JOURNAL OF THE EAST AFRICA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Special Supplement No. 8 OCTOBER 1961 THE ACRAEA BUTTERFLIES OF EAST AFRICA (LEPIDOPTERA, ACRAEIDAE) by R. H. Carcasson F. R. E. S. ( Coryndon Museum, Nairobi) With illustrations by the author. PRICE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF JOURNAL OF THE EAST AFRICA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Special Supplement No. 8 OCTOBER 1961 THE ACRAEA BUTTERFLIES OF EAST AFRICA (LEPIDOPTERA, ACRAEIDAE) by R. H. C arcasson F. R. E. S. (Coryndon Museum, Nairobi) With illustrations by the author. PRICE Shs. 10/- mdoe * . ■ - . . -.. • ■: . -i^y Kti •y— - '■i^i lOf S^Do ,'4 n ' ' -•tT -r nr;, rv i If' * • **i -.v; \/4 ♦ >+ 1^ 0 -Siv; . 1 . j ?noitBTjieifUi. riiiW, y.Cito;» i<)i' /d ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I The author would like to express his gratitude to Mssrs. Remington Rand of Nairobi for the loan of an electric *t|pewriter and to Mr .T .H.E .Jackson of Kitale , without whose juTailing help and advice this work would not have been possible. Thanks are also due to Mr .T.G.Howarth of the British )1iseum of Natural History, to Dr. V.G.L. van Someren of Nairobi, t Col .H . F . Stoneham of the Stoneham Museum , Kitale , f or the loan 0 type material, to Dr. G. van Son of the Transvaal Museum , Pretoria , fr drawing the author’s attention to a number of errors in the Diginal manuscript, to Mrs .C ,M .Carcas son for undertaking the ^borious and exacting task of typing the manuscript in its fnal form and to Mr .N. P.Mitton of the Coryndon Museum for crrections and suggestions. ci ti:\ fi?i oilil bil}>)w Tor1it>a smTT /ID \o nsol eni io> ia tr nQjPf|imDB •! :?aostw lo O085li)fi-..3*H.T. *if4 ol bne a^|' * ovD<,ip.t;geuM msilgnc t^ gfti "lij! i< , k.a,r35^3^,»iujr»5LjM it^vanizl *^4^ lo. noB aev.'S’iQ oJ^«Xj5ii.»tcfn ni ^b -igd/ncm e q* Poiiri9i'i& i’zoifj'Ufc —orti j?nx;w&xl ; -grU lol na2 260X«^«M^-0.s'!t^ ot lanl ' ‘ efi nt .Titi'ti2br\&m guX gni«^YX J*2ei pniJhogxs. L>ab >euo£i ^o'l x50^.ci»M fiObn'yioD .^rlj \c nr.;t {^of. - ^ ,anoii2D4'^'t;5 hmi a noil a? '*.i; ‘ii/m r ^ * >*• -.'ii - . 4: > 1 ••: I 1 ABBREVIATIONS and SYMBOLS used in this work ssp- subspecies uns - underside fw- forewing d - male hw- hindwing ^ - female ups- upperside GLOSSARY Anal angle - Tornus. Anal vein - Vein arising from base of wing, below discoidal cell. Basal - Portion of wing nearest to the body. Cilia - Long hair-like scales at margin of wings. Discal area - Area of the wings immediately outside the discoidal cells. Distal - Away from the centre of the insect. Fringe - See Cilia. Frons - Area in front of head, between the eyes. Internervular - Between two veins. Palpi - Short projections below the head, between which the tongue is coiled. Proximal - Towards the centre of the insect. Subapical - Just inside apex of wing. Submarginal - Just inside margin of wing. Subterminal - See submarginal. Subspecies or race - Local population which differs constantly from others, but not enough to be a species. Terminal - Touching the margin. 2 INTRODUCTION The family Acraeidae consists of medium sized butterflies closely related to the Nvmphalidae : they may be distinguished by the absence of an abdominal flap to the hw and by the invariably closed cell in both wings. The veins of the fw are never swollen at the base and there are no scent brushes or brands in the males. All the species are distastefu to vertebrate predators and many are important members of mimetic associations. The family is very well represented in Africa, (about 170 species); there are half a dozen species in the Oriental tropics and the small genus Actinote in South America. The females of some species develop a horny structure at the end of the abdomen after copulation, as in the Holoarctic genus Parnassius ( Paoilionidae ) . The larvae are cylindrical, usually spiny and often gregarious, particularly in the early instars. The pupae are elongated and slender, conspicuously coloured, but not marked with metallic spots. Numerous species feed on members of the family Passif loraceae . Key to the genera of East African ACRAEIDAE R1 arises from end of cell or beyond. Cell of hw very short, not reaching centre of wing BEMATISTES R1 arises before end of cell in fw. Cell of hw longer than middle of wing ACRAEA Cell of fw oblique and not contiguous with costa. Ml and M2 have common origin PARDOPSIS Venation of the genus BEMATISTES Venation of the genus ACRAEA Genus BEMATISTES Hemming 1935 (= Planema Doubleday 1848) The genus is confined to the forests of tropical Africa, being particularly well developed in the West coast and in the Congo basin. The species are medium sized to large and include a number of important models in several mimetic associations. There are 22 known species. 3 Key to the East African species of Bematistes 1 Basal area of fw enclosed by median band entirely black above 9 2 Basal area of fw enclosed by median band entirely orange brown above B.alcinoe S 3 Basal area of fw enclosed by median band, whitish grey above; median band whitish grey B.consanauinea albicolor 6 5 4 Basal area of fw enclosed by median band uniformly dark red brown above .median band orange B.auadricolor S 5 5 Basal area of fw not enclosed, but extending to outer margin owing to the median band being interrupted or incomplete 6 6 Basal area of hw below not darker than ground colour B . tellus & j 7 Basal area of hw below yellowish or reddish brown, always darker than ground colour B . eoaea 3 g 8 Fw black, median band reduced to a subapical bar B. scalivittata 3 g 9 Band of fw white, broad and entire 22 10 Band of fw orange, orange brown or yellow, hw orange or white 11 11 Band of fw reaches inner margin 13 12 Band of fw does not reach inner margin P . aaanice 3 13 Band of fw does not invade cell 15 14 Band of fw does invade cell B.umbra hemileuca 3 g 15 Black margin of hw defined and reaches inner margin below 18 16 Black margin of hw not defined and does not reach inner margin below 17 17 Median band of fw narrow, never more than 4mm. at its widest point. Hw always orange brown, paler in female B . persanauinea 3 g 17a Median band of fw broad, never less than 12mm. at its widest point hw white or orange B.macarista 3 17b Median band in both wings bright ochreous yellow, not orange, as in macarista B.pseudervta 3 18 Median band of hw yellow B.adrasta 3 19 Median band of hw white 20 20 Outer edge of fw band irregular, with sharp indentations 21 21 Fw band of even width, white band of hw very broad B.elaonense (Males of all races and female of subspecies toroense ) 21a Fw band much narrower at costa, hw band narrow B. Formosa 3 4 21b 22 23 24 25 26 27 27a 28 28a 28 b 29 29a Outer edge of fw band without sharp indentations B . poggei 6 5 Band of fw reaches inner margin Band of fw does not reach inner margin Basal patch of hw above black or grey Basal patch of hw above reddish B.alcinoe g Black margin of hw not wider than 10 mm. , hw rounded 29 24 26 27 Fw band narrow and irregular, the area below Cu2 forming a small sometimes completely detached white triangle B.aaanice g Band of fw broad and compact, barely reaching Cu2, never forming a semi-detached triangle below Cu2 B.adrasta g Marginal black band of hw not less than 12 mm. in width. Hw quadrate, white band of hw rather narrow B.macarista g Marginal band of hw 15 mm. at widest point, white band very narrow; hw rounded, not quadrate B. f ormosa g Fw band narrow, both edges irregular and blurred; pale markings tinged with light ochreous, not pure white; hw rounded.... B. pseudervta g White band of fw irregular and constricted at inner margin B. umbra hemileuca g Fw band regular and not constricted at inner margin . B. elaonense elaonense g BEMATISTES ALCINOE Felder ( PI • I ,f ig . 1 .pi • HI .f ig • 2) Felder (Reise Novara Lep. p.368, 1865). RANGE Forests from Sierra Leone to the S. Congo and to Uganda and W. Kenya. Ssp. ale inoe Felder RANGE Sierra Leone to the Cameroons. Ssp. camerunica Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr. 14, p.285, 1893) DESCRIPTION Male; medium sized with very long and rather falcate fw; various shades of orange brown with black apex to fw and black margin to hw. Female: Large, black and white. RANGE Cameroons, Congo, Uganda and Kenya, West of the Rift Valley. RECORDS Kenya Tiriki, Kaimosi. Uganda Bwamba (Toro), Entebbe, Kampala, Budongo (Unyoro), Buhwezu (Ankole), Mawakota , Jinja. BEMATISTES UMBRA Drury ( PI . I , f ig • 2 ,pl . Ill ,f ig . 1 ) Drury (111. Exot. Ins. 3, p.23, 1782) = macarla Fabricius. RANGE Forests, from Sierra Leone to W. Kenya. Ssp. umbra Drury RANGE West Africa. Ssp. hemileuca Jordan (Nov. Zool.21, p.254, 1914). DESCRIPTION Male: Fw black with orange red band; hw black with white discal band. 5 RANGE RECORDS Female: Large, black and white. E. Congo to Uganda and W. Kenya. Kenva Kakameaa . Kaimosi. Uaanda Bwamba . Budonao . Katera . Kavonza . Kalinzu. Kibale, Nabuaabo. Mawakota , Entebbe, Jinja. NOTE Le Doux refers to this race as Planema macaria umbra hemileuca (l Deutch Ent. Zeit. p.297 (1922), 11). This use of four names is against the international rules of nomenclature and cannot be accepted. BEMATISTES AGANICE Hewitson ( Pi . II ,f iq . 3 ,pl . II ,f iq . 7 ) Hewitson (Exot. Butt. Acraea 1. 1852) RANGE Forests up to 5000 ft. from South Africa to Rhodesia, Mozambique, S.E. Congo Nyasa and E. Kenya; occurs as a distinct race in W. Kenya and Uganda, and there is a further race in Ethiopia. RANGE SsD. aoanice Hewitson South Africa and Rhodesia. DESCRIPTION SsD. montana Butler ( Proc . Zool. Soc . Lond. 1888. d.91) Male: Rather small with pale markings of both wings orange brown (pale yellow in B.aqanice aqanice). RANGE RECORDS E. Kenya and N.E. Tanganyika Kenva Teita. Meru, Kibwezi, Thika . Dabida. Chvulu hills. Kwale. Shimoni , Nairobi, Sekoke. Tanoanvika Tenoeru. Arusha. Amani . Moroqoro. Ukerewe Island. (Soecimens from the latter locality are not quite typical). DESCRIPTION SsD. NICEGA Suffer! (iris 17, d.78, 1904) Male: Pale markings paler than in other northern races. Female: Hw pale yellow; occurs as an occasional variant in N. Tanganyika. A large race. RANGE Nyasaland and probably S. Tanganyika. DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD. uqandae van Someren (J.E.Afr. Uq. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5-6. 1936) Smaller and darker than previous races. W. Kenya and Uganda. Kenva Tiriki. Suna (Kisii). Uqanda Jinia. Budonoo . Entebbe. Mawakota. DESCRIPTION RANGE SsD. orientalis Unoemach (Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 32: 1-122. 1932) All light areas very restricted; fw bar 2^ mm. wide at Cul in the male. Ethiopia, S.E. Sudan and probably Acholi (N, Uganda). BEMATISTES SCALIVITTATA Butler ( PI . II , f iq . 9 ) Butler (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ( 6) ,18 ,p.l59 , 1896) DESCRIPTION Medium size , all black with pale markings reduced to a broken subapical band in fw and to a much obscured discal band in hw. Sexes alike. RANGE RECORDS Montane forests of Nyasaland and S. Tanganyika. Tanoanvika Poroto mountains. Niombe Hiqhlands . Mufindi. BEMATISTES QUADRICOLOR Rooenhofer ( PI . II ,f iq . 1 ) Rogenhofer (Ann. Mus. Wien. 6 p.458, 1891). RANGE Montane forests from Central Tanganyika to Mt. Kenya and Ruwenzori. DESCRIPTION SsD. ouadricolor Roaenhofer Medium size; fw with a rich red brown basal area, orange median band and black apex; hw black with white discal band; sexes alike. RANGE N.E. Tanganyika. 6 RECORDS Lyamungu , Tengeru , Namanga , Amani , Moshi, Arusha. DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD. latifasciata E. Sharoe ( Proc . Zool. Soc . Lond. 1891 d.635) As above, but discal band of hw buff, not white. Kenya West of the Rift Valley to Ruwenzori. Kenva Kakameaa . Kitale. Luaari . Serem (West Nandi). Sotik . Elaevo. Mara river. Uaanda Fort Portal. Kavonza . Mafuaa forest (Kiaezi). Mbale. Kalinzu. Mulange, Mabira. DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD. leotis Jordan (Nov. Zool. 17. d.463. 1910) Like typical race, but fw band very narrow. Kenya Highlands East of the Rift Valley. Mt. Kenya, Meru , Kikuyu Escarpment, Aberdares, Molo, Njombeni, Uplands. DESCRIPTION RANGE SsD. moroaoro Caroenter and Jackson (Proc.R.ent. Lond.(B) 19: 97-108. 1950) Fw band broader than in typical race. Morogoro in N. Tanganyika. DESCRIPTION RANGE SsD. itumbana Jordan(Nov. Zool. 17 d.463. 1910) Fw band broader than above. Itumba, Tanganyika. BEMATISTES ADRASTA Wevmer ( PI . I . f ig • 5 ,pi • II .f ig -8 ) Weymer (Stett. Ent. Ztg. 53, p.85, 1892) RANGE Forests in Tanganyika and S.E. Kenya. DESCRIPTION SsD. adrasta Wevmer Male: Black with ochreous yellow discal band in both wings. RECORDS Female: Yellow areas replaced by white. Tanoanvika Amani (Usambara). Moroaoro. Dar es Salaam. Kenva Shimba Hills. DESCRIPTION RANGE SsD. (? form) Dancalis Jordan (Nov. Zool. 17. d. 462. 1910) Pale areas broader than in typical race. "Tanganyika" according to Aurivillius in Seitz. BEMATISTES ELGONENSE Poulton ( PI. I. fig. 4) Poulton ( Proc . ent. Soc. Lond. 2: 36-37, 1927) RANGE Forests in Uganda and possibly E. Congo; rare. DESCRIPTION SsD. elaonense Poulton. Male: Black with bright orange band in fw, white in hw. Female: Black with white bands in both wings. RANGE RECORDS Eastern Uganda. Mbale (West Elgon), Mabira forest (Jinja). DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE SsD. toroense Poulton (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 77. d.489, 1929) Differs from the typical race in the female being similar to the male. Western Uganda and probably Eastern Congo. Uaanda Kavonza. Kalinzu. Toro, Mbarara . Le Doux considers this soecies coneoecific with B. ooaaei Dew. . but the shape and general appearance of the two insects are sufficiently distinct to warrant soecific status for B. elaonense. BEMATISTES POGGEI Dewitz ( PI . II . f ig . 