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JOURNAL

OF THE

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society,

1885 — 1886.

TiE^iirLiD "Y":b.a_:fi..

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE:

R. H. GRAVES,
J. A. HOLMES,
GEO. F. ATKINSON.

SECRETARY:

F. P. VENABLE, CHAPEL HILL, N.^C.

RALEIGH:

EDWARDS, KROUGHION & CO., POWER PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1886.

p p I e B R

1885—1886.

President— THOMAS F. WOOD, M. D.
Vice-President— W. B. PHILLIPS, Ph. D.
Resident Vice-President— J. W. GORE, C. E.
Sec. and Treasurer— F. P. VENABLE, Ph. D., F. C. S.

PUBLISATieN eeMMITTEE

R. H. GRAVES, B. Sc, C. & M. E.
J. A. HOLMES, B. Agr.
G. F. ATKINSON, B. Ph.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Report of Vice-Presidenl . 3

Report of Secretary .... 5

Report of Tr.e.isurer ... 8

A .sketch of the Life and Scientific Work of Lewis David von Schweinitz g

The Effect of Pulverization on Fertilizer Samples 27

On the Loss of Moisture in Bottled Samples 30

An Improved Wash-Bottle for Chemical Laboratories 32

Meteoroloi^ical Record at Chapel Hill for the year 1885 34

On the Determination of Potash . . . 37

Propenyl-iso-toluylen-diamme . . 40

Effect of Freezing on Standard Solutions . 43

Indian Antiquities of Caldwell County . 45

Comparison between the Washington and Atlanta Methods for the Estima-
tion of Reverted Phosphoric Acid 48

Analysis Comparing the Bituminous Coals of North Carolina and Tenn.. 51
On the Effect of Using Different Amounts of Acid Phosphate in the De-
termination of Soluble Phosphoric Acid . , . . 53

On the Determination (A Moisture in Commercial Fertilizers.. 54

On the Neutrality of S'^andard Ammonium Citrate 58

Octyl benzol 60

The Cigarette Beetle . . 68

Notes on the Orchard Scolytus _ _ . ............ 74

Wilmington Flora . . . 77

A Thermometer for Class Illustration ... 143

Sugar Beets from Kentucky 144

Lithographic Stone from Tennessee 145

Cyclones _ 146

JOUEI^AL

OF THE

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society

REPORT OF THE RESIDENT VICE-PRESIDENT
FOR THE YEAR 1885-86.

J. W. GORE.

A brief review of the work of the Mitchell Society, for the year
1885-'86, will, it is hoped, give fresh encouragement to those who
have taken an active part in its upbuilding, and help to gain the con-
fidence and support of all interested in scientific work in our State;
and also of others who may be willing to lend us a helping hand.
But, if the Society has not advanced as rapidly as some may have
expected, then this review may serve as a stimulus to greater en-
deavor during the coming year, urging them to help make of the
Society the agent in the progress of science that we hope and expect
it to become.

Regular monthly meetings have been held for hearing papers and
discussing scientific questions of interest.

These meetings were limited to members and invited guests as last
■year, and were always attended with interest and profit. While the
attendance was usually good, yet the interest taken in the meetings
by the students of the University has not been as great as we had
hoped. It is a rare opportunity for them to begin taking an active
part in such work as the Society encourages. While learning what
others have done, it is of great importance to practice their method
and acquire the habit of independent investigation. Scientific work-
ers are essential to the development of the wealth of the State, and

4 JOURNAL OF THE

if our young men are not trained for the work it must be done by
others.

The public lecture feature of our Society developed, the present
year, into the University Lecture Course, consistiner of a series of
public lectures throughout the session.

It is very gratifying to be able to state that this has been the most
prosperous year of the Society. Sixty-one papers have been read
and presented. Those of a technical character will appear in the
Journal, together with a few of those of more general interest.

Our Society is now recognized by several other similar organiza-
tions, and publications exchanged. Commendatory notices, as well
as the republication of papers in other Journals, are reasons for con-
gratulation and renewing of effort. Another source of encourage-
ment is the growing demand for our Journal by workers in science;
and the frequent testimonials we receive of its usefulness to them.

Our President during the past year rendered valuable service in
other ways than by contributing to the profit and interest of our
meetings. His kind and timely words of cheer and counsel have
been a source of pleasure and profit, and we rejoice anew that he
will stand at the helm another year.

With the hope that has been inspired by the measure of success
already attained, the increase in the resident working force and the
fairer prospects of the coming year, we trust that every one inter-
ested in the prosperity of the Society and the cultivation of the
spirit of science in our midst will enter upon the work of another
year with renewed courage and continue with unabated interest.

The present number of the Journal contains a portrait and sketch
of the life of Dr. L. D. Von Schweinitz, and we hope to be able to
give a portrait and biography of Prof. W. C. Kerr in the next.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

F. P. VENABLE.

BUSINESS MEETINGS.

August 26, 1885.

Prof. J. W. Gore presided. A quorum of the Council was present.

The Secretary read letters of acceptance from the officers and
honorary members elected at the last meeting. The death of the
late President, Dr. W. C. Kerr, was announced to the Society, and
a committee consisting of the Secretary and Dr. Charles Phillips
was appointed to draw up resolutions expressive of the grief of the
Society at the loss it had sustained. These resolutions were ordered
to be published in the Journal for 1884-'1885, and to be transmitted
to the family. It was resolved that a list of donors to the Library
be published and an appeal for further contributions be made.

On motion, the system of public lectures was placed in the hands
of the Faculty of the University of North Carolina, and was no
longer to be regarded as belonging distinctively to the Society's
work.

The Executive Committee was instructed to make arrangements
for regular meetings on the third Saturday of each month, begin-
ning with September and omitting December and May.

Prof. Atkinson was elected to till the vacancy on the Executive
Committee.

May 15th, 1886.

Prof. J. W. Gore in the chair. The reports of the retiring Presi-
dent and Secretary were read.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:

President, Dr. Thos. F. Wood ; Vice-President, Prof. J. A. Holmes ;
Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. F. P. Venable. Executive Commit-
tee, Prof. J. W. Gore, Dr. W. B. Phillips, Prof. J. L. Love.

On balloting for honorary members the following were elected :

6 JOURNAL OF THE

Dr. H. W. Ravenel, Aiken, S. C. ; Prof. W. K. Brooks, Johns Hop-
kins University; Prof. W. M. Fontaine, University of Virginia.

Prof. A. M. Elliott, of Johns Hopkins University, was elected a
life member.

The following regular members were elected during the year:

Prof. W. L. Poteat, Wake Forest College, N. C.

Arthur Winslow, Esq., ..Raleigh, N. C.

Prof. Wm. Cain, ._ .Charleston, S. C,

Prof. W. D. Toy, University of North Carolina.

Prof. Nelson B. Henry, .University of North Carolina.

Dr. Thomas Hume, University of North Carolina.

Gerald McCarthy,... Washington, D. C.

PUBLIC MEETINGS.

Natural History Lecture Room,

September igth, 1885.

1. North Carolina Triassic, J. A. Holmes.

2. Analysis of Water from Durham Artesian Well, F. P. Venable.

3. Longevity of Frogs, J. A. Holmes.

4. Some New Explosives, F. P. Venable.

October i-jth, 1SS5.

5. Report on the Meetings of Science Associations,. J. W. Gore.

6. The New Star in the Nebula of Andromeda, R. H. Graves.

7. Peach Tree Boring Beetle, Geo. F. Atkinson.

8. History of the Last Century of Mathematics, J. L. Love.

9. Apparatus for Filtering, H . B. Battle.

10. A Thermometer for Class Illustration, F. P. Venable.

November 2$ih, 1885.

11. Progress in Meteorology and Engineering, J. W. Gore.

12. Sketch of Dr. N. M. Hentz, Geo. F.Atkinson.

13. The Condition of the N. C. Indians, ...J. A. Holmes.

14. Theories Deduced from the Occurrence of the Elements, .F. P. Venable.

15. Trap-Door Spiders, .Geo. F. Atkinson.

16. Note on the Folding of Rocks J. A. Holmes.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. /

17. Comparison between the Washington and Atlanta Methods

for Estimating Reverted Phosphoric Acid, H. B. Battle.

iS. Note on the Loss of Moisture in Bottled Samples, H. B. Battle.

January 2']th, 18S6.

19. Chinook or Foehn Winds and Festoon Clouds, J. W. Gore.

20. Occurrence of the Diamond in North Carolina, F. P. Venable.

21. Further Observations on the Trap-Door Spider, . G. F. Atklnson.

22. History of the Geological Surveys of North Carolina, J. A. Holmes.

23. Variations in Thermometrical Observations, .F. P. Venable.

24. Effect of Pressure on Thermometers, F. P. Venable and J. W. Gore.

25. Propionyl-anhydro-iso-di-amido-toluol, J. M. PiCKEL.

26. Solubility of Alumina in Sulphuric Acid, R. Grissom.

February l']ih, 1886.

27. Biographical Sketch of Dr. L. D. Von Schweinitz,

28. The Cigarette Beetle,... G. F. Atkinson.

29. Work of Dr. Emmons in connection with the N. C. Geo-
logical Survey J. A, Holmes.

30. Water as a Factor in Chemical Reactions, F. P. Venable,

31. Note on the Decomposition of Potassium Cyanide, 1. H. Manning.

March 17//;, 1886.

32. Uses of Electricity in Warfare, _ J. W. Gore,

33. Tidal Friction, R. H. Graves.

34. The Coast Line at Cape Hatteras, J. A. HoLMES.

35. Fire-Extinguishing Grenades, F. P. Venable.

36. The Development of Mathematics, _ J. L. Love.

37. A Nest of Ants with Domesticated Animals, G. F. ATKINSON.

38. Meteorology of Chapel Hill for 18S5, F. P. Venable.

39. Note on the Freezing of Standard Solutions, F. B. Dancy.

40. Analysis of Lithographic Stone, J. L. Howe.

41. Sugar Beet Culture in Kentucky, J. L. Howe.

42. Some New Salts of Camphoric Acid, I. H. Manning.

43. Comparative Analysis of N. C. and Tenn. Coals, H. B. Battle.

44. Chemical Examination of N. C. Species of Genus Ilex,.. F. P. Venable.

April 21st, 1886.

45. The New Element Germanium, W. B. Phillips.

46. Directions for Arranging a Natural History Cabinet, G. F. Atkinson.

47. Use of Thomas' Slag as a Fertilizer, W. B. Phillips.

48. Neutrality of Ammonium Citrate for Determining Reverted

Phosphoric Acid, .. ^ ^ H. B. Battle,

8 JOURNAL OF THE

May igi/i, 1886.

49. Caldwell County Antiquities, J. M. Spainhour.

50. Effect of using Different Amounts of Phosphate in Deter-

mining Soluble Phosphoric Acid, H. B. Battle.

51. Reversion of Soluble Phosphoric Acid, _ H. B. Battle.

52. Effect of Finer Pulverization of Fertilizer Samples ..H. B. Battle.

53. Determination of Moisture in Fertilizer Samples, H. B. Battle.

54. Action of Albumenoids on Reagents for Alkaloids, D. S. Carraway.

55. A New Lead Salt, R. Grissom.

56. Effect of Moisture on Ignition of Hydrogen by Spongy

Platinum, R. S. Woodson.

57. Octyl-Benzol and its Derivations, E. A. Von Schweinitz.

58. Triassic Sandstone in North Carolina, J. A. Holmes.

59. Description and Exhibition of a Core from Diamond Drill

in the Coal Region of Pennsylvania, J. A. Holmes.

60. A Theory of Cyclones, B. F. Grady, Jr.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

F. P. VENABLE.

dr. cr.

Balance in Treasury August ist. 1885, _ .$ 85 12

Annual fees 1884-85, 7 50

Annual fees 1885-86, 99 00

Printing Journal for i884-'85,. $ 138 15

Engravings, 24 50

Express charges, ._ 4 80

Postage, 7 55

Sales of Journals, 54 95

Special contributions, _. 1600

Balance, 87 57

$ 262 57 $ 262 57
Balance in Treasury October 1st, 1886, .$ 87 57

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

A SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND SCIENTIFIC WORK
OF LEWIS DAVID VON SCHWEINITZ.

Lewis David Von Schweinitz was born at Bethlehem, North-
ampton County, Pennsylvania, on the thirteenth of February, 1780.
His father, Hans Christian Alexander von Schweinitz was of an an-
cient and distinguished family in Silesia, in Germany, and exercised
here the functions of Superintendent of the fiscal and secular con-
cerns of the " Unitas Fratrum " or Moravian Brethren in North
America. His mother was Dorothea Elizabeth de Watteville, daugh-
ter of Baron, afterwards Bishop, John de Watteville, and of Benija,
who was a daughter of Count Zinzendorf. Of the last mentioned
ancestor, it may not, for reasons which will appear in the sequel, be
inappropriate to make a passing reminiscence.

Nicholas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf, was born at Dresden, in 1700,
and was celebrated in his youth for forming religious societies, six
or seven of which are said to have originated from his own efforts,
and one at least to have been planned at the early age of ten years.

He was associated with Watteville in founding the great mission-
ary system of the " Unitas Fratrum.'''' At the age of twenty-one
he became Count of Berthelsdorf, in Lusatia, by purchasing the
estate appendant to that title, and soon after established there the
village of Herrnhut, whence the Moravians are sometimes called
Herriihutters. In prosecution of his favorite scheme, he, in con-
nexion with his new colony, many of whom were natives of Mora-
via, commenced the, sending of missionaries to instruct the heathen,
and at the end of nine years, though their numbers did not
when they first made the attempt exceed 600, had actually formed
establishments in Greenland, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Surinam, Rio
de Berbice, among the Indians of North America, and the Negroes
of Carolina, in Lapland, Tartary, Algiers, Guinea, in the Island of
Ceylon, and at the Cape of Good Hope. In his ardour for attain-

NoTE. — This sketch is compiled from the memoir of von Schweinitz, by
Walter R. Johnson, read before the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia in 1835, and published by the Academy, and from facts contributed by his
son, Bishop Edmund de Schweinitz. The above mentioned memoir has, as a
rule, been closely followed, and often exactly reproduced. The portrait of Dr.
von Schweinitz, placed as frontispiece to this Journal, was presented by his
family. Editor.

10 JOURNAL OF THE

ing his favorite object, Zinzendorf made various journeys through
Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, Holland, England and America.
In 1742 he held frequent religious discourses at Germantown, in the
vicinity of Philadelphia, and in the same year, in a Latin speech de-
livered in Philadelphia, formally renounced his title of Count, re-
sumed his original family name of von Thumsteen and became
familiarly known to the Quakers of that period under the designa-
tion of " friend Lewis."

It was under his immediate agency that the colony at Bethlehem
was founded. He did not, however, attain all his successes without
undergoing, both in Europe and America, several bitter persecu-
tions, but these probably served as usual only to bind his followers
in a firmer union, and more effectually to insure their prosperity.
After having established his plan in all the four quarters of the
globe, and sent out about 1,000 individuals to proclaim his doctrines,
he finally died at Herrnhut in 1760, where, we are informed, his ob-
sequies were attended by 2,000 of his followers, and his body borne
to the grave by 33 of those messengers of his faith who were at the
time assembled there from Holland, England, Ireland, Greenland
and North America.

The contemplation of his example, a man who was at once the
ancestor of his family and the father of his denomination, with
that of other distinguished progenitors, early impressed the imagi-
nation of the youthful Schweinitz with an ambition for a career of
similar activity, and gave the first impulse towards the acquisition
of literary and scientific eminence.

The society of those friends with whom the early years of his
childhood were spent was calculated to inspire him with the same
affections and views which had operated on his ancestors for two
generations. His mind was here imbued with those principles which,
at a later period, shone forth in the purity and simplicity of his
manly character.

Endowed with powers of conception of no ordinary cast, he gave
early indications of his bias for intellectual pursuits, and by his as-
siduity more than compensated for any deficiency in the means of
improvement then within his reach. The clear and explicit manner
in which his juvenile ideas were expressed, encouraged his fond pa-
rents to indulge the hope that he would one day become an ac-
tive instrument in advancing the cause to which themselves and
their predecessors had been so assiduously devoted. Being the eldest
son of his parents, and at that period of delicate constitution, it
is reasonable to suppose that maternal influences had much to do in

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. IV

the development of his faculties. It was, moreover, on the side of
his mother that he was related to Watteville and Zinzendorf, hence,
we may readily suppose that from this source he derived his partial-
ity for addressing to his friends short speeches and little sermons
with which he is said occasionally to have amused the circle around
his paternal fireside.

We are aware that, in general, anticipations founded on an exhi-
bition of precocious talents are apt to be signally disappointed, but
when the display is that of an intellectual tendency, rather than
a mere capacity for some one attainment, and when the spirit for
mental labour is found capableof being directed into different chan-
nels at the instance of others, and does not consist of a blind in-
stinct compelling the possessor to follow some narrow path of intel-
lectual effort, the augury may, we ajiprehend, be received with less
doubt and uncertainty. Such was the case with Schweinitz. His
mind was vigorous and his temperament enthusiastic. The first di-
rection of these qualities was given by his relatives as they dwelt on
the unwearied and successful exertions of his ancestors among the
fraternity, in promoting whose interests he was taught to feel that
it would be most honorable to excel ; the second was subsequently
given by his teachers, when, by the casual exhibition and explana-
tion of some specimens of natural history, they struck a vein of tal-
ent, part of the same rich mind which had only here and there
" cropped out " above the surface.

On the 4th of July, 1787, at the age of little more than seven
years, young Lewis David was placed in the institution of the Mo-
ravian community, at Nazareth, where he continued for eleven years
or until 1798, and where he sedulously availed himself of every op-
portunity for the acquisition of knowledge. The period of instruc-
tion— as generally happens when parental precepts and example
ha.ve prepared the way for a relish of knowledge — was to him a sea-
son of delight, a scene of his life to which he ever after reverted
with peculiar pleasure. Here were formed those habits of practi-
cal wisdom, which, when subsequently methodized in the schools of
Germany, produced that happy balance of the faculties without
which the most brilliant talents may be wasted, either on ill-di-
rected efforts or on wild and fanciful theories. His powers of lan-
guage, and his vein of satirical humour, were at this time occasion-
ally put forth in the form of poetical effusions, turning the fruits
of his leisure hours into harmless amusement for his companions.

The apparent faculty with which he afterwards composed in the
Latin language, induces the belief that his early classical instruc-

12 JOURNAL OF THE

tion was of a very respectable order, and certain it is that the qual-
ities of his heart were not neglected ; his moral character was built
on the broad and liberal basis of justice, love and charity, so dis-
tinctly inculcated in the doctrines of his community.

In the baneful spirit of uncharitableness, he saw nothing either
lovely or respectable; it never found a lodging in his heart, and he
had accordingly no occasion in after life to eject so unprofitable a
tenant.

His first impulse towards the study of botany had been received
at Nazareth, before being placed as a pupil in the institution.
When a mere child, being on a visit to that place with his grand-
father. Bishop de Watteville, it chanced that a specimen of the
Lichen digitatus, lying on a table in one of the apartments of the
school, attracted his attention and led to a few observations on its
name and physiology. From this moment he dated his partiality
for the beauties of the vegetable kingdom. When his abode was
afterwards fixed at the school and he enjoyed the advantage of some
instruction in the elements of botany from one of the teachers in
the seminary, he pursued his researches in this delightful science
with the most enthusiastic ardor. He seems to have been, in truth,
a very child of Flora, and with the vernal breath of that divinity,
to have inhaled all the benign influences which the beauty, simplic-
ity and grandeur of nature's truth are everywhere fitted to inspire.

A partial flora of Nazareth and its vicinity, formed at this early
period, is still among his manuscript papers, and the occupation
which its composition afforded to his moments of relaxation con-
tinued through life to constitute the delight of his leisure hours.
Such were his attainments that before the close of his connection
with the Nazareth institution, young von Schweinitz was appointed
to participate in the duties of instruction by taking charge of some
of the junior classes in that Seminary.

In 1798 his father was called to Germany whither he was attended
by his family, and where the subject of this memoir, then a youth
of eighteen, was in the same year established as a student in the
theological institution in Niesky, in upper Lusatia. Here enjoying
an intercourse with young men of decided and acknowledged talent,
and entering on studies which excited a generous emulation, his fac-
ulties were roused to redoubled energy and his application became
proportionately intense. The late excellent J. B. de Albertini, then
one of the professors in the institution, exercised a powerful influ-
ence over the mind of von Schweinitz, and to the clearness and sim.
;plicity of his views, his scientific and truly philosophical ideas, was

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. I3

the subject of this sketch indebted for much of that greatness of
thought and firmness of principle which carried him with success
through the active duties of life. The mutual esteem thus formed
between the pupil and his teacher was afterwards by similarity of
pursuits and predilections, matured into the closest intimacy. While
prosecuting his studies in this place von Schweinitz enjoyed, by
means of his extensive connexions, an opportunity of mingling
much in society, of which his cheerful and sprightly conversation
rendered him the common centre of attraction. But neither in this
situation nor in his subsequent foreign journeys did his feelings ever
swerve from an attachment to his country; and yet it is not from
him that any modern traveller has learned the practice of vilifying
every country through which he passes, much less, on returning
home, that of bestowing on hisown, by way of reparation, a double
store of the same abuse.

After completing his theological studies von Schweinitz engaged
as a teacher in the Academy at Niesky, and by this means, enlarg-
ing and strengthening his own acquisitions, realized the truth of the
maxim, docendo discUnus,

The presence of several valued friends engaged in the same pur-
suits, the cultivation of his favorite department of botany, a con-
nection with his cherished associates. Professor Albertini and Henry
Steinhauer, (from England), and the opportunity of improving his
taste for literature by various reading and frequent composition on
the prominent subjects discussed in literary journals of the day, all
contributed to his improvement and rendered the arduous duties of
his station a pleasure rather than a burden. Scarcely any impor-
tant topic in the wide field of science escaped his notice, and espe-
cially did the constitution and management of the affairs of his so-
cial and religious fraternity call forth from his pen many able and
spirited articles.

From the commencement of his residence at this place his botan-
ical researches had been particularly directed to the Fungi, a de-
partment previously much neglected, and in 1805 the number of
new genera and species discovered by himself and Albertini was so
great as to warrant the publication of a volume of about four hun-
dred pages, containing the result of their united efforts. As we
shall again recur to this, in connection with his other established
works, it will not be necessary here to interrupt our remarks to pre-
sent its peculiar merits as a scientific production.

Near the close of his residence at Niesky, he began to exercise the
functions of a preacher, and was, in 1807, called to the Moravian

14 JOURNAL OF THE

settlement at Gnadenburg, in Silesia, where his acquisitions were
turned to good account in various ways connected with his profes-
sion. Besides parochial duties he again discharged the office of
teacher in bringing forward many of the young men of his commu-
nity who were preparing for the duties of his own calling. Upon
his character as a preacher there is the less necessity that we should
comment, even were this the place and were we competent to such
an undertaking, because, in that capacity, his brethren hav^e already
exhibited to the public a view of his meritorious labour. We would
.merely state that, considered as literary performances, his sermons
were characterized by the utmost simplicity, both in style and de-
livery, and were addressed more to the heart than to the head. His
discourses were invariably practical, not argumentative — experi-
mental, not speculative.

The period of which we are speaking, it will be recollected, was
that of Bonaparte's continental wars, and Germany the scene of
his operations. Von Schweiuitz was, therefore, with his peaceful
flock, brought into immediate proximity to the actors in those tre-
mendous conflicts. But, though troops were quartered in Gnaden-
burg, his happy disposition and winning deportment gave him such
ascendency over all ranks as to avoid causes of collision, and to ren-
der nim a general favorite with strangers.

In 1808 von Schweinitz was invited to Gnadau, in Saxony, where
in the discharge of duties similar to those at Gnadenburg, and with
equally distinguished success, he continued to be engaged until 1812,
when he was appointed by his brethren general agent of their church
in the Southern States of this Union. Previously to repairing to
the scene of his duties he formed a matrimonial alliance, at Niesky,
with Louisa Amelia le Doux, whose parents, descendants from highly
respect'Able French ancestors, resided at Stettin, in Prussian Pome-
rania. The continental system of Napoleon at that time rendering
direct communications with this country extremely hazardous, they
were compelled, in crder to embark for the United States, to take
the route through Denmark and Sweden. This circumstance was
not wholly without its advantage; for on arriving at Kiel, in Hol-
steln, an occasion presented itself for a protracted stay, during
which von Schwfinitz became acquainted with several learned men
connected with the University in that place, and the mutual satis-
faction was such as to induce the institution during the same year
to confer on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

About the period of their final embarkation the United States had
declared war against Great Britain; the seas swarmed with priva-

ELLSHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 1 5

teers, and to try their firmness still more severely, a tempestuous
voyage ensued, terminating in a tremendous storm, by which their
vessel was dismasted and a horrible suspense for a time hung over
their destiny.

A journal kept on this voyage manifests, however, the fervent and
patriotic feeling which cheered the heart and buoyed up the hopes
of von Schweinitz in the near prospect of extensive usefulness in
the land of his nativity.

The immediate scene of his duties was the establishment at Salem,
Stokes County, North Carolina, where he found time to prosecute
the study of botany in a dominion, scientifically speaking, all his
own. His stay in North Carolina embraced a period of ten years,
from 1812 to 1822. Although not a native he had a strong predilec-
tion for this State, having often heard his father and grand-father
speak of their visits to its early settlements, and when he became a
resident he enjoyed thoroughly the life which it opened to him.
His official duties were very arduous. He was a member of the
Governing Board of the Moravian churches in North Carolina; a
trustee of the Salem Female Academy; the administrator of the
very large landed estates which the Moravian church owned in that
State and which were originally purchased of Lord Granville in
1753, and at the same time he frequently preached the gospel at
Salem and other places.

In the midst of these duties, however, he always found time for
his scientific researches. Hardly a day passed by on which he did
not go out on botanical excursions in the vicinity of Salem. He
extended these excursions at times as far as Raleigh. Stokes and
Surry Counties be thoroughly explored. On one of these tours he
discovered, among the Sameton Mountains in Stokes County, a
most beautiful waterfall which for many years bore his name.
Among his scientific correspondents during this period were Dr.
Reichenbaeh, of Dresden; Kunze, of Leipzic; Le Conte, U. S. A.;
Blumenbach, of Gottingen; Elliot, of South Corolina; Schwaeg-
richen, of Leipsic; Hooker, of England, &c.

It was during this period also that the Presidency of the Univer-
sity of North Carolina was tendered Dr. von Schweinitz. As the
acceptance of this honor would have necessitated his relinquishing
his service in the Moravian church he declined it. He believed he
had been called of God to engage in this service. All the traditions
of his family up to his ancestor, Count Zinzendorf, were instinct
with loyalty to that church and its work.

The first fruits of his labor were given to the world in 1818

l6 JOURNAL OF THE

through the commentaries of the Society of Naturalists at Leipsic,
under the editorial care of his learned friend Dr. D. F. Schwaeg-
lichen, and under the title "Synopsis Fuogorum Carolinse Supe-
rioris." In the same year his duties required him to attend a meet-
ing of his religious brethren at Herrnhut. On his way thitlier he
visited England, France and Holland, where he established corres-
pondences which were afterwards of great service, when, on his
return, he began the formation of a regular herbarium.

In 1821, Dr. Schweinitz published at Raleigh, N. C, a pamphlet
containing a description of seventy-eight species of Hepatic Mosses.
This he produced as a mere specimen of the cryptogamic flora of
North America, intended to excite a more general attention among
our native botanists to this undeservedly neglected branch of natu-
ral history. In the same year he sent to Professor Silliman's Jour-
nal his monography of the genus Viola, a valuable paper, often
cited by European naturalists.

At the close of this year his residence was transferred to his na-
tive village, Bethlehem, where the secular office of general agent
for his brethren was retained, the charge of superintending the in-
stitution for the education of females accepted, and the study of
his darling science unremittingly pursued. To range once more in
the vigor of his scientific maturity over the same scenes in which
had been sown the seeds of his usefulness, and where had budded
the promises of his early youth, imparted new energy and assiduity
to his efforts. The beautiful slopes and valleys about Bethlehem
and Nazareth, the romantic banks of the Delaware, and the precip-
itous rocks of the Lehigh, all yielded up to him a tribute of their
hitherto unexplored treasures. The high estimation set upon his
works by men of science had procured his election as an honorary
member in several societies devoted to natural history, both in Eu-
rope and America. His correspondence increased and the forma-
tion of his herbarium advanced with great rapidity.

In 1823 he was desired to examine and describe the plants col-
lected by Mr. Say, on the expedition of Major Long to the sources
of the St. Peter's river. Tiiis task he undertook with that diffidence
which signalized his real merit, expressing his regret that the un-
avoidable absence of Mr. Nuttali from the country should have pre-
vented him from executing this undertaking, agreeably to previous
arrangement, and passing on that gentleman a high and delicate
eulogium.

Near the close of the same year he also communicated to the Ly-^
ceum of Natural History, at New York, a valuable paper contain-

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 1/

ing instructions for determining the American species of the genus
Carex, a work wliich, though less imposing in appearance, must
doubtless have cost more intense application and more exact powers
of discriminating between specific characters than would have suf-
ficed for the description of many new species of plants.

In 1824, Dr. von Schweinitz communicated to the American Jour-
nal of Science a short paper on the rarer plants of Easton, Pa.,
almost all of which, he remarks, are principally met with on shady
rocks up the Delaware or at the mouth of the Lehigh.

In the same year appeared his Monograph of North American
Carices, Being about to embark a third time for Europe this paper,
together with a large collection of the specimens from which it had
been prepared, was placed in the hands of his friend, Dr. Torrey,
with a desire that it might be communicated to the Lyceum of Nat-
ural History, and giving him full liberty to use his discretion in the
additions or alterations which it might, from subsequent discoveries
of his own, seem to demand. Finding on his return that his editor
had made important additions to the number of species, the honor-
able mind of Dr. von Schweinitz led him to request that it should'
appear as their joint production; remarking, that "the judicious
and elaborate amendments he has proposed, and the mass of new
and valuable matter he has added, entitle Dr. Torrey to a participa-
tion in the authorship of the work." This incident is mentioned
only as indicative of the feelings and dispositions of the man.

The voyage undertaken this year was with a purpose similar to
that of 1818, and on both occasions he exercised on the delibera-
tions of his brethren at Herrnhut a decided and salutary influence.

During his absence from the country his paper on the new Amer-
ican Species of Spheri^e, one of the largest genera among the Fungi,
was communicated to the Philadelphia Academy and appeared inj
the fifth volume of the Journal.

On his return, near the close of the year, his pursuits, except the
superintendence of the literary institution, which he had previously
relinquished, were resumed with his wonted alacrity. The great
work to which he now devoted his leisure was the Synopsis of North
American Fungi, which was" originally designed for publication in
some of the European journals, but which he was induced to pre-
sent, in 1831, for insertion among the collections of the Philosophi-
cal Society of Philadelphia.

Until the year 1830, the health of Dr. von Schweinitz had been
excellent, and his spirits uniformly cheerful, but the various and in-
creasing cares of his official station, with the sedentary employment
2

18 JOURNAL OF THE

of composing a dissertation on the affairs of his community, during
which his usual excursions and exercise were omitted, wrought a
visible change in the state of his health ; a severe cough ensued,
with other alarming symptoms, which gave his friends Just ground
for apprehension. From this time his health seemed gradually to
decline. The want of his accustomed occupations in the open air
also depressed his spirits, and produced a marked contrast to that
buoyancy which had hitherto shed its influence on all around him.

A journey to the Western States, undertaken in connection with
liis oflQcial duties, appeared for a short time to revive the energies
of his frame. But, though externally more active and cheerful, the
deep workings of disease had undermined his system, and on the
morning of the 8th of February, 1834, being awakened at an early
hour by a sensation of faintness, and when relieved by medical ap-
plications, again relapsing for a short time into a state of repose, he
fell, at the age of fifty-four years, calmly and unconsciously into
the arms of death.

The colloquial powers of Dr. von Schweinitz were of a high order.
Humor, wit, anecdote and repartee were always at his command.
In the multiplied relations with society he had contracted that ease
of intercourse which tends so essentially to conciliate the kind affec-
tions.

Hence, though always listened to with profound respect when in
the discharge of professional duties, whether as a teacher or a clergy-
man, yet the sphere of his greatest usefulness was the social circle,
and the familiar intercourse which he maintained with the people
of his own persuasion. In the exchange of thought, the imparting
of sympathy, and the expression of fraternal feeling, so habitually
cherished by the class of society with which it was his fortune to be
connected, and in the deep sense of responsibility under which he
appears to have constantly acted, we find the immutable guarantees
for that uprightness and the best explanation of that social influ-
ence which characterized him.

His literary attainments were those belonging to the scholar and
the gentleman. He was acquainted with the Greek and spoke and
wrote the English, German, French and Latin languages. Unlike
most persons of German descent, he was entirely insensible to the
charms of music.

Our sketch of the scientific labors of the deceased must necessa-
rily be confined to some leading points in the general character of
his more important works.

When we consider the extreme difficulty of the particular depart-

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. I9

ments of botany to which Br. von Sehweinitz devoted his chief at-
tention, the prodigious number of facts which he has accumulated,
the vast amount of minute and delicate investigation demanded by
the nature of the objects of his study, the labor of preparing for
the press the materials which he had brought together; when we
recollect that, with the exception of Dr. Muhlenburg, of Lancaster,
no American botanist had ventured far upon this wide and unex-
plored dominion of nature; and when we remember that this science
was his relaxation, not his profession, his occasional pursuit, not
his daily duty, we are forcibly struck with the high order of his tal-
ents for the pursuit of science, and cannot but regret that more of
his time and energies could not have been devoted to his favorite
occupation.

The botanical works of Dr. von Sehweinitz indicate not only great
industry and perseverance in the collection of facts, but a judicious
method in the prosecution of his labors. The synoptical tables at-
tached to his several monographs are evidences of the importance
attributed to this feature in his productions. His analytical table
to facilitate the determination of the Carices affords another strik-
ing illustration of the benefit to be derived from a systematic pur-
suit of scientific studies. And since this analytical table was doubt-
less the result in part of his own inductive studies, it proves that of
those studies he was able to make a legitimate and profitable use,
by arranging all his facts under appropriate general heads, and to
point out to future inquirers in what path to pursue the labors which
he himself has so happily followed. His monograph of the Carices
of North America, soon after published, gave proof of the utility
of this methodical arrangement.

Among the most extensive and, in a scientific point of view, the
most important of his labors, are those which relate to the Fungi.
Four of his principal works refer to this abstruse branch of botany.

Three of them, the " Conspectus Fungorum Lusatise," the "Syn-
opsis Fungorum Carolin^e Superioris," and the ''Synopsis Fungo-
rum in America Boreali Medea Degentium," are all, as their titles
impart, written in the Latin Language.

It may in the next place appear singular that so great a part of
his exertions should have been devoted to the cryptogamous plants.
But to this preference he had, by birthright, a sort of hereditary or
derivative national title, since it is to German, Danish and Swedish
botanists that we owe by far the greater part of our knowledge of
that difficult department.

