjects without inter-
mission for their descriptions, and the novelties were far from
being exhausted when Mr. Cuming having undertaken a third
exploring voyage, returned in 1840 from Manilla, stored with the
conchological riches of the Indian Ocean, which have subse-
quently kept the pens of competent describers of new genera
and species actively at work, and will supply them for years to
come. Thus the Cumingian Collection has directly advanced
the science of conchology in an unexampled degree, and
- possesses the same peculiar claims upon the Government as
custodians of the National collection here which Linnzeus’
Herbarium did upon the Swedish State. Mr. Cuming’s

J.C., viii., July, 1895.

MELVILL: MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING. 67

collection contains, for example, the originals from which many
hundred new species have been described in the scientific
periodicals or systematic works published since its arrival in this
country.

** Any doubt that may arise through the incompleteness or
obscurity of the description, or from the inaptitude of the
student, may be decided at once hy reference to the original
specimens, ‘These ‘types of the species’ become, therefore,
an instrument of great importance to the progress of the science
in the country in which they are preserved and made accessible.
Delay in securing for the nation the Cumingian types of new
species of shells may involve the necessity of crossing the
Atlantic in order to compare and verify the descriptions and
synonyms of Broderip, Sowerby, Gray, Reeve, and other eminent
conchologists, ; .

“The value of a shell, as of a jewel, depends much upon
its rarity, and is to that extent artificial The Concha unica,
which to-day commands the sum of twenty pounds, shall, next
week, when a score of specimens have come into the market,
fall in price to as many shillings. Still, the commonest exotic
shell, if it be perfect and well coloured, and taken from a living
mollusk, as is the case with the Cumingian collection, from
which ‘dead’ shells have been strictly excluded, finds its
market.

“T am given to understand, by competent authorities, that
the sum of £6,000 asked by Mr. Cuming in 1846 does not
exceed two-thirds of the most moderate estimate of the present
market value of his subsequently augmented collection.

“That ten times that sum would not bring together such a
series as Mr. Cuming has offered to the British Museum, I do
firmly believe, from a knowledge of the peculiar tact in discover-
ing and collecting, the hardy endurance of the attendant fatigue
under deadly climes and influence, and the undaunted courage
in encountering the adverse elements, and braving the opposition
of the savage inhabitants of seldom-visited isles, which have con-

68 MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.

duced and concurred to crown the labours of Mr. Cuming with
a success of which his unrivalled collection is a fitting monument,
and of which science, and, let us hope, its cultivators in his
native country more particularly, will long continue to reap the
benefits.” *

The British Museum purchased the collection in 1866.

No less than 152 species of shells were specifically named
in honour of this great naturalist, and I exhibit this evening
examples of considerably more than half that number, the most
conspicuous perhaps being the Voluta, Mitra, Natica, Cerithium,
Neritina, Tridacna, and Mactra.

Unio cumingit is also perhaps the most beautiful of a some-
what sombre assemblage. Several of the species named after
Mr. Cuming are unique and only to be found in our national
collection, while others I have searched in vain for even there.
One—Zngina cumingiana—I described as recently as January in
this year (1895) from a specimen in the national collection,
formerly in Mr. Cuming’s.

Mr. Cuming died August roth, 1865, aged seventy-four
years. One of his daughters married Mr. Thomas Bridges
(1803—1865) a successful South American traveller and natura-
list, in whose honour Bulimus bridgesit and Fissurella bridgesit
were named.

$e

A portrait of Mr. Cuming, reproduced from a photograph
taken by the late Mr. Sidebotham, F.L.S., of Bowdon, which
was exhibited at the meeting, appears in this number of the
Journal.

On the succeeding pages is given a list of mollusca named
in honour of Mr. Hugh Cuming, amounting, as I have said, to
152 species, besides which Sowerby called after him the genus
Cumingia in the family Ze//inzde, consisting of eighteen species
of West American and Antillean mollusca.

c. f. “ Life of Sir Richard Owen,” by his grandson, the Rev. Richard Owen, vol.
+> PP. 313, etc., 1894, where this appeal is given almost in extenso,

J.C., viti., July 1895.

MELVILL :

MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.

69

LIST OF MOLLUSCA NAMED IN HONOUR OF THE
LATE HUGH CUMING.

PTEROPODA.
Hyalea Cumingit (A. Adams).

GASTROPODA.
Murex Cumingit (A. Adams).
Typhis Cumingii (Brod. and Sowb. ).
Neptunea Cumangit (Crosse).
Cantharus Cumingianus (Dunker).
Metula Cumingizt (A. Adams).
Daphnella Cumingit (Powis).
Mangilia Cumingii (E. A. Smith).
Triton Cumingtt (A. Adams).
Ranella Cumingiana (Dunker).
Bullia Cumingiana (Dunker).
Buccinum Cumingii (Sowb.).
Phos Cumingit (Reeve).
Nassa Cumingiz (A. Adams).
Leptoconchus Cumingii (Desh. ).
Oliva Cumiingit (Reeve).
Tudicla Cumdtngit (Jonas).
Voluta Cumingz (Broderip).
Mitra Cumingid (Reeve).
Marginella Cumingiana (Petit).
Columbella Cumingit (Reeve).
Engina Cumingiana (Melvill).
Dolium Cumingit (Hanley).
Natica Cumingiana (Recluz).
Scalaria Cuming (Carpenter).
Terebra Cumingit (Desh. ).
Chemnitzia Cumingii (Carp.).
Eulima Cumingit (A. Adams).
Stylifer Cumingiana (A. Adams).
Solarium Cuningit (Hanley). _
Conus Cuming (Reeve).
Cyprea Cumingit (Gray).
Ovulum Cumingit (Morch)=con-

cinnum 2B

Cancellaria Cumingiana (Petit).
Cerithium Cumingit (A. Adams).
Lampania Cumingtt (Crosse).
Paludomus Cumingianus (Dohrn).
Melania Cumingzt (Lea).
Echinella Cuméngztt (Phil. ).
Modulus Cumingit (A. Adams).
Paludina Cumingii (Hanley).

Fossar Cumingtt (A. Adams).
Rissoina Cumingit (Reeve).
Ampullaria Cumingit (Sing).
Ampullaria Cumingit (Phil. ).
Ammicola Cumingiana (Fischer).
Turritella Cumingit (Reeve).
Stliguaria Cumingit (Morch).
Narica Cumingit (Recluz).
Neritina Cumingiana (Recluz)
Navicella Cumingiana (Recluz).
Crucibulum imbricatum (Brod.) var.
Cumingtt (Carp. ).
Trochus Cumingie (A. Adams).
Gibbula Cumineit (A. Adams).
Margarita Cumingit (A. Adams).
Stomatella Cuméngit (A. Adams).
Brodertpia Cumingiz (A. Adams).
Fissurella Cumingii (Reeve).
Emarginula Cumingtt (A. Adams).
Rimula Cumtngi (A. Adams).
Patelloidea Cuméingii (Reeve).
Chiton Cumingtt (Frembley).
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.
Tornatella Cuméingn (A. Adams).
Lophocercus Cumingit (A. Adams).
Umbrella Cumingit (Desh.).
Lobiger Cumingit (A. Adams).
PULMONIFERA.
Streptaxis Cumingiana (Pfr.).
Oleacina rosea(Fér.) = Cumingti(Veck)
Linnea Cumingtana (Pfr.).
Feltela Cumtngit (Pir.).
flelicarion Cumingzt (Beck).
Omalonyx Cumingit (Pfr. ).
Simpulopsis Cuminge (Pfr. ).
Achatina Cuméngid (Shuttleworth).
Flelix (Axina) Cumingit (Pir.).
HI. (Arianta) arbustorum (L.)
var. Cumingzana (Boubée).
Cochlostyla Cumingii (Pfr.).
Careia Cumingiana (Pfr.).
Achatinella Cumingzi (Newc.).
Cionella Cumingiana (Pir.),
Tomigerus Cuniingi (Newc.).

7°

Strophia Cumingiana (Pfr.).
Succinea Cumingit (Beck).
Cylindrella Cumingiana (Pfr.)
=elongata B
Claustlia Cumingiana (Pfr.).
Planorbis Cumingianus (Dunker).
Pythia Cumingiana (Petit).
Cassidula Cumingiana (Recluz).
Amphipeplea Cumingiana (Pfr.).
Physa Cumingit (H. Adams).
Ancylus Cumingianus (Bourg. ).
Pterocyclos Cumingzi (Pir. ).
Cyclophorus Cumingit (Sowb. ).
Helicina Cumingiana (Pfr. ).
Cataulus Cumingit (Pfr. ).
Pupina Cumingana (Pfr.).
Stoastoma Cumingianum (C. B. Ad.).
Truncatella Cumingi (C. B. Ad.)
=var. scalars.

PELECYPODA.
Aspergillum Cumingianum (Chem. ).
Jouannetia Cumingzt (Sowb.).
Cyrtodaria Cumingz (Dunker).
Cultellus Cumingianus (Dunker).

' Anatina Cumingit (Val.).
Peviploma Cumingiana (Fischer).
Pandora Cumingiz (Hanley).
Mactra Cumingit (Desh. ).
Zenatia Cumingiana (D’Orbigny).
Cacella Cumingiana (Desh. ).
Feterocardin Cumingiz (Desh.).
Soletellina Cumingiana (Desh. ).
Tellina Cumingic (Hanley).
Galathea Cumingzt (Dunker).
Sunetta Cumengit (Hanley).
Dosinia Cuming (Reeve).

Tapes Cumingit (Sowb. ).
Anattis Cumingtt (Sowb.).

MELVILL: MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.

Donax Cumingit (Dunker).
Venerupis Cuminge (Desh. ).
Glauconome Cumingii (Prime).
Cyrena, Cumtngiz (Desh.).
Cyrenoida Cumingiz (Sowb.).
Cardium Cuming (Brod. ).
Tridacna Cunvingit (Reeve).
Lucina Cumingi (Adams & Angas).
Loripes Cumingzana (Frfld.).
Diplodonta Cumingit (Sow.).
Scintilla Cumingtd (Desh. ).
Pythina Cumingit (A. Adams).
Crassatella Cuméingit (A. Adams).
Cardita Cuming (Desh. ).
Unio Cumingii (Lea).
Anodonta Cumingi (Lea).
Monocondylea Cumingiz (Lea).
Mytilus Cumingianus (Recluz).
Crenella Cumingiana (Dunker).
Lithodomius Cumitngianus (Dunker).
Septifer Cumingzt (Recluz).
Dreissena Cumingiana (Dunker).
Perna Cumingit (Reeve).
Pinna Cumingiz (Hanley).
Arca Cumingit (Dunker).
Limopsis Cumingiana (A. Adams).
Nucula Cumingit (Hinds).
Netlo Cumingit (A. Adams)
=australis (Quoy).
Pecten Cumingit (Reeve).

Spondylus Cumingit (Sowb. ).

Lima Cumingtt (Sowb.).

Placunanomia Cuntzngiz (Brod.).

Ostrea Cumingiana (Dunker).
BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratulina Cumtngid (Davidson).

Mages Cumingit (Gray).

Discina Cumingiz (Brod. ).

SSS

Segmentina lineata in Northamptonshire.

Mr. C. E. Wright,

of Kettering, has shown me a specimen of this species which he lately found

in Desborough brook.

—LIONEL E. ApAms, Northampton, March 5th, 1895.

This is, I believe, the first record for the county.

(Read before the

Conchological Society, April 3rd, 1895.)

J.C., viit., July 1895.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Ut

SOME PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF THE
LATE HUGH CUMING.

By E. L. LAYARD, C.M.G., F.Z.S., &c., &c.

I hope Imay be permitted to add to Mr. Melvill’s Epitome
of the Life of the Late Hugh Cuming some personal reminis-
cences of my old friend with whom I was on such intimate
terms, as aman so much my senior, would admit a younger
man. I was one of the very few, and I suspect I am about the
only man living, who was ever admitted to his sanctum
sanctorum—the third floor of his residence in Gower Street
(No. 80 I think it was) where he worked, and kept many of
his rarest duplicates, the vast majority of which were stored in
the cellar.

He permitted me to see him at his work, ze, making up
collections for his customers and correspondents, a privilege
accorded but to few. Tome he had taken a great fancy. I
had corresponded with him when I resided at Point Pedro,
the northern point of Ceylon, as a Magistrate, and there com-
menced my first dredging experiences, with a dredge, the
design of which he had sent me, cut in cardboard.

I first knew him, Zersonal/y, in 1852 or 1853, just before the
Crimean War. I had taken lodgings in Great Russell Street,
facing the British Museum (where I was then working at my
“Catalogue of the Birds of Ceylon,”) and was thus pretty
contiguous to Gower Street. He often spent the evening with
us, and always called for me on the meeting nights of the
Zoological Society, when we walked to and from the Society’s
rooms together. While thus walking he used to delight to
recur to his collecting days, and recount his experiences to one
whom he felt was as ardent a collector as himself, and could
participate in the intense enjoyment of the pursuit. I well
remember his description of his finding ¢#ree examples of

42 LAYARD : REMINISCENCES OF LATE HUGH CUMING.

Conus gloria-mavis+ under one stone, on a reef, somewhere in
the Philippine Islands. “I nearly fainted with delight,” he
said.

On another occasion, immediately after his arrival in the
Islands, he met a native, whom he had commissioned to get
him some land-shells, stalking along with a large palm branch
bag slung over his shoulder, from which escaped grand
Cochlostyli, at that time perfectly unknown to science and to
European collectors. They were crawling down the man’s back
and dropping to the ground, while he walked on in perfect
indifference to the treasures he was losing, but the sight of
which drove my old friend frantic with delight !

I had placed my entire collection at his disposal, and it
took him three nights to go over it! Each night he carried off
one of the drawers of my cabinet, 16 x 14 inches, heaped up
with specimens! ‘‘Madam,” he said to my mother, ‘‘I have
never obtained so many valuable specimens from any single
One night, I remember, he suddenly
pounced down on a pair of most lovely Zu/ima, and placed
them in his pocket, saying they were quite new, and too valu-
able to be trusted among the other shells. They were the only

1?

collection, in my life

pair I ever dredged, and they came together inonehaul. They
were over an inch long, of the most surprising smoothness and
lustre, and a delicate rose tint.

In exchange for the shells I gave him, he gave me a fair
series of the Philippine Island shells, and a series representing
most of the genera of land and fresh water shells, to which I
found myself obliged to restrict my collection, as I was a poor
man, and unable to afford the necessary cabinets to contain
the numerous and large marine species, and the cost of trans-

+ These three Conus gloria-marvis were found on a reef off the Island of Juena, near
Bohol. Two of them now in the British Museum are not full grown ; the third is larger.
Rumour has it that this particular reef was annihilated shortly afterwards through volcanic
action, and certaiuly no Coxus gloria-maris have been found since that time (1838) either
in this or any other locality. It may, therefore, lay claim to being almost as extinct as the
Great Auk, or Dodo.—J. C. M.

J.C., viii., July 1895.

LAYARD: REMINISCENCES OF LATE HUGH CUMING. ae

porting these cabinets, and their contents, from place to place,
as I had no fixed home.

I have often been asked why I have so seldom described
the new species I have discovered in the various branches of
Zoology to which I have, from time to time, devoted myself.
This was entirely owing to the advice he gaveme. He pointed
out, that without access to large museums and extensive
libraries, in which to compare and work out my specimens, I
must inevitably create numberless synonyms, and thus only
make ‘confusion worse confounded.” He urged. me to
continue my work as a field naturalist, and I have never
regretted the choice I then made.

I was once witness to a most amusing scene with him.
On being admitted into the house, and told that Mr. Cuming
was in his ‘‘ den,” I ran upstairs and found my old friend in a
towering passion. He was walking excitedly up and down the
room, declaiming to his secretary, “‘ The idiots ! the fools !’—he
exclaimed as I entered the room—‘‘ see what they have done
to those lovely shells! Ruined as beautiful a series as ever I
put together! I got them together for the King of Zito
present to the National Museum, and the curator has oiled
them, and as you know the colour in most of the Cochlostyli is
in the epidermis, which changes to a dull brown when wetted,
or oiled, and they have sent back the shells, saying I have

palmed off painted specimens! I don’t care for that, for
they are foolsand don’t know a good shell from a bad one!

{??

But to see those beauties ruined! ‘That provokes me

I said I hoped they were not quite spoiled, and that if
they had only been oiled, immersion in an alkali would prob-
ably restore them. He gradually calmed down and became his
own courteous, old-mannered, self again, and presently stepping
to a cabinet he produced a fine example of AZegaspira Rustem-
bergiana, which he handed to me, saying—“ That’s a shell I

*I do not mention names, lest some of the actors should be living.

74 LAYARD : REMINISCENCES OF LATE HUGH CUMING.

promised you for your generic collection.” I have it still, and
I often recall to mind the incident, when I see it.

I can see the old gentleman now! His heavy florid face
beaming over his white ‘‘ choker,” and his extensive prominent
white frilled shirt and black vest; he always dressed in black.
I only knew him when he was like the larger of the two por-
traits I send, but it does not do him justice. He gave it to
me himself, and wrote his name on it in my presence. And
this reminds me, I do not think he could do more than write
his name. All his letters to me were written by his secretary,
though signed by himself, and I have heard him dictate to his
employés scores of times. I regret the portraits are so damaged
by water ; this was done during a hurricane in Fiji, when a large
slice of the roof of my house flew away, and let in a deluge of
rain. I beg the Society’s acceptance of them for its library,
perhaps, if they are thought of any value, they can be cleaned,
or restored to some even color throughout, when the damage
will not be so apparent. I add a portrait of his friend, Lovell
Reeve, who figured so many of his shells. I had this also from
Mr. Reeve himself, and can vouch for its resemblance. The
smaller portrait of Mr. Cuming I also had from himself.

I have often heard collectors complain of the inaccuracy
of some of the localities given by Cuming, and I think I can
account for this. As before stated, I have seen him making
up a series of specimens for a correspondent, and I have also
said I do not think he could write. I never saw a note book
in his hand, nor were his shells in separate labelled boxes. He
trusted entirely to his wonderful memory, not only for localities,
but for the names of the shells and ¢hetr authors. We had a
long plank table on tressels running the entire length of the
room with its three windows. Along this he would walk, with
a basket, or box, full of shells in one hand, from which he
selected such specimens as he intended to supply to the collec-
tion making up. Placing them on the table, he would dictate

J.C., viii., July 1895.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 715

to the secretary, name, author’s name, and locality. These the
young man wrote on a slip of paper already prepared, and
placed by the specimens, which were afterwards packed by him.
My only wonder is, not that he made mistakes, but that he
made so few.

I hope these reminiscences of the life of one of the greatest,
if not ¢#e greatest, of collectors in the field in which we all take
so much interest, will be acceptable to my brother members of
the Conchological Society.

Otterbourne, May, 1895.

OOO

Nassa reticulata var. minor.—Mr. Marshall has given this varietal
name to those small specimens of the species which present apparently adult
characters, having the outer lip thickened and fluted inside. During the
autumn, when dredging and shore-hunting along the South Devon coast,
in company with my friend Mr. L. St. G. Byne, of Teignmouth, a good
opportunity was afforded for studying the species, which was taken alive
both on the shore and in shallow water, and of both the typical and so-
called varietal forms. It was at once seen that the ‘variety’ is merely the
normal young state of the shell. If an adult be examined with a moderate
degree of care it is readily seen that the growth of the shell has not been
uniform, but that one, two, or three whitish areas are to be recognised on the
spire extending over two or three of the longitudinal ribs ; these ribs being
set far more obliquely than those which immediately follow, there being a
distinct line of demarcation between the two. Other similar areas not
distinctly coloured may be detected. If, now, the shell be carefully broken,
opposite each of these varicoid areas will be found, running down the inside
of the whorl, the row of teeth which had once distinguished the var.
minor stage. The columella opposite these is also frequently tuberculated.
A shell of which one side has been ground away exhibits seven of these rows.
Mr. Marshall’s small variety of Huléma bilznxeata probably belongs to the
same category, but as the length only is given, there being an entire
absence of any description, it is of course impossible to speak with con-
fidence. An examination, however, of a fine example in my collection
reveals the presence of no fewer than five of these resting stages, during
which the outer lip has been slightly thickened and the two characteristic
coloured bands have coalesced.—G. W. CHASTER, Southport. (ead before
Manchester Branch of the Conchological Soctety, October 11, 1894).

76 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

IPIR ONG 18, 18, ID IUIN Ge

237th MEETING, May Ist, 1895.
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, for May, and May—
June, 1895—from the respective Editors.

Reprint of paper by Mr. C. T. Simpson, on Distribution of Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of the West Indian Region and their evidence with
regard to Past Changes of Land and Sea,—and Reprint of paper by Dr.
Rudolph Bergh,—Die Hedyliden, eine Familie der kladohepatischen Nudi-
branchien (Wien 1895) from the respective Authors.

Resignation of Members announced.
Dr. C. W. Viner, and Mr. Wilfred Bendall.

Papers Read:

A Paper by Mr. James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., entitled “An
Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh Cuming, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., ete.,”
was read. (See Journal of Conchology for April, 1895, p. 59).

Exhibits :

The President showed Zimnaa abyssicola from the Lake of Geneva,
where it is found at a depth of 30—r100 metres, sent by Dr. Aug. Brot; a
new species of 4zeca found at Ingleton ; examples of Zimnea auricularia
and distorted examples of Z. stagnalis from the salt marshes of the Sea
of Aral, sent by Rev. A. H. Cooke; specimens of Uzzio tumzdus taken by
Rev, W. C. Hey at the dam at Yearsley, and the Foss near York, and
others found within a hundred yards; the latter specimens beirg normal,
the former much distorted by their position at the dam ; as well as examples
of monstrosities of Planorbis marginatus, collected by Mr. J. Beevers at
Waterloo near Leeds. ;

He also showed a number of shells collected in the Camargue, or Delta
of the Rhone, dept. Bouches-du-Rhone, France, by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke,
F.L.S., including Cardiwm edule, Helix aspersa, H. vermiculata, Aporrhais
pes-pelecani, H. pisana, H. acuta, Limnea stagnalis, and L. palustris from
the Camargue itself, H. aspersa and var. exalbida and H. nemoralis var.
castanea 00000 from Arles, H. asfersa, H. vermiculata, H. virgata, H.
terrestris, H. pisana, and Limnea palustris from la Crau, L. palustris
from the Etang de Consecaniere, Azodonta anatina, Limnea stagnalis,
L. palustris, Planorbis corneus, Paludina contecta, and Bythinia tenta-
culata, from the Marais de Meyranne, Bouches-du-Rhone.

J.C., viii., July 1895.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77.

On behalf of Mr. Fred Rhodes was shown a specimen of Helix
nemoralis var. rubella 00000 from Calverley, Yorkshire.

On behalf of Mr. Edgar L. Layard, C.M.Z.S., were shown a number
of examples of a very dark form of Helix ttala (ericetorum) from the Isles
of Aran, off the West Coast of Ireland.

On behalf of Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, M.A., were shown examples of
Limnea peregra from a very hot water cistern at Cheadle, Staffs.—and some
most interesting details given of the behaviour of the molluscs in respect of
the diurnal variations of temperature.

238th (or Annual) MEETING, Saturday, 18th May, 1895.
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds.

From 2 p.m. in the afternoon there were a number of exhibits on view
in the Library and the Industrial Museum Room. In the latter the collection
of the late Mr. Charles Ashford now on deposit at the Leeds Museum, was
displayed for inspection and a series of exhibits made on behalf of the Leeds
Philosophical and Literary Society. Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., had
some exhibitsin the same room, In the Library the President, Mr. John W.
Taylor, F.L.S., showed a great number of original drawings of Molluscan
anatomy, mostly by the late Mr. Ashford, but some by Mr. G. Sherriff
Tye and others, and in a large flat case Mr. Taylor showed a large series of
shells illustrating the effects of enyironment in modifying form and colour.

At 5 p.m. the President entertained a number of the members to tea. ~

- -The Annual meeting was held in the Library of the Philosophical Hall
at 6 p.m., the retiring President, Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L S., in the chair.
There were also present amongst others Messrs. W. E. Hoyle, W. Denison
Roebuck, W. Nelson, H. Crowther, B. Sturges Dodd, J. C. Melvill,
R. D. Darbishire, Robert Standen, A. E. Baker, R. Cairns, E. Collier,
F. W. Fierke, Wm. Moss, Charles Oldham, Mr. and Mrs. Brierley.

The minutes of the 237th meeting were taken as read and confirmed.

Appointment of Scrutineers :
The President appointed Mr. Brierley and Mr. Roebuck to examine and
report upon the voting papers sent in.
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :
Cambridge Natural History, vol. iii., Mollusca and Brachipods—1895—
from the Publishers.

Manchester Museum Handbooks—Catalogue of Library, by W. E.
Hoyle, 1895—from the Museum.

Journal of Malacology, March 30th, 1895—from the Editor.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :

Messrs. John Ray Hardy (proposed by Rk. Standen and W. E. Hoyle.
M.A.),.W, A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.R.S., (by W. E. Hoyle, M.A., and W,

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.), Sydney J. Hickson, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., (by
W. E. Hoyle, M.A., and J. C. Melvill, M.A.), F. W. Gamble, M.Sc., Vict.,
(by W. E. Hoyle, M.A., and J. C. Melvill, M.A.), Rev. Adam Hann (by
W. H. Heathcote, F.L.S., and E. Collier), and G. A. Booth, F.E.S. (by.
W. H. Heathcote, F.L.S., and R. Standen) were proposed for membership.

Annual Reports:

The Annual Report of the Council (including the Balance Sheet
which had previously been circulated in proof among the Members present)
was taken as read, the Annual Report of the Manchester Branch was also
read, and on the motion of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, both were unanimously
adopted—this adoption involving the alteration of Rule No. 8 to suit the
altered condition of the Society resulting from the transfer of headquarters
to Manchester.

Election of Office-Bearers.

The Scrutineers reported that 35 voting papers had been received,
of which 6 were void from informality, and that the following were duly
elected as the Office-bearers for the ensuing year :

FoR PRESIDENT :

J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.

For VICE-PRESIDENTS :

R. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A.
P. B. Mason, J.P., F.L.S.
Rev. A. M. Norman, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Joun W. Taytor, F.L.S.
For HON. TREASURER :
LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
For HON. SECRETARY AND RECORDER :
EDWARD COLLIER.
For Hon. CURATOR :
ROBERT STANDEN.

For Hon. LIBRARIAN :

Wo. E. Hoye, M.A., F.R.S.E.

FoR THE COUNCIL :

HENRY CROWTHER. F.R.M.S.
Joun H. James, A.R.I.Cornw.
Joun R. B. MASEEIELD, M.A.
WILLIAM Moss, F.C.A.
WILLIAM NELSON.

CHARLES OLDHAM,

Place of next Annual Meeting.

On the motion of Mr. Hoyle, seconded by Mr. Collier, it was unani-
mously resolved that the next Annual Meeting be held in Manchester.

J.C., viii., July 1895.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79

The Presidential Address
was then delivered by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., who gave a review of the
history of the Society and of the progress of Land and Fresh Water Con-
chology in Great Britain and Ireland during the past twenty years.

Votes of Thanks :

At the conclusion of the address a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Taylor
for his services as President during the past year was proposed by Mr.
Darbishire, seconded by Mr. B. S. Dodd, put to the meeting by Mr,
W. E. Hoyle, and adopted unanimously, as was also a complimentary
resolution also brought forward by Mr. Darbishire with respect to the retiring
secretary. i: W.D.R., Hon. Sec.

MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,
At the Owens College, May 9th, 1895.
Mr. R. D. Darbishire in the chair.

The chief business was the discussion of certain matters connected with
the proposed transference of the head-quarters of the parent society, from
Leeds to Manchester, and its effect upon the branch. It was agreed that
during such time as the parent society may be located in Manchester the
branch shall be suspended, and maintain a passive existence, its active func-
tions to be resumed in case of future transference of head-quarters to some
other centre. The hon. secretary was requested to address a circular letter
to all members of the branch, who do not also belong to the parent society,
explaining the nature and advantages of the proposed change, and inviting
them to join.

Exhibits :

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A gigantic specimen of Zzma excavata Sars,
dredged on the coast of Norway, and measuring 63 inches long x 42 inches
broad.

By Mr. E. C. Stump: An interesting collection of marine shells from
the coast of Tasmania, containing representatives of many genera, and
notably many choice examples of Venus, Trigonia, Pecten, and Voluta.

By Mr. William Moss: Fine specimens of Bulémus vincentinus, Cistula
arapensts, and other land shells from Trinidad and the Island of Granada.

By Mr. R. Standen: A series of Cyprea cruenta var. coloba Melv. from
Red Sea, and from ‘San Francisco Market’; a pale, spotless form of Cyprea
caput-serpentis L., and some interesting forms of Limnaa peregra and L,
truncatula, from Southport, collected by Dr. Chaster.

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1894-5.

The Report now presented covers the period of eleven months which
has elapsed since the last Annual Meeting, in which the Society has steadily
maintained its position, in spite of the fact that the year must be regarded
as one of transition, pending the change of headquarters from Leeds to
Manchester, a change which was decided, though not acted, upon at the last
Annual Meeting.

The membership is now 213, including 10 honorary life members, 13
ordinary members resident abroad, and 190 ordinary members on the home
list.

Eight new ordinary members have been elected during the year, while
three have resigned and one has died, this being Mr. John Hagger, F.L.S.,
of Repton, near Burton-on-Trent, who has for a long period being a quiet
and unobtrusive member of the Society.

Eleven meetings have been held since the last annual one, all of them in
Leeds, and a considerable number of exhibits of interest have been made at
all the meetings.

The following papers and notes have been read :—

Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.—‘ The Nomenclature of Dreissensta polymorpha.’

Dr, Ed. von Martens—‘ The Nomenclature of Dre7ssensia polymorpha.’

Kenneth Hurlstone Jones—‘ Molluscan Albinism and the Tendency to the
Phenomenon in 1893.’

Hi. A. Pilsbry—‘ On G2ddela cnctncta Sowerby.’

J. T. Marshall—-‘ Alterations in ‘‘ British Conchology.” ’

Rev. J. W. Horsley—‘ Notes on Mollusca at Canterbury.’

C. H. Morris—‘ Aydrobia ( Paludestrina ) jenkinsi at Lewes.’

John W. Taylor, F.L.S.—‘ Szccinea oblonga in Jersey.’

James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., and Robert Standen—‘ Notes on a Collection
of Shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev.
James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species.’

J. E. Cooper—‘ Notes on Dorsetshire Marine Shells.’

Edward Collier—‘ Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West of
Treland.’

G. W. Chaster, M.R.C.S.—‘ Wassa reticulata var. minor.’

G. W. Chaster, M.R.C.S.—‘ Occurrence of Pudlsel/m lofotense Sars in the
Irish Sea.’

Robert Standen—‘ He/ix aspersa monst. senistrorsunt.’

Robert Standen—‘ Vertigo substriata var. albina.’

Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—‘ Helix vermiculata in Staffordshire.’

Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—‘ Hel¢x hortensts var. luteolabiata, a variety new to
Science, in Northamptonshire.’

Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—‘ Large Heltx ztala (ericetorun:) in Northampton-
shire.’

Henry Crowther, F.R,M,S,—‘ Biology of Spherzum corneum.’

J.C., viii., July 1893,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81

Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—‘ Seomentina leneata in Northamptonshire,’
Robert Standen—‘ Note on Cyprea tessellata (Sowb.).’
J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.—‘An Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh
Cuming.’
Most of these papers have been—or will shortly be—published in the
‘Journal of Conchology.’

Four numbers of the ‘Journal of Conchology ’ have been issued during
the year, two of them under the editorship of Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L S.,
by whom it was founded in 1874 and ably conducted for a period of 21 years.

The arrangement made in 1889 for the publication of the Journal as the
Society’s organ came to an end at the close of the year 1894, when the
goodwill, copyright and the stock of back numbers were acquired from
Mr. Taylor by purchase. The Journal is now entirely the property of the
Society and the two numbers which have been published under this new
arrangement have been edited by Mr. W. E. Hoyle.

The Society’s collections which are deposited in the Museum at Leeds,
have received a few additions by gifts. The principal donor being
Mr. J. E. Cooper, who presented the series of shells illustrating his paper on
the marine shells of Dorsetshire. Donations in money towards the Cabinet
Fund have been received from Rey. C. A. Williamson, Mr. W. Whitwell,
and Mr. J. E. Eccles.

The Library (which has been made use of by members during the year)
has been increased during the year by various donations. The donors have
included Dr. W. H. Dall, Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, Mr. C. A. White,
Mr, R. Bullen Newton, Mr. C. T. Simpson, and Dr. Rudolph Bergh, in
addition to the various Societies and Institutions which present their publica-
tions in exchange for the ‘ Journal of Conchology.’

All arrangements have been made for the transfer of the head-quarters
of the Society from Leeds to Manchester at the close of the present meeting,
but the only alteration of the Rules which that change renders necessary is
in the wording of the 8th Rule. As the Branch in Manchester will in
future naturally exist, if at all, only in suspense while the head-quarters of
the whole Society are established in that city, your Council recommend
that the 8th Rule be amended by the omission of the words ‘‘ Manchester
Branch,” and the substitution of the words ‘‘ Leeds and London Branches,
and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an Annual
Meeting.”

The Leeds and London members have during the year resolved that
branches be formed in their respective districts, the acceptance of which
Branches your Council heartily recommend.

Treasurer’s Report.

The financial condition of the Society remains much in the same con-
dition as last year. The expenses have, however, been slightly less and
one more number of the Journal has been paid for than was the case last
year. The arrears continue about the same.

4/8/95. in

82

BALANCE SHEET.

GENERAL FUND.

Receipts. ECS ele
Brought forwardfrom1893 3 18 6
Subscriptions received in
1894 45 7 6
Sale of Lists, &c. 114 6
Fine Or
CABINET
Receipts. 28 8, Gh
Brought forward from
1893... a6 EP no Bh
Donations in 1894 tee OL O
£2 1 33

March 25th, 7895, examined and found correct,

WILLIAM MOSS, F.C.A.,
ROBERT CAIRNS.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Payments. es Gs Gb
Cost of Journals (7, 8, 9,

10, IT) ss -- 34 9 6
Secretary’s Expenses

(Postages, &c.) O20
Treasurer’s ditto. 211 6
Stationery By Ps) sti
Books bought 9 8
Rent of Museum 10 6
Subscription to Y.N. U.

(3 years) 9 O
Balance in Hand fon BUG) &

£51 0 6

FUND.

Payments, a3 a Gl
Stationery is tsi 4 6
To Balance due for

Cabinet ab II oO
Lettering Cabinets 12 6
In Hand... 13 33

ELON Bs
LIONEL E. ADAMS,
Hon. Treasurer.

REPORT or tae MANCHESTER BRANCH.
May 18th, 1895.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :

The monthly meetings of the Branch held at the Manchester Museum,
Owens College, have been exceedingly well attended, and much interest
has been shown by members in the proceedings.

The March meeting was held, by special invitation of Mr. J. Cosmo
Melvill, at his residence, Brook House, Prestwich, and a large number of
members and friends availed themselves of the opportunity thus afforded of

inspecting a considerable portion of Mr.

orders of Mollusca.

08

Melvill’s fine collection of all

vili., July 1895.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 83

Two new members have been elected, and the total number of members
of the Branch is now fifty two, the majority of whom are also members of the
Parent Society. We have every reason to believe that when the transference
of headquarters is effected those members of the Branch who are not already
members of the Parent Society will willingly join.

Some interesting Notes and Papers have been contributed by members
to which additional interest has been added by the exhibition of full suites
of the shells treated upon in each communication.

The following is a list of the Notes and Papers contributed :—

By Dr. G. W. Chaster :—‘ Note on Wassa reticulata var. minor (Marshall),’
and ‘On the Occurrence of Pzlsellum lofotense (Sars), off Peel, Isle of
Man.’

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire :—‘ A Visit to a Snail Farm in Switzerland.’

By Mr. Edward Collier —‘ Note on a Conchological Excursion to the West
of Ireland,’ and * On the genus Macroon (Pilsbry).’

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill:—‘ An Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh
Cuming, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.’

The general exhibits at each meeting have been of an interesting and
instructive character, and very numerous and varied, giving occasion for
much interesting discussion.

A considerable number of additions have been made to the British
collection in the Cabinet of the Branch. A special Cabinet has been
devoted to the collection presented by Mr. Charles Oldham, and we are
indebted to that gentleman for many additional donations made during the
year.

A number of useful additions have been made to the Library of the
Branch, by purchase, and the donations of members and friends.

R. STANDEN,
Hon. Secretary.
a OK

Helix hortensis var. luteo-labiata zar. xov. and large Helix itala
in Northamptonshire. During the past year (1894), I have taken four
specimens of yellow lipped /ortensis in a limestone quarry at Blisworth,
Northamptonshire. Mr. J. W. Taylor, to whom I submitted a specimen,
proposes the above name, as it does not appear that this form has hitherto
been noticed. This quarry at Blisworth contains some other uncommon
forms. The yellow orterszs found here are all more or less diaphanous with
pink lips and often with pink cloudy blotches. I have two very pretty shells
of diaphanous yellow, 000(45), the band being semi-transparent crimson.
I have also taken here two yellow specimens with the rare banding 12045.
H, itala (ericetorum) swarms here. The shells run very large, one
measuring 22 mm. in diameter. The beautiful milk-white form with
translucent bands also occurs, though not abundantly.—LIONEL E. ADAMS,
Northampton, JZarch 5th, 1895. (Lead before the Conchological Society,
March 6th, 1895.)

84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF SHELES
FROM LIFU AND UVEA, LOYALTY ISLANDS,
FORMED BY
THE REV. JAMES AND MRS. HADFIELD,
WITH LIST OF SPECIES.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A.,° F.L.S., AND
ROBERT STANDEN.

(Read before the Conchological Society, June gth, 1894).

Tue Loyalty Islands, of which the three principal are Lifu,
Maré, and Uvea, form part of the New Caledonian Archipelago,
and are situate east of the main isle, with its capital Noumea,
being placed long. 168° E. lat. 22° S. They are not, therefore,
very far within the tropic of Capricorn.

Belonging to France, it is not surprising that several
eminent naturalists of that nation have made an especial study
of the fauna of this group. Accordingly we find, mainly in
the pages of the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,’ numerous papers
on both the Terrestrial and Marine Mollusca, mostly from the
pens of MM. Crosse, P. Fischer, Souverbie, Gassies, and three
resident conchologists of note—Lambert, Marie, and Mon-
trouzier. Mr. John Brazier* has likewise described a few new
forms from this region, and we must not.omit the name of
Mr. Edgar L. Layard, C.M.G., for many years British Consul
in New Caledonia, who here, as elsewhere, made - large
collections.

The period of most active research in this quarter, so far
as the mollusca are concerned, would appear to have been the
decade 1865-75, but several novelties have been described
since that later date.

We cannot find, however, that any catalogue of the whole
Marine Molluscan Fauna of the Loyalty Island group has been

* Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., iv. (1879), 1880, pp. 388—392.

J.C., viii., July 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 85

published, and, as a step towards this desired end, we venture
to offer the following list of over 600 species, about twenty or
twenty-one of which are considered new, this list being based upon
a very beautiful and interesting collection, rich in individuals as
well as number of species, formed by the Rev. James and Mrs.
Hadfield, of Lifu, and coming mostly from that island, with
some also from the neighbouring island of Uvea. They were
collected during 1891-3.

Many of them, it is true, are beach shells, and a little
worn, but their colours are so untarnished, and condition so
perfect as to preclude their being considered as otherwise than
in good condition. The small number of Pelecypoda is re-
markable ; the bulk of the shells collected are marine Gastro-
poda, and we may signalize Conus, Mitra, Cypraea, and
Columbella especially as being very numerous, both in
individuals and species. We have also included these amongst
the terrestrial and fluviatile mollusca, also collected by Mr. and
Mrs. Hadfield.

It is nothing new to be able to pronounce these islands as
being as rich, almost, in marine Mollusca as the famous Philip-
pine Islands, or Mauritius, for MM. Crosse and Fischer give
forty-five species of Mitra and fifty species of Conus, for instance,
as being found within the New Caledonian region. Many of
these are of very wide distribution, and it is curious to observe
how large a number of the forms found in Mauritius are
here also, some 3,000 miles or more to the eastward, although it
forms part of the same vast sub-division, the Indo-Pacific
Province. The late M. Paul Fischer, however, considers the
Australo-Polynesian region, in which he places these islands,
distinct from the Indo-Pacific Province of Woodward. ‘These
sub-divisions, however, must necessarily be somewhat arbitrary,
and their lines of demarcation optional. The fact remains, that
in the Marine Mollusca, at all events, there is a close connection
between the Mauritian and the New Caledonian Fauna.

We had, at first, in mind the possibility of a general

86 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

catalogue brought up to date ofall the species hitherto reported
from this group; but, upon reflection, we think it best merely to
include those species received from time to time from Mr.
Hadfield. Our especial thanks are due to Mr. William Moss,
Mr. R. Cairns, and Dr. G. W. Chaster. To Mr. Moss, for
photographing for us some of the new species in a very clear and
accurate manner, and for allowing us to inspect, on several
occasions, the large stores he received from Mr. Hadfield. To
Mr. Cairns for having aided Mr. Moss in the separation and
arrangement of so large a mass of material and for having per
mitted the selection by us of what might be of interest for this
catalogue; and to Dr. G.W. Chaster also for some beautiful photo-
graphs of the new species, reproduced herewith by the collotype
process. Thisaid has been to us invaluable. To Mr. Edgar A.
Smith, F.Z.S., of the Natural History Museum, South Kensing-
ton, and to Mr. Ernest Ruthven Sykes, F.Z.S., we must also offer
our best acknowledgments, for their ready help in discriminating
some of the more critical species, and advice on the subject of
the new forms ; andto Mr. John Ray Hardy, of the Manchester
Museum, Owens College, we are also indebted for much valu-
able assistance in the arrangement of the collection generally.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Crass CEPHALOPODA.
OrpDER DIBRANCHIATA.
FamiLty SPJRULIDA.

Spirula peronii Lam.— Several specimens of this pelagic
species, mostly in a fragmentary condition.

OrpDER TETRABRANCHIATA.
Famity WVAUT/LID4.

Nautilus macromphalus Reeve.—A long suite of indi-
viduals ranging in size from very young ones, 22 mill. in’
diameter, to adult. Two very fine specimens came in’
spirit and contained the animal in good condition. In

J.C., viii., July 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 87

the umbilical cavities of each of these specimens are
colonies of a small Cirrhipede, allied to Lepas fascicularis L..
N. pompilius Linné.—One adult specimen.
Crass GASTROPODA.
ORDER PULMONATA.
FamMity 7ESTACELLIDA.

Paryphanta Seisseti Montr.—Several fine specimens.

Rhytida inzequalis Pfr.—Several.

Diplomphalus lifuanus Montr.—Plentiful and very fine.

FamMiILy HELICIDA.

Helix pomatia Linné.—A large number of this species were
received, mostly differing but slightly from European ex-
amples, but several are almost black in colour. Of course
the species has been introduced, and Mr. E. L. Layard
gives a graphic description of his first finding it in the
Island of Lifu in 1879, and subsequent tracing of the
authors of its introduction, who were the officers of a
French man-of-war (vide Wallis Kew, ‘The Dispersal of
Shells,’ London, 1893).

H. (Geotrochus) sinistrorsa Deshayes=Buliminus sin-
istrorsus Pat.—A curious little shell, placed by Clessin
in the sub-section Psewdopartula Pfr. Our specimens, of
which there are a great number, have been identified as the
above by Mr. E. L. Layard and others, but agree as
nearly with Bwliminus theobaldianus Gassies, as figured
in Gassies’ Faune Conch. Nouvelle-Calédonie, pt. 2 pl. iii,
fig. 9.

H. (Patula) costulifera Pfr.—Several.

H. (Patula) confinis Gassies.—Several.

Bulimus (Placostylus) Alexander Crosse,—Several ex-
amples of this fine species.

B. (Placostylus) Edwardsianus Gassies.—Several.

-B. (Placostylus) fibratus Martyn.—Several.

B. (Placostylus) insignis Petit.—Very abundant, most of
the specimens minus epidermis.

88 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

B. (Placostylus) ouveanus Dotzauer.—Plentiful; from the

island of Uvea.
FAMILY PUPIDA.

Buliminus (Rhachis) zonulatus Gass. = B. mageni Gass.
—A large number of pretty examples in great variety of
colour and pattern of markings.

Vertigo pediculus Shuttl.—Several specimens.

FamMiLty STENOGVRIDA,

Stenogyra (Opeas) artensis Gassies—Common.

S. (Opeas) Souverbianus Gassies.—Exceedingly abundant
in all stages of growth.

FaMILy SUCCINEIDA.

Succinea (Tapada) Montrouzieri Crosse=§. australis

Gassies, non Fér.—Fairly plentiful.
FaMiLy 4AURICULIDA.

Scarabus chalcostomus Adams.—Very abundant.

S. maurulus Gassies.—Many fine specimens.

Plecotrema Souverbiei Montrouzier.—One example.

P. labrella H. & A. Adams.—Likewise one specimen.

Melampus luteus Quoy.—A good many very fine specimens,

M. crassidens Gassies.—Several.

M. coffea Kiist.—Not uncommon.

M. fasciatus Deshayes.—Common.

M. flavus Gmelin.—Several.

FamMity LIMNALIDA.

Planorbis Montrouzieri Gassies.—Plentiful.

Famity PH YVSTDAZ.
Physa incisa Gassies.—Many fine specimens.
Famity S7PHONARITDAZ.

Siphonaria cochleariformis Reeve.—One specimen.

Siphonaria sp.—Several specimens too worn to identify, but
allied to S. dremenensts Quoy.

ORDER OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.
FAMILY 4CTZONID.
Acteeon affinis A. Adams,—Several of this pretty species.

J.C., viil., July 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 89

A. (Buccinulus) solidulus Linné.—Plentiful, and in great
variety.

A. (Buccinulus) nitidulus Lamarck.—Common.

A. (Buccinulus) alveolus Souverbie. — Several beautiful

specimens.
FaMity ZORNATINIDA:.

Tornatina voluta Quoy.—Several specimens.

Famity SCAPHANDRIDA.
Atys naucum Linné.—Two specimens.
A. debilis Pease.—Several.
A. solida Linné.—Several.

FAMILy BULLIDA.
Bulla ampulla Linné.—A considerable number of very small
specimens.
B. nebulosa Gould.—Many prettily-marked specimens.
Haminea tenera A. Adams.—Three specimens.
Haminea Cairnsiana sp. nov. (PI. IL, fig. r).

HI. testa alba, pellucida, cylindrica, strits transversim regu-
laribus instructs, posticé truncata, lateribus rectts, labro
guadratulo, apud basim producto.

Long. sp. majoris ; 8-50 mill. Lat. 6 mill.

flab, Vifu.

~Several specimens, but only a few full grown. A very
delicate white shell, allied to HZ papyrus and also H. ambigua,
both of A.Adams. It is cylindrical, transversely delicately striate,
posteriorly truncate, sides straight, lip slightly quadrate, pro-
duced at the base. We received the specimens from Mr.
Robert Cairns, of Ashton-under-Lyne, just as Mr. Hadfield had
forwarded them to him in shell-sand, and are glad of the oppor-
tunity of connecting his name with this new form, in slight
recognition of the services he has rendered us.

FaMiILy &IVGICULID.

Ringicula caledonica Morelet.— Several.
R. australis Hinds.—Many specimens, which we believe are
referable to this species, but the genus isa difficult one,

26/9/95 G

go

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

abounding in synonymy and false species, and badly need-
ing a competent monographer.

ORDER PROSOBRANCHIATA.
FaMILY 7ZZEREBRIDA.

Terebra (Subula) casta Hinds.—-Near 7. hastata Menke.

qT:

VWs

T.
ifs
T.
Wa

Tie

Ue

Wa
Us
aU

A pretty species. Several specimens.
(Subula) crenulata Linné.— Several fine specimens in
various stages of growth.

. (Subula) dimidiata Linné.—Several.

(Subula) duplicata Lamarck.—Three specimens.

(Subula) maculata Linné.—Very numerous in all stages
of growth, several specimens being large and well marked.

(Subula) muscaria Linné.—Abundant and very fine.

. (Abretia) affinis Gray.—A beautiful, but common form.

Numerous examples.

. (Abretia) cerithina Lamarck.—One full-grown specimen

in good condition.

(Hastula) circumcincta Deshayes. — A conspicuous
shell, spirally transverse-striated. Several specimens.
(Hastula) lanceata Lamarck.—A number of worn or
fragmentary examples of this elegant species.

(Euterebra) Bernardi Deshayes.—An Australian form.
One or two specimens.

(Euterebra) circinata Deshayes.— A few examples.
Originally described from China.

(Euterebra) Mariesii Smith.—One specimen only, but
exactly agreeing with the Japanese type ; it has been re-
ferred to the describer of the species,

(Euterebra) straminea Gray.— Two specimens.
(Euterebra) tricolor Sowerby. — Several imperfect but
characteristic specimens.

(Myurella) argus Hinds.—One fine example only.

(Myurella) cingulifera Lamarck.—A few worn shells.

(Myurella) myuros Lamarck.—Uncommon.

J.C., vili., Oct. 1895,

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. QI

T. (Myurella) nectarea sp. nov. (PI. IL., fig. 2).

TZ. testa elongato-subulata, ad basim latiore, albida, parum
nitida, supré suturas regulariter brunneo-maculata, anfrac-
tibus tridectm, transversitm multi-sulcatis, longttudinaliter
costatis, costts gemmulatis infra, juxta suturas, duabusque
macularum ordinibus plus minusve decoratis, ultimo anfractu
bicingulato apud medium atgue ad basim, apertura ovata,
labro exteriore stmplice.

Fong., 35 mill. Lat., 10 mill.

Flab., Lifu.

One specimen of this distinct and handsome shell was
brought home by Mr. Hadfield in 1891-2. The longitudinal
ribs beaded just below, and the double row of brown spots
above the sutures, resemble no other species with which we are
acquainted, excepting perhaps Z: “g77na Gmelin, a smooth
shell with the same disposition of marking; it bears also some
superficial likeness to 7. corrugata Lam., TZ. histrio Desh.,
and others of the same section. But in form Z: zxterlineata
Desh., from the Sandwich Isles, gives the closest approach to
our species. ‘This, we believe, is still unique in the Cumingian
collection at South Kensington. In this shell, however, the
whorls are divided by a broad transverse groove, and there is
no sign of this in Z: mecfarea. Care must be taken not to con-
found imperfect specimens of Verfagus Martinianus Pfr. with
this shell.

T. (Myurella) nodularis Deshayes.—Not uncommon. Per-
haps only a form of Z. fexti/is Hinds.

T. (Myurella) oculata Lamarck.—Several good specimens
of this fine species.

T. (Myurella) subulata Linné.—Common.

T. (Myurella) textilis Hinds.—Common.

FAMILY CONIDA.
Conus imperialis Linné.—Several ; one very fine.
C. marmoreus Linné.—Numerous; mostly young specimens.
C. pulicarius Bruguiere.—Abundant ; several very fine speci-
mens with epidermis intact,

Q2 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

C. (Stephanoconus) baeticus Reeve. — Very plentiful ;
mostly wave-worn.

C. (Stephanoconus) balteatus Sowerby.—A few small
specimens.

C. (Stephanoconus) lividus Bruguitre.—Abundant, but
few in good condition.

C. (Stephanoconus) plumbeus Reeve.—A few differing
from the type in colour, which is brickdust red in the Lifu
examples received.

CG. (Puncticulis) arenatus Bruguitre.—Great numbers of

small-sized specimens, some with epidermis quite perfect.

. (Puncticulis) miliaris Bruguiere.—Several.

(Puncticulis) nanus Broderip.—Many small specimens.

(Coronaxis) fulgetrum Sowb.—Three good specimens.

(Coronaxis) hebraeus Linné.—Common.
(Coronaxis) minimus Linné.—Several.

(Coronaxis) musicus Bruguiere.—Common.
(Coronaxis) sponsalis Chemnitz.—Several.
(Coronaxis) vermiculatus Lamarck.—Several.

. (Nubecula) geographus Linné.
stages of growth and fair condition, some large and well-

OOOOSE @ 6

Many specimens in all

marked.

C. (Nubecula) striatus Linné.—Numerous specimens in all
stages, mostly worn.

GC. (Nubecula) tulipa Linné.—Several small but pretty speci-
mens, with a few of typical size.

GC. (Dendroconus) figulinus Linné.
specimens.

C. (Dendroconus) quercinus Bruguitre.—Three examples.

C. (Lithoconus) eburneus Bruguitre.— Very abundant ;
small specimens of the form usually known as var. or sp.

Several very large

crassus Brug. occurring in hundreds.

C. (Lithoconus) litteratus Linné.—Some small specimens,

J.C., vili., Oct, 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 93

all var. mzllepunctata (Conus millepunctatus Yamarck)—by
some conchologists still considered a good species.
C. (Lithoconus) magus Linné.—One specimen only, in poor
condition, of this ubiquitous Eastern species.
C. (Leptoconus) generalis Linné.
examples.
C. (Rhizoconus) cinctus Sowerby.
C. (Rhizoconus) lineatus Chemnitz.
C. (Rhizoconus) lithoglyphus Reeve=ermineus Dillw.
C. (Rhizoconus) miles Linné.
C
Cc
C

A few somewhat worn

. (Rhizoconus) planorbis Born.

. (Rhizoconus) tahitensis Bruguiere.

. (Rhizoconus) vexillum Reeve.—A large number of each
of the above species, of ordinary character and in poor or
immature condition generally.

C. (Rhizoconus) sulphuratus Bruguiere.—-One good speci-
men. We think this is a species distinct from C. suwsdelinus
Brug. with which it is usually joined.

CG. (Chelyconus) catus Bruguiere.—Abundant.

C. (Chelyconus) monachus Linné.—Several.

C. (Chelyconus) pertusus Bruguiere. — One fine richly-
coloured specimen.

C. (Cylinder) canonicus Bruguiere.—Two specimens.

C. (Cylinder) textile Linné.—Several rather poor examples.

C. (Hermes) atramentosus Reeve.—Four specimens.

C. (Hermes) glans Bruguitre.—Several good examples.

C. (Hermes) nussatella Linné.—A few small shells in poor
condition.

C. (Hermes) tenuistriatus Sowerby.—One specimen only.

Pleurotoma (Turris) abbreviata Reeve.—Very abundant
and in fair condition.

P. (Turris) cingulifera Lamarck.—Several specimens some-
what worn.

P. (Surcula) bijubata Reeve.—Plentiful.

P. (Surcula) brevicaudata Reeve.—Common.

04 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

P. (Surcula) cincta Lamarck.—Common.

P. (Drillia) Hadfieldi sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 23).

P. testa fusiformi, albida, rugosa, anfractibus seplem, longt-
tudinaliter paucicostatis, costis crasstuscults, ventricosts, trans-
versim funiculatis, costts alternatim squarrosé ochraceotinctis,
apertura subrotunda, labro extertore tncrassato, intus dente-
culato, columellart simplice, extus minuté albipustulato.

Long., 6 mill. Lat., 3 mill.

Hlab., Lifu.

A pretty species, small, roughly ventricosely costate, trans-
versely crossed by coarse raised lines, the ribs being alternately
squarely blotched with ochraceous, columellar lip smooth and
simple.

P. (Drillia) Lamberti Montrouzier. — Two specimens.
Seemingly allied to the West Indian P/. zebra Lam.

P. (Drillia) obliquicostata Reeve.—Common.

P. (Drillia) pupoidea A. Adams.—Very abundant. This
species is identical with P/. vector Sow., recently described
from Mauritius.

P. (Drillia) regia Beck.—A number of fine and beautifully-
marked specimens. One of the most attractive of the
genus.

*P. (Crassispira) fuscescens Gray. — Several specimens.
Also found in the West Indies, thus showing a wide
distribution.

P. (Clavus) bilineata Reeve.—One or two examples.

P. (Clavus) unizonalis Lamarck.—Common.

P. (Clavus) vidua Reeve.-—Plentiful ; very variable in size.

Mangilia (Defrancia) albifuniculata Reeve.—One speci-
men of a very small though striking species.

M. (Defrancia) granicostata Reeve. — Several pretty
specimens.

M. (Defrancia) philippinensis Reeve.—Rather common.

M. (Defrancia) granularis E. A. Smith.—Two specimens.

J.C, viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 95

M. (Glyphostoma) Aliciz sp. nov. (PI. IL, fig. 15).

M. testa elongatofusiformi, gracillima, nivea, anfractibus
decem, in medio ventricosults, apud suturas subconstrictts,
undigue confertim transverso-striatis, longitudinaliter rotun-
docostatis, apertura oblonga, labro extertore multum tncras-
sato, brunneo-tincto, precipue marginem apud suturalem,
simul ac ad bastm labri exterioris.

Long. 9 mill. Lat. 4-50 mill.

flab. Vatu.

About twenty specimens of this pretty species of Glypho-
stoma, which occupies a position near G. crasstlabrum Reeve, but
is distinct. It is white, graceful, ten-whorled, the whorls some-
what ventricose, transversely striate, and roundly longitudinally
costate. ‘The outer lip is much thickened. and the outer sinus
stained brown, there being also a brown blotch towards the base
of the outer lip. We have much pleasure in associating with
this species the name of Miss Alicia Mayor Standen, who has
assisted us considerably in the general assortment of a large
portion of the collection.

M. (Glyphostoma) calcicincta sp. nov. (PI. IIL, fig. 21).

M. testa minuta, tncrassata, rugosa, pellucida, nivea, anfrac-
tibus sex, longitudinaliter crassicostatis, costis paucts promin-
entibus, apudmedtum transversim una conspicua zona, calcarea,
candida, opaca, circumambiente, ultimum apud anfractum
latiore, apertura angusta, labro exteriore crasstusculo, albo,
minute pustulato, tntus quadri-denticulato, columellart
quadri-plicato.

Long, 4 mill. Lat. 2-25 mill.

Flab., Lifu.

A single specimen in beautiful condition of a little bright
white semi-opaque shell, this opacity being caused by a dead-
white transverse band crossing the coarse ribs and becoming
broader in the last whorl. The outer lip, under a lens, is very
beautiful, being minutely warted, and with four denticles, the
columellar margin with four plaits. This species is of the same
character as G. rugosa Mighels.

M. (Glyphostoma) crassilabrum Reeve.— One or two
specimens.

96 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

M. (Glyphostoma) cremonilla sp. nov. (PI. IIIL., fig. 31).

M. testa fusiformi, solidiuscula, pallide-straminea, infra
suturas ochraceo-cincta, anfractibus septem, apud medium
longitudinaliter ventricosé crasst-costatis, transversim 7udt-
liratis, lirts paucts, incrassatis, apertura oblonga, labro
extertore tntus sex-denticulato columellari multi-plicato.
Long., Sp. maj., 12 mill. Lat., 6 mele.

ffab., Lifu, in shell sand.

By those authors who would reconstitute the genus or sub-
genus Gorsonia (Bellardi), founded upon a Tertiary fossil possess-
ing one or more columellar plaits, this species and two or three
others from Lifu would be included in it. At present we prefer
following the arrangement as set forthin our National Collec-
tion, and adding these new forms to the sub-genus GZyphostoma,
and taking as the types G. crassilabrum Reeve and G. rugosum
Mighels. The G. cremonilla cannot be confounded with G.
nigrocinctum (Montrouzier) from New Caledonia ; it isa coarser-
ribbed species, and banded with pale ochre, not black. Two
specimens.

M. (Glyphostoma) Emme sp. nov. (PI. III., fig. 24).

MM. testa acuminata, fustformt, semi-pellucida, pallidé stra-
mined, ventricosa, anfractibus octo, omnibus preter ultimum
longitudinaliter pauctcostatis, transversim fortiter supra
suturas bi vel trifuntculocinctis, regulariter inter costas longt-
tudinales, juxta suturas, squarrosé brunneo-maculatis, ultimo
anfractu apud medium simili modo decorato, longitudinaliter
multt-costulato, transversimque milti-funiculato, apertura
oblonga, labro extertore denticulato, presertim uno dente con-
spicuo columellart quadrt-denticulato, canali brevt.

LORG UY PME IE 3 RUE,

ffab., Lifu, in shell-sand.

A very elegant little species, in good condition, somewhat
ventricose, acuminate, semi-transparent, and straw-coloured,
unicolorous excepting for the few square brown spots situate
just above the sutures, between the longitudinal coste on the
central whorls and continued in the middle of the last whorl,
culminating in the specimen before us in a large dorsal square
brown mark near the outer lip. The whorls, with the exception

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 07

of the last, are few ribbed, and transversely crossed twice or

thrice with strong projecting corded ribs, the last whorl is many

ridged and many corded. Mouth oblong, with a very strong
prominent tooth in the outer lip, which is, besides, 4-denticulate,
the columellar margin being also 4-denticulate. Canal rather
short.

We have much pleasure in associating the name of Mrs.

Emma Hadfield with this attractive little shell.

M. (Glyphostoma) Giliberti Souverbie.—Described origin-
ally from the island of Lifu: our only specimen agrees
fairly with the description and representation.

M. (Glyphostoma) rugosa Mighels.—Several.

M. (Glyphostoma) scalarina Deshayes.—One specimen.

M. (Glyphostoma ?) theskela sp. nov. (PI. IIL, fig. 26).

M. testa attenuato-fusiformi, gracillima, delicatula, albida,
anfractibus sex vel septem, longitudinaliter costulatis, trans-
verstm densiliratis, lirts tenutbus, supra, juxta suturas, inter
costas et apud medium anfractus ultimt brunneo-maculatis,
apertura oblonga, labro extertore crassiusculo, stmplice, margine
columellart octo-plicato.

Long., 7-50 mill. Lat., 3 mill.

Fflab., Lifu.

This very interesting little shell we place provisionally
under Glyphostoma, from which assemblage it differs in the
simple outer lip and more uniform shape. ‘The inner or
columellar margin of the lip possesses seven or eight close and
minute plice, there is also one minute process at the parietal
sinus. It is of a graceful attenuate form, six-whorled, or
perhaps seven, but the apex is broken off in the only specimen
we have. The pure whiteness of the shell is relieved by a row
of brown spots between the ribs just above the sutures and in
the middle of the last whorl. The specific name is from the
Greek OéeoxeXos ‘wonderful,’ in allusion to the strange configura-
tion of the species.

M. (Cythara) cithara Gould.—A few pretty specimens.
M. (Cythara) inepta Smith.—One fine specimen. Hitherto

98 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

only recorded from Honduras! The author of the species
has examined our specimen and agrees with our deter-
mination.

M. (Cythara) reticulata Reeve.—Common ; a very elegant
form.

M. (Cythara) vexillum Reeve.—Abundant.

M. (Daphnella) bella Reeve.—Several specimens a this
curiously-marked species.

M. (Daphnella) dulcinea sp. nov. (PI. III, fig. 25.)

M. testa fustformt, albida, anfractibus sex, ventricosis, apud
suturas tmpressis, longitudinaliter costulatis, transversim
delicatult-striatis, hic tlic minutisstmé sparsim brunneo-
punctatis, apertura oblonga, labro exteriore effuso.

Long., 6 mill. Lat., 2-50 mull.

Flab., Lifu.

A very delicately-striated shell, with swollen whorls, im-
pressed at the sutures, obscurely longitudinally ribbed; outer
lip effuse, under a lens the surface is seen to be very finely
besprinkled with minute dust-like brown spots. One specimen.
M. (Daphnella) nexa Reeve.—A few only.

M. (Daphnella) saturata Reeve.—Several.

Besides these there are a few species of minute Pleuroto-
mide that we cannot yet determine. Many species have been
described, mainly by French conchologists, of which we
have no representatives in our National or other collections.

FamMity CANCELLARIIDA..

Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) costifera Sowerby.—Several
specimens. ‘This genus seems but poorly represented in
the Loyalty Islands, although several are described from
New Caledonia.

FamMiLty OL/VID.

Oliva (Strephona) episcopalis Lamarck.—A large number
of handsome specimens.

O. (Strephona) erythrostoma Lamarck. —Very n numerous.

Some specimens unusually large, all in excellent condition

and brilliantly coloured.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS EROM LIFU. 99

O. (Strephona) masaris Duclos.—A fine specimen, now in
the collection of the Ven. Archdeacon Anson.

O. (Strephona) guttata Lamarck.—A large number of very
pretty specimens in all stages.

O. (Strephona) maura Lamarck.—Two specimens only.

O. (Strephona) picta Reeve.—Two specimens, in worn
condition,

O. (Strephona) tremulina Lamarck. — Several very fine
specimens of an unusually dark form.

O. (Porphyria) sericea Bolt.—Two fine specimens.

Olivella parvula Martyn (?)—Several specimens, all some-
what worn, and therefore rather doubtful.

Famity HARPIDA.

Harpa articularis Lamarck.—One specimen in young con-
dition.

H. minor Rumphius.—Two specimens in the Manchester
Museum, Owens College, and three fine ones in the
collection of the Ven. Archdeacon Anson—all received
from Mr. Hadfield.

Famity AJARGINELLID A.

Marginella (Persicula) lifuana Crosse.—A_ considerable
number of this pretty little species.

M. (Volvaria) caledonica Jousseaume.—Very near the West
Indian JZ. avena and AZ. ¢enzata, but the columella is
only three-plaited, and the angle at the suture of the last
whorl is more pronounced. Several specimens.

FAMILY AZ/TRIDE.
Species of this family, exclusive of Zsrzcu/a, are exceed-
ingly well represented by an enormous number of individuals in
all stages, and for the most part in fairly good condition.

Mitra (Eumitra) cardinalis Gmelin.—Several.
M. (Eumitra) episcopalis Linné.—Many very fine specimens,
some of the adults having the outer lip beautifully serrated.

iiexe)

z=

ZzZzZzZzZ=z=

and

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

. (Eumitra) pontificalis Lamarck.—One adult and several

young specimens.

. (Scabricula) eximia A. Adams.—All of a beautiful warm

reddish orange colour variety. One of the most abundant
shells sent. The typical form occurs in tbe Mauritius.

. (Scabricula) sphzrulata Martyn.—Very common, but

mostly worn and poor.

. (Scabricula) texturata Lamarck, var. lifouana Crosse.

—Very plentiful.

. (Cancilla) filaris Linné.—This species, for many years

known as JZ filosa Born., possesses two well marked
varieties, the typical AZ, f/aris being an attenuate and
fusiform shell, the form fs. zexz/7s Martyn, to which all the
Lifu and Uvea specimens we have seen belong, is much
more obese than the type. The late Mr. Andrew Garrett,
who is entitled to speak authorititively on the subject, as
his personal acquaintance with the Polynesian A/z¢vid@ was
more extended and full than that of any who have preceded
or. followed him, considered JZ. nexi/is a true species.
(c.f. Garrett, Polynesian JZctide, ‘Journal of Conchology,”
VOlo iil py 2i1Ss8o):

(Chrysame) ambigua Swainson.—Plentiful.
(Chrysame) coronata Chemnitz.—This species and JZ.
tiarella seem almost too closely allied. The forms we here
place under AZ. coronafa would appear intermediate between
the two. It is abundant on the coasts of Lifu and Uvea.
(Chrysame) ericea Pease.

(Chrysame) laeta Adams.

. (Chrysame) lugubris Swainson.
. (Chrysame) tiarella Swainson.
. (Chrysame) ticaonica Reeve.

. (Chrysame) turgida Reeve.

. (Chrysame) vexillum Reeve.

Most of the above very plentiful, but usually waterworn
in poor condition.

J.C., viii., Oct. 189s.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. IOI

M. (Chrysame) fulvosulcata Melvill, Journal of Con-
chology vol. v., p. 287, 1888. (Pl. III., fig. 32.)
Originally described from Mauritian specimens sent by Mr.

Robillard to Mr. G. B. Sowerby. Several have now come to our

notice from Lifu, and the species will doubtless occur in inter-

mediate localities. ‘The transverse furrows, stained with yellow,
impart at once a characteristic appearance to the species. We
figure the original type, from Mauritius.

M. (Volutomitra) honesta sp. nov. (PI. III, fig. 17.)

M. testa pyramidato-fusiformi, nitida, brunnea, crasstuscula,
levi, anfractibus sex, ultimo rapidé accrescente, ventricoso,
apud medium transversim unicingulatis, apertura oblonga,
intus cinerea, labro exteriore paullum tncrassato, effuso, col-
lumella triplicata, plicis conspicuts, cinereis.

Long., 10 mill. Lat, 4°5 mill.

ffab., Lifu.

Two specimens of a little AZz¢ra somewhat resembling the
Mediterranean Volutomitra ebenus Lam., and possibly a tropical
form of that variable species, though its presence in Lifu would
hardly be suspected.

M. (Strigatella) decurtata Reeve=M. scutulata Lam.—
Several very fine specimens.

M. (Strigatella) flexilabris Swainson.—One or two in good
condition.

M. (Strigatella) litterata Lamk.=M. maculosa Reeve.—
Common.

M. (Strigatella) retusa Reeve = M. paupercula Lamarck.
—A large number of rather poor specimens.

M. (Strigatella) zebra Reeve.-—Common.

M. (Turricula) turriger Reeve.—One specimen.

M. (Costellaria) arenosa Lamarck.—Common.

M. (Costeilaria) armiger Reeve.—Several.

M. (Costellaria) cadaverosa, Reeve.—Common.

M. (Costellaria) Deshayesi Reeve.—Some large and very
beautiful specimens of this interesting species.

102 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

M. (Costellaria) dimidiata Sowb.—A few good specimens.

M. (Costellaria) discoloria Chemnitz.—-Common.

M. (Costellaria) exasperata Reeve. —Abundant, but mostly
of a variety we characterize as follows :—

M. (Costellaria) exasperata var. Hadfieldi var. noy.

(Ply JUG, ime, 121.)

Shell turreted, eight or nine ribbed, differing from the type
in being dark-brown, banded at the line of the sutures of the
upper whorls, and also twice transversely banded at the last
whorl. Occasionally specimens occur wholly suffused with
dark-brown.

An extremely common form at the Loyalty Islands, several
hundred specimens having been forwarded by Mr. Hadfield.

M. (Costellaria) modesta Reeve.—-A few.
M. (Costellaria ?) nitidissima sp. nov. (PI. III, fig. 19.)

M1. testa minuta, perlevi, nitente, brunnea, tenut, anfractibus
sex, paullum ventricosts, longitudinaliter costulatis, apertura
oblonga, labro extertore vix tncrassato, columella quadriplicata.

Nope, 1 GOO TOTS AS GHOUE,

Fab., Lifu.

Four specimens from shell-sand, all precisely alike, of a
very small brown, very shining and smooth shell, longitud-
inally roundly costate; columella four-plaited. The species
may really belong to Volutomitra rather than Costellaria.

M. (Costellaria) nodilyrata A. Adams.—Several.

M. (Costellaria) pacifica Lamarck. — Rather larger than
M. cadaverosa of which it may be but a variety. Many
specimens.

(Costellaria) semifasciata Lamarck.--Not uncommon.
(Pusia) alveolus Reeve.—Three not quite full grown

2s

specimens we refer almost certainly to this species; the
vivid black and white marking, as in JZ. fwsa Reeve, render-
ing it conspicuous. It is allied both to this species and
also AZ. Shoplandi Melvill, lately described from Aden.

M. (Pusia) amabilis Reeve.—A few good specimens.

J-G., vii., Oct. 1895

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 103

M. (Pusia) dermestina Lam.—Several.

M. (Pusia) lubens Reeve.—One specimen.

M. (Pusia) luculenta Reeve—Several specimens. Probably

a varjety of JZ. Graeffei Crosse.

M. (Pusia) muriculata Lamarck.—Extremely abundant, but

few specimens in good condition.

M. (Pusia) nodosa Swainson.—Several.

M. (Pusia) Savignyi Payr. — ‘Two specimens. Quite in-

separable from the Mediterranean shell (7de E. A. Smith).

M. (Pusia) rosea Reeve.—A pretty purple species. Two

or three specimens.

M. (Pusia) tuberosa Reeve.—Very common.

M. (Pusia) tusa Reeve.—Several pretty specimens in good

condition.

M. (Pusia) venustula Reeve.—Common.

M. (Cyllithea) casta A. Adams.—One good specimen of

this elegant species.

M. (Cylinder) dactylus Linné.—One very fine specimen.

M. (Cylinder) nucea Gronovius.—Common.

M. (Cylinder) crenulata Lamarck.—A few small specimens.

Imbricara conica Schmck.—Many small specimens.

I. oliveeformis Swainson.—Several.

l. ossea Reeve=I. punctata Swainson.—A number of rather
worn specimens.

Famity FASCIOLARIIDA.

Fusus gradatus Reeve.—One good specimen.

Fasciolaria filamentosa Martyn.—A number of very fine
fresh specimens.

Latirus lautus Reeve.—Several.

L. nodatus Martyn.—One young specimen.

L. (Plicatella) caledonicus Petit. — Very plentiful, but
mostly in poor condition.

L. (Plicatella) polygonus Linné.—Two specimens in the
Manchester Museum, one in the collection of the Ven.
Archdeacon Anson,

104 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

L. (Peristernia) aureotinctus Lamarck.—One specimen in
the Manchester Museum, one in J. C. Melvill’s collection.

L. (Peristernia) chlorostomus Sowerby=L. crenulatus
Kiener.—Three nice specimens.

L. (Peristernia) incarnatus Deshayes.—Several specimens
in various stages.

L. (Peristernia) nassatulus Lamarck.—Several.

FamMity ZTURBINELLIDA.
Cynodonta ceramica Kiener.—Two small specimens.
C. cornigera Lamarck.—Several immature specimens.
C. imperialis Reeve=C. tubifera Anth.—Two specimens.

Famity BUCCINIDA:.

Tritonidea (Cantharus) gracilis Reeve.

T. (Cantharus) undosus Linné.

T. (Cantharus) marmoratus Reeve.

A few specimens of each, mostly worn.

T. (Cantharus) menkeanus Dunker.—Our only example
agrees very well with Japanese specimens of Dunker’s
species in J. C. Melvill’s collection.

Engina alveolata Kiener.—One or two examples.

E. astricta Reeve.—Several good specimens showing some
variation.

E. iodosia Duclos. (PI. III., fig. 20).—A most interesting re-
discovery of a lost species, which has not been with
absolute certainty identified by any conchologist since
the time of the original describer, although its identity
was suspected by the late Mr. G. W. Tryon, Junr. It
appears to run into its allies, H. monzlifera Reeve, and £.
echinata Pse. (both of which will have to be merged in
iodosia) and exactly resembles Duclos’ figure. ‘These figures
are considered by some to be fantastic and artificial, so
many — exceeding fifty species —having been thus de-
scribed by Duclos, and not identified since, mostly apper-
taining to the genera Columbella, Engina and Oliva ; but

Jee watt Oct neo.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 105

we hope, since several have been satisfactorily re-identified,
others will follow. His plates, reproduced also by Tryon,
are very clear, and should leave little room for doubt when
comparison is needed.

E. lineata Reeve.—In hundreds.

E. mundula sp. nov. (PI. IL, fig. 6).

_ £. testa parva, oblonga, solida, alba, obtusa, anfractibus sex,
longitudinaliter costatis, costis sulcis transversim decussatts,
gemmulato-noduliferis, brunneo ochreoque alternatim picts,
apertura angusta, labro crassiusculo, brunneo hic tlic
maculato.

Long., 8 mill. Lat., 4 mill.
ffab., Lifu.

A few specimens of a pretty little shell, doubtless allied to
E. lauta Reeve from the Philippines, but differing much in size,
(being about half the diameter of Z. /au¢a), and also in greater
obesity of whorl.

E. phasinola Duclos.—Several specimens. There can be but
little doubt that this species is not a Co/umbella.
E. rutila Reeve.—Very rare.

E. spica sp. nov. (PI. IL. fig. 12).

E. testa attenuato-pyramidata, solida, albida, squarrosé
brunneo maculato, anfractibus octo, undiqgue transversim
denst-striatults, trregulariter costatis, costis subacutis, ultimo
anfractu tn medio conspicué angulato, apud basim atienuato,
apertura augusta, labro extertore incrassato, tntus denticulato.

Long., 11 mill. Lat., 5 mill.

Ffab., Lifu.

A striking little shell, of which only one specimen in very
fine condition occurred. Its nearest allies are &. alveolata
Kiener, and Z. Reever Tryon=<alveolata Reeve non Kiener.
It is white, solid, attenuate at both extremities, with irregular
acutely noduled ribs, the nodules imparting a prickly angular
appearance to the centre of the last whorl especially. The
mouth is narrow, dentate on the interior of the outer lip, which
is thickened in the manner characteristic of the genus; the

2/10/95
H

106 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

coloration is, as has been said, white, with squarrose brown

variegated markings.

E. sinensis Melvill.—Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. i., p. 227, 1895.
(Geil, 10k, He 37)

This species, described since the original reading of this
paper, from two specimens in the National Collection marked
‘China Seas,’ has, curiously enough, turned up in fair quantity,
viz. ten or twelve specimens, in the Loyalty Islands also.
We have thought it worth while to append a figure taken from
Lifu specimen.

E. variabilis Pease.—A few, but worn, specimens.

£. zatricium Melvill.—Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 1., p. 51, 1894.
(PIs Ti fe):

Described from Mr. Hadfield’s first consignment of speci-
mens, and found not to be infrequent by the numerous examples,
since received. It is allied to &. donasia von Mart. and L. fust-
formis Pease, but distinct from both. We give a representation
of this species.

E. zonata Reeve.—In remarkable abundance, and more
plentiful than 2. Zeata, which, while it occurred in its
hundreds, was eclipsed by the thousands of £&. zonata.
Mostly in capital condition, and showing a good deal of
variation, some specimens, for example, being quite black
at the base, with hardly any white markings at all.

E. (Pusiostoma) mendicaria Linné. — Abundant and
variable. -

It will be seen by the above array of species of this
genus that the Loyalty Islands may almost be considered their
metropolis, and we hope, in future, for other interesting and
perhaps yet unknown species from this locality. It is urgently
to be wished that some specimens might be dredged alive so as
to afford opportunity for examination of the radula.

Phos nodicostatus E. Ad.—Two specimens of this elegant
form.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 107

P. senticosus Linné.—Common and very fine.

FaMILy VASS/JD.
Nassa arcularia Linné.
N. coronata Bruguiere.
N. callospira A. Adams=N. caliosa A. Adams.
N. (Niotha) albescens Dunker.
N. (Niotha) densigranata A. Ad.—Not quite typical.
N. (Arcularia) globosa Quoy.
N. (Arcularia) granifera Kiener.
N. (Alectryon) glans Linné.
N. (Alectryon) monilis Kiener.
N. (Alectryon) mucronata A. Ad.
. (Alectryon) papillosa Linné.
. (Alectryon) suturalis Sowerby.
. (Telasco) dispar Adams=N. filosa Gray.
. (Telasco) fluctuosa Adams.
. (Telasco) gaudiosa Sowerby. — Many varieties of this
species.
. (Hebra) uricata Quoy and Gaim.
. (Hima) eximia H. Adams.
. (Hima) plebecula Gould.

Of the above, VV. granzfera and LV. monilis are the most
abundant—some hundreds of each; but nearly all are-well re-
presented by good specimens in various stages of growth.
Besides these, there are seven or eight other /Vasse that we
have been unable, so far, to identify.

Lee Le Le

Zee

FaMILy COLUMBELLIDA.

Columbella (Pygmza) Tankervillei Montr. — Abundant,
but poor specimens.

C. (Pygmzea) turturina Lamarck.—Plentiful; variable in
size and colour.

C. (Pygmea) Tyleri Gray=C. pardalina Lam.—Over a
thousand specimens in every conceivable variation of
colour and marking, and in excellent condition.

108 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

C. (Pygmzea) varians Sowerby.—A large number of pretty
specimens.

C. (Pygmzea) versicolor Sowerby.—Several.

C. (Mitrella) albina Kiener.—Common.

C. (Mitrella) ligula Duclos.—Very abundant, and showing
considerable variation in colouration. Quite the most
beautiful of the genus, in our opinion.

C. (Atilia) galaxias Reeve.—Several pretty examples.

C. (Amycla) conspersa Gaskoin. — An elegant species of
which we have a few nice specimens. We are indebted to
Mr. S. Pace for these last two identifications.

GC. (Anachis) lachryma Gaskoin.—Very few.

C. (Anachis) marquesa Gaskoin. — Several specimens,
which exhibit so much variation, both in form, sculpture,
and marking, as to be apparently separable into two or
three species. We are again indebted to Mr. Pace, who is
making an especial study of the genus, for his opinion on
this matter.

FAMILY MURICID,

Murex (Chicoreus) adustus Lam.—Several good speci-
mens and many worn ones. This includes JZ australiensts
A. Adams, a colour variety represented in some quantity.

M. (Vitularia) vitulinus Lam. = M. purpura Chem.—
Three specimens.

M. (Ocinebra) benedictus sp. nov. (PI. IIL, fig. 12).

M. testa parva, candida, ovato-fusiformi, anfractibus sex
biangulatis, undique transversim tenuissime, sub lente, stragil-
latis, longitudinaliter paucicostatis, costis angulatim arguté
anguliferis, hic illic squarrose pallide brunneo tessellatss,
apertura angusta, oblonga, ad basim producta, labro extertore
conspicue denticulato.

Long., 7 mill. Lat., 4 mill.

ffab., Lifu, in shell-sand.

A very small but exquisite shell, of which we have only
seen one full-grown specimen. It is white, microscopically
transversely finely lirate, longitudinally few ribbed, ribs sharply

J.C., vili., Oct. 1895,

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 1og

angled and almost prickly. The aperture is narrowly oblong,
outer lip conspicuously toothed within. It is a moot question
whether this species is an Ocinebra or Coralliophila ; we incline
to the former view at present.

M. (Ocinebra) breviculus Sowerby.—One specimen.

Purpura persica Lamarck.—Five fine specimens.

P. (Thalessa) bitubercularis Lamarck. — A few small
specimens.

. (Thalessa) hippocastanum Linné.—One specimen.

. (Thalessa) intermedia Kiener.—Several.

. (Stramonita) rustica Lamarck.—One specimen.

. (Stramonita) vexillum Reeve.—A few small examples.

. (lopas) sertum Lamarck.—One fine specimen.

entadactylus (Ricinula) arachnoides Lamarck = P.
ricinus L.—Several specimens of both type and var. a/do-

UVTUvT00 U0 VU

labris Blainville.

P. (Ricinula) biconicus Blainville.

P. (Ricinula) clathratus Lamarck.

P. (Ricinula) digitatus Lamarck.

P. (Ricinula) horridus Lamarck.

P. (Ricinula) spectrum Reeve.

A fair number of each of above, excepting P. dzconicus, in
moderate condition.

P. (Sistrum) anaxares Duclos.—Several examples of this
pretty little Zgzna-like species.

P. (Sistrum) asper Lamarck.—Common.

P. (Sistrum) cavernosus Reeve—P. ochrostomus Blain-
ville. —Common.

P. (Sistrum) chaideus Duclos.—Common.

P. (Sistrum) chrysostomus Desh.—Common and variable.

P. (Sistrum) fragrum Blainville —One example only.

P. (Sistrum) margariticolus Broderip.—Several specimens.
A variable species that requires more careful attention in
order to discriminate its extent of variation.

P. (Sistrum) morus Lamarck.—Abundant.

110 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

FamMiIty CORALLIOPHILIDA.

Coralliophila coronata Barclay.—Worn, but agreeing with

C.

C.
C.

specimens of the Mauritian shell in J. C. Melvill’s collection.
madreporarum Sowerby.—Several specimens in a worn
condition.

monodonta Quoy.—One specimen.

neritoidea Chemnitz=C. violacea Auct. econ fine
specimens in the Manchester Museum and the collection
of the Ven. Archdeacon Anson.

FamMiLty Z7RITONIDZ.

Triton variegatus Lamarck.—Many, in various stages of

sueralcgea!

als

Stel helsl el

30) 35) 2o) 30) 29)

growth.
(Simpulum) aquatilis Reeve.—One good specimen.
(Simpulum) chlorostomus Lamarck.— One only.
(Simpulum) eximius Reeve.—One.
(Simpulum) gemmatus Reeve.—Several. A very neat
shell.
(Simpulum) mileae Linné.—Three examples.
(Simpulum) rubecula Linné.— Plentiful and extremely
varied in colouration. A rather small form.
(Cabestana) labiosus Wood.—One example.
(Lotorium) pyrum Linné.—A single fine specimen.
(Lotorium) tuberosus Lamk.—Many small specimens.
(Epidromus) decapitatus Reeve.
(Epidromus) obscurus Reeve.
(Epidromus) truncatus Hinds.
A single specimen each of the above three species.
(Persona) ridens Reeve.— One very juvenile example only.

. (Lampas) affinis Broderip.—Several.

. (Lampas) livida Sowerby.—Abundant.

. (Lampas) siphonata Reeve.—One specimen.

. (Apollon) anceps Lamarck.—One worn example.
. (Apollon) pusilla Broderip.—Several, worn.

Famity CASS/DIDA.

Cassis (Semicassis) pila Reeve.—One poor example.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. IIIf

C. (Casmaria) torquata Reeve.—Three specimens in good
condition.
C. (Casmaria) vibex Linné.—Several.

FamMity DOLIIDA.

Dolium olearium Brug.—Several medium-sized examples.
D. perdix Linné.—Several ; one or two very fine.

FAMILY CYPRACIDA.

Ovula ovum Linné.—A large series of very fine shells, one
of which has been bored for wearing as an ornament.

O. tortilis Martyn.—One only, a very beautiful specimen in
fine condition.

O. (Calpurnus) verrucosa Linné.—Many fine examples of
this pretty species.

Cypreea argus Linné.—Many very beautiful specimens, some
of large size and with great variety of pattern.

C. carneola Linné.—Common ; variable in size, some being
exceptionally large.

C. caurica Linné.—Abundant, but very few specimens in
good condition.

C. coffea Gray.—A striking little shell, occurring in consider-
able numbers.

C. exanthema Linné.—Several, young and adult, of ordinary
character.

C. interrupta Gray.—Several, most of them badly worn.

C. isabella Linné.—Abundant. |

C. mauritiana Linné.—A great number. Some of the adult

shells are very fine. Many specimens are young, in all

stages.

microdon Gray.—Abundant.

Rashleighana Melvill (Pl. IL, figs. 7 and 8).—A few

specimens of a shell hitherto unique, and considered of

oe

uncertain locality. The establishment of the particular
habitat of this species is of considerable interest. We

II2

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

have thought it worth while re-figuring as the former repre-
sentations were hardly up to the mark.

. scurra Chemnitz.—Several, rather worn. One good speci-

men in Archdeacon Anson’s collection, and another, very
fine, in that of Mr. Cairns.

tabescens Solander.— Several specimens, showing con-
siderable variation ; some are very dwarfed in form, and
two are of a pale straw colour without the usual dorsal
marking. é

talpa Linné.— Rather common; several specimens un-
usually brilliant in colour and large-sized.
testudinaria Linné.—Several very. fresh and beautiful
specimens.
ursellus Gmelin.—Common and very fine.

(Aricia) arabica Linné.—Plentiful in all stages.

(Aricia) annulus Linné. — Common; some unusually
bright in colour.

(Aricia) caput-serpentis Lamarck.—Common ; several
very large specimens.

(Aricia) moneta Linné.—Abundant and variable in size
and form.

(Aricia) sulcidentata Gray.— One young but fine live
specimen with teeth not fully developed in Mr. Cairns’
collection.

(Luponia) asellus Linné.—Plentiful.

(Luponia) aurora Solander = C. aurantium Mart. —
Mr. Hadfield, in a letter to one of the authors, records
coming across a fine specimen of this shell in a native hut,
where it was held in much veneration by the occupant, who
considered it a kind of fetish.

(Luponia) cernica Sowerby.—Several.

(Luponia) clandestina Linné.—Type absent, but the
pretty little var. A7tuffeld Jousseaume (PI. III, figs. 28, 29)
is abundant.

J.C., viti., Oct. 1895.

2999090

C.

C.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. It3

. (Luponia) cribraria Linné.—Plentiful.
. (Luponia) erosa Linné—Plentiful.

(Luponia) flaveola Linné.—Several.

(Luponia) gangrenosa Dillwyn.—A few.

(Luponia) helvola Linné.—Common.

(Luponia) lutea Gronow.—A fine series; many, however,
being somewhat waterworn, in which condition they might
readily be mistaken for C. ziczac. Some of our specimens
seem to be var. Humphreysiz Gray.

(Luponia) lynx Linné.—Moderately plentiful, but most-y
worn,

. (Luponia) mappa Linné.—A number of remarkably fine

examples in the most perfect condition, including a hand-
some specimen of var. panerythra Melv. (in Mr. R. Cairns’
collection), and several of var. subsignata Melv.

(Luponia) poraria Linné.—Very-abundant, some remark-
ably fine and richly coloured.

(Luponia) poraria var. albinella nov.—Base white ;
dorsal surface yellow with white ocelli, the purple tinge
of the type entirely wanting. A very beautiful and striking
colour variety. ‘Two specimens.

. (Luponia) spurca Linné.—A few rather small specimens.

(Luponia) stercus-muscarum Lamarck.—Several. A
form nearly allied to C. punctata L.

(Luponia) tigris Linné.—Many large and beautiful shells.
Also some in a juvenile condition.

(Luponia) vitellus Linné—Common. Mostly small in
size. Two examples of var. sarcodes Melv.

(Luponia) ziczac Gmelin.—Several.

Trivia Childreni Gray.—One fine specimen.

ale

insecta Mighels.—Several ; variable in size.
oryza Lamarck.—Several.
staphyleea Linné—Common.

. (Pustularia) nucleus Linne.—Abundant.

ii4 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

T. (Epona) cicercula Linné. — Common; mostly worn.
Several examples of var. Zzenardi Jousseaume.

T. (Epona) globulus Linné.—Common.

Erato corrugata Hinds.—Several.

FamMiILty STROMBID.

Strombus thersites Gray = S. ponderosus Phil.—One
specimen of this rare species in the finest condition,
brought over by the Rev. James Hadfield on his first visit
in 18g1—2 (now in J. C. Melvill’s collection).

S. urceus Linné.—Received by J. C. Melvill from Mr. Had-
field’s first consignment, 1891. It does not occur in the
second or third collections, which is surprising.

S. (Monodactylus) pacificus Swainson— S§. novee-
zealandiz Chem.— Two fine specimens and sevéral
worn ones.

S. (Canarium) floridus Lamarck.—Some hundreds of speci-
mens, showing great variation in size and colouration.

S. (Canarium) gibberulus Linné.—Abundant.

S. (Canarium) samar Chemnitz.—One fine specimen.

S. (Conomurex) luhuanus Linné.—Several small specimens.

Pterocera (Harpago) chiragra Linné.—Several specimens,
chiefly of a stunted form and richly coloured.

P. (Heptadactylus) lambis Linné.— One small specimen
in the Manchester Museum, and a few mature in that of
the Ven. Archdeacon Anson, of Birch Rectory, Rusholme.

Terebellum subulatum Linné.—Some hundreds of fine _
specimens with great variety of marking. The size and
beauty of these surpass those we have seen from any other
quarter of the tropics.

FAMILY CERITHIIDA.
Triforis connatus Montrouzier.—One of the larger species.
T. Hindsii Deshayes.—Several.
T. sculptus Hinds.—Several.
T. violaceus Quoy.—Of a pale lilac hue, whorls much noduled.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 115

Cerithium armatum Phil. var. lifuensis nov. (PI. III,
fig. 33). Differs from the type in greater nodulosity of
whorls, especially round the sutures, and in more pro-
nounced yet delicate marking and brighter colour.
Apparently common in Lifu.

C. carbonarium Phil.—Three or four specimens. Allied to
the West Indian C. a¢ratum Born.

C. corallinum Sowerby.—One small specimen of this Philip-
pine Island species, received through Mr. R. Cairns.

C. columna Sowerby.—An immense number of specimens,
many being fine and thousands in fragmentary condition.

C. dichroum sp. nov. (PI. IL., fig. 5).

C. testa solida, breviter fusiformi, pallidé ochracea, trans-
versim crassistriata, anfractibus octo, trregulariter supré
suturas nodulosis atgue castaneo zonatis, ultimo apud peri-
phertam altera zona, nunc tenui, nunc latiore et interdum
tnterrupta succincto,canalt paullum producto, apertura ovata,
labro simplice.

Long., 8 mill. Lat., 3°50 mall.

Ffab., Lifu.

A somewhat shortly fusiform species, the whorls much
cemented together, and since they are uniformly transversely
striate, it is difficult to descry the sutural juncture. A brown
chestnut band, in some specimens broader than in others, en-
circles the shell just above the sutures, the last whorl also
having an additional band round the periphery. Various
nodules, somewhat irregularly placed, also encircle the whorls
above the sutures.

Several specimens. Near C. wnilineatum Pease, from the
Galapagos Islands.

C. dubium Sow. = C. eludens Bayle.—Several in a young
state.

C. gracile Pease = C. rostratum Sow.—Several. _

C. morus Lam.= C. variegatum Quoy.—Not so abundant
as some of the other tropical forms at Lifu. Mostly

young specimens.

116
C.

HAMA O OG

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

nassoides Sow. =C. maculosum Mighels. —A few
specimens of this pretty little species.

. salebrosum Sow. — Several, showing much beautiful

variation.

. zebrum Kiener.—Described originally from the Galapagos

Isles, but we see hardly any difference in the numerous
Lifu specimens, including the var. delectum Sowb., which is
also represented.

. (Vertagus) aluco Linné.—A handsome and infrequent

species.

. (Vertagus) articulatum Ads. & Reeve.—Several.
. (Vertagus) fasciatum Bruguiére.—A large number of very

fine specimens. One good and several poor examples of
the form known as V. martinianus Pfr.

. (Vertagus) lineatum Lamarck.—Several specimens.
. (Vertagus) obeliscus Bruguiére.—Several specimens in

poor condition.

. (Vertagus) semi-nudum Sowb.—Several. A form allied

to C. obeliscus and differing slightly in sculpture.

. (Lampania) lacteum Kiener.—Plentiful.
. (Lampania) piperitum Sowerby—Plentiful.
. (Lampania) zonale Bruguitre.—Several.

(Pyrazus) palustre Linné.—Two specimens in poor
condition.

Bittium sp.—Several specimens of a form near 2B. abruptum

Watson. Probably a new species, but we hesitate at
present to describe it as it does not seem to possess many
salient characters.

Potamides caledonicus Jousse.—One small specimen only.
Cerithiopsis sinon Bayle. (Pl. I, fig. 3)—Several speci-

mens of a remarkably beautiful shell, which appears to be
so scarce and little known that we give a figure ofit. It
was originally described as C. clathratus Ads., and in the
British Museum there are three tablets so named; but
Bayle preferred the change on account of this name being

pre-occupied by a fossil species.
J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 117

FamMiIty MODULIDAZ.
Modulus tectum Gmelin.—Several. A small variety.

Famity PLANAXIDA.
Planaxis virgatus Smith.—Common.

Famity VERMETIDA.

Vermetus (Phylacodes) «/ nodoso-rugosus Lischke.—
Very few specimens, enabling us only to make a guess at
the identification. Lischke’s species, however, seems the
nearest to our form.

FaMity ZTURRITELLIDA.

Mathilda sinensis Fischer. (PI. IIL, fig. 27.)—One speci-
men in J. C. Melvill’s collection, received from Mr.
Hadfield in 1891. White and umbilicate, very exquisite
in sculpture, but only 6 mills. in length.

Famity JZELANIIDA.

Melania Matheroni Gassies.—Abundant.
M. Rossiteri Gassies.—One or two in Mr. Cairns’ collection.

Famity L/TTORINIDA..
Littorina obesa Sowerby.—Common.
L. (Melaraphe) mauritiana Lam.—Several specimens; a
small form.
L. (Melaraphe) undulata Gray.—Several.
Tectarius miliaris Quoy.—Several.

FaMILy SOLARIJD.
Solarium (Philippia) oxytropis A. Adams.—Several, but
small. <A rare species.
Torinia infundibuliformis Gmelin. — Several, _ prettily
chequered.
T. perspectivunculum Chemnitz.—Two specimens.

Famity ZL/770PID.
Diala A. Adams is included as a sub-genus of Lztiopa by Tryon
and also Paul Fischer, but we are inclined to agree with

118 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Adams as to the generic distinctness of both this and

Alaba, also of Arthur Adams..

Three species or perhaps more of this genus appear to occur,
but so much difficulty attends the elucidation of the species, and
so little is their distribution known, that it is impossible to arrive
at any certainty on the subject. The genus, distinct in our
opinion from Lz¢zopa, as observed above, sadly needs a com-
petent monographer.

D. Hardyi sp. nov. (PI. II., fig. ro).

D. testa pyramidato-fustformt, lactea, solida, nitida, anfrac-

tibus septem, apud suturas canaliculatis, undique regulariter

striato-sulcatis, ultimo apud peripheriam angulato, apertura
rotunda labro apud marginem columellarem ochraceo.

LDS, BPS OU SET os VO. UL

A small milk-white species, very regularly striately sulcate,
unicolorous and without markings.

D. Hardyi @ prolongata var. nov. (PI. II., fig. 11).
Whorls 8, more rounded, shell more elongate, not angled
at the periphery.

Long., 4 mill. Lat., 1°15 mill.

ffab., Lifu and Uvea, with the preceding, in shell sand.

These two forms occur together, and are distinct enough
when taken notice of at first, but the more one studies them,
the more they are seen to be joined by intermediates. The
variety seems near D. suturalis Adams from the Philippine Isles.

We have much pleasure in connecting with this species the

name of Mr. John Ray Hardy, of the Manchester Museum,

Owens College, who has rendered us much assistance in the

sorting and investigation of this Lifu collection of shells.

D. ludens sp. nov. (Pl. IL., fig. 9).

D. testa oblonga fusiformi, solida, albescente, anfractibus sex
planatis, levibus, in medio circdque basin ultimi anfractus
sulcato-striatis, transversim albo tessellatis, precipué juxta
suturas, et apud peripheriam, transversimque tinterruptis
linets brunnets decoratis. Apertura rotunda, labro crassius-
culo simplice.

Long., 4 mill. Lat., 1°75 mill.

Hab., Uvea (in shell-sand, from Mr. Hadfield).

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 1m Ke)

Seven or eight specimens, but only one or two in good
condition. Allied, though not very nearly, to D. dauta Adams,
from South Australia, but much smaller and less shining. The
compressions at the sutures are not so marked, and the lineation
of the brown transverse marking more interrupted and not so
broad. The opaque white tessellated ornamentation is not
present in /auta. D. albugo Boog Watson, from Wednesday
Island (‘Challenger’ Expedition) of which there are speci-
mens also in J. C. Melvill’s collection from Thursday Island,
from shell-sand collected there by Mr. Arnold Umfreville Henn,
is also allied, though distinct.

D. semistriata Phil. varia A. Ad.—Rare, and agreeing
with authentic specimens from Adams marked ‘varia’ in

J. C. Melvill’s collection.

FamMiLy RZSSO/IDAE.

Rissoina distans Anton. = R. canaliculata Schwartz.—
Two specimens. |

R. minuta Neville.—One specimen, like R. scolopax or R. sub-
concinna, but only o°3 millimetres in length, may perhaps
be placed here. (It is figured in Kuster’s Conch. Cab.,
play. fig. 1:2):

R. scolopax Souverbie.—Many. Evidently common, and
very beautiful.

R. (Zebina) curta Adams.—Several.

R. (Zebina) funiculata Souverbie. — Several. Perhaps
identical with A. spzralis Souverbie, of which we have not
seen specimens.

R. (Zebina) subconcinna Souverbie.—Several. Resembling
R. scolopax Souv.

R. (Moerchiella) spirata Sowb. —Two specimens of the
type, and several of
var. Lamberti Souverbie,
var. Orbignyi A. Adams, and
var. artensis Montrouzier.—This last a turreted form.

120 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

R. (Moerchiella) spiralis Souverbie.—One specimen seems
to approach &. artensts Montrouzier, just mentioned.

R. (Pyramidelloides) miranda Adams.—Several. Probably
synonymous with &. zzsolzta Desh. from the Mauritius. A
curiously sculptured and very beautiful species.

Barleeia Chasteri sp. nov. (PI. III., fig. 22).

B. testa minuta, levissima, vix pellucente, anfractibus guingue,
levibus, ventricosults, ochraceo-brunnets, infra suturas trans-
versim vitta calcarea succinctts, simul ae apud basin an-
Jractus ultimi, apertura rotunda, pupineformi, labro fere
continuo, inci assato.

Long. TG ail. at. 3 well:

ffab., Lifu (in shell-sand).

Twenty to thirty specimens of this pretty little shell have
come under our observation. Some specimens are of a darker
ochreous-brown colour, and therefore show the contrast with the
chalky white transverse band just below the sutures more dis-
tinctly than the paler forms. ‘The whorls are five in number,
and the whole shell is extremely smooth, barely translucent ;
whorls slightly ventricose ; operculum unknown.

We think (as pointed out to us by Mr. Edgar Smith)
that the genus ar/eeva fits this species more nearly than any of
the other Rissoid sectional genera or sub-genera, although we
believe the seas of Europe alone contain nine-tenths, if not all,
the hitherto described species of the genus. M. Fischer in-
cludes Fairbankia bombayana Blanford, however, with Bar/eeza,
and it is probable that it is generally diffused over the tropical
area—indeed, in Paetel’s Catalogue, some Mauritian and Cali-
fornian species, not known to us, are included likewise.

Famity CYCLOSTOMAT/IDZ.
Omphalotropis granum Pfr—Common.

FamMiLty 7ZRUNCATELLIDA.

Truncatella conspicua Brown = T. vitiana Gld..—Not
uncommon,

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 121

FaMILy H7PPONYCID.
Hipponyx antiquatus Linné=H. mitrula Gmel.—Many,
mostly waterworn.
H. australis Linné.—Not uncommon ; one example 2” sztu
on a specimen of Zurbo petholatus.
H. barbata Sowerby.—Several.

FaMity CAPULID:,
Capulus intortus Meusch.—Several.
C. militaris Linné.—Several.
Calyptrzea hipponiciformis Reeve.—Several, mostly worn.
C. tortrix Reeve.—Several pretty specimens.

FamiIty WVATICIDA.
Natica chinensis Lam.—Common, and in good condition.

N. Gaidei Souverbie—=N. lineozona Jouss.—Plentiful. A
very clearly marked and beautiful little shell.
N. Gualteriana Phil.—An imperfect specimen or two.
N. marochiensis Gmelin.—Many specimens of this widely-
distributed species, showing some amount of variation.
N. picta Recluz.—Worn, but with the characteristic markings.
N. Robillardi Sowerby.—Allied to MW. gambie Recluz, and
hitherto only known from Mauritius. Several fine speci-
mens. We are indebted to Messrs. Edgar A. Smith and
E. R. Sykes for aid in determination of this species.
. violacea Sowerby.—Common.
(Ruma) simize Chemnitz.—Common.

72, i

N. (Ruma) succinoides Reeve=N. melanostoma Gmel.
—Abundant.

N. (Mamma) aurantia Lam.—Several ; the finest hitherto
recorded, in the collections of John Hardy and R. Cairns.

N. (Mamma) mamilla Linné—Common.

N. (Mamma) orientalis Gmelin.—Common.

FamMity SCALARIID.
Scalaria (Scala) pyramidalis Sowerby.—One specimen.

to/1o/95 I

122 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

S. (Amaea) fimbriata Adams (?)—One pretty specimen,
which we somewhat doubtfully place here, has been re-
ferred to Mr. E. A. Smith, who informs us that it is near
to Adams’ species, which is unfigured and was described
from Japan, but it has fewer ribs, and may be new. We
refrain, however, from naming our solitary example until
more specimens come to hand for comparison, especially
as it is not in first-rate condition.

S. (Acrilla) gracilis H. Adams.—Two specimens.

FaMiLty ZULIMIDA.
Eulima proxima Sowerby.—Two specimens.

FAMILY PYRAMIDELLID.

Pyramidella mitralis A. Adams,—Several.

P. nitida A. Adams.—Common.

P. nodicincta A. Adams.—Several.

P. variegata A. Adams.—Abundant.

Obeliscus dolabratus A. Adams.—Several.

O. pulchellus A. Adams.—Several.

O. sulcatus A. Adams.

O. turritus A. Adams.—Several.

Odeostomia interstriata Souverbie.—Two specimens—one
white, one yellowish— the number of whorls is not quite
as many asin the typical form, of which there are specimens
from Upolu in J. C. Melvill’s cabinets, but we place the
species here with considerable certainty.

Syrnola brunnea A. Ad.—Three worn specimens of this
interesting form.

S. Mossiana sp. nov. (PI. II., fig. 16).

S. testa attenuata, levi, nitida, delicatula, anfractibus septem,
supré subventricosis, apud suturas pallidé ochraceo-cinctis,
ultimo anfractu recto, prolongato, in medio ochraceo-cincto,
apice obtuso, apertura oblonga, labro extertore simplice, colum-
ella untplicata.

Long., 7°50 mill. Lat., 2:25 mill.

Ffab., Lifu.

J.C. viti, Oct. 1895,

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. ese)

A few specimens only. The shell is smooth, whitish,
shining, pyramidal, whorls seven, the upper ‘ones somewhat
ventricose, the last whorl straight and produced, with a pale
ochraceous median band, this band being also perceptible
around the sutures of the upper whorls. ‘The apex is obtuse,
outer lip simple, columella with one fold or plait. We have
much pleasure in associating with this shell the name of Mr.
William Moss, of Ashton-under-Lyne.

FamMity HELICINIDA.
Helicina gallina Gassies.—A pretty species. Fairly common.
H. lifouana Crosse.—In great numbers, and very variable.

Specimens from Uvea which have been identified as a form

of this species, are considerably larger than those received

from Lifu.

H. mediana Gassies.—Common and variable.

H. Primeana Gassies.—Common. Several specimens of the
carinated variety.

H. sphzeroidea Pfr.—Common.

H. sublevigata Pfr.—Common.

Several thousands of the above-mentioned small species of
flelicina came to hand; in one or two parcels received from
Mr. Hadfield they had apparently been used for packing, the
interstices between the larger shells being filled in solid with
them. Many of the shells are ‘‘dead,” and very few retain the

operculum.
FaMity HYDROCENIDZ.

Hydrocena Fischeriana Gassies.—Abundant.

FamMity MERITIDA.
Nerita polita Linné.—Several.
N. (Peloronta) aurantia Recluz.—Several.
N. (Peloronta) chrysostoma Recluz.—Common.
N. (Peloronta) filosa Reeve.—Several.
N. (Peloronta) plicata Linné,—Several.
N: (Thelicostyla) albicilla Linné.—Several.

124 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Nerita (Thelicostyla) marmorata Homb.—Common.
Neritina (Vitta) morosa Gassies.—Common.

N. (Dostia) lifuensis Ads. & Angas.—Several.

N. (Clithon) nucleola Morelet—Common.

FaMiLty VER/TOPSIDA:.
Neritopsis radula Linné.—One fine specimen.

FamMity ZURBINID.

Turbo petholatus Linné.—A number of very fine and per-
fect specimens ; also many young ones.

T. (Senectus) argyrostomus Linné.—One remarkably fine
specimen.

T. (Senectus) artensis Montrouzier.—Two fine specimens
in the collection of the Ven. Archdeacon Anson. Peculiar
to the New Caledonian group.

T. (Senectus) chrysostomus Linné.—Several pretty speci-
mens.

T.(Senectus) moluccensis Phil.—One of the most interesting
examples in the collection. Although we have never seen
the type, the description given by Philippi is so lucid, and
Sowerby’s figure (Thes. Conch., Turbo, pl. xiv., fig. 177) so
plain that we have had but little difficulty in our identifica-
tion. The original locality is Amboyna. The shell is a
warm yellow, narrowly umbilicate, with polished transverse
ribs, the interstices being obscurely crenulate, whorls five in
number, and the ribs flecked with red and yellow spotting ;
last whorl slightly angled below the sutures, and outer lip
tinged with green. In the Manchester Museum collection.

T. (Senectus) nicobaricus Gmelin.—Abundant.

T. (Senectus) radiatus Gmelin,—Many, mostly young or’
worn.

T. (Senectus) sparverius Gmelin.—Several.

T. (Senectus) spinosus Chemnitz.—One fine specimen.

FaMILy ZROCH/IDAZ.
Trochus niloticus Linné.—One small specimen.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 125

Polydonta conspersa Raff.—Several.

P. histrio Reeve.—Several.

P. tricatenata Reeve.—Two specimens.

P. tubifera Kiener.—Several.

P. obesa Reeve.—Several.

P. (Infundibulum) concava Gmelin.—Two, in the collec-
tion of the Ven. Archdeacon Anson, of Birch Rectory,
Rusholme, both received from Mr. Hadfield, in 1892.

Pachypoma rhodostoma Lamarck.—Several.

Pyramidea fenestrata Gmelin.—Several.

P. obeliscus Gmelin=P. pyramis Born.—Three specimens.

Minolia glaphyrella sp. noy. (Pl. IIL, fig. 18).

MW. testa rotundo-conica, profundé sed angusté umbilicata,
solidtuscula, pallidé straminea, apice obtuso, anfractibus
guingue, ventricosis, ad suturas tmpressts, undigue trans-
versim arcté livicinctts, liris regularibus microscoptcé brunneo-
punctatis, continuts, anfractu ultimo apud periphertam sub-
angulato, obscure brunneo-maculato, apertura parva,
rotunda, labro exteriore vix incrassato, simplicé, margine
columellart parum contracto.

Long., 2°25 mill. Lat., 5 mill.

Ffab., Lifu.

A neat little species, very pale straw colour, rather solid,
and uniformly delicately transversely lirate ; under a lens some
very obscure small brown spotted markings on the lira, and
larger spots at the periphery, are observable; umbilicus deep
but narrow, mouth small, roundish. This shell seems for the
present, at all events, best located in A/znolia (A. Ad.), where we
would also place JZ. Zfowana rather than in AZonzdlea (Swains.).
It is more elaborately sculptured than JZ. /fowana, to which it
does not bear more than a passing resemblance.

Minolia lifouana Fischer.—A few of this pretty little shell.

Clanculus clanguloides Wood. — A pretty pink-suffused
variety.

C. Thomasi Crosse.— One, not perfect, but exhibiting the
peculiar sculpture.

126 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

C. unedo A. Adams.—Several.

Elenchus (Thalotia) elongatus Wood.—Several.

G. nucleus Phil.—Common. Not quite typical, but not suf-
ficiently distinct to separate in any way.

Ethalia guamensis Quoy.—Five specimens. The absence
of any species of Umbonium seems remarkable.

Margarita striatula Phil—Several specimens which, if not
this species, are a close ally. We are indebted to Mr. E.
Ruthven Sykes for the identification.

FaMILY DELPHINULIDA.
Delphinula distorta Linné.—One specimen.
D. laciniata Lamarck.—Two very handsome specimens.
Liotia varicosa Phil.—One or two specimens.

FaMILy STOMATIIDA.
Stomatella haliotidea Sowerby.—Two specimens.
S. maculata Quoy & Gaim.—One specimen.
S. Mariei Crosse.— Two, agreeing exactly with authentic
specimens in J. C. Melvill’s collection.
S. orbiculata A. Adams.—Several.
S. papyracea Chemnitz.—Several.
S. sulcifera Lamarck.—One small example.
Gena stellata Souverbie.—One fine specimen.
Stomatia decussata A. Adams.—One specimen.