2 ) Dewitz (Nov. Acta. Acad. Cur. 41: 2, No, 2 p.l8, 1879) RANGE Forests from Angola and the Congo to Uganda, W. Kenya and Ethiopia. 7 Range SsD. Doaaei Dewitz Congo . DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD. nelsoni Smith 8. Kirbv (Rhoo. Exot. Acraea o.lO, 1892) Black with orange band in fw, white band in hw; sexes alike. E. Congo, Uganda, Kenya West of the Rift Valley. Kenva Kakameaa . Suna (Kisii). Uaanda Buhwezu (Ankole), Bwamba , Katera , Kaiinzu, Kamoala . Entebbe. Jinja, Busia, Budongo , Bugoma. Tanganyika Ukerewe Island, Kunqwe Mahare. Note The tvoical race, which differs from nelsoni in the shaoe of the fw band, occurs as a varietal form in Katera (T.H.E. Jackson). BEMATISTES MAC.ARISTA E. Sharoe ( PI • I ,f ig • 3 ,pl . 1 1 1 , f ig . 3 ) Sharpe (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 18, p.76, 1906) DESCRIPTION Male: As above, but apex of fw more acute and fw band more reddish. Female: Has white band in both wings. RANGE RECORDS Forests from Cameroons to the Congo, Uganda and W. Kenya; common. Kenva Tiriki, Elqon. Uaanda Entebbe. Bwamba, Nabuqabo, Katera. Mawakota. Kampala. Kayonza . NOTE Budongo, Masindi. The male form rilevi Le Doux (1937) has a varvina amount of oranae brown on the hw and occurs with the typical form. BEMATISTES FORMOSA Butler ( PI. II, fig. 5 8. 6) Butler (Cist. Ent.I, p.213, 1874) DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS Similar in both sexes to above, but larger, with hw band narrower. Cameroons to the Congo and W. Uganda. Uaanda Bwamba, Kavonza. BEMATISTES PSEUDERYTA Godman S. Salvin ( PI . II ,f iq .4 ) Godman S. Salvin (Story of the rear Coll., p.429, 1890) DESCRIPTION Male: Black with bright ochreous yellow bands in both wings. Female: Black with pale areas restricted , ill defined and tinged with pale ochreous . RANGE RECORDS A rare forest species from Angola, the Congo and W. Uganda. Uaanda Toro, Bwamba, Kavonza. BEMATISTES CONSANGUINEA Aurivillius (Pl.I.fig.9) Aurivillius (Ent. Tldskr. 14, p.282, 1893) RANGE Forests from the Gold Coast to Uganda. DESCRIPTION SsD. albicolor Karsch (Ent. Nachr. 21. d.280. 1895) Both sexes greyish white with dark gry apex and discal bar in fw and grey internervular streaks in hw. RECORDS NOTE Eastern and Southern Uganda. Kampala, Entebbe, Katera, Nabugabo, Nsadzl, Busisu, Bugalla. The typical race is West African. BEMATISTES PERSANGUINEA Rebel (Pl.I,fig.6) Rebel (Ann. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien. 28: 219-269, 1914) DESCRIPTION Fw band orange brown, very narrow and sharply angled; hw orange brown with dark border and internervular streaks; female sometimes paler than male . RANGE Kivu area of the Congo to S.W. Uganda. 8 RECORDS Uaanda Kavonza forest (Kiaezi). BEMATISTES TELLUS Aurivillius (Pl.I.fiq.7) Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr. 14, p.280, 1893) RANGE Forests of the Cameroons , Congo and Uganda. RANGE SsD. tellus Aurivillius West Africa. DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD. eumelis Jordan (Nov. Zool . 17. d.462. 1910) All pale markings bright ochreous orange. Central and Eastern Uganda. Uaanda Kamoala. Entebbe. Katera . Masaka. Mabira . Mulanae. Mawakota . Tanaanvika Ukerewe Island. DESCRIPTION SsD. schubotzi Grunbera (Wiss Eraebu. Deutsch. Zentr. Afr. Exoed.3. p.519, 1911) Smaller and brighter than above ; subapical bar paler than ground colour in male. The female has all light areas of fw white; female form iacksonianus van Someren is similar to the male. RANGE RECORDS E. Congo, W. Uganda. Uaanda Bwamba . Budonao. BEMATISTES EPAEA Cramer ( PI . I ,f ig . 8 ,pl . Ill ,f ig .4 ) Cramer {Pap. Exot. 3, p.64, 1779) RANGE A common and variable forest butterfly occuring throughout most of tropical Africa; Senegal to Angola and West Africa to the Congo, with isolated races in Ethiopia, Tanganyika and Nyasaland. RANGE SsD. eoaea Cramer West Africa. DESCRIPTION SsD. lutosa Suffert (iris 17. o.36. 1904) Male: Pale markings well developed, bright orange brown. Female: Pale markings more restricted and more or less ochreous. RANGE RECORDS Eastern Congo, W. Uganda. Uaanda Bwamba (Toro). DESCRIPTION SsD. oaraaea Smith (Nov. Zool. 7. o.547. 1900) Light markings greyish white to white, sometimes with ochreous tinge in the male, much narrower than in lutosa. RANGE RECORDS Western Uganda. Kayonza , Katera, Budongo. DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD. anaustif asciata Grunbera (Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1910. d.165) Similar to above, but pale areas even more restricted. Southern, Eastern and Central Uganda, and W. Kenya. Kenva Kaimosi. Uaanda Entebbe. Kamoala . Jinia. DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD. eoitellus Staudinaer (Iris 9. o.207. 1896) Similar to lutosa but oranae around colour invades cell of fw. Forests of North-East Tanganyika; rare. Amani (Usambara), Pugu hills (Dar es Salaam. DESCRIPTION SsD. melina Thurau (Berl. Ent. Ztschr. 48. d.135. 1903) Pale markings very broad, pale ochreous orange in the male, white in the f emale . RANGE North Nyasa and probably S. Tanganyika. 9 Genus ACRAEA Fabricius 1807 The largest genus of African butterflies, containing some 150 species. Nearly all the species are Ethiopian, a few being Oriental. The genus is very compact and uniform and cannot be split into anything more significant than species groups. Many species of Acraea are very variable and subject to seasonal polymorphism, while others are similar to one another, so that it is not possible to devise a key that fits every form without possibility of error. The genus is represented throughout the Ethiopian Region and in every type of habitat, from desert to equatorial forest; the two main centres of distribution are the West African forest belt and the Brachystegia savanna of the Rhodesian plateau. All the species are distasteful to vertebrate predators and many of them enter various mimetic associations as models, or as mullerian mimics. The majority of the Species are medium sized and sport various shades of red, orange, brown and yellow. Key to the East African species of ACRAEA. A. marnois Rogenhofer and A. leucoovaa Aurivillius are not included in this key. Key to the groups. (These groups, sections, etc., have been devised solely as an aid in identifying the numerous species of this genus and have no taxonomic significance). - Margin of hw below unmarked, or irregularly fuscous without internervular spots or streaks Group I - Regular black marginal line on hw below, no spots or streaks.... A. insianis . - Black marginal line on hw below broken into lunules A. eltrinahami - Black marginal line on hw below encloses internervular spots Group II - Series of internervular streaks at margin of hw below, not bifurcated Group III - Series of dark internervular streaks at margin of hw below, bifurcated to enclose submarginal triangles or lunules. Usually small species with uniform dark border on both wings above Group IV Group I, key to sections. - Proximal half of fw above red or red brown to the base, with black spots. Section A - Some red at base of fw above, but no black spots... Section B - Fw above clear with dark scales at margin and on veins, but no other markings Section C - Fw above mainly black; cilia black; sometimes a red median band spotted with black A. asboloplintha (Section D) - Fw above black with large red or yellow spots. Margin of hw below dull red. A series of prominent red or yellow submarginal spots on hw above... A.amicitiae (Section E) - Fw above clear with dark markings A.pentapolis (Section F) 10 Group I. Section A. Key to species. Marginal band of hw above fuscous, broad and regular. A . iturina Marginal band of hw narrow with sharp inward projections at the veins A.cerasa cerasa Group I , Section B. Key to species Red area of fw above does not extend beyond cell Red area of fw above extends beyond cell 1 Hw above unspotted A.ceresa unimaculata 2 Black spots on hw coalesce into thick band A.hamata 3 Spots on hw small and isolated 3a Hw small and rounded, never quadrate A. orestia 4 Hw quadrate, fw with fuscous border 5 Black spot between Cu2 and A2 touches marginal border of hw A.kalinzu 5a Black spot between Cu2 and A2 does not touch marginal border of hw 6 Marginal Border of hw very dark and never more than 3 mm. wide A. iaola 6a Marginal border of hw not as dark and never less than 5 mm. wide A.guirinalis 7 Black spots of hw few and large A.damii cuva 8 Black spots of hw small and numerous A. guirina 1-6 7-8 3-- 6 5-6 6 Group I. Section D. Kev to species 1 Hw clear above, with dark scales on the veins and at the margin. No yellow scales A.humilis 2 Hw with some yellow scales A. orestia f.transita 3 Hw mainly yellow, with dark border A. orestia sambar 4 Hw mainly dark grey, sometimes with a dark red central area A. cinerea Group II. Kev to sections Marginal spots of hw below wholly or partly darker than ground colour Section A - Marginal spots of hw below not darker than ground / 11 colour Group II. Section A. Key to species Fw without black markings 1 Black marginal band of hw broken into spots 2 Marginal band not broken into spots 3 Fw heavily marked with black Group II. Section B. Key to subsections No black spots in hw Postdiscal spots on hw below joined and forming thick, irregular black band Black basal dots of hw below form a solid black area enclosing a few white dots; black basal area reaches costa Black basal dots of hw below large and contiguous, alternating with large white dots, but not coalescing into black mass and not reaching costa.. Basal spots in hw below well developed, but always separated; two spots in cell Hw basal spots as above, but only one spot in cell. Spots on hw below replaced by three continuous narrow lines; proximal cell spot large and rounded. Group II. Section B. Kev to species Subsection a 1 Fw unmarked . . . . 2 Fw marked with black; marginal band of hw not wider than 4 mm 3 Marginal band of hw not less than 6 mm. ; fw marked with black Subsection c 4 Series of postdiscal spots in hw present 5 Series of postdiscal spots in hw absent Subsection d 6 Fw heavily marked with black and not partly hyaline Fw partly hyaline , lightly spotted with black Section B 1 - 2 A.macheauena A. admatha A. perenna Subsection a A. satis (subsection b) Subsection c Subsection d Subsection e Subsection f A.miranda (Subsection g) A. punctimarainea A.rabbaiae A. zonata A.pseudolvcia A.anemosa A. zetes 12 7 Tip of abdomen in male dirty pinkish white, banded with black A.matuaoa 8 Tip of abdomen in male orange, not banded with black . A. terosicore neobule Subsection e - Veins of fw only dusted with black 9 - 10 9 No internervular black streaks, large size, veins sometimes only slightly dusted with black. Prominent black tip on fw above A.natalica 10 Black internervular streaks on fw above; no black tip 10a- 10b 10a Fw with normal scale covering A. svkesi 10b Fw thinly scaled except at base and apex A. doubledavi - Veins of both wings dusted with black scales 11 - 13 11 Black dusting of veins reaches postdiscal spots in hw A. oetraea - Black dusting does not reach postdiscal spots and is often reduced to mere nervular projections of hw marginal band 12 - 13 12 Wing span not less than 65 mm. Apex black A. eaina 13 Wing span not more than 55 mm. Apex black A. ceoheus - Apical area of fw not broadly black 14 - 23 - Veins not dusted with black 14 - 28 - Internervular streaks present in fw above 14 - 16 14 Ground colour sandy; marginal band of hw undulating. A. aeouatorialis 15 Ground colour pinkish red, grey in some females; white subapical bar in some females; internervular streaks sometimes very faint A. oncaea 16 Ground colour always warm brownish pink in male, not so bright in female. Greyish area not reaching the margin in fw above , from Ml to Cul in male , beyond Cul in female A.braesia f.reoalis 17 Fw spotted with black, semi-transparent A.braesia f.braesia 18 Both wings transparent, black spots and marginal spots present A.chilo 9 19 Both wings pinkish red, fw above and below with complete black submarginal band enclosing series of internervular orange spots A. chilo 3 20 Dark basal area in fw above extends to first cell spot, second series of postdiscal spots in fw absent. A. Ivaus 13 21 Dark basal area of fw above, if present, does not reach first cell spot. Second series of postdiscal spots in fw always present A.caecilia 22 Dark basal area in fw above absent, second series of postdiscal spots absent. Black marginal line of hw above straight, not undulating A.oudorella pudorella 23 Black spots in Cul , A2 and A3 of hw placed in a straight line A.nohara punctellata - Apical area of fw above black; see also Nos. 9, 11, 12,13,15 24 - 28 24 Ground colour of hw below pinkish red, more or less striated with creamy white along veins. Black apical area of fw above, if present, never extends beyond M2. W\en absent, fw almost unspotted. Ground colour of male above very bright orange red to orange pink A.acrita 25 Black tip of fw reduced. 