Ant, Py yowetets prety h Ne PPE Sarge oes eae et ae eet yl vas enatad tt He ayy that 4 RE HN Swanpyge Hie tao oh Nao Hepa leet i 1 ohne Mba Rilisi ty Ait} sb Ati §) tes :¢ ile ere wee pie ty vast a : ee $1 bay Oot ob canner 21 rs weg rey) Ha iat ve sabnarhisiig Pepa pet unibib eee | Hath a Fite] rtthase reps rvs ap des tivheh oe-dal of wasn " fn earth ey seat bout taatat es uh hal lovett ndpiilaag} Mi by evel thi, ; ; Despite sug tetra Metearesy ab +h shat pores eae sy tits ‘ set * Eroteneee! ey }eittes ele } He tas Poet te pe theey ot BY +98 ohbe Le Mddereds hemes fete Ys bb opens. eit Sa topetpees brptes be Nor 1 elgial tle vols bureneny ur i : i ! iy Sati sen ait een sity te Nd tirat laweatere?: vt 'F POP Aa 4 nies ni 42 i At) Gut uf i Peres liig Nene Ve edsheaede it ; vail fae at. {uanere 1¢ Sets a pelt ; Aart Meili apetie itt) . wh ISR eee TA TRI tear et ay rer Wet tip dat : in ahs uote iat actth i a s ys) Sit iba ; PIT in ENA 8 dey pre h bha] trl ' rai eh ove it we tH 4 i Ci 4 4 attaath Mpa tomtbaeseeqh oh ode iat ie woh tagger si] Titian ate Hh rr oy ne 4 Ry seas mouitrtery DET opr is bt : Lins Sastagtar a das busts ah ye te ¢ + ia anny ATT eat att Leta 1 ala ot ¢ pat ad Vilas? a bdsassanes betes ony { Seen apa aaa Ret r rn SAEs aniets ny one ead east tae abe bey anes beat haeeeste) rhe bends ang “ey Wis Medeahty ‘ aaah : wea riee “be bis Ve att ARR Rete tit ae ietraes Ptr) Meas Le Wh tees {sy a tts t Sears reser +t Hf vH howe tte i i 0 : ae is ae pure Be ay ee ae igi thy (ste ihe “vp assy ee whebtenls 4 qtbnilealy Ma o¥'89 oA NO-skoamu se sao sberrsamebeagieat chats FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY is aca Ahaye Pi ie ray Thiet Fey Ven «| By\ faa er id att aN meye Dy 1 Ny He At 4 Ait ‘,! , A ce i Mi: ‘ie Wr net SMT wit ribs SO a ty N ay \ Na ed ' Abe atid at nee a Be WA a" 7 Y ; Ale | bit U 4 rir. Ay ak! 4% ? | 9" Tee ives (76) ise 6 JOURNAL OF THE Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society VOLUME XXXVIII 1922-1923 Published for the Society by the University of North Carolina Press Pr ads Ato BE a lial) Seki Ab ya.) rm MUSEUM TAOTREN AD oat YHOVEL SARUTAN get ruey MO SESSLELLLUSASAT VALU UES AS “i ~~ CONTENTS PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-First ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NortH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE HELD at CHAPEL Pier a We EA AM, LORE ss i ee ie ce gals Caloee sta ¢ PROCEEDINGS OF THE EuisHA MITCHELL ScIENTIFIC SOCIETY, OcToBeER 11, 1921, To JUNE 2, 1922........ ety Pe pstae Leer ane Tue SEARCH FOR THE UttimmatTe Atom. J. L. Lake........... TWENTY YEARS OF THE NorTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. eS a Ae ae as Ae a8 bas oR Mein ae eee Some PHASES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSEMYS CINEREA. Bere Cunningnant os... cae Sere * MER Ree rN Rete tra Ye REACTION OF METHANE AND ALSO OF ACETYLENE UPON ZIRCONIUM TETRACHLORIDE. F’. P. Venable and R. O. Deitz... Some Puases oF STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF GARDEN PEA AND WHITE Sweet CLOVER SEEDS AS RELATED TO HARDNESS. AGU RIE ON ICUS cots oc, foe eee ka was es Dendede' a Fh oieca aye w VARIATION OF PROTEIN CoNTENT OF Corn. ZH. B. Arbuckle and Ole GE MAR ts ars.: «5s epee «© 5 RE aioe hs GEOLOGY OF THE MuscLE SHOALS AREA, ALABAMA. W. F. Prouty... AgAnmAaIn. NoETH CAROLINA. “Wa°W. AShée.... 0.0.0.0 sedan es NoTEs ON THE REPRODUCTION OF HypDRA IN THE CHAPEL HILL Reaion. H. S. Everett..... _ See To ete yh knee ’ CHEMISTRY IN ITs RELATION TO THE STATE WATER SUPPLIES. Gell) Catlettic..« Sie S 2 ee tS nS ELE EEG d Me ht ty Tue Laccarias AND CuiitocyBEes oF NortH Carouina. W. C. Caker-nd TAOS BeardSlete rises «avs + éa aca e009 ccs sabes wise ee THE Fruitina STAGE OF THE TUCKAHOE, PACHYMA Cocos. Frederick A. Wolf........ a Ee re Cap ne eye A Key To THE FuLGorip2 oF Eastern NortH America WITH Descriptions oF New Species. Z. P. Metcalf............. THE GAsSTEROMYCETES oF NortH Carouina. W. C. Coker and as PG “h | vt 1? aN 7 a ate ie vee G iM y 3 | ‘“ au oe ; oar y er ~ fh 7» " rs 9 rene yf Py * sd ; ’ . a oh é he a Lt ‘ ih fs thet ry ‘ : A a e \ Att @ oa H + . Te Ay a" . 7 Le 4 “ a, ‘ J r) 2 im a ‘ ys v = > ee, ar,’ ar; a ib ERRATA | In oy 38, i 93, line 24, the word “deposition” moat ‘*disposition.”’ i ‘ =~. “.* able Tae § r % -— . : 55 q bat ee ? iM : BY RESOLUTION OF THe EvisHa MITcHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY AND THE NortH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE THIS NUMBER IS DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF CHARLES BASKERVILLE BORN 1870 DIED 1922 ly dia As 5 PTeRTE ht of 4: uP see [a E PLATE 1 Lacearia laceata. Hartsville, 8. C. (No. 72), fig. 1. Laccaria amethystea. No. 5178, fig. 2. Lacearia tortilis. No. 3612, fig. 3. Clitoeybe cyathiformis. No. 4934, figs. 4 and 5. 6 No. 3248, fig. 6; No. 3260, fig. 7. Clitocybe infundibuliformis, No. 3357, fig. 8. Clititocybe subnigricans (young plant). JOURNAL Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society oaae XXX VIII SEPTEMBER Nos. 1 and 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Hep at CuHapeu Hitz, N. C., May 5 anp 6, 1922 The Executive Committee met Thursday night at the Faculty Club of Trinity College with the following members present: J. L. Lake, president, Bert Cunningham, secretary, F. A. Wolf, R. N. Wil- son, and H. R. Totten. The following recommendations were adopted for presentation to the Academy: 1. That the business meeting of the Academy shall be held on Friday afternoon at 4:30. 2. That a special committee consisting of the president, the editor of the ExisHa MircHenL JouRNAL and the secretary be appointed to revise and publish the constitution and membership list and consider the advisability of adding to this a brief history of the Academy, getting the whole out in booklet form for distribution to prospective members. 3. That the fiscal years be changed from January to January to October to October so that it may coincide with the A. A. A. S. year, and the Elisha Mitchell year. 4, That the secretary be authorized to discontinue the practice of _ placing papers on the program in the order of their arrival, and to arrange the program as deemed best in his judgment. 5. That a loose-leaf system of records and accounts be adopted. 6. That the old secretary’s book be rebound. okt 2 JOURNAL OF THE MiTCHELL SOCIETY | September 7. That the secretary be authorized to have reprints of the pro- ceedings made for distribution to interested parties. 8. That the Academy pay to the Exvisna MircHeLtt JourRNAL the sum of $125.00 for the Journals to the membership rather than the $75.00 now paid. The latter price was based upon a membership of 100. There are now 163 members. The following were then elected to membership: J. F. Dashiell, J. F. Daugherty, L. M. Dixon, J. E. Eckert, C. O. Eddy, N. B. Foster, E. H. Frothingham, F. A. Grant, F. Haasis, M. L. Hamlin, C. H. Higgins, A. L. Hook, C. F. Korstian, W. E. Jordan, E. C. Linderman, Mary Lyon, I. H. Manning, A. C. Martin, Bessie Noyes, K. B. Patterson, W. L. Porter, R. S. Pritchard, Mrs. J. C. Root, P. O. Schallert, F. W. Sherwood, H. G. Smith, 8. C. Smith, J. H. Taylor, M. F. Trice, G. W. Vaughn, F. C. Vilbrandt, Ruth Walker, N. F. Wilkerson, C. F. Williams, W. T. Wright, L. E. Yocum. The following were reported as resigning: J. 8. Downing, H. Spencer, M. R. Smith, C. B. Williams. All resignations due to re- moval from the state. The secretary-treasurer then made a financial report which is printed elsewhere. The secretary reported the adoption of a policy of notifying mem- bers when their titles for papers were received. The committee extended the time for Dr. A. Henderson’s paper on Hinstein to 45 minutes, and then adjourned to meet Friday at 2:30. There was no new business presented at the Friday meeting of the committee. The Academy was called to order Friday morning by President Lake and the presentation of papers was begun. After the appoint- ment of the following committees the Academy adjourned at 1:20 for lunch: Nominating—C. 8S. Brimley, H. V. Wilson, C. W. Edwards. Auditing—W. C. Coker, R. N. Wilson, J. P. Givler. Resolutions—W. A. Withers, H. N. Gould, Miss Mary Seymour. After lunch many visited the flower show at Davie Hall which served as a demonstration for Mr. Totten’s paper, as shown on the program. At 3:00 o0’clock the Academy re-convened and the read- ing of papers was continued until 5:45 when the Academy adjourned until 8:00 p. m. 1922] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3 The evening meeting was called to order by the secretary, who introduced President Chase of the University who weleomed the Academy and spoke a few well-chosen words as to the relation of science to daily life. President Lake of the Academy responded and then delivered the Presidential Address on ‘‘The Search for the Ultimate Atom.’’ This was a timely review of the various discoveries which have led to our modern ideas of matter. The Academy then ealled for the paper by Mr. C. 8. Brimley—‘‘Twenty Years of the North Carolina Academy of Science.’’ This paper was highly ap- preciated as it was given by one who has been with the organization since its birth. An informal ‘‘get-to-gether’’ was enjoyed after ad- journment. At nine o’clock Saturday morning the Academy opened with a business meeting. Reports of Committees were first called for. The Committee on Natural Resource Conservation reported, and the Committee was continued. The Representative of the Academy on the Council of the Ameri- ean Association made a report. The Auditing Committee reported the books of the Treasurer as satisfactory. The Publicity Committee reported some progress, but was some- what uncertain as to what was expected of it. After further in- struction the committee was continued. The Committee on High School Science reported, and the com- mittee on the order of the Academy was reorganized as follows: Chairman—Bert Cunningham; J. N. Couch, R. N. Wilson, and A. F. Roller. The Legislative Finance reported no progress. The Executive Committee reported and all the recommendations shown above were adopted. The Treasurer gave a summarized report as follows: RECEIPTS Saying Acco Lorimer TTGASULGl .. 