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130 Journal of Entomology ‘and Zoology

of large vines. Theridiide were found in meter boxes and barns;
the Attide were collected in Imperial Valley under rocks; the
Lycoside which were collected during the month of April, were
found in the grass with the females carrying the egg cases. The
young of Thomiside were found, no eggs having been collected.
The shape of the egg cases of the several species studied dif-
fered materially. Those of Peucetia viridans are, as Comstock
describes it, “hemispherical in outline with small projecting tufts.”
The egg sac of Aranea gemma is a light brown “loose flocculent
mass of silk enclosing the ball of eggs.” The egg case of most of
the Thomiside, Comstock describes as being “lenticular in form”
and are usually formed of two equal valves united at the border,
which presents a little circular fringe. The egg case of Philodro-
mus is made up of two disks which are fastened closely to the bark
of the trees and may be more than lenticular in shape. In the sub-
family Misumenine the egg sac is sometimes free and sometimes
suspended like a hammock in a retreat formed of leaves rolled or
drawn together. In most cases after the egg sac is made, the fe-
male stops her wandering habits in order to watch it. The egg sac
of Latrodectus mactans is made up of a round closely woven silk
ball, hard on the exterior and soft on the interior. Dust soon col-
lects on the egg sac which gives it a dirty white color. They are
suspended from the web by a few loose threads. The Lycoside
tie their children to their apron strings. The females were found
in great abundance in the early spring holding the flat circular egg
case firmly with their mandibles. These cases were held up off
the ground when the female moved and were dropped if she was
disturbed. In the confined specimens the female upon being dis-
turbed would drop her bundle, but as soon as the disturbance was
over she would pick up the case again. The Attide were all col-
lected from a valley with a warm climate and seemed to resent the
change when they were placed in the cooler atmosphere of the
laboratory. Their egg cases were of a very fine soft white silk and
were attached to the under side of a rock, using the rock as one
side and building the nest around that side. One female laid her
eggs in captivity. The case was the same as those on the rocks
but one side of the glass was used as a foundation. As there were

Pomona College, Claremont, California 131

no eggs of the trap door spider collected, I cannot consider the
shape of the egg case and none of the authors of spider life his-
tories describe it. Comstock speaks of finding one in Florida, but
does not describe it.

The general shape of the egg cases of the different species studied,
seemed to be the same in all of the egg cases of that species. Com-
stock says in regard to the constancy of the shape of the egg sac of
the species, ““The egg sac is not merely a covering made in a hap-
hazard way; but is a more or less elaborate structure, made in a
definite manner characteristic of the species.” While one cannot
determine the species or genus of a spider definitely by the shape
of its egg sac, yet it is a small factor which might aid in telling
the genus.

The young of the different species differed widely in the length
of time of emerging. Peucetia viridans emerged in a month,
Arenea gemma in from two to three weeks, Lycosa sp. in three
weeks, Phippdus sp. was kept for seven months and then artificial
help was given to open the sack. The eggs of most of these species
hatched soon after being laid.

The spiders made one or more moults in the egg sac before
emerging from the case. In the case of dranea it was seen that a
great pile of shed skins were exuded outside of the sac just before
the young emerged and then while emerging from the sac they
went through another moult, leaving their shed skins in the case or
just outside on a line which they made. From observations it
would seem as though this species moulted two or three times
before emerging from the sac. ‘‘The young attids, having under-
gone the moult, shift their positions to the opposite end of the
cocoon and then moult a second and even third time before egress;
as is shown by the fact that one finds within the same cocoon three
separate heaps of skins cast at different ages.” The young with
the aid of a great deal of heat emerged two weeks after the eggs
were laid. They had not moulted at all and were very weak, and
came from one end of the cocoon. The case that was left for seven
months showed that the young had. deposited their shed skins in
three places before emerging, and having migrated from one end
of the egg sac to the other. Wagner (’88) asserts in “La Mue’”—

FOR THE PEOPEE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF

NATURAL HISTORY

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JOURNAL OF
ENTOMOLOGY AND
ZOOLOGY

53.51:06(19.4)

VOLUME VIII, 1916

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEDG
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

Contents of Volume VIII

“1°13 9S6G- Way 4

Volume VIII, Number 1
Berry, S. S.
The Octopod Ocythoe in Califor-
Nila, Ui
Fieb—E. P. Van Duzee
Review of the Genus Macrotylus,
3);
Banks, Nathan
New California Mites, 12.
Hilton, W. A.
An Interesting Basket Star from
Laguna Beach, 17.
Hilton, W. A.
A Remarkable Pycnogonid, 19.
Hilton, W. A.
The Life History of Anoplodac-
tylus Erectus Cole, 25.
Hilton, W. A.
Mites from the Claremont Laguna
Region, 35.
Summer School at Laguna Beach,

SV/n
Courses offered at the Summer
School of the Laguna Beach

Biological Laboratory, 1916, 40.

Volume VIII, Number 2
Cockerell, T. D. A.
New and Little Known Bees from
California, 43.
Hilton, W. A.
Crustacea from Laguna Beach, 65.
Hilton, W. A.

The Central Nervous System and
Simple Reactions of a Rare
Whip Scorpion, 73.

Hilton, W. A.

A Rare Fish from Laguna Beach,

80.
Grinnell, Fordyce

An Unnamed Butterfly from San

Francisco, 83.

Shaw, M.
Caprellidae from Laguna Beach,
86.

Hilton, W. A.
Notes on Coelenterates and Echi-
noderms from Laguna Beach,

88.

Cate, Margaret
Lima Dehiscens at Laguna Beach,
94.

Volume VIII, Number 3

Essig, E. O.
The Genus Vanessa in California,

97.

Moles, Margaret L.
Crab Spiders of the Claremont-
Laguna Region, 112.

Girault, A. A.
The New Chalcid Flies from Cali-
fornia, 119.

Hilton, William A.
Some Remarks on the Central Ner-
vous System of the Starfish, 123.

Volume VIII, Number 4

Moles, Margaret L.
The Growth and Color Patterns
in Spiders, 129.

Nininger, H. H.

Studies in the Life Histories of
Two Carpenter Bees of Cali-
fornia, with Notes on Certain
Parasites, 158.

Crawford, David L.
Albert John Cook, D.S.C., 169.

Hilton, William A.
The Central Nervous System of
Serpent Stars, 171.

The Octopod Ocythoe in California

S. S. BERRY

In the course of my review of the West American cephalopods
published a few years ago (Bulletin Bureau Fisheries, v. 30, p.
275), I wrote of a well known group of pelagic Octopoda as fol-
lows:

“No other group at all approaches Argonauta in its assemblage
of utterly distinctive characters, the nearest being the genera
Ocythoe and Tremoctopus, which are not known to be represented in
our waters.”

That Ocythoe, at least, is a member of our fauna, I have long
suspected, partly because of a specimen which was exhibited in one
of the Los Angeles curio stores some years since, but ignorantly held
at so inflated a figure, that it could not be obtained even for one of
the university museums, and another without label, but thought to
be from Southern California, which is now in the collection of the
State University at Berkeley. A further bit of evidence, which to
me savors strongly of this same animal, lies in a paragraph by the
late Dr. C. F. Holder with regard to a specimen obtained by him
at Avalon (Scientific American, October 16, 1909, p. 283). He
wrote:

“Tt is given in all the textbooks, I believe, that the male of the
argonaut is a minute animal hardly an inch long. This cannot be
so in all species. I have a male which has a radiant spread of eight
or nine inches, and is as large as the female. . . . The male
of this species is large, and might readily be taken for an octopus,
having its habits.”

As a male Argonauta answering such a description as this would
be a sheer absurdity, the lines quoted served at first to occasion me
no little perplexity. Surely, however, the suggestion that Holder’s
specimen was a female Ocythoe and not an Argonauta at all, seems
not only possible, but plausible.

These cases are all strong indications that Ocythoe belongs to our
fauna but, in view of the obvious uncertainty attending each, no
formal record of the fact has yet found its way into print.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 3

A very large and finely preserved female, recently sent me by
Prof. William A. Hilton, now settles the matter without question.
This specimen (S. S. B. 453) was obtained from near Avalon,
Santa Catalina Island, California, in the summer of 1915, by
Mr. W. F. Hamilton. Unfortunately I have no comparative
material from other regions available, so that with only the aid of
such figures and printed descriptions as are at hand, the specimen
cannot be distinguished from the Mediterranean O. tuberculata, de-
scribed and named by Rafinesque just over one hundred years ago.
As tuberculata happens to be the only species of the genus enjoy-
ing general recognition, and as it is a pelagic creature with the pos-
sibility of very wide dissemination, the identification seems never-
theless to be reasonably certain, though it should be admitted that
the areas it is alleged to inhabit are so widely separated that ade-
quate material may later reveal differences which will be thought
worthy of recognition.

In addition to Mediterranean localities the species has been re-
ported from Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts, from the West In-
dies, and from Japan.

The sexes in this genus, as in the related Argonauta and Trem-
octopus, show such extreme dimorphism, that the description of one
applies in scarcely a single particular to the other. The female
Ocythoe, however, is very easily distinguished from other cephalo-
pods by the large Octopus-like body, the ventral surface of which is
very curiously ornamented with numerous conspicuous cartilaginous
tubercles, connected by radiating ridges. The enormous and power-
ful funnel is also noteworthy.

The more important measurements of the present specimen are
appended below, many of them necessarily more or less estimated.

MEASUREMENTS
PCOS Shyu d QA 2am cae AD Late 9 SC easel whet oot ll a Ba 440 mm.
Wench ot body, (Gots) s:22 0 cetarce onc eee. de csexcdacnazeshecncses 160 mm.
Wewethouh bodys ( ventral) ee rt ee aces 155 mm.
“Lip of meuy to base of dorsal arms... .2.25.:-<.-,<-2<ce-vaicanseaces 170 mm.
ISG ig Lf fee OS it~ ae A Sr 115 mm.

Vache Deo tele Clescetcs ne a re ee Jo Re. dae ee 74 mm.

4 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Tenpthiof head. -..2:!) Pie ie cots eee ee ee ee 10 mm.
Whength’ of funnel ns Se ec ee 64 mm.
Widthcof fannel openings. 3 ee ee 12 mm.
Ihenpthvof fight dorsal-arm! 24200. $e 5 oo ee ee 275 mm.
engtivot lettdorsall amis) 2-22 coe esees 265 mm.
Lengiivet right secondiarin: .2 ios! et ee 200 mm.
Isenyth of left secohdiarta: 24s os eee eee 195 mm.
Ihengthvot-nigeht thincdann tec. 55... tes sete eae ee 180 mm.
Lenpthoefilete thind anni: 2320) kok ee ee eee 185 mm.
Dengthot right vento arin.s22 <0 2s. ee ee 250 mm.
Teenpthoiilertiventval’ arint sx. .27- S22 eae ee eee 240 mm.
Diameter of largest stickers... se 2 eect ee eee 9 mm.

Review of the Genus Macrotylus. Feb.
(Hemiptera)
E. P. VAN Duzer, Univ. California

This genus in common with others of the tribe Phylini has the
arolie parallel with the claws and attached to them, at least at base.
Here they are large, exceeding the very small claws. Like other
genera in the division Oncotylaria they have the prosternal xyphus
convex at base and more or less carinate on the margins at apex.
In Macrotylus the presence or absence of a hamus in the cell of the
wings seems to have little significance and an examination of numer-
ous individuals would possibly show that it may be either present
or absent in the same species. I have found it present in amenus,
sexguttatus, regalis, infuscatus and essigi, and absent in tristis, lineo-
latus and dorsalis. I have been unable to determine this point in
the unique type of multipunctatus. Our species are mostly hand-
some, clearly marked insects. They may be distinguished as fol-
lows:

Apex of the closed elytra marked with six large white spots

placed on the outer border of the cuneus and membrane. 1.

Cuneus without a basal white spot; membrane black with pale

nervures and sometimes with white marginal spots. 2

1. Color deep black; head greenish olive; basal spot of the cuneus

sometimes yellow. 1. 6-guttatus Prov.

Color pale yellowish-green; cuneus and membrane blackish,
strongly contrasting with the white spots, size very small.

2. amenus Reut.

2. Color above pale testaceous marked with numerous distinct

round black dots; head deep black with two green dots on

the base of the vertex; membrane black with two white spots

beyond the cuneus. 3. multipunctatus n. sp.

Membrane without white marginal spots, the nervures only

pale. a

3. Color clear yellow with a broad black dorsal stripe connecting

with the black membrane. 4. dorsalis n. sp.

Color sometimes yellow, then without a black dorsal vitta. 4.

6 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

4. Color of the elytra clear yellow with the clavus, narrow costal
margin, apex of the corium and the membrane black; head
and pronotum greenish marked with black. 5. essigi n. sp.

Color never yellow with clearly defined black markings. 3.

5. Color above greenish-yellow obscurely clouded with fuscous,
becoming darker on the pronotum, clavus and middle field of
the corium; membrane black with the nervures clear yellow.

6. lineolatus Uhl.
Color black red or testaceous, never greenish-yellow. 6.

6. Color testaceous, more or less infuscated leaving the costal

margin pale; above thickly clothed with pale pubescence.
7. infuscatus n. sp.
Color black or red, the costa never pale. Te

7. Color slaty-black with the nervure of the membrance conspicu-

ously white. 8. tristis Uhl.
Color dull red, the costal margin slenderly black, the head and
callosities sometimes black. 9. regalis Uhl.

1. Macrotylus 6-guttatus Prov.

A very distinct deep black opaque species with the head polished
and olive green or even yellowish before; the apex of the second
antennal joint and the apical one-half of the tarsi fulvotestaceous.
The cuneus has a large oval yellow or white spot at base and the
apex is white. Near the end of the membrane is a large white
marginal spot and there is a small one close to the white apical
portion of the cuneus. I swept four examples of this interesting
form from a low bush at Aylmer, near Ottawa, Ont., June 30, 1912.

2. Macrotylus amenus Reut.

This is a very small species, scarcely 24 mm. to the tip of the
membrane. It is pale yellowish-green with the cuneus and mem-
brane fuscous and marked exactly as in the preceding species except
that the apical white spot is smaller. The antennz are fuscous with
pale incisures, and the feet pale with the anterior edge of the femora
and the tibie and tarsi fuscous or black. The type of this species
was taken in Connecticut by Dr. W. E. Britton, Mrs. Slosson has
taken it at Delaware Water Gap, Pa., and I took a very small
example at Estero, Fla., in May.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 7

3. Macrotylus multipunctatus n. sp.

A little broader than /ineolatus and its allies; pale testaceous
closely dotted above with distinct round black points. Length 334
mm. to the tip of the membrane.

Head as in 6-guttatus, more vertical than in lineolatus and the
allied forms. Vertex nearly flat, collar-like; front convex, especially
anteriorly; clypeus very prominent and polished. Pronotum as in
6-guttatus, shorter than in the /ineolatus group, its carinate sides
rectilinear; anterior angles scarcely rounded but not dentate as in
6-guttatus. Basal lobe of the scutellum broadly exposed. Eltyra
rather wide, the sides distinctly arcuated toward their apex. An-
tenne short, the basal joint little surpassing the tip of the clypeus.
Cell of the wing without a hamus.

Color pale testaceous tinged with yellow on the scutellum and
on the median line and anterior margin of the pronotum. Head
black, polished on the clypeus; vertex with two squarish pale green
spots connected anteriorly with a very slender line. Pronotum,
scutellum and elytra ornamented with distinct round black dots,
each dot carrying a stiff black hair; incisure of the scutellum on
either side and the basal lobe anteriorly marked with black. Mem-
brane blackish, the nervures clear white; margin with two large
whitish-hyaline spots beyond the tip of the cuneus, separated by a
deeper black one. Antenne black, the incisures white, the middle
of the second joint broadly testaceous. Legs testaceous, extreme
apex of the femora white preceded by a black annulus; tibie nar-
rowly black at either end, the tarsi black. Beneath fuscous, the
edges of the ventral segments white. Genital segment and region
of the stomata black.

Described from a single male example taken by me on the flats
near the lower end of Fallen Leaf Lake, California, July 17, 1915.
This is a very distinct species easily recognized by its pale upper
surface closely dotted with rather large black setigerous points.

4. Macrotylus dorsalis n. sp.
Clear lemon yellow; membrane and a linear dorsal line black.
Length 314 mm. to the tip of the membrane.
Head as in the foregoing species, nearly vertical. Vertex scarce-
ly flattened; front strongly convex, especially anteriorly. Clypeus

8 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

very prominent, its base deeply incised. Eyes rather small, viewed
from the side oval, reaching hardly below the middle of the side of
the head. Antenne short, basal joint scarcely surpassing the cly-
peus; second a little more than twice the length of the first; third
and fourth together a little longer than the second. Pronotum
short, its carinate sides feebly concavely arcuated, the hind margin
depressed, nearly covering the basal lobe of the scutellum. Upper
surface sparsely clothed with deciduous black hairs.

Color, a pale lemon-yellow, sometimes tinged with green on the
anterior margin of the pronotum and on the lower surface. Head
more or less obscured or sometimes with a fuscous median line.
Pronotum with a median fuscous longitudinal vitta, sometimes wid-
ened so as to cover the callosities. Scutellum infuscated with its
basal angles yellow. Closed elytra with a rather broad black com-
missural vitta. Membrane black with the nervures pale at apex
about the smaller areole. Apex of the tibia and tarsi black.

Described from one male and four females taken by me on Ade-
nostoma at Alpine, San Diego County, California, April 8, 1913,
and one female taken by Mr. Fordyce Grinnell at Pasadena, Califor-
nia, April 30, 1909. This species is easily distinguished by its clear
yellow color with a black dorsal vitta.

5. Macrotylus essigi n. sp.

Dark green; antenne, legs and disk of the pronotum black; elytra
clear greenish-yellow, the clavus, costal nervure, broad apical margin
of the corium and the membrane black, the latter with yellow nerv-
ures. Length 4 mm. to tip of membrane.

Head a little more oblique than in the foregoing species. Vertex
narrowly flattened, the front becoming strongly convex toward its
apex; clypeus as in the allied species. Eyes small, viewed from the
side oblong, reaching about half way to the gula. Pronotum long,
the sides straight and scarcely carinate. Basal lobe of the scutellum
well exposed. Elytra nearly parallel, a little widened posteriorly.
Antenne rather short, the basal joint just surpassing the clypeus;
the second over three times the length of the first; apical two
together longer than the second. Rostrum long, reaching on to the
base of the venter. Legs long, the hind tibia as long as the corium.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 9

Genital segment of the male very large, polished, occupying one
half the length of the abdomen. Oviduct of the female long, begin-
ning before the middle of the venter.

Color dark green, more or less varied with black or fuscous. Ver-
tex green with two minute black points at the middle; front more or
less broadly bordered with fuscous. Clypeus black, the cheeks usu-
ally green. Ponotum black with the lateral margins and sometimes
the median line green, the callosities more or less broadly yellow.
Scutellum greenish-yellow, the middle of the basal lobe black.
Elytra clear greenish-yellow with the clavus, linear costal margin
and apical vitta on the corium black. Cuneus entirely yellow.
Membrane black, deeper beyond the areoles, the nervures conspic-
uously yellow. Beneath infuscated along the middle, the genital
segment black and polished. Antenne and legs black, the hind
femora with a green line. Upper surface clothed with short decidu-
ous black hairs.

Described from two males and two females taken by Mr. E. O.
Essig on chaparral growing among the hills at Berkeley, California,
July 7, 1915. It gives me pleasure to dedicate this strongly marked
species to its discoverer who is well known for his studies on the
Aphidide and for his work in economic entomology.

6. Macrotylus lineolatus Uhler

This and the following two species belong to a group having a
more elongated body with the head subhorizontal, the pronotum
much narrowed anteriorly with its sides feebly sinuated and sharply
carinate as far forward as the transverse impressed line, the rostrum
long, surpassing the base of the venter and the elytra parallel or
slightly sinuated. The colors here are more subdued and uniform
without the striking patterns we find in the preceding species.

In lineolatus the color is a peculiar shade of greenish-yellow over
almost the entire body. The upper surface is sparsely clothed with
short fuscous hairs and is clouded with fuscous on the posterior field
of the pronotum, excepting the sides and median line, on the clavus
and on the disk of the corium within the principal nervure, more dis-
tinct apically. These dark markings on the elytra are often nearly
obsolete or they are represented mostly by blackish punctures.

10 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Cuneus pale. Membrane infuscated with a short blackish ray at
apex of the areole, the nervures yellowish. Antenne black with pale
incisures; the feet infuscated with the base of the femora pale. I
took numbers of this neat little species about the lower end of Fallen
Leaf Lake, near Tahoe, California.

7. Macrotylus infuscatus n. sp.

Allied to the preceding; dull fuscous with the costal margin pale
or largely pale, sometimes greenish-testaceous in the female.
Length 5 mm.

Head subhorizontal. Vertex scarcely flattened, the front becom-
ing strongly convex anteriorly as in the typical forms of this genus,
with a deep constriction at the base of the clypeus. Clypeus prom-
inent, a little produced at apex as in many of our species. Eyes
large, viewed from the side nearly vertical and reaching much below
the middle of the side of the head. Antenne rather long; the basal
joint surpassing the apex of the clypeus by one-half its length; second
two and one-half times the length of the first; the third about equal
to the second; fourth flattened and about equal to the first. Prono-
tum long, strongly narrowed anteriorly, scarcely half as wide before
as behind; sides sharply carinate throughout, a little sinuated, the
humeral angles prominent. Elytra parallel or slightly widened
behind; wing cell with a hamus.

Ground color pale testaceous; tinged with greenish on the prono-
tum, head and beneath; shaded with fuscous, especially in the males;
pronotum, excepting the lateral edges and sometimes the callosities,
scutellum except the outer angles of the basal lobe, and the elytra
except the costal margin, more or less deeply infuscated, sometimes
becoming a blackish-fuscous; disk of the front at times infuscated,
the clypeus usually black and polished. Cuneus usually pale or
decolored. Membrane deeply infuscated with pale nervures and a
small black ray beyond the tip of the areoles. Antenne black with
pale incisures, often with a broad pale annulus on the second joint.
Legs pale, the femora more or less dotted with fuscous; the knees,
tips of the tibia and the tarsi black. Above clothed with long gray
pile giving the insect a hoary aspect.

Described from numerous examples taken about the lower end

of Fallen Leaf Lake, California, in July, 1915.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 11

8. Macrotylus tristis Uhler

This is a dull slaty-black insect about the size of the preceding,
becoming polished beneath and on the unusually prominent clypeus.
There are two minute pale spots on the vertex and there may be
two more on the callosities and two on the basal and two on the
apical lobe of the scutellum; the membranal nervures, basal margin
of the cuneus and commissural nervure beyond the apex of the clavus
calloused and white. Wing cell without a hamus. Basal joint of
the antenne scarcely surpassing the clypeus, the antennal incisures
and knees white. The whole upper surface is rather sparingly
clothed with pale pubescence.

I took numbers of this sombre looking species on the hills about
Lakeside and Mussey’s, San Diego County, California, during April
and May, 1913.

9. Macrotylus regalis Uhler

I took three males of what I am identifying with some doubt as
Uhler’s regalis from Adenostoma at Alpine, San Diego County,
California, in June, 1913. These are smaller than Uhler’s unique
female, measuring but three and one-half millimeters to the tip of
the membrane; the anterior lobe of the pronotum is red like the
posterior, the vertex and front have a median red vitta; the pectoral
surface and abdomen are red instead of black and the membrane is
infuscated with the nervures pale. Most of these differences repre-
sent merely an extension of the red color which may be characteristic
of the male sex.

In this species the head is almost horizontal with the apex more
produced than in any of our other species and the basal joint of the
antenne is shorter, not attaining the apex of the clypeus. The upper
surface is of an almost uniform dark sanguinous, sparsely clothed
with fine pale pubescence and showing some dark markings about
the callosities and along the median line of the pronotum and scutel-
lum. It is peculiar in having the apical antennal joint conspicuously
flattened, much more distinctly so than in our other species of the
genus.

New Californian Mites

NATHAN BANKS

The following new specias form part of an interesting collection
of mites recently sent by Dr. Hilton for determination:

Trombidium perscabrum n. sp.

Red. Body about one and one-half times as long as broad, sub-
pyriform, broadest at humeri, broadly rounded behind. Cephalo-
thorax very short, with crista reaching almost to the hind margin
and there enlarged, and with a long fine hair arising from each
sensilla. Eyes near lateral margin on a very short elevation. Body
clothed with short, capitate hairs with roughened tips, some near
the eyes are longer than the others. Among these capitate hairs are
tufts of shorter spine-like hairs. Legs also clothed with similar,
but mostly more clavate than capitate hairs, roughened on sides
and end; some of the apical joints beneath have more slender hairs,
and tarsus I. has them only on the base above, elsewhere with long,
fine hairs. Leg IV. is about as long as the body, the last joint as
long as the penultimate; leg I. plainly shorter than the body, tarsus
I. fusiform, longer than the penultimate joint and about twice as
broad. Palpi rather stout, basal joints with clavate hairs above,
below with simple or pectinate hairs, and similar hairs on the fourth
joint. Thumb as long as third and fourth joints together, cylin-
drical, rather longer than the claw.

Length, 1.4 mm.

From Claremont, California, January.

Differs from T. scabrum in having the clavate hairs on legs and
palpi, and in the cylindrical thumb.

Erythreus posticatus n. sp.

Body dark (probably red in life), legs pale. Body about one
and two-thirds times as long as broad, broadly rounded behind, as
broad at hind coxa as at humeri; cephalothorax narrowed in front,
crista short, swollen at hind end, one eye spot each side. Body and
legs clothed with simple hairs, not very densely, and about as long

Pomona College, Claremont, California 13

as width of basal joints of legs; tarsus I. with shorter hairs, those
below very short and dense. Leg I. about as long as body, tibia and
metatarsus subequal, tarsus nearly two-thirds as long as metatarsus,
and a little broader, but not greatly swollen, leg IV. plainly longer
than body, the femur reaching beyond the tip of abdomen, the tibia
only about two-thirds as long as the metatarsus, the tarsus hardly
one-third as long as the metatarsus, and only slightly swollen. The
palpi short and not much enlarged, the claw rather short and slen-
der, the thumb slightly clavate, reaching beyond end of claw, and
with hairs about one-half as long as the width of the joint.

Length, 2 mm.

From Claremont, California.

Tarsotomus macropalpis n. sp.

A large species, rather sparsely bristly. Body nearly twice as
long as broad, broadest at humeri; cephalothorax tapering in front,
one eye spot each side close to margin and much nearer hind than
front end of cephalothorax; legs long, but none of the femora as
long as the cephalothorax, the tibia (penultimate joint), however,
as long as the cephalothorax; body and legs with erect bristles, only
a few very long ones, some on the basal joints are serrate or hairy,
and the outer frontal pair, which are thicker than the others, also
hairy. Claws with rows of bristles beneath; palpi very large and
heavy, with two apical claws, the large one with a few teeth on
inner side, hairs of thumb very short.

Length, .7 mm.

From Claremont, California, under rocks.

Tarsotomus terminalis n. sp.

Body slightly constricted in the middle, each part slightly rounded
and a little broader than long; legs long and slender, the hind femur
as Jong as abdomen, the hind tarsus one and one-half times as long
as femur; front femur about as long as hind femur; palpi long, end-
ing in a slightly curved, stout spur, thumb long, but also heavy.
Body and legs (except tarsi) with many very long, nearly erect
bristles, two or three times as long as width of hind femur; tarsi
with shorter, more appressed hairs. Cephalothorax with two eye
spots each side.

14 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Length, .4 mm.
From Claremont, California.

Eupodes brevipes n. sp.

Body yellowish (probably red when alive), legs hyaline. Body
slender, pyriform, plainly more than twice as long as broad, much
the broadest at humeri, above the hind coxe the sides are concave,
tip broadly rounded. Cephalothorax subtriangular, two long bris-
tles each side, one on humerus, and two submedian rows down the
back, about six bristles near tip of body. Leg I. no longer than
body, femur I. not as long as the width of the body, tarsus I. plainly
longer than penultimate joint which is no longer than the one pre-
ceding it. Leg IV. not as long as the body, the basal joints not
much enlarged, tarsus IV. plainly longer than penultimate joint.
All legs with a few simple bristles, mostly near tips of joints.

Length .45 mm.

From Laguna Beach, California, June 8th.

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

bas Sy pe) he

Pomona College, Claremont, California

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Erythreus posticatus; palpus, legs I. and IV.
Trombidium perscabrum, crista, palpus, and hairs.

Tarsotomus macropalpis, palpus, tarsal claws, and tip of mandible.

Eupodes brevipes, palpus and leg I.
Tarsotomus terminalis, palpus.