2, sometimes 3, small white apical spots on fw below, surrounded by black line A. omrora 26 Ground colour dirty pinkish buff ; black apical area never extends beyond M2, No creamy streaks on hw below A. caldarena 27 As above, but black apical area extends beyond Cul A.oudorella detecta 28 Black area extends beyond Cul; ground colour rich orange red A.chaeribula Subsection f 29 White subapical bar of fw above absent A.anacreon 30 White subapical bar of fw above present. .. .A.anacreon anacreontica f.wiaalnsl Group III. Key to sections and subsections Fw spotted with black, as in majority of Group II. Section A Section A - Ground colour red, particularly in the males Subsection a - Ground colour orange brown, internervular streaks on hw below orange Subsection b - Ground colour yellowish or greyish white, internervular streaks on hw below black .A. encedon f.lvcoldes (Subsection c) - Fw not spotted with black as above Section B 14 Section B Fw more or less thinly covered with scales; fw markings more or less hyaline .Subsection a Scale covering of fw normal GrouD III. Section A. Kev to soecies Subsection a .Subsection b Internervular streaks on hw below black and thick; no postmedian black spots on hw A. oharsalus Internervular streaks on hw below orange; 3 black postmedian spots in hw at Cul , Cu2 and A2, sometimes a more or less complete series of such spots Subsection b A.roaersi Ends of veins not heavily outlined with black... A.encedon Ends of veins heavily outlined with black in both wings A. rahira GrouD III. Section B. Kev to soecies Subsection a Cell of fw black , without markings , hw usually 5 - 7 Internervular streaks on hw below do not reach cell b - 6 Internervular streaks on hw below of even thickness and always reach margin A. oeneleos Internervular streaks on hw below attenuated distally and often fail to reach margin A. oenelooe Internervular streaks on hw below reach cell.... A. arosvenori Basal half of fw thinly covered with red scales; hw red or brownish red 8 -10 Internervular streaks on hw below reddish and not well defined; basal half of hw above black.. A. baxteri Internervular streaks of hw below black and well defined; basal half of hw above red dotted with black A. aubvni Distal half of fw cell white or containing a single white spot; hw pale yellow 10-12 Internervular streaks on hw below attenuated distally, usually failing to reach the margin... A. ntebiae Internervuiar streaks on hw below of even thickness , always reaching margin A. servona Fw completely clear, bordered with black, a large clear area in hw A. semivitrea Fw mainly clear, with dark band running from costa at centre of cell to tornus; hw red brown without clear area A. vesperalis Subsection b Cell of fw red or brown, not black at base Veins of fw heavily outlined with black, all internervuiar spaces red, except at margin A. orina Veins of fw not outlined with black Black spots on hw above large and numerous A. ccnradti Hw above unspotted; no yellow postdiscal band on fw above A. iohnstoni iohnstoni f.octobalia Hw above unspotted; broad, irregular yellow postdiscal band on fw above A. iohnstoni butleri Cell of fw above mainly pale yellow, black at costa.A.alciopoides Cell of fw above, black at base, white, yellow or orange brown distally Cell spots in hw below absent A. oreas Cell spots in hw below present; internervuiar streaks below narrow and faint A. ansoraei Cell spots in hw below present; internervuiar streaks broad and very prominent A.melanoxantha Cell of fw above entirely black or blackish Fw above black or dark brown with 4 prominent pale spots Dark border of hw above sharply toothed towards margin at M3 A. iohnstoni iohnstoni Margin of hw above, not toothed A. Ivcoa Black area in cell of fw above is prolonged between M3 and Cul until it meets dark marginal border, thus splitting the pale area into a subapical patch and an inner-marginal patch Wing span not more than 42 mm A. di s -junc ta Wing span not less than 50 mm ( A. iodutta ( A, esebria Black area in cell of fw above not prolonged to meet marginal border A. alciope 16 Group IV. Key to sections Black basal patch absent in both wings above ... .Section A Black basal patch in fw above replaced by broad black costal streak and sometimes by a narrow streak along inner margin Section B Black basal patch present in both wings; in fw broad and entire Section C Black basal patch of fw above broken by a prominent orange or yellow streak which usually occupies lower half of cell Section D Black basal patch of fw above dissected by yellow or orange cubital vein; no black basal patch in hw A. acerata (Section E) Group IV. Section A. Kev to species 1 Marginal band on hw below of fairly even width. .A.eponina 2 Marginal band of hw below much narrower between Ml and M3 A. venture Group IV. Section B. Kev to species 3 Ground colour above white A. bettiana 4 Hw above and subapical patch of fw creamy, rest of fw orange brown A. excelsior Ground colour more or less uniformly orange brown 5 - 8 5 Continuous orange band on hw below enclosed by two parallel black lines which run from centre of costa, through cell, to inner margin A.ranqatana 6 No orange markings in cell of hw below A. goetzei 7 Orange band on hw below present in cell, but interrupted at all the veins A.bonasia bonasia 8 Orange band more or less replaced by a straight row of black dots A.bonasia alicia Group IV. Section C. Kev to species Ground colour above creamy yellow 9 -10 9 Black basal area of fw above extends to middle of inner margin A.sotikensis karschi 10 Black basal area of fw above occupies a third of inner margin only A. vlviana 17 11 Ground colour above orange brown A.uvui Group IV. Section D. Key to species 12 Marginal band of hw below of uniform width A . althof f i Marginal band of hw below narrower between Ml and M3 13 - 15 13 Marginal band of hw below pale, submarginal lunules very indistinct A. buraessi Marginal band of hw below dark and distinct, marginal lunules distinct 14 - 15 14 Lower part of basal black area on fw above ends with a sharp projection along A2 A. cabira 15 Lower part of basal black area in fw above ends at inner margin without forming a sharp projection at A2 A. sotikensis ACRAEA ZO.’iATA Hewitson ( PI . IV, f ig . 2 ) Hewitson ( Ent .Mon .Mag . 14 , p . 154 , 1877) DESCRIPTION Pale orange brown with black markings. RANGE Coastal forests of Kenya and Tanganyika; rare. RECORDS Kenya Witu, Gazi (Mombasa), Teita, Mallndi, Vanga. Tanganyika Amani (Usambara), Pugu hill (Dar es Salaam), Mtwara , Zanzibar. ACRAEA RABBAIAE Ward ( PI . IV , fig . I ) Ward (Ent. Mon. Mag. 10, p.l52, 1873) RANGE Coastal forests from Kenya to Tanganyika, P.E.A., inland to the Eastern border of S. Rhodesia and south to Natal. Ssp. rabbaiae Ward DESCRIPTION More or less transparent with black markings and a series of buff submarginal spots on hw. RANGE The southern race; its northern limits are not definitely known, but it probably merges with the next race somewhere along the coast of S. Tanganyika or Mozambique. Ssp. mombasae Grose-Smith (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 3, p.l27, 1889) DESCRIPTION Pale areas pale buff, not transparent. RANGE Coastal area of Kenya and Tanganyika. RECORDS Kenya Mtwapa (Mombasa), Shimba hills, Teita, Kilifi, Rabai , Mouth of the Tana river, Shimoni , Sekoke. Tanganyika Mtwara, Ftigu hill (Dar es Salaam), Usaramo. ACRAEA SATIS Ward ( PI . Ill ,f ig . 5 ) Ward (Ent. Mon. Mag. 8,p.35, 1871) Male: Red with black markings; apical and marginal areas of fw hyaline. DESCRIPTION 18 RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE Female: Like male, but red areas replaced by white. Coastal forests from Natal to Kenya, ranging inland to Chirinda forest. Southern Rhodesia. Kenya Shimba hills, Diani , Gazi , Kilifi, Mtwapa , Teita , Rabai , Voi. Tanganyika Moshi , Mtwara , Amani , Lindi , Bagamoyo , Mafia, Zanzibar. ACRAEA PENTAPOLIS Ward ( PI . Ill , f ig . 6 ) Ward ( Ent .Mon .Mag . 8 ,p . 60 , 1871) Forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo and Uganda, with a race in Tanganyika, Nyasaland and Mozambique. Ssp. pentapolis Ward Large, mainly transparent with indistinct fuscous markings on fw and a yellow or orange area in cell and at inner margin of hw. Sierra Leone to Uganda. Uganda Entebbe, Budongo , Kalinzu, Kayonza , Jinja, Mbarara , Mulange , Lolui Island. Ssp. epidica Oberthur (Etudes d ' Entomologie , 17,p.l8, 1893) As above, but markings of fw darker and better defined. Forests from Tanganyika to Nyasaland, and Mozambique, but apparently not at the coast. Tanganyika Amani, Pangani , Morogoro. ACRAEA VESPERALIS Grose-Smith ( PI . Ill , f ig . 7 ) Grose-Smith { Proc .Zool .Soc .Lond. 1890, p. 466) Forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo and Uganda. Ssp. vesperalis Grose-Smith Like A. pentapolis . but a little smaller; hw entirely orange brown, without transparent area. Nigeria to Uganda. Uganda Sesse Islands (Lake Victoria), Bwamba , Mawakota. ACRAEA DAMII Vollenhoven ( PI . I II , f ig . 8 ) Vollenhoven (Pollen & Van Dam, Faune Madag.5, Ins., p. 12, 1869) Forests in Madagascar and on the East coast of Africa; rare. Ssp. damii Vollenhoven Madagascar. Ssp. cuva Grose-Smith ( Ann .Mag . Nat .Hist . (6).p.l26, 1889) Fw hyaline with some red at base; hw bright red with a few large round black dots and a hyaline border. Coastal forests of Kenya and Tanganyika; also Nyasaland and Mozambique. Kenya Mouth of the Tana, Sekoke forest, Shimoni , Mrima hill. T anganvika Morogoro, Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar. ACRAEA CERASA Hewitson ( PI . Ill , f ig . 9 ) Hewitson (Exot. Butt.Acraea 2, 1861) Forests from East Africa to Natal. Ssp. cerasa JJewitson Warm brownish red with black spots; distal half of fw and margin of hw transparent . Natal to Kenya East of the Rift Valley. 19 RECORDS Kenva Nairobi. Kiiabe. Meru . Mutha hill. Niombeni. Tanaanvika Moroaoro. DESCRIPTION SsD. unimaculata Grose-Smith( Nov.Zool.5 .d.350. 1898) Ground colour more ochreous than previous race; all black dots absent, with the exception of one or two at base of hw. RANGE RECORDS Forests in Kenya, West of the Rift Valley. Soy, Tiriki, Kakamega , Elgon, Sotik , Kitosh. DESCRIPTION SsD. cerita Sharoe( Ann .Mao .Nat .Hist . ( 7 )o. 75 . 1906) (=kiaezia Howarth ( Entomoloaist .92 .Noll54 . 1959) Less spotted than typical race; marginal border of hw narrower, a dark band separating red basal patch of fw from hyaline apical area. RANGE RECORDS NOTE Uganda and possibly N.E. Congo. Uaanda Kavonza( Kiaesi ) . Fort Portal( Toro) . For further information about this controversial species and its relationshio to A.kraka Aur. . see Howarth (Entomoloaist Vol . 92 .No . 1 154 . 1959 and Entomologist Vol .93 ,p . 185 , 1960). ACRAEA KRAKA Aurivillius ( Ent . Tidskr . 14 .d . 272 . 1893) RANGE A rare forest species from the Cameroons and Fernando Po , with a distinct race in the E. Congo and Uganda. RANGE SsD. kraka Aurivillius West Africa only. DESCRIPTION SsD. Dallida Caroenter ( Proc .R. Ent .Soc . Lond . 1931. d.76) Fw mostly hyaline, with a small pale ochreous area and a few black dots at the base; hw pale ochreous heavily spotted with black, with a very broad hyaline border. RANGE RECORDS NOTE N.E. Congo and W. Uganda. Uaanda Kavonza . Bwamba . The male aenitalia of both races of A.kraka are identical with those of A.cerasa and it is Dossible that kraka and cerasa are consoecific. ACRAEA ITURINA Grose-Smith ( PI . Ill .f ia . 10) Grose-Smith ( Proc .Zool . Soc . Lond . , 1890, p.465) RANGE Forests from the Cameroons to Uganda, with a distinct race in Ethiopia. DESCRIPTION SsD. iturina Grose-Smith Bright red with distal half of fw transparent and numerous large black dots in hw. RANGE RECORDS Cameroons to the Congo and Uganda. Uganda Lake Albert, Bwamba. Budonao, Kibale forest. Kayonza . Katera . NOTE Kamengo , W. Elgon. A. iturinoides Stoneham 1936 must be reaarded as a synonym of A. iturina. as it is based on two reasonably typical females from the Budongo forest. Accordina to Stoneham. the main character of iturinoides is the stalked condition of veins RS and MI of the hind wing. However Eltringham (Trans. Ent .Soc . Lond . 407 - 413, 1913), stated that this condition is normal in A. iturina. In anv case, this character is variable as there are specimens in the Coryndon Museum with stalks of varying length, in some case unequal in the two wings of the same individual and even one or two in which these veins are stalked in one wing, but not in the other. There are other specimens, quite typical in all other respects, in which the stalked condition is entirely wanting. 1 DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE 20 ACRAEA KALINZU Carpenter( Proc .R.Ent .Soc .Lond . ( B ) 5162: 164, 1936) Rather like previous species but smaller, with a narrower marginal band to the hw. Forests of Western Uganda. Kalinzu, Kayonza, Mpanga forest (Toro), Kibale forest. ACRAEA QUIRINA Fabricius ( PI . Ill , f ig. 11 ) Fabricius { Spec . Ins . 2 ,p . 36 , 1781) Forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo and East Africa. Ssp . guirina Fabricius Fw transparent, with some red at base; hw bright red in male, reddish brown in female, with broad transparent border and numerous small black spots . West Africa to Uganda and probably Western Kenya. Uganda Budongo, Entebbe, Mabira , Bwamba , Katera , Kayonza, Bugoma , Mawakota . Ssp. rosa Eltringham ( Trans .Ent .Soc .bond , 1912, p. 60) Differs from typical race in having larger red area in fw. Kenya East of the Rift Valley and Tanganyika. Kenya Nairobi, Marsabit (very common), Meru, Rabai, Diani , Shimba hills, Mt.Kulal (N.F.D.), Kitui , Teita, Njombeni. Tanganyika Amani , Morogoro , Dar es Salaam. ACRAEA MACHEQUENA Grose-Smith ( PI . IV ,f ig .4 ) Grose-Smith (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), 9 p.62, 1887) Ground colour pale orange red tinged with buff, paler and more yellowish in female; distal half of fw transparent; hw dotted with black, bordered by a series of black internervular lunules enclosing red spots which are particularly distinct uns. Bush and savanna from Delagoa Bay and S. Rhodesia to Tanganyika. Tanganyika Dar es Salaam, Mtwara. ACRAEA ADMATHA Hewitson ( PI . IV, f ig . 3 ) Hewitson (Exot.Bott. Acraea 3, 1865) Ground colour bright red in male, more or less brownish red to grey in female; distal half of fw hyaline; hw heavily spotted with black; marginal border encloses large internervular spots which are bright red on uns of males. The form leucooraoha Ribbe (iris 2, p.l81, pi .4 , f . 