FamMILy HAL/JOTIDA.

Haliotis sp.—JIn the collection of the Ven. Archdeacon

Anson. ‘Too imperfect to identify.

H. (Padollus) ovina Chemnitz.—Several small specimens.
FamMity ACALZIDA.

Acmea crucis Ten.-Woods.—One pretty specimen.

A. conoidea Quoy.—Several.
FamMiLy PATELLIDA.

Patella stellaris Reeve.—Several.
P. variegata Reeve.—Several.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 127

Ciass SCAPHOPODA.
FaMILty DENTALIID.

Dentalium sp.—Three specimens too worn to identify with
certainty, but closely allied to D. olitum L.

Ciass PELECYPODA.

OrDER TETRABRANCHIATA.
FaMILy OSTREIDA.

Ostrea crista-galli Linné. — One perfect specimen and
several valves of juvenile examples.

FamMiLty SPONDYVLIDA-.
Spondylus ocellatus Reeve.—Several valves.
S. pacificus Reeve.—This last we identify with some little
doubt, the specimens being in rather poor condition.

FaMity PECTINIDAZ.
Pecten pallium Linné.—One perfect specimen and several
valves of this beautiful species.
P. radula Linné.—Valves only, mostly juvenile.

Famity AVICULID2.
Avicula (Meleagrina) margaritifera Linné — A number
of small-sized specimens.
A. (Meleagrina) anomoides Reeve.—Two specimens, one
perfect but very juvenile.
Crenatula c.f flammea Lamarck.—One young example.
Perna cf lingueeformis Reeve.—One young specimen.

FAMILY AZYV7/LIDAE.

Mytilus sp.—Several specimens perhaps ot JZ. subdistortus
Recluz, but too young to identify with certainty.

Septifer pilosus Recluz.—Several perfect specimens.

Modiola tulipa Lamarck.—We cannot make out any differ-
ence between our specimens and the Australian and West
Indian forms of this species.

Lithodomus gracilis Phil.— Two very fine and _ perfect
examples,

128 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

FaMILy ARCIDA.
Barbatia fusca Brug.—Four perfect specimens and several
valves.

Two or three other species of Avczde are in the collec-
tion, but all single valves, and somewhat worn. One comes near
A. japonica Reeve.

Pectunculus cf novo-caledoniensis Angas.-—One large
valve and three juvenile examples which seem to be this

species.
FamMiLty CARD/ITIDA.

Mytilicardia muricata Sow.—Many single valves.
M. variegata Brug.—Several valves.
Famity ZRYCINIDA.

Kellia fidelium sp. nov. (PI. IIL, fig. 30).

K. testa ovato-rotunda, tenut, nitida, lactea, latere postico
rotundato, antico compresstusculo, vix subguadrato.

Wie yp ON SG i, BPS PI

Flab., Lifu.

A very beautiful milk-white shining species, not unlike
some of the Sczz/z//e@ in form, but more agreeing with the genus
Kellia, to which we have relegated it. The hinge appears that
of anormal Ae//za. Rare.

FaMILy ZRIDACNIDZ.
Tridacna crocea Lamarck.—Two perfect specimens, one of
them a juvenile only 20 mills. wide.
FaMILy CARDI/DAZ.
Leevicardium australe Sowerby.—Several.
Hemicardium cardissa Linné.—One small specimen.
H. hemicardium Linné.—Several valves.
H. (Fragum) unedo Linné.—Valves only.
FAMILY CHAMIDA.
Chama foliacea Quoy.—Worn valves only, but showing the
distinctive red staining within.
FaMILy CYPRINIDA:.
Libitina angulata Lam.—Several very pretty specimens.

J.C., viiil., Oct. 1895.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 129

Famity VENERIDZ.
Caryatis inflata Sow.=C. affinis Gmel.—Several valves.
Lioconcha castrensis Linné.—Several well-marked speci-
mens in various stages of growth.
L. picta Lam.—-Two fine specimens.
L. sulcatina lLam.—vValves only.
Chione sp., near C. cancellata Chem.—One small example.
C. costellifera Ads. & Reeve.—Several perfect specimens,
almost identical with Philippine examples of this species.
C. marica Linné.—Several beautiful specimens.
C. reticulata Linné.—One very fine specimen and some

single valves.
FamMity DONACIDA:,

Donax (Latona) australis Lam.— One good perfect ex-
ample and several single valves.

Famity PSAMMOBID A.
Asaphis deflorata Linné.—Many fine specimens.

FamMity LUCINIDZ.

Lucina (Codakia) exasperata Reeve.—Two perfect speci-
mens and several valves.

L. (Codakia) fibula Reeve.—Many in great variety of color
and form, white, salmon-pink, and yellow.

L. (Codakia) interrupta Lam.—One fine perfect specimen
received by J. C. Melvill from Mr. Hadfield in 1801 ;
also one in the Anson collection from the same source.

L. (Codakia) punctata Linné.—One perfect and several
valves.

Loripes edentulus Linné.— Many imperfect specimens ;
valves only. ;

Corbis fimbriata Linné.— Several large and very beautiful

specimens.
FamiLty ZELLINIDA.

Tellina (Tellinella) interrupta Wood.—One specimen.
T. (Tellinella) jubar Hanley = T. virgata var.—Two
beautiful specimens.

25/11/95 J

130 MELVILL AND STANDEN ; SHELLS FROM LIFU.

T. (Tellinella) perna Speng.—One or two.

T. (Tellinella) picta Desh.—Several fine examples.

T. (Tellinella) rugosa Born.—Some good specimens, and
several single valves.

T. (Tellinella) virgata Linné—Common.

T. (Tellinella) vulsella Chemn.—Valves only.

T. (Donacilla) rhomboides Quoy & Gaim.—Two perfect
specimens and several odd valves. A very pretty form.

T. (Acropagia) scobinata Linné.—Two fine examples.

T. (Tellinula) culter Hanley.— A few brilliantly-coloured
examples, crimson, white, or yellow.

T. (Tellinula) dispar Conrad.—One specimen.

Macoma ezqualis Deshayes.—A few examples, near AZ. sud-
ovata Sow. We fancy the true JZ. subovata also occurs, its
head-quarters being New Zealand.

BRACHIOPODA.
Famity 7EREBRATULIDA:.

Terebratella sanguinea Chem.—Three specimens.

LOYALTY
ISLANDS

er

New’ Fijiis
Caledonia
ralia

|
:
:
CALEDONIA™\ ae

J.C., viii., Jan. 18096.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 131

JID) Oe IN ID YEN

Upon again examining the last collection sent over by Mr.
Hadfield, we find several species which we regret were not
noticed in time to be placed in their proper sequence in the
foregoing list. We now append them, and they will serve asa
proof, should such be needed, that the resources of these islands
are very far from being exhausted, and that any future consign-
ments from this locality would be the means of adding several
important, and possibly specifically new additions, to the large
number already catalogued.

Rhytida Deplanchesi Gassies.—Several.

R. ouveana Souverbie.—Three specimens.

Planorbis Rossiteri Crosse.—Several.

Conus (Rhizoconus) capitaneus Linné. — One, in very
fine condition, with epidermis.

C. (Lithoconus) Gruneri Reeve.—One.

Oliva (Strephona) carneola Lamarck. — Several, showing
some variation of banding and colour.

Latirus (Peristernia) Wagneri Ant. = L. crenulatus
Reeve.—One or two.

Ranella (Lampas) Paulucciana Tapp.-Canefri.— One, a
good specimen and very distinctive.

Triton verrucosus Reeve.—One specimen.

T. (Lotorium) sinensis Reeve.—Several.

Cypreea aurora Sol. (p. 112).-—Mr. Hadfield, in letter dated
July 27, 1894, gives the following additional information :
““Mrs. Hadfield has come upon a rare treasure in the shape
of a fine orange Cowrie. It is reported among the natives
that the old woman who found it was struck on the forehead
by a demon, who asked her why she took the shell, a similar
one never having been found in those waters. She died
from the effects of the blow, so her good pastor tells me.”

132 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Cerithium nodulosum Bruguitre.—One very fine specimen.
Mitra (Pusia) Montrouzieri Souverbie.—This little species
is more commonly known as JAZ. ¢vicolor Montr., a name
preoccupied by a Mediterranean species (AZ. ¢ricolor Gmel.).
Engina pulchra Reeve.—One, typical and very beautiful.
Purpura (Thalessa) echinata Blainville.—Two specimens.
Pentadactylus (Sistrum) elongatus Blainville= cancel-

latus Quoy.—One good specimen showing the character-
istic interstitial pitting.

Te IRIAN ICE

Page 85, dine 16.—Transpose the words “‘these amongst.”

Page 87, line 7.—¥or “Paryphanta seisseti” read “AMicrom-
phalia saisseti”; on line 11, for “pomatia Linn” read “aspersa
Muller.”

Page 88, line 4.—¥ or “( Rachis) zonulatus Gass. =B. magent
Gass.” read “(Rachis) mageni Gass. =B. histrio Pfr.”

Page 88, dine 18.— Plecotrema.” Since the former part of
this paper was put in type, Mr. E. R. Sykes has published (Proc.
Mal. Soc., vol. i., pp. 241-299) an exhaustive review of the
genus Precotrema H. & A. Adams. In accordance with the
law of priority, the two species hitherto known as P. labrel/um
H. & A. Adams and P. Souverbier Montr. must now be termed
P. striatum Philippi and P. dellum H. & A. Adams respectively.

Page 107, line 19.—For “‘ uricata” read “ muricata.”

Page 108, line 25.—For “fig. 12” read “‘fig. 13.”

Page 110, line 7 from bottom.—For “R.” read “Ranella.”

Page 116, dine 30.—For “ plate I.” read “ plate II.”

Page wy, de 11 —Welete (bly Wile, tae 277s

Page 119, dine 19.—For “‘0°3” read “ 3.”

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 133

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN),

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 4, No. 2, June 29, No. 3, Sep. 30,

1895.

‘‘The Habits of Young Sefia,” by F. A. BATHER. ‘New British
Marine Shells” [Sczztila eddystonia, Lepton Sykesii, Odostomia oblongula),
by J. T. MarsHaLu. Notes on ‘‘ Habits of the Agzatha,” by W. M. WEBB.
“*Specific Identity of Papuzna hedleyi and P. canefriana,” by E. R. SYKES.
and ‘‘ Variations in radule,” by G. BatLey. ‘‘ Mollusca of the Oriental
Region,” by C. Hrp1Ey [This should be extended to include the Papuan,
Polynesian, and Melanesian sub-regions]. ‘‘ Notes on a Few of the less-
known British Marine Mollusca” [Adecorbis tmperspicuus, Lepton Sykesiz,
Crenella pellucida, Certthiopsts Clarkii|, by G. W. CHASTER; ‘‘ New
British Marine Shells” [Azssoa sabsoluta], by J. T. MARSHALL.

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. ro,

part I.

‘* Descriptions of New Species of Marine Mollusca of South Australia,”
by J. C. Verco [Alurex Tatet, M1. robustus, Trophon angustus, T. levis,
Triton mimeticus, Latirus aurantiacus, L. Pulleinet, Crassatella producta,
C. micra]. ‘* A Revision of the Recent Gasteropods of South Australia,”
by J. C. VeERco [This instalment includes only the families Muricidze and
Tritoniidee]. ‘Correlation of the marine tertiaries of Australia,” by R.
TATE and J. DENNANT [Gives a list of fossil mollusca and other organisms].

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 4, Nos. 4 to 11, 1895.

“* Some Cases of the Disintegration of Shells,” by Miss R. HENSMAN
[Treats of the effects of Gomontia polyrhiza and other algee. To the ‘‘Galway
Conference Number” Mr. R. SraNpEN contributes a list of 212 marine
species, and 62 land and freshwater forms collected during the excursions.
Some interesting particulars are given regarding the semi-fossil land shells
of Dog’s Bay, Connemara]. ‘‘ The Raised Beaches of Inishowen,” by
R. Lioyp PRAEGER [Several lists of mollusca].

Transactions of the Manchester Microscopical Society for 1894.

““The value of the Radula as an aid to Classification,” by W. Moss
[Adduces instances in which examination of the radula has been instrumental
in determining the relationship of doubtful forms; figures are given of the
radulze of Zonztes alliariws, Helix pomatia, H. (Macrocyclis) quekettiana,
Rhytida kraussi, R. ptychomphala, R. greenwoodi, and Natalina cocrneyensis).

134 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The Annals of Scottish Natural History, Nos. 13—16.

‘« Additions to the Authenticated Comital Census of the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of Scotland,” by W. DENIsoN RorBuck. [Mrs.
CARPHIN records a reversed Helix hispida in Berwickshire, and Mr. G.
M’DovGal gives some additions to Mr. Roebuck’s list].

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia, 1894, part 3, 1895, part I.

“© New and otherwise interesting Tertiary Mollusca from Texas,” by
G. D. Harris [Gives descriptions and figures of sixty-five new species].
“‘ New Species of the genus Cerion,” by H. A. Pirspry and E. G. VANATTA
[By cutting sections of the shells of this genus it has been found that certain
species externally alike present differences in the internal teeth or lamell ;
about a score of new forms thus distinguished are briefly diagnosed, further
information and figures being reserved for a future communication].

Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Phila-

delphia, vol. 3, part 3.

“¢ Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida,” part 3, a new
classification of the Pelecypoda, by W. H. DALt.

[Some years ago (1889) Mr. Dall published in outline his new classifica-
tion of the Pelecypoda, primarily based, like that of Neumayr, on hinge
characters, though other parts of the anatomy receive a share of attention.
The memoir begins with an account of the anatomy of the order, with special
reference to matters of systematic importance, which occupies 26 pages ;
then follows the systematic list, in which all the sub-orders, super-families,
and families are diagnosed by characters based on known facts and compar-
able one with another. In conclusion, we find some remarks on nomen-
clature which will, we should think, find general acceptance. We cannot
but regret that so valuable a paper should be as it were hidden away as an
appendix to a work on the palzeontology of a special and limited district, but
we doubt not that those who are really interested will find it out, and give it
the careful study it deserves].

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 42, No. 3, for July, 1894 [dated on

cover 1894, received Oct. 25, 1895].

[The whole of the present number is occupied by the first instalment of a
paper by Mons. H. Crosse, entitled ‘‘Faune malacologique terrestre et
fluviatile de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des ses Dépendancies,” and is illus-
trated by two coloured plates. At the outset a list is given of twenty-three
forms which have been wrongly attributed to these islands, and on this
ground it is proposed to change the name of Partzla caledonica to P.
Pfeiffer?. The number of species recorded so far is 202—Charopa subacan-
thinula is described as new; Helix Raynali Gassies is made the type of a
new genus Ouapagia; and Scarabus leopardus Gassies (x01 Reeve) is re-
christened Pythia Gassiest.]

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896,

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 135

Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. 6,

No. 18, vol. 7, Nos. 1—3.

“A study of the Cvconztde of Arkansas, with incidental reference to
their Distribution in the Mississippi Valley,” by R. ELLswortTH CALL
[This revision is ‘‘based upon an extensive private collection of Uzdonide,
which is geographically and numerically all but complete,” and on some
months’ study in the Smithsonian Institution. No less than 59 species are
recorded ( U7220, 52; Alargaritana, 3; Anodonta, 4) none of them being new;
22 species are figured in 21 plates, and it is noted that in several cases the
synonymy has been increased by different sexes having been described as
specifically distinct. ]}

Scientific Results of Explorations by the U.S. Fish Commission

Steamer, “Albatross,” xxxiv.

**Report on Mollusca and Brachiopoda Dredged in Deep-Water, chiefly
near the Hawaiian Islands, with Illustrations of hitherto Unfigured Species
from North-West America,” by W. H. DALL.—Proc. U. S. Nat. Aluseun,
vol. 17, No. 1032, with ro plates.

[The Albatross made eight hauls of the dredge on approaching Honolulu
in 200 to 400 fathoms, and brought up some half-dozen to one dozen small
bottles of material, which did not contain a single species heretofore described.
One new sub-genus (Sfergo) of Pleuzrofomide, and numerous species are de-
scribed, and a very full account is given of the anatomy of Azczrca pacifica,
the representative of the family Auczvoide. |

Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Strombiden, besonders der Gattung
Terebellum Klein, by R. BEerGH. Zool. Jahrbiicher, vol. 8, pp.
342—378, plates 22, 23.

[The research, which contains a detailed account of several members of
the family Strvomdide, scarcely admits of abstraction. The conclusion that
Terebellum belongs to this group, first definitely shown when Adams and
Reeve examined the animal, is fully maintained. }

Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, Nos. 291—301, Jan.—Noy., 1895.

“Catalogue raisonné des mollusques des montagnes de Saint-Béat et
du Pic-du-Gar” (Haute-Garonne), by M. GouRDON. [Records 59 species].
“Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Modiola [AZ. gallica] provenant du
littoral occidental de la France,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG (figured).
““ Récolte des mollusques (conseils aux voyageurs),” by M. BAVAy. ‘‘Revue
de paléoconchologie,” by M. CossMANN [The first of a series of articles in
which the author proposes to record the progress of this branch of our
science]. ‘‘ Faunule marine locale de Bandol et complément 4 la faune
bathonienne (Var) du gite la Sorguette, pres Bandol,” by M. Caztor [Lists
supplementary to previous writings on the same subject]. ‘‘ Faune mala-
cologique terrestre et fluviatile du département de la Vienne,” by M,
Cazior [In progress].

136 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF
ALECTRYONIA UNGULATA, IN S.E. AFRICA;
WITH A NOTICE OF PREVIOUS RESEARCHES
ON THE CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY
OF SOUTHERN AFRICA.

By k. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S., of the British Museum.

(Read before the Conchological Society, July 3rd, 1895).

During a visit to this country, some months ago, Mr. David
Draper, F.G.S., presented a specimen of Alectryonia ungulata
to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), which he had found on the
beach at Sofala, off S.E. Africa, and which had evidently, from
the colour of its matrix, been washed out of a red-coloured
limestone formation.

The chief interest of this fossil shell lies in the fact that its
characters afford reliable evidence of the presence of the upper-
most cretaceous rocks in this part of Africa. Hitherto thése
strata have only been traced from the southern boundary of
Natal to St. Lucia Bay in Zululand, so that their extension some
seven hundred miles further northward is proved by this
discovery at Sofala.

This species has a wide geographical range, having been
recorded from England (near Cromer), France, Belgium (Ciply,
near Mons), Holland (Meestricht), Sweden (Balsberg), Russia
(Crimea), Spain, Algeria, Suez, Asia Minor, India (Pondicherry),
Madagascar (Ambohitrombikely), and the United States
(Alabama and New Jersey). The following synonomy will be
of service in showing the variety of names under which it has
been known to science :

Alectryonia ungulata* Schlotheim sp.

1768.—| Figures only|—Knorr: Recueil cat. petrifications, vol.
i,, section 1.,. pl. D. vit, figsigauGs
(Meestricht).

*This synonomy is mostly compiled from H. Coquand’s ‘‘ Monographie du genre, Ostvea—
Terrain crétacé,” 1869, p. 58.

J.C., vili., Jan. 1896,

NEWTON : ALECTRYONIA UNGULATA IN S.E. AFRICA. 137

1813.—OSTRACITES UNGULATUS, Schlotheim: Taschenbuch,
[Leonhard] vol. vii, p. 112, (Mes-
tricht),

1816,—OsTREA CANALICULATA, J. Sowerby: Mineral Conch-
Olosyn Volant, ple i325, fel sig p. 77
(Norfolk).

1819.—-OsTREA LARVA, Lamarck : Hist. nat. anim. sans
vert., vol. vi., p. 216 (Meestricht).

1827. —-OSTREA LUNATA, Nilsson: Petrificata Suecana format.
cretacez, pl. 6, fig. 3, p. 31 (Sweden).

1830.—OsTREA FALCATA, Morton: American Journal [Silliman]
vol. xvill., pl. 3, fig. 19, 20, and vol.
Xvil., p. 284 (United States).

1833.—OSTREA AL/FORMIS, S. Woodward: Geology of Norfolk,
pli (6; figs 2, p. 438:

1834.—OSTREA MESENTERICA, \ Morton: Synopsis Cret., United

OSTREA NASUTA, J States, pl. 9, figs. 6 and 7, p. 51.

1835.—ALECTRYONIA ACRODONTA, Fischer de Waldheim: Bull.
Soc. Moscou, vol. viii., pl. 5, fig. -2,
p- 116 (S. Russia).

1837.—OsTREA LUNATA, Hisinger: Lethzea Suecica, pl. 14,
fig. 4, p. 49 (Sweden).

1845.—OstTREA LARVA, d’Orbigny: Pal. francaise, terr. crétacés,
pl. 486, figs. 4—8, p. 740 (France).

1846.—OSTREA TEGULANEA, Forbes: Trans. Geol. Soc. London,
vol. vil, part i., pl. 18, fig. 6, p. 156
(S. India).

1847.—OsTREA PoNnTICERIANA, d’Orbigny : Voy. pole sud, pl. 8,
fig. 45, 46 [no text] (S. India).

1850,—OSTREA LARVA? Kner: Nat. Abhandl. [Haidinger],
vol. iii, pl. 5, fig."4, p. 30 (uemberg,
Austrian Poland).

1852.—OSTREA UROGALLI, Quenstedt: Handbuch Petrefakten-
kunde, pl. 40, fig. 24, p. 499 (Meestricht).

1869.—OSTREA UNGULATA, Coquand: Mon. Ostrea Crétacé,
pl. 31, figs. 4—15, p. 58 (several locali-
ties referred to).

138 NEWTON : ALECTRYONIA UNGULATA IN S.E. AFRICA.

1889.—ALECTRYONIA UNGULATA, R. B. Newton: Quart. Journ.
Geol Soc, vols pxlv., pli aaa iicemmes

Pp. 333 (Madagascar),

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Sigmoidal, narrow, elongate, ungulate, mostly smooth in
the young state; valves with a convex aliform expansion on
the inner sides near the hinge area, closely ridged with arched
plications ; the upper or dorsal surface bears a smooth median
groove which extends along the entire length of shell, and is of
the same width throughout, and sometimes rather concave; the
buccal view presents from eight to sixteen (according to age)
prominent saw-like teeth, which are pointed or obtuse; the
teeth on the opposite side are not quite so prominent, being
rather less in size and closer together; the outer sides are
furnished with long, straight, and broad plications, directed
obliquely, which are relieved by deeply excavated grooves;
valves are obliquely convex outwardly and vertically sided
within, after leaving the expansion ; in the very young state the
valves are depressed and possess few dentiform plications.

ALECTRYONIA UNGULATA.—Nat. size.
From the Upper Cretaceous beds of Sofala.
The left hand figure exhibits the aliform expansion, groove and lateral plications; the
other figure gives the buccal view,

J.C,, viii., Jan. 1896,

NEWTON: ALECTRYONIA UNGULATA IN S.E. AFRICA. 139

REMARKS.

According to the age of this species so it varies somewhat
in the characters here given, though the smooth median groove
can be always traced. In general contour and in possessing
the prominent lateral plications, it resembles other forms of the
genus, such as A. frons, Parkinson, sp., 4. carinata, Lamarck,
sp., 4. macroptera, J. de C. Sowerby, etc.; but in all these
shells the lateral plications meet on the dorsal summit of the
valves, and exhibit no indication of the channel or groove, which
is the distinguishing character of 4. uagulata.

The present specimen from Sofala is fragmentary (its termi-
nation being wanting) and waterworn, though the distinctive
features are well represented. Its valves are attached, the
buccal view showing the powerful interlocking nature of the
dentiform processes.

Although this species has the widest geographical distribu-
tion of any of the Ostreidze it is geologically restricted to the
uppermost cretaceous deposits known in South Africa as the
zone of Puzosia Gardeni, and in Europe as the Campanien and
the Meestrichtien, the former being the highest division of the
Senonian formation, the latter the lower portion of the Danien.
In England this upper Cretaceous zone is represented by the
topmost beds of the Upper Chalk developed at Mundesley and
Trimmingham in Norfolk, where the species has been recognised
as alaeformis and canaliculata, which together with falcata,
Junata, and /arva of other countries represent the junior stages
in the growth of the true wngulata. —

From the highest cretaceous strata of Southern India,
called the Ariyalur Group, this species was recorded by Forbes,
nearly half a century ago, under the name of Ostvea tegulanea ;
more recently in 1889* it was discovered in large numbers in
Madagascar, and now that it is found in S.E. Africa we are
furnished with additional evidence in favour of the view that

*R, B, Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc., 1889, vol. xlv., pl. 14, fig. 12, p. 333,

140 NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA.

these widely separated areas were united by a land surface
during cretaceous times, thus giving rise to the possible existence
in that epoch, of an Indo-African Continent.

PREVIOUS RESEARCHES ON THE CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY
OF SOUTHERN AFRICA.

So far as I have been able to discover, the earliest record of
Cretaceous Mollusca from South Africa was made by Hofrath
Hausmann,? in 1837. He obtained certain shells from the
district of Sunday river, about 18 miles from Enon, which,
without being described or figured were determined as :—

Flamites, like intermedius, J. Sowerby, or

fT, funatus, Brongniart,

Ammonites spinosissimus, (MS.),

Cytherea like caperata, J. de C. Sowerby,

Trigenia like dedalea and clavellata, Parkinson,
all of which forms were regarded as belonging to the Greensand
formation.

Goldfuss* subsequently described and figured two of
Hausmann’s shells ; one as Lyrodon Hertzogi, the other as
Cytherca Hlertzogt, both being recognised as Greensand fossils
from the Sunday river neighbourhood near Enon.

In 1850 Dr. Ferdinand Krauss? described several lamelli-
branch shells, which he had collected during 1839, from deposits
on the left bank of the Zwartkop river, and which were stated to
indicate a Lower Greensand age.

They were figured and diagnosed as follows :—
Anoplomya lutraria (gen. et sp. nov.).

Astarte Bronni, sp. nov.
Astarte (Cytherea) Hertzogi, Goldfuss
Cucullea cancellata, sp. nov.

1 Beitrige zur Kunde der geognostichen Constitution von Siid-Afrika. Gottingische gel.
Anzeigen, 1837. Part 3, p. 1449.

2 Petrefacta germanie, 1837, vol. 2, pl. 137, fig. 5, p. 202.
36 of 1840, vol. 2, pl. 149, fig. 10, p. 239.

3 Ueber einige Petrefacten aus der untern Kreide des Kaplandes. MVov. Act. Acad. Ces.
Leop.-Carol Nat, Cur. (Breslau & Bonn), 1850. Vol. 22, pls. 47-50, pp. 439-464.

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA. 141

Lixogyra tmobricata, $). Nov.
Gervillia dentata, sp. nov.
Lyrodon conocarditforimiis, sp. Nov.
Lyrodon Hertzogi, Goldfuss
Lyrodon ventricosus, sp. Nov.

W. H. Baily? in 1855 described a collection ‘of fossils
made by Captain Garden from the region of the Umtafuna
river, called the Izinhluzabalungu Cliffs, about 5 miles from the
southern boundary of Natal. ‘This included a large number of
mollusca referred to the horizon of the Blackdown Beds of
England or the Craze chloritée of France, many of the species
showing a distinct resemblance to those found in the Cretaceous
strata of Southern India. These specimens were determined as
follows ; names without authors indicating new species :—

CEPHALOPODA.
Ammonites Gardent Ammonites Umbulasi
Ammonites Soutont Baculites sulcatus
Ammonites Stangert
GASTROPODA.
Chemnitzia Sutherlandt Turritella Bonet
Natica multistriata Turritella Meadt
Scalaria ornata Turritela Renauxtana,dOrbig.
Solarium pulchellum Voluta rigida
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Arca natalensis Ostrea sp.
Arca umzambaniensts FPecten allied to virgatus, Nilsson
Astarte sp. Pecten quinguecostatus,
Cardium sp. J. Sowerby
Cardium denticulatum Pectunculus spp.
Corbula like carinata @’Orbigny Poromya ? sp.
Inoceramus expansus Solecurtus ? sp.
Lucina \ike caperata J.deC.Sby. Zeredina sp.
Nucula sp. Trigonia elegans

1 Descriptions of some Cretaceous Fossils from South Africa ; collected by Capt. Garden
of the 45th Regiment. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1855, vol. xi., pls. xi.-xlll., pp. 454-465.

142 NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA.

Dr. Atherstone and A. G. Bain made further discoveries of
molluscan remains from the strata skirting the Sunday and
Zwartkop rivers which were fully described and figured by
Daniel Sharpe? in 1856.

In opposition to the previous views of Hausmann and
Krauss they were assigned to a Jurassic age.

The following were the shells described, names without
authors representing the new species :—

CEPHALOPODA.
Ammonites Atherstonet Ammonites Batnt
GASTROPODA.
Acton ? undetermined Natica, undetermined
Action Atherstonet Neritopsts ? turbinata
Ampullaria ? undetermined Trochus Baint
Cylindrites ? undetermined Turbo Atherstonet
Natica Atherstonet Turbo Baint
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Arca Atherstonet Modiola Baint
Avicula Baint Myacites ? Batnt
Ceromya papyracea Perna Atherstonet
Cyprina rugulosa Pholadomya dominicalis
Cyprina? Baint Pinna Atherstonet
Gastrochena dominicalts Psammobia Atherstonet
Gryphea (Exogyra) imbricata Sanguinolaria ? africana
Krauss Trigonia vau

Modiola Atherstonet

In 1867 Mr. Ralph Tate? in a comprehensive paper on South
African fossils described and figured a number of shells from the
Uitenhage district (Sunday and Zwartkop rivers, &c.), which he
regarded as Jurassic. He designated the rocks containing them
the “ Uitenhage Formation.” The following species were deter-
mined ; those without authors being new :—

t Description of Fossils from the Secondary Rocks of Sunday and Zwartkop rivers, South
Africa, collected by Dr. Atherstone, and A. G. Bain, Esq. Tvans. Geol. Soc.
London, 1856, vol. vii., pls. xxii. and xxiii., pp. 193-202.

2 On some Secondary Fossils from South Africa. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1867, vol.
Xxlii., pls. 7-9, pp. 149-175.

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA. 143

CLT TADOLO DA:

Ammonites subanceps
Hamites africanus

Belemnites africanus

GASTROPODA.
Acteonina Jenkinsiana (= Acteon ? undetermined, Sharpe)

Acteonina Morrisiana (=Ampullaria ? undetermined, Sharpe)

Acteonina Sharpeana (=Cylindrites ? undetermined, Sharpe)

Alaria coronata

Ampullaria ? ignobilis (=Ampullaria ? undetermined, Sharpe)

Chemnitzsia africana
Patella caperata

Phastanella ? Sharpet (=Natica, undetermined, Sharpe)

Turbo Stowianus
Turritella Rubidgeana

LAME CE ERB ICAIN CELA TEA:

Arca (Cucullea) Jonest

Astarte Longlandsiana

Astarte Pinchiniana

Cardita nuculoides

Corbula ? Rockiana

Crassatella complicata

Cucullea Kraussi(—=Cucullea?
cancellata, Krauss, son
Sowerby ec Phillips)

Cuculleca (Macrodon) Ather-
stonet Sharpe sp.

Cypricardia Niventana

Cyprina Borcherdst

Lima neglecta ( = Lima sp.
undetermined, Sharpe)

Lima obliquisstma

Mytilus Jonest
Mytilus (Lithodomus) Stow-

tanus
Mytilus (Modiola) Rubidget
Ostrea tmbricata Krauss
Ostrea (Exogyra) Jonesiana
Fecten projectus
Pecten Rubidgeanus
Pinna Sharper
Placunopsis tmbricata
Flacunopsts subjurensis
Placunopsis undulata
Trigonta casstope, d’Orbigny
Trigonia Goldfussi, Agassiz
Trigonia ventricosa Krauss
Trigonta vai, Sharpe

Mr. C, L. Griesbach? published descriptions and figures

in 1871 of several mollusca which he had collected from the

1 On the Geology of Natal, in South Africa, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1871, vol. xxvii.,
pl. 3, pp. 60-70.

i44 NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA.

same strata and locality yielding those previously diagnosed by
W. H. Baily. The beds containing these fossils he termed the
“Tzinhluzabalungu Deposits.” They consisted of five horizontal
layers, the lowest resting unconformably on the older rocks of
the Karoo Formation. In descending order they were tabulated
thus :—

=

Zone of Ammonites Gardent,

2 Gastropoda-Bed.

3 Ammonite-Bed.

4 Trigonia-Bed.

5 Sandstone with fossil wood, &c.

These zones or beds, stated to extend as far as St. Lucia
Bay in Zululand, contained a fauna which was regarded as
belonging to the Chalk, Upper Greensand and Lower Green-
sand horizons, and about twenty of the molluscan species were
referred to Southern Indian Cretaceous forms. The deter-
minations, with their horizons, embraced the following species ;
those without author’s names being new :

Most probably White Chalk (= No. 1 of section).

CEPHALOPODA.
Ammonites Gardent, Baily.

Probably Upper Greensand (= No. 2 of section).
CEPHALOPODA.
Ammonites Umbolazi, Baily.
GASTROPODA.
Avellana ampla, Stoliczka
Cerithium (Fibula?) delectum, Stoliczka
Cerithium kaffrarium
Chemnitzia undosa Forbes (= Zurritella Meadt, Baily, Chemnttzta
Sutherlandi, Baily)
Euchrysalis gigantea, Stoliczka (= Zurritella Renauxtana, Baily)
Fasciolaria assimilis, Stoliczka
Fasciolaria ( Voluta) rigida, Baily
Lagena nodulosa, Stoliczka

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA. 145

Natica multistriata, Baily
Pollia (Murex) pondicherriensis, Forbes
Pugnellus (Strombus) uncatus, Forbes
Scalaria turbinata, Forbes (=. ornata, Baily)
Solariella (Trochus) radiatula, Forbes
Solarium Waebeli
Turritella multistriata, Reuss, (= Turritella Sowerbyt, Forbes,
T: Bonet, Baily)
Tritonidea (Murex), trichinopolitensis, Forbes
SCAPHOPODA.

Dentalium sp.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Arca capensis Ostrea sp.
Arca natalensis, Baily Pecten amapondensts
Astarte sp. Pecten quinguecostatus, Sowerby

Cardium denticulatum, Baily Pectunculus africanus
Cardium Flillanum, J. Sowerby Z7itgonia elegans
Lnoceramus expansus, Baily Venus arcotensis, Forbes

Lower Greensand (= Nos. 3, 4, and 5 of section).

CEPHALOPODA.
Ammonites Soutont, Baily Ammonites Kaye, Forbes
Ammonites Stangeri, Baily Antsoceras rugatum, Forbes

Ammonites rembda, Forbes nl
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Trigonia Shepstonet ZLeredo sp.

Messrs. Holub and Neumayr’s! paper of 1882 appears to
form the latest contribution to the history of South African
Cretaceous shells. These authors obtained their specimens
from the Uitenhage strata of the Sunday and Zwartkop river
districts. They included the following forms in their deter-
minations, all being regarded as of Neocomian age :—

CHITLALORODA

Crioceras (Ammonites) spinosissimum (Hausmann MS.), n. sp.

1 Uber einige Fossilien aus der Uitenhage - Formation in Siid- Afrika. Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wiss. Wen, 1882, vol. 44, pls. 1, 2, p. 267.

28/11/95 K

146 NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA.

Olcostephanus (Ammonites) Atherstonet, Sharpe
Olcostephanus (Ammonites) Baint, Sharpe
GASTROPODA.
Monodonta Hausmanat, n. sp.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Cucullea Krausst, Tate
Trigonia Tatei, n. sp.(=T. casstope, Tate non d’Orbigny)
Seebachia [n.g.| (Astarte) Bronni, Krauss
During 1884 Professor Rupert Jones? formulated a scheme
of the geological strata of South Africa in which the Uitenhage
Beds were severally named, and bracketed Jurassic, in the
following descending order -—
(1). Trigonia beds.
(2). Wood beds.
(3). Saliferous beds.
(4). Zwartkop Sandstone.
(5). Enon Conglomerate.
Schenck? in 1888 founded the term ‘‘ Utamfunaschichten ”

Jurassic :

Uitenhage
formation

for the beds previously described by Griesbach as the Izinhluza-
balungu deposits, which included the Upper Cretaceous rocks
of South Africa. The Uitenhage formation, named the ‘ Uiten-
hagenschichten,” he considered Lower Cretaceous, and adopted
a similar arrangement of its beds to that furnished by Rupert
Jones.

Prof. G. A. F. Molengraafe* published a useful chart in
1890, illustrating the various opinions held by geologists from
earliest times as to the geological structure of South Africa. In
tabulating the Cretaceous rocks he gives Schenck’s arrange-
ment, but brackets the Utamfunaschichten as ‘‘ Obere Kreide”
(= Upper Cretaceous) and the Uitenhagenschichten as
“* Neocomian ” (=Lower Cretaceous).

t On the Geology of South Africa. Mature, 1884, vol. xxx., pp. 553-554-

2 Die geologische Entwickelung Siid-Afrikas. Peterxmann's Mitteilungen, 1884, vol.
XXXIV., P. 231.

3 Schets van de Bodemgesteldheid van de Zuid Africaansche Republiek, etc. Tzjdschr.
Konink. Nederlandsch, Aardrijksk. Genoots. Jaargang 1890.

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896,

NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA. 147

Dr. Franz Kossmat 1 has quite recently issued a paper on
the Southern Indian Cretaceous formation, and compares it with
other areas of similar age based mainly on a study of the
molluscan fauna of this period. He recognises the fact, long
since pointed out by Baily, Stoliczka, Griesbach and others,
that the Upper Cretaceous beds of South Africa represented by
the Izinhluzabalungu deposits bear a Southern Indian facies, and
may be grouped according to the divisions now adopted by the
Geological Survey of India for that country.

These beds he tabulates, with their European equivalents, as
follows :—

(1) Chalk, with Ammonites Gardeni \ —=Antyalur group

(—Senonien).
(2) Soft Sandstone, with numerous
Bivalves and Gastropods

‘ , Bay —Trichinopoly group
(Fasciolaria rigida, Chem- poly group

re ; (=Turonien).
nitzia undosa, Protocardium

fiillanum, ete.

(3) Sandstone with Ammonites Um-
bolazt, A. Soutoni, A. Stangert,
A. rembda, A. Kayet, Ant-

soceras rugalum. =Utatur group

(4) Soft brown Sandstone (resem- (==Cenomanien).
bling No. 2), with Z7gonza
Shepstonet.

(5) Chalky Sandstone, with Zeredo.

From the foregoing epitome of the history of Cretaceous
mollusca in South Africa, it will be observed that the Upper
Cretaceous forms have been restricted to one particular region
on the southern boundary of Natal, now extended northwards
to Sofala in consequence of the discovery of A/ectryonta ungu-
/ata at that place; whilst the Lower Cretaceous or Neocomian

1 Die Bedeutung der siidindischen Kreide-Formation fiir die Beurtheilung der geo-
graphischen Verhdltnisse wahrend der spateren Kreidezeit, /ahrb, k. k. geol.
Reichsanstalt (Wien), 1894, vol, xliv., part 3, p. 463.

148 NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA.

species, at one time regarded as Jurassic, belong to the Sunday
and Zwartkop River districts, in or near the province of Uiten-
hage. ‘Their respective lists may be tabulated as follows, due
regard having been given to a revision of the generic names,
which are, as far as possible, brought up to date :—

UppER CRETACEOUS MOLLUSCA FROM SOUTH AFRICA, WITH
THEIR GEOLOGICAL RANGES ACCORDING TO INDIAN
NOMENCLATURE.

Abbreviations—A=Ariyalur group=Senonien (Upper Chalk).
T=Trichinopoly group = Turonien (Lower
Chalk).

U=Utatur group—Cenomanien (Chalk Marl,
Chloritic Marl, Upper Greensand, and
Gault).

CE PHALOPODA.

Anisoceras rugatum, Forbes .
Baculites sulcatus, Baily (?)
Lytoceras Kayet, Forbes sp.
Puzosia Gardeni, Baily, sp.
Puzosia rembda, Forbes, sp.
Schloenbachia Soutoni, Baily, sp.
Schloenbachia Stangert, Baily, sp.

Schloenbachia Umbolazt, Baily, sp.

S622. ee

GASTROPODA.
Avellana ampla, Stoliczka ae
Cerithium (Fibula?) detectum, seoltcae
Cerithium kaffrartum, Griesbach
Euchrysalis gigantea, Stoliczka
Fasctolaria assimilis, Stoliczka
Fasciolaria rigida, Baily, sp. ...

eels oe Ve lesa
>

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896,

NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF 5S.

Lagena nodulosa, Stoliczka

Natica multistriata, Baily

Pollia pondicherriensis, Forbes, sp.
Pugnellus uncatus, Forbes. sp.

Scala turbinata, Forbes, sp.

Solarium pulchellum, Baily

Solarium Wiebeli, Griesbach ..
Tritonidea trichinopolitensis, Forbes, sp
Turbonilla undosa, Forbes sp.
Turritella multistriata, Reuss

SCARHOPODA.

Dentalium sp. .

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Alectryonia ungulata, Schiotheim, sp.
Arca capensis, Griesbach

Arca umzambaniensis, Baily ...
Astarte sp. a fat
Axinea africana, Ghesbach, sp.
Cardium denticulatum, Baily ...
Corbula, like C. carinata, d’Orbigny...
Cucullea natalensis, Baily, sp.
Inoceramus expansus, Baily

Meretrix arcotensis, Forbes, sp.
Neithea quinquecostata, J. Sowerby, Sp.
Nucula, sp.

Ostrea, sp. :

Pecten amapondensts, Cneciaeh
Poroniya ?

Protocardium lee. i. Cee sp.
Teredo sp. 3

Trigonia elegans, Baily

Trigonia Shepstonet, Griesbach

AFRICA.

4

ie gh le acer eel ariel

Groene Wel web Sys et See ee

149

(?)

150 NEWTON: CRETACEOUS CONCHOLOGY OF S. AFRICA.

LowER CRETACEOUS MOLLUSCA FROM SouTH AFRICA
(UITENHAGE FORMATION==NEOCOMIAN).

CLP AL O FO 1s

Belemnites africanus, Tate

Crioceras spinosissimum (Haus-
Holub and

mann MS.),
Neumayr
Famites africanus, Yate

Olcostephanus Atherstonet,
Sharpe, sp.

Olcostephanus Laint, Sharpe,
sp.

Reineckia subanceps, Tate, sp.

GASTROPODA.

Acteonina Jenkinstana, ‘Yate
Acteonina Morrisiana, ‘Yate
Acteonina Sharpeana, ‘Yate
Acteon Atherstonet, Sharpe
Alaria coronata, Yate
Ampullaria (?) ignobilis, Tate
Monodonta Hausmanni, Holub
and Neumayr
Natica Atherstonet, Sharpe

LNeritopsis? turbinata, Sharpe
fatella caperata, Tate
Phastanella Sharpet, Tate
Trochus Baint, Sharpe

Turbo Atherstonet, Sharpe
Turbo Baint, Sharpe

Turbo Stowianus, ‘Tate
Turbonilla africana, 'Vate, sp.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Arctica Borcherdst, Tate, sp.
Arctica rugulosa, Sharpe, sp.
Astarte Hertzogt, Goldfuss, sp.
Astarte Longlandsiana, Tate
Astarte Pinchiniana, Tate
Avicula Baini, Sharpe
Cardita nuculotdes, Tate
Ceromya papyracea, Sharpe
Corbula(?) Rockiana, Tate
1 Crassatellites complicata, ‘Yate
Cucullea cancellata, Krauss

Lecten projectus, Tate
Pecten Rubidgeanus, Tate
Perna Atherstone, Sharpe
Pholadomya dominicalts,
Sharpe
Pinna Atherstonet, Sharpe
Pinna Sharpet, Tate
Placunopsts imbricata, Tate
Placunopsts subjurensts, Tate
Placunopsis undulata, ‘Tate
Pleuvomya Baint, Sharpe, sp.

*“T haye followed W. H. Dall and H. A. Pilsbry in adopting Cvassatedlites of Kriiger
(Geschichte der Urwelt, 1823, vol. ii., p. 466) for Lamarck’s Crassatella of 1799, the
type of the latter being Mactra cygnea of Chemnitz which has been correctly
regarded by Conrad and others as 777gonel/a of DaCosta, 1778.

J.C., vili., Jan. 1806

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Cucullea (?) Jonest, Tate
Cucullea Krausst, Tate
Cyrena (?) Baint, Sharpe
Exogyra Jonesiana, Tate
Gart_Atherstonet, Sharpe, sp.
Gastrochena dominicalis, Sharpe
Gervillia dentata, Krauss
Gryphea imbricata, Krauss, sp.
Lima neglecta, Tate

Lima obliquissima, Tate
Lithodomus Stowianus, Tate
Modiola Atherstonet, Sharpe
Modtola Baint, Sharpe
Modiola Rubidget, Tate
Mytilus Jonest, Tate

rest

Pleuromya lutrarta, Krauss,
sp.

Sanguinolaria (2) africana,
Sharpe

Seebachia Lronui, Krauss, sp.

Trapeztum Niventanum, Tate,
Sp.

Trigonia conocaraiiformts,
Krauss, sp.

Trigonia Goldfussi, Agassiz

Trigonia Hertzogi, Goldfuss,sp.

Trigonia Tatet, Holub and
Neumayr

Trigonta vau, Sharpe

Trigonia ventricosa, Krauss,

1 Parallelodon A therstonet, Sharpe,sp. sp.

SESS SSS

Helix hortensis monst. sinistrorsum in Northamptonshire. —
In July last (1895) I found a sinistrorse 7H. hortensts var. arenicola 123(45)
alive at Kettering. I have succeeded in bringing it up to maturity.—C. E.
WriGH?, Kettering. (ead before the Conchological Society, Nov. 6th,

1895).

Agriolimax agrestis v. albida Picard in Cheshire.—On June 2nd
I found an example of this variety 27 coztz with one of the typical form at
Romiley. Mr. W. D. Roebuck, to whom I submitted the specimen, writes
me that it is perfectly characteristic of the variety. --CHAS. OLDHAM,
Romiley, June 15th, 1895. (Read before the Conchological Society, July 3rd,
1895)-

Limax cinereo-niger in Cheshire.—I took two specimens of this
species on June 2nd from beneath the bark of some decayed and fungus-
covered oak stumps, in a wooded clough on Werneth Low, Romiley. On
June 11th I found three more in the same spot and other three on June 29th.
The slugs were about half-grown, and only two of them showed the tri-
fasciated foot sole which characterises this species when adult. Mr. W. D.
Roebuck refers all the specimens to the var. /zctzosa of Moquin-Tandon.—
Cuas. OLDHAM, Romiley, June 15th, 1895. (Read before the Conchological
Sociely, July 37d, 1895).

1 Parallelodon was substituted by Meek and Worthen in 1866 for AZac7edon of Lycett,
1845, the latter name being pre-occupied by Miiller in 1842 for a genus of fishes,

152 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESHWATER
MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH
IGANG; IDIUSINRICC 1

By CAPTAIN W. J. FARRER.

(Read before the Conchological Society, July 3rd, 1895).

TuE lake district, as marked on the map of England, comprises
a very large tract of country extending as it does on the north
and east from St. Bees and Penrith ; to Lancaster and the Irish
Sea and Morecambe Bay on the south and west; but of this,
the lake district proper, or what may be termed the ‘lakeland
of the poet and tourist,’ forms but a small portion, and to this
only do the following notes and records refer.

Geologically, lakeland as thus defined, would seem to be
but poorly fitted for the abode of terrestrial shell-bearing
mollusca, being almost entirely destitute of limestone, for
although as it were surrounded by a ring-fence of this substance
in no part ts it encroached upon, excepting where a very narrow
strip of what is locally known as Coniston stone appears, ex-
tending from Broughton to Long Sleddale, the rest of the
district consisting of green and Skiddaw slate, with here and
there a little granite and syenite. Yet, notwithstanding this
great drawback, the district is most prolific in species, as out of
the 130 species known as British, at least 75 are found
throughout this portion of country.

From the abundance of water and plant life found in the
many lakes, rivers, and streams, we might reasonably expect to
find the water-loving species equally numerous, but whether
owing to the low temperature of the water, the peaty nature of
the surrounding soil, or the vast flocks of gulls, wild ducks, and
other aquatic birds which congregate here during the autumn
and winter months, the freshwater snails are, with the single
exception of Limnaea peregra, comparatively rare, and diffi-

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

FARRER: MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. 153

cult to find; especially is the genus Spherium noticeable
by its absence, for although Miss Donald, of Carlisle, has re-
corded it from the ‘‘River Derwent at Piel Wyke,” in a ‘‘List of
the Land and Freshwater Shells of Cumberland and Westmore-
land,” published in part VIII. of the “Transactions of the
Cumberland Assuciation for the Advancement of Science,”
some few years since, I have looked for it in vain. In any case
the locality given must be a mistake, as the Derwent does not
approach Piel Wyke by at least two-thirds of a mile.

That we find no trace of the Anodons is not surprising
when we come to consider the stony nature of the lake
bottoms and the rapidly flowing nature of the rivers and moun-
tain streams ; and no doubt it is from a like reason the mud-
loving Unio pictorum and U. tumidus are absent from the list.

Probably further search will bring to light other species
which have so far escaped my notice, although I have endea-
voured to make a systematic collection during this and last
season.

The arrangement followed is that of the Conchological
Society’s list of 1892.

Arion ater (L.).—Very common throughout the entire
district, the only variation noticed being var. rufa.
This species I have commonly taken feeding on different
species of the boletus tribe in pine plantations.

A. subfuscus Drap.—Abounds in all the low-lying meadow
lands bordering the lakes. I have noticed as many as 187
individuals feeding on the remains of a dead frog. About
Bassenthwaite the var. aurantiaca prevails, and the en-
trances to water-rat burrows are at times fairly lined with
this variety—no doubt feeding on the rat droppings.

A. hortensis Fér.—Very common in woods, hedgerows, and
gardens, and plays sad havoc with the cabbages in the
latter.

A. circumscriptus Johnst.—Usually found with the above,
but seems to prefer the woods.

154 FARRER: MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT.

Amalia gagates (Drap.).—Buttermere, Grasmere, Rosthwaite,
Keswick, and Bassenthwaite. At the latter place the var.
plumbea occasionally turns up. During the summer this
species entirely disappears from sight.

A. Sowerbyi (Fér.).—Not uncommon in woods near Keswick
and Braithwaite, though I have only taken one specimen
at Bassenthwaite in Sir Wilfrid Lawson’s woods.

Limax maximus L.—Very abundant throughout in woods,
hedge-rows and gardens. ‘The variety #zacu/ata seems to be
confined to the latter situations. ;

L. cinereo-niger Wolf. — Two very fine examples of this
species were taken in Sir Wilfrid Lawson’s woods at Bas-
senthwaite. _

L. flavus L.—A few about the ruins of an old mill at Bassen-
thwaite and one or two young from a wall at Keswick, are
all I have met with of this slug.

L. marginatus (Miill.).—One of our commonest slugs, being
met with at all times and seasons wherever trees afford it a
hiding place. I have found it when bird-nesting on the
topmost branches of lofty larch and beech trees.

Agriolimax agrestis (L.).—Needless to say we suffer, as does
the greater portion of this country, from the ravages of this

ever-present and vyariously-coloured ‘

‘reptile,’ as I have
often heard it called hereabout. From milky white to inky
black—through every intermediate shade it may be found.

A. levis Miill.—Very common indeed in the dampest part of
the woods, amongst dead leaves and moss throughout the
entire district.

Testacella haliotidea Drap. — “ Here’s yan wi’ his tail
hoosed,” was what a rustic said to me one day as he handed
me a specimen of this species captured in Mrs. Howard’s ,
glasshouse, Ravenstone, Bassenthwaite.

Vitrina pellucida (Miill.).—Extremely abundant during the
autumn and winter months in woods and hedge-rows, feeding
on freshly fallen sycamore leaves. It is noticeably absent

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

FARRER: MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. 155

during the summer, although dead shells are abundant
enough.

Hyalinia draparnaldi (Beck).—A few specimens from the

base of a garden wall at Keswick, in company with the next
two species.

. alliaria (Miller).—Everywhere abundant.

cellaria (Miull.).—As common as the above, but keeps
more to gardens and the open country.

nitidula (Drap.).—Common in woods and on moss-covered
rocks. Small and rather light coloured. _

radiatula (Alder).—Not common, but is found throughout
amongst dead leaves and moss, also at the roots of the
bracken fern.

pura (Alder).—The brown form is common enough through-
out the district. What is known as var. margaritacea
occurs only sparingly, so far as I have noticed. I have
found it only at Bassenthwaite.

crystallina (Miill.).—Very common and at times very fine.

. fulva (Miull.).—Abounds in woods and on the borders of

the lakes amongst dead reeds and under drift wood. The
var. A/deri (Gray) occurs in moss at Little Tarn, near
Bassenthwaite.

nitida (Miill.)—Common on dead reeds and other rejecta-
menta of the numerous lakes and mountain tarns.
excavata (Bean).—The var. v¢77na is common throughout,
but I have not met with the type in any single instance.

Helix rotundata Miill.—Very abundant. It is a noticeable

fact that those specimens found in the woods are more
highly coloured than those taken amongst stones in the open.
The pretty var. a/ba could be taken in quantity amongst
some stones on aroad side at Bassenthwaite during the
whole of last season. ‘This season I have, so far, searched
for it in vain—the type shell having taken its place. The
vars. Zurtont and rufula ave also found, the former being
not uncommon.

156

H.

H.

H.

FARRER: MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT.

rupestris Drap.—In great numbers on walls at Keswick,
Ambleside, Bassenthwaite and other places. On the walls
surrounding Armathwaite Park, the beautiful seat of Mr.
Hartley, at Bassenthwaite, this snail simply swarms and
many unusually fine examples have been taken therefrom.
A few specimens were also found amongst the stones com-
posing the cairn on Skiddaw summit, at an elevation of
3,054 feet.

pygmeea Drap.—Very abundant throughout the entire
district amongst dead leaves.

lamellata Jeff.—Not common, though it may be taken
throughout by careful searching. I have mostly taken it
from amongst the heaps of dead leaves and road scrapings

left at road-sides by the cleaners ; also amongst moss at
Lodore Falls.

. aculeata Miull.—This may be called one of our commonest

snails, abounding in the woods, on dry walls and amongst
newly-fallen leaves. A few of the var. albida taken at
Bassenthwaite.

. pulchella Miill.—Curiously enough I have taken this shell

only in one locality, and that the moss-grown roof of an
old mill at Bassenthwaite. Probably carried thither by
birds, as I have searched the immediate neighbourhood and
elsewhere in the district for it in vain.

. aspersa Miull.—Fairly common in gardens at Keswick. A

few at Buttermere and four specimens at Bassenthwaite is my
record for this species. Seemingly rare in the district.

. nemoralis L.—Not at all common, although a fair number

may be collected throughout. What seems to be the var.
undulata is the common form at Bassenthwaite and
Keswick. The vars. albolabiata and roseolabiata also occur.

. hortensis Miill.—Very abundant, but so far I have only

met with the yellow-coloured variety. In the hedge-rows
when the Celandine is in bloom it is most difficult to dis-
tinguish the shells from the flowers, so much are they alike

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

FARRER: MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. 157

in form and colour. A small and very transparent form
occurs at Bassenthwaite, and many unusual band varieties
are met with—the formula 10305 being quite common.

H. arbustorum L.—Common in hedge-rows with its vars.
alpestrts, conotdea, flavescens, fusca and minima. An un-
usually large specimen and another with a white band were
taken near Ouse Bridge, Bassenthwaite.

H. cantiana Mont.—This species is not found in the district,
but some introduced by the writer in August of last year
have increased to at least double the number, so that as it
is more than likely they may soon spread into the adjacent
parts I think it better to mention the fact of their intro-
duction.

H. rufescens Penn.—Very common and of the usual high-
spired northern form. Vars. a/ba and rubens frequent and
var. albocincta not frequent.

H. hispida L.—Abundant on nettles and in hedge-rows with
its vars. /zspidosa, subrufa and subglobosa. A curiously
scalariform specimen was taken near Ireby.

H. granulata Alder.—On nettles at Piel Wyke, Bassenthwaite,
Ambleside and Keswick. Not at all common.

H. fusca Mont. — This handsome snail is very abundant
throughout wherever sedgy banks border the swiftly running
“becks.” During the summer dead shells only can be
found ; about the beginning of September the young snails
put in an appearance, and in about six weeks more and up
to April the adult shell may be found in plenty. The
favourite food seems to be the wild carrot.

H.fusca Mont. var. vitrea nov.—Shell pale glassy green, animal
milky white with the exception of the bands leading from
the tentacles. This, which may be called the albino form
of AH. fusca; occurs not uncommonly in the Park Woods,
Bassenthwaite, with the type. When containing the living
animal, the shell has a curious chalky appearance.

158 FARRER: MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT.

H. itala L.—This is another of the species introduced by my-
self last summer, and now increasing in numbers.

H. caperata Mont.—Commonly distributed throughout the
district, and forming many vars., the most beautiful—
var. fu/va—being often almost black. I have a scalari-
form example from near Bassenthwaite Hause.

H. virgata Da Costa.—This species I mention only from the
fact that a large number introduced by the writer in August
of last year quickly became the prey of birds, and I still
find many dead and broken shells about the hedgerows,
but I do not think there can be many left alive.

Buliminus obscurus (Mill. ).—Not common, excepting where
the lime crops up, although I have taken a fair number at
Keswick and Bassenthwaite at the roots of furze bushes
after a rain; also at Piel Wyke, Grasmere and Ambleside.

Pupa anglica (Fér.).—In woods throughout and amongst
moss on the banks of the mountain streams. In the latter
locality the shells are very black and solid.

P. cylindracea (Da Costa). —Very common on walls and
under stones. A few on the Parsley fern on Skiddaw
summit. One specimen taken with a trifid tooth. The
var. albina is very common on the white-washed portion of
a wall at Keswick, the type only on the portion not white-
washed, which fact is a very strange one indeed. Vars.
curta and edentula also occur with the type.

Fairly plentiful at Keswick and

Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.).
near Lodore. A few on dead reeds at Little Tarn, Bassenth-
waite, and half-a-dozen specimens at Ambleside

V. moulinsiana (Dup.).—I have only taken four specimens
of this species at Friar’s Crag, Keswick, and have to thank
Mr. J. W. Taylor, of Leeds, for kindly identifying them for
me. I may say the specimens were in a living state when

taken.

J.C., viii., Jan, 1896.

FARRER: MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. 159

V. pygmeea (Drap.).—Very rare. In woods on stones and
dead leaves at Bassenthwaite and near Grasmere. Some
dead shells from ejectamenta of the River Greta at Keswick.

V. substriata (Jeff... — Common throughout the district.
One perfectly white and pellucid specimen taken alive at
Bassenthwaite.

V. edentula (Drap.).—Very abundant in the woods. Num-
bers may be taken in the autumn by the simple expedient
of spreading sycamore leaves about their habitat. I have
found as many as halt-a-dozen on a single leaf by using
this plan.

Balea perversa (L.).—On walls at Bassenthwaite, Keswick,
Grange and Ambleside, but all very small.

Clausilia perversa (Pult.).—Walls and hedges throughout,
especially where the latter are of beech.

Cl. laminata (Mont.).—Very rare. I have only taken a few
specimens in the woods near the Thornthwaite lead mines
between Piel Wyke and Braithwaite.

Azeca tridens (Pult.).—One specimen from near Bassen-
thwaite and three from Ambleside are all I have seen from
the district included in this paper, although it is common
enough at Caldbeck just outside the limits.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). — Very common all through,
with the vars. Zyalina and lubricoides.

Stenogyra Goodalli (Miill.).— Many of the glasshouses in
the district provide this species.

Succinea putris (L.).—Not at all common, but is found
throughout. A fine form which I take to be the var.
subglobosa Jeff. occurs on Bassenthwaite Lake shore, near
Scarness.

S. elegans Risso.—Common on boggy flats about the lakes.
A small var., probably ochracea, is common at Little Tarn,
and the var. Pfezfferz may be taken at Braithwaite.

Garychium minimum Mill.—Common throughout in moss,
dead leaves, and under stones.

160 FARRER: MOLLUSCA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT.

Planorbis albus (L.).—Common on lily pads, etc., in the
lakes and becks.

Pl. spirorbis Mill.—Ditches at Keswick and Bassenthwaite
and in Derwentwater, near Lodore Hotel.

Pl. vortex (L.).—Frequent throughout in the same situations
as the last species.

Pl. carinatus Miull.—I have only taken this shell at Little
Tarn, near Bassenthwaite. All the specimens are very light
coloured.

Pl. contortus (L.).—Common on lily pads and other water
plants.

Physa fontinalis (L.).—Very rare and small. I have taken
it at Little Tarn, Grasmere, Windermere, and Thirlmere.

Limneea peregra (Miill.).—Very common, and running into
many varieties. I have taken a few of the var. Lovssy¢
Dupuy. Wherever watercress abounds in the streams I
have noticed the shells to be much eroded—indeed, -
nothing but the body-whorl is left in many cases ; and thus
the shells appear at first sight to be the rare var. Burnett.

L. palustris (Miull.).—Common in all the slow-running ditches
but rather stunted in size.

L. truncatula (Miill.).—Very common, and in some localities
unusually fine.

L. glabra (Miill.).—Not common in the district. In a drain at
Bassenthwaite it occurs in quantity, and very large specimens
may be taken; monst. decol/atum is found with the type.

Ancylus fluviatilis Miill—In all the swift-running becks,
and often large in size. Vars. g7bbosa and albida also occur.
I find this species coupling in May.

Velletia lacustris (L.).—On reeds, Bassenthwaite Lake,
Little Tarn, and in a ditch near Piel Wyke. Rather rare.

Acicula lineata (Drap.).—I have found this species only in
one locality, .viz., near Bassenthwaite. It exists in vast
numbers, and when I say I have filled a two-ounce vial

J.C., viil., Jan. 1896.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 161

with shells some idea may be formed as to its abundance.
The shells are unusually fine, and the var. adda occurs with
the type.

Valvata piscinalis:(Mull.).—So far I have taken this shell
only near Bassenthwaite. The specimens are very much
depressed in form. j

V. cristata Mill.—I have only one or two specimens from
Derwentwater, but have no doubt it will turn up elsewhere
in the district, as it is common at Caldbeck.

Unio margaritifer (L.).—The Greta at Keswick, the Der-
went, and Chapel Beck, Bassenthwaite, have all provided
me with specimens of this species.

Pisidium fontinale (Drap.)—Not common. Keswick and
Bassenthwaite.

P. pusillum (Gmel.).—Very common, and in one or two
localities at Bassenthwaite the shells are very large, clean,
and shining.

In conclusion, I should like to say that the present paper
is not put forward as giving an exhaustive list of the land
and freshwater mollusca of lakeland, as no doubt more careful
attention than I have given to the subject will bring more

species to light.
-———————@+@+ .- ———_

Protective resemblance of shell of Helix cantiana Mont. to
its surroundings.—Whilst at Airmyn, on August 14th, photographing
the mouth of the River Aire, I had occasion to leave the narrow path which
runs upon the top of the high embankment to take another view through the
tall reeds and overhanging willows I then noticed on a large leaf of colts-
foot (Zussilago farfara L.) a specimen of Helix cantiana, and on stooping
down saw that there were several more on the same leaf. Further search
showed that many of the neighbouring leaves were tenanted by these
molluscs, and that there was a singular and protective resemblance between
the pale-green fading leaves of the plant, with their autumnal patches of
invading fungoid growths, and the brown blotched grey shell of HZ, caztiana.
With this knowledge, on my return to the embankment of the river, I was
able to gather specimens in places I had previously passed by without noticing
them.—HENRY CROWTHER, F.R.M.S., The Museum, Leeds. (Read
before the Conchological Society, Sep. 4th, 1595).

24/12/95. L

162 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH BAY.
ADDITIONS.

By L. Sr. GEORGE BYNE, B.Se:

(Read before the Conchological Society, July 3rd, 1895.)

In the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ vol. 6, p. 175, appeared ‘A Con-
tribution towards a List of the Marine Mollusca of Teignmouth
Bay.’ Since then several additional species have been found.

Dr. G. W. Chaster, of Southport, paid this place a visit of
about ten days’ duration in September, 1894, and many of the
additions recorded here are the result of his labours. A
dredging expedition yielded many good species, the most
important being Cerzthiops’s Barleet, live Odostomia acuta,
O. fenestrata, O. interstincta, O. pusilla, Rissoa proxima, R.
vitrea, both alive and dead, dead specimens being abundant ;
Chiton cancellatus, Pleurotoma nebula, P. brachystoma, and P.
attenuata alive. ‘Vhe taking of so many species of P/ewrotoma
in a living state was particularly pleasant.

The method employed in working the material brought up
in the dredge may prove both interesting and useful. The
depth of nine to twelve fathoms is maintained almost uniformly
throughout the bay. The bottom is almost entirely composed
of fine muddy silt, greasy to the touch, and thickly interspersed
with Zurritella communis, which is sometimes taken alive, but
mostly in a dead condition, P#iline aperta, starfish, and
Alcyonaria. It was found best, after dismissing other plans, to
work up a large amount of the mud with sea-water in a bucket,
stirring the whole thoroughly. The water holding the mud in
suspension after the shells and larger particles had had time to
subside, was poured off. The mass remaining at the bottom of
the bucket was then put through sieves, the finest being of
miller’s bolting cloth. By this means large quantities of mud
can be worked without loss even of the minutest species.

J.C., viil., Jan., 1896.

BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH BAY. 163

A word as to the Zurritelle. They are usually fine shells,
weathered on the surface even when alive, but in one part of
the bay, off Labrador Tea Gardens, a much more highly coloured
and fresher looking form was brought up. This latter is the
young of the first year’s growth, the shell being completed in
another year by the addition of two more whorls. It will be
noticed that all mature examples are more or less scalariform,
and that the fresh appearance of these whorls contrasts strongly
with that of the rest of the shell.

The late Mr. Clark, who worked Exmouth so thoroughly
many years ago, enumerates in his valuable treatise several
species such as Aclis Gulsone, Lepton Clarkia, Philine pruinosa,
Odostomia obliqua, Galeomma Turtoni, etc., which I have been
unsuccessful in rediscovering. This may perhaps be accounted
for by the fact that I have never dredged on the hard ground
which stretches past Dawlish to Exmouth. All my excursions
have been carried out off Labrador Gardens and Watcombe,
upon a muddy bottom.

I desire to offer my best thanks to Dr. G. W. Chaster for
much of the information given in these pages, and especially
that concerning Cerithiopsis Barleei.

Nucula nitida var. radiata Marsh. A few living examples
from the dredged material.

Montacuta bidentata Mont. Living examples and valves
dredged.

M. ferruginosa Mont. Valves dredged.

Kellia suborbicularis var. lactea Brod. Several from
amongst type specimens from Pholas burrowings, Exmouth.

Cardium norvegicum var. gibba Jeff. Fine specimens.

Oyster dredged with the type.

Cyprina islandica var. crassa Jeff. Oyster dredged with
type. :
Venus gallina var. laminosa Mont.—Two specimens.

Valves are very plentiful in the mud brought up by the

dredge. ,

104 BYNE : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH BAY.

Tapes decussatus var. quadrangula Jeff.—-Found living
in the mud flats behind the sand hills on the Dawlish
Warren.

Lutraria oblonga Chem.— A valve cast up on, the Warren.

Scrobicularia nitida Miull.—Many dredged alive, about
eighty per cent. being broken. This is a small and
excessively fragile form of this delicate species.

S. alba Wood.—Many dredged alive, but much _ smaller
than examples from other places.

Solecurtus antiquatus Pult.—A fine dead example in
good condition found under a stone in the crevices
of ae rock ledge:

Pandora inzquivalvis var. obtusa Jeff.—A living speci-
men dredged.

Thracia distorta Mont.—A good living example taken
in an oyster dredge.

Mya truncata L.—A living example trawled ; also a living
specimen cast up on the beach. Both belonged to a
thin form.

Pholas candida var. subovata Jeff—Occurred amongst
type examples obtained at Exmouth in 1888.

Teredo megotara Han.—Two or three in a piece of
timber cast up on the Warren.

Chiton cancellatus G. B. Sow.

Patella vulgata var. picta Jeff.—Fairly plentiful on stone
work, This form is easily detected amongst the type

A living specimen dredged.

as the red rays shew very prominently through the
shell.

P. vulgata var. intermedia Knapp.—Common on rocks
at highwater mark throughout the Bay. ‘The shells
presented a large variety of internal markings, the colour
being often very beautiful, quite equalling that of Channel
Island examples. It has been found that these internal
colourings sometimes fade on keeping, but this may be

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH BAY. 165

obviated by a¢ once cleaning out the animal of one shell

with the thumb-nail before proceeding to remove another

from the rock, instead of submitting them to a process of
boiling at home.

The colours may be still further heightened by rubbing the
inside of the shell with a trace of Vaseline, all excess of grease
being carefully removed by thorough cleaning with rag.

P. vulgata var. athletica Bean.—Plentiful in rock pools.
They only inhabit those which are always left full of water
after the tide has gone down. ‘They are invariably covered
with long tufts of seaweeds.

P. vulgata var. coerulea L.—A few with the type.

Fissurella graeca L.—Living examples trawled. This species
was accidentally omitted from the former List.

Trochus magus var. conica Marsh.—One or two with the
type.

Phasianella pullus var. oblonga Jeff—About fifty living
examples were taken on one occasion on weeds.

Littorina rudis var. jugosa Mont.—Common on stonework
and buttresses. The higher parts were inhabited by great
quantities of giant Zz¢forina nerttoides, which did not seem
to associate with var. /ugosa.

Rissoa semistriata var. pura Jeff.—Several alive from
under stones occurring with the type.

R. cingillus var. graphica Turt.—About eighty per cent. of
the Teignmouth 2. cngr//us belong to this variety.

Turritella communis Risso. var. soluta B.,D. & D.—This
is the form referred to in the preface. It is described and
excellently figured in ‘I.es mollusques marins du Rousillon’
fév. 1884, p. 226, figs. 9, 70. The authors state ‘Elle se
distingue par les derniers tours tres convexes, comme
détachés par une suture tres profonde. La conséquence
de cette déformation est que ouverture est presque ronde
et que la coquille parait ombiliquée.’ They also give

166 BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH BAY.

decisive reasons for the change in nomenclature from
Turritella terebra \..,to Turritella communis Risso. -
Scalaria clathratula Ad.—A fairly good example from
. dredged material.
Odostomia rissoides var. exilis Jeff—With the type from
under musse:s.
O. conoidea Broc.—A fine dead example dredged.
O. conspicua Ald. —A young living example detected amongst
Odostomia acuta var. umbilicata.
O. interstincta var. suturalis Phil.—Several dredged alive.
All the Teignmouth specimens should be referred to this
variety rather than to the type.
scalaris Phil.—A few dead specimens in dredged sand.

pusilla var. minuscula Marsh.—This variety only occurs.

9900

nitidissima Mont.—A single specimen from drift.

mM

ulima subulata Don.—One adult and two immature living
examples from dredged ‘material. A living specimen
trawled.

Cerithiopsis Barleei Jeff.—A fine living example was

dredged in Sept. 1894.

The shell has been carefully compared with one of the
original specimens in Mr. Jordan’s collection, and its identity
has been confirmed by our British authority upon the group, the
Rev. R. Boog Watson, whose valuable paper ‘The Cerithiop-
sides from the Eastern side of the North Atlantic.’ ‘Journ.
Linn. Soc.’, vol. 19, should be consulted by all who wish to
understand our species of this rather difficult genus. Jeffreys’
description is decidedly misleading. He describes the sculpture
as resembling that of C. fubercularis but without any basal
keel. In the last named species he remarks the presence of two
basal keels, one below the periphery, and one round the canal.
It is the latter which is wanting in Cerzthiopsis Barleet. Perhaps
it may not be altogether out of place here to note that the
colouration is peculiar, sometimes cream or almost white but

J.C., viii., Jan., 1896,

BYNE: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TEIGNMOUTH BAY. 167

generally there is a band of brown round the upper part or

middle of each whorl.

The occurrence of this species in shallow water (10 fms.)
does not seem to have been previously noted.

Since the above specimen was dredged, three more living
examples have been found amongst some Cerithiopsis tuber-
cularis taken from under stones in 1888. It cannot be called
a rare species. It would be found plentifully in other places
if careful search were made for it. Ihave a large quantity of
good dead examples from Scilly dredgings.

Nassa pygmea Lmk. Living and dead specimens plentiful
in dredged material.

Pleurotoma nebula var. abbreviata Jeff. Occurs alive
with the type.

Philine catena Mont. One from drift.

P. nitida Jeff. <A few in dredgings.

Fiona nobilis A. & H. Two of these beautiful creatures
trawled.

Tritonia plebeia Johnst. One found crawling over a stone.

Goniodoris nodosa Mont. Two examples dredged, attached
to Zurritella communts.

Doris bilamellata L. Plentiful under stones. It is no easy
matter to discriminate between the animal and the rock,
so closely do the two resemble one another. ‘This has
been previously noted by several observers in regard to
many species of Nudibranchs.

Sepia officinalis L. The hard parts are frequently cast up
on the beach. During August, 1895, large quantities of
these were found along the shore, entangled in thick beds
of sea-weed.

———-$-e@04—_ —_

Helix lapicida var. albina in Kent.—-My friend, Mr. H. Westley,
while collecting with me at Ewell near Dover, on August 3rd, was fortunate
. enough to secure a fine specimen of this rare torm.—LIONEL E. ADAMS,
Northampton, August 5th, 1895. (Read before the Conchological Society,
August 7th, 1895).

168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.
239th MEETING, JULY 3rd, 1895.
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. William Moss in the chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :
Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 295; Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1894, part 3.

New Members elected:

Mr. George Albert Booth, F.L.S., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands.

Mr. Fred. Wm. Gamble, M.Sc. (Vict.), Airdrie House, Victoria Park,
Manchester.

Rev. Adam Hann, Wesleyan Manse, Whitchurch, Salop.

Mr. John Ray Hardy, The Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

Prof. W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.R.S., University College, Liverpool.

Prof, Sydney J. Hickson, DiSe., MOA.) FR.S:, ihe Owens College
Manchester.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :

Mrs. G. Linnzeus Banks, Messrs. George William Chaster, M.R.C.S.,
A. Loydell, C. H. Schill, John Hardy, Perey W. Abbott, Fred. Taylor,
George Shepherd Viney, T. H. Nillingbeck, R. Wigglesworth, Thomas
Sparkes, James L. Corker, Frank Collier, John Rowland Ragdale, and
Robert Sykes.

Papers Read:

Mr. L. St. George Byne, ‘‘The Marine Mollusca of Teignmouth Bay,
Additions.”

Mr. Charles Oldham, ‘* L2max ccnereo-nteer in Cheshire,” and ‘‘Aex7o-
imax agrestis var. albtda Picard in Cheshire.”

Mr. RK. Bullen Newton, ‘‘On the Occurrence of Alectryonta ungulata
in South-east Africa, with a notice of previous Researches in the Cretace-
ous Conchology of Southern Africa.”

Captain W. J. Farrer, ‘‘ Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of the English Lake District.”

Exhibits :

Mr. Charles Oldham exhibited living specimens of the rare slug Zzmax
cinereo-niger Var. fuctiuosa Mm illustration of his paper ; L2zmax maxtmus var.
cellaria and var. fasctata, and Agriolimax agrestis var. albtda, all from
Romiley, Cheshire. He also exhibited a large number of Sjherzum and
Pistdium, from Ohio, U.S.A., including a new Pes7dzam not yet described,

and also for comparison Pesedéum fontinale var. Henslowana from various
British localities,

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896,

Mr.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 169

R. Standen exhibited some very fine mahogany-coloured specimens

of Dentalinm tarentiénum dredged in Bantry Bay; Letéorina rudis var.
jugosa remarkable for vivid colouring, from Tenby ; and very large spect-
mens of Ovuwla patula from the Bristol Channel, shown on behalf of Mr.
Bartlett Span. Also, on behalf of Mr. R. Wigglesworth, a set of very fine
Limnea auricularta from a pond at Clayton-le-Moors. Mr. L. St. George
Byne sent for exhibit some remarkable forms of 7vrrcte//a terebra, and a
pretty variety of Patella vuldgata from Teignmouth.

240th MEETING, AUGUST 7th, 1895.

Held at the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr.

W. E. Hoyle in the chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

The Naturalists’ Journal, vol. 4, No. 37.

Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 296-7.

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 4, No. 2.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, vol. 2, part 1.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1895,

part T.

**The Origin of the Cephalopods and sexual characters in (Vazdtz/us.”
Extracts from Natural Science, Aug., 1895.

From Mr. Kenneth McKean, ‘‘ Monograph of the British Species of
Cyclas and Pisidium,” by Rey. L. Jenyns.

New Members elected:

Mrs. G. Linnzeus Banks, 34, Fassett Square, Dalston, London.

Mi.
Mr.
Mr.
. John Hardy, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum- Hardy.

r. Perey W. Abbott, 44, Brazennose Street, Manchester.

. Fred Taylor, 34, Brackley Street, Oldham.

. Geo. Shepherd Viney, 197, Moss Lane East, Moss Side, Manchester.
rp. T. H. Killingbeck, Didsbury near Manchester.

. Robert Wigglesworth, 13, Arthur Street, Clayton-le-Moors, Lancs.
. Thomas Sparkes, 92, Heywood Street, Moss Side, Manchester.

. James 5. Corker, 93, Halston Street, Hulme, Manchester.

. Frank Collier, 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Manchester.
Mr.
Mr.

George William Chaster, M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport.
A. Loydell, 19, Chassan Road, Acton, W.
C. H. Schill, Broom House, Didsbury near Manchester.

John Rowland Ragdale, The Birches, Whitefield near Manchester.
Robert Sykes, Dardsley, Lostock Hall, near Preston.

Candidates Proposed for Membership:

Mrs. Helen Macleod Powell, Mr. E. W. Swanton, and Mr. Robert T.

Wild.

Mir,
Mr.

Papers Read:
G. W. Chaster, ‘On the Variation of S¢z/¢éfer Turton? Brod.”

L. E. Adams, B.A., “‘Helix lapicida var. albtna in Kent” and

“Tittorina rudis var. tenebrosa,”

179° PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Exhibits :

Mr. E. J. Elliott, of Stroud, sent alive some very fine specimens of 47207
mintmus from Woodley near Romiley, Cheshire; also 4. ater, yellowish-
brown form, from Woodley ; and Lzwzea truncatula, large, with expanded
mouths, some with reflected lips, from Romiley.

Mr. W. Moss, a beautiful albino var. of Helx perplexa from Grenada,
Cyclosurus Marte? from Mayotte, Heléx trist7s from Corsica, Heliczna occt-
dentalis from Grenada, and for comparison Bulimus glaber from Grenada,
and its var. az72s-scewre from Trinidad, and a small form from Oropondra,
Trinidad, differing from var. azr7s-scéur? and according to Mr. Ponsonby’s
recollection from the Venezuelan form var. exryomphalus.

Mr. E. C. Stump exhibited a number of shells he had received from
Australia, including Helix Rainbird? and H. Yulec from Queensland, Z.
eratiosa var. from Whitsunday Island, //. dawncestonens?s from Tasmania,
Bulimus porphyrostomus from New Caledonia, 4. écvarzcosus from Lord
Howe Island, Buliminus Dufresnec from Tasmania, and Physa eburnea and
Ancylus Irvine from Tasmania,

241st MEETING, WEDNESDAY, SEPT. 4th, 1895.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, President, in the chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 4, Nos. 4-8, 1895.

Annals. of Scottish Natural History, 1894, No. 13.

Transactions of the Manchester Microscopical Society for 1894.

Report of the Manchester Museum, 1895.

Report of the Australian Museum, 1894-5.

Dr. R. Bergh, Breitrage zur Kenntniss der Strombiden, besonders der
Gattung Terebellum Klein, 1894.

Donation to Collection announced and thanks voted :
From Mrs. J. Fitzgerald, of Folkestone, seventeen species of marine
shells from Viareggio, Italy.
New Members elected:

Mr. E. W. Swanton, Bratton St. Maur, Wincanton, Somerset.
Mrs. A. Powell, Nant-y-velin, Criccieth, North Wales.
Mr. Robert John Welch, 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Mr. John Simeon Edwards, Mr. Edward J. Bles, B.Sc., Rev. H. A.

Hudson.
Papers Read :

Mr. R. Wigglesworth, ‘‘Notes on Lemuea auricularia.”
Mr. H. Crowther, ‘‘ Protective Resemblance of Shell of Helix cantzana
Mont, to its Surroundings,” and ‘‘ Mucous Tracks of Lemna stagnalis.”

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. yj

Exhibits :

Mr. L. E. Adams exhibited a large series of shells he had recently col-
lected in Kent, including Helix hortensts var. fuscolabéata, HI. pomatia, FH.
aspersa, and var. exalbida, H. arbustorum and vars. marmorata and canigon-
ensts. Also a scalariform specimen of . /apzc¢da, and one of the var. a/bzna.
He also showed living specimens of H. ¢errestr7s, and stated that the species
seemed to be firmly established and was extending in the neighbourhood
where it was first discovered.

Mr. Thomas Rogers exhibited Physa acuta from the water-tanks in the
hot-houses at Chelsea Gardens, and a Physa very like heterostropha from the
Victoria regia House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Regents Park.

Mr. R. Wigglesworth exhibited a further set of Lzmunea auricularia
from Clayton-le-Moors in illustration of his paper.

Mr. R. Cairns showed a very fine series of Acme Lveata from Whitestrand
Bay, near Peel, and one specimen from Glen May, both in the Isle of Man.

Mr. T. Sparkes, Purpira lapellus from Coldwell Bay, Isle of Wight.

Mr. R. Standen, Helix fusca from Bassenthwaite, collected by Captain
Farrer.

Mr. Alfred Sich, of Chiswick, reported the occurrence of a specimen of
Hlelix rotundata i. sinistrorsum in a garden there.

242nd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2nd, 1895.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, President, in the chair.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

Annals of Scottish Natural History, 1895, Nos. 14-15.

The Naturalist, Nos. 242 and 243, 1895.

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 4, No. 9, 1895.

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 19, part 1,
July, 1895.

Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia,
vol. 3, part 3, March, 1895.

Donations to Collection announced and thanks voted :

From Mr. J. E. Cooper, of Highgate, N., a collection of shells made at
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, in illustration of his paper, including Vertzgo angustior,
Cectliordes acicula, Modiolarta discors, Littorina rudis var. tenebrosa, and
Buccinum undatum var. pauperata.

New Members elected :

Mr. John Simeon Edwards, Chadwick Lodge, Crown Point Rd., Leeds.

Mr. Edward J. Bles, B.Sc., Moor End, Kersal, Manchester.

Rev. H. A. Hudson, 1, Johnson Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Candidates Proposed for Membership:

Messrs. Ernest William Wake Bowell, Herbert Taylor Wake Bowell,
Achille Chopin, and Isaac C. Thompson, F.L.S,

172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Papers read:
Mr. J. E. Cooper, ‘‘Some Mollusca from Aldeburgh, Suffolk.
Mr. L. E. Adams, ‘‘ Interesting Kentish Shells,” and ‘‘Physa acuta at

Ostend.”
Mr. L. St. G. Byne, ‘‘ Cardium aciuleatum in Teignmouth Bay.”

Exhibits :

Mr. J. E. Cooper sent for exhibit fifty-eight species of shells collected
at Aldeburgh.

Mr. L. St. G. Byne exhibited some very large Cardéum acwleatum
dredged in Teignmouth Bay ; also Saxzcava rugosa and Defrancia gracils
from Exmouth.

Mr. C. Oldham exhibited Azeca trzdens from Romiley, Cheshire, Helzx
hortens?s and var. /utea from Whaley Bridge, Cheshire, HZ. arbustorwm from
Romiley, and its var. conozdea from Whaley Bridge.

Mr. C. Taylor exhibited Gz/¢mes obscurus var. alba from Plumstead,
Kent, and Helv hortenszs (00300) from Swanleigh, Kent.

243rd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 6th, 1895.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair,

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 4, Nos. 10, 11, 1895.

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 4, No. 3, Sept., 1895.

Annals of Scottish Natural History, No. 16, Oct., 1895.

The Naturalist, No. 244, Noy., 1895.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 298-301, 1895.

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 42, No. 3.

Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. 6, No. 18 ;
vol. 7, Nos. 1-3.

W. H. Dall, Report on Mollusca and Brachiopoda dredged in deep
water near the Hawaiian Islands, with Illustrations of hitherto unfigured
species from N.W. America. No. 34. Washington, 1895.

New Members elected :

Mr. Ernest William Wake Bowell, Huntshaw, Bampton, North Devon.

Mr. Herbert Taylor Wake Bowell, Sissinghurst Vicarage, Cranbrook,
Kent.

Mr. Achille Chopin, 120, Sandy Lane, Chorlton-cum-Hardy.

Mr. Isaac C. Thompson, F.L.S., Woodstock, Waverley Rd., Liverpool.

Candidates Proposed for Membership:

Mr. John Chadwick, Mr. Thomas Edwards, Mr. Robert Albert Phillips,
and Dr. E. J. Sidebotham.

Papers Read:

Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, ‘‘On the Banding of He/ix nemoralis L. and
1. hortens?s Miiller,”

J.C., viii., Jan. 18060

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 173

Mr. Alfred Hartley, ‘‘ e/?x nemorals and /. virgata without Food for
Fourteen Months !”

Messrs. Edward Collier and Robert Standen, ‘‘ Further Conchological
Notes from the West of Ireland.”

Mr. Charles Oldham, ‘‘ On the Habits of Vertego edentuda.”

Exhibits :

Mr. L. E. Adams exhibited a series of He/zx pomatia showing line of
nacre found inside the winter epiphragm, also one with abnormally thickened
lip, and another with abnormal thick growth and detached pearl.

Mr. A. Hartley sent for exhibit two specimens of //e/7x hortenszs var.
roseozonata from Aberford, Yorkshire, also a living specimen of HZ. hortenszs
which had formed an extension of the mouth after completion of the lip,
this extension having neither colour or epidermis.

Mr. C. Taylor exhibited a peculiar form of Lemnea stagnalis from
brackish water near Cleethorpes.

Mr. Charles Oldham showed Vertigo edentula from Compstall, Cheshire,
and a large series of Pzszdza from various localities.

Mr. Edward Collier exhibited a large series of Helix nemoralis and ZH.
aspersa from the West of Ireland, including 4. nemoralis vary. “bellula,
rubella, castanea, petiveria, albescens, hyalozonata, albina, punctella, bimar-
ginata, albolabiata, roseolabiata, luteolabiata, tenuis, coalita, major, and m.
Sinistrorsum, and two specimens distinctly umbilicated. He also showed a
large series of the heavy semi-fossil HZ. emoralis from Dogs Bay, and sections
of the same to show the extreme thickness and solidity of the shell; He/ix
aspersa from Ballyvaughan, and the type and var. exal/dida from the Aran
Islands.

Mr. R. Standen exhibited from Dogs Bay, Defrancia purpurea and D.
lincaris, Pleurotoma cestata, P. levigata, P. nebula, and P. turricula, Cert-
thium reticulatum, Certthiopsis tubercularis, Cylichna cylindracea, etc.
Also specimens of Letéorina littorea and Purpura lapillus (broken) from
the ‘* Kitchen Midden.”

244th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 4th, 1895.
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, President, in the chair.
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 302, Dec., 1895.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 4, No. 12, Dec., 1895.
The Naturalist, No. 245, Dec., 1895.
Science Gossip (new series), vol. 1 and vol. 2, March to Oct., 1895.
Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 2, No. 6.
Donation to Collection announced and thanks voted:
From Mr. Charles Oldham, shells collected by him in Anglesea and
exhibited in illustration of his paper.
New Members elected :
Mr. John Chadwick, 6, Stanley Grove, Sale, Cheshire.
Mr. Thomas Edwards, Waterloo House, Coventry Street, Leicester.

174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Robert Albert Phillips, Ashburton, Cork.
Dr. E. J. Sidebotham, Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :

Mr. George Fox Tregelles and Mr. Harry Overton.

Papers Read:

Mr. Edgar A. Smith, ‘‘A List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of Trinidad.”

Mr. Geo. F. Tregelles, ‘‘ The Marine Mollusca of Cornwall.”

Mr. Charles Oldham, ‘‘ Notes on some Anglesea Land and Freshwater
Mollusca.”

Exhibits :

Mr. J. C. Melvill, some Helices from Ferguson Island, viz., Helix
Rollestana Smith, A. Tayloriana var. major Sow., A. Rehsez Smith, and
H. minnegerodei Strubell; also Rhytida Hercules Hedley from Queensland,
FZ, loursiadensis Forbes from the Louisiade Archipelago.

Mr. W. Moss exhibited Bzlémeulus binominis, and var. Lascellestana,
also a new dark-banded variety, all from Grenada; also &. (Drymeus)
Broadwayi n. sp. from Trinidad.

Mr. R. Standen exhibited a large series of shells lately presented to the
Manchester Museum, including a fine collection of Fissurellidze (about sixty
species) including the genera J@ssurella, Glyphis, /Vacroschisma, Mega-
tebennus, Lucapina, and Fissurellidea; also an extremely fine series of Carelza
from Kauai, one of the Hawaiian Islands, including Careléa bzcol/or and varr.
adusta and angiulata, C. cochlea, C. Cumingiana, C. obeliscus, C. paradoxa,
C. turricula, C. variabilis, and var. olivacea ; also a specimen of Achatinella
(Amastra) reticulata showing young 72 sit.

Mr. Charles Oldham exhibited the series of shells from Anglesea in
illustration of his paper.

LEEDS BRANCH.

INAUGURAL MEETING.
At a meeting of the Leeds members of the Conchological Society, held
September 12th, it was resolved :—
1.—That a Branch be formed of the local members of the Conchological
Society, in connection with the parent society, whose head-quarters are
now at Manchester.
2.—That the Branch be called the ‘‘ Leeds Conchological Society,” and
have for its object the encouragement of Conchological Science.
—That the meetings be held monthly at the houses of such members as
are willing, by the reading of papers, demonstrations affecting the
bionomics of molluscs, exhibitions of specimens, or in any other way to

G2

encourage original conchological research.

4.—That the subscription be a levy made from time to time to cover such
small incidental expenses as may be incurred in the working of the
Society.

J.C., viii., Jan. 1896.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 175

Mr. William Nelson was elected President for the coming year, and Mr.
Henry Crowther Hon. Secretary.

Meeting held by the invitation of the President at Crossgates, Oct. roth.

A paper, illustrated by diagrams and specimens, was read by Mr. Nelson,
on ‘The Wandering Mud-Snail Limnea peregra.”

Mr. Nelson showed his large collection of tracings of British and foreign
Lininaeine.

On behalf of Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, were shown specimens of ©
a new species of P/anorbis allied to our P. albus, from the District of Columbia.

The Rey. Ashington Bullen sent a living specimen of Helix memoralis
on which was developed an additional anterior tentacle. It was noticed that
this third tentacle, which was between the ordinary anterior pair and dis-
tinctly free and nearer the right than the left lateral one, was extended or
withdrawn along with the others.

Mr. Alfred Sich exhibited a living reversed specimen of Helzx rotundata,
from his garden at Chiswick. This specimen and another are the only recent
reversed forms of this species known.

Mr. J. T. Carrington sent living specimens of Avion ader var. alba from
Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire.

Mr. J. W. Taylor read a communication from Mr. A. G. Stubbs, of
Gloucester, illustrated by a diagram and specimens. When gathering shells
along Penally Road, Tenby, Mr. Stubbs noticed that in the crevices of a
wall above which the hedge had been cleared and grass grew, all the speci-
mens of Helix aspersa were deformed, whilst in the walls over which the
hedges grew on each side of this particular portion, the shells were normal in
growth and form.

Mr. R. Wigglesworth, of Accrington, sent a fine series of Lzmnea
aurviculayia, and a communication respecting their peculiar development and
growth in a pond at Clayton-le-Moors. Mr. Wigglesworth found that many
of the shells when young—January to March—presented labial reflections,
which from April to August disappeared before the normal curvature of the
shell, but that on nearing maturity many of the species again reflected the
shell-lip, resuming in this way the labial form of their younger stage—the
adult reflected lip being adorned with a nacreous deposit.

For Mr. Lionel E. Adams were exhibited specimens of Helix nemoralis
with a divided third band, and a translucent example of Helix hortensis.

Mr. Charles Oldham sent spirit specimens of Myalinza cellaria from
Romiley, Cheshire, infested with long parasitic worms.

It was resolved to accept the invitation of Mr. J. Whitwham, of
Huddersfield, to hold the next meeting at his house, and inspect his col-
lection of Unionidee. ;

176 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

On the Variation of Stilifer Turtoni Brod.—Through the kind-
ness of three correspondents in Scotland, I have had an opportunity of
examining a large series, numbering about two hundred specimens, of this
species obtained off the counties of Forfar, Kincardine, and Aberdeen. The
range of variation exhibited is surprising. The following forms may be
worthy of special mention :—-VAR. EX FORMA. SS. Zurtoni Brod. var.
oblonga nov. (fig. 1). Shell much elongated ; the ultimate and penultimate
whorls nearly equal in breadth; the suture nearly straight between the
earlier turns, becoming more and more oblique below. H.3°6 mm.; b.
2 mm. Three specimens. VAR. EX. COLORE. S. Zzrtonz Brod. var.
Jactea nov. Shell entirely opaline milk-white, except the apex which retains
its usual brown tint. This variety is connected with the type by all inter-
mediate gradations of hue and transparency, but characteristic specimens are
rare. In addition to the above, a single specimen of an individual abnor-

Big: Fig. 2. Fig. 26.

mality occurred, so remarkable as to merit description (figs. 2a, 26). The
apex, instead of being erect and prominent, is altogether invisible in side view.
When, however, the shell is looked at from above, it is seen to be lying flat
and to be surrounded by the next whorl.. The arrangement indeed corresponds
to that occurring normally in /axthina. This group of departures from the
typical form of a species is perhaps best designated as I have done, “ indi-
vidual abnormality,” in contradistinction to ‘‘monstrosity,” a term very
loosely applied by conchologists to such forms as that described, to the
effects of external agencies (decollation, erosion, etc.), as well as to mon-
strosities proper, in which the peculiar characters commence im embryonic
life (sinistrorsion and true albinism, z.e., of the animal as well as of the
shell) —GEORGE W. CHASTER. (Read before the Conchologecal Society,
August 7th, 1895).
pie nee ae ee

Physa acuta at Ostend.—Last August, I came across a pond
full of this species close to Ostend. The shells were, I think, rather thicker
than those bred in England, as I scraped the encrusting matter off with the
large blade of my knife without causing any injury. I could find nothing
else in the pond but a solitary Lzmnea peregra.—LIONEL E. ADAMS,
Northampton. (Read before the Conchological Society, Oct. 2nd, 1895).

J.C., viil., Jan. 1896.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. i

FURTHER CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE
WEST OF IRELAND.

By EDWARD COLLIER anp ROBERT STANDEN.

(Read before the Conchological Society, November 6th, 1895).

In July last we received an invitation to join the Irish Field,
Clubs’ Union in their joint excursion to Galway and neighbour
hood, which we gladly accepted, since it not only enabled us to
revisit the district treated of by one of us in the April number
of the ‘Journal of Conchology” for 1895 (pp. 42-46), but likewise
afforded an exceptional opportunity for exploring a wider area ot
one of the richest and most varied fields in all Ireland for
scientific work. The programme was extensive, comprising the
inspection of Galway itself, and a trip to Gentian Hill, in the
outskirts of the town; day trips to the I'welve Bens of Conne-
mara ; to Ballyvaughan, and the Burren district of Co. Clare ;
to the Aran Islands ; and to Oughterard, Carn Sefin, and Lough
Corrib. ;

The conchologists in the party were but few, comprising
only ourselves, Mr. R. Welch, of Belfast, and Mr. A. R. Nichols,
and Miss Kelsall, of Dublin.

We do not propose to give a detailed list of all the species
of mollusca collected, this having been already done in the
September number of the “ Irish Naturalist,” but to notice some
of our more important finds, together with such observations
thereon as may be of general interest. Altogether we obtained
44 terrestrial, 27 fluviatile, and 112 marine species—the latter
being the result of shore collecting, to which, as we had no
dredging appliances, our researches were entirely confined.

From Galway to the northward extends a chain of lakes,
and these, roughly speaking, form the boundary between the
flat limestone country of the central plain and the high ground,

22/2/96. M

178 COLLIER AND STANDEN :

composed of the more ancient rocks, of Connemara and West
Mayo. Eastward of Galway is the low limestone country ; and
across the bay to the southward rise the terraced limestone hills
of the Burren district of Co. Clare, whilst across the mouth of
the bay, and midway between the coasts of Clare and Conne-
mara lie the Aran Islands. The geological features of the
district are exceedingly diversified, and proved to be of a some-
what unpromising character conchologically, whenever we got
off the limestone.

Immediately after arriving at Galway the whole party drove
through the suburb of Salthill to Gentian Hill, a promontory of
drift standing out into the sea, whence a capital idea of the
geographical features of the district may be obtained. Here we
found a few land shells, including Vztr7na pellucida, of which, as
usual at this time of the year there were only dead specimens ; a
small compact form of Ayalinia crystallina ; and one specimen
(found by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane) of Zyalinia excavata. Arion ater
and its var. d7uwnnea were abundant, together with Lzmax mar-
ginatus. .The rain coming on in the afternoon brought out
Flelix nemoralis in quantity, of ordinary form, but amongst them
were four examples of var. voseozonata and a few of varr. albo-
labiata, rubella, and castanea. The H. nemoralts found here are
not at all comparable for size and variety with those found at
Ballyvaughan, directly across the bay. Alexia denticulata was
very common on the shore, and of large size. The marine
species observed were the usual common littoral forms.

On the 12th we proceeded by the recently opened’ light
railway to the Twelve Bens of Connemara, passing through some
most charming scenery. The original intention was for the
party to stop at Ballynahinch, but the station being unfinished,
we had to alight at Recess. This caused a deviation
from our plans, as we had intended to search the shores of
Ballynahinch Lake for Vertigo Moulinsiana, this being one of
the recorded localities for that rare shell, Not caring to climb
Ben Lettery with the bulk of the party, a few of us decided, as

J.C., viii., April 1896,

NOTES FROM THE WEST OF IRELAND. 179

we were so near Dogs Bay, to drive by car to Roundstone (11
miles), and spend a few hours there, and so full of interest did
we find it, that we resolved to return on the breaking up of the
party. As we drove along the banks of the River Blackadder,
at Ballynahinch, we obtained several specimens of Vertigo antz-
vertigo from the inside of dead stems of gwzse¢wm in rejectamenta
of the river.

On Saturday, the 13th, we all went by s.s. “Duras” to
Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare. Here, although we found most ot
the species collected last year and already recorded, no additional
species were obtained. We searched carefully in the old walls
near Gleninagh Castle, where the fine example of reversed 7.
nemoralis was taken last year, but failed to find another. We,
however, obtained the usual proportion of the beautiful var.
albolabiata. On the shore at Gleninagh Mr. Nichols took
Modiolaria marmorata, Cardium norvegicum, Venus casina,

Chiton marginatus, and a few commoner marine species.

The following day we drove, in company with a few friends,
to the ruins of Claregalway Abbey and to Annaghdown, on
Lough Corrib, where many important finds were made. The
piles of old coffin boards inside the abbey ruins proved a good
hunting ground, and under these we found numerous varieties of
slugs, including Avion ater var. bicolor; A. subsuscus var. auran
tiaca ; Agriolimax agrestis var. albida; and Amalia Sowerbyi.
Felix aspersa ; H. nemoralis in many pretty forms ; 7. rufescens,
HT, hispida, H., rotundata var. Turtont,and some of the common
Hyalinie were plentiful ; and on the banks of the river a small
form of Szccenea putris was abundant. At Annaghdown the
shore of Lough Corrib yielded Vertigo pygmaa, Hyalinia radia-
tula, Hy. nitida, Hy. fulva of large size; Hy. nitidula, Helix
pulchella—which here as elsewhere were all typical—and_ Cary-
chium minimum. ‘The Lough itself contained many small Zzmnca
stagnalis, L. truncatula, L. palustris, Pistdium pulchellum, and
other common species.

180 COLLIER AND STANDEN:

On Monday, the 15th, the party started promptly at 6 a.m.
on board the ‘‘ Duras,” bound for Aranmore, the largest of
the Aran Islands, the prospect of visiting which had been one of
our greatest inducements to join the trip. These islands, which
are celebrated as being the locality for the largest British
specimens of “7. zemoralis, and also as one of the localities for
Vertigo Moulinstana, are the remnant of a great sea-shelf of car-
boniferous limestone, with precipitous cliffs on the Atlantic side
200—300 feet in height, and a series of terraces sloping down to
the water on the other. They are extremely barren, and ina dry
season there is very little vegetation. The cracks in the
mountain limestone, however, are filled with beautiful ferns and
other plants, and are the favourite resort of the larger He/zces.
Towards the eastern end of the island of Aranmore is Killeany
Bay, where there is a considerable extent of sub-aerial sands,
which are the resort of many land shells, numbers of which are
buried by the shifting sands during gales of wind. At times
also on the sea-board at low water, thousands of marine shells
are blown up amongst them, We found, to our great dis-
appointment, that time would not allow of a visit to the locality
for V. Moulinsiana, which is a low swampy ground at the
extreme western end of the island, about three miles from our
landing place, Portmurvey, and our course lay in the opposite
direction. After visiting the wonderful old pre-historic fort of
Dun A‘ngus—the finest structure of its kind in Europe—we
made our way across the island towards Kilronan. The intense
heat of the day, and consequent dryness of everything, prevented
our finding much of interest in the way of shells, with the excep-
tion of Hyalinia Draparnaldi. In a low swamp near Dun
Oghill a few specimens of Péstd/um milium occurred, and this
locality was carefully searched for specimens of Vertigo, but
unsuccessfully. Well on in the afternoon, and just as we began
to despair of finding anything worth having, a welcome shower
came on, and we lost no time in making our way towards
Killeany. The heavy rain acted like magic, and we found He/rx

J.C., viii., April 1396.

NOTES FROM THE WEST OF IRELAND. 181

aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. virgata, and Hf. ericetorum swarming
out of the cracks and crawling over the scanty herbage in
countless numbers. We made the most of our opportunity, and
worked assiduously in the teeming rain, collecting a number of
fine A. nemoralis, and H. aspersa var. exalbida. The shells were
largely immature, and we were reluctantly compelled to leave
behind very many beautiful examples on this account. The /.
nemoralis did not differ very greatly from the Ballyvaughan
specimens in their principal characteristics, and this is not to be
wondered at, for the Aran Islands are of the same formation as
the Burren district of Co. Clare and at one time doubtless were
connected with it. Some particulars of the specimens taken
may be of interest. The xemoralis were not nearly so large
as specimens we had seen, taken in tormer-years by Dr. P. B.
Mason and others, and this may be accounted for by the
extreme dryness of the early part of the season, at a time when
the principal growth of the shell takes place. Many of the im-
mature shells were larger than the full-grown specimens collected,
and gave promise of a much greater development in size under
favourable conditions. Out of the 169 mature specimens of
H. nemoralis collected, no fewer than 30 were the white-mouthed
form, var. albolabiata. All of these were of the yellow ground
color of var. /ibe//ula, most of them with the bands completely
or partly coalesced —a very unusual band formula for this variety.
We have no doubt this form has been mistaken by some previous
writers, in their observations on the mollusca of the Aran
Islands, for H. hortensis, a species which, so far as our observa-
tions went, does not exist on Aranmore, and certainly all the
white-mouthed specimens obtained by us were H. xemoralis.
Of var. Ayalozonata there were four specimens; of var. voseo-
sonata two ; of var. rubella thirty—all bandless ; of var. castanea
seven, typical ; of var. coa/ita four; of var. voseolabiata five, of
various bandings ; and of var. punctata four. The remainder
were var. /ébe//ula, many wanting the two upper bands, but no
fewer than fifty were bandless. ‘Two of the specimens exhibited

182 COLLIER AND STANDEN:

an unusual character, being decidedly umbilicate. The &.
aspersa showed more variation here than in any other locality we
visited—five full-grown and several immature examples of the
var. exalbida were found, as wellas a few of var. wxzdulata. H.
rupestiis was plentiful on the walls throughout the island, and a
small dark form of A. eviceforwm was abundant. A. acuta and
HT. virgata were locally common, but exhibited little variation
worthy of note, and a few Pupa muscorum were observed. We
only searched a small portion of the shore near Kilronan, where
Rissoa parva and R. violacea occurred inabundance. Luccionum
undatum var. paupercuda was common under stones, and Chiton
marginatus was taken by Miss Kelsall. A pretty red variety of
Littorina rudis was common on the rocks at Kilronan, and a
huge fragment of wreckage full of living Zeredo norvegica was
noticed on the beach.

On Tuesday, the 16th, we went by train to Oughterard, and
thence by car along the shore of Lough Corrib—a vast lake
diversified with islands great and small. The main party pro-
ceeded to Carn Sefin, whilst we, along with Messrs. R. Welch
and F. J. Bigger—who wished, if possible, to cross to the island
of Inchangoil lying about two miles out in the lake—turned our
car into the demesne of Mr. Hy. Hodgson, J.P., of Currarevagh.
He, although we were all entire strangers to him, received us
with characteristic Irish hospitality, and generously placed at our
service a couple of good boats in which we were rowed by his
men to the lovely little island—celebrated as being the burial
place of Lugnaedon, St. Patrick’s nephew, and replete with other
historic associations. ‘The fascination of the place was in no
wise lessened by the feeling that we were probably the first con-
chologists who had ever set foot upon this secluded spot !
Amongst the hoary old monuments around the two ancient
ruined churches on the island, we found many 4. aspersa, and
small-sized WZ. nemoralis ; very pale-coloured 4. aculeata, on the
decayed stems of blackberry and briars, which grow in great
luxuriance ; and HZ. pygmea, and Ayalinia fulva amongst moss-

J.C., viii., April 1896.

NOTES FROM THE WEST OF IRELAND. 183

covered stones. Hy. cellarta, Hy. alliaria, Hy. nitidula, and
Flelix pulchelia occurred sparingly. On the shore of the island
Succinea elegans var. ochracea was plentiful. In the Lough itself
we found a peculiar dwarfed form of Zzmncea stagnalis, which
seems identical with the var. fossarina from Lough Erne ; and
L. palustris of a peculiarly obese form—which may be var. obesa
Taylor, and is certainly quite unlike any we have hitherto seen.
Under stones, in shallow water, we found numbers of small-sized
Ancylus fluviatilis, all being the somewhat scarce var. g7bdosa
Bourg. Planorbis albus, Pl. marginatus, Pl. contortus, Valvata
piscinalts and a small form of Zzmnea peregra were all plentiful.
Near Mr. Hodgson’s house we noted several specimens of
Limax marginatus, and Arion ater.

On the breaking up of the party on the 17th we had little
difficulty in persuading several friends to accompany us to
Roundstone, for Dogs Bay, and spent two days in a thorough
investigation of the place. We may here observe that Dogs
Bay is about a mile from the pretty village of Roundstone, and
lies at the base of Errisbeg. The water to the west is called
Dogs Bay—evidently a contraction of its Celtic name, Portna-
feadog, z.e., ‘“‘the port of the plover”—and that to the east
Gorteen Bay ; the two magnificent crescent-shaped strands are
separated by an intervening ridge of sandhills, which form a
narrow isthmus, connecting the mainland with an outlying
peninsula called ‘‘ Earawalla.”

Our chief object was to learn something definite about the
large semi-fossil He/¢x nemoralis, found on the isthmus between
the two bays, and to personally examine the remarkable deposit
of land shells mentioned by Mr. R. D. Darbishire in the
‘Journal of Conchology” for April, 18385 (vol. iv. p. 317).
This deposit he describes as occurring in ‘‘an old sward which
appeared as a black band about two inches deep, in the face of
a small cliff or section of the sandhills closing the bay to the east-
ward.” We could not find this ‘‘ black band,” so conclude that
the features of the isthmus must have altered very considerably

184 COLLIER AND STANDEN!

since his visit, but we discovered an equally interesting deposit,
for, in several places where the action of the wind had cut a
section through the sandhills, the old land surface was exposed
underneath the overlying blown sand, and showed as an earthy
layer about a foot deep, in which were embedded countless
numbers of land shells in perfect preservation. From this layer
we obtained the following species :—Vitrina pellucida, Hyalinia
nitidula, Fly. pura, Hy. crystallina, Helix aculeata, H. nemoralis,
HT. rufescens, Hl. concinna, H1. virgata, H1. ericetorum, H.. aspersa,
Hf. pulchella, H. pygme@ea, Pupa muscorum, Vertigo substriata,
V. angustior, Clausilia rugosa, Cochlicopa lubrica, Carychium

minimum, Acme lineata—all the above were obtained by Mr.

Darbishire, and given in his list, our additions being Hy. fudva,
fly. cellarta, Helix hispida, Hl. caperata, Hl. acuta, and V.
pygmea. We searched carefully for living examples of any of
the above, but found none on the sandhills ; we, however, found
on the outlying peninsula one example of 4. asfersa, and a few
H. acuta, Hf. ericetorum, and P. muscorum, and on the road to
Roundstone a few HA. nemoralis of ordinary character were
noticed. ‘The search was carried on under favourable conditions
—weather very wet and warm—and we could hardly have failed
to find the shells had they been present. During our short stay
our attention was confined entirely to Dogs Bay, and we had no
time to search the immediate neighbourhood of Roundstone ;
but our friend Mr. R. Welch, during a visit to the adjacent
island of Inis Macdara, obtained specimens of Ba/ea perversa,
Amalia gagates var. plumbea Moq., Pupa cylindracea var. curta,
and a small dark form of He/¢x ericetorum.

The sections in the sandhills enabled us to study the
history o1 the large and massive semi-fossil AZ. wemoralts, for
which Dogs Bay is specially noted, and which undoubtedly
belongs to a gigantic race of shells which at one time existed
here, and was apparently overwhelmed by some great sandstorm.
The shells occur in a layer composed of clean sand, foramin-
ifera, and finely comminuted shells, about three feet deep, lying

J.C., viii, April 1896.

NOTES FROM THE WEST OF IRELAND. 185

immediately below the earthy layer before-mentioned. This
earthy layer contains many AZ. zemoralis of a similar type to that
at present existing elsewhere ; the shells are thin, light in texture,
and retain much of their colouring, and obviously belong to a later
epoch than the heavy specimens in the stratum below. As the
shells from both strata weather out they are blown by the wind
into the hollows of the sandhills, where they lie by hundreds
intermingled together, but after a study of the separate strata
there is little difficulty in distinguishing individuals belonging to
the two epochs, by noting the material with which they are filled.
The older shells are not only remarkable for their weight—which
varies from 70 to 79 grains—and solidity, but also for their
dimensions, the largest measuring 28 mills. in breadth, by 18
mills. in height. The elevation of the spire varies considerably,
some being much depressed. Several umbilicated specimens
were found, and others had a thick, heavy, curiously constricted
lip, folding inwards near the suture and forming a tooth-like
protuberance; some of the heavier shells have also an ab-
normally strong callus. Traces of the original banding occur in
some few specimens, but they are mostly bleached pure white,
and as a rule are very perfect, except that now and then an
example occurs with a singular fracture, which consists in the
breaking out of a small triangular portion of the lip near the
suture. We are inclined to think that this is caused by the
action of frost in expanding the damp material with which the
shells are so tightly packed. A theory has been advanced by
some of our friends, that the abnormal thickness of the shells is
due to the gradual accretion of calcareous particles from the
material in which they are embedded, and they point to the layers
shown in a section of the shell as corroborative evidence of this.
We cannot, however, bring ourselves to admit this theory of
post-mortem thickening, for if such were the case we should
expect the layers to be equally deposited on the outer side of
the upper whorls, as well as on the inner side. But a section
shows the colouring of the band on the upper whorl quite dis-

186 COLLIER AND STANDEN:

tinetly, proving that the actual thickening has been deposited
on the inner side of the whorls during the life of the animal.
The climate of this part of Ireland is largely influenced by the
Gulf Stream, and Dogs Bay facing west, with the sheltering
mountain of Errisbeg immediately behind, is extremely mild and
damp, and thus favourable to a lengthened life-period with very
little hybernation—causes which would naturally conduce to a
greater development of shell, both before and after normal
maturity. The substance of the shells appears to have under-
gone some chemical change during their long entombment, the
usual calcareous material having been replaced by arragonite,
which causes them to appear pellucid when wet, and renders
them extremely hard.