15

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

An Interesting Basket Star From
Laguna Beach

The specimen here recorded was obtained by a fisherman off the
coast of Laguna Beach at a depth of nearly a thousand feet. It was
sent to Dr. H. L. Clark for determination and the following notes
about it are quoted from his letter. The photograph here shown
is very much reduced from the original.

Basket Star from Laguna Beach. (Much reduced)

“Tt is a remarkable example of Gorgonocephalus eucnemis (M.
and T.), not previously recorded from south of San Francisco, al-
though it may be well known to Pacific coast collectors.

“Tt is not the form of eucnemis described by Lyman from San
Francisco as G. caryi but is a typical example of G. japonicus de-

18 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

scribed by Déderlein from Tokyo Bay. My opinion (previously
published) that caryi and japonicus are synonyms is thus strongly
confirmed.

“Tt is the largest ophiuran, by far, hitherto recorded. Its disc
is about 130 mm. across. The largest specimen I have seen hitherto
is 115 mm. Déderlein, in his monograph, has 110 mm. as his maxi-
mum measurement.”

W. A. HILTON.

A Remarkable Pyecnogonid

WILu1AM A. HILTON

In a collection of a thousand pycnogonids obtained at Laguna
Beach and nearby a single specimen of the species here described was
found. This was taken near Laguna under a stone at low tide. The
two-jointed proboscis, the segmented body, the long tapering legs
with their peculiar spines and hairs, these and other features were
distinctive.

After searching through the rather extensive literature of this
group it was found that few species resembled this one. Epeci-
ally was the proboscis different. The genus Ascorhynchus estab-
lished by Sars in 1876 seems very close to it, but there are a
number of slight differences. No species in this genus is like it.
The genus Eurycyde, Schodte, 1857, as described by Sars in his
great work of 1891 seems to fit this specimen exactly. The species
E. hispada Kroyer, as described and figured by Sars seems at first
to be nearly the same as the specimen at hand, but a careful examina-
tion shows numerous specific differences. Sars considers this F.
hispada the only species of the genus described at that time, 1891.
I have found no species of this genus described since. E. hispada
Kr. has been found on the coast of Greenland, Finmark, Nordland,
in the Kara sea; at a depth of 50 to 191 fathoms.

Eurycyde spinosa n. sp.

Type specimen—a female in the collection of Pomona College.
Total length 3.085 mm. Extent from side to side 3.6 mm. (ob-
tained from a preserved specimen mounted on a slide). Collected
at low tide under a rock, Two Rock Bay, Laguna Beach, Califor-
nia, September, 1915.

Trunk rather broad. Lateral processes long, swollen caudally.
Segments of trunk plainly marked from each other. Chitin thick.
Caudal segment long slender. It projects upwards at a moderate
angle and bears four large hairs or spines near the end, two of these
are central, two are more lateral.

20 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

The eye tubercle just in front of the ovigers, projects nearly
straight up in the unmounted specimen. It bears four eyes and is
pointed. One large hair and several smaller ones project from it.

The proboscis is two-jointed, the basal joint is narrower and
cylindrical. The terminal joint is swollen in the middle and tapers
at the tip, and tapers a little less at the base. The proboscis is bent
at the base of the terminal joint and the tip points backwards under
the animal.

In the freshly killed animal the legs and all the leg-like append-
ages were easily seen from above, but in the slide the ovigers did not
show from above nor do they in the figure.

The chelifori are three-jointed, the terminal joint is small, slightly
lobed but not chelate. The other segments are of nearly the same
length but the basal one is thicker. There are a number of long
spine-like hairs on the middle joint and one large one on the basal
joint.

The palpi are ten-jointed, the two basal joints small, the five
terminal joints are also small and bear fine hairs.

The ovigers are nine, possibly ten, jointed, rather larger than
the first two appendages and quite a little longer than the body.
In the fresh specimen this appendage looks much like a leg from
above. There are two claws, the terminal larger. The terminal
joints bear a number of complicated spines and knobs as shown in
the figure.

The legs are broad at the body and taper towards the claws.
The basal joint is provided with a single large spine. The narrower
second joint bears two spines. The third joint is smaller and bears
no spines. The fourth joint is usually about twice the length of the
last and bears five spines at the end. The fifth joint bears several
spines on the shaft as shown in the figure. The sixth joint is about
as long as the fifth and bears spines on the shaft as shown in the
figure of the four legs.. The last two joints bear only a few smaller
hairs. There is one slightly hooked claw on each leg.

The wide lateral processes of the body, the first angular joint of
the legs, the complicated spines of the oviger and the different ar-
rangement of spines on appendages and body clearly separate this
species from the other members of the genus.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 21

WORKS CHIEFLY CONSULTED
Carpenter, G. H. 1905

The marine fauna of the coast of Ireland. Pycnogonida. Fish-
eries, Ireland, Sci. inves. IV.

1893
On some Pycnogonida from the Irish coasts. Sci. proc. R. Dublin
soc. vol. viii.
Goler Eade 1914

Pycnogonida from the west coast of North America. Harriman
Alaska Expid.
loekw Ps BaG: 1877

Ueber Pycnogoniden. Niederl. Arch. f. zool. Bd. 3 Taf. XV-
XVI.

1881
Report on the Pycnogonida. Zool. of the Challenger. pt. x.
1881
Nouvelles etudes sur les pycnogonides. Arc. d. zool. exper. et
gen. vol. ix.
Meinert, Fr. 1898
Pycnogonida. Den Danske ingolf-expedition. ;
Sars, G. O. 1891
Pycnogonida. Den Norske Nordhavs exped. 1876-78.
Wilson, E. 1878

The Pycnogonida of New England and adjacent waters. ~ Rep.
U. S. com. fish and fisheries, pt. vi.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

22

Figure 1.
Figure 2.

Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Eurycyde spinosa n. sp. from above. Drawn by means of projectoscope
from mounted specimen. X25.

Eurycyde spinosa n. sp. from the side, legs not shown. Less magnification
than fig. 1.

Right chelifor, not all of basal joint shown. X75.

Right palpus. X75.

Oviger from the right side. X75.

Tip of first leg, from the right side. X75.

ae bs aie
Zs ae

CJ

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

The Life History of Anoplodactylus
Erectus Cole

WILLIAM A. HILTON

As an introduction to the statement of the life history of this
species it may be worth while to briefly review something of the
literature on the subject and follow this with all that is known of
our Californian or Laguna Beach forms.

The fact that the males carry the eggs after laying was first
determined by Cavanna in 1877. The eggs are large or smaller
according to the yolk present. In Phowxichilidium and Tanystylum
studied by Morgan, the eggs are .05 mm., in Palene, .25 mm. In
certain species of Nymphon they have been described as large as
.5 to .7 mm. in diamater, Dohrn, ’81. The egg masses are one or
more for each leg. In Palene there are only two eggs in each group,
but according to Dohrn there may be a hundred or more in each
bunch. In some cases both legs hold a single mass. Segmentation
is complete and equal in the smaller eggs, unequal in the larger.
The best account of the later development is given by Meisenheimer
for dmmothea in 1902. A typical gastrula is formed by an in-
growth of cells from the uniform almost solid previous stage. This
gastrula however has no cavity, but later it forms into midgut and
dorsal and lateral parts, the sources of the heart, muscles and con-
nective tissues. Later there is a longitudinal germ band about the
yolk and in this, paired thickenings appear which represent the
cerebral and subesophageal ganglia, lateral thickenings mark the
point of origin of the appendages. The chelifori are the first to
appear. In Palene (Morgan) the fourth leg is next, then the fifth
and sixth. The third and seventh come just before hatching.

Palene and some other forms such as some species of Nymphon
have in the larva all of the appendages of the adult, but most free
larve are provided with three pairs of appendages. Such are called
protonymphon stages. In various species these appendages differ
somewhat, but in practically all, the body is similar at first. The
body during early larval stages is roughly circular in outline, the

26 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

first appendages are short, strong and chelate, the other two ap-
pendages are more slender and may be moderate in length or very
long. All appendages or only one or two may be provided with
long spines near the base. Two types of protonymphon stages may
be recognized, the most common such as found in species of the
genera, Nymphon, Ammothea, Tanystylum, Zetes (Eurycyde), by
Dohrn, Hoek, Morgan, Meisenheimer, Meinert and others.

The genus Pycnogonum is in a way an intermediate type for the
first appendage bears a long hair-like process, as shown by Hoek,
*81, and Meinert, 98.

The genera Phoxichilidium and Anoplodactylus have long ten-
dril-like extensions from the two body appendages. These larve
were first noticed by Gegenbauer in 1854, among hydroids, later
by Allman ’59, in a similar situation. Both of these investigators
supposed that the eggs of Phoxichilidium were laid in the hydroids.
Hodge in 1862 showed that it was the larva which made its way
into the cavity of the hydroid polyp. Semper 1874, gives a very
good outline of the life history of P. mutilatum. Adlerz in 1888
gives more detail in the larval stages of P. femoratum. A large
number of others have described parasitic habits of pycnogonids
besides those already mentioned. Hallez in 1905 speaks of the
mutual modifications of larve and hydroid, various degrees of para-
sitism were found in different species. In one case the larve were
from .1 mm. to .8 mm. in length in different stages, the last stage
being somewhat elongate in form. Mertens in ’06 found a larva
in Tethys which he described as a new species of Nymphon. Loman
08 was one of the latest to consider this kind of parasitism among
pycnogonids. Some earlier writers who also considered this sub-
ject were Kroyer ’42, Lendenfeld ’83, and Strethill ’63.

Among the Laguna Beach pycnogonids the eggs were held by the
males in from two to sixteen bunches. Palene has about two eggs
in two clusters. Halosoma had from six to eight small bunches.
T. intermedium had usually about four. T. orbiculare from two to
four clusters. L. marginatus, usually four. A. spinosissima about
11 bunches. A. californicus sixteen small bunches of many eggs.
A. erectus sixteen. The eggs differ greatly in size in the different
species. The eggs of Halosoma are the smallest yet recorded,

Pomona College, Claremont, California 27

.02 mm. A. erectus are .03 mm. in diameter, 4. californicus .035,
A. spinosissima .0425, A. bi-unguiculata var. calif. .0575, T. inter-
medium .06, A. tuberculata .0675, L. marginatus .065, Palene
californiensis .175. All measurements were from preserved eggs.

Palene was found to have immature stages much as has been given
by Morgan for this genus and Meinert for Pseudopalene. The
larve of Ammothella, Tanystylum, Clotenia, Lecythorhynchus so
far as determined were not provided with the long hair-like append-
ages. The other genera not mentioned at this time were not ob-
tained in sufficient numbers to draw any conclusions. Anoplodac-
tylus of the two species found were provided with the long append-
ages in early stages.

On the piles at Balboa bay, great masses of hydroids of several
species may be found, the species which is most abundant seems to
be Tubularia crocea Ag. Living among these hydroids are spider
crabs, amphipods and other crustaceans, molluscs, and other hy-
droids. Among a mass of old tangled stems in a single location a
large number of adult males of 4. erectus was found bearing egg
masses in all stages from the egg up to the first larval stage. Figs.
1 and 2 are drawings from such stages. This was in the first week
of September, 1915. Earlier in the same year Mr. F. W. Daniels
brought me some hydroids that were literally swarming with pycno-
gonids. These were from the same locality. In these hydroids
were found the stages shown in Figs. 3 and 4. These larve were
very abundant in the digestive cavities of nearly every polyp. In
some cases three or four might be found in one place. Swarming
over the surface of the hydroids were the more mature stages, some
small, others larger but at this particular place none of them mature.
Many were such as shown in Fig. 5 with the fourth pair of legs
represented by lobes at the caudal end of the body. Judging from
the observations made, eggs are produced in summer and early fall;
the long-armed first stage larve come from the males at various
times and as they reach the hydroids the long appendages are lost,
probably by a moult and then by two distinct stages such as shown
in Figs. 3 and 4, they grow in size, three pairs of legs grow out
and they leave the interior of the polyps and live for a time in the
immature state clinging to the gonosome or tentacles of the hy-

28 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

droids. In the last of November of the same year not a single
larva, immature form or adult, was found although a very thor-
ough search was made of the surface and interior of the polyps and
dead stems.

Figs. 1, 2 and 3 are drawn to the same scale, X350. In Fig. 6,
a number of stages from the egg to the latest larval stage is
shown, all drawn at the same scale. Stage b probably moults upon
entering the polyp; as judged from the cast skins, there is probably
a moult between c and a, and d and e. As shown in Fig. 3, there
are little knobs left just ahead of the limb buds. These knobs are
the vestiges of the whip-like appendages of the earlier stage.
According to Semper these two appendages degenerate com-
pletely, Adlerz believes that some vestiges of these remain and in
their place the second and third limbs of the adult are formed.
Meinert believes that the second and third appendages of the larva
entirely disappear and the palps and ovigers are new structures. I
am sure from the examination of many embryos of 4. erectus that
the larval second and third appendages disappear beyond recogni-
tion and that the ovigers develop after the animal is almost an
adult, but I am not sure that the little knob which may be seen in
parasitic and later stages does not represent the ovigers. If this
last be true, it would be very difficult to prove that it was an entirely
new structure, because it grows out from the place where the third
larval organ disappears. The chelifori of the larval stages are
continued directly to the adult condition. Very little of the internal
structure is shown from the surface of the earliest stages. The
nervous system is not shown as a distinct area in earliest larval
stages although it is well shown and well developed in the similar
stages of other larve. It may be that the probable lack of activity
may not necessitate the sharp demarkation of the brain and ganglia.
Later parasitic larval stages show well-marked ganglia for the
larger appendages and smaller ones for the caudal and cephalic
ends. At the caudal end there seems to be a gradual development
of the ganglia with the development of the caudal end of the animal
and in some free living forms there seem to be at least two pairs
of ganglia beyond the thoracic or leg ganglia. At the cephalic end
it is more difficult to make accurate observations. In parasitic

Pomona College, Claremont, California 29

stages there seem to be from one to two distinct ganglia which
may be those of the ovigers and palps. In addition to these there
were found from one to two isolated pairs of what were taken to
be ganglia in the proboscis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adlerz, G. 1888

Bidrag till pantopodernas Morf. Bihang till k. Sv. Veten. Akad.
Hand. Bd. xiii Afd. iv., No. 11.

Allman 1859
Symnoblastic Hydroids. Rep. Brit. Ass.
Cavanna, G. 1877

Studi e ricerche sui Picnogonidi. Pub. r. inst. di super. prat. e. di.
perfez. in Frienze. Sez. di scienze fis. e. natur. p. 3-18.

Dohrn, A. 1870
Untersuchungen uber Bau und Entwicklung der Arthropoden.
2. Pycnogoniden. Jen. Zeitsch. f. Nat. Bd. v.
Die Pantopoden des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna u Flora Golfes
Neapel. Monog. iii.

1881

Gegenbauer, C. 1854
Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel.

Hallez, P. 1905

Observations sur le parasitisme des larves de Phoxichilidium chez
Bouganvilla. Arch. zool. exp. et gen. 4me serie t. iii.

Hoek, P. P. C. ~ 1881
Nouvelles etudes sur les pycnogonides. Arch. zool. exp. et. gen.
fe
Hodge, G. 1862

Observations on a species of Pycnogon (P. coccineum) with an at-
tempt to explain the order of its development. Ann. mag. nat. hist.

(3) vol. ix.

Kroyer, H. 1842
Notes sur les metamorphoses des pycnogonides. Ann. sc. nat. 2e
ser. t. Xvil.
Lendenfeld, R. von 1883

Die Larvenentwicklung von Phoxichilidium plumularie. Zeit.
Wiss. Zool. Bd. xxxviii.

30 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Loman 1908
Die Pantopoda der Siboga Exp.
Meisenheimer, J. 1902

Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pantopoden, I Die Entw.
von Ammothea echinata Hodge bis zur Ausbildung der Larvenform.

Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool. Ixxii Bd.
Mertens, H. 1906

Eine auf Tethys leporina parasitisch lebende Pantopoden larva
(Nymphon parasitica n. sp.). Mitt. aus. der Zoo. Stat. Neapel,

xviii.
Meinert, Fr. 1898
Pycnogonida. Den Danske Ingolf-Expedition.
Morgan, T. H. 1891

A contribution to the embryology and phylogeny of pycnogonids.
Stud. biol. lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. Vol. v.

Semper, C. 1874

Ueber Pycnogoniden und ihre in Hydroiden schmarotzenden Lar-
venformen. Arb. Zool. Inst. Univ. Wurzburg. Bd. 1.

Strethill, WV. 1863

On the development of Pycnogon larve within the polyps of Hy-
dractinia achinata. Jour. Mic. sc. vol. iii., p. 51.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Figure 1.
Figure 2.

Figure 3.
Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 31

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Embryo of 4. erectus Cole X350. The embryo was taken from the female.

Larva of A. erectus Cole X350. Just hatched larva with appendages
straightened.

Larva taken from the digestive tube of the hydroid. X350.

Much later larva of 4. erectus taken from the digestive tube of a hydroid.
This is much less enlarged than the last. X75.

Free living immature specimen of A. erectus, taken from the surface of a
mass of hydroids. X35.

Outline of stages in the early life history of 4. erectus. All figures drawn
to the same scale X50. (a) Egg, (b) just hatched larva, (c, d, e and f)
parasitic stages all found at the same time in two polyps.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Pomona College, Claremont, California

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Mites From the Claremont Laguna
Region

The mites listed below were collected during the years 1914 and

1915, chiefly in the fall. Those from Claremont were for the most
part collected and mounted by Miss M. Shaw, Miss P. Jahraus
and Mr. F. Cox. The mites from Laguna were collected by W. A.
Hilton. The determinations were made by Dr. Nathan Banks,
who describes several of the species as new in this issue. Immature
forms were only determined to genus.

Il

2.
a.

. Tarsotomus terminalis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, on live

Parasitus sp. (nymph). Under leaves, Claremont. Cox,
Shaw, Jahraus.

Rhagidia pallida Bks._ Under stones, Claremont. Cox, Shaw.

Erythreus sp. (nymph). Under stones, Claremont. C. S. J.

gak>- 'C..S; J.

. Erythreus augustipes (?) (nymph). Under stones, Clare-

mont. J.

. Erythreus augustipes Bks. Under stones, Claremont. S.
. Bella lata Ewing. On live oak and under stones, Claremont.

CST:

. Erythreus augustipes (?) (nymph). On live oaks, Claremont.

Goi3-).
Trombidium perscabrum Bks (this issue). Palmers canyon,
near Claremont. C.S. J.

. Eremeus bilamellatus Hall. Claremont, under leaves. J.
. Tarsotomus macropalpis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, under

stones. S.

. Tarsotomus terminalis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, under

stones. J.

. Hydracnid larva (large, bright red). On Notonecta, Clare-

mont. H.

. Uropoda sp. (nymph). Dark brown, closely massed on Sco-

lopendra from Claremont. H. Fall of 1913.

. Erythreus augustipes Bks. Under the bark of an eucalyptus

tree. Claremont. H. Fall of 1913.

20.

Pals:

8

26.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

E. posticatus Bks. (this issue). Under the bark of an eucalyp-
tus. Claremont. H. Fall of 1913.

. Hydracnid larva, bright red on Notonecta. Laguna Beach.

H. July, 1915.

. Parasitus sp. (nymph). Dark reddish brown, on a large sta-

phleinid beetle found about six miles from Laguna Beach.

lel

. Hydracnid larva, dark brown, found on a carabid beetle. La-

guna Beach. H.

Uropoda sp. (nymph). Dark reddish brown, found on a
carabid beetle, Laguna Beach. H.

Hydracna sp (?) “probably new.” Banks. This large, dark
brown spherical mite was found in great abundance on the
pond weeds at the ‘‘Lakes,” Laguna Beach. Specimens
were collected in July and August, 1915. H.

. Eupodes brevipes Bks. (this issue). Found under leaves in a

canyon north of Laguna Beach. H.

. Eupodes brevipes Bks. (this issue). Found at Laguna Beach,

under stones. H.

. Erythreus sp. (larva). Bright red, found abundantly on our

most common phalangid. Palmers canyon. October, 1915.
Et

Erythreus sp. (larva). Found abundantly on the neck folds
and about the head of the common horned toad of Laguna.
The hosts were collected high on the hills to the southeast
of the laboratory. H.

Trombidium perscabrum Bks. (this issue). Found in the fresh
water of Aliso canyon, near Laguna Beach. Color, bright
ced. Ea.

W. A. HILTon.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Summer School at Laguna Beach

Once more the advantages of the Laguna Marine Laboratory
have been enjoyed by a considerable number of students and investi-
gators. During the summer of 1915 about thirty students regis-
tered for courses in Marine Zoology, Entomology and General
Biology. There were also a number of the students who took
special work. In addition to these in various courses, there were
about twelve students and investigators from eastern and northern
colleges and universities, who stayed a day, a week, a month and in
some cases for longer periods throughout the summer.

Laguna Marine Laboratory and Tent City

The new tent city with its rooming and housekeeping tents, and
dining hall for the first time furnished ample accommodation at a
reasonable price to all who stayed at the Summer School or visited
the Laboratory.

In the aquarium room an exhibition of local animals was open
at all times. During the season over two thousand people visited
the aquarium and museum. Evening lectures were given during
the Summer School and these were always open to the public.

38 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Near Two-Rock Point, Laguna Beach

During the season of 1915 more interesting and valuable speci-
mens were obtained than in previous years. Very few of these
have yet been worked over for publication.

The beautiful coast line, both up and down from the Laboratory,
was more extensively explored than in other years, yet there are
many places not carefully examined at low tide. Inland also more

An Arch Above Laguna Beach

Pomona College, Claremont, California 39

field trips were taken, to canyons, to caves, to hill-tops and along
streams. The Lakes up Laguna Canyon were found to be almost
as interesting as the rocks at low tide. There was not time last
summer to any more than to begin to touch the possibilities of the
region.

It is rather interesting to note that the students as a whole did
better class work than in Claremont. This may partly be due to
lack of pressure of outside activities, and partly due to the enthu-
siasm developed by the study of animals in their natural environ-
ment, but still there were some diversions which helped to pass the
time pleasantly. Saturday was used for the more or less optional
field exercises. Early mornings when the tide was low were also
used for field work. After four P. M. every day, time was usu-
ally taken for bathing or short walks and on some evenings there
were beach suppers.

During the coming summer more courses will be offered and a
number of visitors and investigators are expected.

The tent city and dining hall will again offer accommodations
at reasonable prices. The cost of tuition will be as last year; that
is, $7.50 general charge and $2.00 an hour per hour taken. By an
hour is meant the equivalent of an hour’s work in a regular college
semester. There are eight private rooms for special investigators.

For further information write to the Director, William A. Hil-
ton, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. (Laguna Beach, Cal., from
June 22 to September 20.)

Courses Offered at the Summer School
of the Laguna Beach Biological
Laboratory 1916

To reach Laguna Beach from Los Angeles take the electric or
Santa Fe to Santa Ana. From Santa Ana a morning stage leaves at
ten, an afternoon stage at four.

Work begins June 26th and regular courses last six weeks, but
the laboratory is open all summer.

No one may register for more than six hours. By an hour is
included the equivalent of an hour’s work during a regular college
semester.

1. S.B.11. Zoology (2 hours). A synopsis of marine inverte-
brates. Lectures and class exercises with early morning field
trips. Prerequisite Biology Al, or open to those who are
taking some other biological work. M. to F. at 8. Prof.
W. A. Hilton and ;

la. S. B. 11. Zoology. Marine invertebrates (1 hour if taken
with 1, or 2 hours). Laboratory on typical local forms.
Mornings 9 to 12, except Saturday. Prof. W. A. Hilton
and :

2. S.B.18. General Entomology (2 to 3 hours). Class labora-
tory and field work in the general study of local insects.
Prerequisite Biology Al, or Zoology B11, or may be accom-
panied by one of these. Class period M. to F. at 11. Lab.
and field work at hours to be arranged. Prof. W. A. Hilton
and :

3. S. Al. General Biology (3 hours). A beginning course deal-
ing with general principles. Open to those who have had no
biological work and who have either entered college or are
about to enter. Class periods M. to F. at 1. Lab. and field
work afternoons. Prof. W. A. Hilton and ————.

4. §.C.4. Ecology (2 or 3 hours). Class field and laboratory
work at hours to be arranged. A study of local land and
aquatic societies and the factors governing the distribution
of marine, fresh water and land forms. Prerequisite, a year
of biological work. Prof. A. M. Bean.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 41

5. §.C.5. Seaweeds (2 or 3 hours). Chiefly a study of marine
Alge. Prerequisite a good general course in Botany. M.
to F. at 8. Field and laboratory work at hours to be ar-
ranged. Prof. A. M. Bean.

6. S.B.6. Birds ( 2 hours). This course is designed to acquaint
the student with the birds of Southern California—their
classification, habits, haunts and songs. Some attention will
be given to structure, development, and the problem of mi-
gration. Emphasis will be laid upon their economic rela-
tions. Lectures three times a week. Laboratory and field
work to be arranged. Prerequisite one year of biological
work. Prof. H. H. Nininger.

7. §.D.7. Mammalian Embryology (2 hours). Lab. work with
serial sections of embryos. Prerequisite two years of zoo-
logical work. A review course for those in the practice of
medicine or preparing for medical work. Hours to be ar-
ranged.

8. S.D.8. Human Neurology (2 hours). Laboratory work with
sections of the human brain and cord. A review course open
only to those who have some knowledge of the central nerv-
ous system of vertebrates. Especially designed for those
who have interest in Neurology, Psychology or Medicine.

In addition to these courses special C. or D. work for 2 or 3 hours
may be taken as follows:

a. Special field and laboratory work with some group of marine
animals, such as amphipods, isopods, decapods, gastropods,
cfc,

b. Special field and laboratory work in Entomology, either with
some single order or family, or life history work.

c. Special field and laboratory work in the embryology of inverte-

brates.

d. Special field and laboratory work in Ecology. Hours to be ar-
ranged.

e. Special field and laboratory work in marine alge. Hours to be
arranged.

There will be, as last summer, special nature-study work given to
younger pupils. Adapted for children from nine to fifteen.

New and Little Known Bees From
California
By T. D. A. COCKERELL

The bees described and listed below are from the Baker collection,
and were kindly transmitted to me by Professor Wm. A. Hilton.
All are from Claremont or the vicinity.

Glossoperdita gen. nov.

Like Perdita Smith in general structure and appearance, but
mouth-parts enormously elongated, apparently not retractile, the
end of the tongue reaching beyond tip of abdomen; maxillary palpi
6-jointed, slender and very short, about 300 microns long; maxillary
palpi about 1280 microns from base of mouth-parts, the blade ex-
tending about 3200 beyond the palpi, but the labial palpi not cor-
respondingly elongated, their ends only about 800 microns beyond
insertion of maxillary palpi. Head narrow, facial quadrangle con-
spicuously longer than broad; facial fovee elongate and deep, end-
ing below about level of insertion of antenne; b. n. falling far short
of t. m.; second s. m. very broad (long) but much narrowed above;
stigma small and narrow; marginal cell long for the group, broadly
truncate at end.

Glossoperdita pelargoides sp. n.

? Length about 5 mm.; not very robust; pubescence scanty,
white; head and thorax blue-green, but the mesothorax only green in
front, the greater part, as well as the scutellum, black; clypeus and
supraclypeal area black, sparsely and distinctly punctured; the face
apparently without light markings, but close inspection shows a
broad shadowy pallescent band in middle of clypeus, and similar
triangular pallescent lateral marks, hardly visible; flagellum bright
ferruginous beneath except basally; front dull; mesothorax shining
anteriorly, the median groove deep; pleura polished, shining; tuber-
cles pale reddish, two small pale marks on upper border of pro-
thorax; legs piceous, hairy, anterior knees and band on tibia pale
yellowish, middle knees pale reddish; tegule reddish; wings short,

44 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

somewhat dusky, stigma and nervures pale sepia; abdomen orange-
ferruginous, without markings above or below, hair at apex pale
ochreous.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 227
part). Unfortunately the habits of this remarkable bee are un-
known. Glossoperdita could be considered a subgenus of Perdita,
but it seems distinct enough to deserve generic rank.

The other specimens collected by Baker at Claremont sent under
227, are marked as from flowers of Rhus laurina. They consist of
Perdita rhois Ckll., and a single male P. hypoxantha Ckll., the lat-
ter presumably a stray, as the species is attached to A4denostoma.
Also under 227 is a female of P. albipennis Cress., collected by
Baker at Los Angeles, and bearing his number 691.

Perdita ruficauda, sp. n.