2 cna. div aoa ss aro ee een ewwes $196.98 MDT GSttareteva’ ecavesece ate ante sey a,b) © $5.5 Ato do thoi Bis PI ro PSOE 438.79 $635.77 4 JOURNAL OF THE MitcHELL Sociery [September EXPENDITURES Current Expenses 5+. «.5.s:ace,0 oie =e niee no altyee el eunla nig este ee eee ema $141.85 BB. Bo OF Bio. oc soe tc ein o wiard ofaie © ebin ei ano ace 158.00 $299.85 Balance Saving Account . «6 i:s'< «c's date bcisineteee Oe ae ee 200.00 Balance .Check -Aceount. «cic <5: 1 sts. nt010 ee. #etnnean oie ee aio 135.92 $635.77 The Academy ordered the Secretary to send the following telegram to Dr. E. W. Gudger—‘‘N. C. A. S. in session at the University sends you hearty greetings and is glad to report that the treasurer’s bal- ance is now $370.00.”’ The Resolutions Committee reported as follows: The Committee on Resolutions very respectfully recommends the adoption of the following: 1. That the Academy place upon record its appreciation of the services of its officers who have arranged such an attractive program and secured such a large attendance. 2. That the thanks of the Academy are due to our gracious hosts who have so charmingly entertained its members during the pres- ent meeting. 3. That the Academy dedicate the volume of the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Society containing the report of the Proceedings of this meeting to the memory of the late Dr. Charles Baskerville, one of its earlier members, one of its very active workers, and at one time its President. W. A. WITHERS, Mary SEYMourR, H. N. Gounp. The Nominating Committee presented the following for office and they were elected by the Academy : President—Dr. A. Henderson, University of North Carolina. Vice-President—Dr. H. B. Arbuckle, Davidson College. Secretary-Treasurer—Dr. Bert Cunningham, Trinity College. Executive Committee—Dr. H. N. Gould, Wake Forest, Professor J. P. Givler, N. C. College for Women, Dr. B. W. Wells, State College. The time for the Annual Mecting was discussed, and was finally left in the hands of the Executive Committee as in the past. 1922] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 5 The invitation to hold the next meeting in Greensboro at the N. C. College for Women was announced and accepted. } At 11:00 papers were presented to the joint meeting, and at 11:30 the Chemists and Physicists adjourned to other quarters to hold their separate meetings. Their papers are shown on the following programs. The last paper was read just before lunch time and the Academy adjourned. Following is the present membership of the Academy. Those marked with an asterisk were present at the meeting. HOR OWAy AV iceiesf OLVEL MOUNGED 5 tec tems 2 sis tue dieldic ea edits e wacieve see's Raleigh *Arbuckle, H. B., Professor of Chemistry, Davidson College............ Davidson Bape. UMIVersity: OF Worth Carolla. <.-..cste nlc ete oc ave ce wee Chapel Hill Bahnison tis ey 26 awa Ury ROA cdc. nee cles esas scels cs Soe Winston-Salem sbaker) Miss) lineretia, Meredith Colletes ss... 0... occ ks eee ee we oc Raleigh iBalderston,. Mark, Guilford ‘Collegewre. fo)... 2 ap be cesta Guilford College EREDMCH et eben ee tetia nce Onyx eee Aa te NOE Nels Teal o's 5c aja. 0d 6 s/s Roanoke Rapids Pe teeole et eie ng ek BV GAU VO rs 3 rem eee ao Sl on se eres caste e Ses Charlotte Barrow, Miss Elva E., Chemistry Dept., N. C. College for Women....Greensboro *Bell, J. M., Dept. of Chemistry, University of North Carolina....... Chapel Hill Binford, Raymond, President Guilford College................ Guilford College Bonney, Miss H..C.,.1421 WMourteenth AVE: 6 22.00slcc cnc eee ce cc eens ste Hickory Bruen NSS CHEB ets NEAT YES MO COOOL teenie we le.ors eis viclerei pierce ete she dce'e s-sieyasace Raleigh SBlom@uist si.) Dept.of Bidlogy. Trinity. Collere. 2... iis c2s sd sls Durham *Brimley, C. S., Division of Entomology, N. C. Dept. of Agriculture...... Raleigh Bem eye Hee CUnabUreObabO WiUSOUMM ees picasa e slelec wise sien ci cis/e sates Raleigh Browne, Wm. Hande, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, State College..... Raleigh Bruner, S. C., Estacion Agronomica.............. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba *Bullitt, J. B., Professor of Pathology, Univ. of North Carolina..... Chapel Hill BULGE WiebyTery CIN Ys COMER ES vm sytersisis) ofc dave lads ic eit 9 aise eos did-e she's a Durham Cain, William, Kenan Prof. Emeritus of Math., Univ. of N. C....... Chapel Hill Campbell, Miss Eva G., Dept. Biology, N. C. College for Women..... Greensboro Clapp, S. C., Superintendent State Test Farm...................6. Swannanoa “Copp, Collier, Protessor of Geology, Univ. of N: ©... 02.56.06. .000% Chapel Hill Cobb, William B., Louisiana State University...:............ Baton Rouge, La. *Coker, W. C., Kenan Professor of Botany, Univ. of N. C............ Chapel Hill MEEK tLe NV ete et sok ede PAE che os tels Gace ereie nee oa c sted fees White Hall, S.C. *Couch, J. N., Dept. of Botany, University of North Carolina........ Chapel Hill *Cunningham, Bert, Professor of Biology, Trinity College.............. Durham Dashiell, J. F., Prof. of Psychology, Univ. of North Carolina....... Chapel Hill Daugherty, J. F., Dept. Physics, Univ. of North Carolina.......... Chapel Hill Davis, Harry T., Assistant Curator State Museum.................... Raleigh WETNOM eG Acs Ws. 1.) VWiGHiMer PULGA Met sishcn soap ccc cles ccs crac eels sees Raleigh SWEMIEC Heel iis LALO! COLLEGE -;.yreie tt once stehete pes cos ees ye Raleigh Haber, V. R., Division of Entomology, N. C. Dept. of Agriculture....... Raleigh Hatley, 0.0., Columbia University... ;... dave Pein nee aee eee New York City “Heek,.C. M., Dept. of Physics, State Collopecasi4) see ee aes» «00 Raleigh *Henderson, Archibald, Prof. of Mathematics, Univ. of N. C......... Chapel Hill *Hickerson, T. F., Prof. Civil Engineering, Univ. of N. C............ Chapel Hill Hobbs, A. W., Asso. Prof. Mathematics, Univ. of N. C.............. Chapel Hill BER EL TAAL SOAs, * WV gue a C(ac ca Tahahs caylee loc stata cos) ee ARERR eae ke TRIE Tae Statesville *Holland, Miss Alma, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of N. C............... Chapel Hill “Hoitmes, J. .5., State Forester. ....:':,s.cnaus aeiewow Gaaie ae eee con eee Chapel Hill rade, 1... Forest, Examiner... 5) + cvs oc aeweeintan see en ees oer Asheville “Hamlin, M. L., Indust. Chemist, Trinity College. . i .s..500ss000reaune Durham *Higgins, C. H., Dept. of Science, Salem College................4. Winston-Salem Hook, A. L., Dept. of Physics, Elon College....00 ven ets atuass ome Elon College ives p.eD.7 Stetson University... ae a eek ete aC are cite ee cir eh Deland, Fla. VOY, al ctl pe moabe: Oolleg Gio scis<:c-s. citeate init wre ee eee eater sie ete is cee eae Raleigh ATOLGAM WW. k., ovatesCollere.), 4), atoins . ee ntratetete a oo eicieicrs teens Eee Raleigh “Jones. Hi. P., Indust, Ohemist, Trinity College... .)... +. ss ss + vcleeenee Durham Kalgore, B. W.,, Director of Hxperiment Station... ......0..6...eee05 5 Raleigh Boragan, 0. F.,, Forest xaminer 780% os). s s\aislew e's cls wissie'e ois 0s CE Asheville FOMANISE PETS AES oi9:o-c5015 oi'siers'sln.6 aici 5 weelate a totmininie AYa ae ee 1 oioie 5 tehene ne ee ee Raleigh *Lake, J. L., Professor of Physics, Wake Forest College............ Wake Forest "Lasley; JissWjudt:,,o880, Prot: Math., (Umiy of iN: O....5ie. cee Chapel Hill Tiehman;§;-G,, State Colleges wis vsigicd . c cies ecle biavs, starterd ets ae SURO ete eer ane Raleigh Leiby, R. W., Division of Entomology, N. C. Dept. of Agriculture...... Raleigh Lewis; i. W,, Ciunizens Bank ‘Building oi.524ci. om tee ee ae ee Raleigh Lugn, A. L., Dept. of Chemistry and Physics, Lenoir College.......... Hickory Linderman, E. C., Dept. of Sociology, Greensboro College........... Greensboro Lyon, Mary, Dept. of Biology, Greensboro College................55 Greensboro *Mabee, W. Bruce, Division of Entomology, N. C. Dept. Agriculture..... Raleigh *MacNider, W. DeB., Kenan Prof, of Pharmacology, Univ. of N. C....Chapel Hill Marion, 8. J., Dept. of Chemistry, State College..........sesesceeess Raleigh DOr, | FSLGOM WOU Soo yin so )6.s bie 5's was xen bo be er et ee Durham 1922] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 7 Mendenhall, Miss Gertrude, 1023 Spring Garden Street............ Greensboro *Metealf, Z. P., Prof. of Zoology and Entomology, State College........ Raleigh *Mitchell, T. B., Division of Entomology, N. C. Dept. Agriculture........ Raleigh *Manning, I. H., Dean Med. School, Univ. of N. C................... Chapel Hill *Matian, a. (C. Dept. of Botany, State ‘College. .... oc. 6c ek dae Raleigh Naxons lw, Chemist. Depts Of AMricuIbUGers > Jets sed e's ose. o weeaidieus be Raleigh INowellndi:s We, Wake Borest Collere: 2... sis asc! Geiss Dee esc we Wake Forest *Noyes, Bessie, Dept. H. Biology, N. C. College for Women.......... Greensboro *Patterson, A. H., Prof. of Physies, Univ. of North Carolina........ Chapel Hill *Paull, N. M., Assistant Prof. of Drawing, Univ. of N. C............ Chapel Hill Pesram.W. H., Dept:.of Chemistry, Trinity: College... . 0. i005. ae oan Durham satya Wiss Marty... GnOollove stor WOMEN... 3155.60 2.ceanso. cle se Greensboro *Phillips, Charles, Dept. of Pathology, Wake Forest College........ Wake Forest Pillsbury yes ws vate Collerer Staton able. © severe a dslelecrelovs, oli ava c-cjene Raleigh PMmMeEr pin Ks 499) Coumtland y Streets: sk cies a) cle vies bys So steveceth o.12 ors Atlanta, Ga. Poteat, W. L., President Wake Forest College.................... Wake Forest *Powell, T. E., Jr., Professor of Biology, Elon College.............. Elon College Pratt, J 0. state Geolorist, Univ. of North Carolina. 