The marine shells of Dogs Bay are remarkable alike for
abundance and variety, especially of the smaller species. The
shore is almost wholly composed of one vast mass of nearly
pure foraminifera, intermixed with small shells—principally
Rissow, Odostomia, and Pleurotomide. We brought home a
quantity of this drift, and with the kind assistance of Dr. G.
W. Chaster, have examined a small portion, obtaining from
it the greater part of the 112 species recorded during the
excursion. The following are some of the more notable
records :—Lima hians, L. subauriculata, Arca tetragona, Lepton
nitidum, L. Clarkia, L. Sykesi, Montacuta bidentata, M. ferru-
ginosa, Lasea rubra, Tellina donacina, Solen vagina, Tectura
virginea, Trochus helicinus, Rissoa fulgida, R. soluta, Skenea plan-
orbis, Homalogyra atomus, H. rota, Caecum glabrum, Scatlarta
Trevelyana, S. clathratula, Odostomia turrita, O. diaphana, O.
lactea, O. nitidtssima, Lanthina rotundata, Eulima distorta,
Lamellaria perspicua, Cerithium perversum, Trophon truncatus,
Defrancia linearis, D. purpurea, Pleurotoma costata, Cylichna
cylindracea, Philine punctata, Aplysia punctala, Spirialis retrover-
sus, and many other common species. Besides the mature shells
a vast number of embryonic specimens are present, usually in
beautiful condition. Caecum glabrum with spiral attached is

J.C., viit., April 1896.

NOTES FROM THE WEST OF IRELAND. 187

common, and many detached spirals occur. elcion pellucidum,
Patella vilgata, and Tectura virginea with embryo spiral cap are
also plentiful. The most important record from Dogs Bay is
undoubtedly that of Zepton Sykes¢ Chaster. (Original description
“Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.”, March, 1895, p. 248; further notes
by J. T. Marshall “ Journ. Malacol.”, June, 1895, p. 36). Both
record it only from Guernsey, but Dr. Chaster informs us that
he has since received it from Cornwall, and future investigations
with the dredge will probably show it to be generally distributed
around the British coasts.

Not the least interesting of our discoveries at Dogs Bay was
the finding of a series of curious “ Kitchen-middens” on the
isthmus, which it may not be out of place to mention here.
The isthmus is in most places scattered over with quantities of
marine shells, intermixed with the AZ. zemoralis and other land
shells ; but in parts there are great mounds, each composed of
one particular species, disposed in such a manner as to entirely
preclude the idea that they can have been formed by other than
human agency. Further confirmation, if needed, that these
mounds are the “kitchen-middens” of a primitive people,
was afforded by the discovery of twelve ‘“ hammer-stones,”
all showing signs of use; the upper part of a quern, and a
portion of another; numerous round charred stones—which
had possibly been used as “ pot-boilers ”’—together with many
teeth and broken bones of various animals, but no trace of
pottery was observed. ‘The principal ‘‘ middens ” were severally
composed of the shells of Patella vulgata, Littorina littorea,
and Purpura lapillus, but in some cases all three were mixed
indiscriminately, and along with them a few shells of Bucctnum
wndatum, and other marine shells occurred. ‘These mounds
which are shown on Pls. V—VII from photos taken on the spot
by Mr. R. Welch, will serve as a characteristic illustration of the
manner in which onespecies of shell only is found in one particular
““midden.” On closer examination we found signs of fire in
every direction, and especially in the Littorina-mounds, where

188 COLLIER AND STANDEN :

the shells, though perfect, had been charred, and the fragments
of quartzite mixed with them were burnt to a bright redness.
In the Purpura-mounds all the shells had been broken ina
peculiar manner, evidently whilst alive, but whether for food or
bait is hard to determine, and certainly they would furnish poor
material for either purpose. It is not unlikely that they have
been broken with the hammer-stones before-mentioned, for with
these we have obtained precisely the same results upon living
specimens of Purpura. It is a remarkable fact that every one
of the broken Purpurze we brought home-—several handfuls taken
indiscriminately— exhibit the same peculiarity of fracture. In
each case the apical whorls have been smashed, leaving the
lower whorl with mouth intact, and in some cases portions
of the second and third whorls remain along with part of the
columella. None of the species of which the mounds are com-
posed are particularly abundant upon the rocks in the immediate
vicinity at the present time ; but they may have been collected
on the neighbouring islands, and brought to this place by the
people who used them. What fuel was used is also a mystery,
and as far as can be ascertained there is no tradition relating to
any tribe who may have formed these mounds. Is it possible
that the Purpurz can have been thus broken in order to obtain
the dye from the animals? We believe that the ancient Irish
had a purple dye such as might be furnished by Purpure, and
though it may be urged that such a tiny portion of colouring
matter is afforded by each animal that it would be practically
useless, we may reply to such an objection by referring to the
testimony of Pliny (1) and others respecting the tedious process
followed by the women of Tyre in obtaining the famed Tyrian
purple dye trom the animal of AZw7vex—‘‘a tiny drop from each
living fish !” and likewise further refer to the Rev. W. Colenso’s(?)
graphic account of the equally tedious process employed by the
Maoris in obtaining their brilliant dyes—a few threads of pre-

(4) Pliny, ‘‘ Nat. Hist.,” lib. ix., C. 60.—63.
(2) Trans. N. Zealand Inst., 1881, vol. xiv., p. 57.

J.C., viii., April 1896.

NOTES FROM THE WEST OF IRELAND. 189

pared flax are dyed at a time, usually in a Haliotis-shell, taken
out and dried, then re-dipped until the proper shade of colour
sought is obtained, and this operation is patiently repeated again
and again until a sufficient quantity of threads are dyed. Dr.
Ed. Schunck (*) also gives an account of the manner in which
dyeing from shell-fish is still carried on by the natives of Central
America, the shell employed being Purpura patula

a species
closely allied to our own—and the process illustrates the patient
assiduity of the Indians, each thread being dyed separately.
The following passage in the Venerable Bede’s Ecclesiastical His-
tory of England is interesting, asit points to a knowledge of the
art of dyeing from shell-fish in our own country :—“ There are
also shells plentiful enough, and more than enough, from which
dye of a scarlet color is made ; of which the most beautiful red
shade never grows pale under any heat of the sun, nor sustains
any injury by rain, but the older it is the more beautiful it is.”
Bede died in 735, so this is a very early notice, authentic and
dated, and genuinely indigenous. No doubt he had read of the
Tyrian or Roman purple, but we feel pretty certain that in this
passage he refers to some British process.

On our return from Roundstone to Dublin we broke our
journey at Athlone, where we stayed the night. Near the town,
and along the banks of the Shannon, we did not find much
worthy of special note—the rejectamenta of the river yielded a
few common species such as Helix pulchella, H. pygmea, Lim-
nea truncatula, and Lythinia tentaculata. Early next morning
we drove to Clonmacnois. Our car was frequently stopped to
examine the road-side walls and hedgerows, and under some
heaps of stones we found Helix nemoralis, H. rufescens, and very
large-sized Bulimus obscurus. On the walls Pupa cylindracea
and A. upestvis were abundant—the latter unusually fine. In
the ruins of Clonmacnois, which are very extensive, including
several churches, two round towers, and a castle, we found very

(°) Journ. Chen. Soc., Aug., 1880,

eye) JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

prettyspecimens of He/zx nemoralis—includinga remarkably dark
form of var. coalita. A small form of WZ. rufescens var. rubens was
also plentiful. 4. asfersa simply swarmed on every old grave-
stone, sheltered by the rank nettles with which the whole ground
is deeply covered. Careful search was made for varieties (per-
chance a reversed specimen!) but, with the exception of two
examples or var. conoidea, nothing worthy of note was observed.
Arion hortensis was not uncommon, the prevalent form being
var. nigra Moq., and two specimens of Arion circumscriptus
were noted.

The visit to Clonmacnois was the termination of our col-
lecting experiences during a very delightful excursion, our only
regret being that the time at our disposal only allowed a very
brief search in most places visited. But we saw enough to
convince us that more leisurely investigation of the district
would amply repay anyone who could carry it out. The enter-
prise of the Irish railway companies in opening up this charming
country, and affording special advantages to tourists, now enables
one to reach remote and hitherto little known parts with com-
parative ease, and we can confidently recommend the West of-
Ireland as an eminently suitable place for a conchological
excursion. Roundstone and Dogs Bay in particular must please
any naturalist : the result of our shore collecting there serves to
show the wealth of the marine fauna, and what valuable
captures might be effected by some systematic work with the
dredge.

Note on the habits of Vertigo edentula Drap.—In September
and October, 1895, I found great numbers of this species in a wood at
Compstall, Cheshire. In a damp spot in the wood there is a luxuriant
growth of Butterbur (Z¢ssz/ago petasites), whose broad leaves are often from
two-and-a-half to three feet from the ground. A few of the little molluscs
were found on the stems of this plant, but the greater number of them were
adhering to the underside of the leaves, individuals often occupying the
“<coign of vantage” formed by the junction of two ribs. So numerous were
the shells that I counted seventeen of various ages on a single leaf, and
had I wished I might have gathered hundreds in a very short time. —CHAs.
OLDHAM, Romiley, November 6th, 1895. (Read before the Conchological
Society, November Oth, 1895).

J.C., viii., April 1896

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Ig!

THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

By GEORGE FOX TREGELLES.

(Read before the Conchological Society, December 4, 1895).

’ THE rugged coast-line of Cornwall, pushed out into the Atlantic,
gives promise of a varied marine fauna in general, and molluscan
fauna in particular, and the promise is well kept. Forbidding
as are the western cliffs, we find, nestled among them, along the
south coast, bights, beaches, and coves, often with stretches of
rock-pools at low-tide. The sea, too, is very free from sediment,
and its temperature is equable, so that the conditions are favor-
able, and the conchologist finds plenty of material on the shore
and farther out with the dredge.

To the credit of the county be it said that its inhabitants
have done much good work among the mollusca, and have not
left to visitors the discovery of a ¢erra incognita. Jonathan
Couch of Polperro, and Williams Hockin of Truro, both devoted
much attention to the study of molluscs, and published locally
the results of their observations, in 1841 and 1866 respectively.
It will be seen by the context that many others have followed
their example, though but few have “‘rushed into print.”*

The shores of Cornwall are so extensive that it is not sur-
prising if the whole of them have not been worked with equal
thoroughness. The following figures shew approximately the
distribution of species, but allowance must be made for the fact
that West Cornwall has received more than its share of attention.
Out of about 350 species of marine mollusca (excluding nudi-
branchs) we find recorded for

Basis Commvyalliae. nce eo a 220 Species:
Wes Conmwalle Crete ssn ce 2u5 GO:
Scully erg eeten. aMel wetsuits! 8S ool edo:

* There is a Synopsis of the Fauna and Flora of Cornwall in the Transactions of the
Penzance Natural History Society, new series, vol. iii., pp. 378-382.

192 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Taking West Cornwall in detail we find recorded for

Falmouth and Helford ... ... 285 species.
Mount Si anypeume eke 260 dao.
Land’s End Ae Poteuneem BOOn dO:
avlerandeStemlvecsiay ee cmece 150 do.

Plymouth Sound, which, strictly speaking, is common to
Devon and Cornwall, has been well studied by the officials of the
Marine Biological Laboratory ; but, naturally, they do not give
much attention to the specific distinctions of molluscs. Whit-
sand Bay, Looe, Polperro, Fowey, and Goran have all been
worked, but not exhaustively, and they will repay closer exam-
ination.

Falmouth and Helford offer so much variety—estuary,
land-locked harbour, and open sea—that the record of species
for that locality is large. Mount’s Bay is at first sight dis-
appointing—there are so few shells on the beaches; but the
rock-pools and dredging yield very good results, and trawlers
bring in some valuable species if they can be persuaded to save
any of their “rubbish.” Porthcurnow beach, near the Land’s
End, is mainly composed of small shells, broken and whole,
and dead specimens of many species can be obtained there
(Lrvilia castanea Mont. being characteristic) when wind and
tide are favourable. There must be a considerable nursery out-
side, but no one, I believe, has hit on the exact source of this
inexhaustible supply. Whitsand Bay (Land’s End) is similar,
but the beach is much larger, and the shells more scattered.
Hayle beaches are often strewn with shells, chiefly bivalves ;
Loripes commutatus Ph. and the rare AZactra glauca Born are
oceasionally found there.

From thence, north-eastwards, the coast 1s very barren ;
broad surf-beaten beaches alternate with beetling cliffs, and few
species of shells are to be found on the shore, whatever dredg-
ing outside might yield. A few species have been obtained
near Padstow, and probably that piece of coast is worth attention.

J.C., viti., April 1896.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 193

Scilly has been so well dealt with in this journal by the
Rey. R. W. J. Smart and the late Mr. Clifford Burkill that I can
add little to their remarks on that interesting, nay fascinating,
archipelago, except to mention the occurrence there of thirteen
species, as yet unrecorded for the mainland of Cornwall, viz. :
Natica sordida Phil., Rissoa Jeffreyst Wall., Eulima curva Jeff.,
Odostomia conspicua Ald., Trophon clathratus var. truncata Str.,
Bela Trevelyana Vurt., Mangilia levigata (Phil.) type, Zornatina
expansa Jeff., Montacuta Dawsont Jeff., Lepton sulcatulum Jeft.,
Galeomma Turtont Eds. Zool. Journ., Argiope decollata Chem.,
and A. cistellula S. Wood.

The nudibranchs of Cornish seas have not received the
attention they deserve, but the admirable paper by Mr. Garstang
shews how rich is the field at Plymouth; and Falmouth has
been well worked by the late Mr. W. P. Cocks and by Mr.
Rupert Vallentin. Mount’s Bay and Scilly, however, are
practically untouched.

I regret that I cannot include the land and freshwater
mollusca in my lst, and must refer my readers to Mr. Mar-
quand’s paper, which deals with West Cornwall only.

The classification adopted is in the main that of the Rev.
A. H. Cooke, M.A., in his recently published ‘Molluscs ”
(Cambridge Natural History, vol. i., 1895), with hints from
Canon Norman’s unfinished ‘‘Revision of the British Mollusca”
(Ann. and Mag. of N.H., 1890), and I am indebted to Dr.
G. W. Chaster for valuable assistance 1n revising the terminology
of genera and species.

I need not enumerate the more general works on con-
chology that have been consulted, but the following papers, etc.,
of local interest should be mentioned :—

Jonathan Couch, ‘‘Cornish Fauna,” 1841.

“List of Shells, Mount’s Bay,” 1855: Trans. Penzance N.H.
and Antiq. Soc., old series, vol. i1., p. 196 (Penz. List).

W.. P. Cocks, “Fauna of Falmouth”: Rep. R. Cornwall Poly-

technic Soc., 1849.

)

26/3/96. N

194 TREGELLES: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Williams Hockin, ‘Cornish Marine Shells”: Journ. R. Institu-

tion of Cornwall, 1866.

IE. D. Marquand, “Land and Freshwater Mollusca of West

Cornwall,” 1883: Trans. Penzance N.H. and Antiq. Soc.,

new series, vol. 1., p. 403.

G. F. Tregelles, “Marine Testaceous Mollusca of Cornwall,”

1885 ; of. ctt., new series, vol. i1., p. 43.

Rey, R. W. J; Smart, MeAs and Rev. Ay i Cooke svGee

‘Marine Shells of Scilly”: Journ. of Conch. 1885, 1886.
C. Burkill and J. T. Marshall, “Marine Shells of Scilly”: of. at,

1889, 1891.

W. Heape, M.A., “Prelim. Report on Fauna and Flora of Ply-

mouth Sound”: Journ. M. Biological Assoc., 1888.

W. Garstang, M.A., “Opisthobranchiate Mollusca found at

Plymouth”: of. cZ., 1890.

Private collections have been kindly placed at my disposal
by Miss Hockin of Hayle, the late Miss H. Tyacke of Penzance,
Mr. W. E. Baily of Paul, and the late Rev. R. N. Dennis, B.A.,
of Penzance. I have also had access to the public collections
in the Penzance Museum (which now includes Miss H. Tyacke’s
collection), and the Truro Museum (including that of the late
Rev. W. Rogers, M.A.). It gives me pleasure to acknowledge
and recall kind personal assistance from the late Mr. Clifford
Burkill, Mr. E. D. Marquand, Mr. J. T. Marshall, the Rev.
R. W. J. Smart, M.A., Mr. R. V. Tellam, and many others.

The following is an index to the initials used in my list:—

Messrs. Alder & Hancock A.&H. | Mr. Williams Hockin ... W.H.
Mr. Clifford Burkill noo Colt. Dr. J. Gwynvjetixeys) 1. eee Cole
Mine PeaGocksm ewe cack: Mr. J. T. Marshall Peels bolt
Mr. Jonathan Couch... ‘J.C. Rey. W. Rogers son eWEMING
Rey. R. N. Dennis R.N.D. | Rev. R. W. J. Smart R.W.J.S.
Messrs. Forbes & Hanley IF. & H. Miss H. Tyacke ... ... Miss T.
Mr. Walter Garstang W.G. | Mr. Rupert Vallentin ... R.V.
Miss Hockin ... ..._ ... Miss H. PN oVe Ye ada, ones Mence ona) (Gols We
Journal of the Marine Biological Association ....... J.M.B.A.

JEG viii., April 1896,

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 195

Ciass CEPHALOPODA.
OrDER DIBRANCHIATA.
SuB-ORDER OCTOPODA.

Octopus vulgaris Lmk.—-Generally distributed.

Eledone cirrosa Lmk. — Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.);
Falmouth (W.P.C.) ; Mount’s Bay (J. B. Cornish).

SuB-OrpER DECAPODA.

Spirula Peroni Lmk., is a tropical cephalopod, the dead
shells of which are frequently cast ashore on the western
beaches of Cornwall.

Sepia officinalis L.—Generally distributed.

S. Ruppellaria D’Orb. — Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Polperro
(Laughrin) ; Mawgan Porth, shells only (J.G.J.).

S. elegans D’Orb.—Polperro (J.C.).

Sepiola atlantica D’Orb. Plymouth, common (J.M.B.A.) ;
Rolpeno anchun)) oe almouth s(Wars€) and ~ RVs).
Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.). [Many, if not all, of the older
records of S. Rondelett undoubtedly refer to this species,
but it is still an open question whether the true Mediter-
ranean S. fondelefe occurs on the Cornish coaat. It has
been recorded by Giard from Roscoff.—Ed. ]

Rossia macrosoma D.Ch.—Plymouth, twice in autumn of
1892 (J.M.B.A.).

Loligo Forbesi Stp.—Generally distributed.

L. marmoree Vér.—Off Draystone, Plymouth (J.M.B.A.).

L. media L.—Cawsand Bay, Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(WerterandsRiVa):

Ommastrephes eblanze Ball.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.).

O. sagittatus Lmk.—Polperro(Laughrin) ; Falmouth(W. P.C.).
[It is not certain whether these records refer to ex Coindeti
or Todarodes sagittatus.—Ed. |

Crass GASTROPODA.

ORDER AMPHINEURA.
SuB-ORDER POLYPLACOPHORA.
_Lepidopleurus onyx Speng. [C%zton cinereus Jeff. |.—Ply-
mouth, Falmouth, Helford, Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Scilly.

196 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

L. cancellatus Sow. — Helford and Falmouth (R.N.D.) ;
Seilly (2B)
Hanleya Hanleyi Bean.—Off Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Fal-
mouth (Ware) seillya (iB):
Trachydermon cinereus L. [C. marginatus Penn. ].—Fal-
mouth (Brown) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Tonicella rubra Lowe.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Mount’s Bay
(Renz lish)!
Callochiton levis Mont. — Falmouth (J.T.M.); Helford
(W.R.); Mount’s Bay (Magor, G.F.T.); Land’s End
NG IBE) § Soule (Cars)
Acanthochiton fascicularis L.—Whitsand Bay E., Fal-
mouth, Helford, Penzance, Mousehole, Scilly.
A. discrepans Brown.—Lantivet Bay (J.C.) ; Falmouth
(W.P.C.); Hielford (W.R.); Mount’s Bay (Miss 7°):

ORDER PROSOBRANCHIATA.
SuB-ORDER D/JOTOCARDIA.
Acmea virginea Mill.—Generally distributed.
A. virginea varr. conica and lactea JeffiHelford (W.R.).
Patella vulgata L.—Generally distributed.
Var. depressa Penn.—Generally distributed.
Varr. picta Jeff, elevata Jeff. and intermedia Knapp.—
Helford (W.R.).
Helcion pellucidum L.—Generally distributed.
H. pellucidum var. laevis Penn.—Generally distributed.
Fissurella graeca L.—Moderately common.
Emarginula fissura L. — Plymouth, Falmouth, Mount’s
Bay, Porthcurnow, Porthgwarra, Land’s End, Scilly.
E. fissura varr. elata and incurva Jeff—Land’s End (W.H.)
E. rosea Bell.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.); S.E. Cornwall
(J.C.) ; Fowey (Peach) ; Helford (R.N.D.); Mount’s Bay
(G.F.T.) ; Scilly (Lord Vernon).
Cyclostrema Cutlerianum Cl.—Fowey (Barlee) ; Falmouth
(Webster) ; Helford (W.H.); Sennen and Scilly (C.B.).

J.C., viii., April 1896

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 197

C. nitens Phil. — Fowey (J.T.M.); Falmouth (W.P.C.) ;
Sennen and Scilly (C.B.).

C. serpuloides Mont.—Falmouth (W.H.); Helford (W.R.) ;
Mount’s Bay (Penz. List); Scilly (C.B.).

Trochus (Trochocochlea) crassus Pult. [ 7: Zeatus DaC.]
—Generally distributed.

T. crassus var. minor Jeff.—Helford (W.R.).

Gibbula maga L.—Generally distributed.

Var. alba Jeff—Scilly (R.W.].S.).

G. cineraria L.—Generally distributed.

Varr. electissima Bean and variegata Jeff.— Helford
(W.R.).

G. umbilicata Mont.—Generally distributed.

Var. atropurpurea Jeff—Falmouth (G.F.T.) ; Hayle and
Mawgan Porth (Miss H.).

G. tumida Mont.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(R.N.D.); Mount’s Bay, trawl refuse (G.F.T.); Porth-
gwarra (R.N.D.); Land’s End (W.H.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Calliostoma Montacuti W. Wood.—Falmouth (Miss Carne) ;
Mount’s Bay, trawl refuse (G.F.T.) ; Scilly (R.W.]J.S.).

C. striatum L. — Falmouth (Montagu) ; Hleliiordl (W.H.) ;
Mount’s Bay (Miss I.) ; Land’s End (McAndrew) ; Scilly
(R.W.J.S.).

C. exasperatum P ‘almouth, Helford, and Penzance
(R.N.D.) ; Land’s End (Maton).

C. millegranum Born.—Falmouth, 30 fms. (W.H.); Porth-
gwarra (R.N.D.); Wolf Rock (Miss Carne); Scilly, one
specimen only (R.W.J.S.).

Var. pyramidata Jeff.— Mount’s Bay (C.B.); Scilly
(R.W.J.S.).

C. granulatum Born.—Plymouth Sound, S.E. Cornwall, Fal-
mouth, Maenporth, Mount’s Bay (trawl refuse), Land’s End,
Scilly.

Var. lactea Jeff_—Mount’s Bay and Scilly (C.B.).

C. zizyphinum L.—Generally ditsributed.

198 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Var. Lyonsii Leach.—Near Fowey (J.T.M.) ; Helford
(W.H.); Mount’s Bay, living, from the trawl (G.F.T.) ;
Porthgwarra (Marquand) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. laevigata J. Sow.—Helford (W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay, trawl
refuse (G.F.T.).

Var. granulifera Jeff—Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.).

Phasianella pullus L.—Generally distributed.

SUB-ORDER AZONOTOCARDIA.
lanthina communis Lmk.—At intervals on most of the
northern beaches from Bude to Land’s End and Scilly ;
Mount’s Bay, Falmouth, Whitsand Bay E. About the
year 1869 large numbers of this species, and the next, were
washed ashore at Scilly, the beaches being described as
blue with them (R.W.J.S.).

l. exigua Lmk.— This species is not usually regarded as
British, but it has been found in large numbers at Scilly,
as mentioned above, and it is also recorded for Hayle
(W.H.); Land’s End (Turton) ; Whitsand Bay E., during
storms (J.M.B.A.).

Scalaria communis Lmk.— Plymouth, Looe, Falmouth,
Mount’s Bay, Land’s End, Hayle, Scilly.

S. Turtonze Turt.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth (J.C.) ;
Land’s End (W.H.) ; Hayle and Scilly (Miss H.).

S. Trevelyana Leach.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.) ; ° off
Land’s End (McAndrew); Falmouth (W.P.C.); Hayle
(Miss H.); Scilly (Jenkinson).

S. clathratula Ad.—S.E. Cornwall (J.C.); Fowey and Fal-
mouth (Alder); Penzance (Forbes); Mousehole and
Porthgwarra (R.N.D.); Porthcurnow (J.C.); Seilly
(R.W.J.S.).

S. pseudoscalaris Broc.—One specimen found at Porth-
curnow by Miss Lavars (B.C., vol. iv., p. 98); two speci-
mens found at Scilly (J.T.M., Journ. of Conch., Apl., 1887).

J.C., viii., April 1896.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 199

Aclis supranitida S. Wood.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.) ;
Falmouth (Cranch); Fowey (Barlee); Sennen (J.T.M.) ;
Hayle (W.H.); Scilly, one specimen (R.W.J.S.).

A. ascaris Turt.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.); Helford
(W.H.) ; Wolf Rock (Miss Carne) ; Land’s End and Hayle
(WE) =) Bude (Eindsay):; Seillya(€sB:):

Pherusa Gulsonze Cl.—Fowey and Falmouth (Barlee) ; St.
Mawes and Helford (W.H.); Scilly (C.B.).

Land’s End (W.H.) ; Scilly (C.B.).

Cioniscus unicus Mont.—Falmouth (Montagu) ; Mount’s
Bay (Penz. List); Land’s End and Hayle (W.H.); Scilly
(CIB)

Natica (Lunatia) catena DaC.—Whitsand Bay E., Par,
Plymouth, Falmouth, Helford, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow,
Hayle.

N. Alderi Forb.—Plymouth, S.E. Cornwall, Falmouth, Hel-
ford, Mount’s Bay (frequent), Porthcurnow, Land’s End,

Var. tenuicula Jeff.

Hayle, Scilly.
Var. lactea Jeff.— Falmouth (C.B.); Helford (W.H.) ;
Mount’s Bay, trawl refuse (G.F.T.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
N. sordida Phil.—Off Scilly (McAndrew).
N. Montacuti Forb.—Cornwall (McAndrew); Menavawr,
Scilly, three or four living specimens (R.W.J.S.).
Lamellaria perspicua L.—Plymouth, Goran, Falmouth,
Helford, Mount’s Bay, Land’s End, Hayle, Scilly.

Var. lata Jeff—Mount’s Bay, dredged living (G.F.T.).
Velutina laevigata Penn.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Porth-
curnow (R.N.D.); Hayle (W.H.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Capulus hungaricus L.
‘not unfrequently found on the shell of Pecten maximus.
Calyptrazea chinensis L.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.) ;
Fowey (Peach); Falmouth (W.P.C.); abundant in Hel-

ford River among old shells (R.N.D.).

Fairly common in deep water, and

200 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Homalogyra atomus Phil.—Falmouth (Barlee); S. Mawes
(W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay (Penz. List); Land’s End (J-G.J.);
Scilly (C.B.).

H. (Ammonicerina) rota F. & H.—Falmouth (J.G.J.) ;
Mousehole (Templer); Land’s End (Webster); Carbis
Bay and Scilly (C.B.).

Littorina neritoides L.— Plymouth Sound, Falmouth,

Lizard, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow, Gurnard’s Head, Scilly.

L. obtusata L.—Generally distributed.

Var. fabalis Turt.— Falmouth and Maenporth (R.N.D.).

L. rudis Maton.—Generally distributed.

Var. saxatilis Johnst.—Mount’s Bay and Helford (Miss T.).

Var. sulcata Leach.—Land’s End (Turton) ; Scilly (Barlee).

Var. jugosa Mont.—Falmouth (J.T.M.); Prussia Cove
(Miss T.).

Var. patula Thorpe.—Eddystone, Lizard, Mount’s Bay,
Gurnard’s Head, Portreath.

Varr. globosa Jeff. and tenebrosa Mont.—Hayle (Miss H.).

Var. similis Jeff—Kynance Cove (Miss T.).

L. littorea L.—Generally distributed.

Lacuna divaricata Fabr.—Mount’s Bay, common in shallow
water (G.F.T.); Porthcurnow (J.G.J.) ; Land’s End (James).

Var. quadrifasciata Mont. -— In shell-sand along south
coast (J.C.); Falmouth (W.P.C.); lLand’s End (Truro
Museum).

L. crassior Mont.—Porthcurnow (R.N.D.); Hayle (W.H.) ;
Scilly, two dead specimens (R.W.]J.S.).

L. puteolus Turt.—Porthcurnow (R.N.D.); Land’s End
(Woks); Selayle (MisseHia)iseilly (CB):

Varr. conica Jeff. and expansa Jeff.—Mount’s Bay (C.B.).
Var. lactea Jeff.—-Hayle (Miss H.).

L. pallidula DaC.—Talland (J.C.); Falmouth (Brown);
Penzance (Miss Carne); Porthcurnow (R.N.D.); Hayle
(Miss H.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. patula Thorpe.—Lantivet Bay (Laughrin).
(To be continued).

J.C., vili., April 1896.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 201

CONECHOLOGICALY SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.
245th MEETING, JANUARY 8th, 1896.
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. L. E. Adams in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
Journal de Conchyliologie, No. 4, vol. xlii.

Journal of Malacology, No. 4, Jan., 1895.

The Naturalist, No. 246, Jan., 1896.

Annals of Scottish Natural History, No. 17, Jan., 1896.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 303, Jan., 1896.
The Irish Naturalist, No. 1, vol. 5, Jan., 1896.

New Members elected :
Mr. George Fox Tregelles, 6, Clarence Place, Barnstaple.
Mr. Harry Overton, Brookdale, Tudor Hill, Sutton Coldfield, Bir-
mingham.
Candidate Proposed for Membership :
Mr. Walter Garstang, M.A.

Resignation of Member :
Joseph S. Galizia. M.D., Valetta, Malta.

Papers read:
Mr. L. E. Adams: “* Helix fusca Mont., . granulata Alder, H. lapi-
cida var. albina Menke and Clauszlia Rolphii Gray, in Northamptonshire.”’
Mr. F. W. Wotton : ‘‘ Helix hortenszs var. nebulosa.”

Exhibits :

Mr. F. W. Wotton exhibited in illustration of his paper some specimens
of H. hortensis which he proposed to call var. sebzlosa.

Mr. k. Standen, hon. curator, exhibited four drawers from the Society’s
collection, showing different methods of mounting the sheils.

Mr. Collier exhibited some peculiar Naninas and Cochlostylas from die
Philippine Islands, including a very peculiar Nanina (J. setigera Sowb.),
thickly covered on the upper surface with very strong hairs, whilst the under
surface is quite smooth ; also a specimen of Helzx pszttactna Desh., a lovely
blue shell from the Island of Fuga, North Luzon.

Mr. Charles Oldham exhibited one specimen of Pistdium hAtberntcum
West, from Lough Nagarriva, Glengariff, Co. Cork, and P. puszllum var.
obtusalzs from various localities for comparison.

Mr. W. Moss exhibited in spirit a very peculiar slug, Otoconcha dimidz-
ata Pfr. from New Zealand.

202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. R. Cairns exhibited various shells from Tasmania and Queensland,
principally Helices and Bulimi, also very fine Baccznum Humphreysianun,
from Jersey.

The Chairman announced that the Council had decided that twenty-
five reprints should be presented to all writers of papers that are published
in the Journal.

246th MEELVING, FEBRUARY 5th, 1896.
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Irish Naturalist, No. 2, vol. 5, Feb., 1896.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 304, Feb., 1896.

The Naturalist, No. 247, Feb., 1896.

Science Gossip, Nov., 1895.

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, part 2, vol. 19.
Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Institute of Science, part 4, vol. 8.
Proc. Academy of Nat. Science of Philadelphia, 1895, part 2.

Donations to the Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted :
From Mr. Henry Coates, F.R.S.E., 5/-; from Mr. Bernard Arnold, 5/-.

; New Member elected :
Mr. Walter Garstang, M.A., of Lincoln College, Oxford.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Mr. John George Brass and Mr. William Rayson Smitk.

Decease and Resignations of Members announced :
Mr. S. W. North, M.R.C.S., died in 1894 (not before noted in the
Society’s books).
Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell resigned in 1895.
Mr. G. A. Adams, Rev. E. S. Dewick.

Paper read:
Mr. J. T. Marshall: ‘‘Additions to British Conchology.”

Exhibits :

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill exhibited two specimens of the rare Volute, V
canaliculata McCoy—one of the specimens is in his own collection, the
other in that of the Manchester Museum, Owens College. Only six indi-
viduals are so far known in collections, of which four, including these now
exhibited, are in this country. It belongs to the section Amorza Gray
(Scaphella Swainson) characterized by porcellanous smoothness of the
whorls, and absence of nodulosity, or spines, the shell being fusiform, spire
conical, columella with four to five plaits. The species differs from all its
allies, in the channelled suture, and the four rows of fawn-coloured spots.
Its length is barely two inches. Native of South Australia. All the other
species of Amoria are either Australian or Tasmanian, V. maculata Sowb.,
being perhaps its nearest ally. Dr. J. C. Cox described this species as /.

.C., viit., April 1896
, Pp we}

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 203

Har fordti. (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 358, pl. 26, fig. 2), but two or three
months after McCoy had given it the name of caza/icuzlata, (Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 34, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2), also in 1869. The specimen
in the Manchester Museum was previously in the Cholmondeley Collection.

Mr. Melvill also exhibited a magnificent specimen of Paryphanta
Hochstettert Pfr., from New Zealand, where it is always rare, and when
found not often in passable condition. The epidermis is very smooth and
shining, fawn colour concentrically variegated with dark-chestnut lines,
while at the basal side of the periphery it becomes uniformly broad banded,
giving a bipartite colouration to the base, and a most beautiful effect.
P. Busbyt, the type of the genus, and most of the more showy species, are
from New Zealand. A few occur in Australia.

Mr. Melvill further exhibited a series of species of Szphonalia A. Ad.,
separated from /zsuws by the dentition and form of the shell. There are
about fifty forms described, by far the greater portion coming from Japanese
seas. Mr. A. Adams has described, mostly in the Ann. and Mag. Nat.
THist., 1863, about fifteen species, none of them being figured, and they have
not been identified with certainty. This leaves about thirty-five species
more or less known, of which the most conspicuous are S. (K¢éd/lettia)
Kellettit Forbes, from Japan and N.W. America, S. (Penim) dilatata
Q. & G., S. (Austrofusus) alternata Phil. Of the typical forms S. ¢vochlus
Reeve and S. casszdari@formis Reeve may be taken as typical. Mr. H. A.
Pilsbry, in his elaborate work ‘‘ On the Marine Mollusks of Japan,” added
two more species to that fauna, but his S. hyferodon is S. mikado Melvill, and
his S. Stearnst is S. pseudo-buccinum Melvill, both described eight years ago
(J. of Conch., vol. 5, p. 348-9, 1888). Mr. Pilsbry, in a very courte-
ous letter written to Mr. Melvill expresses his regret at the oversight, but still
he is pleased that the species have been now so well figured, as in his
Japanese Mollusca, pl. 2, fig. 1, 2, 6,7, in which Mr. Melvill cordially con-
curs. Specimens of about twenty forms were shown from the Darbishire
and Melvill Cabinets, including from both: S. mzkado Melv., S. pseudo-
buccinum Melv., S. Kellettze Forbes, nice vars. of S. casstdarieformis Reeve,
and its var. ovnata, the beautiful S. stezunz Reeve and S. trochulus Reeve,
S. grandis Gray, from New Zealand, and many other species.

Mr. Melvill also exhibited three beautiful Helices of the section
Papuina, viz.: Papuina woodlarkiana Smith, Woodlark Island; P. +voseo-
labzata Smith, New Guinea; /. Stvabo Brazier, New Guinea.

Mr. R. Cairns exhibited some shells he had recently received from
South Africa, collected near the Kowie River, Cape Colony. They included
eight specimens of a new species of Cyclostoma (C. foveolatum Melv. and
Pons. ), recently described, of which only four specimens were previously
known. Also four specimens of Celaxzs Layardi Ad. and Ang., and
several other species not yet determined.

Two specimens of S¢rzthzolaria mirabilis Smith, from Kerguelen Island,
were exhibited from the Collection of the Manchester Museum,

204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Secretary reported that several letters had lately been received
from members, expressing approval of the Journal, and in particular,
one signed ‘‘A Member,” in which was enclosed £5 towards the expenses
of publication. A unanimous vote of thanks was passed to the anonymous
donor for his generous gift.

247th MEETING, MARCH 4th, 1896.
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
The Naturalist, No. 248, March, 1896.
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 43, No. 1.

New Members elected:
Mr. John George Brass, The Grove, Barnard Castle.
Mr. William Rayson Smith, Harlesden, Norfolk.
Candidate Proposed for Membership :
Mr. William Valentine Burgess.
Resignation of Member announced :
Mr. Arthur E. Baker.
Paper read:

Mr. L. Shackleford: ‘‘Note on Boring of Mollusca by Carnivorous

Gastropods.”’
Exhibits :

Mr. J. Ray Hardy exhibited in illustration of Mr. Shackleford’s paper
a large series of shells, chiefly bivalves, bored by mollusca, also a selection
of similarly bored fossil shells, from the raised beaches of Uddevalla,
Sweden. The exhibits led to a very interesting discussion on the position in
which the hole was bored, generally, but not always, near the umbones.

Mr. R. Standen exhibited on behalf of Mr. Bartlet Span, of Tenby,
very large specimens of Ze//ina balthica from Pendine, Psammobia ferroénsts
Tenby, Scalaria Turtone and S. clathratula from Lampharne, Ovula patula
Bristol Channel, and 7z7vritella terebra and var. nivea from Milford Haven.
He also showed 7e//ina balthica from Cark, Lancashire, for comparison with
Mr. Span’s examples, large-sized Helix aspersa from Oran and Tunis, Z.
nemoralis var. interrupta from Co. Antrim, Amphidesma castanea from
Porthcurnow, Cornwall, and Axcylus fluviatilis var. gibbosa from Lough
Corrib. He also showed a small collection of shells from Grand Canary,
recently presented to the Manchester Museum, including Helzx Gaudryz,
H. lemniscata, H. sarcostoma, H. malleata, H. pisana and var.» Cyclostoma
canartense, and several marine species.

Mr. Thomas Rogers exhibited a fine series of Achatinellze, from the
Hawaiian Islands, including several new species recently described by Mr.
Baldwin.

Mr. E. Collier exhibited a specimen of Paryphanta Hochstettert for
comparison with the one shown by Mr. Melvill at the previous meeting ;

J.C., viii., April 1896.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 205

also, from Antigua, a child’s necklace made from the shells of Zellina
similzs, and two brooches for which had been used the shells of WVevztina
wividis, Oliva oryza, and Trivia quadripunctata.

After considerable discussion it was resolved that the Secretary notify
the members who usually attend the meetings, that it is proposed to alter the
time and date of the ordinary meetings to 6-30 p.m., on the second Thurs-
day in each month, and that such alteration shall be voted on at the next
meeting to be held on Wednesday, April Ist.

LEEDS BRANCH.

MEETING, JANUARY IIth, 1896.

At Huddersfield, by the kind invitation of Mr. J. Whitwham.

Mr. Wm. Nelson in the chair.

Mr. John E. Edwards, Leeds, exhibited specimens of Faszs, dredged
off Whitby, deformed, apparently, by sponge growths.

Mrs. Brierley, Huddersfield, exhibited examples of Helix virgata var.
albicans from Redcar, and the two-banded form of A. zzemoralzs common at
Colwyn Bay, N. Wales.

Mr. J. W. Taylor showed specimens of 4. Azsaza from Spain; Mr. T.
S. Hillman sent #. virgata var. alba from Lewes ; and an interesting series
of A. cartusiana from the same locality. Mr. A. G. Stubbs sent a collection
of nearly one hundred modifications of A. wzz-gata which he had collected
within a short distance of Tenby. A descriptive catalogue and photographs
of the localities where the specimens were collected, accompanied the
collection.

Mr. J. Whitwham exhibited and described his extensive collection of
British Land and Freshwater Shells; the collection of Uzionide being
exceptionally fine. Mr. Whitwham’s principle of mounting is to display, if
possible, on one tablet, the type and its variations from one pond or circum-
scribed locality ; a method which enables the student to grasp the evolution
of varietal distinctions.

MEETING, FEBRUARY 22nd, 1896.

At Leeds, by the kind invitation of Mr. Crowther.

Mr. Wm. Nelson in the chair.

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck showed specimens of Lzmax flavus var.
riifescens, sent by Mr. Alfred Leicester, from Bush Poultry Farm, near
Harlow, Essex. For Mr. F. B. Whitlock, shells of Azodonta cygnea, found
in Nottinghamshire, on an island in the River Soar, which were bitten all
round the edges, probably by otters, as the banks of the island drop sheer
four feet, too high for smaller mammals.

Mr, Henry Crowther read a paper on ‘‘ Some Chemical and Physical
Properties of Molluscs.”” The experiments included the effects of running
water on Spherium corneum ; the polarisation of calcite in the embryonic

206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

shells of certain Pelecypoda and the recognition of similar uniaxial crystals in
the shell of Szccinea elegans. The presence of lime salts and phosphoric acid
in the tissues of Z. fevegra was chemically demonstrated, and the recent
views on the action of this acid and carbon dioxide in the deposition of lime
salts in animals explained. Mr. Crowther gave the results of a series of
experiments on the behaviour of some freshwater molluscs in jars of water
during the variations of weather, the height of the barometer and temperature
being noted. Also the effects of aérated and non-acrated waters on fresh-
water molluscs. The paper concluded with an account of some observations
on the vertical lifting power of HZ. aspfersa and 7. arbustorwm whilst crawling
up a plate of glass. The extreme weight carried by the former was 689
grams, of the latter 8°7 grams.

LONDON BRANCH.

INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 17th, 1896.

A Meeting, convened by the Rev. J. W. Horsley, was held at the
Borough Road Polytechnic, 5.E., on January 17th, 1896. The attendance
was disappointing, considering that there are about forty members residing
in or near London.

The Rev. J. W. Horsley exhibited a fine series of Helix virgata (to
illustrate the great variation of this species), also some rare band varieties
of Helix hortensts.

Mr. J. E. Cooper showed Petricola pholadiformis, a North American
species, found last year at Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, also specimens of
Chrysodomus antiguus, recent and fossil.

It was resolved that future meetings should be held at the various
members’ houses.

At the invitation of the Rev. J. W. Horsley, a number of members and
friends met at St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, on February 21st, to inspect
Mr. Horsley’s collections. In the British section were very fine series of
Helix virgata, H. nemoralis, and H. hortensis, with many of the rarer
varieties: H. elegans from near Dover, Hydrobia similis from Plumstead,
and pretty specimens of Zzmnwa stagnalis var. vartegata.

The foreign portion of the collection included many choice examples
and rare species. We may mention He/ix lanceolata Pir., H. Macgregort -
Cox, H. aphrodite Pfr., H. farafanga H. Ad., H. magnifica Fer., 7.
Souverbiana Fisch., A. cerina Mor., H. Croftont Cox, H. Trailli Pfr., #7.
perplexa Fér., H. Maackit Gerstf., H. polygyrata Born, 7. Bourciert Pfr.,
H. Macmurrayi C. B. Ad., H. aspera Fer., H. Cunninghami Gray, and

H, launcestonensis Reeve.
J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

J.C., vitl., April 1896,

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 207

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

The Journal of Malacology, vol. iv., No. 4, Dec. 20, 1895.

“Purpura coronata Lam. in the West Indies (Trinidad),” by Rev. A. H.
Cooke. ‘‘Notes on the Verrestrial Molluscan Fauna of New Caledonia,”
by E. Rk. Syxes [critical notes on M. Crosse’s paper in Journ. de Conch.,
for July, 1894]. ‘‘The British Species of Zestacel/a” [tabular exposition of
external characters, and two plates], by W. M. WEBB. Notes :—Claustlia
recondita from Gilolo, Axion hortensis var. ceriuleus from Ealing, Scacchza
eddystonia= Diplodonta rotundata uv, G. WW. CHASTER.

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 42, No. 4, for Oct., 1894 [received
Dec. 16, 1895]; vol. 43, No. 1, for Jan., 1895 [dated on cover 1895,
received Feb. 17th, 1896].

““Faune malacologique terrestre et fluviatile de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
et de ses dépendances,” by H. Crosse. [The present instalment concludes
M. Crosse’s elaborate critical list of the L. and F. W. Mollusca of New
Caledonia: 361 (or omitting three mtroduced forms, 358) species, divided
among 25 families are recorded, and in a few pages the fauna of this group
of islands is compared with that of New Zealand and some of the archipela-
gos of the Pacific]. ‘* Description de deux Melanies nouvelles,” by A. BRor
(AZ. Crawford: Transvaal, 4/7. Leefe:, Tongatabu, both figured]. ‘* Correc-
tions et additions a la Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques
terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zélande,” by H. Surer.

“Etude zoologique de VOvzla (Neostmnia) spelta, L. et du Conus

mediterraneus Bruguiere,” by A. VAYASIERE [systematic and anatomical
notes, with plate]. ‘‘Revision des especes actuellement connues du genre
Geotrochatella,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG [5 spp., 1 n. sp., I n.n., figure not
yet issued]. ‘‘ Unionidze nouveaux ou peu connus,” by H. Drover [ Wzi0
7n. spp., Anodonta szmulans, n. sp.]. ‘‘ Descriptions de coquilles fossiles
des terrains tertiaires inférieures,” by C. Maver EyMAR [continued from

vol. 42, p. 129].

Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of
Science, vol. 8 (ser. 2, vol. 1), part 4.

“Notes on acollection of Silurian Fossils from Cape George, Antigonish
County, Nova Scotia, with descriptions of four new species,’ G. H. M.
ARNI [7 spp. (3 n.) of Brachiopoda, 4 spp. Pelecypoda, 2 spp. Gastropoda,
2 spp. Cephalopoda].

Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, Nos. 302—305, Dec., 1895—March,

1896. ;

“Conservation et préparation des mollusques,” by M. BAvay. ‘‘Revue
de paléoconchologie,” by M. CossMANN [continued]. ‘‘Faune malacolo-
gique terrestre et fluviatile du département de ]a Vienne,” by M. Cazior
[concluded].

208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Science Gossip, n.s., vol. 2, No. 21, Nov., 1895 [received Jan. 20, 1896].

“Protective colouration in British Clausilias,’ by W. M. WEBs.
‘“¢Local Land Shells in Kent,” by Rev. J. W. Horstey. ‘‘Notes on Land
Molluscs,” by R. A. BULLEN [Heléx nemoralis with five horns, oviposition
of Szccinea putris and Helix nemoralis|.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia, for 1895, part 2, 1895.

“Descriptions of new species of Achatinellidze from the Hawaiian
Islands,” by D. D. BALDWIN [up to the present time 330 spp. of Acha-
tinella, after eliminating Aurzculella and “eptachatina, have been recorded,
of which 102 are synonyms or varieties; 30 n. spp. are now described and
figured]. ‘‘ Observations on the dentition of Achatinellide,” by H. M.
GWATKIN and H. SuTeEr, with a prefatory note by H. A. PrusBry [three
genera, 4chatinella, Leptachatina, and Carelia, are recognised ; the first is
sub-divided into two groups, thus: (a), ‘‘jaw missing, radula broad, oblong,
teeth very numerous, ez chevyon (rows sloping obliquely backward), centrals
(if present), laterals, and marginals all of the same type, base narrow,
head rather broad, with four, five, six or seven small tentacles”; (4), ‘“‘Jaw
arcuate, strong, not ribbed; radula oblong, not wide; teeth quadrate, in
nearly straight rows; centrals small, narrow, sometimes faintly tricuspid ;
laterals larger, bicuspid ; marginals bicuspid or multicuspid, as in Heer.” ]
“©On the status of the names 4flysia and Tethys,” by H. A. Pitssry [the
author concludes (1), Zethys L., 1758, must replace Aplysza and Laplysza
L., 1767, and (2), as a substitute for Zethys L., 1767, we must probably
adopt one.of the new spellings of this name proposed early in the century,
or an entirely new generic name].

——_——_—¢-e-¢—_____

CORRIGENDUM.

In my sketch of the literature dealing with “ The Cretaceous
Conchology of Southern Africa,” in ‘f‘The Journal of Con-
chology,” 1896, vol. viii, No. 5, I regret having wrongly
attributed to Dr. Kossmat a tabular list of the Cretaceous rocks
of Natal, quoted on page 147 Of my paper. This list was
furnished by Dr. Kossmat in his memoir in the “ Jahrb, k. k.
geol. Reichsanstalt,” 1894, vol. xliv, part 3, p. 463 (also
published in the ‘‘ Records Geol. Survey India, 1895, vol. xxviii,
part 2, p. 42) as representing Mr. Griesbach’s views of 1871,
and from which he dissents by regarding the Cephalopod fauna
there bracketed Utatur (=Cenomanien) as belonging to the
later Ariyalur (=Senonien) period.—R. BULLEN NEwrTon.

J.C., viii., April 1896.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 209

Var. albescens Jeffi—Mount’s Bay (C.B.).
Truncatella subcylindrica L. [Z: ¢runcatula Drap. |.—Ply-
mouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth (W.P.C.).
Rissoa parva DaC.—Generally distributed.
Var. interrupta Ad.—Generally distributed.
Var. exilis Jeff—Falmouth (J.T.M.); Scilly (C.B.).
R. inconspicua Ald.—Off Plymouth, Falmouth, Mount’s
Bay, Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Scilly.
R. (Galeodina) striatula Mont. —Falmouth, Helford, Porth-
curnow, Land’s End, Scilly.
R. (Alvania) lactea Mich.—Near Fowey, three dead speci-
mens (J.T.M.).
R. cancellata DaC.— Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow,
Wolf Rock, Land’s End, Scilly.
R. calathus F. & H.—Whitsand Bay E., Helford, Mount’s
Bay, Wolf Rock, Land’s End, Scilly.
R. reticulata Mont.—Looe, Falmouth, Helford, Mount’s
Bay, I.and’s End, Scilly.
R. cimicoides Forb.—Falmouth, Helford, Mount’s Bay,
Porthcurnow, Scilly.
R. Jeffreysi Wall.—Scilly, a few dead but fresh specimens.
(CB):

R. punctura Mont. — Whitsand Bay E., Mount’s Bay,

Sennen, Scilly.
Var. diversa Jeff.-—Scilly (C.B.).
R. (Flemingia) zetlandica Mont.—Falmouth, Mount’s Bay,
Porthcurnow, Wolf Rock, Land’s End, Scilly.
R. costata Ad.—Whitsand Bay E., Falmouth, Mount’s Bay,
Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Scilly.
R. (Zippora) membranacea Ad.—Falmouth, Helford,
Mount’s Bay, Land’s End, Scilly.
Varr. venusta Phil. and elata Phil.—Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.).
R. violacea Desm.—Falmouth (C.B.); Helford (Truro Mus.);
Mount’s Bay (R.N.D.),

22/5/96, : Oo

210 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

R. (Apicularia) Guerini Rech. [2. costwlata Ald.|.—Hel-
ford (W.H.); Mousehole and Porthcurnow (R.N.D.)

R. (Onoba) striata Ad.—Mount’s Bay, (G.F.T.); Porth-
curnow (Penz. Mus.); Land’s End (Marquand); Scilly
(R.W.J.S.).

Var. arctica Lov.—Sennen (C.B.).

R. proxima Ald.—Plymouth Sound, Falmouth, Helford,
Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Scilly.

R. vitrea Mont.—Whitsand Bay E. (J.M.B.A.); Looe (J.C.);
Falmouth -(W. H.); Scilly (C.B.).

R. (Setia) fulgida Ad—Whitsand Bay E. (J.M.B.A.);
Falmouth (F. & H.); Helford (W.R.); Mount’s Bay (Penz.
List) ; Scilly (C.B.),

Var. pallida Jeff—Helford (W.R.).

R. (Cingula) trifasciata Ad. [A. céngi//us Mont.].—Ply-
mouth Sound, Falmouth, Helford, Prussia Cove, Mount’s
Bay, Land’s End, Scilly.

Var. rupestris Forb.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); St. Michael’s
Mount (R.N.D.); Scilly (C.B.).

R. obtusa Cant. [ 2. so/u¢a Phil.].—Plymouth Sound, Fowey,
Falmouth, Helford, Mount’s Bay, Wolf Rock, Scilly.

R. semistriata Mont.—Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Land’s End
Carbis Bay, Scilly.

Barleeia rubra Mont.—Whitsand Bay E., Helford, Pen-
zance, Mousehole, Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Scilly.

Hydrobia ulvee Penn.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Helford (W.R.);
Hayle (Miss Carne).

H. ventrosa Mont.—Land’s End (W.H.).

Skenea planorbis Fabr.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Penzance
(G.F.T.); Land’s End (W.H.); Scilly (C.B.).

Jeffreysia diaphana Ald.—Falmouth, Maenporth and
Helford (W.H.); Mousehole (R.N.D.); Porthcurnow (Mar-
quand); Carbis Bay (C.B.).

J. opalina Jeff—Falmouth (Barlee); Maenporth and Helford
(W.H.); Mousehole (R.N.D.); Scilly (C.B.).

J.C., vili., July 1896

TREGELLES ; MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 211

Adeorbis subcarinatus Mont. — Whitsand Bay E.
(J.M.B.A.); Fowey (Peach); Helford, Penzance and Porth-
curnow (R.N.D.); Land’s End (W.R.); Scilly (C.B.).

Triforis perversa L. [Cerithium perversum|.—Falmouth
(W.P.C.); Helford (R.N.D.); Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.); Porth-
curnow (R.N.D.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. pallescens Jeff.—Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Bittium reticulatum DaC.—Generally distributed.
Var. lactescens Jeff.—Land’s End (W.H.).

Cerithiopsis tubercularis Mont. — Falmouth (J.G.J.);
Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.); Porthcurnow (R.N.D.); Land’s
End (Truro Mus.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.). .

Varr. nana Jeff. and albescens Marsh.—Scilly (C.B.).
Var. scalaris Monteros.—Scilly (J.T.M.).

C. Barleei Jeff—Plymouth (J.T.M.); Falmouth (W.H.);
Scilly (C.B.).

C. Metaxee D. Ch.
Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. angustissima Forbes.—Scilly (J.T.M.).
Var. alba Marsh.-—Scilly, 40 fms. (J.T.M.).

C. concatenata Conti. [C. pulchella Jeff.|.—- Plymouth

(J.T.M.); Land’s End (W.H.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Var. lactea Marsh.-—Scilly (C.B.).

Turritella communis Riss. [ 7. evebra 1..].—Generally dis-
tributed, but not plentiful.

Var. nivea Jeff.— Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Mount’s Bay
(G.F.T.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Var. gracilis Jeff_—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth (C.B.).

Czecum trachea L.—Falmouth (Montagu); Helford (W.H.);
Mount’s Bay, dredged (G.F.T.); Whitsand Bay (J.G.J.);
Scilly (C.B.).

C. glabrum Mont.—Falmouth (J.G.J.); Helford (W.R.);
Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.); Hayle (W.H.); Scilly (C.B.).

Chenopus pes-pelecani L. [Aforrhais pes-pelecant |.—Ply-
mouth, S. E. Cornwall, Falmouth, Helford, Mount’s Bay,
Scilly,

Land’s End and St. Merryn (W.H.);

212 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Cypreza (Trivia) europza Mont.—Generally distributed.

Ovula patula Penn. — Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(Guppy); Mount’s Bay, trawl refuse (G.F.T.); Wolf Rock
and Porthcurnow (Penz. Mus.); Land’s End (W.HL);
Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Erato levis Don. [AJarginella levis|.—¥almouth (W.P.C.)
Mount’s Bay, dredged (G.F.T.); Porthcurnow (E. D.
Marquand); Land’s End (J.C.); Hayle (Miss HL); Scilly
(R.W.J.S.).

Eulima polita L. —Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow,
Land’s End, Hayle, Harlyn Bay, Scilly.

E. intermedia Can.—Off Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(Miss Vigurs and others).

_ Var. rubro-tincta Jeff—Scilly (C.B.).

E. incurva Ren. [Z. dzstorta Desh. ]|.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.);
Mount’s Bay (Baily) ; Porthcurnow (Miss H.); Land’s End
(W.HL.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

E. curva Jeff.—Scilly (C.B.). This shell was first recorded
by Mr. J. T. Marshall as Z. /atipes Wats.

E. bilineata Ald—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.);
Porthcurnow (Miss H.); Land’s End (W.H.); Scilly
(R.W.J.S.).

E. (Subularia) subulata Don.—Nare Point (Helford ?)
(W.H.); Porthcurnow (Millett).

Stilifer Turtoni Brod.—Plymouth (Stewart) ; Falmouth
(W.H.); onspines of Zchinus (miliaris?) (W.H.); Mount’s
Bay, on spines of Z. esculentus (Baily).

Odostomia minima Jeff—St. Mawes, 1865 (W.H.);
Penzance (C.B.); St. Ives (Chaster); Menavawr, Scilly, one
specimen (C.B.).

O. nivosa Mont.—Penzance (R.N.D.); Porthcurnow (Miss
Carne); Land’s End (W.H.); Scilly (C.B.). x

O. truncatula Jeff—Dredged near Eddystone (Barlee); Fal-
mouth (Miss Vigurs); St. Mawes (J. G. zelh ); Hayle (Miss H.);
Scilly (C.B.).

J.C., viii., July 1896

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 213

O. clavula Lov.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth Harbour
(W.H.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.). |

O. Lukisi Jeff—Porthgwarra (R.N.D.); Scilly (C.B.).

O. pallida Mont.—Off Plymouth, Looe, St. Michael’s Mount,
Mount’s Bay, with dredge and traw], Land’s End, Falmouth,
Scilly.

Var. angusta Jeff—Falmouth Harbour (J.1.M.); Scilly
(R.W.J.S.).
O. albella Lov.—Falmouth (C.B.); Penzance (R.N.D.);
Scilly (C.B:).
Var. sub-cylindrica Marsh.—Scilly (J.T.M.).
O. rissoides Han.—Fowey, Mount’s Bay, Land’s End, Scilly.
Var. alba Jeff.—Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Var. dubia Jeff—Land’s End, (W.H.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Dr. G. W. Chaster, who has made a study of the Odostomic,
agrees with Clark in regarding O. albella and O. rissoides as

dwarf littoral varieties of O. pallida (J. of Conch., 1893, p. 299).

QO. conoidea Broc.—Falmouth, 30 fathoms (W.H.) ; Mount’s
Bay, dead (G.F.T.).

Var. australis Jeff.—Falmouth, (Barlee and others) ; Scilly
(RaWaless):

O. umbilicaris Maim.—Land’s End (W.H.).

O. acuta Jeff—Falmouth Harbour (W.H.); Penzance
(R.N.D.) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.).

O. conspicua Ald.—Scilly (R.W.J.S).

Falmouth (W.H.); Penzance (R.N.D.);
Mount’s Bay, dead (G.F.T.); Land’s End (Truro Museum);
Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. elata Jeff—-Falmouth Harbour (J.T.M.); Scilly
CRAWAIESS):

O. turrita Han.—Falmouth (C.B.); Penzance (R.N.D.).

Mount’s Bay, dead (G.F.T.) ; Land’s End (W.H.).
Var. striolata Ald.—Land’s End (W.H.).
Var. nana Marsh.—Scilly (C.B.).

O. plicata Mont.—Near Fowey (J.T.M.); Penzance (R.N.D.);

Hayle (W.H.).

214. TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

O. insculpta Mont.--Falmouth Harbour (W.H.) ; Mount’s

Bay (Penz. List) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Var. laevissima Sars.—Scilly (C.B.).

O. diaphana Jeff.—-Fowey (Barlee) ; Scilly (C.B.).

O. obliqua Ald.—-Falmouth (J.G.J.); Helford (W.H.) ;
Scilly (C.B.).

O. Warreni Thomp.—Falmouth (W.H.); Mousehole (R.N.D.);
Land’s Bnd (W-H.); Seilly (C352):

O. dolioliformis Jeff—Land’s End and Hayle (W.H.) ;
Scilly (C.B.).

O. decussata Mont.—Helford (W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay (Penz.
Mist); Seilly (ReW.les>):

O. indistincta Mont.—Mount’s Bay (Penz. List); Land’s End
and Hayle (W.H.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

O. interstincta Mont.—Falmouth (Miss Carne); Mount’s Bay
(G.F.T.) ; Porthcurnow (Miss H.); Land’s End (Truro
Mus.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. suturalis Phil.—Scilly (C.B.).

O. spiralis Mont.—-Falmouth (Miss H.); Mount’s Bay, dead

(G.F.T.) ; Land’s End (W.H.) ; Scilly (R-W.J-S.):
Var. coarctata Marsh.—-Scilly (C.B.).

O. fenestrata Forb.—Fowey (Barlee); Falmouth and Helford
(W.H.); Mount’s Bay (Penz. List).

O. excavata Phil.—Fowey (Barlee) ; Falmouth and Helford
(W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay (Penz. List) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Eulimella acicula Phil.—-Falmouth (W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay,

dredged (G.F.T.) ; Hayle (W.H.).
Var. turris Forb.—Scilly (C.B.).
Var. ventricosa Forb.—-Falmouth (W.H.).

E. scillae Scac.—Land’s End (W.H.) ; Scilly (C.B.).

E. nitidissima Mont.—Falmouth (Montagu and_ others) ;
Mount’s Bay(G.F.T.); Padstow (Molesworth) ; Scilly (C.B.).

Turbonilla scalaris Phil.—-Mount’s Bay, (G.F.T.) ; Land’s
End (W.H.); Scilly (R.W.J-S.).

J.C. viii., July 1896.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 215

Var. rufescens Forb. — Scilly (R.W.J.S.). Hitherto
considered a northern variety.

T. rufa Phil.--Off Plymouth, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Hayle,
St. Merryn.

T. lactea L.—Falmouth, Helford, Mount’s Bay, Land’s End,
Hayle, Scilly.

T. innovata Monteros—-Falmouth (W.H.); Mount’s Bay
(GE.T.) ; Scilly (G2B.). ~ Dhese may be 7: *pzs7i/a Phil.).

Var. minuscula Marsh.—-Scilly(C.B.); Mount’s Bay (J.T.M.).
Var. cylindrata Marsh.—Mount’s Bay (C B.) ?

Murex (Ocinebra) erinaceus L.—Generally distributed.

Trophon muricatus Mont.—In shell sand on S.E. coast of
Cornwall, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow, Wolf Rock,
Land’s End, Scilly.

T. clathratus var. truncata Str.—Menavawr, Scilly, “ one
dead and worn specimen with Z. muricatus. The locality
is noteworthy, Tenby being the southernmost locality given
by Jeffreys ” (Smart).

Lachesis minima Mont.—Helford (R.N.D.); Mount’s Bay
(G.F.T.) ; Porthcurnow (R.N.D.) ; Whitsand Bay (J.G.J.) ;
Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. pallescens Jeff.—sScilly (C.B.).

Purpura lapillus L.—Generally distributed.

Var. imbricata Lmk.— Falmouth (W.P.C.); Helford
(W.R.); Hayle (W.H.).
Var. major Jeff.-—Helford (W.R.).

Nassa (Tritonella) incrassata Mull. — Par, Falmouth,

Mount’s Bay, Hayle, St. Minver, Scilly.
Var. major Jeff.—Hayle (Miss H.).
Var. minor Jeff.—-Scilly (C.B.).

N. pygmeea Lmk.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Mount’s Bay,
dredged (G.F.T.) ; Hayle (Miss H.).

N. (Hinia) reticulata L.—Generally distributed.

Var. nitida Jeff.—Falmouth (Norman).

216 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Buccinum undatum L.—Generally distributed.

Neptunes antiqua L.—(/usus a.). Two young and dead
specimens from Menavawr, Scilly (R.W.J.S.). “Cornwall ”
(EGS) Mons the authority orm C@oncn Marked as
Cornish, no locality, in a list by W. Hockin. ‘Three fine
specimens in the Rogers’ collection, Truro Museum, as from
Helford; no reason to doubt their authenticity except that
the species is a rarity in Cornish seas.

Sipho gracilis DaC.—Falmouth (J. C. and others) ; Helford
(W.R.) ; Mount’s Bay, trawlers (G.F.T.) ; Scilly (Lord
Vernon).

Var. convoluta Jeff.—Mount’s Bay, trawl refuse {Miss T-) ;
Scilly, three specimens including a large fragment (R.W.J.S.,
@3B3):

S. propinquus var. Jeffreysianus Fisch. =(fusus /Jeffrey-
sianus). Plymouth (Jordan); Mount’s Bay, trawlers,
(G.F.T.) : Scilly, three worn specimens (R.W.J.S.).

Bela turricula Mont.—(Pleurotoma ¢.). Falmouth (W.P.C.,
W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay (Penz. Mus.).

B. rufa Mont.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Land’s End (W.H.) ;
Scilly (Miss H.).

Var. lactea Jeff.—Scilly (C.B.).

Var. semicostata Jeff.—Land’s End (W.H.).

Var. Cranchii Bro.—Falmouth (Cranch).

B. Trevelyana Turt.—Scilly (Miss H.).

Mangilia costata Don.—Plymouth Sound, Falmouth, Helford,
Mousehole, Porthcurnow, Porthgwarra, Land’s End, Scilly.

M. lzevigata Phil.—Scilly, “one large specimen . . . the
typical form, which thus appears to have been found for
the first time on British coasts ” (R.W.J.S.).

Var. minor Jeff.—Helford (W. H.) ; Marazion (Miss H.).

M. brachyostoma Phil.—Falmouth Harbour (W.H.) ;
dredged sand from Mount’s Bay, identified by Dr. Chaster
(Gra:

J.C. viii., July 1896.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 214

M. nebula Mont. Falmouth (Montagu); Helford (W.H.) ;
Mount’s Bay (Miss Carne, G.F.T.) ; Land’s End (W.H.) ;
Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. abbreviata Jeff. Falmouth (J.G.J.).

M. attenuata Mont. Falmouth Harbour (W.H.); Scilly,
one specimen from Crow Sound (R.W.J.S.).

M. striolfata Sca.—Land’s End and Falmouth (W.H.) ;
Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.).

M. rugulosa Phil.—St. Merryn, 1865, first time of discovery in
England (W.H.) ; Padstow (Goodall) ; Scilly, young and
fresh examples (C.B.).

M. (Clathurella) linearis Mont. =(Defrancia 7). Falmouth,
Helford, Mousehole, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow, Wolf
Rock, Land’s End, Scilly.

Var. alba Marsh.—Scilly, 40 fathoms, Land’s End, rare
Gea):

M. Leufroyi var. Boothii Brown.—Looe (J.C.) ; Falmouth.
Harbour (W.H.) ; Land’s End (J.C.) ; Scilly (C.B.).

M. purpurea Mont.—-In shell sand on S.E. coast ; Falmouth,
Helford, Penzance, Mousehole, Land’s End, Hayle, Scilly.

Var. Philberti Mich.—Scilly (R.W.J.S., C.B.). -
Var. oblonga Jeff.—Scilly (C.B.).

M. reticulata Ren.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(Wer) es Scilly (C.B.):

Var. formosa Jeff.—Falmouth (Barlee, W.P.C.).

M. (Teretia) teres Forb.—Off Plymouth (J.M.B.A.) ;
Helford and Wolf Rock (W.H.); Scilly, very rare (R.W.J.S.).

M. (Bellardia) gracilis Mont—Falmouth (W.H.); Mount’s
Bay (G.F.T.); Hayle (Miss H.); Scilly (Miss T., R.W.J.S.).

M. (Heedropleura) septangularis Mont.— [Péeurotoma s.]}.
In shell sand along S. coast ; Gerrans, Falmouth, Helford,
Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Scilly.

218 TREGELLES: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

ORDER OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.
SuB-ORDER TZEC7/BRANCHIA TA.

Actzon tornatilis L.—Whitsand Bay, E. (J.M.B.A.) ;
Falmouth (W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay, dredged (G.F.T.) ; Hayle
(W.H.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Tornatina: mammillata Phil. [U¢riculus m.].—Mount’s
Bay (Penz. List.) ; Land’s End (W.H.) ; Scilly, dead, rare
(R.W.J.S.).

T. umbilicata Mont. [CyZichna u.].—Falmouth (Montagu) ;
Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ; Hayle (W.H.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

T. truncatula Brug. [U¢ricudus ¢.|.—Plymouth, Falmouth,
Helford, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Scilly.

T. hyalina Turt.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Porthcurnow (R.N.D.);
Land’s End (W.H.); Scilly, “one or two specimens only
from deep water ” (R.W.J.S.).

T. expansa Jeff—Menavawr, Scilly, several dead specimens ;
new to England (C.B.).

T. obtusa Mont. Mount’s Bay (Penz. List) ; Hayle (W.H.) ;
Scilly, somewhat rare (R.W.J.S.).

Var. Lajonkaireana Bast.—Scilly, with the type (R.W.J.S.);
Hockin mentions a variety, probably this. -

Volvula acuminata Brug. — Off Plymouth (J.M.B.A);
Nare Point (Helford ?) (W.H.).

Scaphander lignarius L.—Plymouth, S.E. Cornwall, Fal-
mouth, Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Scilly.

Var. alba Jeff.—Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ; Hayle (Miss H.).

Cylichna cylindracea Penn.—Falmouth (Montagu); Mount’s
Bay (G.F.T.); Hayle (W.H.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Bulla utriculus Broc.—Falmouth (W.H.); Mount’s Bay (C.B.).

B. (Haminea) hydatis L.—Plymouth (Turton); Falmouth
(W.P.C, and others) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Acera bullata Mill.—Falmouth and Helford (W.H., R.V.) ;
Scilly (Lord Vernon, & C.B.).

Philine aperta I..—Generally distributed.

J.C., vuii., July 1896,

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 219

P. nitida Jeff—Mount’s Bay (Chaster, C.B.).

P. scabra Miill._—Falmouth (W.H.); Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ;
Hayle (W.H.); Scilly, dead specimens very common
(R.W.J.S.).

Var. circa Marsh.—Scilly (C.B.).

P. catena Mont.—Falmouth (W.P.C.) ; Mousehole (R.N.D.) ;
Porthcurnow (Miss Carne); Land’s End (W.H.); Scilly
(C.B.).

Var. zona Jeff.—Scilly (C.B.)

P. angulata Jeff—St. Ives (J.T.M.).

Var. circumlustra Marsh. — Eddystone, 28 fathoms
(J.T.M.).

P. quadrata S. Wood.—Marked as Cornish by Mr. Hockin.

P. punctata Clark.— Off Plymouth, Whitsand Bay E.,
Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Sennen, Hayle, Scilly.

Var. cingulata Marsh.—Sennen and Scilly (C.B.).

P. pruinosa Clark.—Off Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(Miss Vigurs) ; St. Mary’s Sound, Scilly (C.B.).

Colpodaspis pusilla M. Sars.—A tectibranchiate mollusk,
of which only two specimens have previously been obtained.
Plymouth (J.M.B.A. Oct. 1894).

Aplysia punctata Cuv.—Generally distributed on S. coast,
and at Scilly ; no record for the N. coast.

Pleurobranchus plumula Mont.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.) ;
Falmouth (G.F.T.) ; Helford (W.P.C.) ; St. Michael’s
Mount, (Millett) ; Scilly, dredged in the roadstead, St.
Mary’s (R.W.J.S.).

P. (Oscanius) membranaceus Mont. — Plymouth
(J.M.B.A.) ; Falmouth Harbour and Helford (W.H.);
Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Runcina coronata Quatref.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.).

SuB-ORDER VUDIBRANCHIATA.

Doris (Archidoris) tuberculata Cuv.—Plymouth (W.G.) ;
Falmouth (W.P.C., R.V.); Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.).

220 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

D. flammea A. & H.—Plymouth (W.G. )3 -Falmouth (W.P.C.,

R.V.).

. (Jorunna) Johnstoni A. & He Pigment (W.G,);

Falmouth (R.V., W.P.C.).

D. (Addisa) testudinaria Riss. — Plymouth Sound

(J.M.B.A.); Falmouth (W.P.C.). ;

(Caldina) repanda A. & H.—Falmouth (W.P.C.).

. (Rostagna) coccinea A. & H.—Not uncommon on the
Cornish coast (A. & H.); Plymouth (W.G.); Polperro
(R. Q. Couch) ; Falmouth (R.V., W-P-C.):

Acanthodoris pilosa Miill.—Plymouth (W.G.); Falmouth

(R.V.) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.).

Lamellidoris aspera A. & H.—Plymouth, obtained rather
often (W.G.).

. diaphana A. & H. Falmouth (W.P.C.).

. bilamellata L.—Common at Plymouth (W.G.).

. depressa A. & H.—Falmouth (W.P.C.) ?

pusilla A. & H.— Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth

(W.P.C.).

L. sparsa A. & H. —Plymouth, 15 fathoms (W.G.).

L. oblonga A. & H.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.).

L. (Adalaria) proxima A. & H.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.).

Goniodoris nodosa _Mont:— Plymouth, very abundant,

(W.G.); Falmouth (W.P.C., R.V.) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.).
G. castanea A. & H.—Plymouth (W.G.); Falmouth (W.P.C.).
Idalina elegans Leuc.—Plymouth (W.G.) ; Cornwall
(Spence Bate).
|. (Idaliella) aspersa A. & H.—Penlee Point, Plymouth,
one specimen (W.G.).

I. pulchella A. & H.—A single specimen dredged off St. Ives,
1853 (Barlee). fee

Ancula cristata Alder.— Plymouth (W.G.) ; Falmouth
(W.P.C.). eee

es)

00

SG rak we

J.C., viii., July 1896.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 221

Thecacera pennigera Mont.—Off Rame Head, in 20
fathoms (W.G.); Falmouth (W.P.C., R.V.) ; Cornwall
(R. Q. Couch).

T. virescens A. & H.—Two specimens found at Bar Point,
Falmouth, in 1849 (W.P.C.).

T. capitata A. & H.—Dredged off St. Ives in 25 fathoms,
1853, (Barlee).

Polycera quadrilineata Miill.— Coasts of Devonshire and
Cornwall, frequent” (A. & H.); Plymouth (W.G.) ;
Gerrans (Vigurs); Falmouth (W.P.C., R.V.); Mount’s
Bay (G.F.T.).

P. (Palio) Lessonii var. ocellata A. & H.—Plymouth
(W.G.) ; Falmouth (W.P.C.).

Triopa clavigera Miuill—Fowey and Helford (Alder) ;
Falmouth (R.V.).

Aegirus punctilucens D’Orb.—Plymouth (W.G.); Prid-
mouth, near Fowey (Peach).

Tritonia Hombergi Cuv.— Common on the trawling
grounds, 40 N. of Longships (W.G.).

T. (Candiella) plebeia Johnst—Taken somewhat frequently
at Plymouth (W.G.).

Scyllz~sa pelagica L.—Three specimens at Falmouth, on
Laminaria bulbosa, in 1847 (W.P.C.).

Dendronotus frondosus Ascan. [D. ardorescens Miill].—
Plymouth, two specimens, dredged in 23 and 25 fathoms

_(W.G.) ; Falmouth (R.V.).

Doto fragilis Forbes.— Plymouth, commonly found on
Antennularia, and other Hydroids (W.G.) ; Fowey (Alder);
Falmouth (R.V.).

D. pennatifida Mont.—Dredged by Dr. Benham off Pickle-
combe Fort, Piymeuth (W.G.).

D. coronata Gmel.— Plymouth, common on Plumularia
(W.G.); off Eddystone (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth (W.P.C.,
R.V.).

222 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Lomanotus marmoratus A. & H. [Z. flavidus A. & H.,
and L. portlandicus Thomp. |.—Plymouth (W.G.).

AEolis papillosa L.—Plymouth (W.G.); Helford (R.V.) ;
Falmouth (W.P.C.) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.). ‘‘ An orange
or buff variety” is more common on the Cornish coast
(A. & H.).

‘E. (Eolidiella) glauca A. & H.—Plymouth (W.G) ;
Falmouth (W.P.C.).

AE. Alderi Cocks.—Falmouth (W.P.C.).

Cuthona (?) aurantiaca (.Z#o0/s a.) A. & H.—Fowey
Harbour (Alder).

‘Cratena viridis Forbes. [o/s v.].—Cornwall in 25 fathoms
(Forbes).

C. amoena A. & H.—Plymouth, obtained rather often
(J.M.B.A.) ; Fowey, several specimens in 1847 (A. & H.).

C. olivacea A. & H.—Penzance (Alder).

Cratena (?) Peachii A. & H.—Fowey (Peach).

Cratena (?) angulata A. & H.—Plymouth (W.G.).

Cratena (?) Couchii Cocks.— Under stones at extreme low
water, Gyllyngvase, Falmouth (W.P.C.).

Tergipes despectus Johnst. (-Zo/is d.).—Fowey (Alder) ;
Falmouth (W.P.C.).

Embletonia pulchra A. & H.—Plymouth (W.G.).
Amphorina czrulea Mont.—Plymouth; not met with on the
English coast since the time of Montagu (J.M.B.A.).
Galvina exigua A. & H. [.Zolis e.].—Plymouth, two speci-
mens dredged near Duke Rock (W.G.); Fowey (Alder) ;

Falmouth (W.P.C., R.V.).

G. tricolor Forbes. [ols Farrani, A. & H].—Plymouth
(W.G.) ; Falmouth (Alder).

G. cingulata A. & H.—Plymouth (W.G,).

Coryphella rufibranchialis Johnst. [Zo/s r.].—Whitsand
Bay E., 20 fathoms (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth (W.P.C.) ;
Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.),

J.C., viii., July 1896

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLULUSCA OF CORNWALL. 223

C. gracilis A. & H.—Plymouth, two specimens (W.G.).

C. Landsburgii A. & H.—Plymouth, Duke Rock, two
specimens (W.G.).

Favorinus albus A.& H. [ols a.].— Plymouth three
specimens, Drake’s Island and Cawsand Bay (W.G.) ;
Falmouth (W.P.C.).

Facelina Drummondii W. Thomp. [o/s D.].
(Norman).

F. coronata Forbes.—Plymouth (\W.G.) ; Fowey (A. & H.);
Falmouth (W.P.C.).

Calma glaucoides A.& H. [| Zodis g.|.—Plymouth (W.G.).

Fiona marina Forsk [7 xodz/is, A. & H.].—Falmouth, two —
specimens at Bar Point, 1849 (W.P.C.).

Antiopa cristata 1D.Ch.—Plymouth (W.G.) ; Fowey (Alder) ;
Falmouth (R.V.).

A. hyalina A. & H.—Plymouth, two specimens (J.M.B.A.) ;

Hero formosa Lov.—Plymouth {J.M.B.A.).

Falmouth

Hermeea bifida Mont.—A single specimen found on St.
Germans River, Plymouth, by Prof. Johnson (J.M.B.A.).

H. dendritica A. & H.—Drake’s Island, Plymouth, by Prof.
Johnson (J.M.B.A.).

Stiliger bellula D’Orb.—Plymouth, 10 individuals dredged
in Cawsand Bay, 3rd Aug., 1892. A species discovered by
D’Orbigny sixty years before, and now re-discovered
(J.M.B.A.).

Elysia viridis Mont.—Plymouth (Norman, W.G.).

Limapontia capitata Mill. [Z. x/gra Johnst.].—Plymouth
(W.G.) ; Falmouth (W.P.C.).

Cenia Cocksii A.& H. [Acteonia C.].—Falmouth (W.P.C ).

Actzonia corrugata A. & H.—Falmouth (W.P.C.).

Berghia ceerulescens Laurill—Plymouth ; a species new to
Britain (M.B.A., Nature, Feb, 16, 1893).

224 TREGELLES: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

SuB-OrDER (?) PLEROPODA.

Limacina retroversa Flem. | .Sfria/is 7. |.—Falmouth Har-
bour (W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay (Penz. List) ; Scilly (C.B.).
Cavolinia trispinosa Lesr.—Is marked in a printed list as
Cornish, in the hand-writing of the late Mr. Williams

Hockin. (?)

Clione limacina Phipps.—Pelseneer (‘ Challenger’ Report)
says, “ There is in the collection of the Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle of Paris a specimen from Falmouth presented by
Leach ” (Norman).

OrpDER PULMONATA.
SuB-ORDER BASOMILATOPHORA,

Alexia denticulata Mont. [Jelampus myosotis Drap.].—
Truro (King) ; Falmouth (W.P.C.) ; Penzance, Whitsand
Bay, and Porthcurnow (Hennell) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. ringens Turt.—Porthcurnow (W.E.B.); Scilly (Jordan).

Leuconia bidentata Mont. [JAZelampus 6.).—Falmouth
(W.P.C.) ; Helford (W.R.) ; Mousehole (R.N.D.) ; Land’s
End (King); Hayle Towans (Hennell) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Otina otis Turt—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Lizard and Tin-
tagel (Cooke) ; Mousehole (R.N.D.); Land’s End (W.H.);
Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. candida Jeff—Sennen (C.B.).
Var. alba Cooke.—Newquay (Cooke).
SuB OrDER STYLOMIMATOPHORA.

Oncidium celticum Cuv.—Lantivet Bay, in crevices of the
rocks, a little above high-water mark, apparently feeding on
Lichina pygmea (Laughrin, J.C.); Whitsand Bay E.
(Spence Bate).

Crass SCAPHOPODA.

Dentalium vulgare DaC. [D. tarentinum Lik. |.—Attached
to byssus of Pinna, rare (J.C.); Plymouth (iol sets) 2
Falmouth (Montagu); Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.); Porthcurnow
(R.N.D.).

J.C., viil., July 1896

TREGELLES ; MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 225

D. entalis L.—Not unfrequent (J.C.). Plymouth, Falmouth,
Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Scilly.

CIONSS IBS ILC OIA.
OrpdER PROTOBRANCHIATA.

Nucula nucleus 1.—Par, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Hayle,

St. Minver, Scilly.
Var. radiata F. & H.

(ask)

N. nitida G. B. Sow.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Mount’s Bay
(Penz. List); Wolf Rock and Hayie (Miss Carne).

Falmouth (W.H.); Mount’s Bay

OrvER FILIBRANCHIATA.
Sup-Orprer AMOATACEA.
Anomia ephippium 1..—Generally distributed.
Var. squamula 1..—Land’s End (WW.H.).
A. patelliformis .—West Cornwall generally.
Var. striata Loy.—Falmouth (W.H.).
SuB-ORDER ARCACEA.
Arca tetragona Poli.—Generally distributed, but not common.
A. (Fossularca) lactea L.—-Par, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay,
Land’s End, Hayle, St. Minver, Harlyn Bay, Scilly.
Pectunculus glycimeris L.-—Generally distributed.
Var. pilosa I..—-Helford (W.H.).
SuB-ORDER J7VY7/LACELA.

Miytifus edulis L.—Generally distributed.

Var. ungulata L.—Hayle (Miss H.); St. Minver (R.V.T.).

Var. incurvata Penn.—Par (R.V.T.) ; Falmouth (W.P.C.) ;
Newquay (Miss H.); St. Minver (R.V.T.).

Var. galloprovincialis Lmk.—Par, (R.V.T.); Falmouth
(W.P.C.) ; Helford (J.C.) ; Hayle (R.N.D.).

Var. pellucida Penn.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Maenporth
(R.N.D.); Hayle (Miss H.).

Var. flavus Poli.—Newquay (Miss H.).

(Zo be continued ).

23/6/06 P

226 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONEROLOGICAL SO Cliiiy
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.
248th MEETING, APRIL 12th, 1896,
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
Science Gossip, vol. 2, Nos. 22 and 23; Records of the Australian
Museum, vol. 2, No. 7.

New Member elected:

Mr. William Valentine Burgess, 13, Groby Road, Chorlton-cum-ITardy.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Messrs. A. Blayney Percival, Graham Renshaw, and John Rhodes.
Exhibits :

Mr. I*. Taylor exhibited yal¢nia alléarva and var. viredula, H. nitida,
LT, excavata and var. vitrina from Bardsley near Oldham; also yalinza
glaber from Marple.

Alteration of Time of Meeting:
After considerable discussion, it was resolved that the time of the

ordinary meeting be changed from the first Wednesday to the second We1-
nesday in each month, and that the meeting commence at 6-30 p.m.

249th MrErinc, May 13th, 1896.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Science Gossip, vol. 2, No. 24; The Naturalist, Nos. 249 and 250;
The Irish Naturalist. vol. 5, No.6; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 43,
No. 2; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 305-309; Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Oct, and Dec., 1895 ;
KKiener, Monographs of Strombus, &c., 2 vols. (from My. R. D. Darbishire).

New Members elected :

Mr. A. Blayney Percival, Somerset Court, Brent Knoll, Somerset.
Mr. Graham Renshaw, Sale Bridge House, Sale.
Mr. John Rhodes, F.E.S., 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Rey. Addison Crofton, and Mr. Harry Simpson Wallace.

J.C., viii., July, 1806.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 227

Papers read :
Report of London Branch Meeting, April 24th, 1896, by J. E. Cooper,
Hon. Sec.
Note on Zeliiza sevrata Brocchi, by J. T. Marshall.
Notes on Helex Leucasi and H. hortenszs, by Rev. J. W. Horsley.

Felix fusca and Azeca tridens in Denbighshire, by C. OLDHAM; Limax
maximus var. alba nov. in Northamptonshire, by L. EK. Adams.

Exhibits :

J. C. Melvill exhibited Svenogyra rustica M. & P., and a new
species of Cyclostoma shortly to be described; also a fine specimen of
Pholadomya candida Sow., from the island of Tortola, West Indies, the
only recent representative, if two deep sea species of minute size from the
Atlantic be excepted, of a large genus abundant in Jurassic strata. Lecent
specimens have always been of great rarity, and only found after tornadoes,
no doubt cast up from deep water.

Mr. W. Moss exhibited Omalonyx felinus Guppy, from Trinidad.

Mr. Thos. Rogers exhibited Vit7ina Etheridge? from Lord Howe Island,
Helix lineata Oliv. from Las Palmas, 7. vixgata var. picta from ent, var.
alba from Anglesea, and var. /ezcozona.

Mr. L. E. Adams exhibited a fine living example of Zimax maximus
var. a/ba nov. from Northamptonshire.

Mr. C. Oldham exhibited Limnca peregra var. labiata from Romiley,
fr. J. T. Marshall exhibited types of species and varieties of shells

mentioned in his ‘‘Additions to British Conchology,” viz.: AZjéilus edulis
var. flava Poli; MWontacuta ferruginosa var. ovata Marshall; Tellina serrata
Brocchi from Scilly Islands and Mediterranean ; Psammobia tellinella vary.
lactea and purpurea Marshall; Donax vittatus varr. cuneata, albida, and
truncata Marshall, ¢erg?da and 2iteda Jeflr. ; Amphidesma castaneum var.
subtrigona Ments., Scrobicularia alba type, and varr. aczta Jeft. and ol/onga
Marshall ; and Sa.vicava rugosa var. cylindrica S. Wood.

Mr. Thos. Edwards exhibited ABzcctnium andatum var. setlandica and
Natica catena from Shetland; subscalariform Pepura lapillus, Littorina
littorea and L. vudis from Margate; Uno pictorum var. curvirostris and
Sphertium corneum from near Leicester; a series of varieties of /elix
nemoralis-; “repaired” specimen of Helix asfersa from Pegwell Bay ; and a
fine scalariform specimen of Planorbis cartnatus from Bradgate.

LONDON BRANCH.

MFETING, MARCH 20th, 1896,

Tfeld at Walham Green, when members were invited to inspect Mr.
Peter Lawson’s large collection of marine shells. A curious specimen of
Cyprea tigrts was worthy of note, besides a number of choice examples of
other shells.

228 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

MEETING, APRIL 24th, 1896,

Held at 23, Northbrook Road, Lee, by invitation of Mr. T. M. Harvard.
The evening was spent in examining Mr. Harvard’s collections of foreign
marine shells, and British land and freshwater species. A very fine set of
Pteropoda was much admired. We also noted a large number of North
American Uniones, Cyprea aurantinm and C. decipiens, Magilts antiquus,
and fine British examples of S7pho zslandicis.

J. E. Cooper.
————"—¢+e-—______

Helix fusca Mont., H. granulata Alder, H. lapicida var. albina
Menke, and Clausilia Rolphii Gray in Northamptonshire. —A most interest-
ing discovery has been made by Mr. C. E. Wright of a specimen of Ae/ex
fusca near Kettering, this species, I believe, not having been recorded for
any of the eastern counties, or nearer the above locality than North Stafford-
shire. Mr. A. Loydell has also added @. gvazzlata to the county list by a
single specimen from Brackley, in which neighbourhood he also found a
perfectly white (though dead) specimen of //. lapicida var. albina. ‘The
same collector has also discovered a small colony of Clazs¢lia Rolphiz in
Sywell Wood, about seven miles from Northampton.—LIonEL E. ADAMS,
Northampton, Jaz. 8th, 1896. (Read before the Conchological Society, Jan.
8/h, 1896).

Note on Helix Lucasi from North Africa.—A specimen of 1. /ucas?
from North Africa, which I placed on a plant in my study, utterly
despised vegetation and took to browsing on pamphlets instead, so that they
looked as if they had been nibbled by mice. It apparently digested the
literature. —]. W. Horsey, St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth. (Aead before
the Conchological Society, May 13th, 1896).

Limax maximus L. var. alba noy. in Northamptonshire.—
On May 3rd, while snail-hunting in Rockingham Park with Mr. C. E.
Wright, I came upon the first British specimen of this variety under some dead
wood. Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck and J. W. Taylor, to whom I sent
the slug for inspection, inform me that there are only two instances known
ofits previous occurrence. Dr. Paul Fischer, in the /ozrnal de Conchylio-
Jogie, records one in 1880, at Savigny-sur-Orge (Seine et Oise), and another
from that locality twelve years before. My example measures three-and-a-
half inches (fully extended) from head to end of tail. It is pure white,
being entirely destitute of colour with the exception of a few microscopic
specks of dusky red about the head and upper tentacles ; and there is a red-
dish ring encircling each eyeball. Like the white form of 4. a/ev, the skin
is very transparent, and the internal organs can be well traced. The shell,
too, is quite visible through the mantle. It is noteworthy that Dr. Fischer’s
description agrees with mine as regards the reddish circles round the eyes.
As Dr. Fischer did not attach a varietal name to his description, I suggest
var. alba.—LIONEL E. ADAMS, Northampton. (Read before the Concho-
logical Soctety, May 13th, 1£96).

J.C., viit., July, 18096.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 229

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED LO WORKS RECEIVED BY ‘THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

Journal de Conchylioiogie, vol. 43, No. 2 (dated ‘ter Avril, 1895,”
received 21st April, 1896); No. 3 (dated ‘‘ter Juillet, 1895,” received

Sth June, 1896).

** Note sur le genre Garleeta Clark,” by the MARQUIS DE MONTERO-
sAvo [three Europzan species recognised]. ‘‘Additions a la faune malacolo-
gique terrestre et fluviatile de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et de ses dépendances,”
by H. Crosse [ Placostylus lencolenus n. sp. figured]. ‘*Coquilles nouvelles

‘provenant des récoltes de M. Lrvay, dans les rapides du Haut-Mékong,
pendant lacampagne du Massie, 1893-1894-1895,” by A. BAVAY [Lacunopsis
4.n. spp., Pachydrobia 4 n. spp., Hydrorissota elegans n.g., n.sp., HA. Levayi
n.sp., Stexothyra n.sp., all figured]. ‘‘Note sur l’animal du Belémarlis
pallidior Sowerby,” by H. FiscHEer [with fig]. ‘‘Descriptions d’especes
nouvelles de l’Archipel Néo-Calédonien,” by J. Hervier [Drellia 2 n.sp.,
Clavus 4 n.sp., Surcula n.sp., Glyphostoma 13 n.sp.] ‘‘ Descriptions de
coquilles fossiles des terrains tertiaires supérieures (suite),” by C. MAYER-
EyMAR [II n.sp., all figured]. ‘‘ Liste systematique des Natices des Faluns
de la Touraine et de Pont-Levon, du Musée de Zurich,” by C. MAyEk-
HYMAR.

The Naturalist, for March, April and May, 1896, Nos. 248-250.

*“Rough notes on Marine Zoology in the Scarborough district during
the last two years,” by OXLEY GRAHAM [few common mollusca noted].
“Otters feeding on Freshwater Mussels,” by W. DENISON ROEBUCK.
“The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Cheshire,” by CHAS. OLDHAM
[list with notes and localities, 102 species being recorded]. ‘‘ Lincolnshire
Notes,” by H. W. Kew [/e/zxv several species recorded].

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 5, No. 1, March 25th, 1896.

«“Some new Marine Mollusca from Tangier,” by G. W. CHASTER
[Coccum cuspidatum, Retrotortina (n.g.) fuscata, Fherusa carinata, Cyclo-
strema pruinosum, C. fenestratum, all figured].

The Annals of Scottish Natural History, Nos. 17 and 18, Jan. and

April, 1896.

“Xylophaga dorsalis Turton, in the Firth of Forth,” by THos. Scoi’.
‘Supplement to Dawson’s ‘Mollusca of Aberdeen and the Neighbouring
Sea,’” by JAMES SIMPSON [47 additional spp. and varr. recorded]. ‘‘ Large
specimen of J/y¢tlues modiolus in the Firth of Forth,” by W. EAGLE CLARKE.

Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 306-309, April-July, 1896.
“Recherches zoologiques dans les. serres du Muséum de Paris—Mol-
lusques,” by P. DAUTZENBERG [4 indigenous and 3 exotic species].
“*Revue de paléconchologie,” by M. CossMAN.
Devonia, part 4, June, 1896.
“British Land and Freshwater Shells,” by E. W. W. BowELt [ Léa
stagnalis and L. auriculart¢a with vars., illustrated by two process blocks.

230 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

How any man in the present state of nomenclature can name varieties in
his notebooks ‘‘merely for private convenience,” and publish the same
‘without any desire to add to the number of existing synonyms” is incom-
prehensible ; it is just by such action that synonyms are made],

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 4, No. 12, Dec., 1895, to vol. 5, No. 6, June,

1896.

‘‘Notes on Glacial Deposits in Ireland: II., Nill-o’-the-Grange,” by
W. J. SoL“aAs and R. Lioyp PRAEGER [list of 22 spp. mollusca, which
indicate ‘a cold sea of moderate depth, and an adjoining shore-line.’] ‘‘An
addition to the Irish Molluscan Fauna,” by R. F. Scnarrr [Peszdeeim
(Lossarina) hibernicum Westerlund] ; ‘‘.Spirela Peroni in Co. Antrim [Port -
Jallintrae],” by B. Tomiin. ‘‘ The shell of Hedix memoralis,” by GREN-
VILLE A. J. COLE [mineralogical composition]. ‘‘ Notes on a Zoological
Expedition to Valencia Island, co. Kerry,” by F. W. GAMBLE [numerous
Nudibranchiata noticed]. ‘‘Some Slugs from North-west Ireland,” by
W. E. CoLLincr. ‘‘Notes on the Rock-Pools of Bundoran,” by J. E.
DUERDEN [Opisthobranchs noted]. ‘‘A submerged Pine Forest,” by R.
Lioyp PRAEGER [few fossil shells].

The Naturalists’ Journal, vol. 5. No. 48, June, 1896.
«*Fnemies of our Land and Freshwater Molluscs,” by W. A. GAIN.

Science Gossip, vol. 2, Nos. 22-24, vol. 3, No. 25. Dec. 1895, and Jan.
1896 (received April 1, 1896; Feb. No. received May 1, June No.
received June 6; March, April and May Nos. omitted).

“Winter habits of Helices,” by CuArLes WILLIAMS. ‘Introduction
of Mollusca into Britain,” by A. S. Kennarp [criticism of Kew, ‘The
Dispersal of Shells’; many more species have been introduced into Britain
than are so reckoned by that author].

————_$ 0+ ———___

Mucous tracks of Limnza stagnalis L.—Whilst on a_photo-
graphic tramp with my friend, Mr. H. G. Brierley, of Huddersfield, up
Calder Vale, last bank holiday, we passed along the side of Tag Lock, a
disused canal connecting two bends of the Calder. The canal is choked
with common reeds, bur reeds, and water plantain, and Limca stagnalis
and Planorbis corneus are plentiful. The molluscs, when sought for by Mr.
Brierley, towards evening a few weeks previously were not to be found, but
in the bright sunshine they were common enough. The tracks of the
Limnzea were quite distinct on the lower surface of the water-film, and were
visible to us as straight paths, six to eight feet long, and half-an-inch wide,
of whitish iridescent slime. The clear water of the canal ran over a bottom
darkened with black organic mud, against which the slightest deviations of
the paths were plainly discernible. Singularly the many tracks ran across
cach other almost at right angles, and where they crossed there was no inter-
ruption of the continuity of the mucous secretion. —IITENRY CROWTHER,
The Museum, Leeds. (Mead before the Conchological Society, Sep. 4/h, 1895):

J.C., viit., July, 1896.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

bo
iox
pe

Ww CISt OF THE LAND AND FRESELWATER
MOLILUSCR. “Ol IM RIUN TODA)

By EDGAR A. SMITH.

(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 4th, 1895).

Lists of the molluscan fauna of Trinidad having been
published as recently as r8go* and 1893}, it might appear that
another catalogue was scarcely necessary. So many species,
however, in the lists referred to, required alteration in their
nomenclature, that it was deemed advisable to publish a revi-
sion of the whole. The same sequence and numbers of the
species are adopted as appear in Mr. Guppy’s catalogue.

Alterations have been made in the generic or specific names
of more than half the species, four new forms have been
described, and two others are recorded which do not appear in
Mr. Guppy’s list. No attempt has been made to give references
in every case, as this has already been done by M. Crosse.

An examination of the following table will show that some
of the deductions with regard to the geographical distribution of
the species, which appear in the report by the latter author, are
no longer tenable. he increase of our knowledge, with respect
to the identity of many of the species and the extension of their
range, shows that the proportion of indigenous species is con-
siderably less than was supposed. Of the twenty-two species
cited by M. Crosse, only thirteen are now regarded as restricted
to the island, and even several of these will probably be found
elsewhere by future collectors.

To the twenty-eight species mentioned as living both in
Trinidad and on the American continent, seven additional forms
are quoted in the present paper. Of the eight species mentioned
by Crosse as occurring on the mainland and Trinidad, but not
on any of the other West Indian islands, one, Guppya vacans

* Crosse, Journ. de Conch., 1890, pp. 35-65.
{ Journ. of Conch, vol. vii., pp. 210-231.

232 SMITH : MOLLUSCS OF TRINIDAD.

(=G. semen-lini), has been cited as from Cuba and Grenada.
Lupa Lyriest, Homalonyx felina, Ampullaria cornu-arietis, and
A. urceus are also unknown further north than Trinidad.
Of the five species quoted from ‘Trinidad and other islands and
said not to occur on the mainland, one, Plecochilus auris-sciurt
(=f. glabra) is South American. In addition, Cceczloides
minulissima, Bulimulus Rawsont, Veronicella occidentalis, Pedipes
murabilis, Planorbis lucidus, and Truncatella pitlchella, occurring
in some of the other islands besides ‘Trinidad, have not yet been

met with on the continent.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

— 4

| ISLANDS CENTRAL
| NAMES OF THE SPECIES. 2 ase [ERNIE ee
he OE pee A eae , ue

Ceécilivides minutissima - - a al Me AS

| Subulina simplex - - - Wil 3

bi iSe eae im, Soe - - | ores

S. octona - - : = x x x

| Opeas Beckianx - - - x x |

| O. plicatella - = = Ee | DR Medes colt WATS x

| O. micra = - . Seal i | x x

| Leptinaria lamellata : eet tamer a2 x

| Omphatina Guildingt 2 Z hte Seal

| Vitrea implicans — - > = | x

| V. umbratilis - - - x |

I G uppya semen-lint - - = x x eo |
Selenites alicea - 2 - [os
Lipiphragmophora coactiata - x |
Thysanophora bactricola - - x x |
7. fusciula - : - - x x
T. dioscoricola : = - x x aus
Orthalicus zebra - : 3 x x aval
Strophochilus oblongus — - - x x x
Plecochilus glaber - - - x x x

J C., viit., July 1896

SMITH:

MOLLUSCA OF

TRINIDAD.

‘TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.— Continued.

(Ss)

}

NAMES OF THE SPECIES.

| ISLANDS

| TRINIDAD

NORTH
OF

Bulimiulus pilosus
LB. fraterculus -
B. aureolus -
BL. trinitarius, nv. s
L. Rawsoni -
B. Mossi, n. sp.

LB. Broadwayi, n. sp.

B. Vincentinis

Cylindrella trinitaria

Lupa uvulifera
P. Eyriest -
Linnea bicolor -
Streptaxts deformis

Simpulopsis riufovirens

Succinea Cuviert
Flomalonyx felina

Veronicella occidentalis

Melampus coffea
M, pusillus -
Pedipes mirabilis
Ancylus textilis

Gundlachia crepidulina
Planorbis terverianus

P. lucidus =
P. Gundlachi -
Physa rivals -

Paludestrina crystallina

Ampullaria cornu-arietis

A. urceus =
A. glauca =

Neocyclotus translucidus

1

p.

1

1

1

x

x

x

4

TRINIDAD

x

x

x

CENTRAL
OR
SOUTIL
FAMERICA

x

x

x

eS

x

234 SMITH ! MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.—Continucd.

ISLANDS ICENTRAL |

NAMES OF THE SPECIES. | ae TRINIDAD) aa |
; | TRINIDAD | AMERICA |

Neocyclotus grenadensis — - - | x x |
Diplommatina occidentalis - | Sou |
Truncatela pulchella = = x all
T. bilabiata - - - es Beth. x. eee |
7. subcylindrica— - - Ba eae hae ohn, eal
Taheitia veclusa - - | ee
Cistula aripensis — - - eo x
flelicina nemoralis - - . | S|
Hf. Dysont— - - - aye Xa ages
Ff. lirata - . - - | x x
Ff. ignicoma - - ~ = Soin |
Spherium trcurvun - - | x x
Pisidium punctiferum . nul x x
Anodonta Leotaudi - - - | x

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES.
1.-Ceaecilioides minutissima (Guppy).
Glandina minutissima Guppy, Proc. Sci. Assoc., Trinidad,

1868, vol. i1., p 239 ; Crosse, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 36,
folie 22 ae hl te
Geostilbia minutissima Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol.
Ville, Dent
Hab.: Maraccas, Trinidad (Guppy); St. Vincent (H. H.
Smith in Brit. Mus.).
This species, as I have already pointed out,* has the colum-

ella more distinctly truncate anteriorly than the typical form of
Geostilbia.

J.C., viit., July 1896.

SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 235

2.—Subulina (Nothus) simplex Guppy. Pl. VIIL, f. 1.
Spiraxis simplex Guppy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,. 1868, vol. 1.,
Pp. 438
Spiraxis simplex Guppy, Crosse, J. de Conch., 1890, p. 37.
Spiraxis simplex Guppy, Journ. of Conch., vol. vil., p. 212.

Hab.: Trinidad (Guppy); Oropouche, Trinidad (Ponsonby

in Brit. Mus.).

This species, placed by Guppy in the genus Sfrraxvis,
appears to be referable rather to the genus Swédwlina. In
Spiraxis, of which Achatina inusitata C. B. Adams should be
regarded as the type, there is a columellar ‘spiral lamina” at
the upper part of the columella, which is absent in Swdu/ina.
In the latter, the columella is more or less distinctly truncate
anteriorly, and has no spiral fold above. In this respect,
Spiraxis simplex agrees with the well-known <Achatina octona,
which is commonly located in the genus Swdulina. It seems,
therefore, advisable to place the present species in that genus
rather than in Spiraxis. If the group Vofhus of Albers (type
Bulimis anomalus Pfr.) be considered separable from Swdulina
on account of the reflexed columellar lip, forming an umbilical
perforation, then this species should be placed in that section.

2a.—Subulina (Nothus) Urichi. Pl. VIIL., f. 2

Testa elongata, turrita, angusta, rimata, pallida, pellucida,
nitida, striis tncrementi tenutbius obliquis arcuatis sculpta ;
anfractus 8 mediocriter convext, ad suturam crenulatt ,
spira producta, ad apice subobtusa; apertura parva, in-
wer se- aurijormis, longit. totius, 1 fere adequans ; labrum
tenutssimium, obligute- -arcuatum : poleanne “a rectiuscula, superne
anguste reflexa, infra medium subtruncata vel plicata.
Longit. 104 millim., diam. 3, apertura fere 3 longa.

Hab.: Oropouche (in coll. J. H. Ponsonby).

Rather larger than Ofeas mucra (= octonoides C. B. Ad.),
more glossy, and with a plicate or subtruncate columella.
Smaller and more slender than JS. s/mf/ex, also with finer lines

236 SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

of growth. Named after Mr. Urich, who collected this and

many Other species in the island.

3.—Subulina octona (Chemnitz).
Stenogyra octona. Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil.,p. 212.

Hab.: Trinidad (Guppy).

The genus Stenogyra was founded by Shuttleworth* to
include several groups of land shells which had already been
indicated by various authors and which bore a superficial general
resemblance. Among these were umina Risso, Obeliscius

Beck, Ofeas Albers, and Swéudina Beck. As Shuttleworth did
not name a type for his genus, and, in fact, did not place any
species under Stexogyra, but merely included in it the species
falling under the groups already mentioned, perhaps it would
be advisable to reject Stexogyra entirely as a too comprehensive
genus, and to revert to the groups previously established. There
are certain conchological and other characters which are prob-
ably sufficient to separate them. At all events, Ofeas is dis-
tinguishable from Swdulina by the absence of a truncation of
the columella, and Rumina and Obeliscus are groups having a
different aspect altogether.

4.—Opeas Beckiana (Pfeiffer).
Stenogvra caracasensis Reeve, Guppy, ef. cf., p. 2

Hab.: Trinidad (Guppy).

Bulimus oryza Reeve (2? of Bruguiere) and BL. caracasensis
Reeve are synonymous. Remarks upon the distribution of this
species have been made by the writer in the Proc. Mal. Soc.,

1895, vol. 1., p. 309.

5.—Opeas plicatella (Guppy).
Stenogyra plicatella Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii.
[Os BUS
Opeas plicatella Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc., 1895, vol. 1, pp.
Joh ay vy BOG, dle 1

* Bern. Musiulyet 1854, Dp. 45.

J.C., vili., July 1806.

SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 237

Hab.: Trinidad; St. Vincent, Grenada, St. Iucia; also
South America (Guppy).
5a.—Opeas micra (d’Orbigny).
Bulimus nucra V@Orb., Voy. Amér. Ménd.. p 262, pl. 41, f.
18-20 (1835).
Bulimus mera dOrb., Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 78, enlarged,
and f. 579.
Bulimus octonoides C. B. Adams (1845); Reeve, of. cit, f. 593.
Opeas micra, Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 1., pp. 309, 318.
This species is not recorded by Mr. Guppy, but a single
Trinidad specimen was, among other species, presented to the
sritish Museum by that gentleman in 1875.
Its distribution is given by the writer at the above reference.

6.—Leptinaria lamellata (Potiez & Michaud).
Cionella lamellata Guppy, op. cit., p. 213.
Hab.: Various parts of the island.
This common West Indian species is located by Guppy in
the genus Czronella. ‘Vhat genus, as I have already pointed
out is no longer available in conchological nomenclature.

7.—Omphalina Guildingi (Bland).

Stenopus Guildingi (2?) Bland, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., New
Wore, Wolk; Willies, JO Wx

Stenopus Guildingt (2?) Tryon, Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. ii.,
Ob WSas Holy Bn aaa,

Zonites Guildingt Guppy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1868, vol. i.,
js AAO, dese Journ. Ol (Comm, WSO 2, Wolk With, L Ziv
Hiab.: Porto Cabello, Venezuela (Bland); Anpo, Trini-

dad, 2,000—2,700 feet (Guppy).

H. nitensoides of @Orbigny, from Cuba, which Guppy
thought might “prove specifically identical” with this species,
is quite distinct. A comparison of the type with a specimen of
Stenopus Guildingt from Porto Cabello, presented to the Museum

+ Journ, of Conch., vol. vi., PP: 339-343.

238 SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

by Mr. Bland, shows that the umbilicus is considerably narrower
in the latter, which isa more compressed shell with a flatter spire.

I have placed this species in Omphalina, as conchologically
it 1s not unlike some of the forms belonging to that North
American group. The animal has not yet been studied. The
type of Stexofus (preoccupied for a Crustacean), viz., S. cruez-
tatus Guilding, may also be referable to this genus. The second
species (.S. “azdus) described by Guilding, appears to be different
generically, and is now placed in Guppyva.

8.—Vitrea implicans (Guppy). Pl. VIII, f. 3, 3b.
Zonites tmplicans Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil.,
p: 214; Amer. Journ. Conch: vol vi5 p. 307, plage
As the figure quoted above is not characteristic, another
is now given.
9.—Vitrea umbratilis (Guppy).
Zonites umbratilis Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vit,
p: 214; Amer. Joum: Conch!, vol! vi, p! 3075 pleuyemeee:

10.—Guppya semen-lini (Moricand).
felix semen-lini Moricand, Mém. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 1846,
vol. xi., p. 149, pl. v., f. 17 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., voliqne
f, 639%" Preitier, Conch. CabSved™ yp) 457; sp ae
f. 9-12 ; Tryon, Man. Conch., ser. 2} volim., p. 175,8pln5es
f. 55-50.
Flelix cassiguiensis Newcombe, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 334a—b.
Conulus vacans Guppy, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1866, vol. xvii, p. 53.
Guppva livida (non Guilding) Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893,
vol. vil., p. 215-
Guppya vacans. Gibbons, Journ. of Conch., 1879, vol. 11., p. 129.
Hab.: Bahia (Moricand) ; Brazils (Mus. Cuming) ; George-
town, Demerara (Gibbons) ; Trinidad (Guppy) ; Cassiqui, Cuba
(Rve.) ; Demerara (Newcombe in mus. Cuming, for Casszgur-
ensts).
Mr. Guppy considers his Conwdus vacans synonymous with
Guilding’s Stenopus Mvidus, but this identification does not

J.C., viii., July 1896.

SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 239

appear to be tenable, that is, if the shells in the British Museum
from St. Vincent, named /vdus, are correctly determined.
These have xo sfiral striation which is so characteristic of
vacans, semen-lint, and cassiguiensts, all of which I believe to
belong to one and the same species. G. “77da also is a little
larger and less keeled at the periphery.

i1._-Selenites alicea (Guppy). Pl. VIIL., f. 4-4b.
fTyalinia alicea Guppy, Amer. Journ. Conch., 1870, vol. vi,
p- 309.
ffyalinia alicea, Crosse, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 39.
Macrocycdis alicea Guppy, Journ. of Conch., vol. vi, p. 215.
Hab.: Oropouche (Guppy).
This species should, I think, be considered a small form of
Selenites, rather than a Macrocyclis, a group now restricted to

the large Chihan Ae/ix laxata Feérus.

12.—*Epiphragmophora (Trichodiscina) coactiliata |
(Férussac).
Felix coactiliata, Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vi.,

De 200;

Hab : Trinidad (Guppy).

With this species Mr. Guppy places as synonymous //.
suturalis and H. cordovana of Pfeiffer, both of which differ in
the absence of the colour-bands, which are so characteristic of
Ff, coactiliata, ‘They also vary slightly in form. The specimens
obtained by Mr. Guppy appear to have belonged to the typical
banded torm., (Compare P-Z-s., 1875, p. 319):

13.—Thysanophora bactricola (Guppy). Pl. VIII., f. 5—sa.

flelix bactricola Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 216;
Amery joum Conch) vols vi.,.ps 307 Pl) uy vt 5
Hab.: Also Venezuelan Guiana (Crosse).

14.—Thysanophora fuscula (C. B. Adams).
Flehix plaxtoptycha Shuttleworth.

*Species marked with an asterisk have not been seen by the writer from Trinidad.

240 SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

Felix terensis Guppy, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. vi, p. 307,
pl: 17; £-43; Journ! “of Conch., 1393, vol: vip. seme
Hab.: Also St. Lucia and Guiana (Tate); Porto Rico,

Vieque, Jamaica.

In his remarks upon this species, Mr. Guppy suggests the
possibility of this and the next form being “sexes” (!) of one and
the same species. As these Pulmonates are supposed to be
androgynous, we can well understand Mr. Guppy’s difficulty to
“advance any evidence in support of this view.” Professor
Pilsbry (Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. ix, p. 57) suggests that this
species is probably a mere variety of Z. /A/agzoptycha Shuttle-
worth, an opinion which is evidently correct.

15.—Thysanophora dioscoricola (C. B. Adams).

Flelix dioscoricola C. B. Adams.—-Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab., ed. 2,
p- 240, pl. 30, £. 29-32 ;, Reeve, Conch Icon: volsyvar
2475, Lryon, Man (Conch, ser 2, voli, py 1 72aapleenes
f. 46-47.

ff. ceca Guppy.——Tryon, op. cz., vol. u1., p. 55, pl. 9, f. 23.

7, punctum Morelet.—Tryon, of. ciz., vol. 111., p. 53, pl. 9, f. 6.
Hab.: Jamaica (Adams); Vieque (Pfr.); Trinidad (Guppy);

Yucatan (Morelet).

Having compared specimens of the above three forms, I
concur with Mr. Pilsbry in considering the two latter as ‘“‘varie-
ties of dzescoricola.”

16.—Orthalicus zebra (Miller).

Orthalicus undatus Bruguicre.—Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893,
VOL ville, eps hi.

Hab.: Trinidad (Guppy).

For remark upon this species and its distribution, see Proc.
Mal) Soc; 1895, ivol-i,0pp: 300,220.

17.—Strophochitus (Borus) oblongus (Miiller).
Bulimus oblongus. Guppy, op. cit., p. 218.

18.—--Plecochilus glaber (Gmelin).
Bulimus glaber Guppy, op. cit., p. 218.

J-C., viit., July 1896.

SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 241

I quite concur with Mr. Guppy in considering the Trinidad
form (B. auris-sciurt of Guppy) a variety of this species. It also
occurs in Tobago (Sir R. Rawson). &. euryomphalus Jonas,
and B. ofostomus Pfeiffer, both from Venezuela, are also mere
varieties.

19.—Bulimulus (Leptomerus) pilosus Guppy.

In form this species is very like B. cormeus of Sowerby from
Central America. It is well distinguished, however, by the
different sculpture of the nuclear whorls. The apex in B. fpzlosius
is almost truncate, and rather strongly longitudinally plicate or
costulate ; in B. corneus the apex is very minutely shagreened or
granular. B. fraterculus is a larger, longer and narrower species.

20.—Bulimulus (Leptomerus) fraterculus Férussac.
B. tenutssimus Guppy, of. cit., p. 218.

This species is omitted from Mr. Guppy’s last catalogue.
It certainly, however, does occur in Trinidad, for Mr. Guppy
himself presented a series of it to the British Museum which he
had collected on the island. It seems probable that the speci-
mens he considers to belong to B. ¢enuzssimus Yér. are in reality
examples of B. fraterculus.* It 1s quoted from Guiana by
Drouet.

21 part.—Bulimulus (Drymezeus) aureolus (Guppy).
JAS WAU ie (op
Bulimus aureolus Guppy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866, vol.

XVIL, Pp. 49.

Bulimulus aureolus typicus (varr. exclusis), Journ. of Conch.,

1893, vol. vil, p. 218.

Hab.: Trinidad (Guppy).

The form originally described by Guppy was of a plain
yellow tint. This he subsequently designated var. zypica. At
the same time he enumerated four other varieties, namely:
1, albescens ; 2, fasciata ; 3, imperfecta; 4, Rawsoni. After a

* He has since informed Mr. J. H. Ponsonby that such is the case.

3/9/96 Q

242 SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

careful study of these forms, I am inclined to consider it advis-
able to regard them as constituting three distinct species.

The variety ¢yfica forms the typical &. aureolus, the vars.
Jasciata and imperfecta constituting the second species (LB. ¢2nz
tartus n. sp.), and var. Razsonzt the third (B. Rawsonts of H.
Adams),* originally described from Tobago. 2. Uhaceus of
Férussac (in part) is very closely allied to B. aureolus, but the
identification of that species is very uncertain.

Never having seen examples of Guppy’s var. aldescens, I
am unable to express any opinion respecting its affinity.

21 part.—Bulimulus (Drymeeus) trinitarius n. sp.
TL WINES 8 7s
Bulimulus aureolus vars. fasciata and imperfecta Guppy, Ameri-
can Journ Conch, 1871; vol. vi. p) 3085) Jeoum~non

Conch., 1893, vol. vil., p. 218-2109.

Testa elongata, superne acuminata, anguste perforata, alba,
ad apicem fusca, zonts angustis fuscts (in anfr. penult, tribus, tn
ultimo guinis) cincta,; spira mediocriter acuminato-conica ; an-
tractus 6 regulariter accrescentes, supremt duo embryonales minute
punctato-reticulati, convext, celert convextuscult, incrementt linets
extlibus obliguis, stritsque spiralibus tenutbus sculptt, ultimus
zonis duabus infimis ceterts latioribus ; apertura inverse subaurt-
jormis, longtt. totius 4 haud equans, alba, fusco-zonata ; labrum
tenue, antice subexpansum, columella rectiuscula, supra rimam

reflexa.

Longtt. 19 millim., diam. 9; apertura Q longa, 5 lata.

This species is banded like B. wincentinus Pfr., but is very
different in form. In the only two adult specimens I have seen,
the zones on the body-whorl have a tendency to become more
or less interrupted here and there. It may be the same as
B. rufolineatus Drouet from Guiana, but it has five instead of
four bands on the body-whorl, and the form is not quite the
same.

21 part.—Bulimulus (Drymzeus) Rawsoni H. Adams.
Hab.: Also from Tobago.

*Proc. Zool. Soc., 1873, p. 208, pl. 23, f. 12.

eG. evil. OcinscG,

SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 243

Bulimulus (Drymzeus) Mossi. PI. VIIL., f. 8.

Testa elongata, rimata, alba, ad apicem et circa basim anfr.
ultimt flavescens ; spira acuminata ; anfractus 5-6, supremi duo
embryonales minute punctato-reticulatt, convextuscult, ceetert minus
convext, sutura leviter obliqua simplict sejuncti, tnfra suluram
linea alba opaca angustissima marginati, linets obliguis incrementi
fenutsstmis allisque spiralibus exilibus subundulatis sculpti,
ultimus elongatus ; apertura inverse auriformis, longit. totius 4
superans , labrum tenue, antice paulo expansum ; columella fenuts,
supra rimam anguste reflesca.

Longit. 214 millim., diam. 94; apertura 12 longa, 64 lata.

In colour lis species resembles 2. Rawsoni of H. Adams.
It differs from that species, however, in form, the more effuse
outer lip and the more narrowly-reflexed columella. In 2.
Rawsont the spire is longer and the aperture shorter than in
this species, and the relative proportions are quite different.
The single specimen examined has been kindly submitted to
me for examination by Mr. W. Moss, after whom I have the
pleasure of naming the species.

Bulimulus (Drymzeus) Broadwayi n.sp. Pl. VIIL.,f. 9.

Testa brevis, ovata, vix rimata, tenuts, subpellucida, albo-
cornea, ad suturam fusco-cincta ; spira brevis, conica, ad apicem
obtustuscula, nigrescens ; anfractus 5 subceleriter accrescentes, con-
vextuscull, supremt duo minute punctato-cancellatt, sequentes paulo
nitentes, linets tncrementi tenuibus striatt, ultimus leviter globosus,
costulis gracilibus obliquis plus minus numerosis instructus ;
apertura longit. totius § paulo superans, peristoma tenuissimum,
margine columellart vix incrassato, tenutter et anguste reflexo.

Longit. 14 millim., diam, 84; apertura 8 longa, 6 lata.

Mr. Moss informs me that this very interesting addition to
the fauna was discovered by Mr. W. E. Broadway, who at that
time was an assistant in the Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. We
are also indebted to him for the discovery of the preceding
species. Mr. Moss, who has received from him a fine series of
the Trinidad shells, has liberally placed one of his three speci-
mens of this species in the British Museum collection. It is
very different from all the other indigenous forms, and quite dis-
tinct from any of the continental species. ‘The fine rib-like lines

244 SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

of growth on the body-whorl are peculiar, and the style of coloura-
tion is very remarkable. I have much pleasure in naming this
very interesting form after Mr. Broadway.

22.—Bulimulus (Drymeeus) vincentinus (Pfeiffer).
Hab.: Also Venezuela (Guppy).

23.—Cylindrella trinitaria Pfeiffer.

24.—Pupa uvulifera Guppy. PI. VIII, f. ro.

P. uvulifera Guppy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1868, vol. i., p. 441.

In describing this species, Mr. Guppy does not give details
of the dentition of the aperture. He merely remarks that the
aperture is semi-ovate “ plicis munita, plica parietalis verticalis,
lamelliformis.” | Specimens of this species, presented to the
British Museum by Mr. Guppy, exhibit five unequal teeth, viz. :
a double parietal tooth larger than any of the other teeth, a
single columellar tooth, and three palatal teeth, of which the
uppermost on the right nearest to the parietal is very small and
difficult of observation. P. pellucida Pfr. is very closely allied
to this species.

25.—*Pupa Eyriesi Drouet.

26.—Ennea (Huttonella) bicolor Hutton.
Also St. Thomas and St. Lucia (Gibbons), and Grenada.

27.—-Streptaxis deformis Férussac.
Also occurs in Barbados and South America.

28.—Simpulopsis rufovirens (Moricand).
Simpulopsis rufovirens Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab., ed. 2, p. 30, pl. i,

f. 3-4; Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xiii, f. 3.

S. corrugata Guppy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866, vol. xvil.,

P53) Journ derConchs a S7Srs pase ampleexe wien

Hab. : Bahia, Brazil (Moricand); Trinidad, Guppy.

I cannot distinguish Mr. Guppy’s S. corrugata from speci-
mens of S. vwfovirens preserved in the Cuming collection, and
Mr. Guppy seems to be in doubt with regard to the validity of
his species. I should also mention that in the figure in the

J.C., vili., Oct. 1896.

SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 245

Journal de Conchyliologie the aperture of the shell is repre-
sented a trifle too wide.

29.—Succinea Cuvieri Guilding.
S. candeana Lea, Guppy, of. cit., p. 221.

Mr. J. H. Ponsonby has presented specimens of this
species to the British Museum, which he received direct from
Trinidad. If S. candeana of Lea be synonymous, as stated by
Mr. Guppy, it cannot be employed, as Guilding’s name has
many years priority (see Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 1, p. 307,
317). It is said to occur on the mainland (Guppy).

30.—Homalonyx felina Guppy.

Also found by Gibbons (Journ. of Conch., vol. 11., pp. 99

and 132) in Demerara.
31.—*Veronicella occidentalis (Guilding).

(See Cockerell, The Conchologist, vol. 11., p. 219).
32.—*Melampus coffea (Linn.).
33.—*Melampus pusillus (Gmelin).
34.—*Pedipes mirabilis (Megerle).
35.—Ancylus textilis Guppy.
36.—Gundlachia crepidulina Guppy.
37.—Planorbis terverianus d’Orbigny.
38.—Planorbis lucidus Pfeiffer.

Planorbis meniscus Guppy, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. vi.,

- 2rOs Jicmme oF Conn, WOl Vail, jh 22g;

Hab.: Cuba, Portorico, Guadaloupe, Martinique, St.
Vincent.

With this species I am inclined to unite P. lanierianus
@Orbigny, P. tentatus Morelet, and P. Redfield C. B. Adams.
If this union of species be correct, the range of this species
becomes extended to Jamaica and the Isle of Pines.

Mr. Guppy appears to have included two species under
his P. meniscus, for, in the original description he remarks that

246 SMITH: MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

it “approaches to P. paropserdes, a species described by d’Or-
bigny from South America,” and subsequently he observes that
it is “‘very near to P. haldemant Adams, Jamaica.” This view
is also strengthened by the fact, that in a series of nine speci-
mens which he kindly presented to the Museum in 1885, six
are referable to P. Haldemani C. B. Adams, and three to P. /ucidus.

*Planorbis Gundlachi Clessin.
Planorbis Gundlachit (Dunker, MSS.), Clessin, Conch. Cab.,
Sk Bs [O. WAG, TOL TK, S, TSA).
This species does not occur in Mr. Guppy’s list. It may
on comparison prove to be the same as the preceding species.

39.—Physa (Aplecta?) rivalis (Maton & Rackett).

40.—-Paludestrina crystallina Pfeiffer.

Paludina crystallina Pfr... Wiegmann’s Arch. f. Naturgesch.
1340,9p. 253 ; ebilippi, Abbilds vol asp. 02S.) pleletenor
austere, (Comes, Calo, 0, Fe, Ol sa, Wy, 8:

Paludestrina auberiana @Orbigny in Ramon de la Sagra,
ist Cub. Moliusq:; vol: ai; p: S)splicc, 1G, 7 (sae)

(var. coronata).

faludina coronata Pfeiffer, of. ct, p. 253; Philippi, of. céz.,
Dy Trea pleas tenga) Keusterqopuc7z pus) pleen tae es

flydrobia coronata. Martens, Festschrift Gesell. Nat. Freunde
Bering mis 7 2 apa2Ocnmple iy tpt

Paludestrina candeana VOrbigny, of. ciz., p. 9, pl. x., f. 13, 14.

Melania spinifera C. B. Adams, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1845, vol. 11., p. 17.

Bithinia spiralis Guppy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1864, vol. xiv.,
p: 244; Proc. Set ‘Assoc, Tnmidad; vol. a, p. 3486);
as Paludestrina.

Amnicola candeana Guppy, Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii.
p. 224.

Hab.: Cuba (Pfr.); Cuba and Guadaloupe (d’Orb.) ; Vene-
zuela (Martens) ; Jamaica (C. B. Adams) ; Trinidad (Guppy).

J.C., vili., Oct. 1896.

SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 247

I cannot agree with Guppy in placing with this species
d’Orbigny’s Paludina piscium, P. Parchappit, and P. australis,
or his Paludestrina affinis.

41.—Ampullaria (Marisa) cornu-arietis (Linn.).

It is doubtful whether the sub-generic division is worth
retention ; in any case, however, Fischer is wrong in giving
preference to Cevatodes of Guilding, as that so-called genus was
published four years after A/arisa of Gray.* 1847, the date
assigned by Fischery to the latter, is incorrect. After compari-
son of a considerable series of specimens, I have failed to
appreciate the specific distinctions assigned to A. zufermedia
Gray, A. chiguitensts @Orbigny from Bolivia, and A. Kuorrt
Philippi from Trinidad. It is possible that the slight difference
referred to by Philippi may be sexual. The type of Ampul/aria
is A. ampullacea Linn., and not A. urceus as stated by Fischer.

_ 42.—Ampullaria urceus (Muller).
The known distribution of this mollusc is far less extended
than that of Bulimus oblongus as stated by Guppy.

43.—Ampullaria (Pomus) glauca (Linn.).
Ampullaria effusa Mull., Guppy, of. cez., p. 226.

As Dillwyn, Deshayes, Philippi, Hanley, and others have
many years ago shown that the above are synonymous, we are
necessarily compelled to employ the older name glauca. ‘The
distribution and other synonyms of this species are given by
the writer in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society,
VOL ty > BUC.

44.—Neocyclotus translucidus (Sowerby).
Cyclotus translucidus Sow., Guppy, of. cz., p. 226.

MM. Crosse and Fischer have shown that the genus
Cyclotus (Guilding) Swainson is not referable to this and other
allied forms from the West Indies, for which they proposed the

new genus /Veocyclotus.

*Phil. Mag. and Journ., vol. 63, p. 274, 1824.
{+Man. de Conch., p. 737-

248 SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

45.—Neocyclotus grenadensis (Shuttleworth).
Cyclotus grenadensts Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 1., p. 310, 319.

46.—Diplommatina occidentalis Godwin-Austen.

Diplommatina occidentalis Guppy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1886
vol. xvil., p. 385 (name only).

D. Fluttont Pfr. var. occidentale, Ld., Proc. Sci. Assoc. Trinidad,
Log. pe24. journo Conch 1502) voli sp ue cer

D. Fiuttont Pir., Jd., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867, vol. xx., p. 95.

PD. Fluttont Pfr. var. occidentalis Crosse, Journ. de Conch., 1890,
DP: 55:

D. Fluttont Pfr., Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1868, vol. 1.,
peel mo:

D. occidentalis Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, p. 173, pl. xlv., f.
8, 8a, 8b.

The occurrence in Trinidad of a species of Diplommatina,
which was identified the same as an Indian species, has given
rise to considerable discussion as to whether it was not merely
an introduction by human agency. Notwithstanding the (to
my mind) conclusive proof given by Mr. Guppy* that this
Species is indigenous, he still appears to be in doubt, and out
of respect to the opinions of M. Crosse and Mr. Blanford, con-
siders it a “var. occidentale” of the Indian shell.

It is to be noticed that none of the writers quoted have
offered any comparison between the shells of the two localities,
but it was presumed to be identical solely upon the word of the
late Dr. Pfeiffer.

As the types of D. HYutfoni are in the Museum, and also a
good series of the Trinidad shell, I am in a position to offer
the following observations. On a careful comparison, I note
certain differences, which, although individually small, in the
aggregate appear to me sufficient to separate the two forms.
I should, however, remark that, unfortunately, only three speci-
mens of the Indian species are available.

*Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1886, vol. xvii., p. 385.

J.C., vui., Oct. 1896.

SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD. 249

In the first place, 2. ocerdentalts is larger, has a stouter
appearance ; secondly, the riblets on the spire are further
apart; thirdly, the penultimate whorl is not quite so gibbose;
fourthly, the tooth on the columella is almost obsolete.

I would also point out that in the Indian species the
costulations on the penultimate whorl are much closer together,
that is, more numerous than on the rest of the volutions, where-
as in D. occidentale they are, if anything, further apart. The
columellar denticle is small but quite distinct in D. Hu/ton/,
and the mouth is not quite so circular as in the Trinidad shell.

The dimensions given by Pfeiffer (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852,
p. 157) “Long. 24, diam. 1 mill.,” are not quite accurate judging
from the types. The length is exactly 2 mills. only, whereas
the Trinidad species is about 24. Although this appears a very
small difference, in conjunction with the greater width it makes
D. occidentale appear a distinctly larger shell.*

47.—*Truncatella puichella Pfeiffer.

48.—*Truncatella bilabiata Pfeiffer.

49.—-*Truncatella subcylindrica Gray.
50.—Taheitia reclusa (Guppy).
51.—Cistula aripensis (Guppy).

52.—Helicina nemoralis Guppy.

Perhaps sufficiently distinct from 4. columbiana Philippi,
with which it has been united by Bland (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.,
N. York, vol. xi. p. 87). It differs in colour, and the body-
whorl is a trifle more globose at the periphery. The opercula
are identical.

*Since these remarks were penned, my attention has been called by Mr. Sykes to
Godwin-Austen’s account of the species of Dipjlommatina from the Western and Eastern
Himalayas. In describing D. AHuttonz, he has notified the differences between the
Trinidad shell and that species, and has imposed upon the West Indian form the name
occidentalis. He does not, however, regard it as indigenous, observing that ‘‘it remains
to be discovered from what hill-district of India the Trinidad form has been conveyed.”
(Moll. India, p. 177).

250 SMITH : MOLLUSCA OF TRINIDAD.

53.—Helicina Dysoni Pfeiffer.

Ff. barbata Guppy, of. cit., p. 228.

The late Mr. T. Bland* has already pointed out the identity
of the above species ; but as Mr. Guppyy in his latest catalogue
has failed to recognise this, I beg to confirm Mr. Bland’s judg-
ment. M. Crosse,t not having specimens for comparison,
appears to have been in doubt upon this point.

54.—Helicina (Poenia) lirata Pfeiffer.
#1. lamellosa Guppy, op. ci¢., p. 228.

The synonymy of this species has been fully worked out
by Crosse and Fischer|| and Martens§ Besides A. untdentata
Pfr., and A. rusticel/a Morelet, I have no hesitation in uniting
with the present form the 7. Zame//ata of Guppy from Trinidad.
The prominence on the basal margin of the peristome is only
feebly indicated, but the strength of this is variable, being most
developed in H/. wnidentata. The sub-genus Perenna of Guppy
is synonymous with Peni H. and A. Ad.

55.—*Helicina ignicoma Guppy.

Very near if not the same as //. rugosa Pfr.

56.—Spherium (Limosina) incurvum (Guppy).
Cyclas incurva Guppy, op. cit., p. 229.
Also Guadaloupe (Guppy).

57.—Pisidium punctiferum (Guppy).
Cyclas punctifera Guppy, of. cit., p. 229.

Also Central America (Crosse).

58.—Anodonta Leotaudi (Guppy).
Anodon leotaudi Guppy, op. cit., p. 229.

* Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. iv., p- 179.
+ Journ. of Conch., vol. vii., p. 228.

* Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 58.

|| Moll. Mexique, p. 397-

§ Biol. Central Amer. Moll., p. 41.

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 251

Autonoe riparia and Stenogyra coronata have been with-
drawn from the fauna of Trinidad by Mr. Guppy, and his Pupa
auriformis he considers a probable variety or ‘‘accidental form”
of P. uvulifera, The Autonvse is said to be synonymous with
Auricula pellucens of Menke, and the Stenogyra was founded
upon a single example. Not having specimens of either of these
or of the Pupa, I cannot offer any suggestions with regard to
their identification.

$+ O+-—

Note on Helix hortensis near Dover.—On April 17th, I found
Hf. hortensts well out and active in a shrubby chalk wayside bank near
Dover, the day being warm and mild. They were mostly about three or
four feet up the shrubs. Chief variations 00045,-00005, 10045, 10305,
0(23)(45), and 12045. Also alba, the presence of which in a locality seems
to me to lead to variations with few bands; A. caztzana and H. rufescens
the only other active shells. In another direction I found A. xemoralis
swarming up the beech trees; 7. arbustorum also active. These two had
made two-thirds of their second year’s shell already ; &. /aficzda also active.
I found &@. ¢ervrestris at home, but not as yet active, in its only British
habitat. A. aspersa, L/. virgata, and A. caperata still hybernating.—J. W.
Horsey, St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth. (ead before the Conchological
Society, May 13th, 1896).

Limax marginatus-Mill.=L. arborum B.Ch. in Northampton-
shire.—On May 3rd, in Rockingham Park, I found several examples of
the ‘tree slug,’ which is a new species to this county. Rockingham Park has
only recently been thrown open to members of the Northants Natural
History Society, and may yet yield other species.—LIONEL FE. Anpams,
Northampton. (Mead before the Conchological Soctety, May 13th, 1806).

Helix fusca and Azeca tridens in Denbighshire.—In the carly
part of April, 1896, I paid a visit to the Cefn Caves in the carboniferous
limestone of the Elwy Valley near St. Asaph. The time at my disposal for
shell-collecting was limited to an hour, but, judging from the number of
species obtained in that time, the hanging woods in the neighbourhood of
the caves would well repay a thorough and systematic search. In addition
to Helix fusca and Azeca tridens, of each of which I collected several ex-
amples, the following species, among others, were noted:—A7zon minimus,
A. circumscriptus, Vitrina pellucida, Hyalinia glabra, H. pura, and v.
netidosa, H. crystallina, H. fulva, Helix rotundata v. pyramidalis, H.
rupestris, H. pygmea, H. aculeata, H. pulchella v. costata, H. arbus-
torum, H. sranulata, Bulimus obscurius, Vertigo edentula, Clausiha lamin-
ata, and Carychium mintmun.—CHAS, OLDHAM, Romiley. (Read before
the Conchological Society, May 13th, 1896).

252 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Modiola barbata L.—Falmouth (W.H.); Mount’s Bay
(G.F.T.) ; Padstow (Enys) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

M. modiola L..—Plymouth Sound, Par, Falmouth, Helford,
St. Minver, Scilly.

M. adriatica Lmk.—Falmouth (Brown) ; Helford (R.N.D.) ;
Mount’s Bay (Penz. List); Hayle (Miss H.); Scilly
(R.W.J.S.).

Var. ovalis Sow.—Falmouth (G.F.T.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
M. phaseolina Phil.—West Cornwall and Scilly.
Modiolaria costulata Riss.—Falmouth, Helford, Penzance,

Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Hayle, Scilly.
M. marmorata Forbes.—Plymouth, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay,

Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Hayle, Scilly.

M. discors L.—Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow, Wolf
Rock, Scilly.

Crenella (Rhomboidella) rhombea Berk.—Mount’s Bay
(Penz. List) ; dredged 20 miles off Penzance (McAndrew);
Land’s End (W.H.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

ORDER PSEUDOLAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Avicula hirundo L.—Found by trawlers off the Eddystone.
Mr. Hockin records it as being taken off Falmouth (?)
Pinna rudis L.—Occurs in beds off the S. coast in moderately

deep water, the upturned edges of the valves being
destructive to trawl nets. Off Plymouth, Deadman, Lizard,
Land’s End, Hayle, and Scilly.
Ostrea edulis L.—Generally distributed. It is cultivated in
the Tamar, Falmouth Harbour, and Helford River.
Var. parasitica Turt.—Common (J.C.).
Var. deformis Lmk.—Hayle (Miss H.) ; Par (J.T.M.).
Pecten maximus L.—Generally distributed.
P. opercularis L.—Generally distributed.
Var. lineata DaC.—Plymouth Sound, Falmouth, Helford,
Mount’s Bay, Scilly.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 253

P. varius L.—Generally distributed.

Var. purpurea Jeff.—Falmouth (G.F.T.).

P. incomparabilis Risso. [/. Zes¢e Biv.].—Land’s End and
Nare Point (Helford 2) (W.H.).

P. tigrinus Miil!.— Plymouth, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay,
Porthcurnow, Scilly.

Var. costata Jeff.—Scilly (R.W.]J.S.).

P. striatus Miill. — Plymouth (Jordan); Wolf Rock (Miss
Carne) ; Scilly (J.G.J.).

P. similis Lask.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(W.P.C.) ; Mount’s Bay (McAndrew and Forbes); Wolf
Rock (W.H.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

P. pusio L.—Generally distributed.

P. sulcatus Miill.—‘ Mr. Hanley showed me a single valve,
said to have been trawled near the Runnelstone [Wolf ]
Lighthouse off the Land’s End.”—(J.G.J.—B.C. vol. v.,
Dee wo):

Lima (Radula) hians Gmel.—Falmouth (J.C.); Mount’s
Bay (McAndrew & Forbes).

Var. tenera Turt.—Falmouth (C.B.); Land’s End (W.H.) ;
Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

L. subauriculata Mont.—Plymouth Sound, Whitsand Bay E.,
Fowey, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow, Scilly.

L. Loscombii G. B. Sow.—-Plymouth, Falmouth, Mount’s
Bay, Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Scilly.

ORDER EULAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
SUB-ORDER SUBMYTILACEA.

Astarte sulcata DaC.—Falmouth (J.C.); Helford (W.R.) ;

Mount’s Bay, trawl refuse (G.F.T.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Var. paucicostata Jeffi—Mount’s Bay (Miss T.).

A. Montagui Dill. [4. compressa Mont. |.—Falmouth (W.P.C.);
Mount’s Bay, a single valve (Miss T.).

A. triangularis Mont.—Whitsand Bay, E. (J.G.J.); Falmouth
(Montagu) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) Land’s End (W.R.) ;
Scilly (McAndrew).

254 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Cyprina islandica L.—-S.E. Cornwall (J.C.) ; Falmouth
(R.N.D.) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ; Hayle (Miss -H.) ;
Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Isocardia cor L.—Fowey (Peach); Falmouth (W.P.C. and
others) ; the Manacles, Falmouth (W.R.).

Lucina borealis L.—Generally distributed.

L. spinifera Mont.—Plymouth Sound (J.M:B.A.); Falmouth,
30 fathoms (W.H.); Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ; Scilly (C.B.).

Loripes lacteus L.—Falmouth (Montagu and others); Hayle
(Miss H.); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

L. commutatus Ph.—[Z. divaricatus L.|—St. Mawes (J.G.J.);
Falmouth (Montagu); Land’s End (Turton); Hayle (Miss
H.) ; Crow Sound, Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Axinus flexuosus Mont.—Falmouth (Montagu) ; Helford
(R.N.D.) ; Mount’s Bay, very plentiful, with few excep-
tions, single valves (G.F.T.) ; Hayle (W.H.); Scilly, living
specimens very rare (R.W.]J.S.).

Diplodonta rotundata Mont. — Generally, but sparsely
distributed.

Montacuta substriata Mont.—Penzance (W.H.); Mount’s
Bay (McAndrew & Forbes) ; Scilly, on spines of Spatangus
purpureus (C. Jefferys).

M. bidentata Mont.—Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow,
Land’s End, Scilly.

M. ferruginosa Mont.—Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.); Porthcurnow
(Miss Carne); Hayle (Miss H.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

M. Dawsoni Jeff.—Scilly, a single specimen (C.B.).

M. donacina S. Wood.—A single valve at Falmouth in 1839
GeGale):

Turtonia minuta Fabr. [Cyamum m.|—Whitsand Bay, E.
(J.M.B.A.); Falmouth (J.G.J.); Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ;
Land’s End (Truro Mus.) ; Scilly (Penz. Mus.).

Kellia suborbicularis Mont.—West Cornwall and Scilly.

Var. lactea Bro.—Noted as Cornish by Mr. Williams Hockin.

J.C., vili., Oct. 1806.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL, 255

Laszea rubra Mont.—Generally distributed.
Var. pallida Jeff—Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Lepton squamosum Mont.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.) ;
Fowey (Alder); Helford (W.H.); Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ;
Scilly (Jenkinson).

L. nitidum Turt.—Falmouth (W.R.) ; Scilly (C.B.).

Var. convexa Ald.—Falmouth (W.H.); Scilly (Jenkinson,
€ By)

L. Sykesii Chaster.—-Dr. Chaster found this new species in
sand dredged by me in Mount’s Bay. He had previously
found it in Guernsey dredgings, (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
March, 1895).

L. sulcatulum Jeff.—Scilly, a dozen perfect specimens (C.B.).

L. Clarkize Cl—-Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.); Fowey
(Barlee) ; Falmouth (W.H.) ; Scilly (C.B.).

Galeomma Turtoni Eds. Zooe. Journ.—Mr. Stuart found a
single valve at Menavawr, Scilly, and Mr. Burkill also found
a single valve at Scilly.

SuB-ORDER ZTELLINACEA.

Tellina crassa Penn.—Generally distributed.

Var. albida Jeff—Falmouth (C.B.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

T. balaustina L.—Off Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(Mrs. Gulson and others) ; Scilly (C.B.).

T. balthica L.—Plymouth Sound, Par, Falmouth, Penzance,
Hayle.

Var. minor Jeff.—Helford (W.R.).
Var. nivea Jeff—Land’s End (W.H.).

T. tenuis DaC.—-Generally distributed.

T. fabula Gron.—Whitsand Bay, E. (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
QVAECs) ee Benzancen(Missy i5)) Elaylem (Webinar scilly,
(R.W.J.S.).

T. squalida Pult.—Par (J.C.); Falmouth (W.P.C.) ; Helford
(R.N.D.); Mount’s Bay and Scilly (G.F.T.); Hayle (W.H.).

256 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

T. donacina L.—-Falmouth (W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay(G.F.T.) ;
Porthcurnow (R.N.D.); Hayle (Miss H.); Scilly (Miss T.).

T. pusilla Phil.— Whitsand Bay E., Fowey, Falmouth,
Helford, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Hayle,
Scilly.

Gastrana fragilis L.—-Falmouth (Miss Carne).

Scrobicularia piperata Gmel. — Looe, Par, Falmouth,
Helford, Mount’s Bay, Hayle, St. Minver, Scilly. .

Syndosmya (vel Abra) prismatica Mont. —Whitsand
Bay E., Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Scilly.

S. nitida Miull.—Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Scilly.

S. alba Wood.—-Whitsand Bay E., Falmouth, Helford,
Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Harlyn Bay, Scilly.

S. tenuis Mont.—Mount’s Bay, (Miss T.); Hayle (W.H.).

Donax vittatus DaC.—Par (J.C.); Falmouth (W.P.C.) ;
Mount’s Bay (R.N.D.); Hayle (G.F.T.); Padstow and
St. Minver (R.V.T.).

Var. nitida Jeff.—Hayle (Miss H.).

D. (Capsella) politus PoliWhitsand Bay E., Looe, Par,
Falmouth. Mount’s Bay, Helford, Porthcurnow, Hayle,
Scilly.

Ervilia castanea Mont. [Amphidesmac.|.—Whitsand Bay E.,
St. Austell Bay, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow

(especially plentiful), Land’s End, Hayle, Scilly. Two
perfect adult specimens at Scilly (C.B.).
Mactra solida L.—Generally distributed.
Var. intermedia Jeff.—Scilly (R.W.J.S.).
Var. truncata Mont.—Plymouth Sound, Falmouth, Helford,
Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Scilly.
Var. elliptica Bro.—Plymouth Sound, Falmouth, Mount’s
Bay, Porthcurnow, Land’s End, Scilly.
M. subtruncata DaC.—Plymouth Sound, Par, Falmouth,
Helford, Mount’s Bay, Hayle, Padstow, St. Minver, Scilly.
Var. striata Bro.—Helford (W.R.).

J.C., viii., Oct. 1806

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 257

M. stultorum L.—Generally distributed.

Var. cinerea Mont.—Falmouth (W.P.C.); Hayle (Miss H.).
M. glauca Born.—Mounts Bay (?) (Penz. List) ; Land’s End,
fragments only (Lindsay); Hayle, single valves only
(Miss H. and others).
Var. luteola Jeff.—Hayle (J.G.].).

SuB-ORDER VENERACEA.

Circe (Gouldia) minima Mont.—Falmouth and Mount’s Bay
(G.F.T.) ; Wolf Rock (W.H.); Hayle (Miss H.); Scilly
(R.W.J.S.).

Var. triangularis Mont.—Falmouth (Montagu and others).

Cytherea chione L.—Generally distributed.

Dosinia exoleta L. [Venus e.].—Generally distributed.

D. lupinus L. [Venus “ncta Pult.|.—Generally distributed,
but less plentiful than exo/e/a.

Venus fasciata DaC.—Generally distributed.

Var. radiata Jeff—Falmouth, Helford, Porthcurnow, Hayle,
Scilly.

V. casina L.—lalmouth and Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ;_ Porth-
gwarra (R.N.D.); Hayle (Miss H.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Generally distributed.

V. ovata Penn.—Generally distributed. Common, chiefly from
deep. water, attached to byssus of the Pizva (J.C.). Mount’s
Bay, plentiful in traw], and frequently found in stomachs of
star-fish (G.F.T.).

V. gallina L.—Moderately common.

V. verrucosa L.

Lucinopsis undata Penn. —-Whitsand Bay E., Falmouth,

Helford, Mount’s Bay, Wolf Rock, Hayle.
Var. equalis Jeff—Scilly (R.W.].S.).

Tapes aureus Miihl.—Generally distributed. All four
species of Zapes are especially common on the Bar at Fal-
mouth, and at Helford.

Var. ovata Jeff—Falmouth (J.G.J.).

26/9/96, R

258 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

Var. quadrata Jeff—Falmouth (W.H.); Hayle (Miss H.).

T. virgineus L.—Generally distributed.
Var. sarniensis Turt.—St. Austell and Falmouth (J.C.) ;
Scilly (R.W.J.S.)..
T.pullastra Mont.—Plymouth Sound, Par, Falmouth, Helford,
Mount’s Bay, St. Minver, Scilly.
Var. perforans Mont.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B. Ads : Eee
(R.V.T.); Falmouth and Penzance (C.B.); Helford (W. H.).
T. decussatus L.—Generally distributed.
Venerupis irus L.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.) ; Falmouth
(W.P.C.); Mousehole (Baily) ; Porthcurnow (Miss T.) ;
Land’s End (E.D.M.) ; Hayle and Harlyn Bay (R.V.T.).

SuB-ORDER CARD/ACEA.

Cardium aculeatum L.—Plymouth Sound, Pentewan,
Falmouth, Helford, Mount’s Bay, Hayle.

C. echinatum L.—Generally distributed.

C. tuberculatum L.—Generally distributed.

C. papillosum Poli.—Falmouth Harbour, a fresh valve
(J.K.M.); Helford (W.R.); Mount’s, Bay (Gaba
St. Ives (Dodd).

C. exiguum Gm.—Par, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Hayle.

C. fasciatum Mont.—Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porthcurnow
(characteristic), Whitsand Bay, Hayle, Scilly.

C. nodosum Turt.—Fowey and Falmouth (Alder) ; Mount’s
Bay (G.F.T.); Wolf Rock (Miss Carne); Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Var. rosea Lmk.—Falmouth (W.H.).

C. edule L.—Generally distributed.

Var. crenulata Lmk.—Mount’s Bay (Miss H.); “a form
approaching this variety ” occurs at Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

C. minimum Phil.—Mr. Burkill dredged this shell at Scilly,
and McAndrew obtained it 50 miles N.N.W. of Land’s End,
in 50 fathoms of water.

Leevicardium norvegicum Speng.— Generally distributed.

Var. gibba Jeff.—Hayle (Miss T.).

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 259

Var. rotunda Jeff.—Helford (W.H.).
Var. pallida Jeff_—Helford (W.R.) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ;
Hayle (Miss H.).
SuUB-ORDER J/YACEA.

Psammobia tellinella Lmk.—Plymouth Sound, S. Austell
Bay, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Land’s End, Hayle, Scilly. he

P. costulata Turt.—Goran, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porth-
curnow, Hayle, Scilly.

P. ferroensis Chem.—Generally distributed.

P. vespertina Chem.—S.E. Cornwall, Falmouth, Mount’s
Bay, Land’s End, Hayle, Scilly.

Mya truncata L.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth and
Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.) ; Scilly (Jenkinson).

Spheenia Binghami Turt.—Falmouth (W.H.).

Lutraria elliptica Lmk.—Generally distributed.

L. oblonga Chem.—Par (R.V.T.); Falmouth (G.F.T.) ;
elelfords (Miss Carne) 0 St Minver (R.V.L-) 3 Scilly
(Jenkinson).

Corbula gibba Olivi.— Plymouth, Goran, Falmouth, Helford,
Mount’s Bay, Scilly.

Var. rosea Bro.—Nare Point (Helford ?) (W.H.).

Solecurtus antiquatus Pult.—Plymouth Sound (J.M.B.A.);
Looe (Montagu) ; Polperro (W.R.) ; Goran (Peach) ; Fal-
mouth (J.G.J.) ; Mount’s Bay (G.F.T.).

S. candidus Ren.—Falmouth (Hanley) ; Penzance
(McAndrew & Forbes) ; Hayle (Hockin); Scilly (G.F.T.,
REWEES)):

Var. oblonga Jeff.—Porthcurnow (Miss Lavars).

Pharus legumen L. [| Ceratisolen /.] is doubtfully recorded
for Falmouth and Scilly. As it is plentiful on one of the
beaches of Bideford Bay, N. Devon, its occurrence on the
Cornish coast is not improbable.

Solen marginatus Pult. [.S. vagzna, L.].—Falmouth, 30

260 TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL.

fathoms, and Helford (W.H.); Maenporth (R.N.D.) ;
Mount’s Bay (Penz. list) ; Hayle (R.N.D.).

Ensis ensis L. [Sole e.].—Whitsand Bay E., Mount’s Bay,
Falmouth, Helford, Padstow.

E. siliqua L.—Generally distributed.

Siliqua pellucida Penn.—S.E. Cornwall, Falmouth, Mount’s
Bay—abundant, Hayle, Scilly—numerous.
Saxicava rugosa L..—Plymouth, deep water off the Deadman,
Mount’s Bay, Falmouth, Helford, Porthcurnow, Scilly.
Var. arctica L.—Plymouth, Falmouth, Mount’s Bay, Porth-
curnow, off Land’s End, Scilly.
Var. preecisa Mont.—Common on rocks at low-water mark,
attached to roots of coralline by the aid of a byssus (J.C.).
Var. cylindrica S. Wood.—Land’s End (J.T.M.).
Gastrochezena dubia Penn.—Taken from cavity of a stone
from deep water (J.C.); Falmouth (W.H.); Penzance
(Miss T.) ; Scilly, a single valve (R.W.J.S.).

SuB-ORDER PHOLADACEA.

Pholas dactylus L.— Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); near Fowey
(J.C.) ; Falmouth (C.B.); Marazion (Millett); Penzance
(E.D.M.) ; Hayle (Miss H.).

P. (Barnea) candida L.—-Pridmouth (R.V.T.); Falmouth
(W.H.) ; Mount’s Bay (Miss T.).

P. parva Penn.—Plymouth (Bellamy); Pridmouth (J.C.) ;
Falmouth (C.B.) ; Helford (W.H.); Penzance (E.D.M.).

P. (Zirpheea) crispata L.—Plymouth (Bellamy) ; Falmouth
(W.P.C.); Hayle (W.H.).

Pholadidea papyracea Turt.— Plymouth (J.M.B.A.) ;
Falmouth (W.H.) ; Hayle (Miss H.).

Var. aborta Jeff—Numerous in reddish sandstone from
deep water (J.C.) ; Falmouth (C.B.).

Xylophaga dorsalis Turt. — Falmouth (Miss Vigurs) ;

Lizard (Miss Carne) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S., C.B.).

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896,

TREGELLES : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF CORNWALL. 261

Teredo norvegica Speng.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.) ; Falmouth
in timber of breakwater; Maenporth, in drift-wood ;
Penzance, in timber of jetty belonging to Trinity Board,
Land’s End (W.H.) ; Hayle (Miss H.).

Mi navalis Wi. 2: mesorara Wan. L: malleolus Vurt,
bipinnata, Turt., and Z. fimbriata are all recorded for
Cornwall, but I am not satisfied that any of them are
indigenous.

SuB-ORDER ANVATINACEA.

Pandora inzquivalvis var obtusa Jeff.— S.E. Cornwall
(J.C.) ; Falmouth (W.H.); Mount’s Bay, 20 fathoms
(G.F.T.); Wolf Rock (Miss Carne) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

Thracia preetenuis Pult.—Falmouth (Montagu) ; Mount’s Bay
(McAndrew & Forbes); Porthcurnow (Baily) ; Hayle
(W.H.) ; Scilly (R.W.J.S.).

T. papyracea Poli.—Plymouth, Helford, Mount’s Bay, Porth-
curnow, Hayle, Scilly.

Var. villosiuscula Macg.—Helford (Miss Carne); Mount’s
Bay (G.F.T.); Wolf Rock and Porthcurnow (Miss Carne) ;
Scilly (Jordan).

T. pubescens Pult.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Falmouth
(Montagu and others).

T. convexa W. Wood.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Goran
(Peach) ; Falmouth (W.H.); Helford (W.R.) ; Mount’s Bay
(Miss T.); Hayle (W.H.).

T. distorta Mont.—Not uncommon in stones from deep
water (J.C.) ; near Fowey (J.T.M.) ; Falmouth (Montagu) ;
Mount’s Bay (Miss Carne); Land’s End (W.R.) ; Scilly
CREWAIES=):

Var. truncata Turt.—Falmouth (J.G.]J.).

Lyonsia norvegica Chem.—Plymouth (J.M.B.A.); Fal-
mouth (W.H.); Mount’s Bay (McAndrew and Forbes) ;
Scilly (C.B.).

262 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

ORDER SEPTIBRANCHIATA.
Cuspidaria cuspidata OliviiLand’s End (McAndrew).

BRACHIOPODA.

Argiope decollata Chem.—Dredged at Scilly by the late
Clifford Burkill, about a mile-and-a-half N.E. of Menavawr
Rocks, in 35 fathoms. He obtained three dead specimens
and ten single valves.

A. cistellula S. Wood.—Dredged at Scilly by Mr. Burkill,
single valves only.

ADDENDA.
Doris maculata Garstang—This new species of nudibranch
was first found in the western part of Plymouth Sound, in
December, 1893, and has since been obtained there on

several occasions. It has now been described and named
by Mr. Garstang (J.M.B.A., Feb., 1896).

Tellina serrata Brocchi.—This Mediterranean species is
recorded for Scilly by Mr. Marshall, and particulars will
shortly be given in this journal.

Mytilus edulis var. flava Polii—Not flavus ; see p. 225.

$+ 0 -<___—_.

The Mollusca of Plumstead Marshes.—My friend Mr. Poore and
I have observed the following Molluscs in Plumstead Marshes. Can others
add to the listPp—Av7on ater, A. hortensis, Limax agrestis, L. marginatus,
Vitrina pellucida, Hyalinia cellaria, H. fulva, Helix rotundata, H. pul-
chella, H. aspersa, Hl. nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. arbustorum, H. cantiana,
HI. rufescens, H. hispida, H. caperata, FH. virgata, Claustla laminata,
C. bidentata, Cochlicopa lubrica, Cecilioides acicula, Pupa cylindracea,
Succinea pulris, S. elegans, Segmentina nitida, Planorbis nautileus, P.
spivorbis, P. vortex, P. corneus, P. contortus, £. umbilicatus, P. fontanus,
Aplexa hypnorum, Physa fontinalis, Limnea peregra, L. palustris, L.
truncatula, Bythinia tentaculata, B. Leachiz, Valvata cristata, Spherium
corneum, Sph. lacustre, Hydrobia Jenkinst. I limit Plumstead Marshes
by the Arsenal on the W., and the Croomes Outfall Works on the E.
A little lower down Aydrobia ventrosa and other estuarine shells come in.
On the land side, near but not in the marshes, Helzx lapicida, B. obscurus,
Cl. Rolphi, Carychium minimum, and Cyclostsma elegans are found.—
J. W. Hors.ey.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 263

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.

250th MEETING, JUNE 10th, 1896.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. J. C. Melvill, President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Science Gossip, Nos. 24 and 25, Feb. and June, 1896 ; Irish Naturalist,
vol. 6, No. 6, May, 1896 ; The Naturalist, Nos. 250 and 251, May and June,
1896 ; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 42, No 3; Naturalists’ Journal,
No. 48, June; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 308 and 309;
Devonia, part, 4, 1896 ; Proceedings Royal Society of Queensland, part 2,
vol. xi. ; Proceedings Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, part 3,
Oct.—Dec., 1895.

New Members elected :

Rey. Addison Crofton, M.A., Linton Court, Settle, Yorkshire.
Mr. Harry Simpson Wallace, Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Exhibits :

Mr. C. Oldham exhibited Helzx nemoralis v.albo-labtata, Deep Dale, Bux-
ton, Arzon ater v. albo-lateralis, Limax maximus v. ferrussact, Helix ttala,
Hyalinia niteda, Linnea peregra v. maritima, Planorbis glaber, FI.
Sperorbes (with epiphragm), Vertzgo antivertigo, V. substriata, V. pygmea,
all from Abersoch, Carnarvonshire.

Mr. Lewis Shackleford exhibited a very fine series of Voluta, including
V. undulata, V. Angas, V. pacefica (very fine), V. Giintherd (the only one
in England), V. Krewslere, and V. fulgetrum.

Mr. J. C. Melvill exhibited Voluta pulchra, Australia; V. festiva
Australia ; V. azlica, Sooloo Archipelago; V. delessertiana, West Indies;
V. junonia, Mexico.

The Manchester Museum showed seventy species of marine shells
from Sydney, lately received from Mr. Arnold Henn, of Sydney, including
Drillia angast, D. beraudiana, Mangilia jacksontana, Cantharus australis,
Mitra rhodia, Crosseta concinna, Scalaria Jukesiana, Syrnola tincta, Olivella
triticea, O. nympha, Neritula lucida, Nassa glans, and many others.

Mr. E. Collier exhibited A. (Chlorea) thersttes Pfr., Mindow; &.
(Papunea) Tayloriana Bby., New Guinea; K. (Papuzea) Rollestana Sow.,
New Guinea; . (Papunea) Loursadensts Forbes, Torresados Islands ;
KK. (Oblina) columbaria Sow., Philippine Islands; A. (Mollendorffia) tre-
stnuata Maur., China.

264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

251st MEETING, JULY 8th, 1806.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Annals of Scottish Natural History, No. 19, July, 1896; Journal of
Malacology, vol. 5, No. 2, June, 1896; Science Gossip, vol. 3, No. 26,
July, 1896; The Naturalist, No. 252, July, 1896; Transactions and Annual
Report, 1895, Manchester Microscopical Society ; Transactions of Academy
of Science of St. Louis, vol. 6, No. 7; Annual Report, Geological Survey of
Canada, vol. 6, 1892-3; Annual Report, Chicago Academy of Science, 1895 ;
Bulletin, Chicago Academy of Science, vol. 2, No. 2; ‘‘ Preliminary Outline
of a new Classification of the family Muricidee,” by F. C. Baker ; Proceedings
of the Royal Physical Society, 1894-5 ; Bihang till Kongl Svenska Veten-
skaps Akademiens Handlingar, part 4; Jahresheft des Natur. Ver. des
Trencsiner Comitates, 1894-5 ; Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de
Janeiro, vol. 8; from the Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum :
“*Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Pearly Freshwater
Mussels,” by C. T. Simpson—‘‘ Diagnosis of New Tertiary Fossils from the
Southern United States,” by W. H. Dall—‘‘ Diagnosis of New Species of
Mollusks from the West Coast of America,” by W. H. Dall—‘‘ Diagnosis of
New Mollusks from the Survey of the Mexican Boundary,” by W. H. Dall
—‘* Description of four New Triassic Unios from the Haked Plains of
Texas,” by W. H. Dall; from Mr. W. J. Webb, ‘‘ The Museum,” No. 7,
vol. 2, Catalogue of W. J. Webb, 1896 ; ‘‘ Yorkshire Carboniferous Flora,”
fifth report; from the Authors, ‘‘ Further Conchological Notes from the
West of Ireland,” by E. Collier and R. Standen.

Letter read:

The following letter to the Editor was read :—
‘<SISSINGHURST VICARAGE,
““CRANBROOK, KENT,
SCO IA Sia ‘July gth, 1896.

“*T do not know whether it is possible so to do, but I should think
I ought to have some opportunity (if you will kindly permit) of reply-
ing to the criticism of my paper in ‘ Devonia,’ which has just appeared
in the ‘Journal of Conchology.’

“« “In the present state of nomenclature,’ the writer would appear
to think, varieties ought to be inaugurated publicly and privately,
without any compunction. Or is it possible that his sibylline sentence
means that I am not acquainted with ‘the present state of nomen-
clature ’ ?

“If I distinctly state in the immediate context that I do not
desire anyone to add these to the number of existing synonyms, surely
the person who does so is from my point of view ‘incomprehensible.’

““The utility of such MS. names, or temporary varietal names,
surely does not need elaborate proof. It would be well, in my

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 205

opinion, if a great many of the ‘authorized’ varietal names were sub-
mitted to wider scrutiny. It is strange, for example, that voseolabiate
forms should rank as varieties, now that the term variety has practic-
ally come to mean ‘sub-species’; strange, too, that there should be
instances (as in L. peregra) of two or three ‘varieties,’ which are
transitional forms only, and together make up but one sub-species.
“It is obviously a very good thing to have an ‘authorized list,’
as this Society has; but to set up the very best catalogue as an in-
fallible guide to those who have and those who have not been
concerned in its publication, appears to me slightly unreasonable,
not to add unscientific. I am bound to make this slight protest,
because I am convinced that the method of treating ‘species and
varieties > now in vogue is an entirely misleading one, and has merely
grown up by custom, without reference to any philosophical con-
siderations. The French system is only a little more absurd.
“* Yours faithfully,
S85 NG Nig. WtoNitaaieit,

Paper read:
“© A Snail Farm in Switzerland,” by Mr. R. D. Darbishire.

Exhibits :

Mr. Moss exhibited several specimens of different sizes of the extremely
rare Paryphanta Hochstetterz, also specimen of Rhytida Greenwocdi, all
recently received by him from New Zealand.

Mr. R. Wigglesworth sent for exhibit subscalariform Lzmnca polentee
from Cricket Pit, Accrington, and Valvata piscinalds from Clayton-le- Moors.

On behalf of the Manchester Museum was exhibited a fine set of
Bartlettia stephanenszs, collected by Mr. Bartlett on the Upper Amazon and
river Ucayali, Eastern Peru, and AZit//erza lobata, from the river Magdalena,
Bogota, New Granada, recently presented to the Museum.

Mr. J. Ray Hardy exhibited specimens of 77id¢na nilotica.

Mr. J. E. Cooper, of London, sent for exhibit Cavdzam edule, Tellina
balthica, and Scrobicularia tenuzs all in brackish ditches at Southwold,
Scrobicularia puperata from river Blyth at Walberwisk, Helix hortensis, a
clouded var. and Planorbzs spzrorbis from Blythsburgh, Hyalnia nitidwla,
H, alliaria, and Helix hispida from Southwold—all the above are from
Suffolk East.

252nd MEETING, AUGUST 12th, 1896.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. J. C. Melvill, President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Science Gossip, vol. 3, No. 27, Aug., 1896; The Naturalist, No. 253,
Aug., 1896; The Irish Naturalist, vol. 5, No. 8, Aug., 1896; La Feuille
des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 310, Aug., 1896; ‘‘ New British Mollusca,”
by H. K. Jordan; ‘‘ Label List of British Five-Banded Land Shells,” by

266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

J. T. Carrington ; Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society, vol. 10, 4th series ; Proceedings of the Academy.
of Natural Science of Philadelphia, part 1, 1896.

Resignation of Member:
Mr. Tom Petch, B.A., Hedon near Hull.

Papers read:

“ Helix pomatia (L.) not extinct in Northamptonshire,” by C. E. Wright.

“Amalia gagates (Drap.) in Northamptonshire,” by L. E. Adams, B.A.

““Spirialis retroversus in Killala Bay,” by Miss Amy Warren.

Exhibits :

Mr. J. C. Melvill exhibited a specimen of Orthalicus sowdstanus (Petit),
also another recently described as O. approxtmata, both from the Andes of
Peru, altitude 8,000 feet. Mr. Melvill also exhibited extremely fine speci-
mens of Watica (Lematia) Lewisz.

Mr. R. Standen exhibited Spzrvalis retroversus and Lepton Sykesiz from
Killala Bay 3; Adeorbis imperspicuus and Eulima tmcurva from Plymouth ;
Trochus occidentalis from Aberdeen ; Cima cylindrica arid Hulima micros-
toma from Delos, A{gean Sea; Scalaria Cantrainet from Bay of Eleusis ;
series of Ovula patula and Scalaria clathratula showing embryonal stages ;
Alyalinia crystallina from Merionethshire ; and live Vertzgo angustior from
Killanley Marsh, county Sligo—all from Dr. Chaster’s collection.

253rd (or ANNUAL) MEETING, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 19th, 1896,
Held at the Manchester Museum, Owens College. At 4 p.m. there was
an exhibition of specimens by members :—

Exhibits :

By Mr. J. C. Melvill :—A selection of describers’ ‘‘types” and other rare
shells, many unique, including Voluta Prevostiana, V. aulica, V. junonzia,
V. festiva, V. piperita, V. pulchra; Conus cedo-nulli, C. Bockii, C. Braziert,
C. malaccanus, C. sindon, C. gracilis, C. omaicus, C. euetrois, C. cervus,
C. Du Saveli, C. catenatus, C. racemosus, C. gloria-maris; Mitra gigantea,
M. Belchert, M. Rossia; Harpa imperialis ; Cerithewm nobile ; Cyprea
guttata; Rostellaria Powist, Rk. Martini; Corbis Sowerbyt ; and Pholadomya
candida.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs :—A fine collection of the land shells of Tenby
district, showing especially handsome variation in Helix pisana, H. virgata,
HH. caperata, and A. rufescens.

Mr. L.. Shackleford exhibited a fine series of Volutes collected by him
in South Australia and New Zealand, including particularly large and beau-
tiful V. fulgetrum and V. pacifica, and examples of two extremely rare
species—V. Kreuslere and V. Giinthert.

Mr. W. Moss exhibited eggs, and series of shells from newly hatched
young to the fully adult, of Paryphanta Hochstettert; Paryphanta Busbyt ;
and a fine series of other land shells from New Zealand.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 267

Mr. K. H. Jones exhibited a fine series of British land and freshwater
shells, including a remarkably thin form of He/¢x nemoralis from Denbigh-
shire; 7. hortensis var. minor, and scalariform A. caperata from Bassen-
thwaite ; and three drawers of Unionidee, chiefly illustrating the variation in
size and shape of Anodonta cygnea, from a pond at Middlewood, Cheshire,
where it lives in company with Uz20 pictorwm var. grands (Braun)—50 per
cent of which have salmon-coloured nacre.

Mr. R. D. Darbishire exhibited a collection of marine shells from China
Seas, containing many rare and beautiful species.

Mr. T. Edwards exhibited Bzccinum undatum vars. cartnatum and
sinistrorsum ; Fusus antigewus vars. sinistrorsun and scalartforme from
Margate; Helix nemoralis with double lip, H. ertcetorum monst. scalartiforme
and Planorbis carinatus monst. scalarzforme from Leicester ; and other shells.

Mr. L. E. Adams exhibited a remarkable form of Helix aspersa:
animal a true albino—white with pink eyes-—shell unusually dark, from
Northampton.

Mr. R. Standen exhibited a collection of British and exotic Scalaridze,
illustrating Tryon’s classification.

Mr. T. Rogers exhibited new species of Achatinellz, recently figured
and described in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, by D. D. Baldwin.

The Manchester Museum exhibited a number of drawers containing
selections from various groups of the collection: Conus, Cyprzea, Voluta,
Mitra, Pleurotoma, Achatinellz, Tellina, Neritina, Cyclostoma, etc., and a
fine series of A/zillerza lobata from River Magdalena, Bogota, and Bartlettia
stefanensis from Upper Amazons, Peru. The general Museum collection
displayed in the table cases, was also open to the inspection of the members.

The ‘‘ Charles Oldham Collection,” containing a complete set of British
Land and Freshwater Mollusca from many localities was also exhibited.

At 5 p.m. the members partook of tea in the College Refectory.

At 6 p.m. the Annual Meeting was held in the Zoological Laboratory,
_Owens College.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, President, took the chair, and the following were
‘present :—Messrs. R. D. Darbishire, W. E. Hoyle, I. R. Sykes, T. Rogers,
Hy. Coates, W. H. Heathcote, R. Wigglesworth, J. R. B. Masefield,
R. Cairns, W. Moss, J. R. Hardy, P. B. Mason, Rev. H. G. Barnacle,
Hy. Hill, E. C. Stump, L. Shackleford, C. Oldham, A. Leicester,
W. Burgess, R. Standen, G. Renshaw, K. H. Jones, and several visitors.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.
Appointment of Scrutineers.

Messrs. W. H. Heathcote and A. Leicester were appointed scrutineers.

Annual Report.

The Annual Report of the Council and the Treasurer’s Balance Sheet
were read, and on the motion of the Rey. H. G. Barnacle, adopted.

268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Election of Office Bearers.

The Scrutineers reported that forty voting papers had been sent in, of
which seven were invalid and of which thirty-two voted for the list as
nominated by the Council. The list as given below was declared to be
carried: —

For PRESIDENT :

Prof. SyDNEY J. Hickson, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S

For VICE-PRESIDENTS :
Mr. R. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A. ;
Mr. J. Cosmo MELviL1L, M.A., F.L.S.;
Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, D.C.L., F.R.S. ;
Mr. Epcar A. SmITH, F.Z.S.
For Hon. TREASURER:
Mr. Lionert E. ArAms, B.A.
For Hon. SECRETARY:

Mr. W. E. Hoyie, M.A., F.R.S.E.
For Hon. RECORDER:

Mr. THOMAS ROGERS.

For Hon. CURATOR:
Mr. ROBERT STANDEN.

For Hon. LIBRARIAN:
Mr. CHARLES OLDHAM.

For the COUNCIL:
Mr. ROBERT CAIRNS ;
Mr. EDWARD COLLIER ;
Mr. JoHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.
Mr. WILLIAM Moss, F.C.A. ;
Mr. J. T. MARSHALL ;
Mr. P. B. Mason, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S:

On the motion of the Council it was resolved :—

(1) “That Rule 4 be amended by the omission of all words after the
word ‘ guineas.’ ”

(2) ‘‘ That Rule 6 be omitted altogether.”

The Presidential Address

was then delivered by the retiring President, Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, on
“‘The Principles of Nomenclature and their application to the Genera of
Recent Mollusca.”

A vote of thanks to the President for his services during the year and
for his address was proposed by Mr. Henry Coates, seconded by Mr. Alfred
Leicester, and carried unanimously. The meeting then adjourned.

J.C., vili., Oct. 1896,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 269

LONDON BRANCH.

MEETING, May 2oth, 1806.

Held at 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, N. The evening was spent
in examining part of the Hon. Sec.’s collection.

MEETING, JUNE 26th, 1806.

Held at St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, by kind invitation of Rev. J. W.
Horsley. Mr. Horsley exhibited and distributed living examples of Helix
pomatia, H. sylvatica, H, obvoluta, H. tncarnata, Hl. personata, 72. villosa,
Buliminus montanus, and some C/lausilie from Switzerland, also a large
number of shells (chiefly marine) from Queensland, collected by his brother-
in-law the Bishop of Rockhampton. It was decided to hold a field meeting

in July. J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

—————_+-e-4¢—___

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1895-96.

Your Council in presenting this, the first Annual Report since the head-
quarters of your Society were removed from Leeds to Manchester, are
pleased to report a year of considerable progress. This report covers a
period of sixteen months, as our Annual Meeting is held much later this
year than last.

Since the removal to Manchester, our membership has increased very
materially. We have elected 46 new ordinary members, whilst 5 have
resigned. We have, however, crossed off from our books a large number
of members who were in some cases several years in arrear with their
subscriptions.

We have at the present time 232 members, including 10 honorary life
members, and 222 ordinary members, of whom 6 are resident abroad.

Fourteen meetings have been held since the last annual one, all of them
in Manchester, and the attendance has been satisfactory. Many interest-
ing exhibits have been brought or sent by the members, and discussions have
often followed in various departments of conchology.

The following papers and notes have been read :—

L. St. G. Byne—‘‘The Marine Mollusca of Teignmouth Bay : Additions.”

C. Oldham—‘‘Zimax ctnereo-niger in Cheshire.”

C, Oldham—‘‘4ertolimax agrestis var. albida of Picard in Cheshire.”

R. Bullen Newton —‘‘ On the occurrence of Alectryonia ungulata in
South-east Africa, with a notice of previous researches in the Creta-
ceous Conchology of Southern Africa.”

W. J. Farrer—‘‘ Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the English
Lake District,”

270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

G. W. Chaster—‘‘On the variation of S¢i/éfer Turtone Brod.”

L. E. Adams—‘‘ Helix lapicida var. albina in Kent.”

L. E. Adams—‘‘Zittorina rudzs var. tenebrosa.”

R. Wigglesworth—‘‘Notes on Limnea auricularia.”

H. Crowther—“‘ Protective resemblance of Shell of Helix cantiana Mont.
to its surroundings.”

H. Crowther—‘“‘ Mucous Tracks of Lzmnea stagnalis.”

J. E. Cooper—‘*Some Mollusca from Aldeburgh, Suffolk.”

L. E. Adams—‘‘ Interesting Kentish Shells.”

L. E. Adams—‘‘ Physa acuta at Ostend.”

L. St. G. Byne—‘‘ Cardium aculeatum in Teignmouth Bay.”

Rev. S. Spencer Pearce—‘‘On the Banding of Heltx nemoralis L. and
Helix hortensis Miller.”

A. Hartley—‘“‘Helix nemorals and Helix virgata without food for fourteen
months.”

Edward Collier and Robert Standen —‘‘ Further Conchological Notes from
the West of Ireland.”

C. Oldham—‘‘ On the Ilabits of Vertigo edentula.”

G. F. Tregelles—‘‘ On the Marine Mollusca of Cornwall.”

Edgar A. Smith—‘‘A List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad.”

C. Oldham—“‘ Notes on some Anglesea Land and Freshwater Mollusca.”

L. E. Adams—‘‘Helix fusca Mont., Helix granulata Alder, Helix lapicida
var. albina Menke, and Clausrlia Rolphit Gray in Northamptonshire.”

F. W. Wotton—‘‘ Helix hortensts var. nebulosa.”

J. T. Marshall—‘‘Additions to ‘British Conchology.’ ”

L. Shackleford—‘‘Notes on Boring of Mollusca by Carnivorous Gastropods.”

J. T. Marshall—‘‘ Note on 7Zel/ina serrata Brocchi.”

Rev. J. W. Horsley—‘‘ Notes on Helix Lucast and Helix hortensts.”

C. Oldham—‘‘ Helix fusca and Azeca tridens in Denbighshire.”

L. E. Adams—‘‘ Zzmax maximus L. var. alba nov. in Northamptonshire.”

L. E. Adams—‘‘Zzmax marginatus Mill. in Northamptonshire.”’

R. D. Darbishire—‘‘A Snail Farm in Switzerland.”

C. E. Wright—‘‘Helix pomatia L. not extinct in Northamptonshire.

L. E. Adams—‘‘Amalia gagates Drap. in Northamptonshire.”

Miss Amy Warren—‘‘ Spirialzs retroversus in Killala Bay.”
Most of these papers have been or shortly will be published in the

Journal of Corchology.
Five numbers of the Journal have been issued since the last report,

under the editorship of Mr. W. E. Hoyle.

The Society’s Collections have been removed from Leeds, and are now
deposited in the Manchester Museum, Owens College. They are available
for reference, but the Curator has not yet had time to rearrange the whole
systematically.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 271

Several donations have been made to the Society’s Collections during
the year, including marine shells from Viareggio, Italy, from Mrs. Fitzgerald
of Folkestone ; from Mr. J. E. Cooper, a collection of shells illustraiing his
paper on the shells of Aldeburgh, Suffolk; from Mr. Chas. Oldham, the
whole of the shells collected by him in Anglesea, and exhibited in illustra-
tion of his paper.

During the past year the Library has been transferred from Leeds to -
Manchester, and (by permission of the Museum Committee) has been placed
in a special case in a room in the upper gallery of the Manchester Museum
in close proximity to the collections.

The number of accessions has been 107; most of these are periodicals
and publications of academies, received in exchange for the journal, but a
few are independent works which are worthy of special mention :—

Apams—“‘ The Collector’s Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells,”
ed. 2, 1896 (from the author).

BerGH—“ Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Strombiden” (from the author ).

Jenyns---‘‘ Monograph of the British species of Cyclas and Pisidium ”
(from Mr. Kenneth Mc Kean ).

KIENER—‘‘ Monographies des genres Purpura, Harpa, Voluta, Strombus,
Pteroceras,” 2 vols. (from Mr. R. D. Darbishire ).

Considerable progress has been made with the preparation of a slip
catalogue of the Library. From the beginning of 1896 onwards this work
will be reduced to a minimum owing to the establishment of the Institute of
Zoological Bibliography by Dr. Field at Ziirich. For the small subscription
of twelve shillings per annum the Society will receive a card catalogue of
the whole of the works, reviews, and papers published on the mollusca in
the course of the year. These will serve not only as a catalogue of the
Society’s own Library, but also as an index to the literature of Malacology.
It is intended to mark with a rubber stamp those titles which are in the
Society’s Library, and to mark the others with some indication of what
libraries in Manchester, if any, contain them. A catalogue ot the works
previously in the Library will be made on cards of the same size, so that
the whole can be arranged in a single series, either alphabetically according
to authors or in classes. It is hoped that the whole of this work may be
completed before the end of next year.

Hon. Treasurer’s Report for 1895.

It is satisfactory tv be able to report that in spite of unusual expenses,
necessarily incurred by the change of head-quarters from Leeds to Man-
chester, the large number of new members will speedily improve the
financial position of the society. The arrears, however (amounting to
nearly £30) will probably have to be regarded as a bad debt; and the
liabilities of the society include a payment of £10 per annum for three
years to Mr. Taylor for the back numbers of the journal,

272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

BALANCE SHEET.
GENERAL FUND.

RECEIPTS. £ s. d. PAYMENTS. <£ s. d.
Balance from 1894 ... 219 5 Cost of Journals (vii. 12,
Subscriptions received WAG Up Wille 2) ceo on) BE 4!
1 HOS — bon 000 ono 0 i157 Secretary’s Expenses ... 8 7 II
Sale of Journals, &c. ... 9 5 7% | Treasurer’s do. ie STO
Advertisements ... ... 4 4 6 Rent of Room at Leeds

and Porter’s Gratuity 1
Subscription to Y.N.U. o
Stationery ces ae
Books Bought fo)
Editor’s Expenses 2

Carriage of Cabinets and
Travelling Expenses 2 I 2

Invhande ces it nem OME7

FaSOu TOs, £59 7 OF

CABINET FUND.

RECEIPTS. £s. d. PAYMENTS. <£ s. d.
Balance from 1894 ... 0 13 35 | Expenses nil A 1 Bee! TOMO
Donation in 1895 Ol Ge tO In hand ie) ade oe OM LORE
£0 18 3h £O 18 35
—S ES ee

LIONEL E. ADAMS,

Hon. Treasurer.
’ Examined and found correct, Way 6th, 1896.

ROBERT CAIRNS.
E. C. STUMP.

REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH FOR 1896.

During the past year there have been seven meetings of the branch.
The first was held at the Borough Road Polytechnic, the next five at various
members’ houses, and in July we had a field meeting on Plumstead Marshes.
Considering that there are about 36 members of the Conchological Society
in London and its suburbs the attendance at all the meetings was decidedly
small, this no doubt was partly owing to the great distance apart that many
members live; however it is hoped that more interest will be shown in
future meetings. The subscription is only 1/- per annum—to cover postage

of notices, &c,
J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896,

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 273

NOLES) ONG AS COLLEC LION, OF VSEIERES
FROM LIFU AND UVEA, LOYALTY ISLANDS,
FORMED BY
THE REV. JAMES AND MRS. HADFIELD,
Wien ist sOb a SPs ClES:

Acton elie

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., anp
ROBERT STANDEN.

(Read before the Conchological Society, October r4th, 1896).

Murex (Ocinebra) brachys sp. nov. (PI. IX., fig. 1).

MM. testa minuta, ovata, solida, pallidé ochracea, anfractibus

sex, corrugatis, supernis spiraliter unangulatis, nodulosis,

ultimo anfractu undecim varicoso-costatis, costis fimbriatis,
apud basim paullum producto, apertura ovata, labro extus
scruposo, intus quadri-denticulato, columella recta.

JUV TR ( Sika es ONE :

A small, obscure species, six whorled, the upper whorls
(excluding the apical) being strongly once angled with prominent
nodules, the last whorl with eleven rib-like varices, which
are somewhat fimbriate; at the base the canal is a little
produced, the aperture is oval, outer lip rough without, within
four -denticled, columella straight. Only one specimen.
(Bpaxus, short).

Nassa (Niotha) rotunda sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 2).

LV. testa ovato-globulart, subcompressa, pallidé ochracea,
ad apicem attenuata, anfractibus sex, duobus apicalious,
levibus, ceteris longitudinaliter arcte rectt-costatis, costis nodu-
losis, spiraliter liratts, apud suturas vitta ochracea spiraliter
decoratis, et tmpressis, ultimo anfractu ad basim compresso,
apertura rotunda, labro incrassato,tntus denticulato, canali
brevissimo, calloso-tncrassato, ad basim extremam fulvo-
ochraceo suffuso.

Long., 6, Lat. 3 mill.

19/10/96 iS)

274 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

A small, very compact globular species, attenuate, however,
towards the apex, the remaining whorls, which are compressed
at the sutures, being very closely papillose with regular longi-
tudinal papillary ribs, spirally crossed with liree, the canal is very
short, callous at the base and stained dorsally with darker ochre-
brown, mouth round, outer lip denticled within with teeth
that extend as strize some way into the aperture. Five specimens.

Nassa (Telasco) Shacklefordi sp. nov. (PI. IX., fig. 3).
LV. testa ovata, levissima, candida, polita, anfractibus septem,
paullum tumidulis, perlevibus, nitidis, ad suturas indistincté
ochraceo-maculatis, ultimo dorsaliter ad basim sub lente trans-
versim striatulo, et notis clathratis tmmersis feré celatis, decor-
ato, clathris sub levissima superficie infra suturas et tterum
ad bastm calcarets, interstitiis gradatis, ochraceis, apertura
ovata, labro extus paullum incrassato, intus decem denticu-
lato, et continuo-striato, dente vel plica suturali, margine
columellari ad basim bidenticulato, pertstomate vix calloso,
canalt brevt.

Long., 13, Lat. 5 mill, sp. maz.

A polished white shell, usually seven whorled, most of the
many specimens are, however, somewhat worn or broken at the
apex, the aperture is ovate, peristome hardly callous, outer lip
thickened and much denticulate within, the denticles extending
in the form of striz far into the mouth. There is a sutural
tooth, and the columella is twice denticled towards the base,
the canal being short. Occasionally pale ochraceous transverse
spots exist round the sutures, and, dorsally, upon the last whorl
a beautiful latticed pattern is with a lens observable in the
smooth substance of the polished shell, this pattern being
absent in the middle of the whorl.

We have great satisfaction in uniting with this species the
name of the Rev. Lewis Shackleford, who has rendered us great
assistance in many ways.

N. (Telasco) ecstilba sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. 4).

LV. testa ovato-fusiformi, concinna, candida, nitida, feré levt,

anfractibus septem, duobus apicalibus, ceteris subturritts,

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 275

paullum ventricosts, longttudinaliter paucicostatis, costis
levibus, tnterstitiis sub lente spiraliter indistincte striatis,
interdum levissimts, in hac specimine tnter medium suturas-
que anfractuum zona tndtstincta sptrali succingente, in tla
absente, tn omnibus infré suturam anfractus ultimt ochraceo-
maculato, tentagque ochracea apud medium accincta, simul ac
ad basim extremam, apertura rotunda, labro tncrassato, dor-
saliter ochraceo-bimaculato, tntus denticulato, columellari
margine callosa, abbreviata, canalt brevt.
LOG. Wey Mehe. Ts eal
Several specimens of a neat, white, shining /Vassa, not un-
like the VV. Cuviert Payr. from the Mediterranean, and possibly
identical with JV. casfa Gould, an authentic specimen of which
we cannot find represented in our museums. The whorls are
seven, few ribbed, longitudinally and indistinctly spirally striate,
but the shell gives the impression of much brightness, whiteness,
and smoothness. ‘The outer lip is denticulate within, thickened
without, and with two brown blotches dorsally. The columellar
margin is callous, white, shining. In some specimens a thin
brown line is seen above the sutures, in others it is absent, but
all have a brown ochre blotch just below the suture of the last
whorl, about the centre of the back of the shell. (exariABos
shining).

Columbella (Seminella) Pacei sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 5).
C. testa parva, compacta, albida, anfractibus sex, arcté longt-
tudinaliter costulatis, costis spiraliter clathrato-liratts, ante-
penultimo anfractu suprd, juxta suturas, simul ac penultimo
spiraliter et regulariter squarrosé-maculatis, maculs laté
fiavo-ochracets, ultimo anfractu apud medium similt modo
flavochraceo maculato, in pluribus spectminibus dorsaliter
Julvo-suffuso, usque ad basim, apertura augusta, labro incras-
sato, intus levt, columella planata.

Long. 4, Lat. 1°75 mill.

Minute, yet particularly beautiful. Whorls six, compact,
clathrate, with close longitudinal riblets and revolving lirze. Just
underneath the sutures the ante-penultimate and penultimate

276 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

whorls are sparsely spotted with fulvous; in the last whorl the
spots again occur towards the middle, but are contiguous to,
and below joined with, one large dorsal effusion of the same
colour. The mouth is narrow, lip thickened, simple. Several
specimens. ‘To Mr. S. Pace our thanks are due, he having
given advice concerning the Columbellide of this collection,
and as a very slight return we would venture to associate his
name with not the least elegant of that genus to which he is
devoting so much laborious study.

Columbella (Mitrella) sigaloessa sp. noy. (PI. IX, fig. 6).

C. testa ovata, perlevi, nitida, late paliidé ochracea, anfrac-
tibus sex, ad suturas paullum impressis, levissimis, trans-
versim infra, fuxta suturas, albizonatis, zona fulvo-brunnea
sequente, et altera simi supra suturas, ultimo anfractu ad
peripheriam laté rufo-zonata, et, infra, duabus similibus zonts
accinctis, apertura angulatim ovata, labro extus paullum tn-
crassato, intus multidenticulato, columella puniceo-tincta.
Long., 9, Lat., 5°50 mud.

A smooth polished shell, prettily transversely banded with
white and rufous, the body colour being very pale ochreous.
Whorls six, slightly impressed at the sutures, and entirely
smooth. Mouth effuse ovate, outer lip much denticulate within,
columella stained with rose. Two specimens, one not so
strongly banded.

Near C. semt-convexa Vamk. from Australia and C. gausa-
pata Gould, this latter being a Central American shell.
(cvyad6evs, smooth, shining).

Scalaria eranna sp. nov. (PI. IX., fig. 7).
S. testa perforata, fusiformt, sub-turrita, sordidé albida, ,
anfractibus septem, apicalibus duobus vitrets, ceteris com-
pressults, arcté lamellatis, lamellis bt- vel tri- crenatults, un-
dulatis, interstitits levibus, apertura ovato-rotunda,
pertstomate incrassato, extus undulato-rugoso, bastm ad
columellarem paullum extenso.

Long., 4°50, Lat., 1°50 mill.

J.C., viii., Oct., 18096.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 277

A highly interesting little shell. It is narrowly umbilicate,
fusiform, roundly turreted, dirty white, seven whorled, two being
apical and glassy, the rest somewhat compressed, closely variced,
the lamellz twice or thrice crenulate or undulose, the spaces
between are smooth, the aperture roundly -oval, the lip is
thickened, without wavy-wrinkled, and towards the columellar
base it is slightly produced. Seeming from the figure to be
near S. sodufa Ad. One specimen, but quite full-grown.
(epavvos, lovely.)

S. exomila sp. nov. (PL IX., fig. 8).
S. festa imperforata, parva, gradatofusiformi, turrita,
albida, versus apicem attenuata, anfractibus sex, undigue
arcté lamellatis, lamellis crassis, albis, interstitits sub lente
transversim striatulis, apertura rotunda, peristomate levi,
crassiusculo, continuo.
MDG hey Sei, IO UU
A minute, but full-grown species, with distinctive characters,
the whorls are turreted, attenuate towards the apex, contracted
at the sutures. The lamellz are thick, dirty white, slightly
angled below the sutures, and very finely striate at the interstices.
Mouth round, peristome thickened, smooth and continuous.
(cEdptAos, a stranger).
Drillia ione sp. nov. (PI. IX., fig. 9).
D. testa incrassata, fusiform, pallidé violacea, apud basim
paullum expansa, anfractibus septem vel octo, ventricosults,
apud suturas impressts, longitudinaliter crassicostatis, costis
paucts, spiraliter undique tenutssimé lratts, interdum dorsa-
liter brunneo suffusis, interstitits sub lente mire decussatults,
apertura lata, ovalt, labro exteriore incrassato, transversim
striatulo simul ac in anfractibus, canalit brevi, lato, margine
columellari simplice.
MOIS 5 ME SOE
A chaste pale violet species, with occasional brown dorsal
shading, small, of thickened fusiform build, longitudinally
thickly costate, the coste few in number. Sometimes, indeed,
the ground colour is pale-brown or ochre, while other specimens

278 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

are pure white. Whorls seven or eight, slightly ventricose,
uniformly spirally lirate, the interstices when viewed with a
lens being beautifully decussate. Mouth wide, outer lip thick-
ened, transversely striate, as are the whorls, columellar margin
simple, canal short, wide. About ten or twelve specimens.
(Jone from tov a violet).

Drillia themeropis sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. 10).
D. testa fustformt, solida, percrassa, anfractibus septem
(quorum apicalibus duobus), ventricosts, ad suturas crenulato-
impressts, longitudinaliter crassi-costatis, ultimo anfractu
costis ad medium et infra evanidis, undigue transversimn
tenutssimé-striolatis, interstitits levibus, tn uno specimine
colore livido-cinereo, in altero lete ochraceo, ultimo anfractu
spivaliter albo-cinereo cingulo vittato, interdum penultimo
similt modo decorato, et apud basim hic illic albisparso,
apertura ovata, labro extertore muléum incrassato, sinu
perobscuro, columella simplice.
Long., 5, Lat., 2 mill.
In marking, this small species is a little like the well-known
D. vidua Reeve, in comparison to which it stands a veritable
pigmy. Two forms have been seen by us, differing in colour as
follows :—-In what would be considered the type, an ashy
brown is the prevailing hue, filletted round the whorls trans-
versely with bluish white; in the other, a handsomer variety,
a warm Ochre with flecking and median brown linear banding
round the three last whorls, which are seven in number alto-
gether. Form oblong, very solid, obtusely ribbed with fine
spiral striolations, outer lip extremely thickened, inner simple.
(Gevepwris, grave, sedate, from the sombre appearance).
D. xanthoporphyria sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. rz).
D. testa fusiformi, solidiuscula, parum nitente, anfractibus
octo, quorum duobus apicalibus, brunneis, levibus, ceteris
pallidé violaceis, apud medium flavida zona accinctis, ventrt-
cosis, apud suturas crenulatis, longttudinaliter crassicostatis,
costis obtusts, et spiraliter arcté filostriatts, apertura ovata,
peristomate percrasso brunneo-strigato, sinu obscurissimo.
Long., 6, Lat., 5 mill.

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 279

One of the gems of the collection. Solid, in form fusiform,
eight-whorled, two whorls being plain brown, small, apicai, while
the remainder are usually obtusely ribbed longitudinally, crossed
with fine spiral lines, the colour is pale violet or purple, with a
broad fulvous-yellow zone encircling each whorl, the lip ts
extremely incrassate, striped with brownish yellow, and the
sinus is hardly perceptible.

Two specimens, precisely like each other. (The riame is
derived from the Greek signifying yellow—purple, in allusion to
the bright coloration).

Mangilia agna sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 12).
M. testa anguste oblonga, attenuata, fustformi, albo-lactea,
interdum dorsaliter ochraceo-effusa, subpellucida, elegantt,
anfractibus septem vel octo, ventricosulis, conspicué pauctcostatis,
costis rectis, longitudinaliter decurrentibus, transversim delt-
catissimé tenutstriatis, strits costas omnino accingentibus,
apertura obliqué oblonga, sinu inconspicuo, labro extus effuso,
incrassato, intus cum columella applanato.

Long., 5°50, Lat., 2 mill.

A pure milky white much attenuate species, sometimes with
a pale ochraceous dorsal clouding, longitudinally few ribbed,
the ribs decurrent and descending in the same plane from whorl
to whorl, transversely very finely striolate, the strize surrounding
the whole shell, including the ribs. The mouth is obliquely
oblong, outer lip effuse, and, as well as the columella, quite
simple within. (ayvos, castus).

M. bascauda sp. noy. (Pl. IX., fig. 13).
MM. testa ovata, solidiuscula, pallidé ochracea, anfractibus sex,
apicalt stmplice, levt, ceterts longitudinalter oblique crasst-
costatis, et spiraliter acutiliratis, interstitits minutissimé
decussatis, apertura peroblonga, sinu suturali, inconspicuo,
labro extus multum incrassato, fimbriatulo, intus septem
vel octo denticulato, columella recta, simplice.
Bone SO Lat 2 5 Onna.
A pale ochraceous oval J/angilia, more like one of the
section Cythara than Clathurella, ovate, with somewhat rounded

280 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

whorls, the apical simple, smooth, the rest obliquely thickly
costate, with transverse acute lire, the interstices extremely
minutely decussate, the mouth is oblong, the sinus small, only
half-hollowed out of the outer lip, and not extending across,
the lip is much thickened, fimbriolate, within seven or eight
denticled, columella straight, simple. A good many specimens.
(Bascauda etymologically is interesting, as being an old
British word, signifying a wicker basket; and subsequently
Latinized cf Juvenal xii.46, Martial xiv.g.9, and in more recent
times again anglicized).

M. calathiscus sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. 14).

M. testa fusiform, apud apicem attenuata, tenut, delicata,
gradato-turrita, anfractibus octo, quorum tribus apicalibus,
stmplicibus, levibus, minimis, ceteris crassicostulatis, trans-
versim elegantissimé clathratis, gemmulatis, albido-crystal-
lints, hic wlic sparsim ochraceo-tinctis, apud bastm gemmulo-
tuberculatis, canal recurvo, apertura sinuosa, sinu excavato,
amplo, labro extus crenulato, intus octo denticulato, columella
paullum obscure denticulata.

Long., 6, Lat., 2 mill.

An exceedingly graceful, delicate, crystalline shell, with
thickened longitudinal ribs, and acute spiral lire, the whorls
being eight in number, of which three are small, and apical.
The sutures are much impressed, whorls slightly tumid, canal
recurved, aperture sinuate, sinus broad and excavate, outer lip
crenulated without, eight denticled within, columella feebly
and obscurely. denticulate likewise. A very few specimens.
(Calathiscus, a wicker basket).

M. eumerista sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. 15).

M. testa ovato-oblonga, levissima, albida, nitida, anfrac-
tibus sex, ventricosts, longitudinaliter rotundt-costatts, costis
levissimis, ultimo anfractu infra, juxta suturas, inter costas
ochraceo-punctato, lineis spiralibus semt-pellucidis ornato,
apertura angusta, oblonga, labro extus incrassato, tntus
multidenticulato, columella etiam multi-denticulata,

Long., 6, Lat., 2°50 mill.

J.C., vili., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 281

A pure white ovate species, very smooth white and shining,
whorls six, ventricose, roundly longitudinally costate, on the
last whorl there are just below the sutures brown spots between
the costa in one transverse line, and also sub-pellucid linear
marking ; the outer lip and columella are both much denticled.
Sinus not very deep or conspicuous. Three specimens. (ev well,
pépiotas separated).

M. himerodes sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. 16).

M. testa pergracilt, subcrystallina, tenut, fusiformi, anfracti-
bus septem, quorum duobus apicalibus, vitrets, levissimts, ceteris
gradato-turritis, infra suturas abruplte angulatis, longitu-
dinaliter custulatis, costis regularibus, obliguis, undigue
spiraliter delicaté liratis, livts acutis, interstitits sub lente
longitudinaliter striatulis, ad angulum anfractuum pallidé
ochraceo-tinctis, et apud medium anfractus ultimi ochraceo
cingulo, dorsaliter evanido, sed conspicuo ad labrum exterius
aecoratis, apertura oblonga, angusta, labro extus incrassato,
columella siniplice, recta.

Long., 6°50, Lat, 2°50 mill.

This species is on the border-land between the subgenera
Gly phostoma and Cythara. A pure white, extremely delicate
little species, subvitreous, fusiform, with seven whorls, two of
which are glassy and apical, the remainder being all very deli-
cately ribbed, with spiral lire, the interstices longitudinally
striolate. At the sutures and the angle of the whorls there is a
pale ochre band, again appearing, but almost obsoletely, in
the middle of the last whorl. It is very conspicuous, however,
just at the back of the outer lip. The mouth is narrow, outer
lip thickened, columella simple. Many specimens. (tpepwdys,
pleasing, desirable).

M. himerta sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. 17).
MM. breviter pyramidato fusiform, parva, delicata, anfractibus
sex, quorum duobus apicalibus, albo-vitrets, ceteris pallidissimé
flavo-ochracets, infra, juxta suturas, conspicué angulatis,

282 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

apud suturas guast-crenulatts, costis longtitudinaliter crassis,
paucts, accinctis, transversim conspicué pauciliratis, interstitiis
levibus, ad suturas regulariter brunneo-sparsis, simul ac
apud medium anfractus ultimt punctis regularibus, et dorsa--
liter ad medium labri exterioris brunneo-maculatis, apertura
angusta, oblonga, sinu lato, labro extus incrassato, columella
stmplice.

Long., 4, Lat., 2 mill.

This little shell has much in common with JZ. himerodes,
deswtinedl: in this paper, but is smaller and of a pale yellow-ochre
colour throughout. The whorls are angularly turreted, they
are six in number, including the two vitreous apical whorls.
At the sutures there is a quasi-crenulation, owing to the com-
mencement of the prominent longitudinal ribs, there crossed by
acute lire, the interstices being smooth. Faint brown trans-
verse spots adorn the sutures and the middle of the last whorl ;
the back of the outer lip is likewise ornamented with one ochre
median blotch and faint signs exist in some specimens of another,
or, indeed, two more alternating with white, both above and
below the median blotch just mentioned. We have a near ally
of this species from Bombay, still undescribed. — (iyepros,
pleasing).

M. orophoma sp. nov. (PI. IX., fig. 18).
M. testa lurrita, angusta, parva, nitida, pallidé-brunnea,
anfractibus sex (apicalibus?) ceteris infra suturas angulatis,
apud suturas tmpressts, rectis, longitudinaliter recticostatts,
costis paucis, spiraliter liratis, liris in penultimo anfractu
sex, in ultimo novem, interstitiis levibus, apud basim tuber-
culato, canali paullum recurvo minime producto, apertura
angusta, sinu amplo labrum excavante, labro extus tn-
crassato, fimbriatulo, intus obscuré denticulato, columella
plus minusve simplice.
Long., 3, Lat. 1°25 mill.
A minute turreted pale brown species, with six whorls,
angled just below the sutures, then straight, the straight
longitudinal ribs, few in number, are crossed by liree, conspicuous

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 283

and large for the size of the shell, six at the penultimate, nine
on the last whorl, and less in proportion (e.g. four in the ante-
penultimate) on the other whorls. Mouth narrow. Sinus large
and hollowing across the outer lip; which is somewhat thickened
and obscurely toothed within. Very rare. (opofwpa, a
thatched roof).

M. stibarochila sp. nov. (PI. IX., fig. 19).

M. testa angusta, fusiformi, crasstuscula, anfractibus sex,
guorum auobus apicalibus, pallidé brunnets, subvitrets,
ceteris brunneo-ochracets, ventricosulis, longitudinaliter
crassicostatts, costis albidis, transversim tenutliratis, inter-
dum, stcut ad peripheriam anfractus ultimt, lirts crasstoribus,
apertura oblonga, sinu amplo, labrum semt-effodtente, labro
extus percrasso, ochraceo, superné albo-vittato, columella
plana ochraceo-brunnea.

Lone. 5, Lat. 2 jill.

A small stoutly-built solid species, six whorled, of a lively
ochraceous brown, fading into white across the ribs. Some of
these are much thickened and crossed by lirze, of which a few are
stronger than the others. The mouth is narrowly oblong, sinus
wide and half extending across the very thick outer lip which
is particoloured, white above, ochre below, the columellar mar-
gin clear ochraceous brown, simple.

The only specimen was in the first consignment (1891) of
shells from Mr. Hadfield. (c7éPapos thick xetAos lip).

M. thalycra sp. noy. (Pl. IX., fig. 20).

M. testa parva, nitida, fustiformi, ad apicem attenuata, an-
Jractibus septem, turritis, ventricosults, albidis, ad suturas
tifra et supra, spiraliter ochraceo-vittatis, et ad medium
anfractus ultimt stmili modo ochraceo-cinctis, longitudinaliter
obtusicostatis, costis incrassatis, paucis, transversim spiraliter
sub lente tenutstriatis, apertura oblonga, labro exteriore recto,
interdum obscuré denticulato, columella ochraceo-tincta,
stmplice.

Long., 6, Lat., 1°75 mill.

284 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

A small brightly banded shell, the colour being white,
banded with ochre, whorls seven, gradate, longitudinally
stoutly ribbed, the mouth oblong, outer lip slightly thickened,
columella ochre-tinged plain. Many specimens, mostly some-
what worn. (9a\vkpos glowing, from the bright colour).

M. thiasotes sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. 21).

M. testa fusiformt, solida, tncrassata, alba, leté ochraceo-tincta,
anfractibus sex, apicali nigrescente, ceteris apud suturas fulvo-
ochracets, et, supra, juxta suturas, magnopere nodulosts, nodu-
lis perconspicuts, paucts, nitidis, transversim striatis, ultimo
in anfractu apud medium similt modo nodulifero, in specie
mogore nodulis tumescentibus, permagnis his subtus nodulis,
ochreo-zonato, duobus nodulosorum minorum ordinibus trans-
versim sequentibus, cum linea nigerrima dorsaliter a mar-
gine columellart usque ad basim labri extertoris, labro
paullum incrassato, margine columellari simplice,canali brevi.

Long., 7°50, Lat., 2°50 mill, sp. min.

ape Se rs ee OIE
A very beautiful species, and we know of no pleurotomoid
shell which presents the same characteristics. ‘The whorls are
six, the apex pitchy black, the remainder being white with
bright ochreous tinting. In the younger specimens transverse
shining white rows of large gemmee cross the whorls just above
the sutures, and in the middle of the last whorl, below, there
are ochre bands, in the last whorl this is followed by two
smaller rows of gemmee, and then by a pitch black line reaching
from the upper portion of the columellar margin, across the
back of the shell, to the base of the outer lip. The more
mature shell is conspicuous for the very swollen row of white
peripheral nodules, banded below with fulvous colour. » The
canal is short, columellar margin simple. (@vacé7ns a reveller).

M. (Cythara) euselma sp. nov. (PI. IX., fig. 22).

M. testa fusiformi, attenuata, (in uno specimine latiore ),
delicatula, pallidisstmé ochraceo, anfractibus sex, gradatulis,

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 285

apud suturas impressis, unangulatis, longitudinaliter costu-
latis, spiraliter liratis, junctura costarum minute gemmulatts,
ultimo anfractu transversim quadri- vel quingue- brunneo-
lineato, penultimo untilineato, apertura oblonga, sinu recto,
labrum effodtente, labro extus incrassato, tutus minutisseme
denticulato, margine columellari recto, simplice.

LLG OG PAO GU SEC, SGT TRO

A very delicate species, with beautiful gemmuled ribs, and
faint spiral linear brown banding. Of attenuate fusiform
shape, pale ochreous, impressed at the sutures, whorls six,
gradate, mouth oblong, sinus straight, deep. Outer lip incras-
sate, minutely denticled within, columellar margin straight,
plain. A few specimens. (evoeApos, with good benches of
oars, from the beautifully gemmuled riblets).

M. (Cythara) psalterium sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 23).

M. testa attenuato-fusiforint, perlevi, gracli, anfractibus
septem (2), omnibus longitudinaliter obligut-costatis, costts
levibus, transversim ochraceo-zonatis apud medium, ultimo
anfractu in medio simul ac ad basim simili modo zonato,
intusgue zonas bi vel tri vittato, apertura oblonga, angusta,
labro extus paullum incrassato, tntus levt, columella simplice,
obscure denticulata,

Long., 9:10, Lat. 3 mill.

A handsome smoothly ribbed shell, attenuately fusiform,
whorls probably seven, but only five appear on our broken
specimens, an ochraceous band appears in the middle of every
whorl, the last whorl two-banded, mouth oblong, narrow, outer
lip thickened, inner smooth.

Slightly allied to AZ. vexil/um Reeve, but not decussate.
M. gracilis Reeve, from the Philippines, is of the same shape,
and likewise banded in the same manner, but the revolving
striae are perfectly absent in JZ fpsalterium, Very rare.
(Psaltertum, a harpsichord),

286 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

M. (Cythara) signum sp. nov. Pl. IX., fig. 24).

M. testa brevi, pyramidata, turrita, perlevi, anfractibus sex
vel sepltem, longttudinaliter obliquicostatis, costis levibus,
apud basim propé evanidis, undigue transversim ochraceo-
multiliratis et szonatis, juxta basim evanidis, apertura
oblonga, labro extus paullum incrassato, intus denticulato,
columella multidenticulata.

Long., 6-7, Lat., 2°50 mill.

A prettily-banded, smoothly-ribbed, stout little species, of
which we have five specimens. Whorls six to seven, turreted,
perfectly smooth. Mouth oblong, outer lip and columella
denticulate within. (Szgzum, a standard).

M. (Glyphostoma) chrysolitha sp. nov. (Pl. IX., fig. 25).

M. testa breviter fusiformi, albida, delicatula, anfractibus
septem (fortasse, apicalibus absentibus ), quorum duobus unt-
coloribus albis, omntbus longitudinaliter costulatis, et spira-
liter clathratis, gunctura flavo-gemmulatis, gemmtis tubercu-
losis, nitidis, bino ordine in antepenultimo, trinoin penultimo,
in anfractu ultimo trino ad periphertam ordine albido sequente,
posthac duobus flavis ordinibus, apud basim parvis tubercults,
apertura oblonga, sinu suturali lato, parum labrum effodiente,
labro multum extus incrassato, intus sex denticulato, colum-
ellari margine plano.

Long., 5, Lat., 2 mill.

A very pretty species, with much similarity of marking and
texture to Clathurella granicostata Reeve, but the mouth is that
of a Glyphostoma or Mangilia. It is shortly fusiform, white,
delicate, whorls probably seven, of which the two highest after
the apical are plain and uncoloured, the remainder showing
regular spiral rows of yellow gemme at the junction of the
longitudinal costz with the transverse lire. There are two rows
of these in the antepenultimate, three in the penultimate, and
in the last, three above the periphery, where follows one row of
spiral colourless gemmee, then two rows of yellow, the base of
the canal being tubercled and colourless. The mouth is oblong,

].C., viii., Oct. 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU., 287

the sinus wide but not deeply cut, the outer lip much thickened,
within six-denticled, columellar margin simple. Very rare, (The
derivation of the specific name is the Latin chrysolithus from
the golden-yellow gemme).

M. (Glyphostoma) dialitha sp. noy. (PI. IX., fig. 26).
M. testa turrita, elongata, ad apicem attenuata, nitida, albe-
scente, ad basim, atque ad suturas, ochraceo tincta, anfractibus
octo, duobus apicalibus levibus, ceteris tumidulis, ad suturas
wmpressis, supernts binis spiraliter gemmularum ordinibus,
penultimo et ultimo anfractu trinis succinctis, gemmults
magnis, conspicuts, ultimo apud basim productam tuberculatis,
apertura oblonga, labro extus corrugato, intus obscuré denti-
culato, margine columellari trints denticulis muntto, sinu
lato, sed non profundo,

Long., 5, Lat. 1°50 mill.

A pretty, small, elongate species, shining white, turreted,
eight whorled, with impressed sutures, which are stained with
pale ochreous colour, as is a transverse band at the base, the
whorls are furnished, the upper with two, the lower with three
spiral rows of large unduliferous gemmee, white, shining, mouth
oblong, outer lip wrinkled without, obscurely denticulate within,
sinus wide, but not deep, and extending to the outer surface of
the peristome. (61éAv00s, decked with gems).

M. (Glyphostoma) latirella sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 27).
M. testa parva, fusiformt, turrita, anfractibus sex vel septem,
uno vel auobus apicalibus, bullatis, crystallinis, ceterts angu-
liferis, ventricosis, ad suturas impressts, longttudinaliter
paucicostatis, costis latis, angulatis, irregularibus, spiraliter
crasstliratis, liris albis, tnterstitits ochraceo-coloratis, ultimo
anfractu ad basim attenuato, paullum producto, simili modo
decorato, ad medium interstitialt sulco fulvtore-ochraceo, aper-
tura angusta, sinuosa, sinu amplo, labrum effodiente, labro
extus ad basim paullum tncrassato, intus tridenticulato, den-
ticulis fulvis, columella tridenticulata, cum dente suturali
similt modo fulvescente.

Long., 4°50, Lat., 1°50 mull,

288 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

A very delicate species. At first we imagined it to be the
juvenile of Zativus turritus Rve., but the mouth and processes
are those of a true Glyphostoma. ‘The apical whorls are glassy,
shining, the rest impressed at the sutures, and very coarsely
costate, also roughly lirate, the liree being white, the interstices
fulvous. The mouth is narrow, sinus ample and profound ; the
denticles of the outer lip, of the columella, and the sutural tooth
are all tinged fulvous red. A few specimens. From the
description of G/. Gaidei Hervier, J. de Conch., vol. 43,
p. 239, it must resemble this shell. There, however, are eight
whorls, but little decussation, and other points of distinction.
(Latirella resembling Latirus turritus).

M. (Glyphostoma) notopyrrha sp. nov. (PI. IX,, fig. 28).
G. testa parva, turrita, fustformt, candida, solida, anfractibus
septem, ventricosis, apud suturas compressis, longitudinaliter
crassicostalts, transversimgue pauciliratis, liris regularibus,
conspicuts, ultimo anfractu infrd suturas dorsaliter squar-
rosé brunneo-maculato, apertura angusta, labro exteriore
multum incrassato,tntus denticulis magnis tnstructo, columella
denticulata.

Ei hee eR IBGE ONDE
Many specimens of a pure-white turreted little species, with

a conspicuous dorsal squarrose brown spot just below the suture

of the last whorl. ‘The whorls are ventricose and ribbed longi-

tudinally, crossed with a few conspicuous lira, the outer lip is
much thickened with large denticles on the inner surface, and
the columella is toothed. (vros the back, zuppés rufous).

M. (Glyphostoma) rhodacme sp. nov. (PI. IX., fig. 29).
M. testa fusiformi, delicatula, albida, anfractibus septem,
ventricosis, apud suturas tmpressis, duobus apicalibus punicets,
levissimis, simplicibus, ceteris longttudinaliter costatis, costts
perpaucis, transversim spiraliler crassiliratis, apertura
sinuata, sinu amplo, labrum effodiente, labro extus incrassato,
intus guadri-denticulato, columella obscuré septem-denticulata.

Long., 7, Lat., 2°50 mill.

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 289

A delicate white, thickly ribbed, and coarsely transversely
lirate species, pure white, with pink tip. Sinus broad and
scooped out of the incrassate outer lip, which is four-denticled
within, the columella being weakly denticulate also. (jddov, rose;
akpn, point).

M. (Glyphostoma) thalera sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 30).

M. testa elongata, fusiformi, albida, solidula, anfractibus

guingue, oblique angulatis, et longitudinaliter pauct-costatis,

transversim spisst-liratis, lirts indistinctis, ultimo anfractu
producto, infra suturas trregulariter transversim rufo-punctato

(penultimo interdum similt modo decorato), apertura angusta,

labro multum incrassato, riufo-tincto, intus multi-denticulato,

columella multis denticulis munita, sinu obliguo, amplo,
labrum effodiente.

LOD DE Vg Le, BE

This would seem variable both in form and marking. One
specimen shows a leaning to JZ. pauctmaculata Angas, another
is almost marked as WV. theskela M. & S. It is, however, far
removed from this latter species. Rude in contour, five
whorled, obliquely angled, coarsely ribbed longitudinally,
and closely but indistinctly lirate transversely. In shape,
elongate fusiform, mouth oblong. Sinus ample and deep, outer
lip much incrassate, both it and the columella are many
denticled, outer lip but not the columella tinged with fulvous.
A few specimens of somewhat varying shape and size. (OdXepos
blooming, genial).

M. (Glyphostoma) theoteles sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 31).
G. testa ovato-pyramidata, minuta, anfractibus gquinque,
supernis albescentibus, subnitidts, tumidis, transversim paptl-
losis, papillis grandibus, in penultimo anfractu bino ordine,
papillarum, quorum inferiore maximo, ultimo precipue bino
ordine, ad suturas magno, conspicuo, tnterstitits lete och-
racets, hos guatuor ordines accingentibus, cetera superficte alba
unicolore, apertura angusta, ad sinum angulata, sinu pro-
Jundo, labrum exterius effodiente, labro extus multum tneras-
sato, intus quadri-denticulato, columella simili modo quadrt-
denticulato.

LDR, BG Or, Lethin, WG. Be

28/10/96 a0

290 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Very small, and with some slight resemblance to JZ. thepa-
Zea. The nodulous papillz are, however, much larger in pro-
portion to the size of the shell, and, in consequence, fewer.
The upper whorls are closely tubercled, shining white. The
four rows—two on the penultimate, two on the last whorl

are approximate, and the space contained by them is banded
with ochre, the white shining nodules standing out more promi-
nently. The mouth is narrow, oblong, sinus deep, outer lip
much thickened, four toothed within as is the columellar
margin. Rare; we have seen very few examples. (OcoréAns
divinely perfect).

M. (Glyphostoma) thepalea sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 32).
M. testa parva, pyramidato-fusiformi, albescente, delicatula,
anfractibus septem, quorum apicalibus vitrets, ceteris (quingue)
ventricosults, longitudinaliter noduloso -costatis, costis in
medium transversim unisulcatis, interstitiis longttudinaliter
tenuissimé striolatis, infrague suturas simul ac apud medium
anfractus ultimt pallidé ochraceo-cinctis, in uno specimine cos-
tis hic illic ad medium usque ad suturas utringue ochraceo-
punctatts, tn altero tribus supernts (apicaltbus exceptis) unt-
coloribus, nodults papillaribus semper albis, haud ochraceo-
tinctts. Apertura oblonga, sinu suturalt, obliguo, labro
extertore incrassato, intus conspicué sepltemdenticulato, colu-
mella denticulis minoribus sex vel septem munita.

Long., 5°50, Lat., 2 mild.

A very delicate, beautiful little shell. It is pyramidally
spindle-shaped, white, with seven whorls, two being glassy and
apical, the rest ventricose, impressed at the sutures, the longi-
tudinal ribs are nodulous, shining, and very regular, one spiral
sulcation crosses each rib in the middle, the interstices between
are beautifully longitudinally striolate. At the sutures, and in
the middle of the last whorl (in some specimens also on the
upper whorls), there is a very pale ochraceous banding, the
nodules of the ribs still retaining their white lustre. In other
specimens the first three or four whorls remain quite colourless.
The mouth is oblong, sinus sutural, obliquely extending over the

J.C., viil., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 291

outer lip, which is much incrassate within with seven prominent
denticles, these being provided with three also of lesser size.
The species comes near Glyphostoma disconicum Hervier (J. de
Conch., vol. 43, p. 48, published June, 1896), as regards the
transverse sulcus, but in many respects—eg. the mouth denticles
—it differs widely, so far as can be told by description alone,
without a figure. Several specimens. (@y7déAcos, wonderful,
astonishing).

M. (Glyphostoma) thereganum sp. noy. (PI. X., fig. 33).
G. testa oblongo-fusiformi, omnino pallidé ochracea, gradatulo-
turrita, apud suturas multum impressa, anfractibus septem,
quorum duobus apicalibus punicets, levibus, ceteris juxta
suturas angulatis, longttudinaliter costulatis, costis tneras-
satis, transversim ltratts, lirts supertoribus paucts, has inter
aduabus minortbus intercingendts, ultimo anfractu apud basim
tubercultfero, canalt recurvo, sinu labrum exterius effodiente,
profundo, apertura oblongo-sinuosa, labro extus percrasso,
bino nodularum ordine longitudinaliter decorato, intus septem
wel octo-denticulato, margine columellari simplice.

Long., 9, Lat., 2°75 mull.

A conspicuous well-marked shell, though wholly plain
ochraceous, unredeemed by any -particular marking. It is
fusiform, turreted, much impressed at the sutures, seven
whorled, the two apical being stained with pink, the lower
whorls are angled at the sutures above, regularly longitudinally
ribbed, the ribs rather thick, and transversely spirally lirate,
one large lira in the proportion of 2: 1, the two smaller inter-
vening; the last whorl is tubercled at the base. Mouth sinuous
oblong. Sinus deep, outer lip very thick with double fimbriate
row of nodules without, and within seven or eight denticulate,
the columellar margin being simple. Very rare, two specimens
only. (Gepiyavov, the wicker-basket of a cart, from the latticed
appearance).

M. (Glyphostoma) thesaurista sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 34).
M. testa parva, fusiformt, attenuata, albida, solidiuscula,
anfractibus decem (?) ad suturas impressts, ochraceo-cinctis,

292 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

longitudinaliter parvicostatis, costts tnconspicuis liriformibus,
livts sptralibus distantibus clathratis, ultimo anfractu apud
medium cingulo ochraceo spiraliter decorato, apertura ovato-
stnuosa, sinu cochleart, effuso, amplo, labro extus perincras-
sato, expanso, intus quingue denticulato, columella minuté
denticulata.

Long., 6°50, Lat., 2°25 med.

A handsome fusiform shell, whorls probably ten, the apical
being absent in our specimens, whorls slightly angled and
ventricose, ribs and transverse liree of about equal size, the former
being small and feeble; at the sutures and round the middle
of the last whorl are ochre bands. Outer lip much thickened
and expanded, sinus spoon-shaped, wide and broad, outer lip
finely denticled within, columella also denticulate. (@jcaupos,

treasure).
M. (Glyphostoma) thyridota sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 35).

G. testa brevi, pyramidata, unticolore, albida, anfractibus sex,
turritis, ventricosis, apud suturas angulatis, longitudinaliter
conspicué crassicostatis, transversim pauciliratis, apud medium
anfractuum uno ordine profundo fovearum instructts, tn ultimo
bino. stmilt ordine, apertura angusta, obliqua, labro extus
multum tncrassato, tintus guadri-denticulato, columella minu-
tissime denticulata, sinu profundé in labro exteriore effuso.
Long., 4°50, Lat. 2 mull.

