= e76e |. \- ba td fo sree eSerar zh Badasetetst: fet rs Crt tm eworereerr ati tery Fembie ton nds hee vote owl oehbes shohees age peovigea 1¥\rad pe raat Saye te Seaton the cmcnyers oe teow ' toate am pe wap Settee canes eg Pettinee wehsegeere ek etn -: ' cule nent Ee olen tate eh feb send Seiteg bar's pietorrreer sy Tht ererrieviveate wet. a Spcarecguanrenetonserssargsysey beers raonrnie a vi sb dt vveie sae Has i aajanae tnt scam eletes a oe 90 Contents of Volume V Volume V, Number 1 Bradley, J. C. Phe ee of North America, Hilton, W. A. The Central Nervous System of Aphorura, 37-42. Bacon, G. Two New Species of Collembola from the Mountains of South- ern California, 43-46. McConnell, E. Some Remarks on the Abdominal Air Sacs of Stenophelmatus, 47-49. Whitney, B. B. A New California Coccid In- festing Manzanita, 50-52. Girault, A. A. A New Genus of Chalcidoid, 53-54. Essig, E. O. Sentellista cyanea, bred from Phenacoccus artemisie Ehrh., 50: Shorter Articles and Reviews of Recent Important Literature, 56-57. Grinnell, F., Jr. News Notes, 68. Volume V, Number 2 Smith, P. E. A Study of Some Specific Charac- ters of the Genus Pseudococcus, 69-84. Essig, E. O. The Yerba Santa Mealy Bug, 85-87. Guernsey, Mabel The Circulatory System of Laila cockerelli, 88-92. Hilton, W. A. The Nerve Cells of Tarantula, 93-95. Busck, A. New California Microlepidoptera, 96-102. Girault, A. A. Some New Genera and Species of Chalcidoid Hymenoptera of the Family Eulophide from Austra- lia, 103-112. Bacon, G. A Species of Collembola found with Termites, 113. Shorter Articles and Reviews of Recent Important Literature, 114-120. Grinnell, F. News Notes, 121-122. Volume V, Number 3 Ewing, H. E. Some New and Curious Acarina from Oregon, 123-136. Guernsey, Mabel ? The Anatomy of Laila cockerelli, 137-157. McGlashan, X. The Collector’s By-Product, 158- 160. Stafford, B. E. Studies in Laguna Beach Isopods II, 161-172. Grinnell, F. Book Reviews, 173-175. Grinnell, F. News Notes, 176-177. Volume V, Number 4 Essig, E. O. A New Echinococcus, 179-181. Stafford, B. E. Studies in Laguna Beach Isopoda II, 182-188. Hilton, W. A. : The Nervous System of Chelifer, 189-201. Bacon, G. A New Species of Collembola from Laguna Beach, 202-204. Shorter Articles and Reviews of Recent Important Literature, 205-209. The Laguna Marine Laboratory, 211-221. Wants and Exchanges, 225-226. INDEX TO VOLUME FIVE iii Index to Volume V Abdominal Air Sacs, 47 Galechia bigella, 99 Acarina, 123 scabrella, 98 Alloniscus cornutus lagune, 170 Giant coccid, 114 Alychide, 125 Girault, A. A., 53, 103 Anal ring, 69 Grinnell, F., Jr., 68, 119, 120, 121, 173, Ants, 62 176, 222 Aphorura, 37 _ Guernsey, M., 88, 137 lutea, 46 Hilton, W. A., 37, 93, 189 montis, 44 Histeride, 66 Aulacaspis manzanitz, 50 Hoplodermide, 135 Bacon, G., 43, 113, 202 Hypoplesis dietziella, 101 Bdella magna, 123 Thodide, 61 Bdellidz, 123 Isoplatini, 53 Blasticotomide, 4 Isopoda, 161, 181 Bradley, J. C., 1 Janira occidentalis, 183 Busck, A., 96 Jugatala tuberosa, 131 Caeculide, 127 Kermes essigii, 205 California insects, 114 occidentalis, 206 Cephide, 4 King, G. B., 205, 206 Cerari, 74 Laguna Laboratory, 211 Ceratocarus pacificus, 128 Laila cockerelli, 88, 137 Chalastogastra, 2 McGlashan, Ximena, 158 Chalcidoid, 53, 103 Mealy bug, Yerba Santa, 85 Chelifer nervous system, 189 Megalodontide, 4 Cirolana hardfordi, 165 Metacrias, 106 Coccid, 50 Michzelia, pallida, 125 on sycamore, 207 Microlepidoptera, californian, 96 Coelocybella, 53 Mites, 59 variegata, 54 Mosquitoes, 61 Coleophora entoloma, 97 and cobwebs, 208 quadristrigella, 96 Myrmecophilien, 65 Collembola, 43, 113, 202 Nemphaloides cinctiventris, 104 Nerve cells of tarantula, 93 ( 1 orpora allata, 117 Oribatide, 130 Corydalis cornutus, 60 Gusta Dytiscus marginalis, 65 Pamphilide, 2 Early naturalists, 118 Pentidotea aculeata, 185 Entomobrya laguna, 202 Phenacoccus artemisiz, 55 Eriococcus, 179 Postanal sete, 72 cockerelli, 179 Phthracarus, maximus, 135 Essig, E. O., 55, 85 Pseudococcus, 69 Ethmia mediella, 99 agrifoli, 71, 73, 78 Eulophidz, 103 chins; Thea 4 crawii, 71, 73, 80 Eurypterida, 116 longispinus, 70, 72, 74, 78 Ewing, H. E., 123 obscurus, 71, 73, 77 Galechia coticola, 97 yerba santz, 85 iv JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Purple scale, 58 Red spiders, 59 Rhicnopeltella immaculatipennis, 110 splendoriferella, 111 Ryan, H. J., 207 Selitrichodes fasciativentris, 105 Semioscopis acertella, 100 Scutellista cyanea, 55 Sirex, 6, 8, 9 abbotii, 11, 13 apicalis, 11, 12 areolatus, 10, 13, 14 behrensii, 10, 11, 16 californicus, 7, 11 edwardsii, 10 juvencus, 10, 11, 14 nigricornis, 10, 15, 16 obesus, 9, 12 Siricide, 8 Siricine, 8 Smith, P. E., 69 Stafford, B. E., 161, 182 Stenophelmatus, 47 Tachinidz, 67 Tenthredinide, 4 Tenuiala nuda, 133 Teredon, 8 cubensis, 27 latitarsis, 27 Termites, 113 Termitophilen, 65 Tetrastichus victoriensis, 108 fasciatus, 108 Tarantula, 93 Tremex, 8 columba, 25 Tremicine, 8 Tylos punctatus, 182 Urocercus, 6, 8 albicornis, 17, 19 californicus, 17, 18, 20 cressoni, 18, 21 flavicornis, 17, 18 taxodii, 17, 20 Whiteflies, 56, 57 Xeris, 6, 8 macgillivrayi, 24 morresoni, 24 spectrum, 23 Xiphydriide, 3 Xyelide, 2 Zetck, J., 208 The Siricide of North America J. CHESTER BRADLEY, PH. D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY Over ten years ago the writer undertook to rearrange the col- lection of Siricide and allied families belonging to Mr. E. T. Cresson, then in the keeping of the American Entomological Society, and which since then has been most generously pre- sented to that society by Mr. Cresson. Since that time, during the intervals of other duties, these insects have received a greater or less degree of attention at his hands, and the paper then begun has been several times rewritten and extended. Unable to foresee the early completion and publication of the entire work, and confronted with the expressed desire of cer- tain workers in the field of Hymenopterology that it should be available to them at an early date, it has seemed best to present a preliminary and brief account. Pending the completion and publication of the fuller work, which is planned to cover the families Siricide, Cephide, Megalodontide, Orysside, and Xiphydriide, the author will be grateful for the correction of errors, discrepancies or omissious in the present paper, and especially for the loan of material in any of the above groups, from any part of the world, which he will be glad to identify. Acknowledgments are due to Professors J. H. Comstock, A. D. MacGillivray, the late Dr. William H. Ashmead, Mr. S. A. Rohwer, Dr. L. O. Howard, and others, which will be expressed in more detail when the fuller paper is published. I am in- debted to my brother, Dr. B. W. Bradley, for assistance in the determination of the derivation and grammatical form of the technical names. Mr. S. A. Rohwer (1911b) has had the last word upon the classification of the horn-tails and sawflies (Chalastogastra). While recognizing the weight of his views as therein expressed, I have not been able in all cases to accept them. In my opinion 2 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY there have been two well-marked lines in the phylogeny of the suborder, the Tenthredinid and the Siricid stems. The Xyelidz and Pamphiliide are very primitive forms that represent off- shoots from near where these two stems divide. The Siricide also retain many highly primitive characters, although in other respects ‘‘sidewise specialized’’. The Xiphydriide, Cephide, and Megalodontide group themselves with them. The Oryssidx represent the most highly modified group within the suborder. They are more divergent from any other family than are any of the other families from each other. Yet I believe they had an ancestry somewhere along the Siricid stem. I am not con- vineed of the taxonomic advisability of erecting super-families for small groups of their nature, representing as they do, highly specialized offshoots of some other stock. The classification offered by Dr. MacGillivray (1906) was based upon careful and critical comparative study of a single set of organs—the wings, and seems more conservative and more in accordance with my own views. I have followed, in the main, the arrangement which he proposes. I am not prepared, from personal knowledge, to offer an opinion upon the advisability of dividing the Tenthredinida into several families, as is done by Ashmead and Rohwer. It is outside of the scope of this paper, and I have followed Dr. MacGillivray’s classification in this regard. THE SUBORDER CHALASTOGASTRA A Key to tHe F'AmMIies A. Front wings with R, present, possessing three marginal cells. XYVELIDH AA. Front wings with R, absent, therefore possessing one or two but never three marginal cells. B. Front wings with subcosta present as a distinct longitudinal vein. PAMPHILIDA BB. Front wings with subcosta absent. (Rarely it is present as a pale, very indistinct line, closely appressed to R-+ M, or Se, may be present as a transverse vein). JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 3 C. The radial cross-vein in the front wings with its caudal end basad of R,, or if it or R, is absent or they are opposite then the anterior tibix have a single apical spur. D. Front wings with M, complete; ovipositor more or less saw-like, usually exserted and with promi- nent sheaths; antenne not inserted beneath a frontal ridge. E. Anterior tibie each with only one apical spur; propodeum divided longitudinally. F. Pronotum presenting a strictly cephalic surface, or both cephalic and dorsal surfaces; front wings with the me- dio-cubital cross-vein subequal in length to the transverse part of media. (Fig. 6.) G. Pronotum transversely righ t- angled, so that it presents both a strictly dorsal and a cephalic aspect, the latter concave; mesoprescutum poorly defined or wanting; Se, absent; maxil- lary palpi one-segmented ; lab- ial palpi two or three-segment- ed, the last segment enlarged and bearing a large sensory cup, the first segment not elongate. (Figs. 16 and 17.) STRICIDA GG. Pronotum a narrow collar ex- tending around the front of the thorax, therefore present- ing lateral and cephalic but no dorsal aspect; mesoprescutum well developed; Se, present in the front wings as a transverse vein; maxillary palpi four- segmented; labial palpi three- segmented, the first segment elongate. XIPHYDRIIDH FF. Pronotum more or less quadrate, not transversely angled, presenting lat- eral and dorsal but no_ strictly cephalic surfaces, its posterior mar- gin extending almost directly from 4 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY tegula to tegula; mesoprescutum well defined; front wings with the medio-cubital cross-vein never less than three and sometimes four or five times the length of the trans- verse part of media. CEPHIDA EE. Anterior tibiw each with two apical spurs; propodeum not divided longitudinally but broadly emarginate behind. MEGALODONTID 4 (European) DD. Front wings with the transverse part of M, absent ; ovipositor retractile, thread-like, without prominent sheaths; antenn inserted low on the front beneath a prominent ridge which has the appearance of being the clypeus; vertex with a crown of tubercles; propodeum not divided longitudinally. ORYSSIDA CC. The radial cross-vein in the front wings with its caudal end distinctly apicad of R,, or wanting; the anterior tibiz with two apical spurs. D. Antenne four-segmented, the third segment about twice as long as the first two united, and about nine times as long as the fourth. BLASTICOTOMID2 DD. Antennz variously formed, but not as above. TENTHREDINIDEA THE FAMILY SIRICIDA History or THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE GENERA There have long been recognized five groups, corresponding to what we now call genera, although not all of them, until within the past fifteen years, have been recognized as genera. Linneus in the tenth edition of the Systema nature grouped together under the comprehensive genus Ichneumon the species for which he subsequently erected the genus Sirex (1761). These were five in number, and include the types of three of the genera today recognized, as well as one belonging to another family. These originally included species of Sirex were: gigas, spectrum, juvencus, camelus, and marisca. The following year Geoffroy proposed the name Urocerus, figuring and indicating by a direct bibliographical reference JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 5 only the species which had been described by Linneus (1758) as Ichneumon gigas, and which Linneus had subsequently placed in Sirex. That he had done so, however, was unknown to Geoffroy, whose conception of Urocerus was doubtless equiv- alent to that of Sirex by Linneus. While Geoffroy does not name any species of Urocerus, he describes one and only one, and by a definite bibliographical reference and a figure identi- fies it with Ichnewmon gigas of Linneus. The genus Urocerus is therefore monobasic, with Jchnewmon gigas as type. This interpretation is confirmed by Latreille who in 1810 definitely designed gigas as type. Fourcroy (1875) was the first to actually use a specific name in association with Urocerus, gigas being the name of the species that he then included. From that time until the end of the nineteenth century authors have used, some Sirex, others Urocerus, but always with the same meaning. During the past fifteen years, as a result of the work of Ashmead and Konow, Sirex has been generally recognized as the correct name and Urocerus as a synonym, and this is the status indicated by Rohwer (1911a). It had long been recognized that there were three species— groups within the old genus Sirex (excluding Tremex, which will be mentioned later), one containing gigas and its allies, another juvencus and its allies, and the third spectrum and its allies. For the latter Costa (1895) proposed the subgeneric name Xeris and Konow (1896) for the juvencus group the sub- generic name Paururus. These were shortly, and very appro- priately, raised to generic rank. Xeris contained the single species spectrum which is therefore its type. The type of Paururus is juvencus by designation of Rohwer (191lla). Sirex as thus restricted in the sense of Konow, Ashmead, and Rohwer was with the supposition voiced by Rohwer (191la) that gigas was its type. That, then, up to the present is the status of the old genus Sirex, gigas and its allies retained in it, juvencus and allies placed in Paururus, spectrum and allies in Xeris. But unfortunately Curtis (1829) definitely designated juven- cus as the type of Sirex, a fact known to Rohwer, and over- 6 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY looked by him in fixing gigas as type only through a clerical error. Paururus having the same type is therefore a synonym of Sirex, and the old name Urocerus, long considered a syno- nym of Sirex but having in reality a different type, namely gigas, must be resurrected for Sirex in the sense of recent authors. The present genera then will be: SIREX, type guvencus (—Paururus, Konow, Ashmead, and Rohwer). UROCERUS, type gigas (= Sirex of Konow, Ashmead, and Rohwer). XERIS, type spectrum. Jurine (1807) erected the genus Tremex for Sirex magus and S. fuscicorms F. Latreille (1810) indicated the latter as type of the genus. Xyloterus Hartig (1837) (not Erichson 1836) and Xylecematium Heyden (1868) (n. n. for Xyloterus) both have fuscicorms for their types and are synonyms of Tremex. These names have been but rarely used. Norton (1869) proposed the name Teredon for Treme2: lati- tarsis and T. cubensis Cresson. Kirby (1882) proposed Tere- donia to replace Teredon on the mistaken conclusion thai the latter was preoccupied. Teredon, however, is a valid name. Tur TAXONOMY OF THE GENERA Ashmead (1898) recognizes two subfamilies, Siricine and Tremecine, allying Xeris with Tremex and Teredon in the latter. That is an unnatural alignment, brought about by the unfortunate selection of characters which he used in separating the subfamilies. The first of these is the variation in the caudal end of r-m in the front wings which may be upon the longitudinal or again upon the transverse part of media. But we find the same variation within single species; it is in fact a character upon which no reliance can be placed in the Siricide. The second character is the presence of one or two apical spurs on the posterior tibiae. Konow (1905) recognizing Siricide in the present sense as a subfamily, divides it into two tribes, cor- responding exactly to the divisions employed by Ashmead. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 7 Rohwer (1911b) attains a more natural arrangement by placing Xeris in the Siricine. His arrangement is as follows: ‘* Antenne long and slender, basal vein received near the middle of the first discoidal cell; second transverse cubitus present. Strecinae ‘‘Hind tibiew with two calearia; humerus [2d A] and transverse median of the hind wings present. Sirecini “Find tibiz with one calearia [sic (!)]; humerus [2d A] and transverse median of the hind wings wanting. Xerum “Antenne short and stout; basal vein and transverse median in- terstititial, or nearly so; second transverse cubitus wanting. Tremecinae’’ The basal vein (Fig. 8b) is m-cu, and the first discoidal cell in the sense of Cresson, Marlatt, and others, M,, which, of course, can not receive m-cu. Evidently Rohwer means here, cell Cu,. Examining the several figures of wings here presented (Figs. 6-11) it will be noted that on this character the wing of Xeris would fall doubtfully into the Tremicine and the wing of Teredon clearly into Siricine, resembling closely in this respect the wing of Urocerus flavicornis. The second transverse cubitus (Fig. 8c?) is R;, and this is frequently, probably normally, present in Teredon, which would thereby fall into the Siriciner. There are, however, two important characters which all authors have overlooked in differentiating the subfamilies. Sirex, Urocerus, and Xeris have 3-segmented labial palpi (Figs. 4, 5, and 17), and retain the cerci. Tremex and presumably Teredon (although lack of material makes verification impos- sible) possess 2-segmented labial palpi (Fig. 16) and have lost the cerci. A further discussion of the relations of the genera would occupy too much space, and I shall reserve it until a later date. Tur Forms oF THE NAMES Under each genus I have indicated its derivation, gender, and stem to be used for derivatives. The following forms are the proper ones: Siricini, Siricine, and Siricide, not, as has some- 8 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY times been written, Sirecini, Sirecine, and Sirecide; Tremicini and Tremicine, not Tremecini and T'remecine; and Xerini, not Xeriini. A Key To THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF SIRICIDE A. Labial palpi 3-segmented (Fig. 17) ; cerci present ; antennz filiform, seventeen- to twenty-five-segmented (Figs. 37 and 39) ; the radial cross-vein in the front wings received in the cell R, but never near its apex; posterior tibiz with one or two apical spurs. Siricinae B. Cornus of the female shouldered or not (Figs. 18-25), but never constricted at the base and then widened apically ; free part of Cu, usually distinct; head immaculate; poste- rior tibiz with two apical spurs. Sirex Linneus BB. Cornus of the female constricted at base and widened apically (Figs. 26-33) ; never more than a stump of the free part of Cu, present; a white spot present behind the eye. C. Posterior tibize with two apical spurs; ovipositor shorter than the abdomen. Urocerus Geoffroy CC. Posterior tibiz with one apical spur; ovipositor usually much longer than the abdomen. Xeris Costa AA. Labial palpi 2-segmented, very thick (Fig. 16); cerci absent; antenne short, four- to fourteen-segmented, or in a few oriental species as many as twenty-segmented, somewhat thickened in the middle; R. in the front wings absent, the radial cross-vein there- fore received in the united cells R,+, or if R, is present (Figs. 9 and 10), then the radial cross-vein is directly opposite it; posterior tibize with one apical spur. Tremicinae B. In the front wings R, is lost (Fig. 9) ; posterior legs flattened in both sexes, but not greatly dilated; flagellum with four- teen or more segments. Tremex Jurine BB. In the front wings R, normally retained (Fig. 10) ; posterior legs flattened, the tibie and tarsi greatly dilated (Figs. 12 and 13) ; flagellum reduced to three segments. Teredon Norton (Cuban) Sirex Linneus Sirex, gen. siricis, M. | 7 as 47 19 4 4/2 wy MY XR MH MM Sm sh cm MY M4 MMH wn Am BA 8 AW Oy GN WA AA bh bv 2% SO hoe ws SH BR AQ MY ly nh De we 2 SH KE ry 44 YA EsbtS sesh ps Ss $8 bh $s I LL IT TE is VT wet YT wae x Number of conical setz in each cerari P. crawii Coq. Table V. ¢--ce.p.s. *-¢,P.s, @> A Sees . @a v Ww 4 Sees V@aA 1, 1@ Oday 47970 ° Vv 4d cS e Ll phos z Ber: ag . SA 2 6 ‘onal & aoe a 9 “aban SY . qd qd Ja ky ray ae! @: : a a v a Vv a4 95 a Iga 2 i 11 84 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY EXPLANATION OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS a.o.—Anal orifice. ce.p.s.—Cephalic pair of postanal sete. ce.s.—Cephalie pair of anal sete. ¢.p.s.—Caudal pair of anal sete. d.p.—Denticulate wax pore. m.s.—Middle pair of anal set. s.—Ordinary sete. Sete of conical type. w.p.—Triangular type of wax pore. S.C. All figures are drawn with a camera lucida, x660. Figure 1. The anal ring of P. agrifoliae Essig. In this and the succeeding figures of anal rings the cephalic end of the ring faces the top of the page. Figure 2. Anal ring of P. obscurus Essig. Figure 3. Anal ring of P. crawii Coq. Figure 4. Anal ring of P. citri Risso. Figure 5. Anal ring of P. longispinus Targ. Figure 6. Lateral view of the posterior conical seta of an anal cerari of P. longispinus. Figure 7. Lateral view of conical seta of an anal cerari of P. crawii. Figure 8. Surface view of an anal cerari of P. agrifoliae. Figure 9. Head or first cerari of P. agrifoliae. Figure 10. First or head cerari of P. citri. Figure 11. Anal cerari of P. citri. Figure 12. Head cerari of P. crawii. Figure 13. Anal cerari of P. crawii. Figure 14. Head cerari of P. obscurus. Figure 15. Anal cerari of P. obscurus. Figure 16. Head cerari of P. longispinus. Figure 17. Anal cerari of P. longispinus. The Yerba Santa Mealy Bug (Pseudococcus yerba-santae nu sp.) E. 0. ESSIG SECRETARY STATE HORTICULTURAL COMMISSION, SACRAMENTO, CAL. FEMALES General Appearance. (Fig. 1) The general outward ap- pearance, including size, shape, color and vestiture, furnishes the only reliable data for the recognition and description of mealy bugs. The species under discussion does not differ from the other known species to a great degree, but enough so to war- rant its being considered new to science. The size is average, Figure 1. The yerba santa mealy bug (Pseudococcus yerba sante n sp.) Slightly enlarged. (Original.) being from 1.8 mm. to 2.2 mm. in length and nearly half as wide. The shape is oval oblong, being slightly narrower than the typical mealy bugs. The body color is light or pinkish. The contents of the bodies are easily removed by boiling in KOH, the skin be- coming colorless and transparent—the legs and antenne remain- ing amber. The white waxy covering is just thick enough to hide the body color and appears velvety. The segmentation of the body is usually plainly visible. The wax filaments around the 86 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Figure 2 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 87 edges are very short—those behind being longest, but even these are scarcely noticeable. The eggs are yellow and laid in small egg-sacs which envelope the female bodies. Body Characters.—Antennae.—(Fig. 2, B) The antenne are normally eight-segmented with little variation to the lengths of the respective articles. The formula, beginning with the longest article, is 8,3 (2,5), 7, 6, 3,1. 11s often slightly longer than 3 or 6 and 6 longer than 3. To the mind of the writer little can be relied upon the antennal segmentation as a means of classifica- tion, excepting in a few instances. They are light brown in color. Legs.—The legs are well developed with the hind pair consider- ably larger than the first two. They are slightly hairy and light brown. The coxe (Fig. 2, A) are large—hbeing twice as long as the trochanters. The femora do not attain the greatest width of the coxe and are slightly shorter than the tibia. The tarsi are about one-third as long as the tibia. The claws are well devel- oped. Spines.—Fig. 2, C and D) The spines of the anal lobes are nearly twice as long as the cireumanal spines. Host Plant.—This species feeds upon the foliage of the Yerba Santa or Mountain Balm (EHriodictyon californicum (H. & A.)); many of the plants were completely covered with the young and adult females and the egg-sacs. No adult males or their cocoons were collected. Locality—Though the Yerba Santa is exceedingly common throughout the southern part of the state, this mealy bug has been found to infest it only in the Sespe Canyon, Ventura County, California. In this locality the infestation is general and often severe. Natural Enemies.