? Length about 5.5 mm., moderately robust, pubescence scanty;
head and thorax dull olive green; head ordinary, inner orbits paral-
lel; mandibles pale yellow suffused with reddish, the avex black;
clypeus black, sparsely punctured, with a broad pale yellow median
band, failing below; no supraclypeal mark; lateral marks pale yel-
low, triangular, produced above, ending in a sharp point on orbital
margin at level of antenne; flagellum pale fulvous beneath; tuber-
cles yellow with a dark dot, and a pair of cuneiform yellow marks
on upper border of prothorax; mesopleura shining; legs piceous,
with anterior and middle knees, tarsi and tibie vellow. the latter
dark behind: teoule pellucid; wings faintly reddish, stiama and
nervures reddish-brown; stigma small and slender; marginal cell
large, obliquely truncate at end; abdomen bright orange-ferruci-
nous above and below, without markings, except a narrow dark
stripe alone Jateral margins of second segment. Mouth-parts not
especially elongated; labial palpi with first joint about 690 microns,
the other three tomether about 290 microns. Maxillary palpi lone
and well-developed.

Habitat: Claremont. California (Baker; Pomona coll. 229,
199). This suverficially resembles Glossoperdita. In my tables
of Perdita it falls near P. chamaesarache, from which it is at once
known by the face-marks and the palpi.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 45

Halictoides miilleri Ckll.

Both sexes were taken by Baker at Claremont.

Hesperapis nitidulus sp. n.

é Length a little over 6 mm.; shining black, with white hair;
eyes pea-green; mandibles broad, red and notched at end; head
large and broad; flagellum very obscurely reddish beneath; tegule
piceous in front, testaceous posteriorly; wings hyaline, nervures and
stigma dusky ferruginous; abdomen with rather thin hair-bands.
near to H. Jarree Ckll., but mesothorax with very minute regular
punctures; area of metathorax dull and abdomen more shining.
Easily known from H. olivie Ckll. by the clearer wings and dark
antenne.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 229).

Agapostemon californicus Crawford.
Claremont (Baker). A male with the scape all dark; it usually
has a yellow stripe in this species. 4. radiatus Say was also taken
by Baker at Claremont.

Panurginus atriceps (Cresson)
Mountains near Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 204).

Andrena osmioides sp. n.

é Length about 10 mm., robust, very hairy, looking like an
Osmia; head, thorax and legs black, abdomen olive-green, the sur-
face minutely granular, not polished or punctate; hair of head and
thorax white, dullish and faintly creamy above, very long and
abundant, forming an immense white beard over mouth; abdomen
with erect or sub-erect pale hair, all over the surface but not dense,
long on the first two segments, apex with pale soot-colored hair;
legs with pale hair. Head extremely broad, facial quadrangle very
much broader than long; malar space very short; cheeks very broad,
obtusely angled behind below level of middle of eye; antenne ordi-
nary, third joint equal in length to next two combined; flagellum
very obscurely reddish beneath; vertex dull, only shining on orbital
margin; mesothorax dull, not punctate, but scutellum anteriorly
shining; area of metathorax dull and granular, with long erect hairs
like the adjacent parts; tegule piceous; wings dusky on apical mar-

46 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

gins; stigma narrowly lanceolate, very slender, ferruginous with
dark margin; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. joining second s. m. much
before middle; second abdominal segment depressed less than a
third; venter purplish.

Habitat: Claremont, California, at flowers of Cryptanthe
(Baker; Pomona coll. 198). Easily known among the species with
green abdomen by its large size, abundant long pale hair, and very
slender stigma.

In the mountains near Claremont Baker took 4. mimetica falli
Ckll., and at Claremont 4. prunorum gillettei Ckll.

Andrena prunorum var. mariformis v. n.

? Clypeus pale yellow with two black spots, exactly like that
of a male. The hair on head and thorax above is fine fox-red; the
abdominal hair-bands are pale fulvous. Scape partly red, especially
at apex; flagellum wholly dark. Second abdominal segment with a
large black discal patch.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 207).
This is not stylopized. Can it be a partial gynandromorph? All
the characters, including the antenna, are those of a female, except
the clypeus.

Andrena peratra sp. n.

? Length about 10.5 mm.; entirely black, with black hair, ex-
cept perhaps partly on mesothorax, which is denuded in type; head
very broad, facial quadrangle very much broader than long; malar
space very short; process of labrum obtusely pointed; clypeus deli-
cately roughened, with rather close weak punctures, no smooth
line; front minutely striate; facial fovee dark seal brown, occupying
more than half the distance between antenne and eye, ending below,
far below level of antenne; third antennal joint considerably lon-
ger than next two combined; flagellum obscure reddish beneath ex-
cept at base; mesothorax dull, granular, with no distinct punctures;
area of metathorax granular; pleura with long reddish-black hair;
small joints of tarsi reddish; tegule piceous, largely ferruginous
posteriorly; wings translucent reddish, not dark; stigma ferruginous,
narrowly lanceolate, extremely slender; nervures fuscous; abdomen
granular, without evident punctures, but moderately shining; second

Pomona College, Claremont, California 47

segment depressed about a fourth; hair at apex reddish-black; ven-
tral segments with long fringes of stiff black hairs.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 199).
This may be compared with 4. nigerrima Casad, from which it is
readily known by the non-punctate abdomen and other characters.

A related but much larger species of the Los Angeles region is
A. subtristis Ckll. This, according to Mr. Viereck, is a synonym
of dA. nigra Proy., and the specimens in the National Museum
labeled nigra are this species. There is, however, some confusion,
since Provancher’s description indicates a smaller species (length
.42 inch), with a smooth line in middle of clypeus (wholly wanting
in subtristis, but present in the much larger pertristis Ckll.), wings
smoky reddish (like pertristis rather than subtristis), and abdomen
oval and brilliantly polished. This indicates a species unknown to
me.

Andrena auricoma Smith
Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 197). Smaller than an Ore-
gon specimen. A. candida Sm. was also taken by Baker at Clare-
mont (Pomona coll. 198).

Andrena plana Viereck
Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 212). This is a little larger
than Viereck’s type, but is presumably his plana, having the very
remarkable brownish velvet-like hair on thorax above, and the dull
impunctate clypeus. The second abdominal segment has no apical
depression. Superficially the species resembles 4. mustelicolor
Vier., but it is easily separated by the thoracic hair.

Andrena opaciventris sp. n.

@ Length about 10 mm.; black, with fulvous hair, bright fox-
red on thorax above; face and front with much fulvous hair, so that
the dull granular surface of the clypeus is difficult to see; mandibles
black, with a red spot at extreme base; process of labrum narrow at
end, minutely notched; facial fovee grayish-brown, about half as
wide as distance between antenna and eye, difficult to see on account
of the long overlapping hair; antenne black, third joint 368 microns
long, the next two together 384 microns; mesothorax and scutellum

48 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

dull, without distinct punctures; area of metathorax dull, defined
by absence of hair; hair at sides of metathorax very long and
curled; legs with pale hair, largely chocolate on outer side of middle
and hind tibia, pale orange on inner side of basitarsi; spurs pallid;
tegule black; wings slightly dusky, stigma ferruginous, nervures
fuscous; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. joining second s. m. about
middle; abdomen broad, with a completely dull impunctate sur-
face; first segment with long fulvous hair at base, and a patch on
each side on hind margin; segments 3 to 5 with conspicuous entire
fulvous hair-bands; apex with pale soot-colored hair, a sort of
reddish-gray; second segment depressed about a third, but the de-
pression obscure.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 197).
Resembles 4. auricoma, but very distinct by the opaque abdomen.

Andrena chlorura sp. n.

@ Length nearly 8 mm.; olive green, the metathorax, legs and
antenne black; pubescence fulvous, bright fox-red on thorax above
and tubercles; some thin black hair on front and vertex; process of
labrum very broad and rounded; clypeus with sparse weak punct-
ures; facial fovee black, rather narrow, ending below at level of
antenne; third antennal joint longer than next two together, but
not so long as next three; mesothorax dull, impunctate; area of
metathorax dull; tegule piceous; wings dusky; stigma large, dark
reddish; nervures fuscous; abdomen shining, impunctate, with thin
narrow fulvous hair-bands on segments 2 to 4, but none on first;
hair at apex black; second segment depressed about a third in
middle, but very narrowly at sides.

Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker;
Pomona coll. 197). A pretty species, known among the green
Andrene by its red hair and small size. In Viereck’s tables of
Andrena of the N. W. States it runs near to 4. chlorinella Vier.,
from which it is quite distinct. According to Viereck (litt. 1907)

A. xanthostigma Vier. is identical with chlorinella.
Diandrena beatula sp. n.

9 Length 7 mm., or slightly over; olive green, with a minutely
sculptured sericeous surface, not polished; pubescence dull white,

Pomona College, Claremont, California 49

forming felt-like hair-bands on abdomen, weak on first segment,
but broad and conspicuous on 2 to 4; hair at apex of abdomen very
pale ochreous; mesothorax with thin felt-like pale ochreous hair,
and a few long hairs intermixed; facial quadrangle broader than
long; mandibles black; process of labrum deeply emarginate; facial
fovee light, with a slight ochreous tint; more than half as wide as
distance from antenna to eye; apical two-thirds of flagellum bright
red beneath; mesothorax dullish, granular; area of metathorax
delicately plicatulate; tegule rufopiceous; wings faintly dusky; stig-
ma dusky ferruginous, small and narrow; legs with white hair, hind
tibia with a broad loose scopa; tegument of legs black; abdomen
looking like that of the group of Halictus including H. provancheri.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 216).
A pretty little species, allied to the next, but easily known by the
dullish fasciate abdomen.

Diandrena cyanosoma sp. n.

@ (Type.) Length about 8 mm.; head olive green, thorax and
abdomen blue green, the abdomen almost blue; clypeus black, with
the upper and lateral margins green, the junction of the black and
green suffused with purple; mandibles black; pubescence dull whit-
ish; slightly ochreous on head and thorax above, fuscous or black
just behind ocelli and more or less on front, and long dark hairs
on scape; process of labrum narrow, emarginate; antenne dark,
the flagellum only very obscurely reddish toward end; facial fovee
pale, quite broad; mesothorax dull and granular, with short hair,
and some long ones intermixed; scutellum rugosopunctate, but
glistening anteriorly; area of metathorax roughened with very
delicate ruge ; femora olive-green; tibie and tarsi black; hind tibie
with a long glistening pure white scopa beneath, but fuscous hair
above (behind), and hind knee-tuft grayish fuscous; hind tro-
chanters with a long white curled floccus; tegule piceous; wings
dusky, stigma dark reddish, rather small; abdomen broad, without
any distinct hair-band, though the fourth segment has a thin fringe;
hair at apex soot-color.

é More slender, with the usual sexual differences. Clypeus
and middle of face densely covered with long white hair, but some

50 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

long fuscous hair at sides of front and on scape; cheeks with long
white hair; mesothorax and scutellum with thin long erect white
hair; abdomen quite without bands, hair at apex dark grayish-
fuscous.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 203,
229). <A distinct species, readily known from D. puthua CkIl.
(male) by the dark hair at apex of abdomen. The dull surface
of the abdomen at once separates it from the two following species.

Diandrena clariventris sp. n.

8 Length a little over 6 mm., robust, with broad-pyriform
abdomen; head and thorax dull blue-green; legs black, the femora
perhaps faintly metallic; abdomen polished, shining, very dark blue-
green, the hind margins of the segments broadly subtranslucent
brown; head very broad, facial quadrangle much broader than
long; antenne only moderately long, flagellum dark reddish; face
and front with pure white hair, hair of thorax also white, no dark
hair on head or thorax; area of metathorax granular, faintly plica-
tulate basally, and with a faint median raised line; tegule piceous;
wings dusky; stigma and nervures reddish-fuscous, the stigma dark,
not very large; hair at apex of abdomen very pale, with an ochreous
tint.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 212).
Allied only to the next species, which is much smaller. D. cha-
lybea (Cress.), also taken by Baker at Claremont, has the abdomen
shining blue.

Diandrena scintilla sp. n.

? Length about or hardly 5 mm., robust, with very broad ab-
domen. General characters as in D. clariventris, but much smaller;
head nearly circular, seen from in front; flagellum very short and
stout, the middle joints about twice as broad as long, dark reddish
beneath; front shining, punctate; mesothorax and scutellum olive-
green, shining, with distinct minute punctures; area of metathorax
concave, finely striatulate; stigma and nervures paler than in D.
clariventris, and wings not so gray; punctures on second abdominal
segment sparse; hair at apex of abdomen light ferruginous.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 51

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 213).
Close to D. clariventris, but certainly distinct, the sculpture of the
thorax being quite different.

Conanthalictus bakeri Crawford.

é About 4 mm. long; hair at apex of abdomen reddish-gray,
abundant. The six-jointed maxillary palpi are very long and slen-
der, and the tongue is linear, quite long, with very long hairs.

2 I made the following notes from Crawford’s type in U. S.
National Museum. Dull green abdomen, hind margins of seg-
ments pale reddish; head round seen from in front; front dull
bluish green; long hairs over clypeus like a moustache; mesothorax
not evidently punctured. Has the short elevated clypeus of genus,
but head differently shaped. The Claremont specimen shows a
well-developed tibial scopa.

Two males and a female are before me, from Claremont (Baker;
Pomona coll. 199, 216). The genus seems nearest to Paralictus
Rob., but quite distinct. Both are without the caudal rima in
female.

Conanthalictus macrops sp. n.

é Length slightly over 4 mm., but more robust than C. bakeri,
with the reddish hind margins of abdominal segments fringed with
white hair except in middle; head very broad, the facial quadrangle
much broader than long; mandibles broadly red at apex; antenne
short, entirely dark; cheeks rather broad, with a depressed, dimple-
like area; front completely dull, but mesothorax somewhat shining,
though not polished; wings strongly dusky; stigma dark reddish,
rather small; nervures fuscous; second s. m. very narrow; femora
green, tibia and tarsi black, with white hair. The green color, fine
sculpture, etc., are as in bakeri. The abundant hair at apex of ab-
domen is pale dusky reddish.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 199).
Known from all other members of the genus by the very broad
head. The large black eyes are parallel.

Augochlora pomoniella Ckll.
Both sexes from Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 211, 210).
The male is new.

32 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

¢@ Antenne entirely dark, flagellum with only the faintest red
tint beneath toward the apex.

é Flagellum ferruginous beneath, except first and last joint;
mesothorax polished, with well-separated punctures; first ventral
segment of abdomen green with piceous margin, the others without
metallic color; the second to fifth with straight hind margins, not
emarginate, the sixth emarginate.

Osmia cyanopoda sp. n.

@ Length nearly 10 mm., robust, deep indigo blue, the abdomen
brilliant and shining; pubescence black, mixed with white on scutel-
lum, and very slightly at sides of metathorax; antenne black;
femora and tibie strongly bluish or purplish; tegule with the an-
terior half blue; wings brown, paler along the veins; clypeus ordi-
nary; mandibles tridentate; facial quadrangle longer than broad;
mesothorax strongly and densely punctured; area of metathorax
dull.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182).
In the table in Ent. News, June, 1910, this runs to O. gabrielis,
from which it is known by being smaller, face narrower, punctures
of mesothorax distinctly larger and less crowded, scutellum with
partly pale hair, and bluish tibie. The rich blue-purple color of
the abdomen is exactly the same in both. Pomona coll. 181
(Mountains near Claremont, Baker) is O. pogonigera Ckll.

Osmia cyanosoma sp. n.

@ Length nearly 7 mm.; deep indigo blue, the middle of the
abdomen stained with greenish; hair black, mixed with fine short
pale hairs on mesothorax; tuft behind wings, and hair at sides of
metathorax and sides of first abdominal segment white; mandibles
with two large sharp teeth and two minute ones. Very close to O.
tristella Ckll., but separated by the partly pale hair on mesothorax,
the distinctly metallic femora and tibia, tegule bright blue in front,
hair of tarsi brownish, first r. n. joining second s. m. more remote
from base. Also resembles O. hypoleuca Ckll. but is separated by
the shorter second s. m., abundant black hair on scutellum, and
black hair on tubercles. In O. hypoleuca there is a patch of glisten-
ing pale hair on lower part of pleura, and in O. cyanosoma there is

Pomona College, Claremont, California 53

a similar patch, though less conspicuous. Another related but dis-
tinct species is O. sancta-rose.

Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker;
Pomona coll. 182, part). This may be a southern subspecies of
O. tristella.

A totally different Osmia from Claremont (Baker), marked 182,
is O. novomewxicana Ckll., with the hair of the thorax above less
brightly colored than in New Mexico specimens, but otherwise iden-
tical.

Osmia nigrobarbata sp. n.

2 Length a little over 10 mm.; robust; head, mesothorax and
scutellum dark green; pleura and metathorax much bluer; abdomen
shining greenish-blue; legs black, without metallic tints; head broad;
eyes pea-green; mandibles tridentate, the teeth very large; clypeus
black (except borders), with dense coarse black hair, contrasting
with pure white hair on sides of face; front and vertex with hair
mixed black and white; upper part of cheeks with white hair, lower
with more or less black; flagellum short, very obscurely reddish
beneath; mesothorax and scutellum with extremely dense small
punctures; area of metathorax shining except basally; mesothorax
with thin white hair, with some black intermixed; tubercles with
pale hair, but pleura with black; scutellum with abundant creamy
hair, a few black intermixed; metathorax with black hair on lower
part of sides, otherwise with pale; legs with black hair, more or
less brownish on tarsi, a small tuft of pure white on posterior knees;
tegule black, green in front; wings brownish, especially the broad
apical margin; first r. n. joining second s. m. at a distance from
its base equal to length of first t. c.; abdomen with white hair on
first segment, scanty black hair beyond, but grayish-white on sixth
and apical margin of fifth; scopa black.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182,
part). Easily known by the contrasting black and white hair on
face. It resembles O. senior Ckll., but differs by the shining area of
metathorax, tridentate mandibles with large teeth, etc.

Osmia melanopleura sp. n.
? Length about 7.5 mm.; dark blue-green, densely punctured
but somewhat shining; facial quadrangle longer than broad; mandi-

54 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

bles tridentate, the teeth large; clypeus extremely densely punct-
ured; head with mixed white and black hair, the white conspicuous
at sides of face, the black especially abundant on lower half of
clypeus; antenne black; thorax above with creamy-white hair, with
black sparsely intermixed; metathorax with light and dark hair
mixed; pleura with black hair (no patch of light hair below) ; legs
black, with mainly black hair; tegule black, with a green spot in
front; wings dilute brownish; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. joining
second s. m. as far from base as length of first t. c.; abdomen
shining, the first two segments with glistening white hair, the next
three with very thin light and dark hair, the sixth appearing green-
ish (contrasting with the rich purple-blue of the fifth), and hoary
with appressed white hair; scopa black.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182,
part). Resembles O. pikei CkIl., but differs by the much more finely
punctured clypeus, the much shorter vertex, the much more closely
punctured abdomen, etc.

The following key separates the above mentioned species of
Osmia; all females with black ventral scopa.

Hair of thorax above wholly or mainly black.......................-- 1
Hair of thorax above wholly or mainly light.-......-...-..2. 3
1. Very small, not quite 7 mm. long.................... cyanosoma sp. n.
Dae eo co ce 2
Oo. os hibies darlotpluc-25 58 Soe See ee ae cyanopoda sp. n.
Mi bie blacks 23.28 tiie Set bees Se pogonigera Ckll.
San small, cahiout.75. mamwlong 220 es oa melanopleura sp. n.
Ea CT eo a cance ct te incenenguavcttenags ace ee 4

4. Hair of thorax above all pale ochreous......,ovomexicana Ckll.
Hair of thorax above with some dark intermixed
nigrobarbata sp. n.

Nomada crotchii nigrior Ckll.

This was described from the female. The male (Claremont,
Baker) has no red on the thorax, but there are four small creamy-
white spots, two at the anterior corners of scutellum, and two on
postscutellum. Clypeus all cream-colored except upper edge; third
antennal joint little over half length of fourth; legs with more

Pomona College, Claremont, California 55

black; abdomen with sublateral dark spots; apical plate minutely
notched.

Nomada pyrrha sp. n.

@ Length about 8 mm.; bright ferruginous red, without yel-
low markings, and practically without dark ones; mandibles simple;
head very broad; third antennal joint a little longer than fourth;
black between ocelli; mesothorax densely roughened, with three
faintly indicated bands of darker red; post scutellum not yellow;
metathorax with a dusky shade in middle below the enclosure; face,
scape and front with scattered long fuscous hairs; thorax above
practically hairless; sides of metathorax with a patch of white
hair; a black patch near bases of middle and hind legs; tegule
bright red, punctured; wings dilute brown, darker at apex; stigma
ferruginous, nervures fuscous; b. n. going a considerable distance
basad of t. m.; third s. m. much narrowed above; hind tibiz rough-
ened on outer side, but not distinctly tuberculate; abdomen dullish,
minutely granular; sides apically with fuscous hair; fifth segment
with a narrow band of shining white tomentum.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 169).
Closely resembles N. californie Ckll., but is evidently an entirely
red Xanthidium, to be associated with NV. miniata Sm., which how-
ever, has the third antennal joint much shorter than the fourth,
and orange spots on the abdomen.

Nomada melanosoma sp. n.

é Length a little over 5 mm.; black, the body almost without
light markings; hind margins of abdominal segments (fully half
of second and third) obscurely brown; extreme sides of segments
2 to 5 with very oblique broad white stripes; mandibles simple,
white at base; lower edge of clypeus very narrowly reddish, with
a white mark on each side; malar space white; head broad; face
covered with silvery-white hair; antenne long, the flagellum thick,
the joints swollen, obscure dark reddish beneath; third antennal
joint about half length of fourth; vertex, cheeks and thorax (espe-
cially pleura and metathorax) with white hair; mesothorax dull,
extremely densely rugoso-punctate; anterior legs in front, middle
tarsi and apical part of femora in front, and apex of hind femora

56 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

in front, brownish-ferruginous; anterior femora with a whitish
spot just before apex; tegule very dark reddish-brown; wings long,
stigma (which is large), and nervures piceous; apex of wings
strongly dusky; b. n. falling short of t. m.; abdomen dull, only the
extreme margins of the segments glistening; shape of abdomen
rather long-oval, wide in middle; apical plate deeply notched; ven-
ter, except at base, marked with white.

Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker; Po-
mona coll. 171). A distinct little species, easily known by its
color. It falls close to N. obscurella Fowler, but that is larger
(7.5 mm.), with legs largely yellow, including the middle and hind
basitarsi, which are entirely black in melanosoma.

Nomada subvicinalis Cockerell.

Two males from Claremont (Baker) differ a little from the type.
One has small yellow spots at anterior corners of scutellum, lateral
margins of mesothorax very narrowly reddish, lateral face-marks
continued as slender lines part way up sides of front, and apical
plate of abdomen quite broad. The other lacks the yellow patch
on second ventral segment.

Nomada civilis Cresson.

Two males from Claremont (Baker) are peculiar for having the
apical plate of abdomen entire. One is about 9 mm. long, and has
large yellow spots on the metathorax. The other is about 7 mm.
long, and has the metathorax all black. N. civilis is one of the
most variable of bees, but it appears difficult to satisfactorily define
subspecies. N. edwardsii Cress. is another yellow and black species
found by Baker at Claremont.

Nomada erythrospila sp. n.

é Length about 7 mm.; long and slender; head and thorax
black, with white hair, abundant on face, pleura and sides of meta-
thorax; head transversely oval; front, mesothorax and scutellum
dull and rugose; mandibles simple, pellucid white at base, fulvous
in middle, and dark at apex; labrum creamy-white, covered with
white hair; lower margin of clypeus and lower corners of face
(with a linear extension upward along orbits) cream-color; an-

Pomona College, Claremont, California 57

tenne very long, third joint about half length of fourth; scape
black; flagellum fulvous beneath, suffusedly blackened above; tuber-
cles yellow, two minute yellow dots at anterior corners of scutel-
lum, and two yellow spots on postscutellum, all these markings in-
conspicuous; legs black and ferruginous, some of the markings
characteristic; the anterior tibie red with a black stripe on outer
side, at the end of which is a cream-colored spot; the middle femora
red in front, with a large black basal patch; the middle tibie red
with a broad black band on outer side, and an apical cream-colored
spot in front; the hind knees creamy-white; tegule ferruginous;
wings reaching about to end of fourth abdominal segment, dilute
brownish with a large clear patch in the subapical field; stigma
dark, dusky red; b. n. going a little basad of t. m.; abdomen long
and narrow, dull ferruginous, the segments with broad dark basal
bands; segments 1 to 4 with large (largest on second) lateral
creamy-white patches, the first two short and broad, the other two
transversely elongate, each having upon it a clear red spot; fifth
segment with the pale patches almost joined in middle, sixth with
a broad pale band covering nearly all the surface; apical plate
deeply notched; venter ferruginous with whitish and dusky mark-
ings.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 172).
A distinct little species of Nomada s. str. The abdominal mark-
ings suggest N. crotchii Cress., the male of which is not known,
but the male of N. crotchii nigrior differs from erythrospila so much
in form and face-markings, that we can hardly refer the latter to
crotchii. In N. crotchii the first r. n. joins the second s. m. far
beyond the middle, but in erythrospila it joins it at the middle. JN.
marginella Ckll., is allied to N. erythrospila, but the antenne are
quite different.

Nomada odontocera sp. n.

6 Length a little over 7 mm.; rather robust, head and thorax
black, densely rugosopunctate, but the large punctures of the meso-
thorax glistening; hair of head and thorax above pale fox-red,
beneath dull white; head transversely oval; mandibles simple, yel-
low, red at apex; labrum yellow, not dentate; clypeus (except nar-
row upper margin) and lateral marks yellow, the latter extending

58 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

upward as rather narrow bands to about level of antenne; scape
stout, entirely yellow in front; third antennal joint much shorter
than fourth, but more than half its length; flagellum thick, bright
ferruginous beneath, black above, the joints conspicuously dentic-
ulate; tubercles yellow, but thorax otherwise all black; anterior
coxe unarmed; legs mainly red, but anterior and middle femora
yellow in front, anterior femora black beneath, middle femora black
behind except at apex; hind femora black, with the knees red, and
a yellow spot at apex in front; hind tibiz suffusedly blackish behind;
tegule light ferruginous; wings ample, dusky at apex, stigma clear
red; b. n. going a little basad of t. m.; first r. n. joining second s.
m. well beyond middle; abdomen bright ferruginous marked with
black and bright yellow; first segment black with a broad red band
on which are two obscure dusky spots; all the segments with fuscous
hind margins, second and third segments intense black at base;
second to fifth segments laterally with yellow spots, very large on
second, successively smaller on the others; sixth segment red; apical
plate strongly notched; venter with two yellow spots on second
segment.

Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker; Po-
mona coll. 168). Allied to N. undulaticornis Ckll., but easily
distinguished by the scutellum, which is not prominent or bigibbous,
and by many details of the coloration. Also related to N. dentic-
ulata Rob.

N. elegantula Ckll. was also taken by Baker at Claremont.

Exomalopsis velutinus sp. n.

@ Length about 9 mm.; black, with a rather long, not sub-
globose, abdomen; head broad, facial quadrangle broader than
long; eyes gray; blade of maxilla broad to end, the inner half
(longitudinally) pallid; labrum densely covered with pale ochreous
hair; clypeus densely rugosopunctate, the lower margin dark red;
face and front with long dull white hair; vertex smooth and pol-
ished; flagellum bright chestnut red beneath, except at base; thorax
with pale ochreous-tinted hair; mesothorax polished, shining, with
scattered punctures, only hairy at front and sides, and narrowly
on hind margin; scutellum with similar sculpture and hairy border,
but more closely punctured, and some short black hairs bordering

Pomona College, Claremont, California 59

the disc; base of metathorax roughened but glistening; legs densely
hairy, the hair pale ochreous-tinted; hind tibia and basitarsi with a
very broad loose scopa, hair on inner side of hind basitarsi pale
ferruginous; tegule piceous; wings rather short, faintly grayish,
with a milky appearance in certain lights; greater part of abdomen
densely covered with felt-like very pale ochreous pubescence, but
apex with pale ferruginous; base of second segment with the hair
so thin as to leave a dark band; first segment bare in middle, finely
punctured; hind margin of first segment (tegument) broadly red-
dened, and the second and third the same, only in these the color
is hidden by the pubescence; venter with bands of red-golden hair
alternating with pale.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 153).
Very like Melissodes stearnsi Ckll., which is to be called Exoma-
lopsis stearnsi, but readily distinguished by the shorter and rela-
tively broader marginal cell, the well though finely punctured disc
of first abdominal segment, and the much shorter third antennal
joint (length 480 microns in stearnsi, 350 microns in velutinus).
The apical plate of abdomen is much broader than in stearnsi, with
straight sides. Both species look like some Xenoglossodes, from
which the most conspicuous superficial distinction is the bare pol-
ished disc of mesothorax. A second specimen of E. velutinus bears
the number 147.

Exomalopsis melanurus sp. n.