A pure white, curtly pyramidal species, the surface not
shining. Whorls six, turreted, angled at the suture, ventricose,
longitudinally thickly ribbed, transversely ornamented with few
lirations. In the middle of the upper whorl and doubly-ranked
in the last whorl, are transverse regular deep pittings, squarrose,
profound, between the ribs, which suggest the trivial name.
The mouth is narrowly oblique, outer lip thickened, furnished
with four strong denticles, the columellar teeth are more obscure
and feeble. Only one specimen, and that slightly worn ; but
the characters are so remarkable as to excuse description from
such scanty material. (@vpidwros, furnished with windows or

doors.)

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 293

Clathurella caletria sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 36).

C. testa gracilt, fusiformt, delicata, alba, ad suturas palli-
aisstmé ochracea, anfractibus septem, quorum duobus apicalt-
bus, mamillatis, levissimts, ceteris gradatulo-turritis, arcté
longitudinaliter gracilt-costulatis, costis delicatis, elevatis,
rectts, spiraliter regulariter clathrato-liratis, junctura costarum
lirarumgque nitide gemmulatis, ultimo anfractu zona indts-
tincta pallidissimé ochracea apud medium, apertura oblongo-
stnuosa, labro extus crenulato, intus simplice, sinu lato,
labrum exfodtente, latere dorsali suturali callo crassiusculo,
nitido, leté ochraceo, margine columellari versus basim
minutt-denticulato, canalt paullum producto.

EOC eA OMI GML WG ON MLA:

A very beautiful and delicate species, whorls seven, tur-
reted, two being apical, finely and regularly clathrate; the
mouth is sinuously-oblong, outer lip simple within, columellar
margin minutely toothed towards the base, canal a little pro-
duced, a very pale ochraceous band round the middle of the
last whorl, as at the sutures. The sinus is deeply cut behind,
at the sutural margin of the outer lip isa bright ochraceous
thickened callus. Only one specimen. («éAos beautiful,

i)Tptos WOVEN).

C. cnephza sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 37).

C. testa breviter fustformt, corrugata, solidiuscula, omnino
nigro brunnea, anfractibus sex vel septem, paullum ventre-
cosulis, longitudinaliter crassicostatis, et spiraliter costulatts,
costis crassiusculis, paucts, apertura oblonga, labro exteriore
intus quadrt-denticulato, margine columellart recto, simplice,
sinu superficialt,

Long., 4°75, Lat. 1:50 mill.

A completely unicolorous species, being either pale or
dark blackish-brown, the latter predominating in the specimens
before us in proportion of 5:2. A typical Clathured/a, with
squarely crossed coste, both longitudinal and transverse of
equal thickness, not many in number, say thirteen on last whorl,
crossed by eleven, of which two spiral lirze below the suture are

204 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

approximate. The outer lip is denticulate within, sinus not
extending beyond the middle of the outer lip. A considerable
number of specimens. (xvepatos, dusky brown, from the colour).

Clathurella episema sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 38).

C. testa fusiformt, concinna, pallidé ochracea, anfractious
guingue (exclusts apicalibus), distanter costulatis, spiraliter
crassiliratis, lirts et costis albo-ochrets, interstitiis plus
minusve ochraceofulvis, ultimo anfractu apud basim albes-
cente, lirts tuberculatis, apertura oblonga, labro extus tncras-
sato, tntus sex denticulato, margine columellari recto, simplice,
sinu amplo, profundo.

Long., 4°50, Lat., 1°25 mill.

A neat little species, with the usual fusiform shape, and
five whorls, exclusive of the apical, not present in our specimens.
The whorls are clathrate, with longitudinal ribs and spiral liree,
these being pale ochreous-white, the interstices darker ochre-
ous. The last whorl 1s slightly prolonged and sculptured in the
same way as the upper whorls ; one or two of the longitudinal
ribs seem thicker than the others, giving a very slightly varicose
appearance. The columellar margin is straight, simple, six
denticled, outer lip incrassate, six denticled within, sinus deep
and large. (erionpos remarkable).

C. lita sp. nov. (Pl X., fig. 39).
C. testa fustformt, parva, ochraceo-brunnea, delicatula,
anfractibus sex, quorum duobus apicalibus, tumidts, nitids,
ceterts ventricosts, obtusé crassicostatis, longitudinaliter, et
spiraliler pluriliratis, interstitiis planatis, apertura late
ovata, intus brunnea, labro extertore paullum tncrassato,
albescente, sinu parvo, rotundato, margine columellari simplice.
Long., 4, Lat., 1°50 mull.

A small plain shell of simple character, not very dissimilar
to some of our European species. The whorls are six; the lower
ones ventricose, the two apical swollen, smooth and shining.
Obtuse and thick ribs, longitudinally, ornament the shell, and
these are spirally crossed by many conspicuous lire. The
aperture is widely ovate, outer lip slightly thickened, whitish ;

J.C., vili., Oct. 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 295

the mouth is brown within, columellar margin plain. Likewise
the sinus on the outer lip is inconspicuous, small and rounded.
Three specimens. (Airos, plain, simple.)

C. longa sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 40).

C. testa attenuata, prolongata, solidula, brunnea, anfractibus
novem vel decem, ventricosulis, ad suturas timpressis, longt-
tudinaliter crassicostatis, costis paucts, sptraliter bt- vel tri-
Jilostriatis, ultimo anfractu medio usque ad basim filo-striato,
strits duodecim vel tredecim accingentibus, apertura tri-
angulart, sinu extenso, canalt brevi, labro exteriore cras-
stusculo.

Long., 5 mtll., Lat., 1°50 mill.

A small brown attenuate shell, being long in proportion to
its width, of the same facies as the Australian C. Letourneuxiana
Crosse, but smaller, more approaching in this respect C. zacrusta
of Tenison Woods, from Tasmania, the whorls are (probably)
nine or ten, but all our many specimens are worn at
the apex. The whorls are ventricose, longitudinally few and
thick ribbed, impressed at the sutures, crossed spirally with few
(three or four) spiral lines, which, at the junction with the
longitudinal ribs are pale and shining. The last whorl has
altogether twelve or thirteen such spiral revolving lines. The
canal is short, aperture triangular, this appearance caused by the
wideness of the sinus. The outer lip is incrassate, as in most
of this section. The specimen in most perfect condition,
which is therefore taken as the type, is not so attenuately
long as some others.

C. Rogersi sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 41).

C. testa oblongo-fusiformi, colore valde variabilt, nunc pulchré
pallide rosea, nunc ochracea unicolore, nunc spiraliter brunnea
multivittata, anfractibus sex, apicali rubro-coccineo vel fulvo-
ochraceo, vitreo, ceteris angulato-costatis, undique spiraliter
liratis, liris majoribus ad angulos costarum, suturis tm-
pressis, apertura oblonga, labro simplice, sinu perinconspicuo,
sepius absente.

Long., 4°50 mill. Lat., 1°50 mull.

296 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

The prevailing form of this pretty little shell is the rose-
pink, though there are many of the striped, and of the plain
ochreous form in our collection ; we do not think it the young
of any species, although the characters about the outer lip are
not very defined. We have seen many specimens, all alike in
sculpture, but are not quite certain yet of its genus. From the
figure, it may be one of Duclos’ lost species, e.g., C. cledonida,
placed as Columbella, but its affinities are distinctly Pleuroto-
moid. We have much pleasure in recognizing the many kind
services extended to us by Mr. Thomas Rogers, of Manchester,
in the naming of this species.

Clathurella spyridula sp. noy. (Pl. X., fig. 42).
C. testa minuta, delicatula, attenuata, angusta, albida,
nitida, anfractibus sex, quorum duobus apicalibus simplict-
bus, ceteris clathratis et cancellatts, lirts acutis, costis tncras-
satis, lirts, junctura costarum, gemmulatis, apertura sinuosa,
sinu effuso, lato, labro extus crasso, tntus minuté octo denticu-
lato, columella recta, stmplice.

Long, 4, Lat., 1 mill.

Very minute, narrow, white, latticed, and cancellate, the
junctions of these cancellated liree being gemmuled ; the whorls
are six, two being apical; mouth sinuous, canal very short,
outer lip minutely denticulate, columella straight, and of
simple character ; we cannot find that its exact counterpart has
been described. (sfyvidu/a dimin. from oripis a basket).

Daphnella terina sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 43).
D. testa fusiformi, delicata, albida, anfractibus sex, supra
turritis, undigue tenuistriatis, sub lente, omnibus preter
ultimum anfractum et apicalem indistincte longitudinaliter
costuliferis, ultimo infra suturas brunneo-maculato, brun-
neisgue flammis dorsaliter ad basim decorato, apertura
angusté obligua, labro simplice, sinu parvo.
Long. 5, Lat. 2°50 mill.
Has some affinity with the large D. Zymnezformis and also
D. metcalfiana Reeve, but is a smaller, shorter, and more deli-

J.C., vili., Oct., 1896

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 207

cate species, and the upper whorls are white, turreted, and
indistinctly ribbed. Two specimens. (vépevvos tender).

D. thespesia sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 44).

D. testa delicatula, turrita, fusiform, albida, anfractibus
septem vel octo, sguarrosé ventricosis, tribus apicalibus
brunnets, subvitrets, ceteris albidis, arcté decussatis, costis
longitudinalibus obliquis, liris transversis minute gemmulates,
supré lineola una ochracea cingulatis, et, tn duobus spect-
minibus, ad suturas, ultimo anfractu vartipicto, in uno
specimine infrd, Juxta suturas squarrosé ochraceo-punctato,
et tribus ordinibus bilineatis cincto, in alio unilineatis,in alto
linets obsoletis, omnibus spectminibus dorsaliter ochraceo-
maciulatis, apertura oblonga, sinu lato sed non profundo,
peristomate tncrassato, suturaliter expanso, intus arcté dentt-
culato.

Long., 6, Lat., 2°50 mild.

A beautiful species, by the description and figure allied to
PD. varicosa Sow. from the same region. ‘There are, however, no
signs of varices. ‘The shell is pure delicate white, with seven or
eight whorls, of which three are apical and vitreous brown, the
remainder finely decussate ; where the spiral lines cross the
oblique riblets a gemmuliferous appearance is presented. The
whorls are squarely ventricose, impressed at the sutures. The
coloration consists in orange-brown lines, different in number
in every specimen. Some specimens are almost plain, others
have a row of square brown spots just below the suture on the
last whorl. ‘The mouth is oblong, outer lip incrassate, sutur-
ally expanded, finely denticulate within, and the sinus is broad,
but not deep. ‘This species seems to approach the border land
between Daphnella and Clathurella. Seven or eight specimens.
(Geo7réowos, divine, is aptly applied to this exquisite form).

Mitra (Costellaria) Dorothee sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 45).
MM. testa fusiform, pallidissimé ochracea, spira acuminata,
anfractibus octo, apical simplice, levi, ceteris ventricosults,
longitudinaliter crebricostatis, spiraliter arcté liratis, lirts

298 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

costas contingentibus, ultimo anfractu superné juxta suturas

rotundo-angulato, anticé attenuato, costis rectis, apertura

angusta, labro simplice, intus striato, columella quadrt-
plicata, plica superiore magna.

Long., 19, Lat, 6 mill.

A critical species, which we have known for a long time,
but never been able to diagnose with certainty. Its nearest
affinities lie with JZ. angulosa Kiister, a much more attenuate
species, larger in all its parts; JZ. Antonelli Dohrn, differing in
colour and the clear shining ribs, not covered by the spiral
liration ; JZ. fustformis Kien. more closely ribbed and sharply
angled, with different coloration ; JZ salmonea Dohrn,
perhaps the nearest approach, but differing in colour and tex-
ture; and JZ. compta Reeve, but this last is not so easily com-
parable. It isa pretty shell, as are all the Costellarie, palest
ochre in hue, turreted, whorls eight, ventricose, angled below the
suture and with straight longitudinal ribs crossed with frequent
lire. Mouth thick within, lip simple. A very few specimens.
There is an individual in J.C.M.’s collection from Mauritius.

Bittium. zolomitres sp. nov. (Il. X., fig. 46).

B. testa minutissima, cylindracea, pupeformi, compacta,
anfractibus octo, duobus apicalibus, ceteris bino gemmarum
ordine spiraliter accinctis, in penultimo et antepenultimo
anfractu gemmults permagnis, nitidissimis, ultimo anfractu
tribus similibus ordinibus decorato, apertura trigona, peris-
tomate tenut, canalt brevt.

LONE 22 EAL. M2 HL,

A very small species. Pupiform, with eight whorls, adorned
with two rows of papilliform gemme, those in the two whorls
before the last being the largest, the last whorl having three
rows of gemmules. The coloration is vivid. Apical whorls
fulvous brown, the two next ochreous, then a darker brown hue,
the penultimate being slightly lighter, the last whorl pale
ochreous above, towards the base darker brown. (dvoAopizpys,
with glancing or glittering girdles.)

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 299

B. albocinctum sp. noy. (PI. X., fig. 47).
L. testa minuta, cylindrica, ad apicem attenuata, apice
obtuso, anfractibus octo, tribus gemmularum ordinibus serta-
tim atsposttis, uno ordine infra, juxta suturas, albido, duobus
pallidé ochracets, ultimo anfractu albido, bicingulato, aper-
tura ovata, labro simplice, canalt brevit.

Long., 4, Lat., 1°75 mill.

A very pretty species, of which we have seen two or three
specimens. Much resembling in sculpture 4. uveanum, but
differing in the mouth being larger, the shell less tun-shaped,
and in the coloration. These two Az¢t/za belong to the same
section of the genus as &B. pulvis Issel (described by the
author a sa Cerzthiopsis), and B. tenthrenois Melv., described
in Proc. Mal. Soc., 1896, vol. 2, No. 3, p. tog, from Bombay.

B. marileutes sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 48).

BL. testa minuta, cylindracea, nigro-brunnea, condensata, apud

apicem obtusata, anfractibus octo, duobus apicalibus, ceteris

transversim papilliferis triseriatis, papillis gemmulatis nitidis,

regularibus, apertura rotunda, labro simplice.

Long., 2°50, Lat., 1 mull.

One of the smallest if not the most minute of the genus.
An almost pitchy-black little species, with eight close-grained
whorls ; the whorls are adorned with three transverse rows of
papilliform gemme, black, shining. Mouth simple, very small.
Three specimens. (apiAێvtns, a charcoal burner, from the
colour).

B. uveanum sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 49).

B. testa minutissima, dolioliformi, nitida, violacea, in spect-
mine juntort apicalibus quingue albidis, quam maxtmé
attenuatis, anfractibus novem, apud suturas tmpressts, tribus
spiralium gemmularum ordinibus regulariter accinctis, gem-
mulis nitidts, nodulosis, tnterstitits planatis, ad basim infra,
simul ac ad apicem suprd, multum attenuatis, apertura
parva, ovata, labro simplice, canali brevissimo.

LYN, BONS SER SUE

300 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Four or five specimens of a very small Az¢ézwm, pale violet
in colour, one of them being a young shell, brownish in colora-
tion, and exhibiting five perfect apical whorls, bright white in
hue and extremely small and attenuated. The shell is tun-
shaped, much attenuate at both ends, the mouth is very small,
and the whorls are ornamented with three regular rows of
nodular gemme, the interstices being plain.

Cerithiopsis aurantiaca sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 50).

C. testa longa, attenuata, subpellucida, leté aurantiaca,
anfractibus duodecim (apicalibus ?), apud suturas tmpressis
et crenellatis, spiraliter tricarinatis, ultimo quadricarinato,
carints pulchré crenellatis, longitudinaliter elevato-liratss,
lirts rectis, interstittis quadratis, alveolatis, nitidis, apertura
ovato-qguadrata, labro simplice, bast nitida, planata.

Long., 4 mill. (approx.), Lat., 1°25 mill.

A very delicate, semi-transparent orange-coloured minute
form, long, attenuate, with angled whorls, crenulate, and impressed
at the sutures. In number the whorls are twelve (approxi-
mately speaking, for our specimens are not perfect at the apex).
Three carine adorn the upper whorls, four the lowest one; quad-
rately interlaced with longitudinal liree placed equi-distantly.
Mouth ovato-quadrate, lip simple, base flattened, shining. Three
specimens only.

C. catenaria sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 51).

C. testa parva, fusiformi, uniform, ochraceo-brunnea, an-

Jractibus duodecim, quorum duobus apicalibus, vitrets, ceteris

veniricosulis, apud suturas inpressts, tribus regularibus gem-

mularum catenis spiraliter decoratis, et longttudinaliter
parviliratis, interstitits alveolatts, simul ac ad suturas, aper-
tura subguadrata, labro simplice, canalt brevt.

Long., 6°15, Lat., 1°75 made.

An elegant little species, fusiform, ochraceous - brown,
with twelve whorls, two being apical, and glossy pale-brown,
the rest ventricose, impressed at the sutures, longitudinally
lirate, lirae small and transversely crossed by three chains of

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 301

gemmee, the interstices are somewhat alveolate in appearance,
the aperture square, lip simple, canal short. A few specimens,
not differing from each other. (cavena, a chain).

C. eutrapela sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 52).
C. testa perlonga, cylindrica, gradatim attenuata, albo-
cinerea, delicatula, anfractibus quatuordecim, apicalibus tri-
bus, simplictbus, haud nitentibus, carneo-cinerets, ceteris
elegantissimis, ad suturas guast-canaliculatis, pallide ochraceo-
tinctis, tricarinatis, carinis subvitrets papilloso-gemmatis,
undique longitudinaliter liratis, ultimo anfractu quadrt-
carinato, ad basim planato, paullum excavato, apertura
guadrato-ovata, labro simplice.
LOI GPs oy SEG ns Iso) UU
A very elegantly chased, glassy species, cylindrical, four-
teen whorled, the apical whorls being dark, cinereous, but
smooth, the sculpture is such as is usual in this genus, thrice
keeled whorls, the keels gemmulate at their junction with the
longitudinal connecting lire, last whorl four keeled, mouth
quadrato-ovate, base somewhat excavate, smooth, shining.
Three or four specimens. (evtpazeAos elegantly formed).

C. Fosterz sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 53).
C. testa gracillima, multum attenuata, delicatula, perpulchra,
anfractibus quatuordecim, quorum tribus apicalibus, levibus,
ochraceo-brunnets, ceterts angulato-ventricosis, apud suturas
canaliculatts, et ochraceo-zonatis, in medium anfractuum
albescentibus, supra plus minusve violaceo-tinctis, duobus costts
spiraliter conspicué accinctis, regularibus, gemmulatts, tnter-
stitits interdum, precipue ad suturas, alveolatis, apertura
subrotunda, peristomate tenut, marginem apud columella-
rem triangulatim expanso, canali breve.
LOfGos Sep 15a GA
A most exquisite shell, extremely graceful and attenuate,
with fourteen whorls, of which three are apical, pale-brown and
smooth, the rest ventricose, slopingly angled, canaliculate
at the sutures, and also banded at the junction of the whorls
with ochraceous-brown, while the median portion is white, the

302 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

first seven or eight whorls being tinged with violet ; each whorl
is spirally crossed by two prominent revolving ribs, these ribs
gemmulate at the junction with the longitudinal strize, the inter-
stices between being sometimes honeycombed in appearance
especially at the sutures. The mouth is roundish, lip simple,
and triangularly expanded towards the columellar margin, canal
short. Eight or more specimens ; and named, in honour of
Mrs. Emma Hadfield, zée Foster, asa small token of appreciation
and esteem.

Cerithiopsis hedista sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 54).
C. testa angusta, cylindrica, attenuata, gracili, anfractibus
duodecim, quorum apicalibus quatuor, pervitrets, levissimts,
ceteris spiraliter regularibus tribus gemmularum ordinibus
decoratis, gemmulis papillatis, nitidis, his ordinibus varie
coloratis, in uno specimine primo et medio albato, tertio och-
raceo,tn altero primo ochraceo, secundo et tertio albatis, ultimo
anfractu ad basim bicarinato, apertura quadrato-ovata, labro
brunneo-ochraceo, canali brevissimo.
WONG) 3, JV, TOO WHINE
A prettily variously-banded delicate cylindrical shell, the
whorls ornamented with three rows of transverse gemmules,
shining, papillary, these rows being coloured white and pale
ochraceous-brown, sometimes two white rows together, followed
by a brown row, and occasionally the obverse. The last whorl
is furnished with two keels towards the base ; the lip is och-
raceous-brown, and the canal very short. (7jdurros, most
delightful).

C. adelpha sp. noy. (PI. X., fig. 55).

C. testa attenuato-fustformt, brunneo-nigra, regulart, subu-
lata, anfractibus undecim, quorum duobus apicalibus, minu-
tissimé punctatis, pallide brunneo-ochracets, ceteris trans-
versim papilloso- gemmulatis, gemmulis rotundis, nitidts,
simtlibus, tribus ordinibus succinctis, ultimo anfractu non
producto, ad peripheriam acutangulato, bast planulata,
apertura guadrato-ovata, labro squarrosulo, tenut, simplice.

Long., 4, Lat., 1 mill.

J.C., vili., Oct., 1896,

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 303

A dark-brown very attenuate Cer/thiopsis, much resembling
certain forms of European species, e.g. C. dadema Watson, but
this latter is a larger shell. The arrangement of pattern is the
same, viz., three rows of papilliform gemmules, round, brown,
shining. Several specimens. (é6eAgos akin).

Turbonilla belonis sp. nov. (PI. X., fig. 56).

M. testa perlonga, attenuata, crystallina, albida, anfractibus
duodectm, ventricosis, gradatulis, paullum supra subdistortis,
undique longitudinaliter recticostulatis, interstitits indwstincté
striatis, ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam fortiter spiraliter
unicostato, hac costa basim circumcingente, apertura rotunda,
labro circiter tncrassato, intus ad labrum exterius quadrt-
denticulato, columella supré simplice.

Long., 8:50, Lat., 2 mill.

A highly interesting shell, which it was at first difficult to
assign to any special genus. It is very long, attenuate, twelve
whorled, crystalline, the whorls all ventricosely gradate and
impressed at the sutures, longitudinally costate, the ribs being
straight, at the periphery of the last whorl these ribs end ina
strong transverse rib-process, which encircles the base. The
mouth is round, lip thickened, and in the inner margin of the
outer lip are four denticles which extend slightly within the
orifice. The columellar margin is, so far as can be seen, simple.
Undoubtedly a Turbonilia ; T. decussata Pease has the denticled
mouth, but there is no transverse ridge at the base of the last
whorl in that species. ((eAovis, a small needle).

Pyrgulina gliriella sp. nov. (Pl. X., fig. 57).

P. testa ovata, obtusa, livido-punicea, glandiformu, anfractibus
sex, apicalt puniceo, retorto, subvitreo, ceteris longitudinaliter
denstcostatis, interstitiis levibus, apertura ovata, peristomate
continuo, margine columellari fortiter uniplicato.

Long., 2°25 mill. sp. min., 3°50 mill. sp. max., Lat., 1 mill.
Sp. min., 1°50 mill. sp. max,

304 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Extremely minute. Shell oval, obtuse, livid pink grey, in
facies much like Zafra pupoidea Ad. in miniature. The last
whorl, at the apex of the smallest specimen, is twisted over the
next, as is the habit of most of the Odostomia. The other
whorls are longitudinally densely ribbed, the interstices between
being smooth. The mouth is ovate, peristome continuous,
columellar margin with a strong single plait or fold. A few
specimens. (dim. of g/s, a dormouse).

Syrnola jaculum sp. nov. (PI. XI, fig. 58).
S. testa acuta, attenuata, tenui, vitrea, anfractibus undecim,
omnibus applanatis, in uno specimine qguingue anfractibus
supertoribus pallidé apud medium brunneo-liratis, tn ceterts
omnino unicoloribus, apertura attenuata obliqua, labro tenut,
columella untplicata.

Long., 8, Lat. 2 mill.

Seven specimens of a pure white shining crystalline Sy7oda,
eleven whorled, whorls straight, very slightly channelled at the
sutures, in one specimen only the five higher whorls, next to the
apical, are delicately spirally twice zoned with narrow ochraceous
brown lines, these becoming obsolete in the lower whorls. The
other specimens have no trace of such banding. The whorls
are perfectly smooth ; mouth oblique; lip simple; columella
once plaited. (/acuw/um, a dart, from the pointed contour).

S. violacea sp. nov. (PI. XI, fig. 59).
S. festa attenuata, levi, nitida, duobus anfractibus apicalibus
diaphanis, ceteris violacets, untcoloribus, levisstmis, mifrd
suturas tnternam ob plicam transversim quast unilineolatis,
ultimo anfractu ad basim pallescente, apertura obliqua, lubro
simplice, columella uniplicata.

Long., 13, Lat., 2°50 mul.

A smooth violaceous shell, ten whorled, quite plain ex-
cepting for the line of the revolving plica showing through each
whorl transversely just below the sutures; mouth somewhat
oblique, outer lip plain, columellar one-plaited. Three speci-
mens, but only one in first-class condition.

J.C., vili., Oct., 1896,

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM -LIFU. 305

Alaba zadela sp. nov. (PI. XI, fig. 71).

A. testa perlonga, attenuata albo-cinerca, nitente, gracilt,
anfractibus circa decem, hic illic varicosis, varicibus tumidults,
Jeré levibus, undique spiraliter arcté liratis, lirts minuté
brunneo - punctatis, ultimo anfractu paullum prolongato,
apertura ovata, labro tenut.

MOG, Vio VARS) OU

A small elongate shining ashy-white shell, whorls probably
ten, but our specimen is broken at the apex, swollen varices
are scattered over the whorls, and spiral liree uniformly cover
them, with here and there bare patches where the varices come.
These liree are minutely brown dotted. Mouth ovate, lip
simple. ((a4dyAo0s manifest).

Litiopa limnophysa sp. nov. (PI. XI., fig. 72).

L. testa ovato-oblonga, rapidé attenuata versus apicem, tenuts-
stma, rufocinerea, anfractibus septem, quorum tribus minimis
nigrescentibus, apicalibus, ceteris tenuibus, sublevibus, ultimo
expanso, sub lente transversim striatulo, infra suturas et
apud medium anfractus spiraliter flammis maculisve rujis
depicto, apertura oblonga, labro tenuissimo, columella versus
basim subtruncata.

Long., 5, Lat., 150 mill.

Likea Zzmnea in miniature. Seven whorled, ovate oblong,
the last three whorls apical, decussate beneath a lens, and
blackish, the rest ashy red, painted on the last whorl, which is
very finely transversely striate, with rufous flames and spots.
Mouth oblong, lip very thin, columella truncate towards the base.
Two specimens only ; would appear near Z. nztidu/a Pfr.

Alvania pisinna sp. noy. (Pl. XI., fig. 60).

A. testa minutissima, oblonga, albida, concinna, anfractibus
sex, guorum aduobus apicalibus subvitrets, levibus, ceteris
ventricosis, ad suturas multum tmpressts, arcté costults
longitudinalibus lirisque spiralibus decussatis, tiibus lirarum
‘ordinibus supernis, ultimo anfractu ordinibus quatuor, ad

9/11/96 U

306 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

basim spiraliter unicarinato, apertura rotunda, peristomate
zncrassato, continuo.

Long, ts Lain Go tll.

Very minute, pure white, whorls six, of which two are
apical, much ventricose and impressed at the sutures. The
whorls are ornamented with clathrate riblets and lire, three-
ranked spirally in the upper whorls, four in the lowest, with a
sharply-turned keel round the base. Aperture round, outer lip
continuous, thickened. (fés/znus, a small child).

Rissoina baculum-pastoris sp. nov. (Pl. XI, fig. 61).

R. testa prelonga, attenuata, interdum flexa, nitida, candida,

anfractibus decem, apicali papillart, ceterts levibus, ad

medium spiraliter acutangulis, ad suturas tmpressis, ultimo
anfractu biangulato, apertura ovata, peristomate incrassato,

Jeré continuo.

Long., 6, Lat., 1°50 mull.

Allied, doubtless, to &. sfzvata Sowb., so protean in its
forms, but it seems distinct from every variety. It may also be
allied to R. miranda A. Ad. or R. tnsolida Desh., by some con-
sidered only a variety, but there is no sign of the crenulations,
sO very conspicuous an ornament on the whorls of these two
last species. One of our specimens is bent, giving the aspect of
a shepherd’s staff, hence the trivial name. The shell is white,
shining, ten whorled, the whorls smooth, impressed at the
sutures, and uniformly spirally once ribbed, the last whorl twice;
mouth ovate, peristome almost continuous, thickened. Some
slight resemblance in sculpture to species of Sca/enostoma may
be observable.

R. catholica sp. nov. (Pl. XL, fig. 62).
R. testa oblongo-fusiformi, parva, nivea, nitida, apice
obtusato, anfractibus sex, apicali simplice, ceteris ventricosults,
longitudinaliter arcté obliquicostatis, interstitiis hic levibus,
illic sub lente tenuissimé striatults, apertura ovata, paullulum
effusa, labro incrassato.

Long., 3, Lat., 1:25 mull.

J.C., vili., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 307

A small white species of simple character. Longitudinally
obliquely ribbed, the costze being many, and with their inter-
stices mostly smooth, but occasionally very finely striate when
seen microscopically ; mouth oval, lip rather thickened.

R. enteles sp. nov. (Pl. XI, fig. 63).

kR. testa pyramidato-fusiformt, pellucida, albida, nitida,
anfractibus septem, minimé tumtdulis, spiraliter tenut-sul-
calis, sulcis superficialibus, ultimo anfractu infra medium
nitidissimo, planato, aliter tenuisulcato, apertura lunata,
effusa, labro crassiusculo, planato, simplice.

Long. 6, Lat. 2°50 mill.

A white pellucid shell, with a milky tinge; the whorls,
seven in number, are finely sulcate, sulcations extremely super-
ficial. There is a space round the hody of the last whorl where
these sulci are absent, but they are resumed round the base.
The mouth is wide, lip somewhat incrassate. (evted7js perfect,
complete).

R. nesiotes sp. nov. (Pl. XI., fig. 64).

R. testa elongata, turrita, albida, anfractibus novem, quorum

— duobus apicalibus, vitrets, levibus, ceterts ventricosults, pal-
lidé ochraceo-tentatis, longitudinaliter obliqui-costatis, costis
numerosts, levibus, nitidis, interstitits sub lente spiraliter
tenutssimé striatis, in ultimo anfractu costis ad basim tuber-
culatis, tuberculorum gquingue ordinibus, apertura ovata,
labro multum tucrassato, tntus stmplice.

Long., 6, Lat., 1°50 mull.

A smooth shell, elongate, obtusely turreted, whorls ventri-
cose, nine in number, two being apical and glassy; all the
whorls are simply obliquely costate longitudinally, the inter-
stices being extremely finely striate. A pale spiral ochreous
band surrounds the lower half of the whorls. At the base of
the last whorl, the costes become tuberculated ; there are five
spiral rows of these. Mouth ovate, much thickened. Several
specimens. N.B.—A form of this species also occurs in

308 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

which the ribs are all more or less tubercled; we fancy this
may be the more juvenile state of the species. (vyovw7ns an
islander).

Rissoina (Phosinella) quasillus sp. nov. (PI. XI, fig. 65).
R. testa fusiformi, candida, versus apicem attenuata, an-
fractibus decem, quorum apicalibus duobus vitrets, levissimts,
ceterts arcté costulatis, costis rectis, spiraliter lirarum ordint-
bus accinctis, liris elevatis, ad juncturam costularum gemmu-
latis, nitidts, apertura rotundo-lunart, labro extus paullulum
mncrassato, intus stimplice.

Long., 4°50, Lat., 2 mill.

A very neat rough little white shell, clathrate, gemmuled at
the junction of the ribs with the spiral liree, ten whorled, aper-
ture roundly-lunar, outer lip slightly thickened, simple within. —
Allied to R. Deshayest Schwartz, from the Philippines. Several
specimens. (Qwasil/us, a small work-basket, dim. of gualus).

R. sincera sp. nov. (Pl. XI, fig. 66).

R. testa pyramidatofustformi, candida, sub-turitta, anfractt-

bus octo(?) apud suturas impressis, tumidulis, superfictaliter

longitudinaliter costulatis, costis remotts, simul ac liris
spiralibus intersectis, quadrato-clathratults, interstitits plants,
apertura effusa, labro crassiusculo, tntus simplice.

Long., 6°50, Lat., 2°50 ml.

A shell of bold contour. White, probably eight whorled
(but only five remain on our specimens), whorls slightly ventri-
cose, longitudinally superficially costulate, spirally lirated ; three
rows on the two whorls before the last, on the last whorl there
are five rows; the quadrate interstices are plain, non striate, lip
effuse, incrassate. ‘Two specimens.

R. zonula sp. nov. (Pl. XL, fig. 67).
R. testa perparva, fusiformt, compacta, solidiuscula, anfracti-
bus sex, quorum duobus apicalibus, albovitrets, levibus, ceteris
concinne longitudinaliter obliquicostatis, costis arclis, tenuibus,
nitidis, interstitits planatis, apud suturas utringue spiraliter
fulvozonatis, simul ac a medio anfractus ultimt usque ad

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 309

basim extremam ,; apertura ovata, peristomate tncrassato,
margine columellart paullum expanso.

Long., 2, Lat. 1 mill.

A very small edition of sucha species as 2. fasciata A. Ad.
Though only two millimetres in length, it is a finished shell,
and the lip remarkably incrassate for its size. The whorls are
six, two being apical and glassy white, the rest are obliquely
costate, shining, with rufous zones on either side of and joining
the sutures, and the basal half of the last whorl is of the same
colour. A few specimens. (senula, dim. of zona, a band).

Barleeia chrysomela sp. nov. (PI. XL., fig. 68).
BL. testa pyramidato-conica, semigradatula, levissima, nitida,
aurantiofulva, tenut, anfractibus septem, paullulum tume-
scentibus, apud suturas spiraliter fulvo-brunneo vittatis,
apertura parva, ovata, peristomate feré continuo, fulvo-brunneo
vel nigrescente.

VEOHE a3 LAL. lO) 10000.

Many specimens of a small “ydrocena-like species, which
has many characters in common with the genus Gav/eeda Clark,
where we place it provisionally. A conical shell, shining,
golden orange-brown, with spiral darker sutural band, the
peristome being of the same colour and nearly continuous.
The mouth is somewhat contracted. (chrysomela, golden apple,
from the colour).

Rissoia joviana sp. nov. (Pl. XL, fig. 69).
Rk. testa oblonga, solidiuscula, ochracea vel ochraceo-cinerea,
anfractibus decem (tribus apicalibus ), ventricosis, ad suturas
wmpresso-crenulatis, longitudinaliter rotundt-costulatis, costis
interdum obscuris et trregularibus, spiraliter arcté liratis,
apertura rotunda, labro extus simplice, columella alba.

LD, By SED KO) TOME

An oblong ochraceous shell, rather stout, with ten whorls,
three of them being apical and very small, the rest roundly
ribbed, and transversely closely lirate, whorls ventricose and
crenulately impressed at the sutures. Mouth round, lip simple,

310 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

columella white. We have this species also from Thursday
Island. What appears to be another form of the same shell is
also in the collection, with darker ochraceous spiral lines across
the two last whorls, the longitudinal costee obscure, and here
and there wanting, apical whorls dark-brown.

Rissoia pyrrhacme sp. nov. (PI. XL, fig. 70).
R. testa oblonga, delicatula, nivea, anfractibus novem (interdum
octo), quorum apicalibus tribus, fulvo-ochracets, ceteris albts,
ventricosis, ad suturas crenulato-impressis, longitudinaliter
costulatis, spiraliter arcté sulculosis, apertura rotundo-ovata,
labro simplice, paullulum effuso.
Long., 6, Lat., 2 mull.

_ A pure white ochre-tipped shell, whorls eight or nine,
much swollen, longitudinally ribbed, spirally closely sulcate,
aperture round, lip simple, a little effuse. We are not yet
quite sure of the proper location of this and the preceding
species, and only place them provisionally in A&zssora. If,
indeed, they be Réssote, they will, perhaps, be better included
in a new section of the genus. Several specimens. (avppos
ochre red, «pm point).

Mathilda eurytima sp. nov. (PI. XL, fig. 73).

M. testa delicata, pyramidato-fusiformi, alba, anfractibus
decem, ventricosis, ad suturas impressis, spiraliter acute trt-
cavinatis, carinis angulatis, interstitiis longitudinaltter clath-
ratulis, clathris arctis, sub lente consinnis, ultimo anfractu
quadricarinato, bast tornata, apertura ovato-rotunda, labro
simplice, canalt producto.

Long, 6, Lat., 2 mill.

A most delicately lovely, though minute shell. | A second
specimen having occurred, the first, named provisionally
M. sinensis by us in our last paper, has been carefully re-ex-
amined and found to be distinct from that species. The
spiral keels are only three on the upper whorls, as against
four in AZ. sinensis, the shell is not of thickened texture, and the

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 311

colour is a purer white. The size is about the same. (evptripos,
honoured, excellent).

~
Euchelus favosus sp. nov. (PI. XI, fig. 74).

E. testa conica, perforata, scruposa, candida, apice depresso,
planato, anfractibus quatuvr, apud suturas profundeé canalt-
culatis, penultimo et antepenultimo transversim bicarinatis,
ultimo anfractu sex-carinato (inclusa spiralt carina circa
umbilicum), carinis longitudinalibus liris inter se gunctts,
interstitiis alveolatis, vel favosts, carints elegantissimé acuté
crenulatis, umbilico angusto, apertura rotunda, labro extus
scriposo, intus planato, margine sicut columellart.

Long., 3, Lat. 2 mill.

Very small, but most beautiful in sculpture. Pure white,
four whorled, including the depressed apex; sutures deeply
canaliculate, the second and third whorls twice, the last six
times keeled, including the spiral keel round the umbilicus,
these keels are longitudinally joined by stout lirze, the interstices
being honeycombed; the carinze are most elegantly sharply
crenulate all round ; the mouth is round, outer lip rough with
the edges of the keels, within smooth. Four specimens.
(favosus, honeycombed).

Leucorhynchia tricarinata sp. noy. (PI. XL, fig. 75).

L. testa perdepressa, albida, nitida, obtecté umbilicata, apice
planato, anfractibus tribus circa suturas spiraliter crenellt-
Jeris, levissimts, apud periphertam ultimt anfractus tricart-
natis, media carina fortissima, tnterstitiis carinarum sulcatis,
ultimo apud basim circa callositatem peristomalem crenellifero,
apertura circulart, peristomate columellarem apud marginem
calloso, linguifero, prominente, regtonem umbilicarem supra
tmpendente, callositate ipsa sicut tn typica L. caledontica.

Alt., 1, Diam. 3 mill.

A third species of Lezcorhynchia Crosse, which genus we
think sufficiently distinct from TZezzostoma Ad., although M.
Paul Fischer and Mr. Pilsbry hold a contrary opinion. From
the type Z. Caledonica Crosse, it differs in the tricarinate peri-

312 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

phery, the middle keel being strong, squarely built, and bold
and projecting further from the whorl than the two other keels.
Shell much depressed, apex papillary, sunk in the spire ; spiral
crenellz run round the sutures and round the peristomial
callosity, this being tongue shaped and well nigh concealing the
umbilicus. One specimen only, discovered in the mouth of a
larger shell by the Rev. Lewis Shackleford.

Alcyna lifuensis sp. nov. (Pl. XL, fig. 76).

A. testa imperforata, minuta, solidiuscula, parum nitida,
anfractibus quingue, quorum apicalibus lete punicets, tribus
ultimts albis, transversim interrupto-lineatis, lineis rubris,
ultimo anfractu infra, juxta suturas, squarrosé regulariter
albispatiato, etapud peripheriam concinné rubra linea spatio
stmilt alternato, apertura rotunda, labro exteriore subexpanso,
columella ad basim fortiter unidenticulata, denticulo acuto.

Mba Me fis JGGTE LL

Smaller than 4. rubra Pease, and differing from all the
forms we have seen of it, and likewise of the Japanese A. ocel/ata
A. Ad. in the whorls being plainly five in number, and in the
different pattern of the interrupted red lines, the shape being more
effuse than A. ocel/ata, and the shell smaller than in A. 7udbra.
There seem affinities with 4. /7xeata Pease from the Hawaiian
Islands, of which we have only seen a description, but here the
whorls are fewer, the lip is not thickened out, the apex is pink,
not white. Though small, it is a very brightly coloured little
sheli, being five whorled, the whorls slightly swollen, white, with
transverse interrupted red lines encircling it spirally, round the
periphery these lines are regularly interrupted, leaving equal
white spaces, below the suture on the last whorl are square
white spaces left bare, the mouth is round, lip slightly effuse,
plain ; the columella having a very strong tooth near the base.

Minolia agapeta sp. noy. (Pl. XL, fig. 77).

M. testa minuta, effuso-conica, albida, solidiuscula, anfracte-
bus quingue, turritis, tufra suturas angulatis, spiraliter

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 313

distincté et acuté ltratis, interstitits longitudinaliter tenuts-
simé striatis, ultimo quogue anfractu apud periphertam
angulato, circé angulum suturalem flammts punicets deptcto,
ad angult peripheralis costam puntceo-punctato minortbus
etiam punicet coloris punctis hic illic obscure decorato, um-
bilico profundo sed angusto, superficie basalt stmtli modo ac
superna spiraliter ltrata, apertura rotunda, peristomate
crassiusculo, paullum reflexo, feré continuo, tntus puntceo-
tincto.

Alt. 4, Diam. 4°50 mill.

A smaller species than the other Loyalty Island species of
this genus. The shell is five-whorled, including the apical,
white, angled below the sutures and in the last whorl, again at
the periphery ; also painted round the sutures below with crim-
son coloured equi-distant flames. At the periphery, the spiral
rib is encircled with minute pink dots; the whole shell is
beautifully acutely spirally striate, the interstices, with the aid
of a lens, appear finely striate longitudinally. The mouth is
round, peristome thickened, a little reflexed; umbilicus deep,
but narrow. A few specimens. (aydantos beloved, choice).

Solariella (Gonotrochus) tragemasp.noy. (PI. XL, fig. 78).
S. testa conica, albo-calcaria, profunde umbilicata, delicata,
anfractibus sex, gradatulo-turritis, unangulatis, undique
transversim spiraliter costulatis, costis tornatis, tnterstitis
alveolato-decussatis, inter suturas et angulum anfractuum
regulariter flamimts punicets sparsim decoratis, ultimo anfractu
apud peripheriam simili modo unangulato, et infra, quadrt-
costato, apud basim umbilico profundo sed angusto, undique
spiraliter costulato, ut suprdé, interstitiis simile modo
decussatis, apertura rotundatlo, pertstomate tenut, stmplice.
LEO Gy BUS OTL ales Gls aL
Eight specimens of a small conical chalky-white So/ariel/a,

colourless excepting for scattered transverse pink flames round

the upper parts of the lower whorls just below the sutures.

The shell is profoundly but narrowly umbilicate, whorls six, two

being apical, slantingly angled in a gradate manner. The sur-

314 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

face is closely acutely ribbed, the transverse decussations some.
what noticeable in the interstices, and these in some specimens
give a crenulate appearance to the ribs themselves. ‘The base
is spirally costulate, as are the upper whorls ; the mouth round,
outer lip simple. No doubt this species is nearly allied to
Minolia Holdsworthiana G. Nevill from Ceylon, and JZ. sénga-
porensis Pilsbry, of which we have only seen figures; but it
differs from both these species by several salient characters.
We are of opinion this group comes nearer Solariel/a than
Minolta ; perhaps it would be well to separate them generically
as Conotrochus Pilsbry. (tpdynpa a delicacy).

Cadulus viperidens sp. nov. (PI. XI, fig. 79).

C. testa mediocri, subinflexa, perlevit, apud apicem sicut ad

aperturam basalem paullum attenuata, delicata, pellucida,

lactea, apertura rotunda, margine tenut, apertura posteriore

perparva, margine labialiter acuté bifisso, tenut. ;

Long., 6°50 mall.

Diam., oris, 1 mill., sp. maj.

CLS OO 3

Several specimens of a somewhat incurved, perfectly
smooth, translucent, milky-tinged Cadu/us, precisely corres-
ponding with unnamed specimens in the British Museum from
the shores of North Australia. In form it slightly recalls
C. colubridens Wats. from New Zealand (‘Challenger’ Expedi-
tion), but is more uniform in width and less ventricose towards
the base. It is likewise smaller than either that species, the
common tropical C. gadus Montagu, or C. /ef/reystt Montero-
sato. The mouth is simple, round, the posterior or apical
orifice, also round in diameter, has its edges labially bisected
by a sharply-cut channel. The specific name chosen, ‘“‘viper-
fanged,” is self-evident from the form.

Tornatina Hadfieldi sp. noy. (Pl. XL, fig. 80).
T. testa oblonga, levissima, recta, tenut, albo-lactea, anfractt-
bus guatuor, ad suturas canaliculatis, ultimo anfractu
oblongo, magno, sub lente spiraliter striolato, supra medium

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 315

semipellucidis fenestralibus vittatis catents spiraliter suc-

cincto, apertura oblonga, apud basim latiore, labro extus

recto, simplice, margine columellart uniplicato.

Long., 4, Lat., 150 mull.

A curious species, which, of plain appearance, is relieved
by a spiral band on the last whorl, just above the middle, of
semi-pellucid window-like filleted catenations ; this is not, so far
as we can make out, owing to any less deposit of shelly matter,
but the whole substance, while as thick, is rendered semi-
transparent by some process that needs further study. We do
not know of this character in any other species. Many speci-
mens. To this, one of the most interesting of this consign-
ment, we append the name of the discoverers, the Rev. James
and Mrs. Hadfield. |

SS

The Shell-Boring of Carnivorous Gastropods.—The statement
sometimes made that Purpura and other carnivorous mollusca instinctively
bore their holes over the wzta/ parts of their victims is held to be refuted in
the new Cambridge Natural History, by a figure which represents diagram-
matically the approximate position of the holes bored by Purpura in about
one hundred specimens of Mytilus. The drawing shows the holes to be dis-
tributed with tolerable evenness over all parts of the valves. I have obtained
the same evidence from an examination of a large number of Ze//ina albinella
similarly bored. The refutation, however, does not seem to be clearly
established from the above evidence, seeing that a hole in any part of the
shell of a Mytilus or Tellina would enable a Purpura with its long proboscis
to reach from one end to the other. If we can find instances of mzzstakes
having been made and labour lost, it will be more conclusive. Woodward
in his Manual of the Mollusca, mentions such an instance; the case being
that of a fossil-spine of a sea-urchin which has evidently been bored by a
Gasteropod. Also, in my own collection, I have a specimen of Chzome
lamellata (Lam.), the lamellze of which have been bored twice, whilst a
third hole has been drilled so near the edge that it, too, would have been
useless had it been but 7: of an inch nearer the outside of the shell. It
would seem from these cases that Purpura bores at random. — LEWIS
SHACKLEFORD. (Read before the Conchological Society, March gth, 1896).

Albino forms of Littorina rudis var. tenebrosa.—In a creek in
Brancaster Bay, near Hunstanton, I came upon several individuals of the
above form. As it appears to be new, I would suggest the name Zenedrosa-
pallida. ({ am aware that this is somewhat Hibernian, but it seems
unavoidable).—LioneL E. Apams, Northampton. (ead before the Con-
chological Society, Aug. 7th, 1895).

316 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

INTERESTING KENTISH FORMS.

By LIONEL E. ADAMS.

(Read before the Conchological Society, Oct. 2nd, 1895).

I HAVE always regarded Kent as the most interesting county
in the British Isles in many respects, and certainly I do not
know a richer or more varied hunting ground for the con-
chologist. | Without attempting a detailed list of species taken
in the county I think a few notes on some of the more interesting
or uncommon forms taken during last August (1895) may
interest collectors.

Throughout the month I noticed that all land species
were a month behind their usual time in maturing their shells,
Flelix virgata \eing especially backward. Of course their
“usual time” is apt to vary in different parts of Britain, but I
judge the shells by my observations in the same locality for
several seasons, and I attribute their lateness this season to the
continued drought during the early part of the year.

Helix lapicida. This species is very abundant in Ewell Wood,
where it may be found, as at Birdlip, on the trunks of beech
trees, in company with 47. xemoralis, H. aspersa, BL. obscurus,
and C. e/egans, and a friend suggested that the shells seek
refuge thus from the school picnics which take place in this
wood. In1891 I found a remarkable scalariform individual,
which I unfortunately broke, and was very gratified to find
another almost in the same spot. Mr. H. Westley of
Northampton who was collecting with me was fortunate in
finding an example of the rare albino form which he kindly -
gave me.

H. pomatia. At pretty little Charing, where 7 fomatia may
be picked off the hurdles and in the chalk pits, especially
amongst the furze, I found an individual with a con-

J.C., viii., Oct., 1896.

ADAMS: INTERESTING KENTISH FORMS, 317

siderable portion of the epiphragm still remaining nacred
over so as to become part of the shell. This formation of
nacre parallel with the epiphragm is not uncommon, as I
have several specimens to show. I took a specimen in this
locality in 1891 with a much thickened inner lip, and a
detached pearl nearly spherical 4$ x 5} mm., which is the
only instance I know of a land pearl.

H. aspersa swarms over the whole county, and though there
is a certain ‘“‘family likeness” in the usual form taken in
the county, approaching var. zovazu, there are many striking
varieties found. At the foot of the Shakespeare Cliff there
is a colony of small shells (hardly mnor), and thin when
compared with others similarly situated. The zwzzcolor
Mog. (gvisea Jeff.), too40 occurs near Canterbury, and
the exalbida form is by no means rare. The Rev. J. W.
Horsley, with whom I spent a most enjoyable week of
collecting, drew my attention to its predilection for the
“traveller’s joy,” some plants of which yielded four or five
individuals of this variety.

H. nemoralis seemed scarce this year compared with its
abundance in the same spots on previous occasions.

H. hortensis, however, fully compensated for the short coming
of its big brother, the following forms being met with :

Var. lutea, 00300, 10345, 10045, 00045, 12045, 00005, 00050.

Var. lutea-fuscolabiata, oocoo.

Var. albina-fuscolabiata.

Var. albina, many extremely diaphanous.

Var. citrina-zonata, 00300.

Var. Carnea, translucently banded 00300, fuscolabiata.

Var. carnea-roseolabiata, 00300.

Var. carnea-roseozonata, ,1233(45).

Var. lilacina. It is worthy of remark that the red, white, and
lilac forms are very small and diaphanous, though living
directly on the chalk.

318 ADAMS: INTERESTING KENTISH FORMS.

H. arbustorum. ‘This species is particularly fine in Kent,
and especially so in the neighbourhood of Dover. At Ewell
I paid my periodic visit to the colony of var. canigonensis
(the only one I know of), and took several specimens.

H. cantiana. This species is well named—in no other county
does it attain such a size or such deep colouring. I took
several pure white forms where I had never seen them before.

H. cartusiana seems to be extending its area, and in some
places it is certainly more abundant than I have ever known
it before. It now occurs from the S. Foreland interruptedly
to Hythe. At Patrixbourne there isa colony of the smallest
forms of var. minor I know; they average 74 mm., and
there are no full-sized onesamong them. At Sandwich the
shells on the sandhills matured a fortnight later than those
on the East Cliff by Dover. These Sandwich shells are
very much darker and thinner than those found on the
chalk, indeed, so much so, and so universally, that on the
Continent they would have a varietal name; var. avenicola
would be as appropriate in this case as it is not when
applied to H. hortensts.

H. caperata was extremely scarce this year, in fact I only
came across one specimen.

H. virgata. The largest British forms have long been known
to come from Kent, but this year the conditions must have
been particularly favourable, a stubble field near Lydden
being covered with monsters. Some I have measure 20
mm. in diameter. I have noticed that the a/bicans form is
almost invariably smaller than the type found with it, and
in this case the largest measures 164 mm. in diameter. In
a single pasture field at Patrixbourne my genial host and I
spent one of the hottest mornings I have ever known in
England, engaged in filling our tins with the following
varieties :—/eucozona, lutescens, maculata, radiata, hypozona,
and a new form banded and marked above the periphery,

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896

ADAMS : INTERESTING KENTISH FORMS. 319

white below, which I propose to call efzzona ; albicans, alba
with and without translucent bands. This field was on the
slope of a little hill facing N.W.; at the bottom the shells
were of the usual size, but they diminished as they ascended
the slope till some very small ones were found (of all the
above vars.) measuring 8 mm. in diameter. At the S.
Foreland this species is always abundant, but exceptionally
so this year; the shells were to be seen clustering on the
thistle and hemlock stems as thickly as the 7. pesava on
the ragwort at Tenby. At Brookland the gvescens and
vufula-zonata forms occurred.

H. terrestris. Under the guidance of Mr. Horsley I visited
the colony of this southern form, and found it (like Z caz-
tustana, Hf. virgata, &c.) aestivating on blades of grass.
Mr. Horsley, who has visited the spot periodically since its
discovery, says it is steadily increasing and extending its
range.

Pupa and Vertigo do not seem to appreciate Kent ; perhaps
they find a difficulty in burrowing into the hard and
dry chalk.

Succinea putris. There is a picturesque old marsh between
Sandwich and Richboro’, where, this year, the S. putrzs
have surpassed themselves in size and numbers, many
measured 19 mm., and some nearly 20 mm.

Limnezea stagnalis and L. palustris. These two species
swarm in the marshes and dykes from Brookland to Hythe,
and in Minster Marsh. ‘This year they are almost
invariably marked with white lines or “growth checks,”
mentioned in Mr. ‘Taylor’s “ Monograph,” part i1., p. 83.
It occurred to me that the dry season might have had
something to do with the phenomenon, as in many cases
the shells were crawling about on the dry mud. As,
however, these marks are upon the upper whorls as much
as on the lower, we must suppose that some were formed

320. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

last year which was not specially dry. | Many examples of
L. stagnalis are very small, some measuring only 20 mm.
although they have the full complement of whorls. Z.
palustris on the other hand run very large, even to 28 mm.
and proportionately tumid (they are not, however, the form
corvus). J have also examples of P. corneus and P. com-
planatus showing similar growth lines. It may be that
this peculiarity has always existed in these waters, and that
my attention was directed to it by the mention of it in the
“Monograph,” but as I have known of it for years, and
have not noticed it in these waters before, I think it is ex-
ceptionally marked this season.

Paludestrina Jenkinsii. I have suspected this to occur at
Rye, and have searched many miles of dykes around that
charming old town in vain. But I came upon a single dead
specimen of the var. cav/zata in the Military Canal close to
Hythe. As there are many more miles of dykes at Rye to
explore it may be found there yet. Baltic timber is still
landed and stacked there.

NorTHAMPTON, Sept., 1895.

(cs

Planorbis carinatus Miill. monst. scalariforme.—lI send for exhibi-
tion at the May meeting, a remarkable scalariform specimen of Planorbzs
carinatus, taken in the brook which runs through Bradgate Park in the
Charnwood Forest district, about seven miles from Leicester. Thé spot
where I found it is at a point where several drains converge and keep back
the brook, so as to form small lakes, about seven or eight feet deep. During
the dry summer of 1894, they were cleaned out, and the refuse thrown out
close to the banks, and it was whilst searching these heaps to see if there
were any examples of Unzo or Anodon in the lakes that I came across the
Planorbis. Jt was a dead but perfect shell. Although I searched long,
both on this and subsequent occasions, amongst the thousands of Planorbis
bleaching on the refuse heaps I failed to find another specimen showing the
slightest approach to the scalariform shape. —THos. EDWARDS. (Read before
the Conchological Society, May 13th, 1596).

J.C., vii1., Oct. 18 96

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 221

CONSTITUTION

LIST OF MEMBERS

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

1.—This Society shall be called “The Conchological Society of
Great GHritain and Freland.”

2.—Its objects shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by
the holding of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original
papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of
a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.

3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.

4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting,
and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the
Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound
for life by the payment of Three Guineas.

5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other per-
manent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think
most conducive to the benefit of the Society.

6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they
shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of
Ordinary Members.

7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a
Librarian, and six other members, who shall be elected annually
by ballot ; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary,
under cover of sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. The
President and Secretary of the Leeds and London Branches and
such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an annual
meeting shall, ex officto, also be members of the Council of the
Society.

$.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than one year continu-
ously, and the President is expected to give an address.

9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by
the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional
meetings as they may think desirable.

17/12/96 V

322 COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.

11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be
fixed at the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and
Balance Sheet of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and
Officers for the ensuing year.

12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two mem-
bers, appointed at a previous meeting.

13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of
the Council.

14. —The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by
the Society.

15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-
fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially

summoned.
—___—__¢-@-@—____—_

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1896-7.

PRESIDENT :
Pror. SYDNEY J. HICKSON, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :
R: D. DARBISHIRE, B.A.
I (Cy WEBIONSULIU, Winey 18)belse
Rev. A. M. NORMAN, D.C.L., F.R.S.
EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S.

HON. TREASURER :
LIONEL E. ADAMS B.A.

HON. SECRETARY :
WE. HOVER, MA. ERoSsK.

HON. RECORDER :
THOMAS ROGERS.

HON. CURATOR :
ROBERT STANDEN.

HON. LIBRARIAN :
CHARLES OLDHAM.

COUNCIL :

WILLIAM MOSS, F.C.A.

J. T. MARSHALL.

P. B. MASON, J.P., M.R.C.S., &e.

ROBERT CAIRNS,
EDWARD COLLIER.
JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

LONDON BRANCH.
PresIpENT - Rev. J. W. HORSLEY.
SECRETARY - - - - J. E. COOPER.

LEEDS BRANCH.
PRESIDENT - - - J. W. TAYLOR.
SECRETARY - - - W. NELSON.

J.C., viii., Jan. 1897.

LIST OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 323

EIST Ore wiEM BERS:

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member,

who has compounded for his subscription).

HONORARY MEMBERS

(Limited to ten in number).

Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, Vestregade, Copenhagen.

Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin
de fer du nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.

Crosse, Hippolyte, 25, Rue Tronchet, Paris.

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.

Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W.

Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds.

Philippi, Dr. R. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile.

Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet,-Christiania, Norway.

Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Abbott, Percy W., 44, Brazennose Street, Manchester.

Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 77, St. Giles Street, Northampton.

Alletsee, Albert Gregory, 40, Milward Crescent, Hastings, Sussex.

Ancey, César Felix, Administrateur-Adjoint, Dra-el-mizan, Algeria.

Arnold, Bernard, Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.

Baker, Arthur Edwin, Portland Villas, Trinity Avenue, Lenton
Boulevard, Nottingham.

Banks, (Mrs.) G. Linnzeus, 34, Fassett Square, Dalston, London.

Barke, Harold, 195, Upper Brook Street, Chorlton-on-Medlock,
Manchester.

Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.

Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., The Vicarage,
Holmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O.

Beckett, James Benjamin, 11, Lancaster Road, Great Yarmouth.

Bendall, Wilfrid, 77, Baker Street, Portman Square, London, W.

Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Newham Lea, Cambridge.

Booth, George Albert, F.E.S., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands.

Bostock, Edwin D., Tixall Lodge, Tixall, Stafford.

Bowell, E. W. W., Sissinghurst Vicarage, Cranbrook, Kent.

Bowell, Herbert T. W., Sissinghurst Vicarage, Cranbrook, Kent.

Brass, John George, The Grove, Barnard Castle.

Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill

' Street, Sydney, N.S. W.

324

1893.
1896.
1890.
1888.
18709.
1888.

1891.
1893.
1878.
1896.
1892.
1895.
1887.
1889.

1893.
1886.
1880.

1895.
1892.
1895.
1886.
1888.

1892.
1890.

1889.
1886.
1896.
1888.

1879.
1886.

1888.
1892.

1893.
1886.
1889.

1892.
1886.

LIST OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Glen View, Gledholt, Huddersfield.

Burgess, Wm. Valentine, 13, Groby Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy.

Burkill, Isaac Henry, B.A., Caius College, Cambridge.

Burrows, Thomas F., [4, Wellington Road, Newark-on-Trent ].

Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley.

Byne, Loftus St. George, 54, Guilford Street, Russell Square,
London, W.C.

Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 52, India Street, Edinburgh.

Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 26, Mayfield Terrace, Halifax.

Chadwick, John, 6, Stanley Grove, Sale, Cheshire.

Champ, Henry, c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland St., Manchester.

Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport.

Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire.

Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, near Chelms-
ford, Essex.

Clark, James, M.A., Ph.D., Ass.R.C.S., Yorkshire College, Leeds.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth,

Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Oxford Road,
Manchester.

Collier, Frank, 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Manchester.

Cooper, James Eddowes, 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, London, N.

Corker, Jas. S., 59, Darncombe Street, Moss Side, Manchester.

Coulson, Frank, Greenhead Brewery, Greenhead, Glasgow.

Cox, Chas. Stanley Bell, B.A., M.R.C.S., San Remo, Chelston,
Torquay.

Craven, Henry Ernest, West Cliff Pharmacy, Whitby.

Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape
Colony.

Crawshaw, Rev. C., Opal House, Emerald St., Saltburn-by-the-Sea.

Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton.

Crofton, Rev. Addison, M.A., Linton Court, Settle, Yorkshire.

Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead,
Essex.

Cundall, J. W., 21, Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol.

DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London.

Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Rd., Torquay, Devonshire.

Daniel, Arthur Trevelyan, M.A., Richmond Terrace, Shelton,
Stoke-on-Trent.

Daniel, Frederic E., M.D., 141, Abbey Road, Barrow-in-Furness.

Darbishire, Robert D., B.A., Victoria Park, Manchester.

Dawson, Oswald, Seacroft, Leeds; and Albion Walk Chambers,
Leeds.

Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston.

Dodd, B, Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham.

J.C., viii., Jan., 1897.

1892.
1895.
1895.

1891.
1884.
1888.
1894.
1886.
1880.
1891.
1890.
1884.
1886.
1892.
1886.
1895.

1896.
1896.
1889.
1887.

LIST OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 325

Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston.

Edwards, J. Sumner, Chadwick Lodge, Crown Point Road, Leeds.

Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Road, Narborough
Road, Leicester.

Elgar, Hubert, 3, St. Michael’s Terrace, Fant Road, Maidstone, Kent.

Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Evans, (Mrs. ) A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud.

Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 18A, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants.

Falloon, (Mrs.) Barbara J., Christchurch Vicarage, Dover.

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.

Fierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull.

Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.

Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone, Kent.

Fulton, Hugh, 216, King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts.

Gamble, Frederick Wm., M.Sc. (Vict.), The Owens College,
Manchester.

Garnett, Roland, 175, Lee Street, Oldham.

Garstang, Walter, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford.

Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N.

Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., ete., Accrington, Lancashire

1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1886.
1890.
1892.
1886.
1891.
1887.
1895.
1895.
1895.

1887.
1889.
1887.

18QI.

1801.
1887.
1889.
1888.
1878.
18096.

1887.

Greene, Rey. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots.

Gude, G. K., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Guppy, R. J. Lechmere, 26, Queen’s Terr., Port of Spain, Trinidad.

Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.

Hadow, Gerald Elliot, M.A., South Cerney Vicarage, Cirencester.

Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, Ilornsey Road, London, N.

Hann, Rev. Adam, 7, Harewood Terrace, Thornaby-on-Tees.

Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near
Manchester.

ITargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

Hartley, Alfred, 14, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire.

Harvard, T. Mawson, 16, Radford Road, Hither Green, Lewisham,
London, S.F.

Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middles-
brough.

Hawes, Alfred, Penistone, Yorkshire.

Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 47, Frenchwood Street, Preston.

Hedworth, Thos. H., 1, Railway Terr., Dunston, Gateshead-on-Tyne.

Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury.

Hepburn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey.

Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., University College, Liver-
pool.

Hley, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

LIST OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Hey, Rev. Wm. Croser, M.A., Derwent House, West Ayton,
Seamer, York.

Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford.

Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., The Owens
College, Manchester.

Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Tlewes, Sussex.

Hodgson, (Mrs.) Julia, Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard,
Bedfordshire.

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.

Horsley, Rev. J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.1.E., M.P., F.S.A., ete.,
Bentcliffe House, Eccles, Manchester.

Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.Sc., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Keeper of the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 1, Johnson Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro,
Cornwall.

Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes.

Jones, Kenneth Ilurlstone, St. Bride’s Rectory, Old Trafford,
Manchester.

Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 76, Mayes Road, Woodgreen, London, N.

Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport,
Monmouthshire.

Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 157, Ferme Park Rd., Hornsey, London, N.

Killingbeck, J. H., Didsbury, near Manchester.

Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., Almanarre, Gareloch Head, N.B.

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S.. F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.

Lawson, Peter, 11, The Broadway, Walham Green, London, S.W.

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc., Otterbourne, Bud-
leigh Salterton, South Devon.

Leicester, Alfd., Buckhurst Farm, near Edenbridge, Kent.

Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham, Middlesex.

Linton, John, 157, Muntz Street, Smallheath, Birmingham.

Loydell, A., 19, Chaucer Road, Acton, London, W.

Lyons, Lady, Admiralty House, Devonport.

MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire.

McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C.

McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 5, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.

Madison, James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham.

Marquand, Ernest D., Fermain House, Guernsey.

Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire.

Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

Mason, Philip Brooke, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Trent
House, Burton-on-Trent.

Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

J.C., vii., Jan. 1897.

LIST OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 327

Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Brook House, Prestwich,
Manchester.

Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds.

Milne, J. Grafton, Mansfield House, Canning Town, London, E.

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., The Friars, Priory St., Cheltenham.

Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex.

Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., Roseacre, Epping.

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West
Kensington Park, London, W.

Nicholson, John, Chapeltown, Pudsey, Yorkshire.

Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F R.S., F.L.S., etc.,
Houghton-le-Spring, Durham.

Oldham, Charles, Romiley, Cheshire.

Overton, Harry, Brookdale, Tudor Hill, Sutton Coldfield,
Warwickshire.

Parke, George H., F.L.S., F.G.S., St. John’s, Wakefield.

Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Wood-
stock, Oxfordshire.

Percival, A. Blayney, Somerset Court, Brent Knoll, Somerset.

Phillips, Robert Albert, Ashburton, Cork.

Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.

Powell, (Mrs.) A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.

Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.

Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury,
London, N.

Renshaw, Graham, Sale Bridge House, Sale.

Rhodes, John, F.E.S.. 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington.

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds.

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester.

Roseburgh, John, 54, Market Street, Galashiels.

Rosevear, John Burman, 113, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S. W.

Rufford, Philip James, 1, Gloucester Place, The Croft, Hastings.

slain, Rolie: 15, Im IDR, ILS, WIR, Cumitor ot Une
Natural History Museum, Dublin ; 9, Leeson Park, Dublin.

Scharff, W. E., c/o Edwards, Scharff & Co., Bradford.

Schill, C. H., Broome House, Didsbury, near Manchester.

Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B.

Shackleford, Kev. Lewis John, 14, Edna Street, Crumpsall.

Shaw, Alexander, 145, New City Road, Glasgow.

Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield.

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Villa Amalinda, Burlington Lane, Chiswick,
Middlesex.

Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Skilton, (Mrs.) Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

328

1886.
1886.

1892.

1894.

1896.
. Z Somerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.1..S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead,

1886

1887.
1886.
1892.
1896.
1886.
1888.
1888.
1896.

1888.
- 1885.
1890.
1893.
1805.
1895.
1888.

1895.
1886.

O

1895.
1886.
1896.
1886.
1880.

1895.

181.
1896.
1890.
1886.

1895.
1895.

1886.
1895.

LIST OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Smart, Rev. R. W.J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon.

Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, S. Kensington,
London, S. W.

Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth Street,
Topsham, Exeter.

Smith, Wm. Chas.,Vanston Ho., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green,
Fulham, London, S. W.

Smith, Wm. Rayson, Harleston, Norfolk.

Glasgow.

Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., Castellar, Crieff, N.B.

Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 121, Fulham Rd., London,S. W.

Span, Bartlet, Heywood Mount, Tenby, South Wales.

Sparkes, Thomas, 92, Heywood Street, Moss Side, Manchester.

Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester.

Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent.

Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester.

Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., 12, Wellington Street, Higher Broughton,
Manchester.

Storrs, Rev. George Godwyn, B.A., Woking Village, Surrey.

Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Cardiff.

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, Clevedon Villas, Tuffley, Gloucester.

Stump, Edward Constadine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester.

Swanton, E. W., Bratton St. Maur, Wincanton, Somerset.

Sykes, Robert Dardsley, Lostock Hall, near Preston.

Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s Inn,
London.

Taylor, Frederick, 38, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham.

Taylor, (Miss) Helen I.., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby.

Taylor, John W., F.L.S., Spring Bank. Horsforth, Leeds.

Thompson, Isaac C., F.L.S., 53, Croxteth Road, Liverpool.

Tomlin, J. R. Brockton, B.A., The Green, Llandaff.

Tregelles, George Fox, 5, Clarence Place, Barnstaple.

Turner, Rey. Wm., Lanville, Liberton, Edinburgh.

Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.

Viney, George Shepherd, 197, Moss Lane East, Moss Side,
Manchester.

Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Ietroit, Michigan, U.S.A.

Wallace, Harry Simpson, Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Warren, (Miss) Amy, Moyview, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland.

Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, LL.D., B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free
Church Manse, Cardross, Dumbartonshire.

Webb, Wilfred Mark, F.Z.S., Ellerie, Crescent Road, Brentwood,
Essex.

Welch, Robert John, 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S. W.

Wigglesworth, Robert, 13, Arthur Street, Clayton-le-Moors,
Lancashire.

J.C., viii., Jan. 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 329

1893. Williams, Ernest W., Boif Street, Bridgetown, Barbados, B.W.I.

1889. Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool.

1891. Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., 14, Upper Mount Street,
Dublin.

1890, Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

1886. Z Woocward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 120, The Grove,
Ealing, London, W.

1886. Wotton, F. W., 42, Sotheby Road, Highbury, London, N.

1895. Wright, Charles East, Orchard View, Kettering.

oo os .) os

OBITUARY NOTICE.
David Robertson, LL.D.

SINCE our last meeting a notable figure has passed away
Davip Robertson, the “grand old man” of Cumbrae is no

more. Born in Glasgow in 1806, his boyhood and youth were
a constant struggle against adverse circumstances. Whilst
attending classes at the University, he was teaching his land-
lady’s children and giving other lessons to pay his way. He
and his young wife started in business with a capital of only
47, but with a large stock of sterling honesty and determina-
tion, and in the end success awaited their efforts. He studied
with ardour several branches of natural history, especially the
minute fossils of the glacial clays, and the marine fauna of the
Firth of Clyde, filling note-book after note-book with the
records of his observations, and contributing more sparingly
to the proceedings of learned societies. Dr. Robertson’s contri-
butions to malacological science included papers on Saxicava
rugosa, Purpura lapillus, and Scaphander lignarius, as well as
a series of careful and ingenious observations on the habits of
the common Limpet. Even to the last he spent several hours
daily at his favourite studies. Simple, kindly, and unosten-
tatious, he made friends of all with whom he came in contact,
whilst his merits as a man of science were cordially recognized
by such men as Koelliker, Sars, and Dohrn, and eventually
by his own University, which recently conferred upon him the
degree of LL.D.—W.E.H. (Abstract of a communication made
to the Society, Dec. oth, 1896). | laen fe \

330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CON GHOLOGICALSSOGIEIY,
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.
254th MEETING, OCTOBER 14th, 1896.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Prof. S. J. Hickson, President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Transactions Royal Society South Australia, part 3, June, 1896 ; Journal
de Conchyliologie, vol. 43, No. 43; ‘‘Lemmea peregra,” by Wm. Nelson ;
Report of Trustees, Australian Museum, 1895; Irish Naturalist, vol. 5,
No. 10; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 312, Oct., 1896; Annals
of Scottish Natural History, No. 20, Oct., 1896; New British Mollusca, by
H. K. Jordan; Science Gossip, vol. 3, n.s., No. 29, Oct., 1896; The
Naturalist, No. 255, Oct., 1896.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Messrs, John Linton, and Harold Barke, and Rev. M. T. Stonestreet.
Resignation :
Mr. Henry Crowther.
Papers read:

** Descriptions of eighty new species of marine shells from Lifu, Loyalty
Islands,” by J. Cosmo Melvill and Robert Standen.

** The mollusca of Plumstead Marshes,” by Rev. J. W. Horsley.

Annual Report of Leeds Branch.

Exhibits :

By J. C. Melvill and R. Standen: Eighty new species of marine shells
from Lifu (types), to illustrate their paper.

By Rey. J. W. Horsley: A fine series of living Helix hortensis ftom
Swanley, Kent, showing many beautiful colour forms—/z/acina, tucarnata,
arenicola, lutea, and roseolabiata, and the rare band form 00300 ; also living
examples of Helix terrestris from Dover.

By Edward Collier: Zimnea and Pisidia from stomach of trout caught
in an Irish lough by Mr. E. L. Layard.

By R. Standen: Zimnea gracilis from Hamilton, Ontario, Z. peregra
var. fenera from Upholland near Wigan, and Szeccineune wndatune monst.
carznatum.

By the Manchester Museum: A number of rare and very fine shells,
recently presented, including two specimens of Svalaria magnifica, two
Rostellaria Powist, Lyonsia saxicava from Vancouver; Yoldia thraccae-
fornzs from Massachusetts and Vancouver; Pholas latisstina from Philip-
pines; Zrégonia pectinata, T. dubia, and 7. Lamarcki from Tasmania and
Australia ; Cuspidaria chinensts, Anatina lanterna and Cultellus maximus
from China ; Lorifes philippinarum from Australia ; Glycemeris selegua from

J.C. viii., Jan. 1897.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 331

Newfoundland ; d/odiola vagina from Moreton Bay ; Raeta wrdulata and
R. canaliculata from S. Carolina; Platyodon cancellatum from California ;
Gastrochaena gigantea from Mauritius; Aemzcardium cardissa, and Myo-
chama anontoides.

255th MEETING, NOVEMBER IIth, 1896.
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Transactions Royal Society South Australia, vol. 20, part 1, 1896;
Insular Land Shell Faunas, especially as illustrated by the data obtained by
Dr. G. Baur in the Galapagos Islands, by W. H. Dall; Irish Naturalist,
vol. 5, no. 2, Nov. 1896; The Naturalist, no. 256, Nov. 1896; Journal of
Malacology, no. 3, vol. 5, Sep. 1896; Science Gossip, new series, vol. 3,
no. 30, Nov. 1896 ; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 313, Nov. 1896 ;
Armature of Helicoid Land Shells, by G. Kk. Gude (from the author ).

New Members elected :

Mr. John Linton, 157, Muntz Street, Smallheath, Birmingham.

Mr. Harold Barke, 195, Upper Brook Street, Chorlton-on-Medlock,
Manchester.

Rev. W. T. Stonestreet, 12, Wellington Street, Higher Broughton,
Manchester.

Candidate Proposed for Membership :
Mr. Roland Garnett.
Papers Read:

“Notes on the Land Shells of Ballycastle district, county Antrim,
Ireland,” by Robert Standen and John Ray Hardy.

‘*“ Notes on some Shells dredged off Rathlin Island and Ballycastle,
county Antrim, Ireland,” by G. W. Chaster.

Mr. Edward Collier read an interesting letter from Mr. E. L. Layard
relating to the Zznea found in some Irish loughs.

Exhibits : .

By Messrs. Rk. Standen and J. Kk. Hardy: A collection of the Land
Shells of Ballycastle, county Antrim, in illustration of their paper.

By Dr. G. W. Chaster : Specimens of the principal species mentioned
in his paper, including Adeorbis sp. nov., Portlandia pusilla Jeft., Homa-
locyra polyzona Brus., and many others.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A fine series of /elzx pisana from Tenby, Helix
rufescens type, vars. rubens and alba from Cooper’s Hill, Gloucester, var.
alboctusta from Waterwynch, and var. depfressa from Wreck Field, Tenby.
These were presented to the Society by Mr. Stubbs, and the thanks of the
meeting were voted to him for this valuable addition to the collection.

By Mr. Edward Collier : Limnea peregra var. lacustris and Pisidium
pustllum from stomach of trout taken in an Irish lough, Limnea auricularia

332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

var. A/onnardi from Lake Constance, and a specimen of var. a/picola Westl.
named by Westerlund himself, and purchased from the Morelet collection.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: A fine series of Claustlia perversa from many
stations in Kerry, Antrim, Sligo, and elsewhere, showing variability in form
from var. gractfis in the south to var. ¢umzdiula in the north.

256th MEETING, DECEMBER 9th, 1896.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. Edward Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

The Naturalist, no. 257, Dec. 1896; Journ. and Proc. Roy. Soc. New
South Wales, vol. 29, 1895; Journ. and Proc. of the Hamilton Association,
no. 12, 1896; Memoirs and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., vol. 41,
part 1, and List of Members; The Irish Naturalist, vol. 5, no. 12, Dec.
1896 ; Armature of Helicoid Land-shells, part 2, by G. K. Gude (from the
author) ; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, series 3, no. 314, Dec. 1896.

New Member elected :
Mr. Roland Garnett, 175, Lee Street, Oldham.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Rev. Thos. Cook and Mr. A. S. Kennard.
Resignation :
Mr. A. Chopin.
Papers read:
““Obituary Notice of the late David Robertson, LL.D.,” by W. E. Hoyle.
““ The Marine Shells of Scilly,” by J. T. Marshall.

** Shells collected at Corbeyrier, S. Aigle, Rhone Valley, Switzerland,

in September, 1896,” by Edward Collier.
Exhibits :

Mr. Edward Collier exhibited specimens of Hyalinia glaber var. Bar-
raudt Mog., A. witidula, H. pura, HA. crystallina, H. fulva, Helix
rotundata, H. obvsluta, H. personata, H. hispida, H. aculeata, H. villosa,
HI. incarnata, Hl. fruticum, H. strreella, H. arbustorum, H. nemoralis,
H. hortensis, H. sylvatica, H. pomatia, Hf. ericetorum, H. candidula,
Buliminus montanus, B. obscurws, Cronella lubrica, Pupa secale, P.
avenacea, Clausilia laminata, C. parvitla, C. cruciata, Pomatias septem-
spiralis and var. alba, in illustration of his paper.

Mr. F. Taylor exhibited Pistdéum fontinale from Oldham Park, P.
pusillum from Felton Hill near Oldham, and Valvata piscinalis, also an
abnormal shell of Amalia margtnata from the Isle of Man.

Mr. R. Standen exhibited Acme Zineata and var. alba, Pupa anglica and
var. pallida, and Hyalinia alliaria var. viridula from Helen’s Bay, county
Down, Ireland, collected by Captain W. J. Farrer.

It was resolved that members should be invited to bring or send to the
January meeting examples of Australian Ae/éces of the group 1. fraseré.

J.C., viii., Jan. 1897.

PROCEEDINGS. OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

G2

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH.

Since the last Annual Meeting of the Society a Branch has been formed
at Leeds, with Mr, William Nelson as President, and Mr. Henry Crowther
as Hon. Secretary, for the first year.

Papers read :
Crossgates meeting, October ioth, 1895, Mr. William Nelson, on
“Limnea peregra.”
Huddersfield Meeting, January 11th, 1896, Mr. Joseph Whitwham, on
“‘The Distribution and Variation of Freshwater Mussels.”

Leeds meeting, February 22nd, 1896, Mr. Hy. Crowther, on ‘‘ Some
Chemical and Physical Properties of Molluscs.”’

Horsforth meeting, July 4th, 1896, Mr. John W. Taylor, on ‘‘ The
Internal Organisation of Limnea peregra.”

The Annual Meeting was held at the Leeds Museum, on Saturday,
November 28th, 1896, the President, Mr. Wm. Nelson, in the chair. The
annual report, presented by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. Hy. Crowther, dealt
with the formation of the new Leeds Society by the original founders of the
Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, whose head-quarters
are now at the Manchester Museum. Four original contributions had been
made to the Society during the year, by Messrs. W. Nelson, J. Whitwham,
Hi. Crowther, and J. W. Taylor, on ‘‘Limmea peregra as a species,”
“‘Variation of British Usiontde,” ‘“‘ Some Chemical and I’hysical Properties
of Molluscs,” and ‘*‘ The Internal Organization of Lzmea peregra.” Mr.
A. G. Stubbs contributed a paper on ‘‘He/¢x pisana at Tenby.”

The average attendance was twelve.

As the officers are changed annually, those retiring do not seek re-
election; Mr. J. W. Taylor was elected President, and Mr. Wm. Nelson
Hon. Secretary.

An exhibit of unique British land and freshwater shells was made on
behalf of Mr. A. G. Stubbs, of Tenby, which included two double-mouthed
shells, one of Pupa cylindracea from Tenby, and of P. secale from Gloucester.
The meeting concluded with a lecture, illustrated by lime-light views, by
Mr. Henry Crowther, on ‘‘ The Yorkshire Home of Uno margaritifer.”

HENRY CROWTHER, Hon. Sec.

LONDON BRANCH.

MEETING, NOVEMBER 6th.

Held at Walham Green, by invitation of Mr. Wm. C. Smith, when a
pleasant evening passed in looking over Mr. Smith’s collection. This
comprised a considerable number of marine species, some very large
Uniones (from North America), and a few good Helices. We noticed the
curiously-flattened 7e/lidora burnetti Brod, and Sow. from California. The

334 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Rev. J. W. Horsley exhibited, on behalf of Mr. A. G. Stubbs, a very fine
series of Helix virgata from Tenby. Mr. Cooper showed specimens of
Cardium edule from Tilbury and Southwold to illustrate the influence of
fresh water on the shape and texture of the shell.

MEETING, DECEMBER Ioth.

Held at 2, Craven Hill, W., by invitation of Mr. S. J. DaCosta, who
very kindly exhibited a portion of his very fine collection. We particularly
noticed the exceedingly good series of Bu/zmus and its allies (chiefly Central
American) comprising several types and a number of rare shells. Also
worthy of note were a fine series of West Indian He/zces and a beautiful set
of Cochlostyle. A drawer full of brilliant Amphidromz was much admired,
and so was the excellent set of Of7sthostoma. There were also some of the
curious mollusca from Lake Tanganyika. Among the marine shells, some
gorgeous species of Pecfew attracted attention. The Cyfr@e@ also were
choice, and there was a very pretty set of Prexofoda. One evening was
quite insufficient to see all the rarities Mr. DaCosta possesses.

J. E. CoorerR, oz. Sec.

——_____$-e@-@ —____

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN),

The Collector’s Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells,
by LioneL E. ApaAms, B.A. Second edition. Taylor Bros., Leeds,
1896.

That a second edition of Adams’ excellent manual has been called for is

a gratifying testimony to the value and usefulness of the work. For the re-

issue, the text has been almost entirely re-written and brought fully abreast of

the day, and the work now forms a handsome volume, containing 214 pages
of text and eleven plates, the frontispiece being a beautifully-executed
collotype plate, with enlarged and strikingly-pourtrayed figures of correctly-
identified types of the British species of Pes¢d@éum. Anyone who has laboured
to separate the various species of this puzzling group of shells, will appre-
ciate the real help furnished by these large and exquisite representations.

Nine plates are devoted to the presentation of faithfully-coloured figures of

all the British species, which can hardly fail to greatly aid the identification

of doubtful shells, while Plate XI. contains a series of instructive figures
explanatory of the more usual terms employed in connection with the animal

and shell. The text may be broadly divided into an introductory part, a

descriptive and systematic part, and a concluding section, dealing with the

comital distribution of the various species. The introductory chapters are
chiefly devoted to a concise yet clear and interesting description of the most
successful methods and appliances for collecting, and an account of the most
suitable and most modern systems to be adopted for the preparation, preser-
vation, arrangement, and display in the cabinet of the animals and their

J.C., viii., Jan. 1897.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bas

shells. The systematic arrangement and description of the various families,
genera, species, and varieties, with the interesting and often valuable
original observations under each species form the bulk of the volume, which
is altogether practical in its scope and aim, and will be found of great
service to the practised conchologist, and indispensable to the beginner, as
Mr. Adams has with conspicuous ability and success compiled with great
care a series of six elaborate and thoughtfully-arranged synoptical tables,
to facilitate comparison, and to shew at a glance the characters which dis:
tinguish the closely-allied species composing those perplexing genera, 477072,
Flyalinia, Vertigo and Pistdiwm, and also tabulates the differences separating
the various generic groups of slugs. In addition, the author has with great
judgment collated and to some extent classified the chief variations to which
each species is known to be subject, and with a wise discrimination has
omitted many of the species and varieties which have been described of late
years. This feature of the book, as shewing a scientific appreciation of the
differences impressed on the shell by a varying environment, may also be
viewed as a practical response to the earnest call by all enlightened modern
students for more precision and accuracy of detail in scientific observations
generally, and though we may be unable to perceive the bearing or even the
utility of precision in every branch of the subject of our study, yet we may
rest assured that the faithful chronicling of observations or even the dis-
crimination of the chief differences exhibited by the various species, and as a
necessary convenience their distinction by suitable names, will all contribute
to the great storehouse of facts, from which important generalizations will
yet be drawn. Following the systematic portion of the work is a very
copious and accented glossary of the various scientific and technical terms
used in the book, and the work is concluded by a comital census of the
distribution of the various species, as verified by the referees of the society.
These tables contain under the head of each county or vice-county an
enumeration of the species actually known to exist therein, and are the
results of many years’ patient examination of specimens from every part of
the kingdom. A more expeditious progress of this census is very desirable,
and it is to be regretted that other competent conchologists do not lend their
aid to accelerate its completion. In conclusion, we have much pleasure in
recognizing this work as decidedly the best manual upon the subject, and
as one which can hardly fail to act as a strong incentive to a more active
prosecution of the study of our land and freshwater mollusca.

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 43, no. 4 (dated “ter Octobre, 1895,”

received 3rd Sep., 1896).

‘Note préliminaire sur le Pterygtoteuthis Giardi, céphalopode nouveau
recueilli dans de cours de Expédition scientifique du Talisman (1883),” by
H. FiscHer. ‘Sur les Avca des cotes du Brésil et sur Ja classification du
genre Arca,” by H. VON IHERING [9 spp., none new, recognised, and
divided into six sub-genera}. ‘‘ Unionidze nouveaux ou peu connus,” by
H. DRouE? [Azodonta, 3 n.spp., Unio, 6 n.spp., described]. ‘‘ Note sur
la distribution géographique du genre Corambe,” by H. FiscHER [Atlantic

336 PIBLIOGRAPHY.

and neighbouring seas, probably east coast of N, America and Yellow Sea].
*¢ Descriptions d’especes nouvelles de l’Archipel Néo-Calédonien (suite),”
by Dr. R. P. J. HERVIER [Glyphostoma Alphonstanum, G. callistum, G.
parthenicum, G. Gardiet, G. trigonostomum, n.spp. |.

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 5, nos. 2, 3, June 25th, Sep. 30th, 1896.
**On some land shells from New Guinea and other neighbouring
islands, with descriptions of new species,” by EDGAR A. SMITH, with pl. 2
[Charopa nigrofusca, Macrochlamys papuana, Omphalotropis papuensis,
Pupinella Strubelli, Helicina pachystoma, n.spp.]. ‘On Pterosoma plana
Lesson ” [this mollusc was seen and its systematic position fixed by Colling-
wood, 1866.] ‘‘On the anatomy of Chloritis (Silcobasis) stirophora and of
C. Rehset, by W. Moss and W. M. Wess [Genitalia and radule figured].

Manchester Microscopical Society, Transactions and Annual

Report, 1895, 157 p., 2 pl., Manchester [1896].

‘“Notes on a recent visit to Cumbrae,” by A. CHOPIN [Puncturella
noachina, Enulima polita|. ‘* Notes on a zoological expedition to Valencia
Island, County Kerry,” by F. W. GAMBLE [several nudibranchs recorded].
‘Animal life of the Lancashire coal measures,” by H. Boron [list of
mollusca and other forms].

The Naturalist, nos. 252-257, July-Dec., 1896.

**Slugs in the Goyt Valley,” by C. OLpHaAm.

The Annals of Scottish Natural History, nos. 19. 20, July, Oct., 1896.
“Testacella scutulum and Stenogyra Goodalit in Stirlingshire,” by C.
M’DouGaL.t [found in hot-houses].

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 5, nos. 7-12, July-Dec., 1896.

‘The ‘Field-Clubs in Cavan,” by R. LLoyp PRAEGER [Claustlia lam-
mata collected]. “‘ Helix arbustorum” [at Murlough Bay], by R. WELCH.
“Sperealts retroversus in Killala Bay,” by AMY WARREN. ‘‘ Mollusca of
Cavan Excursion,” by R. Weicn. ‘‘AHelix arbustorum in co. Derry,”
““Hf, fusca” \new localities], by R. WELCH.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, année 26, nos. 310-312, année 27,

nos. 313-314, Aug.-Dec., 1896.

“Revue de paléo-conchologie,” by M. CossMANN. ‘“‘ Un mollusque
terrestre nouveau pour la faune frangaise, Ppa MMortillet? Stabile,” by
E. Marcier. ‘‘fHelix hortensis avec ommatophore dichotomée,” by —.
GuiIGNon. “Les plages de la Manche, i., Mollusques testacés recueillis
entre Bénerville et la Dives,” by A. DotiFus [with 2 pl.].. ‘‘La propa-
gation des champignons par les mollusques terrestres,” by G. WAGNER
[abstract ].

Science Gossip, n.s., vol. 3, nos. 26-30, July-Nov., 1896.

*“A new shell [Corasta Laure] and illustrations of some hitherto un-
figured Helicidz,” by G. K. Gupr. ‘‘ Formulation of Shell-Bands,” by
G. K. Gupe. ‘* Oyster killmg Mice,” by W. H. Morris. ‘Armature of
Helicoid Land-Shells,” by G. K. Guper [contains a description with figures
of the teeth in the shell-mouths of a large number of species [Cordla Fryae

J.C., viii., Jan. 1897.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 337

n.sp. |]. ‘Erosion in Extra-Marine Mollusca,” by A. E. Boycorr. ‘‘ Unzo

littoralis in Pleistocene times,” by A. S. KENNARD [distribution]. Addi-

tional locality by A. LoypELi. ‘‘The Label-list for Five-banded Shells,”
by T. D. A. CocKERELL [criticisms on Carrington’s list]. ‘‘ The New

British Mollusc [Petvicola pholadiformis Lamk.],” by J. E. COOPER.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
part I, 1896.

“‘Pleurotomaria crotaloides Mort. in the New Jersey cretaceous,” by
H. A. Pirspry [with figs.]. ‘‘ New species of the helicoid genus Poly-
eyra,” by H. A. Pitspry [P. latispira, P. matermontana, P. Ponsonbyt,
P. eughypta, P. albicostulata, all figured]. ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of
Mollusks,” by H. A. Pitspry [Warginella Veliet tig., Stphonalia semt-
plicata, [schnochiton aspidaulax, Saeda (2) Gabor).

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 20, pt. 1.
‘‘Notes on the Geology of the Ninety-Mile Desert,” by E. V. CLARK

[several fossil shells]. ‘‘Correlation of the Marine Tertiaries of Australia,”

part 3, by R. TATE and J. DENNANT [lists of mollusca].

Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, nos. 1033-1035, 1068,
1072.

“* Diagnoses of new Mollusks from the Survey of the Mexican Bound-
ary,” by W. H. Dat [11 n.spp.]. ‘‘ Diagnoses of new species of Mollusks
from the west coast of Australia,” by W. H. Dat [26 n.spp.] ‘‘ Diagnoses
of new Tertiary Fossils from the Southern United States,” by W. H. DALL
[many n.spp.]. ‘‘The Classification and Geographical Distribution of the
Pearly Freshwater Mussels,” by C. T. Stmpson [families Unzonzde with
twelve genera, and A/welide with ten genera, and discussion of distribution,
with map]. ‘‘Description of four new Triassic Unios from the Staked
Plains of Texas,” by C. T. Simpson [U. subplanatus, U. dumblet, U. graci-
livatus, U. dockumensts|.

‘“On some new species of British Mollusca, from the ‘Triton’
Expedition, with a list of other species new to the Faroe Channel,”
ex, Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 1, p. 265-9, pl. 16, by H. K. JoRDAN.
[Dentalium enigmaticum, Puncturella Chastert, Trochus tetragono-

stoma, T. Coulsont, Hulima Martyn-fordani, E. Frielet, Acteon Brown,

n.spp., all figured].

“‘Limnea peregra,” ex, J. Micr. and Nat. Sci., April 1896, 8 pp., cuts,
by W. NELsoNn.

‘‘A Label List of the varieties of the British Five-Banded Land Shells,”
By J. T. CARRINGTON. 7 pp. London, 1896.

“Jahresheft des naturw. Vereines des Trencsener Comitates,”
XVii.-xvili. Jahrg., 1895.

“ Toldalék Trencsén varmegye Mollusca faunajahoz,” by Dr. C.
BRANCSIK [additions to the Molluscan fauna of Trencsin, avout 40 spp.]
‘‘ Contributiones ad faunam Molluscarum insulz Papua,” by Dr. C. BRANC-
sik [ Vertagus implicatus, Melania Lauterbachi, Nanina divergens, N. semt-
lucida, Trochonanina Sturanyi, Pupinella luteola, Donax hesitans, Batissa
discors, N.spp., all figured].

W

20/12/96

338 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

ADDITIONS LO) BRITISH CONGCHOLOGYE?

By J. i. MARSEHALE:

(Read before the Conchological Society February 8, 1896).

In continuation of my papers published under the above title,
I now proceed to give the additional localities and depths for
British marine shells which have accumulated since the publica-
tion of “British Conchology.” I have also noted the range of
depth where it differs from that work, which it does in many
instances. And I have added some remarks bearing on various
species which I hope will be found more or less interesting.
Where no authority is given for the localities and depths, they
are to be ascribed to the writer.

It will be understood that the following Notes should be
read in connection with “British Conchology,” as they purport
to be only additional or supplemental to that work. Also, that
I make no claim in these Papers to put everything and every-
body right, but merely as a naturalist to record what I have
learnt and what I know. Previous Papers of this series will be
found in the Journal of Conchology for October, 1893 ; April
and July, 1894; and January and April, 1895.

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula cranium Mill.—Sowerby’s figure of this species
appears to have been taken from a specimen of Z: wétrea,
judging from the only character that can be observed in an
engraved figure—the foramen. Jeffreys’ figure, as well as
that in “British Mollusca,” is correct, and shows a very
different foramen, oval and wide, while Z: witvea has a
small circular one, exactly as in Sowerby’s figure. Except-
ing this difference in the foramen, the two species are very
much alike, although Z: vtvea attains a much greater size.

In Jeffreys’ explanation of his generic plate 1, at the end
of vol. 2, he gives 1a as Z: cranium, but the plate con-
tains no such figure nor number.

J.C., vili., Jan., 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 339

T. caput-serpentis L.—The MacAndrew collection contains
specimens from the British Channel, ‘‘a new locality if
correct, but not astonishing, as it ranges from N. America
to Japan” (Cooke). Not confirmed by the ‘‘Po:cupine”
dredgings, though 7° cranium and T° septaza occurred there.

Var. septentrionalis Couth—Corea, 35 fath. (H.M.S.
“Sylvia ”) !

Terebratella spitzbergensis Dav. — Farce Channel
(“ Triton”)!

Argiope decollata Chem.—Scilly Islands, 40 f. (Burkill and
J.T.M.) ; off Fermain Bay, Guernsey, 16 f. —

A. cistellula S. Wood.—Shelly or gravelly ground, 12—95 f.
Scilly, 40 f. (Burkill and J.T.M.); Lynn of Morven, 40 f.
(Knight) !; Weymouth Bay (Damon)! ; Sound of Sleat, 30—
go f.; Gairloch, 12—30 f.; Loch Boisdale, 2of.; Barra, 45 f.
(Somerville and J.T.M.); Eddystone, 30 f. ; W. Orkneys, 45f.

Jeffreys’ figure is useless except as an outline, and that
varies considerably ; but his generic figures are very good.
The figure in Sowerby’s “Index” is a good one, but the
dimensions are double what they should be. The A. sem-
tnulum of the latter work is an A. ciste//ula with the beak
abnormally produced.

Gwynia capsula Jeff.—-Low water to 25 fathoms. Iona, 20 f.
(Somerville and J.T.M.) ; various parts of Jersey at extreme
low water (Duprey and J.T.M.). In the latter locality they
live under large embedded stones, the larger the stone the
better the yield. Sometimes these stones are so deeply sunk
in the sand as to require a lever to raise them. ‘The speci-
mens are at first very difficult to detect on account of their
minute size and the sandy condition of the stone ; but the
best way to detect them is to turn a likely stone to the sun-
light, and dash a handful of water over it. ‘This will clear
the stone of sand and grit, and show up the Gwynza. The
Jersey specimens, minute as they are, are giants compared

340 MARSHALL : ABDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

with those from Iona and other localities. The former
usually attain one-third of a line, but the latter are only
one-fourth the bulk. Gzvyzza does not vary in shape like
Argiope, but is always uniform. i
Crania anomala Miull.—Low water to oof. It is difficult to
procure the undervalve, as it practically becomes part of
the rock to which it attaches itself.
Var. alba Jeffi—Oban (Heathcote and Chaster). Adventure
Bank, Mediterranean, g2 f.

PELECYPODA

Anomia ephippium L.—Forbes & Hanley give good figures
of vars. aculeata and sguamuda in “British Mollusca.”

A. patelliformis L.—-Low water to 86f. The var. striata
occurs in the estuarine deposits of N.E. Ireland (Praeger)!

Pecten pusio L.—Jeffreys quotes “Shetland to Cornwall, 585
fathoms,” for this species, but it is a well-known Channel
Islands’ shell, where it lives at low-water mark. It may also
occasionally be taken at low water in South Devon.

P. varius var. purpurea Jeff—Bristol Channel. L. 3°0;
Bae SO:

P. opercularis var. tumida Jeff.—Aberdeenshire (Simpson)!

Var. elongata Jeff—Guernsey, 20 f.; Kilbrennan Sound,
55 f.

P. incomparabilis Risso.—Isle of Man (Leicester)!; Suther-
landshire (Baillie) !; Loch Boisdale, 2o—7o f. (Somerville
and J.T.M.).

P. striatus Mull.—Eddystone, 30 f. ‘The white form is rare ;
I have two from Shetland.

P. vitreus Chem.—Off Unst, N.E. from Haroldswick, 90 f.,
one specimen (A. Brown); S.W. Ireland, 200 f. (Royal
I.A. cruise, 1886)! British Channel 567 f. (“Porcupine”).

This has a very wide range. ‘The recorded localities of
the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition are—West coast of Patagonia,
140—400 f.; S. Japan, 345 f.; Philippines, 1oo—7o0 f.

J.C., viii., Jan., 1897.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 341

P. maximus L.—The very young are occasionally found
under stones at low-water mark in the Channel Islands,
attached by a byssus. Up to a quarter-inch in diameter
the upper valve is flat, after which it becomes concave, then
gradually flat again, afterwards growing convex as it attains
maturity. The ribs begin to appear when the shell is a
third of an inch in diameter.

Lima subauriculata Mont.—Some specimens approximate
in width and length to Z. e/Ziptica of the same size, and the
sculpture of both is variable. The longitudinal central
groove is not always outwardly visible in either species, but
is plainly visible inside.

Jeffreys’ figures of both species are good, but he has
given the extreme sizes. Southern and Irish specimens of
L. subauriculata do not often exceed a line in length.
Sowerby’s figure of Z. swbauriculata has been taken from
L. elliptica, and his supplementary figure of the latter is
L. subauriculata.

L. hians Gm.—“ Hastings, a single valve of a young shell,
attached to the roots of Aztennularia,” (J. of Conch.,
vol. I, p. 90); most probably a stray, or from a northern
trawl-boat. Mulroy Bay, Donegal (Darbishire).

Var. tenera Turt.——Scilly (Smart and others) ; Teignmouth,
a valve cast ashore in a storm.

Avicula hirundo L.—Off Minehead, Ireland, fragments from
trawlers, and S.W. Ireland, 50—60 f. (Wotton); St.
Michael’s Bay, Cornwall.

Mytilus edulis L.—I have an inequivalve monstrosity taken
from a fishmonger’s slab, in which one valve is flat and only
half the size of the other. Jeffreys records a similar form
of JZ. barbatus from the Loscombe collection.

M. modiolus L.—Low water to 120 f. Loch Don, Mull,
t10 f. (Coulson) ; Oban, 120 f. (Somerville) !

Var. umbilicata Penn.—Tenby (Span)!

2 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”
34

I have never seen a specimen with the epidermis as
depicted in Jeffreys’ figure ; they are usually like Sowerby’s.
Both these figures differ in shape, but Jeffreys’ is the type.

M. barbatus L.—-Rothesay, low water (Wotton).

Var. oblonga Jeff.—Tenby.

The typical form was dredged in the ‘Challenger’
Expedition off the coast of Japan in 50 fathoms. JZ.
modiolus had previously been known as an inhabitant of
the same coast.

M. adriaticus var. ovalis Sow.—Scilly (Smart and others).

M. phaseolinus Phil.—Scilly Islands (Smart and others).

Modiolaria costulata Risso.—Scilly (Smart and others) ;
Killala Bay (Miss Warren) !

Among some northern shells sent me by Mr. Baillie
from Durness, Sutherlandshire, was a valve of this species.
It is more plentiful at Penzance than elsewhere.

M. discors var. semilezevis Jeff.—Ingoldmells, near Skegness
(Dodd)! Cumbrae and Brodick Bay, Arran, in coral-
lines, at low water (Somerville and J.T.M.); Penzance,
living with the type and JZ. costulata.

There are two forms, one oval and depressed, like
Jeffreys’ figure, the other narrower and tumid; and the
colour is of all shades of yellowish brown. The fry are
smooth.

Crenella rhombea_ Berk.—- Scilly (Smart and_ others) ;
Margate (Cockerell) ! a very young specimen ; Connemara
(Dodd) !

Jeffreys states + that “ the fry are so totally dissimilar
from the adult that I was misled into describing and figuring
the former under the name of Zimopsis pellucida in the
‘Annals’ for January, 1859.” ‘The shell here alluded to,
however, is not the young of C. rhombea, nor is it a Lr
mopsis, but the next species.

1. Brit. Conch., vol. 2, p. 132.

J.C., viii., Jan., 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 343

C. pellucida Jeff.—Dr. Jeffreys found two perfect speci-
mens and a valve at Guernsey; but the Marquis de
Monterosato subsequently found it in abundance at
Palermo, in mud at 30—-90 metres, and described it as C.
pellucida Jeff.t In a subsequent letter he tells me he thinks
this little shell may be assigned to Jeffreys’ genus Glomus.
I have often dredged the fry and young of C. rhoméea,
which is shaped almost exactly like the adult, and cannot
be mistaken. C. pellucida, on the other hand, is a very
minute oval shell, and differs from the fry of C. decussata in
being oval instead of round. A figure of it will be found in
Sowerby’s ‘ Index,’ pl. viii., fig. 14.

C. decussata Mont.—Groomsport, co. Down. Foéssil in the
Belfast deposits (Praeger) !

Nucula nucleus L.—Low water in the Channel Islands,
double the size of those dredged off the coast.

N. tenuis var. inflata Hanc.—Loch Long, 24 f. (Knight) !

N. corbuloides Seg. was taken in the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition
of 1869 in the Atlantic off the south and west of Ireland,
and in the Atlantic off Scilly ; it is figured in Sowerby’s
Index. It will have to be added to the British fauna,
with a host of other species, if the Atlantic is to be
“annexed” to the British seas.

Leda tenuis Phil.—r1o—86 f. This species ranges from being
oval and depressed to tumid and triangular. Neither
Jeffreys’ nor Sowerby’s figures correctly represent it. The
former more nearly approaches Z. /enticuda Moll., in which
the posterior point is upturned. Sowerby’s figure is the
best, but double the size it should be.

L. minuta Mill.—15—oof. There is a form cura, intermediate
between the type and variety. The finest specimens come
from the Doggerbank, 35 f., and measure 7 lines by 34.

1. Poche note intorno alla Conchiologia Mediterranea, Palermo, 1875.

344. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

Fossil in the Belfast deposit (Grainger) ; erroneously re-
corded as L. pernula.

Var. brevirostris Jeff_—Generally distributed throughout
the Hebrides and as far north as East Sutherlandshire.

The specific name is so absurdly inappropriate that it
might well be altered.

L. lucida Lov. was taken in the ‘Lightning’ cruise between the
Hebrides and Feerces, also in the Feerce Channel with var.
dechivis (‘Triton’), but has not been dredged on the
British coasts.

A fine perfect specimen and two valves of L. arctica
Gray, apparently sub-fossil, were dredged in Loch Torri-
don during the ‘Porcupine’ cruise of 1869, and with them
were perfect, but dead, perhaps also sub-fossil, specimens
of ZL. lenticula Moll. I have a valve of the latter species
from Eigg Island, 20 f., which is also probably sub-fossil.

Limopsis aurita Broc.—West of Ireland, 345 f., and Atlantic
off Scilly, 690 f., with Z. dorealis (‘ Porcupine’) ; Feerce
Channel 516 f. (‘ Triton ’).

Pectunculus glycymeris L.—Low water (Channel Islands)
to go fathoms. It is eaten in Jersey, and may often be
seen in the shell-fish market there. Specimens from the
Channel Islands differ from those of the British coast in
being orbicular. The largest come from Falmouth, and
exceed 3 in. in diameter.

The fry and young resemble Zzmopsis; they are zof
square, but the upper margin is squarish, owing to the
hinge-margin being straight and having projecting ears ;
and the very young are certainly crenulated.

Var. pilosa Jeff.—‘‘ Not Azca pilosa Linné, which is thicker,
larger and more globose ; the longitudinal striz are more
distinct, the hinge area wider, and the teeth larger and
fewer. The synonyms of each have been intermixed.”
—(Jeff., ‘ Lightning’ Report).

J.C., viii., Jan., 1897

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 345

Var. nummarius Turt.—Not P. xummarius 1L., which latter
is P. violascens Lamk.

Jeffreys’ generic figure is the Channel Islands’ orbicular
form, and his plate figure the oblique, or what is usually
considered the typical one; although the former should
properly be the type, as it was originally described by
Linné “ad insulam Garnsey.”

Arca pectunculoides Sc.—20—gof. Off the Island of Rona,
east of Skye, rather plentiful in one spot (Coulson) ; the
Minch, 20—53 f., valves abundant.

A. lactea L.—-Jeffreys was very wide of the mark in giving the
range of this species at 1525 f. It is a well-known low-
water mark shell, attached by a byssus to the under-sides
of stones. The noted shell-beach of Herm is composed
principally of the valves of this species. Jeffreys made
another slip in stating that his largest specimen was three-
quarters of an inch in #ezgth—he should have said breadth.
I have a similar giant from Torquay.

Galeomma turtoni Ed. Z. J.—Scilly, 40 f. (Burkill and
J.T.M.); Skerries Shoal, off the Start, S. Devon, 15 f.

The tale recorded by Mr. Clark’s boatman will not
stand. Galeomma does not behave at all in the way indi-
cated. The cupidity of Branscomb was kept alive by the
gifts and promises of his generous employer, with the result
that Galeomma was not the only species he “discovered”
that afterwards had to be abandoned as wanting in proba-
bility.

For some years Galeomma has been steadily disappear-
ing from its Herm Jocaée, the original collecting-ground of
Turton. This has arisen partly from over-collecting, but
principally from the destructive effects of ormer-gathering,
by which every stone is being continually turned over and
over again. It is now almost extinct in its original home.
The one or two fishermen at Guernsey initiated in this
species have corrupted the name to “ G7//y-ormer.”

346 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

Lepton squamosum Mont.—Low water mark at Salcombe
(Norman) to 20 f. Glengariff, dredged alive just off the
harbour (Span).

L. nitidum var. convexa Ald.—Found everywhere with the
type, but scarcer ; 10 per cent. is about the average. It is
not more convex than the type, and the pit-marks vary from
fine to coarse.

Var. pisidialis Jeff—-Guernsey, 18 f.; Scilly, 40 f.; Torbay;
Connemara, 12 f.; Iona, 20 f. This variety depends on its
shape ; the sculpture is as variable as in the type.

“ Differs in the degree and even in the absence of
sculpture. The variety /evzs is perfectly smooth; and I must
correct or qualify my remark in the ‘British Conchology’
that this species is invariably sculptured” (Jeffreys, Moll.
‘Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine’ Exp.).* The variety evzs is
occasionally found on our coasts ; but the difference is so
slight from the type, which is always apparently smooth,
that I consider the distinction too slight to warrant a
varietal name.

The young of Ke//ia suborbicularis var. lactea may be
mistaken outwardly for Z. zz¢t¢dum; but the umbones of the
former are more prominent and obtuse.

Jeffreys’ plate has a section showing concentric strize, as
in Z. sudcatulum; but this is incorrect—it has only irregular
though very noticeable lines ot growth, as in Sowerby’s

figure.

L. sykesii Chast.—(See J. of Mal, June 1895, vol. 4,
pp. 36-7). Mount’s Bay (Tregelles and Chaster) ; Dogs
Bay, Connemara (Standen); Killala Bay (Chaster and
J.1.M.); off St. Martin’s Point, Guernsey, 18 f. (J.T.M.);
from sand dredged at Guernsey (Chaster).

L. sulcatulum Jeff.—Isle of Man (L.M.B.C.); Scilly (Burkill
and J.T.M.); Jersey, Guernsey, and Herm, in sea-weeds at

* Proc. Zool. Soc., June 7, 1881, p. 604.

J.C., viii., Jan., 1897.

MARSHALI.: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 347

low water, and dead in 1o—20f. off Guernsey ; Land’s End.
Also Adventure Bank, 92—120 f.; the Tripoli coast ; and
Corea, 30—50 f.

L. clarkige Clark.—Sea-weeds in rock-pools at very low spring
tides. Scilly, 40 f. (Burkill and J.T.M.); Puffin Island
(L.M.B.C.)!; Iona, 20 f.;.Rum Island, 33 f.; Gairloch,
12—30f.; and Vatersay Sound, Barra, 5 f. (Somerville and
J.T.M.) ; Jersey, Guernsey, and Herm, living in weeds at
extreme low water and dredged dead in 20 f.; Sennen Cove,
St. Ives, and Falmouth in Cornwall; Borough Island;
Torbay, in rock-pools, at very low water ; Margate ; Tenby,
Manorbeer, Caldy Island, Laugharne, Freshwater East, Bar-
mouth, Milford, and Towyn, in Wales; off the Smalls ;
Skegness; Bantry Bay ; Connemara; Mayo; Sligo; Bun-
doran ; Aberdeen. I have also a valve from the Atlantic
off Scilly, 690 f., dredged by the ‘Porcupine.’

All the above dredging localities produced dead speci-
mens only or valves. Jeffreys quotes 18 to 80 fathoms as
its habitat ; but I consider that to be erroneous. It is more
diffused and plentiful than is generally supposed, but
difficult to procure alive, as it lives at the extreme verge of
low spring tides, and so cannot be procured by the dredge ;
but its valves are thrown ashore nearly all round our coasts.
The animal is undescribed. I have frequently taken it
alive in the Channel Islands and South Devon, but the
process of steeping the weeds in fresh water is fatal to the
animal. One of Turton’s habitats for Wonfacuta substriata,
“attached to corallines, on the Devonshire coast,” I con-
sider applies to this species, as the former is never found
away from Echinoderms. It is extremely variable in outline
and in the position of the beaks. Some specimens are oval,
like a young Zafes virgineus ; others are triangular, like a
young JVucuda nitida ; another form is abnormally oblique,
with the beaks much nearer the posterior side; while more

348 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

rarely it is suborbicular. Some of the young approximate
to Montacuta dawsont outwardly, and may easily be mis-
taken for that species. The largest come from Jersey and
Guernsey ; a valve from the latter island is a line in length,
by a line and a half in width.