2....5 0. .66,< Chapel Hill *Prouty, W. F., Prof. of Stratigraphic Geology, Univ. of N. C........ Chapel Hill *Patterson, K. B., Assistant Prof. of Math., Trinity College............ Durham *Porter, W. L., Prof. of Biology, Davidson College................... Davidson *Pritchard, R. S., Chemistry Dept., Wake Forest College........... Wake Forest *Randolph, . H., Chemistry Dept., State College... 2.5.2.0 c. cence cues Raleigh BRT ye Be laine cactare wid Cae aistauel ee oy @ Rinie' alo P Mle seals College Station, Texas fuer OE) SICA es. Olccrer nhc eye tare re wees 4 tye ss wise bievetminisl ale lontots College Station, Texas ARKO ass pOLAbe OALG. OL MEANT cher slave tle wisinvs ole sie eiccc'ere reine eis Raleigh *Rhodes, L. B., Division of Chemistry, N. C. Dept. Agriculture.......... Raleigh SEG DUELS OAS MISS WVU citay, chon ne rare a ieteneh ous istarata, c14| Sates A talepai aia eiecsce. <)Stareisla ny Ooe Wadesboro eEUO Menno Hoop EVN SCHOOL fe ty eres c, sits xy aids sch sincar @taenade tafe eilel dW a aco a's a ed where Raleigh cSt T asus Ellen MCLG CO LLG MCs, cx aha 2) sv eielor sis) gudle: ay Ss, 214 lave, oye ce. eievevemy =; 0.e leur as aie Raleigh LOO taper Core VERS nod ORS CHOOle mare mrcclere eres enebehaier cise oe. «(ard laters olecsia he oe Raleigh Spiele! dou Gc wel. wird Gyan COLO C). cents: eteto cts eee Sebshe pos) a,fel «ls stale. 0 alelwet syaisiars s,s Durham *Saville, Thorndike, Asso. Prof. Engineering, Univ. N. C............. Chapel Hill *Seymour, Miss Mary F., N. C. College for Women................. Greensboro Shaffer, Miss Blanche E., N.C. College for Women................. Greensboro Sherrill, Miss Mary L., Mt. Holyoke College.................. S. Hadley, Mass. parieee ln Mise) Nine ag SOHO). 166). sence ae de ene sane eka ctees Henderson Piice matin his leo bater OOS GS. s cau fe uhtldwicas acallen o% aeciee so vd sewer ve Raleigh Sherman, Franklin, Entomologist, N. C. Dept. Agriculture............. Raleigh Sete Corse Shane Dn bienany we EVV SICNG Fy. or. oo pe sen aie oe cjnnialb eae po Raleigh SSOMMK eV Roe NCS MVLOG MAIL SEECELL crea e tieccy «os vies sie's siears-a Sielslelaee Raleigh MMH ee Pie elOW a) UAL ORCONCHE. «.ccopciettvcteleiciaiae aoe) 0%, 0/s\0\s ioe os 0!ey0 Ames, Iowa ewildcb. See. ept., Om Chemistry. UMivaOt Niel. te Gabe Seah ae ele Winston-Salem "Sherwood, F. W., Chemist, Dept. of Agriculture. .......cccscnccccesss Raleigh epotn, cl. G., State: Coullere:.; .\.: ici oct owals seo hc ethane eels Bee ene Raleigh Tayler, 0. 11., Grad. Student, Trinity College... .. ... 20. tone wae Durham Tayler, C, C., State: Oolloge......... 3) bose edet ieee Raleigh AWiellawvirs, os. Wi. state Collere Station nuseeeeeen neces. fae eee Raleigh *Vaughn, G. W., Asst. Prof. Engineering, Trinity College.............. Durham *Vilbrandt, ¥'. C., Prof. Indust. Chemistry, Univ. of N. C............. Chapel Hill *Walker, Ruth, Dept. Biology, N. C. College for Women............. Greensboro *Wheeler, A. S., Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. Of WiGs sates ae? Chapel Hill Wilkerson, N. F., Grad. Asst. Biology, Trinity College................ Durham *Williams, C. F., Dept Horticulture, State College..............020000-- Raleigh *Wright, W. T., Dept. Physics, N. C. College for Women............ Greensboro Wuliee. . ., Btate College Station... 2.4... 2:6 fsabce eee ee eee Raleigh Wrallatmea yy die ely, Lao SCHOOL: c).1.)09 iia. ce aes te vee eoteeetaye oe ne eee eee Raleigh svar rear aeealas eens eb, \COLLELS... «arse. a<¥a aie, aeeaes oie etree ate ena eee Raleigh Walsome Donald ib wstate Oollere .:.'s.ic,<2/e\crsteemyel sate teeters eee ae eae Raleigh *Walson, Honry V.,Dept. of Zoology,. Uuivi of Nie. uyads eeu es Chapel Hill *Wilson, R. B., Dept. of Biology, Wake Forest College.............. Wake Forest *Wilson, R. N., Dept. of Chemistry, Trinity College...................: Durham WIDBSLON nettle Gr... INEredith, College <3 a:.1!sic se ereyetern eee ete eters ote Sava el tae Raleigh WWAMLLGre is AL ALON COMIC, (7, cis chs jateas falters sls ote ene eee ote Pane aoe anaes Raleigh *Withers, W. A., Dept. of Chemistry, State College.....:.............- Raleigh "Wolf, F..4., PlantPathology,.State College. 3 iii. wsses ses eet woul Raleigh Wright, Miss Eva K., Dept. of Chemistry, N. C. College for Women. .Greensboro *Yocum, L. E., Dept. of Biology, N. C. College for Women........... Greensboro The following papers were presented : The Search for the Ultimate Atom. J. lL. Lake. (Presidential Ad- dress.) Historical review of the discoveries leading up to the modern ideas of matter. Appears in full in this issue. Twenty Years of the North Carolina Academy of Science. C. 8. Brimley. Appears in full in this issue. Coérdinate Systems in Mathematics. J. W. Lastey, JR. Descartes in the seventeenth century furnished mathematicians 1922] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 9 with the means of attacking geometric situations by means of analysis. It is now one of the problems of the mathematician to adapt to a problem that particular system of codrdinates best suited to it. In trying to do this many kinds of codrdinate systems have arisen. One of these, namely homogeneous coordinates, besides possessing marked power in itself, includes many of the more frequently used systems as particular cases. A detailed and connected account of this system is a need keenly felt by students of mathematics. This paper points out this need, and suggests lines along which this account may be developed. A Note on the Pulmonary Circulation in Vertebrates. W. C. GEORGE. Some anomalies in the pulmonary veins of man were described. Attention was called to the correspondence between the atypical con- dition in these anomalies and the typical relations of the vascular drainage of the air-bladders of some fishes. Notes on Protozoa. Brert CUNNINGHAM. The report consisted of two parts. The first was a systematic study of the forms occurring near Durham. The following classes and orders were observed: CASS PEGIZO DOU a cre erat eeye eters ece/wape stare pone et leita ole) sicievere isles dic ie Seieie wie se 29 MD RUIGE. tr VHA IOC INE era cies, 21cm AW ei oie! Hae a: Salo’ > di ctaitie.leys)' + x 2 rs < , = 7 = . ae , i -<- -. = - - ? PREECE ON tay ef MCU oye eat tree Vee ty, cs iw $5 : a S Fs Neat : ; : } % Ee bis 2 &§ ASA Sgt re ame ae Rr aie E BS oh hs : ats Te ip 7 Ey . ? ; : cs Ded i by i : # = =e SEAS Ley (enor aa ay i Je TN SA aS ee woe g naaueee ere mn ements eeTiy Pay Mg. i a ae ‘ . “ % 4 % f i ty Es PLATE 3 iy a i ey oes Eg. was oe enya aN 00 28 chee wnat? ed oe ae ne Ging eis { ‘ 4% 4 eI raya, SOMA ST TLE TIYOGsE; ov aan PTR TATE I, ALOE AVERe, ij peerorete : dl MNES 6! a, Pet RE wens FP ee Pog Se Le ai ar PLATE 4 CM We, ee 28 27 | | ICAI Ry Cg SS Z > LH Sines Syn taal fe we Recenees YD) am Att CHG SS MN Bots ea CO 32 34 MH) as I ES : ne a ait Mi (arg WH, SARA eetaane ne SG aeeamne cos we Rane 35 36 enue eassea teem 37 38 39 1922] PHASES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSEMYS CINEREA 73 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 2-4 Figs. 1, 3-6, Chrysemys picta after Agassiz. Fig. . 13, . 14, io, Fig. Figs. 17-24, 16, Chrysemys marginata after Agassiz. Chrysemys picta after Gadow. Chrysemys picta after Ditmars. Photographs by permission. Chrysemys marginata after Ditmars. Photographs by permission. Photograph of C. cinerea. Uterine egg retained for 30 days. Incu- bated 48 days. Photograph of C. cinerea. Incubated 43 days out-of-doors. Photograph of C. cinerea. Ineubated 47 days indoors. Photograph of C. cinerea. Laid egg ineubated for 45 days. C. picta Hermann, after Schoepff. Plastron of C. bellii after Ruthven. Plastron of C. cinerea after Ruthven. Drawings of plastrons of various specimens showing gradations of plastron markings between these figured in 15-16. Figs. 25-26, Drawings of plastrons of two specimens from the same clutch. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Blastopore stage of C. cinerea. Egg retained 30 days. Transverse section showing invagination of C. cinerea. Sagital section of a later stage showing ectodermal cells posterior to blastopore. Blastopore stage typical of C. cinerea. Figs. 31, 32, 35, 36, Yolk plug of Chelydra serpentina. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, Early flexure stage. Egg opened upon removal from oviduct. Outline drawing of embryo of C. cinerea. Uterine egg incubated 20 days. 3 Outline drawing of C. cinerea embryo. Laid egg incubated 17 days. Outline drawing of C. cinerea embryo. Uterine egg incubated 28 days. Outline drawing of C. cinerea embryo. Uterine egg incubated 30 days. Figs. 10-13, slightly reduced; 15-24 reduced 14; 25-26x2146; 27x12; 28-29x 50; 30x20; 31, 32x50; 33x8; 34x4; 35, 36x50; 37x6; 38x5; 39x 3. REACTION OF METHANE AND ALSO OF ACETYLENE UPON ZIRCONIUM TETRACHLORIDE By F. P. VENABLE and R. O. DErTz The reactions of zirconium tetrachloride with certain hydrides as ammonia, phosphine, and hydrogen sulphide have been investigated in so far as the changes taking place in the zirconium compound are concerned. There are first formed with ammonia addition com- pounds which on heating yield nitrides and hydrogen chloride. With phosphine zirconium phosphide is formed and with hydrogen sul- phide the product is zirconium sulphide. As zirconium earbide is somewhat imperfectly known, it seemed of interest to examine the reaction between zirconium tetrachloride and certain hydrocarbons. The carbide was prepared by Troost,} who heated powdered zircons with carbon in an electric furnace, obtaining a substance which on analysis yielded results agreeing fairly with the formula ZrC,, but no distinction was made between free and combined carbon. Moissan? prepared the carbide by fusing zirconia with carbon, varying the amount of carbon in different fusions and obtaining a substance of consistent composition agree- ing with the formula ZrC. Wedekind® later confirmed the work of Moissan. So it may be concluded that normally zirconia reacts with carbon at high temperatures, forming a carbide containing one atom of each of the combining elements in the molecule. For the following experiments zirconium tetrachloride was pre- pared and freed from traces of iron by the method used by Venable and Bell.4 It was retained in a hard glass tube where it could be volatilized by means of an electric sleeve. Every precaution was taken to avoid the presence of traces of water which would hydrolyze the tetrachloride. Methane was prepared by heating anhydrous sodium acetate and soda lime and was dried before admission to the reaction tube. This tube contained about 5 grams of ZrC1, which was volatilized during the passage of the methane. Apparently no reaction took place 2 Compt, rend, 116° 1222, 1893." Ann. 895. 