Von Sehweinitz had in his collection of Fungi fine specimens of

20 JOURNAL OF THE

the Dematium aluta, taken out of the ships of war built by our
government, on Lake Erie, where, in a few years, he remarks, "this
little fungulous enemy completely destroyed that fleet which had so
signally vanquished the armament of Britain." (Syn. Fungor, in
Am. Bor., p. 287.)

In the synopsis of the " Fungi of Lusatia," the authors, with be-
coming spirit, discarded the then too frequent practice of writers in
changing the names of plants and adopting new synonyms, merely,
as would often appear, to compel future naturalists to cite their own
names in connection with the trivial specific appellations which they
choose to affix to well-known objects. This course they avoided
under the conviction that natural history had received, and was
daily receiving, great detriment from the accumulation and confu
sion of these synonyms.

They, moreover, assiduously avoided superfluous repetition of the
names of classes, orders, genera, and species, and gave a true syn-
opsis of the department which they professed to treat. They
followed the steps of Persoon, sensible that though this method may
be in some points defective, it is better not to depart from so able a
guide, for, they remark, "it is well known how much easier it is to
find fault with our neighbor's house than to build a better and more
commodious one ourselves." "A solid basis to this department of
botanical science," they add, must be laid not on a sandy founda-
tion, on the yaryiog freaks and fancies of the mind, but on a per-
petual daily and nightly employment of microscopic observation, a
diligent and oft repeated examination of the whole history of the
fungus tribes, a careful perusal of authors, a comparison of their
respective synonyms, and above all by the observation of living na-
ture herself, as she unfolds her rich abundance in the recesses of
forests, lawns and marshes; an observation which must be continued
from day to day and from year to year if we would reap the true
reward of our labor."

At the period when von Schweinitz and Albertini wrote there had
been recently broached, in some of the German Journals, particu-
larly Voight's Magazine, certain monstrous hypotheses, concerning
the very nature of the fungi, and " which one could scarcely credit
his senses in perusing;" — hypotheses which ascribed the existence of
several species of these plants to mutations of form, alleging that
the Tuhulina fragiforma was nothing more than the progeny of the
Phallus impudicus, which, growing old, at length became metamor-
phosed into a Lichen ; thus, in the mere wantonness of authority,
confounding with one scroll of the pen two great classes of the veg-

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 21

etable world and blending both into the animal kingdom. Against
these and many similar heresies and hallucinations the authors do
not fail to caution their readers.

This work was prepared under several disadvantages. The Ger-
man writers on cryptogamia had, it is true, been found of great ser-
vice in determining nice and difficult questions, and to them Alber-
tini and von Schweinitz repeatedly acknowledged their obligations;
but they had to lament that their remoteness from the richer treas-
ures of scientific truth, the vast libraries of metropolitan cities, did
not allow them to consult the productions of investigators who had
preceded them.

At a subsequent period when treating of the fungi of America,
von Schweinitz was enabled to profit by the contemporary labors of
those whom he is pleased to term the coryphaei of mycological science,
such as Fries, Nees, Link and Kunz, and he then takes occasion to
remark, that all the genera described by them are likewise found in
America, and that indeed but few species are known in Europe, (ex-
cept those parasitic fungi which belong to hosts not found here,)
but what are equally the products of both continents.

It is not perhaps among the least interesting and creditable cir-
cumstance connected with the publication of this work that twelve
plates containing figures of ninety-three species of new fungi were
drawn, engraved and colored by the hands of von Schweinitz him-
self. We are assured, by one who was at that period his pupil, that
he " recollects the untiring research with which our departed friend
amidst the various arduous duties of his office, (that of tutor at
Niesky), pursued his favorite study, and the labor bestowed by his
own hands on the colored plates of the well known ' Synopsis Fun-
gorum.'' " The modesty with which the plates are submitted to the
public, marks in a distinct manner, both the meritorious character
of the man and the style of his Latin composition :

'•' Si quis severior tabularum nostrarttin contemplator, nonnulla
in Us nee fortasse pauca, desideraverit — eum, ne prima sese artis
exGiisorice tirocinia unico scientice amore duce et auspice tentata co-
ram^ habere obliviscatur rogatuni velimus.''''

One might hazard the opinion, that even in more recent works of
natural history, many far less creditable specimens of the same art
have found place without being able to urge the apology that they
were the first efforts of a tyro, and without the commendatory pleas
that the love of bcience had guided and ushered them into public view.

In his paper on the genus Viola, von Schweinitz makes the inter-
esting remark, that of all the American species of violet, thirty or

22 JOURNAL OF THE

more in number, not one has an identical counterpart in any Euro-
pean species; that not more than one of the latter appears to have
become naturalized in America; and that while Europe possesses
about twenty species of the interesting genus, America has, as above
stated, already numbered thirty and probably may yet add others
from future explorations of her extensive northern regions.

In his descriptions of new American species of the genus Spherise,
contained in the fifth volume of the Journal of the Academy, von
Schweinitz states that of the 528 species which Dr. Fries describe,
330 had been observed by himself in America, and that besides what
Fries had incorporated in his general abridgement, the new species
amounted to 112, making the whole number then known 640; that
the whole number of the American fungi, then observed (1825), fell
little short of 2,000. He adds, "I am fully persuaded as many more
remain undiscovered. Our immense forests, humid climate and va-
riety of high rank vegetable productions, may well warrant this con-
clusion."

In this paper he describes twenty new species of American Sphe-
rise, respecting which, he remarks, that very few peculiar to America,
spring directly from the soil, that is, from vegetable mould — for
none, in fact, spring solely. from 7'ocks or their unvegetalized debris.
Nearly all the fungi peculiar to America are parasitic, and this, con-
sidering the vast number of peculiar plants and trees of the higher
orders, found in our country, may still account for the almost in-
credible multitude of fung<Dus forms, belonging exclusively to this
continent.

His last publication contains the names of 3,098 species of North
American fungi, of which more than 1,200 are the fruits of his
own labors, embracing of course the species previously described
in his paper on the Spherise and those included in his Car-
olina Synopsis. If to these we add those plants described in his
other works, we have an aggregate of nearly 1,400 new spe-
cies added to the amount of botanical science by the talents and in-
dustry of a single individual; a number constituting no contempti-
ble portion of the whole amount of human knowledge on this sub-
ject at the time.

At the decease of von Schweinitz the whole of his rich collection
passed, by bequest, into the possession of the Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Sciences. Independent of the fungi and other crypto-
gamous plants, the herbarium thus bequeathed to the Academy con-
tained (1835) about twenty-three thousand species, either collected
by von Schweinitz himself or procured by him through the agency

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 2$

of his numerous and valuable correspondents in this and other
countries.

This was truly then a life which humanity may contemplate with
a calm delight; these were labors which science may review with a
noble satisfaction.

With a laudable emulation of all the excellences which had, be-
fore his own day, given lustre to his name, and a clear perception of
the truth that the virtue of ancestors sheds no lioiior on any but
the virtuous of their offspring; with a zeal for the acquisition of
knowledge, which, springing from an innate law of his being, af-
forded to his undertaking that pure gratification which, by another
law of his bsing, knowledge alone could impart; with a benevolent
desire to communicate whatever of delight the investigations of
science and literature had infused into his own heart; with a love
for the beauties of nature exhibited almost in infancy and which
grew with the increase of every faculty and lasted to the closing pe-
riod of his too short career; with a purity of mind and heart which
made every truth of nature a lesson in virtue; with an intrepidity
in the prosecution of scientific enterprizes which led him out of
beaten tracks and taught him to find pleasure in threading those
very labyrinths from which most other travellers in the paths of
knowledge shrink in despair; with a clearness of method which en-
able him to communicate to others the full advantage of his own
discoveries in these mazy haunts of nature; with a candor and fair-
ness which never merged the man of honor in an effort unduly to
elevate the man of science; never sought by questionable artifices
to obscure or to hide the just reputation of others; with a benevo-
lence of disposition which marked him to find everywhere in works
of creation the traces of that beneficence which, in his professional
character, it was his highest pleasure to portray and his most ardent
desire to imitate ; with a cheerfulness of disposition and a suavity
of manners which rendered him an object of deep affection in every
social relation ; with a rectitude of purpose which won the confi-
dence, while it formed the character of youth — and secured the
gratitude, while it watched over the interests of age ; with an assi-
duity which encountered the fatigues of many voyages, not always
without peril, in the service of that cause to which he was devoted;
with a patient continuance in years of toilsome effort to extend, by
precept and example, the benign system of practical goodness and
spiritual liberality which ever shone in his life and actions; with a
distinct perception that the treasures accumulated in a life devoted
to science are not for individual possession, but, in order to produce

24 JOURNAL OF THE

their due effect, must in some degree be imparted as a common in-
heritance to the heirs of his genius and spirit; with these and simi-
lar characters which time might fail us to enumerate did Lewis Da-
vid von Schweinitz fill up the measure of his usefulness and win for
himself a title to the lasting gratitude of his fellow-beings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Conspectus Fungorum in Lusatiae superioris agro Niskiensi cres-
centium e methodo Persooniana. Cum tabulis XII. aeneis pictis,
species novas XCIII. Sistentibus. Auctoribus J, B, De Albertini,
L. D. De Schweinitz, Lipsi^e, 1805, 8vo, 412 pp., and 12 plates.

2. Synopsis Fungorum Carolin?e superioris secundum observa-
tiones Ludovici Davidis de Schweinitz, Soc, Nat,, Cur., Lips., 8o-
dalis, etc. Edita a D. F. Schw?egrichen. E commentariis societatis
naturae curiosorum Lipsiensis excerpta. 1818 (?) 4to, 105 pp., and 2
plates.

3. Specimen Florae Americae Septentrionalis Cryptogamicae, sistens
muscos hepaticos hucusque in Am. Sep. observatos, or specimen of
a systematic arrangement and description of the cryptogamous planto
of North America, comprising a diagnostic description of all the
hepatic mosses hitherto observed in North America, with ampler
descriptions of a number of new species. By Lewis D. de Schwei-
nitz, P. D., Raleigh, N. C, 1821, 8vo., 27 pp,

4. Attempt of a monography of the Linnaean Genus Viola, com-
prising all the species hitherto observed in North America. By
Lewis D. de Schweinitz. Silliman's Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. V., (1822),
pp. 48 — 81. Communicated July, 1821.

5. A Catalogue of Plants, collected in the North-western Terri-
tory, by Mr. Thomas Say, in the year 1823. By Lewis D. de
Schweinitz. Keating's Nar. of Long's 2nd Exp., Vol. II., Phil.,
1823, 8vo, 21 pp.

6. Analytical table to facilitate the determination of the hitherto
observed North American species of the genus Carex. By Lewis D.
de Schweinitz. Ann. of New York Lyceum, Vol. I., 1823, 8vo, 10 pp.

7. List of the rarer plants found nearEaston, Pennsylvania. Sil-
liman's Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. VIII, pp 267-269, 8vo.

8. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Ca-
rex. By Lewis D, de Schweinitz and John Torrey, Ann. of New

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 2$

York Lyceum, Vol. L, 1824, pp. 283-373, 8 vo., 6 plates. Edited by
Dr. Torrey.

9. Description of a number of new American species of Spheriae.
Journ. of the Acad. Nat. Sc, of Philadelphia, Vol. V., 1825, pp.
3-17, 8vo., 2 plates.

10. Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali media degentium.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, of Phil. N. S., Vol. IV., pp. 141-318, 1831,
4to., 1 Plate.

There is also in the possession of his son, Bishop de Schweinitz,
of Bethlehem, Pa., a manuscript work entitled : " Synopsis Fungo-
rum Americanorum qui Ludovicus David de Schweinitz innotuere.
Secundum Systema Fries." This work is different from No. 10, but
whether written before or after is unknown. The manuscript is
carefully written in three bound volumes, 8vo. : the first having 116
pp., the second 175 pp, the third 100 pp. Some of the pages except
the running title on the top are blank and were evidently to be filled
out as the researches proceeded.

Other works, especially monographs were most probably written
and remained in manuscript, but there whereabouts are unknown.

A tabular view, as arranged by Mr. Johnson, of the works named
in this bibliography is appended:

26

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ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 2J

THE EFFECT OF PULVERIZATION ON FERTIL-

IZER SAMPLES.

H. B. BATTLE.

That a sample of eoiumercial fertilizer should be finely ground is
not to be doubted. The necessity is more apparent in an ammoni-
ated guano than in an acid phosphate, for with the former, where
three or four ingredients enter into its constitution and too with
properties so entirely different, it is extremely difficult to obtain a
fair and impartial sample unless these constituents are finely ground
and carefully mixed.

In a chemical analysis where the amount used is small, only two
grms., in the more important determinations, all the accuracy pos-
sible is needed to procure a result that will represent the whole mass.
It is customary that the sample shall be ground so as to pass a 20
mesh sieve, i. e., a sieve with 20 meshes to the linear inch or each
mesh is -^^ inch square nearly. The meaning of this is not that each
particle is ^V inch square — for possible \ of the sample may pass in
turn a 40 mesh and some even a dO mesh without further grinding
— but that none of the particles are coarser than ^\j inch square.

In an ammoniated fertilizer the nitrogenous materials, as horn or
hoof, being tougher are disintegrated and pulverized with most dif-
ficulty, while the phosphatic constituents with particles even harder
are ground much finer, friction between the particles themselves as-
sisting in the action. If such a fertilizer, after being ground to pass
a 20 mesh seive and bottled, is even slightly shaken the finer parti-
cles of phosphate settle to the bottom, leaving the coarser nitroge-
nous mass at the surface, and a sample from the top will give a re-
sult to some extent at variance with that lower down. This settling
is the more noticeable when the moisture is not present in large
amount. Finer pulverization then is absolutely necessary to secure
the best results. But besides giving a more uniform mass there are
other results connected with finer grinding which I have endeavored
to show in the present paper.

For comparison, both acid phosphates and ammoniated fertilizers
were taken and each sampled after being passed through sieves of
20, 40, 60 and 100 meshes to the linear inch.

A. Is a high grade acid phosphate.

B. A medium grade acid phosphate.

C. An ammoniated guano.

28

JOURNAL OF THE

D. Ammoniated guano with an extremely high per cent, of Insol-
uble Phosphoric Acid.

E. Ammoniated guano — in the 20 mesh sample illustrating in a
marked degree what has been before stated concerning the settling
of the finer particles.

TABLE I.

Decrease in

HoO.

Decrease
in H3O
from 20

Sol.
P2O5

Insol.
P2O5

Ins. P0O5
calculated
Water free

Ins. P0O3
from 20
mesh,
(from pre-
vious calcu-

mesh.

<c %>

Sub.

lation.)

A. 20 mesh,

15.04

11.86

1.28

1.50

60 m..

10.05

4.99

12.32

.92

1.02

.48

B. 20 m.,

15.68

8.16

3.77

4.46

60 m.,

11.89

3-79

8.49

3-74

4.24

.22

C. 20 m.,

12.83

5-35

1.62

1.86

40 m.,

11.72

I. II

5-72

1.46

1.65

.21

D. 20 m.,

11.46

5-07

7-15

8.07

40 m.,

4.98

7.10

60 m.,

5.08

7-36

100 m.,

8.28

3.18

5-05

7.29

7-95

.12

E. 20 m.,

10.81

3-95

3-93

4.40

40 m.,

11.06

3.81

3-74

4-25

.15

60 m.,

11.28

3.75

3.30

3-72

.68

100 m.,

9 96

.85

3.66

3-07

3-40

1. 00

We see at once several noteworthy results attended with the pul-
verization, viz : the loss of water, and the decrease of the Insoluble
PoOg ; the reason for the former is obvious; the latter is due to the
greater solvent action of the ammonium citrate used in its determi-
nation on the finer particles caused by the pulverization. The loss
of moisture has the effect of increasing the content of the other
substances — a mere withdrawal of water, of course, raising other
constituents — which is the case with the total P0O5, total Potash,
&c., and would be so with the insoluble P2O5 were it not for the
easier solution of the finer than the coarser particles. This decrease
of Insol. PoO 5 is enough to counteract the increase caused by the
loss of water and cause a still further decrease amounting in ex-
treme cases to nearly 25 per cent, of the total amount of Insol.
PgOj present in the original sample.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

29

I will add that the loss of water in A. and B. is rather excessive,
part of which being due to artificial drying as the sample was too
wet to pass the fine seive.

It will be seen that the decrease of Insol. PoO-, in D. is very slight,
only .12 per cent, from 20 to 100 mesh. I was at a loss to understand
this remarkable deviation from the other results until after the de-
terminations were completed, when I found from the manufacturers
that the basis of the phosphate was a natural guano instead of a
manipulated superphosphate. The reason then was plain — ammo-
nium citrate solution acts no quicker on fine than on coarser parti-
cles of raw phosphate.

For the sake of comparison other results are calculated and given
in Table II.

TABLE II.

H3O.

Sol.
P2O5

Insol.
P.O5

Total
P2O5

Rev.
P2O5

Avail.
P.O3

A. 20 m.,

60 m..

15.04
10.05

11.86
12.32

1.28
.92

14.98
15-76

1.84
2.52

13.70 '

14.84

B. 20 m.,

60 m.,

15.68
11.89

8.16
8.49

3-77
3-74

14-74

T5-32

2.81
3-09

10.97

11.58

C. 20 m.,
40 m,,

12.83
11.72

5-35
5-72

1.62
1.46

8.92
9.02

1-95
1.84

7-30
7-56

D. 20 m.,

40 m.,

60 m.,

100 m.,

11.46

S.28

5-07
4.98
5.08
5.05

7.15
7.10

7-36
7.29

13-50
13-93

1.28
1-59

6.35
6.64

E. 20 m.,

40 m.,

60 m.,

100 m..

10.81

11.06

11.28

9.96

3-95
3.81

3.75
3.66

3-93
3-74
3-30
3-07

10.04
10.02
10.00
10.13

2.16

2.47

2.95
3-40

6.11
6.28
6.70
7.06

From the last table we see that incident to the loss of water and
decrease of Insol. PgO- is an increase of Total and consequently an
increase of reverted and available P^Og, amounting in some cases
to nearly one per cent.

To summarize then we have for the results of pulverization of fer-
tilizer samples :

1. The more perfect mixing of the separate ingredients, and the
consequent susceptibility to better and fairer sampling.

30 JOURNAL OF THE

2. The loss of moisture, due partly to thfe vaporizing of water by
heat generated by grinding, and partly to the action of the air on
the finer particles necessarily exposed during the pulverization.

3. The decrease in content of Insoluble Phosphoric Acid caused
by the more complete action of the solvent on the finer particles.

4. The increase of the Total Phosphoric Acid caused by the loss
of moisture.

5. The increase of the Reverted and Available Phosphoric Acid
due first to the increase of the Total, and second to the decrease of
the Insoluble.

The last four results are shown to be directly proportional to the
fineness of the grinding.

In conclusion, I would suggest the advisability of passing the fer-
tilizer sample through a 40 mesh sieve, instead of 20 as is the custom
now. This would give better mixing and consequently a more reli-
able sample could be taken, and again the fineness obtained would
more nearly approach what is required by the plant in the process
of its growth. It would not have the disadvantage of the 20 mesh,
nor the objection met with in the 100 mesh grinding; neither the
coarse mass sampled with difficulty in the former, nor the too great
loss of water in the finer particles and the greater solvent action on
them in the latter. H. B. BATTLE.

Laboratory N. C. Exp. Station,

Raleigh, May 19th, 1886.

ON THE LOSS OF MOISTURE IN BOTTLED

SAMPLES.

H. B. BATTTE.

Frequently having had occasion to repeat a determination of total
phosphoric acid in a commercial fertilizer, I almost invariable found
the second determination made two or three weeks subsequent to
the first to give a higher result. This variation being so constant I
was forced to think that it was not the result of error of analysis,
but owing to loss of moisture in the samples.

The samples of fertilizers used were placed in a wide mouth bottle
about 2 oz. capacity and closed with ordinary cork. Five distinct

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

31

weighings were made from each bottle which was unavoidably kept
open during the process of each weighing — the bottle in the mean-
time subjected to the ordinary heat of the laboratory.

To test this theory of loss in moisture I selected six samples of
ammoniated fertilizers entirely at random from a lot of thirty or
forty. The first determination of moisture was made one hour after
sampling, and the second after the lapse of one month — with the
results given below :

TABLE I. — Moisture at 100 C.

I H

our

after Sampling.

I Month later.

I

18.64

17.83

2

17.42

15-73

3

20.12

19.40

4

16.15

15-94

5

12.03

10.70

6

16.38

15-36

TABLE II. — Decrease of Moisture.

No. I has decreased in moisture in 30 days, 0.81 per cent.

-1.79

- -72

- .21

-1-33
.1.02

Table II shows an invariable decrease in moisture, which has the
effect of elevating the per cents, of the other constituents to a
marked degree. For example, in No. 2 where the decrease is great-
est, the sample contained at the time of the first weighing 9.77 per
cent, total phosphoric acid. Theoretically this would be raised at
the second weighing, on account of the loss of 1.79 per cent, mois-
ture, to 9.98 per cent., an increase of 0.21 of total P0O5. Practi-
cally this increase was found to exist, by actual analysis, 30 days
after the first determination.

32

JOURNAL OF THE

As a remedy to prevent this loss of moisture and consequent disar-
rangement of two sets of determinations, the use of tightly fitting
rubber stoppers is recommended — even then a loss is liable to occur
from the frequency of the weighings and exposure to air. The neces-
sity of fitting in the rubber stopper tightly after each weighing will
be observed. H. B. BATTLE.

Laboratory N. C. Ag. Exp. Station.

AN IMPROVED WASH-BOTTLE FOR CHEMICAL

LABORATORIES.

H. B. BATTLE.

By this simple device the washing of precipitates and the cleans-
ing of vessels used in the process of analysis, which before required

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 33

the use of the ordinary wash-bottle, can now be done with much
more facility and in a much shorter time.

It consists essentially of a thin glass flask, C, placed about three
feet abov^e the level of the working desk, closed by a three hole rub-
ber stopper. Through one of these holes issues a rubber tube, D,
(or glass with rubber connections) from the bottom of the flask de-
scending to the desk and ending in a glass nozzle. Connection is
made by a second hole in the stopper with a reservoir bottle, A,
placed above the top of the wash bottle. In the third hole is placed
a glass tube bent at an angle to keep out dust. On filling the flask
from the reservoir — the flow being stopped by a pinch-cock — the
water is started by suction from below, and the stream through the
nozzle can be regulated or stopped at will by a pinch-cock placed
conveniently to the hand, the height of the flask furnishing the
pressure which is sustained by the siphon. A bunsen burner, H, is
placed underneath the flask, and the water can be heated when it
is so required — the open tube, I, allowing for the escape of steam.
Hot water as well as cold can thus be used in treating precipitates.
Other solutions can be employed equally as well as water, (see bot-
tle F.)

The advantages of this system are:

1st. The saving of much time and the consequent labor attending
the use of the ordinary wash bottle, especially where several analy-
ses are carried on at the same time, the exertions required by the
mouth and lungs being thereby avoided.

2d. No air exists in the tube as in an ordinary wash bottle, and
consequently the full force of the liquid is utilized immediately.

3d. Precipitates can be washed and small flasks cleansed much
more satisfactorily than by the old system.

•4th. When used with a wash solution of ammonia water no trouble
is experienced with the free ammonia which ordinarily is quite hurt-
ful to the mouth and eyes.

The large bottle E, with the accompanying tube, shows a con-
venient arrangement for holding any solution and delivering the
same.

Laboratory of the N. C. Aj. Eicpt. Station, Raleigh.

34 JOURNAL OF THE

METEOROLOGICAL RECORD AT CHAPEL HILL
FOR THE YEAR 188-5.

F. P. VENABLE.

The following record is a continuatioQ of that published in pre-
vious Journals of the Society, (I, p. 35, II p. 50), the observations
being taken under nearly the same conditions of location, instru-
ments, &c., as during the years 1880-1884. Some of the facts pre-
sented by the tables may be briefly pointed out and discussed:

TEMPERATURE,

The mean annual temperature is 57.87° as compared with 59 77^
for the preceding Ave years. It is 1.55° below the average for twen-
ty-one years. The average temperature for the seasons, is Spring
56.21°, Summer 77 31°, Autumn 58,65°, Winter 39.28°. For the pre-
vious five years these averages were 58 35°, 77. 25°, 61.08'^, 42.39% re-
spectively. This shows a summer warmer than the average and the
remaining seasons some two degrees below the average. July, the
warmest month, had a mean temperature of 79.64'^, about one de-
gree above the average. The warmest day of the year was July
9th, with a mean temperature of 86.25". The maximum observed
was 100*^ on July 9th also. These are to be compared with 90 7° on
July 12th, 1880, and 102 on July 22nd, 1883. The coldest month
was February, 36.04. This is the coldest monthly mean in six years
and is nearly 11 below the average for February. The coldest day
was February 12th, with a daily mean of 17.50°. For January 6th,
1884, the mean was 10.50\ On February 11th the thermometer
reached 9\ On December 30th, 1880, it registered -2 . The obser-
vations would show then a generally cold year with a hot summer,
yet one in which no great extremes of temperature were expe-
rienced.

HUMIDITY.

The annual mean is 70.60, a little below the average. October
was the month of greatest humidity and April the least. The mean
saturation for Autumn is lower than usual, for the remaining sea-
sons higher.

RAINFALL.

The total rainfall, 46.51, inches is five inches above the average,
41.64. The heaviest rainfall was during September, the total

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 35

amount being 6.45 inches. On September 21st there was a remark-
able rainfall of 511 inches. This is the heaviest on record here.
The nearest approach to it was on April 22nd, 1883, when 4.19 inches
fell. Spring was a little below the average; Summer 4 inches be-
low; Autumn 8 inches above; and winter about 2 inches above,
showing a very unusual distribution of the rainfall. The summer
was noted for the succession of prolonged droughts. From June
8th to July 11th, or 33 days, the fall was .43 inches; from July 24th
to August 28th, or 35 days, the fall was .22 inches; from August 30th
to September 20th, or 21 days, the fall was .74 inches. The August
rainfall was less than half the average.

WINDS AND SKY.

The winds were mainly from the west and southwest, the north-
east and northwest winds coming next on the list. As to clouds
the rule for the year seemed to be fair days rather than those
heavily clou led or entirely clear. Both the clear and cloudy days
were below the average in number. The autumn, winter and
early spring months have the greatest number of clear days. The
cloudless observations (clear) were 402 out of a total of 1,045.

The barometric range was 1.6 inches — the highest in six years.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The year as a whole shows wide variations from the average and
is one to be remembered. The spring was very late as the expres-
sion in common use goes. The first wild flowers appeared some six
weeks after the date on which they were usually found. Foliation
of forest trees began only on April 25th. This is several weeks late
and the bare look of the trees during the month when everything
is usually covered with the green spring growth was very noticeable.
The succession of droughts in the summer proved of course injuri-
ous to the crops, though fortunately they commenced too late for
injury to the small grain, and when the corn had already a good
stand and the fall rains came in time to partially save the cotton.
The season seemed a fair one for tobacco. The fall was a late one
free from heavy frosts, so that even tender plants remained unin-
jured in the gardens long after the usual time. The leaves remained
on the trees until about December 5th, and the remainder of the
year was open and pleasant.

The appended table needs no further explanation.

F. P. VENABLE.

36

JOURNAL OF THE

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ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 37

ON THE DETERMINATION OF POTASH,

F. B. DANCY.

Very discordant results seem to be reached by the agricultural
analytical chemists all over the country in the determination of
potash in commercial manures and commercial potash salts. Even
determinations in chemically pure salts seem to give trouble. The
"Potash Committee," of the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists, last year sent out specially prepared samples to various
chemists all over the country to get their determinations of potash
in identical samples for purposes of comparison. These results were
so discordant that they were sent around to the different chemists
confidentially, and are still preserved as one of the trade secrets ! We
did not find time at the Station to have a hand in those determina-
tions (1885), but I have just completed determinations in the ''Pot-
ash Committee's " samples of this year (1886), the results of which
are very satisfactory and may prove of interest.

There is a well recognized tendency, oftentimes pointed out, to-
wards high results in potash determinations. But I see no reason
why, with reasonable care, a determination of potash may not be
made as accurately and be as reliable as any other.

The Committee's samples were six in number: 1 was chemically
pure sulphate of potash; 2 was kainit; 3, 4 and 6, so far as could
be judged, were acid phosphates with potash; and 5 was a complete
manure, ammoniated with an abundance of cotton seed meal.

It was decided first to make three parallel determinations of KoO
in the chemically pure sulphate (No. 1), in slightly different ways.
The per cent, of K^O in K0SO4 Fresenius gives as 54.092; more re-
cent atomic weights (Clarke in ''Constant* of Nature") make it
54.062.

One gram of the K0SO4 was very carefully weighed out and dis-
solved up to 1.000 c. c. in distilled water. Three aliquot portions of
100 c. c. each (containing 0.1 gram K2SP4) were measured out into
beakers and the volume brought to about 150 c. c. The three de-
terminations will be designated by a. b. and c.

a. Heated to boiling; added Bad-, drop by drop, with constant
stirring, in slight excess; filtered\ to filtrate added 1 c. c, strong am-
monia (NH4HO) and then, drop by drop with constant stirring, a
saturated solution of carbonate of ammonia ((NH4)oC0a) as long

38 JOURNAL OF THE

as precipitate formed ; [addiug the reagents, drop by drop with con-
stant stirring, is supposed to prevent the mechanical incorporation
by the precipitates of any of the potash salt, and for same reasons
unnecessary excesses of the precipitants are to be avoided,] filtered ;
evaporated the filtrate to dryness in platinum dish, drove off am-
monia salts and took up in hot water; filtered through a small filter
into a porcelain dish, added 10 c. c. of solution of chloride of pla-
tinum (PtCl4) and evaporated so low that the mass solidified on
cooling; took up in 85 per cent, alcohol, filtered through a small
filter and thoroughly dried, filter and precipitate; weighed them in
a weighing bottle; extracted KoPtClfi from filter with hot water,
thoroughly dried the filter again and weighed in weighing bottle.
Difference is KoPtCl,; yielded by 0.1 gram. K0SO4.

b. Heated to boiling; added BaClg, drop by drop with constant
stirring, in slight excess; therj, without filtering, precipitated the
excess of barium by (NH^^-gCOg, drop by drop with constant stir-
ring, after having made the solution alkaline with 1 c. c. NH^HO
as in a; filtered ; the rest of the manipulation is identical with a.
[The only difference between a and 6 is one more filtration in a. In
6 the barium sulphate and barium carbonate precipitates were
thrown down together; in a, separately, a filtration intervening.
The double filtration in a is not necessary but it extends the manip-
ulation.]

c. Was treated Jw6'i like a fertilizer, by the so-called " Washing-
ton method," proposed by the committee who sent out the samples.

The remaining five samples were treated in the same way. In
case of the kainit (No. 2) 10 grams uere dissolved up to 1,000 c. c.
and 25 c. c. taken for the analysis, equal to 0.25 grams substance;
in the cases of 3, 4, 5 and 6, 10 grams were dissolved up to 1,000 c.
c. and 100 c. c. taken for the analysis, equal to 1.0 gram of sub-
stance.

Perhaps a synopsis of the method had best be given :
Heated to boiling; added BaCL, drop by drop with constant stir-
ring, in slight excess; then added (without filtering) Ba(HO)o, drop
by drop with constant stirring, to al&aline reaction; filtered; to fil-
trate added 1 c. c. strong NH4HO, and then, drop by drop with con-
stant stirring, a saturated solution of (NH4)2C03 as long as a pre-
cipitate-formed. [Just here, instead of addina: ammonium oxalate
(or oxalic acid) immediately, as the method calls for, I filtered from
the precipitate with (NH4)oC03 and added the ammonium oxalate
(0.75 gram) to the filtrate. The result was that a slight precipitate
appeared in every case, except that of the chemically pure K2SO4,

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 29

exhibited by a cloudiness that was greates^t iu (>, nearly as much in
3, next in 2. next in 4 and very faint in 5. They were all slight, but
tend to show that the addition of oxalate m ly bp nf'ces.sary for an-
other reason than, in the language of the eoiiiuiittee, ' to facilitate
the conversion of any nitrates of potash which may be present into
carbonates upon subsequent evaporation and ignition."] After add-
ing the ammonium oxalate the solutions were evaporated to dryness
in platinum dishes, volatile matters (amuionia salts) expelled by
heating below red heat and the residues taken up in small amounts
of hot water, and filtered through small filters in porcelain dishes; 2
drops HCl were added and then 10 c. c. PtCl^ solution; evaporated
until mass solidified in cooling; took up in 85 per cent, alcohol and
finished as laid down in a.

This method of weighing I regarded as superior to all others in
point of accuracy, and hence, contrary to the committee's recom-
mendations, I preferred to vary from the method in this slight par-
ticular, inasmuch as I do believe it advisable to wash the precipitate
out with water and weigh the filter again afterwards. Furthermore
I believe that the nicety of adding the reagents, drop by drop with
constant stirring is in commercial analysis unnecessary.

Results. — In the chemically pure K^SO^ determinations:

a. gave K^PiCIh, 0.2S01 gram, ^ KoO, 54. oS per cent.

^. " " 0.2805 gram, = " 54-i6

e. " " 0.2829 S'"^'''''> = " 54-62 "

The per cents are seen to be quite close together, but it is to the
weights of K^PtCly that we should look, since the per cents vary
according to the amount of substance taken — in this case very small,
0.1 gram. The per cent, in c is much higher than the theo-
retical, but the smallness of the amount worked with must be borne
in mind. The weights of K^>PtCI,; are very satisfactorily near to-
gether. A tendency to high result (c) is shown probably from ex-
tended manipulation introducing foreign substances into the solu-
tion.

1.0 gram of substance is the amount taken in potash determina-
tions in commercial fertilizers and was the amount taken in the
committee's samples in this work, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Now suppose the
above three weights of K^PtCl,;, instead of coming from the very
small 0.1 gram, came from 1.0 instead. The corresponding per
cents of K2O would be 5.41, 5.42 and 5.46, which are very satisfac-

40 JOURNAL OF THE

tory results and as concordant as results obtained in most any other
kind of determination.

I had thought of making check determinations on my results in
samples 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, but the satisfactory agreement of the re-
sults of the three determinations of 1, made me consider further
work unnecessary. .

F. B. DANCY.

Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C.

PROPENYL-ISO-TOLUYLEN-AMID1NE-.

(PrOPIONYL-ANHYDRO-ISO DIAMIDO-TOLUOL.)