@ Length about 8 mm.; black, abdomen oblong; light hair ochre-
ous-tinted dorsally, dull white below; head broad; eyes pale grayish-
green; mandibles red in middle; clypeus densely and strongly punct-
ured; face and front with grayish-white hair; vertex shining; flagel-
lum dusky ferruginous beneath except at base; mesothorax and
scutellum with sculpture and arrangement of hair as in E. veluti-
nus; legs with long pale hair, the copious scopa of hind legs wholly
pale; a black brush at end of hind basitarsi; tegule piceous, wings
faintly dusky; first abdominal segment with long pale hair, the
broad hind margin bare except at sides, where there is a dense
patch of hair, extreme margin (tegument) pallid; segments 2 to 4
with very broad dense felt-like ochreous hair-bands, the basal part
of the segments exposed and appearing black; fifth segment and

60 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

apex densely covered with brownish-black hair, but there is a tuft
of light hair on each side beneath.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 148).
This looks like Anthophorula bruneri Crawf., but is at once separ-
ated by the roughened disc of first abdominal segment, the black
hair at end of abdomen, and the minute dark stigma; there is evi-
dently no real affinity.

Melissodes pygmea Cresson, from the description, is apparently
an Anthophorula or Exomalopsis,; indeed the description might well
apply to 4. bruneri.

E. velutinus and E. melanurus are not typical Exomalopsis. The
genus as at present understood contains some rather diverse ele-
ments.

Bombomelecta maculata (Viereck)

Viereck described this as a variety of B. separata, but it seems
to be a distinct species. A female from Claremont (Baker; Po-
mona coll. 162), has the spots on third and fourth segments quite
large and quadrate, and there are small spots on the fifth.

Coelioxys megatricha sp. n.

é Length about 11 mm.; black, with bright ferruginous legs
(the femora dusky beneath) and rather dark red tegulz; no red on
abdomen, above or below; mandibles dark red subapically; face
and front densely covered with long white hair; antenne black, third
joint distinctly longer than fourth; vertex with very large punctures,
which laterad of the ocelli are distinctly separated, leaving inter-
spaces equal to the size of punctures; eyes pea-green, with very long
hair; mesothorax and scutellum densely and very strongly punctured,
middle of mesothorax with little longitudinal ridges; scutellum
rounded behind, teeth at sides long, finger-like, slightly incurved;
pleura and metathorax covered with long shaggy white hair; anterior
coxe with strong spines; anterior trochanters and femora with much
white hair beneath; spurs red; wings clear, the apical margin broadly
dusky; abdomen with white hair-bands at apices of segments; dor-
sum and sides of first segment closely punctured; second and third
segments with very deep transverse impressions, and strongly punc-
tured, the ridge just behind the impression with sparse punctures;

Pomona College, Claremont, California 61

fourth and fifth segments with large triangular elevated areas,
which are rather sparsely punctured; fifth segment with a small
tooth on each side; sixth with dense white hair at base, at each side
a long sharp tooth, the apical lobes far apart, each with two teeth,
the upper short, little more than a salient angle, the lower long,
flattened, rounded at end, divergent; fourth ventral segment not
emarginate.

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 195).
I wondered whether this could be the undescribed male of C. coquil-
letti Crawf., but it is larger than the male of that species would
probably be, there are no hair bands bounding mesothorax or scutel-
lum posteriorly, the vertex is not entirely rugose, and the abdomen
is without red. From C. novomexicana it is easily known by the
hair on eyes being more than twice as long. By the long hair on
the eyes it resembles C. ribis kincaidii Ckll., which has black legs,
and the apical teeth of abdomen closer together and almost parallel.

Coelioxys angulifera sp. n.

@ Length about 11.5 mm.; black, strongly punctured, with
white hair; lower margin of clypeus angularly produced and sloping
a little outward; knees, tibiae and tarsi dark red, the tibia with a
strong blackish suffusion. Very close to C. banksi Crawf. (from
Virginia), differing thus: teeth at sides of scutellum long; no band
of white hair in scutello-mesothoracic suture; mesopleure with
long hair (not very dense) all over; last ventral segment not so
much extended beyond last dorsal. Except for the clypeus, it much
resembles C. moesta Cress., differing in the much longer teeth at
sides of scutellum, and much larger punctures at base of penultimate
ventral segment.

dé Length about 8 mm.; face and front densely covered with
white hair; anterior coxe with well-developed spines; legs darker,
the tibia mainly blackish; fifth abdominal segment with a short
spine on each side; sixth with a long spine on each side, and the apical
lobes each with two spines, the upper much shorter than the lower;
no median spine; fourth ventral segment entire. In my table of
male Coelioxys (Canad. Entom., 1912, p. 170) this runs to C.
angelica Ckll., the female of which is very different from C. anguli-
fera.

24

/

62 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 195).
The female is the type. Were the insects not separated by the whole
breadth of the continent, I should suppose this a race of C. banksi.
C. novomexicana (Ckll.) was also taken by Baker at Claremont.

Xenoglossa angelica Ckll.
Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 145.)
Tetralonia robertsoni Ckll.

A female from Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 153) agrees
with one from Garrison, N. Y. Can there be any error in the local-

* ity label?

Ceratina neomexicana punctigena subsp. n.

@ Léngth about 8 mm.; differs from typical neomexicana by the
cheeks, which are strongly and quite closely punctured, except a
‘narrow band along orbits. The wings are strongly reddened, and
the mesothorax is sparsely punctured anteriorly. It is known from
the superficially similar C. tejonensis Cress. (which Baker obtained
at Claremont) by the green (rather than blue) color, the white
tubercles, and the strongly punctured cheeks.

Habitat: Mountains near Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll.
174). Baker also took C. acantha Proy. and C. arizonensis Ckll.
at Claremont.

Anthidium angelarum Titus

Both sexes were taken by Baker at Claremont, Calif. The male,
not described by Titus, runs to 4. palliventre in my table in Bull. So.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 1904, p. 57. It differs from the insect there re-
ferred to palliventre by the bright chrome yellow markings and the
distinct rounded excavation on each side of median spine at apex
of abdomen. The clypeus and large cuneiform lateral marks are
entirely yellow. The female has yellow stripes on tibiz, not men-
tioned by Titus.

A. illustre Cress. and A: tricuspidum Prov. were also taken by
Baker at Claremont.

Dianthidium provancheri Titus

This is the species which I recorded as D. consimile (Ashm.) in
Bull. So. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1904, p. 5. A specimen of true consimile

Pomona College, Claremont, California 63

was collected by Baker in the mountains near Claremont. The males
may be separated thus:

Outer face of hind tibia with a large black mark; yellow band of
scutellum broadly interrupted in middle; median tooth at apex of
abdomen. black ‘ati endl. 223 08h 23 202th eae. provancheri Titus.

Outer face of hind tibie entirely yellow; yellow margin of scutel-
lum not interrupted; median tooth at apex of abdomen long and
entitely yellows #5 s:cbos ese ese res ....consimile (Ashm.)

A male with pale markings, collected by Grinnell in the San
Gabriel Mts., has the hind tibia as in provancheri, but the light

— Pol Thin

We (ane da

band on scutellum, though narrow, is entire, and the median tooth Fu aul
at end of abdomen is rather brown than black at end. This is opus (ex
Quah 6 { z

referred to provancheri, but it may be that the two names represent
extremes in the variation of a single species.

Triepeolus ancoratus sp. n.

? Length about 8 mm., with ochreous markings and red tegule
and legs. Very near to T. callopus Ckll., but smaller; mesothorax
with two broad bands and margin with ochreous pubescence, leav-
ing only an anchor-shaped black area; cheeks and front densely
covered with pubescence; antenne red, dusky above, especially the
hind margins of joints; pleura with no bare patch. The mandibles,
labrum, lower margin of clypeus and apex of abdomen are red, as
in T. callopus. The black transverse band on first abdominal seg-
ment is completely isolated by dense ochreous pubescence; the black
on second segment forms a very acute angle at sides. The last
ventral segment is turned down at end.

Habitat: Claremont, Calif. (Pomona coll. 155). Certainly
very near to T. callopus, but quite distinct by the characters indi-
cated. Collected by Baker.

Triepeolus callopus Ckll.
One of each sex comes from Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll.
' 157, 158). The male is new. I give new descriptions, based on
these specimens.
Length about 7.5 mm.; black, with clear red,legs (but spurs
of middle and hind legs black) ; clypeus, labrum, mandibles (except
apex), tubercles, tegula (except hyaline margin) and apex of abdo-

64 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

men also red; light markings dorsally pale creamy, ventrally white;
head broad; clypeus minutely granular; antenne red strongly suf-
fused with blackish, apex of scape and base of flagellum brighter
red; third joint shorter than fourth; front and vertex more or less
striate; mesothorax very densely and minutely punctured, with two
parallel bands of pale ochreous hair, a spot of hair at each posterior
corner, and a band in scutello-mesothoracic suture; pleura with a
large bare densely punctured patch; scutellum rather strongly
bilobed; axillar teeth very short; wings somewhat dusky, brownish;
abdomen with broad, continuous light ochreous bands on segments
1 to 4, that on first notched in middle anteriorly; black area on
first segment a broad transverse band; light band on second seg-
ment with a large oblique lobe (directed mesad) laterally, giving
the outline of a scythe; modified apical patch rounded; last ventral
segment curved downward at end.

8 Clypeus all black; scape black; flagellum dusky reddish, with-
out any bright red; face with dense white hair; tubercles black;
pleura with a bare patch just below wings, but the lower bare patch
small and indistinct; femora black, with red knees; hind margins
of second and following abdominal segments brownish; apical plate
extremely narrow.

Crustacea From Laguna Beach

The following notes are on Crustacea collected by general and
special students during the past several years. In cases where the
forms were especially valuable or rare the name of the collector is
indicated. Most of the specimens here recorded were collected
during the past two years, a few earlier ones are also included in
this report. Those marked U.S.M. were determined for us by the
United States National Museum at Washington. The photographs
are by Robbins, drawings by Baillard and Macdonald.

Callianassa longimana Stimp.

These ‘“‘ghost shrimps” are fairly common under stones in tide
pools. The median prominence of the front subacute, cornea behind
middle of eye stalk. Cheliped of male elongate. Carpus nearly
twice as long as broad (Fig. 14).

C. californiensis Dana, U.S.M.

Similar to the other species in general, but the exact distribution
of each not yet determined. Specimens of this species were taken at
Balboa bay by Mr. Daniels. These showed red in the center of the
body and yellow at the sides due to the internal organs showing
through. According to Rathbun there are the following differences
from the other species: ‘Median prominence of front rounded;
cornea in middle of eye-stalk; large cheliped of male very broad,
the carpus very little longer than broad, but longer than palm.”
Those we have found are smaller than the large of the other species.

Pagurus hirsutiusculus Dana, U.S.M.
This small hermit crab was found in the tide pools. It was col-
lected by La Follette, Macdonald, Hilton and others. Speckled
and banded legs.

P. samuelis Stimp., U.S.M.

This small hermit crab was found abundantly in the tide pools.
Specimens were larger than the other species as a rule. Blue legs.

Paguristes bakeri Holmes, U.S.M.
This large hermit crab was dredged off the coast of Laguna
Beach by Prof. A. M. Bean and W. F. Hamilton. It was found

Pomona College, Claremont, California 67

living in several of the larger shells such as those of Trophon trian-
gulatus Cpr and T. belcheri Hds. (Figs. 11 and 12).

Lepidopa myops Stimp.
We have but one specimen of this sand crab collected by L. Gard-
ner several years ago.

Blepharipoda occidentalis Randall
Numbers of these large sand crabs much like the last in general
appearance were taken at all times on sandy shores.

Emerita analoga Stimp.
This is the smaller very common sand crab.

Panulirus interruptus Randall
Young of the “lobster” were often found in tide pools.

Alpheus (Cragon) dentipes Guerin
These have been taken in sponge masses and in holdfasts. These
interesting little snapping shrimps were collected a number of times
especially during the last summer. When placed in aquarium jars
they snapped the claws in such a manner as to make one believe the
jars were cracking. The left claw open and closed is shown in Fig.
19 from Miss Macdonald’s drawing.

Cragon nigromaculatus Sm

Translucent white, with small black dots, a larger dark spot on
either side near the caudal end of the body. Found commonly in
sandy tide pools.

Betaus longidactylus Lock., U.S.M.
This is the most common lobster-like species found in the tide
pools. It is of a uniform dark red brown.
B. harfordi Kingsley, U.S.M.
Found in kelp holdfasts. Pale olive green, eggs translucent green.
Stout, Stafford, La Follette and others.
Spirontocaris palpator Osen

Antennal scale longer than the telson, maxilliped without exopod.
Rostrum with superior margin not strongly convex, but nearly

Pomona College, Claremont, California 69

straight over the eyes. Rostrum not reaching the second segment of
the antennular peduncle. Rostrum reaching as far as or beyond the
cornea. Upper and lower limbs of rostrum not both convex. Al-
most transparent, red on the thorax. Kelp holdfasts from deep
water.

S. picta Stimp., U.S.M.

Antennal peduncle reaching the end of the antennular peduncle.
Upper margin of the rostrum straight, reaching beyond the middle
of the antennal scale. Greenish with oblique reddish marks.

S. taylori Stimp.
Rostrum not reaching as far as the cornea. Collected several
years ago Baker and Metz.

Hippolysmata californica Stimp.

Irregular nearly longitudinal red stripes. These are found quite
abundantly in the tide pools.

Palemonetes hiltoni Schmitt (MSS) U.S.M.

These probably occur off Laguna beach although the specimens
described by Schmitt were collected Stout and Stafford at San
Pedro.

BRACHYURA
Randallia ornata Randall

These beautiful crabs usually came to us from deeper water, but
one was obtained from Balboa bay (Fig. 8).

Epialtus productus Randall, U.S.M.
The common kelp crab was found at all times (Fig. 16).

E. nuttallii Randall, U.S.M.

This was the largest kelp crab which we obtained. Fig. 9 is from
a smaller specimen than that sent to Washington.

E. bituberculatus Milne Edw. forma minima Lockington, U.S.M.

Only one specimen collected at low tide by Hilton. Fig. 17, re-
drawn from Miss Ballard’s color drawing, shows the position of the
lighter spots on the dorsal surface.

70 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Pomona College, Claremont, California 71

Loxorhynchus grandis Stimp.
A number of these large deep water forms come in every year.
Fig. 18 is from Miss Ballard’s drawing of a fairly perfect specimen.

L. crispatus Stimp.

One specimen of this moss crab was dredged just off shore by
Prof. A. M. Bean and W. F. Hamilton (Fig. 3).

Cycloxanthops novemdentatus Lock, U.S.M.

Fig. 2 of a small one. Fig. 1 larger. These rather large crabs
with the dark tipped claws were sometimes taken inshore at low tide.
Cancer antennarius Stimp. Fig 4. U.S.M.

Found under the same conditions as the one just mentioned.
Pilumnus spinohirsutus Lock.
One poorly preserved specimen we took to be this species
(Fig. 5).
Heterocrypta occidentalis Dana
Our specimen is from Hermosa Beach. Others have been re-
ported from San Diego. We may yet find it at Laguna (Fig. 7).
Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall
The shore crab is found in great abundance on any rocky shore
or in the nearer tide pools (Fig. 10).
Lophopanopeus heathii Rath., U.S.M.

The young of these were often found in masses of Polyzea under
rock ledges. A young male was marked as follows: white claws with
dark tips, last legs white, other legs and body dark red. A young
female had red claws, hind legs white, body darker. Another young
male was white.

L. leucomanus Lock.

Adults of these found under stones measured 14 mm. across.
Young were found under rock ledges among alge and polyzoans.
Young were found with red claws and a red mouth region.

Dasygyius tuberculatus Lock., U.S.M.

The hydroids on the Balboa piles were swarming with these pe-
culiar spider-like crabs (Fig. 13).

72 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Pachycheles rudis Stimp., U.S.M.
This little crab is found most abundantly in the cavities of the
large white sponge.
Petrolisthes eriomerus Stimp., U.S.M.
This is a little flat crab.

P. cinctipes Randall
This has been reported from Laguna by Baker.
P. rathbune Schmitt (MSS), U.S.M.

This is the largest flat crab that we have found. One specimen.

Hilton, 1913 (Fig. 6 somewhat reduced).
Xanthias taylori Stimp., U.S.M.

This is one of the most common of the crabs found among red
sea weeds which it resembles in color and in the little knobs on the
anterior parts of the appendages and body.

Herbistia parvifrons Randall, U.S.M.
Moderate sized, narrow headed flat forms. Lateral margin of

rostrum not involuted. Second joint of antenna slender subcylindri-
cal. Legs of moderate length.

Pelia clausa Rath., U.S.M.
Found hiding among sponges, polyzoans hydroids and sea weeds.
Fragments cling to the animals. A young specimen had blue claws.

Scyra actifrons Dana, U.S.M.
Much as above.

Pugettia richii Dana, U.S.M.
Found much as P. clausa.

P. richti Dana, U.S.M.
Found much as the others just mentioned.
Pelia tumida Lock, U.S.M.

This was the largest decorator which we found.

During the Summer of 1913 a minute elongate crustacean was
found by Hilton in Coward’s cove near shore.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 73

The U. S. M. determined this to be an immature specimen of
Cyathura, of probably a new species. In November of 1915 a
larger elongate specimen was secured not far from Balboa. This
was also determined to be an immature specimen of the genus
Cyathura. | se

Munidia quadrispina Benedict
A specimen of what was taken to be this species was taken from

the stomach of a baracuda caught just off the coast of Laguna

Beach (Fig. 15). ae
sv a\s ILTON.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

The Central Nervous System and Simple
Reactions of a Rare Whip Scorpion
WILLIAM A. HILTON

A number of specimens of Trithyreus pentapeltis Cook were col-
lected by the writer in the college park at Claremont. The only
other record of any member of this family found in the United
States is the early paper of Cook which describes this species from
Palm Springs, California. At another time there will be published
a description with figures of the general external anatomy of this
interesting creature. Fig. 1 is partly from an outline drawing by
Miss Margaret Moles. The general position of the nervous system
is shown in the outline. So far as we could determine there were
no sense organs but hairs. These for the most part were of the
usual arthropod type, but there were several modifications of them
as will be shown by Miss Moles at a later time. The hairs are
most abundant under the body and are probably important organs
for giving sensations from the surfaces where the animals run. The
most remarkable hair sense organs are on the legs. The figure
shows the position of these slender delicate structures, two on the
first leg, one on the others. If an animal is approached by any object
one of these hairs is apt to be touched, especially if attempts are
made to seize the animal. At first it was almost impossible to be-
lieve that the little creatures did not have eyes, they so well avoided
all attempts to capture them with forceps. When approached by
some object which probably touches one of the long hairs they run
either backwards or forwards apparently with great accuracy de-
termining the position of the approaching object. However their
backward running is most marked and most remarkable. They run
with great swiftness in a backward direction in some cases for sey-
eral inches. I found little evidence of other sense organs than those
of touch. They did not especially avoid strong odors, but after a
rather long exposure to strong light or heat they sought refuge under
some object.

Although the chitin is thin in places the first attempts at serial
sections through the whole body were not very successful. It was

Pomona College, Claremont, California 75

found possible to remove the complete nervous system intact after
a few trials. All figures are from such removed nervous systems.
As the animals are small, being only a few millimeters in length,
no branches but the chief ones could be preserved or shown in the
figures. The nervous system resembles that of Thelyphorus as de-
scribed by Borner, but as the animals are less complicated it is sim-
pler. As in Bérner’s description there is brain or supresophageal
ganglion, a mass below the esophagus which supplies all of the
thoracic region and a single abdominal ganglion. The brain or su-
perior ganglion has but one branch on each side leading from it,
this pair leads into the jaw-like first appendages. The other five
pairs of branches lead off from the ventral ganglion. The first two
pairs of branches come off practically at the junction of the dorsal
and ventral ganglia. The connection between the dorsal and ven-
tral parts of the head-thoracic ganglia is very broad. The cells are
small and of a uniform size for the most part. They are grouped
in areas as shown in methylene blue preparations from which Figs.
3 and 4 are taken. The general position of the cells is much like
that in other arachnids. The central fibrous mass is quite homo-
geneous in the ventral ganglionic portion, but is broken into a
number of partly isolated portions especially at the margins. At the
very caudal end laterally there is a very characteristic lobe of fibers
on each side. This lobe may represent the posterior globus of
Haller although there are no smaller cells near. Other irregular
masses are shown in the figures. They resemble parts of the stalks
of mushroom bodies. In the cephalic dorso-lateral regions there are
two conspicuous groups of cells located below the main mass of
cells and separated somewhat from each other, prominent fibers
connect these areas with lower levels. These may represent the
anterior globuli described by Haller, 1912, but these are of larger
instead of composed of smaller cells. I have found nothing like
them in arachnids. They may be something like the mushroom
bodies of insects.

76 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

SUMMARY

1. Trithyreus has no sense organs but sensory hairs, so far as
could be determined.

2. The central nervous system resembles that of a spider quite
closely, but the thoracic ganglion is more elongate and there is an
abdominal ganglion.

3. The brain is complicated, but few long tracts of fibers are
evident.

4. There may be areas which may represent anterior and poste-
rior pairs of globuli of spiders and scorpions, but if so they do not
have the same structure.

5. There are no trachea in the central nervous system.

6. The cells are uniform except for a mass each side of the
brain in a cephalic dorsal position.

7. This dorso-lateral group of cells strongly suggests a special
higher center. Longer fibers were seen in connection with it than
with any other part.

REFERENCES

Borner, C. 1904
Beitrage zur Morphologie der Arthropoden. Zoologica. Heft 42.
Cook, O. F. 1899
“Hubbardia”: A new genus of Pedipalpi. Proc. Wash. Ent. Soc.
Vol. IV.
Haller, B. 1912
Uber das Zentralnervensystem des Skorpions und der Spinnen.

Archiv f. Mic. Anat. Bd, 79. Abt. I.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 77

INDEX TO FIGURES

Outline of the body and part of the legs of Trithyreus. X10.

Central nervous system removed. X20.

Side view of methylene blue preparation showing position of the cells. X20.
Dorsal view of Fig. 3.

Cross section through the caudal region of the central nervous system. X75.

Figures 6 to9. Longitudinal sections through the cephalic ganglia. Cephalic side to the

left, dorsal side up. Fig. 6, near the center, Figs. 7, 8, and 9 lateral
sections. X75.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

78

Pomona College, Claremont, California

(2)

A Rare Fish From Laguna Beach

A photograph of this fish was sent to Prof. Gilbert to whom we
are indebted for the identification. The specimen was caught on
a hook and line not far from the laboratory. It was brought in by
Prof. A. M. Bean. No one in Laguna had ever seen anything like
it and no one would venture an opinion as to what it was.

Alepisaurus esculapius Bean

Color, dark slaty gray above, sides silvery and irridescent, back
steel blue reflections. Under parts a lighter gray silvery. Adipose,
pectoral and caudal fins nearly black. Skin smooth, apparently
without scales.

Total length 101 cm. Length of head from tip of mouth to
the back of the operculum 17 cm. Pectoral fin just back of oper-
culum, beginning of the dorsal just over it. Length of snout to front
of eye 6.6 cm. Eye 3.5 cm. long by 2.8 high. Breadth of pectoral
at base 2.8 cm. Fin rays of pectorals at base 14 in number, the
first and last are small, all the others branched. The first branch
of the 4th to the 13th is branched again. The fifth ray with its
branches is the longest, those on either side are quite long, so that
the fin ends in one or several long streamers. Greatest length of
fin 16.5 cm.

Distance between back of fore fin and front of pelvic 19.2 cm.
Pelvic fins 8 rays, first and last not branched, membrans as on all
fins delicate and easily broken. Length of fin 5.7 cm. Anal opening
3 cm. from back of anal fins, %4 cm. long, not quite so wide. Dis-
tance from pectoral to anal fin 30 cm. Length of anal 10.8 cm. 17
fin rays all branched but first and last, the first branch of each
branched again. Longest part of fin (slantingly taken) 8 cm., one
to the 6th fin rays nearly as long.

Tail symmetrical short rays in center, about 2 cm. long, at outer
margin longest about 14 cm., about 40 fin rays in the tail.

Dorsal fin about 58 cm. long, 34 fin rays unbranched. Most of
the fin rays are long, 10 to 19 cm. Height of the fin through most
of its distance 9 cm.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 81

Adipose fin 7.5 cm. from the dorsal at its base, % cm. broad at
its attachment, length 3 cm.

Side and ventral region of the head:

Length of the mouth opening, 11.5 cm. Slit of gular fold, 6.5
cm. from tip of lower jaw. Gular slit to end of operculum, 10 cm.

Head narrow at level of the eyes; above it is 3.2 cm. Head at
widest above is 3.5 cm. at the level of the eyes; back of this it is
hardly more than 2 cm. Tip of jaw above, .5 cm. Tip of snout to
nostril, 3.5 cm. Nostril, .5 cm. in diameter. Distance from nostril
to eye, 2.8 cm. Whe nthe mouth is closed the lower jaw projects a

82 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

little. The lower jaw has two short, sharp teeth in front when the
mouth is closed. When it is open there is a large tooth, .8 cm.
long. The lower jaw hsa, next, ten teeth 1 cm. long, then three
large ones 3 cm. long, then ten trinagular teeth 1 cm. long. The
upper jaw has an outer row which may be seen when the mouth is
closed. These are 1 cm. or less in length and 75 on a side. The
roof of the mouth has three projecting teeth like the large ones
below, knife-shaped, flattened from side to side, 3 cm. long. Back
farther, on each side, is a similar tooth 1 cm. long, then on each
side a similar tooth 1 cm. long, then on each side back six trian-
gular teeth 3 mm. long.

The three large central teeth should really be counted four, be-
cause there is another of the same sort not yet fully broken through
the membrane of the mouth.

Greatest depth of the head is 8 cm. The body was much
shrunken after preservation, but the proportionate depth at various
regions is well shown in the photograph which was taken by our
photographer, E. M. Robbins.

W. A. Hirron.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

An Unnamed Butterfly From
San Francisco

BY FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR.

Rusticus acmon cottlei, new sub-species.

8 expands 26mm. ¢ 26-30 mm.

2, forewings, upperside. An intense purplish-blue, clearly de-
fined in most specimens; a black discal spot; a broad, black border
averaging 2.5 mm. in width, wider on the costal margin, clearly
defined and not merging into the ground color in most specimens,
in others this black border merges into the ground color between the
apex and discal spot. Fringes white, and inside a distinct black line.
Hind-wings, upperside: Purplish-blue, with usual red marginal bor-
der, wide, and of an intense color, the enclosed series of black dots
comparatively small. Underside: General ground color dark ashy,
with the usual markings very well defined.

é, upperside: Brilliant violet-blue, with the usual black border
and white fringe; hind-wings, with a light-reddish border, very
much reduced in size and intensity of color from the usual form of
acmon. Undersides: Dark ashy, with the usual markings well
defined.

Habitat: Baker’s Beach, north of the Cliff House, within the
city and county of San Francisco; collected during March, 1915, by
Mr. James E. Cottle of that city. Types 1¢, 19, inthe collection
of the author.

This geographical race, restricted to Baker’s Beach, San Fran-
cisco, can be compared with the spring form of acmon from other
parts of California, and even from the opposite side of San Fran-
cisco bay at Niles Canon, to which it is somewhat closely related.
It can be distinguished, however, especially with the females, by the
intensity, sharpness and distinctness of the deep purplish blue, the
heavy black border; the greatly extended deep red border of the
hind-wings; and darker ashy gray and distinct markings of the un-
dersides.

It is in the same category as the other blue butterflies of the San
Francisco region: Xerxes, pheres, mertila, antiacis and behrii, which

84 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Pomona College, Claremont, California 85

have assumed a distinct facies, due, undoubtedly, to the peculiar
isolation and meteorologic conditions of that region. It was the
intention of the late Beverly Letcher to describe and name this
form.

It gives me great pleasure to name this local form in honor of
my friend, Mr. James Edward Cottle of San Francisco, well known
as a collector of the Lepidoptera around Mt. Shasta and San Fran-
cisco bay, and the care displayed in the preparation of his captures.
Not less is his personality at entomological meetings; and it was
himself who pointed out to me the distinctive points, the desirability
of naming it, and presented several specimens to me, and supplied
the accompanying photograph, and who will be pleased to defend
the naming of it against any criticism.

Caprellidee From Laguna Beach

M. SHAW

Caprella tuberculata n. sp.

The perzon is covered with blunt tubercles, placed in the fol-
lowing positions: Two on the second body segment, one near the
center, the other in line with it and posterior. Five on the third
segment, one small pair anteriorly situated, another larger pair
near the center, one single large one posteriorly situated. Four on
the fourth segment: a small pair anteriorly situated, a single large
one in center, and a single large one posteriorly situated. Six on
the fifth segment: one small pair anteriorly situated, three forming
a triangle near the center, and one large one posteriorly situated.