1 , 1889 ) has two or more white patches near inner margin of hw. Forests from West Africa to the Congo, East Africa and Ethiopia, occurs also in South Africa. f . admatha : Kenya Marsabit (very common), Matthews Range, Witu, Kwale, Gazi, Njombeni, Meru. Uganda Bwamba, Katera, Fort Portal, Kayonza. f . leucooraoha Kenya Kakamega, Kericho, Sotik. Uganda Fort Portal, Bwamba, Katera Kayonza, Budongo. In West Kenya the form leucooraoha is absolutely dominant and constitutes a good race; in Uganda it occurs with the typical form, but Uganda specimens of leucooraoha are usually a good deal larger than Kenya ones. All available material of this species from South Africa, West Africa, the East African coast and Marsabit is of the typical form. 21 RANGE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS ACRAEA TERPSICORE Linnaeus ( PI .IV, fig, 5) Linnaeus ( Syst .nat .Ed . 10 p,466, 1758) Dry bush and savanna throughout India, Ceylon, Arabia, Madagascar, and Africa south of the Sahara; very common. Ssp. terpsicore Linnaeus India . Ssp. neobule Doubleday & Hewitson, (Gen. Diurn. Lep.l9, 1847) Ground colour pale orange red, more brownish in the female; Apical half of fw transparent, often with some red scales at apex, base red, spotted with black; marginal border encloses internervular spots, orange red above, white below. South Africa to East Africa and Ethiopia; common everywhere, except on high mountains and in heavy forests. ACRAEA MATUAPA Grose -Smith ( Ann .Mag . Nat .Hist .( 6) 3,p.l27, 1889) Very similar to above, but a little larger, ground colour paler, not so red; black margin of hw broader, submarginal lunules much smaller, hardly visible above, Male differs from above species in having ring on each distal segment of the abdomen. Forests in the coastal districts of Kenya and on some of the hills in Eastern Kenya. Kenya Kilifi, Kwale, Emali, Range, Marsabit (?). This species was treated as a synonym of A. terpsicore neobule. by Eltringham in his monograph of the genus Acraea. Although the two insects are obviously very closely related and exhibit no obvious genitalial differences, the differences in habitat and facies are such as to justify the reinstatement of Acraea matuaoa as a valid species. ACRAEA PUNCTIMARGINEA Pinhey ( PI . IV, f ig . 6) Pinhey (Cor .Mem.Mus .Occ , Pap . No 4, 1956) Ground colour rich ochreous yellow in male, brownish in female; both wings unspotted, marginal border of hw broad and black , enclosing prominent white internervular lunules. North - East Tanganyika. Morogoro, E. Usambaras. ACRAEA INSIGNIS Distant (Pl.IV, fig. 7) Distant { Proc . Zool. Soc. Lond, 1880, p.l84) Forests from Mozambique and Nyasaland to Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia. Ssp. insionis Distant Form insionis Distant: Ground colour light red in male, reddish brown in female; apical half of fw hyaline; hw with several black blotches near base and in cell; marginal border black, narrow and entire. Form sioinna Suffert (iris 17, p.l9, 1904). As above, but black blotches of hw above and below coalesce into solid, rounded black area at base. Same as the specific range, but excluding Mozambique, where the species is represented by a distinct race. Kenya Nairobi, Meru, Dabida, Thika , Teita, Shimba hills, Sekoke forest, Kakamega, Anabkoi, Kitosh, Tiriki, Uganda Entebbe, Budongo , Katera, Kayonza , Mitano. Tanganyika Pugu hill ( Dar es Salaam), Marangu, Lushoto, Amani , Morogoro , Mt. Rungwe (Mbeya), Njombe, Uwemba, Mufindi. 22 n NOTE Form insianis is much more frequent in E. Kenya and N.E. Tanganyika than elsewhere and is very scarce in Ethiopia and S. Tanganyika. ACRAEA ELTRINGHAMI Joicey & Talbot (Bull. Hill. Mus.6: 44-118, 1921) DESCRIPTION Similar to insianis but marginal border of hw broken into black triangles at the veins. RANGE Eastern Congo, Western Uganda. RECORDS Uganda Mafuga forest, Rutenga, Kayonza (Kigezi), Bwamba . NOTE Although this species has been treated as a race of A. insianis Dist. by some authors, its genitalia are sufficiently different to dispel any doubts about its specific status. ACRAEA ELTRINGHAMI: Male Genitalia ACRAEA INSIGNIS: Male Genitalia ACRAEA INSIGNIS: Male Genitalia, Ventral Aspect of Right Valve ACRAEA HAMATA Joicey & Talbot (Bull. Hill. Mus.6: 339-342, 1922) DESCRIPTION Similar to insianis . but smaller; very broad transparent border to the hw, only the female is known. RANGE Montane forests of Kivu(Congo) and Kigezi. RECORDS Uganda Mafuga forest, impenetrable forest. ACRAEA ROGERSI Hewitson (Pl.V, fig. 10) Hewitson (Ent. Mon. Mag. 10, 15, 1873) RANGE Forests from Sierra Laone to Angola and Uganda; rare. ' PLATE I 1 Bematistes alcinoe camerunica S 2 B. umbra hemileuca c? jj 3 B.macarista d 4 B.elgonense d 5 B.adrasta adrasta d 6 B . persanguinea d 1 B.tellus eumelis 8 B.epaea lutosa d I ■ PLATE II I Bematistes quadricolor latifasciata 2 B.poggei nelson! 3 B.aganice montana cT 4 B . pseuderyta d* 5 B.formosa d* 6 B.formosa ^ 7 B.aganice montana ^ 8 B.adrasta adrasta 5 9 B . scalivittata 2 • PLATE III I Bematistes umbra hemileuca j 2 B.alcinoe camerunica 9 3 Bomacarista 9 4 B.epaea paragea 9 5 Acraea satis S 6 A.pentapolis pentapolis 7 A.vesperalis vesperaiis 8 A.damii cuva 9 A.cerasa cerasa 10 A.iturina iturina II A.quirina quirina . I Acraea rabbaiae mombasae 2 A.zonata 3 A.admatha admatha 4 A.machequena 5 A.terpsicore neobule 6 A. punctimarginea 7 A. i. insignia 8 A.baxteri 9 A.chaeribula d 10 A. c . caldarena II A.braesia f.braesia o 12 A.p.pudorella d 13 A.oncaea d 14 A. a . aequatorialis d 15 A.lygus d 16 A.sykesi d 17 A. a . asboloplintha 6 18 A.miranda d 19 A.rahira rahira 20 A.anacreon anacreontica . PLATE V I Acraea c.chilo d 2 A.zetes acara d 3 A.pseudolycia astrigera 4 A.a.anemosa 5 A.e.e^ina d* 6 A.n.natalica d 1 A.caecilia pudora d 8 A.a.acrita d 9 A.p.perenna 10 A.rogersi lankesteri II A.cepheus f.abdera d 12 A.petraea d . i 4 1 5 2 3 4 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 I A. a . amicitiae 6 2 A.encedon f.encedon 6 3 A. p . pharsalus d 4 A.a.althoffi d 5 A.viviana d 6 A. burgess! d 7 A.cabira ^ 8 A.bonasia alicia d 9 A. s . sotikensis d 10 A.uvui uvui d II A.acerata d 12 A. e . excelsior d 13 A.goetzei d 14 A.eponina 15 A. Ventura 16 A. r . rangatana d 17 A.bettiana d 18 A.cinerea f.cinerea d 19 A.quirinalis d 20 A.o.orestia f.orestia d . PLATE VII I A.orina orineta d' 2 A.peneleos pelasgius 3 3 A.penelope vitrea 3 4 A.grosvenori 3 b A.servona rhodina 3 6 A.ntebiae 3 1 A.melanoxantha d' 8 A.o.oreas 3 9 A.semivitrea 10 A.conradti conradti 3 11 A.aubyni 3 12 A.igola 3 . 1 2 3 7 6 9 10 11 12 PLATE VIII 1 A.a.alciope cf 2 A.a.alciope p f.aurivillii 3 A.j.jodutta $ 4 A.esebria f. protea 6 b A. d . dis juncta d 6 A. alciopoides 6 1 A.lycoa media 6 8 A. j . j ohnstoni f.confusa 9 A.j.butleri 10 A.ansorgei nr. f. pica ( Poroto Mts.) d 11 A. a. f.ansorgei $ 12 Pardopsis punctatissima . 23 RANGE DESCRI PTION RANGE and RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE and RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS Ssp. rooersi Hewitson West Africa and the Congo. Ssp. lankesteri Carpenter (Proc.R.Ent. Soc . Lond.(B) 10:216-217,1941) Ground colour red in male, brown to dark grey in female; both wings heavily spotted with black; no marginal lunules or border on hw below; a large species. This race was originally described from a single male from the Uganda side of Mt. Elgon; since then a few females have been taken at Fort Portal, Kayonza and Bwamba , Western Uganda. ACRAEA ZETES Linnaeus ( PI. V, fig. 2) Linnaeus (Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, p.487, 1758) A common species of savanna and forest edges found in most of the Ethiopian region. Ssp. zetes Linnaeus Size large; both wings heavily marked with black, submarginal white lunules on hw below prominent; fw above more or less suffused with black; ground colour red; black suffusion very heavy in typical form and in f .menippe Drury, less so in f . ialema Godart. West Africa to the Congo, Uganda and West Kenya. Kenya Kakamega , Kericho, Elgon, Lugari, Tiriki, Kitale , Kitosh. Uganda Tororo, Kampala, Kalinzu, Kayonza, Bwamba, Katera , Budongo , Mubende . Tanganyika Ukerewe Island , Mwangogo . Ssp. acara Hewitson (Exot. Butt. Acraea 3, 1865) Ground colour brighter red than above; no black suffusion on fw above. South Africa to Tanganyika and Kenya East of the Rift Valley. Common and widely distributed up to 4000 feet, but not more than 200 miles inland in Kenya. Ssp. rudolf i Eltringham (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 77: 475-504, 1929) Very similar to above, but ground colour brighter red. Northern frontier of Kenya and probably extreme N.W. of Uganda. Kenya Marsabit ,Kulal . Specimens from Meru and Njombeni are intermediate between acara and rudolf i . ACRAEA CHILO Godman (Pl.V,fig.l) Godman ( Proc .Zool .Soc .Lond. 1880 ,p . 184) Dry bush from N. E. Kenya .Ethiopia .Somaliland and S. Arabia. SsD . chilo Godman Male: Pale red with black spots; a complete series of orange brown submarginal spots on both wings. Female: Completely transparent with a few black spots and cream coloured submarginal spots on hw. N.E. Tanganyika and E. Kenya. Kenya Ngong Escarpment .Yatta .Kibwezi ,Voi .Mariakani .Mombasa .Lower Tana, Teita .Taveta ,Witu . Tanganyika Arusha, lower Pangani. SsD.magnifica Carpenter & Jackson ( Proc .R. ent .Soc . Lond ,( B) 19:97-108, 1950) Larger and brighter than above, with better defined submarginal lunules. Northern frontier of Kenya. Marsabit ,Kulal . 24 RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS ACRAEA ANEMOSA Hewitson (Pl.V,fig,4) Hewitson ( Exot . Butt . Acraea 3, 1865) Thorn bush and savanna from South Africa and Angola to Tanganyika and East Kenya. A.welwitschii Rogenhofer ( Verb .Zool . -Bot .Ges .Wien 42, p.573, 1892) must be regarded as conspecific with A.anemosa Hew. SsD . anemosa Hewitson Fw orange brown with black markings; hw darker with black base and very broad, unspotted black margin; postdiscal spots absent. S. Africa to Rhodesia, Tanganyika and Eastern Kenya. Kenya Common at the coast and as far inland as Ukambani. Tanganyika Generally distributed at lower altitudes, but probably absent from the Western districts. Ssp. LOBEMBA Eltringham (Trans. Ent.Soc .bond. 1912, p.99) As above, but dark cherry red. From Lakes Mweru and Bangweolu in N. Rhodesia to the S.E. Congo and S.W. Tanganyika. N.Rhodesia-Tanaanvika border Kalambo Falls near Southern end of Lake Tanganyika . ACRAEA PSEUDOLYCIA Butler (Pl.V,fig.3) Butler (Cist.Ent.l, p.213, 1874) Savanna and dry bush from Angola, N. Rhodesia and the S. Congo, to East Africa, the S. Sudan and Ethiopia. SsD.Dseudolvcia Butler Angola . SsD . astrigera Butler ( Proc .Zool .Soc .Lond. 1899, p.421) Very similar to A.anemosa . but has a series of black postdiscal spots in hw. N. Rhodesia, East Africa. Kenya Nairobi, Machakos, Embu , Thika , Makindu, Kericho, Kitui , Meru , Narok. Kajado. Uganda Madi Opi (West Nile), Toro, Jinja, Karamoja. Tanganyika Mufindi, Rufigi, Njombe, Ukerewe, Ugogo, Uhehe , Usambara, Rukwa , Mpwapwa , Mhonda . ACRAEA EGINA Cramer (Pl.V,fig.5) Cramer (Pap, Exot.l, p.64, 1775) Forests throughout tropical Africa, as far South as S. Rhodesia and Mozambique . SsD . egina Cramer Large; male bright red marked with black; distal half of fw suffused with black; female larger and duller. Forest areas from the West Coast to Meru (Kenya) in the North and Nyasaland in the South. Kenya Thika, Meru, Malaba, Kitale, Elgon, Kakamega, Suna , Sotik. Uganda All forest areas up to 6000 feet. Tanganyika Rukwa, Kalambo Falls, Ukerewe Island, Bukoba , Kungwe Mahare . SsD.areca Mabille (Ann.Soc .Ent.France(6) 8 Bull., p. 169, 1888) Larger than above; ground colour orange brown, no black suffusion on fw. DESCRIPTION 25 RANGE S. Rhodesia and Mozambique to the coastal districts of Tanganyika and NOTE Kenya, including Amani and Moshi, where it overlaps the preceding race. The ssD.harrisoni E. Sharoe ( Entomoloo . 37 .o . 132 . 1904) is treated here as a varietal form of A.eaina eaina as neither its facies nor its distribution are sufficiently well defined to warrant subspecific status ACRAEA CEPHEUS Linnaeus (Pl.V. fia.ll) Linnaeus ( Syst.Nat.Ed. 10, p.487, 1758) DESCRIPTION Bright red with black markings: much smaller than A. eoina : female RANGE RECORDS NOTE larger, brown. Forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo and W. Uganda. Uaanda Budonao . Bwamba . Buaoma . Metu.Ara. The form abdera Hewitson ( Exot.Butt.Acraea 1. 1852) which lacks the subapical red bar in the fw is dominant in Uganda, and perhaps should be treated as a subspecies. ACRAEA PETRAEA Boisduval ( PI . V. f ia . 12 ) Boisduval (Voyage Deleg. 2, p.589, 1847) DESCRIPTION Medium sized species; male bright red, heavily marked with black; female larger, brown, sometimes with a white subapical bar. RANGE RECORDS Coastal forests from Natal to Kenya, penetrating inland to S. Rhodesia. Kenya Diani , Rabai . Kwale. Tanaanvika Mtwara, Amani, Dar es Salaam, Kilimaniaro, Mikindani. ACRAEA ROHLFSI Suffert (iris, 17, d.124, 1904) DESCRIPTION Similar to above, but smaller; lacks submarginal white spots on hw below. RANGE Known from the unique type specimen only; Ukerewe Island, Lake Victoria, Tanaanvika. It is oossible that it is an aberration of A.oetraea Bsd., in which case Ukerewe would have to be regarded as patria falsa. ACRAEA GUILLEMEI Oberthiir (Etudes d'Ent. 17. d.19. 1893) DESCRIPTION Similar to A.oetraea. but less heavily marked and around colour oranae red, not red. RANGE RECORDS Savanna; Angola, S. Congo and N. Rhodesia to Nyasaland and S . Tanganyika . Tanaanvika "Lake Tanaanvika" accordina to Eltrinaham: Mpanda (Western Province ) . ACRAEA OMRORA Trimen ( Proc .Zool . Soc . Lond , 1894, o.24, note) DESCRIPTION Dusky red to reddish grey with black markings; apex of fw black above, spotted with white below. RANGE RECORDS Brachvsteaia savanna in Anaola , S. Conao and N. Rhodesia. Not uncommon near Abercorn (N. Rhodesia) and may therefore be expected to turn up in S.W. Tanganyika. ACRAEA NOHARA Boisduval (Vov. Delea. 