J. M. PICKEL.

Amidines are, as defined by Beilstein (Handbuch der Org. Chem.
p. 225), acet amides in which the atom of Oxygen is replaced by the
bivalent group NR. Thus, C^Hy CONH,, an amide, becomes
C^H C(NH)NHo, an amidine, when O is displaced by (NH). The
H's both of the group NH and of NHg may, of course, be replaced
by carbo-hydrogen radicals, e. g., CH3OH0 C—S^p'^tt! propenyl-
diphenylamidine. If, instead of the two phenyl groups, we have
the bivalent toluylen group, CgHgCHg, the compound becomes
CH3CH2 C— NM^eHgCHg propenyltoluylenamidine. Compounds

of this last class are anhydrous. Two special examples will illus-
trate the two ways of making them :

1. Ortho phenylendiamine is heated with acetic acid.

NHCiaCH.

^^^^NHo +CH.COIQH

= ^2^ + ^«^^ NlHo

CeH4^^^C.CH, x2HiO.

*An abstract of experiments undertaken at the suggestion of the late Prof.
Hiibner and executed in his laboratory at G6ttingen. J. M. P,

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 4 1

2. Orthonitroacetanilide is reduced,

C.CH3 + HgO.

It has been found that only those compounds in which the NHo
group is in ortho position to the NHOC^H group are capable of
forming these amhydro-bases.

In the toluol and homologous series, two sets of anhydro-bases
are possible.

For convenience let us number the carbon-positions in the benzol-
ring thus:

1 . Then with CH^ at position 1 we may have first,

I** ^1 (4) N=~^-^^ ^y ^' (4) NH - ^ ^^^^ ' secondly,
5 3

\ . / (2) N= p p u or (2)NH — n p XT

^ (3)NH- ^-^-^y or ^3.^^ O.C.M,.

The two sets are isomeric. The base under consideration here,
Propenyl-iso-totuylen amidine, belongs to set (2).

In building this base, Orthotoluidine was taken as the starting
point. It was necessary to nitrate this compound in such a way as
to bring the nitro group into ortlio position to the amido group. The
two following principles suggest how that result was to be accom-
plished: (1.) If a negative element, e. g., bromine, or a negative
group, e. g., NO;., is introduced into a Benzol ring which already
contains a positive group, e. g., NH. or NHCOC H^, — there will
result para and ortho compounds mainly; (2.) If, however, the
group or element already present is negative, a rtieta compound
chiefly will be produced. Direct nitration of ortho toluidine or of
ortho-acettoluide would, therefore, give a compound in which the
nitro group would be in para relation to the amido group, e. g.,
CH3 (1), NHCOC.Hy (2), NOo (5), and which in consequence would
not serve our purpose. If, however, bromine be introduced before
nitration, there would result a compound in which Br would have
the place assigned in the above formula to NOo. This, nitrated,
would furnish a body in which the NOo group would occupy the de-
sired ortho position, CH^a), NHC0C,Hy(2), NO^IS), Br(5) ; the lat-
ter would now have only to be reduced and the atom of bromine

42 JOURNAL OF THE

displaced by one of hydrogen, and our end would be accomplished.

In accordance with the above considerations acet ortho toluide
was bromated, nitrated and the acetyl-group di^^placed by the pro-
pionyl* group. The resulting compound furnished, upon reduction
with tin and hydrochloric acid.

Propenyliso-bromtoluylenamidine,

fiCH^ ricH3_

CeH^ ^'^^SZC.CH,.CH3orCeH, J jg=_C.CH,CH3. This
[BmBr [BmBr

base, as also its salts, crystalizes well, and was easily characterized
by analysis. (Let it be designated as bromine base No. 1.)

Treated in dilute alcoholic solution with amalgam of sodium it
gave, after three to four weeks' boiling,

Propenylisotoluylenamidine :

^ '^'^ nCHg CCH3

CeHa oNH- (.jj(.jj orC«H3 oN^ c.cH,CH3 ™'
( mN= - ■' (mJSH — ^ ^

base and its salts crystalize beautifully, and their identity was fixed
by analysis and otherwise.

The introduction of bromine into this compound was found easy
of accomplishment; but — what is very interesting - the new bro-
mine base, though containing, as the old, butjone atom of bromine,
was not identical with it. The following comparison will show the
points of difference and of agreement :

Bromine Base No. 1. New Bromine Base.

Melting point 135 6 152 3

f Water of crystalization = none. f none.

Hydrochlo- ! Chlorine = 12 95 per ct. | 12 87 per ct.

ricacid Salt j Soluble in 1000 parts |

1^ of water = 2.42 parts. [ 4 81 parts.

Platinum
Salt.

f Water of trystalization = 4. 16 per ct f 4.22 per ct.

I 2 Mol. I 2 Mol.

; Platinum = 21.96 per ct. -{ 21.95 per ct.

I Soluble in 1000 parts |

t of water = 0.9472p'rts. L 1.403 parts.

*Propionyl-ortho-toluide would, but for the expense, have been used from
the outset.

ELISHA MrTCHELL"]JSClENTIFIC SOCIETY. 43

The b.ises differ as to melting point and solubility and are clearly
isomeric. We have in this fact an intimation, at least, if nothing
more, that to our base is to be assigned the formula (a) and not (b) :

(a) r;H,(l)gj^=_C CH,.CH3 (b) CH3(1) |^]g^~C.CH,.CH,

This conclusion is reached by regarding the group -NH- positive,
and =C= negative; this granted, we should expect, bearing in mind
the principles given on page 41, that (a) would give, upon broma-
tion :

CH., (1) {|^jj;iC.CH,.CH3, Br (6) or CH3 (1) [|'^jj=C.CH,.

CH3, Br (4), (most probably the first).

Either would explain the isomerism; (b), on the contrary, would
give

CH3 (1) [gj^^^CCH,. CH3,Br (5)

which is the formula assigned to base No, 1, and is, therefore, not
admissible. We therefore conclude that not (b) but (a) represents
the constitution of our base. But the point cannot be regarded as
settled by these considerations. Whether there exists in fact as in
theory a difference such as indicated by (a) and (b) remains a ques-
tion.

J. M. PICKEL.

State Agricultural College, Lake City, Fla.

EFFFXT OF FREEZING ON STANDARD SOLU

TIONS.

F. B. DANCY.

I desire to call attention to apparent changes which were manifest
in standard acid and alkali solutions after being frozen in the cold
snap in January, 1886.

The solutions were those used in determining nitrogen in nitro-
genous materials. One was a solution of sulphuric acid one-fourth
normal (0.02 gramme SO3 in each c. c.) and the other was a solution
of potassium hydrate of such a strength that one c c. of the pot-

44 JOURNAL OF THE

H

ash solution neutralized one c c. of the acid solution. Up to the
time of freezing these solutions were in every day use in the deter-
mination of nitrogen in our laboratory, had been very carefully pre-
pared in the beginning (by gravimetric determinations of SO3 in the
acid and careful titrations of the potash with the acid), and there
was no reason to believe that any change had taken place in the so-
lutions up to the time of freezing.

In the cold snap alluded to both solutions froze solid and remained
so several days. Some time — perhaps a week — after the solutions
had thawed it became necessary to use them. That they had un-
dergone any change was not thought of, in fact that they had been
frozen was for the moment forgotten. When, however, I began to
titrate it was evident that the solutions were no longer in equilib-
rium. I then titrated successive portions of 10 c. c. of the acid so-
lution. I found that it required successively in c. c. of the potash
to neutralize, 11.03, 11.10, 11.10, 11.05, 11.05, 11.00, 11.02. These
titrations were made on Saturday, January 23d, and, as has been
stated, about a week after the solutions thawed. Appearances
pointed to the phenomenon that the solutions had in melting been
left in strata of different densities. Subsequent titrations seemed
to confirm this. On Monday morning (January 25th) I again titra-
ted three portions of 10 c. c. , each of the acid solution, both solu-
tions being so far undisturbed. It required 10.85, 10.80, and 10.80
c. c. of potash respectively. I then thoroughly shook up the pot-
ash solution, leaving the acid entirely undisturbed, and titrated
again in the same manner. Now it required of the potash solution
11.52, 11.50, 11.50 c. c. I then thoroughly shook up the acid solu-
tion and all subsequent titrations then gave 9.70; i. e., 9.70 c. c. pot-
ash solution to neutralize 10.00 c. c. of acid solution. Thus it was
seen that the freezing had apparently altered the strength of one or
both solutions. I then determined the strength of the acid solu-
tion, by precipitating the SO3 with BaCU in two separate portions
of 40 c. c. each. I got weights of BaSO^ 2.2527 and 2.2532 grammes;
mean, 2.25295 grs. BaSO^, equal to 0.0193412 gramme SO3 in one
c. c. instead of 0.02 grs. SO3 as it was made. Hence the acid solu-
tion had been apparently weakened by .00066 gramme SO 3 to the
c. c. or, almost exactly had lost /o of its strength. Hence it would
require only Ifi ot a c. c. of standard potash to neutralize one c. c.
of this altered acid, or 9.666 ^ c. c. to neutralize 10 00 c. c. The
facts show, by the titrations cited above, that 9.70 c. c. of the pot-
ash were required to neutraUze 10. c. c. of the acid, and it would
therefore appear that the potash solution was still standard — had

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 45

undergone no change. This was veritied by titrating the potash
with a standard acid tiolution and it was found to be correct.

Now it is not known whether the acid solution was or was not cor-
rect up to the time of freezing, but in the absence of any good rea-
son to suspect its being wrong the presumption is that it was right.

Hence it would appear that the standard acid solution was weak-
ened by being frozen, while the standard alkali was not aflected.
But whether this be true or not it is evident that neither solution
was left in a homogeneous state upon thawing. So that when stand-
ard solutions freeze it is certainly necessary, upon thawing, to shake
them up thoroughly, if not to examine carefully into their condi-
tions as to strength.

F. B. DANCY.

Laboratory of the N. C. Ag. Exp. Station,
Raleigh, February, 15t?i, 1886.

INDIAN ANTIQUITIES OF CALDWELL COUNTY.

Dr. J. M. SPAINHOUR.

In the well known " Happy Valley," of Caldwell county, about
a mile below Patterson and seven miles north of Lenoir, on the
lands owned by Rev, T. F. Nelson, situated near the present bank
of the Yadkin river, showing no appearance of elevation, was found
an Indian mound containing twenty-seven skeletons. It was trian-
gular in shape, forty-six feet long on the sides, twenty-nine feet wide
at the extremity, tapering to a point towards the river. The mound
at the time of its examination was situated immediately on the
south bank of the river, but the river-channel is supposed to have
formerly been further to the north than at present.

On the north west side of this triangle, at the depth of about
three feet, was found the remains of an old Indian " Chief," with
his head north-east and feet south-west. The skeleton was l>ing on
the bottom of the excavation, upon its face, the head resting in a
large sea shell. The inner surface of the shell next to the face was
carved with peculiar hieroglyphics. Around the neck were large
beads made of sea shells. The arms were extended, bending at the

46 JOURNAL OF THE

elbows, the hands resting a little more than a foot from the head on
each side. Around each wrist was a bracelet, composed of copper
and shell beads, alternating. Tiie copper beads presented the ap-
pearance of having been hammered into thin sheets and rolled
around the string, a part of which had been preserved by the oxi-
dation of the copper. The copper beads were from one to two
inches in length, and showed no appearance of having been cut, re
sembling the lead sinkers used by a small boy on his tishing tackle.

In close proximity to the bones of the right hand, which I think
had grasped the handle, was an iron implement about five inches in
length, and three-eighths to one-half inch in diameter, not sharp
pointed, but smaller at the end away from the handle. The handle
had been a piece of elk or deer horn, part of which had been pre-
served by the oxidation or rusting of the iron.

The left hand was resting on the convex surface of a sea shell, five
inches in diameter, which contained in the concave surface about
one hundred small beads of various sizes. The shell was beauti-
fully carved with hieroglyphics.

Under the breast was a gorget shaped implement composed of
some substance resembling horn, about two and one-half inches in
diameter, perforated with holes, which I suppose had been used as
some kind of an ornament.

Near his head, on each side, were crescent shaped copper pieces,
one and three-quarter inches at their greatest diameter, which were
probably used as ear ornaments.

Resting on the skull were three, and near the bones of the body
were two, funnel shaped copper ornaments or arrow points with
trimmed edges, and showing superior workmanship to anything else
found in the mound, except the carvings of the sea shells. Two of
them had locks of the old warrior's hair fastened securely by the
oxidation of the copper.

On each side of this ''Chief," lying parallel with his body, were
two skeletons, with heads resting in the concave surface of large sea
shells marked with hieroglyphics, the heads lying on the side, the faces
toward the " Chief " and near the extended hands of the " Chief."

Around and over the "Chief" were the bones of a number of
skeletons. Seven skulls could be traced distinctly, and it is proba-
ble there were many others, but the bones had been disturbed, prob-
ably by the plow, as the ground has been in cultivation for a long
while, and the others could not be traced if there were any.

Over and around these skeletons, but in close proximity, were
thirty-two finely polished celts, thirty-two rubbing stones, eleven

ELISIIA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 47

pipes, some of them of fine workmanship, with pieces of about
twenty others, cut mica, black and red paint shaped in acorn hulls,
pieces of native black lead, and many otiier stone implements of
various shapes and designs, showing the veneration and esteem in
which this " Chief " of the forest was held by those that loved him
if such expressions can be applied to the savages of that day.

To the east of the burials described, though only a few feet dis-
tant, a cruel barbarity of the Indians was unearthed. There were
two graves of the same kind, and a description of one will do to
represent both, for they were near each other and probably buried
at the same time. One skeleton immediately above the other, the
upper skeleton had a large frame and was buried with the face
down, the other, the skeleton of a smaller person, lying on the bot-
tom of the excavatien, with arms and legs extended, and securely
fastened by placing large stones on each extremity — certainly buried
alive, so that they could travel to the happy hunting grounds to-
gether.

The other burials in the same mound were insignificant in com-
parison, and are scarcely worth a description.

The bones of thes: skeletons could be traced to the finger ends,
by careful manipulation, in the dark river sand in which they were
buried, but would crumble to pieces on being exposed to the air in
a few moments.

I might suggest by way of conjecture that the copper composing
the ornaments was probably brought from the Lake (Superior mines,
the shells from the Gulf of Mexico or the Atlantic Ocean, the mica
from the ancient tunnels, found in excavating the hills of Mitchell
county, the iron manufactured in some mysterious way by the In-
dians from the splendid magnetic ore found in great abundance
within a mila of this mound, but this would be conjecture. I leave
this part of the subject to the gentlemen who have the collection in
charge at the Smithsonian Institution, where these relics of antiq-
uity have been placed on exhibition.

1 intend giving a further description of other interesting mounds
found in the same locality.

J. M. SPAINHOUR.

Lenoir, N. 6'., May Sth, 1886.

48 JOURNAL OF THE

A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE WASHINGTON
AND ATLANTA METHODS FOR THE ES-
TIMATION OF REVERTED PHOS-
PHORIC ACID IN COMMER-
CIAL FERTILIZERS.

H. B. BATTLE.

To determine the difference in results as obtained by the Wash-
ington and Atlanta methods was the cause of the set of determina-
tions given below :

The samples taken were acid phosphates made from S. C. Rock
and Navassa Rock — being regarded as types of the various manip-
ulated phosphates. They were ground and mixed carefully so
as to pass a ^V inch mesh sieve, and were kept in closely stoppered
glass bottles during the process of the analysis.

The Washington Method, as pursued in the determinations, was
as follows: 2 grms. were ground in a small mortar with about 50
c. c. of water, allowed to settle, the liquid decanted on a filter and
allowed to run into a 200 c. e. flask — this grinding and decanting
was repeated twice, using pestle without rubber tip, and grinding
moderately each time. The residue was then transferred to the fil-
ter thoroughly washed. In the filtrate diluted to 200 c. c. the water
soluble P.>0^ was determined in 50c. c. (= i grm.). The residue on
the filter was then transferred to a flask of about 150 c. c. capacity,
using 100 c. c. strictly neutral solution ammonium citrate (sp. gr. =
1.09) and placed in a bath previously heated to 40'C and kept there
40 minutes, shaking vigorously twice during the operation*— the
temperature being kept constant at 40^C throughout the operation.
The solution was then filtered with a pump of ordinary power, after
which the residue was washed with one-half strength citrate solu-
tion three times, consuming about one hour in the washing. The res-
idue after being dried and ignited wasfused withNasCOs-f-KNOs and
the Insoluble P-iO^ determined in the usual manner as for the Total
viz: fusing, taking up with HgO and HNOg, diluting to 200 c. c,

*By the strict Washington Method the flask should be shaken every five min-
utes, this was reduced to twice during the 40 minutes, owing to the peculiar ro-
tating bath used which is supposed to agitate the flasks slightly.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 49

50 taken out. (= ^ grm.), precip. with ammonium molybdate. Kept
in bath 3 hours at 50° or 60^ then allowed to stand two or three
hours in the cold, and filtered— washed with one-half strength am-
monium molybdate. Dissolved in ammonia precipitated with mag-
nesia mixture and allowed to stand at least five hours in the cold.
Filtered and washed thoroughly with ammonia (1.9), dried, ignited
and weighed.

The Atlanta Method was followed as was laid down by the Con-
vention at Atlanta and Philadelphia, with the exception of the treat-
ment with Magnesium Nitrate for the estimation of total P0O5, which
was omitted, being regarded as unnecessary, owing to the absence
of organic matter in the samples. The solution vas made by strong
HCl and digestion, and the method from that point pursued. In
the estimation of the Citrate Insoluble P2O5, it was found impossi-
ble to prevent the finer particles of the phosphate from being car
ried mechanically through the filter by the washing with water after
treatment with Ammonium Citrate solution. This was noticed in
every case, and it is very probable that this affected the results of
this particular determination. Subsequent experience with the
method has found this to hi the case more or less in every instance
where an Acid Phosphate is treated, being absent in the Ammoni-
ated Fertilizers.

In both methods the greatest care was observed and the similar
determinations were made, not together but separately, as it was
thought that this would test the methods and the comparison be-
tween the two better than by making the determinations together,
for in the latter case if any error had been made in one it would
have been followed in the rest, and the treatment in whatever way
it was carried out would have made the results identical in all. For
this reason each duplicate determination was made at different
times, and each determination therefore represented the method
per se, and the comparison thus better carried out.

The Result of the comparison is given in the table following. The
figures in each case represent the average of two and sometimes
three closely concordant duplicate determinations. W represents
the Washington Method, and A the Atlanta :

50

JOURNAL OF THE

HgO.

Sol. PoO.,.

Insol.
P2O5.

Total P2O5.

Reverted
P2O5.

Available
P2O5

W

A

W

A

W

A

W

A

W

A

Navassa

Acid
Phos.

9-5B

6.50

6.35

8.25

5.64

17.04

16.45

2.29

4.46

8.79

10.81

Excess.

.15

2.61

.59

2.17

2.02

S. C.

Acid
Phos.

10. II

12 03

11.48

2.23

1.16

15.62

14.79

1.36

2.15

13-39

13.63

Excess.

.55

1.07

.83

•79

.24

Comments on the Result as shown in the foregoing table:

1. As to the Water Soluble P2O3, the Washington gives higher
results in every case without an exception — due most likely to the
harder trituration, the better washing, and the absence of the rub-
ber-tipped pestle. But in the Atlanta some of the phosphate is pre-
cipitated in the flask, being washed through the filter by the first
washing with water and immediately precipitated — while this is not
the case in the Washington, and consequently this P2O5 is lost to
the Soluble, yet it is more than counter balanced by the gain due to
the trituration.

2. In the Citrate Insoluble P2O5, the Washington gives more than
the Atlanta, due to three or more reasons: a. to the shorter heat-
ing; h. the lower temperature; and lastly, c owing to the fact that
no phosphate is washed through the filter by the citrate wash, and
so no loss takes place as in the Atlanta. While this latter is not
very great yet it appreciably decreases the percent. Insoluble, espe-
cially in the case of finely ground acid phosphates.

3. For the Total P2O5, the Washington invariably gives higher
results, varying from one-half to one per cent., the fusion with
sodium carbonate and potassium nitrate very probably brought some
silica in solution, and hence possibly increased the per cent, of Total
P2O5.

The Available P2O5 is larger in the Atlanta, varying from one-
half to two per cent., and hence will come into favor very generally
with the manufacturers.

The Atlanta requires much shorter time than the Washington in
the manipulation — in respect to Water Soluble and Citrate Insoluble
but in the preliminary treatment of the Total to effect solution it was
found that the Atlanta using magnesium nitrate required much more
time than the fusion and was much more impracticable, owing to the

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 5 1

frequent breaking of the porcelain capsules and consequent loss of
substance; after this difficulty in the subsequent precipitation, &c.,
the advantage was in favor of the Atlanta Method as far as time is
concerned.

H. B. BATTLE.
Laboratory N. C. Expt. Station^
Raleigh, Oat. 21st, 1885.

ANALYSES COMPARING THE BITUMINOUS

COALS OF NORTH CAROLINA AND

TENNESSEE.

H. B. BATTLE.

The high percentages of sulphur and of sa^h render bituminous
coals of North Carolina inferior to others on the market, and on
this account it is doubtful, even if their extent and locality would
justify, whether North Carolina coal could compete with that of
Tennessee or Virginia.

The analyses following compare North Carolina bituminous coal
with the coal of Tennessee, while other analyses are appended as a
matter of interest :

I. Represents the average of eleven analyses of samples of bitu-
minous coal from as many different localities near Farmville, Chat-
ham county. N. C.

II. Shows the character of the natural coke found near the same
place.

III. Average of two analyses of samples from the Taylor place
near Gulf, Chatham county.

IV. Gives mean of two analyses of semi-anthracite from Chatham.

V. Average of seven analyses of semi-anthracite from Rocking-
ham county.

VI. Analyses of merchantable Tennessee bituminous coal sampled
from a pile of fifteen tons sold in Raleigh.

^2

JOURNAL OF THE

TABLE A.

Water at 115X

Volatile Combustible Matter,.

Fixed Carbon,

Ash

Sulphur, — ..

Total,

Specific Gravity,

Weight per Cubic Yard, lbs., .

I.

II.

111.

IV.

V.

Farm-

Farm-

Taylor

Chat-

Rock-

ville

ville

Place

ham

ingham

Bitumi-

Nat'ral

Bitumi-

Semi-

Semi-

nous.

Coke.

nous.

An.

An.

1-52

.90

1-77

2 99

4.40

29.30

4-75

34-12

5.65

9.68

51-43

68.33

57-67

77-30

48.76

13.40

25.10

4-74

11.62

35-38

4 35

.92

1.70

2.44

1.78

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

I-35I

1.603

1.306

1.518

1.856

2277

2798

2245

2562

3122

VI.
Ten-
nessee
Bitumi-
nous.

1.78
35.60
58.57

342
.63

100.00
1.289
2170

It will be seen that the Sulphur and Ash are extremely high, and
only in one instance (III. Taylor Place Bituminous) can the North
Carolina coal compare with the Tennessee analysis, having a some-
what higher percentage of each.

It is also noticeable that the weight of a cubic yard of Tennessee
coal is in round numbers equivalent to a long ton, while those of
North Carolina, owing to the presence of a larger per cent of ash,
is somewhat more.

The existence of Sulphur I consider to be almost entirely due to
the presence of iron pyrites. Oftentimes large glistening scales of
pyrites can be seen when the coal is fractured. Besides this visible
demonstration, analysis confirms this opinion, which is shown by the
following table:

TABLE B.

Coal.

Water at ii5^C.. 1.71

Vol. Com. Matter, 28.66

Fixed Carbon, 58.93

Ash,. ... 7.01

Sulphur, 369

Ash.

Silica .- 1.26

Ferric Oxide 5.51

Undetermined . .. .24

7.01

Or in other words a sample of coal yields 3.69 per cent, of Sul-
phur and has 7.01 per cent, of Ash (a very low percentage); if all
the sulphur present were combined with iron it would give a per
centaare of 6.93 of pyrites (FeSg) which in burning would give off

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 53

sulphur to form 4.61 per ceut. ferric oxide (F^^Og). Analysis of the
ash shows 5.51 per ceut. Fe.Oy, allowing a sulphur of .90 percent,
for other combinations, after all the iron needed by the sulphur to
form FeSo is taken up.

Other analys-es tend to prove the combination of Sulphur with
Iron, for it is noticeable in every analysis that for a high percentage
of SulphuTjthere exists a corresponding high per cent, of Ash, which
would not apt to be the case were the Sulphur present in organic
compounds. ,

H. B. BATTLE.

Laboratory N. C. Ag. Expt. Station,
Raleigh, Feb. IStJi, 1886.

ON THE EFFECT OF USING DIFFERENT
AMOUNTS OF ACID PHOSPHATE IN
THE DETERMINATION OF SOL-
UBLE PHOSPHORIC ACID.

H. B. BATTLE.

The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists adopted the fol-
lowing method for the determination of Water Soluble Phosphoric
Acid: " Bring 2 grms. on a filter; add a little waier, let it run out
before adding more water, and repeat this treatmenr cautiously un-
til no phosphate is likely to precipitate in the filter. (The washings
may show turbidity after passing the filter). When the substance
is nearly washed, it is transferred to a mortar and rubbtd with a
rubber-tipped pestle to a homogenous pas^e (but not further pulver-
ized), then returned to the filter and washed wiih water until the
washings no longer react acid will deliccite test paper. Mix the
washings. Take an aliquot — determine phosphoric acid. &;c."

I have observed that the amount of substance taken affects the
result as obtained by the above method.

The substance experimented on was a finely ground acid phos-
phate, passing a 60 mesh sieve, and of high grade. 2 grms. was

54 JOURNAL OF THE

taken as in method, and only 1 grm. as well for the comparison and
the determinations were carefully duplicated :

Acid Phosphate. ^ol. PoOr^. Average. Difference.

2 grms. taken, < i o 35 ( 13.33

1 grm, taken, 5 12 82 i^ 12.72

0.39

The method was followed exactly in each cage and the final wash-
ings did not react acid ; and yet by using 1 grm. a result was ob-
tained 0.39 per cent, higher than that found with 2 grms. as in the
Association method. What causes this difference ?

Presumably because a larger surface proportion of the 1 grm. is
exposed while on the filter to the action of the water than is the
case with the 2 grms., and for this' reason is more completely
washed and more phosphoric acid is consequently dissolved.

H. B. BATTLE.
Laboratory of the JY. C. Ag. Exp. Station,
Raleigh, May Qth, 1886.

ON THE DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

H. B. BATTLE.

Superphosphates manufactured from phosphate rock by treat-
ment with sulphuric acid contain not only hygroscopic water from
the dilute acid, but also water combined with calcium sulphate
formed by the chemical action. And when organic matter is added
in the preparation of ammoniated phosphates, moisture is again
brought into the mixture, and this is more securely retained than
hygroscopic water in the plain superphosphates. The difficulty met
with in driving off the different forms of moisture in its estimation
is two-fold : (1) the impossibility of expelling all combined water at
lOC'C, and (2), the likelihood of the oxidation of the organic mat-
ter if a higher temperature is reached, and so impairing the result.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 55

(Report Phos. Acid Committee, Cbem. Bui. U. S. Dept. Agr. No. 7,
p. 11.)

To ascertain the time required for complete expulsion of moisture,
such as is driven off at a constant temperature of 100*^C, I have in-
stituted a set ef experiments, using both acid phosphates and am-
moniated guanos for the comparison and heating for different inter-
vals. The portions were of two grammes each, carefully weighed
in watch glasses, heated in steam bath, taken out and cooled in
well-fitting dessicators, weighed, returned to bath, taken out, re-
weighed, &c. The heating was interrupted but I am satisfied the
result was not seriously affected, as the time consumed in drying
and weighing was short. The steam bath registered a constant tem-
perature of a fraction less than 100°C, never more- than 100°C, so
that the possibility of the oxidation of organic matter was lessened.
The actual percentages of moisture found are given in Table I. A
and C are acid phosphates, B, D and E are ammoniates:

56

JOURNAL OF THE

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ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 57

It is noticeable that at least four-fifths of the moisture, and in
some cases even more, is driven oil" during the first half hour, the
remaining one-fifth requiring from 16 to 24 hours additional for
complete expulsion. The moisture in the acid phosphates is ex-
pelled in a shorter time (16 — 18 hours) than is required for the am-
moniates (26 hours), showing that the organic matter in the latter
gives up its moisture with considerable reluctance. No definite rule
can be laid down as to the amount of moisture expelled in a speci-
fied time, as it is entirely dependent on the phosphate itself, the
amount of acid used in the preparation, and the condition of the
separate particles whether or not they exist in fine state of sub-di-
vision. I have observed, however, other things being equal, that for
an acid phosphate the smaller the content of Insoluble Phosphoric
Acid — indicative of sufficient sulphuric acid in the manufacture —
the faster is the moisture expelled and viae versa.

The method of the Official Agricultural Chemists elsewhere spoken
of in this Journal allows 5 hours as the minimum time for the de-
termination of moisture in commercial fertilizers. By referring to
Table II we notice at the five-hour limit only one sample has ex-
ceeded 93 per cent, of the total moisture present, and this one is an
exceptional case — the majority being under 90 per cent., one as low
as 83 per cent., or a fraction under one fifth of the total moisture
present is not estimated if the heating he stop^jed at this point.

I can only add one word in attestation of the perfect drying prop-
erty of concentrated H^SO^ for use in dessicators. Not in a single
case with a perfect fitting top did this kind of a dessicator allow the
sample to increase in moisture even after it had remained in the
dessicator for 93 hours.

H. B. BATTLE.

Laboratory of the N. C. Ag. Exp. Station,
Raleigh, May 15th, 1886.

58 JOURNAL OF THE

ON THE NEUTRALITY OF STANDARD AMMO-
NIUM CITRATE FOR THE DETERMINA-
TION OF REVERTED PHOS-
PHORIC ACID.

H. B. BATTLE.

The necessity that the Standard Ammonium Citrate Solution
(Specific Gravity = 1.09) should be exactly neutral is emphasized in
the Washington Method for the determination of Phosphoric Acid
as well as in all succeeding methodsgenerally adopted. The method
of the Official Agricultural Chemists, adopted first at Atlanta then
at Philadelphia and at Washington, lays especial stress on this
point.

It is stated by Gladding (American Chem. Journal, VI, p. 3,) that
the condition of the Ammonium Citrate, whether neutral, ammo-
niacal or acid causes varying effect in dissolving the Citrate-Soluble
Phosphoric Acid. In a sample of S. C. rock he found — digesting at
65°C for 30 minutes with a neutral solution- 1.35 per cent. P0O5 dis-
solved, with an ammoniacal solution 1,06 per cent, dissolved, and
with an acid solution 2.89 per cent., thus showing that the acid so-
lution dissolves 1.54 per cent. P0O5 more than the neutral solution.
The same authority elsewhere writes (Am. Chem. Journ., Vol. IV,
p. 138) : "To the use of acid solutions of citrate, either acid at the
beginning of the digestion or becoming acid during its continuance,
are probably due more than to any other cause the discrepancies in
this analytical process." In view of this fact especial care should
be taken in order that the citrate should be exactly neutral at the
time of digestion.

Yet, and I believe it is not generally known, the Ammonium Ci-
trate solution after being neutralized, on standing, gradually be-
comes acid or slightly so. To prove this I carefully neutralized sev-
eral solutions, and after the lapse of some days, examined them
with reference to their neutrality. The solutions were made as laid
down by the Atlanta method, using commercial citric acid, neutral-
izing first with commercial ammonium carbonate*, then with am-

*NoTE. — I would like to state here that I have found the weights given by
the Atlanta method inaccurate. They should be 470 grms. Citric Acid and 370
grms. Am. Garb., using ordinary commercial chemicals in both instances, in-
stead of the weights given by the method.

ELISIIA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

59

uionia, and testing with red and blue litmus papers till the neutral
point was reached, finally diluting till the specific gravity was 1.09.
After allowing to stand several days, and again testing, it was found
that the solutions invariably were more or less acid and required va-
rying amounts of concentrated Ammonium Hydrate (26'^B) to again
become neutral.

The following results were obtained :

Solutions.

2276 c. c. I
1.0938 S. G. \
2515 c. c. )
1. 09152 S.G. )
2162 c. c. )
1. 0918 S. G. )
2512 c. c. 1
1.0920 S. G. \
2442 c. c. }
1. 0916 S. 'G. j
2440 c. c. I
1,0916 S. G. )

Required in c. c's. of Conc. Am. Hydrate to Neu-
tralize AFTER.

3 days

9.00

7 days

10.50

8 days

14.50

19.50

II d'ys

17 d'ys '20 d'ys|26 d'ys

19.00
o

11.50

18.50
o

30 d'ys

The amounts of ammonia added cannot be expected to be en-
tirely accurate on account of the difficulties met with in neutral-
izing such large amounts of solution. It will be seen that about 8
days after preparation the amount of ammonia required is the
greatest, nor does this appear to be increased after standing a longer
time.

The results reached, while not strictly accurate, show conclusively
(1), that the citrate solution should not be used after standing ex-
cept after it has been again neutralized, and, (2), when this re neu-
tralization has been done 10 days after preparation the solution can
be used with impunity thereafter.

Considering these facts would it not be advisable to follow the
plan of preparing a slightly alkaline solution instead of a neutral
one ?

H. B. BATTJ;E.
Laboratory of the JY. C. Ag. Exp. Station,
Raleigh, March 20th, 1886.

6o JOURNAL OF THE

OCTYLBENZOL.

E. A. VON SCHWEINITZ.

With regard to the discussion over the constitution of Thiophen,
it is of interest to prove whether two compounds, formed by intro-
ducing two different substituting groups in inverted order, e. g.,
methyloctyl thiophen and octylmethyl thiophen, would show the
same characteristics.

To settle this question it was first necessary to prepare octyl thio-
phen, which can easily be done by following V. Meyer and H. Kreis'
description of the preparation of the homologues of thiophen. The
change of this into the monois octylthiophen and then into the oc-
tylmethylthiophen should yield ouv^ of the compounds in question
and the introduction of the octyl group into thiotolen should give
the other. According to previous researches into the position of the
iodine in the thiophen group, the two .substituting groups have the
j8-position. The question whether the two compounds are identi-
cal must be settled by an accurate comparison of the two.

Whilst engaged upon this question it was observed that no com-
pound corresponding to octylthiophen was known in the benzol
series, though isomers and nearly allied bodies occur. Dibutylben-
zol has been described by Goldschmidt (Ber. d. deutsch. Chem.
Ges. XV, 1067), obtained by the action of butylalcohol on benzol in
the presence of zinc chloride and Beran (Ber XVIII, 131) obtained
by the action of octylalcohol on anilin the amido derivative of oc-
tylbenzol. I have found that octylbenzol can easily be prepared by
the method of Fittig, which, according to V. Meyer, succeeds with
all bodies having a normal side chain, and the larger the molecule
the better.

It seemed advisable to prepare and study this octylbenzol before
going on with the preparation of octylthiophen.

PREPARATION OF OCTYLBENZOL.

The preparation of the octylbenzol was carried out in accordance
with the direction of Fittig (Ann. Chem. Pharm. 144, 278), 24 g.
Brombenzol, 31 g. normal octyl bromide, 11 g. sodium and the double
volume of waterfree ether were used. The octyl bromide was pre-
pared by the action of bromine and phosphorus on octylalcohol
after the method of Zincke (Ann. Chem. Pharm. 152, 5).