(,
Two fairly large ones on the sixth segment. Also the same on the
seventh segment. The pereon has small spines on each side. There
are seven tubercles on the ventral side: two on fifth segment, two
on the fourth and three on the third.

There are two sharp spines on the first segment: one posteriorly
situated, the other on the left, a third of the way down the segment.

The first segment is triangular in shape, shorter than the second.
The second and third the same length, the second being broader
than the third. The fourth slightly longer than the second and
third. The fifth, sixth and seventh each growing smaller, respec-
tively, and truncate at the tip. The branchia ovate in shape. An-
tenne stout, superior pair 3 mm. in length. First joint stout and

Pomona College, Claremont, California 87

thick, not as long as second. Third shorter than the first. Flagel-
lum nearly as long as peduncle, having from 10 to 12 joints. In-
ferior pair of antenne extending a little past middle of the flagellum
of superior.

The first gnathopod attached far forward and small, finger
slender, three-fourths as long as hand. One spine near the base of
hand, the finger is finely toothed along the inner margin.

The second gnathopod is attached to the middle of the body
segment. The basal joint is short and thick. The finger is three-
fourths the length of palm and has fine teeth along inner margin.
The palm is slightly concave, having one large, sharp tooth at the
base, also a small tooth at distal extremity.

Third, fourth, and fifth pereopods similar in structure, armed
with stout hairs; palm slightly concave.

Length of specimen, 10-12 mm.

Color, translucent.

Specimens taken at Laguna Beach by Dr. W. A. Hilton, August,
1915, from polyzoa at Abalone Point. Type in Pomona College
collection.

Dr. Hilton found another lot of specimens of this genus living
among the hydroids at Balboa Bay. It may be a new species, as it
differs from any descriptions we have found, but it may simply be a
variety of Caprella geometrica Say, at least we will not describe it
further at this time.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Notes on Coelenterates and Echinoderms
From Laguna Beach

The following notes relate to specimens obtained by various stu-
dents and others in the general region of Laguna Beach during the
past year. We have Prof. H. B. Torrey to thank for the general
determinations of the first three, the first two from specimens, the
third from a photograph. We also wish to thank A. L. Barrows
for the verification of certain necessary literature references. All
the photographs but one are by Robbins:

Velella septentrionalis Eschscholtz.

Large numbers of these came in during the winter of 1914. Miss
P. E. Jahraus preserved a number of fine specimens for the labora-
tory. They kept their colors in formalin for mone than a year.

(Figs. 3 and 7.)

Pomona College,

Claremont, California

89

Tass!

90 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Stylatula gracilis Verrill.

A number of these slender specimens were collected from the
shallow waters of Balboa Bay, where they were quite abundant.

(Fig. 5.)

3 Py i dl iy
Oe tae i een :

weete

a i

TS BS Ree et maarane
= emer anLeny on gy
DAA LUT UCOR TT
MIB tages »

pee
PP a rts

Metridium dianthus Ellis.

A fine specimen of this species was brought in by a fisherman from
about a 500-foot depth. The fish-hook had caught on its side and
the animal did not live many days. It was attached to a chunk of
rock with some coral skeletons. This rock fragment to which it
clung weighed about ten pounds. Photograph 1-5 natural size.
(Fig. 1.)

Bunodactis xanthogrammica Brandt.

These common anemones are abundant on almost every bit of
rocky shore. They differ greatly in size and coloration. Many of

Pomona College, Claremont, California 91

those inshore and often uncovered at low tide have bits of rock or
shell fragments clinging to them, apparently for protection against
crabs and possibly other enemies. These smaller inshore specimens

are usually of a light-brown color. Larger individuals are found in
the deeper tide pools, where they are always covered with water.
These, as a rule, do not have stones attached to them. ~The common
shore crabs often retreat under the outspread tentacles of these

92 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

large individuals. The colors and markings of these are quite vari-
able. Sometimes individuals have a decided blue tinge. Some are
quite green. Below Aliso Canyon a beautiful deep-green specimen
was found, which was nearly a foot in diameter. Photograph by
Miss Clency. (Fig. 6.)

Renilla amesthystina Verrill.

Many specimens of this beautiful sea pansy were dredged just off-
shore from Emerald Bay. Other specimens were obtained at other
places within a mile or more. These were very satisfactory speci-
mens for the aquarium. (Fig. 2.)

Pomona College, Claremont, California 93

Of the two following echinoderms, the first is very common, the
other we have not taken before.
Dendraster excentricus Eschscholtz.
Large numbers of these were dredged off Emerald Bay and other
places not for from Laguna Beach. (Fig. 4.)

Fig. 8.

Ludia foliata Grube.

A single specimen of this species was dredged by Prof. A. M.
Bean off the coast of Laguna Beach. (Fig. 8.)

W. A. HItron.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Lima Dehiscens at Laguna Beach

MARGARET L. CATE

This interesting mollusk was obtained several times during the
Summer of 1915. Its activities were observed in the aquarium.
It usually remained in an expanded condition. Its movements were
caused by forcing water out of the siphons not like the movements
of Pecten. The reproduction of the drawing given at this time is
not quite the right color of pink.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

The Genus Vanessa in California
FE. O. Essic, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.

(Lepidoptera)

The California species of Vanessa are interesting because of the
world distribution of two of the four species, as well as because of
the very great numbers of at least two species which are almost
always to be encountered in the state. The four species are: The
red admiral, Vanessa atlanta (Linn.), the painted beauty or Hunt-
er’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.), the west coast lady, Va-
nessa carye (Hiibn.)' and the painted lady or thistle butterfly,
Vanessa cardui (Linn.). Another interesting fact is that all of
these species have more or less distinct color phases. One of these
phases has been described by Letcher* as a variety, Vanessa carye
muelleri, a short description and illustration of which is also in-
cluded. Of the above species, Vanessa cardui (Linn.), is by far
the most abundant in the state; Vanessa carye (Hiubn.) is next, and
ordinariy not far behind, especially in the northern and central
parts, particularly along the coast; Vanessa atlanta (Linn.) is the
next, with much fewer numbers, and last of all, and by far the least
often taken, is Vanessa huntera (Fab.), though this species is by no
means rare.

Key To SPECIES—ADULTsS.

The butterflies may be easily separated by the following key:
1. Front wings black with a single reddish or tawny transverse

gerne. (Buea ft oes 6 oe ee Vanessa atlanta (Linn.)

Front wings mottled black, reddish and tawny.......................- 2
2. Eye-spots on under sides of hind wings represented by white

spots only (Big. 9). 26.8: Vanessa carye muelleri (Letcher)

Eye-spots on under sides of hind wings distinct...................... 3
3. Two large eye-spots on under side of each hind wing

(GOSS) ae eee, Sa Sa OER SERS Vanessa huntera (Fab.)

Four or five eye-spots on under side of each hind wing.......... 4

The specific name of this butterfly is often incorrectly spelled carye.
*Ent. News, Vol. IX, p. 38, 1898.

98 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

4. Apices of front wings truncate; black band across middle cell

of front wings continuous (Fig. 8) -....- Vanessa carye (Hubn.)
Apices of front wings rounded; black band across middle cell
of front wings broken (Fig. 10).......... Vanessa cardui (Linn.)

Tue Rep ADMIRAL.

Vanessa atlanta (Linneus)

Papilio atlanta Linneus, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 478, 1758.
Pyrameis atlanta Hubner, Verz. Eur. Schmett, 2, 1816.

(Fic. 1)

This is a widely distributed species, ranging throughout North
America, Europe, Northern Africa and Northern Asia, but is not
as abundant in California as VY. carye (Hiibn.) and V. cardui
(Linn.). It occurs, however, in sufficient numbers to be taken gen-
erally throughout the state.

The young caterpillars vary from pale-yellow to brown, and
when full grown may become darker, with often a purplish hue. In
the mature forms the bodies are more or less covered with minute
whitish specks and on each side there is a row of yellow spots which
appear as a continuous yellow line. The branching spines are black
or whitish and the head jet-black, covered with white tubercles. The
length averages 1% inches. The caterpillars are more or less gre-
garious in habit and construct nests by drawing together the oppo-
site sides of the leaves, parts or nearly all of which may be
eventually devoured.

The chrysalids are light- or dark-brown and are often covered
with a grayish bloom. The tubercles on the back are golden.

The butterflies (Fig. 1) have a wing expanse of from 2 to 24
inches and the bodies vary from % to 1 inch in length. The entire
upper surface of the wings and body is velvety dark-brown or black.
There is a conspicuous red or orange-colored oblique stripe across
the middle of each front wing and a wide border of the same color
along the outer margin of each hind wing. Along the entire
margin of the wings is a row of narrow white spots. There is also
a row of five white spots, three small and two much larger, near
the apex of each front wing, and a larger rectangular white spot

Pomona College, Claremont, California 99

touching the costal margin midway between the row and the reddish
oblique stripe. In each reddish area of the hind wings is centrally
located a row of small black spots. An angular purple area occurs
at each anal angle. The ventral surface is beautifully marked and
marbled with many colors. The reddish stripe so conspicuous
across the upper sides of the front wings shows even more brilliantly
beneath. All of the white spots also show on the under side. The
marbled effect is made up of dark-gray, bright-blue, purple and
black. A row of five eye-spots shows distinctly on each hind wing,
which do not contrast greatly with the dark background. The body
has a bluish or purplish iridescence above and is thickly covered with
light-brown hairs beneath. The antennal joints are alternately
white and black, the knobs being black with yellow tips. The palpi
and legs are dark above and light-brown beneath.

Like the other species, this insect appears to breed almost con-
tinuously throughout the year in California, so that it is very diff-
cult to mark the number of broods. In the high altitudes there are
probably but two generations, as in the Eastern states.

The caterpillars feed on hops, nettle, false nettle and pellitory.

THE PAINTED BEAUTY OR HUNTER’S BUTTERFLY
Vanessa huntera (Fabricius)

Papilio huntera Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 499, 1775.
Pyrameis huntera Doubl.-Hewits., Gen. Dirun. Lep., p. 205,
1850.
(Fie. 2.)

This species is not as abundant in California as the others, and
is to some extent a mountain flyer, especially in the southern part of
the state, but it is not a rare species throughout California. It
ranges from Nova Scotia on the north to Central America on the
south, and may be truly called a North American species, being one
of the two species in California which are confined to this hem-
isphere.

The young caterpillars are dull reddish-brown with black heads
and black branched body spines. When full grown they are grayish-
black with yellow or greenish bands around the bodies. A few faint

100 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

longitudinal lines cross the yellow bands and disappear in the black
areas between. There are two yellow lines on the sides, the upper
one marked with an orange spot immediately above each spiracle.
There is a white spot on each side of the dorsal line on the middle
segments. The head is black and covered with brown hairs, the
under side being sprinkled with small white or yellow specks. The
true legs are black and the prolegs purplish-brown*. The larve
may be found scattered over the food plants and make nests by
drawing together the leaves, bits of stems and other fragments of
the plants, leaving but a small exit and entrance hole.

The chrysalids are yellowish or light-brown and irregularly
marked with large golden blotches.

The butterflies have a wing expanse averaging about 2 inches and
a body length of about 5¢ of an inch. The upper surface of the
wings is reddish-brown or tawny with numerous black and white
markings, as shown in Fig. 2. The number and arrangement of
the white spots on the front wings are not greatly different from the
preceding species, excepting that the outer row has four instead of
five, and arranged in the form of a crescent. The larger somewhat
rectangular-shaped spot on the costal margin is more often yellow
or tawny than white. Near the apical margins of the front wings
are two purple lines and two shorter ones of the same color near
the anal angles. The under surface is not so brightly colored as
the upper surface, and, with the exception of the tawny or rosy area
near the middle of the front wings, consists of a mixture of pale-
browns and grays, with a faint purplish line extending along the
outer margins of both pairs of wings. The most conspicuous mark-
ings are the two large eye-spots on the under side of each hind wing,
which readily separates the species from the others. The body is
dark-brown above with greenish iridescence and thickly beset with
brownish hairs. The ventral surface is pale-gray. The palpi and
legs are brown above and light-gray beneath.

The caterpillars feed upon the following plants: common or
plumed thistles (Cnicus spp.), plumeless thistles (Carduus spp.),
nettle, burdock, cotton or Scotch thistle (Onopordon acanthium
Linn.), hollyhock, sunflower, mallow, milk thistle (Silybum mari-

“Middleton, Miss Nettie, 10th Rep. Ent. IIl., p. 86, 1881.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 101

anum Gertn.), Senecio cineraria DC., cudweed, everlasting (dnten-
naria plantaginifolia Rich.) , blue-weed (Echium vulgare Linn.) and
scorpion grass or forget-me-not (Mvyosotis sp.).

THE WEST COAST LADY.
Vanessa carye (Hubner)

Hamadryas (Decora) carye Hubner, Verz. Eur. Schmett., 33,
1816.
Pyrameis carye Doubl.-Hewits., Gen. Diur. Lep., p. 205, 1850.

(Fic. 3-8.)

As the common name implies, this is strictly a west coast species,
ranging from British Columbia to Chile and as far east as the Rocky
Mountains. It is very common in California, being exceedingly
abundant in the central and northern sections along the coast, though
it is very plentiful in the southern part as well. It does not, how-
ever, occur in such great flights or migrations as does Vanessa car-
dui (Linn.).

The writer has had this species under careful and constant obser-
vation for more than a year and has been able to secure all stages in
quantities and to prepare descriptions of them from the local ma-
terial.

The eggs (Fig. 3) are rich dark-green, exceedingly small, some-
what barrel-shaped and with prominent narrow longitudinal ridges,
as shown in the illustration. They are fastened singly to the leaves,
stems, webs of the caterpillars and other places. The first eggs ob-
served were laid during June and the succeeding months until the
present date (Feb. 1), and in all probability they may be found
during almost the entire year.

The young caterpillars (Fig. 4) are almost entirely black above
with brownish or amber under-surface. Some individuals are light-
gray or yellowish instead of black, and form a distinct color phase.
The dark individuals have yellowish-green markings and the light
phase is marked with numerous small black specks. The full-grown
caterpillars (Fig. 4) also have two color phases like the young, but
the greatest numbers are black above with bright yellowish-green
markings, black branched spines and two rather indefinite broken

102 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

yellow lines on each side. The light phase is pale yellowish through-
out with few or many small black specks on the dorsum; amber ven-
tral surface and prolegs and black head and true legs. The length
varies from 1% to 2 inches.

The caterpillars are often very numerous, feeding on nearly every
part of the plants. The very young ones spin but small webs over
themselves near the middle of the leaves, and it is not until they are
nearly half-grown that they are able to draw together and fasten
the edges of the leaves and make a more roomy abode. Unlike the
caterpillars of some of the other species, they remain in their nests
feeding on the leaves under the webs until nearly all have been de-
voured, when they seek a new leaf, make another nest and begin
feeding as before. The work (Fig. 5) is such as to cause the plants
to appear quite ragged and unsightly, and serves to quickly detect
their presence. When ready for pupation the caterpillars leave the
nests and seek some more hidden and secure spots not easily found.

The chrysalids (Fig. 6) are light-gray or grayish-brown with two
distinct and two much smaller silvery-white spots on the dorsum at
the constriction between the thorax and the abdomen. The surface
is more or less faintly, and in some distinctly, iridescent golden. The
length averages about 54 of an inch. From a large number of
chrysalids only a very small percentage developed into butterflies
because of the effectual parasitism of a tachina fly, Phorocera saun-
dersii Will. Many of the parasitized chrysalids could at once be
told by a copious bleeding, the liquid hanging in long slender threads
which became dry and brittle. It is a conservative estimate to say
that at least 85 per cent. were thus destroyed.

The butterflies (Figs. 7 and 8) are much like the adults of Va-
nessa huntera (Fab.) and Vanessa cardui (Linn.). The presence
of more than two eye-spots on the under side of each hind wing
separates them from the former, and the truncate apices of the front
wings or the presence of the continuous black band across the middle
cell of each front wing will distinguish them from the latter. There
is rarely a distinct rosy tint on the front wings instead of the tawny
color. The eye-spots on the under surfaces of the hind wings are
fairly distinct, consisting of four quite large and perfect ones and
one smaller anterior imperfect one on each. The bodies are faintly

Pomona College, Claremont, California 103

metallic-green above, thickly covered with brownish hairs, and the
ventral surface is pearl-gray. The antenne are light-brown with
yellow-tipped knobs. The palpi and legs are brown above and light
pearl-gray beneath. The wing expanse averages about 2% inches
and the length of the body 5¢ of an inch.

The caterpillars feed on hollyhock, mallow and tree mallow.

MUELLER’S BUTTERFLY.’
Vanessa carye muelleri (Letcher)
Pyrameis carye muelleri Letcher, Ent. News, Vol. [X, p. 38, 1898.

(Fic. 9.)

This variety is so differently colored that at first glance it might
easily be taken for an entirely different species until one becomes
accustomed to knowing it. There is a blending of the tawny and
black colors and a certain segregation of them so as to form no dis-
‘tinct and sharp division lines. Usually, however, the tawny replaces
some of the black. The large white rectangular spot on the costal
margin is also sometimes replaced by the tawny and the eye-spots on
the undersides of the hind wings are indicated by small indefinite
white blotches. The color of the body, legs, antenne and palpi is
normal of the species. The three specimens in the collection of the
University of California average a little smaller than do those of
the species.

‘Dr. E. C. Van Dyke has kindly furnished the following interesting note: ‘“Varie-
ties like muelleri Letcher, for cardui Linn. has a similar variety occasionally and speci-
mens of atlanta Linn. and huntera Fab. have been seen which show a decided tendency
toward the same type of markings, are in reality pathological phases which have the
reddish markings extended or agglutinated at the expense of the other colors. They
invariably occur during the summer or the first part of autumn and are no doubt
sporadic seasonal phases produced as a result of certain mid-summer conditions. A
particularly interesting thing in connection with muelleri Letcher is that a number of
specimens occur every year, particularly in the territory back of Oakland and Berkeley,
Cal., where the greatest numbers of the phase have been observed in the state. None of
the specimens seen show any indication of being hybrids.”

104 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

THE PAINTED LADY OR THISTLE BUT TERELY
Vanessa cardui (Linneus)

Papilo cardui Linneus, Syst. Nat. 10 Ed., p. 475, 1758.
Pyrameis cardui Doubl-Hewits., Gen. Diur. Lep., p. 205, 1850.

(ies. 10st)

This is claimed to be the most widely distributed butterfly in the
world, and is found in all temperate regions and often in the tropics.
It is by far the most abundant species in California, being most plen-
tiful in the southern part of the state and im the interior valleys, and
less common along the coast of the central and northern parts. In
the southern part of the state it often appears in great migratory
flights, a number of which have been recorded, among which were
those of the years 1895° and 1902°. In October, 1913, Mr. E. P.
Van Duzee observed a migration at San Diego. During the sum-
mer of 1914 the writer noted great numbers in the San Joaquin Val-
ley, which, though they did not constitute a flight, brought forth
considerable comment and the occurrence was reported by Dr.
Burton Evermann."

The young caterpillars are dark with indefinite yellowish mark-
ings. The full-grown forms (Fig. 9) vary from gray to reddish-
brown or almost black and sprinkled with minute white and yellow
specks. There is a very indistinct and broken dorsal yellow stripe
and a wider and more distinct line of the same color on each side.
The spines are white or amber, tipped with black. Small light hairs
arise from numerous whitish specks over the body. The head is
dark-brown or black and thickly covered with whitish hairs and a
few black tubercles. The length varies from 11% to 2 inches.

In making their nests the caterpillars roll the edges of the leaves
and incorporate various extraneous matter which might be secured.
Their work is often quite destructive and is much like that of Va-
nessa carye (Hiubn.).

The chrysalids (Fig. 9) are light-brown and very beautiful, ap-
pearing as if dipped into molten gold.

Ent. News, Vol. XXV, p. 415, Nov., 1914.
° Farnham, Geo. D., Ent. News, Vol. VI, p. 150, 1895.
° Essig, E. O., Inj. and Ben. Ins. Cal. 2nd Ed. Cal. Hort. Com., p. 462, 1915.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 105

The butterflies (Fig. 10) greatly resemble the two preceding spe-
cies, and the chief differences have already been pointed out in dis-
cussing them. The presence of the rosy color on the wings is quite
characteristic, though this is by no means reliable in distinguishing
the species. The eye-spots on the under sides of the hind wings are
very distinct, consisting of a row of four quite large ones and a
smaller and less distinct anterior one on each wing. The wing ex-
panse varies from 2 to 3 inches and the length of the body from 34
to 7% of an inch. Like the other species, this insect is almost a
continuous breeder in California, gradually diminishing in numbers
during the winter months and becoming very plentiful during the
early spring, summer and fall.

The very great numbers of the caterpillars is sometimes respon-
sible for some damage to garden crops, but ordinarily only the
native vegetation and cultivated ornamentals are consumed.

The list of food plants is quite large and probably only imper-
fectly known. It includes the following: Plumeless thistles (Car-
duus spp.), common or plumed thistles (Cnicus spp.), milk thistle
(Silybum marianum Gertn.), cotton or Scotch thistle (Onopordon
acanthium Linn.), mallow, dmsinckia spp. Senecio cineraria D. C.,
hollyhock, sunflower, beans, burdock and nettle. In this state the
Amsinckia spp. and the mallow (Malva spp.) are the preferred
food plants.

106 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

FOOD PLANT INDEX.

Althaea rosea—see hollyhock.
Amsinckia spp.
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (L,inn.).
Antennaria plantaginifolia—see everlasting.
Arctium lappa—see burdock.
Beans (Phaseolus spp.)
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (1inn.).
Blue-devil—see blue-weed.
Blue-weed, Echium vulgare (Linn.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Boehmeria cylindrica—see nettle, false.
Burdock, Arctium lappa (Linn.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
Carduus—see thistle, plumeless.
Cat’s ear—see everlasting.
Cnicus—see thistle, plumed.
Cudweed (Gnaphalium spp.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Echium vulgare—see blue-weed.
Everlasting, cat’s ear, ladies’ tobacco, pussy’s toes Antennaria plantaginifolia (Rich.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Forget-me-not or scorpion grass (Mvyosotis sp.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Gnaphalium—see cudweed,
Groundsel (Senecio cineraria D. C.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
Helianthus—see sunflower.
Hollyhock, Althaea rosea (Cav.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
West coast lady, Vanessa carye (Hubn.).
Hop, humulus lupulus (Linn.).
Red admiral, Vanessa atlanta (Linn.).
Humulus lupulus—see hop.
Ladies’ tobacco—see everlasting.
Lavatera assurgentiflora—see Mallow, tree.
Mallow (Malva spp.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
West coast lady, Vanessa carye (Hubn.).
Mallow, tree, Lavatera assurgentiflorn (Kell.).
West coast lady, Vanessa carye (Hibn.).
Malva—see mallow.
Myosotis—see forget-me-not.
Nettle (Urtica spp.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
Red admiral, Vanessa atlanta (Linn.).
Nettle, false, Boehmeria cylindrica (Wild.).
Red admiral, Vanessa atlanta (Linn.).
Onopordon acanthium—see Scotch thistle.
Parietaria debilis Forst.—see Pellitory.
Pellitory, Parietaria debilis (Forst.).
Red admiral, Vanessa atlanta (Linn.).
Phaseolus—see beans.
Pussy’s toes—see everlasting.
Scorpion grass—see forget-me-not.
Senecio cineraria—see groundsel.
Silybum marianum—see thistle, milk.
Sunflower (Helianthus spp.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
Thistle, Argentine—see thistle, Scotch.
Thistle, asses’—see thistle, Scotch.
Thistle, blessed—see thistle, plumed.
Thistle, common—see thistle, plumed.
Thistle, down—see thistle, Scotch.
Thistle, holy—see thistle, milk.
Thistle, milk, Silybum marianum (Gertn.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
Thistle, oat—see thistle, Scotch.
Thistle, plumed, common or blessed (Cnicus spp.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).

Pomona College, Claremont, California 107

Thistle, plumeless (Carduus spp.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
Thistle, Queen Mary’s—see thistle, Scotch.
Thistle, Scotch, Argentine, asses’, down, oat, Queen Mary’s, silver, Onopordon acanthium (Ljinn.).
Painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.).
Painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.).
Thistle, Silver—see thistle, Scotch.
Urtica—see nettle.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Linneus, C., Syst. Nat., 10 Ed., pp. 475-478, 1758.

Fabricius, J. Christ., Syst. Ent., p. 499, 1775.

Scudder, S. H., Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul., Vol. Il, pp. 254-255, 1875.

Scudder, S. H., Butterflies, 1881.

Middleton, Miss Nettie, 10th Rep. Ent. Ill., pp. 86-87, 1881.

Letcher, B., Ent. News, Vol. IX, p. 38, 1898.

Dickerson, Mary C., Moths and Butterflies, pp. 79-85, 1901.

Wright, W. G., Butterflies of the West Coast, pp. 177-178, 1905.

Holland, W. J., The Butterfly Book, pp. 170-171, 1914.

Essig, E. O., Inj. and Ben. Ins. Cal. 2 Ed., Cal. Hort. Com., pp. 461-462, 1914.

(Note—The author wishes to acknowledge with thanks the generous and valuable help received
from Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, Prof. C. W. Woodworth and Dr. Ef. C. Van Dyke, all of the
Department of Entomology, University of California, in preparing this paper; also to the
California State Commission of Horticulture for the loan of the cut of Figures 10 and 11.)

108 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

INDEX TO FIGURES

Fig. 1. The red admiral, V’anesse atlanta (Linneus). Dorsal and ventral surfaces.
(Original. Photo by Dept. Sci. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 2. The painted beauty or Hunter’s butterfly, Vanessa huntera (Fab.). Dorsal
and ventral aspects. (Original. Photo by Dept. of Sci. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 3. The west coast lady, Vanessa carye (Hibn.). Eggs removed from webs of
the caterpillars where they were laid by the females. (Original. Photo by Dept. Sci.
Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 4. The west coast lady, Vanessa carye (Hiibn.). Caterpillars; two full-grown
individuals of the dark phase at bottom, a full-grown specimen of the light phase and
a young individual of the dark phase, which greatly predominates. (Original. Photo
by Dept. Sci. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 5. The west coast lady, Vanessa carye (Hiibn.). Caterpillars, their nests and
work on leaves of false mallow. (Original. Photo by Dept. Sci. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 6. The west coast lady, Vanessa carye (Hiibn.). Chrysalids, lateral and dorsal
aspects. (Original. Photo by Dept. Sci. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 7. The west coast lady, Vanessa carye (Hubn.). Lateral aspect of butterfly with
wings folded as when at rest. (Original. Photo by Dept. Sco. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 8. The west coast lady, Venessa carye (Hiibn.). Dorsal aspect of adult female
and male. (Original. Dept. of Sci. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 9. Mueller’s butterfly, Vanessa carye muelleri (Letcher). Dorsal and ventral
aspects of adults. (Original. Photo by Dept. Sci. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 10. The painted lady or thistle butterfly( Vanessa cardui (Linn.). Mature
caterpillars and chrysalids. (Author’s illustration. Courtesy Cal. Hort. Com.)

Fig. 11. The painted lady or thistle butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Linn.). Dorsal and
lateral aspects of adults. (Author’s illustration. Courtesy Cal. Hort. Com.)

I

“<a

Pes Ks

Crab-Spiders of the Claremont-Laguna
Region

MARGARET L. MOLES

In the Claremont region, spiders belonging to the family Thom-
iside are very abundant. Though great in numbers only five genera
of the family have been found. During the months of May and
June they frequent the poppies and feed upon the small Hymenop-
tera and Diptera, which come to the flowers. A great many were
found in the flowers with dead bees, showing that the spiders
grabbed at the large prey resulting in the death of both. They
are very wary, the instant a shadow falls on the poppy plant they
run to the under side of the flower and drop to the ground. The
coloring of the spiders is so protective that when they are down
among the stamens of the flowers it is hard to distinguish them
unless closely observed. The species that were found to frequent the
poppies were Misumena aleatoria, Misumenops asperatus and
Xysticus californicus. The wild flowers which have the colors blue,
red or lavender were never found to be inhabited by any members of
this family, but nearly all the wild flowers of a yellowish hue had
from one to two thomisids in them. A great many young were
found during the months of May, June and July.

Xysticus californicus, Philodromus pernix and Xysticus gulosus
were found under the bark of tree, Xysticus californicus being found
in the tall grass, under the bark of the eucalyptus trees and in pop-
pies. Philodromus pernix and Xysticus glusosis were found under
eucalyptus bark, oak bark and sycamore.