—Two dipterous insects play a very import- ant role in reducing the numbers of this mealy bug. The larve of the syrphid fly (Baccha lemur O. 8.) preys upon the eggs and young, and the small internal parasite (Leucopis bella Loew.) works upon the half-grown and adult females. Date of Collection—This species was collected May 11, 1911. My brother, S. H. Essig, shares in its discovery. The Circulatory System of Laila Cockerelli MABEL GUERNSEY Laila cockerelli is the single species of a genus of Doridide described by MacFarland in 1905. Since it is very abundant at Laguna Beach, I undertook a study of the anatomy, of which this paper, on the circulatory system, is a part. Most of the speci- mens with which I worked were fixed with chrome-acetic acid for sectioning, as the small size of the animal, the length of which ranged from 10 to 15 mm., made dissection unsatisfactory. The only part of the circulatory system which it was con- venient to dissect was the heart. This is situated close beneath the upper body wall, just anterior to the branchie, and in the living animal its pulsations may sometimes be seen through the skin. The heart consists of an oval or nearly circular, flattish ventricle and a very large, thin-walled auricle, both enclosed in a delicate pericardium. The ventricle contains many interlacing muscle-fibres, which form a network between the walls, so that the contracted ventricle appears as a thick mass of muscle-fibres. Between the auricle and ventricle, circularly placed muscle-fibres form a valve. The walls of the auricle are extremely thin, con- sisting of a delicate sheet of connective tissue, strengthened by a very few bands of muscle-fibres. The enclosing pericardium is thin, but thicker than the wall of the auricle, and contains numer- ous nuclei. Since dissection or injection was very difficult, the course of the circulation was determined by making a graphic reconstruc- tion from serial sections. The drawing was from a reduction of this reconstruction. The reconstruction of the arterial circula- tion was made from a smaller animal than that of the venous circulation, and is consequently drawn to a different scale. This was done because the arterial system was imperfectly preserved in the specimen that showed the venous system to best advantage. No attempt was made to reconstruct the pedal sinuses, which are a complex, interlacing mass, reminding one of the interstices of a sponge. The arterial circulation was especially difficult to JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 89 make out, owing to the extreme thinness of the walls of the arteries, which were usually collapsed, misplaced, or torn in places, so as to make their identification difficult. Consequently, only the main branches of the arterial circulation are shown in the drawing. The aorta leaves the ventricle at its anterior end, on the lower side. Almost immediately it divides into two parts, the posterior and anterior aorte. The posterior aorta runs back over the liver, dividing very soon into two parts, which branch and rebranch, the branches soon becoming indistinguishable from clefts be- tween the liver lobes. The anterior aorta runs forward below the upper body-wall and passes through the blood gland, which spreads in a flat, thin sheet above and posterior to the buccal mass. It is divided into a right and left portion and these are subdivided into numerous lobes. The substance of the gland is somewhat similar in its appearance to the pulp of lymph glands in vertebrates, as it consists of a mass of cells, among which are a few interlacing fibres. It communicates with the aorta by several branches. The aorta now divides into three parts. The first, the genital artery, runs down to the reproductive organs, where it opens into a network of sinuses; the second (N) runs through the blood gland and along the upper surface of the capsule surrounding the central ganglia; the third branch, or aorta proper, goes down on the right side of the buccal mass, curves under it, and gives off a large buceal artery, which sends two branches to the sinuses in the buccal mass. The remainder of the aorta enters the foot muscles as the pedal artery (Q), which can be traced forwards for some distance, but which I have been unable to trace backwards, although it probably has branch- es which run backwards. In any case, the blood would be carried back by the sinuses of the foot. The venous blood, with the exception of that coming from the posterior aorta, circulates through an elaborate system of irreg- ular, intercommunicating sinuses, chiefly in the foot and sides, which communicate with the main body cavity and the great lateral sinus. This lateral sinus forms a ring around the body at the level of the origin of the papille, to which it gives branches. 90 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 1. Heart and venous system, X22. A, visceral vein; B, afferent; C, efferent branchial vein; D, communication between branchie and auricle; E, aorta; F, rhinophore vein; G, communication between body cavity and lateral sinus; H, direct communication with pedal sinuses. Figure Figure 2. Arterial system, X44. J, posterior; K, anterior branch of aorta; L, artery to reproductive organs; M, artery from blood gland to aorta; N, artery to ganglia; O, P, buccal arteries; Q, pedal artery. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 91 It communicates with the main body cavity at a point on either side just anterior to the rhinophores (G@), and with the pedal sinus complex at numerous points (H), the main ones being at the head and tail, and just anterior and posterior to the opening into the auricle. It also gives off many short and long branches, above and below, as well as branches to the papille. The aeration of this blood is undoubtedly accomplished through the skin of the back and sides, to which branches of the sinuses are closely applied and through the papilla, which seem especially adapted for this purpose. The sinuses in the papille are much dilated at the ends, and communicate by many fine branches with the spongy network of which the substance of the papillew is composed, so that the blood is brought in close contact with the epithelium covering the surface. Also, when the animal is alive, the papille are in constant slow motion, which would facilitate aeration of the blood. The lateral sinus opens directly into the auricle by short branches, and the blood is then immediately returned into circu- lation without passing through the branchiew. The blood from the posterior aorta follows a different course from the rest. After passing through a complex mass of sinuses between the liver lobes, it is collected in venous channels that come together in a great sinus running along just above the stomach, from which it is carried to the branchie by the hepatic vein (A). This gives a single vein to each branchial plume. These run up the posterior side of the main trunk of the plumes and send off branches which, running forward close under the epithelium, are collected in veins (C) which run down the anterior trunk of each plume. These veins are collected into a single one which opens almost immediately into the auricle, thus returning the branchial blood to the circulation, where it is mixed with blood from the lateral sinuses. The branchie usually consist of three plumes, but there may be five, the number which MacFarland has described as typical. These have a muscular central stalk with several branches, which rebranch into fine ultimate endings. Each branchial plume receives a large nerve from the branchial plexus, and a branch 92 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY from the hepatic vein. The branches of this vein are separated from the surface only by a very thin, columnar epithelium. Clumps of gland cells are found at the ends of the plumes just beneath the sinuses, and scattered mucous cells are occasionally seen in the epithelium. The arteries are large tubes with a thin, muscular wall. The larger sinuses have a thin homogeneous wall of connective tissue and, in the lateral sinuses, muscular fibres are sometimes present, but the smaller sinuses seem to have no wall, being merely clefts in the connective tissue. The circulatory system does not possess any striking differ- ences from the type found in Doris by Hancock and Embleton, excepting for the special arrangement for the papille, which were not found in any of the forms they described. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alder, J., and Hancock, A. 1910 The British nudibranchiate Mollusca. Ray soe., Part VIII. Hancock, A., and Embelton, D. 1852 On the anatomy of Doris. Phil. trans. Hescheler, K. 1900 Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere. Von A. Lang. Pt. I. Mollusca. MacFarland, F. M. 1905 A preliminary account of the Doridide of Monterey Bay, Cal. Proce. biol. soe. Wash. Vol. XVIII, pp. 35-54. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.) Nerve Cells of Tarantula WILLIAM A. HILTON G. Saint Remy ’90 and others have indicated at least two sizes of cells in the nervous systems of spiders. In tarantula there are numerous cells of small size and fewer of a larger sort. The functional nerve elements may be told from the others by their rather clear nuclei which contain prominent nucleoli. The large cell-bodies as compared with the size of the nuclei are also char- acteristic. No neuroblasts were clearly recognized in the adult spider. Two types of elements were seen which were thought to be connective in their nature, or neuroglia cells. In one kind of these the nuclei were rather clear, the cells widely scattered, but often partly joined together by their long slender processes. Some of these were found in the fibrous portion of the ganglion. In the other type of supportive element the cells are massed together in certain regions, the nuclei are filled with granules of chromatin and fine strands from the cytoplasm extend between the adjoining cells and penetrate into the fibrous area. These two types of elements form a framework or reticulum for the cells and fibers of the nervous system (Fig. 1, D and E). The smaller nerve cells seem to be rather simple for the most part. They appear to be unipolar with a large process directed towards the central fibrous mass of the ganglion. The nuclei of these are large with large nucleoli which contain one or more refractive spots. Fibrils are not so easily determined as in larger cells, but the nerve processes seem to be composed of many fine fibrillea. Little was learned about other points in the finer structure of these cells, but in preparations fixed in Flem- ming’s fluid there were numerous dark masses which were often ‘seen. These were usually found in the cytoplasm on the oppo- site side of the cell from the nerve process. In appearance these resembled blackened fat particles (Fig. 1, C). The larger nerve cells were found grouped together or scat- tered about in the more ventral regions of the nervous system; some were found in the supraesophageal region, on the lateral 94 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY sides and also dorsally. The groups of larger cells were often surrounded by many others, both of the neuroglia type and of the smaller nerve cell form. In the largest neurones, as in the smaller ones, the nuclei are prominent with marked nucleoli which have one or more dark areas in them. Surrounding the nucleus there is a fine meshwork or cell reticulum upon which granules of tigroid substance may be seen. This material is in the form of fine granules in some cells, in others it is com- Vie WA Figure 1. Cells from the central nervous system of spiders, X800. A to E, cells from tarantula; D and E, supporting cells; F, nerve cell from a spider 114%, mm. long; G, nerve cell or neuroblast from a young spider of about 114 mm. length. posed of coarser flakes. Running through the meshwork of the cell with its tigroid substance delicate continuous strands or neuro-fibrille may be seen and traced from the region of the nucleus into branches of the nerve cell. Adjacent cells may be seen to be in some communication with each other by means of these fine fibrille. Broader connections between cells such as Haller ’04 and Hilton ’11 have recorded in insects seem to oceur in this form to a limited degree (Fig. 1, A and B). JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 95 The magnitude of nerve cells in many forms seems to depend upon the number and extent of the processes. The size of the animal ought then to make a difference with that of the cells. In one of the Collembola recently studied, the animal was about 1.5 mm. in length; the cells were about .002 mm. in diameter. In a large tarantula, one of 6 em. body length, the nerve cells were of several sizes. Some were .05 mm. by .03 mm. The smallest were about .02 by .015 mm. In a small spider of 1.5 mm. length, the largest cells were less than .01 mm. in diameter (Fig. 1, F), while a young drassid of 1.5 mm. which was active but not mature, had nerve cells of about the same size (Fig. 1,G). The cells in the last case appeared much like neuroblasts. The smallest functional nerve cells in the tarantula were a little larger than the neuroblasts of young forms, while the functional cells of a more mature spider were about the same size as these neuroblasts. The largest nerve cells of tarantula as compared with the largest of a small spider show the great- est contrast. In a consideration of the size of nerve cells in various animals it seems clear that although the larger organisms have the larger nerve cells, there are other factors than size of the animal and consequent length of the cell processes which deter- mine the magnitude of the neurones. REFERENCES Haller, B. 1904 Ueber den allgemeinen Bauplan des Tracheatensyncerebrums. Arch. f. micr. Anat., Bd. 65. Hilton, W. A. 1911 The structure of the nerve cells of an insect. Jour. comp. neurol. Vol. 21, No. 4. 1912 A preliminary study of the central nervous system of spiders. Pomona jour. ent. Vol. IV, No. 3. ? Saint Remy, G. 1890 Contribution a 1’étude du cerveau chez les arthropods tra- chéates. Théses 4 la Faculté des sciences de Paris. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.) New Californian Microlepidoptera AUGUST BUSCK U. 5. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D. C. The species of Microlepidoptera, described in the following, were received for determination from Mr. W. S. Wright, San Diego, California, together with some fifty other species, which I have recognized as already described. If a few more equally valuable collections could be obtained from California this coming season, the writer would be pleased to fulfil his promise to Dr. C. F. Baker, to give a comprehen- sive paper on the known California Microlepidoptera for this Journal. I shall be glad to hear from other collectors of these insects in California. Coleophora quadristrigella new species Labial palpi long, porrected, smooth; second joint hardly thickened; white, shaded with light brown externally. Antenne white, somewhat thickened with scales toward the base; basal joint yellow, somewhat enlarged, but without projecting flap of seales. Face, head and thorax light yellow with the cheeks, patagina and posterior tip of thorax white. Forewings with silvery white ground color; from base to apex along the upper edge of the cell and covering vein 7 runs a broad longitudinal streak of light golden yellow, which at basal fourth gives off a narrower longitudinal branch of the same color, which ter- minates on the middle of the termen; below the fold from base to tornus runs a third longitudinal yellow streak; these yellow streaks leave the white ground color exposed only as four longi- tudinal streaks, one along the costal edge, one along the dorsal edge, one on the fold and one from basal third of the cell to close below apex. Cilia whitish fuscous. Hind wings light fuscous with the cilia a shade darker. Abdomen light fuscous with golden lateral edges. Legs whitish hairs on posterior tibie golden. Alar expanse: 18-20 mm. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 97 Habitat—San Diego, California, June, July. W. 8. Wright, coll. U.S. N. M. Type No. 15,607. Coleophora entoloma new species Very close to C. quadristrigella, but smaller and with the yel- low color somewhat darker and occupying the larger part of the wing, leaving the white color as three thin longitudinal streaks, one along the costal edge, one through the middle of the wing to apex and one on the fold; the fourth white streak found in quadristrigella on the dorsal margin is absent in the present species, the subplical yellow longitudinal streak being broader and includes the dorsal edge. No other colorational differences. Alar expanse: 15-18 mm. Habitat—San Diego, California, May, June. W. S. Wright, coll. U.S. N. M. Type No. 15,608. Galechia coticola new species Labial palpi light ochreous with extreme base dark brown and with a few scattered brown scales on terminal joint; second joint with well developed compressed and furrowed tuft. An- tenne black. Face, head and thorax light golden yellow. Pata- gina purplish black. Forewings with costal half blackish brown with a purple tint; dorsal half golden yellow; the dividing line between the two colors is nearly straight from base to the mid- dle of termen except for a large triangular process of the yel- low color into the dark color on the middle of the wing; in the dark costal area lies a short, oblong, yellow dash below the costal edge at basal third and a larger triangular costal spot at apical fourth; cilia fuscous. Hindwings light fuscous. Abdo- men light yellow dusted with dark brown. Legs yellowish with broad dark brown annulations on tibiz and tarsi, except on the hind tarsi, which are all yellow. Alar expanse: 16-17 mm. Habitat—La Puerta, Califorma, July. Wright & Field, coll. U.S. N. M. Type No. 15,609. 98 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY A well marked species nearest in coloration to Gelechia kin- kaidella Busck, but easily distinguished by the pattern, which comes nearer to that of the much smaller Gelechia paraplutella Busck. Gelechia scabrella new species Labial palpi with short indistinctly divided brush on the underside, blackish brown exteriorly, gray on the inner side; terminal joint shorter than second somewhat thickened with seales, blackish brown with an indistinct pale annulation at base. Antenne finely pubescent, dark purplish brown each joint terminating in a circlet of paler somewhat raised scales. Face, head and thorax dark purplish brown finely irrorated with white, the extreme tip of each scale being white; posterior tip of thorax deep velvety, unmixed brown with a strong purple sheen. Forewings of the same irrorated brown color as the thorax except for a large triangular dorsal patch near the base, which has the same color as the posterior tip of thorax; this reaches with one corner to the costal edge and is sharply edged posteriorly by a thin oblique white line; on the middle of the wing is a similarly unicolored, but more diffused larger patch, edged posteriorly by a thin, transverse, slightly concave, white line across the wing at apical third; both of these dark brown areas contain small tufts of raised scales in two longitudinal rows; the groundecolor with lighter brown white-tipped scales thus cover the extreme base, an oblique fascia beyond the first white line the dorsal and costal edges and the entire tip of the wing beyond the thin white fascia; cilia coneolorous. Hind- wings broader than the forewings, light shiny fuscous. Abdo- men light fuscous. Legs blackish fuscous with indistinct nar- row annulations at the joints. Alar expanse: 17-20 mm. Habitat—San Diego, California, June, July. W. 8. Wright, coll. U.S. N. M. Type No. 15,610. This is the western representative of our eastern G. walsing- JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 99 hami Dietz, to which it comes quite close, though much larger and deeper in color. The species has a striking superficial resemblance to the larger typical species of the genus Gnorimoschema. Gelechia bigella new species Labial palpi with stubby, indistinctly furrowed brush on sec- ond joint, nearly even throughout its length light fuscous mot- tled with dark brown. Face light fuseous. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Forewings dark velvety fuscous with two vel- vety black round dots, one on the middle of the fold and one obliquely above it on the cell, both slightly edged with rust- brown scales; at the end of the cell is a small rust-brown spot containing a few single black scales, a small blackish costal spot at apical third and an illdefined marginal row of black around the apical and terminal edges; cilia fuscous sprinkled with single black scales. Hindwing dark fuscous; anal cilia yellowish fuscous; the males have on the underside of the hindwing a row of long raised scales on vein 8. Abdomen dark fuscous, with the upper side of the basal joints tinged with golden yellow. Legs blackish fuscous with narrow yellowish tarsal annulations. Alar expanse: 20-21 mm. Habitat—San Diego, California, February. W. S. Wright, coll. U.S. N. M. Type No. 15,611. Nearest to our Eastern Gelechia binimaculella Chambers. Ethmia mediella new species Labial palpi long, recurved, reaching beyond vertex; white sprinkled with black scales; outer side of second joint nearly all black. Antenne leadcolored with narrow white annulations; first joint white on the underside. Face white. Head white with a central black spot. Thorax white with four black dots, two on each side. Patagina white with two black basal dots. Forewings white suffused with soft gray which is darker just above the fold below which there is a rather sharply edged pure white longitudinal area; basal part of costal edge dark lead 100 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY colored; on the fold is a longitudinal row of three deep black lines and at the end of the cell is a pure white dot edged by short black dashes; around apical and terminal edge is a series of short black streaks. Cilia white. Hindwings dark gray with the anal area yellow and cilia yellow. Abdomen light golden yellow except the upper side of the first joint, which is gray. Legs white with well marked black tarsal annulations and with posterior tibie yellow. Alar expanse: 22-26 mm. Habitat—San Diego, California, June, July. W. S. Wright, coll. U.S. N. M. Type No. 15,612. Closely related and very similar in pattern to Hthmia arcto- staphylella Walsingham and Hthmia obscurella Beutenmuller, but much lighter than these species in color. Semioscopis acertella new species Labial palpi black with the tips of both joints and a sprink- ling on second joint white. Head and thorax brownish fuscous. Forewings with the groundcolor bluish-white but so heavily overlaid with dark brownish fuscous that the white only ap- pears in irregular longitudinal thin lines; the brown faintly outlines the venation and is mixed with black scales, also ar- ranged in illdefined and interrupted longitudinal lines; on the middle of the cell is a broader white longitudinal line, edged above and below and broken in the middle by short deep black lines; on the middle of the fold is a short black longitudinal streak. The effect to the unaided eye is a pepper and salt coloration with a narrow white central streak on the cell. Hindwing dark fuscous with whitish area. Abdomen yellow- ish fuscous. Legs black with yellowish annulations on tibie and tarsi. Alar expanse: 16-19 mm. Habitat—San Diego, California, November. W. 8. Wright, coll. U. SN. M. Type No. 15,613. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 101 Nearest in wing form and pattern to Semioscopis megami- crella Dyar, but smaller, much darker and suffused in its mark- ing and without the well marked terminal row of black dots. Hypoplesia dietziella new species Tongue and maxillary palpi obsolete. Labial palpi rather long curved ascending; second joint with well developed brush on the underside and with several long black bristles along the upper edge; terminal joint shorter than second, bluntly pointed ; blackish fuscous with extreme tip of the third joint yellowish. Antenne nearly as long as the forewings, stout, with short whorls of raised scales, less so in the females; basal joint with pecten yellowish fuscous, lighter toward the tip. Face and head rough with long, erect dark fuscous hair scales. Thorax dark fuscous. Patagina tipped with yellow. Forewings dark fuscous mottled with black and yellow in indistinct and transverse striation; the black scales are slightly raised and most promi- nent; along the costal edge is a series of small black dots and at the end of the cell is a larger ill-defined black spot; around the entire edge from the middle of costa to tornus is a series of small yellowish dashes also present in the otherwise dark fus- cous cilia. Hindwings shining dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs black with yellowish annulations. Hindlegs rather long with the tibie hairy. Alar expanse: 16-20 mm. Habitat—San Diego, California, June, July. W. 8S. Wright, coll. U.S. N. M. Type No. 15,614. I take pleasure in associating the name of my friend and col- league, Dr. Wm. Dietz, with this interesting species, the second one known in the genus originally characterized by him under the preoccupied name, Paraplesia. (Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. XXXI, p. 12, 1905) —Hypoplesia (Busck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXX, p. 735, 1906.) The original description is rather scanty and partly incor- rect; the antenne are not bipectenate, but are thickened with whorls of raised scales. Their length and the absence of tongue 102 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY and maxillary palpi are the significant characters. The vena- tion is simple, all the veins separate (not 7 and 8 out of 9 as stated by Dietz) in both wings; vein 7 to costa in the forewing. The genus is closely allied to Hapsifera Zeller and Euplacamus Latrielle, both of which, however, have veins 7 and 8 stalked in the forewing. Some New Genera and Species of Chalcidoid Hymen- optera of the Family Eulophidae From Australia A, A. GIRAULT Family KULOPHIDAt Subfamily TETRASTICHIN.®, TETRASTICHINI Neomphaloides new genus Female—Head normal, nearly round from direct cephalic as- pect, the antenne inserted near its middle, distinctly above an im- aginary line drawn between the ventral ends of the eyes, eleven- jointed-scape, pedicel, three narrow ring-joints, three funicle joints and a three-jointed club, the terminal joint ending in a spur. Funicle joints elongate, the proximal one nearly as long as the club; pedicel very long, subequal to the distal funicle joint. Fore wings ample, the marginal and submarginal veins long, the former about a fourth longer than the latter; postmarginal vein absent; stigma vein with a slender neck. Both wings normally ciliate, the marginal cilia short. Tarsi four-jointed, the tibial spurs single. Both mandibles tridentate. Parapsidal furrows complete. Seutellum with four longitudinal grooved lines, the lateral ones finer; metathoracic spiracle large, oval. Propodeum with two, short median carine, parallel but distad diverging sud- denly and running along the distal margin of the segment. Abdo- men sessile, longer than the head and thorax combined, produced ventrad near base, conic-ovate, produced distad into a,moder- ately long stylus from beneath which slightly projects the ovipos- itor enclosed by its valves. Mesoscutum long, with a distinct median groove. Sculpture fine reticulation over the head, thorax and abdomen, not varying noticeably as regards density. Body metallic. Ocelli distant from the eyes. Genal sulcus distinct. Male—Not known. A genus unique for the tribe because of the three ring-joints of the antenne, the longitudinal grooves on the thorax and the pro- 104 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY duced abdomen. Resembling Tetrastichus Haliday but the abdo- men much longer. Type—The following species. 1. Neomphaloides cinctiventris new species. Female—Length 3.75 mm. General color dark metallic green, the propodeum brighter, the mesothorax with much bronze, the abdomen darker, above at base with a broad orange band which ventrad spreads further distad and involves the produced part of the venter ; legs wholly light lemon yellow as are also the ventral half of the occiput and the face ventrad of the insertions of the antenne; also the cheeks. Scape and pedicel brownish, the former with more or less black dorsad; remainder of antenna black. Tegule and venation more or less lemon yellowish, the wings hyaline. Proximal joint of antennal club only about two- thirds the length of the distal funicle joint and about a fourth longer than the second club joint, the distal club joint very short, terminating in a short, spur-like seta. Scape long, reaching to the ocelli. Vertex yellowish along the eye margin, dorsal aspect. (From 2 specimens, 2-3-inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch and Lomb.) Male—Unknown. Described from two female specimens received for study from Mr. C. French, Jr., Acting Government Entomologist, Melbourne, Victoria, labelled *‘ Parasitic on homopterus gall on Eucalyptus, Cook’s River, Sydney.’’ Habitat—Australia—Sydney, New South Wales. Types—No. Hy 1197, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above specimens on tags (2 pins) plus a slide bearing a head. Tribe OMPHALINI Selitrichodes new genus Female—Head rounded ovate, the antenne inserted distinctly below the middle of the face, much below the ventral ends of the eyes, eight-jointed-scape, pedicel, two ring-joints, three funicle joints and a solid club; scape somewhat swollen, the three funicle JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 105 joints subquadrate and subequal, each about half the size of the pedicel, the club long-ovate, about equal to the scape, slightly longer than the funicle. Parapsidal furrows distinct, complete; seutellum with a narrow longitudinal groove on each side of the meson; abdomen equal to the length of the head and thorax com- bined, ovate, depressed, the ovipositor barely projecting beyond its tip. Wings ample, normally ciliate, the marginal fringes short, the marginal vein long, a fourth longer than the submar- ginal, the postmarginal a mere spur-like projection beyond the origin of the stigmal which is distinet, with a neck and uncus. Tarsi four-jointed, the tibial spurs single. Mandibles dentate. Male—Not known. Type—The following species. 1. Selitrichodes fasciativentris new species Female—Length, 1.20 mm. Lemon yellow, the abdomen dorsad with two transverse black stripes across it, both bands interrupted at the meson; a third stripe indicated proximad (across the base) by a black spot at the edge on each side; the two stripes are across the distal half of the proximal half of the abdomen. Legs, antenne and vena- tion (more pallid) concolorous, the wings hyaline. A more or less obscure dusky spot near the tegula. Eyes and ocelli red, (From four specimens, the same magnification). Male—Not known. Described from four females remounted on a slide in xylol- balsam from a card, received from the Acting Government Ento- mologist of Victoria and labelled ‘‘Chalcids parasitic on unknown galls on Eucalyptus, N.S, W.”’ Habitat—Australia, New South Wales, Types—The above females on a single slide. No. Hy 1198, Queensland Museum, Brisbane. 106 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY PEDIOBINI Metacrias new genus Type—The following species. 1. Metacrias australiansis new species Female—Length, 2.10 mm. Very dark metallic bluish, the head tinged with metallic green, especially on the face, the abdo- men brilliant metallic bluish-green, shining. Wings hyaline, the venation dusky. Knees, tips of tibia, distal third of posterior tibie and the tarsi (excepting distal joint) white. Venter of thorax steel blue. Antenne concolorous with thorax but the ring- joint white. First funicle joint nearly as long as the club, the pedicel subequal in length to the distal funicle joint. The legs and propodeum may be as in the male. Segment VI of abdomen (dorsad) densely polygonally retriculated. (From five specimens, the same magnifications). Male—The same but the abdomen less pointed, with an oval, large whitish spot centrally, near base, the antenne metallic greenish, the abdomen with more green, the propodeum and the dark parts of the legs brilliant metallic cyaneus; distal two funicle joints subequal, the first joint subequal to the club. (From single specimen, similarly magnified.) Described from one male and five female specimens, ecard- mounted, from the collections of the Queensland Museum, labelled ‘‘Bred out of fungus gall on wattle. Brisbane, H. Hacker, 14/7/11’’, 18, 2?’s and the same plus ‘‘23/6/11”’, 32 ’s. Habitat—Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. Types—No. Hy 1199, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above specimens on two cards as indicated plus two slides of xylol-balsam, bearing female antenna and posterior legs (one slide) and male flagellum. This genus differs from Acrias Walker in bearing nonfasciate wings and submoniliform antenne, the funicle joints more or less excised or constricted, and the club with one less joint. The following generic characters: Head large, wider than the thorax, the occipital margin carinate, the lateral ocelli not touch- JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 107 ing the eye margin, the vertex sloping cephalo-ventrad, the antenne inserted distinctly below the middle of the face yet still slightly above an imaginary line drawn between the ventral ends of the eyes, the bulbs rather widely separated, the scro- bicular cavity rather shallow, oblong, not reaching by some dis- tance to the cephalic ocellus. Scape long, cylindrical and slen- der, much longer than the club; an obconic pedicel, one ring- joint, three funicle joints, the second bevelled off at apex, the third oval and subpetiolate at apex, a two-jointed, short, conic- ovate club, its smaller distal joint terminating in a nipple-like spur; its proximal joint forming more than half of the whole region. Club only slightly wider than the funicle. Posterior tibiae armed with a single long acuminate spur; tarsi four- jointed. Marginal vein long and slender, only slightly shorter than the submarginal, the postmarginal and stigmal veins very short, the latter longer but with only a very short neck. Mar- ginal fringes very short. Abdomen with a very short petiole, usually not visible, conic-ovate, depressed, the second segment a fourth of its length, the third a half shorter, the fourth transverse, the fifth only slightly shorter than the third, lightly reticulated cephalad, the sixth longer than the third, densely reticulated, hairy. Abdomen widest at apex of the second seg- ment. Head and thorax opaque, rather densely reticulately punctate but the propodeum shining, brilliant and delicately reticulated, with a distinct, acute median carina, crossed by another short one at apex, the carina banded on each side by a deep longitudinal sulcus, whose lateral margins are carine and caudad join the ends of the short transverse carina; also the median carina at immediate base divides. Scutellum without longitudinal grooves, the parapsidal furrows obsolete, the meso- thorax bearing very long, black, isolated sete. Propodeal spiracle round. The male is the same but the abdomen is distinctly petiolate, oval, less pointed and angular, the genitalia exserted; also the antennal club is longer and more slender, the funicle joints all subpetiolate, the pubescence longer and softer; the first funicle joint is longer, as long as the more slender club. Segments 108 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY III, IV and V of abdomen transverse. Antenne the same except as noted. This genus should be compared with Eriglyptus Crawford. TETRASTICHINI Genus Tetrastichus Haliday 1. Tetrastichus victoriensis new species Female—Length, 1.35 mm. Shining black, the median grooved line of the scutum and the lateral margins of the scutellum straw yellow as are also the antenne and venation, tarsi, knees and portions of the tibie#; thorax with metallic purplish reflee- tions. Wings very slightly embrowned throughout. Thorax extraordinarily finely longitudmally lined. A slight stam under apex of stigmal vein. Antenne normal (ten-jointed, two ring- joints), the pedicel long obconic, the proximal and distal joints of the funicle subequal, jomt IT shorter than either and sub- quadrate. (From six specimens, the same magnification). Male—Not known. Described from six female specimens mounted on a single eard labelled ‘‘Chalcids parasitic on cynipid galls on Acacia discolor, Melbourne’’. Received from the Acting Government Entomologist of Victoria, C. French Jnr. Habitat—Australia—Melbourne, Victoria. Type—No. Hy 1200, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above specimens, plus a slide bearing a fore wing and head. 2. Tetrastichus fasciatus new species Female—Length, 2 mm., more or less. General color lemon yellow, the abdomen darker; disk of the cephalic half of the seutum darker like the abdomen (except more or less along the meson), the center of the scutum with a fuscous round spot on each side of the meson, each spot at the apex of the darker portions on each side; propodeum cephalad, parapsidal fur- rows and suture between seutum and scutellum, black; also the margins of the scutelluam more broadly laterad. Abdomen more or less distinctly banded transversely with black (very JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 109 distinetly so in balsam-mounted specimens, there being from six to seven bands). Legs, venation and antenne yellow, the latter more or less dusky, the tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline. Propodeum dark. Scutellum with four longitudinal grooved lines. Body finely, polygonally reticulated, the abdomen some- what more coarsely so. Normal for the genus but the antenna apparently with three ring-joints, though in most cases but two are visible. Antenne clavate, the funicle widening distad. (From nine specimens, the same magnification). Male—not known. Described from nine females mounted together on a card in the Queensland Museum, labeled ‘‘Bred from gall No. 13”’. Habitat—Australia—Queensland (?Brisbane). Types—No. Hy 1201, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, six of the above specimens plus a slide bearing two others. OMPHALINI Rhicnopeltella new genus Female—Head normal, not thin as seen from above, the antenne capitate, the club three-jointed, simple and ovate, much wider than the funicle, the latter three-jointed, short, clavate, the joints all wider than long and widening distad, the first transverse, the funicle shorter than the club; three subequal ring-joints, each of which is about half the length of the trans- verse proximal funicle joint. Scape cylindrical, moderate in length, the pedicel short, obconic but longer than any of the funicle joints, the club joints much longer than it. Marginal vein not half the length of the submarginal, nearly twice the length of the stigmal which is well-developed but not large, the postmarginal vein very short, not half the length of the stigmal. Marginal fringes short, the discal eiliation normal. Parapsidal furrows complete, the scutellum without longitudinal grooves, the tarsi four-jointed, the posterior tibize with one spur which is moderately long. Abdomen from dorsal aspect rounded oval, wider than the rest of the body, depressed and not as long as the thorax, the ovipositor not exserted. Propodeum very short, 110 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY especially at the meson, without noticeable carine, the spiracle small, oval. Metallic, sculptured, the pronotum short, the ocelli widely separated but close to the eye margins, the distal joint of cephalic tarsus enlarged, swollen. The antenne inserted slightly below the middle of the face. Wings hyaline; second abdominal segment a third the length of the abdomen. Male—(See beyond). Type—The following species (immaculatipennis). 1. Rhicnopeltella immaculatipennis new species Female—Length, 1.75 mm. Short and rather stout. Dark metallic enous green, the antennal club, the funicle (less so), the venation, the tarsi excepting the apex of the distal joint (the entire joint in caudal legs), the knees and tips of tibie (most all of cephalic tibie) brown, the venation and funicle darkest. Tegule concolorous. Whole body densely polygonally reticulated, the abdomen and propodeum, however, smoother. Lateral ocelli much farther from each other than each from the cephalic ocellus, than they are from the respective eye margins (farther from each other than each is from the cephalic ocellus). Distal club joint shortest of the club, the distal funicle joint longer than it. Stigmal vein shaped like a tadpole. (From a single specimen, similarly magnified.) Male—Unknown. Described from a single female specimen from the collections of the Queensland Museum, mounted on a ecard labeled ‘‘ Bris- bane. H. Hacker. 4/7/11’’. Habitat—Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. Type—No. Hy 1202, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the fore- noted specimen. This genus is characterized by the pectin antennee—the three ring-joints, the enlarged club, the short clavate funicle, the simple cylindrical scape. A somewhat similar genus was thought to be represented by the following species which, how- ever, proves to be congeneriec. I give its generic characters first and then the specific details. Male—Somewhat like the female of the genus but differing JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ain tal structurally as follows: The antenne bear only two ring-joints, there being four transverse funicle joints and three club joints, the pedicel long and slenderly obconic; the postmarginal vein is two-thirds as long as the stigmal and the fore wings bear a substigmal, fuscous cloud. The body is brilliantly metallic. The marginal vein is longer, nearly half the length of the submar- ginal. Scutellum without grooved lines. Posterior tibie with a single long spur. Abdomen depressed, oval. Propodeal spir- acle central, small, round-oval, the propodeum without a median carina nor spiracular sulci. Vertex large. Otherwise as in the type of the genus. Female—The same but the abdomen is stout, short, com- pressed beneath, the ovipositor slightly exserted. The antenna has three rings and three funicle joints and the club is more compact. 2. Rhicnopeltella splendoriferella new species Female—Length, 2 mm. Brilliant metallic green, the abdo- men dark eupreous, the legs concolorous with the abdomen and with their articulations whitish; coxe metallic bluish; tibie lighter, the proximal half or more of the caudal tibie white. Flagellum brownish. Wings hyaline but the fore wings with a lightly fuseated rounded area under the apex of the stigmal vein and beneath most of the marginal vein; venation dusky brownish. Head and thorax rather finely, densely reticulated, the reticulation not coarse enough to form punctures but the sculpture of fine polygonal striation, on the abdomen and pro- podeum smoother. (From a single specimen, similarly magnified). Male—Length, 1.75 mm. The same but much more brassy and bronzy, the vertex metallic rosaceous, the same color on much of the thorax and head, the abdomen brighter green; legs with more brownish. Scape and pedicel brown, the flagellum dark brown. (From twelve specimens, the same magnification). Described at first from twelve males and one female mounted together on a card in the Queensland Museum, labeled ‘‘ Bred from gall No.5A. Brisbane, H. Hacker. 20/6/11’’. 112 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Habitat—Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. Types—No. Hy 1203, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the foregoing specimens as noted, together with a slide bearing male antenne, posterior legs and a fore wing in xylol-balsam (one slide); and a second slide bearing a female antenna. Later, another ecard was found in the same collection bearing six females labeled ‘‘Brisbane, H. Hacker, 11/1/1911’. This second species differs from immaculatipennis (females) in bear- ing a much longer antenna pedicel, a longer marginal vein, a fuscous cloud on the fore wing, a stouter abdomen and brighter green color. A Species of Collembola Found With Termites GERTRUDE BACON In a grove of live oaks near Claremont, there are great masses of dead leaves under the trees. Under this mantle of dry foliage there is often a considerable amount of decomposed material which may retain some moisture for a time. In this location there are many Collembola of various sorts. In places, twigs from the trees are mingled with the damp remains and these are very often inhabited by termites or white ants. These insects live in the tunnels which they make in every direction in the wood. In these spaces and perhaps also in some smaller crannies a small white insect was found quite constantly. At first it was supposed that these were blind Collembola without the furcula, but when touched they jumped very quickly. It was also found that they had eyes. These forms were found to correspond exactly to Entomo- brya binoculata, described by Harald Schoett in his article on North American Apterygogenea, in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, volume VI, 1896. Length—1.5 mm. Color—Opaque white. Body—Subecylin- drical, very hairy. On the head and neck the hairs are long and clubbed. Hyes—One on each side of the head. These are Ideated in irregular masses of hght brown pigment in some specimens. There seems to be some indication of a bilobed condition of the eye spots. Antennae—Not as long as the body but longer than the head. The segments are: I shortest, IL and III subequal, IV nearly twice as long as III. Claws—Two. Superior claw has three teeth on the inner margin, the two upper of which are opposite each other. The inferior is lan- ceolate and unarmed. Fwrcula—This does not quite reach the ventral tube. Dentes shghtly longer than the manubrium. Mucrones—With two strong teeth and a slender basal one which points distally and almost reaches the middle tooth. This species was found at Berkeley, California, but nothing is men- tioned by Schoett as to the distribution. It is possible that this species may occur in other locations than in the dwelling places of white ants, but so far we have found them in no other environment. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.) Shorter Articles and Reviews of Recent Important Literature INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA EK. O. ESSIG Month. Bul. State Com. Hort. Vol. II, Nos. 1 and 2. This is certainly one of the most useful bulletins for the farmer and for all others interested in insects and their con- trol in California. It considers the different orders of insects which are found in the state and discusses them clearly. This is aided by an unusually large number of good cuts, many of them being the work of the author while in college and later. In the back of the bulletin the composition of the different insecticides is given, as well as the various methods for their application. Here are also found all the state horticultural and quarantine orders relating to insects. There is also a host index of injurious insects described or cited. Mr. Essig surely is to be congratulated for this good and useful work. George Ash. A GIANT COCCID FROM GUATEMALA WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER Psyche, Feb., 1913. This was found on the branches of an Erythrina tree. From a distance the tree looked as if it were covered with galls the size of cherries. The specimens were 11-20 mm. in length, 10-15 mm. in width, and 9-14 mm. in height. The body was smooth, and elliptical in shape. They were pale brownish yellow in color and covered with minute dots. They were only found on this one tree. Gertrude Bacon. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 115 THE SOMBRE TWIG-PRUNER, THERCLADODES KRAUSSI, WHITE CLAUDE FULLER The Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, Feb., 1913. This beetle attacks privet, jassamine, and olives, but has not become much of a pest, as it can be rather easily controlled by pruning. If olive growing were extensive, however, it would probably cause trouble. The life of the larva is interesting. The egg is laid in a little cavity excavated about six inches from the end of the stem. As soon as the larva hatches, it bores up about one inch, then enlarges the cavity, turns around, and works down to between one and two inches below the site of the egg. It then backs up to the enlargement, turns around, and backs down to the bottom, where it remains for some days, then ascends for a little distance and girdles the twig, which breaks off. It then plugs up the hole and descends to the bottom of the burrow to moult. After moulting, the whole process is repeated, and it is repeated with each moult until the larva pupates. Mabel Guernsey. ABSORPTION UND SECRETION IM DARM VON INSECTEN ALBRECHT STEUDEL Zool. Jhrb. Bd. XX XIII, Heft 2, 1913 The most important conclusion is that there is a double function for the intestinal epithelial cells which are active, the function of absorption and secretion. Many authors describe a rest and a secretion stage. In Periplaneta and other insects absorption takes place during the rest stage. In many if not all insects the intestinal epithelium has this double function. 116 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY EINFLUSS DER AUSSEREN UMGEBUNG AUF DIE FARBUNG DER SCHMETTERLINGSPUPPEN (VANESSA UTRICAE) HEDWIG MENZEL Zool. Jhrb. Bd. XX XIII, Heft 2, 1913. Boxes were prepared in different ways so as to give a single color of light to the interior of each. Larve were kept in these boxes for some time. The data in the tables compiled from these experiments show that the variation in color in the pupa stage is caused by the influence of the different colors on the larve. These colors correspond to those found in nature, but the rate of variation in the boxes is different according to the color of the ight which enters. Larve reared in a certain color showed a decided preference for this when given their choice of this color and another one. This power of discrimination results much more because of a certain feeling for brightness rather than upon a qualitative chromatic selection. THE EURYPTERIDA OF NEW YORK CLARK AND RUEDEMAN Published by the New York State Department of Education, 1912 Of all regions of the world, the Siluric rocks are the richest in eurypterids. The majority of the specimens come from a narrow belt of territory along the Erie canal from Buffalo to Albany. Many of the fossils were secured from fences and old stone buildings where weathering had exposed them. It was found very difficult to get them from freshly quarried rocks, as even five years of exposure had little effect. The first eurypterid fossils to be found were supposed to be from some sort of fish. Their arthropod nature was deter- mined by De Kay in 1825. He considered them to be crus- taceans of the order Branchiopoda and suggested that Euryp- terus might be a connecting link between the ancient trilobites JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 117 and the more recent branchiopods. The body of the eurypterid is rather fish-like in shape and has a carapace or head-shield. It is generally believed that it was fitted either for crawling, digging or swimming. It is supposed that it was rather sluggish. The work is published in two large volumes. The first part contains an account of the characteristics, development and habits of the creatures, as well as a description of the different genera and species. The second volume is made up of many fine plates and figures. Elizabeth Jacks. DIE CORPORA ALLATA DER INSEKTEN ARTHUR NABERT Zeit f. Wiss. Zool. CIV Bd., 2 Heft, 1913. These organs are glands with an internal secretion found in all groups of insects and may be paired or unpaired. In shape they are like a bullet or oval in outline, but may develop a hilum on one side. They are generally closely associated with the pharyngeal ganglia which lie along the esophagus. Usually they bear a certain relation to the aorta, to a tracheal vessel and the esophagus. They are inervated by the nervus corpis allati from the side of each of the pharyngeal ganglia. BOOK REVIEWS Princretes oF Economic Zootoey. L. 8. and M. C. Daugherty. 410 pages, with 301 illustrations. W. B. Saunders Com- pany, 1912. Text $2.00; Guide $1.25. Cloth. This is intended as a text-book of zoology, with especial ref- erence to the economic side of the subject. The various phyla are taken up in order and a general description of each is given, as well as descriptions of the chief subdivisions, with brief discussions of the habits and economic importance. There are many examples given, with descriptions and discussions, 118 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY and here the economic side of the question is brought out more fully. The book contains 410 pages and is profusely illustrated, although but few of the cuts are original. The text-book is accompanied by a laboratory manual of 276 pages which gives directions chiefly by means of numerous brief questions which the student is to answer by means of direct observation. Directions are given for general studies in ecol- ogy, animal behavior and classification, as well as detailed studies of the crayfish, spider, insects, fish, frog, turtle, bird, rabbit, man, Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Echinodermata, Annulata, and Mollusca. Mabel Guernsey. THE EARLY NATURALISTS: THEIR LIVES AND WORK (1530-1789) L. C. MIALL, D. SC:, F. BR. S. MacMillan and Co., Ltd., 1912. 396 pages. $3.50. David Starr Jordan in one of his inspiring essays, called ‘‘Life’s Enthusiasms,’’ says: ‘‘It is well that we should know them, should know them all, should know them well—an educa- tion is incomplete that is not built about a Pantheon, dedicated to the worship of great men.’’ The preface to this book of Miall expresses the same idea; every naturalist and student should become acquainted in as large a way as possible with the naturalists of the past—their contributions to science, their methods of work, as well as their mistakes and failures and idiosyneracies. This is a fascinatingly interesting book, and ought to be read by every student of the natural sciences, especially those in our colleges and universities. The only fault to be found with the book is the lack of portraits; but the full sketches of the lives of the men helps to counterbalance this omission; we have such sketches from Otto Brunfels to Lin- neus and Buffon. Most of the long line of naturalists here dealt with were occupied wholly or in part with insects. Mal- pighi was the first to observe the air-tubes and spiracles, the many-chambered heart, silk glands, gangliated nerve cord, re- JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 119 productive organs, development of the wings and legs of the moths, and the Malpighian tubules which were named after him. Now read about the interesting personality of the man! Reaumur was perhaps the greatest entomologist, and as an observer cannot be excelled, even today, except possibly Fabre, for his observations on the habits of insects, as described in the six volumes, Memoires pour Servir a l’histoire des Insectes, 1734-1742. Reaumur was largely occupied in the industrial arts and general physics and other lines. He invented the thermometer which bears his name. Of greatest value, the lives of these men teach what two of our great Californian scientists—Dr. George E. Hale and Dr. Wm. E. Ritter—call and urge, the amateur spirit in science. Dr. Ritter defines it thus: ‘‘A spontaneous, perennial curi- osity; a wide-awakeness of perception; an openness of mind; and a nimbleness of imagination, as touching all sorts of objects and processes and incidents in one’s surroundings.’’ This, as he goes on to show, does not necessarily beget super- ficiality, as many present day biologists believe, but is a very useful quality to cultivate and overthrow the current profes- sionalism in science which is apparent especially in academic circles. The same idea is expressed in Dr. Jordan’s essay already quoted from: ‘‘And my message in its fashion shall be an appeal to enthusiasm in things of life, a call to do things because we love them, to love things because we do them, to keep the eyes open, the heart warm and the pulses swift as we move across the field of life.’’ F. Grinnell, Jr. A SYNOPSIS OF THE RECENT AND TERTIARY FRESH- WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE CALIFORNIA PROV- INCE, BASED UPON AN ONTOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION HAROLD HANNIBAL Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, Vol. X, Pts. II and III, June and Sept., 1912; pp. 112-211, plts. V-VII. The author of this paper, a young and very enthusiastic Stanford student, has covered a good portion of the Pacifie 120 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Coast from San Diego to Seattle, with his bicycle, in search of shells; investigating every puddle, pool, pond, lake, ditch, stream and river in his trips. He has collected material in large quantities and then studied it in the laboratory; so from training and experience he is more capable of writing on the fresh water shells of this coast than anyone. This, the most extensive of his published papers, is full of original ideas, and numerous suggestions. He first gives the boundaries of the California province in detail, then the composition of the fauna as found in the paleontological history of the region; thirdly, the classification employed; fourthly, the new term Syntonia is explained in detail; then lastly, taking up most of the paper, the synopsis of species, in which the groups from the super- family to species are defined. There is a full bibliography and synonymy for the genera and species; a table showing the Evo- lutionary Cycle of the Unionoidee, and a summary and range in time of the Californian fauna, and concluding remarks. Of course, a student with such radical ideas, a progressive, could not escape the fire of one or more of the conservative men; and this is just what happened in a recent number of The Nautilus. If you wish to smile, just look it up! F. Grinnell, Jr. News Notes FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR. ‘‘We shall certainly not discover Nature’s plan in the struc- ture of flowers by taking the plant out of the garden or coun- try. We must rather study flowers in their natural habitats— in short, we must try to surprise Nature in the act,”’ —Sprengel. ‘‘Nature never hurries; atom by atom, little by little, she achieves her work.’’ —Hmerson. Mr. W. M. Mann, of the Bussey Institution of Harvard Uni- versity, left on April 20 to spend the months of May and June collecting in Southern Mexico. On his recent trip to Haiti he collected two species of Peripatus. The first Pacific Coast chapter of the Agassiz Association has been formed in Los Angeles, and choosing Burbank chapter for the name. Alfred Cookman is president. Dr. Charles Lincoln Edwards, of the Los Angeles city schools, is conducting a fly exterminating campaign in Los Angeles county, this spring. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society held a special meet- ing at Berkeley on April 10, in connection with the meetings of the Pacific Coast Association of Scientific Societies meeting in the same place. Mr, G. R. Pilate is planning a collecting trip to the Kern River country of the Sierras, this summer, in the interests of Dr. Wm. Barnes, He is collecting this spring around San Bernardino. Mr. L. E. Ricksecker, a pioneer student of Entomology, died at his home in San Diego on January 30. He discovered many new insects; first finding the curious habits of Pleocoma. Mr. H. C. Fall, of Pasadena, is revising the large and dif- ficult Coleopterous genus Pachybrachys. 22 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Ralph V. Chamberlin, of the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy of Harvard University, paid a short visit to Southern Cal- ifornia the past spring, with hopes of returning in the not distant future for a longer stay. John James Rivers, of Santa Monica, the last surviving pioneer naturalist of California, is still active, and working on the pleistocene shells of Santa Monica. He is in his eighty- eighth year. We learn from Science, of April 11, that Prof. M. M. Met- calf, head of the department of zoology at Oberlin, has been granted leave of absence for this past semester for travel and scientific research in California. The contract has been let for the erection of the magnificent Southwest Museum buildings ‘in Los Angeles, to cost about $100,000. Dr. Hector Alliot is curator. At a general meeting of the Southern California Academy of Sciences in Los Angeles, on April 7, Dr. D. T. MacDougal, of the Desert Botanical Laboratory, gave an illustrated talk on ‘‘Some Physical and Biological Features of Deserts’’; and at a meeting of the biological section on the 15th, Dr. C. L. Edward gave an account of some European biological stations. Mr. Harry S. Swarth, formerly of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, has been appointed assistant director of the county museum in Exposition Park, Los Angeles. A new entomologiecal journal is announced from London, England, ‘‘The Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, Agricultural; Series B, Medical and Veterinary.’’ The first has already been issued. ‘‘It is intended to contain, month by month, abstracts of the latest information published concern- ing insects injurious to man or animals, as the carriers of dis- ease; and to forests, fruit trees, crops and stored merchan- dise.’’ It is published by Dulau & Co., Ltd., 37 Soho Square. ‘“To the making of books there is no end.’’ Some New and Curious Acarina From Oregon H. E. EWING Up to the present time few indeed of the many species of Acarina known to science have been recorded from Oregon, and for that matter only a very few from California where the arthropod fauna has been well studied. A little over a year ago the writer began a survey of the mite fauna of the Pacific Slope, and in this article he has to report a few new species which are of unusual interest either because of their great size, or the significant or peculiar characters which they show. In the following pages six new species are described. Three of these are made the types of new genera; one of the species, Michaelia pallida n. sp., belongs to a family (Alychide), which has hitherto been unknown in this country. Family BDELLIDA Genus Bdella Latreille Bdella magna n. sp. (Fig. 1) A large robust species; red throughout, but body darker than appendages. Integument not tessellated. Palpi large, total length over one and a half times that of the beak; second segment more than two-thirds as long as the beak; third segment slightly over one-half as long as the fourth; fourth segment about one-half as long as distal segment; distal seg- ment of practically equal width throughout, about one and a half times as long as segments three and four combined, and bearing about a dozen prominent, straight, simple bristles besides the distal tactile ones. Inner tactile bristle of palpus about three-fourths as long as the outer one; outer tactile bristle about two-thirds as long as the distal segment. Beak stout, with several prominent curved, simple bristles, including a large pair situated dorsally slightly in front of the middle. Shoulder bristles rather moderate, about as long as the tibia 124 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY of leg II. Abdomen with a few short, simple bristles. Legs large, stout; leg I about as long as the body without the beak, tarsus twice as long as tibia and clothed with many prominent Figure 1. Bdella magna n. sp.; dorsal view of cephalo-thorax with mouth-parts. hairs; leg IV extending beyond the tip of the abdomen by the full length of the last three segments. Total length of body including the beak, 1.86 mm.; width, 0.65 mm. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 125 From Corvallis, Oregon; under old pieces of wood lying on moist ground; by the writer. Described from three specimens. This species is distin- guished from all other American species by its great size, and from most of the other species of the genus by the length of the fourth palpal segment. Family ALYCHIDA Genus Michaelia Berlese Michaelia pallida n. sp. (Fig. 2) Like the other members of its genus this species is pale or white in color. Integument alveolate; thickly clothed with minute scales, or spine-like tubercles. Stylets of chelicere needle-like, as long as the palpi, and bent near their base so as to form a sharp angle. Palpi slightly longer than the femur of leg I; distal segment slightly longer than the penultimate one, clothed with a few moderate trifurcate sete, and bearing at its distal end a simple, straight, stout spine, which is about two-thirds as long as the segment from which it arises. Cephalo-thorax not demareated from abdomen. Dorsal ridge prominent, and bearing at its anterior end the large median eye, and somewhat behind the middle a pair of long tactile sete, each of which arises from a funnel-shaped pore. These sete are slender, simple, and are equal to the dorsal ridge itself in length. From each side of the dorsal ridge at its posterior end there arises a specialized seta, or organ, similar to the pseudostigmatice organ in the Oribatide. Each of these organs consists of a slender stalk, or pedicel, and a subglobose head. The length of the pedicel is just equal to the long diameter of the head. Abdomen, which is not demarcated from cephalo- thorax, is about two-thirds as broad as long, and is incised on the posterior margin at the median line. It is very sparsely clothed with some small sete, some of which are simple, some are bifureate, and a few trifurcate. Legs subequal; anterior pair extending beyond the tips of the palpi by about one-half 126 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY their length; tarsus twice as long as tibia; tibia and genual sub- equal; femur almost twice as long as the genual. Posterior pair of legs extending beyond the posterior margin of the abdomen by Figure 2. Michaelia pallida n. sp.; dorsal view. about one-third their length. All the legs are sparsely clothed, like the body, with small sete, some of which are simple, some bifureate, some trifurcate, and some many-branched. All of JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 127 the legs bear at the tips of their tarsi two stout claws and a small pulvillus. Pulvillus a little over one-half as long as the claws and pectinated on its lower margin. Total length of body, 0.70 mm.; width, 0.42 mm. From Corvallis, Oregon; in moss; by the writer. Described from three individuals. This species appears to be related to M. subnuda Berlese. It differs from Berlese’s species in having the body clothed with a different kind of sete, in having more slender legs, and in having a large median eye, as well as in some other characters. This is the first species of this genus and the first representative of the family Alychide to be described from this country. Hamily CANCULID Ah Genus Ceratoacarus n. gen. Palpi simple, tactile, non-raptorial, composed of four seg- ments; first segment very short; second, long; third, long; fourth, short and bearing several long tactile bristles. Cheli- cere very large, almost enormous, chelate, moving vertically. Hyes three; two of which are lateral and sessile, one is anterior and median. Posterior part of cephalo-thorax and all of the abdomen covered above with a single, thick, coriaceous shield, which shield bears the posterior eyes. Anterior part of cephalo- thorax covered with a similar, thick, coriaceous shield which is separated from the former mentioned one by an incomplete suture, and bears a pair of large horn-like tubercles on its anterior margin. All four pairs of coxe joined together, the coxe of each pair meeting at the median line. No sternum. Ventral surface of abdomen covered by a single, thick, coria- ceous plate which in the case of the female has a large aperture for the genital and anal openings. [Hach of the latter is closed by a pair of folding chitinous doors, or covers. In the male the genital and anal openings are separate, but are closed by chitinous folding covers as in the female. Type species: C. pacificus n. sp. 128 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY This genus differs from Ceculus Duf. in that the palpi are not raptorial but tactile, are composed of four instead of five segments, and are unarmed instead of bearing claws. The eyes are sessile, not stalked as in Ceculus, and a single, median eye is also present. The arrangement of the shields which cover the body is different from that found in Ceculus. There is a pair of horn-like processes on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax and another pair on the dorsal aspect of the chelicere. The legs are less spinous than in Ceculus. Ceratoacarus pacificus n. sp. (Fig. 3) Female—Robust; body and anterior pair of legs reddish brown; the rest of the appendages a yellowish brown. Integ- ument of the body, chelicere and the anterior pair of legs well chitinized and coarsely granular; the integument of the remain- ing parts of the body not so well chitinized and more finely granular. Chelicere very large, surpassing the palpi; together they are almost as broad at their bases as the width of the cephalo-thorax at its anterior end. Each chelicera bears at its anterior end a small, curved, simple hair; and above near the middle a prominent horn-like tubercle, which bears in turn a long, simple, tactile seta which extends beyond the tips of the chelicere. Segment I of palpus as broad as long; segment II slightly over twice as long as broad; segment III subequal to segment II; segment IV short, papilla-like, and bearing four large, long tactile bristles and one much shorter bristle. Cephalo-thorax not distinct from abdomen. Anterior shield about three times as broad as long, and bearing at each anterior lateral corner a prominent seta-bearing horn; seta of horn simple, curved, about twice as long as the horn itself and arising from the lateral side of the same about one-half the distance from the base. Median eye prominent, larger than either of lateral eyes. Posterior dorsal shield covers all of the abdomen and more than one-half of the cephalo-thorax; broad- ened at the shoulder region where are situated the lateral eyes, and just back of these a larger pair of sensory organs which JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 129 may serve as eyes, although they are quite different in form and structure from the true eyes. The posterior dorsal shield bears several prominent, curved, simple bristles, and a pair of = Ta i 8 7 Figure 3. Ceratoacarus pacificus n. sp.; dorsal view. small sensory bristles above and in front of the eyes. anal-opening almost circular, as broad as long. quadrangular, three-fifths as broad as long. Anal covers small Genito- Genital covers 130 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY but little over one-half as broad as the genital covers, longer than broad, and projecting somewhat like a tubercle. Coxe flat, fixed, joined to each other; coxa I almost as broad as long; coxa II narrower than I; coxa III narrower than II; coxa IV shghtly broader than III. Anterior pair of legs much the largest, as long as the body; tarsus short, tapering, one- half as long as tibia. Second pair of legs much shorter than the first pair, only reaching slightly beyond the genual of leg I. Third pair of legs subequal to second pair. Fourth pair of legs longer than the third pair and extending beyond the tip of the body by about one-half the length of the tibia. Total length of body, 1.56 mm.; width, 0.80 mm. Male—Similar to the female except for the characters on the ventral surface of the abdomen. Genital opening circular, much larger than the anal opening, and situated about one-half its diameter from the posterior coxe; genital covers semidisc- shaped. Anal opening oblong, about twice as long as broad, and situated about one-third its length from the genital open- ing; anal covers about one-fourth as broad and long. From the top of Mt. Chintimini, Oregon; under moist stones, and under rotten logs; by the writer. From Corvallis, Oregon; under an old piece of wood lying on moist ground; by the writer. Deseribed from four females and three males. Family ORIBATIDA Genus Jugatala n. gen. Mouth-parts well developed; chelicere typical of the family, strong, chelate; palpi composed of five segments; first segment very short, ring-like; second, large, about as long as the re- maining segments taken together; third and fourth, short, sub- equal; distal segment narrow, long, with prominent sete. Lamelle small, attached to the dorsovertex for their entire length. Translamella present. Interlamellar hairs present. Abdomen somewhat depressed, broad. Pteromorphe curved downward, truncated anteriorly, and united by a large lamellar, JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 131 shelf-like expansion so that the two wings are continuous. Genital and anal openings large and widely separated. Legs moderate; ungues tridactyle, dactyles subequal. Type species: J. tuberosa n. sp. This genus is distinct from all other forms except some of the species of the genus Pelops C. L. Koch in having the pteromorphe united with a broad shelf-like expansion from the anterior margin of the abdomen. It differs from Pelops in having stout, chelate chelicere instead of long-drawn-out, minutely chelate chelicere; in having all of the abdominal hairs setiform instead of some of them being spatulate, as well as in other characters. Jugatala tuberosa n. sp. (Fig. 4) Color medium brown; appendages paler than the body. In- tegument of moderate thickness, granular. Cephalo-thorax almost as broad as long. Lamelle small, of equal width throughout their length, about one-half as long as the cephalo- thorax; lamellar hairs long, straight, pectinate, extending to the tip of the cephalo-thorax. ranslamella almost as long as one of the lamella, usually about one-half as broad as one of the lamelle; at times it is almost obsolete, being broken in the middle. Interlamellar hairs subequal and similar to lamellar hairs, but slightly curved, divergent, situated slightly inward and in front of pseudostigmata. Pseudostigma cup-shaped; pseudostigmatic organ short with a short pedicel and a globose head. Two pairs of tectopedia present, one pair for the first and one pair for the second pair of legs; first pair long, shovel- like; second pair short, projecting, somewhat saucer-like. Abdomen depressed, almost as broad as long. Pteromorphe extending for about one-half the length of the abdomen, trun- cated anteriorly, and each bearing dorsally a single, short, curved seta not far from its anterior margin. The transverse shelf-like projection which unites the two pteromorphe or wings, which I will call the interalar piece, is quite broad; its 132 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY breadth being equal to about three-fourths the length of the translamella. Around the posterior margin of the abdomen are situated three pairs of prominent tubercles, or tuberosities, Figure 4. Jugatala tuberosa n. sp.; dorsal view. the anterior pair being the smallest and the posterior pair the largest. On the dorsum of the abdomen are situated nine pairs of short, curved, simple sete. Genital covers subrectangular, JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 133 two-thirds as broad as long, situated between the posterior pair of coxe. Anal covers larger than the genital covers, about twice as broad posteriorly as anteriorly, and situated about one and a half times their length from the genital covers. Legs moderate; anterior pair reaching beyond the tip of the cephalo- thorax by fully one-half their length; posterior pair reaching slightly beyond the posterior margin of the abdomen. Ungues tridactyle, dactyles subequal. Total length of the body, 0.58 mm.; width 0.40 mm. From Corvallis, Oregon; shaken from Douglas fir; by the writer. Of the seven specimens which I have of this species six are females. This species is peculiar on account of the prominent tuberosities on the posterior part of the abdomen, hence its name, tuberosa. Genus T'enwiala n. gen. Mouth-parts rather small; chelicere, chelate; palpi composed of five segments; first very small; second very large, stout; third broad, short; fourth, short; fifth and last segment, long, with prominent sete. Lamelle attached to dorsovertex for their entire length. Translamella absent. Abdomen globose or subglobose. Pteromorphe not hinged to abdomen; composed of a single large, long, cusp-like expansion which extends for- ward almost to the tip of the cephalo-thorax. Genital and anal openings widely separated. Legs moderate; ungues, tridactyle; dactyles subequal. Type species: 7. nuda n. sp. This genus will doubtless include a few previously described species, but none of these appear to have the pteromorphe with such a distinctive shape as this one. The long, narrow, anter- iorly directed, macro-cusp-like ptermorphe which are immovably attached to the abdomen constitute the most distinctive char- acteristic of this genus. 134 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Tenwala nuda n. sp. (Fig. 5) General color a very dark brown. Integument smooth and shiny. Cephalo-thorax small, about one-third as long as the Figure 5. Tenuiala nuda n. sp.; dorsal view. abdomen. Mouth-parts hidden from above. Lamelle large. long, of equal width throughout their length, and extending JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY isis) the whole length of the cephalo-thorax. Lamellar hairs short, curved, and situated on the anterior ends of the lamelle about one-half the distance from the base of the same to their upper edges. Interlamellar hairs absent. Pseudostigmatic organs long, lanee-shaped and slightly recurved. Abdomen globular, nude. Pteromorphe rigid, extending forward almost to the tip of the cephalo-thorax, notched at their tips. Ventral plate as broad as long, shield-shape. Genital opening at the anterior margin of ventral plate; as broad as long, and situated about twice its length in front of the anal opening; genital covers triangular. Anal opening much larger than genital opening and situated about one-half its width from the posterior margin of ventral plate; anal covers rectangular; twice as long as broad. Legs moderate; posterior pair not reaching as far as the pos- terior margin of the abdomen. Total length of body, 0.86 mm.; width, 0.60 mm. From the top of Mt. Chintimini, Oregon; under a rotting log; by the writer. Described from four specimens. I can find no individual vari- ations in any of them. Family HOPLODERMID At Genus Phthiracarus Perty. Phthiracarus maximus n. sp. (Fig. 6) A large dark brown species. Integument granular, of medium thickness. Cephalo-thorax about two-thirds as high as long, and bearing dorsally three pairs of large bristles. The posterior pair of bristles is about as long as the cephalo-thorax itself; the middle pair is slightly shorter; the anterior pair is slightly shorter than the middle pair. Pseudostigmata circular, shallow; in diameter about equal to the width of femur of one of the legs. Pseudostigmatice organ small, stoutly setiform. Abdomen about one-half as high as long, and bearing several prominent bristles, including five dorsal pairs. Posterior end of abdomen pointed. Genital covers about two-thirds as long as anal covers. Each of 136 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY the genital covers bears a row of small genital spines near its inner margin. Anal covers each bearing a few prominent sete. Legs stout, almost equal; the anterior pair, however, is slightly the largest; tarsus of leg I one and a half times as long as tibia, tibia shghtly longer than genual. Ungues stout, one-half as long as the tarsi from which they spring. Total length of the body, 2.00 mm.; height, 0.98 mm. Figure 6. Phthiracarus maximus n. sp.; side view. From Corvallis, Oregon; under an old piece of wood which was lying on damp ground; by the writer. Described from three specimens. This species is at once separated from all others of the genus by its large size. The Anatomy of Lazla Cockerelli MABEL GUERNSEY In a recent number of this Journat the circulatory system of this species was described. The present paper is a continuation of that anatomical study. In cross-sections of the animal, the body-wall may be seen to consist of an outer layer of epithelium; within that a thick layer of rather spongy connective tissue, containing spicules, blood spaces, and in places gland cells; and within that again a thin layer of muscle lining the body eavity. The connective tissue and muscle stain with picro-fuchsin in a manner similar to mamalian muscle and connective tissue, the muscle fibres staining yellowish-brown and the connective tissue pink or red- dish. The epithelium is very thin, consisting of a single layer of short columnar cells, containing a few mucus cells. Over the foot, however, it abruptly changes its character and the cells become much elongated and very strongly ciliated, except at the anterior margin of the foot, where they lose most of their cilia and assume the appearance of gland cells. The connective tissue layer is most dense over the back and becomes very loose and spongy in the foot, which contains a mass of blood sinuses. It contains numerous spicules in the back, a few at the sides, and a very few in the foot. These are irregular in shape and size, but usually large at the center and tapering toward the ends, with a small angle at the center. Sometimes there is a short branch springing off near the center or they are more sharply angled. Around the spicules, the connective tissue is condensed to form a capsule. In the foot the connective tissue contains masses of gland cells, grouped just below the epithelium. Over the main part of the foot these masses are rather scattered and small, but at the anterior angle they abruptly become very numerous and closely packed and the separate cells become larger. Here also, as has been said, the epithelium changes, losing most of its cilia and resembling the gland cells in staining reaction. The muscular layer consists partly of a distinct layer lining the body cavity and partly of strands of muscles extending 138 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY through the connective tissue. The lining of the body cavity is thinnest over the back (10 microns), thickest over the side (30-40 microns) and slightly thinner over the foot than over the sides, but here it is strengthened by additional fibres in the connective tissue. These form a layer just above the glandular part of the foot, as well as an interlacing network of fibres. Fibres also branch off from the lining layer at the sides, above and below, and run diagonally towards the mantle edge, towards the outer angle of the foot, and into the papille. The papille are club-shaped processes, coming off from the mantle edge in groups of various sizes. They are covered with an epithelium similar to that covering the rest of the body and contain a large branch of the mantle nerve, a large blood sinus, a core of spicules, and a gland. The sinus extends along the dorsal side of the papilla. At first it has a distinct wall, but the upper portion breaks up into branches which communicate with interstices in the very spongy connective tissue of which the body of the papilla is composed. The nerve lies just ventral to the sinus. It gives off many branches in its course and finally ter- minates in the gland at the tip of the papilla. The core of spicules extends from the base of the papilla for about two- thirds of the distance to the tip, on the ventral side. It is sur- rounded by a layer of circular muscle fibres and receives the fibres spoken of above as coming off diagonally from the mus- cular layer of the body wall. The gland of the papilla is situated at the tip. It consists of a spherical mass of cells enclosed in a heavy wall, and opening by a short duct surrounded by a thick mass of circular muscle fibres. Nearly all of the cells of these glands were empty in the preparations, probably because the animal discharged the secretion when it was killed, but a few contained large, dark-staining granules in a lighter, alveolar mass. These full cells were pear-shaped, the nucleus being situ- ated at the base at the smaller end, and the cells were apparently attached to the basement membrane by long, slender processes. As the whole structure of the gland would indicate that it is intended to forcibly eject the secretion, it seems likely that it is used as an instrument of defense. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 139 Tore Animentary Canau. The mouth opens on the ventral side, as a large, laminated opening covered with ciliated epithe- lium, which leads into a cavity in which the end of the buccal mass projects. This buccal mass consists of two layers of muscle with a food chamber between. The outer layer consists of a heavy mass of circularly disposed fibres, opening anteriorly into the mouth cavity by means of a narrow slit. This outer mass is covered by a regularly ridged cuticle, secreted by a layer of short, columnar cells, which is especially heavy near the free end and becomes thin and flat near the base of the buccal mass. Within these circular muscles is a cavity into which projects the muscles over which the radula moves. These consist of two lateral masses, fastened together below by a band of muscle, and above by a thin layer which consists mainly of epithelium. Be- tween these two masses is a cavity, which communicates directly with the arterial system. The radula is grooved above this cavity so as to dip down into it. Toward the posterior end of the buccal mass sinuses appear between the outer muscles and the epithelium lining the buccal cavity and extend in size, as the buccal food cavity diminishes, so that the posterior part of the muscles of the radula is almost entirely surrounded by sinuses. When this takes place the sinus between the radula muscles communicates with those surrounding them. At the posterior end of the buccal mass the different sets of muscles gradually blend together. The gland where the formation of the radula takes place is situated in the continuation of the groove between the muscles over which the radula moves. It is situated at the extreme end of the buccal mass where it pro- jects as a little knob. It is lined with tall slender columnar cells, with a dark-staining granular protoplasm and oval nuclei situ- ated near the center of the cell. At the upper side of the capsule is a mass of undifferentiated tissue from which several layers of large irregular shaped cells branch off. In the space between these two kinds of cells the radula is formed, the teeth probably by the irregular inner cells and the basement membrane by the columnar lining layer. From the mouth the food passes through the cavity between the two sets of muscles, and up over the 140 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY radula, as the cavity narrows. About half way between the two ends of the buceal mass the cesophagus branches off on the upper side, but the buccal food cavity does not end when this takes place, but extends as a blind pocket nearly to the end of the buccal mass. Close to the point where the cesophagus branches off, minute ducts from the salivary glands enter the buccal food cavity, one on each side. These glands are long, unbranched tubes, lined with cubical epithelial cells. They lie loosely in the body cavity back of the buccal mass, and in two specimens examined the ends were fused. After leaving the buccal mass the esophagus goes back be- tween the ganglia of the central nervous system, gradually be- coming larger, passes below the liver, and enters the stomach on the under side. The stomach itself is rather small but communi- cates with the liver by numerous large openings, so as to make its actual capacity considerably larger. The stomach is lined, as are the cesophagus and intestine, with ciliated epithelium. The liver consists of branching tubes lined with tall columnar cells with a fine granular protoplasm. On the upper side of the stomach is a cecum, about twice as large as the intestine, in diameter, which is lined with glandular cells of a different character than those of the liver. Directly in back of this cecum the intestine leaves the stomach. It runs forward over the surface of the liver to the extreme anterior end, then curves to the right and runs back to a point just beneath the branchie, where it becomes slightly enlarged and laminated and curves upward to open within the circle of the branchial plumes. Tue Nepuripium. The kidney is a thin-walled sac with many ramifications that cover the whole surface of the liver mass and extend for a short distance down the sides. The walls are formed by a single layer of large, cubical granular cells on a very thin basement membrane. These contain round, dark- staining nuclei and a small amount of protoplasm near the base, the rest of the cell usually being clear. The kidney communi- cates with the pericardium near the point where the right lateral sinus enters the right auricle, by means of a tubular JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 141 valve lined with cubical cells, bearing remarkably long and heavy cilia. The external opening of the kidney is by a short slender canal that ends on the anal papilla, just in front of the anus. Tue Nervous System. The nervous system of Laila cock- erelli is centralized in a manner similar to that of the typical Doridide. In the cerebro-pleural mass the fusion seems even greater than usual, so that when viewed from above no dis- tinction into cerebral and pleural ganglia can be made out, although on the under side two distinct lobes are visible. Below the posterior part of the cerebro-pleural are situated the pedal ganglia, which are well developed and joined to them by very short connectives. There are also a pair each of olfactory, optic, and visceral ganglia, making six pairs in all of supra- cesophageal, as well as the single pair of buccal ganglia, which are infra-cesophageal. The buccal ganglia are normally situ- ated most anteriorly, but their position relative to the rest of the ganglia varies with the position of the buccal mass, as the buccal ganglia have a fixed position close to the origin of the esophagus and so are moved forward and backward when the buccal mass is moved, while the other ganglia are com- paratively stationary. The buccal ganglia are ovoid, about 200 microns in the long- est diameter, joined to each other by a very short commisure, and to the cerebral by a long, slender connective that has its origin a short distance in front of the cerebro-pedal connective. They give off four pairs of nerves. Three of these enter the buccal mass directly, the posterior pair going to the region of the origin of the tongue. The fourth pair, which bear numer- ous minute ganglia, go upwards to the csophagus, and run backwards between it and the salivary glands, to which branches are probably given, and continue back to the liver mass, where they probably join the network of accessory nerves and ganglia, although this could not be positively determined in the specimens examined. This accessory system, which is described by Hancock and Embleton as covering the stomach and the lobes of the livermass in Doris, is very delicate in this 142 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY species, and all that could be seen in the sections were occa- sional very minute ganglia. The gastro-esophageal ganglia which are described as occurring on the anterior border of the bueeal ganglia in typical Doridide, are apparently completely fused with the buecal, which are regularly ovoid in shape and show no protuberances or other trace of the gastro-csophageal ganglia, excepting the single nerve. The olfactory ganglia, which are about 150 microns in their longest diameter, are closely attached to the upper, anterior border of the cerebral. They give off a single pair of large nerves, the olfactory. These go forwards for some distance and pass through the muscles of the body wall, but instead of entering the rhinophores directly, go downward and then bend sharply, thus making an S-shaped bend in their course. This is undoubtedly because of the retractility of the rhinophores, all of the observations being of necessity made on retracted rhinophores, as the animal withdraws them upon the slightest disturbance. Within the trunk of the rhinophore in the con- tracted condition, the nerve has a knotted and twisted appear- ance. The cerebro-pleural ganglia are by far the largest, measur- ing nearly .6 mm. lengthwise. They are roughly rectangular in shape, and, as has been stated, appear from the upper side as a single pair of ganglia, but on the lower side are divided transversely into two lobes. In section also they show a trans- verse division into two centers. They are connected dorsally by a large, very short, cerebro-pleural commissure, which con- tains fibres anteriorly from the cerebral and posteriorly from the pleural portions of the ganglia. Ventrally they are joined by the visceral commissure, which bears the visceral ganglia and has its origin on the under side of the posterior part of the pleural ganglia. Besides the nerves of the rhinophores, eyes, and otocysts, the cerebro-pleural ganglia give off eight pairs of nerves. Five of these, which are given off close to- gether on the anterior lateral border, may be said to arise from the cerebral ganglion. The nerves numbered 2, 3, 5, 6 in the figure all give branches to the muscles around the mouth, JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 143 number 3 also going to the tentacle and the sub-pallial ridge, and 5 and 6 giving branches to a gland in the mouth muscles. Number 4 is a very small nerve which runs forward to the muscles of the body wall. The nerves of the pleural portion are three in number, the first two originating as one nerve which soon branches. They may be called the anterior (7), median (8), and posterior (9), mantle nerves, as they supply the whole length of the mantle. The main trunk of any of these mantle nerves lies in the body cavity, close to the body wall for most of its length, but finally passes through the body wall and lies near the large lateral blood sinus. Branches cross the body wall just below the large sinus, usually between it and one of its branches, and run along just outside of it, giving off branches to the papillae. These branches usually originate near the branches of the sinus and the branches of both systems in the papilla are closely connected. The nerves that go to the papille are large and have some ganglion cells near their origin. They give numerous fibres throughout the length of the papilla, and finally terminate around the gland at the apex. The pedal ganglia are situated below the posterior part of the cerebro-pleural and extend slightly beyond the lateral mar- gins, so that they are usually visible from above. They are nearly spherical and measure about 250 microns in diameter. They are joined to the cerebro-pleural ganglia by two con- nectives, placed close together, the fibres of one passing to the cerebral and of the other to the pleural portion, and to each other by commissures which are closely connected with each other and with the visceral commissure for the larger part of their course, but have separate origins. The pedal ganglia give off a pair of very small nerves that run forward to the body wall (14), and anterior (15), median (16), and posterior (17) pedal nerve. These run along inside the muscles of the body wall at the angle of the side and foot, giving off branches with ganglionic enlargements, which branch and rebranch, sending fibres to the muscles, skin, and glands of the foot. They also give small branches to the muscles of the body wall at the side and foot. The pedal ganglia also give off another pair of 144 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY nerves, which differ in size and distribution. The one on the left side (13) is small and runs directly back to the body wall, while the one on the right side (11) is large and runs to the genital ganglion, one of the branches of which (12) corresponds in distribution to the whole left nerve. The visceral ganglia are situated back of the pedal, just below the pleural, to which they are closely attached. The right is larger than the left (about 100 microns in diameter) but there is a distinct ganglion which sends a small nerve (25) to the mucus gland. This is a slightly different arrangement than any observed by Elliott, or Hancock and Hmbleton, as they figure only one visceral ganglion, the right, which they consider a fusion of the various visceral ganglionic centers. The right visceral ganglion sends off three nerves, as does the unpaired visceral ganglion of other species, but two of these are ex- tremely small. The shortest (19) goes back along the albumen gland; to which it gives nerves and finally enters the liver- mass near the csophagus. The next in size (20) gives off a branch (21) which goes in the direction of the genital ganglion, although I was not able to determine whether it actually joins this ganglion. The main nerve then continues back beside the posterior pedal nerve, giving off branches to the mucus gland, then changes its course, gives a branch to the intestine, and finally divides into two branches, one going to the hermaphro- dite gland and the other to the nephridia. The largest nerve (18) gives branches to the aorta and blood gland, continues back beneath the heart, to which it gives a branch, gives branches to the nephridia, and nephridial valve, and finally joins the central ganglion of the branchial plexus. The optic ganglia are very small (about 50 microns) ovoid, and attached to the upper surface of the cerebral by short connectives. They give off very minute nerves to the eyes. The accessory nervous system was only determined in certain portions, since the nerves are very fine and run in a complex mass of muscles, connective tissue, and glands, and special methods could not be employed because of lack of material. The gastro-heptic plexus is apparently much reduced, as no JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 145 large ganglia, similar to the branchial and genital, were visible, such ganglia as appeared being very minute. The genital plexus is greatly fused, forming a single ganglion as large as one of the buccal ganglia, which gives off several nerves to the reproductive organs, as well as one nerve (12) to the body wall, which is apparently homologous with (13). The branchial plexus consists of several fairly large ganglia, which give off larger nerves than are found in other portions of the accessory system. The central ganglion receives a nerve from the vis- ceral ganglion and branches from the posterior mantle nerve, these latter having passed through ganglia which give off branches to the heart and branchial region. The central ganglion gives off branches to the nephridia and the region around the intestine, and is joined to a small ganglion just above it, which gives nerves to the three branchie. Tuer Sense Orcans. The otocysts are buried between the cerebro-pleural and ,pedal ganglia, just inside the cerebro- pleural and pleuro-pedal connectives. They are oval mem- branous capsules about 50 microns long, lined with a few much elongated cells. The otoconia appeared to be very small par- ticles, but they may have been partly eroded by the acid used in the fixing solution. The eye is nearly globular and slightly elongated from front backwards, where it measures about 75 microns. It lies in a mass of connective tissue somewhat in front of the optic ganglion, to which it is attached by a very small nerve. The coat of the eye itself is a thin, compact, connective tissue layer, much thinner in front than in back. The lens is nearly oval and in section appears to be formed of a thick capsule, contain- ing an alveolar substance, or at least, a substance that con- denses into globules after fixation. Back of this is a thick cap-shaped layer of pigment granules, and back of these and closely connected with them are a few cells of rather indefin- ate outline, containing large granular nuclei, very similar to the nuclei of some of the nerve cells. The whole appearance and location of the eye would indicate that it does not fulfill any very important function. It is not only situated below the 146 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY thick outer body wall, but surrounded by a mass of connective tissue as well. The nerve which it receives is extremely minute when compared to the nerve which goes to the rhinophores, for instance, and there is no organized retina. The rhinophores are situated well forward and somewhat at the sides of the head. They consist of a stout central stalk divided transversely into twelve prominent leaves. The length of the central stalk is about 0.6 mm. in the contracted condition. When retracted, the rhinophores are completely withdrawn into a little cavity in the integument, the upper surface of the rhi- nophore being at a level with the opening of the cavity. In section it may be seen that the lamelle are covered by an epi- thelium of tall, slender cells with small, darkly-staining nuclei in the basal portion. These cells appear to bear short cilia, but not nearly such prominent ones as those in some other places, as the foot. A very large nerve enters the stalk of the rhino- phore and gives five branches to the lamelle. Muscle fibres run up the sides of the stalk and these also send a few fibres to the lamella. The rhinophores are by far the most highly developed sense organs of L. cockerelli. The tentacles and the sub-pallial ridge receive large nerves which end close to their upper surfaces, which are somewhat lamellated and bear a ciliated epithelium. Tue Repropuctive System. The hermaphroditic gland is a racemose gland extending over the upper surface of the liver, below and between the branches of the nephridia. It reaches down on both sides below the level of the papillae and extends well over the caudal and cephalic ends of the liver. The sper- matozoa develop in large follicles, each surrounded by several smaller ovarian follicles which open into it. The spermatic follicles open into small ducts which come together to form the large duct of the hermaphroditic gland. In all but one of the specimens examined, both ova and spermatozoa were develop- ing. In that one the female organs were dormant and the ova had only just begun to develop. The ovarian follicles usually contain several ova in various stages of growth as well as small cells with a darker-staining protoplasm that were wedged in JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 147 between the ova around the edge of the follicle to form a sort of lining layer. These were probably undifferentiated ova and nurse cells. In the spermatic follicles columns of spermatogonia were usually found in the upper part and bunches of sper- matozoa in the lower. Between these are columns showing several different stages. From the hermaphroditic gland ex- tends a long slender duct to the ampulla. In all the specimens examined it was found packed full of spermatozoa. In the dis- tended condition it is a large, pear-shaped sac, with a wall 10 microns thick. There is no epithelial lining layer, apparently. From the ampulla extends a short, ciliated duct. It soon divides into two parts, the male duct, which is very small and lined with short cilia, and the larger female duct, lined with very long, strong cilia. This strongly ciliated duct is rather short and opens into a lamellated portion lined with ordinary short cilia. The lamellated portion divides almost at once into two parts, one leading to the spermatotheca, the other to the oviduct. The duct to the spermatotheca, or rather from the sperma- totheca, gradually becomes smaller and after a somewhat wind- ing course enters a mass of circularly disposed muscle fibres, the arrangement of which would indicate that they act as a valve. In the center of this muscle mass is a small chamber from which three ducts pass,—the above mentioned duct which joins it to the oviduct, a duct to the spermatocyst, and a duct to the spermatotheca. The duct to the spermatocyst is small and the spermatocyst itself is a small, thin-walled, oval sac, lined with short columnar cells which appear ciliated although not prominently so in the preparations. In one animal sec- tioned the spermatocyst was empty, in the others it was packed full of spermatozoa and distended to twice or more than twice its size when empty. In the one animal in which the sperma- toeyst was empty all the female organs were dormant and ova were not developing in the hermaphroditic gland, while the glands of the male organs were active and spermatozoa were found in some of the passages; in all the other animals, the female organs were in a state of activity. 148 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY The duct from the spermatotheea is small and ciliated. The spermatotheca itself is a large, spherical sac, lined with long dark-staining, columnar cells. These have large, oval nuclei just below the free surface and in the resting condition (in the one specimen where the female organs were dormant) appear covered with a brown cuticle. In all the other specimens the cells lining the spermatotheca were much elongated and pouring forth a secretion. The spermatotheca was much more expanded in the active than in the dormant specimen and the epithelium over part of the surface usually appeared to be more or less broken down, perhaps due to the excessive secretion. This would make it appear that the spermatotheca is more than a mere resting place for the spermatozoa, the function which is ascribed to it by Alder and Hancock. The duct from the external opening to the spermatotheca leaves very near the opening of the duct from the spermatotheca to the oviduct. This is at first small but becomes larger and more strongly ciliated, and ends close to the opening of the penis in a small cpening surrounded by a heavy ring of muscle fibres. The oviduct in the dormant specimen appears as a tortuous channel lined with short cilia, surrounded by a mass of connec- tive tissue, in which lie numerous branching glands. These are rather large sacs lined with dark-staining columnar epithe- lium, the nuclei of which le at the base of the cells. In the dormant state these glands do not differ much from each other, but in the active state they become very much changed in appearance and differentiate into two types. One becomes very much larger, the cells becoming full of a homogeneous secre- tion and swollen to a length of 120 microns or more, the cell outlines become very indistinct, and the whole mass stains very faintly, although the nuclei stain very deeply. The other gland is small and lies in the center of the mass, and farther from the external opening than the other. It consists of branching tubes lined with columnar cells about 80 microns long and with rather a large lumen. These cells are sharply differentiated from those of the other gland by the fact that they stain deeply and the secretion is granular and is poured out into the lumen JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 149 in large droplets. I have not determined the exact relation of these glands to the oviduct, but in the dormant specimen the glands are separate and open into the oviduct by numerous channels, and in active specimens, for at least a portion of its course, the oviduct is separate. The oviduct ends in a large opening with folded walls, situated in back of and somewhat below the other two genital openings. The male branch of the common duct is very short and opens into a large, thin-walled, convoluted, glandular sac. The walls of this sac are lined with columnar epithelium about 50 microns high, which seems to consist entirely of mucus cells. The upper portion of nearly all the cells is empty and presents the char- acteristic appearance of mucus cells, there being only a little protoplasm gathered around the spherical dark-staining nuclei at the base of the cells. It is possible that these cells possess cilia, as there is usually a condensation of substance just beyond their upper borders, but this may be a secretion product, and, if it does indicate cilia, these cilia are very small and scanty. Near the end of the glandular sac, the cells at one side become changed in character. They remain about the same length as the mucus cells, but become more closely packed, so that the nuclei which lie at the extreme base, lie side by side, almost touching each other. The cells are full of dark-staining secretion for about half their length. The upper half is much less dense, but contains the same substance, which is being thrown off into the lumen, where it collects in droplets. This area of secreting cells gradually widens so as to include the whole of the end of the gland, which soon narrows down into a ciliated duct. The duct gradually de- creases in size and the epithelial cells become shorter, while a surrounding layer of circularly placed muscle fibres becomes gradually thicker, until it passes into a tube, where it opens into a wide canal, lined with very short, strongly ciliated cells and surrounded by a heavy muscular wall. The .external open- ing is large, and the lining membrane is thrown into folds. 150 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY SUMMARY 1. The muscular system consists of two parts, a layer lining the body cavity, and strands passing through the connective tissue to the foot, papille, and mantle. 2. The liver communicates with the stomach by numerous large openings. The whole alimentary canal is ciliated. 3. The kidney is a large sac, with many ramifications, lined with clear, cubical cells, on a very thin basement membrane. 4. The cerebro-pleural ganglia appear fused in a mass above, but below and in section show their separate origin. There is a small visceral ganglion on the left side, which sends off one nerve; and a larger one on the right, which sends off three. The gastro-csophageal ganglia are completely fused with the bueeal. The ganglia of the gastro-heptic accessory plexus are very small, those of the other plexuses are fused into a few large ganglia. 5. The blood from the posterior aorta passes to the liver mass and thence to the branchiw before returning to the heart. The blood from the anterior aorta passes back through the lateral sinuses, being aeriated through the skin and especially in the papille. 6. The reproductive organs contain numerous glands. The male organs have a large, thin-walled accessory gland, lined with cells that appear empty in the sections, and a smaller gland, lined with tall cells full of globules of secretion material. The oviduct bears a large gland, the cells of which are swollen and full of homogeneous secretion; and within that a smaller gland with dark-staining granular cells. There are a sperma- totheca and spermatocyst. ‘ JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY Barn * 1910 Beitrage zur feineren Anatomie der Phyllirhoe bucephala. Zeit. fur wiss. Zool. Dreyer 1910 Uber das Blutgefasz und Nervensystem der Aeolididie und Tritonide. Zeit. fur wiss. Zool. Eliot 1910 The British nudibranchiate Mollusca. Ray soc., Part VIII. Guernsey, Mabel 1903 The circulatory system of Laila cockerelli. Jour. ent. and zool. Vol. V, No. 2. Hancock and Embleton 1852 On the anatomy of Doris. Phil. trans. MacFarland 1905 A preliminary account of the Dorididx of Monterey Bay. California. Proc. biol. soc. Wash. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona Callege.) JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Figure 1 153 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Figure 2 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 154 Figure 3 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 155 Figure 4 156 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Figure 5 Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 157 DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES A, central nervous system X50; 1, nerve to rhinophore; 2, 5, to gland in buccal mass and muscles of mouth; 3, to mouth, tentacle, and sub- pallial ridge; 4, to body wall; 6, to mouth muscles; 7, anterior; 8, median; 9, posterior mantle nerve; 10, cerebro-buccal connective; 11, to genital ganglion; 12, to body wall; 15, anterior; 16, first posterior; 17, second posterior pedal nerve; 18, from visceral ganglion to branchial plexus; 19, to albumen gland and liver; 20, to mucus gland, intestine, etc.; 21, to genital ganglion (probably) ; 22, to branchia; 23, from pos- terior mantle vein to branchial plexus; 24, branches to papille. (in all other cases only the origin of the nerves to the papille is shown) ; 25, to albumen gland. B, eye; C, cells from central ganglion showing variation in size. D, section through central ganglia; 1, cere- bral; 2, pleural; 3, pedal ganglion; E, the central ganglia; F, rhino- phore in section. A, ovarian follicle; B, spermatic follicle; C, gland cells from light portion of male accessory gland; D, cells from dark portion; HK, cells from albumen gland (female); F, active; G, dormant cells from spermatotheca. A, cross section body wall; B, gland cells from foot; D, gland of papilla; E, spicules; F, cross section of papilla. A, cross section buccal mass; B, point of junction of stomach and liver epithelium; D, cross section salivary gland; E, tip of branchia; F, nephridial valve. Reproductive system. Hermaphroditic portion striped, female dotted, male plain. The Collector’s By-Product XIMENA MC GLASHAN Truckee, Cal. Present methods of collecting Lepidoptera could be improved just as the great packing houses have improved the meat busi- ness, by utilizing the by-product. Expressed differently, the battered and unsalable female moths and butterfles which the collector throws away can be made to produce more perfect specimens than his entire catch. Of two females of a species unknown to science, I prefer one that is slightly damaged to one which has just emerged from pupa. The latter counts one perfect specimen, the former probably contains fertile eggs and may produce hundreds of perfect specimens. Entomological works are strangely silent as to the utter simplicity and untold value of propagating Lepidoptera. They instruct the collector to use the net, search for eggs, larve and pupe, sugar for moths, use traps and visit lights, beat bushes, and all that, but fail to tell him that a battered female will nearly always lay eggs if placed in a paper bag or box. Edwards, Scudder and all the great authorities give minute descriptions of larval transformations, but fail to state that collectors could indefinitely multiply their output by obtaining eggs from each desirable variety by saving the usually dis- carded females. Writers of Nature books tell of the great difficulty they had in finding eggs of certain varieties when all they had to do to obtain them was to imprison a slightly worn female. A female Catocala has been known to oviposit fourteen hun- dred fertile eggs. The resulting adults, if propagated and equally prolific, would produce half a million eggs. Artificial propagation of fish yields such wonderful returns that it seems incredible that no writer has advocated the same methods in obtaining quantities of perfect butterflies and moths. My father has been my teacher, and he learned under the direct tuition of Harry Edwards and W. H. Edwards, forty years JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 159 ago. I am only nineteen years old and began entomological work July 15th, 1912, but in eleven weeks last year I caught, bred and sold to Dr. William Barnes of Decatur, Illinois, eleven thousand five hundred specimens. All the moths and about one-half of the species of butterflies will oviposit in boxes and bags and many kinds do not even require food. If the imprisoned female demands food, place daily in her prison house a bit of dried apple soaked in water sweetened with honey. With the varieties mentioned there is no other work or worry. Larve and pupe resulting from the eggs thus obtained will be safe from the ravages of parasites, and the method of rearing them is fully described in the books. What the books do not tell is that with these varieties there is no trouble in getting eggs. The entire story may be told thus: Put your unsalable females in paper boxes and bags and feed them if necessary. About half the species of butterflies require the presence of the living plant upon which their larve feed else they will die without laying eggs. W. H. Edwards confined them in nail kegs covered with gauze and placed over the plant. Ordinary paper bags tied over sprays of the living plant are less cum- bersome and fully as satisfactory. It is necessary, however, to know the foodplant. I have printed charts of all the known foodplants of butterflies and moths, and will send them postage paid to any person interested, upon application. I want addi- tions and corrections for future, perfected charts. It is my aim to sometime produce perfect lists of foodplants for all Lepidoptera and I shall certainly fail if collectors and scien- tists do not assist me. If you do not know the foodplant of the larve which hatch from the eggs of a given female, you at least know it grows in the locality where you found the female. If you discover the foodplant you have added an atom to scientific knowledge. Place on the tin lid of an inverted jelly glass the newly hatched larve and narrow slices of twenty different leaves. If they eat any given leaf you have found a foodplant which will answer temporarily, but it is well to introduce another and another 160 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY seore of slips until you have discovered their favorite. It is not a difficult thing, usually, to find something suitable. If you know the foodplants of other members of the family your species will probably accept leaves of these plants. The scien- tist wishes to know the natural foodplant of each species, but the butterfly farmer is content if he finds ‘‘something just as good.’’? The natural foodplant exists in the region where the insect is found. You have a great advantage, therefore, over the distant scientist who attempts to rear the larve in a dif- ferent zone, perhaps, and without the slightest clue as to its natural preference, yet the scientist often succeeds. Even beginners, like myself, are glad to receive shipments of eggs ac- companied by the mother insects. I do not minimize the distracting difficulties of propagating ‘certain species of Lepidoptera, but I boldly assert that there is no difficulty at all with the majority, the vast majority of species. Where the beginner makes one failure he will make many successes. Always remember that the rarest species are generally as easily propagated as the commonest, that all will lay their eggs if they have an opportunity, and that butterfly farming does not interfere at all with your collecting, for you are utilizing the by-product, the damaged females of your catches. With ever so little outlay of time and trouble you will multiply your output a hundredfold. During the past year I have corresponded with over a thou- sand people who are eagerly interested in butterfly farming, and I have taught its elementary principles to hundreds of enthusiastic pupils without asking any compensation except gratuitous offerings of specimens from each locality. At any time I should be glad to correspond with those interested in this work. Studies in Laguna Beach Jsopoda, II BLANCHE E. STAFFORD, M.S. Nearly everyone who frequents the seashore and is half alive to the many opportunities which the water, rocks and sand offer in a study of the manifestations of life which they can reveal, has become acquainted with the form and habits of such crus- taceans as the lobsters, crabs and shrimps. There are very few, also, who do not know the lively little sand-fleas which populate so thickly the sandy beach. Not many realize, however, that these latter are relations of the big lobster and crab, as they are, and that they are of myriad forms and habits; that they live not alone in the sand, but in the shallow pools, under rocks, on the sea mosses and in the deep waters. But still less do they know of the Isopoda, the near neighbors of the sand fleas, or Amphipoda. It is with certain Isopoda, relatives of the lobster and crab and sand-flea, that this paper deals. The reason we know so little, as casual observers, of these little creatures is that they are very secretive and love to hide themselves in obscure places; their characteristic manner of crawling, instead of hopping as do the Amphipoda, makes them less conspicuous than the latter. But they are in reality very numerous and most interesting in the variety of forms they exhibit. To know them one has only to catch them at the proper time and place and to ferret them out of their retreats. Frequent the beach at a time when the tide is fast advancing and you will see along the line left by the receding water whole hosts of these little crawlers, scurrying out of their holes for the high and dry sands. .Go in the very early morning when the tide is at its lowest mark to the mossy rocks which lie uncovered then. As you turn them over one by one you will find many inter- esting things, among them numbers of amphipods that slide around on their sides, and a great plenty of very active isopods. You may gather some of the moss on the rocks and with the help of a hand lens find that it is peopled with minuter forms which you cannot see without this careful scrutiny. And 162 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY there are still many other places in which some one or another of this isopod group dwells. Some are securely fortified within the minute chambers of the sponges; some are tube builders or excavators; some have sought the crevices of the big dry rocks where they neighbor with the shore crabs; and some are even fond of the muddy shore of a stagnant lagoon; still others inhabit the gill chambers of fish or crabs, living a parasitic and degenerate life. Though many of the Isopoda are marine there are also many terrestrial and fresh-water forms, the former known to most of us by their representative, the common sow-bug, or wood-louse, or pill-bug, as it is vari- ously called. Not less interesting than the numbers and habitat of these animals is their diversity in color and form as adapted to their environment. Those inhabiting the sandy and rocky places are provided with a chitinous crusty structure and are colored a dull gray or brown which favors well their characteristic love for obscurity. Those which dwell in the pools or on the moss are more delicate and are provided with special swimming organs. On the green Alge there are elongated isopods, green in color and hardly distinguishable from the moss on which they oceur, and similarly brown forms on the brown Algw. A most interesting instance of these color adaptations which I observed in my study at Laguna Beach was that of an isopod which dwells on the oral surface of a sea urchin; it was a dark reddish-purple in color, so very like that of its host that one could searcely distinguish it when at rest. Much might be said of the diversity and beauty of color of the marine Isopoda, but that is a study in itself. It appears that the Isopoda and Amphipoda are somewhat closely related, since both can be grouped under the more limited division, Arthrostraca. They differ from each other as follows: the Isopoda are dorso-ventrally flattened, the Amphipoda laterally compressed. There are other differences such as modified second and third thoracic appendages and a differentiation of abdominal segments into two sets in the Amphipoda. A common and popular distinction is the crawl- JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 163 ing habit of the isopod and the hopping habit of the Amphi- poda. Such a distinction is not entirely valid however, since neither of these characteristics is common to all the forms of either group. The Isopoda body is differentiated into: (1), a head having sessile, usually compound eyes which may be contiguous or distant; antenne of two pairs, generally; a set of delicate mouth parts, consisting of an upper and lower lip, two pairs of maxilla, a pair of mandibles and a pair of maxillipeds; (2), a thorax of seven segments of similar structure, each bearing a pair of legs; the legs are often similar, a characteristic which led Latreille to name them Isopoda from two Greek words meaning ‘‘equal’’ and ‘‘foot’’. Latreille, however, was not acquainted with the many exceptional forms such as the modi- fied first leg for grasping purposes or the posterior swimming legs found in some species; (3), an abdomen consisting usually of six segments, five of which bear pleopods (respiratory and natatory organs); the sixth with a pair of uropoda (natatory organs). The Isopoda do not develop through a series of larval stages but through direct development. The females are pro- vided with marsupial plates which form a brood pouch in the sexually mature individual. After a careful study of the complicated and finely adjusted structure of these creatures one must have gained a great respect for them and for the complete and perfect results which nature has here effected. Add to this study a knowledge of the actual service rendered by the Isopoda in the economy of nature and one’s interest in them will be increasingly greater. Have you ever stopped to consider how very rich in life the sea is, with its multitudes of marine plants and animals? Have you further considered how many of these forms are constantly being destroyed in one way or another and subject to the pro- cesses of decay? If so, you have often wondered how the sea is kept ever sweet and pure. For a solution, in part, of this question I would ask you to turn to the isopods and their asso- ciates, the amphipods. These small animals, many of them al- most microscopic in size, are the scavengers of the waters and it 164 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY is their service to remove the waste of ocean life. The latter are free swimmers and in their wanderings scour the surface of the waters. The former usually remain close in their native haunts and it is they who purify the substrata of the sea. Not here does their service end. So abundant are they that they form a part of the food of many fish and thus they are indirectly food providers for men. To these ends the Isopoda are very widely distributed. They are most abundant in the northern waters. Thence they extend in varying numbers to the warm southern waters and the temperate shores and from east to west. So great is their importance that we dare not speculate as to the state of unstable equilibrium in nature which their sudden and thorough destruction would cause. Suffice it to say, that at present no such calamity is pending, for the isopods are a mighty throng and well equipped by nature to survive. In the studies which follow I have described and illustrated twelve species collected at Laguna Beach, California, in the summer of 1911. One of these is a new species, two are new varieties. A number of the others, although noted before, have not been illustrated at all before or if so not at all completely. List OF THE SPECIES REPRESENTED IN THIS STUDY Superfamily FLABELLIFERA A. Family CIROLANIDA Genus Cirolana Cirolana harfordi (Lockington) B. Family SPHAZROMIDA Genus Dynamene Dynamene glabra Richardson Superfamily VALVIFERA A. Family IDOTHEIDA a. Genus Idothea Idothea rectilinea (Lockington) b. Genus Pentidotea JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 165 Pentidotea aculeatus n. sp. Superfamily ASELLOTA B. Family JANIRIDA a. Genus Janira Janira occidentalis Walker Superfamily ONISCOIDEA A. Family TYLIDAt a. Genus T'ylos Tylos punctatus Holmes and Gay B. Family ONISCIDA a. Genus Alloniscus Alloniscus cornutus var. lagunae n. var. Alloniscus perconvexus (Dana) b. Genus Philoscia Philoscia richardsonae Holmes and Gay Cirolana harfordi (Lockington) (Figs. 1, 2, and 3) Locality—Very abundant under rocks between tides, at Laguna Beach, California. Color—Great variation, some white with gray markings, some shaded with yellow or orange; females bearing eggs often show a bright red coloration; in alcohol the specimens always appear to be a sordid white marked with gray. Body ovate, arched transversely and longitudinally. Speci- men described measures 7 mm. by 3 mm. Head wider than long, 2 mm. by 1 mm.; rounded on anterior margin. Eyes small, composite, situated laterally and touch anterior margin of first thoracic segment. First pair of antenne have a peduncle of three articles of which the first and second are small and subequal; third almost as long as first and second and nar- rower; flagellum of ten articles. Second pair of antenne have a peduncle of five articles: first three small and subequal; 166 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Figure 1. Cirolana harfordi (Lockington). Lateral and dorsal views. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 167 Figure 2. Cirolana harfordi (Lockington). A, first leg; B, second leg; C, third leg; D, fourth leg; E, fifth leg; F, seventh leg; G, second pleopod of male; H, first pleopod of male; I, frontal lamina and basal joints of antenne; J, second antenne; K, first antenne. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 168 ‘podoan ‘q ‘uasje} “qf feyqrpueur “q ‘pediyprxeu ‘9 Sey[rxeu puovas ‘q feyixeur ysay “VY “(uoZuPpoy) wuofuny vuvjoug “§ 2NSIT JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 169 fourth about twice as long as wide, about as long as second and third; fifth about one-fourth longer than fourth; flagellum multiculate, thirty-four articles. First antenne extend to end of peduncle of second antenne; the latter extend to end of fifth thoracic segment. Maxilliped composed of seven articles; the last four very plumose; third is provided with two hoops or blunt spines. Mandible carries a palp of three articles and a toothed molar. Frontal lamina, distinct, short and broad, anterior margin triangulate though not sharply so. First segment of thorax large, twice as long as third and fourth segments. Succeeding segments almost equal in length, though second is very slightly longer than third and fourth. Epimera are very distinct on all but first segment. Last four are produced at post-lateral angles especially the sixth and seventh. A carina is apparent on all the epimera, longitudinal in the first two and oblique in the last four. First three legs prehensile, remaining ambulatory. On propodus of first there are three prominent spines; one on the carpus; on the merus seven prominent blunt spines and about three sharp ones; ischium has one blunt spine like those of the merus, also a large spine on the outer distal margin. Second leg has three or four spines on the propodus; three on the carpus; eleven blunt spines on the merus and two spines on outer distal margin; ischium has two blunt spines, one large and two small ones on outer distal margin. Ambulatory legs provided with many robust spines. Abdomen in the specimen described shows only three seg- ments, four or five may be visible, however, but first is usually concealed. Sixth broad at proximal end, attenuated poster- iorly; apex rounded, provided with many strong spines, twelve to twenty-two. Inner branch of uropoda as long as terminal abdominal segment; broad at distal end where it is armed with spines. Outer branch is shorter than inner and narrower; also armed with spines on distal end and outer margin. Peduncle of uropoda produced to two-thirds length of inner ramus. First and second pleopoda of male provided with many compound hairs; second has a long stylet. 170 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Alloniscus cornutus var. lagunae n. var. (Figs. 4 and 5) Locality—Margins of stagnant salt lagoon; under old sea- weed where it is associated with Philoscia richardsonae Holmes and Gay, at Laguna Beach, California. Color—Dull gray-brown, resembling the old sea-weed under which it lives. Body convex, ovate and punctate; about 10 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, 3 mm. high (dimensions of a large specimen). Figure 4, Alloniseus cornutus var. lagune n. var. Head not closely articulated with thorax; frontal margin produced medially into a prominent lobe; antero-lateral angles form distinct processes, much more prominent than in Allonis- cus perconvexus. Eyes oval compound, longer than wide; near lateral margin. First antenne have three articles, which are very small, rudimentary. Second antenne extend about as far as second thoracic segment; have a peduncle of six articles and JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 171 Figure 5. Alloniscus cornutus var. lagune n. var. A, first leg; B, second leg; C, seventh leg; D, second antenne; E, maxillipeds; F and G, mandible; H, second maxilla; I, first maxilla; J, second pleopod of female; K, first pleopod of female; L, second pleopod of male; M, first pleopod of male; N, uropod. 172 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY a flagellum of three; flagellum about as long as fifth article of peduncle. Maxilliped has a palp of three articles. The thoracic segments show no sinuations-as described in Alloniscus cornutus. Expimeral sutures are only faintly indi- cated in some of the specimens on the second, third and fourth segments. Legs similar in structure and very much spined. Abdomen has six segments; first two covered laterally by seventh thoracic segment. Epimera of third, fourth and fifth, large, extended posteriorly; subtetragonal in shape. Sixth, triangular, rounded posteriorly. Uropoda have basal article broad and depressed; outer ramus twice as long as inner which articulates at the inner angle of the basal article and is con- cealed at articulation by last abdominal segment. The outer ramus does not appear to be carinated. ; These specimens evidently lie close to Alloniscus cornutus. Their peculiar habitat and associations should be significant. As the specific habitat of A. cornutus is not given it is impos- sible to compare them on this point. However, A. cornutus is described as having sinuated thoracic margins. Such is not the case with these specimens. The outer ramus of the uropoda does not appear to be carinated in this isopod as in A. cornutus. The flagellum of the second antenne of the latter is shorter than the fifth article of peduncle, several specimens of this variety were examined and the flagellum appears about equal, searcely less than fifth article. Accordingly I have made these specimens, provisionally, a variety of A. cornutus. (Continued in the next number of the Journal) Book Reviews THE CLIMATE AND WEATHER OF SAN Disco, Catirornia, by Ford A. Carpenter, local forecaster. Illustrated with photographs and charts by the author and others. Published by the San Diego Chamber of Commerce, 1913. 118 pages. The following quotation from Humboldt is seen on the title page: ‘‘The term climate, in its broadest sense, implies all the changes in the atmosphere which sensibly affect one’s physical condition.’? That is probably the best definition of that word. — And we know that all the forms and colors of animals—the evolution of animal life—are due directly or indirectly to the environment; so a study of the elements in the environment of animals is necessary for the naturalist, if he wishes to really know about his subjects of study. And the various parts of the environment are due largely to the temperature and other weather conditions. There are 27 short chapters dealing in a clear way with various meteorological subjects, just what a biologist in this region should know. There are 15 full-page and instructive plates and 12 suggestive and useful charts in the text; there are 15 tables showing meteorological conditions over a series of years, and these will prove especially useful to students in correlating insect periodicity and other phenomena which are hardly understood. The plants and animals, as is well known, are more prone to vary in every direction in California than in any other state. This is due, in part, to the great diversity of climate; the numerous mountain ranges and isolated valleys. There are three distinct climates within San Diego county—the nearly sub-tropical coast climate of the bay region, the.climate of the mountainous district and the desert climate of the’far east. Of course there are many other conditions which have to be taken into account; and only a _ close perusal of this book and McAdie’s Climatology of Cali- fornia could show these. Climatology will be the next study for the student of peoe mane distribution and species for- mation. F’. GRInNELL, JR. - 174 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY A REVIEW OF AN OLD BOOK On THE VaRIATION OF Spectres, WitH Especian REFERENCE TO THE Insecta; FotLowEp py An Enquiry Into tHe Nature oF Genera, by T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S., London: John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row, 1856. Pp. VI+206. I believe that it is about as profitable, nowadays, to read a book which is a half a century or more old than many of those which are coming off the press. I can nearly say with someone else: ‘“When I hear of a new book I go to my shelves and take down an old one.’’ This applies more especially to those on the phil- osophy of nature. The author of this book is well known for his work on the insects of the Madeira Islands, and his philosophy grew from this study of geographical distribution. The numer- ous examples are taken mostly from the Coleoptera, a few from the Mollusca. The index is an ideal one—modern ones could well be patterned after it—and gives some idea of the wealth of fact, observation and deduction to be found in the book,—a book just bristling with pertinent suggestions even for study for the modern naturalist. This book was published three years before the ‘‘Origin of Species.’’ He lays special emphasis on minute variations of size, sculpture, color, ete., when constant and corre- lated with differences of habitat. His discussion and proof of the influence of isolation and environment on the change of specific form is as clear as stated by more recent authors. All is sup- ported by his careful observations on the Coleoptera of the Madeiras, and material from other naturalists in other parts of the world, notably Darwin in South America, to whom he dedi- eates the book. His remarks in regard to color dimorphism of certain beetles, living and fossil, is very suggestive. ‘‘It is almost needless to add, that there are many elements to be considered, such as local atmospheric conditions, excess or deficiency of electricity, superabundant moisture, diminished light, and the geological composition of the soil, before we can hope either to appreciate zoological phenomena as a whole, or to reconcile the apparent inconsistencies which they are accustomed to display.”’ —p. 47, | JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 175 ‘The more we look into the question, whether by the light of analogy or the evidence of facts, the more are we convinced that lines of rigid demarcation (either between genera or species, though especially the former) do not anywhere, except through accident, exist. And hence it is that we ascend, by degrees, to a comprehension of that unity at which I have already glanced; and we are led to believe that, could the entire living panorama, in all its magnificence and breadth, be spread out before our eyes, with its long-lost links (of the past and present epochs) replaced, it would be found, from first to last, to be complete and continuous throughout,—a marvel of perfection, the work of a Master’s hand.’’—p. 179. It is a good thing to become acquainted with some of the older naturalists and their ways of working. Forpycre GRINNELL, JR. News Notes FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR. ‘*A very small amount of information gained by the student in the field of Nature is sufficient to kindle the desire to increase it. The more we know, the more we are anxious to know; though the less we seem to know. It is one of the distinctive privileges of the naturalist that he has to labour in a mine which is inexhaust- ible: the deeper he digs beneath the surface, the richer is the vein for excavation, and the more interesting are the facts which he brings successively to hght.’’—T’. Vernon Wollaston, 1856. Mr. Paul Kibler, a collector of natural history specimens in the Pacific Islands and South America, spent the past summer at Long Beach. He has gone to the Solomon Islands. Mrs. W. W. Gnash, of Wenden, Arizona, is collecting some interesting insects, especially Lepidoptera, in that interesting but little known region. Dr. Anstruther Davidson, of Los Angeles, spent the month of July at Bishop Creek, Inyo county, on the western side of Owen’s Valley, collecting plants and insects. Mr. R. L. Beardsley, secretary of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, collected insects in the Southern Sierras along Kern River and the headwaters of the Tule River, the past summer, and has taken some interesting beetles, including Omus. The Lorquin Natural History Club, for young naturalists, named for the pioneer collector of California insects, has been organized in Los Angeles, and promises to become a fine asso- ciation of rising naturalists. A card from Mr. W. M. Mann, the active, energetic collector and student, well-known in California, reports ‘‘good collecting here,’’ July 11, in Southern Mexico. He will doubtless have some interesting insects to report to the Entomological World. Mr. Wilhelm Schrader is now doing some significant experi- mental work with the dimorphic Colias Eurytheme females, at JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 177 his experimental station near Los Angeles. A long paper on experiments with Junonia cenia is in the July Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Mr. Victor L. Clemence, of Pasadena, on a trip to Mt. Wilson in early August, collected a series of the interesting Lycena neurona Skinner, of which something further will be said con- cerning the dimorphism or non-dimorphism. Dr. Frank C. Clark, of Los Angeles, spent his vacation in the San Bernardino mountains, and collected a great quantity of insects of all orders, mostly Hymenoptera; including some inter- esting Mutillide and stylopized wasps. In the July Sierra Club Bulletin, Prof. V. L. Kellogg, of Stan- ford University, has an interesting illustrated article on Butter- flies of the Mountain Summits. ‘*An insect much resembling the June bug, and found in great quantities in the high plains about Quito, the capital of Ecuador, is toasted and eaten as a delicacy by the natives of that country. They are sold in the streets in the same manner as are chestnuts in the cities of this country. The roasted bugs taste very much like toasted bread.’’—The San Francisco Argonaut, April 26, 1913. Prof. C. F. Baker, former editor of the Journal, now of the University of the Philippines, has an interesting article in the Philippine Journal of Science, April, 1913, entitled: ‘‘A Study of Caprification in Ficus Nota.’’ He gives, first, an account of the marvelous symbiotic relations of the fig-insects and the figs, and their guests and parasites. He describes a new Blastophaga nota, anew genus Agaonella larvalis n. sp., and five other new species in other genera, and a synopsis. The paper is illustrated by drawings of different structures; and is a valuable addition to the extensive literature of the subject. A New Eriococcus E. O. ESSIG SECRETARY STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA Eriococcus cockerelli n. sp. Description—The adult females are enclosed in a thin, felt- like, nearly globular sac varying in color from pure white to ’ ” 5 v 5 pinkish and averaging three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter Figure 1. Hriococcus cockerelli n. sp. Adult females in sitw on twig. Twice enlarged. (Original). (Fig. 1). The body is oval in shape being slightly longer than broad and distinctly convex on the upper surface. The color of the dried specimens received is deep purplish red, turning cardinal when first boiled in K O H but subsequently becoming colorless and perfectly transparent excepting the spines, legs, mouth-parts and antenne which remain light brown or amber. The body is thickly covered with stout spines, there being three common sizes (Fig. 2, B) of the following lengths: 0.05 mm., 9.037 mm. and 0.028 mm. The length of the type specimen is 180 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 2.5 mm., width 1.9 mm. Many other adult female bodies were measured and the largest was 3.2 mm. long and 2.4 mm. wide, while the smallest was scarcely half as large. Antenne (Fig. 2, | | yl E Figure 2. Eriococcus cockerelli n. sp. Left metathoracic leg. B, three common sizes of body spines; claw showing denticle; D, antenna; E, pygidium. All enlarged. (Original). D) seven jointed, not very hairy and length of joints variable. The formula and measurements of the type specimen are as follows: III, 0.05 mm.; IV, 0.04 mm.; VII, 0.031 mm.; II, 0.03 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 181 mm., I, 0.025 mm.; V, 0.025 mm.; VI, 0.024 mm.; making the total leneth 0.225 mm. The following variations have been noted: HM, (IV Wl, Vi) 1 CV, VE) Alen vale hye Uh), a NGL, Ve Wildy Eve. I, 0k, Vik). Vi. Val TEL, (iv. Vil, Thy 1. CV VT) Legs (Fig. 2, A) large with few stout spines. Femora always longer than the tibie. Comparative lengths of the tibiae and tarsi variable. Without considering the claw, either may be longer or they may be coequal. With the claw, the tarsus is always longer. The claw (Fig. 2, C) is only slightly curved and has a very small but distinct denticle on the inside near the tip. Digitals are long with large knob. Anal lobes (Fig. 2, E) distinct with long spine and four short stout spines on each. The eight circumanal spines are less than half as long as the long spines on the anal lobes. Habitat—Nacon Chico, Sonora, Mexico. Host—Reported on ‘‘Chino’’. As this is the Spanish word for quinine the plant probably belongs to the genus Cinchona. Collector—Taken by Prof. C. H. T. Townsend May 1, 1911, and sent by him to Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell, who kindly forwarded the material to the writer. The species is named after Dr. Cockerell, who has on numberless occasions rendered valuable aid to the author’s work on scale insects. Studies in Laguna Beach Isopoda IIB BLANCHE E. STAFFORD, M. 58. Tylos punctatus Holmes and Gay (Fig. 6) Locality—Found in the sand at Laguna Beach; on being alarmed they rolled up in a compact ball. Color—Gray, spotted with white. Figure 6. Tylos punctatus Holmes and Gay. Lateral and dorsal views. Body oblong and very convex, manifesting very perfect ability to contract in the form of a ball. Covered with many minute spines. About twice as long as wide, 7 mm. by 3 mm. (measure- ments of a small specimen). Head with lateral lobes produced into triangular projections in front of eyes. Eyes round and composite, situated post- laterally. First antenne rudimentary, scale like. Second antenne has peduncle of five articles: first three broad; first and JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 183 second subequal in length; second slightly shorter and has sharp projection on proximal inner angle. Fourth and fifth long and narrower; fifth, one and a third times longer than fourth. Flagellum composed of two short articles, a third equal to one and two, and a fourth short and conical. Antenne profusely covered with spines. Extend scarcely to end of first thoracic segment. Thoracic segments subequal: first slightly longer than those succeeding. Sutures of epimera distinct on all but first segment where epimera are indicated by a thickened margin. Epimera produced posteriorly and rounded. Legs ambulatory, all similar, very thickly spined. First leg has segments broader than those of following legs; first segment has a triangular process on exterior distal margin. Abdomen composed of six segments. First two have lateral margins covered by seventh thoracic segment. Third broad, articulating with epimera of seventh thoracic segment on lateral margin, fourth rounded on lateral margin, slightly produced posteriorly as also the fifth which, however, is shorter and nar- rower. Sixth is truncate, short and broad. Uropoda have become opercular valves and have a short setose terminal joint. Janira occidentalis Walker (Fig. 7) Locality—Large kelp holdfast from deep water, at Laguna Beach, Cal. Color—White tinged with green and orange, finely spotted with brown; legs white. Body about three times longer than wide, 6 mm. by 2 mm. Oblong, depressed along lateral margins. Slightly convexed on median line. Head twice as wide as long, anterior margin not straight but produced into a slight median lobe; antero-lateral angles marked. Eyes large, round, composite and subdorsal in position. First antenna has first article of peduncle large, broad and long. Second and third subequal and much narrower than first. Fla- 184 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY gellum composed of twelve articles. Second antenna has first two articles subequal; third slightly larger, provided with antennal seale; fourth narrower and shorter than third; fifth and sixth long and narrow; sixth longer than fifth; flagellum multi- articulate. Maxillipeds with palp of five articles; first three sub- equal in width; fourth and fifth about half as wide. Mandible has a palp of three articles. ¥ Figure 7. Janira occidentalis Walker. Thoracic segments subequal in length. First segment of thorax has post-lateral angles rounded and prominent. Hpimeral lobe occupies antero-lateral angles. Second and third segments have both antero- and post-lateral lobes with bilobate epimera between. Fourth segment has antero-lateral lobe prominent and rounded, post-lateral less prominent; single-lobed epimera be- tween. Fifth similar to fourth with antero-lateral lobe much more rounded and conspicuous. Sixth and seventh have antero- lateral lobe very prominent and produced sharply at posterior extremity; post-lateral lobe obsolete, its place occupied by epimera. First pair of legs prehensile, remaining ambulatory JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 185 with bi-unguiculate dactyli. First leg has toothed propodus for half the proximal distance. Abdomen composed of one large segment, possibly a very small anterior one though the suture was not distinct enough to make this certain. Telson is produced at post-lateral angles into a short, sharp point. Median part forms a rounded lobe. Uropoda composed of a peduncle about three times as long as inner ramus. Outer ramus slightly shorter than inner ramus. Figure 8. Pentidotea aculeata n. sp. Pentidotea aculeata n. sp. (Figs. 8, 9 and 10) Locality—Low tide pools, Laguna Beach, California. Color—Reddish brown in the male; female a more delicate pink with white spots along median line of back and two similar 186 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY rows of markings, each in a line half way between the median line and the lateral margin. Both male and female have all the segments and sutures outlined with a bright red line. Body of male narrow and elongate and arched along median line. Length 23 mm., greatest width 6 mm., almost four times longer than wide. Head about twice as wide as long, excavated on frontal margin with antero-lateral angles distinct but rounded. Posterior Figure 9. Pentidotea aculeata n. sp. A, first pleopod of male; B, second pleopod of male; C, first leg; D, second leg; E, seventh leg; F, first antenna; G, second antenna. margin slightly concave with a short red mark extending hori- zontally from a post-lateral position. Eyes on lateral margin midway between anterior and posterior margins and almost round in shape. First antenne possess four articles; first broad, almost as wide as long; following three articles not half as wide; second and third subequal; last clavate and slightly longer than the two preceding. First antenne extend to end of second article of peduncle of second antenne. Second antenne have a peduncle of five articles: first short; second and third subequal, twice as JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 187 long as first; fourth not quite twice as long as third; fifth slightly longer than fourth; flagellum consists of seventeen or eighteen articles. Maxillipeds have a palp of five articles. Sides of thorax almost parallel in male. All but first segment have epimera which extend to end of posterior margin. HEpimera of second and third and fourth segments about equally wide from anterior to posterior margins. Fifth, sixth and seventh much narrower at anterior than at posterior margin. Legs alike in structure. Ni ie Cc Figure 10. Pentidotea aculeata n. sp. A, mandible; B, maxilliped; C, opercular valve; D, second maxilla; KE, first maxilla. Abdomen 8 mm. long, 4 mm. wide at anterior end; composed of two short segments, a partially coalesced and a long terminal segment; the latter narrow and slightly excavate on the lateral margins, prolonged at median posterior extremity into a pro- nounced tooth, 1 mm. long. Post-lateral angles rounded. Oper- cular valves composed of a long anterior and a short posterior part. Carina not apparent on anterior portion. The above description applies only to the male. Along with these a number of other specimens, all females, were collected which are slightly different in shape: have lateral margins less 188 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY parallel, more arched. They were lighter in color and more distinctly marked than the males. These differences are prob- ably only sexual. These specimens appear to lie close to Pentidotea whiter in many details, but in others are quite different. The male of P. whitei is described as being much larger—17 mm. by 34 mm.— and about three times as long as wide, whereas the male of these Laguna specimens is almost four times as long as wide. In P. whitei the epimeron of the second segment becomes narrower from the anterior to the posterior margin. Here the epimeral suture is practically vertical and the epimeron is about as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. The anterior margin of the head is more distinctly excavate and the antero-lateral angles more pronounced than in P. whitei. The eyes are about round, whereas in P. whitei they are twice as wide as long. The last abdominal segment is more elongate and the terminal process more pro- nounced than in P. whitei. It therefore seems evident that this isopod represents a new species. The Nervous System of Chelifer WILLIAM A. HILTON There has been very little published on the nervous system and sense organs of arachnids and almost nothing on pseudoscor- pions. There are, however, a large number of papers dealing with the classification of the latter and a few anatomical papers, such as those of Bertkau ’87, Croneberg ’88 and Supino ’99. I have not seen these three works. There are no references given to them by the recent investigators of the arachnid nervous system. Some of the early work dealing with the central nervous system of Arachnida we find recorded in the papers of Tre- viranus *16 and ’32, Brandt ’40, Grube ’42. These authors deseribe and figure in a general way the external form of the nervous system of spiders. A more recent paper is that of Schimkewitch ’84. This author considered the brain of Epeira and determined two regions in the supraesophageal ganglion, an optie region connected with the optic nerves, and a mandibular connected with nerves to the mandibles. Saint Remy ’90 has an extensive contribution to the nervous system of spiders. He considers especially the brain in which he names the two chief regions, the ocular and the rostro-mandibular because the so- called mandibular nerve supplies the upper parts of the head as well as the chelicere. Many details of structure are given for the genera, Lycosa, Thomisus, Epeira, Tegenaria, Drassus, Segestria, Pholcus and Eresus. Something to correspond to mushroom bodies of insects is recognized in the posterior strat- ified body located in the uppermost part of the head in a lobe at the posterior dorsal region of the brain. The paper of Lambert ’09 is chiefly an embryological study of parts of the nervous system of Epeira. He figures the adult brain of Argiope with cheliceral and mandibular branches coming off from the subesophageal ganglion, or at least farther from the optic mass than they are usually described and figured. More recent papers on the nervous system of spiders are those 190 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY of Janeck 710, Hilton ’12 and Haller ’12. There is a more careful consideration of nerve tracts in the more recent papers. Haller recognizes anterior and posterior pedunculated bodies which may correspond with the striated body of Saint Remy. One of the first papers dealing with scorpions was the one by Newport ’43. In this the general form of the nervous system and its branches is considered. A little earlier than this, 1832, Treviranus gave a less perfect account of the nervous system of this form. Saint Remy ’90 found a general agreement between the nervous systems of spiders and scorpions. Patten ’90 pub- lished a paper including work on this group. In his book of 1912 there is also a considerable discussion of scorpions. The work of Haller ’12 is an important one in this connection. The literature on the nervous system of the other arachnid groups is very scanty. There is a paper of Borner ’04 on the Pedipalpida. Allen ’04 describes the nervous system of the cattle tick, as irregularly oval, pierced by the alimentary canal and penetrated by air tubes from opposite sides. The nerve trunks come off in pairs, five large and two small. Those who have studied phalangids are Treviranus 716, Tulk ’43, Leydig 62, Saint Remy ’90. Gaubert ’93 describes ganglia in the feet of phalangids. Loman ’05 describes the nervous system in phalangids. The usual nerves are described and a number of small lateral and intestinal ganglia are figured. The numerous papers on the nervous system of Limulus will not be mentioned at this time. The species of Chelifer chiefly used in this investigation was scabrisculus, although a few specimens of fuscipes were exam- ined. The small size of the animals and the strong chitin do not make this group a favorable one for the detailed examination of the nervous system. However, the group in itself is interesting and the more general features of the nervous system and sense organs will be considered as completely as possible. The pseudoscorpions resemble scorpions in many external features, but seem to be closely related to spiders. The study of the nervous system seems to show a closer relationship with the spiders. In Vol. I, p. 621 of Parker and Haswell’s zoology JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 191 there is a statement to the effect that there is some indication of an abdominal ganglion back of the cephalo-thoracic mass in pseudoscorpions. I have made series of Chelifer as well as a large number of dissections and have found no indication of such a ganglion in any of the specimens. Meruops. Due to the very resistant chitin it was very difficult to make good serial sections. Fluids which softened the chitin to any degree, ruined the internal organs at the same time. A few perfect series were obtained through the bodies of some of the younger specimens, but with the older ones it was necessary to remove a large part of the chitin of the body-wall, or to remove the nervous system entirely. Figure 1. The central nervous system of Chelifer. HH, the nervous system from above, showing some of the nerves, cells and groups of cells which may in part represent ganglia and some of the tracheal tubes in the nervous system. The brain is at the top of the figure. I, central nervous system of Chelifer shown in ventral view. The palpal nerves are those at the top of the figure. Compiled from several nervous systems. X50. Most of the usual neuroglical methods were used, such as those of Golgi, Cajal and methylene blue, but with small success. The best preparations were obtained by fixing in Flemming’s fluid and staining on the slide with methylene blue, neutral red or hematoxylin. For a clear idea of the form of the ganglion and nerves, dissections were made of fresh and preserved specimens. Usually the dorsal body-wall was removed in one piece and the 192 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY internal organs separated with needle points. The best results from this method were obtained from formalin fixation, for this reagent left the tissues more transparent and less fused with each other. The trachee within the nervous system were demon- strated by mounting the freshly removed nervous system to a glycerine solution. The air in the tubes made them clear and conspicuous structures. GENERAL F'orM oF THE GAaNnctIA. The central nervous system consists of a closely fused mass of supra- and sub-esophageal ganglia. From above, the ‘‘brain’’? forms a nearly spherical dorsal mass. Back of this and below the esophagus, but closely connected with the brain is the fused sub-esophageal and thoracic ganglia. This is not easily seen from above, but when removed from the body it is evident. The globular supra- esophageal ganglion or brain has two pairs of nerves closely associated with its cephalic end. The more dorsal of these is the ocular pair which comes to the brain from the simple eyes on the sides of the head. The more ventral is the mandibular, or rostro-mandibular. The sub-esophageal ganglion has four pairs of nerves for the legs and a larger cephalic pair supplied to the pedipalps. This larger branch divides into two within the appendage and one of these parts soon divides again. This is similar to the branching shown by Newport in the pedipalps of the scorpion. Two small nerves extend from the caudal region of the ganglion towards the abdomen. TRACHEAL SUPPLY TO THE NERVous System. From the cephalic abdominal region two large tracheal tubes run forward a short distance and then break up into bundles of very small branches. Many of these fine tracheoles pass in masses forward to the thoracic and head region and into the central nervous system. Two chief bundles come to the ganglionic mass from caudal regions, the smaller more lateral bundle is more superficial, it divides into two smaller groups of tubules, a lateral and a me- dian. Both of these send tracheoles to the brain and some small strands run beyond up into the upper regions of the head. The more ventral of the two chief bundles of tracheoles also divides JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 193 into two and these are distributed to the lateral medial portions of the sub-esophageal mass of the nervous system. The trachea within the nervous system are not as abundant as in insects. Long tracheoles pass through the brain and ganglion as straight or slightly curved lines. There is no branching or anastomosis. Figure 2. Diagram of the tracheal supply to the central nervous system of Chelifer scabisculus. X50. The paper by Allen ’04 on the anatomy of one of the Acarina is the only one I have found referring to the tracheex in the central nervous system of Arachnida. Sense OrGANS AND PeripHERAL Nerves. Scattered or grouped sensory hairs are found over the surfaces of the body, especially 194 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Figure 3. Drawings from sections through the central nervous system of Chelifer. All figures X200. A to EK, cross sections through the nervous system of a single individual at various levels. The dorsal side is up. A, section through the cephalic end, esophagus in the center, general distribution of fibers and cells shown. B, a similar section farther down. C, section through leg nerves. D, section through the caudal end of the brain. E, section below the brain. F and G, sections cut longitudinally through the nervous system of a young Chelifer fuscipes. FF, is nearer the middle line and through an abdominal nerve. The dorsal side is up in both and the head end to the left. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 195 on the dorsum. The appendages are also clothed with similar small hollow hairs of the type found so generally among arthro- pods. These hairs are very small in many places but in certain regions as on the pedipalps they are very long and slender. The hairs are not only hollow but there is a passageway through the chitin below the seta, even in places where the body-wall is very thick. Some hairs are sunken at their bases and the whole neighborhood of the seta elevated into a little knob. Sensory cells of a bipolar type are found at the bases of the hairs in the more perfect sections, these send one process into the base of the hair. These cells were often easily distinguished from the surrounding hypodermal cells by their different shape and staining reactions although the cell process might not extend into the hair. It seems probable that all the hairs of the animal are sensory and probably tactile. Possibly the long hairs of the pedipalps are also tactile. There was no evidence of any other sense organ except the eyes. In addition to the usual type of hair just described a simple branched form was found. There are two simple eyes, one on either side of the head near the base of the pedipalps. These eyes consist of a thin layer of clear chitin on the outside and a small group of sensory cells below this. On the surface of the cornea of chitin a number of regular knobs of small size take certain stains such as methylene blue. Peripheral nerves, such as those supplied to muscles were found especially in longitudinal sections of appendages. These strands were found to be very delicate and deeply staining nuclei were found along the course of the fibers. PeERIPHERAL GANGLIA AND Puexuses. No very definite periph- eral centers were found in Chelifer, but in certain dissected specimens in the head and thoracic region there are individual cells and small groups which undoubtedly serve as peripheral ganglia. Some of these seem to be quite intimately connected with the more cephalic nerves and the central nervous system. Some of these seem to be true nervous elements although all may not be. Most of the cells and groups of cells are clustered about the cephalic portion of the nervous system. The numerous 196 Lp Ne S JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Figure 4, Details of structure of Chelifer. All figures X700. J. K. L, types of hairs shown in section. N, hairs supplied with nerve cells and fibers, from Chelifer fuscipes. M, Section through an eye, nearly all of the sensory cells are shown in this section, the clear chitin above the sensory cells appears covered with small bodies which stain. These are shown as dots in the drawing. O, section across the rostro-mandibular nerve trunk showing nerve cells at the surface. P, neuroglia cells from the center of a cell area, the nerve cells lie between the strands. Q, neuroglia cell with a part of the network of fibers which forms a support for the nerve fibers in the center of the ganglion. R, nerve cells from the central nervous system. S, nerve strands from the peripheral nervous system. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 197 ganglia of Phalangium as described by Loman ’05 seem to re- semble the peripheral masses of Chelifer although they seem to be more caudal in position. In addition to these cells and irregular masses about the central system there are a number totally or partially surround- ing the mandibular nerve some distance from the brain. There are scattered cells, apparently nerve cells, under the hypodermis and some of these may be similar to the peripheral plexus described in insects. Methylene blue used repeatedly failed to demonstrate such a plexus however. Nerve Cris or tHE Central Nervous System. The nerve cells are rather small, closely crowded together with large nuclei and very little cytoplasm. The cells vary little in size and present a uniform appearance in all parts of the central ganglia. Some of the cells have two or more processes, but most cells are uni- polar with the process directed out to the central mass of fibers. Cells in small groups may in places send their fibers in together, forming a distinct bundle. No demonstration of special granules of tigroid substance was made although the usual methods for its demonstration were used, but the large nuclei nearly always showed six or eight distinct masses of chromatin. Sometimes there was an indication of a larger body which may have been a nucleolus. In some cells instead of rounded masses of chromatin there were longer rod-like masses. The neuroglia cells were easily demonstrated. They had rather large nuclei and very little cytoplasm forming a mesh- work of strands. In the meshes of this network the nerve cells are arranged, much as Haller ’12 has described and figured for spiders. A delicate membrane of thin cells with prominent nuclei surrounds the nervous system as shown in Haller’s figures. Crit Armas. In the brain the nerve cells cover the central fibrous mass on all sides. The cells are most numerous at the cephalic and caudal ends and also laterally. In the mid-dorsal region they are least abundant, forming in places hardly a double row. The more cephalic ventral portions of the supra-esopha- geal ganglion are indistinguishably fused with the subesopha- 198 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY geal. The prominent cephalic and caudal masses of cells seem from the position of the nerve trunks and the arrangement of the fibers to be largely associated with the optic and mandibulo- rostral nerves respectively. The subesophageal ganglion is rather uniformly covered with rather thick masses of cells ventrally, there is but little indica- tion of more marked masses where the leg nerves are given off. The lateral parts of the ganglion are also covered with nerve cells and these reach up dorsally except where nerve trunks arise. On the dorsal side there are few nerve cell groups towards the middle line except at the cephalic and candal ends. DistrrputTion oF Freer Tracts. In the brain there are few large commissures, one large band is sometimes made out ven- trally, but there are many cross fibers not definitely located in distinct bundles. In the subesophageal ganglion there are two main commis- sures usually evident connecting lateral parts. The more dorsal of these is especially marked in the cephalic regions of the ganglion and in places appears as an arched band just dorsal to the central region. Towards the lower end of the ganglion the more ventral commissure often appears divided. Fibers from the brain run in long and shorter tracts and connect the brain with lower levels. Some of these fibers run into the long dorsal and ventral tracts which run the length of the ganglion similar to those described and figured by Haller 712. The dorsal tract probably connects wider areas; it seems to have a large part of the fibers of the abdominal nerves. Fibers from and to the brain connect the dorsal tract to posterior regions, and ventral tracts are broadly connected with the anterior region of the brain. Short connectives are found in all parts, cells in each region do not send their fibers straight in to the central part of the ganglion in every case, but may act as connecting cells for neighboring parts. The brain is closely connected to the rest of the central nervous system and short connections are found as well as the longer ones mentioned. In the lower regions there are many connections from one area to the next. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 199 Haller 712, homologizes areas in the spider and scorpion brain to the mushroom bodies of other arthropods. These areas are located in the dorso-lateral portions of the nervous system in cephalic and caudal regions. These areas are marked by clusters of small nerve cells and small clear areas in this region. In Chelifer all the cells are about the same size; there are, however, little clear areas in the same general regions of pseudoscorpions, There are two areas on each side of the brain dorsally just in front of the great caudal dorsal mass of cells and just back of the cephalic dorsal mass. These little areas are almost free from cells and they seem to be the only indications of anything like mushroom bodies. In some specimens the fibers are intensely stained and at certain areas such as the region just under the large cephalic mass of cells on either side of the brain, fibers extend down from the cell areas of the brain. It is possible that some of these fibers represent connections which correspond to the mushroom fibers. IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS 1. There are no important abdominal ganglia beyond the fused mass of the central nervous system. 2. The pedipalpal nerves are the largest. 3. A small number of simple more or less straight tracheoles penetrate the nervous system. 4. There are few deep-staining masses of fibers. 5. The cells have very little cytoplasm. The nuclei are usually provided with six or more chromatin granules. 6. The sense organs so far as determined are: a pair of simple eyes and hollow sete provided with nerves from bipolar nerve cells. 7. The cells of the brain are largely unipolar, but other forms are found. 8. The neuroglia cells form a network of their fibers and this network between nerve cells serves as a sort of sheath for them. The fibrous part of the nervous system also has strands from neuroglia cells and this forms a support for the nerve fibers which run in various parts of the ganglia. 200 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 9. There are very slight indications of mushroom bodies. 10. Apparently the two great masses of cells in the brain are associated with the mandibulo-rostral and optic nerves. 11. The peripheral gangla are represented by irregular masses of cells. 12. Besides numerous short connections there are large tracts running from the brain to other levels, and a dorsal and ventral longitudinal tract in the subesophageal ganglion. 13. There are two to three well marked commissures in the ventral mass of the nervous system. 14. The brain is closely fused with the ventral mass of the ganglion. 15. There are no abdominal ganglia. In general the nervous system is more like that of a spider than of a scorpion. REFERENCES Allen, W. E. 1904 Internal morphology of the American cattle tick. Am. mic. soe. proc. vol. XXVI. Bertkau, Ph. 1887 Ueber den Bau der Chernetiden oder Pseudoscorpione. Sitz. ber, d. Niederrh. Gesellch. f. Nat. u. Heilkunde. Bonn. Boerner, C. 1904 Zur kenntniss der Pedipalpiden. Zoologica, Bd. XVII. Brandt, F. 1840 Recherches sur l’anatomie des Araignéos. Ann. sc. nat. 2e ser. XIII. Croneberg, A. 1888 Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Baues der Pseudoscorpione. Bull. Soe. Imp. des Nat. Moscou. Grube 1842 Einige Resultate aus Untersuchung ueber die Anatomie der Araneiden. Gaubert 1893 Sur un ganglion nerveux des pattes du Phalangium opilio. Comp. rend. acad. se. t. CXV, no. 22. Hilton, W. A. 1912 A preliminary study of the central nervous system of spiders. Pomona jour. ent. vol. IV, no. 3. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 201 Haller, B. 1912 Ueber das Zentralnervensystem des Skorpions und der Spinnen. Arch. f. mic. Anat. Bd. CX XIX, Abt. I. Janeck, R. 1910 Das Gehirn und Bauchmark der Spinnen. Verhandl. d. Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte. 82 Versamm- lung Koenigsburg. Lambert, A. E. 1909 History of the procephalic lobes of Epeira cinerea, Jour. morph. vol. XX, no. 3. Leydig, Franz 1862 Ueber das Nervensystem der Afterspinne. Arch. f. Anat. und Phys. Loman, J.C. C. 1905 Vergleichend Anatomische Untersuchungen an chilenischen und anderen Opilioniden. Zool. Jarb. Supp. Bd. VI. Newport, G. 1843 On the structure, relation and development of the nervous and circulatory systems in Myriapoda and macrourous Arach- nida. Philos. Trans. Patten, W. 1890 On the origin of vertebrates from arachnids. Quart. jour. mic. sec. XX XI, pt. 3. 1912 The evolution of vertebrates and their kin. P. Blakeston’s Son & Co., Phila. Saint Remy, G. 1990 Contribution a 1’étude du cerveux chez les arthropods trachéates. Theses a la Faculte des Se. Paris. Supino, Felice 1899 Osservazioni sopra 1’ anatomia degli Pseudoscorpioni. Atti. Acead. Lincei, Roma. Treviranus 1816 Ueber den inneren Bau der Arachniden. eae 1832 Ueber das nervensystem des Scorpions und der Spinnen. Zeit. f. Phys. Tulk, A. 1843 Upon the anatomy of Phalangium opilio. Ann. mag. nat. hist. Be (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.) A New Species of Collembola From Laguna Beach GERTRUDE BACON In Vol. IV, No. 3, of the Journal of Entomology, I described some Collembola found at Laguna Beach of the genus Jsotoma. During the same summer, under the same conditions and en- vironment, I found a great number of specimens of the genus Entomobrya, which, due to the kindness of Professor L. W. Folsom, were identified as belonging to a new species. These were found on the under side of large rocks as far out in the water as it was possible to turn over the stones. This is the first time that this genus has been reported found under rocks in salt water. This species occurred very abundantly, far more so than any of the others, and was collected in great numbers. This paper is a study of the characteristics of this species. Figure 1. Entomobrya laguna n. sp. Dorsal view. X36. Entomobrya laguna nu. sp. (Figs. 1, 2 and 3) Length 2 mm. Color—Dark brown mottlings with yellow ground color except on the ventral side of body, fureula, thorax JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 203 I, and the beginning of each segment, which are yellow; antenne and legs dark blue. There is not a great range in the color vari- ation, although in some specimens the yellow predominates, in others the brown mottlings. Body sub-cylindrical, widest at segment VI; covered with fine hairs with many large geniculate ones on the anterior part of the body and _ short clubbed ones on the last segment of the abdomen. For the sake of clearness only a few hairs are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Head held horizontal, sub-cylindrical in shape. Antenne (Fig. 3, A) about three times as long as head; four seginents subequal in length; IV longest; I shortest; II and III subequal. Ocelli (Fig. 3, B) sixteen, eight in each eye spot, six large and two JL? ye se Sie Sess Figure 2. EHntomobrya laguna n. sp. Side view. X36. smaller ones. There was a great deal of variation found in the size and arrangement of the ocelli, in some the smaller eye spots were very minute while in others they were nearly the same size as the other six. Thorax—I visible, II largest. Legs long, slender; long femur and tibia, small tarsus with two claws (Fig. 3, C, D, E). Both are wide at the base and then become narrow and pointed; superior armed with two teeth opposite each other and at the end of the dilated portion; inferior armed on the outer side about midway with a very minute tooth not visible on some of the claws. The claws on the three pairs of legs differ some- what. On the first the claws are about equal in length and both about equal in width at the base; the inferior slopes abruptly into a point. On the second pair of legs the superior is the 204 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY longest, the base of the inferior is not rounded but changes to the slender part abruptly, making an angle. In the last pair of legs the claws are farther apart, equal in length; the inferior is more curved than on any of the others. Abdomen—The seg- fh ag D Figure 3. Entomobrya laguna n. sp. A, antenna; B, eyes of one side; C, claws; D, claws of scond pair of legs; EK, claws of third pair of legs; F, mucrones; G, dentes with mucrones. A, X90; B, X252; C, D, E, X216; F,.X472. ments are unequal, [IV more than four times III; ventral tube well developed. Fureula—(Fig. 3, G) Dentes and mucrones a little longer than manubrium; dentes serrated and densely covered with plumed hairs. Mucrones—(Fig. 3, F) Two teeth, no basal spine. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.) Shorter Articles and Reviews of Recent Important Literature SEVENTH KERMES (COCCID4) FROM CALIFORNIA GEO. B. KING Lawrence, Mass. Figure 1. Kermes essigii King on twigs of the California Coast live oak, Quescus agrifolia Neé. Twice natural size. (Photo by E. O. Essig). Kermes essigit un. sp. Female scale—Light brown, 6 mm. long, 6 mm. broad and 5 nm. high; surface shiny. Under normal conditions practically globular, of two distinct forms, one with a deep broad longitudinal constriction, with sides bulging, and four transverse bands of a light cream color. The constriction is not pallid, but of the same color as that of the scale, light brown. The entire surface is peppered with minute black specks, only visible through a hand lens of 20 diam.; there are also several large black dots about the size of a pin head viewed under a hand lens. The other form is of the same 206 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY color and markings, but distinctly gibbose. Treated with KOH the scale turns black, and after prolonged boiling it turns liquid black. Derm after boiling, by transmitted light, yellowish, no structural characters visible. Larve—Dark red-brown (lost in boiling in KOH), elongate-oval. This is a very pretty species. Its nearest ally is K. galliformis, from which it is separable by having a longitudinal constriction which is not pallid, and by being gibbose. It is also allied to K. cockerelli and K. gillettei in being gibbose. It was first col- lected by Mr. E. O. Essig in the Santa Paula Canyon in the mountains near Santa Paula, Ventura County, California, in 1910. In August, 1913, Mr. S. A. Pease collected it in San Bernardino County. Through Mr. Essig and Prof. Cockerell this material was turned over to me. The species was described from the large number of females in these sendings. The host plant is the California coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia. I am pleased to name it after its first collector. THE EIGHTH CALIFORNIA KERMES = . . a Kermes occidentalis n. sp. GEO. B. KING Lawrence, Mass. Female Scale—Globular in outline; 5 mm. in diameter; of a dull gray color. Segmentation indicated by five transverse nar- row blackish bands, which are broken at intervals by some- what larger round black dots. Surface between the bands of a marbled light gray-brown. The entire surface is dull, not shiny, and is covered with very minute black specks seen only under a hand lens. The above species was received from Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn in 1901 taken on Quercus sp. in California and labeled Kermes galliformis Riley. The latter species is very different, the color being pale yellow; appears minutely and evenly speckled with brown under a hand lens and is more or less confused or mottled with gray or brown. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 207 Just recently Mr. E. O. Essig sent me Kermes galliformis Riley and Kermes cockerelli Ehrh. collected by Mr. EK. J. Brani- gan on Cache Creek near Yolo, Yolo County, California, May 16, 1910, on California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newb. Here they were associated together on the same host plant. AKermes cockerelli Khrh. is of a light brown color and strongly gibbose. In some of the markings Kermes occidentalis is nearest allied to Kermes arizonensis King, found in Arizona. Figure 1. a, Kermes occidentalis n. sp.; b, Kermes cockerelli Ehrh.; ¢, Kermea galliformis Riley. (Photo by E. O. Essig). A COCCID FOUND ON THE SYCAMORE H. J. RYAN A number of the genus Pseudococcus were found under the bark of a syeamore within the limits of Claremont, Cali- fornia. Only one tree was found to have these insects on it although there were several in the cluster. The insects were associated with ants which seemed to be guarding them. In general appearance the species appears like P. citri, differing, however, in having less prominent lateral appendages, callouses on the lateral margins of the segment bearing two short spines, and with cireumanal spines of the same length as those of the anal lobes. As nearly as has been determined by com- parison with the descriptions given for P. quercus, the specimens 208 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY resemble this species. The host plant of P. quercus is given as the canyon live oak, Quercus chrysolepis, and if these are of this species then it is worthy of note that Platanus racemosa as well as Quercus chrysolepis, is a host. MOSQUITOS AND COBWEBS James Zetek, Ancon, C. Z. During February and March, 1913, extensive breeding in a salt-water marsh along the old French canal caused a heavy influx of adults of Anopheles tarsimaculata Goeldi and Aedes taemiorhynchus Wiede., at Gatun, Canal Zone, about 4,000 feet distant. A cement shed and a store house, only 600 feet to the south-west from the breeding place contained many cobwebs, and these were so weighted down with mosquitos of the species mentioned, that in several cases the webs showed breaks. It is no exaggeration to say the cobwebs were black with these mosquitos. Another instance of mosquitos in cobwebs was seen June, 1913, in native shacks near Culebra, C. Z. In these there were on an average of six mosquitos to a web, principally Culex quinque- fasciatus Say and Aedes calopus Meigen. Two specimens of Mansonia titillans Walker, three of Aedeomyia squamipennis Arib. and three of Lutzia bigotii Bellardi were also noted in these webs. The last instance was noted in October, 1913, at Paraiso, C. Z., while with Doctor Martini and Mr. Pickett. In a single shack, adults of Culex quinquefasciatus Say were present in cobwebs. It did not appear that the spiders cared much for such food, probably because larger diptera were plentiful and to be had easily. It seems mosquitos are accidentally entrapped in these webs while seeking shelter in corners of buildings. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 209 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PARASITES OF COCCUS HESPERIDUM P. H. Timberlake Jour. Economic Entomology, Vol.VI, No 3, 1913 In this paper a short sketch of Coccus hesperidwm itself is given and then a very careful description of the five parasites and eight hyperparasites of the scale. The author closes with a paragraph on the source of the soft scale in California and a paragraph on the predaceous enemies of the scale. Grorce AsH. The first of a series of pamphlets on the ‘‘Control of the Orange Maggot (Trypeta ludens)’’ has been published by D. L. Crawford for the Mexico Gulf Coast Citrus Association. Mr. Crawford studied this pest while he was in Mexico in the summer of 1910. Because of his knowledge of the subject, this associa- tion called him to Mexico last summer to lay out directions for fighting the Orange Maggot. The circular states that the Orange Maggot is distributed over a large portion of Mexico. It attacks several fruits other than citrus fruits and this makes it more difficult to control. In order that the members of the association may work intelligently on the fly, a brief life history is given. Mr. Crawford gives two sets of directions for the control work. One method is to pick up the fruit as fast as it falls and to destroy it while the maggot is still working inside. The other method is to spray the trees with a poisoned, sweetened liquid in the period when the flies appear. The flies eat this poisoned bait and are killed. E. T. McFappen. Laguna Marine Laboratory and Tank House. The Laguna Marine Laboratory One of the most interesting and beautiful parts of the South- ern California coast is found at Laguna Beach. The rugged cliffs, the level stretches of shore, the high hills and above all the great abundance and variety of plant and animal life make it The channels just north of Laguna. These channels are very deep and contain a magnificent display of kelps (Hisenia and Egregia). This whole area is exceed- ingly rich in life. From first Laguna report. an ideal situation for a Biological laboratory. The summers are cool and the winters are warm so that work may be done here at any time of the year. Pomona College has conducted summer school work at Laguna for the past three years and two buildings were erected for this purpose in the spring of 1913. The chief JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY First Floor LAGUNA BEACH MARINE LABORATORY Upper part of Aguarium Froom Second Floor Porch Foot JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 213 structure has a large aquarium room in front and two class laboratories back of this, all provided with running water. In addition to this on the first floor there are store rooms, a dark room and private laboratories. Up stairs there are eight more private rooms for special investigators. A tank house near the larger building furnishes salt water for the aquaria and salt Cypselurus californicus. From Metz, first Laguna report. water taps. There is considerable additional room in this building. The laboratory will be used largely for teaching in the summer but there will be opportunity for special investigators to work at any time of year and for any period. It is the hope that this station may be useful to any qualified botanist or zoologist who Showing one of numerous small bays with sand beaches. At low tide, between the rocks in foreground and the point at left, a large bed of Phyllospadix is accessible. From first Laguna report. Showing region just north of pier at low tide. A large area of rich tide pools are very accessible here. From first Laguna report. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 215 may wish to study for a time in this part of the country. The summer course aside from the work of special investigations will be given as a part of the work of Pomona College summer school, although of course it will be open to any others who may be prepared. The laboratory buildings are situated at the foot of the cliffs a short distance back from the ocean and a convenient distance from one of the best collecting grounds. Great masses of sea Showing the tide pools at Mussel Point. Here are immense colonies of mussels, barnacles, sea urchins and coralline alge. This place is exceedingly rich collecting ground, From the first Laguna report. weed grow on the nearby rocks, while out a short distance great kelp beds furnish hiding places for many forms of animal life. The irregular rocks and points, the inshore pools and channels at low tide are alive with a great variety of plant and animal forms. Some of the many interesting types which have been found along the shore might be mentioned to give a little idea of the Clinocottus analis. From first Laguna report, after Metz. Young Rhinobatus productus. From Metz, first Laguna report. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 217 variety and abundance of life. There are the sea weeds, brown, green and red, of many kinds and in great abundance over the rocks near shore as well as farther out. Nearly a hundred species of these have been identified so far. Sponges both simple and complex are found in the kelp. Sea anemones are abundant over rocks and in the tide pools near shore. In the sand and under rocks are many kinds of segmented worms, while flat worms and round worms are also abundant in various places. Polypus bimaculatus. From Berry, first Laguna report. There are three kinds of starfish, three species of sea urchins, several sorts of brittle stars and two species of holothurians, all of which may be obtained at low tide. Of the snail-like animals a large number have been found, many of the smaller ones have very beautiful markings and shades of color; there seems to be’ a variation in the occurrence of these from year to year. Among the larger molluses are the key-hole limpet, abalone and the sea hare. Over fifty species of shells were collected one summer Some of the nudibranch molluscs found at Laguna. A, Laila cockerelli; B, Chromodoris porterae; C, Chromodoris sp. (mantel removed); D, Chromodoris sp.; E, Genus?; F, Aegires albopunctatus; G, Ancula pacifica; H, Cuthonia sp.; I, Hervia sp.; J, Hermissenda opalescens; K, spurilla sp. From Guernsey, first Laguna report. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 219 within a limited range. The octopus Polypus bimaculatus is abundant along the rocky shore and may be obtained at low tide. The sand, the rocks and the sea weeds are alive in many places with crustacea of many sorts, crabs and sand fleas of many species are abundant. There are several species of barnacles, and many very small crustaceans may be seen in the tide pools. Fish are abundant at Laguna and near by. Several species of sharks are found off shore, the shovel nose Rhinobatus pro- ductus among them. The moray Gymnothorax mordax is found Lucapina crenulata, Dorsal and ventral views. From Guernsey, first Laguna report. . under rocks near shore at low tide. The flying fish Cypselurus californicus occurs off the coast and many other fish are abundant out a short distance about the kelp beds. Claremont, California qu SNe 3 We BS ae ae INN 00135429