2,p.590, 1847) RANGE Open country from S. Africa and Mozambique to the Rhodesias, Nyasaland and possibly S. Tanganyika. RANGE Ssp.nohara Boisduval South Africa. 26 DESCRIPTION SsD. Dunctellata Eltrinaham (Trans. Ent. Soc . Lend. 1912. d.13I) Dull red with black spots; hw margin below narrow, enclosing a series of rectangular white spots. RANGE RECORDS N. Rhodesia, Nyasaland and Tanganyika. Tanaanvika Kiaonsera (accordina to Aurivillius in Seitz). ACRAEA ACRITA Hewitson (Pl.V. fia.8) Hewitson (Exot. Butt. 3, 1865) RANGE Open country and savanna from the Rhodesias, Mozambique, S. Congo, Nyasa Tanganyika, Kenya and Angola. NOTE Though difficult to separate into local races owing to its extreme variability and large number of seasonal forms, three fairly distinct races may be recognised in our area. DESCRIPTION SsD.acrita Hewitson Male brilliant orange red with a black tip and black spots in both wings series of postdiscal spots lacking in fw; dry season females like males; in the wet season the female may be all shades of orange brown and occasionally dark grey, sometimes with a whitish subapical band. RANGE Rhodesia and Mozambique to South, and West Tanganyika and into the Masai district of S.W. Kenya. RECORDS Tanaanvika Ukerewe Island, Uaalla river, Matumbi , Kilosa: aenerallv distributed to the South. DESCRIPTION SsD.manca Thurau ( Berl .Ent .Ztschr . 48, d.305, 1903) Differs from above in having the black apical area reduced and in having a series of postdiscal spots in the fw above. RANGE RECORDS Central Tanganyika, but overlaps considerably with the preceding race. Tanaanvika Babati, Kondoa , Iraku. Itumba , Usaaara . Usukuma . Tabora. DESCRIPTION SsD.DUdorina Staudinaer (Exot. Schmett. 1. d.84, 1885) Smaller than the other races, black markings extremely reduced, ground colour of male pinkish orange. RANGE RECORDS Eastern Kenya and N.E. Tanganyika, but not at the coast. Kenva Chvulu hills, Kibwezi, Email ranae , Yatta , Mtito Andei, Teita. Embu , Dabida. NOTE Tanaanvika Moshi. The followina races of A.acrita have also been described from our area, but their validity is doubtful: SsD.ambiaua Trimen ( Proc .Zool .Soc . d.70, 1891) from N.W. Rhodesia. S.W. Africa, Manicaland and the "Tanganyika plateau". SsD.littoralis Eltrinaham ( Trans .Ent .Soc . Lond . 1912. d.149) from the Tanganyika and Kenya Coast and also from Tabora. SsD . taborensis Le Doux ( Mitt .Zool . Mus . Berl . 18: 171-225, 1932) from W. Tanganyika and Kivu has a very large apical black area in both sexes and a pale subapical area in fw. SsD.auluensis Le Doux (od. cit,. 1932) is a small race with verv well developed black markings, from Gulu in Uganda. ACRAEA CHAERIBULA Oberthiir (Pl.IV, fia.9) Oberthur (Etudes d 'Entomologie 17, p.l9. 1893) DESCRIPTION Similar to tvoical A.acrita. but much smaller, black aoical area much larger . 27 RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS Savanna from N. Rhodesia and the S. Congo to Nyasaland and S. Tanganyika. Occurs in Tanganyika according to Auriviliius in Seitz; not uncommon at Abercorn, N. Rhodesia (Near the Tanganyika border). ACRAEA LEUCOPYGA Auriviliius (Ent. Tidskr. 25, p.92f , 32. 1904) Savanna and parkland from N. Rhodesia and Nyasaland to S. Tanganyika, the E. Congo and Uganda. SsD . leucoDvoa Auriviliius A rather large insect, deep rose pink with small black spots and a small black apical area in fw; abdomen gleaming white in both sexes. N. Rhodesia, Nyasaland and S. Tanganyika; one doubtful record from Entebbe, Uganda. Tanganyika Songea , Kigonsera, Tunduma. This species came to the notice of the author too late to be included in the Key. ACRAEA PUDORELLA Auriviliius ( PI .IV, fig. 12) Auriviliius (Rhop. Aethiop. p.99, 1896) Dry bush country from Nyasaland to Eastern Kenya and Ethiopia. SsD . pudorella Auriviliius Medium size; thinly scaled, pale pinkish buff, lightly marked with black . Central Tanganyika to Eastern and S.W. Kenya. Kenya Malindi, Galana river (Thika), Teita, Mutha hill, Makueni , Mberi (Tana river), Nairobi, Kibwezi, Kisii. Tanganyika Kondoa Irangi, Ugalla river. SsD .detecta Neave ( Proc .Zool .Soc .bond. 1910: 1, p.24) Similar to above, but has very large black apical area in fw. N. Rhodesia and Nyasaland to S. Tanganyika. Tanganyika Lindi. ACRAEA CALDARENA Hewitson ( PI . IV, f ig. lO) Hewitson (Ent. Mon. Mag. 14, p.52, 1877) Savanna and open country from Natal to East Africa; common, Ssp . caldarena Hewitson Very similar to above, but ground colour more pinkish, scale covering heavier, black markings heavier, black apical area a little more restricted than in A. pudorella detecta. Natal to Western Kenya and Uganda. Kenya West Nandi, Lugari , Kacheleba ( Suk ) , Ravine, Kitosh, Kitale, Uganda Busoga , Ara (West Nile), Madi Opi. Tanganyika Ubiquitous in the South and Centre, also on Ukerewe 1. Ssp. NELUSKA Oberthur (Etudes d'Ent. 3, p.25, 1878) As above, but black apical area much more reduced. Coastal areas of Kenya and Tanganyika. Kenya Mtwapa, Vanga , Rabai, Kitale. Tanganyika Amani , Pugu hill, Kilosa (Morogoro). 28 ACRAEA BRAE SI A Godm.in ( PI . " V, f i 3 . 11 ) Godman ( Pioc .Zool .Soc . Lond. 1885>, p.583) DESCRIPTION- RANGE RECORDS Form Lraesia Male: pinkish brown with black spots and a large semitransparent area in fw; abdomen conspicuously white. Female: similar to male, but sometimes greyish, abdomen black with white spots . Form reaalis Oberthur (Etudes d'Ent. 17, p.20, 1893); somewhat larger than above and lacks transparent area in fw. Both forms occur together throughout the range of the species. Dry bush country from N.E. Tanganyika to Ethiopia and Somaliland. Kenya Voi , Mariakani, Ngulia, Lower Tana, L. Rudolf, Kibwezi , Chyulu, Teita, L. Jipe, Isiolo, Mutha hill, Nqong Escarpment, Magadi, Samburu, Rabai, Sekoke, S. Kavirondo, Shimba hills, Marsabit, Witu, Malindi, L. Baringo. Uganda Turkana. Tanganyika Amani, Mazinde, Makonya, Bomboju, Dar es Salaam. ACRAEA DOUbLEDAYl Guerin 8, Lefebvre (Voyage Abyssinie 6, p.378, 1849) RANGE Dry bush in Ethiopia, N. Uganda, S.E. Sudan and Somaliland, with a distinct race in Arabia. SsD . doubledavi Guerin 8. Lefebvre DESCRIPTION Light red with black spots; discal area of fw greyish and lightly scaled. Abdomen of male white. RANGE Somaliland to N. Uganda and the S.E. Sudan. RECORDS Uganda Madi Opei , L. Albert, Budongo , Mbale, N. Karamoja. ACRAEA SYKESI: Male Genitalia Side view of left valve. ACRAEA DOUBLEDAYI :Male Genitalia Side view of left valve. ACRAEA SYKESI E. Sharpe (Pl.IV, fig. 16) Sharpe (Entomologist 35, p.279, 1902) DESCRIPTION Similar to above, but larger; lightly scaled grey area of fw absent; black intervervular streaks on fw above do not reach margin. 29 RANGE RECORDS NOTE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS Dry bush from Tanganyika to the E. Congo and N. Uganda. Uganda Murchison Falls, Ara (West Nile), Madi Opei , Butiaba, Metu, W. Madi, Acholi, Entebbe, Wadelai, Budongo, Lake Albert. Kenya Suna (S. Kavirondo). Tanganyika Bukoba. This species was once regarded as a southern race of A. doubledavi : however it must be treated as a good species, as the two insects occur together in N. Uganda and there are also considerable genitalial differences. Female form Candida Eltringham should be referred to this species . ACRAEA ONCAEA Hopffer (Pl.lV, fig. 13) Hopffer (Monasb. Ak . Wiss. Berl . 1855, p.640) Smaller than above, internervular streaks not so well developed; female, reddish brown to grey, sometimes with a subapical white bar. Savanna and dry country from S. Africa to Ethiopia. Kenya Shimba hills, Namanga , Diani , Embu, Kisumu, Rabai, Sekoke forest, Mongeya Hill. Tanganyika Amani , Kilosa; ubiquitous in the Brachystegia woodland south of Dodoma. ACRAEA AEQUATORIALIS Neave ( PI . I V, f ig . 14 ) Neave (Nov.Zool. II , p . 327 , 1904 ) Savanna and bush country in Kenya and Tanganyika. SsD ■ aeguatorialis Neave Lightly scaled, pale sandy buff with black spots; female darker. Kenya west of the Rift Valley and possibly the eastern and southern shores of Lake Victoria, in Tanganyika. Kenya Kisumu, Tiriki, Busia , S. Kavirondo, SsD. anaemia Eltringham (Trans. Ent. Soc . Lond. 1912, p.l79) Paler and more lightly scaled than above. N.E. Tanganyika and E. Kenya. Kenya Chyulu hills, Stony Athi , Magadi, Kikuyu, Marsabit, Kibwezi, Makueni , Teita escarpment, Mt Kulal and coastal districts. Tanganyika Zanzibar, Pemba, Amani. ACRAEA CAECILIA Fabricius (Pl.V, fig. 7) Fabricius (Spec. Ins. 2, p.34, 1781) Dry bush along the southern edge of the Sahara, from Senegambia to the S. Sudan, Ethiopia and Somaliland, and in the dry areas of Kenya, Uganda and N. Tanganyika. SsD.caecilia Fabricius Pale sandy buff with black spots and black apex to fw. West Africa to Uganda and W. Kenya. Kenya Kitale, Kacheleba, Lugari , Kisumu, Wamia, Kakamega. Uganda Soroti, Chua , Sipi , Obong , Madi Opei, Budongo, Jinja, Bwamba , Metu, W. Elgon, Ara. Tanganyika Ukerewe Island. SsD .Dudora Aurivillius (Sjost. Kilimanj. Exped. Lep. , p.4, 1910) More pinkish than above, black tip less developed. Eastern Kenya and N.E. Tanganyika. Kenya Ngong Escarpment, Embu, Stony Athi, Taveta, Namanga, Kajado, Kima , Machakos , Lake Baringo. Tanganyika Kilimanjaro. 30 DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD.kuIal van Someren ( J .E .Afr.Ua .Nat .Hist . Soc . 5-6. 1936) Larger and more heavily marked than other races. Northern Frontier of Kenya. Mt. Kulal, Mt. Marsabit. ACRAEA LYGUS Druce (Pl.IV. fia. 15) Druce ( Proc . Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p.408) DESCRIPTION Similar to above, but brighter, dark basal area of fw larger; postdiscal spots in fw absent. Discal area of hw sometimes whitish in f emale . RANGE Savanna from S. Africa and Angola to Rhodesia and E. Africa in the East, and the lower Congo in the West. RECORDS Kenya Taru. NOTE Tanaanvika Saadani. This soecies has been confused with A.stenobea Wallenareen (i860), which does not occur in East Africa. (See Carpenter in Stylops , vol . I , p . 196 , 1932). ACRAEA MARNOIS Roaenhofer (Ann. Mus . Wien. 4,0.552. 1889) RANGE Known from two males, one from Bahr-el-Seraf in the Sudan and one from DESCRIPTION Victoria Nyanza, A medium sized species, warm ochreous orange marked with black rather like A.nohara, NOTE This species is not included in the key. ACRAEA NATALICA Boisduvai (Pl.V. fia. 6) Boisduval (Voy. Deleg. 2, p.590, 1847) RANGE Common and widespread; savanna and bush throughout most of Ethiopian region . DESCRIPTION SsD.natalica Boisduval Large; red with heavy black markings; female orange brown to brown or dark grey. RANGE RECORDS S. Africa to Rhodesia, Kenya and Tanganyika. Common in Kenya from the coast to Nairobi, Thika , and Mt . Kenya; common and widely distributed throughout most of Tanganyika. DESCRIPTION RANGE SsD.abadima Ribbe (iris 2. d.182. 1889) Smaller and paler than typical race; not so heavily marked. The central race; Angola, south and east Congo to Uganda, West Kenya and Ethiopia. RECORDS Occurs throughout W. Kenya, Uganda and N.W. Tanganyika up to 5000 ft. ACRAEA ASBOLOPLINTHA Karsch (Pl.IV. fia. 17) Karsch (Ent. Nachr. 20, p.223, 1894) RANGE Forests from E. Congo to Uganda and Kenya. DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD . asboloolintha Karsch Fw black, hw red in male, red brown in female. E. Congo to W. Kenya. Kenva Kericho, Kitosh, Kakameaal Sotik, Luaari. Kitale. Elaon. Uaanda Kavonza . Mafuaa forest (Kiaezi), Kalinzu, Ndurumu . Mbarara, Bufumbo, Ruwenzori, Bwamba , Kibale forest, Budongo. DESCRIPTION SsD . rubescens Trimen ( Trans . Ent , Soc . Lond . 1908, p.547) As above, but fw has a broad red discal band spotted with black. In the female the red is replaced by dirty white. 31 RANGE RECORDS RANGE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECCmDS NOTE DESCRIPTION RANGE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION Forests from 4000 to 6000 ft. in Kenya, East of the Rift Valley. Kenya Nairobi, Fort Hall, Meru, Nyeri , Uplands. ACRAEA ANACREON Trimen (Pl.IV, fig. 20) Trimen (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p.77) Savanna from S. Africa and Angola to E. Africa and the Cameroons. SsD.anacreon Trimen S. Africa. SsD. bomba Grose-Smith (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 3, p.l28, 1898) Bright orange red with black markings; black apical area of fw usually entire, sometimes spotted with orange. Brachysteoia woodland from S. Rhodesia to Nyasaland, N. Rhodesia and S. Tanganyika; specimens from S. Uganda (Katera to Kayonza) approach this race. Tanganyika Sumbawanga , Iringa , Kalambo Falls. Uganda See above. SsD.anacreontica Grose-Smith (Nov. Zool. 5, p.352, 1898) Smaller and paler than above, with apical area of fw broadly marked with orange lunules. Kenya West of the Rift Valley and possibly Eastern Uganda. Kenya Kitale, Soy, Mt. Elgon, Lugari , Turbo, Eldoret , Kakamega , Kericho, and Mara River. A.wigginsi Neave (Nov. Zool. II, p.326, 1904) with a more or less pronounced subapical white bar, recorded from Kitale, Lugari, Kitosh, Toro and Budongo, must be regarded as an individual variant of A.anacreon . as its male genitalia are identical with those of anacreon and its facies and distribution are consistent with such an interpretation SsD.chvulu van Someren ( J .E.Afr .Ug.Nat .Hist .Soc . 