149. 1912. *Amer. Chem. Soc. 89. 1598. 1917. [ 74 ] 1922 | REACTION OF METHANE AND ALSO OF ACETYLENE 79 below the temperature of vaporization. The tetrachloride began to darken at about 400°. About 13 1. of methane were used in a slow stream. After about one-third of the methane had been used no further volatilization of the tetrachloride was observed. When the reaction tube was opened after cooling there was observed a peculiar odor resembling that given off when sulphuric acid through which methane has been bubbled is diluted with. water. This may indi- cate the formation of condensation hydrocarbons either in the drying train containing P,O, or in the reaction tube in the presence of heated ZrC1,. The contents of the reaction tube were washed out with water to remove zirconium chlorides and after thorough washing three undis- solved products were distinguished under a magnifying glass as fol- lows: (1) Black particles, (2) lighter brownish particles which were easily blown about by slight air currents, and (3) masses which were largely colorless but held small black particles disseminated through | them. The total yield was only a small fraction of a gram, showing that in spite of prolonged heating with an excess of methane the re- actions taking place were quite limited in extent. From two runs of 5 g. ZrC1, each, 0.51 g. of the black particles were obtained and the sep- aration could not be looked upon as complete. Separation of these different particles by flotation in various liquids was attempted but proved unsatisfactory. Various solvents were tried also without success. Concentrated nitric acid reacted upon the mixture, as also did sulphuric acid. After partial separa- tion by flotation followed by picking out the particles as far as possible under a magnifying glass about 0.5 gram of the black par- ticles were secured and analyzed. The percentage of carbon found was 32.09. Later the experiment was repeated with some additional precautions and a sample obtained yielding 28.11 p.c. carbon. From these analyses it was concluded that the black particles contained a considerable admixture of free carbon, since the percentage for ZrC is 11.69 and for ZrC, 20.95. The investigation of the reaction with acetylene showed that it began on gentle heating and was exothermic. Gradations in color from brown-red to black were observed in the product and on wash- ing with water a mixture apparently similar to the above was obtained. UNIVERSITY OF NoRTH CAROLINA, CHAPEL Hitt, N. C. SOME PHASES OF STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF GARDEN PEA AND WHITE SWEET CLOVER SEEDS AS RELATED TO HARDNESS By L. Epwry Yocum PLATES 5 AND 6 Hard seed coats are very common among the Leguminosae. Guppy (7) mentions 32 legume seeds in a list of 43 plants whose seeds are more or less hard. Harrington (8) has found in hand hulled seeds the following percentages of hard seeds: alsike clover, 92%; red clover, 92% ; white clover, 98% ; and white sweet clover, 98%. There- fore, it is of vast economic importance to determine some way of inducing all the legume seeds to germinate soon after sowing rather than months or years later, which is often the cause of a poor stand of clover. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to trace the develop- ment of the garden pea and white sweet clover seed coats, and (2) to find out the chemical composition of the cell walls. It is hoped that these factors may throw light on the cause of hardness and sug- gest some method of overcoming the hardness of the seed coats which will be more practical to the farmer than any of the present methods. The Malpighian cells have been found to be most important as regards hardness, and therefore most emphasis will be put on the study of that layer of cells. Hard seeds are considered as those failing to absorb water when under favorable conditions for three or more days. Historica Seed coats have been investigated from time to time since 1667 when Malpighi described the cells now bearing his name. Russow, 1871, studied the light line with polarized light and came to the con- clusion that it had less water than other parts of the cell. Pammel, (12) 1885, examined several of the Leguminosae, and again, Pammel, (13) 1899, published a monumental work on the anatomical char- acters of the Leguminosae, with excellent figures, and an extensive bibliography. { 76 } 1922 | GARDEN PEA AND Waite Sweet CLOVER 77 Workers began to turn their attention to the treatment of hard seeds about 1890. Kuntz and Huss used sand paper as a seratching machine. Other investigators have used various forms of sand paper seratchers. In the past ten years most investigators have used some modification of throwing or blowing seeds against sharp points or needles as a means of puncturing the seed coat. Carruthers, (2) 1911, was able to guarantee 98-100 per cent germination of clover seed with a machine of this type. Rose, (14) in 1915, explains a device where seeds are blown against a pad of needles, which very effectively improves germination. Prof. Hughes of Iowa State Col- lege has invented a similar but less complicated machine which is fairly satisfactory and is in use by some seedsmen. Harrington, (8) 1915, shows the effectiveness of clover hullers as scratching machines. He finds that while hand hulled white sweet clover has 98 per cent of hard seeds, machine hulled has only 20 per cent of hard seeds. Hulling, however, injures some of the seed when set to get the maximum scratching results. Hot water treatment has been recommended for a number of years. Jarzymowski, in 1905, used it with some success with legume seeds. Bolley, (1) in 1910, reports success with hot water provided the treatment was not so long as to injure the embryo. Chemical treatments are receiving more and more attention. Rostrup, (15) in 1896, treats Lathyrus sylvestris seeds for one minute in sulphuric acid and had. 100 per cent germination. Bolley (1) has used sulphurie similar to the way it is used by Love and Leighty, (11) in 1912, who treated seed for 10 to 30 minutes to get maximum re- sults. Periods of more than one hour usually injure the seed. Many other chemicals have been used; however, the lower alcohols seem to be most effective. Verschoffelts thinks the water will not wet the cell walls, but aleohol can do this more easily. After the walls are wet they can absorb water. Coe and Martin (3) find that the alcohol treatment is not effective with white sweet clover. Several explanations have been offered for dormancy or poor germi- nation of seeds. Crocker, (4 and 5) in 1916, gives a representative list of probable causes. He attributes dormancy in many eases to the hard seed coat, which keeps out water and possibly oxygen. The impermeable portion may be the ecutin or the light line. Coe and Martin (3) show by staining whole seeds that the light line is un- doubtedly the limiting factor of absorption, since the stain enters 78 JOURNAL OF THE MITCHELL Society [September readily to, but does not stain, nor pass beyond the light line. The light line is very much harder than other portions. They have found that while the outer portion of the seed is readily eaten by sul- furie acid, the light line is not destroyed by it. The paper also contains a very extensive list of the important literature. Some work has been done on the hereditary possibilities of hard- ness. Harrington (8) gives an account of the tests on the experi- mental farms, 1909-14. He says the percentage of hard seeds has been as great from seeds when only 5 per cent were hard as from seeds when 95 per cent had been hard. Hiltner and Kinzel (10) find that the percentage of hard seeds is higher in some years than others, and that perhaps weather condi- tions have an effect. They also find that rapid drying, 30° to 40°C. inereases hardness. Harrington (8) and Coe and Martin (3) have not found a seasonal relation. MATERIAL AND METHODS All stages of development of garden peas and white sweet clover seed coats, except those fully mature, were killed in chromoacetie acid, imbedded, eut and finally stained with either safranin and light green, or haematoxylin and safranin. Mature stages were taken from free hand sections. In some eases the flowers were tripped and age of seed figured from date of tripping, in other cases it is esti- mated from the time the flower wilts which is considered as the time of fertilization. All microchemical work was done on fresh material grown in the green house. The methods followed were those outlined by Zim- mermann, Hass and Hill, and Tunmann. In this work hardness in peas was determined by soaking for three days. Less than 1 per cent of most peas are hard. Some few, however, appear to have hard seed coats, but admit water at the hilum, as