Misumena aleatoria was found on tar weed, poppies, in a dried-up
yellow rose and in a pink rose. The one found in the drie-up yellow
rose (Plate 1) was remarkable in its protective coloring, looking
exactly like a dried yellow rose petal in the dark brown stamens.
Two variations in coloring were found in Misumena aleatoria.
One which was found in the green grass had a brownish green body
and lacked any dark spots on the abdomen, the other was a yellow
color with only one dark brown spot on the abdomen, the head and

Pomona College, Claremont, California 113

thorax showed no trace of black, there were no wrinkles on the
abdomen and the legs were a light yellow green. This one was
found on the honeysuckle and resembled as near as possible the
coloring of the honeysuckle flower and vine. We have Dr. R. V.
Chamberlin to thank for the determination of most of the speci-
mens studied. No results of the study of color changes are given at
this time.

A LIST OF CLAREMONT CRAB-SPIDERS

Misumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found on old yellow rose bushes,
pink rose bushes and tar weed.

Misumenops asperatus (Hentz). Found on poppies and tar
weed.

Philodromus pernix (Blackwall). Found under bark.

Xysticus californicus (Hentz). Found under bark, in grass and
in poppies.
Xysticus gluosus (Key). Found under bark of eucalyptus trees,
sycamore trees and oak trees.

Xysticus triguttatus (Key). Found in the grass and low bushes,
Palmer’s canyon.

Thanatus coloradensis (Key). Collected by Baker and listed by
Banks in his article in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1901, p. 585.

Tibellus duttonii (Hentz). Found on mustard about Clare-
mont.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
g 4

114 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Plate I. Misumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found in yellow rose. Yellow crinkled
body. Dark brown abdomen spots. Collected September, 1915.

Plate II. Misumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found on rose bush, in a partly dried-up
rose. Collected October, 1915.

Plate III. Misumenops asperatus (Hentz). Found on tar weed. Hemizonia.
Plate IV. Philodromus pernix (Blackwall).

Plate V. Xysticus gulous (Key). Found on bark of sycamore.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 115

Plate I

116 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Plate II

Plate III

Pomona College, Claremont, California

Plate IV

118 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Plate V

Three New Chalcid Flies From California

By A. A. GIRAULT.
(Material for this paper was sent from the Zoological Department
of Pomona College.)

Sympiesomorphelleus californicus, New Species.

Female: Similar to nigriprothorax, but twice larger and dif-
fering as follows: The stripe along the meson of the abdomen is
narrower and is joined narrowly to base; the propodeum is all metal-
lic green except narrowly along the median carina and broadly at
mesal apex. The rectangular sclerite laterad of the postscutellum
is metallic. There is a more distinct metallic spot near tegule.
There is an oblique metallic stripe across the mesopleurum from the
base of the caudal wing and an area of irregular shape on the meso-
pleurum over the cephalic coxa; also the cephalic third of the scutum
is dark metallic, like the prothorax, and the scape is entirely black.
Otherwise the same. The third joint of the club is nipplelike and
may be articulated.

Described from two females from Claremont, California (C.
F. Baker).

Types: Catalogue No. 20172, U.S. N. M., the above specimens
on tags, a head and a caudal tibia on a slide.

The species nigriprothorax has the margins of the abdomen black;
the parts mentioned in the original description of it are dark me-
tallic.

Zagrammosoma mira new species.

Female: Very similar to favolineata Crawford, but the abdomen
bears no yellow spots, the entire caudal femur is metallic purple ex-
cept at apex (only with a cinctus distad of middle in the other
species), the extreme base of caudal tibia is more distinctly purple,
the caudal coxa has more than a purple spot above at base, its basal
third or more is purple, the yellow median stripe of the thorax is
narrower and more uniform in width, the distal stripe of the fore
wing is nearly or quite complete, though fainter coudad; there is no
narrow longitudinal yellow stripe down parapside and axilla; and

120 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

also, the margin of abdomen ventro-laterad near base is not yellow;
otherwise remarkably alike. In flavolineata there is a rather large
area on lateral propodeum just cephalad of the caudal coxa (the
propodeum laterad of the minute spiracles) and which has an
oblique, narrow purple stripe at its meso-caudal corner; this is ab-
sent in this species. Both species bear a moderately long median
carina on the propodeum, the latter distinct. In both species the
vertex is purple nearly to each eye (between the lateral ocelli), and
this is due to a broad purple stripe up the meson of the occiput which
below the center (at the neck) divides and goes over to the eye
where each arm divides again; but in flavolineata the small Y at the
eye is broadly separated from the parent marking; one arm of this
Y, the broader, meets the eye above the ventral apex on the occipital
aspect, the other goes to the ventral apex of the eye, across the
cheek. Description of flavolineata otherwise correct. On the vertex
cephalad the purple apparently gives off a branch latero-cephalad,
one (a very short one) going to the dorsal apex of the eye, the other
down the face along the eye for some little distance; a very narrow
median stripe on face between the antenne and the mouth (the nar-
row median black stripe of flavolineata). - Mandibles six-dentate.
Scape lemon yellow at proximal half except above; club three yel-
lowish.

From one female taken on the mountains near Claremont, Cali-
fornia (C. F. Baker).

Type: Catalogue No. 20089, U. S. N. M., the specimen on a
tag, the head, a caudal tibia and a pair of wings on a slide.

Pseudiglyphomyia unguttatipennis new species.

Female: Of the stature and general appearance of flavicinctus.

Dark metallic green, the following parts bright lemon yellow:
Legs (except a broad central cinctus on middle tibia and the hind
coxe), head (except ocellar area and upper three-fourths of the oc-
ciput), a round spot ventrad of middle of propleurum, a broad stripe
across the dorsal and lateral and ventral thorax through the fore
coxe (including somewhat less than the distal half of the scutum, the
parapside entirely and much of the cephalic meso-pleurum) ; cephalic
half of lateral and mesal margins of axilla; the distal fifth of abdo-

Pomona College, Claremont, California 121

men, the yellow triangularly produced at meson and two cross-stripes
on abdomen near base, the first narrowly interrupted at the meson.
Fore wings hyaline but centrally with a large round moonlike spot,
whose center is opposite the distal part of the marginal vein, the
stigmal vein not extending distad of its most distal circumferential
point; postmarginal vein distinctly shorter than the stigmal, the
venation yellow. Antenne dull brownish yellow, the scape and ped-
icel metallic green (except bulb and base of the former and apex and
ventral side of the latter). Funicle 1 two-thirds longer than wide,
subequal to the pedicel, 2 a little longer than wide. Club with a dis-
tinct terminal spine. Mandibles 5-dentate.

Pronotum large, conical. Propodeum with a distinct median ca-
rina, otherwise plane, the spiracles minute. Thorax scaly.

Described from one female received from Wm. A. Hilton and
collected at Laguna Beach, Southern California (C. F. Baker).

Type: Catalogue No. 20173, U.S. N. M., the female on a tag,
the head, a caudal leg and a fore wing on a slide.

Perilampus chrysope Crawford.
Three females, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Compared
with types.

Perilampus canadensis Crawford.

This belongs in the first division of Crawford’s (1914) table, and
is closely allied with swbcarinatus; but in the latter the lower face
(laterad of the clypeus) is finely cross-wrinkled, but in canadensis
it bears only a few punctures (and a line of smaller punctures up
the eye margin) ; the lower cheeks are similarly sculptured for the
respective species (that is, in swbcarinatus finely striate, and so on).
The carina referred to in the table is the carinated edges of the
large scrobicular cavity (with the species bearing it, the face is
striate, otherwise smooth or mostly so). The carina is weak in
robertsoni, which resembles similis, but there is more sculpture on
the head in the former; in robertsoni the venation is pale, black in
similis. The species subcarinatus and platygaster are very much
alike, but the latter has larger punctures on the clypeus and the
lateral margin is cross-wrinkled, while in the first species the clypeus
is practically smooth and with minute scattered punctures; more-

122 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

over, the venation in platygaster, is very pale and the parapsides
caudo-mesad finely reticulated (glabrous in the other species). The
carina on the face is a good character, but great care must be taken
that it is seen; it may be rather close to the eye (i. e., the long facial
part of it). Types of canadensis, subcarinatus, similis, robertsoni
and bakeri examined.

The species bakeri and subcarinatus are synonyms.

Some Remarks on the Central Nervous
System of the Starfish

WILLIAM A. HILTON

There are several questions in connection with the central nervous
system of star fish which, so far as I know, are not answered by
older or more recent investigations. They are as follows:

1. Is there any special center in the radial or circum-oral nervous
system?

If there are true nerve cells how are they related?

Are there true neurofibrille ?

Is there any tigroid substance?

Is there any connection between the superficial and the deep
radial systems ?

6. Are all the elements in the central nervous system nerve cells?

7. Do different species differ from each other materially?

Six species of starfish were collected at Laguna Beach. Two
methods were used for fixation; hot mercuric cloride or Flemming’s
fluid were used upon the whole animal. ‘The first reagent was
especially useful in extending the animals and whitening the radial
and circum-oral nerves. Borax carmine was used with good results
in staining after the first fixation and iron hematoxylin after the
second. By both methods cells and fibers were clearly shown.

In all the specimens examined just after killing, the central por-
tion of the radial or circum-oral nerves seemed like a definite line
of nervous tissue. Sections showed in some cases a thicker epithel-
ium in the mid-ventral line of the nerves. The radial nerve was
often less thick than the central part of the nerve ring. The chief
structural difference between the radial and circum-oral nerves in
their central portions was in the arrangement of the cells and fibers.
In these regions the nerve fibers seem to cross more and run in
towards the middle line. This was very marked in some specimens.
Some indication of this is given by Cuenot, 1890.

In the central nervous system there are unipolar and bipolar cells
with long slender processes reaching through the whole thickness of

wm & W dO

124 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

the nerve band. These fibers are for the most part unbranched
except at the inner ends where most seem to be slightly forked just
at the inner limit of the nerve band. There may be small branches
to a limited degree along the sides of the nerve fibers, but it is very
dificult to be sure that this is the case. Certain cells which may be
multipolar did not seem true nerve cells. ‘The terminal ends of the
nerve cells on the inner side of the nerve band seems to be the chief,
if not the only region of interrelation of the nerve cells. I did not
find them quite so long or so numerous as Meyer, 1906. There are
diagonal fibers, especially in the mid-ventral line of older and larger
specimens. There are also a few fibers near the cell-body layer of
the nerve strands, which are perpendicular to the other fibers. Very
few bipolar cells were found except in the outer zone of nuclei, but
there were a few.

The nerve fibers were not found to contain fibrille. Possibly
each cell has but one fibril. Although the nerve processes differ
in diameter none of them seem made of smaller elements. Often
several processes from several cells run almost in a single bundle.

The cell-body just about the nucleus was often difficult to make
out, although in some cases it retained its epithelial character at the
outer end. No clear indications of tigroid substance could be
determined.

The two deeper nerves in each arm are not so well marked as
the superficial. They are much simpler in structure and not so
clearly nervous structures although a few fibers are shown. At the
margins of the nerve ring and the other surface nerve bands, there
seems to be some connection between the superficial and deep sys-
tems, by direct junction in part and by individual fibers in small num-
ber passing from the outer to the inner nerve bands.

Most of the cells of the superficial central system seem to be nerve
cells, the nuclei of the external zone seem to belong to unipolar or
bipolar cells, but a few of these may not be. Between the fibers
there is a granular mass which does not clearly show cells, yet there
are some cells in it, some dimly shown larger ones and some marked
smaller ones which have many fine branches. These smaller cells
especially seem like neuroglia cells of other forms.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 125

The following species of starfish were studied: Linckia colum-
bie (Gray), Orthasterias gonolena (Verrill), Pisaster capitatus
(Stimp.), P. ochraceus (Brandt), Astropecten erinaceus (Gray),
Asterina miniata (Brandt). Except for size and difference due to
body form, the nervous structures in these species were much alike.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cuenot, L. 1890
Le systeme nerveux enterocoelien des echinoderns. Comp. rend.
tcxi.
Hamann, O. 1883

Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. 1. Die Holothurien
u. das Nervensystem der Asteriden. Zeit. Wiss. zool. bd. xxxix.
1885
2. Die Asteriden Anat, u. Hist. untersucht. Jena.
Jickeli, C. F. 1888
Vorlaufige Mitt. ueber das nervensystem der Asteriden. Zool.
Anz. bd. xi.
Meyer, R. 1906
Untersuchungen ueber den feineren Bau des Nervensystems der
Asteriden. (Asterias rubens.) Zeit. Wiss. zool. bd. Ixxxi.
Owsjannikow, Ph. 1871
Ueber das nervensystem der Seesterne. Bull. de |’ acad. imp. des
sc., de St. Petersburg. txv.
Wilson, H. 1860
The nervous system of the Asteride. Linn. Soc. London, Vol.

XXil.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

126 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Cross section of the circum oral nerve of Asterina miniata. X55.
Fig. 2. Cross section of the radial nerve of Linckia columbia. X55.
Fig. 3. Cross section of the radial nerve of Pisaster ochraceus. X55.
Fig. 4. Cross section of the radial nerve of 4stropecien erinaceus. X55.
Fig. 5. Cross section of a very large specimen of P. ochraceus. X55.

Fig. 6. A portion of the middle line of a cross section of the radial nerve of a large
specimen of P. ochraceus. X800.

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The Growth and Color Patterns in
Spiders

MARGARET L. MOLES

The growth of immature spiders, from the period of emerging
from the egg case to that of the adult were studied. Representa-
tives of seven large families, the Lycoside, Attide, Aviculariide,
Epeiride, Thomiside, Theridiide and Oxyopide, and the life cycle
of one genus and species of each of the families were minutely
described and drawn in colors. Besides noting the changes in body
developments, coloration and color pattern, the methods of emerg-
ing from the egg case, action of spiderlings upon “hatching,’’ the
growth of all their parts and especially the growth of the color
patterns, was noted. On account of the artificial conditions in
which it was found necessary to raise the young, they did not always
live to reach maturity, but were almost always raised at least up
to the last few moults.

The females were collected with the eggs. The young were
placed in glass dishes with cloth tops; leaves and dirt were placed
in the jars in order to resemble their natural environments. Food
was given once a day. It consisted of large flies whose bodies had
been opened. Water in small drops was given each day. Some
of the spiderlings such as Lycoside and Oxyopide were especially
fond of the water and congregated around each drop in great num-
bers. The food given the young seemed to satisfy them. They
would crawl all over the fly as soon as it fell among them and soon
it could not be seen in the mass of spiders. Small gnats were put
in the cages but no attempts were made by the small spiders ta
catch them. They were able to go for days at a time without food
if given plenty of water.

The greater number of female spiders with their egg cases were
collected during the months of October, November and December.
The cases of the Oxyopide were found in the mountain canyons
under piles of damp leaves, those of the Epeiride were found in
the usual garden places under eaves and fastened under the leaves

130 Journal of Entomology ‘and Zoology

of large vines. Theridiide were found in meter boxes and barns;
the Attide were collected in Imperial Valley under rocks; the
Lycoside which were collected during the month of April, were
found in the grass with the females carrying the egg cases. The
young of Thomiside were found, no eggs having been collected.
The shape of the egg cases of the several species studied dif-
fered materially. Those of Peucetia viridans are, as Comstock
describes it, “hemispherical in outline with small projecting tufts.”
The egg sac of dranea gemma is a light brown “loose flocculent
mass of silk enclosing the ball of eggs.”” The egg case of most of
the Thomiside, Comstock describes as being “lenticular in form”
and are usually formed of two equal valves united at the border,
which presents a little circular fringe. The egg case of Philodro-
mus is made up of two disks which are fastened closely to the bark
of the trees and may be more than lenticular in shape. In the sub.
family Misumenine the egg sac is sometimes free and sometimes
suspended like a hammock in a retreat formed of leaves rolled or
drawn together. In most cases after the egg sac is made, the fe-
male stops her wandering habits in order to watch it. The egg sac
of Latrodectus mactans is made up of a round closely woven silk
ball, hard on the exterior and soft on the interior. Dust soon col-
lects on the egg sac which gives it a dirty white color. They are
suspended from the web by a few loose threads. The Lycoside
tie their children to their apron strings. The females were found
in great abundance in the early spring holding the flat circular egg
case firmly with their mandibles. These cases were held up off
the ground when the female moved and were dropped if she was
disturbed. In the confined specimens the female upon being dis-
turbed would drop her bundle, but as soon as the disturbance was
over she would pick up the case again. The Attide were all col-
lected from a valley with a warm climate and seemed to resent the
change when they were placed in the cooler atmosphere of the
laboratory. Their egg cases were of a very fine soft white silk and
were attached to the under side of a rock, using the rock as one
side and building the nest around that side. One female laid her
eggs in captivity. The case was the same as those on the rocks
but one side of the glass was used as a foundation. As there were

Pomona College, Claremont, California 131

no eggs of the trap door spider collected, I cannot consider the
shape of the egg case and none of the authors of spider life his-
tories describe it. Comstock speaks of finding one in Florida, but
does not describe it.

The general shape of the egg cases of the different species studied,
seemed to be the same in all of the egg cases of that species. Com-
stock says in regard to the constancy of the shape of the egg sac of
the species, ‘“The egg sac is not merely a covering made in a hap-
hazard way; but is a more or less elaborate structure, made in a
definite manner characteristic of the species.” While one cannot
determine the species or genus of a spider definitely by the shape
of its egg sac, yet it is a small factor which might aid in telling
the genus.

The young of the different species differed widely in the length
of time of emerging. Peucetia viridans emerged in a month,
Arenea gemma in from two to three weeks, Lycosa sp. in three
weeks, Phippdus sp. was kept for seven months and then artificial
help was given to open the sack. The eggs of most of these species
hatched soon after being laid.

The spiders made one or more moults in the egg sac before
emerging from the case. In the case of Aranea it was seen that a
great pile of shed skins were exuded outside of the sac just before
the young emerged and then while emerging from the sac they
went through another moult, leaving their shed skins in the case or
just outside on a line which they made. From observations it
would seem as though this species moulted two or three times
before emerging from the sac. ‘‘The young attids, having under-
gone the moult, shift their positions to the opposite end of the
cocoon and then moult a second and even third time before egress;
as is shown by the fact that one finds within the same cocoon three
separate heaps of skins cast at different ages.” The young with
the aid of a great deal of heat emerged two weeks after the eggs
were laid. They had not moulted at all and were very weak, and
came from one end of the cocoon. The case that was left for seven
months showed that the young had. deposited their shed skins in
three places before emerging, and having migrated from one end
of the egg sac to the other. Wagner (’88) asserts in “La Mue”—

132 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

“The young of Lycosa remain in the cocoon until the second moult,
after which they emerge and clamber upon the mother’s back
where the third and fourth moults occur before the little fellows
begin independent housekeeping in miniature burrows of their
own.” With the other species it was difficult to see how many
moults occurred before egress from the sac and no accurate data
was found upon it.

There was a great difference between the different families in
the actual time of emerging. The Attide, Lycoside, Theridiide
and Oxyopide seemed to pop right out of the sac like ripe peas out
of a pod, while the Araneine took from one to two days or a few
hours, all according to the heat and sunshine. Those egg sacs which
were kept in a dark box were very slow in emerging. One little
one would force its way out of a corner of the cocoon, spin a line
of web to the corner of the box and spend all the rest of the day
running up and down that thread. The others might not appear for
a day or two. If the box with its one little occupant was placed in
the sunshine, inside of two hours every one of the spiderlings would
be out spinning. Egg sacs which showed no signs of hatching
were placed in the sunlight and within two hours one little one
would be out and the rest soon followed. These experiments with
the dark and light in reference to the length of time of emerging
were only carried on successfully with those of the Araneine. The
other egg sacs were placed in sunshine each day but it did not seem
to force the young from the sac. The Attide came out with the
application of both heat and sunshine, but seemed to be prematurely
“hatched,”’ as they were inactive and soon died. Sunshine alone
did not force them out, but the application of heat was sufficient,
after a day’s application. The natural time of emerging for the
Attide is in hot summer weather so this in a way explains why heat
was so effective. Heat or sunshine had no effect upon Latrodectus
or Lycosa except just at the time of emerging. They could not be
forced to emerge. A definite conclusion was reached,—that the
young will wait for a sunny day to emerge. This seems to be true
of all families. Not one was found which had emerged upon a
cold, cloudy day. The house-raised spiders of all the groups
studied emerged earlier than the ones out-of-doors in their natural

Pomona College, Claremont, California 133

habitat. The difference in time with all of them was from one to
two months. This could be accounted for by the fact that they
were raised in a steam-heated room and were placed in the sun-
shine from two to three hours a day even in winter, and so devel-
oped quicker. Artificial help was given to some species which
seemed to have trouble in emerging. The mother spider in some
cases cuts the silk of the cocoon and so when some species were
particularly long in hatching, a pin point was inserted and an open-
ing made. Without the help of the female Lycosa the young were
not able to emerge at all. The young would develop in the egg
sac up to the emerging and then would dry up, if not given arti-
ficial aid.

The actions of the newly-emerged young of the different species
were constant. Lycosa upon emerging clambered upon the body of
the mother, nearly covering the mother spider. The lycosids which
were hatched artificially and had no mother to clamber on died
soon after emerging. The young which emerged and were carried
by the mother all lived, but the others did not seem to have the
necessary strength. The mother often seemed anxious to get rid
of the young. If disturbed she threw them off, and if they were
too young they died. A female without an egg sac was put with an
artificially opened sac and soon the young clambered up on the
legs and abdomen of the adult without any response from her.
Another female carried her own egg sac and a load of orphans
which were placed with her. This double load seemed to be too
much for her; for she died before her own brood could emerge.
The brood which had lived on her a week while she carried her
own case, lived. After she died they started an independent life,
but generally the young live on the mother two weeks after emerg-
ing. These experiments would seem to show that to some degree
the life of the young depended upon the existence of the mother.
None of the other families studied had this dependence of the
young upon the mother.

The young of Peucetia built simply a line of thread and stayed
on it or ran around the jar unattached by any silk. The Thomi-
side when very small would climb upon the flowers or leaves and
bark, seemingly waiting for little mites or flies. Latrodectus and

134 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Lycosa built neither web nor thread rope, but ran round and round
the jar. No attempt was made to build separate homes or pro-
tections. Phippdus after one day of outside life built small re-
treats such as the mature build under the rocks. Of course, the
nests were very small and thin, but they were exact duplicates of
the large ones. Three or four little ones lived in the same retreat
but more often each had his own. Comstock claims they use these
nests as places to stay in while they moult. The nests were built
along the upper edge of the jars and from the nest to the bottom
of the jar was a line of silk thread used as an elevator. The trap
door spiders stayed in the bottom of the tunnel except when placed
in the sunshine; then they spread all over the sides of the tunnel
and especially around the edge of the trap door. As a general
thing the young were very slow and sluggish in actions. The young
of the trap door spider must be very slow to develop for they
showed no signs of silk spinning nor any desire to go out of the
parental tunnel. Some of the young were removed when four
months old and placed in a jar of dirt in order to see if they
would form small burrows of their own. All of them refused to
make any burrows and dried up on top of the dirt. The young
of about one year of age were found in small burrows. Miss
Thompson in her observations on the trap door spiders, says,
“After the hatching of the eggs from seventy-five to one hundred
black and green spiderlings will be found occupying the maternal
nest. When these are a few weeks old they leave the native burrow
and begin to excavate in sunny places, minute tubes of their own.
Often a dozen such small abodes. will be clustered about the old
trap door. These vary greatly in size but all are quite perfect
in form.”

The actions of the young dranea gemma were the most interest-
ing of all the young. The instinct to use the spinnerets and to
make webs was strongly developed, for as soon as the young
emerged from the egg sac they began to spin. First a small thread
was put out and attached to the sides of the jar and as soon as the
young had found a suitable place an orb web was begun. These
were very perfect, although not as large nor having as many com-
plications as the web of the mature spider. Some of the young

Pomona College, Claremont, California 135

were taken out of the jar and soon scattered all over the labora-
tory. They built their miniature orbs between the legs of chairs,
on the lighting fixtures, on the microscopes and in every available
place. They would place themselves in the center of these small
orbs and stay there all day. This action of the young is quite con-
trary to that of the adult, who does not remain in the orb but in a
hiding place near by. The young of dranea gemma were found
all over the top of a rose fence in little webs. They made them
in the top in order to get the greatest amount of light and sunshine.
A family of dranea was raised in the laboratory windows on the
vines. Their actions were not the same as the one raised indoors.
They remained in a large clump swung from one of the branches
of the vine and only on bright days did they scatter from this mass
to return when the wind blew and it became cold. A hard rain
storm came and all the spiders disappeared, but when the sun came
out the spiders returned, making little orbs of their own, but did
not go back into a mass. A great many of these little ones could
not have survived the storm, but some must have remained under
the leaves and started life anew as soon as it became warm.

Certain conclusions can be drawn in connection with the shape
of the egg case, the methods of emerging, and the actions upon
emerging, of the immature spiders:

1. All the egg cases of a certain species of spiders were found
to be exactly the same. There were large numbers of the egg cases
of Aranea collected, and none varied in either shape, texture, or
method of building. The only variations found were in size and
color: The colors varied from light to dark brown.

2. The methods of emerging, the length of time and actions
upon emerging varied only according to the weather conditions and
situations, so the same statement may apply to them as to the shape
of the egg case.

In a general collection a great many specimens taken are im-
mature and very hard to determine on account of the undeveloped
sexual organs, and the differences in color pattern between the im-
mature and its adult. It has been the aim of the writer to watch
the changes in the color development and color pattern of certain
well-known species of large families in order to find some way in

136 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

which the young may be identified by the color pattern and color.
There have been few sources from which any material upon this
subject could be found. Comstock in his ‘Spider Book’’ makes no
note of the color changes, but McCook makes the following ob-
servations: ‘‘With each moult spiders undergo a change in color
and patterns more or less decided; but some undergo such decided
changes that different species have been established for the same
spider upon specimens taken after different moulting periods. In
some species the color and markings of the younglings, after the
first moult or two, fairly represent the markings of the adult at
maturity; in others the difference is so great between the two stages
of life that it is quite impossible to identify young individuals or
distinguish the young of several species with accuracy.”

The female colors predominate through all the young, the im-
mature males in the most cases taking the colors and markings of
the female until the last moult, when they then take on the mark-
ings and characteristics of the adult male.

In the following pages of the paper there will be found a de- .
scription of the different stages of the spiderling of different species,
especially in reference to the different color stages... The dorsal
side of the spider has the color pattern, therefore it will be the
surface which is always described.

Peucetia viridans Hentz. Plates I, II and III

The color markings of the adult female were very brilliant and
beautiful. The eye space is black, the cephalic part of the cephalo-
thorax is light yellow with red and brown markings, the thoracic
region is a dark green ground color with two red lines running down
and around the sides of it. There is a median brown line extending
from the eye space to the lower edge of the cephalothorax. The
abdomen has a dark brown ground color with four white spots, the
lower two of which are edged with red. On the upper half of the
abdomen are two orange stripes flecked with red and separated by
a light green stripe with a darker one in its center. The lower
half of the abdomen has two light green and two yellow green
stripes on either side of the median line. There are numerous
flecks of red all over the dark green on the abdomen. The spin-

Pomona College, Claremont, California 137

nerets are dark green, covered with black hairs. The abdomen
has black hairs. The legs have a light yellow ground color. The
coxa has two red lines near the upper margin of the joint and two
black spots below the lowest line. The trochanter is covered with
various sized black spots. There are two irregular red bands on
the upper margin, while there are scattered over the surface of the
joint from three to four irregular red dashes. The femur is orange
yellow with an irregular red band both at the upper and lower
margin of the joint, the surface of the joint having only two black
spots and those placed at the base of the spines. The tibia is
yellow gray with dark gray spots and an irregular red band both
at the upper and lower margins of the joint. The metatarsus is
also yellow gray with dark gray spots and an irregular orange and
red band on the lower margin of the joint. The tarsus is dark
yellow gray. The joints of the legs with the exception of the coxa,
trochanter and femur are covered with fine black hairs. The palpi
have the same coloring as the legs, but lack the black spots, which
are on all the trochanters. The spines on the legs are very black
and long.