Jeffreys’ figure is fairly good, but it should show a slight
angularity at the posterior or smaller end, as in Sowerby’s ;
and it is not concentrically striated as his section shows,
but has irregular lines of growth, as shown in Sowerby’s
figure. The latter, however, has the beaks too sharp and
prominent.

Scintilla eddystonia Marsh.—(J. of Mal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp.
35-36, fig. 1). Eddystone, Land’s End, and Guernsey.
Mr. Chaster, in a note to the above journal for Dec.,
1895, endeavours to show that this is the young of Dzp/o-
donta rotundata; but he is very inaccurate. In the first
place, he writes of a Scacchia eddystonia, though I have
never described any .Scacchia; what I did describe was
Scintilla eddystonia, and when he says this is “at once seen
not. to be a Scacchia at all,” I quite agree with him.
Secondly, he says my shell ‘closely resembles in shape
Scacchia elliptica,” which it certainly does not. Next, he
assumes my description of the dentition to be ‘ incorrect,”
and states that the “two cardinal teeth are a single car-
dinal,” and the ‘‘lateral tooth is another cardinal,” not-
withstanding which infallible statement the cardinals and
laterals I stated are there. Fourthly, as to Jeffreys’ figure
of Diodonta baricet (Diplodonta jay.) being “not very
good,” it could not be better; it corresponds exactly with
Barlee’s specimens, with Sowerby’s figure, and with the
umbonal area of adult-Diplodonta, but not with Sczztella
eddystonia, the differences in which would strike the most
superficial observer.
It is a necessary qualification in criticising a writer for
the censor to be himself correct, and though it is quite

J.C., viii., Jan., 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 349

possible for S. eddystonta to be something else, for I am
not infallible, let it be demonstrated in an_ intelligible
manner; it is not sufficient to string together the above
inaccuracies and add “I have been able to satisfy myself
about it.”

Montacuta substriata Mont.—-Low water to go fathoms.
Channel and Scilly Islands, at low water of spring tides, on
Spatangus furpureus ; the former are very fine—r¥ lines by
ti. From two to six specimens occur on an individual

Spatangus. Jeffreys gives a good figure, but erroneously

shows the riblets as bifurcating, instead of radiating straight

from the beaks. Sowerby’s is not like our shell in shape,
sculpture, or colour.

Var. leevis Jeff.rDoggerbank, 35 f.

M. bidentata Mont.—-Low water of spring tides to 70 fathoms.
Under stones at Guernsey, of a large size—-2 lines by 14.
Var. triangularis Jeff.—Torbay ; Milford Haven ; Skye ;
Aberdeen ; Dornoch Frith ; W. Orkneys, 45 f. ; Shetlands.
It is rare.

M. tumidula Jeff—-This species lives in muddy sand through-
out the Hebrides, in 18—g5 f., but is everywhere rare.
The following localities and depths I can vouch for :—Off
ochranzas ssi) um lisland se aieys) Soundion ssleat,
40—95 f. ; and Skelmorlie, 18 f. ; (Somerville and J.T.M.) ;
between Jona and Staffa, 38 f.; off Tarbert, 25 f.; off Arran,
25 f.; Loch Fyne, 45—56 f. ; Loch Linnhe, 2o—30 f. ;
Loch Hourn, 25 f.; the Minch, ro—4o f.; also in the
Atlantic off Scilly, 690 f., two valves (‘ Porcupine’) !

The posterior ends of all my specimens are not so
“extremely short and abruptly sloping downwards” as
Jeffreys’ figure, but are sloping outwards and rounded off,
exactly as in Zapes virgineus of the same size. Perhaps
Jeffreys’ figure was taken from a Norwegian specimen, as I
have it from Drobak exactly as pourtrayed in “ British

350 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

Conchology”; but all the British specimens I have seen
are more regularly rounded and produced at the posterior
side. The microscopic sculpture is similar to that of Zepton
clarki@. Sowerby’s figure is more like British specimens,
but the beaks are too prominent and acute, and the colour
should be pale-horn ; they agree in all other respects.

M. donacina S. Wood.—Falmouth and Shetlands (Jeffreys) ;
Lough Swilly (‘Porcupine’) ; Torbay.

A very rare species. It is of such a peculiar shape that
once seen it would readily be known again. A Coddington
lens shows very fine concentric striae and numerous lines of
growth. Searles Wood’s figure is a very good one, but
Jeffreys’ and Sowerby’s are only sufficient to indicate the
outline.

M. ferruginosa Mont.—This species has been previously fully
treated by me.’ Occasionally, and in a good light, inter-
rupted longitudinal rays may be seen, but not nearly so
marked as in Zed/imya nivea Sars, a variety of this species,
which is distinctly rayed. Jeffreys’ figure is too angular ;
it should be more rounded at each end. | Sowerby’s is too
truncate at the smaller end, and it shows a conspicuous
brown epidermis round the margins, which is incorrect ; it
is very often covered with a thick ferruginous deposit, but
that is always confined to the uppper margin and umbonal
area.

Var. ovata n. var.—Shell depressed, broadly oval, and
shorter ; beaks more central and less prominent. Kyles
of Bute, 18 f. ; Gairloch, 30 f.; Minch off Loch Boisdale.
Not JZ. ovata Jeff.

M. dawsoni Jeff—Dingle Bay, 30—4o f. (« Porcupine’); _
Scilly, 40 f£., a perfect specimen (Burkill and J.T.M.);
Torbay; Bantry Bay; Donegal coast; Bartra Island ;
West Orkneys, 45 f. Also Newfoundland (Verkriizen) !

1. J. of Conch., vol. 6, pp. 399—404.

J.C., vili., Jan., 18 97.

7

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 351

I discovered this species near Torquay in 1886, ina
very limited area of shelly mud at extreme low water,
obtaining four perfect but dead specimens and as many
valves. Two of these are in the National Collection.
Whether living in this habitat or drifted in from the bay,
it is impossible to say.

The shell under the epidermis has occasionally a few
clear-white streaks radiating from the beaks, as in Lefton
clarkie, and in outward appearance it is very much like a
young specimen of that shell. It has almost the same out-
line, the same concentric striz, and sometimes the same
longitudinal rays ; but the beaks are obtuse and nearer the
posterior end, it is not so compressed, and it is more
oblique. Inwardly, the dentition is seen to be different ;
for such a minute shell it has wonderfully strong and
prominent teeth. As Lefton clarkie varies very much in
obliquity, I know of no more certain character to distin-
guish the two species than the dentition, which cannot be
mistaken, for while Z. clarki@ has a cardinal tooth under
each beak, JZ. dawsoni has none, the space being filled up
with the cartilage when alive.

All the British specimens I have seen are much eroded
about the beaks, but those from Davis Straits are only
slightly so. The latter are four times as large as British
examples ; they are less oblique, the umbones are more
tumid, and they have a conspicuous yellowish-brown
epidermis. ‘The latter form somewhat resembles a young
Nucula nucleus. Jeffreys has stated’ that Mr. Dawson’s
specimens ‘‘may be semi-fossil or relics of the glacial
epoch”, but the additional records I have given above dis-
pose of that. There is no good figure of this species,
both Jeffreys’ and Sowerby’s being useful merely as outlines.

Laseea rubra Mont.— Alderney, in submerged wooden piles.

x. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1876, ser. 4, vol. 18, pp. 490-1.

7

352 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

Kellia suborbicularis Mont.—Jersey, in rock-pools at low
water, attached by a byssus to Serfude (Duprey and
J.T.M.); South Devon, in soft red sandstone at low
water, nestling in the dead valves of Saxicava.

Sowerby figures an apparently cleaned valve of Axinus
Jerruginosus as Kellia abyssicola ; but the latter is a very
different shell, like a young Venus dincta in shape, though
thin and globular. It is the Ke/Mel/a abyssicola of Sars,
and also what Jeffreys holds to be the fry of Lsocardia cor,
as to which see my note under that species.

Loripes lacteus L.—Jeffreys has noticed that the anterior
side of the shell of this species is ‘sometimes indented or
sinuous,” but does not notice the reason; and Forbes and
Hanley, while describing the shell as ‘“‘devoid of all sculp-
ture,” remark “that the upper front corner is peculiarly
depressed, as an extremely indistinct, very shallow, and
rather broad sulcus, emanating from the beaks, runs close
to the dorsal edge and slightly indents the upper part of
the front margin at its extremity.” But neither of these
authors seem to have noticed, nor do their figures show,
that there is also a central ridge. Each valve has two
transverse irregular ridges—one commencing at the beaks
and gradually broadening to the left of the front margin,
and another from the beaks to the anterior side, where it
forms a sinus in the circumference of the shell ; the former
ridge is raised, while the latter is depressed. ‘The largest
come from near Portland Island, and are {jths of an inch
in diameter.

L. divaricatus L.—Crow Sound, Scilly Isles, 8—1o f., valves
only, abundant (Smart). These are more convex than the
valves cast ashore at the Land’s End, and but half the size.

Lucina spinifera Mont. — Sculpture, 40—50 concentric
ridges. An adult specimen from Shetland has only 18.
Jeffreys’ dimensions are too large; three-quarters of an

J.C., viit., Jan. 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 353

inch is the usual breadth of the largest. Mr. Edgar Smith
has recorded it from deep water in the Indian Ocean.

Var. minor Jeff.—The Minch off Loch Boisdale, 35—s0 f.
(Somerville and J.T.M.). These are smaller than the
Shetland form.

L. borealis L.—Some specimens have twice as many riblets as
others. The very young resemble the same stage of Lorifes
/acteus; but this is angular on the smaller side, while Lorifes
is rounded. The largest come from Scilly, and are nearly
two inches in diameter.

Mr. Dawson dredged a fresh valve of Z. pennsylvanica
off Aberdeenshire, thirty miles from land. It is West
Indian, and probably came from ballast.

Axinus flexuosus Mont.—Young shells are proportionately
Jess globular than the type, and have a squarish outline.
A monstrosity from Jersey has a conspicuous double fold
or sinus.
Var. polygona Jeff.—Gairloch, 30 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.).
Also Corea, 54 f. (‘Sylvia’) !
The var. gouldit Phil. has been taken between the
Hebrides and Feerces. It is smaller, rounder, and flatter,
without the longitudinal furrow.

A. croulinensis Jeff.—1o to 140f. Ardlamont Point, 100 f.
(Robertson) !; Machrie Bay in Arran, 29 f.; Strachur in
Loch Fyne, 16—56 f.; and Onich in Loch Linnhe, 24 f.
(Knight) !; Point of Ayr, 20f.; Kyles of Bute, 12—23 f.;
Brodick Bay, 23—40 f.; Sound of Sleat, 40—95 f. ; Loch
Hourn, 25 f.and 75 f.; and Gairloch, 12 f. and 30 f.
(Somerville and J.1.M.); off Lossiemouth (Scotch Fishery
Board Report, 1889); Lochranza, 18—7of.; Lamlash,
15 f.; ‘Tarbert, 20f.; Loch Broom, 35—sof.; the
Minch, 12—50 f.; Stornoway, 1of.; Doggerbank, 35 f.

All the specimens from the foregoing localities were
living, and it will be observed that Jeffreys’ record in

12/2/97 Xx

354 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘“‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

“British Conchology”—“‘Skye and Shetland, 45—85 f.,
rare,” has been considerably amplified. It is pretty gene-
rally distributed throughout the Clyde and Hebrides on very
muddy ground, but to obtain it the dredger must not be
afraid of laboriously sifting plenty of mud—material which
is usually thrown away by him in disgust. The shell is
usually encrusted with ferruginous matter on each side of
the beaks. It is very constant in form, and does not vary
at all except in size.

In 1886, on looking over some young 4. flexuosus
dredged on the Doggerbank ten or twelve years previously,
I picked out half-a-dozen A. croulinensis from among them.
This locality is remarkable as being much further south
than the next nearest record, and the only one for the
English coast. I regret I did not observe the species when
dredging, and so fix the exact locality.

All the Hebridean specimens are of small size, less than
one-half the dimensions given by Jeffreys ; but the Dogger-
bank specimens are much larger, corresponding to the
Norwegian form in point of size, which is only exceeded
by a pair of original Shetland valves given me by Dr.
Jeffreys.

A. ferruginosus Forb.—ro to roof. in muddy sand. Gairloch,
30 f.; Sound of Sleat, zo—gof.; Loch Hourn, 25 f. and
75 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Tarbert, 20 f. ; Inverary and
other parts of Loch Fyne, 22—56f.; Stornoway, tof. pethie
Minch off Barra, 50 f. Abundant in most of these localities.

Mr. Alfred Brown’ states that this ‘is one of the
dredger’s prizes . . and is exceedingly scarce”; but I have
found it far otherwise. It is a gregarious species, and
especially abundant in some parts of Loch Fyne. They
come up in the dredge like little globules of mud, no part
of the shell being visible. The young are unlike the adult
shell, and resemble 4. cycladius.

1. Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde, p. 109.

J.C., viii., Apr. 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 355

A. cycladius S. Wood.—Between the Hebrides and Feerces,
570 f. (‘Triton’) !; West Orkneys, 45 f. Jeffreys’ remarks
as to Axinus being without teeth’ must now be qualified,
as this species has them. Wood’s figure certainly shows
no teeth, but his description says “one cardinal and no
lateral,” while Jeffreys’ figure* shows two teeth, apparently
cardinals, and he states on the next page, “ one cardinal
and two laterals.” Another divergence between these two
authors occurs in the latter calling his shell ‘ solidula,”
while Wood describes his as a ‘delicate and fragile shell.”
Still, there appears to be no doubt that they were both
describing the same species. The Crag form is “nearly a
quarter of an inch,” but the recent one does not exceed a
line. It is everywhere rare.

Jeffreys’ figure (Brit. Conch., vol. 5, pl. 32, fig. 3) is cor-
rect as an outline, and so is Sowerby’s of Poromya subtri-
gona (pl. 9, fig. 1*) ; but his supplementary figure, as Ked/za
cycladia (pl. 25, fig. 15), is too obliquely oval. Jeffreys’
original figures in the “Annals” for 1858 are very good.

A. eumyarius M. Sars has been dredged between the
Hebrides and Ferces by the “ Triton.”

Diplodonta rotundata Mont.—Low water to 20 f.

Gyamium Phil.—Mr. Edgar Smith’ disputes the correctness
Gri Ore letreyse conclusions) (But, (Conch. velyk2,)) pp:
257-8) as to the distinctness of this genus from Turtonza
F. & H. They are in direct issue as to the name and
habitat of Philippi’s species, and as to the ligament in that
species being internal or external; and they both write so
positively that it is impossible for a third party to come to
a conclusion concerning them.

Cardita aculeata Poli.—A valve has been dredged by the
Rey. Frank Knight in the Kyles of Bute, in 50 f., and was

1. Brit. Conch., vol. 2, pp. 245-6.
2. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 1, pp. 42-3, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1858.
3. J. of Conch,, vol. 5, pp. 42-3, 1886.

6 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”
35

most probably derived from ballast. It is a common
Mediterranean shell.

Cardium aculeatum L.—Abundant and live at Torbay,
Teignmouth, and Exmouth, after easterly gales, but from
constant rolling in a shallow sea they are almost destitute
of spines, which is the chief beauty of this handsome shell.
They are in better condition in this respect at the mouths
of Torquay and Paignton harbours, though here they are
badly stained with mud; but good specimens may occa-
sionally be had from the Babbacombe and Teignmouth
trawlers. The best I have seen were obtained by Dr.
Lukis at very low tides at Guernsey, but I do not know
what part of the island. These were exhibited at the
British Association Meeting of 13862.

Var. depressa Marsh. (J. of C., vol. 7, p. 246, 1893).—
South Devon. Figured by Jeffreys as the type. Sowerby’s
is the type form.

C. echinatum L.—Low water (Jersey) to too f. The Jersey
specimens are the handsomest I have seen, every spine
being perfect, even over the umbones to the beaks ; these
are longer and more oblique than the type, and live in very
fine muddy sand.

The young above the size of a pea are easy to separate
from the same stage of C. fuberculatum; they are pure
white, broadly oval, the ribs sharper, and their interstices
wider. In this stage, they are often mistaken for the
young of C. aculeatum. ‘The young of C. tuderculatum are
circular, of a reddish-brown, with only a few tubercles.
The very young of these two species gradually approximate
until it becomes impossible to separate them.

Var. expansa Jeff.—-Plymouth Sound; Torbay ; Pendine ;
Doggerbank. Jeffreys figures this variety as the type, but
Sowerby’s is the type form.

C. tuberculatum L.—Jeffreys’ dimensions for this shell
apply to var. suborbicula Marsh. ; his type-figure is as broad

J.C., vili., Apr 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 357

as long, and should be measured accordingly. The surest
guide in separating this from C. echimatum is that in the
latter the rows of spines are continuous, while the spines
in C. tuberculatum have spaces between.

There is a long, narrow, and more convex form, corre-
sponding to C. echinatum var. ovata, occasionally found in
various parts of South Devon. The monstrous valve noted
in ‘ British Conchology,” from the Turton Collection, has
occurred to me several times in South Devon.

C. papillosum Poli.—Low water to 20 f. Herm, a live speci-
men from low water ; Scilly, 40f., a fresh valve ; Falmouth
Harbour, 19 f., another fresh valve.

C. exiguum Gm.—The very young and fry resemble the same
stage of C. nodosum; but in the former the sculpture is
coarser, and in the latter the posterior side is not truncate
but rounded. It is abundant and fine off Trefusis Point,
Falmouth ; and equally abundant, but small, in Milford
Haven.

Var. subquadrata Jeff.—Sutherlandshire (Baillie) ! Herm,
low water ; Guernsey, 20 f. This is less gibbous than the
type, but the sculpture of the furrows is similar.

C. fasciatum Mont.—This is the most variable of all this
genus. Some are broader than long, and wece versa.
Jeffreys’ figure is the type ; Sowerby’s is too triangular.
The very young are less square than those of C. exiguum,
and have sharp and prominent beaks ; the ribs are more
numerous and smooth, with only a few tubercles at the
sides. They are not ‘‘almost flat.” Jeffreys’ dimensions
of half an inch in length and breadth are extreme; the
largest are 4 lines by 44.

Var. globosa Jeff.—Sutherlandshire (Baillie)! ; off Aber-
deen, 50 f. (‘Triton’)!; Loch Boisdale, 35 f.

Var. alba Jeff.—Sutherlandshire (Baillie) ! ; Scilly Islands.

C. nodosum.
ground in St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey, and at Herm Island ;

Low water to 145 f. Gregarious in oozy

358 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

not half the size of those dredged off the coast in 20 f.
It is scarce in Scotland, but somewhat diffused—Firth of
Forth (Scott) !; Sound of Sleat, 40 f.; Loch Inver, 25 f. ;
Barra, 20—45 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Kyles of Bute,
14—25 f. (J.T.M.); Loch Linnhe, 24 f. (Knight) !

Both Sowerby’s and Jeffreys’ figures are good outlines ;
but the sculpture of the latter is too obscure. In the
former, coarse papillz are indicated as the sculpture of the
ribs, instead of curved transverse plates, as in C. minimum,
though coarser. The figure in “ British Mollusca” is per-
fect. ‘The sculpture commences in the young as rounded
tubercles or papillz, these becoming oblong as the shell
increases, and arched as they reach the margins. Occa-
sionally the valves are divided into two zones by a deep
line of growth, the upper half having tubercles, and the
lower half plates. Specimens from Glengariff are exqui-
sitely sculptured.

Var. ovata Jeffi—Sculptured as the type. Guernsey and
Herm ; Torbay ; Bantry Bay; Lamlash Bay, 15 f. ; Knap-
dale Lochs, to f.

Var. rosea Lamk.—Channel Islands, at low water, with the
type.

I have an inequivalve monstrosity of the var. vosea from
Herm ; it resembles Meger/ia in shape.

C. edule L.—In comparison with the three preceding species,
the very young and fry are more oval, the umbones more
convex, and the beaks more obtuse and central. In all
stages of growth there is a long and a short form.

Var. rustica Chem.—A form of this variety, oval and
equilateral, is found occasionally on our shores; it is
the var. dalthica of Beck.

C. minimum Phil.—S.W. Isle of Man (L.M.B.A.)!; Scilly,
40 f., many valves; Guernsey, 20 f., a valve; west of

J.C., vi., Apr. 1897.

C.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 359

Lundy Island, 60 f.; off the Smalls, Irish Sea ; West Ork-
neys, 45 f. Also Atlantic off Scilly, 690 f. (‘Porcupine’)!
When living in fine sandy mud the delicate sculpture
of the ribs is beautifully preserved ; but when on coarser
ground, the ribs are flatter and worn almost smooth.
Specimens from Portmarnock are fine and clean, but
without a particle of sculpture. It appears to be most
abundant in the Sound of Sleat, from 25 to 95 fathoms,
and in the Minch off Loch Boisdale in 18-—35 fathoms ;
valves occur here in thousands. ‘The shell is wonderfully
true to type, no variation being apparent in hundreds of
specimens.
norvegicum var. gibba Jeff.— Herm and Guernsey ;
Weymouth Bay.

Var. rotunda Jeff.—Shetlands (Jeffreys) ; Herm ; Torbay.
Var. pallida Jeff.—Guernsey and Herm.

Isocardia cor L.— Clyde between Cumbrae and Arran

(Robertson and Somerville) ; off Mull, Lismore, and
Sound of Sleat (A. Brown); Moray Firth (Scott and
others) ; Aberdeen trawlers.

The home of this species appears to be the Irish Sea
and Bristol Channel, where it is somewhat plentiful. The
degree of convexity and the outlines of the shell are ex-
tremely variable, the latter character changing perhaps
half a dozen times during the growth of the individual, as
may be seen by observing the lines of growth, which have
varying angles at various stages, so that many variations of
form might be made out of it. Foran interesting paper
indicating some of these forms, and illustrated with out-
lines, by Mr. F. W. Wotton, see “‘Science Gossip,” Aug. 1894.

Lsocardia does not become orbicular until fully adult,
when the outer margins are added to and considerably
thickened, with the addition of internal ribs and but-
tresses. Many specimens, especially when half grown, are

360

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

subquadrate, and do not always lose this contour ; these
are analogous to Cyfrina tslandica var. crasstor. In Jef-
frey’s generic plate the right and left valves are odd ones ;
one represents the subquadrate form, and the other the
typical one.

Dr. Jeffreys always and persistently affirmed that the
fry of this species is what is generally known as Ked/ze//a
abysstcola Sars, but most conchologists differ from him on
that point. It occurs in such profusion in some of the
Norwegian fjords as should make the adult common on
the same ground, even as dead valves, whereas it is not
so ; and while thousands of Ke//ie//a may be taken up to a
line in diameter, azd no /arger, an adult one cannot be
found. Per contra, in the British seas, numbers of
Isocardia may be dredged or procured from the trawlers,
yet the fry (or Ke//iel/a) are never found ; they are un-
known to me from ordinary dredgings in British waters,
although they have been taken in deep water off our
coasts by the ‘ Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine.’ It would be
remarkable, therefore, if, as alleged, we find adult /socardia
abundant in England, but not the fry, while in Norway
and elsewhere the alleged fry are in swarms, and the adult
absent. Now, it appears that some time ago I detected
among some small shells what I consider to be a veritable
baby Zsocardia, which was dredged in the Hebrides in 24
fathoms. It is less than a line in length and breadth, and
looks exactly what one should expect to grow into an adult
Tsocardia. tis not unlike a Crenella rhombea of the same
size in outline, is thin and gibbous ; the beaks are already
slightly incurved, and the teeth are identically the same as
in the adult. The colour, instead of being pearl-white and
semi-transparent, as in Ke//e//a, is dirty-white and opaque, °
with frosted markings. Its whole appearance is convincing
as being a very juvenile Zsocardia. Sars has described the
animal of Ked/ieldz, and pointed out marked differences

J.C., vili., Apr. 18y7.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 361

from that of Zsocardia; but Jeffreys replies that the
‘differences observable are perfectly correct, but such
differences result from altered conditions of growth.”
The dentition is also different from Jsocardia, which
Jeffreys ascribes to its being immature. Although I have
not seen what Jeffreys called his graduated series of the
young and fry of Zsocardia, 1 believe he has been misled
by a supposed resemblance between ed/iella and the
beaks of Jsocardia.

In his Appendix to ‘ British Conchology,” the author
describes the alleged Jsocardia fry as “not unlike the
young of Venus lincta in shape.” It is also much more
convex, fragile, glossy, and semi-transparent. He has
also written that they are “nearly globular,” but an
examination of the beaks of a juvenile /socardia dis-
proves this.

Sowerby’s figure of “Kel/ia abysstcola Forbes ; a doubt-
ful species ; probably a young shell ;” is not this, though
meant for it, but apparently a decorticated. Axinus ferru-
ginosus.

Cyprina islandica L.—St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey, rare.

Var. crassior Jeff.—This has the same epidermis and the
same degree of solidity as the type. Dr. Jeffreys was
always anxious to give his varieties two characters espe-
cially, if not three, and this occasionally led him, as I have
found in many instances, to attach additional characters
to some of his varieties which had no permanent validity.

Doggerbank ; Aberdovey ; South Devon coast. Fossil
in the Belfast deposit, but very rare ; one valve is 5 inches
broad (Praeger).

Astarte.—Notwithstanding all that has been written as to the
specific value of the crenulated margins of the Astarte, a
respectable body of opinion still supports either side of
the question. Mr. Edgar Smith has contributed a valu-

362 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

able paper on the genus’ simultaneously with one from
Dr. Jeffreys on the same subject; and while the former
insists on the crenulated margin being “a mark of
maturity” and “of importance in the discrimination of
species,” the latter cites instances to show the contrary.
It is notorious that A. friangularvis has a smooth and a
crenulated form, which were originally described as two
species by Montagu, and that 4. su/cata and its var. scotica
are in the same category ; but no one would now separate
them. And Mr. Smith cites 4. e//iptica as a good species
on account of ‘“‘the constant absence of crenulations within
the margin of the valves in adult specimens.” Undoubtedly
if the crenulated margin is a specific character, the var.
elliptica should rank as a species, though it is connected
with the type by intermediate forms which may be assigned
to either. Another point which militates against the
crenulated margins being considered specific, is the fact
that some of the Veneride are crenulated, while others
are plain.

A. sulcata Da C.—Herm and Scilly Islands—one dredged off
the former island by myself, and two others, with some
young valves, from Scilly, by Smart and others.

I noticed a perfectly white specimen in Admiral Bed-
ford’s collection, dredged off the West of Scotland. The
fry are white, smooth, and polished.

Jeffreys’ figure is a good one; Sowerby’s too triangular,
with an insufficient number of ribs. Of the var. ed/iptica,
Jeffreys’ figure is correct in outline, but the ribs too promi-
nent, while in Sowerby’s they are too obsolete, and the
beaks too acute.

Var. paucicostata Jeff—Shape as variable as the type;
ribs 20—24.

1. J. of Conch., vol. 3, pp. 196-232, 1881.
2. Moll. ‘Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine,’ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p. 711; and J. of
Conch., vol. 3, pp. 233-4-

J.C., viit., Apr. 897

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 363

Var. elliptica Brown.—Dr. Norman writes that ‘‘the Scandi-
navian naturalists seem agreed that this is Linne’s 4. com-

”1 Tf the Scandinavian

pressa, and not A. compressa Mont.
naturalists are infallible, this must be so; but are they?
Jeffreys says that the “Venus compressa of Linne’s Mantissa
Plantarum is much too indefinite for identification, and no
habitat is: given.”” And Mr. Edgar Smith writes: “ The
Venus compressa of Linne is altogether beyond recognition,
and may either belong to this genus, as suggested by some

authors, or it may bea species of Veneride.”®

Var. minor Jeff.—Much smaller. Sound of Sleat, 2o—4o f.;
Loch Boisdale, 35 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.).

Var. trigona Jeff.Sloping from the beaks on each side,
the lunule on the anterior side being consequently shal-
lower and less curved; it is not unlike Venus fasctata in
outline. Milford Haven.

Var. fusca Polii—Shape almost as variable as the type,
according to habitat; often obscurely rayed. Dogger-
bank, 20—4o0 f.

Var. multicostata Jeff.—Shape variable; ribs 36—4o.
Off Aberdeen (Simpson)! ; Doggerbank and Aberdeenshire.

A. compressa Mont.—The very young are striated, but the
beaks are smooth and polished. In comparison with the
same stage of A. sudcata, the beaks of the latter are more
acute, and the lunule deeper. In aged specimens, the
margins are considerably thickened and the beaks separated.
The extra-British range of this species is extraordinary—
3 to 2,000 fathoms.

Var. globosa Moll.—Clyde, 18 f.

A. triangularis Mont.—-Locally abundant. They may be
dredged in thousands off the Eddystone and at Guernsey.

r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 12, p. 364, Nov. 1893.
2. Moll. ‘Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine,’ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p. 711.
3. J. of Conch., vol. 3, p. 204, 1887.

364 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

The fry are roundish, becoming gradually oblique and then
triangular.

A. crenata was dredged between the Hebrides and Ferces by
the ‘Triton,’ and I have a specimen taken from a haddock
by Mr. Baillie of Brora. As Vicania crenata (Gray, 1824)
it is prior to A. crebricostata (Forbes, 1847), and although
considered two species by some authors, the differences
are considered by others to be too slight to warrant their
separation.

Circe minima Mont.—Young shells closely resemble the
same stage of Venus exoleta, but are flatter. ;
Var. triangularis Mont.—Guernsey, 18 f. ; Loch Linnhe,
40 f.; Loch Boisdale, 30 f., a valve.

Venus.—The very young and fry of the Veneride are difficult
to discriminate. Those of % exoleta, V. fasctata, and V.
casina are almost identical from the fry up to a line in
length, having each the same shape and being closely
sculptured with fine concentric striz. In fact, all the
species except V. ova¢a are finely striated at first, the
characteristic sculpture of each not appearing until after-
wards. In V. exoleta the fry are broader, coarser, and
flatter than in V. “incta, but they are very much alike.
Those of V. fasciata are quite unlike the adult; the strize
are fine and close set, and they are scarcely separable from
the same stage of V. gallina, but the striz of the latter are
coarser. Those of V. casina and V. fascitata are alike in
sculpture, but the latter are more sharply triangular in
shape. And those of V. verrucosa are similar to V. casina,
but the interstitial striz of the former will always distin-
guish them.

It may seem superfluous and hardly worth the trouble
to study the immature forms of the mollusca. But some
of them differ very much from the adult stage, and when
investigating and classifying the results of dredgings it is

J.C., vii., Apr. 1897.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 365

necessary to know what are small species and what are
merely the young of larger ones; and any one investigating
the contents of a single dredge will feel puzzled if they are
not conversant with the young shells of different species.

V. exoleta L.—This species attains its maximum size in large
sandy bays; those from rough ground are smaller and more
solid, sometimes having the margins extra thickened. A
dwarf from Guernsey is only half an inch in diameter, and
an elongated monstrosity from the same island has its
counterpart in V. /incta.

V. lincta Pult.—The largest come from Guernsey, at extra
low spring tides, and exceed 14 inches in length.

V. chione L.—Teignmouth (Burkill) !; Jersey, rare ; Torbay,
rare. A pair of valves from the latter locality are 4 inches
by 3 inches.

V. fasciata DaC.—Specimens living between tide-marks have
broad and irregular flattened ribs, while dredged examples
have strong laminated ridges. The latter form is the var.
brongniarti of Continental writers.

Var. radiata Jeff.—Herm, low water; Guernsey, 20f.; Scilly
(Smart and others).

V. verrucosa L.—Low water in the Channel Islands.

V. ovata Penn.—Couch has recorded this species as common
in deep water off the Cornish coast, attached to the byssus
of Pinna.

Var. trigona Jeff.—Tarbert, 25 f.

My cabinet contains an inequivalve monstrosity from
Guernsey ; whence also an abnormally elongated form,
shaped as Astfarle compressa, is occasionally dredged in
20 fathoms. Another form, which is compressed and
has the posterior side more produced, occurs in the same
district and at Loch Inver, 25 f.

V. gallina L.—The largest come from Pendine, and measure

366 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

1}? inches by r# inches ; these are flatter than usual, and
have the same outline as Zapes aureus.

Var. laminosa Mont.—Torbay ; Pendine; Doggerbank,
20 f.; Aberdeenshire, 30 f. In this variety the ribs are :
sharper and fewer. The young, as well as those of the
var. gibba, differ from the same stage of the type at a very
early age, and may be separated without difficulty.

Var. triangularis Jeff.—Dorsal margin longer, straighter,
and more angular at the base; the shell is also longer
in proportion to its breadth. Brora (Baillie) ! ; Weymouth ;
Menai Straits ; Oban.

Var. gibba Jeff-—The author says of this variety, “ribs
numerous and irregular,” but his figure shows the ribs
much less numerous than his type figure, and this character
is in fact variable in all the varieties. ‘The shape of his
figure is right, and that is its only permanent character ;
the “ribs confluent or bifurcating on the posterior side”
being common to all the forms of this species. The very
young are smooth and glossy, the ribs forming at a later
stage than in the other varieties. This is zo¢ the Mediter-
ranean form ; the latter has the same triangular outline, but
is not gibbous. The Crag form appears to be similar to
the Mediterranean one.

Var. alba Somerv. — Shell milk-white. St. Bride’s Bay.
There is also a colourless form of a dirty white.

Venus mesodesma of Quoy and Gaimard was _ intro-
duced into Little Ferry, N.B., from North America, by the
late Duke of Sutherland in 1885 ; but they soon perished,
and the empty shells only are left. A half-grown living one
was sent me in 1890 by Mr. William Baillie, which was
probably the last. It is a large and handsome species.

‘VW. mercenaria L.—A fine series has been dredged alive
in the river Humber. It was first observed in 1864, and
again in 1868; it has steadily increased to the present

J.C., viii., Apr. 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 367

time, and is now bidding fair to compete with the familiar
cockle. This fine Venus is commonly known in America
as the ‘clam,’ and is of course an edible species. A
number of shells dredged from the river were exhibited
by Mr. J. R. Hardy at the Manchester Conchological
Meeting.”—Manchester City News, March 23, 18809.

Tapes aureus Gm.——This is more variable than any of its
congeners. I have them of every degree of convexity and
compression. ‘The prettiest come from Scilly, and the
largest from Guernsey ; one from the !atter island is just
under two inches broad. Occasionally it is pink inside,
like Z. wzrgineus, and more rarely the inside margins are
deep purple.

Var. quadrata Jeff— Herm Island; Helford River, Corn-

wall ; Weymouth.

Var. ovata Jeff—Herm Island.

T. virgineus L.—Very young specimens are squarish,
and the fry nearly circular. I have a monstrosity from
Guernsey analogous to a similar form of 7. aureus from
the Turton collection, having ‘an oblique fold extending
from the umbonal area to the front towards the posterior
side.”

Var. sarniensis L.-—Scilly (Smart and others).
Var. elongata Jeff.—Guernsey.

T. pullastra var. ovata Jeff.—Guernsey ; Torbay.
Var. oblonga Jeff.—Guernsey.

T. decussatus var. quadrangula Jeff—Torbay ; Dawlish.

Lucinopsis undata Penn.—Dr. Jeffreys writes of this in the
‘ Lightning’ Report : “It is difficult to distinguish this from
Diplodonta rotundata except by the hinge ;” but no diffi-
culty need arise if it is remembered that this is a chalky-
white shell, fragile, and brittle, while Dzplodonta is glassy-
white, and not easily broken. The animal is very handsome,
snowy-white, with orange tubes; it will live for several days

368 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

in fresh water. The largest come from Torbay, and are
14 inches in diameter.

Var. eequalis Jeffi—Herm and Guernsey; Scilly (Smart
and others). This variety is smaller and has an angular
outline. L.0°8, B.o’9.

Tellina balaustina L.—Peterhead, 30 miles off, in 60f., a
fine living specimen and two valves (Dawson); Scilly, 4of.
(Burkill and J.T.M.) ; the Minch off Loch Boisdale, 45 f.;
Dornoch Frith, two young specimens.

The young a line in breadth are depressed, inequilateral,
and angular at the posterior side, somewhat resembling the
same stage of Z: crassa, but the sculpture is much finer.
It is still more like the young of Gastrana fragilis.

T. crassa var. albida Jeff.—Equally diffused with the type.

T. balthica L.—Our var. aéfenuata is the Baltic form, and in
strict justice should be the type; but it is clearly a local
and varietal form, and quite unsuitable for a type shell.
Jeffreys’ figure is wrongly drawn, the rounded end appears
the shortest, while it should be the contrary. Sowerby’s is
perfect. The largest come from Laugharne and Pendine,
and measure 14 inches in breadth.

Var. attenuata Jeff.—Yellowish-white. Cumbrae (Brown);
Dornoch Frith.
Var. nivea Jeff.—Weston-super-Mare.

T. tenuis DaC.—Sowerby’s two figures of this shell are excel-
lent, but Jeffreys’ figure has the posterior end too produced;
that end should be the shortest.

T. fabula Gron.—Jeffreys’ dimensions are extreme, and his
figure is too long or deep; it should be like Sowerby’s.

These errors of figuring are clearly due to a non-
adherence to types, of which sufficient care has not been
taken by writers. Even Jeffreys, with all his care, fre-
quently departs from his type figures in his detailed

J.C., viii., Apr. 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 369

descriptions, and, stranger still, his plate figures some-
times differ from his generic ones.

Var. ovata Jeff.—Dornoch Frith.

Tellina serrata Brocchi.—(Conch. foss. subapp. II., p. 510,
t. xil, fig. 1). New to Britain. Dredged off the Mena-
vawr, Scilly Isles, in 40 fathoms. Two valves.

I found one small valve several years ago from the
above district, and some recent dredgings from the same
ground have yielded another and larger valve, bo*h quite
fresh and with the delicate sculpture intact, and-% rave no
doubt whatever that this species is to be found among the
Scilly Isles.

T. serrata is unlike any other British Ze//ina. It is
thin, obtusely triangular, very compressed, and sculptured
with numerous delicate laminar ridges, which become more
raised on the posterior ridge.

Its geographical distribution is Brittany, Portugal,
Tangiers, Mediterranean, Sea of Marmora, Adriatic, and
Canaries. Not a common shell.

T. squalida Pult.—Guernsey and Herm. My largest speci-
men, from the latter island, is 2 inches by 1? inches.

T. donacina L.—Half-grown specimens are the prettiest, the
rays becoming feebler as the shell becomes older. Now
and then the position of the flexuous gape at the posterior
end is reversed. Specimens from Guernsey are 14 inches
broad.

Var. lantivyi Payr.—There is a variety from Guernsey
coloured as this, but it is not ‘‘of a thinner texture.”

A monstrosity from Guernsey has the posterior end
pinched up, reminding one irresistibly of the central feature
of a pug dog; and another from the same island has a
foliaceous plate extending round the inner margins of
both valves.

370 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

Var. distorta Jeff. (zon Poli).—‘‘1 still believe this to be a
variety of 7. donacina, but in deference to other concholo-
gists I will retain it as a provisional species. The difference
seems to consist in the smaller size and greater angularity
of the posterior side. It may be as distinct as 7.
pusilla.” —(Jeffreys*).

Judging from the few specimens I have seen of this
variety, I do not consider the British form to be identical
with the Mediterranean one, though it leads up to it.
The fact is, that while some specimens of TZ. distorta
are deeper from the beaks to the lower margin, other
specimens of 2: donacina are narrower than the type
form, and the differences between these two species being
founded mostly on their relative proportions, this brings
the two so close together that at first sight the extreme
forms may easily be taken for one species. But I feel sure
that Z. distorta is not a British shell—what Jeffreys has
taken for such being a narrow form of Z. donacina. I am
confirmed in this opinion by finding that the latter has its
analogue in Z: pusilla.

T. pusilla Phil.—Herm Island, low water ; off Scarborough,
30 f.; the Minch off Barra, 30—50 f. The latter are very
large— 44 lines by 3.

Admiral Bedford informed me that he once picked up
forty dozen on the beach in Sinclair Bay, Scotland.

A perfect specimen and two valves of Z. calaria
Chem. are in the MacAndrew Collection from Loch Fyne;
Doggerbank, an imperfect valve (Jeffreys); Sutherland-
shire, from fish stomachs (Baillie)! Aberdeenshire and
Sutherlandshire, valves adherent to star-fish. None of the
above can be pronounced recent.

Psammobia tellinella var. gracilis Jeff.—Smaller, shorter,
and not so angular. It has a slight gape at each end, but

* Moll. ‘ Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine,’ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p. 721.

J.C., viii., Apr. 1897.

MARSHALI.: ADDITIONS TO ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 371

not more so than in the type. The sculpture is usually,
though not always, coarsely impressed concentric striz.
It resembles P. costu/ata, and Dr. Jeffreys must have made
a lapsus penne when he wrote that it ‘resembles Ga/eomma
turtont in shape.” From Sutherlandshire (Baillie) !. Minch
off Barra, 35 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.).

P. costulata Turt.—Scilly (Smart and others) ; Barnasset

(Somerville and J.'f.M.); Herm Island, living in sand at
low water. It seems to have escaped notice that this
species is inequivalve. The very young cannot be distin-
guished from those of P. ¢e/dinella. My finest are from
Guernsey, and are nearly r} inches in breadth.

P. ferroensis Chem.— Guernsey Harbour, rare. A small
form from Bantry Bay, collected by Mr. Bartlet Span, is
of a uniform deep purple.

Var. pallida n.var.—Pure white to pale yellowish white,
without rays; epidermis fragile and of a silky texture.
Collected at Tenby by Mr. Bartlet Span.

P. vespertina var. lactea Jeff.—Guernsey and Herm, rare.
The shape of the teeth in this variety is not constant, and
should not be considered characteristic, the degree of
‘erectness’ and ‘pointedness’ being a question of wear and
tear. Half-grown specimens of the type exhibit the den-
tition ascribed to this variety.

Var. livida Jeff.cWest of Scotland. This variety does not
depend so much on its colour as on its shape.

Donax vittatus var. nitida Jeff.—Aberdeenshire.

Var. truncatus Marsh. (Irish Naturalist, Jan. 1895, with fig.)
—This variety is peculiar, so far as I am aware, to the
south and west of Ireland. The umbonal area inside the
valves is fretted with deep pit-marks, which I thought
might be caused by a parasite, as in dredging the var.
nitida on the Doggerbank many years ago (which is a
similar convex form) I found that fifty per cent. contained

372

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

a small parasitic crab; but a subsequent examination of
a score of living specimens of var. ¢runcata did not disclose
the cause of these curious frettings, although they were
present in every specimen. Perhaps they may be caused
by an epidemic disease, for they are not present in any
other species or variety of Donax that I have seen.

The type ‘“‘is very common.at Paignton, South Devon,
living in the sand, and bearing a curious mark of distinc-
tion—small tufts of green ulve are frequently met with
between tide-marks, growing apparently out of the sand,
and these on examination are found to be rooted on the
shells of Donaces, whose cool retreats are thus revealed
alike to shell collectors and sea birds, the latter keen as
man to detect the sand-dwelling conchifers.”—(Pidgeon).

D. trunculus L.—Jeffreys’ figure presents no difference from

that of D. vittatus; it should be more abruptly truncated
at the anterior end, and his D. witfatus a little more
oblique at that part.

D. politus Polii—Poole, Dorset (Cooper) !; Weymouth Bay,

rare.

Half-grown specimens are beautifully marbled, but the
markings tone down in the adult stage. Sometimes the
ray is slight or evanescent, and a specimen from Guernsey
has this characteristic ray broken up into a dozen fine
ones, arranged as in Ze/dina donacina.

Amphidesma castaneum Mont. — Scilly Islands, 4o f.

(Smart and others), mostly valves. In one spot these
valves may be dredged in thousands, but perfect speci-
mens are rare, although I have several dozen immature
ones. It was dredged by the ‘Challenger’ off Teneriffe,
70 f., and off the Azores, 450 f. and 1000 f. It is variable
in length and breadth and in the position of the beaks.
A white form occurs at Scilly, as well as another which is
abnormally oblong.
(To be continued ).

J.C., viii., Apr. 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Bie

ADEORBIS UNISULCATUS, NEW SPECIES,
FROM THE IRISH ‘COAST.

By GEO. W. CHASTER.

(Read before the Conchological Society, November x1th, 1896).

Adeorbis unisulcatus n.sp.

Shell much depressed, thin, colourless, nearly transparent,
composed of about two whorls; sculpture consisting of
very numerous spiral rows of minute punctures, more or
less obscured by the closely-set, oblique, raised, lines
which cover the surface; below the periphery there is
a deep spiral groove formed by an infolding of the shell
substance, a slight and shallow groove also surrounds the
umbilicus ; whorls rounded above and rather sharply
angulated at the base ; nucleus smooth and somewhat
obliquely placed; suture deep and channelled ; umbilicus
very large, exposing the internal spire; mouth quad-
rangular, very oblique; outer lip retreating above and
below, deeply notched by the spiral groove.

Height 0-4 mm., Diam. 08 mm.

This species has much the appearance of A. zmperspicuus
Monts., when viewed as it usually is from

above or below. The two are, moreover,

frequently associated. From that species it
is distinguished by its invariably smaller size, its more out-
spread manner of growth, and especially by the remarkably
deep spiral groove. When I noticed the differences and
proceeded to separate my specimens of the two species (about
one hundred in number) from various localities, I was sur-
prised to find that although 4. cmperspficuus varies consider-
ably, the present form is constant in its characters and very
distinct from any variety of the other.

Two dead specimens were dredged off Rue Point, Rathlin
Island, in seventeen fathoms. I have it also from Oban,
Roundstone, Plymouth (where it is not very rare), and Tangier.
A single dead shell of 4. cmperspicuus was found in the same
material from off Rathlin Island.

374 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
AY Visi OA -SNATE SPAR

An extract from a friend’s letter communicated to the Conchological
Society by Mr. R. D. DARBISHIRE.

(Read before the Conchological Society, July 7th, 1896).

The Farm consisted of one large meadow fenced in from
the road by boards about a foot high. The owner employs
people to collect the snails from the neighbouring woods and
meadows. They bring in from 1,000 to 2,000 daily, com-
mencing as soon as the snows melt, say, about April.

They are placed at once on one-half of the meadow and
left to graze until the month of July, when they are removed to
the other half of the field. This is all divided up into squares,
like a gigantic chess-board, by boards a foot high. Each square
is filled with a thick bed of moss on which the snails are placed,
to be fed on cabbages for three months. ‘They become very fat
and large and of a greenish-white colour, like the pieces of cab-
bage. ‘Towards the end of September the snails beign to burrow
down through the moss so that they are completely hidden.
They lie there with the openings upwards till they have com-
pletely closed themselves in for the winter, forming a hard cover
over the mouth of the shell. It is in this condition that they
are exported, as they can now be kept till required.

The price the farmer gets per 1,000 is 17 francs for the
sealed shells, and ro frances for open ones, which have to be used
at once. All had to be despatched to Troyes by the 4th of
October, by which time all that were going to close would be
sealed, but some always remain open.

They had from sixty to eighty thousand snails on the
ground; all exactly alike except that some were slightly darker
than others. The farmer assured me that they never varied in
any way, and he never came across any unusual growth.

CHALET Sr. DENIs,
FRIBOURG, October, 1894.

J.C., viii., Apr. 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 375

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.

257th MEETING, JANUARY 13th, 1897.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. R. D. Darbishire, Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, series 3, no. 315, Jan., 1897;
Armature of Helicoid Land Shells, part 3, by G. K. Gude (from the
author); Trans. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, part 20, 1896; Science
Gossip, vol. 3, n.s., nos. 31 and 32, Dec., 1896, and Jan., 1897 ; Journal
of Malacology, vol. 5, no. 4, Dec., 1896; Irish Naturalist, vol. 6, no. 1,
Jan., 1897 ; Scottish Naturalist, no. 21, Jan., 1897; Journal de Conchy-
liologie, vol. 44, no 1, 1896.

New Members elected:

Rev. Thomas Cook, Whinwood, Westcliff Grove, Harrogate.

Mr. Alfred Santer Kennard, Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham,
Kent.

Candidate Proposed for Membership :

Mr. J. Bliss.
Resignations :

Messrs. E. W. Williams, C. Stanley B. Cox, R. J. L. Guppy, J. II.

Burkill.
Resolution of the Council:

It was reported that the Council had resolved—‘‘ That after the issue
of the next number of the Journal of Conchology it will only be sent to
those members who have paid their subscriptions for the current year.”

Letter read:

The following letter received by the Rev. J. W. Horsley from the
Secretary of the General Post Office was read :—

GENERAL Post OFFICE,
LONDON, 12th December, 1896.
SIR,—

In reply to your further letter of the 3rd instant, respecting
the transmission abroad of natural history specimens by means of the ©
Sample Post, I beg leave to repeat that this department has no know-
ledge as to the Customs Duty chargeable in France upon the articles
to which you refer ; and I would suggest that any further application
on the subject should be addressed to the Customs authorities of
that country.

With reference to your statement that several years ago you
were informed by the Post Office that natural history specimens
might be sent by Sample Post, I have to inform you that the circum-
stances have changed since 1892, when such specimens were allowed

276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
to go forward by Sample Post on the chance of their not being
stopped by the Post Office of the countries of destination. At that
time opinion and practice in this respect varied in different parts of
the Postal Union; but since then the Postal Union decided not to
make a rule admitting natural history specimens to the reduced rate
of postage for samples, so that there was no longer any doubt as to
the irregularity of forwarding the specimens in question at the sample
rate; and the Postmaster-General had therefore no alternative but to
withdraw the instructions formerly given to the officers of the depart-
ment to allow them to pass.
IT am, Sir,
Your obedient Servant,

W. ROCHE
The Rev. J. W. FLORSLEY. (For the Secretary).

Exhibits :

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire : Some shells brought up on the anchor cable
during a recent voyage on the west coast of South America— 77ophon xantho-
stoma, Nassa dentifera, Purpura chocolata, Turritella cingulata, Fissurella
picta, and a particularly fine specimen of Cyfr@a nigropunctata.

By Mr. Wm. Moss: Pufa Eyries? from Trinidad.

By Mr. J. T. Marshall: Gwyn7a capsula in situ from Jersey.

By Mr. Thos. Scott: A series of freshwater shells from Shetland, com-
prising Limnea peregra and Planorbis glaber, from Flossie Loch, Gulber-
wick ; Planorbis contortus and P. nautileus from Asta Loch, Scalloway ;
Limnea peregra and L. truncatula from Tingwall Loch, Scalloway.
Also Limnea peregra, L. palustris, Physa fontinalis, Valvata piscinalis,
Planorbis contortus, P. albus, P. nautileus, P. nitidus, Pisidiwum milium,
and P. mztidum, from Rescobie Loch, Forfarshire.

A large number of examples, comprising some fifty species of Camena,
Thersites, Hadra, and allied sub-genera, were exhibited by Rev. J. W.
Horsley, Messrs. R. D. Darbishire, R. Cairns, W. Moss, T. Rogers, J. R. _
Hardy, R. Standen, and the Manchester Museum, and an interesting dis-
cussion followed. It appeared that systematic exhibitions of particular
groups would be particularly interesting and instructive to the members,
and it was therefore decided to exhibit examples of Glamdina and its allies
at the next meeting; and members were requested to bring or send any
species they might have for comparison.

258th MEETING, FEBRUARY 10th, 1897.
Ileld in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Prof. S. J. Hickson, President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, no. 316, Feb. 1897; The
Naturalist, nos. 258 and 259, Jan. and Feb., 1897; Irish Naturalist, vol. 6,

J.C., viii., Apr. 1897.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 377

no. 2, Feb., 1897; Armature of Helicoid Land Shells, part 4, by G. K.
Gude (from the author); The Land Mollusca of Ballycastle and District,
County Antrim, by R. Standen (from the author); Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, part 2, April-August, 1896 ;
The Practical Photographer, vol. 8, no. 86, Feb., 1897.

New Member elected :
Mr. Joseph Bliss, Smyrna, Asia Minor.

Members Deceased:

Rev. C. Crawshaw, Saltburn-by-the-Sea; Mr. Fred Hepburn, B.A.,
Sutton, Surrey.

Appointment of Auditors:

Messrs. J. H. Killingbeck and E. C. Stump were elected Auditors for
the current year.

Letters read:

Letters were read from Captain Gordon McDakin relative to the
acclimatisation of Helix elegans at Dover; and from Mr. Albert Wood on
the occurrence of sinistral and turreted specimens of Planorbis spirorbis at
Sutton Coldfield.

Paper read:

‘Descriptions of four new species of marine shells, from Lifu, Loyalty
Islands,” by J. C. Melvill and R. Standen, forming part of their series of
communications on the Hadfield collection.

Exhibits :
By Messrs. Melvill and Standen: The new species of Olsvella, Drillia,
Elusa, and Odostoméa described in their paper.
By Mr. Harold Barke: A remarkable specimen of Clausiha perversa
with the last whorl truncated, from Aberglaslyn.

By Mr. A. Wood: A sinistral specimen of Planorbis spirorbts from
Hill Hook Mill Pool, Sutton Coldfield ; and a fine turreted monstrosity of
the same species from an old marl pit at Hill Hook.

By Mr. Wm. Moss: Déplommatina occidentalis, Epiphragmophora
coactiliata, and a specimen of Helix perplexa with double mouth—all from
Trinidad.

A fine series of G/andina was exhibited by Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill,
FE. Collier, R. Cairns, W. Moss, and T. Rogers ; the Manchester Museum
collection was also shown by Mr. R. Standen. Altogether about one-half
of the known species were displayed on the table, and an interesting dis-
cussion ensued.

It was decided to make a special exhibit at the March meeting of
species of Strep/axide for comparison and discussion.

378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY:

259th MEETING, MARCH Ioth, 1897.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. Edward Collier in the chair.

Additions to Library (by subscription) :

Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,
by J. W. Taylor, parts 2, 3, and 4.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

The Naturalist, no. 260, March, 1897; Science Gossip, vol. 3, nos.
33-34, Feb.-March, 1897; Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 3,
no. I, Jan., 1897 ; Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia,
vol. 20, part 2, Dec., 1896; from Smithsonian Institution—Report on the
Mollusks collected by the International Boundary Commission of the United
States and Mexico, 1892-94, by W. H.. Dall; Descriptions of Tertiary
Fossils from the Antillean Region, 1896, by R. J. L. Guppy and W. H.
Dall; and on the genus Remondia Gabb, a group of Cretaceous Bivalve
Mollusks, by T. D. Stanton; Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 41, part 2, 1896-97; La Feuille
des Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 317, March, 1897.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Messrs. James Chanter Blackmore, and Arthur Edwin Boycott.

Discontinuance of Summer Meetings :
On the recommendation of the Council, it was resolved: ‘‘ That no
meetings of the Society be held in July and August.”

Paper read:
“6 Note on Scinztz/la eddystonia Marshall,” by G. W. Chaster.

Exhibits :

By Rev. Lewis Shackleford : A beautifully-preserved series of Chitons,
mostly recently-described species, collected by Mr. E. H. Mathews in South
Australia, including Chzton calliozona Pils., RX. exoptandus Bed., C. tricostalis
Pils., Zschnochiton cariosus Pils., 7. Tateanus Bed., /. ustulatus Reeve,
I. virgatus Ang., 7. cuneatus Matt., Acanthochiton asbestoides Pils., A. Bed-
nalli Pils., A. granostriatus Pils.

A fine series of Strepfaxide, comprising many rare examples of the
genera Streptaxis, Ennea, Gibbus, and Streptostele, were shown by Messrs.
J. C. Melvill, E. Collier, R. Cairns, J. R. Hardy, W. H. Heathcote, T.
Rogers, R. Standen, and the Manchester Museum. Two examples of the
sinistral form of Gibdus Lyonetianus were shown—one in Mr. Collier’s col-
lection, and the other in the Manchester Museum, presented by Mr. J.
Ray Hardy.

At the April Meeting there will be a special exhibit of the group of
Helices contained in the section Odda Beck.

—_———70e—_—_—_—_—

J.C., viii., Apr., 1807.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 379

“NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS
FROM LIFU AND UVEA, LOYALTY ISLANDS,
FORMED BY 7
THE REV. JAMES AND MRS. HADFIELD,
WITH LIST OF SPECIES.

ParT II. (continued).

By JAS. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., & ROBERT STANDEN
(Assistant-Keeper, Manchester Museum).

(Read before the Conchological Society, February roth, 1897).

Drillia cygnea sp. nov. (PI. XI., fig. 82.)

D. testa fustformi, crassa, levi, nitida, candidissima,
anfractibus sex vel septem, apicalibus . . .? ceteris per-
levibus (sub lente superficialiter striatulis), ventricosuls,
longitudinaliter costatis, costis rectis, uniformibus, ad
utrumque anfractum octo; apertura ovata, labro extus per-
incrassato, precipué supra, canal brevi, sinu obscuro in
speciminibus nostris.

Long. 15, Lat. 7 mill.

A pure white, shining, massive little species, with uniform.
straight longitudinal ribs, the surface being nearly smooth and
shining. Ribs of the last three whorls continuous, and about
eight in number. Four specimens.

(cygneus, swan-like).

Odostomia versicolor sp. nov. (PI. XI., fig. 83.)

O. testa subturrita, attenuato-fusiformi, gracillima, delicata,
anfractibus novem, quorum duobus apicalibus, pervitrets,
ceteris ventricosulis, precipué supernis, spiraliter delica-
tissimé striatulis, et supernis decussatis, ad medium et infré
anfractus ante-penultimt et trium supertorum hic aurantio-
tinctis, hic pallidé punicets, tlic untcoloribus ; ultimo anfractu
recto, prolongato; apertura oblonga, labro paullum effuso,
tenut, columella uniplicata.

Long. 5, Lat. 1°50 mill.

380 MELVILL AND STANDEN ‘ SHELLS FROM LIFU.

The shell is very graceful and delicate, attenuate, acicu-
late, nine whorled, two whorls being apical, the fourth, fifth,
and sixth tinged in the lower half with either chestnut,
yellow, pale-pink, or left wholly white and unicolorous; the
antepenultimate whorl is often similarly tinged, but the last
two whorls are white; the last is prolonged and straight.
Mouth ovate, oblong; outer lip slightly effuse, thin; colum-
ella one-plaited. A few specimens.

Allied to O. striata Pease, but the whorls are transversely
striate and delicately decussate. It is not a typical Odostomia,
but our knowledge of that genus and its allies is at present so
unsatisfactory, that we do not know precisely where to locate it.

Elusa gradatula sp. nov. (Pl. XL, fig. 84.)
£. testa attenuata, gradata, fusiformi, per-gracili, nivea,
levi, anfractibus decem, turritis, levibus, longitudinaliter
minuté et arcté costulatis, costis nitidis, interstitiis per-levt-
bus ; apertura ovata, labro tenut, columella uniplicata.
Long. 4°50, Lat. 1°50 mull.
This shell has some affinity with Pyrgulina pyrgomella
Melv., described recently from Bombay. The whorls are ten,
attenuate, gradate, very slender, white, smooth, uniformly very
finely longitudinally costulate. Columella once-plaited.

Olivella Williamsi sp. nov.

O. testa fusiformi, polita, anfractibus sex, apud suturas

profundée canaliculatis, et excavatis, per-levibus, anfractu

ultimo oblongo, candido, flammis vel linets fulgetrinis castanets
concinné decorato, apertura angusta, oblonga, labro tncras-
sato, columella 7-8 plicata.

Long. 15, Lat. 7 mill.

A well-marked, exceedingly pretty O/ve//a, which is not to
be found either in the British Museum, Mr. Williams’ collection,
or any of the collections, public or private, we have been able
to examine. Nor is any mention made of it in Mr. F. P.
Marrat’s Monograph of the genus in Sowerby’s “Thesaurus
Conchyliorum.”

J.C., viii., Apr. 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 381

Mr. Williams writes us, that though in good condition, the
markings in a quite fresh specimen would probably be much
clearer and more characteristic. The shell is fusiform, polished,
the whorls six, deeply canaliculate and excavate at the
sutures; the last whorl and the penultimate are ornamented
with clearly-drawn longitudinal zigzag chestnut lines; the
mouth is narrow, oblong, outer lip thickened, columella 7-8
plaited.

We have very much pleasure in connecting with this little
Olivella the name of our friend, Mr. J. Michael Williams, of
Liverpool, whose collection of Olives embracing as it does, so
many types and unique or rare species and varieties, is prob-
ably the best extant at the present time, and to whom we have
submitted the whole of the genus in our Loyalty Islands’

collections.
$6 -—____

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

The Naturalist, nos. 258-260, Jan.-March, 1897.

“* Bibliography : Land and Freshwater Mollusca, 1890 and 1891,” by
W. DENISON RoEBUCK. ‘‘Zestacella scutulum at Adel,” by H. CROWTHER.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 6, nos. 1-3, Jan.-March, 1897.

‘*The Land Mollusca of Ballycastle and District, County Antrim,”
by R. STaANDEN [50 spp., noteworthy Vertzgo alpfestris; Helix aspersa
found in hollows, apparently excavated by itself in the chalk cliffs].
Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 3, no. I.

“An Actinoceras [A. Hardmanz] from North-west Australia,” oe R.
ETHERIDGE, Jr., with plate 3. ‘‘Description of a new Papuan Land Shell
| Thersites septentricnalis],” by C. HEDLEY, with fig.

382 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

ON TWO REMARKABLE ATAVIC SPECIMENS
OF PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS Mull. |

By JOHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S.

(Read before the Leeds Branch of the Conchological Society, March zoth, 1897). _

Mr. ALBERT Woop, of Sutton Coldfield, a most enthusiastic
and successful conchological student, who is systematically
working out the molluscan fauna of his neighbourhood with a
view to the eventual preparation of an exhaustive monographic
account of the mollusca of the Park, and who, in furtherance
of this object, has recently issued for private circulation an
interesting epitome of the results he has attained up to the
present time, has been fortunate enough to find almost simul-
taneously the two remarkable shells of lanorbis spirorbis,
which form the subject of the present note, and are prob-
ably by far the most interesting specimens that have up to
the present time rewarded his investigations.

These specimens are of great interest, one being sinistrally

and the other dextrally coiled; but a careful study of their
peculiarities shows both shells to be atavistic or reversions to
the ancestral or primitive type of the species, as in this and
similar carinate species we are able by a critical examination of
the shell to confidently proclaim the mode of organization of
the animal forming it, and by applying our knowledge to these
two special cases we see the sinistra] specimen to be a reversion
to the original coiling natural to the species and in accord with
its sinistrally organized inhabitant, while the dextral shell is a
reversed monstrosity of the orthostrophically sinistral form.
; For those who have not studied the subject it may be
necessary to state that the //anordes are sinistrally organized
animals, primitively possessed of sinistrally coiled shells, but
by the peculiar modification or specialization, known as hyper-
strophy, the shell has become a dextral one, this change, how-
ever, not affecting the sinistral organization of the animal.

J.C., viil., Apr. 1897.

TAYLOR: REMARKABLE ATAVIC SPECIMENS. 283

In the chapter upon Hyperstrophy in my “‘ Monograph ot
the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” p. 110
ef seg., I have fully discussed the various modes of coiling to
which the shells of //axorbis are liable, and shown that theo-
retically there are four possible modes of convolution, viz. :
the simply dextral and simply sinistral coiling and the sinistral
and dextral convolution due to atavism or reversion.

Diagrammatic figures showing the probable mode by which a sinistrally organized
mollusk with a sinistral shell, as the primitive Planorbis, may become possessed of a
dextrally coiled shell, although the contained animal retains its sinistral organization,
as is evidenced by the heart persisting in its position on the right side of the
body, as shown in the figures, and also by the sinistral position of the respiratory and
other orifices.

The simply dextral or normal form of the species has
arisen by hyperstrophic growth from the orthostrophically
sinistral ancestor, the simply sinistral form being merely a re-
versed monstrosity of the type, the animal inhabitants being
organized in a manner contradictory to that of their shells,
the dextral specimens having sinistrally organized animals, and
the simply sinistral monstrosities being tenanted by dextral
animals, this anomaly being owing to the hyperstrophic growth
which by transposing the relative positions of the apex and base
of the shells changes the dextral shells to sinistral ones, and
vice versa, without affecting the organization of the animal.

The atavic sinistrally coiled shells are reversions to the
primitive form, and the atavic dextral shells the reversed mon-
strosity. ‘These forms are due toa reversal of the hyperstrophic
process and results in the original sinistral shell being reacquired
and the animal again becoming in harmony with its shell.

Reversal in the direction of the coiling when not acquired
by hyperstrophic growth or by atavism, is always accompanied
by a corresponding reversal of the organization of the animal ;
the sinistral and dextral monstrosities of various species that
are met with are usually of this character,

384 TAYLOR : REMARKABLE ATAVIC SPECIMENS.

The sinistral Planorbis spirorbis found by Mr. Wood, was
obtained early in December, 1896, from the overflow stream of
the mill pool at Hill Hook, Sutton Coldfield.
This stream is very clear, sustaining a rich vege-
tation, chiefly water-starwort and watercress, while
the bed of the stream is thickly strewn with valves
of Pisidia and Sph. corneum, var. flavescens.

A careful study of this sinistral shell
Atavic Sinistral shows that it is not simply a reversed cork-
monstrosity of

Planortis spirorbis’ screw monstrosity of the ordinary dextral form,
Hill Fook Mill with a dextral animal for its occupant, but a

Stream,

Sutton Coldfield. — syecimen whose peculiarities have arisen by a

reversal of the hyperstrophic process, and which therefore repre-
sents the original orthostrophic form of the species, the animal be-
ing a sinistrally organized animal within a sinistrally coiled shell.

The dextral turreted specimen was obtained from the
waters of an old marl pit, at Hill Hook, about the same time
as the sinistral specimen, and is a much more
interesting and remarkable shell.

To a superficial observer, the shell might
be supposed to be merely a turreted mon-
strosity of the ordinary dextral form of the
species, but like the sinistral specimen, this is

also shown on critical examination to owe its
: Care o 2 5 Atavic Dextral
chief peculiarity to this reversion to the ancient _ monstrosity of
t the primitively sinistral coiling having lea gaa
@ ie B iling havin iill. x 6,
YP& P y 8 5 Mar!Pit, Hill Hook,
become reversed, as the shell has undoubtedly Sutton Coldfield.
been formed by a dextrally organized animal, which has thus
a shell coiled in harmony with the structure of the animal, proy-
ing it to be a dextral monstrosity of the atavic sinistral form.
In my discussion of this subject (4c, p. 112) I pointed
out that of the four theoretically possible modes of convolution,
only three were at that time known to exist, but this blank in
our knowledge is now filled up by the discovery of this atavis-

tically dextral form, which is, so far as I know, quite unique.

J.C., vili., Apr. 1897

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 385
ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”
By J. T. MARSHALL.

(Continued from page 372.)

Amphidesma castaneum var. subtrigona Monts.
(Nomenclatura, p. 27, as var. mnor-subtrigona—New to
Britain. Smaller and almost triangular. This is the
normal form at Guernsey and Herm, and it is occasion-
ally met with at Scilly and the Land’s End. Jeffreys’
generic figure is different from that of his plate figure ;
but the latter is correct.

Mactra solida L.—Exmouth, very large and solid—z in. by
1? in. .

Var. truncata Mont.—Guernsey Harbour.

Var. elliptica Brown.—Epidermis conspicuous and_per-
sistent. Sowerby’s figure is the var. ¢fermedia, and not
this.

M. subtruncata DaC.—Dredged specimens are usually fully
covered with the epidermis, but when taken from between
tide-marks it appears on the sides only. The largest come
from Southport, and are rd} in. by 1 in.

Var. striata Brown.—Guernsey : Torbay ; Weymouth.

Analogous to and resembling JZ. solida var. truncata,
but this variety has the lunular areas more sharply and
deeply defined.

Var. ingequalis Jeff.—Torbay ; Southport.

Var. tenuis Jeff.—Torbay ; specimens having the characters
of this variety, but broader instead of longer.

Mr. Alfred Brown relates of this species that two of
the ‘“carnivora” will attack opposite sides of the same
bivalve, and on one occasion he noticed “a singular case
of defective instinct in a Purpura, which was diligently
piercing a hole in a single valve (a much-worn one too) of
Mactra and had nearly completed its task when interrupted !”

1. Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde, p. 33.

31/5/97 Z

386 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

M. stultorum L.—This species is very liable to become in-
commoded by sand-grains, which enter the shells and are
then cemented over by the animal. Among specimens
dredged on the Doggerbank, which is comparatively shallow
and subject to heavy ground swells after gales, fully 30 per
cent. were in this condition. The fry are triangular, like
the adult, and wot oval.

The figures both of Jeffreys and Sowerby are incorrect.
If an actual specimen be placed on these figures, it will be
seen that they are too triangular, and in Sowerby’s figure
the beaks are sharp instead of being obtuse.

Var. cinerea Mont.—Shell of the same texture as the type.

M. glauca Born.—Jersey, in coarse gravelly sand at low spring
tides, and Herm, confined to a small bank of very fine sand
which is rarely uncovered by the tides. The Jersey specti-
mens have a dull, dark, and coarse epidermis, owing to the
nature of the habitat, but those from Herm are much
lighter in colour, and have a beautiful glistening epidermis.
The Jersey shells are mostly of a plain cream colour
beneath the epidermis, and correspond to the Cornish
valves of var. /ufeo/a.

I am not sure that JZ. glauca has been found at
Guernsey, though Jeffreys quotes it on the authority of
Dr. Lukis. It is very rare at Herm, but common in the
Jersey habitat, where several dozen may be found on a
favourable tide by the initiated. The epidermis blisters
badly on immersion in hot water, and the best way to
extract the animal is to wait until it opens its valves, and
then cut the muscles suddenly with a sharp and thin knife.
I have kept specimens ina pan of sea-sand, occasionally
moistened with sea-water, for six weeks, and they have then
been fresh and active.

Lutraria elliptica var. intermedia Sow.—I do not know
that this variety has been described, but I find the name

J.C., viii., July 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 387

and figure in Sowerby’s Index, and the name is a very
appropriate one. It is not described in “British Mollusca,”
but the authors say in their Supplement :—‘ We have two
distinct forms, the broad [long] one as figured, and an
elongated [short] variety which approaches Z. od/onga.
In the former, the dorsal edges are usually more convex
and have a greater declination than in the latter, where
they are more or less retuse towards the beaks.” This
variety is smaller, narrower, and more slender, the
front and back margins are almost parallel except for a
shallow sinuation in the centre of the lower margin, as in
Unio margaritacea; the umbones are more prominent,
the posterior gape wider, and it is more truncate at that
end. L. 2, B. 4. The young of all sizes partake of the
same characters as the adult. I have found it at Jersey
and Herm, where it is the normal form, living with Z.
oblonga in sand at very low tides ; it also occurs occasion-
ally with the type in Torbay and a few other places. Var.
intermedia is figured in Sowerby’s Index (fig. 1) as the
type ; but fig. 2 1s the type form ; and it is well figured in
Brown’s Illustrated Recent Conchology. <A valve is also
figured by Searles Wood from the Coralline crag, to which
valve Jeffreys had written under the tablet “ Z. od/onga,”
but Wood says he considers it a variety of Z. e//iptica, and
that it resembles a figure by Dr. Hornes of a variety of Z.
oblonga, but which is also figured by Mayer as a distinct
species, Z. Aornestt. Wood’s figure exactly represents this
variety.

L. oblonga Chem. lives with Z. e//ptica Lamk., at Herm and
Jersey ; but while in the former island the proportions are
one L. oblonga to forty L. e/liptica, at Jersey these propor-
tions are reversed, and Z. ob/onga is the common form.
Both species are subject to the same inconvenience from
sand, as mentioned in the case of Mactra stultorum, and Dr.
Jeffreys’ “ curious malformation, the specimen having an

388 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

inner case or double shell on the posterior side,” is by no
means rare; I have several similar examples. Some large
valves of Z. oblonga from Falmouth are 5 in. by 25 in. The
young of this and the last are snow white, with a pale
silky epidermis which gradually darkens towards the adult
stage, aged specimens becoming almost black.
Scrobicularia nitida Mull. — Scilly Islands (Smart and
others) ; Cawsand Bay, Plymouth; Torbay; Aberdeen-
shire.
S. alba var. curta Jeff.—Jersey ; Torbay ; Skegness.
Var. oblonga Marsh. (J. of C., vol. vii, p. 247).—Scilly
Islands ; Milford Haven ; Bantry Bay; Arran, 3of.
A yariable shell, both in shape and size. The Rey.
Frank Knight has dredged some very large valves at Arro-
char, at the head of Loch Long, measuring rg in. by ? in.
At this place there is a considerable admixture of fresh
water from the surrounding mountains, which would seem
to agree with this species. A dwarf form does not exceed
4in, in width.
S. piperata Bell—Scilly, rare (Smart and others); Herm
Island, very rare.
Solecurtus scopula Turton.—Scilly (Tregelles and others).
Solen pellucidus Penn.
amcad| asl VU)
S. ensis L.—Low-water mark, Jersey and Herm.

Low-water mark, Jersey (Duprey

S. siliqua var. arcuata Jeff_—Found sparingly with the type,
although in some localities it is the normal form.

Their mode of living is well exemplified by the manner
in which an inch or two of their shells are frequently cut
off by the dredge. In Devonshire they are caught at low
water by dropping an iron rod down their burrows, on
which the valves close and they are drawn to the surface.
A pinch of salt, or a hot sunny day, brings them to the
surface. My largest, from Sutherlandshire, is 8? in. by
14 in., but Mr, Robertson has taken them ro} in. in

J.C., viii., July 1897.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 389

breadth. These large specimens are usually abraded ; but
some beautiful specimens from ‘Tenby, about 8 in. in
breadth, are perfect in this respect.

During a very low spring tide at Cumbrae, Mr. David
Robertson found three living specimens fixed upright in
the sand, with about an inch anda half of the shells ex-
posed, to which two or three mussels were attached in
each case, so as to completely prevent the Solens_ slip-
ping down their burrows.

S. vagina 1.——St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey, abundant and col-
lected for food. It is also eaten in some parts of Devon-
shire, though \S. se/gua is the species usually brought to
the markets. My largest, from Guernsey, is 6} in. by 1 in.

Pandora inzequivalvis L..—Off Teignmouth, a dead speci-
men; Weymouth Bay ; Studland Bay.

The monstrosity recorded in “ British Conchology ”
occurs at Jersey and Guernsey.

Lyonsia norvegica var. elongata Gray.—Tenby (Span) !;
Loch Boisdale, 35 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.) ; Clyde, 18 f.

Thracia preetenuis Pult.—Scilly (Smart and others).

T. papyracea Poli.—Guernsey, rare.

Var. gracilis Jeff—Front margin straight. Pendine; cff
Tarbert, 16 f.; Doggerbank, 4of. A corresponding form
occurs in the var. wil/oseuscula.

Var. villosiuscula Macg.—Smaller ; beaks nearly central
and more prominent. St. Mary’s Sound, Scilly (Burkill
aacla |e Vi)

The young of this variety do not resemble the adult ;
they are considerably inequilateral, and obliquely and
abruptly truncated at the posterior end.

The largest type specimens come from Pendine, and
are 14 in. by #in.; the largest of the var. wil/ostuscula
from Guernsey, 1} in. by @ in.

T. pubescens Pult.— Campbelltown Loch, a fresh valve
(Robertson) ; Babbacombe Bay ; Plymouth Sound.

390 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

T. convexa W. Wood.—A perfect specimen was found by a
lady, washed ashore on Paignton Sands, and Mr. Cundall
found another, also perfect, cast ashore in a little bay near
Barricane, North Devon. Doggerbank, a young specimen
(Jeffreys); Rum Island, 33 f.; Loch Hourn, 20 f. and
75 {.; Stornoway Harbour, tof. ; Loch Linnhe, 15%
(Somerville and J.T.M.); Loch Fyne, 20 f. ; Torbay, 13 f.
All the above dredging records were of the young only.
These are triangular in shape, the beaks being more promt
nent and the dorsal margins more sloping than in the
adult. Its habitat is well illustrated by an instance in
which Admiral Bedford, when weighing off Mull, brought
up six fine living specimens on the flukes of the anchor,
embedded in a mass of stiff clay.

This is a typical shell of the Belfast estuarine clays,
where in some places they occur in great profusion and
in perfect preservation. A specimen found by Canon
Grainger is three inches broad.

T. distorta Mont.—Low water at Torbay and Weymouth.

Var. truncata Turt.—Torbay; Weymouth. The form of
this variety is caused by its occupying the deserted burrows
of Saxicave.

Fossil in the Belfast deposit ; several large valves,
ti in. by § in. (Praeger).

My largest specimens, from Torbay, are an inch in
breadth. The young do not vary in shape like the adult,
but are always depressed, subquadrate, and equilateral,
the beaks central, acute, and prominent.

Poromya granulata Nyst and W.—Loch Broom, 50 f., a
small live specimen.

Nezra abbreviata Forb.—18 to 75 fathoms. Cromarty
Bay (Dawson); Barra, 53 f. (Somerville)! Loch Linnhe,
24 f. (Knight)! Southport, a valve in drifted débris
(Chaster); “Brodick Bay, 4of.;) Kyles of Bute isa
Loch Alsh, 35 f. ; Aberdeenshire.

J.C., viit., July 1807

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS ‘10 “ BRITISH CONCHOLCGY.” 391

The shell frequently wants the concentric plaits or
folds (Jeffreys).

N. costellata Desh.—12 to 70 fathoms. Loch Fyne, oppo-
site) themoldcastie-scamllash, 15| i) Manbent, 20-200 :
Brodick Bay, 40 f.

N. cuspidata Olivi._—r2 to go fathoms. Catacol Bay, 25 f.,
Lochranza, 30f., and Brodick Bay, in Arran, 20—,0 f. ;
Gairloch, 30 f.; Sound of Sleat, 60—9g0 f.; off the West
of Small Cumbrae, 65 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Loch
Linnhe, 24 -f. (Knight)!; Doggerbank, 75 miles off Scar-
borough, 35 f. ; Loch Fyne, 30 f.

Var. curta Jeff.—Doggerbank, 35 f.
Var. cinerea Jeff.—East Shetlands, 40 f.

N. rostrata Spengl.—Feerce Channel (Triton).

The Feerce Channel has also yielded WV. obesa Lovén,
a Norwegian species.

Corbula gibba Olivi.—I have a monstrosity from the
Hebrides in which the posterior end is abnormally pro-
duced, like the rostral beak in Veera.

Mya arenaria 1..—Drumbeg, Sutherlandshire, very fine, 5 in.
by 3in. I have examples of a small stunted form which
were taken from sand being used for building purposes in
Great Russell Street, London, near the British Museum,
and which were still alive !

M. truncata L.—-The young and fry afford another instance
in which the shells differ markedly from those of the adult.

M. binghami Turt.—- Weymouth Bay, in soft sandstone.
From the very young of JZ. truncata it differs in the latter
being more regularly oblong. The published figures of this
species apply to that form only which lives free and unen-
cumbered in the deserted galleries of Saxicave. But
numerous individuals will be found in stones, weeds, &c., in
which the shell is not conformable to any particular shape,
and these give some trouble in separating from Sax7cava
rugosa on the one hand and 7hracia distorta on the other.

to

92 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

Gs:

From the former, it differs in having an internal instead of
an external ligament; and from the latter, in the texture of
that shell being granulated, which is always observable
with a lens.

Var. elongata Jeff.

Land’s End ; Torbay.

Panopea plicata Mont.—Mulroy Bay, Donegal (Darbishire) ;
Largs, 20 f. (Robertson) ; Loch Gilp, Clyde, a live speci-
men (A.. Brown); Brora (Baillie)! Loch Long, 24 f.
(Knight)! Gairloch, 30 f., and Vatersay Sound, 5 f. (Somer-
ville and J.T.M.) ; off Scarborough (Jeffreys), an imperfect
valve; Knapdale Lochs; Loch Swin; Kyles of Bute;
Aberdovey, N. Wales; Doggerbank. Also Corea, 40 f., a
small valve, but unmistakeable (H.M.S. Sylvia).

Saxicava norvegica Speng.—Moray Frith, a valve (coll.
Edwards) ; Aberdeen trawl boat, one specimen (Dow).

S. rugosa var. cylindrica S. Wood (J. of C., vol. vii., p. 248).
—Dornoch Frith; west coast of Ireland.

The variety precisa is generally diffused, and var. pho-
fadis is abundant wherever there is siliceous limestone.
Var. precisa differs from Aya binghami, which it often
closely resembles, in the posterior angle being still more
abruptly truncated, and especially in the external ligament.
In AZ. binghami the beaks are also more acute and closely
interlocked. <A figure of the var. pholadis will be found in
Brit. Moll., iv., pl. vi., fig. 8. :

The dimensions given by Jeffreys for the type are very
unusual. An inch in breadth by half-an-inch in length is
the usual size. The position of the beaks is extremely
variable, and the shell is sometimes considerably inequi-
valve. A monstrosity taken from a lump of limestone
dredged in the British Channel by Mr. Bartlet Span has
the posterior end extended into a prolonged and upturned
beak, similar to a monstrosity of Corbula gibba previously
noticed.

J.C., vin., July 1867

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS YO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 3093

Venerupis irus L.—Guernsey, rare; Scilly, rare ; Vatersay
Sound, Barra, 5 f., a valve.

There are three principal forms of growth — one,
occupying the deserted burrows of Saxicava rugosa var.
pholadis, which are very broad, cylindrical, and regular in
shape ; the second occupy, and fit themselves into, all
sorts of cavities and indentations, and are consequently
of the most varied shapes, round, quadrate, triangular,
depressed, globose, &c.; the third is a handsome shell,
attains a large size, and lives attached by a byssus either
to chinks in the rocks or nestling in the deserted valves of
Pholas dactylus. It is the latter form which is figured as
the type in various works.

Petricola pholadiformis Lam.—-This is another American
importation, which seems to have gained a substantial foot-
ing on the British coasts, several naturalists having taken
specimens on our southern shores. Mr. A. S. Kennard, of
Beckenham, to whose kindness I am indebted for specimens,
‘writes me that the latter were taken at Herne Bay, “just
above low-water mark, where it is rather common though
somewhat difficult to obtain.” Jeffreys has recorded it
from ‘‘ Valentia, Ireland; a fragment,”! presumably from
the Porcupine Expedition of 1869; but as he did not
further notice it in his report of that expedition, it may
either have been an error or a fragment too trivial to men-
tion. See also a note by Mr. J. E. Cooper, with a figure,
in Science Gossip, 1896, p. 147.

Gastrochzna dubia Penn. — Low water to 20f. Scilly
(Smart and others) ; Torbay, in new red sandstone, at low
water, associated with Pholadidea. Their burrows here are
beautifully enamelled like porcelain, and remarkably solid.
Weymouth and Babbacombe Bays, at low water of spring
tides, in limestone.

Var. ovalis Jeff.—Torbay, with the type.

r Moll. Eur. and East. N. America, dun. and Mag. Nat. LHist. (4) x., 1872, p. 329.

394 MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

Pholas dactylus L—La Rocque, Jersey, a few feet below
high water mark, dead shells only zz sz¢u. These must be
considered sub-fossil, as many years must have elapsed and
great changes have taken place in the coast-line——either by
a raising of the land or an encroachment of the sea—since
P. dactylus could live in what is now nearly high-water
mark.

Var. gracilis Jeff_—Torbay. This is a difficult species to
procure alive, as they live lower down than the other
Pholades, and burrow much deeper.

P. parva Penn.—An inequivalve monstrosity is occasionally
found having one valve larger and sometimes broader than
the other. The depauperated form (var. guadrangula) has
been found semi-fossil in hard clay off Gosport by Lord
Walsingham, and similar valves are in the National Col-
lection, but without locality.

P. crispata L.—Hoylake (Webster).

Very small valves somewhat resemble those of Zeredo.
Specimens from the Belfast clays are of extraordinary:
dimensions; I have some valves 44 in. broad by 2} in.
long, and a perfect specimen would be 8 in. in girth.

Pholadidea papyracea Turt.—Pullaheeny, Mayo, a valve
(Miss Warren)! Weymouth Bay (Dodd, jde Fowler) ;
Gwyllyn Vase, Falmouth ; Alum Bay, Isle of Wight.

Var. aborta Jeff.—-Torbay, in red sandstone, with the type.

A remarkable monstrosity from Torbay has the smooth
area which bulges out on the anterior part of the adult
shell, continued right round the margins.

This lives as deep as Pholas dactylus, and its burrows
are uncovered only at very low spring tides, and for a short
time only. ‘The reefs in which they occur on the South
Devon coast are generally divided into three layers—
Tapes pullastra var. perforans and Saxicave occupy the
first or top layer, Pholas parva the middle one, and Phola-

J.C., viit., July 1897

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 395

didea will be found underneath these. When they occur
in a peat bed, as sometimes happens, there is of course no
difficulty in procuring them. In the latter case, they may
be easily dug up with a spade; but the former requires a
pickaxe and a strong arm, and the greater proportion are
broken in the operation. Dr. Farran once found them in
abundance at Dungarvan, perforating the remains of a
submarine forest.

Xylophaga dorsalis Turt.—Unst to Plymouth Sound and
the Scilly Islands.

Teredo norvegica Spengl.—Shetlands to Alderney and
Sark. The most variable of the British Zeredines, the
auricles and pallets being especially so.

T. megotara Hanl.—-Brora, Sutherlandshire (Baillie) !

Var. excisa Jeff.—Guernsey.
Var. mionota Jeff.—Jersey and Guernsey. This is the
form which invariably drifts to the Channel Islands.

T. fimbriata Jeff—Southport (Heathcote)! This is figured
in Sowerby’s Index under the name of 7: palmudlata Lam.,
but the latter is a different species.

(To be continued.)
egg

A colony of Cecilioides acicula Miill. in Northamptonshire.
—A mile and a half from Kettering, on the Rockingham Road, there are
two adjacent quarries. The surface soil, which is less than one foot in thick-
ness, rests on a bed of limestone rock (Lincolnshire Oolite) from three to five
feet in thickness ; beneath this is a bed of pure sand. During the last twenty
years, the skeletons of men and horses have occasionally been discovered,
barely covered by the surface soil. Possibly they are relics of the battle of
Naseby. While examining one of the human skeletons, which had been cut
into, on November 25th, 1896, I discovered a quantity of Cectlotdes acicula
adhering to the bones, and embedded in the soil and chinks of rock beneath.
On a subsequent examination, March 14th, 1897, Mr. L. E. Adams and I
found the same abundance of shells all round the cutting, and especially in
those spots where skeletons had been found. The shells had penetrated the
rock through crevices and holes made by roots to a depth varying from two
to four and a half feet. C. E. Wricnr, Kettering, A/arch roth, 1SQ7.
(Read before the Conchological Soctety, April r4th, 1897).

396 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS
FROM EIFU AND (UVETA, SLOVAID Yo UISIEAN Ds
FORMED BY
THE REV. JAMES AND MRS. HADFIELD;
WIE IeiS Ones Sir Cins:

Part III.

By JAS. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.5., © LOBERT STANDEN

(Assistant-IKeeper, Manchester Museum).

Read before the Conchological Society, June 16th, 1897).

THE present instalment of our work on the Lifu Mollusca con-
tains a second list of the species observed up to the present
time. For convenience we have arranged the families in the
same order as in our previous catalogue (azfea pp. 84-132), and
we have included in the enumeration the new species described
by us (aztea pp. 273-315, 379-381). These are referred to by
the letters ‘“M. & S.,” with an indication of the pages where the
original diagnosis will be found.

Crass GASTROPODA.
ORDER PULMONATA.
Famity AURICULIDA.

Melampus crassidens Gassies.—-A conspicuous AZelampus;
as the specific name implies, the columellar teeth, and
more especially the basal one, are thick and prominent.

Auricula Hanleyana Gassies.—An endemic species.

ORDER OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.
FaMiILty BULLIDE.

Tornatina Hadfieldi M. & S, p. 314, 1896.

Bulla punctata A. Ads.—We can find no appreciable differ-
ence between our specimens and those coming from the
shores of Panama.

FAMILY SC4PHANDRAIDA.

Smaragdinella glauca Quoy.—One perfect small example,

transparent, and pale green. Also from New Ireland.

J.C., viil., July, 1897.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 397

FaMILyY APLUST RIDE.
Aplustrum thalassiarchi Mart.—Small, but characteristic.
Only two occurred. Mauritius.
Famitry OX YVOEID£.
Oxynoe Vigourouxi Crosse.—Four examples, quite perfect.

ORDER PROSOBRANCHIATA.
Famity CONIDA:.

Conus (Hermes) mitratus Bruguiere.—One beautiful and
finely-marked specimen. _ Occurs also in the Philippines.

Drillia cygnea M. &S., p. 379, 1897.

D. ione M. &S., p. 277, 1896.

D. Mariesi Souverbie.—One specimen of a neat dark-brown
shell, elegantly noduled with white spiral beading, which
agrees with specimens of M. Souverbie’s species in our
National Collection. From Uvea.

D. Rougeyroni Souverbie=D. barkliensis H. Adams.—
Our three specimens are a little worn, but we think we are
right in the identification. A dark-umber shell, spirally
tornate, and noduled.

D. themeropis M. & S., p. 278, 1896.

D. vidualoides Garrett.—A small and very pretty form, per-
haps too nearly allied to D. vidua Rve. or D. untzonalts
Lam., with which latter it is united by some authors.

D. xanthoporphyria M. & S., p. 278, 1896.

D. (Clavus) formosa Reeve=D. lactea Hinds.—Of the
same character is D. vidua Rve. Recorded also from
various distant Polynesian stations.

D. (Clavus) gibberulus Hervier. J. de Conch., vol. xlii.,
p. 143, for 1895 (1896).—Many specimens of an elegant
smooth straw-coloured shell, with irregular prominent
longitudinal ribs.

D. (Clavus) protentus Hervier.
to D. vidua Reeve,

Too near, in our opinion,

398

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Borsonia bifasciata Pease.—Exactly agreeing with Sand-

wich Island types in the British Museum, but surely a
Clathurella,

lutea Pease.—A pale straw-coloured shell, equally well
placed as Glyphostoma.

nigrocincta Montrouzier.— Quite typical, and in good
condition. The genus 4orsonza Bellardi, founded in 1839
on a fossil possessing a columellar plait, has been extended
to embrace a few recent N. Caledonian species, but in our
humble judgment they intergrade with GZyphosfoma and
other AZang7/ie, and we only keep them separate now for
the sake of comparison with Tryon’s Manual.

Mangilia agna M. &S., p. 279, 1896.

ZS SES5555858385

. bascauda M. &S., p. 279, 1896.

. calathiscus M. & S., p. 280, 1896.
. eumerista M. & S., p. 280, 1896.
. himerodes M. & S., p. 281, 1896.
. himerta M. & S., p. 281, 1896.

. orophoma M. & S., p. 282, 1896.
. stibarochila M.& S., p. 283, 1896.
. thalycra M. &S., p. 283, 1896.

. thiasotes M. & S., p. 284, 1896.

. (Clavatula) rubida Hinds.—Many specimens. It seems

variable, both as to size and form. Some are more oblong
than is normal, the ribbing then being not so pronounced.
All, however, agree in colour and marking. JZ. rudida is
of wide distribution, being recorded from Mauritius, New
Guinea, New Ireland, Fiji Islands, and Cook’s Island
(Tryon).

. (Clavatula) zonata Reeve.—A prettily-banded species;

also recorded from the Philippines.

(Cythara) conohelicoides Reeve. — Large and well-
marked. Plentiful.

. (Cythara) euselma M. & 5., p. 284, 1896.

J.C., viii., July 1897

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 399

M. (Cythara) gibbosa Reeve.—Only one example. Allied
to C. zuterrupta Reeve in the character of its sculpture
and marking, but of a different form. Recorded from the
Philippines.

M. (Cythara) gracilis Reeve-—Very beautiful, and strikingly
marked with orange-brown square spots spirally arranged
across the smooth ribs. The form also is attenuate-fusiform,
and very graceful. Also a native of the Fiji and Philippine
Islands.

M. (Cythara) interrupta Reeve.—Conspicuous for its fusi-
form shape, somewhat attenuate at both ends, with trans-
verse interrupted stretched brown lines between the ribs.
Allied to AZ. della Reeve,and WW. theskelaM. & S. Mitra
cimelium Rve., also found at Lifu, has the same _ inter-
rupted linear marking. Of very wide distribution, from
Mauritius, throughout Polynesia, to the Sandwich Isles.
Also recorded from the Philippines.

M. (Cythara) matakuana Smith.—Conspicuous for robust-
ness of form, and dorsally blotched with burnt-sienna
marking.

M. (Cythara) paucimaculata Angas.—A handsome orange-
mouthed species, which seems variable. The types in the
British Museum came from S. Australia.

M. (Cythara) psalterium M. &S., p. 285, 1896.

M. (Cythara) signum M. & S., p. 286, 1896.

~M. (Cythara) Souverbiei Tryon.—A beautiful but very

variable species, of which we received a dozen specimens.

In some, the dorsal brown blotch is almost absent ; others

are spotted with brown ; others, again, unicolorous white.

M. (Glyphostoma) Aubryana Hervier. — A wonderful
shell. Principally conspicuous for its colouring rather
than its form, which is that of a typical incrassate G/ypho-
stoma ; the ground colour is white ; round the upper part
of the penultimate whorl runs a bright pink median band,

400

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

the lower half of the whorl being white, the antepenulti-
mate suffused pink of a lighter hue, apex pink, the inter-
mediate whorls white or straw colour, the last whorl having
just below the suture a narrow straw-coloured band, then
a broad white space, and towards the base, again, uni-
colorous straw colour. Two specimens. We refer to
M. Hervier’s description for fuller details, J. de Conch.,
vol. xliii., p. 146, for 1895 (published 1896).

. (Glyphostoma) chrysolitha M. &S., p. 286, 1896.

. (Glyphostoma) crassilabrum Reeve. —. A handsome

Species, occurring rarely in our consignments. It shows
some little variation both in form and sculpture. Recorded
from the Philippines.

(Glyphostoma) cremonilla M. & S., J. of Conch., vol.
vill., p. 96, 1895.—This name has precedence over JZ. (G.)
lamproideum Hervier (J. de Conch., vol. xlii., p. 144, for
1895, published 1896.) We have also two or three very
elegant pink varieties of this species. These are smaller
than the type. |

(Glyphostoma) Crosseana Hervier. —- An interesting
straw-coloured shell, banded with transverse brown lire.
Four specimens.

. (Glyphostoma) dialitha M. & S., J. of Conch., vol. viii.,

Oh BSS Wesel, =
(Glyphostoma) globulosa Hervier.—One specimen of
a pale straw-coloured shell, which we assume by the-
description (J. de Conch., vol. xliii., for 1895, p. 147) to
be this new species, though even more globular than is
represented in the plate. It seems very distinct.
(Glyphostoma) Goubini Hervier.—Three specimens.
A very elegant little form, light violet with a white trans-
verse band around the last whorl. <A very small species,
well described by M. Hervier (J. de Conch., vol. xlii.,
for 1895, p. 149).

J.C., viii., July 1897.

M.

M.
M.

1/6

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 401

(Glyphostoma) infracincta Sowerby.—An exceedingly
beautiful little shell, variable in size, pale flesh-colour pink,
with brown transverse banding.

(Glyphostoma) Jousseaumei Hervier (?)—One or
two somewhat doubtful. A pretty orange-pink species.
(Glyphostoma) latirella M. & S., p. 287, 1896.
(Glyphostoma) melanoxyta Hervier.— Many speci-
mens of an elegant small fusiform shell, evidently, from
the detailed description of the author, the above species
(described in J. de Conch., vol. xliii., p. 150).

. (Glyphostoma) notopyrrha M. & S., p. 288, 1896.
. (Glyphostoma) ocellata Jousseaume (Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, ix., p. 184, 1884).—The most beautiful of all the
little Pleuvotomide, in our opinion. ‘Two specimens only. |
This species is the type of the genus Zvzenardia Jouss.,
which, in our opinion, is a synonym of Glpphostoma ;
white, coarsely ribbed, the interstices being roundly and
regularly blotched with pale-straw colour, margined with
circular brown lines. A single spiral brown line also crosses
the last whorl at the periphery. Mouth oblong, sinus deep,
outer lip much incrassate and coarsely toothed. It was
with some little difficulty we succeeded in naming our
specimens, no example being found in the British Museum,
and we believe, till now, only one typical specimen, well
figured but not coloured in the publication above referred
to, has been discovered, and this was from Mauritius.
It is, indeed, one of the special gems of the collection.

. (Glyphostoma) rhodacme M. & S., p. 288, 1896.
. (Glyphostoma) strombilla Hervier.— Two specimens

of a small and very angulate form, pale-straw colour, and
unspotted.

. (Glyphostoma) thalera M. & S., p. 289, 1896.
. (Glyphostoma) theoteles M. & S., p. 289, 1806.
M.

(Glyphostoma) thepalea M. & S., p. 290, 1896.

AA

402

M.
M.

M.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

(Glyphostoma) thereganum M. & S., p. 291, 1896.
(Glyphostoma) thesaurista M. & S., p. 291, 1896.

(Glyphostoma) thyridota M. &5., p. 292, 1896.

Clathurella Blanfordi G. & H. Nevill.—We cannot separate

29200

a little violaceous species from one recorded from Ceylon
by Nevill.

. caletria M. &S., J. of Conch., vol. viii., p. 293, 1896.
. cavernosa Reeve.—One specimen. A _prettily-coloured

but very small shell, pale violet clouded over with ochre-
ous. Recorded from the Philippines and Fiji Isles.

. Clandestina Deshayes.—A pale purple species, curiously

like Zhala mtrifica Reeve, to outward seeming.

. cnepheea M. &S., J. of Conch., vol. viii., p. 293, 18096.
. commoda Smith.

An exceedingly delicate species, trans-
parent and finely latticed, with here and there orange-
brown staining. Described originally from South Africa.

. episema M. &S., J. of Conch., vol. vili., p. 294, 1896.
. felina Hinds.—Small, but typical.
. lita M. &S., J. of Conch., vol. viii., p. 294, 1896.

longa M. & S., p. 295, 1896.—This name must yield to
M. (Glyphostoma) trigonostomum Herv., published Septem-
ber, 1896, and consequently having precedence of two
months. Judging from the plate, our specimens are not
so perfect, especially in the mouth and thickened outer
lip, as those in M. Hervier’s possession.

Malleti Recluz.—Small, but brilliant carnation in colour,
with a tinge of violet. Recorded from the Navigator and
other Polynesian Islands. Extremely abundant, over two
hundred specimens occurring ; probably a Glyphostoma.

. polynesiensis Reeve.—Almost typical. We have lately

seen this widely-distributed C/athurella from Karachi and
the Nubian coast, dredged by Captain Shopland and Mr.
F. W. Townsend. Also there are specimens from the
Persian Gulf and Fiji in the National Collection. It is

J.C., viii., July 1897

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 403

very near, if not identical with, Glyphostoma parthenicum,
described by M. Hervier (1896).

Clathurella Reeveana Deshayes.—Very delicate, attenuate,
white, microscopically decussate, with clear receding orange-
brown lines, two on each whorl, base dorsally blotched
with the same colour. Found also in Mauritius and Isle
of Bourbon; also recorded from Polynesia. Connecting
Daphnella with Clathurella, \t might be included in either
section.

C. rissoides Reeve.—A large smooth shell, beautifully spir-
ally filleted with chalky-white beading; outer lip and
columella quite smooth. Evidently a very rare form. It
has been reported from Ticao Island.

C. rubicunda Gould.—Also recorded from Loochoo. Very
beautiful, though small ; pink, many and close-ribbed, with
indistinct white band round the middle of the last whorl.
On the border-land between C/athurella and Glyphostoma.

C. Rogersi M. &S., J. of Conch., vol. viii., p. 295, 1896.

C. rufozonata Angas.—Peculiar for the spiral red linear
banding round the upper whorls, and again twice or thrice
similarly banded on the last whorl, the general colour
being pale stramineous.

C. spyridula M. &S., J. of Conch., vol. viii., p. 296, 1896.

C. tincta Reeve.—Only one example, nearly allied to C. a/br-
Juniculata Reeve, with which Tryon, but we think errone-
ously, unites it. It is also near our P. Hadteldi, which we
at the time of description called a Drz//ia, but which falls
more naturally into the section C/lathurella of Mangilia.
We obtained several of this latter in the second consign-
ment.

Daphnella boholensis Reeve.—A Philippine species extend-
ing to the Loyalty group. Very variable in colour, and
even form, as some examples are almost turreted in the
whorls. All agree in the minute decussation and pale
straw colour, the apical whorls often dark brown,

404 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Daphnella delicata Reeve.—An exceedingly graceful species,
attenuate, finely chased, and spotted with chestnut. Two
specimens only.

D. pluricarinata Reeve.— An exquisite little shell, the
apical whorls (3) dark-brown, and shewing plainly in con-
tact with the straw colour of the remaining whorls. The
decussation on the apical whorls is remarkable. Also a
Philippine Island shell.

D. terina M. & S., p. 296, 1896.

D. thespesia M. & S., p. 297, 1896.

D. varicosa Souverbie—One specimen only, which seems to
meet M. Souverbie’s description. We have not seen a
type. i

[D. dulcinea M. & S., 1895.—Of this species we obtained
three or four fresh specimens in the present consignment ;
we now withdraw it from Daphnel/a, where we provision-
ally placed it (J. of Conch., vol. vill, p. 95), and consider
it a Mangilia, allied to M. agna}.

~

FAMILY CANCELLARIIDA.
Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) contabulata Sowerby.—A
fair number, identical with Ceylonese examples.

FAMILY OL/ VIDA.

Oliva (Strephona) polita Marratt—Two examples, almost
exactly agreeing with typical West Indian O. gofita. Mr. J.
M. Williams, to whom we referred these shells, says he can
find hardly any difference.

O. textilina Lam. var. albina.—One very fine and beautiful
example, of an ivory polished whiteness.
(Strephona) todosina Duclos.— Identical with Fijian
specimens, but all somewhat worn. With a lens, however,
traces of the marking are very perceptible.

Olivella nympha Adams & Angas.—Also found in Australia,
and we believe Bombay specimens recently to hand area
mere variety of Adams and Angas’ species.

J.C., viii., July 1897

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 405

Olivella Williamsi M. & S., p. 380, 1897.
Famity J7ARGINELLIDLE.

Marginella (Glabella) suavis Souverbie.—Extremely pretty,
pure white and shining, with a chestnut yellow spiral band
across the centre of the last whorl.

FaMILY MW/7RID:.

Mitra digitalis Reeve.—One small, but beautifully marked
example.

M. (Costellaria) Dorotheee M. & S., p. 297, 1896.

M. (Cancilla) carnicolor Reeve.—Our somewhat worn
examples seem to harmonize with Reeve’s description.
The coloration is exquisite in one example, being white,
suffused with the most delicate pink, and the spiral carine
are pale horn colour, spotted. Also from Chinese seas.

M. (Cancilla) incarnata Reeve.—Also a Philippine species.

M. (Chrysame) Antonii Kiister.—Orange examples. Mostly
a little worn. Rare; we only obtained four specimens.
Mauritius is its head quarters.

M. (Chrysame) caledonica Petit.—A stout handsome brown —
species.

M. (Chrysame) pellis-serpentis Reeve —One fresh, fine
and typical example.

M. (Chrysame) Ruppelli Reeve.—Small, but we think cor-
rectly named. It is allied to 47. Han/eyi Reeve, from the
Red Sea.

M. (Chrysame) tabanula Lamarck.—Typical individuals of
a red-brown, and beautifully spirally ribbed. Also from
Mauritius.

M. (Chrysame) telescopium Reeve.—One characteristically
marked individual.

M. (Chrysame) tornatelloides Reeve.—Also from Philip-
pines.

M. (Strigatella) auriculoides Reeve.—A _ few typical
examples.

406 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

M. (Pusia) aureolata Swainson.—Bright orange, with white
banding. Perhapsa var. of JZ. affinis Reeve. Also found at
Mauritius.

M. (Pusia) cimelium Reeve.— Many fine specimens of a shell
hitherto represented by three small individuals in our
National collection. The interrupted spiral chestnut
scratched lines between the ribs are characteristic.

M. (Pusia) rubra Reeve.—Small, but of brilliant pink, with
white spiral banding. The examples in our National
collection came from Lord Hood Island.

M. (Pusia) turturina Souverbie.—A well marked species, of
which we have received but few examples. It appears to
be endemic.

M. (Costellaria) cineracea Reeve.—Worn examples, agree-
ing with specimens in J. C. M.’s collection.

M. (Dibaphus) edentulus Phil.—One fine example. Also
found in Mauritius.

M. (Thala) mirifica Reeve.—Two specimens, one much larger
than the other. Also recorded from the Philippines.
Pale violet; in sculpture much resembling Clathurella
clandestina, only larger, and, of course, possessing the
columellar plaits of the A@tride. Thala, perhaps, is best
separated as a genus, on conchological grounds ; it might
well be considered an intermediate between the J//v@ and
Pleurotome, especially as there are traces of sutural sinus.

FamMity BUCCINMID@.
Engina nodicostata Pease. One pretty, but rather water-
worn example. Recorded also from Hawaii.

FAMILY VASS/DA.

Nassa (Niotha) granulosa Marratt.—Perhaps may be a pale
variety of JV. splendidula Dunker. The author gave no
locality with his description.

N. (Niotha) rotunda M. & S., p. 273, 1896.

J.C., viii., July, 1897

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 407

Nassa (Niotha) splendidula Dunker.—A highly coloured
shell, fulvous-chestnut. Also recorded by its author from
the Philippine group.

N. (Telasco) ecstilba M. & S., p. 274, 1896.

N. (Telasco) Shacklefordi M. & S., p. 274, 1896.

N. (Hebra) echinata A. Adams.—Typical, but rather worn.
Another Philippine species.

FAMILY COLUMBELLIDA.

Columbella (Mitrella) moleculina Duclos.
beautifully marked JZz¢trel/a, being quite smooth, ochra-

A very

ceous, with round white spaces, and darker filleted spiral
interrupted bands between.

C. (Mitrella) sigaloessa M. & S., p. 276, 1796.

Columbella (Conidea) Peasi Martens=C. varia Pease non
Low.—Mr. Stephen Pace kindly named our examples of
this variable species. ‘The headquarters are the Sandwich
Isles.

C. (Seminella) Stepheni n.n.—Mr. Edgar A. Smith having
(Ann. N.H., xvi., p. 5, 1896) described a Columbella from
Coromandel under the name C. facet, we suggest the
above specific name in place of the one previously given
(antea p. 275), which will equally commemorate Mr.
Stephen Pace.

FaMILy MURICIDZ.
Murex (Ocinebra) brachys M. & S., p. 273, 1896.

FAMILY 7RITONIDZ.
Triton (Epidromus) bracteatus Hinds.—One example only.

FAMILY CYPRAIDZ.
Ovula (Cyphoma) gibbosa Linné.—Only one specimen.
Cyprzea contaminata Gray.—Two worn shells we refer to this
rare little species.
C. hirundo Linné.—Several specimens, quite typical.
C. (Luponia) Thomasi Crosse.—One very pretty specimen
which perhaps is too nearly allied to C. cernica Sowb. or

408 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.

C. spurca L., but the dorsal confluent markings seem charac-
teristic, and the lateral spotting at once separates it from,
at all events, typical examples of C. cernica.

Trivia exigua Gray=T. tremeza Duclos.—Many beautiful
and fresh examples of this exquisite species, the most
recherchée perhaps of the smaller Z7/vze. It is recorded
from the Sandwich Islands, as well as the New Caledonian
group.

T. globosa Gray.—Two characteristic specimens. Of wide
distribution ; we see no difference between the shells
from the Eastern, as opposed to those from the Western
Hemisphere. It extends from the West Indies, Sandwich
Islands, to Australia ; it may almost be deemed cosmo-
politan within the tropics. It is not, however, very
commonly found in collections.

T. grando Gask.—Also recorded from Manila. Apparently
typical. Several specimens.

T. pellucidula Gask.—Four examples of what is apparentiy
this species.

T. vitrea Gask.—Several specimens ; also recorded from the
Philippines.

FAMILY CERITHIDA.

Triforis carteretensis Hinds.
plain spiral keels. ‘The British Museum specimens, with
which ours have been compared, are from New Ireland.

A plain species with grooved

T. cinguliferus Pease.—Several specimens. Also from the
Sandwich Islands.

T. hilaris Hinds.—A variegated species with close receding
keels. Several specimens. Also from the Sandwich
Islands and the Philippines.

T. obtusalis Jousseaume.—An obese black noduled shell.

T. ruber Hinds.—Pale violet, not red, as the name would
suggest. Exceedingly abundant. It also occurs at New
Ireland, Tahiti, and Isle of Bourbon.

J.C., viit., July 1897

MELVILL AND STANDEN ! SHELLS FROM LIFU. 409

Triforis tristoma Blainville—One beautiful specimen, in
fresh condition, and characteristic. Also from Australia.

T. (Ino) collaris Hinds.—Very pretty and striking, with spiral
rows of gemmules on a darker body-ground. Many ex-
amples. Also from the Hawaiian Islands.

T. (Ino) corrugatus Hinds. — A _ well-known conspicuous
species.

[We have also in the collection many unidentified species
of Zriforis].

Cerithium abbreviatum Brazier.— Many, of ordinary char-
acter.

C. (Vertagus) attenuatum Phil.—Perhaps more commonly
known under the name of C. Jongicaudatum. It is a hand-
some form with a conspicuously retrorse canal.

Biltium zolomitres M. & S., p. 298, 18096.

B. albocinctum M. & S,, p. 299, 1896

B. marileutes M. & S., p. 299, 1896.

B. uveanum M. & S., p. 299, 1896.

Cerithiopsis adelpha M. & S., p. 302, 1896.

C. aurantiaca M.& S., p. 300, 1896.

C. catenaria M. & S., p. 300, 1896.

C. eutrapela M. &S., p. 301, 1896.

C. Fosteree M. & S., p. 301, 1896.

C. hedista M. & S., p. 302, 1896.

FamMity PLANAXIDA:.

Plesiotrochus Souverbianus Fischer.—We (erroneously)
included in our first list this species under the name of
Cerithium dubtum Sowhb., to which it bears some super-
ficial resemblance. It is a highly interesting species,
allied to the Australian Avse//e, trochoid in shape, and
beautifully crenulated, also mottled with brown bands and
lines. A great many specimens.

FaMILy VERMETIDA.

Vermetus ¢& glomeratus Chem.—About half-a-dozen small

contorted groups of what may be this Philippine form

4io MELVILL AND SYANDEN: SHELIS FROM LIFU.

judging from their similarity to plate and description.
We have not been able to compare it with any specimens.
Vermetus (Siphonium) maximus Sowb.—We have what
is evidently the many-coiled horny operculum of this Ve-
metus, known as a native of the New Caledonian group,
but no shells.
FAMILY ZTURRITELLIDA.
Mathilda eurytima M. &S., p. 310, 1896.
FaMiILy SOLARIJDA.
Solarium (Philippia) cingulum Sow.—A few examples.
Found also in Philippine, Sandwich, and Fiji Islands.
S. (Philippia) hybridum Linné.—Several, of ordinary char-

acter.
FaMILy L/7/O0PIDA.

Litiopa limnophysa M. & S., p. 305, 1896.

Alaba zadela M. & S., p. 305, 1896.

FaMILy AZJSSOLIDAZ.

Rissoia joviana M. & S., p. 309, 1896.

R. pyrrhacme M. & S., p. 310, 1896.

R. (Alvania) pisinna M. & S., p. 305, 1896.

Rissoina baculum-pastoris M. & S., p. 306, 1896.