14 ; 1-14, 130-151, 1939) Larger and paler than ssd. anacreontic a . Chyulu hills, in S.E. Kenya. ACRAEA RAHIRA Boisduval (Pl.IV, fig. 19) Boisduval (Faune Madag. , p.33, 1833) Swampy areas from S. Africa and Angola to East Africa. SsD.rahira Boisduval Small, bright ochreous yellow with black spots and ends of veins outlined in black. South Africa to Tanganyika. Tanganyika Njombe, Mpanda. SsD.uasingishuensis Stoneham (Bull. Stoneham Mus. 45, 1943) Somewhat larger and considerably paler than above. Uganda and Western Kenya. Kenya Eldoret, Soy, Kitale, S. Kavirondo, Uganda Katera, Budongo, W. Elgon. ACRAEA ENCEDON Linnaeus (Pl.VI, fig. 2) Linnaeus (Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, p.488, 1758) The typical form is a mullerian mimic of Danaus chrvsiDPUs: Form daira Godman & Salvin ( Proc . Zool. Soc. Lond. 1884, p,22l), lacks the black tip and white subapical bar and is a mimic of D.chrvsippus f.dorippus. Form Ivcoides Le Doux ( Acraeen-Studien IV., Mitt. Zool. Berl. 17:2, 1931) , 32 RANGE which has freauentlv been confused with the W. African soecies A.ivcia Fabricius (Syst. Ent. p.464, 1775), is like the typical form, but the orange brown ground colour is replaced by creamy white, internervuiar streaks black instead of orange. This species is highly variable and there are a number of other named forms, the majority of which are slight modifications of those mentioned above. Common throughout the Ethiopian region including Madagascar; all types of country with the exception of desert and high mountains. There is a distinct race in Arabia. ACRAEA GOETZI Thurau (Pl.VI. fia.l3) Thurau { Berl . Ent. Ztschr. 48, p.I52, 1903) DESCRIPTION Orange brown above, with black border; below ochreous yellow with bright orange markings in discal area of hw and marginal streaks enclosing small bright orange wedges. RANGE Montane forests from Nyasaland, South and West Tanganyika to S.W. Uganda and Ruanda Urundi. RECORDS Uaanda Mafuaa forest (Kiaezi), Kanaba Gao. Bamboo forest (Kiaezi). Bihunge, Kabale-Rutshuru Escarpment. Tanaanvika Niombe Hiahlands. Mbeva, Poroto Mountains. ACRAEA EXCELSIOR E. Sharoe (Pl.VI. fia.l2) Sharpe (Proc. Zool. Soc . Lond. 1891, p.l92) RANGE High forest in Nyasaland, Tanganyika and Kenya. DESCRIPTION SsD. excelsior E. Sharoe Similar to above, basal area of fw above orange brown; subapical bar of fw and hw creamy white. RANGE RECORDS Kenya, Nyasaland and S. Tanganyika. Kenva Kinanaoo (Aberdares). Kiiabe. Uolands. Movo Ridae. Nanvuki. Tanaanvika Chimaia river (E. Pinhev). DESCRIPTION SsD.usambarae Jackson (Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (b) 20, 1951) Like typical race, but hw above orange brown from vein 4 to costa; submarginal lunules better developed on uns and in females. RANGE Usambara Mountains in N.E. Tanganyika. ACRAEA MIRANDA Rilev (PI. IV. fia. 18) Riley (Entomologist, 53: 73-75, 1920) DESCRIPTION Orange red above without black spots; a paler subapical area surrounded with black; below, two narrow curved, parallel lines from costa to inner margin. RANGE RECORDS Desert regions of Kenya, Somaliland and S.E. Ethiopia. Kenva Garba— Tula. Garissa. Archer's Post. Muddo-Gashi. Namanaa. Merille (Marsabit Road). ACRAEA UVUI Grose-Smith (Pl.VI. fia. lO) Grose-Smith (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 5, p.l68, 1890) RANGE High forests from Angola, the Cameroons, E. Congo and East Africa. DESCRIPTION SsD.uvui Grose-Smith The smallest of the East African Acraea: briaht oranae brown with a broad black border; basal black area of fw above entire. RANGE E. Congo and E. Africa. 33 RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS Kenya Nairobi, Kijabe, Embu, Meru, Nyeri , Kakamega , Njombeni, Lumbwa , Elgon, Kapsabet, Kapenguria, Kericho. Uganda Ruwenzori , Kigezi , Kanaba, Fort Portal, Kayonza, Mafuga forest. Tanganyika Kilimanjaro and probably Mt. Meru. ACRAEA BONASIA Fabricius (Pl.VI, fig. 8) Fabricius (Syst. Ent. p.464, 1775) Forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo, N. Rhodesia, East Africa, and Ethiopia . SsD.bonasia Fabricius Larger than A.uyui : orange area of fw inyades black basal patch. Forests from West Africa to the Congo, W. Uganda, W. Tanganyika, and N.W. Rhodesia. It is not a yery well defined race and it merges very gradually with the following race. Uganda Entebbe, Mubende, Kalinzu, Bwamba , Kayonza, Mafuga, Mbarara, Masindi, Fort Portal, Budongo. Tanganyika Ukerewe Island, N. Rhodesia-Tanganyika border near Abercorn Ssp.alicia E. Sharpe (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 5, p.442, 1890) Smaller than above, black markings less extensive, hw often washed with yellow near inner margin. Most forests between 4000 and 6500 ft. in Kenya, E, Uganda and N.E. Tanganyika. Merges very gradually with preceding race in Uganda. Kenya Nairobi, Katamayo, Thika , Nyeri, Embu, Meru, Tiriki, Marsabit, Njombeni, Kapsabet, Sotik , Kakamega, Kapenguria, Elgeyo, Suna, Donyo Sabuk . Uganda Tororo, Kampala, Jinja. Tanganyika Kilimanjaro. ACRAEA BURGESSI Jackson (Pl.VI, fig. 6) Jackson (j.E. Afr. Nat. Hist, Soc , 1956) Larger and more brownish than A. bonasia : uns markings pale and rather faint . Only known from high montane forest in S.W. Kigezi. Uganda Mafuga forest, Rutenga , Ruhisa. ACRAEA SOTIKENSIS E, Sharpe (Pl.VI, fig. 9) Sharpe ( Proc . Zool. Soc. Lond. 1891, p.634) Forests in Angola, the Cameroons , S. Congo, N.W. Rhodesia, E. Africa and Ethiopia. Ssp. sotikensis E. Sharpe Bright orange brown with broad black border; form sotikensis has a yellow subapical patch in fw, while in form katana Eltringham (l912, op. cit.) this area is orange brown. N. Rhodesia to W. Tanganyika, W. Kenya and Uganda. Kenya Sotik, Kitale, Kakamega, Kapsabet, Lumbwa, Elgon, Rongai, Tiriki Lugari , Mau, Kericho. Uganda All forests below 6000 feet; ssp.rowena Eltr. occurs as a form in the typical race in Eastern Uganda and becomes gradually more dominant as one proceeds westwards. Tanganyika Ukerewe Island, Mt. Rungwe (Mbeya). 34 DESCRIPTION RA^^1GE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE DESCRIPTION RANGE NOTE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE SsD . rowena Eltringham ( Trans .Ent . Soc . Lond . 1912, p.229) Ochreous yellow washed with orange in the fw and in the cell and costal areas of hw. Eastern Congo, Western Uganda. Uganda Ruwenzori, Kalinzu, Fort Portal, Kigezi, Bwamba , Budongo , Kayonza , Mafuga , Mbarara , Bugoma , Masindi, Ndurumu River, Kamengo, Namuganga . SsD .KARSCHI Auriviilius (Rhop. Aethiop. p.l06, 1898) Mainly ochreous yellow. E. Kenya and S. Ethiopia; also occurs in the Cameroons. Kenya Nairobi, Chyulu Hills, Embu , Meru , Thika, Nyeri, A.s .karschi has been treated as a distinct species and as a form of A . c abira Hopffer; it must however be assigned to A. sotikensis : the black basal area in the fw above does not form a sharp projection along A2 as in A. cabira . ACRAEA CABIRA Hopffer ( PI . VI , fig. 7) Hopffer (Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1855, p.640) Very similar to A. sotikensis and very variable; may be distinguished from the preceding species by the sharp projection of the black basal area of the fw along A2. Form cabira Hopffer has pale ochreous yellow ground colour and the basal black area of the fw bisected by a pale streak; in form natalensis Staudinger (1896) the black basal patch of the fw is entire; in form biraca Suffert (1904) the pale area invades the lower part of the fw cell and form aoecida Oberthur (1893) has the pale areas partly or completely orange brown. Very common in heavy woodland and fringing forests rather than in true forest. Occurs in most reasonably warm and moist areas from S, Africa, Rhodesia, Mozambique, Nyasaland and the S. Congo to Tanganyika and Kenya. The genitalia of all the forms of the preceding two species are alike and it is possible that they are conspecific; the matter can only be cleared up by extensive breeding of all the forms. ACRAEA VI VI ANA Staudinger (Pl.VI, fig. 5) Staudinger (Iris 9, p.204, 1896) Very similar to above, but always pale yellow and the basal black areas much more restricted. Heavy forest from the Cameroons to Uganda and W. Kenya. Kenya Elgon, Kavirondo. Uganda Kalinzu, Bwamba, Entebbe, Budongo, Fort Portal, Jinja, Katera , Kayonza, Bugoma, Chagwe, Mawakota. T anaanvika . Bukoba. ACRAEA ACERATA Hewitson (Pl.VI, fig. 11) Hewitson (Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist, (4), 13, p.381, 1874) Pale ochreous yellow to orange brown; black border broad and uniform; basal half of cell above black in fw; black basal patch of hw very restricted. Usually near water; most of Ethiopian region North of the Zambesi and Cunene rivers. Reasonably moist areas below 6000 ft. throughout East Africa, but apparently not at the coast. This species is sometimes separated into subspecies tenella Rogenhofer (1891) from Kenya and Uganda and subspecies acerata Hew. from W, Africa to Uganda. However it is unlikely that these two races are more than climatic forms, as there is a considerable amount of overlapping and individual variation and transitional specimens are very frequent. 35 DESCRIPTION RANGE NOTE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE NOTE II RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE ACRAEA EPONINA Cramer (PI.VI, fig. 14) Cramer (Pap. Exot. 1780) Orange brown with complete black border above enclosing a series of orange spots; marginal band of hw below of uniform width; a very variable species, particularly in the female; a considerable number of forms have been described and named. Very common everywhere in the Ethiopian region , except at high elevations. This species was formerly misidentif ied as A. terosicore Linnaeus. ACRAEA VENTURA Hewitson (Pl.VI, fig. 15) Hewitson (Ent. Mon. Mag. 14, p.51, 1887) Similar to the preceding species, but less variable and ground colour considerably redder; marginal band of hw below of irregular width and enclosing small orange areas in the internervular spaces. Damp grassland near rivers and lakes from N. Rhodesia to Uganda and W. Kenya. Kenya Soy, Lugari, Malaba, Kisumu, Mau , Eldoret, Kaimosi, Elgeyo. Uganda Entebbe, Kampala, Sesse Islands, Jinja, Katera , Mbarara , Masaka. Tanganyika Nkundi { Sumbawanga ) , Mbeya. Acraea ochrascens E. Sharpe (Entomolog. 35, p,41, 1902) must be regarded as a form of A. ventura . as it flies with the typical form on the shores of Lake Victoria; there is one specimen from that area in the British Museum which is intermediate between the two forms. It differs from the typical form in having a pale ochreous yellow ground colour and less developed and paler dark markings. Specimens from S. Tanganyika and N. Rhodesia are consistently larger and more heavily marked and would appear to constitute a distinct race. ACRAEA RANGATANA Eltringham (Pl.VI, fig. 16) Eltringham (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1912, p.247) A very local species found near swamps at high elevations and apparently confined to Kenya. SsD . rangatana Eltringham Very similar to A. ventura. but orange brown washed with ochreous yellow; black markings on ups heavier and better developed; black and orange markings below heavier and brighter. Swampy ground above 7000 ft. East of the Rift Valley. Thomson's Falls, 01 Joro Orok, Kinangop. SsD.ecketti Jackson (Proc.R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 20, 1951) Uniformly rich orange brown, without yellow wash. Swampy ground above 7000 ft. West of the Rift Valley. Nandi, Lumbwa, Molo, Timboroa, Soy, Eldoret. ACRAEA BETTIANA Talbot (Pl.VI, fig. 17) Talbot (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1921) Very similar to above, but ground colour white in both sexes. A rare species from Ruanda Urundi and Kigezi in S.W. Uganda. Uganda Kanaba, Bihungi (Kigezi), Kibale. This insect is very probably a ssp. of A. rangatana. 1 RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE 36 ACRAEA ALTHOFFI Dewitz (Pl.VT, fig. 4) Dewitz (Ent. Nachr. 15, p.l02, 1889) A highly polymorphic species from the forests of the Cameroons, the Gold Coast, Congo, Uganda and W. Kenya. SsD.althoffi Dewitz Larger than the other species of this group; male: fw bright red with black markings; hw white with black margin and basal area. The female may be like the male (form althof f i ) . or dull ochreous brown with black markings (form telloides ) Eltringham, 1912), sometimes with a white subapical bar (form budonooensis Carpenter, 1935), or ochreous yellow with black markings (form ochreata Eltringham 1912) , or white and black (form albicans Stoneham, 1936). Central Congo to Uganda and W. Kenya. Kenya Kakamega, Elgon. Uganda Budongo , Kampala, Katera, Entebbe, Kamengo, Jinja, Kalinzu, Bugoma. Kibale forest, Kayonza. SsD.rubrofasciata Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr. 16, p.III, 1895) As above, but ground colour of both wings orange red; sexes alike. Cameroons to N.E. Congo and the Bwamba Valley in Western Uganda. ACRAEA PHARSALUS Ward (Pl.VI, fig. 3) Ward (Ent. Mon. Mag. 8, p.81, 1871) Forests from Sierra Leone to Angola and Mozambique in the South and Kenya and Ethiopia in the North; common. SsD.pharsalus Ward Large, bright red in the male, heavily marked with black; prominent black internervular streaks at margin of hw below; fw above suffused with black; a narrow greyish white subapical bar. Female similar, but ground colour duller. West Africa to Uganda, W, Kenya and W. Tanganyika. Kenya Kakamega, Elgon, Suna (Kisii), Sotik. Uganda All forests below 6000 feet. Tanganyika Mt. Rungwe (Mbeya), Njombe, Mpanda. Ssp.pharsaloides Holland (Entomolog. 25, Suppl. p.89, 1892) Ground colour not as bright as in typical form; black suffusion in fw absent; subapical bar larger and red, not whitish. N.E. Tanganyika and E. Kenya. Kenya Meru , Teita, Njombeni, Nairobi. Tanganyika Amani , Morogoro , Arusha. The form vuilloti Mabille (Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 8 Bull. p.l70, 1888) is smaller and has a large white area near the inner margin of the hw above; the black markings of the fw are very heavy and coalesce, splitting the red ground colour into distinct patches; the internervular streaks on the hw below are not attenuated proximaily , as in the other forms of this species. This form has been recorded from the Tanganyika coast (Amani, Usagara, Bagamoyo), and although treated as a subspecies by Eltringham, it must be regarded as an aberration of the preceding race in view of its extreme rarity and its range, which overlaps that of pharsaloides . It is also possible that vuilloti is a distinct species, but the matter cannot be finally settled with the scanty material available; the genitalia of the only male dissected are very slightly different from those of A.pharsalus . 