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 6l

The reaction soon set in. The mixture was allowed to stand over
night, the ether was distilled o£f on a waterbath and then the pro-
duct of the reaction driven over by a gentle heat. The product ob-
tained in this way gave on fractionating a colorless oil with a sweet
taste and smell and the boiling point 261-263" (uneorr:). This re-
mained liquid at O^C. Above 266° a yellow oil distilled over which
agreed with Lincke's description of Dioctyl. There was also a small
amount of oil boiling by 315°. The yield of octylbenzol amounted
to 15 g.

Analysis. — o.i440g. of the substance gave on combustion with coi)pcr
oxide 0.4653 g. Coo, equivalent to 0.1269 g. Carbon, and
0.1579 g. H'O' equivalent to 0.01754 g. Hydrogen.

Calculated for CyHi^.CgHj Found .

C 88.04 88.12

H 11.96 12.18

Determinalion of specific gravity:

Wt. of pyknometer = 0.8187 g- 1 wt. pyk. -|- octylbenzol = i.5iiog. ;
wt. pyk. -|- water = 1.6340 g. Hence sp. gr. octylbenzol = 0.849
(water at 15 ).

To detect the benzol group in this body I boiled for several days
1 g. octylbenzol with potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid,
using a flask and inverted cooler. The hydrocarbon was attacked
with great difficulty. The product of the reaction exhausted with
ether yielded an acid which gave, after repeated sublimation the
melting point of Benzoic acid (120"). It was present however only
in small amount.

Preparation of OGtylmonohromhenzol. — 2 g. octylbenzol were
shaken with the calculated amount of strong bromine water and
warmed a short time over the water bath. The mixture was then
washed with alcoholic potash and poured into water. Thereupon
a heavy liquid separated which yielded on fractionating a clear yel-
low oil boiling between 285° — 290''. This is easily soluble in ether
and does not solidify at 0 .

In determining bromine 0.1584 g. of the substance yielded 0.1098
g. silver bromide, equivalent to 0.046719 g. bromine; calculated for
C.Hi^.CgH^. Br. sp., p. c. Br. = 29.70, found p. c. Br. = 29.43.

Preparation of octylbenzol sulphonic acid. —2^ octylbenzol were
shaken with fuming sulphuric acid and the product poured into
water. On treatment with lead carbonate the lead salt of the acid

62 JOURNAL OF THE

was formed and from that after saturation with sulphuretted hydro-
gen and evaporation of the filtrate the free acid was obtained as a
thick syrup-like liquid with strong acid properties. To further char-
acterize the acid the following salts were prepared :

Lead octylhenzol sulphonate. — This salt was gotten by treating the
aqueous solution of the acid with pure lead carbonate. It crystal-
lized in small microscopic needles which were easily soluble in
water.

Analysis— o. 1 71 5 g. of the salt yielded by 130° o.oi2ig. water; 0.1715 g.
of the salt yielded 0.0640 g. lead sulphate, equivalent to
0.04373 g. lead.

Calculated for (CgHi^CeH^SOa)^ Pb+3H20 Found.

Pb 25.78 25.50

Hgo 7-25 7-o8

Barium octylhenzol sulphonate. — This salt was prepared in the
same way as the lead salt. Under the microscope it showed thin
plates which were easily soluble in water:

Analysis. — 0.0987 g. of the salt gave by 130'' 0.0023 g- water 0.0987 g. of
the salt gave 0.0337 g- barium sulphate, equivalent to 0.01983
g. barium.

Calculated for (CgHi ^CeH^SOg)., Ba-hH.o Found

Ba 19.78 20.09

HgO 2.59 2.33

Silver octylhenzol sulplionate. — This salt was prepared from the
freshly precipitated silver oxide and the aqueous solution of the
acid. Under the microscope it showed thin plates which were easily
soluble in water.

Analysis. — 0.1009 g. of the salt gave by 130 0.0046 g. water 0.1009 g- of
the salt gave 0.0363 g. silver chloride, equivalent to 0.02736
g. silver.

Calculated for C8Hi7C6H^S03 Ag + HoO Found.

Ag 27.41 27.11

H20 4.61 4.59

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 63

OCTYL DERIVATIONS OF THIOPHEN.

Preparation of octylthioplien. — This was prepared after the
method described for octylbenzoL 50 g. thiophen iodide, 50 g. octyl
bromide, and 22 g. sodium, together with twice the volume of ether,
were used. After the reaction the ether was distilled off on a water
bath and the remaining products of the reaction distilled at a gentle
heat. By fractionating the product obtained in this way, an oil,
boiling at 259— 263 , was gotten which had the same smell and taste
as octylbenzoL The analysis revealed only 12 p. c. sulphur, where-
as the calculated percentage is 16 32 p. c. Evidently the oil con-
tained dioctyl and it is difficult to effect a separation. Still after
several fractionatings of another portion of the crude product an
oil was obtained which boiled at 257— 259 , and an analysis of this
proved it to be pure octylthiophen. The oil is easily soluble in ether
and gave with phenanthrenchinon and sulphuric acid the Lauben-
heimer reaction.

Analysis. — 0.1363 g. of ihe substance gave 0.1583 g. BaS04 corresponding
to 0.02174 g. S.

Calculated for CSH1-.C4H3S — 16.32 p. c. ; found 15.95 p. c.

Determination of Specific Gravity. — Weight of ihe substance in picnonieter
0.0820 g.; weight of water o.ioio; Specific Gravity (water
20.5') == 0.81 18

Preparation of octyhnonobromthiophen. — This is prepared by
shaking octylthiophen with bromine water (1 mol.), washing the
product with alcoholic potash and water and then fractionating. In
this way an oil was gotten which boils at 285-290 . It is easily sol-
uble in ether, insoluble in water and solidifies to scales at 5°.

Analysis. — 0.0935 g. yielded 0.06411 g. AgBr, corresponding to 0.0272 g.
Br. Hence found p. c. Br = 29.19; calculated for C4H0S.
CgHj,. Br p. c. Br = 29.09,

Preparation 'of octylmono iod-thiophen. — The usual method mak-
ing use of iodine and mercuric oxide was pursued. 10 g. octylthio-
phen, diluted with an equal volume of ligroin (90 p. c), 10 g. iodine
and 11 g. mercuric oxide were used. The reaction proceeded very
slowly in the cold and was therefore hastened by a gentle warming
on the water-bath. After filtering off the mercuric iodide which

64 JOURNAL OF THE

formed, the impure product was distilled with steam. The residue
in the flask was then exhausted with ether, the ethereal solution
treated with animal charcoal and dried. After evaporation of the
ether a yellow oil remained. It was easily soluble in ether and so-
lidifies at 0 . It cannot be distilled however without decomposi-
tion. As bye-product a few yellow crystals, probably the diiodide,
were formed. In preparing iodthiophen a large amount of diiod-
thiophen is always obtained as bye-product. That the analogous
compound appears in this case only in traces speaks for the difii-
culty of substituting the hydrogen atom in the y position of the
thiophen.

Analysis. - 0.1617 g. substance gave 0.1184 g- Agl, corresponding to
0.06351 g. I. and 0.1120 g. BaS04 corresponding to 0.01538
g. S. Hence p. c. I. =39.27; p. c. S = 9. 54; calculated for
C4H0S. ChHi-I. p. c. I =39-44; P- c. S =9-94-

Specific Gravity Determination. — Weight of Iodthiophen in picnometer =
0.1380, weight of water ^ 0.1094. Specific Gravity (water
at 20) = 1. 2614.

An attempt to prepare an octylthiophen sulphonic acid by treat-
ment of the octylthiophen with pyrosulphuric acid did not succeed.
The reaction was accompanied by a blackening and the mixture
yielded, after treatment in the usual way, an acid whose barium
salt was identical with the /3-thiophensulphonate of barium des-
cribed by Jaekel (Berichte der d. Chem. Ges. XIX, 184). The melt-
ing point of the amide of this acide was 211.5 . It seems therefore
that a great excess of pyrosulphuric acid brings about a substitu-
tion of the octyl group by the sulpho group.

Preparation of octylacetothienon. — Following the directions of
Peter (Ber. der d. Chem. Ges. XVII, 2643) 10 g. octylthiophen, di-
luted with ten times its volume of ligroin, 5 g. acetylchloride and a
suflBcient amount of aluminium chloride were used. After distill-
ing the products of the reaction with steam and fractionating an oil
was obtained boiling at 350 — 355' and having a fruity odor.

Analysis. — 0.1768 g. substance gave 0.1680 g. BaS04 corresponding to
0.0230 g. S. Hence p. c. S = 13.04; calculated for C4H0S.
CO.CHsCsHi, p. c. S =13.44.

An alcoholic solution of the ketone treated with hydroxylamine

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 6$

hydrochloride and soda solution yielded an oil which solidified in
the cold to white crystals. By oxidation of the ketone it was hoped
that an oetylthiophen-mono-carbonic acid would be obtained. An
octylthiophendicarbonic acid however was obtained. This supris-
ing result is to be explained as follows : Since the octylacetthienon
distills difficultly with steam the distillation was stopped after some
hours. The residue in the flask which was considered identical with
the distillate was used for oxidation, after purification with animal
charcoal. This consisted for the most part of octyldiacethienon
C,HS.CsHi,.(CO— CH3J.(C0— CH3).

To verify this some octyldiacetothienon was prepared pure from
10 g. octylthiophen (75 p. c), 10 g. acetylehloride and a sufficient
amount of aluminium chloride. After distilling with steam in order
to drive out dioctyl and other products the residue was exhausted
with ether purified by charcoal and the ether solution dried. After
evaporation of the ether there remained a yellow, thick syrup-like
liquid which solidified on being strongly cooled. It was easily solu-
ble in alcohol but not In water.

Analysis. -0.1292 g. substance gave 0.1068 g, BaSO^ corresponding to
0.01466 g. S., or p. c. S = 11.35; calculated for CgHi^.C^HS.
(CH3C0)o p. c. S= 11.42.

An alcoholic solution of the ketone treated with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride and sodium hydroxide yielded a nitrogenous product
which crystallized from alcohol. The crystals melted by 58*^.

Preparation of octylthiophen dicarbonie acid. — The oxidation of
octyldiacetothienon was carried out with potassium permanganate
in the usual manner. 15 g. ketone, 40 g. potassium permanganate,
in 2 p. c. solution, and 40 g. potassium hydroxide were used. After
standing twelve hours and gently warming on the water bath the
reaction was completed. The manganese dioxide was then filtered
ofE and the filtrate acidified and exhausted with ether. On evapo-
rating the ether a solid with a disagreeable odor was left. Warmed
with a little water on the bath this bad odor was lost. The ether
solution of the residue, purified by animal charcoal, yielded a yel-
lowish, white substance with a fatty feel and strongly acid nature.
This acid showed as crystalline needles under the microscope, melted
at 185, with partial charring, is nearly insoluble in cold water and
soluble in hot water.

Analysis. — 0.1456 g. substance gave 0.1159 g- barium sulpha. e or 0.01591
g. sulphur. Hence p. c. S = 10.91.

Calculated for CgHi 7C4HS.(COOH)2 p. c. S =11.26.
7

66 JOURNAL OF THE

Barium octylthiovhendiGarhonate. — The salt was prepared from
an aqueous solution of the acid and pure barium carbonate. It is
easily soluble in hot water and crystallizes in needles.

Calculated for C14H18SO4 Ba. i^HoO Found.

Ba 30.71 30.89

H20 5.99 5.97

Copper octylthiophendicarhonate. — The ammonium salt of the
acid gave with a solution of copper sulphate a yellowish green crys-
talline precipitate, difficultly soluble in cold water, easily soluble in
hot.

Calculated for C14H18SO4 Ca. 2^ HgO Found.

Cu 16.13 16.37

HoO 12.40 12.66

Silver octyUMopTiendicarhonate. — The ammonium salt causes in
a solution of silver nitrate a yellow crystalline precipitate, which is
difficultly soluble in hot water. It soon changes to red-brown in
the light.

Calculated for Ci4HigS04 Agg. 3H0O Found.

Ag 39.40 39-36

H20 9.77 9.71

A solution of the ammonium salt gave with a concentrated solu-
tion of zinc sulphate a yellowish white precipitate. With manga-
nese sulphate solution a precipitate formed, "insoluble in cold water,
difficultly soluble in hot water. With ferric chloride a yellow pre-
cipitate was gotten.

Preparation of methyloctylthiophen. — To solve the problem with
which I started, I proceeded as follows : This preparation took place
in accordance with the directions of Fittig. 27 g. iodthiotolen (j3j3)
25 g. octylbromide, 5 g. sodium and double the volume of ether
were used. The reaction soon commenced and seemed to be com-
pleted in about twelve hours. Fractionation of the resulting pro-
duct yielded an oil boiling at 270 — 275^. In the cold it solidified
to crystals. These were pressed and analyzed :

Analysis. — 0.1229 g- substance yielded 0.500 g. barium sulphate or 0.00686
g. sulphate. Hence p. c. sulphur = 5. 68; calculated for Cj 3 H32S
p. c. sulphur = 15.24.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 6/

From this it was assatued that the wished-for substance was ren-
dered impure by dioctyl. To confirm this the mono-brom-compound
of the substance was prepared with bromine water in the usual way
and the unaltered dioctyl removed by distillation. A clear yellow
liquid was then gotten which solidified to crystals in the cold. These
melted by 20='. A bromine analysis gave 27.86 p. c, calculated for
C13H21 S Br 27.75. Some of this bromine compound was dissolved
in alcohol and treated with sodium amalgam. After extraction with
ether and purification a clear liquid was gotten which solidified to
crystals in the cold. These melted at 10'.

Preparation of octylmethylthiophen. — The preparation was sim-
ilar to that of methyloctylthiophen. 8 g. iodoctylthiophen, 5 g.
methyl iodide and 2.5 g. sodium, with double the volume of ether
were used. The reaction seemed complete after standing five days.
The ether was then distilled off and the remainder distilled by gen-
tle heat. This was further fractionated. A colorless oil was thus
gotten. It boiled at 270° and solidifies in the cold to crystals which
melt at 10°. A sulphur determination gave p. c. S = 15.58 — calcu-
lated for C13H.3S p. c. S =15.24.

To compare this better with methyloctylthiophen, this too was
brominated. Crystals were thus obtained melting at 20^ A bro-
mine determination gave p. c. Br = 27. 9d — calculated for Ci-^HaiS
Br. p. c. Br = 27.75. The two compounds methyloctylthiophen and
octylmethylthiophen are therefore to be looked upon as identical.

In accordance with what has hitherto been communicated as to
the structure of the thiophen compounds, the following formula
must be ascribed to them :

CH — CH

/ \

CH3 — C C — C^Hi^

\ /

S

E. A. VON SCHWEINITZ,

Got tinge n, Laboi-aiory of the University.

68 : JOURNAL OF THE

THE CIGARETTE BEETLE.
{Lasioderma serricorne, Fab.)

By G. F. ATKINSON.

This beetle sometimes proves very troublesome to manufacturers
and dealers in cigarettes and smoking tobacco. While it feeds
upon, and breeds in, dry tobacco in almost any form, it seems to
have a preference for cigarettes.

Several years ago it proved very annoying in some warehouses in
Philadelphia. I learn from Prof. C. V. Riley, of Washington, that
it has also caused a great deal of trouble in warehouses in Balti-
more; that it is pretty generally distributed in all parts of the
world, and feeds with relish upon cayenne pepper, spices and nearly
all pungent substances. It has also been reported as a ' ' drugstore
pest," feeding on capsicum.^

After the pest has once taken up its abode in a factory there are
several means by which it may find its way into the manufactured
goods. It may be present in the leaf tobacco. When this is not
thoroughly steamed preparatory to " trimming " and " cutting,'' the
young larvae or eggs may pass through the process of manufacture
unharmed, and be stored with the goods. During the process of
drying the tobacco and making the cigarettes the female may de-
posit the eggs on the tobacco which remains unprotected during the
night. Even after the cigarettes are manufactured and stored the
beetle can enter the boxes and deposit the eggs, as the boxes are
usually rude in structure with openings sufficiently large to permit
her entrance.

Once in the cigarette the larva feeds until full grown, when it
usually leaves the cigarette to seek a place to pupate. In doing this
it more frequently cuts through the paper wrapper, thus perforating
the cigarette and destroying the "draught."

During the present year my attention was called to the injuries of
this insect, and as its natural history has not been fully worked out
I undertook investigations leading to its determination.

^American Entomologist, Vol. I, p. 99 and 147.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 69

NATURAL HISTORY.

Number of Annual Generations.— There are at least two genera-
tions each year in this latitude, though the periods of transforma-
tion do not seem to be very well marked, as variations in the length
of the larval stage cause an overlapping of the broods. The ex-
tremes of variation may extend so as to make it possible that some
transformations are taking place at all times of the year, where the
temperature of the manufactory is such as to permit the activity of
the insect in some of the rooms. 1 have seen the beetles in the act
of copulation in January, and during the periods when the majority
of the transformations are taking place the larvae may be found in
very different stages of development.

One of these periods occurs during the month of June. June 28
I placed beetles in the act of copulation in small phials and added a
minute quantity of prepared cigarette tobacco. In from two to
three days the egers were deposited.

Egg.— The egg is opaque, white, elongate, oval, or elliptical, ,4°^™
long by .22""" in diameter in the broadest part. Micropyles .04°»™
long covering one end. The number of eggs deposited by the beetles
observed varied from 40 to 75. In the phials in which was placed
a few threads of prepared cigarette tobacco the eggs were scattered,
some upon the glass and a few on the tobacco. In the phials con-
taining bits of leaf tobacco the eggs were laid in irregular patches
between the portion of a fold. In about 11 days the egg hatches.

Length of Larval Stage.— The \iirvail stage at this season averages
from 60 to 70 days. Eggs which were deposited June 30 hatched
July 11, and some larvae constructed cocoons September 11. From
5 to 7 days afterward they transform to pupae. The larva is whitish
and covered with very slender white hairs. It measures from 4™™
to 4^^"°^ in length.

Cocoon. — The cocoon is of a papery texture, formed of finely di-
vided particles of material which is near at hand, cemented together
with viscid liquid. In the case of cigarettes the larva usually leaves
the cigarette and makes the cocoon against the paper package, or
in some of its foldings, or in a corner of the box. In this case the
cocoon is made chiefly of paper. In leaf tobacco the larva usually
remains among the foldings of the leaves and constructs the cocoon
from tobacco. It does not use the hairs from the body in the con-
struction of the cocoon.

The beetle is of a brown color, and about 2f°^ long. It has a

yo JOURNAL OF THE

habit when disturbed of feigning death. It is said to be nocturnal
in its habits; but it is also partially diurnal, as many times I have
seen them in copula, and they have frequently been observed flying
about the factory during the day.

Soon after pairing the male dies, and the female does not live
long after she has finished depositing her eggs.

Second Annual Generation. — The second period of transformation
into the adult state occurs about the last of August and during the
month of September. Those which 1 bred from eggs deposited June
30 were transforming from the middle of September to the end of
the first week in October. September 28 I examined some smoking
tobacco which was put up July 6, The condition of the insect was
about the same as of those which I reared. This would indicate
that the eggs were deposited on the tobacco at the time of its prep-
aration for placing in packages. During the month of September,
with some variations, seems to be the beginning of the second an-
nual generation. Allowing the same time for larval development as
in the case of the summer generation the larvae would be ready in
November and December for constructing the cocoons preparatory
to pupating. However, as the investigations have been in progress
only a little more than half a year, I have not had an opportunity
of studying the stages of the second generation. But I judge from
the condition of things as I found them in the factory in January
that the earliest of the brood would construct cocoons in the latter
part of the fall or early winter, and in rooms where the temperature
was favorable would pupate and transform into the adult. If the
temperature of the room is too low for the functional activity of the
metamorphic state, the insect would remain in the larval state during
the winter. From January 11 I kept a larva in its cocoon for three
months before pupating.

The greater number of individuals of the second generation would
probably pass the winter in a torpid state, and feed during the
spring sometime before pupating. It may be possible that under
some conditions there are three annual generations, but the indica-
tions thus far seem to favor their being in general only two. A con-
tinuation of the present investigations is necessary to determine this
point.

REMEDIES.

Precautionary Measures. — The precautions usually recommended
are as follows: The steaming of the leaf tobacco should be thorough

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

n

to insure the destruction of all eggs and larvfe which may infest it.
Cut tobacco should be kept in tightly closed boxes until used. All
cigarettes should be packed at the close of the day's work, or closely
covered with flannel blankets. As the beetle is said to be a night
flier, windows and doors of the warehouse should be kept closed at
night. The walls of the building should be kept freshly white-
washed, and no dust heaps allowed to accumulate.

For the purpose of determining the degree of heat to which the
insect would be subjected during the process of steaming, I had
tests made with the thermometer under three different conditions:
First, with the bulb of the thermometer between the hands of to-
bacco; Second, with the bulb of the thermometer in among the
leaves of the hand; Third, the bulb of the thermometer bound
with tobacco as tightly as the portion of the hand which contains
the band. Ten tests were made under each condition. The follow,
ing table exhibits the results :

First condition.

Second condition.

Third condition.

No. of Test.

Degrees Fahr.

Degrees Fahr.

Degrees Fahr.

I

194

178

170

2-

200

164

200

3

190

169

200

4

200

170

180

5

210

188

200

6

200

190

180

7

212

184

180

8

202

172

170

9

192

160

178

lO

204

196

174

Highest,

212

196

200

Lowest,

190

160

170

Average,

200.4

177. 1

183.8

The above tests were made on tobacco of a second grade and the
steam was allowed to remain on longer than would answer on bright
grades of tobacco. But examining bright grades of tobacco just as
it came from the steam chest I think there can be no doubt that the
steaming will kill the larvsB and eggs if the tobacco is evenly steam-
ed and subjected to the heat for as long a time as will answer for
the preservation of the quality of the leaf. Where the sides of the
steam chest are low I have noticed that the ends of the " hands"
of tobacco often project over the edge and these portions are not
properly heated. In turning the tobacco if care was used to place

72 JOURNAL OF THE

these ends where they would come in the presence of the full power
of the heat there would be little danger of the insect passing through
unharmed. It would be safer, however, to have the edges of the
steam chest high enough so that when covered with the blanket all
portions of the tobacco would be subjected to a like grade of heat.

After the tobacco is cut, the process of drying occupies so much
time that there is danger the beetle will deposit eggs on it. This
can be avoided by a substantial dry-house, separate from the fac-
tory, which can be kept very clean and tightly closed at night. By
using care as to the condition of tobacco which is placed in the dry
house, it can be kept safe during this period. Where trouble is
apprehended quantities of cut tobacco should not be kept on hand
unless stored in safe boxes. The better way would probably be to
fill an order a little late than with material which is liable to be in-
fested.

During the season when the beetle is flying about the factory,
each operator in the cigarette room should be provided with a neat
and closely fitting box which would hold approximately suflScient
tobacco for the day's work. What remains at the close of the day
each operator can put in his box, and thus prevent the beetle from
depositing eggs on the portion which remains over night. The man-
ager of this department could in a short time see that the tobacco
was properly protected for the night.

For storing the cigarettes boxes of convenient size, which shut
very closely, could be used, and thus the danger of the beetle en-
tering be averted. By ridding the factory of infested stock, remov-
ing such material as would afford a breeding place, and adopting
some such precautions as suggested, it is reasonable to suppose the
pests could be controlled.

From the knowledge of the natural history of the beetle already
determined quite an important result is reached. In case of goods
manufactured during the summer, if it is feared the insect is pres-
ent, they may be stored for 90 days, when if no signs of the pres-
ence of the insect are detected, it would be safe to ship the goods.
This would also afford a protection to the manufacturer. If the
work of the beetle was not evident within 90 days from the time the
goods left the factory the manufacturers would be relieved of the
responsibility.

Fumigation as a Remedy. — From experiments, both on a large
and small scale, it has been found that the insect can be destroyed
by treating with the fumes of bisulphide of carbon without in the
least affecting the flavor or appearance of the cigarette. As this

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 73

substance is very volatile it is an easy matter to apply the fumes,
having for this purpose a large box well made to prevent the escape
of the fumes. In this the cigarette boxes could be placed, and also
a small open vessel containing the bisulphide of carbon. Where
goods are already damaged the assorting which would be necessary
to remove the perforated cigarettes, together with the trouble of ap-
plying the remedy, might outweigh the advantage to be gained.

But in the case of recently manufactured goods in which the eggs
were deposited at time ui manufacture, if they are stored in closely
fitting boxes, the fumes could be applied to each box about 20 days
after manufacturing. As the egg hatches in about 11 days after
being deposited the larva? would be very small, and constitute no
greater impurity in the cigarettes than what must undoubtedly
enter from various other sources. As this is a common remedy for
grain weevil, an insect ailcting grains which are used for bread stuffs,
there can be no danger in its use. Cigarettes have been smoked
within ten minutes from the time they were removed from the fumes.
While it is perfectly safe to apply this as a remedy when it seems
necessary, and other gentlemen who have had practical experience
in such matters also recommend it, there are some who do not re-
gard it as a pleasant remedy. On the whole, as the precautionary
measures must be adopted sooner or later in order to get rid of the
pest, it might, perhaps, be as well to rely solely on them.

PARASITES.

Therv^ is a small chalcid fly which enters the boxes sometimes and
destroys the larvae. These I discovered September 28. They would
probably never prove to be of any considerable economic importance
owing to the difficulty attending their reaching the host.

74 JOURNAL OF THE

NOTES ON THE ORCHARD SCOLYTUS.

[Scolytus rugulosus. Ratz.)

By G. F. ATKINSON.

Some interesting things in the habits of the orchard scolytus
have come under my observation during the past year. This is a
minute beetle which infests peach, plum and cherry trees\ and has
done considerable damage to fruit growers recently in this country,
and notably so in the South.

The weight of opinion seems to favor the view that the beetle at-
tacks only diseased trees. It sometimes attempts to bore into
healthy trees for the purpose of depositing eggs, but is driven out
by the exudation of the gum. I have seen sound limbs of healthy
peach trees badly punctured in this way, but no evidence of eggs
being deposited or of the larvae at work. I am led to believe that in
some cases this may lead to a diseased condition of the tree and
thus afford suitable material for the beetle to work upon.

The number of annual generations in this latitude is probably two.
I have noticed that the late spring (May) and ear^y autumn (Sept.)
are two periods during which numbers of beetles excavate the gal-
leries to deposit the eggs.

The female beetle seems to exhibit great maternal affection. The
galleries in which the eggs are deposited are from i to f inch in
length. The opening is just the size of the beetle, but the gallery
a very little larger in diameter. When the eggs are deposited the
female retreats to the entrance and remains here with the posterior
part of the body even with the outer bark of the tree When
touched she will crawl in a short distance, and return when the dis-
turbance ceases. She remains here night and day guarding her
eggs and young with a maternal fondness rarely seen. I have ob-

^Scolytus rugulosus in branches of Pear Trees which were killed by Pear
Blight. Can. Ent., Vol. i6, p. i6i, by Dr. H. A. Hagen.

Peach Yellows. Houghton Farm. Exp. Dept. Appendix to Series HI,
No. ^. D. P. Penhallow.

Minute Borers in Cherry, Peach and Plum Trees. Prof. C. V. Riley in Am.
Entomologist, Vol. Ill, p. 298.

Georgia Crop Report for August, 1884, p. i6.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 75

served several which lived for two months always at the post of
duty. Even in death they remain blocking the entrance, and it is
a very common thing to find them attacked by a fungus and their
bodies wedging up the entrance firmly.

Eichoff speaks briefly of this habit in Scolytus\ where he says,
"das Weibchen meist im Gange selbst stirbt, entweder am riusser-
sten ende seines Brutganges oder (bei den einweibig lebenden Ar-
ten) wie bei Scolytus (Eccoptogaster) nachdem es sich an die Ein-
gangsoffnung begeben und dlese zum Schutz gegen iiussere Witte-
rungseinfliisse und vor eindringenden Feinden, den After nach aus-
sen gekehrt luft verachlassen hat."

From specimens in the laboratory I bred two parasites, which
were determined by Mr. L. O. Howard, of Washington, as follows:
Chiropachys colon. Linn. And Eupelmus sp. The Chiropachys,
Mr. Howard tells me, has been bred from the larvae in the Depart-
ment at Washington. When these parasites transform into the
adult they e.^^cape by cutting a cylindrical hole through the bark.
Some of these holes are as small as .25'"'" in diameter. From an
examination of infested branches of peach trees I find that the par-
asite is quite abundant, and it undoubtedly is quite efifective in
checking the multiplication of the Scolytus.

^Die Europaischen Borkenkafer, i88i.

Note. — I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. C. V. Riley, of
Washington, for the use of some literature from the Department; and to Mr.
E. A. Schwartz for a work from his private kibrary.

WILMINGTON FLORA; A LIST OF PLANTS

GROWING ABOUT WILMINGTON, N. C,

WITH DATE OF FLOWERING,

WITH A MAP OF NEW

HANOVER COUNTY.

THOMAS F. WOOD and GERALD MCCARTHY.

INTRODUCTION.

The growing interest in botany during the last ten years has
created the necessity for a manual for local work in botany, espe-
cially as regards the Cape Fear region.

The pamphlet, published by Dr. Curtis in 1832, has long since
become a rarity, and was not up to the recent date as regards the
newer discoveries, and abounded in old synonyms. An attempt was
first made to rewrite this catalogue, substituting the accepted syn-
onyms of to-day, but it was found best to re write it entire. This
pamphlet, therefore, has for its basis the work of Dr. Curtis. To it
has been added all the plants which he subsequently added in his
catalogue of the plants of the State, and the few other plants
which have been added since that work was issued.

We have given the date of lowering of plants, founded as much
on personal observation as possible, but still we feel that this part
of the work can be much improved. For the sake of many begin-
ners, we have also added the color of flowers, knowing, of course,
that to the scientific botanist, such a slight aid would be so imper-
fect as to be of little use to him ; but, for beginners, who are puz-
zling over plant analyses for the first time, such a slight knowledge
as the color of a flower would often be of help. Furthermore, am-
ateur botanists, of whom there is an increasing number all over the
State, appreciate such slight aids, and for these considerations we
think the trouble has been well spent.

We have added a map of the Cape Fear region which is accurately
drawn to a scale (one mile to i inch), and will be found valuable to
botanists and others. The basis of this map was one drawn by
Capt. W. H. James, of the Confederate States Engineers, after a
complete topographical survey during the war. Corrections and ad-
ditions have been made to date, as nearly as possible, excepting

78

JOURNAL OF THE

that the names of the proprietors of farms have been in many in-
stances unaltered. It is easy enough, with this map, to go to any
locality in the county, and botanists and amateurs, seeking the quite
numerous local plants of this favored region, could hardly go amiss.

Dr. Curtis' original catalogue enumerated species found within a
radius of two miles of Wilmington; but we have extended our search
over the entire county, even extending to what is now a part of
Pender county, especially including the region of Rocky Point, and
of Smithville and Smith's Island, and the part of Brunswick coun-
ty immediately adjacent to Wilmington.

" Wilmington is situated in latitude 34^ 17', and longitude 78° 10',
about thirty miles from the mouth of the Cape Fear river, on which
it stands, and eight miles from the sea, in an easterly direction. Its
precise elevation above the ocean I have not learned,* but it is so
small as to deserve little or no consideration in regard to botanical
geography. Indeed much of the lowland in the vicinity is but little
above the level of the ocean. The climate may be pretty well de-
termined from the following table of temperature, made from ob-
servations taken in 1832. The thermometer was placed in the shade
on the north side of a house. Observations were taken six times a
day from 8 and 9 o'clock A. M. to 11 P. M. Fractions omitted :

Maximum .
Minimum -

Medium

Rainy days

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apl.

May

Ju'e

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov

77

72

75

80

87

97

86

83

85

82

i8

32

25

42

.._. 60

68

66

63

40

36

46

55

56

65

77

72

79

75

66

57

4

8

4

8

5

9

14

12

4

6

Dec.

68

27

50

5

f Temperature for Year 1885.

Maximum .
Minimum ,

Mean

Rainy days

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apl.

May

Ju'e
93

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov

74

70

71

84

88

94

94

89

81 1 80 1

23

20

26

37

51

58

62

60

52

42

30

49

45

49

62

70

76

81

80

73

62

55

17

9

II

6

14

7

15

15

7

10

10

Dec.

71

27

50
9

*The elevation of Wilmington is twenty-five feet above sea level.

•j-This report was obtained from the U. S. Signal Service officer at Wilming-
ton. The number of rainy days includes all days on which as much as .01 of
an inch fell, which probably accounts for the excess of rainy days in 1885.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

79

I liave not materials for forming an accurate Floral Calendar for
Wilmington, but the following notices show the flowering time of a
few plants in the spring of 1832:

Daffodils in flower, Feb. i

Red Maple " 8

Peach and Plum " 12

Flowering Almond " 26

Phlox subulata " 27

Vaccinium corynibosum ■ March i

Cardamine Virginica " 6

Thlaspi bursa-pasloris " 10

Red Cedar and Elm Feb, i

Jonquils " 10

Cercis Canadensis " 26

Epigsea repens " 26

Luzula Campestris " 27

Viola cucullata and lanceolata

March 6
Bayberry (Myrica) " 10

In 1831, Daffodils blossomed January 1st, and the White Hya-
cinth at Christmas, which is about their usual period of flowering.''
— Moses A. Curtis, A. M., in " Catalogue of Plants Growing Spon-
taneously Around Wihnington.'"

The following list of plants, with their dates of flowering in 1885,
is taken from the note book of Miss Hettie E. Watson, Secretary of
" The Curtis Club," of Wilmington:

Alder, .. -. February I

Chickweed " 2

Blue Violet, " 2

White Violet, -- " 3

Arbutus, " 3

Jessamine, yellow " 3

Huckleberry ( Vaccinium

corymbosum,) " 3

Chrysogonum Virginianum " 3

Bartonia verna, " 3

Cedar, .., " 5

Long Leaf Pine stam, " 5

Long Leaf Pine pistillate, " 16

Schallott, " 16

Gill " 16

Redbud, " 16

Cypress, " 16

Red Maple, " 16

Red Cedar, " 16

Elm, •... " 16

Prunus Carolinianum, " 19

Mistletoe, " ig

Cydonia Japonica, February 20

Pyxidanthera barbulata, '* 26

Short Leaf Pine stam, " 26

Short Leaf Pine pistillate " 26

Oxalis yellow, . . March 7

Watercress, " 7

Pepper grass {Lepidium

Virginiciun " 23

Nasturtium, " 23

Willow catkin, sterile " 26

Willow fertile, " 26

Strawberry, yellow, (/^r«o-<7-

ria Itidica, )... " 26

Strawberry, white, {F. Vir-

giniana), " 26

Peach , " 26

Sassafras, " 27

Golden Club, {Orontium),. " 28

Rubus trivialis, April i

Euphorbia, " i

Willow Oak, {Qtiercus Phel-

los, " 4

8o

JOURNAL OF THE

Scrubby Oak, (^. Ca Us do^i). .April 4 Clematis crispa, April II

Live Oak, {Q. Virens)

Water Oak. {Q. Aqiiatica)...
Sorrel wood, {Oxydendruin ar-

boreuni) -

CoUard, .--

Blood root, {Sanguinaria Can-
adensis) -

Ranunculus acris, — - -

Rubus villosus,

Blue Plum,

Azalea nudiflora, —

Woodbine, {Lonicera sejuper-

virens)

Pear, —

Low Laurel, (Kalmia angus-

ti folia)

Crataegus,

Euphorbia commutata,

White Clover, - -

Ilex glabra, - ... - - -

Linaria Canadensis,

Pontederia,

Sweet Gum,

Horse Radish,

Mulberry,

Myrtle, pistillate,

Myrtle, stam,

Iris verna,

Elder, small,

Turnip,

Buckeye, ..-

Dogwood,

Wild Olive,-.