R. catholica M. & S., p. 306, 1896.

R. crassa Angas.—Many of a prettily costate, white shell ;
recorded both from Red Sea and Australia.

R. enteles M. & S., p. 307, 1896.

R. elegantula E. A. Smith.—A white shell with close-grained
longitudinal ribs, very delicate and elegantly formed. Also
from S. Australia.

R. nesiotes M. & S., p. 307, 1896.

R. scalaroides C. B. Adams.—A very delicate species, identi-
fied by Tryon as synonymous with &. dryerea Mtg. ; a
native of Cuba and Jamaica.

R. sincera M. & S,, p. 308, 1896.

R. turricula Pease.—Similar to &. crassa in many respects.
Our specimens agree with var. cernica from Mauritius in

J.C., viii., July 1897

MELVILL AND SYANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 4ii

the British Museum. The typical form is from Sandwich
Islands and: Fiji.

Rissoina variegata Angas. — Abundant, and- brilliantly
banded in some cases with ochre or fulvous, while other
examples are white and plain. We lately received from Mr.
Arnold Umfreville Henn this shell from Sydney, N.S.W.

R. zonula M. & S., p. 308, 1896.

R. (Phosinella) Deshayesi Schwartz.—Common. I‘ound
also in the Philippines.

R. (Phosinella) quasillus M. & S., p. 308, 1896.

R. (Pyramidelloides) insolita Deshayes.—A curious form
with the receding ribs beaded and prominent. The name
insolita evidently suggests its unaccustomed appearance.
The range is wide, embracing the Red Sea, Japan, Mau-
ritius, and Indian Ocean

Barleeia chrysomela M. &S., p. 309, 1896.

FamMiLy VARICIDA.

Vanikoro Gueriniana Recluz.—One example of a beauti-
fully-ribbed and sub-crystalline species in very perfect
condition. Also from the Philippine Islands.

V. Souleyetiana Recluz.Few specimens. A smooth, white,
plain Vantkoro. We may here call attention to the fact
that Vanikoro Quoy has precedence over Varica Recluz
and Leucotis Swains. This species is also known from
Ceylon and the Paumotus Islands.

FaMILy LAMELLARIUIDA.

Caledoniella Montrouzieri Souverbie.—One specimen only
of this very rare and obscure mollusc ; allied to Lamellaria
and Coriocella. It is small, and Vitrina-shaped, very
depressed, translucent, white, and delicate.

FAMILY SCALARIJDA.
Scalaria angustata Dunker.—A small form of this widely-
distributed species. A great many examples.
S. eranna M. &S., p. 276, 1896.

412 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Scalaria exomila M. & S., p. 277, 1896.
S. (Cirsostrema) bicarinata Sow.—Two specimens. The
form is abnormal and peculiar.

FAMILY AULIMIDZ.

Stylifer dubius Baird.—Found ina Holothurian stomach by
Mr. Hadfield. ‘Two specimens, quite perfect.

Eulima caledonica Morelet.—Many specimens.

E. dentiens Dunker. — Also recorded for the Viti or Fiji
Islands. ‘This species seems to us identical with Rzssozna
curta Sow., sometimes known as Lulima curta.

E. solida Sow.—Many, but all slightly worn. Also recorded
from the Sandwich Isles.

E. (Subularia) aciculata Pease.—Four living shells, taken
from stomachs of Holothurians, have been submitted to
Mr. E. A. Smith, who considers them to be this species.
It is recorded from the Sandwich Islands.

Leiostraca Metcalfei A. Adams.—Beautifully marked with
angular and branching interrupted chestnut lines. Quite
typical, but not very large. Also recorded from Hawaii.
About ten specimens.

Famity PYRAMIDELLIDZ.

Obeliscus terebelloides Adams. — Two examples of this”
prettily chestnut-banded shell, only one of which is fairly
perfect.

Syrnola cinctella A. Adams.—Several of this form, some
plain, others chestnut-banded round the sutures, but none
quite perfect.

S. jaculum M. & S., p. 304, 1896.

S. violacea M. & S., p. 304, 1896.

Elusa gradatula M. &S., p. 380, 1897.

Styloptygma typicum Tryon.—One specimen, not quite per-
fect at the base, which with some degree of confidence we
place under the above name. It is a shell described as
S. stylina Adams, from the Philippines.

J.C., viil., July 1897

MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU. 413

Odostomia bulimoides Souverbie. — Agreeing with the
description and figure in everything excepting size, our
two examples being only 3 mm. in length.

O. versicolor M. & S., p. 379, 1897.

Pyrgulina gliriella M. & S., p. 303, 1896.

Turbonilla belonis M. & S., p. 303, 1896.

FaMILY MERITIDA.

Nerita pica Gould.—A small grey and white mottled shell.
Native of Polynesia, and extending as far north as Japan
(WV. japonica Dunker).

Neritina Souverbiana Montrouzier.—Six specimens. A
pretty pale fulvous species nearly allied to VM. Rangiana
Recluz and WV. viridissima T. C.

N. (Vitta) viridissima Tapp. C.—Five specimens, all beauti-
fully fresh, and with characteristic black pencilled mark-
ings. The 4. wir¢dis 1.., with which this has been
confounded, is unmarked, and a native of the Antilles.
Tryon associates it with WV. Rangiana Recluz.

FamMiLy ZURBINIDA:.
Turbo (Senectus) nivosus Reeve.—A small example.
T. (Senectus) setosus Gmelin.—Worn, but evidently this
species.
Alcyna lifuensis M. & S., p. 312, 1896.

FaMILy 7ROCH/IDA.

Gibbula fasciata Born=Monilea carneola lLamk.—Also
a native of the West Indies, where one of the authors has
collected it. It is strange to find it in Lifu, but we can see
no appreciable difference in the appearance of individuals
from these shores.

Oxystele suavis Phil.—Endemic in the New Caledonian
group of islands. One example only.

Pyramidea histrio Reeve.—Six prettily coloured examples,
all small,

414 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

Pyramidea nodulifera Lam.—Juyenile examples only. Also
from Philippines.

Minolia agapeta M. &S., p. 312, 1896.

M. pudibunda Fischer.—A pretty pink species, exhibiting
some variation, and near our MV. glaphyrella, from which it
differs, however, in colour and sculpture. Many specimens.

M. rhodomphala Souverbie.—Very beautiful, with bright
crimson suffusion round the umbilicus. Three specimens.

Solariella (Conotrochus) tragema M. & S., p. 313, 1896.

Euchelus favosus M. & S., p. 311, 1896.

FaMILy DELPHINULID:.

Liotia crenata Kiener.—A full grown shell, white, and of
chaste appearance and sculpture.

FaMILY CYCLOSTREMATID.

Cyclostrema cingulifera A. Adams.—One specimen, agree-
ing with Japanese types.

Leucorhynchia tricarinata M. & S., p. 311, 1896.

FaMiLy STOMATID.

Gena strigosa Adams.—-Two, strikingly zebra-marked, and
quite perfect. An Australian species.

Stomatia rubra Lam.—One, in good condition. Also from
Corea and the Philippines.

Famity FISSURELLIDA.

Fissurella (Lucapina) singaporensis Reeve.—Apparently
this species. Only two, and both perfect, and beautifully
clathrate, white, mottled with brown.

Emarginula pulchra A. Adams.—-Two specimens in good

condition.
FAMILY ACMAIDA.

Williamia radiata Pease.—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 437.
There are specimens in the British Museum from the
Sandwich Isles, Cape Verde, and St. Helena. Mr. Edgar
Smith informs us he can detect no difference between any
of these specimens, and conjectures it is a Pulmonate.

J.C., viii., July 1897

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 415

Pilsbry (Man. Conch., vol. xii, p. 154), places it under
the “ unidentified and unfigured species” of Limpets, as a
synonym of Williamia Gussont Costa, and makes no com-
ment except that it is one of the S7phonaritde. ‘The fact
of this most interesting shell occurring in the Loyalty Isles
marks a wide extension of its hitherto known range.

Ciass SCAPHOPODA.
FAMILY DENTALIJD2.
Cadulus viperidens M. & S., p. 314, 1896.

CLass PELECYPODA.
FamMiILy SPONDYLID.

Spondylus rubicundus Reeve.—One dead valve, though
very large, and identifiable. A Philippine species also.
FAMILY ARC/IDA.

Anomalocardia scapha Chem.—One perfect living speci-

men, full grown. Found also in Philippine Islands.
FaMILY LLMDA2.
Lima tenera Chem.—Several imperfect valves.
FAMILY GALEOMMIDZ.
Scintilla semiclausa Sow.—Characteristic, though not quite
perfect. One specimen. Colour pellucid ochreous.
Recorded from Borneo.

ADDENDUM.

Mangilia theskela M. & S., p. 97, 1895.—Now that more
specimens have come to hand in better condition for
examination, we should consider this interesting shell near
M. interrupta Reeve and MV. bella Reeve, and therefore
coming under the typical section of the genus. We have
thought it best, under these circumstances, to give a new
figure (Pl. XI., fig. 81), which is all the more necessary,
as, Owing toa clerical error, the numbers attached to this
species and 47. dudcinea were, unfortunately, transposed,

———#-+0-@—_____

416 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

In giving a history of the Hadfield Collections of the Mollusca
of the Loyalty Islands, it is necessary just briefly to recapitulate
what has been already said in the preefatial remarks to our first
paper on the subject (av/ea pp. 84-132).

It was in 1891-92, the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield —
brought over a considerable assortment, mainly consisting of
the larger and more showy species of marine mollusca. By
cleaning out the mouths of some of the specimens, however,
we discovered certain minute, but very beautiful, shells, some
of them hitherto unknown; and this induced us to ask that
further consignments of shell-sand might be forwarded.

Very faithfully did our kind friends attend to our request,
The next parcels arrived in 1893, to Messrs. W. Moss and
R. Cairns, of Ashton-under-Lyne, whose coadjutorship and help
have been invaluable to us throughout, and who placed every
facility in our way for thoroughly examining this large mass
of material.

Whilst the first collection therefore contained mainly the
more conspicuous forms, the next composed an assemblage
of intermediate size, very rich indeed, as our lists show, in
forms of certain attractive genera, e.g., Witra, Conus, Cyprea,
Columbella, etc. ; but there were still comparatively few of the
yet smaller grade we were so anxious to see, and which we were
sure, if they could be procured, promised great results so far as
novelty was concerned.

We felt, however, that the time had come for a catalogue of
these two consignments, and this was published in the present
volume, pp. 84-132, in the summer of 1895 (July—Oct.).

In this article, to which we would refer those who may be
interested in the subject, we drew attention to the favoured
geographical position of the Loyalty Islands, which are situated

~J.C., viil., July, 1897

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 417

due east of the large island of New Caledonia, and not very far
within the tropics, namely long. 168° E. lat. 22° S.

They occupy a very central position in the great Indo-
Pacific province, if we may still be allowed to consider Australia
a portion of that region. They belong to France, and to
French conchologists, notably MM. Crosse, Fischer, Souverbie,
Gassies, Lambert, Montrouzier, and now Hervier, we are in-
debted for our knowledge of their mollusca, M. Crosse, for
instance, has only lately (Journ. de Conch., vol. xliii.) con-
cluded his exhaustive list of the terrestrial mollusca of the New
Caledonian region; but, so far as we could gather, no cata-
logue existed of the marine mollusca of the Loyalty Islands,
which include the three islands of Lifu, Maré, and Uvea. This
led to our publishing a list, as complete as we could make it,
consisting o7/y of those species found in the Hadfield collec-
tions, which number nearly 630 species. We now regret
having mentioned the terrestrial mollusca, which were insig-
nificant in number, and of no novelty; but it was far other-
wise as regarded the marine portion, more particularly the
Gastropoda.

In this enumeration twenty-one new species were described,
in one or two cases from single or but two or three specimens.
It is very gratifying, therefore, to be able to say, now that the
third consignment has been thoroughly examined and over-
hauled, that some of the species are represented. in considerable
numbers, €.8 Minolia glaphyrella, many ; Mitra nitidissima,
many, including a crimson-red variety, the normal form being |
pitchy shining black ; Mangilia theskela, a great number; Murex
(Ocinebra) benedictus, twenty specimens ; but on the other hand
it is curious that Diala Hardyi, of which there are many in the
former collections, is entirely absent from this assortment.

This third consignment was forwarded to Mr. R. D.
Darbishire, early in 1896, and consisted of a large packing-
case, filled with partly-sifted shell-sand. | When treated to
further sorting through a sieve, the richness of the material

25/6/97 BB

418 MELVILL AND STANDEN : SHELLS FROM LIFU.-

became evident. Shells new to us appeared every moment,
all minute, but all exquisite either in colour, design, or detail
of form.

They could not all, of course, be called specimens in the
highest state of perfection, as in hardly any cases is the oper-
culum present, or traces of the animal, proving they had been
collected as recently thrown up drift, but in the majority of
instances, so far as the actual shells are concerned, they are
in as good as a living condition.

We forthwith determined to lose no time, but devoted the
best part of five or six months to the elucidation of these little
forms. It was no slight labour to sort the material, but this was
effected more rapidly than we had considered possible ; and
that done, and the published literature on the subject well
examined, one or other of us took all the species about which
there was the least doubt for close comparison with the vast
collections of the British Museum, South Kensington, and it
is, we must admit, no mean task to take stock of what our
national stores possess in such genera as Lzssoa, Odostomia,
or the Plewrotomide.

Very detailed investigation into the Philippine species was
carried out for comparison ; especial attention was also given
to Mauritian species, for although separated by nearly three
thousand miles in distance, there seems much of cognate char-
acter in the molluscan fauna of both these localities. Two
instances will suffice. The original type of Mitra fulvosulcata
Melvill, was collected in Mauritius ; it has been found common
in Lifu. And, secondly, we believe that Dr. Jousseaume’s
original and hitherto unique type of Lzenardia ocellata was
Mauritian ; we have found two (one of which we have sent
to the British Museum) of this most exquisite of all shells,
in our Lifu material.

We had already drawn up descriptions of some forty
species, when Father J. Hervier’s first communication, enu-
merating several /leurotomide, from Lifu and New Caledonia,

J.C., viii., July, 1897.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 419

mainly collected by Father Goubin, S.M., was published.
We found that in those accurate and lengthy diagnoses, several
we had signalized as new were already described, e.g., Clavus
vibberulus, Glyphostoma Aubreyanum, G. Crosseanum, G. strom-
billum, and G. melanoxytum, and we are glad that we were
thus spared the reduplicating of names, by the appearance of
M. Hervier’s article just before the publication of our own.

Since then,* this author has issued descriptions of new
Clathurelle and Daphnelle, some of which may possibly be
identical with ours, but as none of them are figured, it is diffi-
cult to form an opinion. .

We think it of such importance for future malacologists,
who in days to come may be studying or monographing the
Pleurotomide, to have a clear understanding as to actual dates
of publication of species, described about the same time, as
influencing the law of priority, that no apology is needed on our
part for calling attention to the fact that must already have
been noticed with regret by many, that the Journal de Conchy-
liologie is now antedated by exactly one year.

The actual date of publication of M. Hervier’s first com-
munication, with descriptions of species of Dri/lia, Clavus,
Surcula, and Glyphostoma, was June, 1896 (J. de C., vol.
xliii., no. 3, pp. 141-152) dated (erroneously) as “‘1 Juillet, 1895.”
The date of 1895 has been subsequently given (of. c7z., vol. xliv.
no. I, pp. 51-96) by M. Hervier in his résumé of these same
species, whereas none were described, as already said, till the
following year, the first portion (vol. xliii. no. 3) in June, the
second (of. c7¢., no. 4) in September, 1896. His next instalment
dealing with certain new C/lathurelle and Daphnelle, appeared
in J. de C., vol. xliv., no. 2, pp. 138-151, and was published
April 1897, five months after the appearance of our descrip-
tions of eighty new species from Lifu, including nine of these
two genera, on November rath, 1896 (J. of Conch., vol. viii.,
PP. 273-315):

* Journ. de Conch., vol. xliv., no. 2, for April 1, 1896, published April, 1897.

420 MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU.

We are ignorant of the causes which have led to the
Journal de Conchyliologie so falling into arrears of date, but
it is all the more important to call attention to this fact zow,
as when the volume is bound up, no sign would appear from
internal evidence in the serial itself, that it was antedated.

For ourselves, our first communication on Lifu shells was
published October 15, 1895; our second, November rath,
1896; and our third, with description of Drillia cygnea,
April 1, 1897.

The extraordinary wealth of these islands is evidently very
far from being exhausted, as is evidenced by our having de-
scribed 106, and M. Hervier 43 new species in so short a period,
and there is scope, we feel sure, for many an investigator in the
future, as some of these endemic little shells are decidedly
local. We should like, for example, to see collections from the
island of Maré. We may add, that of the genus Z7:foris we
have many species, but have not ventured to identify them,
without submitting them to M. Jousseaume, who has mono-
graphed the genus.

The total number catalogued by us in our two lists
amounts to the respectable total of 860; mainly, as we have
said, in marine Gastropoda, for the Pelecypoda are not at all well
represented nor are they in such good condition.

In conclusion, we must acknowledge that Mr. Tryon’s
“Manual of the Mollusca” has been of much service to us,
especially in the reproduction of figures, otherwise difficult of
access. The arrangement we have adopted, and in the main
adhered to, is that of the late Dr. Paul Fischer in his admir-
able ‘‘ Manuel de Conchyliologie,” 1887.

Our best thanks are due to Mr. R. D. Darbishire, primarily
and especially, for allowing us such free access to the collec-
tion; to the Rev. Lewis Shackleford and Mr. J. Ray Hardy
for aiding us materially in the sorting and investigation ; and
to Mr. Edgar A. Smith for the painstaking kindness invariably

J.C., viii., July, 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 421

extended by him to all who ask for help in their researches at
our Natural History Museum, S. Kensington.

We may add, that so far as was possible, our National
Collection has been supplied with examples of the new species,
many of which are also contained in Mr. Darbishire’s and our
own private collections. The original types are a// in the

Manchester Museum, Owens College.
ee —_

A Preliminary Note on the Genitalia of Hyalinia (Zonitoides)
nitida Mill. and Hy. excavata Bean.—The examination of a number of
specimens of Hyalinza nitida Miill. and Hy. excavata Bean, gathered at
Bardsley, near Ashton-under-Lyne, in March and April last, has disclosed
the existence in both species of a remarkable organ hitherto believed to be
unknown, except in the section Coch/icella of Helix.* Both species possess
darts which have been described and figured by the late Mr. Ashford in this
Journal, 1883-85. Mr. Ashford figures the dart of “My. nztzda as mature
with hesitation, since out of about one hundred specimens obtained from
Hampshire in July and August, only one hada dart. Out of a large series
of Hy. excavata examined by Mr. Ashford, scarcely ten per cent. produced
darts. Eleven of my specimens of //y. #z¢éda gathered in March and April
yielded three darts, and eleven /y. excavata yielded exactly the same number
of darts. So far as could be ascertained, all the Bardsley shells are mature ;
no immature darts were found. The dart sac of the specimens destitute of
darts was finger-shaped, without any trace of the peculiar lobe of the dart-
bearing forms. Several mounts of the genitalia of both species were prepared
for the purpose of photographing the darts 7 set. The photo-micrographs
revealed a dark patch in the region of the penis where the calcareous organ
is found in Helix (Cochlicella) acuta. On examination, the penis was found
to contain a very minute channel-shaped calcareous organ, bearing a distinct
rim or collar at one end. All the dart-bearing specimens possessed the cal-
careous organ, and none of the specimens destitute of darts contained the
calcareous organ. The genitalia of the dart-bearing forms are very much
more developed than those of the others, the difference in size alone being
very conspicuous, and as no immature darts or transitional dart sacs have
yet been found, this point awaits further elucidation. The spermatheca of
both species is very peculiar. Instead of being composed of a single duct,
there is a distinct bifurcation, one branch seems to pass behind the penis,
whilst the other and smaller appears to take the usual course. Whether both
these branches are ducts, or whether one is only a muscular attachment, has
not yet been verified. Mr. J. W. Taylor informs me that although the
bifurcation of the spermatheca is not figured by Mr. Ashford, he refers to it
in his MS. notes and unpublished drawings. These notes are merely pre-
liminary, as continuous observations are intended throughout the year, prior
to dealing more exhaustively with the subject.—W. Moss. (ead before the
Conchological Soctety, May 12, 1897).

* Moss and Paulden, Reproductive Organs of Budimus acutus (Helix acuta),
Trans. Manch. Micr. Soc., 1892.

422 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

A Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the
British Isles, by J. W. Taytor. Parts 2, 3, and 4, 1895-97.
Since the publication (J. of Conch., vol. 7, 1894, p. 432) of our notice

of part 1 of the Monograph, three additional numbers have been issued.

Part 2 deals with variation in structure, in colour, and in the thickness of

the shell, and also with the bands, with monstrosities, and with the

operculum. The drawings are mostly excellent, but the principal feature is

the coloured plate, which contains some real works of art (figures 2 and 3).

It is to be regretted, though, that the author persists in adhering to the

objectionable and unscientific practice of bestowing Latin names on every

form of monstrosity, such as Helix nemoralis monst. scalariforme Taylor,

Planorbis carinatus monst. stnistrorsim Taylor.

After reading more than one hundred pages on the molluscan shell, and
after the careful treatment of its variation in size and colour, we should have
expected to hear something concerning these points in the animal, especially
in those forms among the British terrestrial mollusca (slugs), where the shell
is almost structureless, and only of secondary importance. Dr. Simroth’s
views on the colour of slugs and the interesting observations which have
been made to determine the cause of the colouration, should have been fully
discussed. But, though seven pages in part 3 are devoted to the animal,
these important points are not even alluded to. We have here a real griev-
ance which is all the more palpable as the author row enlarges, to what
seems an unnecessary extent, on anatomical details.

No less than nineteen pages are filled with minute descriptions of the
internal structure of Helix aspfersa, and about the same space is allotted to
Anodonta cygnea. All this might easily have been dispensed with, since we
are promised (p. 184) a still further account of their various organs later on,
of which a portion is contained in part 4. It is true that in the pages
referred to, students of malacology, still unacquainted with the beautiful
drawings of the masterpieces of dissection by Professor Howes, are given
an opportunity of seeing his choicest works rendered in excellently executed
prints. But it must be remembered that it still remains for the author of
the Monograph to acquaint us fully with the development, origin, past
history, geographical distribution, and habits of the British mollusca before
he can begin the description of the individual species, and it would be well
to expedite the issue of the succeeding parts.

Having now dealt with a few points in this work which seemed to us to
call for criticism, it gives us much pleasure in conclusion to express our sense
of the value of the work asa whole. The author has evidently spared no
pains in ransacking zoological literature in order to find suitable original
figures of all the parts and organs of our British species, with the result that
no malacological work, we believe, has ever been published containing such
a wealth of admirable illustrations and printed in such good style, whilst the
author throughout expresses himself well and clearly.

J.C., vili., July, 1897.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 423

“Preliminary Outline of a New Classification of the Family M/urz-
cide,” by F. C. BAKER, ex, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. 2, no. 2,
1895. [Classification based on shell, animal, operculum, and radula ;

definitions given of sub-families, genera, sub-genera, and sections].

‘Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro,” vol. 8, 1592.

“‘Descripcao e anatomia da Peltella,” by Dr. H. von IHERING.
[ Peltella is closely allied to Bzlzmzlus, if indeed it be not a direct modi-
fication of this genus].

Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, nos. 1109-1111.

“On the Genus Remondia Gabb., a Group of Cretaceous Bivalve
Mollusks,” by T. W. STANTON. ‘“‘ Descriptions of Tertiary Fossils from
the Antillean Region,” by R. J. LECHMERE Guppy and W. H. DALL
[many n.spp. figured]. ‘‘ Report on the Mollusks collected by the Inter-
national Boundary Commission of the United States and Mexico, 1892-94,”
by W. H. DALL [7 n.spp. with figs. ].

Report of the Horn Expedition to Central Australia—Mollusca,
by RaLex Tare, with an Appendix on Anatomical Characters, by C.
HEDLEY, p. 181-226, pl. 17-19, 1806.

[Prior to the Hlorn Expedition, only three species of land shells were
known from this region; the number has now been increased to twenty-
five, though there are no new genera; in the fluviatile mollusca thirteen
species were found, whereas only one had been known before. The new
genus Jstaorella is proposed for Physa newcombt Ad. & Ang., and some
half-dozen other species. Mr. Hedley’s anatomical appendix treats of
Bithinia australis, Microphyura hemiclausa, Thersites setigera, Libarus
spencerz and several species of Xanthonzelon),

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

1896, part 2.

‘*A remarkable Central American Melanian,” by H. A. PILsBRY
| Pachychewlus Dallt, figured]. ‘‘ Catalogue of the species of Cerzon, with
descriptions of new forms,” by H. A. Piitspry and E. G. VANATTA
[4 subgg. Lostrophia, Cerion, Strophiops, Diacerion, 70 spp. catalogued,
II n.spp., and some old described and figured]. ‘‘ Revision of the North
American Slugs, Arvzolzmax and Aphallarion,” by H. A. Pitspry and E. G.
VANATYA [A7iolzmax columbianus Gld., A. californicus Coop., Aphallarion
n.g. for A. duttoni n.sp., all fully described and figured, with anatomical
details]. ‘‘ Insular Land-shell Faunas, especially as illustrated by the data
obtained by Dr. G. Baur in the Galapagos Islands,” by W. H. Datu
[an important discussion of the faunistic relations of these islands, with list
of species.and figures of many forms].

Part 3, Sept.-Nov., 1896.

““New and interesting Eocene Mollusca from the Gulf States,” [with 6
plates], by G. D. Harris. ‘‘ Contributions to the Zoology of Tennessee,
no. 4, Mollusks,” by H. A. Pitspry and S. N. RHoaps [169 spp., several
new]. ‘‘ New species of Freshwater Mollusks from South America,” by
H. A. Privsspry [7 n.spp. and varr. figured].

424 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 44, no. 1 (dated ‘‘1er.Janvier, 1896,”

received Dec. 21st, 1896).

‘‘Observations sur quelques Coch/ostyla des Philippines,” by J. G.
Hipatco. ‘‘Sur Vhabitat du Cyprea aurantium Martyn, ou aurora
Solander,”’ by J. G. HIDALGO [neighbourhood of Yap, Western Caroline
Is.]. ‘‘ Additions a la Faune malacologique terrestre et fluviatile de la
Nouvelle-Calédonie et de ses dépendances,” by H. Crosse. ‘‘ Descriptions
d’especes nouvelles de Mollusques, provenant de I’ Archipel de la Nouvelle-
Calédonie,” by J. HERVIER [Figures and full descriptions of forms previously
diagnosed, cf. Melvill and Standen, p. 419, aztea].

Vol. 44, no. 2 (dated ‘‘ter Avril, 1896,” received 12th April, 1897).

“Descriptions des coquilles de quelques espéces nouvelles ou peu connus
des Pleurobranchides,” by A. V AYSSIERE [Bouvierta n.subg. allied to Ber-
thella; 4 n.spp. figured ; list of known Plewrobranchide)}. ‘‘ Descriptions
d’espéces nouvelles de Mollusques, provenant de I’ Archipel de la Nouvelle-
Calédonie (suite), by J. HERVIER [14 n.spp.].

Vol. 44, no. 3 (dated ‘‘ter Juillet, 1896,” received 28th May, 1897).

“ Etudes comparatives sur la coquille des Lamellibranches— Condylo-
cardia, type nouveau de Lamellibranche,” by F. BERNARD. ‘‘ Note sur le
genre Fterosoma de Lesson,” by H. Crosse [historical]. ‘‘Observations sur
quelques Coch/ostyla des Philippines,” by J. G. Hipauco. ‘‘ Description
dune nouvelle espece de Cassis [C. crossez],” by J. G. Hipatco. ‘Note
sur la distribution géographique du Cyfrea achatidea Gray (C. physis auct.,
zon Brocchi), dans la Méditerranée,” by H. Crosse [with figs.]. ‘‘ Descrip-
tion de deux espéces nouvelles de Azlémulus,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG
[B. Bouvieri Pernambuco; B. Moniezt hab. ? figured).

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 20,

part 2, 1896.

“Descriptions of New Species of Marine Mollusca of South Australia,”
by J. C. VERcoO [11 n.sp., figured].

Science Gossip, vol. 3. nos. 31-35, Dec., 1896-April, 1897.

“‘Armature of Helicoid Landshells,” by G. K. GubDE [five parts con-
tinued]. ‘‘ Foreign varieties of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca,”
by T. D. A. CoCKERELL [AHyalinia and Vitrina]. ‘‘The Channel Islands,”
by A. H. Basrian [records of A/urex erinaceous, Purpura lapilius, and
Tapes palustra (sic)). ‘* The Eggs of the Pearly Vautz/us” [Note on Willey’s
discovery]. ‘‘The value of Specimens” [Notes on the Cholmondeley Sale].
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, année 27, nos. 315-319, Jan.-

Mai, 1897. :

‘“Revue de paléonconchologie,” by M. CossMANN. ‘‘Les plages de la
Manche: mollusques recueillis entre Bénerville et la Dives (suite),” by
A. DotiFus [Notes on and figures of several Pelecypods]. ‘‘ Culture des
huitres chez les Romains” [Notice of Giinther, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.,
March, 1897].

The Annals of Scottish Natural History, nos. 21, 22, Jan., Apr. 1897.

“Helix lamellata in East Lothian,” and ‘‘ Vertigo sudbstriata in Mid-
lothian,” by WM. EvANs.

J.C., viii., July, 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 425

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 4, nos. 4, 5, April, May, 1897.

““A Day’s Dredging off Ballycastle, Co. Antrim,” by G. W. CHASTER
[list of about 180 spp., Leda pusilla, Homalogyra polyzona, new to Britain ;
Adeorbis unisulcatus n.sp., cf. p. 373 antea).

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 5, no. 4, Dec. 31, 1896; vol. 6, no. 1,

May 3, 1897]. :

“Tist of the Clausilie of S. America, with the description of a new
species” [C/. eve, figured], by E. R. SyKEs. ‘‘ Supposed new varieties,”
by T. D. A. CocKERELL. ‘‘To cook snails,” by F. STEPHENSON. ‘‘ On
the anatomy of Budzmus sindstrorsus Deshayes,’ by W. Moss and W. M.
WEBsB [with plate i.] ‘‘ A few notes on slugs,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL.
“‘On the specific name of Helix ertcetorum Miiller,” by A. S. KENNARD
[this name is preferred to 7. zfa/a]. ‘‘Some observations on certain species
of Arion,” by W. E. CoLLINGE [with plate ii]. ‘‘Some sciagraphs of
shells” [plate iii]. ‘‘Some French methods of cooking snails,” by F.
STEPHENSON.

Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and

Philosophical Society, vol. 41, part 3.

“Descriptions of new species of Brachiopoda and Mollusca from the
Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire,” by H. BOLTON.
“ Descriptions of thirty-four species of Marine Mollusca from the Arabian
Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman,” by J. Cosmo MELVILL [with 2 pls. ].

+82 —_____—

CONCHOMOGCICALS SOCIETY.
OFT GREATS B RiGh AN SAN DEERE Ie ANID):

PROCEEDINGS.

260th MEETING, APRIL 14th, 1897.
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted :

From Mr. J. Hill, 55s.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Naturalist, no. 261, April, 1897; Manchester Microscopical Society’s
Transactions and Annual Report, 1895 ; Irish Naturalist, vol. 6, nos. 3-4,
March-April, 1897 ; Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, to July,
1894; Scottish Naturalist, no. 22, April, 1897 ; Journal de Conchyliologie,
vol. 44, no. 2, 1897; Mollusca of the Horn Expedition, by Ralph Tate
(from W. E. Hoyle).

New Members Elected:
Jas. Chanter Blackmore, F.G.S., Falkirk, Whatley Rd., Clifton, Bristol.
Arthur Edwin Boycott, The Grange, Hereford.

Candidates Proposed for Membership:
Rev. Ellerton Garside Alderson, M.A., Messrs. Thomas Bird Hall and
Henry J. West. :

426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Resignation :
Miss Amy Warren.
Alteration of Time of Meeting:
On the recommendation of the Council it was resolved: ‘*That the
September meeting and the succeeding meetings commence at 7 o’clock,
and the Council meeting at 6-30.”

Paper Read:
“‘Note on a Colony of Ceciléotdes acicula Mill. in Northamptonshire,”
by C. E. Wright.
Exhibits :
By Mr. R. D. Darbishire : Some remarkable varieties of Cyfrea tigrts,
from the collection of the late R. Cholmondeley, Esq.

By Mr. L. E. Adams: Living examples of Cectléozdes acicula, from
Kettering, in illustration of Mr. Wright’s paper ; also a series of drawings
illustrating the peculiar manner in which the animal carries its shell.

By Mr. Idward Collier: Specimens of Helzx Rzvollit and H. erronea,
from which he had removed a portion of the outer whorl to show the in-
ternal lamellee.

By Mr. W. Moss: Micro-photographs of the genitalia of Hyalinza nitida,
showing the dart 77 sz/z.

By Mr. G. B. Sowerby: About ninety species of rare and interesting
land shells, including Helix zmperator, H. sobrina, H. apollo, H. alauda,
and a fine series of varieties of A. picta; Trochatella regina; LHeiicina
constellata and Hf. bellula ; Chondropoma egregium: and C. mazusculum ;
Choanopoma hystrix and C. echinus-—two very remarkable species ; Cydi-
drella Elliottt, C. porrecta, C. fastigzata, and C. Brookesiana; Melanzella
acuticostata ; and many species of AZacroceramus.

By the Manchester Museum: A fine series of Anostoma ringens, A.
Verreauxtanum, and A. globulosum ; Tomigerus clausus and T, turbinatus,
from Brazil ; also Strophostoma anostomeforme and S. tricarinatum, fossils
from Miocene of Normandy and Frankfort, allied to Azostoma.

A large number of species of Odda, and allied groups, were shown by
Messrs. R. D. Darbishire, J. C. Melvill, R. Cairns, T. Rogers, and Edward
Collier. The principal features of the groups, and the more recent sub-
divisions created by Tryon, were discussed and criticised.

It was decided to make a special exhibit of the Madagascar He/zces
(sections Ampelita, Helicophanta, and Panda) at the next meeting.

261st MEETING, May 12th, 1897.
Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Prof. Sydney J. Hickson, President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
New British Mollusca, and Report on Species of the genus Auccenum,
by H. K. Jordan (from the author); Proceedings and Transactions Nova
Scotian Institute, vol. 9, 1896; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, no 319,

J.C.,; viii., July, 1897.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 427

May, 1897; The Naturalist, no. 262, May, 1897; Irish Naturalist, vol. 6,
no. 5, May, 1897; Armature of Helicoid Land-Shells, part 5, by G. K.
Gude (from the author).

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A further instalment of marine, land, and fresh-
water shells from Tenby, all beautifully mounted, and choice specimens.

Donations towards Expenses of Publication:

The Editor reported that he had received the sum of £17 6s. 6d.

from anonymous donors towards this object.

New Members Elected:
Mr. Thomas Bird Hall, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry.
Rev. Ellerton Garside Alderson, M.A., Coxhead Farm, Gateacre.
Mr. Henry J. West, 21, Willow Walk, London, S.E.

Candidates Proposed for Membership:
Lieut.-Col. H. Godwin-Austen, M. Louis Vignal, Sir Rawson W.
Rawson, Major-General Linnzeus Tripe, and Rev. Edward Percy Blackburn.

Member Deceased :
Mrs. G. Linnzeus Banks.
Letter Read:
A letter was read from Mr. G. A. Stubbs, relating to the occurrence of
very large 7eliina balthica at Tenby.

Paper Read:

By Mr. W. Moss: ‘“‘ Preliminary Note on the Genitalia of Hyalinza

(Zonitoides) netida Mill. and Ay. excavata Bean.”

Exhibits :

_ By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: Series of very large Ze//ina balthica, from Pen-
dine; Hyalinia cellaria and var. albina, Hy. alliaria and var. viridula,
Hy. nitidula, Hy. Draparnaldi, Succinea elegans var. ochracea, Cochlicopa
lubrica, Carychium minimum, Valvata cristata, Physa hypnorum and var.
major, Pistdium pusellum and P. fontinale, from various localities about
Tenby ; also Valvata piscinalis from Ratcliffe-on-Trent, Notts. ; and Svec-
cinea putris from Gloucester.

By Mr. Thos. Rogers: Deztalium abyssorum, Siphodentalium quingu-
angulare, Cadulus subfusiformis, Pecten vitreus, P. septemradiatus var.
Dumasit, Axinus croulinensis, Arca pectunculoides, Leda lucida, L. pygniaa,
Lepton nitidum, Scissurella crispata, Cardium minutissemum, and Kelliella
miliarts, all from Drobak; Montacuta Dawsont, Chiton albus, Rissoa
globulus, R. arenaria, R. castanea, and Pleurotoma pyramidatus, from
Greenland ; Axinus flexuosus and Crenella decussata, from Reykjavik, Ice-
land; TZrochus helecinus, from Vadso; Lima Loscombi and Cylichna
nitidula, from Norway.

By Mr. W. Moss: Photo-micrographs of genitalia of Hyalinza nztida
and Hyalinia excavata, and specimens of their darts and ‘‘ calcareous
organs,” in illustration of his paper.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Axodonta anatina, Unio pictorum, U. tumidus, and
Paludina vivipara, from Marple, showing various stages of growth.

428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: A sinistral specimen of Helix obvoluta
(supposed to be from Ditcham, Surrey).

Fine series of the large Madagascar He/ices, belonging to the sections
Panda, Helicophanta, and Ampelita, were shown by Mr. Edward Collier,
Mr. R. Cairns, and the Manchester Museum.

262nd MEETING, JUNE 16th, 1897.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A further instalment of shells from Tenby,
mounted in glass-topped boxes, comprising //elix granulata, Clausilia
bidentata, Pupa cylindracea, and vars. curta and albina, Balea perversa,
varieties of Limnea peregra and L. palustris, Physa fontinalis, Planorbis
albus, P. nautileus, P. spirorbis, Pisidium fontinale, P. ammnicum, P.
milium, and Spherium corneum, also varieties of Limnea peregra from
Gloucester, and He/?x excavata from York.

Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :

Journal of Malacology, vol. 6, no. 1; Transactions of the Royal Society
of Queensland, vol. 12; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of
Philadelphia, part 3, 1896; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 44, no. 3; 39th
Annual Report of the Chicago Academy of Science ; Bulletin of the Chicago
Academy of Science, no. 1; Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 41, part 3 ; The Naturalist, no. 233,
June, 1897 ; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 320 ; Shell-colouration
in British Extra-marine Mollusca, by A. E. Boycott ( from the author) ; Irish
Naturalist, vol. 6, no. 6, June, 1897.

New Members elected :
Lieut. -Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., Shalford Park, Guildford.
M. Louis Vignal, 28 Avenue Duguesne, Paris.
Sir Rawson W. Rawson, K.C.M.G., C.B., 68, Cornwall Gardens,
London, S.W.
Major-Gen. Linnzeus Tripe, 3, Osborne Villas, Stoke, Devonport.
Rev. E. P. Blackburn, The Manse, Tendring, near Colchester, Essex.

Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Miss G. M. Harrison, Messrs. C. G. Barrett, W. C. Blake, J. C. Dacie,
W. H. Dall, C. Fielding, H. B. Preston, B. Stracey, and Rev. R. A. Bullen.

Papers Read:

“‘ Notes on a Collection of Shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands,
formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species (Part
III).” by J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen.

‘Description of /elix JWatson?, a new species of land shell, dis-
covered at Madeira, by Senhor J. M. Moniz, by J. Yate Johnson, C.M.Z.S.

“Felix aspersa m. sinistrorsum at Lewes,” by C. H. Morris.

J.C., viii., July, 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 429

Exhibits :

By Mr. Roland Garnett: A beautiful series of Lemmea peregra var.
oblonga, from Boggart Hole Clough, near Manchester.

By Mr. R. Standen: Living specimens of Avzon subfuscus, Helix
nemoralts, H. rotundata, Hyalinia cellaria, Hy. nitidula, Hy. alliaria
var. wviredula, and Pupa cylindracea vax. curta, collected recently by Prof.
W. Boyd Dawkins, on the Great Skellig, west coast of Ireland. Also, on
behalf of the Manchester Museum, a series of the genus Sagda, from Jamaica,
with specimens sectioned, to show the remarkable lamellar ridge, which runs
from the mouth to the columella on the second whorl ; some remarkably fine
examples of Pedum spondylordeum, young and adult, together with a speci-
men 272 sz¢z ona piece of madrepore from the Red Sea ; and two fine specimens
of Orbzcula lamellosa, from Peru, illustrating its peculiar habit of collecting
together in masses, old and young living incompany. He also exhibited the
marine mollusca from Lifu, treated upon in the paper read.

By Rev. Canon Norman: Specimens of He/x coronula Lowe, H.
coronata Desh. recent and fossil, 4. ‘zarella Lowe, and H. Watsonz n.sp.,
in illustration of Mr. J. Yate Johnson’s paper, all from Madeira.

eS eee
DESCRIPTION OF HELIX WATSONI,

A NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELL, DISCOVERED
AT MADEIRA, BY SENHOR J. M. MONIZ.

By JAMES YATE JOHNSON, Corr.M.Z.S.

(Read before the Conchological Society, June 16th, 1897).

Helix Watsoni n.sp.—This shell belongs to Lowe’s group
Coronaria, of which H. tiarella Webb forms the best known
and most conspicuous member. Its station, like that of ZW.
grabhami Woll., is between A. tiarella and H. coronula. It
is nearer to H. grabhami than to either of the others, and as
Mr. Wollaston gave a full description of that shell, it will be
sufficient if I point out the chief differences between the two
shells, with occasional references to other shells of the group.
ff, Watsont is smaller and darker than HZ. grabhami, with
a less elevated spire, although this is not depressed, as in Z.
coronula. ‘The beading on the three lower whorls, which is the
chief feature of the shells of this group, consists in all of them
of a regular series of white sub-triangular or trapezoidal saliences
alternating with depressions, and situate on each whorl imme-

430 JOHNSON: HELIX WATSONI, A NEW LAND SHELL.

diately under the preceding whorl. Below the braiding on the
lowest whorl of this shell, and on its underside, are about seven
spiral costee, and these are crossed at right angles by numerous
feebler ridges, thus forming a cancellated surface. The highest
of the spiral costee forming a carina is crenate as in HZ. “arel/a,
whilst in 4. grabhamz it is entire. Sometimes the underside of
the lowest whorl is only partly sculptured into continuous ribs,
the rest of the surface being studded with short discontinuous
ridges, arranged spirally. In one of the eight specimens in my
possession, the whole of the under-surface is rough, with such
short discontinuous ridges distributed in a confused manner as
are often seen in the sub-fossil shells of A. “zavella. The um-
bilicus is not so wide and open as that of HZ. grabhamt.

The shell is usually of a dark-brown colour. It has only
five whorls ; it measures from 5°5 mm. to 6°5 mm. in diameter,
and 3'5 mm. in height.

Specimens of the shell here described were detected several
years ago by the observant eye of Senhor J. M. Moniz, on that
rocky islet at the east end of Madeira which bears the name of
Ilheo dos Embarcadores, but as he omitted to note the exact
locality, he was never afterwards able to find other specimens.
This is another instance of the narrow limits within which some
of the species are confined, both in Madeira and Porto Santo.

The name of this shell has been given to it in compliment
to one of the most careful investigators of the molluscan fauna
of Madeira, the Rev. R. Boog Watson, LL.D.

———_-0-__{_

Note on Tellina balthica.—My largest specimen (a white one) is
13-inch in breadth. This mollusc is a great favourite with the gulls; they
“line-up” at the water’s edge at the time of the incoming-tide, seize any
living specimen of 7. dalthica or V. gallina, place it in safety, and when the
shell gapes, insert the beak to prevent its closing, break out a piece and
devour the contents at leisure. They care very little for AZ. stultorum, L.
undata, T. papyracea, T. tenuzs, and 7. fabula, but sometimes attack D.
vittatus and S. emsis, and always, so far as can be seen from a distance,
treat 7. dalthica and V. gallina in the above-mentioned manner.-—A. Gs
Stupps. (Read before the Conchological Society, May 12th, 1897).

J.C., vili., July, 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 431

THE MARINE SHELLS OF SCRUIENES

By J. T. MARSHALL.

(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 9th, 1896).

As supplementary to a list of the “‘ Marine Mollusca of Corn-
wall,” published recently in this journal, the following additions
are offered pertaining to Scilly only, as the compiler of that list
does not appear to have known what has been done in that
district for the last few years, and to have missed much that
has been written thereon. Those additions which pertain to
the Cornwall coast are being published in my ‘Additions to
‘British Conchology.’”

Of the thirteen species cited by Mr. Tregelles as peculiar
to Scilly, only eight are so, five of them having been found by
me on the mainland; while some other species which are truly
Scillonian appear to be unknown to him. And his summary
of the number of species, both for Scilly and Cornwall, requires
amendment.

It should also be stated that Mr. Clifford Burkill is not
responsible for any of the records attributed to him by Mr.
Tregelles ; he did not work out any of the Scilly shells, nor
write a line thereon. The addition of his name to the papers
was purely complimentary, as the pioneer in a series of dredg-
ings among the Scilly Islands in which three other gentlemen
have taken part, one of them twice—Mr. A. Somerville, F.L.S.,
the Rev. Dale Roberts, and Mr. John Lane. I have besides
obtained various independent dredgings from the Menavawr or
Atlantic side of the Scilly Islands, a locality which, I venture to
predict, will yield many more new species to the adventurous
dredger who will essay this stormy part of the ocean.

The following are all new to Scilly, and those with an
asterisk are new to Britain :—

* Previous Papers under this heading will be found in J. of C. for Jan., 1885; April,
1886 ; Jan., 1889; and April, 1897,

432

Anomia patelliforms L.

Lepton nittdum var. prstdials Jeff.

Cartium papillosum Poli.

C. fasctatum var. alba Jeff.
*Tellina serrata Brocchi.
*Amphidesma castaneum vax. sub-

trigona Monts.

Chiton cinereus var. rissod Jeff.

Tectura virginea vax. conica Jeff.

Emarginula fissura var. subde-

pressa Jeff.

Calyptrea chinensis L.

*Phastanella pullus var. pulchella
Récl.

* Rrssoa striatula v. ecartnata Monts.
*R. subsoluta Arad.
R. semtstriata vax. pura Jeff.
R. cingillus var. graphica Turt.
Hydrobia ulve Penn.
Hf. ulve var. minor Marsh.
Barleeta rubrav. unifasciata Mont.
B. rubra var. pallida Jeff.
Skenea planorbis var. hyalina Jeff.
Scalaria trevelyana Lch. (confimd.)

Odostomia albella vy. subcylindrica
Marsh.

O. rissotdes var. nitida Ald.

O. pallida var. crassa Thomp.

O. warrent var. intermedia Marsh.
. znnovata Monts.

. acicula var. obeliscus J eff.

SESES

. ventricosa Forb.

MARSHALL: THE MARINE

SHELLS OF SCILLY.

*Kulima petitiana Brus.

E. tntermedia Cant.

EE. perminima Jett.

EL. philippit vax. gracilis F. & H.
*E. monterosatz De Bourg.

4+. bilineata var. albtda n.var.

Natica catena DaC.

NV. glaucina var. subcvalts Jeff.

* Adeorbis subcarinatus vax. tnter-
rupta, . var.

Cerithiopses tubercularts v. acicula

Brus.

C. tubercularis m. clarkez Jeff.
*C. barleet vax. scalaris Monts.
*C. barleet m. interrupta, n.f.

C. metaxe var. alba Marsh.

C. metaxe var. angustisstma Forb.

Trophon muricatus var. lactea Jeff.

T. truncatus Str.

Nassatncrassatay. stmulans Jett.

Defrancia linearis v. alba Marsh.

D. reticulata v. formosa Jeff.

Pleuvotoma costata v.coarctata ¥orb.

Pleurotoma brachystoma Ph.

P. nebula var. elongata Jeff.

Marsinella levis var. oblonga Jeff.

Utriculus truncatulus var. pellu-
cida Brown.

Philine angulata Jett.
Cylichna nitidula Lov.

Limacina retroversa var. macan-
dree F. & H.

It may be of interest to enumerate here some of the more
remarkable species dredged on the Atlantic slopes off Scilly by
the ‘ Porcupine’ in 1870, which have been worked out since the
publication of the ‘Porcupine’ report. The dredgings in this
region were very prolific in all branches of marine zoology, the
species of mollusca exceeding 200, mostly from 690 and 717

fathoms, and about 150 miles from the Scilly Islands :—

J.C., viii,, July 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 433

Terebratella spitsbergensis Dav.

Dacrydium vitreum Moll.

Leda sericea Jett.

L. lucida vax. dechivis Jeff.

*L. pusilla Jeff.

Lepton clarkie Clk.

Montacuta tumidula Jeff.

Stphodentalium lofotense Sars.

Propilidium ancyloides Forb.

Iphitus tuberatus Jeff. (a second
specimen).

RRissoa delictosa Jeff.

Achs wallert v. minor Jeff. =
A. extgua G. O. Sars.

Odostomia eximza Jeff.

O. scalars v. rufescens Forb.
O. ventricosa Forb.

LEulima stenostoma Jeff.
Admete viridula Fab.
Leocochlis granosa S. Wood.
Frusus fenestratus Turt.
Taranis morchizt Malm.
Defrancia teres Forb.
Pleurotoma cartnata Biv.

P. hispidula Cr. & Jan.
Ringicula leptocheila Brugnon.
Cylichna alba Br.

Scaphander punctostriatus Mi.& Ad.
Acteon exilis Jeff.

Otriculus globosus Lov.

O. lactotdes Monts. MS.
O. prelonga Jeff.

Philine nitida Jett.
P. quadrata S. Wood.

In addition to the foregoing, there remain various new
species still undescribed among the Pleurotomide, Cypreide,
Bullide, &c.

The characters of the forms marked as new in the above
list will be found in my paper entitled “ Additions to ‘ British
Conchology,’” now in the press.

SEVENOAKS, TORQUAY,
December, 1896.

—_————_$-@<« -- --— ——

Limax cinereo-niger Wolff in Derbyshire.—Although this local
species usually affects logs and fungus-grown tree stumps, it occasionally,
at any rate, like its congeners, Z. maximus and L. marginatus, inhabits
the crevices of stone walls. In the early part of this month (July), 1897, I
collected eleven examples of the var. /uctwosa on a wall of Millstone Grit,
which encloses a small wood of beeches and sycamores, near the L. and
N. W. Railway Station, at Chapel-en-le-Frith, July 12th, 1897.—CHaRLEs
OLDHAM. (ead before the Conchological Society, July rath, 1897).

*This species, recorded from the Antrim coast (Chaster, Irish Nat., vol. vi., p.
124), also occurred in these ‘ Porcupine’ dredgings, as well as at the entrance to the
British Channel, in from 257 to 717 fathoms, but not in the “S. and S.W. of Ireland,”
as there stated.

3/8/97 CC

434 JOURNAI. OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONCHOLOGICAL SOGIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.

263rd MEETING, JULY 14th, 1897.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. W. E. Hoyle, Hon. Sec., in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Transactions and Annual Report for 1896 of the Manchester Micro-
scopical Society; Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, part 1, 1897; Some Observations by English Naturalists on the
Fauna of Rathlin Island and Ballycastle District, by R. Standen and others;
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 44, no. 4; The Naturalist, no. 264; La
Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 321; The Irish Naturalist, vol. 6,
no. 7; The Scottish Naturalist, no. 23; Bibliography of North American
Conchology, by W. G. Binney (from Dr. Chaster ).

New Members Elected:

Miss G. M. Harrison, Nightingale House, 8, Manchester Rd., Southport,

Mr. Chas. Golding Barrett, F.E.S., 39, Linden Grove, Nunhead, S.E.

Mr. Wm. Charles Blake, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

Rey. Robert Ashington Bullen, B.A., F.G.S., Loughrigg, Somers
Road, Reigate.

Mr. John Charles Dacie, 105, Upper Richmond Road, Putney, S.W.

Mr. William Healy Dall, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.

Mr. Clement Fielding, Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorkshire.

Mr. Hugh Berthon Preston, Gampoha Estate, Uda Pussellawa, Ceylon.

Mr. Bernard Stracey, University Union, Edinburgh.

Candidates Proposed for Membership:

Miss M. Loddee, Mrs. A. F. Kenyon, Messrs. D. D. Baldwin, H.
Clifden Burnup, and Rev. Amos B. Kendig,

: Resignations :

Messrs. A. E. Baker and P. W. Abbott.

Papers Read:

*“Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad,” by E. A. Smith.

“* Additions to ‘ British Conchology” (part II.), by J. T. Marshall.

““ New form of Helzx terrestrzs Penn,” by C. E. Wright.

Exhibits:

By Mr. John Hill: Living specimens of Zestacella haliotidea, from a
garden near Derby.

By Mr. Charles Oldham : L27ax ctnereo-niger Wolff, from Derbyshire.

By Rev. J. W. Horsley : Valwata alpina, and an acuminate variety of
Linnea peregra from Hinterburg See (5,000 feet altitude) ; also a small
form of Helix arbustorum v. flavescens, with numerous strongly-corrugated
growth lines, from top of the Brunig Wylerhorn (6,580 feet altitude).

By Mr. R. Welch: Planorbis albus, from Avonell, Belfast.

J-C., viii., Oct., 1897.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 435

UPON TEE PRINCIPLES, OF
NOMENCLATURE,
INNID) IVBUBIOR, ANP IPICI CNN KOIN INO) Pas,
GENERA
OF RECENT MOLLUSCA.

(The Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, September roth, 1896).

By J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.

CONTENTS.

I. Historical Sketch and Summary of Pre-Linnzean Authors

II. Causes leading to necessary revisions in Zoological Nomen-
clature.

III. Heads of the Stricklandian Code 1842.
IV. Revision of the Stricklandian Code 1864—1866.
V. Report of the Committee on Zoological Nomenclature to the
American Association 1877.
VI. La Société Zoologique de France 1881.
VII. Comments by various writers on the subject of Nomenclature.

VIII. Dr. P. L. Sclater, F.R.S, and the Zoological Society of
London, 1896. F

IX. Code of the German Zoological Society and Das Tierreich 1896.
X. List of the Linnzean genera of Shells.
XI. Genera, about the Nomenclature of which some difference cf
opinion has existed.
XII. Observations on particular genera.
XIII. Three suggested rules for systematists.
XIV. Summary.

SEVEN years have elapsed since I last had the honour of
addressing the Members of this Society from the Presidential
chair, and in reviewing the interval I have much pleasurable
satisfaction in noting the steady growth, increase, and general
vitality pervading not only this community and this Society,
but likewise kindred institutions whose aim and vazson a’étre
are identical.

436 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Imprimis, the Malacological Society of London, called
into being three years and a half ago—in February, 1893—has
given a direct stimulus to southern conchologists, especially
those resident in the Metropolis, who, while still in the
majority of cases, retaining their membership of our Northern
Society, are unable, owing to the distance, to participate per-
sonally in our meetings.

Speaking, in the second instance, of our own Society, it
had been increasingly felt of late years that, compared with
Manchester, Leeds presented a narrower field of action, and a
less favourable position as centre of the Society, but it was
naturally considered that any proposals for a change should
emanate from Mr. J. W. Taylor, as Founder of the Society,
that he, with Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck and W. Nelson,
deserved the utmost consideration, and that their wishes with
regard to the Society’s future must be respected. It was accord-
ingly with vreat satisfaction that an amicable arrangement was
entered into, and the headquarters of the Conchological Society
transferred from Leeds to this city. This transference took
place now fifteen months ago, the Manchester Branch existing
only in suspense, whilst the Leeds Centre became a Branch.

The collections and books have likewise been removed to
the Society’s headquarters in the Manchester Museum, Owens
College. We owe our thanks to the Museum authorities for
having shewn the Society so much consideration.

Before leaving this part of my subject I should like to say
a few words to enlist the support of all malacologists in be-
half of the journal started in 1890 by Mr. W. E. Collinge,
under the title of ‘“‘ The Conchologist,” and now edited by Mr.
Wilfred Mark Webb, as ‘The Journal of Malacology.” ‘The
main articles deal with the anatomical and physiological side
of the sciences, but the journal includes an especially valuable
bibliography, reviews all important works and papers, and
publishes up-to-date lists of articles on both recent and fossil
mollusca. The magazine has thus accomplished much useful

work, and has doubtless a great future before it.
J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 437

The last seven years have likewise exhibited great acsiviy
in various other fields connected with the Mollusca. Time
does not allow me to more than allude to the new classification
of the Pelecypoda, as proposed by Pelseneer, the revision of the
Flelicide by Pilsbry, the completion of the Gastropodous
section of Tryon’s ‘“‘ Manual of Conchology,” by the same
author ; further researches into the deep sea fauna, by Dall and
others ; the publication of the wolume of the Cambridge Natural
History devoted to Mollusca, by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, a book
which, it may be said, has not a dull page in it ; the “ Mollusca
of Japan” as collected by R. E. C. Stearns, by H. A. Pilsbry;
the first three parts of J. W. Taylor’s ‘‘ Monograph of the Land
and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles”; and the second
edition issued of L. E. Adams’ work on the same subject.
So far as this country is concerned, there is no doubt that the
existence and example of our two Societiest exercise a highly
stimulating effect in this direction.

And, as Bibliography is of paramount importance in these
days of scattered papers and widely diffused literature on a
given subject, Dr. Herbert Haviland Field’s * scheme of issuing
a card catalogue of zoological literature, deserves more than a
passing notice.

The subject upon which I have elected to say a few words
this evening is one which has been recently brought to our
notice in a very prominent manner. A question which for some
years, at all events in this country, had laid dormant, and by
whose existing code of rules British zoologists and botanists had,
since the revision in 1865, been content to abide, has again
been brought to the fore, and discussions, often tending to
exhibit great divergences of opinion, as well as articles in various

+ For an almost exhaustive summary, shewing the great activity now being ex-
hibited all over the world in the study of Malacology, refer to the two last Annual
Addresses of Professor G. B. Howes, F.R.S., President of the Malacological Society
of London, 1896-97 (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. ii., pp. 57, 203).

* c.f. Bouvier, E. L., Rapport sur le projet de réforme bibliographique de M. H.
Haviland Field, Paris, 1895.

392 B.C.

438 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

serials, have abounded on the subject. It is evident that I am
alluding to the law of Priority as affecting Zoological Nomen-
clature. Our great dramatist says: ‘‘What’s in a name ?” and
this quotation, if somewhat hackneyed, is no doubt true in a
sense as applied to nomenclature.

I.—HIsToORICAL SKETCH AND SUMMARY OF PRE-LINNEZAN
AUTHORS.

It will be, I think, well to trace briefly and yet succinctly,
the gradual growth of the study of the science of Malacology
from the earliest times, giving cursory mention of the leading
writers on the subject, until the time of Linnzeus.

Genera were more or less recognized by many of the
pre-Linnzan writers, but till the time of Lang, 1722, each species
was designated by a description, couched in general words,
often lengthy, and forming a sentence by itself, and although
generic terms were more stable, there was no actual recognized
form of arrangement, and authors altered, annulled, or super-
seded the work of their predecessors without let or hindrance.
Scientific nomenclature therefore, by degrees, lapsed into a
condition of chaos.

With the introduction, however, of the binary system,
trinomial under very especial circumstances, e.g., Cypriea caput
serpentis, Auricula auris Mide, matters assumed at once a less
complex phase, and the brevity and convenience of the system
caused its universal adoption throughout ‘the civilized world,
and at once raised the great Carl von Linné to the pinnacle
of fame, from which he will never be deposed.

ARISTOTELES, in the fourth century before the Christian
era, the celebrated philosopher, whose Mecenas was no less a
personage than Philip and, subsequently, his son Alexander,
of Macedonia, may be said to be the father, systematically
speaking, of Malacology, as of other natural sciences, but

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 439

passing by his time, and excepting the Roman, C. PLinius
SEcunpbws, the Elder (ob. A.D. 79), we find that until fourteen
centuries later little advance was made in any of these branches
of science. ‘These might indeed be called the “ dark” ages.

VINCENTIUS BELLOVACENSIS and ALBERTUS MAGNUS, in
1494-95, both published treatises, in which mention of a few
shells occurred. 7

Fifty-five years later, GESNER, RONDELET and BELON came
on the scene. ‘The first of these, Conrad Gesner, divides shells
into four classes, Univalvia, Bivalvia, Turbinata and Anomata ;
the first section constituting only the Pate/le and Haliotis, the
third most of our Gastropoda, the last, star-fish, Medusze, and
the like, long since expunged from the ‘‘ Testacea.”

BELON, In 1553, published a work termed “ De Aquati-
libus,” containing a few figures of shells. RoNDELET, a doctor
at Montpellier, issued a treatise, ‘‘ Universa aquatilium
historia,” containing many representations of ‘Testacea.

In the following century, the great Aldrovandus, a few of
whose generic names have been adopted by binomial writers,
flourished, and in 1606 his well-known work, ‘‘De Mollibus
Crustaceis, Testaceis et Zoophytis,” saw the light. He classified
molluscs in three sections, Univalvia, Turbinata, and Livalvia,
mixing up Echini, Lepades, and such like with the Gastropods
or Turbinata. ‘lhe Univalves comprised, as in Gesner’s
method, Haliotis and Patella.

Fasius COLUMNA in 1616 published a work on the Purple-
dye Fish, entitled ‘‘ De Purpura ab animali testaceo fusa, de hoc
ipso animali, aliisque rarioribus testaceis quibusdam.”

Several writers, almost forgotten in Conchology, ‘whose
names are commemorated however in Botanical Science, e.g.,
Basit, BESLER and Cuiocco followed, the latter publishing
at Verona a full account of the shells of Signor Calceolari in
the “‘Museum Calceolarium.” This would appear to be the
earliest museum catalogue extant, so far as natural science Is

A.D. 79

1494-95

1550

1553

1555

1606

1616

1642

1653

1657

1667-68

1675

440 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

concerned. There were two Beslers, the younger brother,
M. P. BrEsLer, published in 1642 ‘‘Gazophylacium rerum
naturalium,” including a few figures of shells.

D. OLaus WorMIus in 1653 published an account of his
private museum, figuring the Zefas anatifera on p. 256 of
the work.

Jounston, of Amsterdam, in 1657, gave to the world his
“ Historia naturalis de exsanguibus aquaticis,” figuring some
leading shells, and he followed this up with another work,
“Thaumatographia naturalis,” 1665.

DE RocHFort, in Paris, 1667, and ADAM OLEARIUS, in
1668, both published conchological treatises, the former on the
shells of the Caribbees, with figures of a few species, the latter

”

the ‘“‘Museum Gottorpianum,” a quarto work, containing an
account of the collection of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp,
with fine plates of shells, referred to by Linnzus in his
“Systema Nature.”

The celebrated “Pinax rerum naturalium Britannicarum”
was next to see the light, published in London by MERRET in
1667. This is the earliest catalogue extant of the natural
history of our country. The conchological portion, however,
is extremely scanty.

Dr. CHARLETON, or CARLETON, author of the ‘‘Onom-
asticon zoicum,” 1668, followed Aldrovandus, and Johnston of
Amsterdam, to whom we have just alluded, in his arrangement
of Testacea. He admits ten univalve genera, and several
bivalve, these latter being most artificially and unsuccessfully
separated by their rough or smooth surfaces, as conchae laeves
and conchae asperae.

D. Major, the annotator of the work of Fabius Columna,
published his “ Dictionarium Ostralogicum” in 1675. He
divides all shells into two classes only, Vxzvalvia and Plurivalvia,
the second divided into two sub-sections, the latter being
Lepades. Lovell Reeve, in his introduction to the “‘Conchologia
Systematica,” considers him one of the most important fore-

runners in the science.
J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 44i

Lrcati, of Bologna, published the account of the ‘ Museo
Cospiano’ in 1677; it contains the collection of Signor Fer-
dinand Cospi, and includes that of Aldrovandus.

Dr. NEHEMIAH GREW, 1681, gave, in an account of the
Museum of the Royal Society, about thirty-five figures of
shells, with their English vernacular names. Linnzus named
the genus Grew7a, in botany, in his honour.

The important work of Buonanni, 1681, follows. Origin-
ally printed in Italian, it was republished in Latin under the
title ‘‘Recreatio mentis et oculi in observatione animalium
testaceorum.” Linnzeus often quotes the 550 figures of shells
in his “‘Systema.” This makes the work of Buonanni valuable
for reference. His arrangement and descriptions are much
criticized by Bergen and others. A want of uniformity is per-
ceptible throughout, and also a lack of power of classification.

At this period two of our countrymen brought to light
some conchological matter, the first in the “Scotia illustrata ”
of Sir Robert Sibbald. Here the land and freshwater shells
are separated, as a different class, from the marine.

Mr. W. Cote also published in 1689 a treatise on the
Purpura (Buccinum Jlapillus L.) in the Transactions of the
Royal Society. Dr. MArTIN LISTER, a third, and more distin-
guished British subject now follows. His chief work, “‘ Historia
sive synopsis methodica conchyliorum,” was begun in 168s,
and concluded in 1692. It was the outcome of many shorter
essays and pamphlets published previously. He divides his
treatise under four heads :—

(2) De turbinibus terrestribus.

(6) De turbinibus aguae dulcis et bivalvibus aquae dulcis.

(¢) De bivalvibus marinis et conchis anatiferts.

(2) De patellis dentalibus et de buccinis marinis.
There are many plates and figures executed by Susannah and
Anne Lister, his daughters, with much boldness and fidelity.

Another work by the same author, which is especially
interesting to Englishmen, is his ‘Historia animalium Angli-

1677

1681

1668-69

1685-92

1700

1705

1708

442 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

corum. ‘This gives figures of our native shells. There was a
good republication of these great works of Lister’s in 1770,
under the direction of the Rev. W. Huddesford, then keeper
of the Ashmolean Museum, the plates having been bequeathed
by the author to the University of Oxford.

At the dawn of the next century PETIVER published
“Gazophylacium nature et artis,” containing figures of shells
referred to occasionally by Linnzeus; and LEEUWENHOEK, the
great microscopist, also published a treatise on the internal
anatomy of shell-bearing mollusks.

The great RUMPHIUS now appears on the scene. He must
have travelled widely, and found in Amboyna the most choice
assortment of natural history objects, sufficient to publish a large
and expensive work, “‘Amboinsche Rariteitkamer.” Over half
of the total number of plates are devoted to pictorial representa-
tions of shells, and Linnzeus owes much to this author, as the
frequent references in the “ Systema” amply testify. Rumphius
lived at a time when, especially in Holland, the mania for
collecting and giving extravagant prices for shells was at its
acme ; it was in these days that the wealth ofa collector was often
centred in the possession of a wentle-trap, a cone, or a thorny
oyster. The unique and magnificent Plewrotoma Rumphit
Stimpson, of which the only specimen is to be found in the
Royal Museum, Holland, has been aptly named in his honour.
Another writer of less note than Rumphius, but of the same
nationality, and flourishing at the same time, was Levin VIN-
CENT, who published a description of his museum under the
title of ‘‘ Woondertooneel der Natuur,” 1706.

It was JoSEPH PITTON DE ToURNEFORT, the great leader
of botanical research in France, who died 1708, to whose
intellect and sagacity the dawn of modern classification may be
traced. Himself the principal scientist of his time in the
branches which he had studied, it was not long before his death
that he began to turn his attention to Zoology.

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 443

The treatise he had prepared on this subject remained un-
published till 1742, when it was given to the world by
Gualtieri, incorporated in his ‘Index testarum conchyliorum
queze adservantur in Muszeo Nicolai Gualtieri.” This was
published at Florence, and contained over one hundred plates
of shells. No one can peruse the system adopted by Gualtieri,
who had become possessed of the MS. of Tournefort’s work,
without at once perceiving the fount from which Linnzeus
sought, and obtained, inspiration.

Following the date of the death of Tournefort, we next in
chronological order, arrive at REAuMUR, who published in
1715-17 some physiological works on testaceous animals, in-
cluding the formation of pearls in the oyster.

Several conchologists of less note, BARRELIER, RuyscH,
VALENTINI, and others, followed, until in 1722 the appearance
of a most important work created quite an epoch in the science.

This was the ‘“‘Methodus nova testacea marina in suas
classes, genera, et species distribuendi” of CaroLus NICOLAS
Lane or LANnGIus, and was a quarto work published at Lucerne.
Dr. Maton, to whose disquisitions on the subject of these
pre-Linnzan authors we are all indebted, says truly of him
that ‘‘ his system, so far as Marine Testacea are concerned, and
of these alone he treats, certainly glances at the great clue to
simplicity, which was afterwards so successfully and admirably
seized by the great reformers of natural history in general.”
In this work great stress was laid upon

(a) The hinge of Bivalves.
(4) The mouth of Univalves.

Langius divides shells into three classes :—
(a) Testacea marina univalvia, non turbinata.
(6) Cochleae marinae,

(c) Conche marine.

1742

1715-17

1722

1725

1728

1732

1728-40

1742-80

1744

1750-53

444 MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

These again are sub-divided into several sections :—(qa) into
two ; (4) into six; (c) into three. These again are divided
into many genera: one hundred and ten in all.

Sir Hans Stoane in his “ History of Jamaica,” 1725,
alludes to the molluscan productions of that island. He was
the founder of the British Museum.

In 1728 J. E. HEBENSTREIT published an ambitious dis-
sertation on shells, “ De ordinibus conchyliorum methodica
ratione instituendis,” but it was not so concise or valuable as that
of Langius, from whom, however, he took many hints, and
to whose bases of classification he adhered.

BREYNIUS in 1732 gave to the world “ Dissertatio physica
de polythalamicis,” an arrangement of shells, recent and fossil.
He, with Langius and Klein, is considered to be the principal
pioneer of Linnzeus, Tournefort always excepted.

Several molluscan writers now came to the fore. Du
HamMEL and SWAMMERDAM both writing on the Purpura,
PLANcus, on the minute shells collected in the Adriatic Sea
near Rimini.

KUNDMANN a year or two previously, 1728, had published
“‘Promptuarium rerum naturalium et artificialium.” He followed
Buonanni exactly in his method of classification. Now comes
a work much quoted by Linnzeus—D’ARGENVILLE’s “La Con-
chyliologie,” which went through three editions, and possessed
a series of plates, with copious figures.

Almost the first, if not quite the first North American
publication on the subject was that of BARTRAM, who in 1744,
issued his “Observations concerning the Salt Water Muscle,
the Oyster Banks, and the Fresh Water Muscle of Pennsyl-
vania.”

JouHNn THEODORE KLEIN published in 1750, at Leyden,
“‘ Descriptiones tubulorum marinorum,” containing nine plates
of shells, followed in 1753, by his far-famed “ Tentamen methodi

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 445

ostralogicze sive dispositio naturalis cochlidum et concharum
in suas classes, genera, et species.”

Dr. Marton says about this author’s work “It has been
objected that the general divisions, forming parts, sections,
classes, and genera are too numerous, and, what is worse, that
species are constituted, in some instances, without being
referable to any genus, and that in one of the parts there is a
solitary genus without any class.”

A short summary of Klein’s arrangement may not be con-
sidered out of place here :—

He tabulates four divisions :

I.—COCHLIDES.
§ a. Cochlis simplex. § § 6. Cochlis composita.
Under §@ come Nautilus, Nerita, Trochus, Strombus, Buc-
cinum, Turbo.

Under §§ 4 come Bulla, Porcellana (Cypraza), and Murex.

IIlL—CONCH&.
$a. Monoconche. §§4. Disconchze zquales.
§§$§c. v Disconchee inzequales.
In § a are comprised Patella and allies.
In §$ 6 are comprised Ostrea, Spondylus.
In §§§¢ are comprised Terebratula and other Brachiopoda.

III.—POLYCONCHE.
This includes the Lepades and Chitones.

IV.—NIDULI TESTACEI.
This includes Balani.

This work is of supreme importance ; indeed many writers,
principally of the French school, advocate Klein as the father
of the binomial system, and do not consider that his genera
should be superseded or overlooked because not utilized by
Linneus. They were ali utilized and recognized by H. and A.
Adams in their “Genera of Recent Mollusca,” 1853-58,

1755

1756

1757

1735-58

1746

446 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Between 1750 and 1760 flourished CoHanskEn, of Frankfort,
the author of ‘‘ Conspectus sciographius Testaceorum ;” NICOLAS
GEORGE GEVE, of Hamburg, editor of an illustrated periodical
devoted to sea productions, and GUETTARD, 1756, who pub-
lished in the Memoirs of the French Academy some new
genera of shells, several of which are still recognized, having
been adopted by subsequent binomial authors. His principal
work was styled ‘‘Sur la rapport qu’ll ya entre les coraux et les
tuyaux marins.”

Our countryman, Dr. PaTRICK BROWNE, in 1756, published
“A Civil and Natural History of Jamaica.” Some of his genera
are still adhered to.

The immediate predecessor of Linnzeus in mollusca was
the famous MicHAEL ADANSON, whose chief work ‘ T/histoire
naturelle du Senegal,” was published in 1757. He was born
in Provence in 1727. The above work contained an enu-
meration ot Mollusca, both generic and specific, many of the
names preterred being not classical, e.g., Mesal, Nifat, Mutel,
Tafon, Sigaret, etc. He was just one year behind the date
of the tenth edition of the “Systema Nature,” which certainly
interfered with the permanence of his work. His memory has,
however, always been highly honoured, especially by the
naturalists of Europe. Linnzeus named in his honour the most
famous perhaps of all trees, the Baobab Tree of Africa (Adan-
sonia digitata), and MM. Crosse and Fischer have also described
the superb Pleurotomaria from Guadaloupe, a specimen of
which adorns our National Museum at South Kensington, as
P. Adansoniana.

CaRL VON LINNE, commonly known as Linnus, was born
May 13th (old style), 1707, at Rashault, province of Swaland,
Sweden. Putting aside his labours and fame as a Botanist and
Zoologist in other branches than the mollusca, we find that in
1746 he gives an account of many species of shells in the
‘Fauna Suecica.” This was followed in 1747 by the results of

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 447

his travels in Gothland, ‘‘ Wastgota resa forratted ar TAO”
which gives figures of shells observed on his journey. He next
described the contents of three museums :—
(2) Museum Tessinianum, 1753.
(0) o Adolphi Frederici Sueciz regis, 1754.
(c) a Ludovicze Ulricee regine, 1764.
The first two contain hardly any allusion to Conchology, but
the last makes up for this defect, no less than 434 figures being
given.
Two or three dissertations and pamphlets now followed, e.g.,
the ‘‘Mantissa altera,” containing thirty-five descriptions of
shells, the “‘ Fundamenta Testaceologiz,” and others.

Linneus has been much, and adversely, criticised for
the portion of the “Systema Naturse” which refers to the
mollusca.

Although only the tenth (1758) and the twelfth (1767)
editions of this work are quoted as forming the starting
point for Zoological nomenclature, it must not be thought that
the genera of shells had been overlooked in the earlier editions.
But that the classification was most imperfect, is shown by
the fact that in the first edition of the “Systema,” 1735, only
seven genera are mentioned :—Cochlea, Nautilus, Cypreea,
Haliotis, Dentalium, Concha and Lepas.

It is therefore urged against Linnzeus, and with some show
of reason, that he adopted a retrograde step in this particular
science, in wilfully ignoring the previous work of authors who
had made testaceology a special study, and declining to re-
cognize their genera. More especially is this observable in the
later editions of his work. There can be no doubt that his
investigations among the shells were not so original or first-
hand as his other—more particularly his botanical—researches.
Surely it is given to no one man to excel in all branches of a
science, how much less of two sciences, and there is but little
doubt that Lang, Lister, Klein and Adanson were better con-

1758-67

448 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

chologists than he, who has the great and abiding honour,
nevertheless, of being recognized as the founder of the binomial
system.

II].—CauseEs LEADING TO NECESSARY REVISIONS IN

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.

But this new system, perhaps through its very straight-
forwardness and simplicity, opened the flood-gates to a horde
of new describers and systematists. At this early period, when
intercommunication was naturally difficult, men were often
working upon some subject in utter ignorance of other authors
similarly employed, thereby unconsciously duplicating names,
with or without proper descriptions, and bringing about an
unpleasant condition of synonymy and confusion. It was this
increasingly intolerable position of things that caused the
inauguration of the proposed ‘‘ Rules for the revision of Zoo-
logical and Botanical Nomenclature” in 1842, and while much
has been done to remedy the defects of that period of eighty-
four years or so, much, especially as regards the species, remains
to be done. .

Indeed, the only effort that had meanwhile been made to
establish and keep up such rules, was in 1813, when M. A. de
Candolle applied himself to the task in the interests of Botany
alone. He made a code, on the same lines as Linnzeus, whose
system he thus served to strengthen. He was especially rigid
on the subject of the maintenance of specific terms, excepting
in certain cases, which he summarized, always adhering to the
law of priority.

It may not be known to many of us, or perhaps be a for-
gotten fact, that Manchester was the city in which the British
Association held their famous and memorable meeting of June,
1842. Famous and memorable chiefly because a committee
which had been selected the previous year to discuss the vexed
question of a revision of Zoological and Botanical Nomencla-

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 449

ture, had meanwhile finished their labours, and submitted to
the approval of the Association, to use their own words, a
“Series of propositions for rendering the nomenclature uni-
form and permanent.” The committee originally consisted of
the following eight persons: Prof. Henslow, Rev. Leonard
Jenyns, Mr. W. Ogilby, Dr. Richardson, Messrs. Charles Dar-
win, J. Phillips, H: E. Strickland (reporter), and Mr. J. O.
Westwood, to which names were subsequently added the
following five: Messrs. W. J. Broderip, W. E. Shuckard, G. R.
Waterhouse, W. Yarrell, and Professor R. Owen. It was accord-
ingly an exceedingly representative list.

The rules will be found in the Report of the Twelfth
Meeting of the British Association (1842), pp. 105121. They
were revised, as will be presently explained, in 1864, and at the
request of the General Committee of the British Association at
the Plymouth Meeting in 1878, they were again reprinted and
edited by Dr. Philip Lutley Sclater, F.R.S.

I think it will not be amiss here to give a short outline of
what is known as the ‘Stricklandian Code,’ especially as with
the few emendations and additions, shortly to be summarised,
it is still in vogue, and will, we believe, always remain in
force, at all events in this country. And since I have just
alluded to the scene of the labours of this committee, it is
especially interesting for us to be, fifty-four years later,
gathered together in the same city to examine and taste for
ourselves the splendid fruit of the seed sown here in 1842.

II].—HEaDs OF THE STRICKLANDIAN CODE, 1842.

(1). The plan to be limited to systematic, as opposed to
vernacular, nomenclature.

Priority to be considered the only possible basis, as well as
the only just and equitable starting-point, and the date of the
commencement of Binomial Nomenclature to be that of the
XII Edition of the “ Systema nature” of Linneeus, 1767.

30/7/97 DD

450 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

(Il). Pre-Linnzean authors, as not being binomial, not to be
considered.

(III, IV, V). The generic name, as given originally to an
assemblage which might be subsequently divided, not to lapse,
but to be allowed to be used for the most typical of the newly-
constituted genera, ze, that species which the author con-
sidered most typical. Should no type have been indicated
by the author the original name to be kept for the subsequent
sub-division that first received it.

(VI, VII). A later name for the same genus to be reduced
to a synonym, provided the genus be retained as one individual
whole. If, however, it be subsequently divided by authors who
have selected as types the sections now raised to the dignity
of two genera, both the names to be kept.

(VIII). A later name, however, embracing several earlier
ones, not to stand by any pretence whatsoever.

(IX). Should a genus be extended, so as to embrace one or
two already defined and named, the earlier name to be chosen
for the whole number of species.

(X). No two genera to bear the same name. If by inadver-
tence this has occurred, the older to stand.

(XI, XII). A name, given under mistaken ideas, to be
allowed to be changed, as also names not clearly defined or
described.

(XIII). When a specific name is adopted as a new generic
term, the species, to avoid tautology, to be re-christened.

(XIV). Latin terms and words to be used, or else Latinized
Greek. Rules are given for Graeco-Latin terminology.

In addition, the following recommendations were given for
the improvement of nomenclature :—

Genera to be substantives, not adjectival in their deriva-
tion.

Geographical names only to be recommended if the object
be endemic there.

J.C., vitt., Oct., 18976

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 451

Barbarous names and mythological terms, applied without
reason, are deprecated.

Comparative names, with the affix -zdes, -ordes, -formis, etc.,
to be avoided as much as possible.

Generic and specific names from persons to be used with
care, and only when the persons have deserved such commemo-
ration.

Hybrid and corrupt names derived from Latin and Greek,
English and Latin, etc., to be severely discountenanced, as also
names too nearly resembling each other, though not quite
identical. Nonsense names likewise come under this category.

Synonyms had better not be resuscitated again as new
genera, as this would cause confusion.

Generic names to be written with a capital, and all specific
names, even those derived from persons, with a small letter.

The name of the author of the species to follow in abbre-
viated form, whether written or printed, and it is recommended
that the authority for a specific name when not applying to the
generic name also, should be followed by the distinctive expres-
sion ‘‘sp.,” or be placed within brackets.

IV.—REVISION OF THE STRICKLANDIAN CODE, 1864.

In 1864, at the Meeting of the British Association at Bath,
a committee was appointed to report on any revision it might be
necessary to make in the above rules, as drawn up by Mr.
H. E. Strickland.* Unfortunately that gentleman had died
eleven years previously. The ten surviving members of the
original committee had already been re-appointed, with Sir
William Jardine, Bart., as reporter, as long ago as the Oxford
Meeting in 1860, to consider this question, but nothing had
been done in the matter, mainly owing to the extreme difficulty
of bringing such a committee together. Accordingly, a new

* Hugh Edwin Strickland, F.R.S., born 1811, accidentally killed at Clarborough,
near Gainsborough, 14th September, 1853, wéde ‘‘ Memoirs,’ by Sir W. Jardine, Bart.,
1858, ‘‘ Atheneum,” 1853, p. 1125.

452 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

committee was appointed, at the Meeting in Newcastle in 1863,
consisting of Sir W. Jardine, Bart., Messrs. A. Russel Wallace,
C. Spence Bate, Philip P. Carpenter, J. E. Gray, C. Babington,
D. Francis, Philip Lutley Sclater, Sir J. D. Hooker, J. H. Bal-
four (of Edinburgh), H. T. Stainton, J. Gwyn Jeffreys, A. New-
ton, T. H. Huxley, G. J. Allman, and G. Bentham.

The actual work of revision seems to have been carried
out by four of these gentlemen, viz. Gwyn Jeffreys, A. R.
Wallace, P. L. Sclater, and Sir Wm. Jardine as reporter.

The chief alterations and emendations, as given on p. 28
of the Report of the British Association for 1865, held at
Birmingham, are as follows :—

(I.) That Botany should not be introduced into the
Strickland rules and recommendations.

(II.) ‘That the permanency of names and convenience of
practical application being the two chief requisites in any code
of rules for scientific nomenclature, it is not advisable to dis-
turb by any material alterations the rules of Zoological
nomenclature which were authorized by Section D at the
meeting of the British Association in Manchester in 1842.

(III.) ‘That the Committee are of opinion, after much
deliberation, that the XII edition of Linné’s “Systema Naturee,”
1767, is that to which the limit of time should apply. But as the
works of Artedi and Scopoli have been already extensively used
by entomologists and ichthyologists, it is recommended that
the names contained in or used from these authors should not
be affected by this provision. ‘This is particularly requisite as
regards the generic names of Artedi used by Linnzeus himself.

Besides these three recommendations, it was proposed that
(a) it was extremely injudicious to adopt a specific name as a
generic, but that when this had been done, it was the generic
name, not the specific, which should be thrown aside, and that
the Stricklandian rule as to this should be altered.

1.C., viil., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 453

(6) Sixteen classes of objectionabie names were given, with
a view to the improvement of Zoological nomenclature in
future. These will be found on pp. 37 e¢ segg. of the Report
for 1865.

It was also (c) recommended that specific names might or
might not be written with a small initial, just as the author
thought fit.

V.—REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE TO
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION, AT NASHVILLE, AUGUST
SISA, WS a
In August, 1877, the Report of the Committee on Zoo-

logical Nomenclature, appointed by the American Association

for the Advancement of Science, was issued. It was drawn up
by that eminent scientist and conchologist, Mr. William Healey

Dall, the sole member of the committee.

The report,* which I have perused very carefully, is thus
the compilation of only one man, but he, being the leading
exponent of matters conchological in the United States, is
especially deserving of a hearing by British conchologists.

Mr. Dall obtained the written opinion of forty-five leading
scientific men in U.S.A., having asked them twenty-seven
questions in connection with the subject.. Of these, the
following are the most important, numbered as in order
given :—

(I.) What date shall be taken as the commencement of the
binomial era in nomenclature ?

Answer: For Edition X. 18 votes.

For Edition XII. 17 votes.
1736, 1 vote (Botanists, 1753, 2 votes).

(II.) Shall phrases of two words which may appear in the
publications of naturalists whose works preceded, or
who did not in such works adopt the binomial system of
nomenclature, be considered as binomial names ?

* Proc. Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, xxvi Meeting, Aug., 1877, pp. 7-56.

454 MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Answer: No. 32 votes.
WES 5 .ViOLes.

(V.) Does the reading of a paper before a scientific body con-
stitute a publication of the descriptions, or names of
animals or plants contained therein ?

Answer: No. 39 votes.
Doubtful. 2 votes.
Yes. "4. votes.

(VI.) Is a name in the vernacular of the publishing author, or
a vernacular rendering from a classical root unaccompanied
by a Latin or Greek form of the name, entitled to a recog-
nition, except in Bibliography ?

Answer: No. 36 votes.

Doubtful. 2 votes.
WES AACIES:

Four questions follow, VII., VIII., [X., X., mostly over-
whelmingly negatived, asking whether generic terms founded
without proper specification of characters, description, or
diagnosis should be admitted or recognized, and whether names
once given should be arbitrarily changed, on assumptive evidence
only of some error in derivation or the like, by a subsequent
author.

(XI.) Should a generic name, otherwise properly constituted,
but derived from the specific name of its typical species,
or similar to that of one of the species included under it,
be rejected on that account ?

Answer: No. 40 votes.
Doubtful. 4 votes.
Wess an vote:

(XII.) Shall a subsequent author be permitted in revising a
composite genus (of which no type was specified when it
was described) to name as its type a species not included
by the original author of the genus ?

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 455

Answer: No. 37 votes.
Doubtful. 2 votes.
WES 5 MOUS.

[The Linnean genus Chiton is given as example, none of
Linnzeus’ four species now being included in the typical genus. |

Questions XIII.—XVII. refer to the authorship of genera,
and rules and regulations in connection with them.

(XVIII.) When a generic name has lapsed from sufficient
cause into synonymy, should it be thenceforth entirely
rejected from nomenclature ? or should it be still applicable
to any new and valid genus?

Answer: Reject. 19 votes.
Accept. 23 votes.

(XIX.) Should a name which has been once used in one sub-
kingdom, and has lapsed into synonymy, be considered
available for use in any other if not entirely rejected from
nomenclature ?

Answer: No. 20 votes.
Doubtful. 1 vote.
Yes. 18 votes.

Questions XX.—XXIV. principally refer to the possibility
of inappropriate names being changed, statute of limitations as to
fixity of tenure of well-known names, objected to after a term of
years, etc.

(XXV.) Question asked whether it be desirable to adopt any
classification of periodical literature by which certain ex-
clusive channels of publications of descriptive papers on
Natural History shall be designated for use by authors who
desire to secure the rights of priority for new names
preferred by them ?

Answer: No. 26 votes.
Mesto) votes:
Desirable but impracticable, 9 votes,

456 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Mr. Dall includes Botanical Nomenclature as well as
Zoological in his lengthy report which follows ; for the former
largely quoting and adhering in the main to De Candolle.*

With regard to the date of the starting point of Binomial
Literature and Nomenclature, he conforms, as regards Zoology,
to the date of the XII. Edition of the “Systema Naturze,”
1766-67. In Botany, the date of the “Species Plantarum” of
Linneus, 1753.

The following restrictions, as concerning Zoology, now
follow :—

(i). That specific names shall in no case antedate the
promulgation of the Linnzean rules (“ Philosophia Botanica,”
1751), that (11) until the formal notice by publication of the deci-
sion of such associated specialists (in such manner as may be
by them determined upon) shall be decisively promulgated, the
adoption of the epoch as starting point recommended by the
Committee of the British Association in 1842, viz.:—the XII.
Edition of the ‘‘ Systema Naturee” shall be taken as the estab-
lished epoch for all Zoological Nomenclature.

It is pointed out by Prof. Verrill and others how much
better the date of the tenth edition would have been, as especially
in Arachnida and Entomology, certain authors are in danger of
having their names repudiated, who published between 1758
and 1767.

It is likewise shewn that some authors, such as Mr. G. R.
Gray in his ‘‘Genera of Birds,” adopt the I. Edition of the
“Systema,” (1735) for genera, the X. for specific names (1758).

VI.—La SocIETE ZOOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE, 1881.

In 1881 the Société Zoologique de France published the
results of the Commission appointed by that body to investi-
gate the question of nomenclature. This Commission was com-
posed of Messieurs E. Simon, F. Lataste, L. Chaper, Kiinckel

* A. de Candolle, Lois de la nomenclature botanique, rédigées et commentées, Paris, 1867.

J-C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILI.: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 457

d Herculais, Dr. Blanchard, Dr. Jousseaume, Dr. Jullien,
and the Report was prepared by M. Chaper.

Certain changes from the proposals of the British and
N. American Reports are recommended.

One important rule suggested for the future is that the
genitival termination shall be used for personal names.

And, as regards the law of priority, it is pointed out that
Tournefort de Pitton, in 1700, consistently applied for the first
time the binomial principle in his “ Institutiones rei herbariz,”
that the same author towards the close of his life, in 1708,
attempted to apply the same rule to the mollusca, and that
Gualtieri, in 1742, published this posthumous work.

It is also shewn that Lang, in 1722, published his ‘* Metho-
dus nova et facilis testacea marina in suas debitas classes,
genera, et species distribuendi.” Here Groups, Families, and
Orders are not signalized, but to some extent Genera and
Species are handled.

J. T. Klein, 1731—1753, is next mentioned as still further
perfecting the system, especially as regards the mollusca.

Breyn is shewn, in 1732, to have expressly mentioned, at
the head of the first chapter of his treatise, that he contemplated
treating ‘“‘Speciatim de methodo testas in classes genera et
species distribuendi.”

Linneeus is then quoted, with regard to the first edition
(1735) of his “Systema Naturae;” genera also here being
unequivocally dealt with, and no species being cited. Lang,
it is further argued, had, thirteen years previously, solved the
question Linnzeus had hardly begun to work out.

As regards Mollusca, the published names of genera and
species of J. T. Klein and Adanson are then brought forward,
and it is urged that they should be all adopted in preference to
the Linnzan or Lamarckian. It is shewn that Klein had
established the genera Zympanotonos and Vertagus ; Adanson

458 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Cerithium ; but that Linnzeus had failed to comprehend these,
and retrograded in placing such molluscs in the genus JZurex.

Such is in abstract the report of the French Commission,
which has been since upheld and augmented by that of the
*International Geological Congress, which met at Bologna,
188.1, under the secretaryship of M. H. Douvillé. In this the
question of the genitival case for specific proper names was
confirmed, and the question of the law of priority still further
discussed.

VII.—CoMMENTS BY VARIOUS WRITERS ON THE
SUBJECT OF NOMENCLATURE.

Dr. R. H. Traquair’st remarks on Binomial Nomenclature,
contained in his introductory address delivered 19th November,
1884, before the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, are well
worth perusal, and we think many British naturalists will agree
with his criticisms as to the alteration of an old specific name
when the generic name becomes homologous with it, with the
date-of-publication question, and with his remarks on priority.

He likewise discusses trinomialism, of which he says “there
are two kinds. ‘The first works by the institution of sib-genera.
When the species of a large genus can be arranged in subordin-
ate groups, s#b-generic titles are instituted for these ; and each of
the species, excepting those of the typical sub-division, comes to
have three names, the first generic, the second, sub-generic in
parentheses, the third specific.”

“To this I feel quite averse, as being an unnecessary inter-
ference with the shortness, conciseness, and convenience of the
binomial system.”

* * * * * % *

* Régles A suivre pour établir la nomenclature des espéces. Rapport du Secretaire de la
Commission, H. Douvillé, Congres Géologique International, Compte Rendu de la 2me
Session, Bologne, 1881-82.

t Remarks on Biological Nomenclature, Proc, Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. viil.,
Pp: 275-295, 1885.

J,C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 459

‘“‘But there is a trinomial system not connected with swé-
genera but sub-spectes. . . These sub-species belong to a
different category from accidental varieties or sports, being
characteristic of geographical regions where they breed true,
and they are in fact, in the eye of the evolutionist, species
between which the links have not been lost.”

‘“‘ Hitherto the word variety, contracted var., has been given
to them, and another way has been long ago preferred and used
by some naturalists, especially Dr. Coues, the author of the
‘Key to North American Birds.’ This plan consists in omitting
the term var., the sub-specific term being simply added, so as
to become an integral part of the name of the organism, which
accordingly becomes ¢vzzomia/, or composed of three words.”

This is, to my own mind, the most euphonious and
proper thing todo. The addition of the true specific name
would ensure perfect clearness and obviate such errors as have
occurred of iate years ; for instance certain Lepzdoptera diurna,
that are evidently only local or island races, have been
described as entirely distinct species, without any reference to
the name of their near ally and probably original parent,
and thus confusion has become worse confounded. In the
year 1888, I myself made some allusion to the subject in the
‘“‘Survey of the genus Cyprzea,’* and advocated such a plan
for all varieties.

Dr. Paul Fischer,{ in his “Manuel de Conchyliologie”
pp. 316-322, refers to the question of nomenclature, and gives
a sketch of its history, from the time of Tournefort, 1656—
1708, to 1887. He also gives some valuable notes on
synonymy, as also on the laws of heredity, selection, and
variability of species.

In 1890 Mr. Edgar A. Smith selected for his valedictory
address as president of this society the nomenclature of certain

* Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Society, (4), vol. i., p. 208, 1888,
t P, Fischer, Man. Conch. pp, 316—322, Paris, 1887,

460 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

genera of land and freshwater shells, in which he gave reasons
for :—

Viviparus A/onz¢f. 1810 supplanting Paludina Zam. 1812.

Paludestrina D’Orb. 1840 _,, Hydrobia Haztm. 1821.
non Leach (Coleoptr.).
Vitrea Litsinger 1833 i Zonites Grav 1840.

Ceecilioides Fer. % Cionella Jeff. 18209.
Cochlicopa 7zsso. 1826.
Zua Turton 1840.
Azeca Leach 1828.
SiG, (iC
Acicula /fartm. 1821 -. Acme Flartm. 1821.
Mr. Smith has also elucidated the proper nomenclature of
the genera hitherto known under the names of Triton, Oniscia,
Cassidaria, etc., for which work systematists should be much
indebted to him.

In 1893 Dr. Raphael Blanchard* presented his “ Deuxieme
rapport sur la nomenclature des étres organisés,” in which all
the questions contributed to the former meeting are discussed
still more freely, and the report of the Société Zoologique de
France, of which M. Blanchard was a member in 1881, upheld
in every particular. M. Blanchard is even more emphatic than
M. Chaper in his views as to Tournefort de Pitton, Lang, Klein
and Adanson. “It is to Tournefort,” he remarks, “that the
glory undoubtedly accrues of having founded the principle of
binary nomenclature.” Every plant, says Tournefort, in his
‘“‘Institutiones rei herbariz,” 1719, which is designated by a
generic name should have a specific attached as well. * *
One ought, so to speak, to abstain from employing the numbers
I, 2, 3, 4,5, etc.,as so many Botanists have done, to the species.”
He then adds that the “‘specific name should be chosen in
particular reference to some peculiarity of the plant, either with

Blanchard, R., Deuxiéme rapport sur la nomenclature des étres organisés ; Rapport
présenté au deuxieme Congrés international de Zoologie réuni a Moscou du 1o/22 au
18/30 Aout, 1892, Paris, 1893.

J.C., viii., Oct., 1807.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE, 401

regard to its flowers, leaves, or fruit ; and, finally, that it is of
importance that the specific name should be very brief and
concise.”

Tournefort applied these principles mainly to Botany, and
very many of his names are adopted by Linnzus, who fully
recognized the great value of his work.

M. Blanchard next emphasizes again very strongly the
claims of C. N. Lang as the author of the Binomial system as
regards Mollusca, and his immediate followers, Klein and
Adanson. It introduces no matter of interest that had not
been already dealt with at the former convention.

The Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., published in Nov.,
1894, and April, 1896, two very interesting articles,; which have
since been reprinted as separate pamphlets, on the “ Rules ot
Nomenclature in Zoology” and on ‘“ Random Publishing and
Rules of Priority.”

In the paper on “ Random Publication,” he suvvests the
possibility of one central medium for each science, e.g., that all
new Mollusca (p. 343) should be published in France or
Germany. I am afraid this very Utopian scheme is impracti-
able ; were it possible, I, for one, should vote for the Mollusca
being published in British journals,

In his pamphlet on the ‘ Rules of Nomenclature in
Zoology,’ Mr. Stebbing criticizes the recent meeting of the
Zoological Society of London, to which we have already alluded,
and their discussion on the revision of the Stricklandian Code
and that of the German Zoological Society. ‘The author seems
to agree with the alterations proposed, as indeed do I, and it
would be a very great satisfaction if this concession—for con-
cession it is—on the part of the biologists of our country should
tend in part to unite scientists of different countries more
closely, and enable them to frame in unison an indisputable
code that admits of no question and of no doubt. ‘ Natura

+ ‘‘ Natural Science,” vol. v., Nov., 1804, and vol. viii., April, 18¢6.

462 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

non facit saltum.” The whole array of animated nature is
before us, awaiting patiently a valid enrolment and arrange-
ment, systematically and physiologically, and the day is sure to
dawn when this will be done.

Two other codes of nomenclature, mainly referring to birds,
have been published, one being the ‘Check List of American
Birds,” adopted by the American Ornithologists’ Union, New
York, 1886; and the other “Regeln fiir die Zoologische
Nomenclatur, angenommen von der Allegemeinen Deutschen
Ornithologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin auf der XVI. Jahres-
versammlung in Frankfurt-am-Main,” 1891.

VIII.—CoprE oF THE GERMAN ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, 1896.

Lastly, and most important of all since the original code
was drawn up, the rules suggested by the German Zoological
Society must be noticed. ‘The rules of the German Zoological
Society most affecting those already in existence are—

Rule tr.

(az) Zoological Nomenclature includes extinct as well as

recent animals, but has no relation to Botanical names.
Rule 5.

(6) The same name may be used for the generic and

specific name of a species.
IRWS 9,

(c) The application of the law of priority begins with the

X. Edition of Linnzeus’ “ Systema Nature (1758).”
Rule 19.

(2) The author’s name of the species shall be placed in
parentheses when the original generic name is replaced by
another.

Rule 20.

(e) Hybrids shall be designated either by a_ horizontal
cross between the parents’ names, or by their names being
placed one above the other with a line between.

J.C., vili., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 463

Rule 21.

(/) Sub-species and other deviations from the type, and
also constant local forms and varieties requiring special names,
should have them placed after the specific name.

It was the publication of these rules that caused Mr.
P. L. Sclater, F.R.S., the Secretary of the Zoological Society
of London, in the spring of this year (1896), to introduce the
subject and invite a discussion, at which those proposed clauses
which sought to revise and alter certain existing rules of the
Stricklandian Code were especially criticised.

These rules* were mainly framed with a view to aid the
compilers of the gigantic synopsis of the animal kingdom now
being entered upon by German specialists, about which I shall
shortly say a few words, and the chief points raised, as seeking
to subvert the existing laws, were

(a) May Zoological names be, in certain cases identical
with those employed in Botany or not ?

(6) May the same term be used for the generic and
specific name of any individual ?

(c) Is the tenth (or twelfth) edition of the ‘‘ Systema
Nature” of Linnzeus to be employed as a starting point of all
Nomenclature in Zoology ?

After a prolonged discussion in which Sir William Flower,
Prof. Ray Lankester, Mr. Elwes, Dr. Sharp, Mr. W. T. Blan-
ford, Messrs. Forbes, Kirby, and others addressed the meeting,
although no formal resolution was adopted, it appeared that the
general feeling of the meeting was on the whole not adverse to
the proposed changes.

With regard to (a), the new rule is, in my opinion, an
equitable one, and its being passed as law would save much
unnecessary change.

As regards Malacology, however, it would not signify
very much whether the terms used in Botany be allowed or not.

* Regeln fiir die wissenschaftliche Benennung der Thiere zusammengestellt yon der
Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, Leipzig, 1894.

464 MELVILL! THE PRINCIPLFS OF NOMENCLATURE,
If they be disallowed the following names will have to be
changed :—

Castalia Lamarck 1819 antedated by Castalia Salisbury 1805
[—Nymphea Z. in parte] (Vvmpheacee).

Dacrydium Zorrell. 1859 __,, Dacrydium Solander
1786 (Conifer).
Modiola Zam. 1801 - Modiola Moench 1794
(Malvaceae).
Trigonia Bre. 1781 “f Trigonia Awblet 1775
( Vochysiaceae).
Verticordia S. Wood 1844 ,, Verticordia D. C. 1826

(ALyrtaceae).

(6) ‘The alteration of date from 1767 to 1758 likewise has
no palpable effect upon Conchological specific nomenclature.
But 814 species are propounded (including Serpulze, Lepades,
and Sabelle), in the twelfth, as against 703 in the tenth
edition. At the same time, it seems to me to cast a slur
upon Linnzus’ memory. He laboured to attain a standard
of perfection, and we who honour his memory must remember
that he brought his work to a high pitch of excellence, and
bequeathed it to posterity in as complete a form as possible,
To take the tenth edition as a starting point is to deprive
ourselves of many of the great benefits of his vast experience,
extended and enhanced in every edition.

(f) This rule is calculated to call forth much divergence
of opinion. If it be true that by its becoming law many old-
established genera (not many however in Mollusca) will fall, I
shall advocate it being left alone. Personally, I think the
Scomber scomber tautology not the reverse of pleasing. I certainly
prefer Gemma gemma to Gemma Tottent.

The Molluscan Branch of Zoological Nomenclature, as
regards the genera, seems to be in better case than many of the
other sciences, more especially Botany, now so assailed by the
questionable lucubrations of Dr. Otto Kuntze.

J-G., viit., Oct.) 18675

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 465

I have now touched upon, and given the main heads of
all the leading codes of nomenclature of Zoology that have been
propounded.*

Das TIERREICH.

The rules of the German society were drawn up especially
with a view to the compilation of ‘‘Das Tierreich,” the forth-_
coming synopsis of all animal nature, now begun in Germany,
a work whose importance it is impossible to guage at once if
it be well carried out. It is to combine a comprehensive
series of volumes, or rather Encyclopedias, each volume of
which will deal systematically with a given order of animals.
While it is certain the work will be thoroughly and most
efficiently carried out, the wish is still allowable that such a
‘magnum opus’ could have assumed an zxz~ernational character.

The general editorship has been given to Dr. F. E. Schulze,
who will be assisted by a committee. Every division of the
animal kingdom has its editor. We will only now cite two: for
Brachiopoda, associated with Mollusca, Professor F. Bloch-
mann, of Rostock, and for Mollusca Dr. W. Kobelt, of Schwann-
heim. Here we can only congratulate ourselves that the work
will fall into such good hands, and we would wish the talented
authors all success in so vast an undertaking. I may incident-
ally mention that Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., in estimating known
species of the animal kingdom at 386,000, puts the mollusca
at 50,000. I cannot help thinking this an excessive figure. It
may be that so many have been described—it is not so prob-
able that they are all distinct. There may, however, be
35,000 to 38,000 undoubted species of recent mollusca.

It is proposed, with regard to ‘‘ Das Tierreich,” to enumer-
ate all the insufficiently described and doubtful forms, varieties,
and sub-species, with the geographical distribution, likewise giv-
ing the synonymy, which will be made as complete as possible.

*Since the above words were penned, the “‘ Merton” Code of Rules of Zoological

Nomenclature has been published (in November, 1896), by Lord Walsingham, F.R.S.,
and Mr. Hartley Durrant. ;

27/8/97 KE

466 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Indeed were it only possible to give a faithful representation of
each species and variety, the work would suffice for all time.
Indices will be drawn up of a comprehensive kind ; the whole
work will be in the German language. We should have thought
the Latin medium would have been more useful. The work
will be published in parts, of which we are told the mollusca
will consist of fifteen, and the completion of so large a scheme
will in all probability take a quarter of a century. It will be
possible to obtain each part separately, at an average cost of
gd. per sheet. I have seen a sample copy of “‘ Das Tierrcich,”
dealing with the Aediozoa; in print and substance it seems to
leave hardly anything to be desired. When the name of the
publishers, R. Friedlaender & Sohn, in Berlin, is mentioned,
and when it is known they have guaranteed its production so
far as funds are concerned, it will be seen what an important
epoch-making venture this will, in all probability, become. All
naturalists of every country must wish success to so bold and

arduous a scheme.

X.—LIST OF LINN/EAN. GENERA OF SHELLS,*
GIVING DERIVATIONS AND REFERENCES TO ANCIENT GREEK AND
ROMAN AUTHORS.

From time immemorial we find certain generic names, in use to-day, in
vogue then as now, and nearly all of them, so far as we can tell, applied to
the same series of mollusks. I have ventured to draw up a short catalogue
of Linnzeus’ genera, which are but fewin number, quoting likewise Purpura
Lam. and Pectex Lam., which were hardly Linnzan terms, with references
appended thereto of ancient Greek and Roman writers who have quoted
them. Naturally, Aristotle and Pliny come most largely into the field, but
there are other writers besides, whose names are not so familiar to us.

It is extremely interesting to trace the dawn of the nomenclature of our
day, and to note, for instance, that Epicharmus of Syracuse, the comedian,
alluded five hundred years before the birth of Christ to our razor fish and
sunset shells under the names they still bear, So/ez and Zelina.

Chiton :-—no allusion. X/Twv Gr.‘acoat of mail,’‘tunic.? Heb. ‘kethoneth.’

Pholas:—used by MHesychius the Lexicographer. poAas <a borer,’
Athenzus, 88a (B.C. 210).

* Lepas, Serpula, and Sabella are here omitted, and Purpura, Pecten, and Limax
added

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 467

Mya:—Piinius, N.H., ix., 35-36. (A.D. 69). pous Aeschines. (B.C. 345), 22.
Philyll. Poll. 1, ‘a gaper.’ ta€ Xenocrates, p. 12. Plinius, 32-31.

Solen :—Plinius, 32, II, 53. 10, 69, 88. 11, 37, 52, etc., as ‘the razor

fish.” o@wAnv Epicharmus, (B.C. 500), p. 22. Philyllius (Comicus
vet.). (B.C. 392). Poll. 1.

Tellina :—Epicharmus, p. 65. (B.C. 500). TeAAtvy Sopater Rhetor.

ap. Ath. 86a; (A.D. 550).
Cardium :—no allusion. Gr. Kapova. Latin (cor.), ‘the heart.’
Mactra:—‘a kneading trough.’ Gr. paxtpa with no particular reference

to a shell.

Donax :—Plinius, N.H., 32, 11, 53. (A.D. 60). A wedge-shell, dovaké
cf. Athenzeus, 90d. Xenocrates (A.D. 50).

Venus :—‘‘Conchz venerex,” Plinius, N.H. 9, 33, 52-32, I1, 53 fin.

Spondylus :—M. Valerius Martialis vii., 20. (A.D. 100). L. Annzeus Seneca,
Ep. 95. (A.D. 65). ‘The knuckle-bone oyster.’ Aur. Theodosius Mac-
robius, s. 2, 9. (A.D. 395). Columella 8, 16, 7. (A.D. 42). Plinius,
32, 11, 43. (A.D. 69). Gr. oovdudos ‘attic,’ Gr. gpovdvdos ‘ spinal
vertebra.’

Chama :—Piinius, 32, 11, 53. ‘a gaper.’ Gr. xn Philyllius, Poll. 1.
(B.c. 392). Aristotle, H.A. 5, 15. (B.C. 347). Aelianus, Hist.
Naturalis, 15, 12. (A.D. 200).

Strombus :—Plinius, N. Hist., 32, 10, 39, and 11, 53. oTpopBos Aris-
totle, H.A., 1, 11, 1. Lycophron Jambographus (Alexandrinus).
(B.C. 260) 250. Plutarchus, 2, 713 b. (A.D. 80).

Murex :—Plinius, 9, 36, 60. ‘The purple fish (rock).’ Horatius, Sat.,
2, 4, 32. (B.C. 9). ‘* Tyrioque ardebat murice lena,” Virgil Atn.,
4, 262. Martial, 3, $2. Ovid, Met., 8, 563, etc.

Purpura:—Lam., ‘The purple fish.’ m6pdvpa Sophocles, Fr. 438.
(8.c. 468). Aristotle, H., 4, 1, 2. A®schylus, Agamemnon (B.C. 494),

959. Herodotus, 3, 22 (B.C. 443). Isocrates, 240 d. (B.C. 236).
Plinius, N.H., 9, 36.

Trochus:—Gr. TPOXOS ‘a top or hoop.’ Not alluded to as a shell
amongst the ancients, but apparently adopted by Rondelet in 1554.

Turbo :-—Gr. ‘a top.’ The same remark applies here. Gr. Bep/3rE etc.,
used by Tournefort, 1742.

Helix :—é€ \€ of. Aristotle, H.A., 5, 15. Gr. ‘a coil,’ and EXixy Aristotle,
derived from e/\w ‘volvo,’ H.A., 4, 1, 18.

Limax :—Columella, Poét. 10, 323. (A.D. 42). L. ‘a slug,’ ‘‘implicitus

conchee limax.” Plinius, 29, 6, 36, and 18,17, 44. ‘‘lactucis innas-
cuntur limaces et cochlez.” Plinius, 19, 10, 57.

Nerita:—Plinius, 9, 33, 52. L. and Gr., ‘a sea-goddess, shell of a sea-
goddess.’ vnpitns Aristotle, H.A., 44, 315 5,15. Parthenius (B.C. 50).

Arca :—no allusion. L. ‘a chest,’ ‘ark’; arceo, ‘I enclose’. Type Arca
Noe, the ‘Noah’s Ark shell’ of Linnzeus.

Ostrea :—Lucretius, Plautus, Cicero. ‘The oyster.’ OOTpPEOV Plinius, 9, 54
79. dotpakov Theocritus 9, 25 (B.C. 280). Hloratius, Sat., 2, 4, 33.
Ovidius, Fasti, 6, 173. (A.D. 9) Aristotle, H.A., 1, 6.

468 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Pecten :—‘a comb.’ ‘‘ pectinibus patulis jactat se molle Tarentum.”
Horatius, Sat., 2, 4, 34. Plinius, 9, 33, 51, etc. «tets, xteves Philyll.
Poll. 1 Archippus, ixO., 5. (250 B.c.) Anaxandridas, Comicus
(376 BCs) T pwr. I, 61.

Anomia:—Gr. avop.a ‘lawlessness,’ ‘irregularity of form,’ no references to
a mollusk found.

Mytilus:—‘The mussel fish.’ Plinius, 9, 51, 71. Horatius, Sat., 2, 4, 27.
putvAos cf Athenzeus, 85 e. purky Xenocrates, Aquat. 86 pvioKos
Plinius 32, 53.