The newly emerged Peucetia viridans are pale orange. Plate
II B. Some of the young emerged and shed a coat after three
days, while others emerged with the new coat on. Those which
emerged and shed their coats in three days were orange yellow
when they first appeared. After three days they acquired a more
orange color. The eye space was dark brown, the cephalothorax
a light yellow green ground color, the sides red shading into green
and a dark brown spot on the upper half of the median surface
and a dark brown median line which extended from the eye space
to the ending of this dark brown median area. This dark line is
the same as in the adult and is lost in the next moult and does not
appear until the adult stage again. The abdomen is orange, shad-
ing to orange red on the sides and to light yellow on the upper sur-
face. There is a beginning of a light red folium of complicated
inner pattern, looking like the construction of a Chinese pagoda. On
each section of the pattern there were four little light colored pits,
but the upper one had five. The palpi were dark gray, the coxe
of the legs were dark gray, the rest of the joints of the legs were

138 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

a light apple green shading down to yellow green in the meta-
tarsus and tarsus. Near the upper margin of the tibia were four
small red rings. One can very well see that even in this early
stage there is a good beginning for the brilliant markings of the
adult. The next moult took place in ten days. The coloring of
the cephalothorax and abdomen remained the same except where
there had been small white pits on the abdomen in the earlier stages
there now was a black spine for every pit. It was in the legs where
the greatest change took place. The ground color of the legs was
light lemon yellow. The coxa was light lemon yellow with three
black spots; the trochanter had eight to ten black spots, the upper
margin of this joint being yellow green; the femur had from four
to seven black spots, with patches of apple green. The tibia, meta-
tarsus and tarsus were orange with darker orange at the upper and
lower margin of the joints. The tibia and metatarsus have from
two to five black spots, the tarsus of the first two legs has two
black spots, the same joint of the last two legs has none. The
light yellow palpi have two black spots on the trochanter, femur
and tibia; the other joints are bare. The spines appeared on the
legs in this stage, while not all that are found on the legs of the
adult were found, yet a good portion were started of very good
size. No short hairs had appeared yet on the body or legs.

There were two moults between this stage and the next one
minutely described, but in either moult there was not any marked
external change other than in size. The body changed from a
round, short, thick shape to a long oval abdomen with a large
cephalothorax to a shape almost like that of the adult. (Fig. C,
Plate II.) The next stage in the color pattern development
occurred when the young was twenty-two days old. (Fig. D, Plate
II.) The eye space is beginning to narrow at the lower margin, the
median part of the thoracic portion of the cephalothorax is dark
brown with light brown center. This dark stripe has two horns
toward the eye space and two small hair lines at the lower margin
of the cephalothorax which extends to the edges of the cephalo-
thorax. On the edge of the cephalothorax is a small red line and
next to it a dark brown irregular line broken by green spots. The
space between the median dark line and the dark irregular brown

Pomona College, Claremont, California 139

line on the edge is apple green. The abdomen has the same pat-
tern as in the younger ones, only outlined by a darker red. Around
the first two portions of the pattern is a white space. This white
space is found in the adult, only separated into two areas. The
upper portion of the abdomen has a ground color of orange yel-
low with darker orange edge, while the lower portion has a great
deal more yellow in it. The legs have the same coloring as in the
last stage described, only areas of gray coloring have appeared in
the lower margins of the femur and the upper and lower margins
of the tibia and the end of the tarsus. On the palpi we find the
gray on the upper and lower margins of all the joints except the
coxa. The spinnerets protrude below the abdomen and are coy-
ered with short black hairs. (Fig. D, Plate II.)

The next stage seems almost a retrogression in the color develop-
ment except for the growth of the cephalothorax. (Fig. E, Plate
II.) The eye space has assumed a small position in the center
of the cephalic portion of the cephalothorax. The color is brown.
On either edge of the upper margin of this portion of the cephalo-
thorax are found two brown spots which are on the adult. The
median stripe down the center of the cephalothorax is green with
dark brown splotches and the same shape as the others. The edges
had a light brown irregular stripe and all traces of the red band was
gone. At the joining of the green median stripe and the brown
stripe near the lower margin of the cephalothorax was a black spot
showing the beginning of the black spot in the same place in the
adult. The space around the eye space and on either side of the
median stripe was light yellow green. The abdomen had lost nearly
all the folium except remains of its outer edges. The upper portion
of the abdomen is light yellow, nearly white; the lower portion yel-
low green; the remains of the pattern in the center of the abdomen.
The white space on either side of the folium remained and the
lower portion of the sides of the abdomen was a pinkish yellow.
The abdomen has become slightly constricted near the upper mar-
gin and has assumed a great deal of the shape of the abdomen of
the adult. The legs are a transparent color. The coxa has besides
the gray at the upper and lower margins, a band of green on the
upper margin. The trochanter was light gray, almost white, with

140 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

a red band near the upper margin of the joint, the femur of the first
two legs was yellow green with gray at the upper margin, and a
large black splotch at the lower margin on the side; the femur of
the last two legs is the same color but lacks the black spots; the
tibia, metatarsus and tarsus are yellow gray with darker gray
green at the upper and lower margins of each joint. From now on
until the last moult there was no change. At the last moult the sex
of the spiders appeared and the color pattern was completely
formed. Though the young with the complete color pattern were
not as bright and brilliant as the mother caught with the eggs, yet
they would very likely improve with age. The color pattern of
this form was the hardest to follow and understand. At each moult
it seemed to be a process such as is necessary in the reproduction
of a colored plate, one color placed on top of the other until the
final whole is obtained.

A female Peucetia viridans with eggs was collected in the early
summer (July Ist) on a squash vine. (Plate III.) The female
was colored differently from the one just described above, and also
different from the one described by Comstock, yet this one is identi-
fied by Banks as belonging to this genus and species. The cephalo-
thorax of the adult was a light yellow green with a silver eye
space. There were two black lines on the lower margin of the
cephalothorax. The abdomen is a dark brown green ground color,
with a band of light green on either side of the median line near
the upper margin. Near the middle of the abdomen are two white
spots. A light brown triangular pattern is found in the median
line near the upper margin. The legs and palpi have a light
green coxa and trochanter, an orange femur and a yellow tibia, the
metatarsus and tarsus with a green band both at the upper and
lower margin of each joint. The trochanter is flecked with black
spots. The legs are covered with strong spines. The spinnerets
are dark brown.

The young emerged after two weeks and were dark brown, the
abdomen being darker than the legs and cephalothorax. At this
time there was no semblance in the young to the adult in either
shape of body or color. The first moult occurred in one week.
The shape of the body had changed to the elongate abdomen and

Pomona College, Claremont, California 141

large flat cephalothorax of the adult. The cephalothorax was
yellow brown with a line of green on the sides of the thoracic por-
tion of the cephalothorax. The pattern along the median line of
the cephalothorax is the same as that found in the young of the
same age in the other specimen of Peucetia viridans described. The
cephalic portion of the cephalothorax is yellow brown, the eye space
is brown. The abdomen is brownish green with a slight beginning
of a folium in red. The legs were yellow green with darker green
spots at the upper margin of each joint. The trochanter, femur,
tibia and tarsus have a varying number of black spots. After one
week there was another moult. The legs and palpi had not
changed except in size. The cephalothorax had a little more green,
the upper part very bright red at the center and shading down to
the gray green of the abdomen. The folium was outlined in red,
the upper part very bright red at the center and shading down to
a very light red and green in the lower part of the abdomen. The
spinnerets were dark, covered with black hairs. In a week an-
other moult took place. The cephalothorax was light green with
a band of dark on either side. The eye space was dark brown.
The pattern along the median line was in dark green. The abdomen
was dark green, the irregular pattern along the median part
of the abdomen was in light green brown. The legs were light
green, the femur light yellow, the spots being at the base of
the spines on all the joints except the trochanter. After the next
moult which took place in two weeks, the young were like the
adult in everything but size and sex differentiation. Whether this
form could be called a variety or not could not be said, but cer-
tainly in development of the young and in the adult itself there is
a great difference between it and the desscribed Peucetia viridans.
The time when each was collected, and the difference in location
may have influenced the color and color development, but it esems
highly improbable that it could have affected the young as well.

Aranea gemma McCook. Plate IV

The next group studied was the dranea gemma. The color pat-
tern of the adult was: The cephalothorax was dark brown, almost
black and covered with light yellow hairs. The abdomen was a

142 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

lighter brown with a broken yellow median line. This line extends
from the upper margin, three-fourths of the way down on the
cephalothorax. The dark brown abdomen is also covered with
yellow hairs. These yellow hairs gave a grayish appearance to the
body. The coxe of the legs and the palpi were dark brown, the
trochanter light brown, the femur dark brown; the tibia, meta-
tarsus and tarsus a light yellow with upper margin of each with a
dark brown band. The legs were covered with light yellow hairs.
The brown spinnerets were covered with dark hairs.

The young when first emerged were a dirty gray brown in the
legs, palpi and cephalothorax; the abdomen was a clear yellow
brown with a distinct black triangular pattern near the apex. The
tarsus of the legs and palpi were dark brown. Some of the spider-
lings kept this same coloring and pattern for a month, simply grow-
ing in size. Others in the same brood kept this same color and
pattern for two weeks and then changed. At this time the legs
became a clear light brown, the tarsus being also of the same color;
the cephalothorax was the same dirty brown. There were two
cervical grooves, one separating the head from the thorax and then
at the joining of this groove another one started toward either side
at the base of the cephalothorax. The abdomen was the same clear
yellow brown, only at the base of the abdomen near the upper mar-
gin and on either side, small patches of brown indicated the start-
ing humps of the adult. The black triangular pattern of the one
just described was softened to a dark brown pattern fusing into
the color of the rest of the abdomen. It was not until the spider
was four months old that there was any great change from this one,
only of course, the general growth of body. The color remained
the same except that at each moult it was darker. At the end of
four months the humps had developed into small knobs. The
abdomen and cephalothorax had become like the adult female, but
the legs had not taken on the gray coloring of the adult. They
were still a dirty brown. As both adult male and female are alike
in coloring, both sexes of the young remained the same in coloring
throughout their life, the female being larger in the last few moults.

As none of the egg cases of Thomiside were kept in captivity
all the observation on the young of this family were made from
young collected.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 143

A great number of juveniles of the species Misumessus asperatus
were collected and only the approximate ages can be stated in the
following discussion of them. The adult female is described as
“pale yellow in color with dull red markings or the ground color
may be greenish. There is a brownish stripe on each side of the
thorax, a median light red band on the basal half of the abdomen,
two bands or rows of spots on the hind half and a band on each
side. The male resembles the female in colors and markings, but
is only about one-half as long.’”” The newly-emerged are light yel-
low in color of abdomen, cephalothorax and legs, with slight red-
dish markings on the sides of the cephalothorax and the dorsal
portion of the abdomen. At the age of three months the males
could be separated from the females although the palpi showed
no differentiation, but the size of the two were quite distinct. The
male at this age has the bright yellow cephalothorax with a brown
band on either side of the median space. This band does not go
to the side of the cephalothorax but extends around the anterior
and posterior lateral eyes. The abdomen is marked the same as
the adult, only not so distinctly. The coxa, trochanter and femur
of the legs and palpi are light yellow brown with an indistinct red-
dish band at the upper margin of each joint. The tibia, tarsus and
metatarsus are light yellow. In the adult male, the coxa is yellow
brown, the trochanter and femur are the same with a small red
band at the upper margin of each joint and the upper half of the
tibia, the metatarsus and tarsus are dark red. The trochanter is
covered with small dark red spots. The spines of the juvenile
male had developed at the age of three months to the size of the
adult spines. In the matter of size, the juvenile was about three-
fourths the size of the adult. The juvenile female of the same
age was marked like the adult, only fainter, and the size was about
the same proportion as in the other sex.

In following through a life history of Philodromus pernix,
NXysticus Californicus and Misumena aleatoria it is found that the
color changes that take place from the newly-emerged to the adult
indicate the pattern of the adult. The colors may not be as distinct
as on the adult, yet on each succeeding moult the pattern becomes
plainer. Thus it can be said that the Thomiside change very little
from the immature to the mature in the case of color and pattern.

144 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Latrodectus mactans Fabricus. Plate V

Of the family Theridiia, Latrodectus mactans was studied. The
color of the adult female is coal black, often having a broken row
of red spots down the median line of the abdomen; the female is
black with four red stripes on the abdomen besides the broken red
line down the median line of the abdomen. The female is often
lacking the red color and then is pure black. The young are a
light yellow gray white upon emerging, but in thirteen days after
their first moult outside of the egg case the cephalothorax was
bright yellow brown with darker brown sides and a triangular
brown spot in the median area of the cephalothorax reaches to
the eye space. The abdomen was white with four varying sized black
spots on its surface. The coxa and trochanter of the legs were yel-
low brown with dark gray on the upper margin of each; the femur,
tibia, metatarsus and tarsus were light brown gray with dark gray
on both upper and lower margins of each joint. The palpi were
marked the same as the legs, but with a great amount of dark
gray color. The next moult occurred when the spiderlings were
twenty days old. The thoracic portion of the cephalothorax was
dark brown, the sides had a dark gray band and the lower margin
of this part of the cephalothorax had two dark gray spots. The
pattern on the median portion of the cephalothorax was more slen-
der and very black brown. The eye space was light brown. The
abdomen was a dirty gray ground color. The black spots on the
one described before had enlarged and between these rows of spots
were two more broken lines of black spots. The pure white color
remained only near the margins of the abdomen and as a median
stripe. The legs were dark brown with darker black brown on the
upper margin of each joint except the coxa. The palpi were light
brown having lost all their gray color. At thirty-four days of age
the cephalothorax had grown lighter, the margins were black with
a brown stripe bordering the very thin black one. The triangular
brown pattern on the median area had spread from the eye space
to the lower margin of the cephalothorax. The abdomen had the
dirty gray ground color except for the pure white median stripe.
The abdomen had now three horizontal small black broken lines
and four large black spots and two broken black lines bordering

Pomona College, Claremont, California 145

the median white stripe. The lower margin of the abdomen was
very dark gray. The legs were light brown with dark brown at the
upper margins of all except the coxa. The palpi were light brown
except the last joint which was dark brown. At forty-one days of
age the cephalothorax was a dark brown gray ground color with
a black broad stripe around each margin, the legs were dark gray
brown with darker gray at each upper margin. The abdomen
was black except for a median white stripe which went from the
upper margin three-fourths of the way down and a stripe that
extended down around the margins the same distance. From this
time on until the last moult, the body became suffused with black,
the space left on the abdomen which had been white was filled with
red, and the males were distinct from the females. Some of the
white spaces never filled with red but became black. Comstock
states in his Spider Book, 1910, that it is known that the immature
females are often marked like the mature males, but this was not
found to be so in the artificially raised families which were grown in
the laboratory. The red marking and color did not come until late
in the last moults.

Lycosa sp. Plate VI

The next large group studied were the Lycoside. The genus
and species studied were Lycosa sp. The adult female and male
were alike in color and pattern. The cephalothorax was dark brown
with a wide median light brown stripe extending from the anterior
eyes to the lower margin. The space between the eyes was shiny
black. At the base of the sides of the cephalothorax were two light
brown spots. The abdomen was black brown with uneven spots of
light brown on the basal half and in the dorsal half were two hori-
zontal light brown stripes. The legs were gray brown with dark
bands on all the joints except the tarsus and metatarsus. The young,
when emerged, have a dirty gray cephalothorax with a wide light
brown median stripe extending from the second row of eyes to
the base of the cephalothorax. The color around all the eyes is
black. The abdomen is a dirty gray with a few dark spots on the
median line. The abdomen and cephalothorax are covered with
long black hairs and a few white ones. The legs are light yellow

146 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

brown with black hairs. At the age of two weeks the cephalothorax
was a.dirty brown, the sides had a small black line along the edge,
there was the same wide median light brown band extending from
the second row of eyes down to the lower margin and on either
side of this band was a large gray band. The space around the eyes
was black. The abdomen was a dark gray ground color with a light
brown median band broken by lines and spots of gray. The hairs
were long and black, some of the hairs on the abdomen being three-
fourths as long as the spider. The legs and palpi were light brown
with faint gray band on all joints except the coxa, tibia, tarsus and
metatarsus. At three weeks of age the abdomen was the only thing
changed. It had changed to that of the adult in color and pattern.
The legs, palpi and cephalothorax were the same as at two weeks of
age. At the age of one month the Lycosa young were miniatures of
the adult. They were about one-tenth the size of the adult at
this age.

Phidippus sp. Plate VII

The Attidae studied were large undertermined desert forms of
the genus Phidippus and taken in the winter from under rocks. The
adults had black cephalothorax with a red spot between the posterior
eyes. The abdomen was a reddish brown ground color with a gray
stripe around the upper margin, and a gray folium at the lower half
of the abdomen. The young were very hard to raise and lived only
a week in some cases. One set emerged in the winter and lived only
a few days, but from another egg case, young came forth with arti-
ficial aid, after being kept seven months. The cephalothorax of
the newly emerged was dark green, the abdomen dark green with
two lighter green spots and lines surrounded by black on the for-
ward portion of the abdomen and four dark horizontal lines at
the lower part of the abdomen. The coxa and trochanter of the
legs were gray green, the rest of the joints were orange yellow.

Bothriocyrtum Californicum. Plate VIII

Of the family Aviculariidae the trapdoor spider was observed.
The adult has a chocolate brown cephalothorax with a deeper choco-
late brown on the abdomen, the legs being the same color. The

Pomona College, Claremont, California 147

newly emerged young were shell pink and shiny. After emerging
from the egg sac they moulted and at three days of age had a light
brown cephalothorax with black eye space, light brown legs and
spinnerets and a reddish brown abdomen. The legs, abdomen and
spinnerets were covered sparsely with dark hairs. The trapdoor
spiderlings were so slow in changing that the moults occurred about
a month apart. At the age of one month and three days the young
had grown slightly larger, the cephalothorax was light brown with
darker brown in the cervical groove. There was a brown line
from the black eye space down to the first groove ending. The legs
and spinnerets were the same color as before. The abdomen
was colored a little darker brown and six light spots were on the
middle surface of the abdomen. The spinnerets were shorter than
at the three-day stage. At the next moult (two months and six
days), the shape and coloring of the spiderlings had changed con-
siderably. The cephalothorax had elongated, the color was red
brown, the eye space black. The abdomen had become smaller and
the spinnerets disappeared from sight. The color of the abdomen
was dark reddish brown with numerous flecks of lighter brown over
the surface of the abdomen. The legs and palpi were gray brown.
At three months and six days the whole spider had changed from the
reddish brown color to the chocolate brown. The cephalothorax
was chocolate brown with black eye space. The abdomen had
become the shape of the adult’s and was a dark chocolate brown
with numerous horizontal ridges. The legs were gray brown. At
the age of four months the young had taken all the color of the
adult, though their size was only one-tenth that of the mature spider.
There is in the collection a specimen of Bothriocyrtum of about a
year’s age. It is three-fourths the size of the adult, and though its
sex is not differentiated yet, it has all the adult coloring. From
these observations it is concluded that it must take several years
for the spider to reach maturity.

The conclusions reached after the study of these families of
spiders may be stated in a few paragraphs:

1. The young in all cases resemble the adult in shape of body,
placing of eyes and in habit. This was true of the young just
emerged from the egg sac as well as the older ones. The shape of

148 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

the body might not be exactly as the adult at the beginning, but even
then it was in most cases enough like it to help to determine the
family. By shape alone could one tell a young attid or young trap-
door spider. The position of the eyes was the same as the adult
in all cases.

2. Color changes took place without the aid of moulting. It was
noted with all the specimens that slight changes took place, such
as darkening of the ground color, or a clearing of the pattern
between moults. This was not true of body changes, as they only
occurred through moulting, but it is true that then, and only then,
occurred the great and varied changes of coloration and color pat-
tern. This view of the color changing between moults is not held
by most of the writers upon spiders, and it is only through daily
observation that this slight changing can be seen.

3. The lack or abundance of food was found to be a great factor
in the rapidity of moults and also the color development. The
poorly fed spiderling moulted slowly and showed very little differ-
ence of color with each moult. The satisfied spiderling moulted at
definite periods and showed great development of color as well as
development of body. The intensity of the colors always became
greater after a meal. Heat and sunshine also were factors with
the food. The spiders kept in a dark place had as much color in
their bodies as those in the sunshine, but their development was
retarded.

4. There was a great difference in the amount of change in
the color pattern in different species. Some had a good many, some
only one or two. The ones with the greatest number of changes
were the brilliantly colored adults or the striking adults. The
Thomisidae, Lycosidae and Aviculariidae had very little change,
and the young of any of these could be told at once by their close
resemblance to the adult. The changes from the immature to the
adult in these families were finished after the second or third moult
from the egg case. The sexual differences did not appear until later.

5. The young in one brood looked all alike and resembled the
adult female. This was true up to the last few moults. McCook in
his book states: ‘‘Among the young of the Lycosa and Attus,
according to Wagner, these modifications are effected with the

Pomona College, Claremont, California 149

female and male so equally and uniformly during the first four or
five moults and withTrochosa during the first six or seven moults,
that one is scarcely able to distinguish the sex. Among orb weavers
generally, and in spiders of various tribes observed, the change in
color is not decided in the male; that is, the young male carries the
typical color and general shape of the adult female, the younglings
of both sexes after the initial moults resemble each other perfectly,
and tend to resemble the adult female. Though the young male of
Dictyna p. bears a close resemblance in color and pattern to the
adult female. He concludes that when the adult male is more con-
spicuous than the adult female, the young of both sexes take after
the latter in form and color. On the contrary when the female is
more conspicuous the young follow the more modest colors of the
male, especially in the earlier moults. When the adult sexes resem-
ble each other the young of both favor the common type.”

6. The Adult Thomisidae change color and color pattern
according to their environment, but this is not so true of the imma-
ture.

7. (a) An adult spider whose ground color is brown, has young
whose first ground color is yellow and then later becomes suffused
with brown.

(b) The young of an adult whose ground color is green, is first
yellow and then green.

(c) A gray spider has gray young.

(d) The black of all spiders, except Latrodectus mactans, is
brown black, not pure black.

(e) The only color found in spiders, due to refracted light, was
in the mandibles of Attide.

If the color sequences of all spiders were known, it would be an
easy task to determine any immature form, but even without this
knowledge it is not impossible to determine to what large family or
group an immature specimen belongs. Three things have to be
considered in the determination: First, that the young resemble the
adult in form; second, that the eye placement of the immature is the
same as that of its adult; third, the ground color of the immature is
the same as in the adult. In this last it may lack in intensity or differ
in shade. This may not be true of the first color, but remains true
for the second moult.

150 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

If we study the color of the adult, and see how it is made up and
how placed, and then apply this knowledge to the study of the
immature, it will be found that the latter will usually show some-
thing of the adult color and color pattern.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)

REFERENCES

Comstock, J. H. (12) “The Spider Book.” Garden City, New York.
Doubleday, Page and Company.

McCook, C. (’89-93) “American Spiders and Their Spinning Work.’
Philadelphia. “The Author.

Peckham, G. W. and E. G. (’89) “Observations on Sexual Relations in
Spiders of the Family Attide.” Milwaukee. Cramer, Aiker and
Cramer.

Wagner, W. (’88) “La Mue des Araignees” Am. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) Paris,
vol. 6, pp. 281-393.

Banks, N. (’10) ‘Catalogue of Neartic Spiders.” Washington, D. C.,
Smithsonian Inst. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. No. 72.

A large number of works, both of early and recent writing, have
been looked over, but as they had little or nothing upon the subject
of the paper, they were not listed.

Plate I.

Plate Il.

Pomona College, Claremont, California

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Plate I—Peucetia viridans:
Adult female. X4.
Plate 1l—Peucetia viridans:
Fig. B. Young, 3 days old. X20.
Fig. C. Young, 13 days old. X20.
Fig. D. Young, 22 days old. X20.
Fig. E. Young, 39 days old. X20.
Plate [1l—Peucetia viridans:
Fig. A. Adult female. X4.
Fig. B. Young, just emerged. X20.
Fig. C. Young, 25 days old. X20.
Fig. D. Young, 34 days old. X20.
Plate |V—Aranea gemma:
Fig. A. Adult female. X2%.
Fig. B. Young, just emerged. X10.
Fig. C. Young, 3 weeks old. X10.
Fig. D. Young, 4 months old. X10.

Plate V—Latrodectus mactans:
Fig.-A. Adult female. XS.
Fig. B. Young, 13 days old. X15.
Fig. C. Young, 20 days old. X15.
Fig. D. Young, 34 days old. X15.
Fig. E. Young, 41 days old. X15.
Plate VI—Lycosa sp.:
Fig. A. Adult female. X4.
Fig. B. Young, just emerged. X12.
Fig. C. Young, 3 weeks old. X12.
Plate VII—Phidippus sp.:
Young, just emerged. X20.

Plate VIII—Bothriocyrtum Californicum:

Fig. A. Adult female. X2.

Fig. B. Young, 3 days old. X20.

Fig. C. Young, 1 month 3 days old. X20.
Fig. D. Young, 2 months 6 days old. X20.
Fig. E. 3 months 6 days old. X20.

151

Plate III.

Plate IV.

Plate V.

Plate VI.

Plate VII.

Plate VIII.

Studies in the Life Histories of Two Car-
penter Bees of California, With
Notes on Certain Parasites

H. H. NININGER

Xylocopa orpifex Smith

Systematic observation of this species was extended over a period
of one year, beginning September 29, 1915.

Methods: The colony chosen for study is located on the sum-
mit of a small mountain rising from San Dimas Canyon of the San
Gabriels, at an altitude of about 3,500 feet, where it occupies the
timbers of a small, deserted cabin. It required two hours of climb-
ing to reach the cabin from the foot of the mountains. About six-
teen trips were made at intervals during the whole autumn, winter
and spring and one in late summer. Pieces of timber were brought
to the laboratory from time to time, and opened. During the breed-
ing season those occupied by eggs or larve were carefully preserved
and prepared for daily observation by splitting the timber so as
to expose the contents of the cells when the parts were separated,
and again refitting the parts and holding them in place by means of
clamps when not under observation; or, by smoothing the split sur-
face and carefully fitting a piece of glass over the opened cells,
which was then held in place by means of glue or other paste. In
one case a tightly-fitting sliding glass plate was used quite success-
fully. A dark cover of some kind was kept over the glass, except
during observation, thus preserving as nearly as possible the natural
conditions. As a check on the whole study a trip to the cabin was
made at the season of their emergence and a number of cells were
opened which seemed to corroborate all of the conclusions reached
from the experiment, except in the case of certain parasites as noted
below.

Habits: Orpifex shows a decided preference for redwood as a
medium in which to burrow. Though I found them, in one or two
cases, using Oregon pine. It shows no inclination to choose decay-

Pomona College, Claremont, California 159

ing timbers; but, on the contrary, was always found working in the
sound wood. This, I think, is a wise choice, for one of its dangerous
foes is found abundantly, tunneling through decaying redwood.
The surface chosen for making an entrance is generally vertical or
slanting. When slanting or, as is sometimes the case, horizontal,
the under surface is always chosen. For a short distance the bur-
row takes a course nearly or quite at right angles to the surface
entered, then gradually changes to a course parallel to that surface,
and always (with very few exceptions) leads upward in the slanting
or upright timber. These tunnels vary in length from one inch to
twelve inches and are, as a rule, remarkably straight. I am at a
loss to know certainly what guides these interesting little carpen-
ters in the construction of so straight a tunnel. My first idea was
that they followed the grain of the wood, but in one case, where a
knot occasioned a decided curve in the grain of the wood, the tun-
nels had been constructed straight as usual (Fig. 7). The most
reasonable explanation seems to be that the vibrations of the wood
serve to indicate the distance from either surface, for when boring
in a plank only 54-inch thick they keep a line remarkably nearly
equidistant from the two surfaces and never have I seen where they
broke through to the surface. But a fact in the way of this theory
is that they sometimes make tunnels just as straight in a 2-inch
timber with the distance from one surface several times greater
than the distance to the opposite surface. It is an interesting point
which T have not yet solved to my satisfaction. My description
fits the majority of tunnels. Ina very small percentage of the cases
studied, the tunnels were short and seemed to be in almost any
position.

The excavation of these tunnels is evidently a laborious task,
though the little creatures ply their trade with great avidity, and
while at work they are not at all easily disturbed. The writer
watched one of these patient workers for three hours, during which
time she kept her mandibles working away continuously, leaving her
work only twenty-five minutes, evidently for “lunch,” after which
she returned to resume her task. By closest scrutiny I was unable to
see that the two and a half hours of labor had lengthened her bur-
row. I returned six days later to find her still vigorously pursuing

160 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

her task, but she had advanced less than one inch. Fig. 1 shows this
tunnel and the rate of progress. It seemed to be a typical case.
I have known one tunnel to be several weeks under construction.
Their average length is from four to six inches. Those of greater
distance, I think, are the result of more than one season’s work,
having been lengthened from year to year.

While digging, the bee slowly turns in the burrow, requiring from
thirty minutes to an hour to complete the cycle. Observation
showed no regularity or uniformity either in rate or direction of
turning.

I have never found orpifex except in reasonably large aggrega-
tions. If some adventurous female begins work in a new locality,
that locality is sought out by others until almost every available
timber is honey-combed with tunnels*. From one surface entrance
there are usually several tunnels leading away. Figs. 8 and 9 are
typical in this respect. This habit doubtless serves well in the reduc-
tion of labor and also reduces the danger from enemies. A third
advantage gained is the mutual protection against changes of tem-
perature during the winter, for I found these tunnels, on cold days,
literally packed full; in many cases two rows of bees lying side
by side in the same tunnel.