shown by swelling around that region first, as well as by stain- ing. Sweet clover seeds were placed in germinator for 10 days and those not swelled were considered hard. DEVELOPMENT OF SEED CoAT These legumes have their seed coats made up almost entirely of the outer integument. The inner integument in sweet clover never Sl _ lll ee 1922] GARDEN PEA AND WHITE SWEET CLOVER 79 develops more than two or three rows of large cells. The garden pea forms six ‘to eight rows of cells in the inner integument but never forms the cells so compactly as in the outer integument; how- ever, the two gradually shade off together. The inner integument in both eases soon partially breaks down. The outer integument in sweet clover is made up of from five to eight rows of cells. The garden pea has from six to ten layers of cells in the outer integument. The former number is common at the time of fertilization and the remainder are added soon after. The sweet clover seed coat has almost cubical Malpighian cells at the time of fertilization, with thin walls slightly thicker at the outside. In six days the Malpighian cells begin to elongate and divide so as to become very narrow. This elongation and division goes on very rapidly for about eight days, when it appears that possibly the sotal number of cells have been formed and that these get wider to accommodate the later growth of the seed. The cell walls begin to thicken soon after fertilization, and decided thickening takes place on the outside at the time the cells elongate. The domes begin to thicken in nine days and are completely formed in about twenty days. The light line does not appear until the seed is nearly mature. A very striking contrast is found between hard and soft seeds. Hard seeds have their walls thickened so much below the light line that the lumen extends only part of the way from the base to the light line. In soft seeds a fairly large lumen extends to the light line. This may allow larger pores to extend through the hght line. The thickening of the cell walls of sweet clover and peas is similar in that both are thickened in ridges leaving crevices between the vari- ous thickened portions. The crevices are usually very narrow. In the garden pea the cell walls are generally thinner, especially in young stages, than in sweet clover. The Malpighian cells change very little for several days after fertilization. The remainder of the cells of the integument enlarge very much. In about six days the Malpighian cells elongate to several times their width and thicken a very small amount. Thickenings come in very rapidly at the time the seeds are nearly mature. The cells sometimes entirely close up due to thickenings, as in the case of hard seeds. Seeds which are not hard usually have the 80 JOURNAL OF THE MiTcHELL Soctery [| September lumen extending nearly the length of the cell, although the walls are very much thickened. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELLS IN GARDEN PEA In very young flowers where the anthers were not open, light green stains the walls nearly equal around the ovule. Ruthenin red shows very little staining at any point. Methylene blue stains cell contents, walls lightly if any. Cupro-ammonia destroys the walls en- tirely in one hour. Chloroiodide of zine stains brown color. This indi- cates generally cellulose but not definitely. At the time of fertilization, all the cells except those of the micro- pylar region remained the same. At the micropyle the light green does not stain. Ruthenin red stains distinctly at micropyle. Methy- lene blue stains cell walls deep blue, and destains in alcohol. In cupro-ammonia micropyle cells are more resistant, remain intact after two hours. This indicates presence of pectin appearing in micropyle at time of fertilization. After fertilization the cell walls of the Malpighian cells modified very rapidly in structure and took stains with difficulty. Chloroiodide of zine, one week after fertilization, stains brownish yellow except at micropyle where it is blue. In half grown seeds it stains violet at base and brown at outer part of cell. Iodine and phosphorie acid give no distinet stain one week after fertilization. Iodine and sulphuric acid on a mature seed gave a yellowish brown color at outer part of the cells or the region of the cutin and blue in the inner half of the cell, outer half unstained. Cupro-ammonia has little or no action on cell walls. This indicates a eutin on the outside, inner part cellulose, and outer part more impermeable. Mild hydrolysis was tried. Seeds of three ages were boiled slowly for 20, 50 and 80 minutes in 4 per cent HCl solution with reflux con- denser. These were then tested with chloroiodide of zine. Cell walls all stained deep blue. Cupro-ammonia rapidly dissolved the walls. On mature seeds iodine and sulphurie acid gave a deep blue color with much swelling, on young seeds gave a violet color. This dis- tinctly indicates pure cellulose after treatment for 20 minutes in weak HCl acid solution. Since this substance was so easily hydro- lyzed it seems likely to have been a hemi-cellulose. Hemi-celluloses are usually either some paragalactan or pentose. Untreated seed 1922} GARDEN Pra AND WuitTeE SwEET CLOVER 81 coats were tested with phloroglucin and HCl acid and then heated to test for a paragalactan substance. No action. This would indi- cate a pentose substance in the hardest part of the seed coat. With the above observations in mind, nearly mature and mature white sweet clover seeds which were very impermeable to stains were treated as above with HCl acid solution. When tested with iodine and sulphuric acid and chloroiodide of zine the domes took a very deep blue color, indicating as in the garden pea the presence of a pentose. The light line and the portion covering the domes were unattacked, except slightly. The light line does not readily yield to hydrolysis. The work of Coe and Martin was confirmed as to the distance a stain will penetrate a hard seed in white sweet clover. The domes were readily stained to the light line but no trace of stain passed into the light line. Pammel and others have indicated a light line in Garden Peas in about the position it is commonly found in the Leguminosae. Tun- mann shows a light line in the shape of a cap over the end of the cell. In this work no distinct light line was observed in the Garden Pea. Testing by immersion in stains showed that the impermeable portion of the pea is in the cutin, since stains do not pass through the ecutinized layer. I wish to express my appreciation of the encouragement and help- ful suggestions given me by Dr. J. N. Martin of the Iowa State Col- lege while I pursued this work. SUMMARY In sweet clover and garden peas the Malpighian layer of cells begins to thicken very much about a week after fertilization. Thick- enings are in ridges leaving crevices between. Sweet clover develops a light line which is more impermeable to water than the outer part of the cell. The pea does not have this region but in some cases had an impermeable cutin. Pectin is deposited in the cells around the micropyle at about the time of fertilization in the garden pea. The outer portion of the Malpighian cells of sweet clover and gar- den peas is a hemi-cellulose, very likely some form of pentose. The inner portion is cellulose. 82 JOURNAL OF THE MITCHELL SocleTy | September The impermeable portion of a hard pea seed is located in the cutinized layer as compared with the light line in sweet clover. N. C. CoLLEGE FoR WOMEN, GREENSBORO, N. C. LITERATURE 1. Bouitey, H. L. The Agri. Value of Hard Seeds in Alfalfa and Clover Seeds. Paper read before Official Seed Analysts. 1910. 2. CARRUTHERS, W. On Vitality of Farm Seeds. Journ, Roy. Agric. Soe. Eng. 72: 168-183. 1911. 3. Coz, H. S. and Martin, J. N. U.S. Department Agric. Bull. No. 844, Professional Paper. 4, CrocKER, WILLIAM. Role of Seed Coats in Delayed Germination. Bot. Gaz. 42: 265-291. 1906. 5. Crocker, WILLIAM. Mechanics of Dormancy of Seeds. Am. Jour of Bot. 3: 99-120. 1916. 6. Cross, C. F. and Bevan, E. J. Cellulose. London. 1916. 7. Guppy, H. B. Studies in Seeds and Fruits. London, 1912. 8. Harrineton, G. R. Hard Clover Seed and its Treatment in Hulling. U. S. Department of Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 676. 9. Hass, Pau and Hii, T. G. Chemistry of Plant Products. 1917. 10. HittNer and KinzeLt. Hardness of Seed Coats of Leguminosae. Zentbl. Agr. Chem. 36: 38-84. 1907. (Review E. S. R. 19: 642). 11. Love, Harry H. and Leienty, C. E. Germination of Seed as Effected by Sulphuric Acid Treatment. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. No, 312. 12. PamMet, L. H. On the Structure of the Testa of Several Leguminosae Seeds. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 13: 17-24. 1886. 13. Pammen, L. H. Anatomical Characters of Leguminosae. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis 9: 1899. 14. Rosr, D. H. A Study of Delayed Germination in Economie Seeds. Bot. Gaz. 59: 425-444, 1915. 15. Rostrup, O. Report of the Seed Control for 1896-97, p. 37. Copen- hagen. 1898. (Review E. S. R. 10: 53-54). 16. TUNMANN, O. Pflanzenmikrochemie. Berlin. 1913. . 