Pinna :—Cicero, Fin. 3, 19, De Nat. Deorum, 2, 48, 123. Plinius, 9, 42, 66.
Tin Athenzeus, 93 e.

Argonauta :—no allusion, genus included in the next by ancient writers.

Nautilus ; —Plinius, 9, 29, 47. vatTiXos Aristotle, H.A., 4, 1, 28. Calli-
machus, Ep., 5, 3- (B.C. 256.) Athenzeus, 317 f.

Conus :—Kivos not referred to as a shell amongst the ancients.

Bulla :—‘a bubble’; also an ornament worn by the Roman youth, but not
alluded to as a mollusk.

Voluta:-—L., ‘the capital of a Corinthian column.’ Volvo, ‘I roll,’ as
eArg, EAioow, e’Aw, Gr.

Buccinum :—(vel prop. Buctnum), ‘a sea trumpet.’ Plinius, 9, 36, 61.
OM WlGtiag thy, BAS B87

Haliotis :—Gr. ads, ows, Otis, ‘sea ear.” ovs Adpoditns Antigonus
Carytius ap. Ath. 88a (B.C. 247). ovs POadAdoovov Aristotle, H.A.,
4, 4, 26.

Patella :—-patina, dim. patella, ‘a platter.’

Dentalium :—dens, ‘a tooth,’ L. dentalia, ‘a ploughshare.’
These two genera not mentioned in ancient writings.

ao ie

Teredo:—Plinius, s., 48, 74, etc. ‘the ship worm.’ TEpHOWY Aristophanes,
Equites, 1308. (B.C. 427).

XI.—GENERA (OF MARINE GASTROPODA AND PELECY-
PODA ONLY) ABOUT WHOSE NOMENCLATURE
SOME DIFFERENCE OF OPINION HAS EXISTED.

The names in heavy type are those which I regard as valid, those in
lighter type are synonyms.

Pleurotoma Zams., 1799. Tritonofusus ech, 1847.
Turris Bolten & Humphrey, 1797-8. Sipho (Wein) AZorch, 1852 (non Fabr.,
Pleurotomus J/zft., 1810. 1823).

Clathurella Cr., 1857. ih ;
Defrancia AZz//et, 1826 (n. preeoce. ) Melons we OT ae
Clavilithes Szwz7:., 1840. Cassidulus Humph., 1797.
Clavella Szz., 1835 (non Oke, 1815).

Cyrtulus Azzds, 1840. Pisania Bivona, 1832.

Chrysodomus Szwz., 1840. _ Pusio Gray, 1833.
Neptunea olt., 1798. Pollia Gray, 1839.
Atractus .4gass¢z (preocc.) 1837. Polliana 4/7. E. Gray, 1842.

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 469

Tritonidea Swz., 1840. Nassaria /272/, 1807.
Cantharus Aoltez, 1798 (7. & A. Hindsia A. & A. Ad., 1853.
Adams, 1853). Oliva Brze., 1789.
Boe ae Dactylus A7/ein. 1753.
istorsio, Bolz., 1798. Ancilla Lamk., 1799.
ae ee oe Dipsaccus AZezzz, Le in pte.
BSUGIAES MJ EO, Eburna Zamk., 1801 (non 1822) in pte.

*Aquillus J7¢/t., 1810. Anaulax Roissy, 1805.
Lotorium J///7., 1810. Ancillaria Lamk., 1811.
Lampusia Schom., 1817. Latrunculus Gray, 1847.
Tritonium o/t., 1798. Dipsaccus A7/ez7, 1753, in pte.

ne Link, 1807 (non Afidl., Eburna Lamé., in pte. 1822 (non 1801)
1776). Fasciolari

: asciolaria Lamk., 1799.

to ees fOX- Colus Bolten, 1798.

Pseudoliva Gray, 1846.
Gastridium Sowé., 1842 (non A/odéeer,

Gyrineum Zizk, 1807.
Rana Hamph., 1797.
Bursa Bolte, 1708.

Bufo (Buffo) A/ift., 1810. WS ews Hae
Ranella Lamk., 1812. Fulgur Mefe. “Ore 3:
Dorsanum Gray, 1847. Busycon Golt., 1798.
Pseudostrombus Ave, 1753. Pyrula Lamk., mm pte., 1799.

Turbinella Zamzk., 1799.
IMa@ese 2 ence Mazza A7ein, 1753-
Se ee I oe aa Xencus Bolten, 1798.
Leiodomus, 1840. Cynodonta Schz., 1817.
Buccinanops, 1841. Vasum #olte, 1798 (non Lzvk, 1807).

Scolymus Szv7z., 1835.
Cyclonassa Szwz., 1840. eek
Neritula Plancus, 1730. Cymba Brod. & Sow., 1826 (non

Cyclops A/¢/t. Mill. . Gand G.,-1827).
Gene es Tee HU RUES) Cymbium Klein, 1753 (non Gua/tie7,
1742, nec A7/tft., 1810).
Acanthina 7. de Waldh., 1807. Vetus Adanson; 1757.
Monoceros Lamk., 1809 (non Meusch. Melo Humph., 1797, Reeve, 1841.
1707, nec Bl. Sch., 1801, Pisces). Cymbium A/¢ft., 1810, non K7ein, 175 3

Bullia Gray, 1835.

Sistrum J7/¢/7., 1810. +Vulpecula Blaznv., 1824.
Pentadactylus A7Zezz, 1753. Turricula Avez7, 1737.

Ricinula Lamk., 1812. Vexillum Lolten, 1798.

Morula Schzm., 1817. Turris A7/tft., 1810, non Fo/t., 1797.
Concholepas (’A7-v.,1757) Law. 180rtImbricaria Scham., 1817.
Conchopatella Chem., 1788. Conohelix Szwz7., 1840.

Conidea Sw7z., 1840.
Rapella Szz., 1840. : 5 ;
Rapa Klein, 1753. Pyrene Bolten, 1798.

Bulbus Hamph., 1797. Marginella Zamk., 1799.
Pyrula ae Fs pte., 1799. Porcellana Ad/anson, 1757 (nonRamph.

nec AZ).
Pyrella Szv., 1835. Pterygia Lzzk., 1807.
Tudicla Bolten, 1708. Marginellus Mifi. ; I1SIO.
Spirillus Sozwd., 1842. Pheenospira Azzds, 1840.

* cf. G. F. Harris, Cat. Test. Moll. in Geol. Dep. Brit. Mus., part 1, p. 161, 1897.
The author discards Aguzd/us Mtft. type cutaceus L., owing to similarity of sound to
Aguila in Ornithology, and prefers to use Lotorium, also of Montfort, which comes next
in sequence. Personally, I cannot see why Aquillus should not stand. It is probably
derived from Agua, there is a species aguwatilis, and we have both Weeuwla and Vucu-
Jana, for instance, admitted, and other similar sounding terms.

} I prefer to make these genera entirely sub-generic to JZztra,

470 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE,

Cyprza Z., 1758.

Porcellana Ramph.. 1705, A?., 1753.

Amphiperas Groz., 1781.
Semiporcellana Da Costa, 1776.
Ovula Brug., 1789.

Ovulus AZ7/t., 1810.

Ultimus 47¢/¢., 1810
Cyphoma Bolten, 1798.
Binovoluta Schlzz., 1837.
Carinea Szw7., 1840.
Radius J//7., 1810.
Volva Bolten, 1798.
Rhizorus J7//t., 1810, Quid ?
Birostra Szv7z., 1840.
Simnia /7sso, 1826.
Scymnia Leach, MSS.
Calpurna Fleming, 1828.

Volvaria Zamk., 1801.

Hyalina Schum. (non Gray), 1817.

Volvarius JZ¢/t., 1810.

Cadium Zzzz, 1807.
Malea Val., 1833.

Ficula Swz., 1835.

Pyrula Lamk., in pte., 1799.

Ficus Rouss., 1846.

Sycotypus H & A. Ad., 1853
(non 4rowze).

Polynices J//7., 1810.
Mamma Avez2, 1753.
Uber Aumph., 1797.
Albula Bolten, 1798.

Mamilla Schzm., 1817.
Ruma Chev.

Naticina (Guz/d.) Swi., 1840.
Naticaria Szw7z., 1840.

Euspira Desor & Agassiz, 1837.

Ampullina Zams., 1821, Desh., 1830

(non Faujus S. Fond, 1803).
Cernina Gray, 1840.
Sigaretus Zamk., 1801.
Catinus A7Zez, 1753.

Stomatia P. Browzze, 1756.
Sigaret Adanson, 1757.
Cryptostoma Blaznzv., 1818.

Lamellaria J/onz., 1815.
Marsenia Leach, 1847.

Coriocella Blaznv., 1824.
Cryptothyra 77he., 1850.

Eulima 2/sso, 1826.
Melanella Bowdzch, 1822, non Swz.,
1840, nec Zorg. (Polygastrina) 1824

Scalaria Zamk., 1801, Lzzk, 1807.

Scala A/ein, 1753.

Cyclostoma Zamk., 1799 (non. ident.
auct. subseq. ).

Scalarus A7/tft., 1810.

*Odostomia /Vem., 1810-28.

Odontostoma 7777.. 1829 (non D’ 070.,
1841).
Odontostomia Jeffr., 1837.

Turbonilla Zeach, 1826 (Rzsso).
Chemnitzia D’O7d., 1839.
Pyrgiscus Phil., 1841.

Pyrgulina 2. and A. Ad., 1863.

Noemia de Folin, 1870.

Parthenina Bacg., Dauts. & Dollf.,
1883.

Parthenia Zozve, in pte., 1840.

Morio J7¢/2., 1810.

tGaleodea £22k, 1807 (n. preeocc. ).

Echinora Schu., 1817.
Cassidaria L77k, 1824.

Lambidium Zz, 1807.
Hystrix H2p., 1797.

+Morum Bolten, 1798.

Oniscia Sowéd., 1824.
Solarium Zamk., 1799.
Architectonica Bo/ten, 1798.

Heliacus D’O7é., 1842.
Torinia Gray, 1840 (in syn. Solarii).

+Homalaxis Desh., 1830.

Omalaxis Desh., 1830.
Bifrontia Desh., 1832.
Discohelix Duzk., 1847.

Pterocera Zamk., 1799.
Harpago £7ez72, 1753.
Pteroceras A7/¢t/t., 1810.
Pteroceras Lamk., 1825.

Rostellaria Zazk., 1799.
Gladius A7/eim, 1753.
Rostellum AZ@ft., 1810.

*T have failed to find the first edition of Sir David Brewster's Edinburgh Cyclo-
pzedia, in which the original description by Fleming occurs.

t Edgar A. Smith, Notes upon the generic terms Cass7daria and Oniscza, Journ.

Mal., vol. iv., no. 1, March, 1895.

7 opados being aspirated, Homalaxis must be taken as the correct term.

J.C., viii., Oct. 1897.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Seraphs J//7., 1810.

Terebellum A7/eiz, 1753, Lamk., 1799
(non Z., 1767).

Serapis Zz’, 1807.

Terebellopsis Zey7., 1844.

Tylospira G. 7. Harris, 1897.
Pelicaria Gray, 1857. (syn. Struthio-
larize Lamk.).

Chenopus P22/., 1836.

Aporrhais .4/drovandus, 1618, Da
Costa, 1778, Dillwyn, 1823, Gray,
1835 (red. in syn. )

Halia Risso, 1826.

Priamus Beck, 1837 (Pryamus S2s7z07da)

Vertagus K/ezn, 1753, Link, 1807.
Aluco Zzzk, 1807.
Rhinoclavis Szw7z., 1840.

Newtoniella Cossm., 1893.

Lovenella Sarvs, 1873 (non Hzncks.)

Cerithiella Verr.,1882 (non A7. & L.)

Newtonia Cossm., 1892 (non Sch/ege/,
1866).

Batillaria Berson, 1842.

Lampania Gray, 1847.

Triphoris Desh., 1824.

Tristoma Blaznv., 1824.

Triforis Desh., MS., 1825.

Triphora Szwz7., 1840.

Tectarius Va/., 1333.

Pagodus Gray, 1839.

Fossarus P/z/., 1841.

Fossar Adams., 1757:

Naticella Auster, 1841.

Vermicularia Zams., 1799.

Vermetus Adams, 1757.

Scolessidium ezizh.

Tenagodes Guett., 1770.

Siliquaria Brug., 1789.

Tenagoda Cuv., 1800 cf. Desh.

Agathirses M7/t., 1810.

Tenagoda H. & A. Ad., vol. i.,
p- 360, 1853.

Serpulorbis Sass7, 1827.

Lementina Azsso, 1826.

Hatina Gray, 1842.

Xenophora Fisch. de Waldheim, 1807
Onustus Azmph., 1797.

Phorus A7/z., 1810.

Tetranemia A/orch, 1859.

Calyptrea Zamk., 1799.
Calyptra A7ez, 1753.

Ancile Meuschen, 1787.
Galerus Humph., 1797, in pte.
Mitrularia Schzm., 1817.

471

Crepidula Lams., 1799.
Crypta Humph., 1797-
Proxenula Perry, 1811.
Sandalium Schzm., 1817.

Capulus J///¢., 1810.
Galerita Brongn. (non Fabr., 1801).
Pileopsis Zamk., 1812.

Hipponyx De/r., 1819.
Cochlolepas A7ez7, 1753.

Vanikoro Q. & G., 1832.
Merria Gray, 1839.
Leucotis Szv77., 1840.
Narica Reclus, 1841.

Neritina Zamz., 1809.
Neritella Hamph., 1797-

Septaria /vr., 1807.
Catillus Hamph., 1797-
Navicella Lamk., 1809.
Cymba J///t., 1810.

Phasianella Zamk., 1804.
Eutropia Hmph., 1797.
Phasianus J/7/t., 1810 (non Z.).

Leptothyra (Carpenter MS.) Da//,
1871

Collonia P77. (non Gray), 1850.

Leptonyx Cr. Ad., 1864 (n.
praeocc).

Astralium Zzxs, 1807.
Imperator J//t., 1810.
Hercoles A/ft., 1810.

Calcar J//t., 1810.

Stella AYez2 (non Lz7k), 1733,
Sol Avlein, 1753, Humph., 1797.

Cyclocantha Swz., 1840.

Cyclostrema Marryat, 1817.
Delphinoidea Brown, 1827.

c
S

Umbonium Z727f, 1807.
Globulus Schum., 1817.
Rotella Lamh., 1822.

Delphinula Zamk., 1804.

Angaria Bolten, 1798 (non Angarius
Mont., 1773, nec Meusch., 1807).

Cyclostoma Draf. (non Lamk.) 1801.

Calliostoma Sz7z., 1840.

Zizyphinus Gray, 1840.

Conulus (Vardo, 1841 (non
1764, nec L., 1735).

Cantharidus 1/7/7., 1810.
Elenchus Humph., 1797.
Cantharis 7ér., 1821.
Elenchus Szw7., 1840.

Geoff. ,

472

*Valvatella Gray, 1857.

Margarita Zeach (nom syn.) 1819.

Margarites Leach (nom syn.) 1819.

Eumargarita P. /zscher, 1885.

Osilinus PAz7., 1847.

Trochocochlea A7ezz, 1753.

Trochinus Gray (Leach MS.) 1847.

Danilia Bruszza, 1865.

Olivia Canty. (non Berth., 1835)

Craspedotus Pz/., 1847 (non
Schoent )

Stomatia //e/bling, ad Lamk., 1799
(non Az//, 1752, nec Srozwne,
1756).

Haliotidea H/umph.,

Stomax A7/fft., 1810.

Haliotis Z., 1758.
Auris A7ez2, 1753.

Scissurella 1’o7%., 1823.
Anatomus 4. & A. Ad. (M7/2.,

Fissurella Avwe., 1789.
Larva Huniph., 1797.
Fissurellus J/¢/7., 1810.

Diodora Gray, 1821 (in Lond. Med.
Repository).

Cemoria Leach, MS. 1820(non A7ss0,
1826).

Puncturella Zowe, 1827.

Scutum (-us) J//2.,
Klein, 1734).
Parmophorus S/aznv.,

Acmeza Zsch/., 1828.

Tectura dadourn & >M. Edwards ,1830
Patelloidea QO. & G., 1833

Lottia Gray, 1834 (an patie subg. ?)

Scutellina 4vass7z, 1841.

Scutella 4rvod., 1834 (non Lamk., 1816)

lothia Forbes (in Athenzeum) 184T.

Scutellaria Gray, 1847.

Actzon J/¢/t., 1810.

Tornatella Lawk., 1812.

Speo Azsso, 1826.

Myosota Gray, 1847.

Solidulus /. de W., 1807 (vel Solidula
F. de W., 1807).

Pupa Bolten, 1797.

Dactylus Schum., 1817.

Buccinulus 7. & A. Ad.,

Adelactzon Cossvz., 1895.

Myonia 4. Ad., 1860(non Dana, 1847).

1797.

IS10).

1810 (non

1817.

1854.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF

NOMENCLATURE.

Diaphana Arowne, 1833.

Amphisphyra Lovér, 1846.

Bullinella 2. &. Vezvton, 1891.

Bullina #zsso, 1826 (non Fér., 1822).

Cylichna Lowé72,1847 (non Burm., 1844)

Smaragdinella A. Ad., 1848.

Linteria 4d., 1850.

Glauconella Gray, 1850.

Acera 4/i//., 1776 (non Akera auct.
emend. ).

Philine Ascanzus, 1772.

Bulleea Lamk., 1801.

Tethys Z., 1758 (secs Prlsb7y).

Aplysia Gimel. (L., 1767).

Lernea Z., 1767.

Umbraculum Schz., 1817.

Acardo Lamk., 1801, Quid ?

Umbrella Zamk., 1819.

Gastroplax Avaznv., 1820.
Operculatum Z., 1753 (non. nom.
binom., H. G& A. Ad., 1854).

Pterotrachea /orskaal, 1775.
Firola Arwe., 1772.

Spirialis Ayd. & Sowleyet, 1840.
Heterofusus F/em., 1825, sine descr.
Cavolinia 467/d¢eaard, 1791.
Hyaleea Larue ; sae

Triptera Q. & , 1824.

Cuvieria ie ea

Brechites Gve/?t., 1770.
Penicillus Brezg., 1789.

Verpa Bolten, 1798.

Aspergillum Zamk., 1818.

[Aquaria Perry, 1811].
Gastrochena Sfengler, 1783.
Fistulana Arug., 1789.

Rocellaria 7. de Bellevue, 1802.
Gastrocheena Zam., 1818.

Siliqua 4/. von Muhif., 1811.
Leguminaria Schwm., 1817.
Solecurtoides C. des Moul.,
Macheera Gozld, 1841.
Pharus Leach (f. Gray), 1840.

Polia a’ Orb., 1843.

Ceratisolen 7. & A., 1848.

Artusius Leach, 1852.

Solenocurtus Blainv., 1824.
Solecurtus B/aznv., emend. 1824
Psammobia /zsso, 1826 nonZamk. ,1818
Macha Oker, 1835.

Cyrtosolen Herm., 1847.

1832.

* Type V. helicina.

For this and many other suggestions with regard to this list,

I am indebted to Mr. E. Ruthven Sykes, F.Z.S., Secretary of the Malacological Society
of London, who has much aided me in the compilation thereof.

SC eave ou 1897.

MELVILL :

Cyrtodaria Dazd., 1799.
Glycimeris Zam., 1801 non 1799

Saxicava &. de Bellevue, 1802.

Hiatella Daud. 7 Bosc, 1802.

Diodonta Schum., 1817 (non Desh.,
1846).

Byssomya Czvzer, 1817.

Biapholius Leach, 1818-1819.

Rhombus A/azzv., 1818 (Rhomboides,
1824).

Agina 7u7t., 1822.

Glycimeris Zamz., 1799 non 1801
Glycimeris A7ez72, 1753.
Panopeea AZ. de la Groye, 1807.

Cuspidaria Wario, 1840.
Nezra Gray, 1833 (non Robznean
Desvoidy).

Nuculana Z77/, 1807.
Leda Schum., 1817.

Crassatellites A7viiger, 1823.
Crassatella Lam. (in syn.), 1799.

Kellya 7ztom, 1822 (v. Acllia).
Oronthea Leach, 1852.
Chironia Desh., 18309.

Lasza Leach, 1827.
Poronia Kec/us, 1843.
Cycladina Cantr., 1835.

Pandora Avve., 1792.
Calopodium o/te, 1798.

Chamostrea o7ssy, 1825.
Cleidotherus Stutchb., 1829.

Rangia C. des Moul., 1832
Gnathodon Gray, 1834.

Asaphis J/odeer, 1793.
Capsa Lamk., 1801.
Capsella Schum., 1817.
Isarcha G7ste/, 1848.

Sanguinolaria Zamk., 1818.

Lobaria Scham., 1817 (non O. F. Afiiller

1776).

Gari Schum., 1817.
Lux Chemnitz, 1769.
Psammobia Zamk., 1818.

THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

473

Hiatula A/odeer, in pte, 1793.
Soletellina B/aznzv., 1824.
Aulus Ofer, 1815, in pte.

Gastrana Schim., 1817.
Diodonta Desh., 1846.
Fragilia Desh., 1848.

Iphigenia Schim., 1817.
Capsa Lamk., 1818.

Scrobicularia Scham., 1817.
Arenaria Muh/f. 1811 (non B77ss., 1760)
Lavignonus Cuv. & Fér., 1817.
Listera 777tor, 1822

Syndosmya Recluz, 1843
(v. Syndesmya).
Abra Leach, 1818 (sine descr. ).

Semele Schaim., 1817.
Amphidesma Zamk., 1818.

*Paphia Zams., 1801.
Eryx Swz , 1840.

Anomalocardia Schz.,
(non A7ezz, 1753).
Cryptogramma JZirch, 1853.

1817

Meretrix Zamkh, 1799.

Cytherzea Lamk., 1806 (non Bolten,
1798).

Sunetta Z77%., 1807.

Cuneus AdnA/f., 1811.

Meroé Schum., 1817.

Tivela Z77h., 1807.
Trigona Afuh/f., 1811.
Trigonella Da Costa, 1837.

Dosinia Scop., 1777.
Arthemis (Artemis) Po/7, 1791.

Petricola Zamk., 1801.
Rupellaria /. de Bellevue, 1802.

Irus Ofer, 1815.
Venerupis Lamk., 1818.

Libitina Schzm., 1817.
Trapezium A/uh/f., in pte., 1811.
Cypricardia Lamk., 1819.

Glaucomya Woodw., 1854.
Glauconome Gray, 1828 (non Gotd-

fuss).

* Paphia Lamk.

Some authors doubt the ocelllle retention of this name, as Bolten
had already used it in 1798, for a mixture of | ‘enxeride.

he genus of Lepidoptera so long

known by this designation (given in 1807 by Fabricius) has, by common consent, been
changed to Anea Hiibner, 1816, in consequence of Lamarck haying previously adopted
the term for the genus under discussion,

474

+Arctica Schum., 1817.
Cyprina Zam. ,1812 (nom. nudum) ;
1818 cum descr., non Lz7., 1767
Spherium Scop., 1777.
Cyclas Brug., 1792.
Nux Humph., 1797.
Musculium Zzxk , 1807.

Musculium 277%, 1807.
Pisidium Pf, 1821.
Pera Leach, 1832.

Cyrenella Desh., 1835.
Cyrenoida Joannzs, 1835.

Cardissa Mh/f., 1811.
Hemicardia K7ez, 1753.
Hemicardium Cuv., 1817.

Isocardia K7ez2, 1753, Lamk., 1799
Glossus Po/z, 1795.

Glossoderma Polz, 1795.

Bucardia Schum., 1817.

Bucardium, 7. von Muhif , 1811.

Hindsiella Sto/iczka, 1871.
Hindsia Desh., non H. & A. Adams,
1853.
Vasconia Fischer, 1873.
Tridacna Brug., 1789.
Chameetrachea A7e77, 1753.
Axinus 7. Sozwd., 1821.
Thyatira Leach, 1818 (nomen).
Cryptodon 7zrt., 1822.
Clausina Jef., 1847.
Ptychina P/z/., 1836.
Corbis Cuv., 1811.
Gafrarium Bolten, 1797.
Fimbria A/uh/f., 1811.
Idothea Schum., 1817.

Diplodonta Broz, 1831.
Mysia Leach, in pte, 1827.
Astarte /. Sowé., 1816.
Tridonta Schum., 1817.
Crassina Lamk., 1818.

Cardita Zamk., 1799.
Actinobolus A7/ezz, 1753.

Dipsas Leach, 1814.
Barbala Humph., 1797.
Cristaria Schum., 1817.
Dianisotis Raf, 1831.

Anodonta Zammk., 1799.
Anodon Ofen, 1815.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Mutela Scof., 1777.
Iridina Lamz., 1819.

Hyria Zamk., 1810.

Triquetra Alezm, 1757.
Paxyodon Schum., 1817.
Diplodon, Triplodon Sf7x, 1827.

Miilleria 7., 1823.
Acosteea a’ Orb., 1851.

Modiolus 7z5s0, 1799.
Perna Adanson, 1757.
Modiola Zamz., 1801.

Lithophagus 47. von Muhif., 1811.
Lithophaga Bolten, 1798.
Lithodomus Cuwzer, 1817.

Dreissena P. v. Beneden, 1835.
(Dreissensia form. subsq.).
Tichogonia Rossm., 1835.
Dythalmia Jay, 1836.

Mytilina Cantr., 1837.

Margaritifera P. Browne, 1789.
Unionium Z27k, 1807.
Margaritophora A/uAd7f., 1811.
Meleagrina Lamk., 1812.
Margarita Leach, 1814.

Septifer Rec/uz, 1848.
Septiger AZorch.

Perna Srug., 1792.
Isognomon A/e27, 1753.
Melina ReZz., 1788.
Sutura A/uh/f., 1811.

Anadara Gray, 1847.
Anomalocardia A7e777, 1753.

Trisis Ofex, 1815.
Parallelepipedum 47/ez7, 1753, in pte.
Trisidos Bolten, 1798.

Axinza Pol, 1795.
Glycimeris Humph., 1798.
Pectunculus Zamk., 1799.

Limopsis Sassz, 1827.
Pectunculina D’Oré., 1844.
Trigonocelia Q. & G., 1835.

Pecten J7i//., 1766 (Lamk., 1799).
Vola K7lezz, 1753.

Chlamys Bo/ten, 1798.

Argus Polt, 1795.

Janira Schum., 1817.

Lima 4rug., 1789.

Radula X7e77, 1753.

t Arctica Schum., 1817.

Both in this instance and in that of Sodzdula F. de Wald-

heim and U?timus Mtft., I have some doubts whether the admission of such adjectival

generic terms is strzctZy permissible.

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 475

In the foregoing list only those genera have been mentioned which have
a varied synonymy, or about which there is the least doubt, but we have not
included either the Cephalopoda, freshwater Gastropoda, or the Pztlmonzfera,
but these last have been or-are being so skilfully handled by Mr. H. A.
Pilsbry in his monumental work on the ‘Classification of the Aelicide,’
as to render it unnecessary to recapitulate them here. This is by far the
most thorough and complete investigation into the alliances and physiology
of this enormous assemblage of mollusks, which have their species in every
land, and whose number is legion. Great and radical changes in nomen-
clature, especially generic, have, naturally, been found necessary. The result
is a masterpiece of lucidity, and the arrangement is one that should be
adopted at once in collections, both public and private. A rigid adherence
to the law of priority has been followed in almost every particular.

This list has no pretensions to be considered infallible, and I shall at
any time be pleased to receive criticisms upon it; needless to say, the ex-
amination of the works of Hermannsen, Agassiz, Marschall, and Scudder,
place any compiler of such catalogues as these under a deep sense of obliga-
tion to those authors.

XII.—OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR GENERA.

SCALARIA Lamk., 1801.
Scala K7lezw, 1753; Humphrey, 1797.
Epitonium So/ten, 1798.
Cyclostoma Lamarck, 1799. 7 ype C. scalare Lamk.=Turbo scalaris Z.
Scalaria Lamk., 1801. ype Scalaria pretiosa Lamk.=Turbo scalaris L.
Scalaria Lz7k, 1807.
Scalarus A/¢ft., 1810.
Aciona Leach, 1815.
Cyclostoma Schumacher, 1817.

SuB-GENERA.

1 Clathrus Ofen, 1815. 7}fe T. clathrus Z.
2 Cirsostrema Morch, 1852. Type S. varicosa Lams.
3 Opalia HY. & A. Adams, 1853. Type S. australis Lams.
4 Amea H. & A. Adams, 1853. Type S. magnifica Sozd.
5 Acirsa Morch, 1857. Type S. Eschrichtii Hold.
6 Constantia 4. Adams, 1860. Type S. elegans Ad.
7 Psychrosoma 7. Canefr7, 1876. Type S. Gouldi Canefri.
8 Janthoscala Aforxch, 1876. Type S. modesta C. B. Adams.
9 Turbona Browne, 1876. ZypeS. lamellosa Lamk.

I had worked out the synonymy of the above so far, when, upon refer-
ring to the ‘Report on the Mollusca dredged by the U.S. Coast Survey
Steamer Blake,’ by W. H. Dall,* I accidentally came across his masterly
summary of the nomenclature of this genus.

§
s
§
§
§
§
§
§
§

Throwing out as untenable the name proposed-by Bolten, and the
authority of Humphrey, as both being ‘ nomina nuda,’ Prof. Dall gives his

* Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. xviil., pp, 299-306, 1889,

476 MELVILL : THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

reasons for, in this instance, retaining the Kleinian name of Sca/a, in prefer-
ence to .Cyclostoma Lamk., which latter he rightly assumes, has priority.
Cuvier and Bosc, indeed, almost immediately adopted Cyclostoma, and it
was understood that Zzzrbo scalaris L., the precious wentletrap, was the
typical form, a shell which by no possibility could be mistaken for any other,
and the demand for which amongst the wealthy virtuosi of the end of the
last century and commencement of the present was so keen that on more
than one occasion three hundred guineas was the price paid for a specimen.

Notwithstanding this, we find Lamarck two years later proposing new
names, both generic and specific, viz.: Scalarza pretzosa, for this shell, rele-
gating the term Cyc/ostoma to the old Turbo delphinus, 1801 ; and, again,
another two or three years later, following Draparnaud, who had added to
Cyclostoma a considerable number of terrestrial and fluviatile forms, he
makes C. e/egans the type, eliminating 7. de/phznus, for which the genus
Delphinula was created.

This was followed by Duméril and Montfort (1810) under the masculine
termination Cyc/ostomus, while Sca/aria was universally given to the Wentle-
trap family, and though sub-divided from time to time, it was not till the
‘Genera of Recent Mollusca’ appeared, by Messrs. H. and A. Adams,
1853-58, that Sca/a Klein was reimposed.

I quote Dall’s remarks as to which name he considers should be
adopted. He says: ‘‘It is evident that Sca/ar7a is out of the question.
Klein can by no stretch of courtesy be called a binomial author. His names,
when adopted by someone who recognises the Linnean nomenclature, may
stand, but not so of Klein, who opposed Linnceus and all his works. Hum-
phrey was the first to adopt the Kleinan .Sca/a for the genus, and, though he
gave no definition, yet in this case there is no doubt as to the species referred
to. It would seem, therefore, as if the interests of science would be better
served by adopting the name of Humphrey, than by stickling for the exact
letter of the law. This is the course I have decided to follow” (p. 306).

Personally, I should be glad if this could be done; but I do not see
that Humphrey’s name can be consistently used here, if all his other names
are unrecognised. It would be argued at once that all should be reinstated,
and many familiar terms would be thus jeopardised and superseded, for
Humphrey, though not a describer, was a prolific namer of genera,

Then, again, Cyclostoma, the next name to be considered on the list
(for of course Bolten is disallowed), is thrice over a synonym. One of the
riders in the rules as to the law of priority is directed against synonymous
terms, and it would surely be a grievous pity, and antagonistic to the true
interests of science, to allow Cyclostoma to be used for this marine genus.
Scalavia therefore will we hope stand, and be reinstated on a firm basis.

Regarding the terrestrial genus Cyclostoma Lamk., Pomatias un-
doubtedly has priority, being created by Studer in 1789 with type e/egans.
Hartmannia has accordingly (1891) been proposed by Mr. Bullen Newton
for the genus hitherto known as Pomatzas Hartm.

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. A77

Students of Henry and Arthur Adams’ work on ‘ Recent Mollusca,’
1853-58, will notice their preference tor the use of Humphrey and Bolten’s
generic names, as well as those of Klein and Adanson. We have already
given an account of the two latter ; the particulars of the two former are as
follows :—

In 1797 was published the ‘Museum Calonnianum’ of GEORGE HuM-
PHREY ; it specified the contents of the magnificent collection of natural
history objects collected by M. de Calonne, consisting of specimens entomo-
logical, conchological, ornithological, and minerological, etc. Many genera
were propounded, but only insufficiently defined.

In 1797 JOA. FRiED. BOLYTEN published at Hamburg his ‘ Museum
Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum ex tribus regnis Nature que olim
collegerat. Pars prima continens animalia in spiritu vini adservata classibus
cunctis item siccata queedam integra et fragmenta zoologica.’

Both of these authors proposed many genera, both suffer in not being
properly descriptive ; and the names of both, unless adopted by Lamarck or
other subsequent authors, must fall into desuetude.

EuLIMA Asso, 1826.
Melanella Du/resze, mss., Bowdich (Elem. of Conch., p 27). 1822 (non

Swn., 1840). :

Eulima 2sso, 1826.

Pasithea Lea, 1835.

Balcis Leach, 1847.

§ 1 Leiostraca H. & A. Adams, 1853. E. subulata Donovan.

§ 2 Bacula 7. & A. Adams, 1863. FE. striolata H. & A. Adams.
§ 3 Vitreolina Monterosato, 1884. E. incurva Kenzer.

§ 4 Acicularia A/onterosato, 1884. E. intermedia Caztrazne.

§ 5 Haliella A/onterosato, 1878. E. stenostoma /effreys.

§ 6 Arcuella Vevzl/, 1874. A. mirifica Mevz7l.

Melanella Dufr. has priority of four years, but, as Prof. Dall, remarks,
its type A7. Dufresnzz is subgeneric, possessing a distorted spire. Accordingly
£. polita L. is still retained as the type of Risso’s genus, and J/elanedla
Dufr. can be relegated as sectional, unless we sever the genus into two.
I can only hope this process will be possible. To apply the term A/e/anella
to a genus of shells of a pure ivory whiteness would be typical of the ‘ lucus
a non lucendo’ principle of derivations. We are indebted to Prof. Dall
for calling attention to this.

XIII.—THREE SUGGESTED RULES FOR
SYSTEMATISTS.
I have confined my remarks at present mainly to the
genera of mollusca, as any questions touching the species are
far more complicated and involved. But there are three

478 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE.

‘“‘riders ” which might, I think, with reason be considered in
future as binding upon all describers of shells :—

(a) That no new species should be given to the world without
being also figured in a proper and intelligible manner.

(6) That, if possible, the type specimen should ultimately, if
not immediately, be relegated to the principal museum of
that country to which the author belongs.

(¢) That no periodical should be allowed to issue its number
bearing a date that is not the actual date of publication,
With quarterly serials it occasionally happens that, for
some reason or other, the subject matter gets into arrear ;
and in one particular case the said serial is just now nine
months late, and, notwithstanding this, it continues to
publish sp. nov. as with the earlier date of issue. ‘This, it
will be seen at once, may bring insuperable difficulty into
the field, as regards the law of priority.

XIV.—SUMMARY.

Lastly, it is satisfactory to be able to record that, at
all events, generically speaking, the nomenclature of Malaco-
logical science is founded upon a very strong and, practically,
unassailable basis. Speaking sfecifica//y, the question is, as I
have already remarked, not to be so easily solved, but, at the
same time, it must be argued with some degree of assurance
that those few genera which have been most minutely mono-
graphed during the past few years, with every attention given
to priority in specific names, have passed through the ordeal
with comparatively little change. It augurs well for the
remainder.

It is to be hoped, however, that a still greater ‘‘ rapproche-
ment ” than has hitherto existed will be brought about between
the students of recent and of fossil mollusca. Thanks, especially,
to the Malacological Society of London, this is being arranged

JG, vin; Oct. x807.

MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 479

in the Metropolis. I cannot help suspecting the identity of
many more recent molluscs with those of the Tertiary forma-
tions than is commonly supposed to be the case, not so much
among the larger species as the smaller, and especially in such
a family as the Pleurotomide.

Of all the molluscan families, this more sorely needs a
competent monographer than any other. From every point of
view, specifically, bathymetrically, or in whatever other way they
are considered this assemblage is of surpassing and marvellous
interest. The multitudinous variety of form, the extensive
abysmal distribution, the bizarre colouring of some, and sculp-
ture of others, the large proportion, in comparison with the
species, that are found of the “minutiora” of this family on
some tropical shores, e.g., Lifu, which Mr. Standen and I are
now engaged in working out, and the great quantity of new
forms that are continually cropping up, all of exquisite grace
and beauty, force one to the conclusion that here is congre-
gated the most attractive assemblage in the whole range of
marine shells.

The day may be far off before such questions are fully
worked out and finally solved, and few of us, if any, will pro-
bably live to see it, but whenever the labour be accomplished,
and a monumental task it will be, it will be seen how naturally
every form dovetails, as it were, into its place, how beautifully
the law of evolution extends, how the great Author of all
things created and uncreated, magnifies, if one may so speak,
His powers in the calling into being of the lesser branches of
animated nature, and we shall all echo the words, so long ago
written, of the great Roman naturalist, Caius Plinius Secundus,

‘In his tam parvis, quam inextricabilis perfectio.” *

4 TOW on ING Valo, 1 Dy ie

480 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED ‘TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY'S LIBRARIAN).

Bibliography of North American Conchology previous to the
year 1860, by W. G. BINNEY. Part 1, American Authors, Washing-
ton, 1863. :

Shell-Colouration in British Extra-Marine Mollusca, by A. E.
Boycorr ; ex. Trans. Oxford University Junior Science Club. New
series, no. 1, 1897 [gives a useful general sketch of the subject].

La Collection neogéne de Hongrie, de Croatie, de Slavonie et
de Dalmatie a lExposition de Budapest, by S. BrusINa, ex.
Societas Historico-Naturalis Croatica, ix., 1896 [list of 253 species,
with prefatory remarks].

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 6, no. 7, July, 1897.

“¢ Some Observations by English Naturalists as to the Fauna of Rathlin
Island and Ballycastle districts,” including (1) General Observations, by
R. SPANDEN ; (2), Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Ballycastle dis-
trict, by Lionret E. Apams [list of species from Rathhn- Island and the
mainland] ; (3), Notes on the Marine Mollusca of Rathlin Island, by.G. W.
CuasvrEr [Zurbonilla pusilla, Pyrgostelis tnterrupla, and Neolepton oble-
guatum]. ‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca from County Westmeath,” by
G. P. FARRAN [Helix arbustorum and other species].

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, année 27, nos. 320-321, Juitiee
1897.

‘* Les plages de la Manche, Mollusques recueillis entre Beénerville et la
Dives (sete), by A. Douirus (3 pl.). ‘Contribution a la Faune Mala-
cologique Terrestre du Turkestan (description de deux espéces nouvelles),”
by Baron ROSEN [Helix Ketter’, Buliminus Ketter’).

.surnal de Conchyliologie, vol. 44, no. 4 (dated ‘rer Octobre, 1896,”
received July Ist, 1897).

“‘Note sur le bras hectocotylisé et sur le dimorphisme-de Sepza Ovbigny-
ana Férrusac,” by H. Fiscuer (8 pls.). ‘* Catalogue des especes du genre
‘Cochlostyla Férrusac qui vivent dans les Iles Philippines,”” by J. G.
Hipawco [list of works in which Philippine species are figured, with cor-
rected nomenclature ; alphabetical list of 226 species; distribution in different
islands ; and synopsis of classification by different authorities]. *‘ Descrip-
tion de deux espéces nouvelles de Pleurobranchidés,” by A. VAYSSIERE
[P2. Crossei Antilles, P/. Giardi Camiguin Is., woodcuts]. ‘* Description
de coquilles fossiles des terrains tertiares inférieurs (szzte),” by C. MAYER-
EyMAR [many n. sp. figured in pls. 9 and ro]. “‘ Description d’un ‘sous
genre nouveau du genre Cardita,” by C. MAyER-EyMAR [Cossmanedla
for C. egyptiaca Fraas).

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1897, part I.

“‘The Affinities of Floridian Miocene Land Snails,” by H. A. PILsBRY
[Ayperaulax n. subg. of Balimelus for B. Nialey7 Smith}. ‘The Gastropod
Radula,” by H. A. Pivspry [brief abstract only]. ‘‘ Descriptions of new
South American Bz/émzl?,” by H, A. Pitspry [9 n.sp. not figured].

J.C., viii., Oct., 1897.

AU TOTY PES

HUGH CUMING, 1791—1865.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Fig. 1.—Haminea Cairnsiana sp. nov.

pe

2.—Terebra (Myurella) nectarea sp. nov.
3.—Cerithiopsis sinon Bayle...
4.—Engina zatrictum Melvill
5.—Cerithium dichroum sp. nov.
6.—Engina mundula sp. nov.

7,8.—Cyprea Rashleighana Melvill
9.—Diala ludens sp. nov.

Mp = LEMCUFIYID SOe ONE

it— ae B prolongata var. nov.

12.—Lngina spica sp. nov.

13.—Muzex (Ocinebra) benedictus sp. nov.

14.—MMitra (Costellaria) exasperata var. Hadfieldi

var. nov. rs smo sae
15.—Mangilia ce Alicie sp. nov.

16.—Syrnola Mosstana sp. nov.

IEk

Plate II.

MOLLUSCA.

LIFU

EXO RAINE IEIKOUIN, COIR PILATES, JUN.

Fig. 17.—Mttra (Volutomitra) honesta sp. nov.

18.—Minolia glaphyrella sp. nov.

19.—Afitra (Costellaria?) nitidissima sp. nov. ...
20.—Engina todosia Duclos...

21.—Mangilia (Glyphostoma) calcicincta sp. nov.
22.--Barleeta Chasteri sp. nov. ee :
23.—Pleurotoma (Drillia) Hadfieldi sp. nov.
24.—Mangilia (Glyphostoma) Emme sp. nov.
25.— » (GLyphostoma) theskela sp. nov.
26.— » (Daphnella) dulcinea sp. nov.
27.—Engina sinensis Melvill “als
29.—Cyprea clandestina Linné var. Artuffelt Jouss.
30.— Kellia fidelium sp. nov. pie tert ears
31.—Mangilia (Gly phostoma) cremonitla sp. nov.
32,.—Mitra (Chrysame) fulvosulcata Melvill

33.— Certthium armatum var. lifuensis var. nov. ...

. IOL

125
102
104
95
120
94
96
97
98
106
12
128
96
IOI

T15

Plate. 11.

bn

West, Newman ump.

C.M Woodward del.etlith.

LIFU MOLLUSCA.

\e

nies ‘<a
tae

EXPLANATION? ©F =< PiZAd E *1Ve

Purpura lapillus 1., illustrating variation.

. I.—Felixstowe, sheltered coast.

2, 3.—Newquay, on veined and coloured rock.
4.—Herm, rather exposed.

5.—sSolent, very sheltered.

6.—Land’s End, exposed rocks, small food supply.
7.-—Scilly, exposed rocks, fair food supply.

8.—St. Leonard’s, flat mussel beds at extreme low water.

g.—Robin Hood’s Bay, sheltered under boulders, good

food supply.

10.—Rhoscollyn, an oyster bed, 4—7 faths. (Macandrew).

11.—Guernsey, rather exposed rocks.

12..—Conway Estuary, very sheltered, abundant food supply.

13, 14.—Robin Hood’s Bay, very exposed rocks, poor food
supply.

15, 16, 17.—Morthoe, rather exposed rocks, abundant food
supply.

18.—St. Bride’s Bay.

19.—Lough Swilly, sheltered but small food supply.

(Reproduced from the ‘Cambridge Natural History.’)

Plate LV.

VARIETIES (OK 2URPORA LAPILLUS.

(FROM THE ‘‘CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY. ”)

EXGPIANATION: Oran aves aye

Shell-mound of Purpura lapillus L., at the pre-historic
settlements at Portnafeadog (Dog’s Bay), near Roundstone,
Connemara, all broken by means of rude stone hammers, it
is supposed, in order to obtain the body of the animal for the
production of a purple dye, highly prized by the ancient Irish.
—(See page 188).

(From a photograph by R. Welch, reproduced, from Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, ser. 3, vol. 3, no. 5).

‘SATTIdVT VANddaNd AO GNNOW TIAHS

; "A 271d
ee

Mane

foie fed
ay aw

eed
an
Gar

ae

aP@WaUN AUN, (Ole Tikes, WI,

Shell-mound of Zztforina littorea L., at the pre-historic
settlements at Portnafeadog (Dog’s Bay), near Roundstone,
Connemara. ‘The shells have a cracked appearance, as if they
had been laid upon a hot surface; if the shells had been
treated in this manner, the animals could easily have been

extracted for food or bait.—(See page 187).

(From a photograph by R. Welch, reproduced from Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, ser. 3, vol. 3, no. 5).

Plate VI.

SHELL MOUND OF LITTORINA LITTOREA.

; be

: cate By ae eee ote nn arte emg re a a tere
. i pe
f
ah 8 zi
~ ‘ Hab a
=| a vane
nt : $
4 Pi
iy
ist
‘
’ u ; r
ee
’
By Coy A
‘
Pe y
OF |
“i! va
he .
a . . Noe
oy re i
Ate a on
te e ;
~ 7 oa
a 4 4 4
*
ea re
i , :
Nt
i f + ‘ “y
iy : r
¥ is - n ©
, “8 ' ’ ‘
Cie | aN ie
ro : yo i
J, =~
be 'y : '
a , : ;
ak
a "
Ts a '
os 2 ‘ . &
= u is
i ! ily , ry
o™ es 3 y
¥ “ ¥
7 ‘
v v . ? .
i] a “
, a, Z Tif 4 "4
Dy aes
; ‘ “i
Mie oe
‘i ’ vie ‘
) W bow
a z ; = _

i ‘ “Tr Se: ~
1 ee? tard! Aire | langage shh nee sey AE ity 0 ru el

Be a : f

EXPEANATION OF (EEAdin valde

Shell-mound of Patella vulgata L., at the pre-historic settle-
ments at Portnafeadog (Dog’s Bay), near Roundstone, Conne-
mara. Probably a refuse heap, or ‘‘kitchen-midden,” made by
the accumulation of shells of animals used for food.—(See
page 187).

(From a photograph by R. Welch, reproduced, by _per-
mission, from Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, ser. 3

VOlS 35 O55).

‘VLVDOINA VITELVd AO GNNOW TIAHS

Ll

TIA 2932Id

4 es res
r ‘ ee ee

EPA NA TON OP Siz exc Wale

Fig. 1.—Swbultna (Nothus) simplex Guppy... --. page 235
a ee (OATES INO se5 eo 3 Lea
» 3-—Vitrea implicans (Guppy) ... 3 238
» 4.——Selentfes alicea (Guppy) 53 AAO
» 5-—Lhkvsanophora bactricola (Guppy) $5 2O
» 6.—Bulimulus (Drvmeus) aureolus (Guppy) ... 55 Oa
» 7 3 - trinitartus Sp. NOV. ... 1 eae
> 8 A Mossi Sp. nov. ... .:- ae es
ee? 53 45 Broadway sp. nov. ... iy Meas

» 10.— Pupa uvulifera Guppy 3 2a

Plate VIII.

are

10
West, Newman imp.

eS

LAND SHELLS OF TRINIDAD.

GM Woodward delet ith.

ue
Me Tat ap ,
LAE SONI Tde

2 lee

EXPLANATION OF PATE De

1.—Murex (Ocinebra) brachys sp. nov. ...
2.—Vassa (Niotha) rotunda sp. nov.
3-— 5, (TZelasco) Shacklefordi sp. nov.
4.— 4, +3 ecstilba sp. nov.

5.—Columbella (Seminella) See . nov.
(olim. Pacer preeocc.) .

6.—Columbella (Mitrella) sig Po Sp. NOV.
7.—Scalaria eranna sp. nov. ...

o—* 4. exomila Spmove ..-

9.—Drillia tone sp. nov.
Ic.— ,, themeropis sp. nov. ...

I1.— ,, wxanthoporphyria sp. nov.
12.—Mangilia agna sp. nov.
13. 45 bascauda sp. nov.

i calathiscus sp. nov.

I5-— 4, eumerista Sp. NOV.

16.— 4, Aimerodes Sp. NOV.

17. ,, himerta sp. nov.

IS— ,, orophoma sp. NOV.

I9.—- 4, stibarochila sp. nov. .
20.— ,, thalycra sp. nov. natal aoe ates SORE
Be aire thiasotes sj). Nov.
32 ie (Cythara) euselma sp. nov.
23.— 5; 5 psalterium sp. nov. ...
24.— 5, 5 signum sp. nov.
25.— 5 (Glyphostoma) chrysolitha sp. nov.
Di . dtalitha sp. nov.
27.— 55 = latirvella sp. nov.
28.— notopyrrha sp. nov.

20 ee rhodacime sp. Nov.

PES 275

3)

”)

9

273
274
274

275) 407

276
276
277
277
278
278
279
279
280
280
281
281
282
283
283
284
284
285
286
286
287
287
288
288

Plate KX.

West, Newman imp.

GM Woodward del et:hth.

LIFU MOLLUSCA

bE TAN AION TOR ee

ig. 30.—Mangilia (Glyphostoma) thalera sp. nov.

=f theoteles sp. NOV.
99 thepalea sy). nov.
s thereganum Sp. NOV.
ey thesaurista sp. nov.
A; thyridota sp. nov.

36.—Clathurella caletria sp. nov.

31. 0)
Boas ”
Soe ”
34.-— ”
35am )
S/S ”
Zo ”
395 ”
40,— ”
41.— ”
42.— ”

cnephea sp. nov.

episema Sp. Nov.

lita sp. nov. Hes enced Bie:

longa = M. (Glyphostoma) tri-
gonostomum WHervier ...

Rogerst sp. nov.

spyridula sp. Nov.

43.—Daphnella terina sp. nov.

44.— ”

thespesia sp. Nov.

45.—Mitra (Costellaria) Dorothee sp. nov.
46.—Littium eolomitres sp. nov.

albocinctum Sp. NOv.
marileutes Sp. NOY.

uUveanNuUmM SP. NOV.

50.—Cerithiopsis aurantiaca sp. Nov. ...

A T= ”
48.— ”
49.— ”
yl ”
52 sen
5S. aan ”
54.— ”
Sona ”

catenaria Sp. NOV.
eutrapela sp. NOV.
Foster@ sp. nov.
hedista sp. nov.
adelpha sp. nov.

56.—TZurbonilla belonis sp. nov....

57.—Lyrgulina gliriella sp. noy.

page 289

2809

West, Newman imp.

pone a rt

Ass

GM Woodward del et hth-

PlateX .

LIFU MOLLUSCA

EXPLANSEION Ob) PIN GE ae

. 58.—Syruola jaculum sp. NOV....

59.— , wtolacea sp. nov....
60.—Alvania pisinna sp. nov.
61.—Aissoina baculum-pastoris sp. NOV. ...

62.— ,, catholica sp. nov.

63.— 4; enteles Sp. NOV.

64.—_ 5; nestotes Sp. NOV.. ae
G5—= 5 (Phosinella) puasilins SO MOV se
66.— ,, sincera Sp. NOV. ...

67.— 5; zonula sp. NOV.

68.—Barleera chrysomela sp. nov.
69.—Rissola joviana sp. nov.

70.— ,, pyrrhacme sp, nov.
71.—Alaba zadela sp. nov.

72.-—Litiopa limnophysa sp. nov.
73.—Mathilda eurytima sp. nov.
74.—Luchelus favosus sp. nov.... -
75a, b.—Leucorhynchia tricarinata sp. nov.
76.—Alcyna lifuensis sp. NOV. ...
77.—Minolia agapeta sp. nov..

78.—Solariella (Conotrochus) tragema sp. nov.

79.—Cadulus viperidens sp. NOV.
80.—TZornatina Hadfieldi sp. nov.

page 304

81.—Mangilia (Glyphostoma) theskela Melv. Sen 33

82.—Drillia cygnea sp. nov.
83.—Odostomia versicolor sp. nov.
84.—Llusa gradatula sp. nov. ...

Olivella IWVilliamsi sp. nov. (fig. in text)

304
395
306
306
3O7
oe7
308
308
308
go)
So)
310
325
3o5
310
311
a0
312
B12
O49
ou
on

27)
379
Sy)
380
381

Plate XI.

sO 81 62 83 84:

GM Woodward del.ethth. West, Newman int.

LIFU MOLLUSCA

“a

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL Sea
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND HEE LTE

Be 8 CONTENTS.
te we ‘25 , 5 _. - PAGE.
PREFACE. see Bt Tee on ieee I

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS:
- Molluscan Albinism and the Tendency to the Phenomenon in 1893.—
K. Hurlstone Jones... ae i ts zh d ee 3

On the Occurrence of Pulsellum lofotense Sars in ae Irish 2 =
_G. W. Chaster ... aus age uy a Ss ie face

Vertigo substriata Jeff. var. albina.—R. Standen linge ate sia EE
_ Helix aspersa Mull. m. sinistrorsum Taylor. —R. Standen pees ae | 23s
Alterations in ‘ British Conchology. *_J. T. Marshall ah le 24
c - PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 12
- Annual Report he oa he EH
List of Members wns Shatin Ce ae ex =a vey s 18,

“LONDON: Durau & Go., 37, SoHo es W.
LEEDS: TAYLOR BRos., SoverEIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, Str. Annee Sd:
: 4 BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOR CARLSTRASSE Il.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS. PER
ANNUM; POST-FREE,

Part I. Now Ruling. Part Il. In THE PREss. a
Subscriptions are invited for
A
MONOGRAPH
: OF THE

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
OF THE

BRITISH ISLES,

BY

bdr WES pA Wo GR, Be Sa

Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France,
President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
Editor of ‘The Journal of Conchology,”
etc., etc.,

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.1.S., the late CHAS. ASHFORD,
AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN .CONCHOLOGISTS.

VoL. I (which it is intended to complete in four parts) is Introductory, the first —
parts dealing with the DEFINITION OF CONCHOLOGY, History, CLASSIFICATION,
NOMENCLATURE, SYNONYMY, SHELL, SPECIES, VARIETIES, &c., and is illustrated
with numerous figures i in the text and a plate in colours.

The second part which will follow as quickly as practicable will conclude the
consideration of the modifications of the shell, and treat upon the animal inhabitant
and its various systems of organs.

Subscription, 5/- per part; post free, 5/3.

Subscribers’ Names to be sent, with Subscription, addressed to the
Author, Spring Bank, Horsforth, Leeds, or to Taylor Bros.,
Sovereign. Street, Leeds.

A full list of Subscribers will be printed at the completion of the work.

ENQUIRY COLUMN.

Can any member tell me the derivation of Azmalia, Cecilioides, and Gibilinanica?—
Lione, E. ApAms.

Amalia (Moqg.-Tand., Moll. France, p. 19, 1855) is given without derivation, but as it is
a not uncommon feminine proper name, it was probably chosen in honour of some friend or
relative. —— Cecilioides is from ce@cus, blind, the animals being blind and nocturnal. The
name was altered to Cecilianella by Bourguignat (Rev. & Mag. Zool. (2), viii., p. 378, 1856),
on the ground that Férussac’s name (spelt by him wrongly Cecz/zoides) being an adjective, was
inapplicable as a generic name. It is an open question whether this is an adequate cause for
change. Férussac presumably avoided Cecilia because it was pre-occupied in Amphibia, ——
Gibilmanica is probably a Sicilian geographical term, but I have not yet succeeded in finding
its whereabouts.—P.K.F.

APRIL (2%) 1895.

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

: PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
4HE COUNCIL, OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAWNY).

CONTENTS.
~ ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS:

Alterations in ‘ British Conchology. —J. T. Marshall (cosdénieed)

Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West of Ireland—Edw. Collier
Note-on ‘ Cypreea tessellata.’+-k. Standen

An Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh Cuming—J. C. ‘Melvill

BIBLIOGRAPHY: |
The Cambridge Natural. History

Manchester Museum Library Catalogue
» The ‘Journal of Malacology ’

PROCEEDINGS ©! the CONCHOLOGICAL§ SOCIETY:

|
LONDON: Dutau & Cai, +) 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.
LEEDS: Tavvor Bros., Sovervicn St. | MANCHESTER: J. E, Corsisu, St. Apne's-Su.
: r BERIAN : FriepiraENpDeR & Soun, Caristrassn 12.
| 3 a

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
| _ « ANNUM, POST-FREE,

- All Communications to be Addressed
‘Mr. W. E. HOYLE,

Thea Owanc CSAlEa

~ Part Ll Now Reapy. ae Parr ne IN THE Press.
-' Subscriptions are invited for
A

MONOGRAPH
OF THE

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
OF THE. : ) we
BRITISH ISLES,

BY

He IS AN. OT ACEO RE LS

Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, Ree Si:
President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
Editor of ‘‘ The Journal of Conchology,”
5 etc, etch,

3 ; : WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF . pa :
W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., the late CHAS. ASHFORD,
AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN CONCHOLOGISTS.

VoL. I (which it is intended to complete in four parts) is Introductory, the first —
parts dealing with the DEFINITION OF CoNCHOLOGY, HisTORY, CLASSIFICATION,
NOMENCLATURE, SYNONYMY, SHELL, SPECIES, VARIETIES, &c., and is illustrated
with numerous figures in the text and a plate in colours.

The second part which will follow as quickly as practicable will conclude the

consideration of the modifications of the shell, and treat upon the,animal inhabitant .
- and its various systems of organs.

Subscription, 5/- per part; post free, 5/3.

Subscribers’ Names to be sent, with Subscription, addressed to the
Author, Spring Bank, Horsforth, Leeds, or to Taylor Bros.,
Sovereign Street, Leeds.

L

_ A full list of Subscribers will be printed at the completion of the work. -

ENQUIRY COLUMN.

Can any member tell me the derivation of Gzb7manica?—LIoNEL E. ADAMS. _

The name Gibz/imanica clearly refers to some mountain, ‘‘ gibel” being the Arabic “* Jebel,”
and recalling the occupation of the Saracens. I find ‘‘ Gibelliformi ” a hill close to Palermo, and
“‘ Gibellina” a larger hill in the western corner.of Sicily.—H. R. M.

All the specimens of /ivifara wivipara which I have taken, amounting to many hundreds,
have contained young. As it is stated that the animals are dicecious it would appear that the
males must be very rare. Can any reader inform me whether any season or any mode of capture
is more likely to be favourable for taking them than another?—R., C;

Can any member tell me whether Acicu/a ¢ineata (Drap). is viviparous or not?—W. J. FARRER.

No. 3]. JULY eS" 1895, [VoL. vit.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS:
An Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh Cuming—J. C. Melvill (contd.) 65

PAGE,

Segmentina lineata in Northamptonshire.—Lionel E. Adams ... : 70

Some Personal Reminiscences of the late Hugh lea: L. Layard
-C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc., etc. Be Al

Nassa reticulata var. minor.—G. W. Chaster de = ses 75

Helix hortensis var. luteo-labiata var. nov. and ee Helix ‘ila in
Northamptonshire.—Lionel E.-Adams ae 83

Notes on a Collection of Shells from Lifu and Uvea, Teapalty ‘idande
formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species.
—James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., and Robert Standen ... 84

PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL STE 76

ILLUSTRATIONS:
: Portrait of Hugh Cuming
Variation of Pupura lapillus...

eS

~ LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo SQuARE, W.
LEEDS : Tayror Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. ANNE'S Sa. .
: ‘BERLIN : FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE II.

BNICE: ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
_, ANNUM, POST-FREE,

All Gonmminicodone. to be Addressed
Mr. W. E. HOYLE,
. The Owens College.

Part I. Now Reapy. Part IL. 1 THE Pruss.

Subscriptions are invited for
a
MONOGRAPH
OF THE

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF THE “5

BRITISH ISLES,

BY a

J; Wie TAYLOR, Fas}

Membre Honoraire de Ja Société Malacologique de France,
President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
Editor of “The Journal of Conchology,” Sas
etc., etc., ee

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., the late CHAS. ASHFORD,
AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN CONCHOLOGISTS.

VoL. I (which it is intended to complete in four parts) is Introductory, the first
parts dealing with the DEFINITION oF CONCHOLOGY, HIsToRY, CLASSIFICATION, }
NOMENCLATURE, SYNONYMY, SHELL, SPECIES, VARIETIES, &c., and is illustrated
with numerous figures i in the text and a plate in colours.

The second part which will follow as quickly as practicable will conclude the
consideration of the modifications of the shell, and treat upon the animal inhabitant
and its various systems of organs.

Subscription, 5/- per part; post free, 5/3.

Subscribers’ Names to be sent, with Subscription, addressed to the
Author, Spring Bank, Horsforth, Leeds, or to Taylor Bros.,
Sovereign Street, Leeds.

A full list of Subscribers will be printed at the completion of the work.

To be Sold.

COLLECTION OF SHELLS,
Of about 6,000 kinds (18,000 examples).

For Particulars apply to

M. BONNET, CHAMBESY, GENEVA
SWITZERLAND.

Final Number of Subscription.

fx] UBSCRIBERS are requested to renew

their Subscriptions as early as
possible, to avoid delay in receiving next
Number.

ponaicemeeynemmentT

pe yen omen

a
f

vw

bee
Sanyal:

No. 4]. OCTOBER (Paplished) 1895. [ VoL. vit.

THE

JOURNAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETV
3 OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :

Notes on a Collection of Shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands,
- formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species.
—James Cosmo Melvill, M,A., F.L.S., and Robert Standen Bay OO)

PAGE.

ILLUSTRATIONS : |
Lifu Mollusca (Plates II. and III.)

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, Sono SquarE, W.
: LEEDS : - TAYLor Bros., SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. ANNE’S Sa.
BERLIN: FrIEDLAENDER & Sonn, CARLSTRASSE It,

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
: ANNUM, POST-FREE

All Communications to be Addressed
Mr. W. E. HOYLE,
The Owens College, |

See |

Part 1 & I. Now Reapy.. Parr Il]. mw rae Pans,

Subscriptions are invited for
z :

MONOGRAPH 4

OF THE

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF THE

BRITISH ISLES,

e BY
J WV TAY OR AE eS:
Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France,
President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland,

Editor of ‘‘The Journal of Conchology,
ete.» efc.;

WITH. THE ASSISTANCE OF
W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., the late CHAS. ASHFORD,
AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN ‘CONCHOLOGISTS.

Vou. I is Introductory, the first. part dealing with the DEFINITION OF Con- .

CHOLOGY, HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, SYNONYMY, SHELL,
SPECIES, VARIETIES, &c., and is illustrated with numerous as in the text anda
plate in colours.

The second part concludes the consideration of the variations and monstrosities

to which the shell is subject, treating upon Sinistrorsity, Scalariformity. Hyper-

strophy, Heterostrophy, etc., etc., and “the Auxiliary Appendages of the shell, and _

is richly illustrated by figures in the text and a plate in colours.

The third part, which will follow as quickly as practicable, treats upon the -

Morphology and Anatomy of the animal inhabitant and its various systems of organs.

Subscription, 5/- per part; post free, 5/3.

Subscribers’ Names to be sent, with Subscription, addressed to the

Author, Spring Bank, Horsforth, Leeds, or to Taylor Bros.,
Sovereign Street, Leeds.

A full list of Subscribers will be printed at the completion of the work.

‘Eo. be Sola.

COLLECTION OF SHELLS,
Of about 6,000 kinds (18,000 a

For Particulars apply to

M. “BONNE, CHAMBESY, GENEVA
SWITZERLAND. hoe ;

“JANUARY (4), 1896. [Vor.1

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER- THE DIRECTION OF
THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL: SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :

Notes on a, Collection of Shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands,
formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species.

—-James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., and Robert Standen (co7z-
cluded)

On the Occurrence of Alectryonia ungulata i in S.E. ‘Africa ; with a notice

of previous researches on the Cretaceous Conchology of Southern
Africa. —R. Bullen Newton .
’ Helix hortensis m. sinistrorsum in ‘Northamptonshire. on “Wright «.
Agriolimax agrestis v. albida Picard in Cheshire. —C. Oldham
_Limax cinereo-niger in Cheshire.—-C. Oldham
Notes on the Land: and_ Freshwater Mollusca. of the English Lake
District.—W. J. Farrar ;
~ Protective resemblance of the shell of Helix cantiana Mont. ‘to its sur-
: roundings.—_H. Crowther
The Marine Mollusca of Teignmouth Bay : “Additions. at, SiG: Byn ne
Helix lapicida var. albina in Kent.—L. E. Adams . a
On the variation of Stilifer Turtoni Brod.—G. W. Chaster
Physa acuta at Ostend.—L. E. Adams

PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
BIBLIOGRAPHY . Begs

ILLUSTRATIONS:
Map of ‘the Loyalty Islands
- Stilfer Turtoni ae

ee

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo SQuaRE, W.
LEEDS : TayLor Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. ANNn’s Sa.
BERLIN : FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, COR SEES II.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING ‘AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
ANNUM, POST-FREE

All Communications to be addressed
Mr. W. E. HOYLE,
The Owens College, -_

FART 1. 11, INOW. IVEADY, FART Ill. IN THE PRESS

‘Subseriptions are invited for
| paar es :
MONOGRAPH
- OF THE ae

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA ~

-OF THE. oe
BRITISH ISLES,

as BY
JW. TAYLOR, ELS:

Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, _
President of the Conchological Society: of Great Britain and Ireland,
Editor of ‘‘ The Journal of Conchology,”’

etc., etc., ‘

_ WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., the late CHAS. ASHFORD, - ;
AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN CONCHOLOGISTS.

VoL. I is Introductory, the first part dealing with the DEFINITION OF CON-
CHOLOGY, History, CLASSIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, SYNONYMY, SHELL,

a

SPECIES, VARIETIES, &c., and is illustrated with numerous figures in the text and a

plate in colours.

The second part concludes the consideration of the variations and monstrosities
to which the shell is subject, treating upon Sinistrorsity, Scalariformity. Hyper-

strophy, Heterostrophy, etc., etc., and the Auxiliary Appendages of the shell, and .

is richly illustrated by figures in the text and a plate in colours.

The third part, which will follow as quickly as practicable, treats upon the —

Morphology and Anatomy of the animal inhabitant and its various systems of organs.

Subscription, 5/- per part; post free, 5/3.

Subscribers’ Names to be sent, with Subscription, addressed to the
Author, Spring Bank, Horsforth, Leeds, or to Taylor Bros.,
Sovereign Street, Leeds.

A full list of Subscribers will be printed at the completion of the work.

ENQUIRY COLUMN.

I should be-glad of an answer to the following question, viz. : Is bog water prejudical and
inimical to the ordinary- British mollusca—Limucea, Paludina, Bythinia, &c., &c.? Perhaps
some readers who have collected these shells can inform me. I am interested in some Irish
fishing. The common brown Trout (7. /ario), though abundant, run small—a fish of a pound
weight is a vara avis! (sue now! I write of Irish fish) and it has occurred, to me that want of
Sood is the real reason. -We know that the great abundance of food found by the common trout
introduced into New Zealand waters, was the main causé of their attaining a colossal size, some
have been taken out over 4o Ibs. weight !! Could I not increase the size of the Lough trout
where I fish by the introduction of the mollusca on which they feed, for, on examining the loughs,
’ IT could not tind a single specimen of any of our freshwater shells. I-then remembered that I
never saw any mollusca in the Lochs of South Uist or Harris, which are the products of the
drainage of bogs. Of course, the question at once arose, is it of any use to go to the expense-and
trouble of importing living molluscs if they will not survive and increase in these waters? Will
some of my brother conchologists, who have sought for these shells in Great Britain and Ireland,
help me toa solution of the problem? J shall be infinitely obliged to them.—E. L. LAYARD, ~
Otterbourne, Budleigh Salterton. ¥

Can any member give me the the derivation of “‘ osphradium” and ‘‘rhinophore” ?—L. E. A.

APRIL (2tsts"), 1896. ior ome

Rack May?

THE

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

POBLISHLIED “ONDER OILHE, DIRECTION OF
DHE COUNCIL, OF ilk CONCTHOLOGICAL: SOCLERY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :

Further Conchological ‘Notes from the West of Ireland—Edward Collier

and Robert Standen

Note on the Habits of Vertigo edentula Drap.—Charles Oldham

The Marine Mollusca of Cornwall.—G. F. Tregelles

Corrigendum. —R, B. Newton
PROCEEDINGS °f the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
BIBLIOGRAPHY

LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, Sono Sguarr, W.
LEEDS: Tayror Bros. y SOVEREIGN Svr.. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Corsisu; St, ANNE'S Sq.

BERLIN : Raroranoee & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 12.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
; ANNUM, POST-FREE

All Communications to be addressed _
Mr. W. E. HOYLE,
The Owens College.

IN THE PRESS.

SHCON Drie nw
THE COLLECTOR'S MANUAL

British Land and Freshwater Shells,

BY LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.,

HON. TREASURER CONCHOLOGICAEL SOCIETY.

Lilustrated by Collotype & Engraved Figures of the species from Original Drawings,
By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR,
And containing a full enumeration and description of all the recognized varieties,

with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facili-
tating the easy identification of the more critical species.

A full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every Species,
including the results of the latest researches, will be added.

PRICK S/= PLAIN, AND LO/G COLOURED.

Orders may be sent to TAYLOR BROTHERS, Sovereign Street, Leeds;
or to the AUTHOR, 77, St. Giles’ Street, Northampton.

ENQUIRIES.

Will ‘‘ H. R. M.,” or some other learned brother, kindly give me the deriva-
tion of dzeca and Canzgonensis >—L. E. A.

ANSWERS.

In answer to Mr. Layard’s query, I give my experience. In pure peat water
few pond weeds flourish and fewer snails. Where other soil is mixed with the peat
(e.g., the ‘* Curragh,” Isle of Man) shells are found, though usually small. Irish
peat drains contain no snails (so far as my experience goes). I should not think
an importation would be a success, but much would depend on whether weeds
will live in Mr. Layard’s water.—LioNeEL E. ADAMS.

In reply to Mr. Layard’s query in the January number of the Journal, I should
say, judging from my own observations only, that bog and peat water, although most
decidedly detrimental to the existence of many molluscan species, is on the other hand
beneticial to some few, notably Lzmnca peregra. Up here, in the Lake District of
England, the greater portion of the soil is of a peaty nature, and the ditches and tarns
heavily charged with decaying vegetable matter, yet in all of them, 2 fo @ certain
altitude, Limnea peregrais abundant. A lurking idea of my own is that the altitude
of a body of water, and thé consequent lowering of temperature, has more to do
with the absence of mollusca in the peaty regions of our country than its boggy nature
and this seems proved by the fact that in no instance have I found any aquatic
shell-bearing mollusca above an altitude of 1,500 feet. This is a subject worthy
of being worked up, and I should certainly like to hear the views of other, and
better informed, conchologists on the matter. Last Spring I paid a visit to the
Outer Hebrides for the purpose of collecting sea birds’ eggs, and so paid little atten-
tion to the mollusca; but I dd find time for a small hunt, ard found Linea
peresra, Linnaa truncatula, ae fluviatilts, and Physa fontinalis quite com-
mon in the ditches and lochs about Lochboisdale, C ‘astlebay, and on the Island of
Barra. At the latter place, too, dead shells of Helix acuta and H. rwufescens were
plentiful ; we found no living specimens. Finally, I have no doubt that Lemzca
peregra introduced into Mr. Layard’s tarn will do well and increase in numbers,
always providing the altitude is not too great—-say not exceeding 1,000 feet above
sea level.—W. J. FARRER.

OsPHRADIUM, Greek oodpdd.ov, from dodpaivoyat, ‘to smell,’ the
name applied by Lankester (Encycl. Brit., ed. 9, Mollusca, p. 636) to
Spengel’s olfactory organ, a small papilla in the neighbourhood of the
eill, which tests the water passing over it for respiratory purposes.

RHINOPHORE, Greek jis, pivos, ‘nose,’ and bepe ‘to bear,’ the name
given to an olfactory tentacle. —P.K.F.

No. 7} JULY (Pusiistet), 1896. [Vor. vin.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
THE COUNCIL. OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

- CONTENTS. hs

AG

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
The Marine Mollusca of Cornwall. —G. F.. Tregelles (continued) ... 209

Helix fusca, H. granulata, H. lapicida var. albina and Clausilia Rolphii

in Northamptonshire.—L. E. Adams doe Sele ant ne 228
‘Note on Helix Lucasi from North Africa.— Rev. JW. Horsley po 228
~ Limax maximus L. var. alba in Northamptonshire. 4. He Adanistt... °228
Mucous tracks of Limnzea stagnalis L.—H. Crowther Ba Bei ia it 0)

A List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad.—E Eg A
- Smith (¢o de continued)... A 231
“PROCEEDINGS ~ the CONCHOLOGICAL! SOCIETY: 226

BIBLIOGRAPHY :.::. _ Re fe See Sse i.e 5220.
ILLUSTRATIONS. :
Kitchen 2 Middens from-West of Frelancl —Plates V.—VII.

Trinidad Mollusca.—Plate VITI.

LONDON: Duiau & Co., 37, Sono SQUARE, W.
LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SOVEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, ‘Sr, ANNE'S SQ.

BERLIN:: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
ANNUM, POST-FREE

- All Communications to be addressed

Mr. W. E. HOYLE, 2
uh “ch Tha Oiane Coallawae = 4

THE COLLECTOR’S MANUAL —

British Land and Freshwater Shells,

BY LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.,
HON. TREASURER CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Lilustrated by Collotype & E usraved Figures of the species from Original Drawings,
By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR.

SECOND BpDrrrow

Containing a full enumeration and description of all the recognized varieties,
with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facili-
tating the easy identification of the more critical species. ;

A’ full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every Species,
including the results of the latest researches, will be added. :

PRICE, 8/- PLAIN and LO/G COLOURED, NETT.

al few copies with duplicate plates (coloured and plain) at 15|- per copy, nett.

TAYLOR BROTHERS, Publishers, LEEDS.
a ee |
ENQUIRIES.

Where could I obtain a list of exporters and importers, dealers or buyers, of sea

shells, more especially Escallop shells, in Britain, France, Germany, or elsewhere ?
J. WALLIs.

—

ANSWERS.

All my efforts to find an etymology for [seca have failed ; not improbably it is
a fancy name.

As regards Canigonensis, I have a strong suspicion that it ought to be Cazégoz-
ensis, and is derived from Mount Canigou in the Eastern Pyrenees. The original
description appears to be in “Bulletin d’histoire naturelle de France,” ed. Boubée,
Paris, $vo., 1835, but there does not seem to be a copy in London.—P. k.F.

PART: Tih NOW. READ 3

A MONOGRAPH OF | sae
The Land and Freshwater Mollusca

OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

By Bess
Jeo WoO A YAO R. Hi. a

Containing a detailed and fully-illustrated account of a typical Gastropod and —
Pelecypod, and other matters of interest.

SUBSCRIPTION: 5/3 NETT PER PART, POST-FREE.

TAYLOR BROS., PUBLISHERS, LEEDS.

| No. 8]. OCTOBER (Published 1896. [Von VIII.
| Red. Och 2% :

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : oe
‘A List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad. —Edgar A.
Smith (com¢znued) ay ux ar othe ae Soon, PA
_ Note on Helix hortensis near Dover.—Rev. J. W. Horsley ... con Wisi
Limax marginatus Miill. in Northamptonshire.—L. E. Adams ... Ae |
Helix fusca and Azeca tridens in Denbighshire.—Charles Oldham ...._ 251
The Marine Mollusca of Cornwall.—G. F. Tregelles (continued) ... 252
The Mollusca of Plumstead Marshes.—Rev. J. W. Horsley ofr se) 202
PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 263
Annual Report i, oe S5e a0 Scie bea nse 20

aoe LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. f
LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SoveREIGN St. | MANCHESTER; J. E. Corntsu, St. Ann’s Sa.
BERLIN ; FRIEDLAENDER & Sonn, CARLSTRASSE It.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
ANNUM, POST-FREE

All Communications to be addressed
Mr. W. E. HOYLE,- |
_.. The Owens College. EEL

THE COLLECTOR’S MANUAL —
British Land and Freshwater Shells,

BY LIONEL E.

ADAMS, B.A.,

HON. TREASURER CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Llustrated by Collotype & Engraved Figures of the species from Original Drawings,
By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR.

SHCOND

EDITION

Containing a full enumeration and description of all the recognized varieties,
with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facili-
tating the easy identification of the more critical species.

A full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every Species,
including the results of the latest researches, will be added.

PRICH, B/= PLAIN and LO/G COLOURED, NETT.
A few copies with duplicate plates (coloured and plain) at 15|- per copy, nett,

Post FREE 5d. PER Copy EXTRA.

TAYLOR BROTHERS, Publishers, LEEDS.

ANSWERS.

J. WaALLis will find the names and addresses of a large number of dealers in

Friedlaender’s ‘‘Zoologisches Addressbuch,” recently published, price 10]-,—A-F.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

FOR exchange, Helix naso, latiaxis, Goudz,

Broadbenti, Rehset, Tayloriana, Nanina
Hercules, Cairni. Desiderata: exotic land
shells.—Miss LinTER, Arragon Close, Twicken-
ham.

ER TIGO angustior pygmeaand antivertigo
and other shells offered. Wanted ZH. odvo-
luta, &c., vars. of British Land and Freshwater
and Marinespecies.—W. Hy. Heathcote, F.L.S.,
Preston.

RARE Hortensis 00300 yellow and rarer 00300

- ‘red, for good British Land and Freshwater
vars. Also many foreign Helices.—Rev. J. W.
Horsey, St. Peter's Rectory, Walworth.

FOREIGN Land & Freshwater Shells offered

for others not in collection. | Wanted espe-
cially Cochlostyla, Bulimi, and Ofperculata.
Foreign exchanges specially desired.—EDWARD
Co..iEr, 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East,
Manchester. :

WANTED, any species, varieties, or local
forms of Cypreide, Pleurotomid@, or
Scalarideé not in collection.
change numerous Brit. and For. L., F. W., or
Marine Shells, many of them being scarce and
good.—R. STANDEN, 40, Palmerston Street,
Moss Side, Manchester.

MANCHESTER MUSEUM.—A large num-
+ ber of good duplicate Exotic Marine Shells,
Conus, Oliva, Marginella, Mitra, Strombus,
&c., offered for species or varieties of all orders
wanting in collection. Correspondence invited
and lists exchanged. _ Address, THE KEEPER
OF THE Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

WANTED Buccinum undatum and its
varieties, and many other British Marine
Shells, also Vertigo angustior, V. minutissima,
V. moulinsiana, Succinea oblonga, Limnea
tnvoluta and others. Can offer local and rare .
British shells and Foreign shells.—A. HARTLEY, _
14, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

Can offer in ex- ~

No. 9]. EXTRA (xerhtss:) NUMBER. © . [Vor vat
Reel bec.: ats d

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION. OF

THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND. [TRELAND.

CONTENTS.
: PAGE.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
Notes on a collection of Shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands,
formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species.
(Part II). James Cosmo Melvill, M,A., F.L.S., and Robert
Standen ... ee ot ss oe es “tus ras dee
The Shell-Boring of Carnivorous Be ranode aut is Shackleford —.... 315
Albino forms of Littorina rudis var. tenebrosa—Lionel E. Adams ... 315 -
Interesting Kentish Forms—Lionel E. Adams ... pe Ah ie SiS)
Planorbis carinatus monst. scalariforme—Thos. Edwards Ae 16320
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Planorbis carinatus monst. scalariforme’ .... var ae 336 Sin B20

eee

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.
LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SOVEREIGN Sr. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, Sr. ANN’s Sa.
BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE II.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
, ANNUM, POST-FREE

All Communications to be addressed
| Mr. W. E. HOYLE, oe
The. Owens College,

The large number of Papers in the Editor’s hands has rendered.

necessary the issue of the present EXTRA NUMBER.

The Plates will be issued so soon as they are_ ready,

probably with the number for April, 1897.

A large number of errors having remained uncorrected on :
page 263, owing to Mr. Collier’s absence on the continent, a
reprint of that and the following page will be issued at the end

of the volume.

THE OEE MANUAL

British Land and Rroshwater Shells,

BY LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.,

HON. TREASURER CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Lllustrated by Collotype & Engraved Figures of the species from Original Drawings,
By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR. .

SECOND BDITION

Containing a full enumeration and description of all the recognized varieties,
with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facili-

tating the easy identification of the more critical species.

A full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every Species,

including the results of the latest researches, will be added.

PRICH, S/= PLAIN and LO/G COLOURED, NETT. _
A few copies with duplicate plates (coloured and plain ) at 15|- per copy, nett.

Post FREE 5d. PER Copy EXTRA.

~ TAYLOR BROTHERS, Publishers, LEEDS.

JANUARY (222%), 1897. [Vor vin.
(ee FA -

THE

JOURNAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETV

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND [RELAND.

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS:
Obituary Notice of David-Robertson, LL, D.—W.E. H.
Additions to ‘* British Conchology.”—J. T. Marshall... she
PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGIGAL SOCIETY
Constitution j

List of Members

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W.
LEEDS: Tavior Bros., SovereiGn St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. CornisH, ST. Ann’s Sa. ©

BERLIN ; FRIeDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
ANNUM, POST-FREE

ga The Treasurer will be glad/if those Members
who have not paid their Subscriptions for 1896 will: do
so without delay.

LIONEL E. ADAMS, |

REPRINTS. _ cA

AvtHors of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp., 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 22 29 4/6, ye [0 »» -10/-. ; 29 12/6.
100 99 99 6/6, oe) Qi-- oe) 12/-. 23 15/-.
ADYERTISEMENTS
Will be inserted at the following rates :— ¢

Whole Page 20/-. Quarter Page Pee ian 7h
Half Page... 12/6. Six Lines or under ...- -...- 3/6.
One-third Page 8/- Every additional Line <= O:

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

THE COLLECTOR’S MANUAL
British Land and Freshwater Shells,

BY LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.,

HON. TREASURER

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Lilustrated by Collotype & Engraved Figures of the species from Original Drawings,
By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR.

SHCOND BHDITION

Containing a full enumeration and description ‘of all the recognized varieties,
with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facili-
tating the easy identification of the more critical species. :

‘A full and detailed Census of ‘the known Distribution of every Species,
including the results of the latest researches, will be added.

PRICH G/=

PLAIN, and LO/G COLOURED,

NETT.

A few copies with duplicate plates (coloured and plain) at 15|- per copy, nett.
Post FREE 5d. PER Copy EXTRA.

TAYLOR BROTHERS, Publishers,

LEEDS.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

S73 “LODONTA studeriana and Achatina
panthera from the Seychelles, in Exchange
for foreign Helices.—Rev. J. W.
Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, S.E.

HORSLEY, St.

FOREIGN Land & Freshwater Shells offered

for others not in collection. | Wanted espe-
cially Cochlostyla, Butlin, and Operculata.
Foreign exchanges specially desired. —EDWARD
Courter, 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East,
Manchester,

FFERED, a large and good Collection of

Exotic Marine Shells, also of Exotic Land

and Freshwater Shells, including many-_rare and

fine species, from New Guinea, , Borneo, Philip-

pines, Burmah, and Ceylon. Wanted, Exotic

Land Shells, especially Helices.—Miss LINTER,
Arragon Close, Twickenham.

WANTED Buccinune undatum and its

varieties, and many other British Marine
Shells, also Vertigo angustior, V. netnutissiiia,
V. moulinsiana, Succinea oblonga, Linnea
tnvoluta and others. Can offer local and rare
British shells and Foreign shells.—A. HARTLEY,
14, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

ANCHESTER MUSEUM.—A large num-
ber of good duplicate Exotic Marine Shells,

Conus, Oliva, Marginella, Mitra, Stronibis,

&c., offered for species or varieties of all orders

wanting in collection. Correspondence invited

and lists exchanged. . Address, THE KEEPER

oF THE Muskum, Owens College, Manchester,

ANTED, any species,

7

W forms of Cypreide, Pleurotomud«, ox
Scalaride not in collection. Can offer in ex-
change numerous. Brit. and For. L., F. W., or
Marine Shells, many of them being” scarce and
good.—R. STANDEN,
Moss Side, Manchester.

+s

varieties, or

FOR Exchange, Acicula lineata and var. alba,
Vertigo antivertigo, Pupa anglica, var.
alba, L. alliaria var. virjidula.

Trochus sisyphinus — all Ivish specimens.

Wanted, var. 2zzcolor of TT. aspersa, Wars. of —
fT. lapicida, H. cartusiana, and var. albina of ©

Ff. arbustoriuiz, etc.—W. J. FARRER, Sheridan
Lodge, Helen’s Bay, co. Down, Ireland.

local”

40, Palmerston” Street, ~

Also fine ~

\

APRIL (fbi), 1897. ; [ Vow. vit.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS:
Additions to “ British Conchology” (conténued).—J. T. Marshall
Adeorbis unisulcatus, n.sp., from the Irish Coast.—G. -W. Chaster
A Visit to a Snail-Farm.—R. D. Darbishire

Notes on a Collection of Shells from Lifu and Uvea, eit ‘dain
formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species
(Part II. continued ). Sie: Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., and
Robert Standen

On two remarkable Atavic- ‘Spceinnens of Planorbis spiroibis Mul. —
John W. Taylor, F.L.S. Bes ie 3a ws :

BIBLIOGRAPHY
PROCEEDINGS ©f the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 375

ILLUSTRATIONS:
Lifu Mollusca Ai ie: pees a a Plates [IX.—XI.
Adeorbis unisulcatus, Gictce ace one Be 356 se Be 373
Olivella Williamsi, Melvill & Standen ... ios as aye a 381
Diagrammatic Figures of Primitive Planorbis ... ; ie fs 383
Atavic Sinistral Monstrosity of Planorbis spirorbis Mill, ah ae 384.
Atavic Dextral Monstrosity of Planorbis spirorbis Miill. cis oe 384
Soh ee
LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, Sono Square, W.
' LEEDS : Taytor Bros., Soverzicn St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, Sr. Ann’s Se
BERLIN : FrIEDLAENDER & SoHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
ANNUM, POST-FREE

WS” «The attention of Members is particularly
directed to the resolution of the Council

on page 375.

REPRINTS.

UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp., 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 2” 2” 4/6, 29 6/6. 93 I0/-. . ry) 12/6.
EGO! een S5-6/6; So Ot my ead ice jt Gas
ADVERTISEMENTS
Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page 20/-, Quarter Page ae 7/-.
Half Page... 12/6. Six Lines or under ... 3/6.
One-third Page 8/- Every additional Line -/6.

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

THE COLLECTOR’ S MANUAL
British Land and ous center Shells,

BY LIONEL E.

HON.

ADAMS, B.A.,

TREASURER CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Lilustrated by Collotype & Engraved Figures of the species from Original Drawings,
By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR.

SHCOND

HDITIOWN

Containing a full enumeration and description of all the recognized varieties,
with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facili-
tating the easy identification of the more critical species.

A full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every Species,
including the results of the latest researches, will be added.

PRICE 8/-

PLAIN, and LO/G COLOURED, NETT.

A few copies with duplicate plates (coloured and plain) at 15|- per copy, nett.
Post FREE 5d. PER Copy EXTRA.

TAYLOR BROTHERS, Publishers,

LEEDS.

ENQUIRY COLUMN.

1.—Can any reader furnish me with references to literature on the use of shells as_money, ‘or

better still, with the loan of the works themselves?
—M. T. Barpwin, 50, Hackford Road,

desired.

Stearn’s ‘‘ Ethno-Conchology” ts particularly

North Brixton.

2.—Is there such a shell as the Awlone, and where can a description of it be found y=

M. T. Batpwin.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

SF FLODONTA studeriana and Achatina
panthera from the Seychelles, in Exchange
for foreign Helices. — Rev. J. W. Horsey,
St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, S.E.

FOREIGN Land & Freshwater Shells offered
for others not in collection. -Wanted-espe-
cially Cochlostyla, Bulimz, and Oferculata.
Foreign exchanges specially desired.—EDWARD
CoLuiER, Moss Lane- East, Manchester.

WANTED any species of Streptaxis, Gibbus,

or #xnea not in collection. Can offer in
exchange numerous Brit. and For. L. F. W., or
Marine Shells, many of them being scarce and
good.—_R. Sranpen, 40, Palmerston Street,
Moss Side, Manchester.

WANTED Buccinum undatum and its

varieties, and many other British Marine
Shells, also Vertigo angustior, V. minutissima,
V. moulinsiana, Succitnea oblonga, Limnea
Zuvoluta and others. Can offer local and rare
British shells and Foreign shells. —A. HARTLEY,
14, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

OR Exchange, Acicula lineata and var. alba,
Vertigo antivertigo, Pupa anglica, var.
alba, L. alliaria var. viridula. Also fine
Trochus xisyphinus — all Irish specimens.
Wanted, var. unicolor of H. aspersa, vars. of
H, lapicida, Hi. cartusiana, and var. albina of
FH, arbustorum, etc.—W. a. Farrer, Sheridan _
Lodge, Helen’s Bay, co. Down, Ireland.

July 1

| No. 12]. ~ JULY (aes) 1897. vy MOE-vil:

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

CONTENTS.
PAGE.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
Additions to “‘ British Conchology”’ (comtzzuwed).—J..T. Marshall ... 385
A Colony of Czecilioides acicula Mill. in = eminpionstiite: —
C. E. Wright of 395°
Notes on a Collection of Shells hn Lif and ee ns Talend,
formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species
(Part III. ). —James. Cosmo Melvill, M. ACHES. and
Robert Standen aS ; »-- 396
A Preliminary Note on the Coie OF Hiydlinia (Zonitoides) nitida
Miill and Hy. excavata Bean—W. Moss ... : A2I
Description of Helix Watsoni, n.sp., discovered at _ Madeira, by
Senhor J. M. Moniz.—J. Yate Johnson ee 429
Note on Tellina balthica—A. G. Stubbs Se ae ae ce 430
The Marine Shells of Scilly—J. T. Marshall bre bee ace 431
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..— -. 422

PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 425

LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, Sono Square, W.
LEEDS: Taytor Bros., Soverricn St. | MANCHESTER; J. E. Cornisu, Sr. Ann’s So.

BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SouNn, CARLSTRASSE 11.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
_ ANNUM, POST-FREE

All Dani iGiications a ae Sayescod
| Mr. W. EE. HOYLE,
The Owens College,
“Conchological Society. MANCHESTER.

REPRI NTS.
UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional. Copies -
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below Gack reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—. —

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6; 8 pp.; 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 29 oe) 4/9, : ” /6. ” 10/-. : 2 12/6.
100 29 39 6/6, 79 9! a Le) I2/-. 39 15/- 2
: ADYVYERTISEMENTS 5
Will be inserted at the following rates :— ,
Whole Page 20/-. Quarter Page Wes os
Half Page... 12/6. Six Lines or under . 52 8 S/O
One-third Page 8/- Every additional Line oy 2/6,

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

(eH EE: COLLECTOR’ S MANUAL
British Land and Freshwater Shells, _

BY LIONEL E.

ADAMS, B.A.,

HON. TREASURER CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Lllustrated by Collotype & Engraved Figures af the species from Original Drawings,
By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR.

SECOND

OIE LOAN

Containing a full enumeration and description of all the recognized varieties,
with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facili-
tating the easy identification of the more critical species.

A full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every Species, ’

including the results of the latest researches, will be added.

PRICH G&/=

PLAIN, and 1@/G COLOURED,

NETT.

A few copies with duplicate plates (coloured and plain) at 15]- Ber. copy, nett.
Post FREE 5d. PER Copy EXTRA.

TAYLOR BROTHERS, Publishers,

LEEDS.

ENQUIRY

COLUMN.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

7

OR Exchange, Acicula lineata and var. alba,
Vertigo antivertigo, Pupa anglica,: var.
alba, L. alliaria yar. viridula. Also fine
Trochus zizyphinus — all. Irish _ specimens.
Wanted, var. uzicolor of H. aspersa, vars.
Jak lapicida, Hi. cartusiana, and var. albina of
H. arbustorum, etc.—W. ip FARRER, Chapel
House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.

of |

FOREIGN Land & Freshwater Shells offered
for others not in collection. Wanted espe-
cially Cochlostyla, Bulimi, and Operculata.
Foreign exchanges specially desired—EpwaRpD
Coutier, Moss Lane East, Manchester.

SLYLODONTA studeriana and Achatina
panthera from the Seychelles, in Exchange
for foreign _Helices. — Rev. _ J. W. Horstey,
St. Peter's Rectory, Walworth, S.E.

{ V ANTED Buccinunt undatum and its

varieties; and many other British Marine
Shells, also Vertigo angustior, V. minutissima,
| _V. moulinsiana,. Succinea oblonga, Limnea
tnvoluta and others. Can offer local and rare
British shells and Foreign shells.—A. HARTLEY,
| r4, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

WANTED any species of Stvepiaxis, Gibbus,
or Lxea not in collection, Can offer in

Marine Shells, many of them being scarce and
good.—R. STANDEN, 40, Palmerston Street,
Tose Side, Manchester.

specimens of many of our more local
species (L.,F.W.); also any foreign= species.

BowELt, Sissinghurst, Cranbreok, Kent.

exchange numerous Brit. and’For, L. F. W., or

\A\JANTED, for microscopical work, dung

Send for List and particulars. — E, W. W.

OCTOBER (iinet); 1897. [ VoL. vii.

| No. 13].

THE

— JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

THE COUNCIL OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL -SOCIETY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND [RELAND.

CONTENTS.
PAGE.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
The Marine Shells of Scilly (continawed)—J. T. Marshall... oi 433
Limax cinereo-niger Wolff in Derbyshire—Charles Oldham ... So: 433

Upon the Principles of Nomenclature and their application.to the
Genera of recent Mollusca—J. Cosmo Melvill ... Bue on 435

PROCEEDINGS of the GCONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 434
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 20 oe ie ea) ee 80

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo SQUARE, W.
LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. ANN’s Sa.

BERLIN : FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

PRICE, ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE, OR SIX SHILLINGS PER
ANNUM, POST-FREE

- All Eanimuniesions to he addressed
2 Mr. W. -E. HOYLE,

REPRINTS.

See of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who’ wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp., 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.

50 29 99 4/6, Tr) 6/6. 3, 10/-. ” 12/ 3

100 soins ay OLOS- ots Se ee yy -I2/-. a5 1 eR Teed

ADVERTISEMENTS

: Will be inserted at the ‘following rates :— :

Whole Page ee. . 20]. Quarter Page 7/-:

Half Page... Bele comnts bilo Six Lines or under ... vet 3/05

One-third Page 8/- Every additional Line née i

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

THE COLLECTOR’S MANUAL
British Land and Freshwater Shells,

BY LIONEL E.

ADAMS, B.A.,

HON. TREASURER CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Lilustrated by Collotype & Engraved Figures of the species from Original Drawings,
By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR.

SHCOND

2 BDITIOWN

Containing a full enumeration ou) iso description of all the recognized varieties,
with diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facili-
tating the easy identification of the more critical species. :

A full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every Species,
including the results of the latest researches, will be added.

PRICH S/= PLAIN, and 1O/G COLOURED, NETT.
A gee copies with duplicate plates (coloured and plain) at 15|- per copy, nett.
Post FREE 5d. PER Copy EXTRA.

TAYLOR BROTHERS, Publishers,

LEEDS.

ENQUIRY

COLUMN.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

FOR) Exchange, Acicula lineata and var. alla,
Vertigo antivertigo, Pupa anglica, var.
alba, L. alliaria var. viridula. Also fine
Trochus zizyphinus — all Irish specimens.
Wanted, var. wnicolor of H. aspersa, vars. of
Pale lapicida, HI, cartusiana, and var. albina of
H. arbustorum, etc.—W. J. FARRER, Chapel
House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.

FOREIGN Land & Freshwater Shells offered
for others not in collection. Wanted espe-
cially Cochlostyla, Bulimi, and Operculata.
Foreign exchanges specially desired.—EpwarpD
Corxizr, Moss Lane East, Manchester.

Sz VLODONTA. studeriana and Achatina
p~anthera from the Seychelles, in Exchange
for foreign Helices.— Rey. J. W. HORsLey,
St. Peter's Rectory, Walworth, S.E.

WANTED Buccinum undatunt and —its

varieties, and many other British Marine
Shells, also Vertigo angustior, V. minutissima,
V. moulinsiana, Succinea oblonga, Limnuea
involuta and others. Can offer local and rare
British shells and Foreign shells.—A. HarTLEy,
14, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

“WANTED any species of Stveptaxis, Gibbus,

or £xxea not in collection. Can offer in
exchange numerous Brit. and For. L.-F. W., or
Marine Shells, many of them being scarce and
good.—R. STANDEN, 40, Palmerston Street,
Moss Side, Manchester.

WANTED, for microscopical work, Ziving
specimens of many of our more local
species (L.,F.W.); also any foreign species.
Send for List and particulars. — E.- W. W.
BowELlL, Sissinghurst, Cranbrook, Kent.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 263

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PROCEEDINGS.

25cth MEETING, JUNE 10th, 1896.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.
Mr. J. C. Melvill, President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Science Gossip, Nos. 24 and 25, Feb. and June, 1896 ; Irish Naturalist,
vol. 6, No. 6, May, 1896 ; The Naturalist, Nos. 250 and 251, May and June,
1896 ; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 42, No 3; Naturalists’ Journal,
No. 48, June; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 308 and 309 ;
Devonia, part, 4, 1896 ; Proceedings Royal Society of Queensland, part 2,
vol. xi. ; Proceedings Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, part 3,
Oct.-Dec., 1895.

New Members elected :

Rey. Addison Crofton, M.A., Linton Court, Settle, Yorkshire.
Mr. Harry Simpson Wallace, Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Exhibits :

Mr. C. Oldham exhibited Helz.v xemoralis v.albo-labiata, Deep Dale, Bux-
ton, Avion ater v. albo-lateralis, Limax maximus v. ferrussact, Helix itala,
Hyalinia nitida, Limnea peregra v. maritima, Planorbis glaber, PI.
spzrorbts (with epiphragm), Vertigo antivertigo, V. substriata, V. pygmea,
all from Abersoch, Carnarvonshire.

Mr. Lewis Shackleford exhibited a very fine series of Voluta, including
V. undulata, V. Angast, V. pacifica (very fine), V. Gzinther? (the only one
in England), . Aveuslere, and V. fulgetrum.

Mr. J. C. Melvill exhibited Joluta pulchra, Australia; V. festiva
Australia ; 7% azlica, Sooloo Archipelago; V. delessertiana, West Indies;
V. gunonia, Mexico.

The Manchester Museum showed seventy species of marine shells
from Sydney, lately received from Mr. Arnold Henn, of Sydney, including
Drillia angast, D. beraudiana, Mangilia jacksoniana, Cantharus australis,
Mitra rhodia, Crosseza concinna, Scalarta Jukesiana, Syrnola tincta, Olivella
triticea, O. nympha, Neritula lucida, Nassa glans, and many others.

Mr. E. Collier exhibited H. (Chlorea) thersttes Pfr., Mindoro; Z.
(Papuina) Tayloriana Bttg., New Guinea; A. (Papuina) Rollesiana Sm.,
New Guinea; A. (Paputna) Louisiadensis Forbes, Louisiade Islands ;
HT. (Obbina) columbaria Sow., Philippine Islands; A. (Mollendorffia) tri-
struata Mrts., China.

264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

25st MEETING, JULY 8th, 1896.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Annals of Scottish Natural History, No. 19, July, 1896; Journal of
Malacology, vol. 5, No. 2, June, 1896; Science Gossip, vol. 3, No. 26,
July, 1896; The Naturalist, No. 252, July, 1896; Transactions and Annual
Report, 1895, Manchester Microscopical Society ; Transactions of Academy
of Science of St. Louis, vol. 6, No. 7; Annual Report, Geological Survey of
Canada, vol. 6, 1892-3; Annual Report, Chicago Academy of Science, 1895 ;
Bulletin, Chicago Academy of Science, vol. 2, No. 2; ‘Preliminary Outline
of anew Classification of the family Muricide,” by F. C. Baker ; Proceedings
of the Royal Physical Society, 1894-5; Bihang till Kongl Svenska Veten-
skaps Akademiens Handlingar, part 4; Jahresheft des Natur. Ver. des
Trencsiner Comitates, 1894-5 ; Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de
Janeiro, vol. 8; from the Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum :
“Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Pearly Freshwater
Mussels,” by C. T. Simpson—‘‘ Diagnosis of New Tertiary Fossils from the
Southern United States,” by W. H. Dall—‘‘ Diagnosis of New Species of
Mullusks from the West Coast of America,” by W. H. Dall—‘“ Diagnosis of
New Mollusks from the Survey of the Mexican Boundary,” by W. H. Dall
— Description of four New Triassic Unios from the Haked Plains of
Texas,” by W. H. Dall; from Mr. W. J. Webb, ‘‘ The Museum,” No. 7,
vol. 2, Catalogue of W. J. Webb, 1896; ‘‘ Yorkshire Carboniferous Flora,”
fifth report ; from the Authors, ‘‘ Further Conchological Notes from the
West of Ireland,” by E. Collier and R. Standen.

Letter read:
The following letter to the Editor was read :—
‘* SISSINGHURST VICARAGE,
‘“CRANBROOK, KENT,
““ DEAR SIR, July 4th, 1896.

“I do not know whether it is possible so to do, but I should think
I ought to have some opportunity (if you will kindly permit) of reply.
ing to the criticism of my paper in ‘ Devonia,’ which has just appeared
in the ‘ Journal of Conchology,’

‘<¢In the present state of nomenclature,’ the writer would appear
to think, varieties ought to be inaugurated publicly and privately,
without any compunction. Or is it possible that his sibylline sentence
means that I am not acquainted with ‘the present state of nomen-
clature ’ ?

‘<If I distinctly state in the immediate context that I do not
desire anyone to add these to the number of existing synonyms, surely
the person who does so is from my point of view ‘incomprehensible.’

“The utility of such MS. names, or temporary varietal names,
surely does not need elaborate proof. It would be well, in my

J.C., viii., Oct. 1896.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 265

opinion, if a great many of the ‘authorized’ varietal names were
submitted to a wider scrutiny. It is strange, for example, that
roseolabiate forms should rank as varieties, now that the term variety
has practically come to mean ‘ sub-species ;’ strange, too, that there
should be instances (as in Z. feregra) of two or three ‘varieties,’ which
are transitional forms only, and together make up but one sub-species.
“It is obviously a very good thing to have an ‘authorized list’
as this Society has; but to set up the very best catalogue as an in-
fallible guide to those who have and those who have not been
concerned in its publication, appears to me slightly unreasonable,
not to add unscientific. I am bound to make this slight protest,
because I am convinced that. the method of treating ‘species and
varieties’ now in vogue is an entirely misleading one, and has merely
grown up by custom, without reference to any philosophical con-

siderations. The French system is only a little more absurd.

“Yours faithfully,
«<j. W. W. BOWELL.”
Paper read:
‘© § Snail Farm in Switzerland,” by Mr. R. D. Darbishire.
Exhibits :

Mr. Moss exhibited several specimens of different sizes of the extremely
rare Paryphanta Hochstettert, also specimen of Rhytida Greenwoodi, all
recently received by him from New Zealand.

Mr. R. Wigglesworth sent for exhibit subscalariform Lzsn@a palustris
from Cricket Pit, Accrington, and Valvata piscinalis from Clayton-le-Moors.

On behalf of the Manchester Museum was exhibited a fine set of
Bartlettia stephanensts, collected by Mr. Bartlett on the Upper Amazon and
river Ucayali, Eastern Peru, and JZi/leria lobata, from the river Magdalena,
Bogota, New Granada, recently presented to the Museum.

Mr. J. Ray Hardy exhibited specimens of /r2dina nzlotica.

Mr. J. E. Cooper, of London, sent for exhibit Cardzum edule, Telling
balthica, and Scrobicularta tenuis all from brackish ditches at Southwold,
Scrobicularia piperata from river Blyth at Walberwisk, AHe/zx hortensis, a
clouded var. and Planorbis spirorbis from Blythsburgh, Ayalinza netedula,
Hi. alliaria, and Helix hispida from Southwold—all the above are from
Suffolk East.

252nd MEETING, AUGUST 12th, 1896.

Held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

Mr. J. C. Melvill, President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Science Gossip, vol. 3, No. 27, Aug., 1896; The Naturalist, No. 253,
Aug., 1896; The Irish Naturalist, vol. 5, No. 8, Aug. 1896; La Feuille
des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 310, Aug., 1896 ; ‘‘ New British Mollusca,”
by H. K. Jordan; ‘‘ Label List of British Five-Banded Land Shells,” by

266 PROCEEDINGS OF. THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

J. T. Carrington ; Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society, vol. 10, 4th series ; Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Science of Philadelphia, part 1, 1896.
Resignation of: Member :
‘Mr. Tom Petch, B.A., Hedon near Hull.
Papers read:

“* Helix ponatia (L.) not extinct in Northamptonshire,” by C. I. Wright.

** 4malia gagates (Drap.) in Northamptonshire,” by L. E. Adams, B.A.

<< Spertalis vetroversus in Killala Bay,” by Miss Amy Warren.

ag Exhibits :

Mr. J?C. Melvill exhibited a specimen of Orthalicus powds¢anus (Petit),
also another recently described as O. apfroxtma/a, both from the Andes of
Peru, altitude 8,000 feet. Mr. Melvill also exhibited extremely fine speci-
mens of Watzca (Lematza) Lewizsz.

Mr. R. Standen exhibited Spzvzales retroversus and Lepton Sykesit from
Killala Bay ; Adeorbis tmperspicuus and Lulima éncurva from Plymouth ;
Trochus occidentalis from Aberdeen ; Cima cylindrica and Eulima micros-
toma from Delos, .Egean Sea; Scalarta Cantrainec from Bay of Eleusis ;
series of Ovzla patula and Scalarza clathratula showing embryonal stages ;
Hyalinia crystallina from Merionethshire ; and live Vertigo angustior from
Killanley Marsh, county Sligo—all from Dr. Chaster’s collection.

; 253rd (or ANNUAL) MEETING, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 10th, 1896,
Held at the Manchester Museum, Owens College. At 4 p.m. there was
an exhibition of specimens by members :—

Exhibits :

By Mr. J. C. Melvill :—A selection of describers’ ‘‘types” and other rare
shells, many unique, including Voluta Prevostiana, V. aulica, V. junonia,
V~ festtva, V. piperita, V. pulchra; Conus cedo-nulli, C. Bockii, C. Braziert,
C. malaccanus, C. stndon, C. gracilis, C. omaicus, C. euetrows, C. cervis,
C. Du Savelt, C. catenatus, C. racemosus, C. gloria-maris; Mitra gigantea,
MM. Belcheri, M. Rossia; Harpa imperialis; Cerithium nobile; Cyprea
guttata ; Rostellaria Powist, R. Martind ; Corbis Sowerby? ; and Pholadomya
candida.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs :—A fine collection of the land shells of Tenby
district, showing especially handsome variation in He/¢x pisana, H. virgata,
Hi. caperata, and A. rifescens.

Mr. L. Shackleford exhibited a fine series of Volutes collected by him
in South Australia and New Zealand, including particularly large and beau-
tiful V. fulgetrum and V.%fpactfica, and examples of two extremely rare
species— V. Kveuslere and V. Giintherz.

Mr. W. Moss exhibited eggs, and series of shells from newly hatched
young to the fully adult, of Paryphanta Hochstettert; Paryphanta bushy? ;
and a fine series of other land shells from New Zealand.

J.C., viii, Oct. 1896.

ITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYUSEIT LIBRARIES SMI

WUYd!IT LIBRARIES

LIBRARIES

s
jos)
Po)
>
Po)
Mm
w
TUTION NOILNLILSNI
w
Kaus
. +
V4dIT LIBRARIES
z
(ep)
a
=
[ox
a
oO
=
TUTION NOILNLILSNI
zz 5
S
f=
=
=
i=
w)
zZ
WUE TLLIBRARIES
=z wee
is
(2 Fie
So
ae
E
A =
w *
TUTION NOILNLILSNI
Lu
[og
x
[os
faa)
a
VY¥dIT LIBRARIES
Ca:
o
Po]
Do
a]
ima
(op)

TUTION NOILALILSNI

NS

a, a

SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI

a an ey a
= g i
Bat a = roams)
ra < ea ty
: : = =
S 5 2 a)
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI” NVI
Se 3 =
= = = parce
=) oe 5
| * e > ‘
= a = =
wm * ae 2) =
= n = 7)
NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYUEIT LIBRARIES SMI
7) : Zhe n
= = =
4 Zz =i
a re) =
g - g
= = =
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVI
w S ” 2%
WW = WwW a
ce Gi, > oe =)
<x Ye y % + < + ‘
a fers = S
ae 3S an 9
= Zz J -
NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYUEIT LIBRARIES SMI
ff XY z & =
w GS w =
Po) & = a ry
a = = eG
m 2 m Se
7 a ee w =
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVI
(a) = es wo =
= z = <
= z= = z
Bo oi Da ro}
no wn wn 2)
iS) ac re) B
2 = 2 E
= a as 8 Pa
NVINOSHLIWS S23 luvdd Lely oe
RA LJ z if
\ WN eae wn pas
GX : : ay
WA Ps = Pe GY
Selig ay ma Ey
SMITHSONIAN NST ren NOILALILSNI NVI
LY — oO aaa Ne
w = o
i 2 = a
We E zee
+ eee - ez :
o z D

NVINOSHLINS S3AlYV

AN

WS

a

AN

yal LIBRARIES SMI1

WS

Rd

ee

LIBRARIES
NOILNLILSN

mos! YVUd!I)] LIBRARIES INSTITUTION_ NOILALILSN

INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI
S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES

5 ie 5
e ee =
=) aa =)
k- za i
z a 2
“INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS SAIYVY AIT LIBRARIE:
: e Mine) : “we
= - Z = z
2 x = 4p, = = 2
O \ Be YM, © ae e)
a ae o Vio £ o “2
mm NS 2.7 7 = 2
SS : S 5 S
~S3Iy¥VYsII LIBRARIES _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSN
5 2 a 2 uh
% wm (2p) =
_ = oe 2 oe
= | E 2 ne oe
: o ec ° =
5 Z 3 2 =
INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUGIT LIBRARIE:
a z & z ips
wo 2) o 2) a]
ee) iS S59) Ee Ps)
a iE a = as
_ oe 2 n 2
= wm » —
SJIYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILS!
= = Roe Z Z we. g
= “4= = = =
= ft ty ® Se 5 =
Bhd 2 z 2 | g
2 “yy = 2 = Z
wie a = = 5 ae
_INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS $3 IMVYsIT_LIBRARIE
Z Be Zz SX he Fa
= = q XK = a
a < 4 ANS =
= = <c } N = =
a a Ne =
S = S iin S
Nikirc
54 IYvVUdIT LIBRARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NOILALILSN
we
) —- Oo ey = re)
=> w = Ye w =
z : - GY >
cad ea = Lp f= te
= 2 — GY f-2 =
5 a = pe OF = wo
2 iy 2 4 Zz
N NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS, SaluvydIT_LIBRARIE
< | = fy . < ‘JG NO = Vy) < aA
g = = hR> + HiH=z Ne