37 RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECC«DS DESCRIPTION RANGE NOTE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS ACRAEA PERENNA Doubleday & Hewitson (PI.V, fig. 9) Doubleday & Hewitson (Gen. Diurn. Lep. 19, 1847) Sierra Leone and Angola to Nyasaland, East Africa and Ethiopia; a common forest species. SsD.oerenna Doubleday & Hewitson A large species; fw very elongated; bright red heavily marked with black; fw heavily suffused with black; marginal band on hw below encloses series of internervular red spots. Same as the specific range, but replaced by other races in the Usambara- Kilimanjaro area of N, Tanganyika, the Kenya Coast, and in Ethiopia. Kenya Elgon, Kakamega, Lumbwa , Sotik, Meru , Kitosh, Kisii. Uganda All forests below 6000 feet. Tanganyika Ukerewe Island, Bukoba. SsD.thesorio Oberthur (Etudes d'Entomologie. 17, p.21, 1893) Larger and paler than the typical form; fw mostly red and lacking black suffusion. Usambara-Kilimanjaro area of N. Tanganyika, Kenya Coast and possibly Nyasaland. A.p.thesprio occurs as a form throughout the range of typical perenna . particularly in the Eastern parts of its range; it is only in the area stated above that it becomes sufficiently extreme and dominant to be treated as a subspecies. ACRAEA ORINA Hewitson (Pl.VII, fig.l) Hewitson (Ent. Mon. Mag. II, p.l30, 1874) Forests from Sierra Leone to Uganda; the nominate race is West African. Ssp.orineta Eltringham (Trans. Ent. Soc . Lond. 1912, p.265) Fw black; cell and all internervular areas bright red; hw bright red with black base and marginal border. Eastern Congo to Uganda. Uganda Entebbe, Kampala, Katera, Lake Nabugabo, Bwamba, Jinja, Tororo, Kayonza, Budongo. ACRAEA PENELEOS Ward (Pl.VII, fig. 2) Ward (Ent. Mon. Mag. 8, p.60, 1871) Sierra Leone to Angola, East Africa and Ethiopia; the nominate race is West African. Ssp.pelasoius Grose-Smith (Nov. Zool. 7, p.545, 1900) Fw black, lightly scaled; hyaline areas nearest to hw tinged with red; hw brick red with black base and border; prominent yellow discal band on hw below, female larger and duller. Cameroons to the Congo and E. Africa. Kenya Tiriki, Kaimosi. Uganda All forests below 6000 feet. ACRAEA GROSVENORI Eltringham (Pl.VII, fig. 4) Eltringham (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1912, p.276) Fw above mainly black with hyaline areas very much reduced; hw brick red with very narrow black margin. Heavy forest from the E. Congo to W. Uganda. Uganda Kalinzu, Kayonza, Buhwezu (Ankole), Ndorumu River. 38 RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE DESCRIPTION- RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION ACRAEA PENELOPE Staudinger (PI. VII, fig. 3) Staudinger (iris 9, p.I92, 1896) Gold Coast to Uganda and W. Kenya; very common in forest areas. SsD . oeneloce . Staudinger Similar to A. pe;nele os . but smaller; hw below uniformly ochreous yellow; internervular streaks very short, not quite reaching margin. Red areas replaced by yellow in female form exalbescens Eltringham 1912. Congo and Uganda. Uoanda Common in all forests below 6000 feet. SsD . vitrea Eltringham (Trans. Ent. Soc . bond. 1912, p.284) Hyaline areas of fw larger than in typical form; black basal area of hw smaller, black margin narrower. Western Kenya. Kenya Kakamega, Tiriki, Sotik , Lumbwa , Kisumu, Elgon, Suna (Kisii). ACRAEA HUMILIS E. Sharpe (Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, 1897) Completely transparent, with veins and margin outlined by a few grey scales. Veins RS and MI of hw stalked. Forests in West Kenya and Uganda; rare. Kenya Nandi, Tiriki. Uganda Budongo, Kalinzu, Entebbe, Kayonza, Bwamba , Bugoma , Chagwe, Mawakota , Jinja, Nakamunga, Fort Portal, Mafuga forest (Kigezi), W. Elgon. This species was confused by Eltringham with form humilis Smith 8. Kirby of Acraea grestia Hewitson, and placed in synonymy in his Monograph of the genus Acraea (Trans. Ent. Soc. bond. 1912). bater he recognised his error and reinstated Acraea humilis Sharpe and changed A.orestia f. humilis Smith & Kirby to A.orestia f.caroenteri (trans. Ent. Soc. bond. 1913). ACRAEA NTEBIAE E. Sharpe (Pl.VII, fig. 6) Sharpe (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, p.581, 1897) = A.mairessei Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr. 25, p.93, 1904) Fw black with white spots; hw yellow with black basal area and margin; internervular streaks below attenuated distally, failing to reach margin. Forests of the Congo and Uganda. Uuanda Entebbe, Kalinzu, Katera, Kampala, Kayonza, Jinja, Toro, Kamengo. ACRAEA MEbANOXANTHA £. Sharpe (Pl.VTI, fig. 7) Sharpe ( Proc . Zool . Soc. bond. 1891, p.2) Similar to above, but fw above densely scaled, fw spots yellow and internervular streaks below very prominent, of even thickness and alwa^'s reaching margin. A very local species from the forests of West Kenya and E. Uganda. Kenya Elgon, Kitale, Kakamega, North-West Mau , Tiriki, Kapsabet, Mara River. Uganda W. Elgon. ACRAEA SERVONA Godart (Pl.VII, fig. 5) Godart ( Enc . Method. Ins. 9, p.239, 1819) Common in forests from Nigeria and Angola to East Africa and Ethiopia. SsD . servona Godart Fw blackish with all internervular spaces hyaline and tinged with white; hw pale yellow with black base and margin; pale greyish yellow below with 39 RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE narrow but well defined internervular streaks always reaching margin. West Africa to West Uganda. Uganda Masindi, Bugoma , Budongo, Bwamba. SsD.rhodina Rothschild & Jordan (Nov. Zool. 12, p.l84, 1905) Similar to above, but marginal band below orange brown. West Kenya, East Uganda and Ethiopia. Kenya Tiriki, Kakamega, Nandi, Kitosh, Kaimosi. Uganda All forests below 6000 feet in the East and Centre, SsD . kenva van Someren & Rogers (J.E. Afr. Ug. Nat. Hist. Soc , 1926) Similar to above, but hyaline areas of fw more restricted and whiter. Meru, on the North-East slopes of Mt. Kenya, Njombeni Hills. SsD.orientis Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr. 25, p.94, 1904) As above, but marginal band below pale greyish yellow, not orange brown. South-East Kenya and North-East Tanganyika. Kenva Teita. Tanganyika Amani, Morogoro , Dar es Salaam ( Eltringham ), Moshi . ACRAEA OREAS E, Sharpe (Pl.VII, fig. 8) Sharpe (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 193) Black with pale yellow markings; scale covering normal; no black spots in cell of hw below. Forests above 5000 ft, in East Africa and in the Eastern Congo; represented by a distinct race in the S. Congo and Angola. Kenva Kitale, Elgon, Kakamega (very common), Thomson's Falls, Subukia, Nakuru, Lumbwa , Sotik, Soy, Kericho, Elgeyo, Mara River. Uganda Entebbe, Mbale, Fort Portal, Kayonza, Mafuga, Ruwenzori, Mt. Rom (Acholi), Mt. Kadam. Tanganyika Lake Duluti, Lyamungu, Ukerewe Island. ACRAEA SEMIVITREA Aurivillius (Pl.VII, fig. 9) Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr. 4, p.226, 1895) Fw completely transparent with black border; hw pale yellow with black border and large transparent area between centre of wing and costa. Forests from the Congo to W. Kenya. Kenva Kakamega, Tiriki, Kaimosi. Uganda Busia, Katera, Kayonza, Kamengo, Mbale, Bwamba, Fort Portal, Entebbe, Kalinzu, Budongo, Mbarara, Jinja. ACRAEA CONRADTI Oberthur (Pl.VII, fig. 10) Oberthur (Etudes d'Entomologie 17, p.22, 1893) Forests from S. Rhodesia and Nyasaland to Tanganyika and S.E. Kenya. DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS SsD.conradti Oberthur Fw orange brown with black margin and black apical area enclosing whitish subapical bar; hw orange brown with black margin and numerous black spots near base; ground colour of female occasionally ochreous yellow. Tanganyika and S.E. Kenya. Kenva Teita hills, Bura. Tanganyika Amani, Tengeru (Arusha). 40 DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE NOTE DESCRIPTION ACRAEA IGOLA Trimen (Pl.VII, fig. 12) Trimen {South African Butterflies, 3, p.379, 1889) Basal half of fw thinly scaled; orange brown, apical half transparent with veins outlined in black. Hw orange brown with black spots, but no black basal area; both wings bordered with black. Veins on hw below black, internervular streaks absent. Female form maculi ventris Smith 8. Kirby, 1894, has pale ochreous yellow ground colour. Forests from Natal to N.E. Tanganyika. Tanganyika Amani , Morogoro. ACRAEA AUBYNl Eltringham (Pl.VII, fig. 11) Eltringham (Trans. Ent. Soc . Lond. 1912, p.304) Similar to above, but larger and redder; internervular streaks below present, but short and failing to reach the margin. Coastal forests of Kenya. Kenya Kwale, Diani, Rabai, Sekoke, Mrima Hill, Gazi. ACRAEA QUIRINALIS Grose-Smith (Pl.VI, fig. 19) Grose-Smith (Nov. Zool.7, p.544, 19C)0) Similar to A ■ ioola . but smaller and more lightly scaled; marginal border grey; internervular streaks very faint, hw quadrate. Forests from the Eastern Congo to W. Kenya and Tanganyika. Kenya Tiriki, Kakamega. Uganda Bwamba , Kampala, Entebbe, Toro, Kalinzu, Kayonza, Katera , Tororo, Kibale forest, Chagwe, f-'alange, Mabira forest, Budongo , Bugoma, W. Elgon. T anganvika Usukuma (according to Eltringham). ACRAEA ORE ST I A Hewitson (Pl.VI, fig.20) Hewitson (Ent. Mon. Mag. II, p.l31, 1874) Forests from Nigeria and Angola to East Africa. SsD.orestia Hewitson Similar to A. auirinalis .but smaller;hw rounded, not quadrate . Very variable ; form transita Eltringham 1912 has orange brown areas replaced by ochreous yellow; f .caroenteri Eltr.1913 is mainly transparent and superficially very similar to Acraea humilis E. Sharpe. West Africa to Uganda and West Kenya. Kenya Tiriki , Kakamega ,Kericho , Sotik ,Kaimosi . Uganda All forests up to 6000 ft. SsD . SAf/iBAR Stoneham (Bull. Stoneham Mus. 45, 1943) Similar to the typical race, but ground colour pale ochreous yellow; marginal band a little narrower. Known from the Usambara mountains in N. Tanganyika only. There is also an unnamed form of this subspecies from the same locality which has the usual orange brown ground colour. This race was originally described as a good species, but its facies, genitalia and distribution leave little doubt that it must be a race of A. orestia . ACRAEA CINEREA Neave (Pl.VI, fig. 18) Neave (Nov. Zool.II, p.325, 1904) A small species; fw transparent, tipped and bordered with pale grey; hw uniformly sooty grey; the form alberta Eltringham 1911 has a large dark red area in the hw. Forests of Uganda and W. Kenya. Sometimes exceedingly common. RANGE 41 RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION Group A Kenya Tiriki, Kakamega, Kisumu, Kaimosi. Uganda Kampala, Entebbe, Toro, Kalinzu, Kayonza, Katera , Tororo, Chagwe, Mulange . ACRAEA BAXTERI E. Sharpe (Pl.IV, fig. 8) Sharpe (Entomolog. 35, p.40, 1902) Fw thinly scaled, blackish with three subapical transparent spots and red at the base; hw red with large rounded blackish basal area and narrow black margin. High forest from Nyasaland to Kenya. Kenya Cherangani hills, Mt . Kenya, Kikuyu escarpment, Chyulu hills, Sotik, Aberdares , Teita hills, Mt . Nyiro, Mt. Kulal, Kiptiget. Tanganyika Kilimanjaro, Usambaras, Mpwapwa , (type locality), Poroto Mountains . A number of form names are available for this species, but in view of the scarcity of material and inaccessibility of type specimens, it is not possible to decide which, if any of the named forms should be given subspecific status, nor is it possible to determine the distribution of such races as may exist. Specimens from the Poroto Mountains in S. Tanganyika are very much darker than others and appear to constitute a well defined race; unfortunately no existing name can be applied to them with any degree of certainty. The following form names are available for this species: subsguamia Thurau 1903; fulleborni Thurau 1903; ohilos Le Cerf 1933; lutea Carpenter & Jackson 1950. ACRAEA AMICITIAE Heron (Pl.VI, fig.l) Heron (Trans. Zool. Soc . bond. 19, p.l48, 1909) Montane forest in Ruanda Urundi , Kigezi and Ruwenzori. Ssp . amicitiae Heron A very distinctive species, as shown by the figure; ground colour brick red with black markings and a subapical bar, hyaline tinged with red. Ruwenzori . Namwambe Valley (Kilembe), Fort Portal, Bwamba Pass, Humia Valley. Ssp . polvchroma Rebel (Ann.d.k.k. Natur.Hofmus .Wien, p .410, t . 14 , f . 3 1910) As above, but hyaline areas not mixed with red. Female form f la vina Jackson 1956 has red areas replaced by pale ochreous yellow. Kivu area in the E. Congo and Kigezi in Uganda. Uganda Mafuga forest, Rutenga , Ruhisa, Mitano Gorge, Kayonza. ACRAEA ANSORGEI Grose-Smith (Pl.VIII, figs.il 8. 12) Grose-Smith (Nov. Zool. 5, p.351, 1898) A small and extremely polymorphic species; the majority of the forms fall into two groups : group A with a complete black border to both wings and group B with black border reduced in the fw and absent in hw. Some of the more distinct forms are described below. ( mostly males ) . f .coniuncta Grose-Smith 1898. All light areas tawny orange, f . silacea Eltringham 1912. All light areas pale ochreous. f .pica Eltringham 1912 . All light areas white, f .mutata Eltringham 1912. Light areas white in fw, ochreous in hw. f . lutealba Eltringham 1912. Light areas orange red in fw, white in hw. f .chrvsiDPoides van Someren 1936. Subapical spots white; rest of light markings orange brown. 