Other than the points mentioned I find no hint of true community
life. Males and females are about equal in number, and in the
rearing of young they behave as other solitary bees so far as I am
able to learn. No food is stored for winter but on warm days
they come forth in search of food, a temperature of about 20 deg.
to 21 deg. C. being sufficient to invite them out.

Life History: Having finished her tunnel the female begins to
provision it with bee-bread which she makes from pollen and regur-
gitated nectar. After accumulating a mass about as large as her
own body she lays an egg upon it and walls up that part of the bur-
row with a partition of chips of wood cemented together in the
form of a spiral (Fig. 2), as Comstock has described in the case
of Xylocopa virginica. Examination showed no uniformity in the
direction of this spiral. I found among the partitions built by the

*This may be due to the scarcity of redwood in this vicinity.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 161

same bee those in which the spiral turned clockwise and others in
which it was the reverse. Five to six such cells are thus provisioned
and sealed in about as many days, each occupying about five-eighths
of an inch of the tunnel.

These eggs are hatched successively after an incubation period
of about one week. The newly-hatched larva is a footless grub
about 7 mm. in length. It feeds slowly at first, then more rapidly
and has devoured all, or nearly all, of its food in from 22 to
28 days, when it ceases to feed and for a period of from 15 to 19
days shows very little change. During the non-feeding larval
stage it spends most of its time in the position shown in Fig 3,
but occasionally indulges in a series of writhing movements which
last for a half minute or more. At the end of this period the
first moult occurs, the beginning of the pupal stage (Fig. 11). The
pupa is at first white and manifests even less movement than in the
previous stage, but gradually pigment begins to develop and within
three or four weeks the jet black color of the adult shows as a slaty
blue through the thin white outer skin. About this time the pupa
begins to show a bit more activity and within a few days may be
found stretching out its legs and antenne which have thus far been
tightly folded against its body. This action is prophetic of emerg-
ence and a few days later the second and last molt occurs, which
brings it into the adult stage. It remains only for its wings to com-
plete their growth and harden before it is ready for flight.

But there are obstacles ahead of this seeker of the open air. The
neatly-formed partitions are yet as strong as the day they were
made, and there may be from three to six of them between young
orpifex and the light of day. That is not all, for unless some wan-
ton parasite has entered, there lie as many brothers and sisters, all
yet in their swaddling clothes—in those chambers which form the
only path to the out-of-doors. Some writers have suggested that
this first-born politely waits here in this inner chamber for the
younger members of the family to emerge and then humbly follows
them out; but my observation revealed no such modest altruism.
When No. 1 of a family of six emerged during a day of my absence
she tore away the enclosing partition, kicked the occupant of the
next cell back into the one she had deserted, and repeating this oper-

162 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

ation in each cell, went plowing through the whole row, and when
the timber was opened the next morning No. 1 was found in cell
No. 6 ready to tear away the last restraining wall. In some cases
the first to emerge did wait for a short time before beginning to dig
out, but this was not the rule. I think this matter is probably gov-
erned by the food supply. If these was a fragment left from the
larval feeding it will satisfy the newly-emerged one for some time,
but if not, it soon seeks a way out. These creatures seem to be
ravenously hungry upon their emergence (as might be expected
after sixty days of organization and development without taking
any food) and their first activity is a search for food. After search-
ing through their own tunnel and devouring what fragments remain
they do not fly at once but enter adjoining burrows and profit by
any morsel which may have been left by the early death of a neigh-
boring larva or the failure of an egg to hatch.

The question has been raised as to a uniform position of the
males and females in the brood tunnel (Davidson, Ent. News, Vol.
4, 1892). TI noted at least one exception to such a rule, the first
of one brood being a male and the first of another brood being a
female.

Parasites: The most interesting of the parasites found upon this
species was one of the Bombyliide, Spongostylum delila Loew, which
first appears upon the foodmass as a very minute but exceedingly
active larva. Even before the egg of the host is hatched this almost
microscopic intruder is found industriously creeping about, rearing
and stretching as if looking for a foe to conquor. For three weeks
or more it thus restlessly creeps about over foodmass, egg and
larva, feeding promiscuously, then finally settles down and, fastening
itself by means of its hooked beak to the sixth or seventh segment
of the Xylocopa larva (Fig. 12), it quietly feeds until its host is
devoured unless shaken loose by the writhing movements (noted
above) of the larva, when it soon reattaches itself and resumes its
quiet feeding. The parasite is four weeks, or more old when it thus
attaches itself and is found to be only three to five mm. in length.
For nearly two weeks more its growth can scarcely be noted except
by careful measurements so that at the age of five and one-half to
six weeks its length is but from four to five mm. Here a remarkable

Pomona College, Claremont, California 163

change occurs. It now begins to grow at such a rate as to almost
double its size within twenty-four hours. The host, which here-
tofore has betrayed no marked injury from its enemy, now rapidly
shrivels up. Only five days of this voracious feeding reduces the
once large plump larva to an empty skin and in its place we find
the equally large and plump, fully grown larva of the bombyliid
(Figs. 3 and 4). This long retarded growth followed near the
end of the larval period by a relatively short period of unusually
rapid development seems to be a very advantageous adaptation on
the part of the parasite. If growth had progressed steadily from
the first, death of the host had surely resulted before the full devel-
opment of the parasitic larva. This larva now rests almost motion-
less for ten or twelve days (Fig. 4) when it becomes a little more
active and moults about two days later, entering the pupa stage
(Fig. 5). In this stage it remains for fifteen to twenty days and
emerges as an adult (Fig. 10).

The work of this parasite for the season in which it was studied
was quite general, about ten per cent. of the cells examined being
infected. So far as I observed, its work was also very equally dis-
tributed—about half the broods showed one parasitized larva and
in only one case was there more than one found in the same brood.

Other parasites found were a phycitid moth and a tenebrionid
beetle, both of which began their work upon the bee-bread and when
that supply ran short devoured the young bees. These two para-
sites would doubtless be much more destructive were orpifex a less
careful workman; for I found that where cells prepared for study
were not tightly sealed the pupe were in almost every case devoured.
But where the partitions were left entirely intact and the glass cover
glued on tightly I found only one case in which a cell was entered
and in this case the tenebrionid bored through the partition to
deposit eggs within the cell. In some cases I used bee-bread to paste
the glass cover over the opened cells and in every such case these two
parasites found their way in by feeding upon this material and
without fail they devoured the pupe before they emerged. From
* my examination of cells which had not been opened before the season
of emergence I conclude that the injury of these parasites is slight
except in case of defective construction of partitions. But they
were found occasionally even in the normal brood cells.

164 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Mites of the genus Trichotarsus (determined by Nathan Banks)
infested a few nests and in some cases destroyed developing bees
but often the emerging adult carried them away among the hairs
covering the thorax and seemed to be uninjured.

All the parasites have been sent to specialists for determination.
The tenebrionid was determined for us by H. C. Fall. It proved
to be Aphanotus brevicornis Lec.

The bee-fly seems not to be the same species as the one found
by Davidson, Ent. News, Vol. 4, 1892. Prof. J. M. Aldrich has
determined it for us as Spogostylum delila Loew.

The moth sent to the U. S. Museum was in such a condition that
it could only be determined to belong to the family Phycitide.

Xylocopa varipuncta Patton

This species is much larger than orpifex and exhibits a marked
dimorphism, the male being of a golden brown color while the
female is jet black. It inhabits the valleys and lower hill regions
while orpifex is found in the higher hills and mountains.

Varipuncta seem to prefer wood that is partially decayed in
which to burrow. I have found them working several kinds of
wood, but most abundantly in live oak, pepper and eucalyptus.
Their tunnels are generally from five to twelve inches in length and
seem to follow the grain of the wood, sometimes far from straight.
Their nesting habits are similar to those described for orpifex.
They are not so much inclined to live in groups as the former spe-
cies; yet in one case I found several individuals using a common
surface entrance from which each constructed a separate tunnel for
her brood nest.

My study of this species was not so extensive as in the case of
orpifex and only one parasite was found, the mite, Trichotarsus,
which destroyed a small percentage of the larve. This mite is often
found upon the adult which I think accounts for its presence in the
brood chamber. The life history, as far as known, is given in table

below:
Feeding Non-Feeding

Egg-stage Larva Larva Pupa Total
Xylocopa orpifex...... 7 days 23-28 days 18-19days 40-45 days 85-99 days
Moe WANIPMMeTA Loser aboutl week 30 days 20 days 40 days

Bee Fly (parasite).... unknown 42-47 days 12-15 days 15-20 days

Pomona College, Claremont, California 165

DISTRIBUTION (From T. D. A. Cockerell)

X. orpifex: Mountains near Claremont (Baker; Oak Creek
Canyon, Ariz. (Snow) ; Rock Creek, Cal. (Davidson) ; Strawberry
Valley, San Jacinto Mountains, Cal. (Grinnell) ; Mountain View,
Cal. (Ehrhorn). This species occurs from Nevada south to Lower
California.

X. varipuncta: Tempe, Ariz. (Irish); Fort Mohave, Ariz.
(Junius Henderson) ; Los Angeles, Cal. (Cockerell), on flowers of
Datura meteloides. Also reported from Texas and Lower Cali-
fornia, but not in New Mexico.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona Coilege and Lords-

burg College) a

166

Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figures 8-9.
Figurel0.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

PLATE I.

Shows progress in excavating tunnels: a, bottom of newly begun tunnel
when found; b, bottom of same tunnel after six days of work. Nat. size,

One of the partitions as viewed from the entrance of the burrow.

X. orpifex larva in non-feeding stage with bombyliid larva attached. Nat.
size.

Same as Fig. 3, but five days later, showing X. orpifex larva reduced to
empty skin and parasite larva fully grown. Nat. size.

Pupa of bombyliid. X2.

An egg of X. orpifex with outline of developing embryo inside. X3.

PLATE II.

A tunnel of Xylocopa orpifex showing where the worker did not follow the
grain of wood. Nat. size.

Show two pieces of 34-inch boards with one surface hewn away to show

work of X. orpifex . X shows position of surface entrances with a
number of tunnels from each, reduced.

Adult of bombyliid parasite.

Figures 11-12. Larva of X. orpifex with bombyliid larva attached; much enlarged.

Figure 11.

Pupa of X. orpifex; much enlarged.
Larva of X. orpifex with bombyliid larva attached. Much enlarged.

Figures 11 and 12 from drawings by Margaret L. Moles.

PLATE I.

PLATE II

Albert John Cook, DSC.

Professor of Biology in Pomona College, 1894-1911

DAVID L. CRAWFORD

On September 29, 1916, a very great and noble career was
brought to a close, when Dr. Albert John Cook passed away to his
eternal rest. Few men have had the privilege of exerting a greater
force for good among college students than was exerted by Dr.
Cook, for he was more than a teacher of biology—he taught men
and women the way to large service in the world and to clean and
high and noble living. Hundreds have been made better and
purer by their contact with this great teacher, and scores have gone
out of the college to a large career of unselfish Christian service
because ‘‘Prof.’’ Cook touched their lives and made them see things
in the large. Colleges and universities need more men of this type,
for they are very rare indeed.

Pomona College has not had a more loyal supporter than was
Dr. Cook. Through all those early years he remained and fought
loyally for the existence and the development of this institution,
all the while giving of his time and money and influence to build
up the scientific side of the college. Much of the present museum
assets are directly the fruits of his labor and much of the laboratory
equipment was secured by him, but, greatest of all, the good name
of the college and of its biology department was built up through
his sending out of well equipped men ready and eager for large
service in the state and nation.

Not only does Pomona College mourn the passing of this man,
but the entire state of California and indeed the nation has suffered
a great loss, for he was assuredly a national figure in his sphere.
When most men are retiring to a quiet life, Dr. Cook at the age of
nearly seventy years went from his place in Pomona College to a
larger and even more active sphere of work. From 1911 to nearly
the time of his death he served the state of California in a most
successful manner as the head of the Commission of Horticulture.
He drew this work out of the mire of politics and made it a benefit

170 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

to the agriculture of the state. This work proved to be very wear-
ing upon him, however, and aggravated an ailment of long standing
in his spine. Seeking relief from this trouble he at last resigned
from his state position and traveled east to place himself under the
care of a specialist. Relief did not come, however, and the man
at last succumbed after several months of enforced inactivity.

Dr. Cook was born in Owasso, Michigan, August 30, 1842, and
passed his boyhood in that state. In 1862 he graduated from
Michigan Agricultural College and then was a graduate student in
Harvard University for a year. He then returned to his Alma
Mater as professor of entomology and zoology in which position he
remained until 1893. In that year he came west to California
and from 1894 to 1911 was professor of biology in Pomona Col-
lege. In 1911 he went to Sacramento, but retained his connection
with this college as emeritus professor. On September 29, 1916,
in his boyhood home in Owasso, Michigan, he passed on from his
arduous labors on this earth to his great reward.

The Central Nervous System of Serpent
Stars

WILLIAM A. HILTON

Several summers ago the activities of small serpent stars attracted
my attention. The young of Ophioderma panamensis Lutken, pos-
sibly mingled with the minute young of Ophionereis annulata Le
Conte were found in great numbers at Laguna Beach. These little
creatures seemed fully as active as the adults. As compared to
mature forms they were often very minute, the diameter of the discs
being one-tenth or one-twentieth that of the adults.

As compared with the starfish the adult nervous system is, of
course, more highly organized although as well known it follows
the same general plan of arrangement. In the adult form studied,
Ophioderma, the larger more superficial or epineural nerve bands
were best marked and were chiefly studied. The hyponeural nerves
were not prominent or well separated from the epineural. The
large pedal ganglia are well marked and of the same general struc-
ture as the radial parts of the epineural strands, but the cells seemed
a little larger and the fibers not quite so marked in the same prepara-
tion.

In some quite small serpent stars where the radial and circumoral
systems were compared although the structure was the same in
general, the more central part of the nervous system was much
larger. In a specimen with a disc one milimeter in diameter the
radial was about half the diameter of the circumoral. This would
indicate more of a centralization than in the starfish.

A section across the radial nerve shows the nerve cells similar
to those in starfish, located in the outer zone, two or three cells deep.
The wider fiber area is quite homogeneous in some preparations but
in others there were here found large numbers of cell processes
similar to those of starfish. Certain rather fortunate slides showed
these processes with great clearness. The best results of this sort
were obtained from specimens fixed in Flemming’s fluid, the cal-
cium salts of the skeleton were afterward removed by means of acid

172 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

alcohol, sections were cut in parafiine. Some sections were stained
with iron hematoxylin, but some were mounted unstained and occa-
sionally a very fine Golgi-like impregnation of certain cells with
their branches was evident. From such preparations it was learned
that the cell processes were about one to a cell and that this often
branched at half its length or a little more, although it was difficult
to make this out because of frequent crossing of the fibers. Most
cells seemed to be uni- or bi-polar, but some had other branches
running back among the cells of the celular area. In some places
the long fibers from the cells were very wavy and they often ran
slantingly, crossing many cell processes, some may have been larger
than others, although it was impossible to be sure of their compara-
tive size because of differences in position and staining. In small
specimens smaller fibers or fibrils were evident and very numerous.
In this, as compared with the starfish studied, there was more the
indication of fibrillae, but no marked development of these. On the
whole, the central nervous system seems more like the complex sys-
tems of other forms than does starfish.

The nerve cells are well marked, sometimes with nucleoli and
with much chromatin but not usually with the characteristic arrange-
ment of chromatin material. In some cases a small amount of
material in the cytoplasm gave the appearance of tigroid substance.
As in starfish, fibers from cells usually appeared as single fibrils
especially in the adult. In many places the fibers or fibrils seemed
to start rather abruptly from the outer zone of cytoplasm of its cell.
In a few cases two fibers seemed to start from the same place in a
cell, but this of course may have been where one of the fibers in
crossing was cut off, or possibly fibers entering and leaving the
same cell. The details of fibers and cells were taken from Flem-
ming’s fluid preparations either stained or unstained.

The segmental arrangement of ganglia in the arms is one of the
well known features which forms such a striking resemblance to
the ganglionic cords of many segmented animals. In some of the
smaller specimens the condition of the gangila is especially well
marked, towards the ends the nerve strand becomes quite reduced.
In longitudinal sections of the arms of serpent stars the thicker cell
area is, of course, that of the superficial radial nerve while the cells

Pomona College, Claremont, California 173

of the closely applied deeper or hyponeural nerves seem like the
less numerous dorsal nerve cells of the ventral ganglia of arthro-
pods and annelids. It is understood by some that the epineural
nerves are sensory in function, the hyponeural motor, if this be so
then the statements in a number of places in literature that the ven-
tral cells of certain arthropods are sensory and the dorsal cells are
motor in function seems not without interest.

Upon comparing the size of the ganglia of small serpent stars
with those of adults, it was found that the nervous system is in pro-
portion, much better developed in the small specimens. All the
larger figures shown were drawn to the same scale, yet the figures of
the adult were from a specimen with a disc fifteen times that of the
small specimens. The radial nerve of the small specimen shown
in cross section is through its narrowest part. In a small specimen
of 1 mm. disc diameter the radial nerve was one-third of the diam-
eter of the arm. In an adult but small specimen the arm was 3.5
mm. in diameter while the nerve strand was only .04 to .01 mm.
in diameter. The nerve cells were slightly more numerous in cell
areas in the small specimens than in the large.

SOME POINTS SUGGESTED BY THESE OBSERVATIONS

1. The synapse in this form and probably other echinoderms
seems to be by simple contact, possibly at the sides as well as at the
terminals of nerve cells.

2. If fibrils are found within nerve cells they are represented by
very few, possibly only one to a fiber in many cases.

3. Some slight indications of tigroid substance were found.

4. With the growth of the nervous system the nerve cells become
less abundant at any one place while the relative size of the nerves
becomes much less in the adult.

5. The nervous system of the serpent stars looks much more
like the nervous structures of more complex forms than does that
of the starfish.

6. A striking general resemblance of the nervous system to the
segmental arrangement of the ganglia of arthropods and annelids
is shown in the arms of serpent stars.

174 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

7. The close application of the deep strands to the superficial
gives the appearance of dorsal and ventral cells in the ganglia of
segmented animals. The suggestion of a dorsal sensory part and a
ventral motor has interest if not importance in this connection.

8. A simple condition of relationship of nerve cells to each
other seems evident in the radial and circumoral strands of this
form as well as in starfish and these conditions may have an
important bearing in understanding the more complex relationships
of other species. If the conditions here simply shown are not
exactly reproduced in vertebrates or arthropods, they may give
some indication of the way in which the more complex have come
about.

9. If the more superficial parts of the radial and oral system
are sensory and the smaller dorsal parts motor, then it seems that
the larger ventral strand must be a little more than sensory, as has
been shown by numerous experiments, because of its size and because
of its inter-relationships. In other words we have here the origin
of a central nervous system or associating part from a sensory por-
tion. This may be an important suggestion in connection with the
origin of the central nervous system in other forms.

REFERENCES
Cuenot, L. 1887
Etudes anatomiques et morphologiques sur les Ophiures. Arch.
Zool. Exper., Ser. 2, Vol. vi.
Davydoff, C. 1901
Beitrage zur kenntnis der Regenerationserscheinungen bei den

Ophiuren. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd. Ixix.

Delage et Herouard 1903
Traite de Zoologie concrete. III Echinodermes.
Hamann, O. 1889

Anatomie und Histologie der Ophiuren und Crinoiden. Jen. Zeit.
f. Natur. Bd. xxiii.
Lange, V. 1876
Beitrage zur Anatomie und Histologie der Asterien und Ophiuren.

Morph. Jahrb. Bd. ii.

Muller, J. 1854
Ueber den Bau der Echinodermen. K. Akad. d. Wiss. Bd. xlv.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Pomona College, Claremont, California 175

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figures 1-3. Cross sections through the superficial radial nerve of an adult serpent

star. X350.
Figures 2 and 3 do not show the whole breadth, and Fig. 2 shows a little

of the deeper more dorsal nerve area.

Figure 4. Section through the pedal ganglion of an adult. X350.

Figure 5. Section through the circum oral strand of a serpent star of Imm. disc diam-
eter. X350.

Figure 7. Cross section through the narrowest part of the radial nerve strand of a
1 mm. serpent star.

Figures 8-9. Longitudinal section through the nervous system of the arm of a 1 mm.
serpent star. X75.

Figure 10. Nerve cells from the nerve strands of adult serpent star fixed in Flem-
ming’s fluid. X700.

Index to Volume VIII

Alepisaurus aesculapius, 80. Crustacea, Laguna, 65.
Alpheus dentipes, 67. Cycloxanthops novemdentatus, 71.
Anoplodactylus, 25. Dasygyius tuberculatus, 71.
Andrena auricoma, 47. Diandrena claviventris, 50.
opacicentris, 47. cyanosoma, 49.
osmioides, 45. scintilla, 50.
peratra, 46. provancheri, 62.
plana, 47. Echinoderms from Laguna Beach, 8&8.
prunorum mariformis, 46. Emertia analoga, 67.
Anthidium angelarum, 62. Epialtus bituberculatus minima, 69.
Aphanotus brevicornis, 164. nuttallii, 69.
Aranea gemma, 134, 141. productus, 69.
Augochlora pomoniella, 51. Essig, E. O., 97.
Banks, n., 12. Eupodes brevipes, 14.
Basket star, 17. Eurycyde spinosa, 19.
Bees, California, 43. Exomalopsis melanurus, 59.
Berry, S. 8. velutinus, 58.
Betaeus longidactylus, 67. Girault, A. A., 119.
hardfordi, 67. Glossoperdita pelargoides, 43.
Blephariopoda occidentalis, 67. Gorgonocephalus eucnemis, 17.
Bothriocyrtum californicum, 146. Grinnell, F., 81.
Brachyura, 69. Hemiptera, 5.
Bunodactis xanthogrammica, 90. Hesperapis nitidulus, 45.
Butterfly, San Francisco, 83. Herbistia parvifrons, 72.
unnamed, 83. Heterocrypta occidentalis, 71.
Callianassa longimana, 65. Hilton, W. A., 19, 25, 65, 73. 80, 123,
californiensis, 65. 171.
Cancer antennarius, 71. Latrodectus mactans, 144.
Caprella tuberculata, 86. Lepidopa myops, 67.
Caprellide from Laguna, 86. Lepidoptera, 97.
Carpenter bees, 158. Lima dehiscens, 94.
Cate, M., 94. Lophopanopeus heathii, 71.
Central nervous system, 171. leucomanus, 71.
Cerationa neomexicana, 62. Loxorhynchus crispatus, 71.
punctigera, 62. grandis, 71.
Chalcid flies, 119. Ludia foliata, 93.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 43. Lycosa, 145.
Coelenterates, 88. Macrotylus amcenus, 6.
Coelioxys angulifera, 61. dorsalis, 7.
megatricha, 60. essigi, 8.
Color in spiders, 129, unfuscatus, 10.
Conanthalictus bakeri, 51. limeolatus, 9.
macrops, 51. multipunctatus, 7.
Cook, A. J., 169. regalis, 11.
Crab spiders, 112. 6-guttatus, 6.
Cragon migromaculatus, 67. tristis, 11.

Crawford, D. L.,.169. Mites, 12.

Mites from Claremont, 35.
Moles, M. L., 112, 129.
Munidia quadrispina, 73.
Nervous system, 73, 123.
Nininger, H. H., 158.
Nomada civilis, 56.
erythrospila, 56.
melanosoma, 55.
odontocera, 57.
pyrrha, 55.
subvicinalis, 56.
Octopod, 1.
Ocythe, 1.
Osmia cyanopoda, 52.
cyanosoma, 52.
Osmia melanopleura, 53.
migrobarbata, 53.
Pachycheles rudis, 72.
Pachygrapsus crassipes, 71.
Paguris bakeri, 65.
hirsutiusculus, 65.
Panulirus interruptus, 67.
Parasites of bees, 158.
Pelia clausa, 72.
Perilampus canadensis, 121.
Petrolisthes eriomerus, 72.
cinctipes, 72.
rathbune, 72.
Perdita ruficauda, 44.
Peucetia viridans, 136.
Phidippus, 146.
Pilumus spirohirsutus, 71.
Pseudiglyphomyia unguttatipennis, 12.

Puggettia richii, 72.
tumida, 72.
Pycnogonid, 19.
Randallia ornata, 69.
Rare fish, 80.
Renilla amesthystina, 92.
Scyra actifrons, 72.
Serpent stars, 171.
Shaw, M., 86.
Spirontocaris palpator, 67.
Stylatula gracilis, 90.
Sympiesomorphelleus californicus,
119.
Summer school, Laguna Beach, 37.
Tarsotomus macropalpis, 13.
terminalis, 13.
Triepeolus ancoratus, 63.
callopus, 63.
Trombidium perscabrum, 12.
Trichotarsus, 164.
Tythreus pentapeltis, 74.
Van Duzee, E. P., 5.
Vanessa atlanta, 98.
cardui, 104.
carye, 101.
huntera, 99.
carye muelleri, 103.
Velella septentrionalis, 88.
Whip scorpion, 73.
Xanthias taylori, 72.
Xylocopa orpifex, 159.
varipuncta, 164.
Zagrammosoma mira, 119.

f

VOLUME EIGHT NUMBER ONE

JOURNAL.
ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

MARCH, 1916

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY .
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA,.U. S. A.

~~

CONTENTS
Tue Ocropop OcyTHOE IN CALIFoRNIA—S, 8. Berry air tied be! wet eek
Review or THE Genus Macrotyius. Fieb—E. P. Van Duzee - - 5
New Carirornia Mires—Nathan Banks - - - - - - - 12
_ An Inrerestnic Basket Star From Lacuna Beacu—VW. 4. Hilton- 17
A REMARKABLE Pycnoconip—W. 4. Hilton - - = tee 19
Tue Lire History oF Anoplodactylus Erectus Cole—WV. 4. Hi ilton - 25
_ Mires From tHE CLaremont Lacuna Recion—W. A. Hilton - - 35
Summer ScHoot at Laguna BeacH -) - - - - -- - - 37

_ CoursrEs OFFERED AT THE SUMMER SCHOOL OF THE LAGUNA BEACH

Brotocicat Laporatory, 1916- - - - - - - = = 40

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
P March 8, 1879

ae - 4

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

- Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
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The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
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Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side ‘ob
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Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as —
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Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
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a cor Toe

VOLUME EIGHT NUMBER TWO

JOURNAL *2%

ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

JUNE, 1916

| PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS
Page
NEw AND LitTLe KNown BEEs From CALIFORNIA—T. D. A.
COPROVEN (amt tiar ole teu on meme sce eS oe
CRUSTACEA From LAGuNA BEAcCH—W.. A. Hilton - - - 65
Tue CENTRAL Nervous SysTEM AND SIMPLE REACTIONS OF
A Rare Wuir ScorPion—W. dA. Hilton - - - - 73
A Rare Fisu From Lacuna Beaco—W. 4. Hilton - - - 80
An UNNAMED BuTTERFLY From SAN FRANCcIScO—Fordyce
SINGH pers came wh fa mi a ek wa
CAPRELLIDAE FRoM LAGUNA BEACH—M. Shaw - - - - 86
Nores ON COELENTERATES AND ECHINODERMS FROM LAGUNA
BracH—W. 4. Hilton - - - - + + + = = 88
Lima Deuiscens at LAGUNA BEAcH—Margaret L. Cate .- 94

a. eee

eee

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 8, 1879

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
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and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
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Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
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Pah AY

VOLUME EIGHT NUMBER THREE

JOURNAL
ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

SEPTEMBER, 1916

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.

CONTENTS
Page
Tuer Genus VANESSA IN CALIFORNIA—E, O. Essig... ....0.0.0000: 97
Crap SPIDERS OF THE wpa ie amici Recion—Margaret L.
POC aS GEA RIE MAS Ne SIRI Sy RCRA TE ct Rp SEA, 112
_ Tue New Cuatcrp Figs From CaLirorNia—d. A. Girault........-+ 119
Some REMARKS ON THE CENTRAL Nervous SYSTEM OF THE STARFISH
—William A. Hilton........... PORT Bic Sipe AAR res ATE OPEN TS 123

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 8, 1879

_ Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento- |
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
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and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
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_ Figures should be drawn so that ee may be reproduced ase
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
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William ae Hilton, Editor
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VOLUME EIGHT MY NUMBER FOUR

JOURNAL

ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

DECEMBER, 1916

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY -
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS
Page
Tue GrowTH anv Couor Patrerns IN Spipers—Margaret L. Moles 129

STUDIES IN THE Lire Historres or Two CARPENTER BEES OF CALI-
FORNIA, WITH Notes ON CERTAIN Parasites—H. H. Nininger 158

Apert JoHn Cook, DSC.—David L. Crawford - Ree Ao 169
Tue Centrat Nervous System oF SERPENT Stars—Wiilliam A.

FTgtofp ee ee hel Rechte. fae Hard a ah UTE

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
- March 8, 1879 :

Journal. of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

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and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
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tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
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