Quince, —

Crab Apple, .--

Horse Apple,

Apricot, -- -- --

Running Huckleberry, ( Vac-
cinium crassifolitim)

4 Cyrilla racemiflora,

4 Pinguicula elatior,

Salix Nigra, ..

4 Paulownia,

4 Asarum,

Sysyrinchium Bermudiana, .

4 Uvularia,

5 Crowfoot,

5 Campanula,

5 Wistaria,

5 Wild Cherry, {Prunus sero-

tifia,

6 Lespedeza,

6 Leptocaulis divaricatus, ....

Lupine, purple, _

6 Pea, (English)

7 Irish Potatoe,

7 Butter wort, {Finguicu/apu-

7 mil/a,)

7 Rosa Carolina,

7 Sarracenia flava,

9 Drosera brevifolia,

9 Wild phlox, -

9 Melia azederach,

9 Ilex opaca,

9 Walnut, _

9 Chinquapin,

9 Tecoma radicans,

9 Fox Grape,

10 Azalia viscosa, (white)

10 Amphicarprea monoica

10 Utricularia,

10 Pipe wort,

10 Leucanthemum,

10 Clover, .-

10 Sparkle berry, ( Vaccinium

10 arboreuvi)

Bay, {Magnolia glauca.) " 30

10

Of the many valuable ornamental trees Lagerstrcemia Indica
(Crepe Myrtle) has long ago been naturalized, attaining the height
of 20 feet. Gardenia (Cape Jessamine) is hardy, and is used as a

feUSHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 8 1

hedge or border in Oakdale Cemetery, where it fruits occasionally.
The Japanese tea plants, distributed by the Agricultural Depart-
ment from Washington, have been found hardy under the treat-
ment of Mr. Donlan at Oakdale Cemetery, fruiting very freely. The
Eucalyptus globulus was thoroughly tried by the gentleman above
named, but with the utmost care the hardiest looking young tree
was killed by the frost, and the experiment abandoned. The Sabal
Palmetto, which has its northern limit at Smith's Island, has been
successfully transplanted in three instances in Wilmington as an or-
namental tree, much to the surprise of those who had formerly
failed after great pains. Its transplantation seems to be as difficult
as to transplant the pine. The banana during one favorable sea-
son fruited but did not come to full maturity. It is evident that
the seasons are too short to expect success with it. The Ailantus is
no longer a desirable shade tree, and has been generally made to
give place to Elms and Oaks; and we are sorry to say that the Pride
of China, one of the handsomest trees introduced among us, is
losing popularity. A fine specimen of Negundo aceroides. from an
accidental seed dropped in a private garden in the city, shows how
kindly this beauti.'ul tree would take to our soil if encouraged by
the gardner. In our catalogue we have left out these, or most of
them, and mention them here as an indication of the range of tem-
perature.

This catalogue is arranged after the natural orders in Curtis' ' 'Cat-
alogue of Plants of North Carolina." The popular names have
been retained as a matter of convenience — sometimes for curiosity.
We have added a list of plants found in the ballast along the
river front, used to fill in the wharves of the Railroad Companies.
The list is only a small portion of the plants found, but were all
identified by Mr. McCarthy up to this time. These plants are from
distant parts of the world, and it will be interesting to watch their
history. They are mostly weeds, and from similar sources numbers
of weeds have escaped into our fields and streets and by-ways. It
will be noticed that several of these weeds, since Dr. Curtis' day,
have become common in neglected streets and waste places, such as
Viper's bugloss (Echium) and Acanthospermum Xanthioides. Both
plants are now stubborn weeds.

Species with names in heavy-face type are believed to be indige-
nous. Species with names in small capitals are not regarded as in-
digenous.

A numerical statement of the genera, species and varieties is
given at the end of the catalogue.

9

CATALOGUE.

FLOWERIKG PLANTS.

IDIOOT'^'I-.ElIDOISrS-
RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Clematis crispa^ Linn. (Blue Jessamine. Blue Bell.)

May and June until October. Flowers pale bluish purple. In
three distinct crops.
Virg^iniana, L. Rocky Point. June. Flowers white.

Yiorna, L. Rocky Point. Dr. McRee.

May — August. Flowers purple.

Anemone Virginiana, L. (Virginia Anemone.)

July — September. Flowers obscure white.

Caroliuiaiia Walt. Dr. McRee. March. Flowers white.

Hepalica triloba, C'liaix. Dr. McRee. Rocky Roint.

February — March. Purple or white.

Thalictrum anemonoides, Miclix. (Rue Anemone.)

April — May. Flowers white.
Cornuti, L. — (Meadow Rue.) June -August. Flowers white.

Kananculns abortivus, L. (Smooth Crowfoot.)

March — April. Flowers yellow.

BULBOSUS, L. (Buttercups.) May. Flowers yellow.

repens, L. (Creeping Crowfoot.) March and April.

repens var. nitidns, Muhl. Flowers smaller than above.

pusillus, Poir. (Dwarf Crowfoot.)

March and April. Flowers minute yellow.
recnrvatus, Poir. (/V. Nehoni, Gray.) (Rough Crowfoot.)

April and May.
parviflorus, L. (Small flowered Crowfoot.)

April and May. Flowers very small.
palmatus, Ell. Rare. April and May.

Aqiiilegia Canadensis, L. (Columbine.) Mr. Norwood Giles, on the
Sound. April and May. Flowers scarlet, yellow within.

MAGNOLIACE.^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

Magnolia grandillora, L. (Magnolia,) Northern limit in Brunswick
county. May. Flowers white.

glanca, L. (Sweet Bay.) May — June. Flowers white.

lO

84 JOURNAL OF THE

Umbrella^ Lam. (Umbrella Tree.) May and June. Flowers white.

Liriodeiidrou Tulipifera, L. (Tulip-Tree. Poplar.)

May and June. Flowers greenish yellow.

ANONACE.E. (CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY.)

Asimiiia parviflora, Duiial, (Dwarf Papaw. Fetid Shrlh.)

March and April. Flowers greenish purple,

MENISPERMACE.^. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

MeiiisperilUMll Canadeiise, L. (Moonseed.) Dr. McRee. Rocky Point:

July. Flowers white.

Cocculu.s Caroliiius, D. C. (Redberried Moonseed,)

June and August. Flowers while,

BERBERIDACE/E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

PodophyHiiin peltaluin, L, (May Apple.) Not common.

April and May. Flowers greenish, moist shady places.

NELUMBIACE.^. (NELUMBO FAMILY )

Neluiiibiiiiii luieuin, Willd. (Duck Acorn. Water Chinquapin )

Is rarely found in Waccamaw Lake, 30 miles from Wilmington.
Found in Neuse river by G. McCarthy, July, 1886.

July. Flowers large yellow.

CABOMBACE.E. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)

Cabomba Caroliniaiia, Gray. {Nectris aquatica Nutt.)

Dilches in I'otter's rice field. June and August. Flowers white.

Brasenia peltata, Pnrsh. {Hydropeltis purpurea, Michx.) (Water-shield )
July. Flowers dull purpFe, under surface of leaves with gelati-
nous viscid coating.

NYMPH.LACE/E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

Nymplia^a odorata, Ait. (White Pond-lily.) May and June.

Nuj)har advena, Ait. (Yellow Water-lily. Bonnets. Spatter Dock.)

sagitt* folia, Pursh. (Alligator Bonnets.)

June — August. Flowers yellow. Found on the margins of the
Cape Fear N. E. River and Smith's Creek. Plentiful enough
to make their locality a favorite place for fishermen,

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. ^5

SARRACENIACE/E. (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.)

Sarraceiiia purpurea, L. (Pitcher-ilant.)

April and May. Flowers purple.

Varieties with erect leaves.

Sarraceiiia rubra, Walt. ( ed-flowered Trumpet.)

Found in the neighborhood of Rush's. See Map.

flava, L. (Biscuit. Yellow Trumpets. Watches.) March.

variolaris, MicllX. {S. lacunosa of Bartram.) Spotted.

Trumpet-leaf, 30 miles from Wilmington. Scarce.

PAPAVERACE.K. (POPPY FAMILY.)

Argenioiie Mexicana, L. (Mexican Poppy.) Introduced.

April and May. F'lowers yellow and white. Yellow flowers two
or three weeks before white.

Tar. alba.

8aiif;uinaria Canadensis, L. (Blood-root. Puccoon-root.)

Not common. March. Flowers white.

Papaver uubIum, [P. rheas,) Dr. McRee, Rocky Point.

Cultivated fields. Adventive.

FUMARIACE.*:. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

Corydalis aurea, Willd. March and April. Flowers yellow.

niicrantlia. Dr. A. Havard. Smithville.

CRUCIFER/E. ^MUSTARD FAMILY.)

('ardamiue rlioniboidea, D. C. (Spring Cress) Dr. McRee.

Rocky Point. April and May. Flowers white.

Iiirsuta, L. (Bitter Cress.)

Cakile maratima. Scop. (Sea Kale.) On the sea beach.

May — August. Flowers pale purple.

Sisymbrium Thaliana, Gaud. (Mouse-ear Cress.)

March and April. Flowers While.

cauescens, Nutt. (Tansy Mustard.)

March and April. Flowers small greenish while.

officinale, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Introduced.

May and June. Flowers pale yellow.

Draba verna, L. (Whitlow Grass.) Flowers small wliite.

Caroliuiana, Walt. February — April. Flowers white.

Senebiera pinnatiflda, I). C. (Wart Cress. Swine Cress.)

March — May.

Lepidiuni Virginicum, L. (Wild Pepper-grass.)

March — June. Very common.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Mwncll. (Shepherd's Purse.) Introduced.

March — June. Flowers white.

86 JOURNAL OF THE

CAPPARIDACE.i:. (CAPER FAMILY.)

Gynandropsis pentaphyllft^ D. C. May — August. Flowers white.

{Cleome pentaphylla, Linn, and Barioti, PursJi, N^utiall anp
Elliott.) Waste grounds. Across Wilmington ferry, Cape
Fear river. Dr. McRee.

VIOLACE/E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

Viola cncullata, Ait. (Blue Violet.)

February — May. Flowers blue-white.

palmaia^ L. (Hand-leaf Violet.) Not common.

March — May, Flowers purple or blue.

villosa, Walt. (Hairy Violet.) Flowers pale blue.

lauceoluta^ L. Lance-leaved Violet.)

February — May. Flowers white.

pedata^ L. (Bird-foot Violet.)

February — May. Flowers large, deep blue or purple.

priiimliefolia^ L. (Primrose-leaved Violet.)

Flowers white — small.

bliiiida, Willd. (Sweet White Violet.)

April — May. Flowers while.

tricolor, L. Var. arveiisis D. C. (Wild Pansy.)

Not very common.

CISTACE^. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

Heliantheinuiii Canadeuse, Michx. (Frost-weed.) April.

YCistns Canadensis, Walt.1

Carolinianuiil, Michx. (Rock-rose.) March — April. Flowers yellow.
[Cistus Carolinianus, PValt.]

corymbosnm, Michx. April.

\^Cistus corymbosus, Pair.^

Lechea major, Michx. (Pin-weed.) July— August. Greenish flowers.

minor, Lam. Dry sandy soil. July and August.

DROSERACE^. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

Dioucca mnscipiila, Ellis. (Venus Fly-trap.)*

June. Flowers white, blacken in drying. Seed drop in July-

loth to 20th.
Found abundantly in a radius of a half to three-quarters of a mile
from 2d toll house and other places. See Map.

*The original description of the habit of Diona;a, written by Dr. Curtis for
his first " Catalogue of Plants Growing Spontaneously Around Wilmington,"
in 1834, is reproduced, as it stands a most excellent, and perhaps the best
sketch yet made.

feLISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 8?

"DiON.^A MUSCii'ULA.^— This plant is found as far north as Newbern, N. C,
and from the mouth of Cape Fear river nearly to Fayetteville. Elliott says,
on the authority of (ien. Pinckney, that it grows along the lower liranches of
the Santee in South Carolina. Dr. Bachman has received it from Georgetown,
*S. C; and Mr. Audubon informed me, with the plant before us, that he has
seen it in Florida of enormous size. I think it not impossible, therefore, that
it inhabits the savannahs, more or less abundantly, from the latter place to
Newbern. f It is found-in great abundance for many miles around Wilmington,
in every direction. I venture a short notice of this interesting plant, as I am
not aware that any popular description of it has been published in this country.

The leaf, which is the only curious part, springs from the root, spreading
upon the ground, or at a little elevation above it. It is composed of a petiole
or stem with broad margins, like the leaf of an orange tree, two to four inches
long, which at the end suddenly expands into a thick and somewhat rigid leaf,
the two sides of which are semi-circular, about two-thirds of an inch across, and
fringed around their edges with somewhat rigid cilice or long hairs like eye-lashes.
It is very aptly compared to two upper eye-lids joined at their bases. Each
side of the leaf is a little concave on the inner side, where are placed three
delicate, hair-like organs, in such an order that an insect can hardly traverse it
witliout interfering with one of them, when the two sides suddenly collapse
and enclose the prey with a force, surpassing an insect's efTorts to escape. The
fringe or hairs of the opposite sides of the leaf interlace, like the fingers of the
two hands clasped together. The sensitiveness resides only in these hair-like
processes on the inside, as the leaf may be touched or pressed in any other part
without sensible effects. The little prisoner is not crushed and suddenly de-
stroyed, as is sometimes supposed, for I have often liberated captive flies and
spiders which sped away as fast as fear or joy could hasten them. At other
times 1 have found them enveloped in a fluid of mucilaginous consistence,
which seems to act as a solvent, the insects being more or less consumed in it.
This circumstance has suggested the possibility of their being made subservient
to the nourishment of the plant, through an apparatus of absorbent vessels in
the leaves. But as I have not examined sufficiently to pronounce on the uni-
versality of this result, it will require further observation and experiment on
the spot to ascertain its nature and importance. It is not to be supposed, how-
ever, that such a food is necessary to the existence of the plant, but like com-
post, may increase its growth and vigor. But however obscure and uncertain
may be the final purpose of such a singular organization, if it were a problem
to construct a plant with reference to entrapping insects, I cannot conceive of
a form and organization better adapted to secure that end than are found in
the Dionaia Muscipula. I therefore deem it no credulous inference, that its
leaves are constructed for that specific object, whether insects subserve to the
purpose of nourishment to the plant or not. It is no objection to this view
that they are subject to blind accident, and sometimes close upon straws as well
as insects. It would be a curious vegetable, indeed, that had a faculty of dis-
tinguishing bodies, and recoiled at the touch of one, while it quietly submitted
to violence from another. Such capricious sensitiveness is not a property of
the vegetable kingdom. The spider's net is spread to ensnare flies, yet it
catches whatever falls upon it ; and the ant lion is roused from her hiding place
by the fall of a pebble ; so much are insects also, subject to the blindness of

*I find upon diligent inquiry that it is not to be found at Georgetown but
near Bucksville, S. C, about 70 miles from Wilmington, and is very scarce
there. T. F. \\.

fThe above was written in 1S34, but has not since been verified. Dionasa
is quite as local as at first found to be, Wilmington being the centre of its most
abundant growth.

88 JOURNAL OF THE

accident. Therefore the web of the one, and the pitfall of the other are not
designed to catch insects ! Nor is it in point to refer to other plants of entirely
different structure and habit which sometimes entangle and imprison insects.
As well might we reason against a spider's web, because of a fly drowned in a
honey pot ; or against a steel trap because some poor animal has lost its life in
a cider barrel."

The extent of the distribution of the Dionaea has interested many botanists,
and we append some observations on that subject. Although drainage of the
savanna land near Wilmington, and frequent accidental fires and fires purposely
employed to clear off the savannas to secure grazing for catile, after the waste-
ful method handed down by the aborigines, have lessened the numbers of the
plant immediately about the town, still some good specimens are occasionally
found within the unsettled limits. The distribution of Dionaa is co-extensive
with the savanna land, which, it will be safe to say, is as much as one-fifth of
the area of this county (New Hanover,) and the adjacent one's of Pender and
Urunswick counties. The ravages of fire, and unusual cold seasons and the
rapacity of the collectors who supply the trade, have scarcely made perceptible
inroads on the plant.

The future of the Dion?ea does not incline us to believe that it will be soon
exterminated. Land is very abundant, and but few savannas have more than
a superficial coating of organic matter overlaying a bed of almost sterile sand,
therefore the temptation to cultivate such land will be small, even after the
country is thickly settled. It will be a great many years before the population of
farmers will become dense enough to regard savanna land as worth much, even
for the grazing of stunted cattle, and as the very sensible plan of caring for
cattle (and the better breeds are being rapidly introduced) upon the economic
basis of good shelter, pure water, and wholesome food becomes an established
fact, there will be no temptation to do as wasteful a thing as to burn off a
savanna and risk a forest of good trees, to keep a few stunted cattle from
starving. The Dioncea is undoubtedly the most remarkable of the very local
plants known to botanists, and it will be good news to the friends of science to
know its probable future.

Drosera flliforiiiis, Raf. (Thread-leaved Sundew.)

April. Flowers bright purple.

lougifolia, L. (Long-leaved Sundew.)

May and June. Flowers white.

rotundifolia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew.)

May and June. Flowers white.

l)revifoliaj L. (Short-leaved Sundew.) March. Flowers white:
PARNASSIACE^,

Pariiassia Caroliniana, Miclix. (Grass of Parnassus.)

October and November. Corolla white with impressed greenish
veins.

HYPERICACE.^. (ST. JOHN'S WORT FAMILY.)

Aseypniii Crux-Andrea», L. (St. Peter's Wort.)

June — September. Flowers yellow.

Stans, Michx, July— September. Flowers yellow.

ELTSHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 89

*H}perk'llin llllg:ulosuin, Michx. June — August. Flowers almosi orange.
Corymbosnm, MullL July. Petals black dotted.

rascicuiatuiii. Lain. June— August. Petals yellow.

iiudifloruiu, Miclix. July— August.

miltiluin, L. {II. pawifolitim, IVilld. Pursh and Elliott.)

June — August. Flowers minute orange colored.
*rosinariuifoliuiH. {H. cisti folium, myrti/oUum.)
*silliplex. (//. setosum.)
fVirginicum. (//. corymbosufn.)

Caiiadense, L. June — October. Flowers copper yellow.

Sarotlira, Michx. (GrouxNd Pine.)

[Sa7othra gentianoides, Z.] June — August. Flowers small yellow.

PORTULACACE^. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)

Claytoiiia Yirj^iiiica, L. (Spring Beauty.)

April — May. Flowers rose colored, veiny; not common.
Porluiaca oi.ekacka, L. (Purslane.) Common in streets and cultivated
fields. Introduced. May — July. Flowers yellow.

Sesuviuni pentaiidrniii, EM. (Sea Purslane.) Saline marshes.

May — November.
portulacastriini, L. May — November.

CARYOPHYLLACEyE. (PINK FAMILY.)

Areiiaria Canadensis* {diffusa ?) {A. rtibra, found near Sound. Dr. McRee.)
diffusa, EM. April — June. Flowers white.

serpyllifolia, L. (Thyme-leaved Sandwort.). Introduced.

June. Petals white.
Cerastium viscosum, L. {C. hirsuttcm, Mzihl., Eli., &^c.) Introduced.

February — May. P'lowers white.
vulgatum, L. (Mouse-ear Chickweed.) Introduced.

February — May. Flowers while.
Mollii^o verticillata, L. (Indian Chickweed.)

May — August. Flowers small white.

Alsiiie sqiiarrosa, FenzL (Barrens Sandwort.) Dry sand hills.

April — May. Flowers white.
Saponaria officinalis. L. (Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.) Introduced.

Waste grounds. July — August. Flowers white or rose-color.

Silene Antirrhiiia, L. (Catchfly.) July. Flowers small red.

Virg:inica, J>. (Indian Pink.) June. Flowers large red.

Peniisylvanica^ IWichx. Lilliput on Cape Fear River. (Dr. McRee.)

April. Petals white or rose-color.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue of Indigenous Plants. See page 12.
f Synonym for corymbosum given above.
10

90 JOURNAL OF THE

Spergula arvensis, L. (Pine Cheat. Corn Spurrey.)

May — August. Flowers white.

Spergulariii rubra, Pers. (Sand Spurrey.) Sea-coast.

May — October. Flowers red or rose.

Siellaria media, Smith. (Chickweed.) Introduced.

December — April. Flowers white.

iiii]'flora5 Walt.

Paronychia herniaiioides, Nutt. July— October. Flowers minute.

Aiiychia dichotma, Michx. July— August. Flowers greenish.

Stipnlioida setacea, Michx. White sand hills. Common.

April — June. Flowers white.

Sagiiia EUiottii, Fenzl. (Barrens Sandwort.) April— June.

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

Hibiscus Mosc'heiitos, L. (Swamp Mallow.)

luly. Flowers while or pale rose, crimson centre.

Hibiscus aciileat US, Walt. [H. Scaber, Michx.)

July. Flowers white with purple centres.

uiiHtaris, Cav. [H. Virginicus, Walt.) (Rose-Mallow.)

Causeway and Little Bridge. July — August. Flowers rose.

Malva ROTUNDIFOLTA, L. (Mallow.) Introduced. Common in waste grounds.

May — August. Petals pale pink.

Sida SriNOSA, L. Common about settlements. Introduced. See Abulilon.

July — August. Petals yellow.
[5. Abutilon, Avicenna, Gartn.'\
Elliottii, T. and G. July— October. Flowers orange yellow.

Abutilon Avicenn.e, Oaert. (Velvet leaf American Hemp.) Introduced.

June — July. Flowers yellow.

Kosteletzkya Yirg-inica, Presl.

TILIACEJE. (LINDEN FAMILY.)

Tilia pubescens, Ait. (Linn or Lime Tree.) June. Flowers cream color.
heterophylla, Vent. (White Linn.)
Americana, L. r)r. McRee. Rocky run.
S^Tilia s^labra. Vent]

CAMELLIACE^. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

Gordonia Laslanthus, L. (Loblolly Bay. Black Laurel.)

July — August. Flowers white.

Stuartia Virginica, Cav. Scarce.

April — May. Flowers white, stamens purple.
Found eight miles W. from Wilmington by Mr. Wm. VVatters.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 91

MELIACE^.

JMLelia Azedarach, L. (China Tree. Pride of India.)

May — June. Flowers lilac.

LIN ACE JE. (FLAX FAMILY.)

Linuill yirgiliiailliiii, L. (\Yild Flax.) July. Flowers yellow.

Bootii, Planch. Hry pine woods. July. Flowers sulphur yellow.

OXALIDACEyE. (\YOOD-SORREL FAMILY.)

Oxalis stricta, L. (Yellow Wood Sorrell.) April. Flowers yellow.

violacea, L. (Purple Wood Sorrell.) Dr. McRee, Rocky Point.

May — June. Flowers nodding, purple.

ZYGOPHYLLACE^^. (BEAN CAPER FAMILY.)

Tribnlus cistoides, L. Waste grounds. Dr. McRee. Flowers large yellow.
terrestris, L. Ballast. Introduced from South Russia.

GERANIACEu^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Geranium Caroliliianuill, L. March — April. Flowers pale purple.

maculatuni, L. (Crane's Bill.) Dr. McRee.

April — May. Flowers purple.

BALSAMINACE^. (BALSAM FAMILY.)

Inipaiicns fulva, Nntt. (Jewell Weed.) Causeway, rice fields, Little
Bridge. July — September. Flowers deep orange.

pallida, Nult. (Touch-me-not.) Gerald McCarthy,

RUTACE^. (RUE FAMILY.)

Zanthoxylum, Caroliuiannm, Lam. (Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree.)
[Z. clava-Herculis, Linn.'\ June. Flowers small greenish.

rtelea trifoliata, L. (IIor-TREE. Wafer-Ash.) Wrightsville Sound.

May — June. Flowers greenish.
mollis, .)I. A, C. May — June. Flowers greenish.

92 JOURNAL OF THE

ANACARDIACE/E. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

Rhus COpallina, L. (Common Sumack.) July. Flowers greenish.

Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Oak.) July. Flowers small.

radicans, L. (Poison Vine.) July. Flowers greenish.

Rhus venenata, D. C. (Poison Sumach.)

July. Flowers very small — green.

puniila, Michx. (Dwarf Sumach.) Pine woods.

VITACE^. (VINE FAMILY.)

Vitis iestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.)

June. Grape deep blue, very austere.

Labrusca, L. (Fox Grape.)

May — June. Grape purple or whitish, pleasant.

Tulpiua, L. (Muscadine. Bullace.)

June. Grape purple, pleasant.

cordifolia, Michx, (Frost Grape.) May — June. Grape black, acid.

bipinnata, Torrey & Gray. June — July. Grape small, black.

Ampelopsis quiuquefolia, Michx. (Virginia Creeper.)

June. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish.

RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

Ceanolhus Americanus, L. (Red-root. Jersey Tea.)

July, Flowers white.

Berchemla volubilis, 1). C. (Rattan. Supple Jack.)

June. Flowers small, greenish.
Sag-eretia Michauxii, Brongn. Sea coast. September. Flowers white.

Fraugula Caroliniana, Gray. June.

celastrace.f:. (STaff-tree family.)

Euonynius Aniericanus, L. (Strawberry Bush. Bursting Heart.
Fish-wood.) May— June, Flowers greenish.

STAPHYLLACE/E. (BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.)

Staphylea trifolia, L. (Bladder Nut.) Introduced.

May. Flowers white,

SAPINDACE^. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.)

.l^sculus Pavia, T. (Red Buckeye. Horse-chestnut.)

March — May. Flowers red,

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 93

ACERACE^. (MAPLE FAMILY.)

Acer nibrmil, L. (Red Mai>LE ) February— March. Flowers and fruit red.
saLcliJirillum, Wansr. (Sugar M aple.) Rockspiin^r. Rocky Point.

April and May.
Neg-uiiUo aceroides, MaMicli. (Ash-leaved \L\ii.e.)

Rocky Point and in Wilmington. March and April.

POLYGALACE/I^. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

Polygrala cymosa, Walt. Moist savannahs. Common.

July. Flowers yellowy turning dark green in drying.
cruciata, L. July — October. Flowers pale rose color.

iucariiata^ L. Moisl savannahs. Common.

June — August. Flowers purple.
lutca, L. (Batchelor's Button.) Savannahs. Abundantly common.

June — August. Flowers orange yellow.

rainosa5 EII. July — September. Flowers yellow.

fasti^iala< Null. Not as common as others.

July — October. Flowers small, bright rose color.
Setacea, MicllX. March — July. Flowers pale rose color or whitish.
brevifolia, Nlllt. July — October. Flowers reddish purple.

^raildiflora, Wait. July — September. Flowers bright purple.

Verticillataj 1j. June — August. Flowers greenish white.

leguminos.f:. (pulse family.)

Aiiiorplia fruticosa, L. (Indigo Bush.) May — June. Flowers blue.

Iierhacea, Walt. (A. Pubescens Willd.)

June— J^uly. Flowers blue or white.
Aiiipliicarpa'a moiioica, Nutt. (Pea-vine.)

August — Septempter, Fk)wers white or purj)lish.

Apios tuberosa, Moeiicli. (Ground nut.)

This common name must not be confounded with "ground nut,"
the local name for Arachis hyi'ogE/E, the introduced African
. " pea-nut " of commerce.

July — August. Seedsblack. Flowers brtnvnish puijile.

Astrag-alusarlaber, MicllX. April. Flowers white.

Baptisia lauceolata^ EH. April— May. Flowers yellow.

villosa, Ell. May. Plants turns black in drying.

alba, R. Br. April. Flowers white.

tinctoria, R. Br. (Wild Indigo.) May— June. Flowers yellow.

Cassia €Iianiiecrista, L.

July — August. Flowers yellow, petals often purple at the base.
Marylaudica, L. (Wild Senna.) August. Flowers yellow.
occidentalis. L. July. Flowers large, yellow.

Obtusifolia, L. [C. Tora Linn.) July— October. Flowers yellow.

nictitans^ L. (Wild Sensitive Plant.) July. Flowers pale yellow.

94 JOURNAL OF THE

Cercis Canadensis, L. (Red-bud.) March. Flowers rose colored.

Cratalariasa8:ittalis, L. (Rattle-box. June— July. Flowers yellow.

oralis, Pursll. April — June. Flowers showy, yellow.

Fursllii, 1). C May — July. Flowers yellow.

Lupiuus (liffllSUS, >nlt. April — May. Flowers blue.

perennis, L. (Lupine.)

April — May. Flowers purplish or purplish blue.

villosus, Willd. April — June. Flowers violet and roseate above.

Trifolium arvense L. (Rabbit-foot Clover.)

July — August. Flowers pale red.

Caroliuianuni^ Miclix. (Carolina Clover.) Dr. McRee, Rocky
Point. Introduced. March — May. Flowers white or purplish.

pratense, L. (Red Clover.) Introduced. All summer.

liybridunij L.* Gerald McCarthy.

repeus, L. (White Clover.) May — September.

reflexum, L. (Buffalo Clover.) April — June. Flowers rose red.

PROCUMBENS, L. (Yellow Clover.) Introduced. June — July.

ModicagO LUPULINA, L. (Hop. medick.) Common in grass plats. Introduced.

May — October. Flowers small, yellow.

deutieuiata.* G. McCarthy.

Psoralea melilotoides, MicIlX. May — July. Flowers violet.

canescens, Miclix. (Buck Root.) May — July. Flowers blue.

Inpinellus, Miclix. May — June. Flowers.

Robinia Pseud-acacia, L. (White Locust.)

Introduced as shade trees from the mountains. March — April.

hispida, L. (Rose Locust.) April — May. Flowers rose.

var. nana, Ell. Pine Woods.

Wistaria I'rutescens, I). C. (Virgin's Bower.)

\Thyrsantlius friitescens. Ell.) April — May. Flowers lilac.

fTeplirosia Virginiaun, Ptrs. (Rabbit Pea)

July. Banner white, heel rose colored, wings red.

llispiduhlj Pursll. May — August. Flowers reddish purple.

anibig'Ua, M. A. C June — July. Flowers white and purple.

spicata, T. «fc G. June — July. Flowers large, white and purple.

Indigofera Caroliniana, Walt. (Carolina Indigo.)

July — September. Flowers reddish brown.

Lalhyrns paluster, Linn. June — July. Flowers blue and purple.

I^var. inyrtifoliuin. Gray.

.Eschynoniene hispida, Willd. {Hedysartim ?)

August. Flowers small, yellow.
Zoniiatetrapliylla, Michx. June— August. Flowers deep yellow.

*Not given in Curtis Catalogue.

fTephrosia is substiiuted as the name of this genus, following Curtis' Cata-
logue of Indigenous Plants, p. 17.

:|:Watson's Index, p. 230.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 95

Stylosliantlies elatior, Swartz. (Pencil Flower.)

July — August. Flowers yellow.

Les|)«Hleza capitata, Miclix. (Brsn Clover.) August— September.

repeilS, T. & G. Common. August — September.

prociimbeilS.* G. McCarthy.

violacea, Persoon. July— August. Flowers.

'' var. sessiliflora, Persooii. July — August.

llirta^ Ell. .\ugust — .September. Flowers reddish wliite.

stuvei, Nutt.
IDesiiiodiuin imdinornni, Dcrandolle. {Hedysaruiji mtdifoUum , Linn.)

August. Flowers small, purple.

CUSpidatuin, T. k (x. August. Flowers large, purple.

viridiflonini, Beck. {H. viridifoUuvi, Elliott.)

August. Flowers yellow, green wlicn dry.

rotlllKlifoliuin, DeCan. (//. rotundiJoUzim, Michx)

August. Flowers purple.

OCliroleuCUin, M. A. C. August. Flowers yellow.

l)ilI(Mlii. Darlillg-toil. {Hedvsanun Marilandicum, IVilld.)

July. Flowers purple.

^labelluin^ DeCail. August— September.

paniculatuiu, DeCail. July — August. Flowers purple.

strictllUl, DeC'ail. August. Flowers small, purple.

Marilandiciliii, Boott. August. Flowers violet purple.

rig'iduin, UeCail. August. Flowers violet purple.

lineatuin, DeCail. Flowers and legume small.

RliyilollOSia tOineiltosa, T. & 0, [Glycine tomentosa. Linn.)

Flowers yellow,

'' var. iiioiiophylla, T. k 0.

" var. volubilis, T. k G.

" var. erecta/r. &G.

Glediischia triacanthos, L. (Honey Locust.)

June. Flowers small, green.

Clitoria Mariana, Linn. ( Vexillaria Mariana Eaton.)

July — August. Flowers pale purple.

Piiaseolus pereiinis, Walt. (Wild Bean )

July — August. Flowers purple and violet.

diversifolius, Pers. August — October. Flowers purplish.

Iiclvolus, L. August — .September. Flowers purplish.

Erytlirina lierbaeea, L. April— June. Flowers deep scarlet.

Galactia pilosa, Nntl.all. June— September. Flowers roseate.

var. Macra>i,* M. A. C. (Watson's Index, 221 )

glabella, 31iolix.

*Nol given in Curtis' Catalogue.

f Generic name Desmodium subsMtuted for Hedysarum. See Cat. Lulig.
Plants, p. 19.

96 JOURNAL OF THE

Schraiikia aii^iislata, T. & (x. (Srnshivr Plant.)

May— July. Flowers purplish.

Aracliis hypog/EA, Willd. (Pea-nut. Ground-nut.)
Introduced and cultivated as a crop plant.

May — August. Flowers yellow.

Vicia SATHA, L. (Vetch. Tare.) Introduced — cultivated grounds.

April — May. Flowers pale purple.

HIRSUTA, Kocll. Introduced. April — May. Flowers blueish white.

tetrasi'Erma, Loisel.

3Ielilotus OFFICINALIS, Willd. (Yellow Melilot.)
Naturalized about old clearings.

alba. Lain. (White Melilot.) Naturalized about old clearings.

relalasteiiion eor} nibosuiii, Miclix.

September — October. Flowers white.

Ceiltrosema Virgilliaua, Beiltli. Dry soil. June — September.

ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.)