17. ZIMMERMANN, A. Botanical Microtechnique. New York. 1893. EXPLANATION OF PLATES Plate 5. Melilotus alba. Fig. 1. Ovule wall forty-seven hours after pollination and just before fertiliza- tion. (x 1500). Fig. 2. Ovule wall after first division of the egg cell. (x 1500). Fig. 3. Ovule wall five days after pollination, suspensor well developed. (x 1500). Fig. 4. Ovule wall six days after pollination. (x 1500). Fig. 5. Malpighian cells nine days after pollination, cotyledons well developed. (x 1500). PLATE 5 - 0 — —_ “Pes e 2 - ev 1 © ae e ATE 6 Fl | = ite) Oo OND Fig. 10. Fig. 11 | i] ag oe wp we GARDEN PEA AND WHITE SWEET CLOVER 83 . Malpighian cells and osteosclerid cells fourteen days after pollination. (x 1500). . Malpighian and osteosclerid cells sixteen days after pollination. (x 1500). . Malpighian cells of a medium hard seed showing the first appearance of the light line. (x 1500). . Malpighian cells of a hard seed with wider light line and smaller pro- portion of lumen. (x 1500). . Malpighian and osteosclerid cells of a soft seed, showing narrow light line and large lumen. (x 1500). . Malpighian cells of a hard seed stained in mass, domes heavily stained but none has passed into or through the light line. (x 1500). . Cross section through domes. (x 1800). . Cross section just below the light line. (x 1800). Plate 6. Pisum sativum. . Ovule wall before pollination. (x 1500). . Ovule wall shortly after fertilization. (x 1500). . Portion of ovule wall about four days after pollination, (x 1500). . Malpighian cells about ten days after pollination. (x 1500). Malpighian and osteosclerid cells about fifteen days after pollination. (x 640). . Malpighian cells of a mature seed. (x 1500). . Cross section of Malpighian cells just under the cuticle. (x 1800). . Malpighian cells of a hard seed, very much reduced lumen. (x 1500). . Malpighian cells of a soft seed, with lumen extending nearer the cuticle. (x 1500). A single Malpighian cell treated with iodine and sulphurie acid. Much swollen, and blue except at triangular shaded portions which are yellow. (x1500). Cross section of Malpighian cells where the lumen appears. (x 1800). VARIATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT OF CORN By H. B. Arpuckue and O. J. Tues, JR. I. INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE Corn is now the greatest feed crop in the United States, and is relied upon for the production of most of the beef, mutton, and pork marketed in this country, and exported to foreign countries. For fattening butcher stock on the farms and in the big feed yards corn is the most efficient food, but for breeding stock, and young animals, it must be used with caution. Grains of higher protein content, such as oats, soybeans, wheat (in form of bran) must supple- ment the corn. Many attempts have been made to increase the protein content of corn with a view to removing its deficiency, but despite all these efforts the protein content of corn in general remains the same. By careful seed selection some varieties have acquired the reputation of possessing higher protein content, but after a few years it is found that it has dropped back to its former standard. Hayes and Garber, in 1919, completed some experiments extending through a period of several years, in which, by self-fertilization, followed by crossing and seed selection, they were able to increase the protein content as much as two per cent, thus making it almost the equivalent of oats in protein. The yields, however, were greatly cut down, and the corn developed showed a tendency to revert to the lower protein stand- ard. Such experiments, and other similar observations, raise the question as to whether the protein content in a given variety of corn is a fixed factor. If the protein does change, can this change be controlled? What is the effect of climate, season, soil, fertilizer, tillage? The object of this investigation begun a year ago by the authors is to determine, if possible, how certain conditions may modify the protein content in a given variety of corn. This preliminary paper presents the results of our first year’s investigation of the effect of climate. We have chosen three varieties of corn, and will super- vise the seed selection each year. The first variety is a white corn, Silver King, which has been grown for four years on the farm of [ 84 ] 1922] VARIATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT OF CoRN 85 one of the authors in West Virginia. Analysis for three years shows approximately 8.5% protein. This corn has shown little change dur- ing these years. It has been grown on the same land under uniform conditions of rainfall and tillage. The second variety is a white corn of high protein content. The seed was raised in North Carolina, and the corn analyzed was grown in North Carolina. Its protein content is 9.6%. The third variety is a yellow corn, Golden Dent. This seed was raised in North Carolina, and the corn analyzed was grown in North Carolina. The protein content is approximately 6.7%. In each case several grains were taken from different parts of a number of ears, and a composite sample was secured by mixing and grinding. This year we made an analysis of a sample of the first variety, Silver King, secured from ears grown in North Carolina. The seed, however, was raised in West Virginia. It is our purpose to grow this corn, Silver King, for a number of years in North Carolina, reporting results, and also to grow the North Carolina varieties in West Virginia, reporting results. We were limited in our choice of varieties, as the growing period in West Virginia is only about 110 days. The altitude at which this corn was grown in West Virginia was 2500 feet. The altitude of Davidson, N. C., where the corn was grown, is 800 feet. The season of North Carolina is approximately 30 days ahead of that in West Virginia. This should furnish such a marked difference in climate that any variation in protein due to this cause should be clearly shown. Our first experiment showed a marked change in the protein con- tent, but in the direction that is exactly opposite to that generally expected. It has been thought that warmer climates produced higher protein in corn. No satisfactory reason, however, has been given for this supposition. Quite recently it has been shown by a num- ber of experiments that the sugar content has been raised by plant- ing corn in colder climates. The analyses are given below: 86 JOURNAL OF THE MITCHELL Socrery [September Analysis of the white corn, Silver King, grown in West Virginia. Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Nitrogen Nitrogen Protein (2 gram sample) (3 gram sample) No. 1 1.418 No. 4 1.371 : 8.534 No. 2 1.365 No. 3 1.376 Mean, 1.383% N, Analysis of the white corn, Silver King, grown in North Carolina. Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Nitrogen Nitrogen Protein (2 gram sam: le) (3 gram sample) No. 1 1.251 No. 4 1.233 7.700 No. 2 1.247 No. 5 1.217 No. 3 1.213 Mean, 1.232% N, Analysis of the white corn, White Plume, seed raised and grown in North Carolina. P-reentage of Percentage of Percentage of Nitrogen Nitrogen Protein (3 gram sample) No: “1-543 9.619 % No:2) 1531 No. 3 1.543 Mean, 1.539% N, Analysis of the yellow corn, Golden Dent, seed raised and grown in North Carolina. Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Nitrogen Nitrogen Protein (3 gram sample) No. 1 1.095 6.687 % No. 2 1.028 No. 3 1.087 Mean, 1.070% N, It may be of interest to some to know the method of nitrogen determination employed. After experimenting with several modi- fications of the Kjeldahl, including the use of potassium perchlorate, we finally adopted as the most satisfactory method of determining nitrogen in corn the following: 3 grams corn, finely ground, is in- troduced into a Kjeldahl flask, 0.3 gram copper sulphate, C. P. added, and then 20 ee. sulphuric acid with phosphorous pentoxide. After digesting till the material in the flask has assumed a liquid form, 10 grams potassium sulphate, C. P. is added slowly. By this plan samples were completely digested and ready for distillation in times ranging from 26 to 40 minutes. This included five minutes for 1922 | VARIATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT OF CORN 87 digestion after contents of the flask had cleared. We found that the chief factor in the time saving was the introduction of the po- tassium sulphate at the proper time after the digestion had gotten well under way. This allows the use of comparatively high heat from the beginning without serious foaming of the contents of the flask. T. B. Osborne, at the Connecticut Agricultural Station, has given us the best data on the protein content of corn and recommends 6.25 as the protein factor. We have used this factor in our calcula- tions. If we succeed in establishing a marked change in the protein, we shall endeavor to show which form of protein found in corn is affected. We append for convenience of reference Osborne’s analysis. Proteins in Corn: POLMDLGE TVW ALGMs etccc sya creeeiaict cus eave! «cies e Marat aipio olate agetee wie. ic ei'eishere Proteose, 0.06% Globulin, 0.04% Sarge ane Ralp, SeiaaOM mts 5.0 sos. hiees a oa eee. wls es Oe ale 8 « Maysin, 0.25% { Edestin, 1.10% BOM D enamel GO WOU ates wes pers acter cee one Oye) erat shade ehenerter wNaoreis Zein, 5.00% Insoluble in above, but soluble in 0.2% KOH................ 3.15% Summary: 1. Plan of investigating influence of climate on protein content of corn is outlined. 2. The analyses of the varieties of corn chosen for experiment are reported. . 3. The result of planting of West Virginia grown corn in North Carolina for the first year shows a marked reduction in protein. 