42 Group RANGE RECORDS NOTE RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTIOr: RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS NOTE RANGE ' (mostly females) f . ansoraei Grose-Smith 1898 f . ief f revi Bryk 1925. f . vansomereni Bryk 1931. f . paulinae Bryk 1931. f .unif ormis Gabriel 1949. Pale areas tawny. All pale areas creamy white. Pale areas of fw tawny orange, hw creamy white . Subapical spots white, other light areas of fw creamy yellow. Hw tawny orange. Pale areas ochreous orange, dark areas very faint. The following forms should also be mentioned: aurivilliana Bryk 1925, loveni Bryk 1925, brvki Le Doux 1931, interrupta Eltringham 1912, ruf oniqer van Someren 1936, luteflava van Someren 1936, tricolor van Someren 1936. Montane forests of East Africa. Kenya Uplands, Aberdares , Kericho, Elgon, Limuru , Kitale, Soy, Tuso river, Nandi, Sotik, Mara river, Kiptiget, Elgeyo, Uganda Kilembe, Toro, Kigezi, Kalinzu, Ruwenzori , Mbale. T anaanvika Ihoho forest, Poroto mountains. Specimens from S. Tanganyika are larger and may constitute a distinct race; more material is required to settle the matter. ACRAEA DISJUNCTA Grose-Smith (Pl.VIlI, fig. 5) Grose-Smith (Nov. Zool. 5, p.351, 1898) Forests in W. Kenya and Uganda. SsD.dis iuncta Grose-Smith Pale mustard yellow bordered with black; cell of fw black; a black streak joins end of cell with outer margin, bisecting pale area into a subapical and an inner marginal area. West Kenya and Uganda, but not Kigezi and Toro. Kenya Kakamega, Sotik, Kericho, Soy, Elgon, Kaimosi, Suna , Tiriki. Uganda Mabira forest, Mbale, Katera. Sso.kigeziensis Jackson (j.E.Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc . 1956) Larger than typical race, margin broader. Apparently confined to the forests of S.W. Kigezi and Toro. Uganda Mafuga forest, Kayonza, Rutenga (Kigezi), Bwamba , Mpanga forest (Toro), Ruwenzori. ACRAEA ALCIOPOIDES Joicey & Talbot (Pl.VIII, fig. 6) Joicey & Talbot (Bull. Hill. Mus. 6: 44-118, 1921) Similar to above, but paler; yellow areas of fw not split in two, but entire; marginal band narrower, cell of fw mainly yellow. Forests of the E. Congo and Uganda. Uganda Kalinzu, Kayonza, Mbale, Katera, Fort Portal, Kibale forest, Budongo, Bugoma , Bwamba. Though this species was originally described as a race of the preceding, the genitalia of the two insects are sufficiently different to indicate specific distinction. (See T.H.E. Jackson, Proc . R.Ent . Soc . Lond . ( B ) 20, 1951) . ACRAEA ALCIOPE Hewitson ( PI , VIII figs . 1 & 2) Hewitson (Exot. Butt. Acraea, 1, iS52) Common in forests from the Ivory Coast and Angola to Uganda, W. Kenya and Ethiopia. 43 DESCRIPTION RANGE RECC«DS RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION RANGE RANGE DESCRIPTION SsD.alciope Hewitson Male: bright ochreous orange yellow with a black margin and broad black streak occupying cell of fw; yellow area of fw continuous as in A.alcioDoides. Female highly polymorphic and mimetic. In the typical female form the light areas of both wings are orange brown; in female form aurivillii Staudinger 1896 the fw has an orange band and the hw a white median band thus resembling several species of Bematistes : in the female form tella Eltringham 1912 the fw is orange and black, the hw orange brown. The specific range, excluding Ethiopia. Kenya Malaba forest, Kakamega. Uganda All forests below 6000 feet; particularly common in the West. ACRAEA JODUTTA Fabricius (Pl.VIII, fig. 3) Fabricius (Ent. Syst. 3; I, p.l75, 1793) Very common in forests from Senegal to Uganda and W. Kenya with a distinct race in Ethiopia. Ssp. iodutta Fabricius Male constant and very much like a large edition of A.dis iuncta . Female very variable; in the typical female the light areas are white. In female form dorotheae E. Sharpe 1902 the subapical bar is yellow to white, rest of pale areas orange brown. In female form inter iecta Eltringham 1912 the subapical band is white, the inner marginal area of fw ochreous and much reduced and the pale band of the hw ochreous yellow proximally, suffused with dark orange brown distally. West Africa to Uganda and W. Kenya. Kenya Kakamega, Elgon, Suna (Kisii). Uganda Very common in most forest areas below 6000 ft. ACRAEA ESEBRIA Hewitson (Pl.VlII, fig. 4) Hewitson (Exot. Butt. Acraea 2, 186l) Closely related to A. iodutta . but exceedingly variable in both sexes. Form esebria has the subapical bar yellow to white, remainder of pale areas orange brown. In the form orotea Trimen 1866 the pale areas are pale greyish yellow and very much reduced; in the form iacksoni E. Sharpe 1890 all the light areas are orange brown; in the form monteironis Butler 1874 all the pale areas are pale yellow to white. A very common species of true forest and riverine forest; S. Africa and Angola to Tanganyika and Kenya. Occurs all over Kenya and Tanganyika East of the Rift Valley at all elevations up to 6000 ft. The only available records west of the Rift Valley are Ukerewe Island, in the Tanganyika portion of Lake Victoria and Suna (Kisii), in the extreme South-West of Kenya; van Someren records this species from Jinja and W. Elgon, in Uganda. ACRAEA LYCOA Godart (Pl.VIII, fig. 7) Godart ( Enc . Method. Ins. 9, p.239, 1819) A common forest species; Sierra Leone to Kenya, N. Tanganyika and Ethiopia ( sso.aeaualis R. & J.). The nominate race ranges from Sierra Leone to the Cameroons. Ssp. media. Eltringham (Trans. Ent. Soc . Lond. 1911, p.l2) Both sexes thinly scaled in both wings; male very pale brown with indistinct paler spots in fw, no pale areas in hw, female blackish grey with blurred spots in fw and small white basal area in hw. Cameroons to extreme West of Uganda. RAr^lGE 44 RECORDS Uaanda Bwamba Valiev. Kavonza. DESCRIPTION SsD.bukoba Eltrinaham (Trans. Ent . Soc . bond. 1911. d.12) Male: ground colour olive brown with pale ochreous spots smaller and better defined than above; a rather small and indistinct ochreous basal RAlNlGE RECORDS area in hw. Female: around colour darker than in female media: white spots well defined: white basal area of hw larger and better defined. Ruanda Urundi , N.W. Tanganyika and S. Uganda. Uaanda Kalinzu .Budonao. Katera. Tanaanvika Bukoba. DESCRIPTION SsD.entebbia Eltrinaham (Trans. Ent. Soc. bond. 1911. o.l2) Male: ground colour dusky ochreous grey; spots of fw small, pale area of hw reduced. Female: very dark, spots smaller and sharper, pale patch of hw small and yellowish. RANGE Common in forests throughout central and eastern Uganda, merging with the following race in the East. DESCRIPTION SsD.tirika Eltrinaham (Trans. Ent. Soc. bond. 1911. o.l3) Male: similar to above, but ground colour warm olive brown, spots smaller and very distinct; pale area of hw very large, pale ochreous, surrounded by broad tawny brown marginal border. Female: very dark, with small fw spots; pale area of hw small and more decidedly yellow than above. RANGE RECORDS Kenya west of the Rift Valley. Kenva Kakameaa . Sotik , Kitale. Tiriki. Busia. DESCRIPTION SsD.fallax Roaenhofer (Ann. Mus . Wien. 6. d.459. 1891) Smaller than previous races; ground colour black in both sexes, pale area of hw large, well defined, pale yellow; fw spots yellow in male, white in female; basal area in hw below bright ochroeus yellow, not extending beyond sub-basal spots. RANGE RECORDS Kilimanjaro-Meru area in N. Tanganyika. Marangu, Tengeru, Arusha, DESCRIPTION SsD.kenia Eltrinaham (Trans. Ent. Soc. bond. 1911, o.l3) Very similar to above, but uns darker; basal area of hw below red brown, extending beyond sub-basal spots along costa. RANGE RECORDS Kenya Highlands East of the Rift Valley. Kenva Nairobi, Nveri . Embu. Meru . Aberdares, Kikuvu .Escarpment . Njombeni, Rabai. RANGE ACRAEA JOHNSTONI Godman ( PI. VIII. fias.8 & 9) Godman ( Proc . Zool. Soc. bond. 1885, p.537) RANGE A very variable forest butterfly: Mashonaland to Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia . DESCRIPTION SsD . iohnstoni Godman Form confusa Roaenhofer 1891: the commonest form: fw soots white, hw oale yellow; can be separated from the eastern races of the preceding species by the quadrate, not rounded shape of the pale patch in the hw; this is a feature common to most forms of iohnstoni. Form flavescens Oberthur 1893: similar to above, but fw spots pale yellow Form valdemaculosa Carpenter 1932: all pale markings white. Form semialbescens Oberthur 1893: spots of fw white, patch of hw tawny. 45 RANGE DESCRIPTION RANGE RECORDS DESCRIPTION Form pretiosa Carpenter 1932: fw spots white surrounded by tawny areas; hw tawny, black border reduced or absent, replaced by series of black internervuiar streaks. Form octobalia Karsch 1894: like above, but more extreme; orange brown invades black marginal areas and white spots of fw, reducing them to mere traces. Form i ohnstoni Godman: fw black at base, apex and margin; central area of fw orange brown, pale spots distinct, white with ochreous wash; hw white with usual black border. Mashonaland to Ethiopia, but not in W, Uganda; all forest areas between 3000 and 7000 feet. Ssp . butleri Aurivillius (Rhop. Aethiop. p.115, 1898) Basal area of fw reddish brown, pale spots more or less confluent, orange; hw tawny with black margin; a very convincing mimic of Bematistes auadricolor . West Uganda and the Kivu area in the Congo. Uganda Kilembe (Ruwenzori), Kayonza, Kalinzu, Mafuga forest. Fort Portal, Kanaba Gap, Bwamba . Genus PARDOPSIS Trimen 1887 A rather aberrant genus which differs from Acraea in the length and extreme position of the fore-wing cell. Ml and M2 of the forewing have a common origin. The early stages are of typical Acraeine structure and appearance. A single species is known, PARDOPSIS PUNCTATISSIMA Boisduval (Pl.VIII, fig, 12) Boisduval {Faune Madag. p.31, 1833) A small species: pale yellowish brown with numerous black dots, a black tip to the fw and a narrow border to. the hw. Dry bush country and savanna throughout the Ethiopian region, including Madagascar. Occurs all over East Africa in suitable localities, not usually above 6000 feet. RANGE INDEX (Capitals indicate a change in abadima 30 abdera 25 acara 23 Acraea 9 acerata 34 acrita 26 admatha 20 adrasta 6 aequalis 43 aequatorialis 29 aganice 5 alberta 40 albicans 36 albicolor 7 alcinoe 4 alciope 42 alciopoides 42 alicia 33 althoffi 36 ambigua 26 amicitiae 41 anacreon 31 anacreontica 31 anaemia 29 anemosa 24 angustif asciata 8 ansorgei 41 apecida 34 areca 24 asboloplintha 30 astrigera 24 aubyni 40 aurivilliana 42 aurivillii 43 baxteri 41 Bematlstes 2 bettiana 35 biraca 34 bomba 31 bonasia 33 braesia 38 bryki 42 budongoensis 36 bukoba 44 burgessi 33 butleri 45 cabira 34 caecilia 29 caldarena 27 camerunica 4 Candida 29 carpenteri 40 cepheus 25 cerasa 18 cerita 19 chaeribula 26 chilo 23 chrysippoides 41 chyulu 31 cinerea 40 confusa 44 conjuncta 41 conradti 39 consanguinea 7 cuva 18 daira 31 damii 18 detecta 27 disjuncta 42 dorotheae 43 doubledayi 28 ecketti 35 egina 24 elgonense 6 ELTRINGHAMI 22 encedon 31 entebbia 44 epaea 8 epidica 18 epitellus 8 eponina 35 esebria 43 eumelis 8 exalbescens 38 excelsior 32 fallax 44 flavescens 44 flavina 41 formosa 7 fulleborni 41 goetzei 32 grosvenori 37 guillemei 25 guluensis 26 hamata 22 harrisoni 25 hemileuca 4 humilis 38 igola 40 insignis 21 interjecta 43 interrupta 42 itumbana 6 iturina 19 status ) iturinoides see iturina jacksoni 43 jalema 23 jeffreyi 42 jodutta 43 johnstoni 44 kalinzu 20 KAR3CHI 34 katana 33 kenia 44 kenya 39 kigezia see cerita kigeziensis 42 kraka 19 kulal 30 lankesteri 23 latifasciata 6 leptis 6 leucographa 20 leucopyga 27 littoralis 26 LOBEMBA 24 loveni 42 lutea 41 lutealba 41 luteflava 42 lutosa 8 lycia 32 lycoa 43 lycoides 31 lygus 30 macaria see umbra macarista 7 machequena 20 maculiventrls 40 magnifica 23 mairessei see ntebiae manca 26 marnois 30 MATUAPA 21 media 43 melanoxantha 38 melina 8 menippe 23 miranda 32 mombasae 18 montana 5 monteironis 43 morogoro 6 mutata 41 natalensis 34 natalica 30 nelsoni 7 NELUSKA 27 neobule 21 NICEGA 5 nohara 25 ntebiae 28 ochrascens 35 ochreata 36 octobalia 45 omrora 25 oncaea 29 oreas 39 orestia 40 orientalis 5 orientis 39 orina 37 orineta 37 pallida 19 pancalis 6 paragea 8 Pardopsis 45 paulinae 42 pelasgius 37 peneleos 37 penelope 38 pentapolis 18 perenna 37 persanguinea 7 petrea 25 pharsaloides 36 pharsalus 36 philos 41 pica 41 poggei 6 polychroma 41 pretiosa 45 protea 43 pseuderyta 7 pseudolycia 24 pudorella 27 pudora 29 pudorina 26 punctatissima 45 punctellata 26 punctimarginea 21 quadricolor 5 quirina 20 quirinalis 40 rabbaiae 17 rahira 31 rangatana 35 regalis 28 rhodina 39 rileyi 7 rogersi 22 rohlfsi 25 rosa 20 rowena 34 rubescens 30 rubrofasciata 36 rudolfi 23 rufoniger 42 SAMBAR 40 satis 17 scalivittata 5 schubotzi 8 semialbescens 44 semivitrea 39 servona 38 siginna 21 silacea 41 sotikensis 33 stenobea 30 subsquamia 41 SYKESI 28 taborensis 26 tella 43 telloides 36 tellus 8 tenella 34 terpsicore 21 thesprio 37 tirika 44 toroense 6 transits 40 tricolor 42 uasingishuensis 31 ugandae 5 umbra 4 uniformis 42 unimaculata 19 usambarae 32 uvui 32 valdemaculosa 44 vansomereni 42 Ventura 35 vesperalis 18 vitrea 38 viviana 34 vuilloti 36 welwitschii 24 wigginsi 31 zetes 23 zonata 17 1 iiCrjr ♦ - r t • Si-- I vf 14 •‘pf T.*^r.‘ .rM ^l'- 'r - _JC.\ rrirrr-f r-W3i>v^: ^;. ...... #,c^-t39^ --*■ rr- -. jj:, TI • - ' r . Xf . ■’^ 3 , , . r .-r-- : •- 4.) - ”*■ •*-*-- **^ 4 . -V -:- • rrr-r, — ^--r f •; rr r —; ir* i . «tr rr-r ,^Xi' r — r-rr-r '-.A ■ "T. 1 1 ;w*»i JS*b'i . * * ■ - '••• * r-- ----rr-'r-T^-* Wljll. ‘1 '■"••• ' ...» M. A*. -*— T if — JU T--- T .- - » Lift. T-«r. »ii«n0X.' '. 1 ••- * • - - . Tcia ■' V ^rr — .-.---r.-r' c/ - • - , It. --r--- .-.■>1.) .. --...... .-r,. ♦ -.-■»r . -v.,*"'" — r - r . - - >1X0 ^ , » -•. . - . ; . i njQ bftffi »» .• J.'xxa>i;.t/ ri.n— jjpu ■ x^ZTvlh TC*' ‘ - : a Of . .a«as«c^fU‘V ^ -V*- — Aj'tLLii^txru^ CA . -.r-- •> «-rt»r-'.J.^idbVT 1, • L0-.-rr-"' - r^- a..i«.:vlv ^ ‘•'- - - 4lff* . ;^E r* 'V» ■, ?r. “ •• - .' It 1 1% "* T - *^-r i*. .ft ,.54.Ii'.- r iixasjllx-c ? I'fc >• ,,,^ - - ... " i 4 -. At> '■ • .- r - f / • • * 4 %l ' T*n V ’ !>Ci I ..'V T ‘ “ — ■" . 1 -rr-r-- — r--« HMh>r.o -r--r-..— “--- cX:'ir».*> - - -- c»C«x*ci jiaec 01 *