Agrimonia Eupaloria, L. (Feverfew.) July. Flowers yellow.

parvifloraj Ait. Augast. Flowers (petals) yellow.

Fniararia Virgiiiiana, Elirlieiibers". (Strawberry.).

January — May. flowers white.

Indica, Ait. (Indian Strawberry.) April — May. Flowers white;

Oeiim album, (xinelill. (Avens.) July. Flowers small, Avhite.

Polentilla Norvegica, L. Rare. Introduced.

July — September. Flowers pale yellow.

Canadensis, L. (Five-finger.) Very common.

April — August. Flowers yellow.

Rosa Carolina, L. (Swamp Rose.) Common, most in wet grounds.

May — June.

lacida, Ehrll. (Wild or Dwarf Rose.) Common in dry woods.

May— July.

rubiginosa, L. (Sweet-brier) Near settlements. Introduced.

May. Flowers orange-red.

L.-EviGATA, MicllX. (CHEROKEE RosE.) Meares' Bluff.

April. Flowers white.

Riibns villosus, Ait. (High Blackberry.)

February — April. Flowers white.

cuneifolins, Pnrsh. (Low Blackberry.)
Common on old fields and roadsides.

February — March. Flowers white.

trivialis, l^Iichx. (Dewberry.) February — April. Flowers white.

Prnnus Americana, Marsh. (Red Plum.) March — April. Flowers white.

Chicasa, Miclix. (Chicasaw Plum.) April. Flowers white.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 97

Pruniis Caroliiiiaiia, Ait. (Mock Orange.) Dr. McRee.

Seacoast of Brunswick county. Introduced as an ornanienlal
shade tree. Fruit very poisonous.

Spinua tomeiilosa, L. (Hardhack.)

June — July. Flowers small, stamens purple.

optlUrolia^ L. (Hardhack.) Ger. McCarthy.

Crata^y:us spalhulata, Michx. (Narrow-leaved Thorn.)

April — May, Flowers small, white.

t^laiuliilosa, Miehx. (Hairy Thorn.)

ttava, Alt. (Summkr Haw.) April— May. Flowers white.

parvifolia, Ait. (Dwarf Thorn.)

apiifolia, Miolix. (Parsley-leaved Haw.)

March — April. Flowers large, white or roseate.
crus-Kalli, L. (Cock's-spur Thorn.)
Pyriis aiig-ustifolia. Ait. (Narrow-leavkd Crab.)

March. Flowers rose purple.
arbutifoiia^ L. (Chokeherry.) March— May. Flowers white.

Amelancliier Canadensis, L. (Servicr Tree.)

March — May. Flowers white.

CALYCANTHACE.Ii. (CAROLINA ALL-SPICE FAMILY.)

Calycautliiis kloridus, L. (Sweet Shrub.) Introduced.

April and May. Flowers brown.

MELASTOMACE/E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)

Rliexia Mariaiia, L. June — September. Flowers purple.

var. lanc-eolata. (/?. angustifoHa, Nutt.)

June — August. Flowers while or pale purple.
*Virginica, L. (Meadow Beauty.)

July and August. Flowers bright purple.
glabella, Miclix. (Deer-grass.)

June — August. Flowers pale purple.
luteaj Walt. June -August. Flowers yellow,

Ciliosa, MicIlX. June— August, Flowers purple.

lythrace.f:. (loosestrife family.)

Lytkruni alatuni, Parsh. (Loosestrife.) June — July. Flowers purple.
liuiare, L. June. Flowers nearly white.

Nesaea vertieillata, H. B. <te K. (Swamp Loosestrife.)

July — August. Flowers purple.
Ammannia huinilis, Miclix. (var. rainosior, Michx.) Petals purplish.

♦Curtis does not corroborate this in Cat. Indig, Planti,
I I

98 JOURNAL OF THfi

ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Glaura augUStifolia, MIchx, Dry old fields and sandy places.

Flowers white.

(Eiiothera biennis, L. (Evening Primrose.)

Green's (Kidder's) lower rice field. Common mostly in planta-
tions. Flowers yellow.

fruticosa, L. (Sundrops.) River banks. June. Flowers yellow.

siliuata, L. Drift sand, near coast.

May — September. Flowers small, axillary.

var. hiiniifusa. Sea beach.

riparia, Xutt. Swamps and river banks. June — July.

Jussiaea decurrens, D. C. {Ludwigia decurrens,) Sides of ditches. July.

Ladwigia alteruifolia^ L. (Seed-box.) {L. macrocarpa Michx.)

August. Flowers yellow.

capitata, MiellX. July — August. Flowers yellow.

linearis, Walter. July — September. Flowers yellow.

pilosa, Walter. (Z. Mollis Michx.)

July — September. Flowers yellow.

virgata, Michx. July — August. Flowers yellow.

hirtella, Rob. Pine woods. August.

palustris, Elliott. (Water Purslane.) June — September.

linifolia, Poir. Ditches and swamps. July — September.

natans, Elliott. July— September.

arcnata, Walter. Ditches and margin of ponds. July.

spliasrocarpa, Elliott. Rare. July— September.
Proserpinacapalustris, L. (Mermaid Weed.)

June — August. Flowers greenish.

pectinacea, Lam. July— August.
Myriophyllum verticillatuni, L. (Water Milfoil.)

July. Flowers small, green axilla.

lieterophyllnm, Michx. July

CACTACE^. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

Opuutia vulgaris. Mill. (Prickly Pear.) {Cactus opuntia.)

May — June. Flowers yellow.

PASSIFLORACE^. (PASSION FLOWER FAMILY.)

Passiflora incarnata, L. (May-pop. Passionflower.)

June — July. Flowers purple and white.
lutea, L. June — July. Flowers small, greenish yellow.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 99

CUCURBITACE/E. (GOURD FAMILY.)

La^eilJiria vulgaris, Sering-. (CiOURD.) About settlements.

May — June. Flowers yellow.
Sicyos aiig'iilatus, L. (O.ne-seeded Cucumber.) G. McCarthy.
Mclothria peinlula, L. In rice fields and elsewhere.

May — August. Flowers small, yellow.

CRASSULACE^. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Penlhorum sedoides, L. Ditch stone crop. July — September.

SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

Saxifraga Virg^inieiisis, Pursh. (Early Saxifra(;e.)

April — May. Flowers white.

Heuchera Americana, L. (Alum-root.) April — May. Flowers white.

Itea Virginica, L. May — June. Flowers white.

Decumaria barbara, L. (/?. sannentoso. Ell.)

May — June. Flowers odorous, white.

HAMAMELACE/E. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

Hamainelis Yirgillica, L. (VVitch-Hazel.) Winter. Flowers yellow.

Fotliergilla alnifolia, L, (Dwarf Alder.) March — April. Flowers white.
Liquidaiiibar Styraciflua, L. (Sweet-Gum.) May.

UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Hydrocolyle repanda, Pers. June— August.

umbellata, L. (Water Grass.) May — July.

ranunculoides, L. July— August.

illteiTUpta, Muhl. June.

Cicuta inaculata, L. (Water Hemlock. Wild Parsnip.)

July. Flowers white.
Dau«us pusillus, Miclix. (Dwarf Carrot.) Smithville.

June. Flowers white or yellowish.

Eryiigiuiii yucca^foliuiii, Michx. (Button Snakeroot.) {E. aquaticutn,

Linn.) June. Flowers blue.

Virginiauum, Lam. July. Flowers blue.

virgatum, Lam. August. Flowers blue.

priBaltum, Gray. (E. Vir^inianum, Ell.) August. Flowers while.

Archemora rigida, D. C. (Cowbane. Pig Potatoe.) {Slum denticidatum.)

August — September. Flowers white.
ternata, NutU November. Flowers white.

lOO JOURNAL OF THE

Sanicula Canadensis, L. (Sanicle.) May.

Marylandioa, L. ^^^^y-

IMscopleura capillacea, 1). C. (Bishop Weed.) {Sison capillaccns.)

June — July. Flowers white.

COStata.* Gerald McCarthy.
Tiedeniannia teretifolia, 1). C. (Water Dkop-Wort.) {Oenanthe filifor-
mis, Walt.) August. Flowers white.

Crantzia lineata, Nutt. Muddy banks of rivers

July. Flowers small whitish.

Pastinaca SATivA, L. (Parsnip.) About settlements.

Leptocaulis divaricatUS, D. C. Dry sandy soil. April. Flowers white.

Thaspium barbinode, Nutt. River banks.

May — June. Flowers pale yellow.

anreuni, Natt. (Meadow Parsnip.) Rocky Point — rich soil.

May. Flowers yellow.

ARALIACE/E. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

Aralia spinosa. (Prickly Ash. Hercules Club)

July — August. Flowers whiii.^h.

CORNACEyE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

Cornus florida, L. (Dogwood.) May. Involucre white.

vtricta, Lam. April. Involucre white.

^yssa nmlliflora, Wan^. (Sour Gum. Tupelo.) May. Flowers greenish.

aquatiea, L. (Black Gum.) April — May. Flowers minute.

nniflora, Walt. (Cotton Gum.) Deep swamps. Point Peter near

R. R. bridge. April. Flowers small, greenish.

CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Lonioera.sempervlrens, Ait. (Woodbine )

April — September. Flowers red,

Sanibucus Canadensis, L. (Elder.) June— July. Flowers white.

Viburnum prunifoliuin, L (Black Haw.)

April — May. Flowers small, white.

nudum, L. (Possum Haw. Shawnee Haw.) April — May.

dentatum, L. (Arrowwood.) March — May,

*Not given in Cqrtis' Catalogue.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. lOI

RUBIACE/?^:. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Galium pilosiini, Ait. June— September. Flowers purple.

lli,S))i<lulum, Michx. May — Septfml)er. Flowers greenish-white.

trifiduiil, L. (Small Bedstr.a.w.) June— July. Flowers white.

cirCJCZiUis, Michx. (Wild Licorick ) July. Flower.s purple.

Diodia Virg-iniaiia, L. (Button Weed.) [D. tetragona.)

June— September. Flowers white or purplish.
teres^ Walter. June — September. Flowers purplish.

Cephalanthus oecideutalis, L. (Button-bush. Box.)

June. Flowers white.
Mitchella repeus, L. (Wild Runnini) Box.)

March — April. Flowers white.
Oldenlandia coernlea, Gray. (Bluets.)

February — March. Flowers pale blue.
purpurea, Gray. June — July. Flowers purple or nearly white.

var. lon^ifolia, Gray.

j^loinerata, xMicllX. July. Flowers greenish white.

Gelsemiuni seinpervireiis, Ail. (Yellow Jessamine.)

March — April. Flowers yellow.
Spig-elia Marilandiea, L. (Pink Root.) Rare. July. Flowers red.

Miireola petiolata,T. & G. (Mitrevvort.) Muddy banks.

June — September. Flowers small, white.

sessilifolia, T. «fe G. Grassy swamps. July — eptember.

rolypreniuin procunibens, L. June— September. Flowers small, white.

COMPOSIT.^. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Achillea millefolium, L. (Milfoil. Yarrow.)

June — September. Flowers white or rose.
Auibrosia arlemisia^folia, L. (Ragweed. Stick-weed. Carrot-weed )

August — September. Flowers unsightly.
Maruta cotula, 1). C. {Anthemis cotula.) (May weed. False chamo.mile.)
Dr. McRee at F. Waddell's. Streets and roadside^

June — September. Rays while.
Aster COncolor, L. August — September. Rays purple, pappus rust colored.
undulatus, L. August — September. Fk)wcrs pale blue,

dumoSUS, L. September. Rays purplish white.

flexuOSUS, Null. Salt marshes. August— October. Flowers purple.
« paludosus, Ait. August— October. Rays violet blue.

liiliiolius, L. Salt marshes. October.

Klliotlii, T. k G.
spectabilis. Ait.

squarrosus, Waller. September— November. Rays blue.

patens, Ait.

102 JOURNAL OF THE

simplex, Willd. September. Rays pale blue.

miser, L.

Novi-Belgii, L. Rays pale blue or purplish.

carneus, Nees.

Novae Augliae, L. Rays violet purple.

loQgifolius, Lam.

Baccliaris halimifolia, li. (Groundsel.)

September — October. Flowers white.

glomeniliflora, Pers. {B. Sessili flora, Michx.)

November. Flowers white.

Baldwinia auittora, Nutt. Brunswick county. Disk flowers, dark purple.

Bidens bipinnata, L. (Spanish Needles. Beggar-lice.)

August — September. Rays yellow.

Chrysaathemoides, MicllX. (Bur-Marigold.) September— October.

frondosa, L. July— September.

Boltonia g-lastifolia, L'Her. July— September. Rays white.

Pvi'l'liopappns Carolillianus, D. €. {Barkhausia Caroliniana, Ell.)

(False Dandelion.) April—July. Flowers yellow.

Borrichia frutescens, D. C. (Sea Ox-eye.) {Buphthalmum frutescens. L.)
Salt marshes. June — October. Flowers yellow.

Cliaptalia tomentosa, Vent. February— April. Flowers white or purplish.

Leucantliemum vulgare, Lam. (White Daisy. White weed.)

{Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, L.) Introduced. Found in

meadows. Common in vacant lots.

May — July. Flowers white.

Bigelovia nildata, D. C. {Chrysocoma nudata, Michx.)

August — September, Flowers yellow.

ClirySOgOllum Virgiuiauum, L, February — March. Flowers yellow.

Chrysopsis graminifolia, Nutt. (Silver Grass. Scurvy Grass.)

August — September. Flowers yellow.

Mariana^ Nutt. September.

gOSSypinaj Nutt. September. Flowers yellow.

var. deutata. Ell. Leaves larger than the above; lowest leaves semi-
ate toothed.

tricliopliylla, Nutt.
*Cirsium altissimunij SpreUff. August — September. Flowers purple.

horridulum, Michx. (Yellow Thistle.)

Causeway between the ferries. April — May. Flowers often purple.

repaudum, MicllX. Sand barrens. June — July. Flowers purple.

fVirgiuianumj Michx. August — September. Flowers purple.

Coreopsis lanceolata, L. May — June. Rays yellow.

iutegTifolia, Poir. September. Rays yellow^

*The generic name Cirsium is substituted for Cnicus, following Dr. Curtis'
Catalogue of Indig. Plants, p. 33, and Chapman's Botany, p. 247.

■j'Conyza Marilandica andC. bifrons, given in Plants around Wilmington, are
omitted from Curtis' Catalogue of Indig. Plants.

feLISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. IO3

anrea. Ait. (C. mitts, Michx.)

August — October. Rays yellow, showy.

tricliosperina, Michx. (Tick-seed. Sunflower.) September.

yerticillata^ L. (C. tennifolia. Ell.) August. Disk yellow.

auricillata, L. June — September. Rays yellow, showy.

(liscoitlea, T. & G. July — September.

aiig:ilstit'oIia, Ait. September — October. Rays yellow,

*Eclil>ta erecta, L. September — October. Flowers white.

Elepliautopus Carolinianus, Willd. (Elephant's Foot.)

July — August. Flowers purple.

tonieutOSUS^ L. {E. nudicauHs, Ell.)

June. — August. Flowers pale purple.

Erigeron bellidifolium, Muhl. (Robin's Plantain.)

March — April. Rays blueish yellow.

Ciliiadensfs, L. (Horse-weed. Hog-weed.'

May — September. Rays white.

Fhiladelpllicum. L. (Fleabane.) May. Rays purplish

veriium, T. & G. {E. nudicaule, Michx.) April. Rays white.

strig-osnm. MiiliL (Daisy Fleabane.) June. Rays white or rose.

Eiipatoriuni album, L. September.

aroiuatii3Um, L. (Wild Horehound.) September. Flowers white.

corouopifoliuiii, Willd. (Dog Fennel.)

September — October. Flowers while.

foeniciilaceuiii, Willd. (Dog Fennel.)

September — October. Flowers white.

incarnatam, Walt. Dr. McRee. Rocky Point.

September. Flowers pale purple.

lljSSOpifolium, L. {E. lineari folium, Walt.) September.

perfoliatuiu, L. (Wild Sage. Boneset. Thoroughwort.)

September. Flowers white.

serotiuuiu, Michx. September.

rotuudifolium, L. August.
teucrifoliuni, Willd. {E. verbence folium, Michx.)

September. Flowers white.

Guaphalium polycephalom, Michx. (E\ erlasting.)

September — October, Flowers yellow.

pnrpureum, L. (Cudweed.)

April — June. Purplish scales; corolla yellow.

Heleiiiuin antumnale, L. (Sneeze-weed.)

August — September. Flowers yellow.

quadrideiitatum, Labill. June— August. Rays yellow.

ftenilifolium, Nutt. G. McCarthy,

*The specific name procumbens is given by Dr. Curtis iii his "Plants around
Wilmington." The only two species described by Chapman (p. 224.) The plants
are erect.

■j-Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

104 JOURNAL OF THE

Heliaiithils angustifolins^ L. (Sunflower.) October. Flowers yellow.

atrorubens, L. (//. sparsifolius. Ell.)

September — October. Flowers yellow.

Iieterophyllus, Nutt.

gig-anleus, L. September. Rays yellow.

animus, L.* G. McCarthy.
Hieraciuni Gronovii, L. September — October. Flowers yellow.

pailiculatuill, L. August — September. Flowers yellow.

Iva (riltesceilS, L. (Marsh Elder.) August — September. Flowers whitish.

iuibricata, Walt. Sea coast. August — September. Flowers whitish.
Kri^ia A'irginU'aj Willd. March — May. Flowers yellow.

Caroliuiaiia, INutt, February — March. Flowers yellow.

Kiiliiiia Eiipatorioides, L. (A', critonia. Ell.)

September. Flowers yellowish white.

Laetiica eloiigata, 3Iulil. (Wild Lettuce.)

July — September, Flowers while, purple, blue or yellow.

var. graminifolia, M. A. C.

fTaraxaciiiii Deu>»-Leoiiis, Desf. (Dandelion.) [Leontodon Taraxacum )

May — August. Flowers yellow.

Leptopoda pnberula, Macbride. April— May. Disk yellow.

:j:ftmbriatum, Gray. April— May. Disk yellow.

§TriIisa odoralissiina, Cjiss. (Vanilla-plant. Dog-tongue.)

July — August. Flowers purple.

paniculata, Willd. September. Flowers pale purple or white.

spicata, Willd. (Button Snakeroot.)

August. Flowers bright purple.

Ciclioriuin Intybus, L. (Chiccory.) Adventive — found in ballast.

July. Flowers yellow.

Liatris squarrosa, Willd, (Blazing Star.)

July — August. Flowers purple.

teuilifolia, Nlltt. September. Flowers purple.

paucillora, Pursll. September. Flowers purple.

ele^anSj Willd.* G, McCarthy, August. Flowers purple.

grailliuifolia, Pursll. September. Flowers purple.

Marshallia angustifolia, Pursh.

July — August. Flowers purplish with blue anthers.

lauceolata, Pursll April — June. Flowers purplish,

Mikauia scaiideiis, Willd. (Climbing Hemi-weed.)

[M. ptibesceus, Muhl.) August — September. Flowezs whitish.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

fin " Plants around Wilmington," 1834, this plant is marked "rare." It
is now very common in the steets and elsewhere, (1880.)

:}:This is omitted in "Curtis' Catalogue of Indig. Plants."

§Formerly Liatris,

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 105

rolyiiinia Uvedalia, L. (Bkak's-foot.)

July — Au<ju.st. Raysljiiglil yellow.
Preiiailtlics aiba, L. (Nabalus alhus, Hook.) September. Flowers white.
virg-ata, Mich. {iVabuhts virgatus, D. C.)

September. Flowers purplish.
alfissiiua^ L. {Nabulus allissimus. Hook.)

September. Flowers yellowish or greenish white.

Ptcroeauhm {>}cnos(aeliyum, Ell. (Bi.ack-kooj.)

June — July. Flowers white.
>Ielantliera liastata, Mielix. August— September.

liudbeckia hirta, L. (Cone flower.) July— August. Rays yellow.

Seiiecio loballlS, Pers. March — April. Flowers yellow.

loiiH'Utosils, 3IicIlX. April— May. Flowers yellow.

Erechtliiles liieracifolia, Rafiiicsque. (Fireweed.)

{Senecio hieracifolius, L.) July — September. Flowers greenish.
Silpliiuui eoniposituin^ Michx. (Rosin-weed.)

See note in Gray's " Flora of North America."

July — September. Flowers yellow.
Solidag-O C(PSia, L. September. Flowers yellow.

odora, Ait. (Anise-sce.nted Golden-rod.)

October. Flowers yellow.
veriia, 31. A. C. Found on Duplin Road 3 to 5 miles from Wilming-
ton, near Prigge's. See Map. May— June. Flowers yellow.
seinpervireilS^ L. {S. HmonifoUa, Pers.)

September — October. Flowers yellow.
bicolor, L. September. Rays whitish.

teimifolia, Plirsll. October. Flowers yellow.

arg-ula, Ait. September. Flowers yellow.

var. juncea. September. Flowers yellow.

tortifolia. Ell. September. Flowers yellow.

^altissima, L. [S. mgosa, Ell. S. UhnifoUa. S. Uspera.)

September — October. Flowers yellow.
fang-UStiColia, Eli. October. Flowers yellow.

Elliottil, Tor. & Gray. September. Flowers yellow.

Boottii, Hook. September. Flowers yellow.

pilosa, Walt. {S. pyratnidata.)

September — October. Flowers yellow.
puberula, Nlltt. September. Flowers yellow.

var. puiveruleilta. September. Flowers yellov/.

petiolaris, Ait. September. Flowers yellow.

virg-ata, Michx. {Syn. S. strkta. Gray's Flora No. Am., Vol. I,
Part XL p. 150.) September. Flower.s vellow!

*S. pilosa, S. recurvata, all synonymous with S. rugosa. See Gray's Flora
No, Am., Vol. I, Part II, p. 153.

fVar. S. stricta. Gray's Flora of No. Am. Vol. I, Part II, p. 150.
12

106 JOURNAL OF THE

*SoucllUS OLERACEUS, L. (Sow-THISTLE.) Introduced.

June — August. Flovveis yellow.

Veruoilia auglislifolia, MicllX. June— August. Floweis purple.

Nova'boraceiisis, Willd. (Iron-weed.)

July — September. Floweis purple.

Xaiithinin strumarium, L. (Cockle-bur.) July — September.

SFINO.SUM, L. (Thorny Cockle-bur.) August — September.

( (Wiocliuiuin coelestiniim, 1). C. (Mist-flower.

September. Flowers blueish purple.

Seriocarpus eonyzoides^ Nees. (Wihte-topped Aster.)

{Aster conyzoides.) August. Disk flowers yellow.

SOlidag'ilieUS, NeeS. (Aster soHdaginoides.)

August. Disk flowers yellow.

lortifolius, Nees. (Rattlesnake's Master.)

Augiist. Dii-k flowers yellow.

Acaiitliosperiiuim xanthioides, D, C.

Streets of Wilmington. Introduced since 1868. Nat. from So.
Am. J^ily — August. Flowers yellowish.

Plucliea bifroilS, D. C. {Conyza Hfrons, Ell.) Marsh Fleabane.)

September. Flowers purplish,

ficlida, D. C. (Stinking Fleabane.) [C Marilandica, Ell.'\

September. Flowers purple.

camphorata^ D. C. September. Flowers light purple.

Taiiaeetum vulgare, L. (Tansy.) Introduced. About settlements.

June — July. Flowers yellow,

Artemisia caiidata, Michx. (Wild Wormwood.) September,

3liilgediiiiu acuiuinatuin, D. C. (Blue Lettuce.) [Souchus Ell.^

September. Flowers blue.

Spilailthes repens, Michx, Near Wilmington. Augast. Flowers yellow,

LOBELIACE/E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Lobelia cardiiialis, L. (Cardinal Flower.) Rice fields and river swamjjs.

July — October. Flowers scarlet.
Nuttallii, R. k S. {L. Kalmii, Ell.)

August — September. Flowers pale blue.
puberula, Michx. (Blue Lobell\.)

August — September. Flowers bright blue.
syphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia.)

August — September. Flowers light blue.

Caiibyi, Gray.

paludosa, Nlltt. May — August. Flowers white or pale blue.

g-landulosa, Walt. October. Flowers pale blue.

amcena, Michx. September— October. Flowers bright blue.

^S. acuminatus and S. Carolinianus are not retained in Curtis' " Catalogue
Indig. Plants." Seep. S4.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. lOJ

CAxMPANULACE.K. (CAMl'ANULA FAMILY.)

<*nui|)aniila Americana, J.. (Bei.i-i lower.)

August — Septeml)er. Mowers hlue.

ERICACE.E. (HEATH FAMILY.)

(iayhissacia (roiiilosa, Tor. li^ Gray. (Blue HrcKLEBERRY.)

{Vacciniuin Jrondosa.) April. Flowers white or redd isli.

<lmnosa, T, iV G. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) [F. dumosa.}

April — May. Flowers white.

var. hirtella. April — May. Flowers white.

Vacciiiiuin corynibosiiin, L. (Swamp Huckleberry.) Common.

February — April. Flowers white.

liMielluin, Ait. April. Flowers white.

arboreuni, Mich. (Sparkle berry.) May. Flowers white.

staiiiiiieiiiii, L. (Dekrberry. GoosEBERR\^)

May — June. Flowers whitish.

lliyrsiiliU'Sj 3Iiell. Pine barrens. March — April. Flowers white.

crassifolium, AihL (Creeping Huckleberry.)

Common moist sandy savannahs and pine woods.

February — March. Flowers white or rose color,

Epigo.a repens, L. (Trailing Arbutus. Crocus.)

Sand hills, half hidden under leaves of scrub oak.

February — March. Flowers white or rose color.

Gaultheria procuiiibens, L. (Mountain Tea. Winter (;reen.)

June. Flowers white.

LeilCOtlld' axillaris, Don. {Andromeda axillaris. Lain.)

February — March. Flowers while.

raceinosa. iA. racemosa, L.) April — May. Flowers white.

CslSSaudra calyculata, Dou, {A. calyculata, L.) April. Flowers white.

Aiult'oiiieda nitida^ Hartrain. (Fetter bush.)

March — May, Flowers white, red or purple.

Mariana, L. (Stagger Bush.) April — May. Flowers white.

speciosa, Mich. May. Flowers white.

lig'UStrina, Mlllli. (Pepper bush.) {A. panicztlata.)

May. Flowers white.

Oxydendrum arborenin, 1). €. (Sour wood. Sorrell tree.)

April — May. Flowers white.

Clethra alnilolia, L. (White Alder. Sweet pepper bush.)

May — October. Flowers while.

var. tonientosa. May — October. Flowers while.

Kalniia latilolia, L. (I\y.) Dr. McRee. Rocky Point.

May — June. Flowers white to deep rose color.

angrnstii'olia, L. (Wicky.) May — October. Flowers rose red.

cnneata, Mich. Flowers white.

I08 JOURNAL OF THE

Azalea iiudifloraj L. (Purple Honeysuckle.) Savannahs. Common.

April. Flowers white varying to rose color.

viscosa, L. (Clammy Honeysuckle.)

July — August. Flowers white.

Leiopliylluin buxifoliuiii, Ell. (Sand Myrtle.) Brunswick county.

May. Flowers white.

Pyrola roluiwlifolia, L. (False Winter green.)

June — July, Flowers white.

Ciiiiiiaphila uuibellaia, Nutt. (Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.)

June. Flowers white.

inaciilata, Pursh. (Spotted Winter green.) June. Flowers white.

Mouotropa iiiiiflora, S. (Eye-bright. Indian Pipe.)

August — September. Flowers while.

AQUIFOLIACE.E. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

Ilex opaca. Ait. (Holly.) April — May. Flowers white.

verticillala, GrJiy. April. Flowers white.

Dahooii^ Walt. var. myrtifolia, Chap. (Dahoon holly.)

April — May. Flowers white.

Cassilie^ L [i6j (Yaupon.) [/. vomitoria.]

Found near Wilmington Dec, 1884, with yellow berries.

April. Flowers while.

Siiabraj (jlray. (Gallberry. Inkberry.) May. Flowers white,

coriacea. Chap. (Tall Gallberry.) May. Flowers white.

STYRACACE^. (STORAX FAMILY.)

Styrax graiidifolia, Ait. (Mock Orange.) April— May. Flowers white.

Americiilia, Lam. (S. glabrum, Ell.) May. Flowers white.

Halesia tetraplera, L. (Snow-drop Tree.)

March — April. Flowers white.

Syinploeos tiiictoria, L'Her. (Yellow wood. Sweet leaf.)

[Hopea lificlon'a.] March. Flowers yellow.

CYRILLACE.E. (CYRILLA FAMILY.)

Cyrilla raeemiflora, Walt. (Burn-wood Bark. He Huckleberry.)

Tulv. White flowers.

EBENACE.^. (EBONY FAMILY.)
Diospyros Vira^iuiaiia, li. (i'KRSiMMi)N.) May — June. Flowers greenish.

IeLISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. lOQ

SAPOTACE.K. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.)

Humclia lycioides, Ga?rt. (Carolina Buckthorn.)

Fruits September. Fruit a fleshy berry ovoid-black.

June — July. Mowers greenish.

PLANTAGINACE/E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

IMantag'O major, L. (Plantain.) Introduced.

May — August. Flowers white.

LANCEOLATA, L. (XaRROW LF,A\E1) PlANTAIN.)

May — August. Flowers white.
Virg:iiiica, L. April— June.

Sparsiftoni, Mich. {P. inferrupta, Lam.) June — September.

PLIJMBAGINACE^. (LEAD\YORT FAMILY.)

StaticcCaroliniaiia, Walt. (Marsh Rosemary.) [S. limonium.\

August — September. Flowers l)lue.

PRIMULACE^^. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Ljsiinachia stricta, Ait. (Loose strife.) Walker's causeway.

July. FloMcrs yellow.

eiliata^ L. Dr. McRee. Rocky Point,

July — August. Flowers yellow.

Aliagrallis arvensis, L. Introduced. Rare. July. Flowers red.

SaiiiolllstlonbuiKlllS, Kiinth. (Brook-weed.) [.V. valerandi.]

May— July.

valerandi var. Americana,* W. M. C. Fort Fisher.
lentibulace.f:. (bladder\yor r family.)

riricularia inflata, Walt. (Bladderwort.)

x\pril — May. Flowers yellow.

striata, LeCoille. September. Flowers yellow.

fibrosa, Walt. \^M. longirootris, LeConte.\

May — June. Flowers yellow.
cornuta, Mich. [M. personata, LeConte.^

July — September. Flowers yellow.

perineatjl,''' LcConte. Ger. McCarthy, near Mcllhenny's mill pond.

August. P'lowers yellow.

SUblllata, L. YM. Setacea, Michx.] February — May. Flowers yellow.

persouat;!,* Vahl. Ger. McCarthy.

])lir|Mirea, Walt. June. Flowers purple.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

I ro JOURNAL OF THE

Piuituioula lutea, Walt. (Butterwori.)

February — April. Flowers yellow.

elatior, MicIlX. March — April. Flowers jnirple to while.

pilinila,'-"' Michx. Mcllhenny's pond.

March — April. Flowers purple to white.

BIGNONIACE^.. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)

Big'noilia Capreolata, L. (Cross-v^ne.) April. Flowers red.

Tecoiiia radicaiis, Jiissieiix. (Trumpet-flower.) [B. radicans.\

May — June. Flowers scarlet.

('atalpa bignonioides, W;klt. (Catali'a.) Litroduced.

May. Flowers white.

Martynia prohoscidea, Glox. (Martino. Unicorn Plant.)

June — August. Flowers white.

OROBANCHACE.'E. (BROOM-ROPE FAMILY.)

Kpiplies^iis Yir^iniana, Bartram. (Beech -drops.) Rev. Mr. Hunt.

August. Flowers purplish.

Conopholls Americana^ Wall'r. (Squaw-root.)

Dr. McRee. Rocky Point. \Orobrafiche Americana.^

April. Flowers yellowish.

SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Verbascilin thapsus, L. (Mullein.) Introduced.

May — August. Flowers yellow.

BLATTARIA, L. (MoTH MuLLEiN.) May — August. Flowers yellow.

Scrophiilaria nodosa, L. (Fig wort.) [\S'. Marilandica, Z.]

September. Greenish purple.

C'lieloiie glabra, L. (Snake-mouth.) July. Flowers white or rose color.

fvar. purpurea. July. Flowers purple.

Pentslemon pubescens, Solaud. (Beard-tongue.)

June — July. Flowers purple.

var. laevigatus. June — July. Flowers purple.

Liuaria Canadensis, Spreng', (Toad Flax.) [Antirrhinu?n Canadense, Z,.]

April. — May. Flowers blue and white.

SPURIA. L. Introduced.

Mininlus ringeiis, L. (Monkey-flower.) August. Fl<iwers showy.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

j-Not repeated in Curtis' "Catalogue Indig. Plants."

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

I I r

HerpCiStis Ilig-resceilS, Beiltil. \^Gratiola acuminata. Wale]

August — September. • Flowers striped wiih blue.

Moilllieriil, H. B. & K. (//. cmieifolla.) Fort Fisher.

June — September. Flowers white or pale blue.

Jlinplexicaillls, Plirsh. July — September. Flowers blue.

(Jnitiolii Virttiniana, li. (Hedge Hyssop.) April — May. Flowers white.

SJ)a»rocai'pa5 Ell. [0. Caroliana.) March — May. Flowers white.

pilosa, Mich. June — August, Flowers white.

llysaiithes srratioloides, Beiith. (False Pi.mpernel.)

{Lindernia attenitata . Gratiola telragona.)

May — September. Flowers small, purplish.

Micrantlieiniini orbieillatuiu, Mich. June — October. Flowers white,

Veronica arvensis, L. (Corn Speedwell.)

May — June, Flowers pale blue.

pereg'rlua, L. (Purslane Speedwell,)

April — June. Flowers white.

serpyllifolia, L. (Paul's Botany,) May — September. Flowers blue.
Seyilieria teiiuifolia, Plirsh. August — September. Flowers yellow,

Dasystoilia pubcsceiis, Beillh. (False Foxglove.) {Gerardia flava, L.)

July — .-^eptember. Flowers yellow.

pectiuata, Benth. {G. pectinata.)

August — September. Flowers yellow.
(xcrardia liuilolia, Nutt, (Flax-leaved Gerardia.)

Septemljer. Flowers purple.

aphylla, Nutt.
(iivaricata, Chap,
purpurea, L. (Purple Gerardl^.)
var. fasciiulata.
iiiarilimn, Raf. Sea beach.
tenuifolia, Vahl.
setacea, Ell. {G. Plunkettii, Ell.)
Schwalbea Aniericana, L. (Chaff-seed,)

May — June. Flowers yellow and purple

September. Flowers purple.

September. Flowers purple,

September. Flowers purple.

September. Flowers purple.

September. Flowers purple.

September. Flowers purple.

September. Flowers purple.

ACANTHACE/E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

Biptei'acauthus strepeiis, Nees. {RuelUa sirepens, L.)

June — September. Flowers blue or inuplc.