4. The modification of the Kjeldahl method which was employed for the determination of nitrogen in corn is given. Davipson CouLuecE, N. C. GEOLOGY OF THE MUSCLE SHOALS AREA, ALABAMA By W. F. Prouty The Tennessee River at its confluence with the Ohio is the larger of the two streams. The Tennessee represents, about as perfectly as any stream known, a shift of course through successive river cap- ture. Rejuvenation has caused the down-cutting of the Tennessee into its old peneplain. In the neighborhood of Florence, Alabama, where the stream makes a considerable bend toward the north, the older and more resistant rocks of the Nashville arch outerop and cause the Muscle Shoals, which have a fall of more than 140 feet in the course of a few miles. In the Waldron Ridge the lower part of the Pennsylvanian and upper part of the Mississippian rocks are well exposed. In the Muscle Shoals area proper the lower portion of Mississippian is alone seen along the stream. In this portion of the State the Fort Payne series is composed of the Tuscumbia limestone above and the Lauderdale chert, limestone and shale below. The very resistant Lauderdale chert forms the bed of the stream throughout the area of the shoals. This rock dips more steeply than the stream so that in going from the head to the foot of the shoals one passes from the bottom to the top of the heavy Lauderdale chert beds. As these beds are jointed, they break off into steps which form the riffles across the stream, usually at a considerable angle to the flow of the stream. The big or Wilson dam, now under construction, is located near the foot of the shoals and near the top of the Lauderdale chert. At this locality the river runs south of west, the 4000 foot dam runs a little west of north and the dip of the formations is practically due south. At this point the dip is unusually large, being about 60 feet for the width of the river. As a result of this the bed of the stream and the north bluff are composed entirely of the Lauderdale chert formation while the bluff at the south end of the dam is made up in part of the less resistant chert of the Lauderdale, and at higher levels of the more soluble limestone of the Tuscumbia formation. It is in the portion of the proposed flooded area occupied by this more soluble limestone that trouble from leakage is anticipated and it was [ 88 ] ————————— 1922] GEOLOGY OF THE MuscutE SuHoauts AREA, ALABAMA 89 because of this threatened leakage that the writer was asked to make a geological report to the Government concerning the dam founda- tion during the war period. Although there is a considerable area of the Tuscumbia which will be flooded by the Wilson dam, the trend of the rocks is such that no great danger from leakage is to be expected except in the area near the dam, where considerable pressure grouting will be necessary. The proposed Dam No. 3 is to be located near the head of the Big Muscle Shoals. At this point the Lauderdale chert occupies the southern bluff while a shale and a very soluble crinoidal limestone, lying below the Lauderdale chert, oceupy the northern portion of the stream bed and the northern bluff. At this locality the northern end of the proposed dam is the weak one and the weakness is of greater concern than at the south end of the Wilson Dam. The strata throughout the area show a number of small, rather sharp folds. These run nearly with the strike. One such fold is seen in the bed of the stream near the north end of the Wilson Dam. It does not here constitute a line of weakness. Another such sharp fold cuts diagonally across the river at Bainbridge Eddy, here bring- ing up the less resistant shale and limestone which have yielded the deep and narrow channel. The upper Lauderdale in places contains small cavities containing oil residues. That gas is also present, in small amounts at least, is also demonstrated by the secondary explosions which were so com- mon following blasts made at the location of the new power plant on the south side of the river below the Wilson Dam. CHAPEL HI11,; N. C. AZALEA IN NORTH CAROLINA By W. W. ASHE Key to Eastern Species following that of Small’s Flora of the Southeastern United States. Only the species in italics in the key are known to occur in North Carolina. Corollas expanding with or before the leaves Corollas red or orange or yellow Flowers with the leaves Corolla tube glandular outside............... (1) A. calendulacea Mx, Tube merely pubescent outside................-. (2) A. speciosa Willd. Flowers: before the loaves..:..... . »ssh&< «saves claw alele ds (3) A. austrina Small Corollas white, pink, or purplish Low stoloniferous shrubs, under 5 dm. high Flowers white, tube glandular, funnel-form...... (4) A. atlantica Ashe Flowers purplish, only back of lobes glandular, tube cylindrical (5) A. neglecta Ashe Not stoloniferous, more than 5 dm. high Leaf blades pubescent beneath Corolla tube pilose, dilated above middle Leaves not glaucescent under pubescence (6) A. rosea Lois.-Desl. Leaves glaucescent under pubescence (7) A. alabamensis* n. ¢. Corolla tube villose, apex abruptly expanded (8) A. canescens Mx. Leaf blades strigose only on midrib beneath....... (9) A. nudiflora L. Corolla expanding after the leaves Leaf blades glabrous beneath or with scattered hairs (except var. of (10) Midnerve strigose beneath at maturity................ (10) A. viscosa L. Midnerve glabrous at maturity heaves (serrnlatee.,..< \.:4cccnetais 6 pista hevacerne sees (11) A? serrulata Small Leaves with ciliate margins Corolla glandular pilose............... (12) A. arborescens Pursh. Corolla nearly glabrous .s\).is sosts on clea rater (13) A. prunifolia Small Azalea speciosa should be looked for in North Carolina near the base of the Blue Ridge between Jackson and Polk counties. The following varieties have been reported from or should be looked for in North Carolina: A. nudiflora glandifera Porter. It has the pedicels and corolla tubes more or less glandular pubescent. * Rhododendron alabamense Rehd. Azal., 141, 1921. [ 90 ] 1922 | AZALEA IN NortH CAROLINA Il A. atlantica luteo-alba Coker. It is distinguished by its finely pubescent leaves. A. viscosa glauca Ait. It differs from the type in its glaucus leaves. It should occur in the coastal plain. A. viscosa tomentosa Hort. (A. tomentosa de G. Bot. Cult., 2nd. ed., 3: 336. 1811). This has the leaves more or less pubescent. (Cumberland Co., near Manchester). A. viscosa hispida Wood. The branchlets are hispid. It has not been found south of Pennsylvania but might occur in moun- tain swamps in North Carolina. A. viscosa montana n. e (Rhododendron v. var. Rehd. a 4 ¢ ’ a ire ys j 2 ee hee . pref fag ‘PIPL (ON ‘anoz 10q}0 SOFTT “ON “FIST Wo 90.144 rodd 9 ‘SSHUCTODIGONIS GWAAVOLITO 6&6 ULV Id OE ————— 1922| Tue LaccariAs AND CuiTocyBes oF NortTH CAROLINA 115 cap flesh, tough or rather brittle, about 2-3 em. long and 2-5 mm. thick, attached firmly to the ground with white mycelium. When mature the entire plant dries to a pretty ochraceous-buff. Spores white, smooth, pip-shaped, 3.4-4.6 x 4.2-7.4u. In humus or grass or on rotten wood, in woods and groves. We have examined Peck’s type of C. sinopicoides and eannot dis- tinguish it from our plants. The caps distinctly show the squam- ulose center and the spores are exactly the same except that a few of the former are a little longer (3.2-3.8 x 7-8.5)y. In the presence of squamules and cracks on the cap in age the present species is like C. sinopica, but a European plant of that species from Bres- adola has distinetly larger spores, 3.8-5.5 x 7-9.3n and differs further in far less crowded gills and smoother cap. This is almost certainly the plant listed by Schweinitz as C. gilva, but according to Ricken that species has spherical, spiny spores. The present species is doubtfully distinct from C. infundibuliformis, which see for dis- cussion. 614. On a very rotten log, October 24, 1912. Stem eccentric in several of these plants, but not hairy. 1068. In damp grassy place in woods, October 18, 1913. Spores white, oval, smooth, 3.7-4.6 x 5.5-7.4u. 1140. In clusters, some cespitose, in a shaded lawn, July 16, 1914. 1414. Under pines in burnt over woods, near Piney Prospect, October 24, 1914. Spores 3.4-3.8 x 4.2-5.9u. 2039. Among shrubs by path west of President’s house, June 5, 1916. 2103. Deciduous woods, June 22, 1916. 2273. Oak woods, Lone Pine Hill, June 28, 1916. Spores pip-shaped, 2.4-4 x 5-6u. 3262. By path on campus, May 29, 1919. 3264. Under oaks in cemetery, May 30, 1919. Margin not marked by lines but some with dots. Spores pip-shaped, 3-4 x 6-7.8y. 11. Clitocybe adirondackensis Pk. PLATES 24 AND 33 The following is by Beardslee : Cap 2-7 em. broad, thin, becoming deeply infundibuliform, dingy | white, becoming white whun dry, with a narrow marginal zone when moist; flesh thin, white, 2-3 mm. thick. Gills thin, white, very narrow, scarcely more than 1 mm. thick, forking, long decurrent. Stem slender 2-4 em. long, 5-7 mm. thick, stuffed, then hollow. 116 JOURNAL OF THE MITCHELL SocreTy | September Spores ellipsoid-ovate, 3-3.5 x 4-5p. Asheville. On old leaves; not rare. Beardslee. Blowing Rock. In leaf mould, Aug. 19, 1922. (No. 5585. Coker, coll.). 12. Clitocybe clavipes Fr. Cap up to 10 em. wide, plane to depressed in center or cup shaped in age, glabrous, straw drab to buffy drab, hygrophanous. Flesh soft, pure white, 1.5 em. thick near center; taste slightly acid, odor distinctly fragrant when wilting, rather like jessamine. Gills close, 4.5 mm. wide, cream color when fresh, a deeper honey yellow when dry, slightly decurrent, edges entire. Stem 3-5 em. long, usually 6-10 mm. thick above, smooth, color of cap above; expanded below into a bulb which is up to 3 em. thick, white and felted with the mycelium which holds the leaves. Spores white, ovate-elliptic, smooth, with a very distinct oil drop, 3.7-4.2 x 6.5-8.2p. Our plants have been compared with C. clavipes as understood by Peck (Bolton, N. Y.) and are identical. The spores of the latter are 3-3.8 x 6-8n. A preference for coniferous woods is noted by Peck, Kauffmann, Gillet and Ricken. Descriptions of these authors do not agree in all particulars, but it seems clear that our plant must be this species. Ricken says that the spores are roughish, but they are cer- tainly not so in the American form. For illustrations see Peck, Mem. N. Y. St. Mus. No. 4, 3: pl. 46, figs. 1-6. 1900; Gillet, Champ. Fr., pl. 115; Hard, Mushrooms, fig. 69. Blowing Rock. Under dense white pine growth, Chetola, August 21-22, 1922. (No. 5651 and No. 5677. W. C. Coker, coll.). 