Diauthera uvata, Walt. (Water Willow.) {Justicia humilis.)

July — August. Flower.s pale blue

112 JOURNAL OF THE

VERBENACEyE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Verbena Caroliniaua, Michx. August. Flowers pink.

OFFICINALIS, L. (Vervain.) Introduced. ( F. spuria, L.)

July — August. Flowers purple.

urticifolia, L. (White Vervain.) Rocky Point. Dr. McRee.

August — October. Flowers white or pale blue.

Lippia iKKlittora, Michx. (Fog-fruit.) (Zapania nodijlora. Lam.)

May — September. Flowers white or jiurple,

Callicarpa Aiuericana, L (Bermuda Mulberry.)

June — July. Flowers blue.

LABIAT-E. (MINT FAMILY.)

Hyptis radiata, Willd. July— September. Flowers white.

3Ieiitlia viRiuis, L. (Spearmint.) Introduced. {M. tenuis, Michx.)

July — September. Flowers pale blue.

I'iPERiTA, L. (Peppermint.) Introduced.

July — September. Flowers white or blue.

ROrUNDIFOLIA, L. (RoUND-LEAVED MiNT.) Rare.

Causeway Kidder's rice field. Wharves. July. Flowers white.

Lycopus Virg'illicus, L. (Bu(;le-vveei).) September. Flowers white.

sillualuSj Ell. {L. exaltatus, Ell) July.

ryeiiailthemumaristatuni, Michx. August— September. Flowers white.

incaiium, Michx. (Mountain Mint.)

August — September. Flowers whilL.

liuifoliuiii, Plll>h. Rocky Point. Dr. McRee.

August — September.

C»llinSOnia punctata, Ell. September. Flowers yellowish.

Calamintlia Nepeta, Link. Common about the streets. Introduced.

July — September. Floweis purple.

Salvia lyrata, L. April— May. Flowers blue.

Monarda punctata, L (Rignum.)

August — October. Flowers yellowish with purple bracts.

Nepeta cataria, L. (Catnip.) Introduced

July — September. Flowers white.

Scutellaria integrif'olia, L. May— July. Flowers blue.

pilosa Michx. July — August. Flowers pale blue.

nervosa,* Pursh. Ger. McCarthy. July.

serrata, Audr, July. Flowers blue.

Macbridea pulchra. Ell. Rare. Point Peter causeway.

August — September. Flowers purple.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. II 3

Phjsostegia Virginiaiia, Beiiili. (DRAt;oN-HEAD )

{^Dracoccphalum obovatuin. Ell.)

June — August. Flowers purplish.

Lainium amplexicai lk, L. (Deau-Nettle Hen-hit.) Introduced.

Common in gardens, fields and highways. May. Flowers purple.

Marrubiuill \ iloakk. L. (Horehound.) Introduced.

July — September. Flowers while.

Leoiiurus Cardi.vca, L. (Mother-wort.) Introduced.

Stacliys lijssopi folia, Mich. (Hedge-Nettle.)

June — August. Flowers violet.

Tricliosteiiia diehotomuin, L. (Blue-Curls.)

August — September. Flowers blue.

Teucrium Caiiaileiise, L. (Wood-Sage.)

July — September. Flowers purplish.

BORRAGINACE.41:. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

Heliotropiiim Curassavicuni, L. (Heliotrope.) Near the coast.

June August. Flowers white.

EuROPEiM, L.* G. McCarthy. Ju^X-

Oiiosiiiocliuni Virg^iniaiiam, D. C. {0. hispidum, Michx.)

May — June. Flowers greenish.

Heliophytum Inokt'M, D. C. {Heliotropum Indicinn.)
(Indian Heliotrope.)* Introduced.

June — October. Flowers blue.

Lithosperiiium arvense, L. (Corn Gromwell.) Belvidere.

May — April. Flowers yellowish white.

Echiuin vulgare, L. (Blueweed. Viper's Bugloss.)
Common in streets, gardens and waste places.

June — September. Flowers blue or purple.

HYDROPHYLLACE^. (WATER-LEAF FAMILY.)
Phacelia parviflora, Plirsll. April — May. Flowers pale blue or white.

HYDROLEACE^. (HYDROLEA FAMILY.)

Hydrolea quadrivalris, Walt. July— August. Flowers blue.

POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

fPlllox pailifUlata, L. (Phlox.) Near Eden's Mills. Common in streets.

June — July. Flowers purple or white.

• tsnbulata, L. (Wild Pink.) April — May. Flowers purple or white.

*Not given in Cu't's' Catalogue.

f Phlo.x paniculata is put down in Curtis' "Catalogue of Indig. Plants " as
found in Lincoln county and westward.

:j:P. setacea is the same as P. subulata.
13

114 JOURNAL OF THE

Pyxidaiilhera barbulala, Mich. (Flowering Moss.)

Common in savannahs. [Diapensia barbulaia, Ell.'\

March — April. Flowers while.

CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

Ouamoclit coccinea, Moeucli. (Cypress Vine.)
Common in cultivated grounds.

July — August. Flowers sometimes yellowish scarlet.

Fharbitis Nil, Cliois. (Morning Glory.)

July — September, Flowers purple.

Ipoilioea COmmutata, R. & S. (/. trichocarpa, Ell.)

August — October. Flowers purple.

paiidurata, Meyer.- (Wild Potato.)

August — October. Flowers white.

sagittifolia, Bot. Reg. ^Convolvulus sagiitif alius, Michx.)

Smithville. July — September. Flowers purple.

lacnnosa, L. August — October. Flowers white.

Caljstegia paradoxa, Pursh. Flowers while.

IStylisma humistrata, Chap. {Convolvulus temllus. Ell.)

July — September. Flowers while.

aquatica, Chap. July — September. Flowers purple.

Pickeringii, Gray. 'July — September. Flowers white.

Dichoudra repens, Forster. var. Caroliuiensis, Chois.

March — October. Flowers greenish white.

Cuscuta arvensis, Beyr. (Love Vine Dodder.)

June — July. Flowers yellowish.

Gronovii, Willd. (C. Americana, Pursh, D. C.)

August — September. Flowers while.

COmpacta^ JaSS. July — October. Flowers whitish,

SOLANACE^. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Solaiium uigruiii, L. (Nightshade.) Common near settlements.

July — September. Flowers while.

Carolinense, L. (Horse-Nettle.)

June — September. Flowers blue or white.

Physalis viscosa, L. (Ground Cherry.) July — October. Flowers yellow.

lanceolata^ Michx. On the coast.

July — October. Flowers yellow in the throat.

ailgulata^ L. Waste grounds. July — October. Flowers yellow.

pubescens, L. Waste grounds.

July — October, Flowers bright yellow. ,

Datura Stramonium. (Jamestown-weed. Jimson-weed.)

June — October. Flowers white.

yar. Tatula. Flowers purplish.

QUERCIFOLIA, H, B. K, Ballast, August. Flowers white.

Metel, L, Lower District. Dr, McRee. Causeway.

July. Flowers white.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. II ;

WRlGliril. Escaped from cultivation. Smithville.

July. Flowers white.

Petunia . Found in dumping grounds. Escaped from cultivation.

July. Flowers w'hite.

GENTIANACE/E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Sabbatia angularis, Pursli. (Centaury.) Savannas.

July — August. Flowers purple.

braclliata^ Ell. July— August. Flowers purple.

CalyCOSa, Pursll. July — August, Flowers white.

paiiiculata, Piirsli.

August. Flowers reddish, margins of petals and throat of corolla
sometimes distinctive pink.

g-enliaiioides, Ell. July — August. Flowers purple.

Stellaris, Pursll. Salt marshes. August — September. Flowers white.

Oeiitiaua EUiottii, Chap. (Sampson Snake-root.)

October. Flowers bright blue.

Saponai'ia, L, (Sampson Snake-root.)

September — October, Flowers light blue.

aiigustifoliaj Miclix. (Narrow -leaved Gentian )

November — December. Flowers green without, white within.

Bartouia tenella, Muhl. September — October. Flowers greenish white.

veriiay Muhl. {Centanrella verna, Michx.) Moist sandy places.

February — April.

Obolaria Yirgiuica, L. Rocky Point. Dr. McRee.

March — April. Flowers purplish.

Linuiauthemum lacuiiosuui, (ilriseb. (Floating Heart.)

June — July. Flowers white.

trachy sperm uni, Gray. April — June. Flowers white.

APOCYNACE^, (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

Apocyuuni canuabiituni, L. (Indian Hemp,)

Dr. McRee. Rocky Point, Masonboro Sound.

July — August. Flowers greenish white.
Forsteroilia difforniis, A.l). €. {Echites diffonnis, Walt.)

May — August. Flowers yellow.

Anisonia TaberiiaBiuoiitauaj Walt. {A. latifoUa, Michx.)

May — June. Flowers pale blue.

ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

Asclepias amplexicaulis, 3Iichx. (Rabbit's Milk.)

April — May, Flowers ash color.

Obtusifolia^ Michx. June — July. Flowers greenish purple.

paupercula, 3Iichx. June — July. Flowers deep red.

quadritblia, Jacq. June — August. Flowers pale pink.

tuberosa, L. (Buttrrfly-vveed. Pleurisy-root.)

June — July. Flowers orange.

I l6 JOURNAL OF THE

variegata, L. May — June. Flowers white.

verticillata, L. July — September. Flowers greenish.

iiicaniata, L. (Swamp Silk-weed.)

June — July. Flowers reddish purple.

Acerates lon^ifolia, Ell. J"ly- Flowers pale purple.

Podostig'ina pubescens, Ell. June— October. Flowers orange.

Seutera inaritiina, Deeaisiie. {Vincetoxicitm palustre.) Salt marshes.

July — August. Flowers greenish.

(fOiioIohiis hirsutns, Mich. (Run.mnm, M ilk-weed.)

September. Flowers white.

macrophyllus, Mich. July— August. Flowers purplish.

OLEACE^. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

Olea Americana, L. (Devil-wood. American Olive.) Near the coast.

March — April. Flowers white.
Liglistriliii vulgare, L. (Privet.) Introduced. Cultivated.

May — June. Flowers white.
Chioiiaiithus Yirg-iiiica, L. (Fringe-Tree. Old Man's Beard.)

April — May. Floweis white.

Fraxiiius platycarpa^ Mich. (Water Ash.)

March — April. Flowers white.

ARISTOLOCHIACE^. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.)

.'Iristolochia Serpentaria, L, (Virginia Snake-root.)

June. — August. Flowers dull purple.

PHYTOLACCACE.^. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)

riiylolacca decandra, L. (Poke-weed.)

July — September. Flowers white.

CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

(Jheiiopodiuiii album, L. (Lamb's Quarters.)

July — September. Flowers greenish.
BoTRYS, L.* Ger. McCarthy. August. Flowers greenish.

Anthelminticum, L (Worm-seed. Jerusalem Oak.)

Introduced. August. Flowers greenish.

AMBROSIOIDES, L. August. Flowers greenish.

murale, L. Flowers greenish.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. II ;

Atriplex hastata, L. (Orachk.) Seashore. June — September.

Obioiie arenaria, Moq. (Sand Orachk.) Sea beach. July — September.
Clieiiopodiiia iiiaratiina, Moq. (Sea Goosefoot.) Salt marshes.

September. Flowers minute.
Salicorilia lierbacea, Ji. (Sami-hire.) Salt marshes. " August.

ambi^ua, Michx. Salt marshes. August.

Salsola Kali, L. (Saltwort.) Sandy sea shore.

August. Flowers rose color.

AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

Amarantus hybridus, L. (Green Amaranth. Careless.) Introduced.

August — September. Flowers greenish or purplish.
spiNOsus, L. (Thorny Amaranth.)

July — October. Flowers greenish or purplisli.
CHLORASTACHYS, WiLL. Cultivated ground.

August — September. Flowers greenish.
Euxoliis puiiiillis, Raf. (Dwarf Amaranth.) Sandy sea shore.

August — September. Flowers greenish.
Aciiida caiiiiabina, L. (Water Hemi.)
Telanthera polygoiioides, Moq.
^Iternantliera Achyrautha, R. Br. June— October.

POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY,)

Polyg'Onillli orientale, L. (Prince's Feather.) Introduced.

June — September. Flowers large, bright rose color.

Pennsjlvailicum, L. July — September. Flowers rose color.

Persicaria, L. (Lady's Thumb.) July. Flowers rose color.

acre, Kth. (Smartweed.) [P. punctahifn, Ell.] July — September.

hydropiperoides, Mich. (Water-pepper.) [/*. mite, Pers.]

July — September. Flowers pale rose color.

hirsututll, Walt. July— September. Flowers white.

avicillare, L. (Knot-grass.) Flowers greenish white.

setaceum, Bald.* July — September. Flowers white.

flittoralo. \P. Maritimuni, L.\ Sea beach. Flowers reddish white.
incarnatuill, Ell.* G. McCarthy.

July — October, p'lowers small, flesh color.

Yirginiannm^ L. August — September. Flowers greenish.

arifoliuni, L. (Scratch-grass.) June— October. Flowers while.
sagitratuiii, L. (Tear-thumb.) June — October. Flowers white.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

•fSee Chapman's " Flora of the Southern U. S," p. 390.

I 1 8 JOURNAL OF THE

Polyg-oiiella parvifolia, Mich.

Augusl — September. Flowers while, yellowish or rose color.

articulata, Meisil. August. Flowers bright rose color.

Rumex CRisris, L. (Sour Dock.) June — July.

verticillatus, L. (Swamp Dock.) [A". Brittanicus, Ell.']

May — June.
ACETOSELLA, L. (SoRREL.) June — July. Flowers small.

OBTUSIFOLIUS, L. (BiTTER DocK.) July — August.

Engelinauii, Ledeb.

inaritimus^ L. v,Goi.den Dock.) Sea shore. Rare.

August — September. Spikes yellowish.

LAURACE^ (LAUREL FAMILY.)

Persea Caroliuensis, Nees. (Red Bay.) [^Laurus Carolinensis, L.\

var. paliistris, M. A, C. July.

Sassafras officinale, Nees. (Sassafras.) [Laurus sassafras.]

March. Flowers sometimes white.
Reiizoia odorif'eruui, Nees. (Spice-bush. Fever-bush.)

Febiuary — March. Flowers yellow.
Ilielissse folium, Nees. Dr. McRee. [L. meussafoHa. Walt.]

February — March. Flowers yellow.

Tetranlliera geiiiculata, Nees. (Pond Bush.

February — March. Flowers yellow.

LORANTHACE^. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

Plioradeiidron flavescens, Niitt. (Mistletoe.)

S^Viscum flavescens. Ptirsh.] April — May.

SAURURACE/E. (LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.)

Saururiis ceruuus, L. (Swamp Lily. Lizard's-Tah..)

May — August. Flowers white.

ceratophyllace^. (HORNwort family.)

Ceralopliylluill deiuersum, L. September — October.

CALLITRICHACE^. (WATER STARWORT FAMILY.)
Callitriche veriia, L. (VVater Starwort.) March — April.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. II9

EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.

Kliphorbia corollata, L. (Fi.owkring Stlrge.) July — September.

var. aug'listifolia, M. A. C. July— September.

Cyi'AKIssias, L.* Advent from Europe, (ier. McCarthy.

obiusata, Pursh. (Wartkd Spur(,e.) May.

serj>yHitolia, Pursh.* Ger. McCarthy.

Cyalolipliora, Jaoq. Streets. May — October.

IpecacuaiillH), L. (Wild Ii'Ecac.) Sand hills.

May — June. Flowers not conspicuous, greenish yellow.

lliaculaia, L. (Spotted Sturge.) Common in waste grounds.

J une — October.
MARGINATA, PURSH. (VARIEGATED SpURGE.)

polyg'ouifolia,, L. (Shore Spurge.) Sea shore. July — October.

foi'buserpeilS, H. B. K.* Ger. McCarthy.

Curtisii, Englcinauu. Sea coast. August.

eordifolia, Ell. July — September.

Stilliiig-ia sylvatica, L. (Queen's Delight.) April — September,

ligustrilia^ Mich. Dr. McRee. May — August.

fAcal}'l(ha Virg-iuica, L. ^Three-seeded Mercury.) July— September.

grafllens, (wiay. July — September.

Trag-ia lirens, L. (Nettle.) May — August. Flowers minute greenish.

(Votoil iiiaritiinilili, Walt. Sea coast. July— October.

Cuitlostuilus stiiiiulosiis, Uray. (Tread softly. Nettle Potatoe.)

{^lalropka stimulosa, Afic/i.] April — September. Flowers white.

Iticiiius COMMUNIS, L. (Castor-oil Plant.) Introduced.

June — October. Flowers yellow.

URTICACE^. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

Urtica urens, L. (Stinging Nettle.)

December — February. Flowers greenish.

oapilat;;^ Wilhl. Juh — August. Flowers greenish.

Pilea pumila, Oray. (Clear-weed.) July— September.

Ba^hmeria cyliiidrica, Willd. (False Nettle.) July— September.

MORACE^. (MULBERRY FAMILY.)

Moras rubra, L. (Mulberry.) March.

alba, L. (White Mulberry.) Introduced.
Broussoiietia papyrifera, Vent. (Otaheite Mulberry.)

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

fAcalypha Caroliniana, W'alt., not repeated in Curtis' "Cat. Indig. Plants."

I20 JOURNAL OF THE

ULMACE^. (ELM FAMILY.)

Ulinns Americana, L. :Elm.)

February — March. Flowers greenish or purpHsh.

fiilva, Mich. (Slippery Elm.)

February — March. Flowers greenish or purplish.

alala3 Mich. (Small-leaved Elm. CoRK-\vL\(iED Elm.)

Plaiiera aqualica, (jiiiiel. (Planer-Tree.) South of Cape Fear river.

February — March.

Celtis OCCideutalis, L. (Hackberry.) March. Flowers greenish.

var. puniiia, M. A. C. (Dwarf Hackberry.)

March. Flowers greenish.

PLATANACE.^. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)

riataims oecidenialis, L. (Sycamore.) March— April.

JUGLANDACE^. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

Jug-laiiS nigrdy L. (Black Walnut.) March— April.

Carja iomeiitosa, Niitt. (White Hickory.) March— April.

aiuara, Null. (Bitter-nut Hickory.) March — April.

CUPULIFER^. (OAK FAMILY )

(^uercus alba, L. (White Oak.)

aqnatica, Gates. (Water Oak.)

CatesbaBi, Mich. (Scrub Oak.)

cinerea, var. puniila, Michx. (Running Oak. Dwarf Oak.)

lyrata, Walt. (Overcup Oak.)

coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.)

falcata, Mich. (Spanish Oak.)

iiig-ra, L. (Black Jack.)

obtnsiloba, Mich. (Post Oak.)

Phellos, L. (Willow Oak.)

Prinas, L. (Swamp Chestnut Oak.)

prinoides, Willd. (Chinquapin Oak.)

virens, Ait. (Live Oak.)
Castaiiea piiinila, L. (Chinquapin.) April— May.

Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (Beech.) April.

Carpiims Americana, Michx. (Hornbeam.) March.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 121

MYRICACE^. (WAX MYRTLE FAMILY.)

Myrica cerifera, L. (^VAx Myrtle. Bayberry.) Swamps. March — April.
var. puillila. Barrens. Sand hills.

BETULACEiii. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

Hetula nigra, L. (Rkd Birch.) \^B. rubra, Michx.] March.

Alaus serrulata, Ait. (Alder.) January — March.

SALICACE^. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

Salix nigra, Marshall. (Black or Swamp Willow.)

B.'VBVLONICA, ToURN. (Weeping Willow.) About dwellings.

Populus aiigulata, Ait, (Carolina Poplar.) March— April.

heteroplljlla, L. (Cotton Tree.) March — April.

dilatata, Ait. (Lombard y Poplar.) Introduced.

CONIFER/E. (PINE FAMILY.)

Piaas iiiitis, Miclix. (Yellow or Short-leaved Pine.)

TtBila, L. (Old field, Loblolly or Slash Pine.)

australis, Miclix. (Long-leaf Pine.)

[P. paiustris, L., the prior but inappropriate name. Chapman.]

Serotina, Mielix. (Pond-Pine.)

Cupressus tliyoides, L. (White Cedar. Juniper.) April.

Taxodium (listichuai, Ricll. (Cypress.) [C. distichum.] February— March.

var. imbricaria. Cypress pond marked on Map.

Juiiiperiis Virginiaua, L. (Red Cedar.) March.

14

122 JOURNAL OF THE

EISTIDOG-EnsrS.

PALMACE^. (PALMS.)

Sabal Palmello, R. & S. (Palmetto.) Cape Fear. June.

Adansonii^ Guerns. (Dwarf Palmetto.)

Eagle's Island causeway. June — July.

ARACE^. (ARUM FAMILY.)

Arisaema triphylluin, Ton*. (Indian Turnip.) March.

Xaiilhosoiua sagittiloliuin, Scliott. (Akrow-lbaved Spoon Flower.)

" Branches " and spongy ground. Eastern side of Wilmington
and Brunswick. Point Peter causeways. Fruit ripens Sept.
15 1030. Beautiful crimson. \Caladium glauciiin,{?) Ell.\

May — June. Flowers white.

Oroutiuiii aqnaticuni, L. (Golden Club. Water Dock.)

Tuckahoe — a purely local name without any good foundation for
it; probably a corruption of TUCKAW, See Kalm's Travels.

March — April.

Acorus Calamus^ L. (Calamus.) April.

LEMNACE.E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

Leiiina minor, L. (Duckweed.)
polyrhiza, L.

TYPHACE^. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

Tjplia latifolia, L. (Cat-tail.) July— August.

Spar^aiiium raiiiosuiii, Hudson. (Bur-reed.) July.

NAIADACE^. (POND WEED FAMILY.)

Zostera marina, L. (Sea-wrack. Eel-grass.) Salt water.

August — September.

Ruppia maritima, L. (Ditch-grass.) May— August.

Potamogeton pectinatus, L. (Pondweed.) June— August.

lacens, L. August.

hybridas, Micbx, June— August.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 123

lieterophyllus, Schreb. July.

pan iflonis, Pui'.sh. July — August.

perfoliatlis, L. July — September.

fluitans, Roth. June — Auijust.
Naias flcxilis, Rotsk,

ALISMACE/^. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Alisma plautago, L. (Water-Plaintain.) July— August.

Trig^locliin triandrnni, Michx. (Arrow-grass.) August — September.

Echiiiodorus radicaiis, EiigTlmann. {Alisma radicans, Nutt )

July — September.

♦Sajfiltaria variabilis, Eiig:. (Arrow-leaf.) July— September.

falcata, Pursh. June — September.

pusilla, Nutt.

heterophylla, Pur.sli.

liatans, Mlchx. June — September.

simplex, Nutt. May — October.

^ramiiiea, MicllX.f Ger. McCarthy.

HYROCLIARIDACE^. (FROG'S-RIT FAMILY.)

Liuiiiobiuni Spoug^ia, Rich. (Frogs-bit.) July — August.

BURMANNIACE.^. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.)

Burmannia biflora, L. October. Flowers pmkish.

eapitata, Cluip. ( Tripterella capitata, Michx.)

October. Flowers white,

ORCHIDACE/E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Mieroslylis orphioglossoides, Nutt. (Adders-Mouth.)

July — August. Flowers greenish.
tBletia apliylla, Nutt. Dr. McRee. Rocky Point.

July — August. Flowers brownish, striped with purple.
Pontllieva^laudulosa, R. Br. {Opkryspubera, Michx.)

September — October. Flowers greenish.
Corallorhiza odontoiiiiza, Nutt. (Coral-root.)

{Cvfibidiuni co7-allorhizoa.'\ February — March.

*S. variabilis variously named S. sagittifolia. hastata, pubescens, etc.
fNot given in Curtis' Catalogue.

:}: A specimen found by Mr. Charlie Bradley in his boathouse at Greenville
Sound, on Hewlett's Creek, 1886.

124 JOURNAL OF THE

Habeuaria repens, Nutt. August— September. Flowers small, greenish.

Lislera ailStralis, Liiulley. (Twayhlade.) July. Flowers small, greenish.

Posronia divarieata, 11. Br. May. Flowers flesh-colored.

ophiogiossoides, Nutt. April — May. Flowers pale rose color.

Tipularia discolor, Nutt. (Crane-fly Orchis.)

August. Flowers greenish.

Plalauthera flavaj Gray. (Yellow Orchis.)

July — August. Flowers brownish green.

ciliaris, Lindlcy. (Yellow Fringed Orchis.)

Flowers large bright yellow.

blephariglotlis, Lindley. (White Fringed Orchis.)

August. Flowers white.

Spirauthes ceruiia, Rich. (Lady's Tresses.)

October. Flowers yellowish white.

odorata, ^lltt. October. Flowers yellowish white.

torSilis, Willd. May. Flowers white.

gracilis, Big'elow. April — May. Flowers minute.

Epideudrum* COllopseuin. Major Young, Pender county, i88i.

August. Flowers green, tinged with purple.

Calopog"oii pulciielhis, R. Br. (Bearded Pink.)

June. Flowers bright purple.

parviflorns, Lilldley. March — April. Flowers bright purple.

var. albus.

AMARYLLIDACE^. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

Amaryllis Atainasco, L. (Atamasco Lily. Stagger-grass.)

March — April. Flowers white, tinged with red.

Pancratium rotatnili, Ker. {P. Mexicaman.) April— May. Flowers white.
Hypoxis erecta, L. (Yellow Star-grass.)

March — April. Flowers yellow.

HiEMODORACEyE. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.)

Laclinaiitlies tiiictoria, Ell. (Red-root, j

July — September. Flowers vellow,

Aletris farinosa, L. (Star-grass. Colic-root.)

May — June. Flowers white or yellow.

aurea, Walt. May — June. Flowers white or yellow.

BROMELIACE^. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.)
Tillandsia usneoides, L. (Long Moss.) June — September. Petals green.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

ELlSHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 12^

IRIDACE^ (IRIS FAMILY.)

Iris versicolor, L. (Blue Flac;.) April — May. Flowers pale blue.

ti'ipetaliU Walt. June — July. Flowers blue.

Virg'iiiiea, L. June. Flowers blue or white.

venia, L. (Dwarf Iris.) April. Flowers pale blue.

Sisyriiichium lieriiiudiana, L. (Blue-eyed Grass. Pepper Grass.)

July — August. Flowers blue, yellow center.

DIOSCOREACE^. (YAM FAMILY.)

Diosforea villosa, L. (Wild Yam.) July. Flowers whitish.

SMILACE/E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

Sniilax rolundij'olia, L. (Bamboo.) June. Flowers small, greenish.

lainnoides, L. May. Flowers greenish.

Pseiido-Cliina, L. (China Root.) April — May.

^lauca, Walt. (Sarsaparilla.) iMay.

Walteri, Pursli. (Red-berried Bamboo.)

March — April. Flowers brownish.

laiiceolata, L. August.

laurifolia, L. Juh — August.
anriciilata, Walt. On the coast.

May — June. Flowers small, very fragrant.

LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.)

Liliniii Catesbaei, Walt. (Southern Lily.)

August — September. Flowers scarlet, variegated with yellow and
purple.

Yucca aloiColia, L. (Spanish Bayonet.)

May — June. Flowers white, tinged with purple.
^loriosa, L. Sea coast. May — June. Flowers while.

filanuMitosa. L. (Bear-Grass.)

June. Flowers white, tinged with pur|)le.
Allium vinkalk, L. (\Vh,d Onion.) Introduced.

striatum, L. March— April. Flowers white.

MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

MelauthiuMi Virifinicum, L. (Bunch-flower.)

July^August. Flowers cream color, turning brownish.
Zyaradcuus grlalH'irimus, 3IicllX. June— July. Flowers white.

26

JOURNAL OF rm:

Tofleldia glabra, Nutt. (False Asphodel.) October. Flowers white.

pnbeus, Ait. September. Flowers greenish white.

Pleea tennifolia, MicllX. Savannas near Cypress swamp, east from Wil-
mington. October. Flowers greenish without.

JUXCACE^. (RUSH FAMILY.)

Juucus effusus, L. (Bog-rush.)
setaceas, Rostk,
maritimns, L. Brackish marshes

tennis^ Willd.

dichotomns, Ell.

polycephalus, Ell.

paradoxus, Meyer.

acuinioatus, Miclix.

marginatum, Kostk.
Luzula canipestris, 1). C
('ephaloxys flabellata, Desv,

May — September. Flowers green.

May — July. Flowers green.

(Z. acutiis, Mtihl.)

April — May. Flowers green.

May — June. Flowers green.

May — June. Flowers green.

July — September. Flowers green.

July — September. Flowers green.

July — September. Flowers green.

July — September. Flowers green.

March — April.

{J uncus repens, Alichx.)

July. Flowers greenish.

PONTEDERIACE^. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.)

Pontederia cordata, L. (Pickerel-weed.)

July — September. Flowers blue.

COMMELYNACE^. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

Couinielyna communis, L. (Day-flower.)

July — September. Flowers blue.

Virginica, L. May — September. Flowers blue.

erecta, L. Ger. McCarthy. August — September. Flowers blue.

Tradescantia Virginica, L. (Spiderwort.) Eagle's Island causeway.

March — May. Flowers blue.

rosea, Vent. June — August. Flowers bright rose color.

MAYACACE^. (MAYACA FAMILY.)

Mayaca Michauxii, S. & E. Found at Mcllhenny's mill, southern end of
Wilmington, in bog by roadside. Causeway in abundance.

June — October. Flowers pale pink.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 12/

XYRIDACE^. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.)

Xyris brevifolia, IWLiihx. (Yellow-eyeu Grass.)

April — May. Flowers yellow.

Ciirolilliana, Walt. July — Aujjusl. Flowers yellow.

anibig'lia; Beyr. July — September. Bracts light brown,

tenuifolia, Chap. July — September. Flowers yellow.

torta^ Siiiith. July — September. Flowers yellow.

ERIOCAULONACE^. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)

Eriocaulou gnapliolodes^ Mich.

April — May. Flowers white, densely downy.

(lecang'iilare, L. (Pipewort.) July— September.

Paepalaiitliiis flaviilulus, Kth. (Yellow Pipewort.) April — May.

Laciiaocaulon Michauxii, Kth. (Hairy Pipewort.) May— June.

CYPERACE^. (SEDGE GRASSES.)

Cjperus coiuprcssus, L.

diaudrus, Tor. Ger. McCarthy.

flavescens, L.

Gatesii, Torr.

rotundus, L. (Nut-grass.) [C. hydni.^

var. hydra, Gray.* Ger. McCarthy.

filiciliinis^ Vahl. (C mariscoides .)

Michauxiaiius, Schultes.

Nultallii, Torr.

flaviconius, Mich.* Ger. McCarthy.

Haspan, L.

speciosus, Vahl.

retrofractas, Torr. Ger. McCarthy.

stenolepis, Torr.

Baldwin ii, Torr. Ger. McCarthy.

strigostts, L.

tetragon us, EIL

vegetus, Willd.

virens, Mich.

erythrorhizos, Muhl.

distaus, Pursh.* Identified by Prof. Britton
cies. Ger. McCarthy, 1885.

July — September.

August.

July — August.

August — September.
August — September.

July — September.
August — September.

July — September.

May — September.

July — September.

J uly — September.

August — September.

July — September.

July — September.

August — September.

September.

July — September.

J uly — September.

as a long doubted spe-

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

128 JOURNAL OF THE

Kyllillgia puillila, WUh. July— September.

Lipocarplia maculatn, Torr. July— September.

Dlllichilini spalhaceum, Rich. August— September.

Fuirena squarrosa, Mich. (Umbrella-grass.) July — September.

Eleocliaris eqiiisetoi<les, Torrey. July— September.

CCllalosa^ Ton*.* Ger. McCarthy. August — September.

qnadran^ulata. {Scirpus quadrangnlatus, Michx.) July -• September;

tuberculosa, K. Br. {S. tuberculosus, Michx.) March — September.

simplex, Torr, {S. simplex, Ell.) May — September.

prolifera, Torr. May — September.

rostellata, Torr.

melailOCarpa, Torr. June — September.

oliyacea, Torr. Sea coast, August — September.

microcarpa, Torr.

tricostata, Torr. May— September.

palustris, R. Br. {S. palustris, L.) June — September.

oMllsa, Sclmlles. June— September.

acicularis, R. Br. June— September.

pyg'Illtea, Torr. Near the coast. April — May.

Baldwillii, Torr. June — September.
Sclrpiis debilis, Pursli.

Cailbyi, Gray.* Ger. McCarthy. July— August.

pung'eiis, Vahl. (Sword-grass.) Near the coast. June — September.

Oliieyi, Gray. Brackish marshes. June — September.

lacuslris, L. July — September.

maritilllUS. L. Salt marshes. August — September.

Kriaphorum. .>Uchx July — September.

linearis, Michx. June — August.

Eriophorum Virgiiiicuin, L. (Cotton-grass.) June — August.

Fimbristyli-- spadicea, Vahl. {Scirpus castanens, Michx.)

August — October.

TriclielOStylis autumiialis. {S. autumnalis, L.) July — October.

isolepis c!l»atifolia, Torr. [S. ciliatif alius. Ell.) Ger. McCarthy.

August — September.

Stenophylla, Torr. {S. stenophyllus. Ell.) Ger. McCarthy.

August — September.

capillaris, R. & S. [S. capillaris, L.) June — September.

Rhyncospora plnmosa, HI. (Tick-seed Grass.) June — July,

coriiicalataj Gray,* Ger. McCarthy.

olig'autha, Gray. June— July.

rarlflora, Ell. June — July,

Torreyana, Gray. July.

microcarpa, Baldwiu. July — August,

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue,

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

129

Iiiex])ans<i, Yalil.
caduca, bll.
miliacea, Gray,
(irrayil, Ktli
me^alocarpa. Gray.
Baldninii, Gray,
ciliata, Valil.
fascicularis, Niitt.
rar. distans.
filifulia. Gray,
pallida, M. AC
alba. \ alil.
ceplialantlia, Gray.
CUapmanii, M. a. C.
Ceratoschwnus macrostachyiis, Gray.
coriiiculatu«, Mees.

July — August.

August.

June— July.

June— July.

May — August.

June— July.

June — August.

June — July.

August — September.

July — August.

June.

August — September.

July — August.

July — August.

(Horned Rush.) August.

J uly — vSeptember.

Psilocarjarliynclicsporoides, Torr. (Bald Rush.) July.

Cladium eit'usnm, Jorr. (Saw-grass.) {^Schcenus effusus, Swartz.']

July — August.

inariscoides, Torr. (Twig-rush.) [6". mariscoides.]
Dichromena latifolia, Bald. May— July.

leucocf'pliala, Michx. August— September.

Scleria triglomerata, Michx. (Nut-rush.)

laxa. Torr.
Carex bromoides, Schk. (Sedge Grass.)

stipata, Mulil.

Mulileiibergii. Sclik.

stellulata, Good.

stramiiiea. Schk.

fflpnea, Muhl.

criiiita^ Lam.

polytrichoides, Muhl.

i^ranularis, Mnhl.

glaucesceiis^ Ell.

verrucosa, Ell.

lupuliiia, Mnhl.

tiirgesceijs, Torr.

Elliottii, Schw. k Torr.

riparia, M. A. C.

stricta, Good. {C. acuta. Ell.)

laxiflora, Lam. {C. anceps, iVilld.) ■

debilis, Michx.

Tulpinoidea, Michx. C. multijiora, Muhl.)

June — August.

August — October.

March — April.

April — May.

July — August.
July — August.

July — August.

15

130 JOURNAL OF THE

*retroflexa, Muhl.
teiitaculata, Muhl.
f triceps, Michx.
*virescens.

follieulata^ L. (C. Xanthophysa, Wahl.)

GRAMINE/E. (GRASSES.)

Leersia oryzoides, Swartz. (Rick Grass. False Grass.) July— August.

Yirginica, Willd. July— August.

liexaildrajt Eagles' Island causeway. Ger. McCarthy. July — August.
Zizauia aquatica, L. (Wild Rice.) July.

miliacea, Michx. (Wild Oats.) April— May.

Hydrochloa Ciiroliiiensis, Beauv. {H. flidtans.) July— August.

AlopecurilS geniculatus, L. (Floating Fox-tail.) Introduced. April.
Polypogon maritimus, Willd. (Beard-grass.) Sea coast.
SporobolllS juuceus, Ktll. (VVire-grass.) April— May, often October.

FloridailUS, Chap.^ Ger. McCarthy. September.

Indicus, Br. May — September.

Yilfa asperHj Boauv. {Sporobolus asper, Kth., Agrostis clandestina, Spreng.)

July — August.

Agrostis alba, L. (Bent-grass. Herd's Grass.)

\^A. vulgaris, IVith., var. alba, Vasey.^ Introduced.

elata^ Triu. (Tall Thin-grass.) September.

SCabra, Willd. (Hair-grass.' \^Trichodium laxifolium, Ell.~\

June— July.

verticiliata.§ G. McCarthy.

pereniians. Tuck. (Thin-grass.) \^T. perennans, Ell.'\

July — August.

Cinna arundiuacea, L. (Wood Reed-grass.)

Muhleubergia diffusa, Sclireb. (Nimble Will.) August— September.

capillaris, Kth. (Hair-grass.) Near the coast.

Calamagrostis coarctata, Torr. (Reed. Bent-grass. Wild Oats.)
\^Deyeuxia Nuttalliana, Vasey. C. Ntittalliana, Steud.^

August — September.

areuaria, Rotll. {Am?nopkila arundinacea. Host.) Sea beach.

August.

Stipa avenacea, L. (Feather-grass.) April.

*Is assigned in Catalogue to the " mountains."

■fls assigned in Catalogue to " Middle District.^'

±Not given in Catalogue. Possibly introduced from Florida or Gulf region.

§Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

ELISIIA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 131

Aristida lanatsi, Poir. (Threk-awned Grass.} July — August.

piirpiirascoiis, roir. August.

stricta, Michx. (Wikk-crass.) June— July.

j^racilis, EII. August.

vir^ata, Trinius.

spiciforinis. Ell. August.

oligainha, Michx. September.

Spaiiinajuneea, Willd. Sea coast. July— August.

oyiiosuroides, VVilld.'^' Ger. McCarthy. July — August.

polystaihya, Willd. August— September.

g-labra, Miilil. (Marsh C^rass.) Salt marsh. August— September.

(xymnopogoii raccmo.Mls, Bcauv. September— October.

Euslacliys petraea, Dcsv. Sea coast. May — August.

Cynodoii DACTYLON, Fers. (Bermuda Grass. Reed Grass. Cane Grass.)

Cteniiiiii Ainerieanuin, Spreiig-. (Lemon Grass.) Savannas.

July — August.
Dactjlocteuium yluiYPiiAcuM, Willd. (Egyptian Grass.)
[^Eleusiite (?) crticiata. Ell., E. JEgyptiaca, Pe7's.^
Eleiisiiie Indica, (xjert. (Goose-grass.)

Leptocllloa polystachya, Ktll. Brackish marshes. vSeptember.

Triplasis Ainericaua, Beau v. (Sand Grasps.) [C/ralepis comuta. Ell.]

August — September.
purpurea, Chap. {U. ptu-purea, Ntitt.) August— October.

Melica mutica, Walt. (Melic Grass.) April.

(xlyceria nervata, Triu. {Poa parvi/lora, Pursh.) July.

Arundinaria gig-aulea. Chap. (Cane.) [^. viacrosperma, Michx.]

February.
iecta, Muhl. (Reed.) February— xMarch.

Brizopyruin spicatum, Hook. (Spike-grass.)

{Distichlis inaritima, Kaf. Uniola spicala, Ell.)

August — September.

Poa annua, L. (Spear-grass. May-grass.) February March.

flexuosa, Muhl. {P. autumnalis. Ell.) May.

pratensis, L. (Blue-grass.) May.

conipressa, L. May.

Dactylis glomerata, L- (Orchard Grass.) Mav June

Eragroslis PurshJi, Schrad. {Poa tenella.) June— September.

tenuis, Gray. {Poa tenuis. Ell.) August — September.

pectinacea, Oray. August— September

Tar. refracta. {Poa refracta, EIL)

Festuca Myurus, L. (Fescue-grass.) March April.

tenella, Willd. February-— April.
duriuscula, L. Sea coast. April May.

*Not given in Curtis' Catalogue.

132

JOURNAL OF THE

ELATIOR, L.

nntans, Willd.
Broinns secalinus, L.

RACEMOSUS, L.*

Uniola paniculata, L.
gracilis, Miclix.
Hordeum inisilluni. Null.
Elyniiis Tirginicus, L.
Trisetnui paliistre, Torr.

Dauthonia spicata, Beauv. (Wild Oat-grass.)
Holcus lanatus, L. (Velvet Grass.) Introduced.
Anthoxaiithnm ouoratum, L. (Sweet-scented Grass.)

Ger. McCarthy.
Ger. McCarthy.
(Beach Grass.)

W. M. Canby. (?)

August.

July — August.
July — August.

July — August.

March — April.

June— July.

Introduced.
April — May.

Phalaris intermedia, Bosc. (Southern Canary-grass.) April— May.

Paspalnm Walteriaiium, Scliultes. [P. vaginatum, Ell.\ July — August.

[/•. lentiferum, LamJ\

distichum, L.

praecox, Walt.

laeve, Miclix.

Floridanum, Miclix.

uadnlatnin, Poir. \^P. purpurascens. Ell.']

ciliatifolinm, Miclix. [P. dasphyllum, £11.]

Paiiicilin sanguinale, L. (Crab-grass.)
Introduced.

gibbum, Ell. [P. strictum.\

August — September.

May — June.

July — August.

August — September.

September.

June — September.

\^Digitaria sanguinale. Scop.]

May — October.

July — September.

flliforme, L. \P. striatum. Digitaria
Curtisii, Chap.

Jiliformis , Muhl,
August-

-September.

agrostoides, Spreng.*
hians, £11.

Ger. McCarthy

coloimm, L.* Ger. M(

;Carthy.

auceps, L.
virgatiim, L,

August -
August-

-September.
-September.

auiariiin, Ell. On the

coast.

September.

Plants

salt and bitter to taste

proliferuiM, Lam.

September,

diyergens, Muhl.

August,

Terrucosnm, Muhl.

September.

SCOparium, L. {nervosum .]
viscidum, Ell.

May.
May.

scabriusculum, Ell.

May.

depauperalum, Muhl.
ignoratum, Kth.

J'

June,
ily — August,

Crus-galli, L. Introduced.
yar. hispidum.

August — September.

♦Not given in Curtis' Catalogue,

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. I33

Setaria verticillata, BeaaT. Introduced.

GLAUCA, Beauv. (Foxtail.) Introduced.
Tar. laeyigata. Ger. McCarthy.

ItAlica, Kth. (Italian millet.) July — September.

Cenchrus tribuloides, L. (Sand-spur.) On the coast. July — October.

MYOSUROiDEs, H. B. K.* Ger. McCarthy. Ballast heap. West
Indies.

Steiiotaphrum* Aiiiericannm, Sehraiik. June — September.

Tripsacnin dactyloides, L. (Gama-grass.)

August — September. June 20th, 1S86.

Aiidropogroii scopariiis, Michx. (Broom-grass.) August — September,

furcatus, Muhl. {A. provincialis. Lam.) September.

tetrastachyuS; £11. {A. dissitiflorus, Michx. var. tetrasfachyus,
Hack.) September.

Virg'inicUSj L. [A. dissitijioms, Michx.) September — October.

var. ya^iiiatns.

maerourus, Michx. September.

Elliottii, Chap. September— October.

Eriauthas alopecaroides. Ell. {^E. saccharides, Michx.)

September — October.

COntortus, Ell.* Ger. McCarthy.

SorghuiiuaTenaceum, Chap. (Indian Grass.)

\Chrysopogon avenaceum, Benth., Andropogan avenaceus, Michx.,
A. ciliatus. Ell.'] September.

s.accharatum, Pers.* Ger. McCarthy.

Halapense, Pers. (Cuba Grass. Maiden Cane.)

nutans, Gray. (Wood-grass.)

\_Chrysopogon nutans, Benth., Andropogan nutans, L.]

September.

Lapag'O RACEMOSA. Ger. McCarthy.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

FILICES. (FERNS.)

Polypodiam incannin, Swartz. (Tree Polypodium.)

Pteris aquilina, L. (Brake.)

Adiantum, Capillus- Veneris, L. (Maiden's hair Fern.)
Found by Mr. W. M. Canby, at Hilton, 1S6S.

Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith.

Virginica, Willd. {W. onocUoides, Willd.)

Asplenimn ebeneum, Ait.

Onoclea sensibilis, L. (Sensitive Fern.)

*NoL given in Curtis' Catalogue.

134 JOURNAL OF THE

Lygodluin polmatum, Swartz. (Climbing Ferxn.)

Found in Holly Shelter swamp, 1879. by Maj. W. L. Young.

Osinunda rej^alis, L, (Flowering Fern.)

ciiniainonea, L.

Botrychium Innarioides, Swartz.

LYCOPODIACE.F:. (CLUBMOSS FAMILY.)

Lycopodiiini alopeciiroides, L.

Caroliuianiim,.L.
Selag-inella rupestris, Spreng.

HYDROPTERIDES. (WATER FERN FAMILY.)

Azolla Caroliniana, Willd.

NOTES OF THE BALLAST PLANTS.

BY GERALD MCCARTHY.

Ranniicnlns philonotis is from southern Eiurope. Also found at Philadel-
phia by Mr. Martindale.

Scllizandra COCCinea is West Indian and Mexican, new to this country.

Scolymus HispanicuS is West Indian — new.

Tribulus terrestris is West Indian and also occurs in Southern Russia. Ad-
ventive at Philadelphia. Martindale.

Erodium cicntariiim is European — new.

Liliaria spuria is European — new

Heliotropilim tnropaJUm is European — new. Adventive in many places.

Datura mercifolium is West Indian and Mexican — new to this country.

Boerhaavia viscosa is West Indian and Mexican — new to this country.

Alternantliera achyrantha is West Indian and Mexican — new to this coun-
try. This plant is not a ballast plant but was found by me along
the W. C. & A. R. R. in Columbus county, near Whiteville.

Euphorbia Cyparissias is European — new to this country.

Cyperus distaus is an indigenous plant, but extremely interesting, having been

found before by but one collector, Fred. K. Pursh.
Cyperus papyrus is the Egyptian paper reed, came probably from Sicily,

where it grows abundantly.
Pailicum COlonum is European, and new to this country.
Cenclli'US myosuroides is West Indian and Mexican, and new to this country,

except the southern extremity of Florida.
LapagO racemosa is West Indian and Mexican, new to this country.

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 13S

NUMERICAL STATEMENT OF GENERA, SPECIES

AND VARIETIES, INCLUDED IN

THE CATALOGUE.

ril^NOGAMIA.*

Genera included in ihe Catalogue 527

Species supposed to be indigenous to the Wilmington Flora ..1046

Species regarded as introduced 122

Total number of species 1168

Varieties indigenous and introduced . _ _ 34

Total number of species and varieties _,._ 1202

These arranged systematically are distributed as follows :

Exogens 104 orders, 402 genera, 861 species and varieties.

Endogens 25 " 125 " 341

Total Phtx^nogamia . .129 " 527 " 1202 " "

COMPOSITION OF THE LARGER ORDERS.

FIGURES IN CARENTHESES REPRESENT INTRODUCED SPECIES.

ORDER. GENERA. SPECIES. SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

Compositse 56 (9) 142 146

Graminese 49 (22) 118 121

Cyperace^e 18 106 108

Leguminosse - 33 (12) 80 87

Scrophulariaceae 16 (4) 31 34

Ericaceae 15 29 31

Rosacese 11 (4) 28 28

Labiate,.. 18 (8) 25 25

Onagraceaa 6 21 22

Umbelliferre 12 (i) 22 22

Orchidacete .12 19 20

Caryophyllacese 13 (6) 19 19

Ranunculaceifi 6 (i) 16 17

Rubiaceae 9 16 17

Cruciferge - 7 (3) 11 II.

*This enumeration does not include the partial list of ballast plants given
on page 134.

136

JOURNAL OF THE

NUMBER OF SPECIES IN THE LARGER GENERA.

KI(;URES IN PARENTHESES REPRESENT INTRODUCED SPECIES.

24

20

Carex

Cyperus

Rhyncospora ig

Panicum (2) ig

Solidago :. 16

Aster (i) 16

Eleocharis 16

Polygonum 13

Desmodium 12

Euphorbia (2) 12

Quercus 12

Ludwigia . .
Eupatorium
Hypericum .

Polygala

Juncus

Coreopsis. ..

Lobelia

Utricularia .

Asclepias

Scirpus

Smilax . .

II
10
10
10

9
8
8

Of varieties the catalogue gives two to Solidago, and one each to Cyperus,
Rhyncospora, Euphorbia and Quercus of the above list.

CRYPTOGAM I A.

ORDER. GENERA. SPECIES.

Filices g 11

Lycopodiaceae 2 3

Hydropterides _ i i

Errata.

Page 77, line 26 from bottom, in place of " 1832" read " 1834."

85, line 5 from top, the generic name "Sarracenia" is accidentally repeated.
85, " Cakile maradma " should be " Cakile maritima."
go, the generic name " Hibiscus" is accidentally repealed.
92, line 5, the generic name " Rhus" is accidentally repeated.

92, line 6 from the bottom, " STAPIIYLLACE.E " should be
" STAPH YLEACEZE."

93, " Cassia Marylandica " should be " Cassia Marilandica."

94, " Lathyrus paluster" should be '' Lathyrus palustris."

95, " Styloshanthes " should be " Stylosanthes."

96, " Petalastemon " should be " Petalostemon."
100, " Sanicula Marylandica " should be " Sanicula Marilandica."
104. in note \, at bottom of page, " steets " should be "streets,"
107, " Leucothcxj " should be " Leucothoe."

no, "BROOM-ROPE FAMILY" should be "BROOM-RAPE FAM-
ILY."

Ill, " Gratiola spxn-ocarpa " should be " Gratiola sphocrocarpa. "
117. " Chenopodina maratima" should be " Chenopodina maritima."
134, " Lygodium polmatum" should be " Lygodium palmatum."

Index to Genera.

PAGE.

Abutilon 90

Acalypha.. 119

Acanthospeimum 106

Acer 93

Acerates 116

Achillea lOi

Acnida 117

Acorus 122

Adiantum 133

yEschynomene . . 94

.^sculus - - 92

Agrimonia .. 96

Agrostis — . . 130

Aletris 124

A lisma 123

Allium --. 125

Alnus 121

Alopecurus 130

Alsine 89

Alternanthera 117, 135

Amarantus 117

Amaryllis 124

Ambrosia lOi

Amelanchier . 97

Ammannia .. 97

Amorpha 93

Ampelopsis 92

Amphicarptea 93

Amsonia 115

Anagallis . 109

Andromeda 107

Andropogon 133

Anemone 83

Anthoxanthum 132

Anychia 90

Apios 93

Apocynum 115

Aquilegia . 83

Arachis 96

Aralia 100

Archemora gg

Arenaria . 89

Argemone 85

Ariscvma . . 122

Aristida 131

Aristolochia 116

Artemisia 106

Armn 12s

PAGE.

Arundinaria .. 131

Asclepias 115

Ascy rum 88

Asimina 84

Asplenium 133

Aster loi

Astragalus. . 93

Alriplex 117

Azalea 108

AzoUa 1 34

Baccharis 102

Baldwinia . 102

Baptisia • g3

Bartonia 115

Benzoin 118

Berchemia g2

Betula 121

Bidens. 102

Bigelovia 102

Bignonia no

Bletia . 123

Boehmeria 119

Boerhaavia . 134

Boltonia 102

Borrichia .. 102

Botrychium _. 134

Brasenia , 84

Brizopyrum .. 131

Bromus 132

Broussonetia iig

Bumelia.- log

Burmannia 123

Cabomba 84

Cakile 85

Calamagrostis 130

Calamintha 112

Callicarpa .. 112

Callitriche 118

Calopogon 124

Calycanthus . gy

Calystegia 114

Campanula 107

Capsella S5

Cardamine 85

Carex . I2g

Carpinus .. 120

Cassandra 107

Cassia g3

138

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE.

Castanea .. I20

Catalpa iio

Ceanothus 92

Celtis 120

Cenchrus 133, 134

Cenlrosema 96

Cephalanthus loi

Cephaloxys 126

Cerastium 89

Ceratophyllum 118

Ceratoschcenus. I '-9

Cercis 94

Chaptalia 102

Chelone no

Chenopodina 117

Chenopodium . 116

Chimaphila. .* 108

Chionanthus. _ 1 16

Chrysogonum 102

Chrysopsis 102

Cichorium . 104

Cicuta .. 99

Cinna 130

Cirsium .. 102

Cladium 129

Claytonia 89

Clematis.- 83

Clethra 107

Clitoria 95

Cnidoscolus 119

Cocculus - 84

Collinsonia 112

Commelyna . 126

Conoclinium 106

Conopholis no

Corallorhiza 123

Coreopsis 102

Cornus . --... . 100

Corydalis .- 85

Crantzia 100

Cvatregus 97

Crotalaria 94

Cioton. 119

Ctenium ..- 131

Cupressus 121

Cuscuta 114

Cynodon 131

Cyperus 127, 134

Cyi ilia . 108

Dactylis 131

Dactylocteniam 131

Danthonia . . - 132

Dasystoma in

Datura 114, 134

Daucus .- 99

Decumaria 99

Desmodium 95

PAGE.

Deyeuxia 130

Dianthera ill

Dichondra 114

Dichromena 129

Diodia loi

Dionoea 86

Dioscorea 125

Diospyros 108

Dipteracanthus in

Discopleura 100

Distichlis 131

Draba 85

Drosera . 88

Dulichium 128

Echinodorus 123

Echium 113

Eclipta . - 103

Eleocharis ■. 128

Elephantopus .. 103

Eleusine 131

Elymus 132

Epidendrum 124.

Epigasa ._ 107

EpiphegLis . no

Eragrostis 131

Erechlites 105

Erianthus . 133

Erigeron 103

Eriocaulon 127

Eriophorum _. 128

Erodium 1 34

Eryngium .. 99

Erythrina 95

Euonymus 92

Eupalorium 103

Euphorbia 119, 134

Eustachys 131

Euxolus 117

Fagus — 120

■ Festuca . .. 131

Fimbristylis 128

Forsteronia 115

Fothergilla . 99

Fragaria 96

Frangula 92

Fraxinus 116

Fuirena 128

Galactia. 95

Galium . loi

Gaultheria 107

Gaura 98

Gaylussacia 107

Gelsemium loi

Gentiana . 115

Geranium 9^

Gerardia m

Geum — 96

INDEX TO GENERA.

139

TAGK,

Cileditschia . 95

Glyceria - 131

Gnaphalium .. 103

Cionolobus .-- 116

Gordonia 90

Gratiola iii

Gymnopogon . . 131

Gynandropsis 86

Habenaria 124

Halesia 108

Hamamelis 99

Hclenium 103

Helianthemum 86

Helianthus 104

Heliophytum 113

Helioiropium.. .... 113, 134

Hepalica 83

H erpestis iii

Ileuchera 99

Hibiscus 90

Hieracium. . 104

Holcus. 132

Hordeum 132

Hydrochloa 130

Hydrocotyle 99

Hydrolea 113

Hypericum .. 89

Hypoxys 124

Hyptis 112

Ilex 108

Ilysanthes iii

Impatiens 91

Indigofera 94

Ipomcea 114

Iris . 125

Isolepis 128

Itea - 99

Iva ^ 104

Juglans .. . .. 120

[uncus - 126

Juniperus 121

Jussitea _ 98

Kalmia 107

Kosleletzkya. go

Krigia .. ... 104

Kuhnia 104

Kyllingia 128

Lachnanthes. _. 124

Lachnocaulon ._ . 127

Laciuca 104

Lagenaria . 99

Lamium 113

Lapago 133, 134

Lathyrus 94

Lechea 86

Leersia 1 30

Leiophyllum 108

I'AGE.

Lemna 122

Leoiuirus 113

l^epidium 85

Leptocaulis 100

Leptochloa 131

Leptopoda 104

Lespedeza 95

Leucanthemum 102

Leucothoe 107

Liatris 104

Ligustrum 116

Lilium.. 125

Limnanthemum 115

Limnobium 123

Linaria no, 134

Linum. . 91

Lipocarpha 128

Lippia 112

Liquidambar 99

Liiiodendion 84

Listera 124

Lithospermum 113

Lobelia 106

Lonicera .... 100

Ludwigia 98

Lupinus 94

Luzula ... 126

Lycopodium 134

Lycopus 112

Lygodium .. 134

Lysimachia .. 169

Lythrum 97

Macbridea 112

Magnolia 83

Malva 90

Marrubium. 113

Marshallia ...... 104

Martynia no

Maruta . loi

Mayaca 126

M edicago 94

Melanthera.. 105

Melanthium 125

Melia 91

Melica 131

Melilotus 06

Melothria 99

Menispermum 84

Mentha 112

Micranthennim in

Microstylis 123

Mikania 104

Mimulus no

Mitchella loi

Mitreola lOi

MoUugo 89

Monarda 112

I40

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE.

Monotropa io8

Moms --- 119

Muhlenbergia 130

Mulgedium 106

Myrica .,. - I2I

Myriophyllum 98

Naias... 123

Negundo 93

Nelumbium 84

Nepeta 112

Nesa;a ...- 97

Nuphar - 84

Nymphtea 84

Nyssa - 100

Obione ii?

Obolaria 115

QEnothera 98

Oldenlandia loi

Olea.. 116

Onoclea 133

Onosmodium 113

Opuntia .. 98

Orontium 122

Osmunda . 134

Oxalis -- 91

Oxydendrum 107

Paepalanthus. ..- 127

Pancratium 124

Panicum 132, 135

Papaver 85

Parnassia 88

Paronychia ---^ 90

Paspalum 132

Passiflora 98

Pastinaca lOO

Penthorum 99

Pentstemon no

Persea 118

Petalostemon 96

Petunia 115

Phacelia 113

Phalaris 132

Pharbitis -- 114

Phaseolus 95

Phlox... :.- 113

Phoradendron 118

Physalis - 114

Physostegia -. 113

Phytolacca... 116

Pilea 119

Pinguicula -. no

Pinus - 121

Planera 1 20

Plantago 109

Platan thera... 124

riatanus -.. 120

Pleea --. - 126

PAGE.

Pluchea 106

Poa 131

Podophyllum 84

Podostigma 116

Pogonia . 1 24

Polygala 93

Polygonella 118

Polygonum 117

Polymnia... 105

Poly podium .. 133

Polypogon 130

Polypremum loi

Pontederia . 126

Ponthieva 123

Populus. 121

Portulaca 89

Potamogeton 122

Potentilla 96

Prenanthes 105

Proserpinaca.. . 98

Prunus 96

Psilocary a 129

Psoralea - 94

Ptelea 91

Pteris 133

Pterocaulon 105

Pycnanthemum _ 112

Pyrola 108

Pyrrhopappus 102

Pyrus 97

Pyxidanthera 114

Quamoclit 114

Quercus 120

Ranunculus --83, 134

Rhexia 97

Rhus 92

Rhynchosia _... 95

Rhynchospora 128

Ricinus 119

Robinia 94

Rosa 96

Rubus .- .- 96

Rudbeckia 105

Rumex iiS

Ruppia 122

Sabal 122

Sabbatia 1 15

Sageretia 92

Sagina - 90

Sagittaria 123

Salicornia 117

Salix 121

Salsola 117

Salvia 112

Sambucus 100

Samolus 109

Sanguinaria 85

INDEX TO GENERA.

141

PAGE.

Sanicula 100

Saponaria. 89

Sarracenia 85

Sassafras Ii8

Sauiurus 118

Saxifiaga 99

Schizandra 134

Schrankia ... 96

Schwalbea iii

Scirpus 128

Scleria 129

Scolymus 134

Scrophularia 110

Scutellaria 112

Selaginella 134

Senebiera 85

Senecio 105

Sericocarpus 106

Sesuvium 89

Setaria 1 133

Seutera .... 116

Seymeria iii

Sicyos 99

Sida 90

Silene 89

Silphium 105

Sisymbrium 85

Sisyrhinchium 125

Smilax 125

Solanum . 114

Solidago i©5

Sonchus 106

Sorghum 133

Sparganium .J .. 122

Spartina _. 131

Spergula 90

Spergularia 90

Spigelia 10 1

Spilanthes ro6

Spiraea 97

Spiranthes 124

Sporobolus 130

Stachys ._ 113

Staphylea 92

Statice 109

Stellaria 90

Stenotaphrum 133

Stillingia 119

Stipa 130

Stipulicida 90

Stuartia 90

Stylisma 114

Slylosanthes.. 95

Styrax 108

PAGE.

Symplocos 108

Tanaceium 106

Taraxacum 104

Taxodium 121

Tecoma no

Telanthera 117

Tephrosia 94

Tetranthera 118

Teucrium 113

Thalictrum. 83

Thaspium _ 100

Tiedemannia . 100

Tilia 90

Tillandsia 124

Tipularia 124

Tofieldia.. 126

Tradescantia 126

Tragia 119

Tribulus 91, 134

Trichelostylis 128

Trichodium 130

Trichostema 113

Trifolium _ 94

Triglochin 123

Trilisa 104

Triplasis 131

Tripsacum . 133

Trisetum 132

Typha 122

Ulmus .. 120

Uniola . 132

Urtica 119

Utricularia 109

Vaccinium _ 107

Verbascum no

Verbena .. 112

Vernonia. 106

Veronica in

Viburnum 100

Vicia 96

Vilfa 130

Viola 86

Vitis - 92

Wistaria 94

Woodwardia 133

Xanthium .. 106

Xanthosoma 122

Xyris .. 127

Yucca ... 125

Zanthoxylum ..... _ gi

Zygadenus 125

Zizania 130

Zornia 94

Zostera 122

NOTES

A THERMOMETER FOR CLASS ILLUSTRATION,

For lecture experiments a tliermometer should be sensitive so as
to show slight changes of temperature, and should make these
changes readily apparent to all in the room — that is, the changes
should not only be clearly visible but should be such as are com-
monly referred to the action of heat and used for its measurement.
The ether thermometer, based on the low temperature at which
ether boils, will show only an increase of temperature, and the ig-
niting of the vapor does not point directly enough to the change to
b9 msasured. So, too, the closing of an electric current by mercury
risinsJ^ in a tube, and the breaking of the same by its falling, make
the change of temperature very apparent but introduce too many
elements of confusion.

Discarding these forms of thermometers, then, I have been using a
modification of the air-thermometer which answers all the require
ments. As I have seen no mention of such a thermometer in any
of the ordinary books on lecture experiments, I offer a description
of it to the Society for the benefit of members who have felt the
need of such a thermometer and have failed, as I have, to gain any
help from the usual reference books.

The construction of the thermometer is very simple.
A piece of glass tubing 59 — 75 c. m. long and 5 — 10 m.
m. wide is sealed at one end and an oblong bulb is
then blown on it. This bulb may be larger or smaller
according to the substance whose temperature is to
measured. The thickness of its walls largely deter-
mine its sensitiveness. The tube is then bent four
times at right angles as shown in the figure. In the
open end a liquid (mercury, colored water or alcohol)

Ois poured until it rises to any desired level. By prop-
erly moving the tube it can be gotten to the same
level in both arms of the tube without getting in the
bulb. It may be well to keep several such thermometers, contain-
ing diilerent liquids, so as to have different degrees of sensitiveness.

/7^

^^:^

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. I43

Very slight changes of temperature can be shown by the rise or fall
of the liquid, and as this is the customary mode of measuring tem-
perature, no explanation is necessary to a class nor is confusion pro-
duced. I have found the thermometer very useful for showing such
changes as those produe-^'d by adding water to sulpliuric acid, cal-
cium chloride, ammoniu^u nitrate and many slighter changes caused
by chemical reaction.

F. P. VENABLE.
Chemical Laboratory, TJ. N. C.

SUGAR BEETS FROM KENTUCKY.

In order to test whether the sugar beet can be successfully raised
in the Blue Grass region of Kentucky, a preliminary experiment was
held in the summer of 1885 Seed of " Vilmorin's Improved French
White Sugar Beet," from Gregory of Marblehead, was sown about
the 10th of May in soil which had a number of years previously
been used for garden vegetables, but which had for three years at
least received no manure or fertilizer. In August they were attacked
by the so-called " old fashioned " potato bug and the tops some-
what injured. They were gathered the latter part of September.
The season had been in this locality very dry and warm, the mean
temperature of the summer months being 2.59=^ warmer than that
of 1884. The beets were very small from this cause, a number of
selected specimens averaging 331 grams. The sugar was determined
by expressing the juice, testing for reducing sugar, inverting the
beet sugars and determining the invert sugar. The sugar estima-
tions were made with Fehling's solution. The average amount of
reducing sugar was 0.30 per cent, and the sucrose 10.91 per cent, of
the juice. This per centage of sugar is very favorable under the
circumstances, coming near to the amount which is profitable to
manufacture, but the beets were small, the amount of " solid mat-
ter not sugar," large, and the amount of reducing sugar larger than
it should be. How much of this was due to the unfavorable season
and the lack of proper fertilizers, it is impossible to determine, and
the beets must be tested another season and with other cultivation.

Prof. Wiley, of the Agricultural Department, considers that the

144

TOURNAL OF THE

sugar beet will not flourish south of the isotherm of 70=^ mean tem-
perature for the summer months (Bulletin 3, Chem. Div. Agric.
Dept.) The mean monthly temperature for June, July and August
of '84 and '85, as well as rain fall, were as follows:

Temperature.

'84 '85

June .- 71-77 71.8^

July -- -.72.73" 76.93'

August 71.28" 74,84

Total.- -. ..215.78 223.67"

Average 71-93 74-52^

Rainfall.

•84

'85

3.21

2.45

6.35

2.35

1.74

1.9

11.30

6.70

3-77

2.23

It will thus be seen that last season was particularly unfavorable
as regards both temperature and rainfall, and yet the juice averaged
nearly 11 per cent, sugar, while the experiments at Washington gave
Juice of only 7.61 per cent, sugar. Further experiments will be un-
dertaken this year on this subject.

JAS. LEWIS HOWE.
Laboratory of Central University,
Richmond, Ky., March, 1886.

LITHOGRAPHIC STONE FROM TENNESSEE.

Specimens of lithographic stone from Clay county and Overton
county, Tennessee, which are claimed to be very similar to the
Bavarian stone, have been analyzed with the following results :

1. Clay county, Tennessee, buff lithographic stone.

Calcium carbonate 83.36

Magnesium carbonate 10.34

Iron and aluminum oxide — .80

Silica and insoluble silicates - S-^S^

ELISHA MITCHELL SCIEiNTIFIC SOCIETY.

145

2. Overton county, Tennessee, blue gray lithographic stone.

Calcium carbonate 77f^2

Magnesium carbonate i 7.32

Iron and aluminum oxide .66

Silica anil insoluble silicates. _. 4.10

The specific gravity of both thejse stones is higher than that of
the Baravian. and it does not speiu wholly free from crystals. The
Clay county stone contains more silica than the Baravian stone, and
they both contain more iron. The Overton county stone contains
a much larger quantity of magnesium carbonate. For comparison,
the following is an analysis of the Bivarian stone :

Calcium carbonate ._ .- - 81.47

Magnesium carbonate 13. 83

Iron oxide .25

Silicates 4-45

JAS. LEWIS HOWE.

Laboratortj of Central University,

Richmond, Ky., March, 1886.

CYCLONES.

In the month of May I witnessed a phenomenon which may assist
us in determining the cause or causes of cyclones or tornadoes, and
its repeated occurrence under tlie same conditions impressed me
with its value to the student of nature and induced the desire that
a record of it be preserved.

In the figure, a is

the head of a drain
pretty well grown up
with shrubs and trees
in an old field, which
supports a not very
dense growth of old
field pines, the dotted
line inn being their
northerri border. The
drain runs north, and
north of the dotted
line is cleared land.

cL

15

146 JOURNAL OF THE

A path 6 c runs east and west as in the figure. I had set fire to the
dry leaves in the drain and it was burning from a to d, about 75
yards, the flames often mounting up 10 feet. While this was going
I rapidly spread fire along on the north side of the path from a to 6,
about 75 yards, so as to burn up the pine straw covering the ground
up to the dotted line, say 20 feet. This fire spread to the north, its
northern border (the blazing straw) maintaining its east and west
direction, the wind blowing all the time from due east. After the
blaze had got 6 or 8 feet from the path, and everything was going
on to my satisfaction, I stopped at the path to look at it, when be-
hold! there was a little tornado following the blaze from east to
west whirling around from left to right. In two or three seconds it
eith^^r lost its force or ascended out of reach of the blaze. Then
there was another and another in rapid succession until I counted
about thirty, and the straw was all consumed. They were devel-
oped so rapidly that I was unable to get a good view of one until
it had moved a few feet, when the flame in its axis was rushing up
above the normal height of the blaze.

Now for the conditions : The east wind, heated by the fire in the
drain from a to d^ did not blow along on or near the surface of the
earth north of the burning pine straw, hence the air there was drawn
towards the partial vacua south and east of it. Over the ground
covered by the burnt pine straw, and bounded on the north, as well
as I could judge, by the line of blazing straw, the east wind was
blowing. Hence, as the cool air on the north rushed to the blaze
and came in contact with the heated northern border of the east
wind, the consequent check to its velocity on that side, produced
the series of whirls from left to right.

B. F. GRADY.

Albertson^s, iV. C, August, 1886.

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OF THE

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society

fOR, THE Tear 1883-'84.

JOURNAL

OF THE

Elisha IJitchell Scientific Society^

toR THE Tear 1884-'85.

JOURNAL

OF THE

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society,

toR THE Tear 1885-'86.

Date Due

MAY 1 0 1955