13. Clitocybe media Pk. , PLATE 33 Cap about 5-8.5 em. wide, gibbous or nearly plane at maturity, smooth, dull and with appearance of leather, slightly viscid when damp, margin incurved then expanded, often irregular; color brown- ish-gray all over, between smoke-gray and drab of Ridgway. Flesh white, soft and spongy, gradually thickening toward the stem, taste- less and odorless. Gills distant: to sub-distant, slightly decurrent or adnate, 5-6 mm. wide, ventricose, veined, none branched, pallid and more or less tinted with the cap color. PLATE 24 CLITOCYBE ADIRONDACKENSIS. Asheville. Photo by B. [above]. CLITOOYBE SETISEDA. No. 1782. [below]. 1922] THE Laccartas AND CLITOCYBES OF NorTH CAROLINA 117 Stem 2.5-5 em. long, 1-2 em. thick in center, tapering downward, often flattened, color of the cap or lighter, smooth or pruinose above, flesh solid and like that of the cap. Spores (of No. 2992) white, smooth, elliptic, 4-5 x 6-7y, with a large oil drop. The cap margin is at times marked by darker spots in a row as in Tricholoma russula. The species is new to the South, having been reported only from New York and Wisconsin. For illustrations see Hard, Mushrooms, fig. 64. 1908; Peck, Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 42: pl. 1, figs. 9-12. 1889; 48: pl. 238, figs. 1-7. 1896. 2992. On ground among leaves, Battle’s Park, deciduous upland woods, March 19, 1918. 14. Clitocybe odora (Bull.) Fr. var. anisaria (Pk.) Kauffman. Agaricus (Clitocybe) anisarius Pk. PLATES 25, 26 AND 33 Plants cespitose or solitary in rotting leaves in woods. Cap up to 7.5 em. broad, convex at first, but soon flat and then plane-de- pressed or somewhat umbilicate in center, not infundibuliform; mar- gin inrolled when young, then plane or somewhat curved downward ; surface dry, roughish with firm inherent squamules which are tipped by fine upright wisps of fibers, the margin covered with short hairy tomentum which is most easily observed in youth. Squamules and tomentum may both become practically invisible after maturity (as in No. 4669). Just back of the margin is also observable in youth a distinct circle of spots which correspond to the little cogs on the stem where the margin touched it. Color light pallid tan or brown- ish tan or whitish gray at maturity. When young a light bluish olive-tan, the marginal dots deeper smoky-blue-green. The center is darkest at maturity, a smoky drab or dull green, sometimes faded and not much darker than remainder. Flesh white, very brittle, 4 mm. thick near center, gradually thinning to margin. Taste mild, pleasant, like that of Agaricus campestris. Odor distinct and ex- actly like that of sweet fennel or of anise. Gills crowded, slightly decurrent, and usually a little notched at stem, none branched, numerous short ones of any length, scarcely 2 mm. wide, color nearly white, then light tan, margin usually eroded in marginal half and nearly even near the stem. 118 JOURNAL OF THE MircHEenu Socrery [September Stem 4-5 em. long, up to 5 mm. thick, nearly even below, coated with and fading into the thick white mycelium. Color of cap, when young nearly white. At top finely granulose and usually with a little collar of cogs about 1 mm. below the tip, middle region faintly fibrous, basal coated with white mycelium. Texture fibrous, rather brittle, inside stuffed, sometimes partially hollow in age. Spores (on No. 1881) decidedly cream in bulk, elliptic, smooth, 4.5-5 x 5-7.2n. Our plants differ from the typical C. odora in the roughish-squam- ulose cap, quite close gills, hairy margin marked with dots. The loss of greenish color at maturity may also occur in the typical form. Peck’s description of his C. anisaria (N. Y. St. Mus. Rep. 32: 26. 1879) is much more like our form, with narrow, crowded gills and the cap ‘‘adorned with minute, innate fibrils, slightly pruinose and substriate on the margin.’’ In some of our collections this squam- ulose tendency is carried much further than this, the cap being fur- nished with rough, raised lines which meet in pairs and end in a free upright wisp. These wisps may disappear in age. The margin, too, is distinctly short-hairy, with hairs arranged in two or three more or less distinct concentric lines about 1 mm. apart. We find the spores of Peck’s type to be 4.2-5.5 x 7.4-8n. For illustrations see Murrill in Mycologia 7: pl. 166. 1915 (as C. virens. This shows a rough cap); McIlvaine, Am. Fungi, pl. 24, fig. 9; Marshall, Mushroom Book, pl. 15 (as C. virens); White, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 3: pl. 17. 1905. For the European form of C. odora see Gillet, Champ. Fr., pl. 113 (85, 134) ; Sowerby, Engl. Fungi, pl. 42; and Bulliard, Herb. Fr., pl. 556, fig. 3; Patouil- lard, Tab. Fung., No. 404. 1886. 457. On dead bark and leaves near Battle’s Branch, September 28, 1912. Spores light creamy ochraceous, 4.9 x 7.4u. 1881. Among decaying oak leaves, Lone Pine Hill, October 3, 1915. 1883. Under pines and cedars south of the iron mine, October 3, 1915. 3562. Mixed woods west of Pittsboro Road, October 31, 1919. Odor distinet, margin ridged, olive colors in youth. 4669. Mixed woods by Fern Walk, October 3, 1920. Spores pale buff, smooth, elliptic, with one large, distinct oil drop, 3.7-5 x 5-7.4u. 4896. On bank of Battle’s Branch, October 5, 1921. Reported by Schweinitz as C. odora, PLATE 25 CLITOCYBE ODORA VAR. ANISARIA. No. 3562. ie ‘I88L ON ‘“VIUNVSINV ‘YUVA VAORCO AAaADOLITIO 1922| Tue LaccariaAs AND CuLiTocyBEs oF NortH CaroLINa 119 15. Clitocybe ectypoides Pk. Puates 27, 28 anv 33 Very persistent and slow to decay. Cap up to 9.8 em. wide, usually 2-3 em., hygrophanous, deeply umbilicate, the margin inrolled, or at maturity reflexed, often with a sinus on one side, and fre- quently splitting in age into several parts; surface distinctly lined radially with fibrous streaks; when young, distinctly but sparsely squamulose, especially toward the margin, with small tufts of darker fibers which terminate the fibrous lines; color when water-soaked dull ochraceous with a superficial tint of purplish-red; when not soaked the purple-red color is much more distinct and as it is con- | fined mostly to the fibers and squamules it is much plainer on the margin. In old age this superficial tint becomes almost or quite invisible to the naked eye, but with a lens can be detected at all times on the margin. Flesh quite thin, 1.5 mm. thick near stem, Y% mm. thick near margin, whitish, tough, nearly tasteless. Gills rather close to sub-distant, not venose-connected, some fork- ing and occasionally anastomosing, narrow, only about 2 mm. wide at best, the edges blunt; color nearly the same at all ages, a clear golden yellow (about mustard yellow of Ridgway). On account of the shape of the cap the gills are apparently decurrent, but in sec- tion it will be seen that they are not at all so, but end at a slight ridge at the top of the stem. Stem up to 2.5 em. long and 4.5 mm. thick, equal, quite firm and tough, solid at all ages, surface smoothish, faintly lined longitudinally, pale, soaked-ochraceous, very light when dry, lighter than eap at all times, never yellow. The tip is nearly white and the base enlarged by the soft white, compacted mycelium. Spores (of No. 1421), white, ovate, very hyaline, at first sight only the bright oil drop visible. 3.8-4.2 x 5.9-8.5y. On rotting pine logs, not common. Others have failed to mention the reddish-purple color of the cap fibers, but as in all other respects our plant is unmistakably C. ectypoides, a clearly marked species, I have no doubt that this char- acter has been overlooked. The species has the size and somewhat the appearance of Omphalia strembodes but easily differs in the purplish red tint to the cap, the solid stem, and in the gills being 120 JOURNAL OF THE MiTcHELL Society [September only apparent decurrent. The present species should be compared with Omphalia xanthophylla B. & C. which is represented in the Curtis Herbarium by two plants from 8. C. (Ravenel). I could get no good spores from them. 1421. On rotting wood by Bowlin’s Creek, October 26, 1914. 1774. On a very rotten pine log half way down Lone Pine Hill, September 14, 1915. 3781. On pine logs in woods, November 20, 1919. Largest cap 9.8 cm. broad. Gills golden, cap squamulose. Asheville. On old logs, usually cespitose. Beardslee. 16. Clitocybe cyathiformis (Bull.) Fr. Puates 1, 29 anp 33 Cap 2-5.5 em. broad, convex on margin, the center broadly umbil- icate; smooth, not viscid, strongly hygrophanous, not striate, deep brown, sayal brown of Ridgway when not water-logged, the margin becoming a darker coffee color. Flesh paler, thin (1.5 mm.), elastic, fibrous and toughish; odor and taste strongly farinaceous. Gills close, decurrent, arcuate, 5 mm. broad, margin even, venose connected, color of cap, with a faint or distant lavender tint and a pale sheen, Stem long, up to 9 em., enlarged downward, flattened or irreg- ular, about 5-8 mm. thick above, color of cap above but white below with mycelium and with white silky lines from superficial fibers except at the minutely pulverulent tip; texture tough and fibrous, stuffed with white fibers, dark near surface. Spores (of No. 4934) faintly pinkish-lavender on a heavy print, smooth, elliptic, very granular when first shed but soon showing a very large oil drop, 4.2-6.2 x 9-12.24. Basidia 5.5-7.4y thick, clavate, 4-spored. Hymenium 40-45» thick. Context of gills rather close, the threads about 4.5-5.5p thick. Scattered rather sparsely among the normal basidia are cells of the same size and shape, but peculiar in having two longer and unequal projections without spores; the longer projections about 14» long, the shorter about lly. If ab- normal basidia, their regularity is remarkable. Very rare in Chapel Hill and apparently occurring only in late fall or winter. According to Ricken it appears in Germany only after frost. 7 PLL ON SUCTOdA LOW HAAOOLITO Lo WLV Id ‘Laysta] tgze “ON ‘[93et] ‘a Aq OF0YG ‘oOT[TTAPYSWY “SUCIOGALOM AAAOOLIIO 86 ULV Id