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FOR THE REORLE
| FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

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LIBRARY
OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF

NATURAL HISTORY

JOURNAL OF
ENTOMOLOGY AND
ZOOLOGY

VOLUME IX, 1917

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX.

1@= BGABI-Sopthag

Volume IX, Number 1

Moles, M. L.
Another Record of a Small Whip-
Scorpion in California, 1.

Girault, A. A.
Notes on Chalcid Flies, Chiefly
from California, 8.

Moznette, G. F.
The Rose Flea-Beetle, 13.

Nininger, H. H.
Notes on Birds of Laguna Beach
and Vicinity for 1916, 20.

Nisbet, J-
Solpugids from the
Laguna Region, 22.

Claremont-

Moore, Winifred T.
Record of Two Pseudoscorpions
from Claremont-Laguna Re-
gion, 26.

Hilton, Wm. A.

The Central Nervous System of a

Sipunculid, 30.

Littoral Ascidian Collected at La-
guna Beach, 36.

Summer School at Laguna Beach,
38.

Courses Offered at the Summer

School of the Laguna Beach
Biological Laboratory, 1917, 44.

Volume IX, Number 2

Burnham, Hazel; Pierce, Wright M.;
White, Halsted
Preliminary List of Birds from the
Claremont-Laguna Region,.45.

Hamilton, W. T.

The Nervous System of Aracoda
Semimaculata and the Descrip-
tion of a Method of Sterto-
graphic Reconstruction, 73.

Hilton, Wm. A.
The Central Nervous System of
the Amphipod Orchestia, 88.

Volume IX, Number 3

Bray, Henry

List of Bees from Claremont-La-
guna Region, 93.

Gardner, Leon L.

A Partial List of the Mammals of
the Claremont Region, 101.

A Preliminary List of Shells from
Laguna Beach and Nearby, 107.

Hilton, W. A.
A Reconstruction of the Nervous

System of a Nemertian Worm,
119.

Volume IX, Number 4

Lichti, P. A.; Schallenberger, R.;
Johnson, Charlotte

A Tentative List of Moths from
the Claremont-Laguna Region,
125.

Preliminary Tjist of Butterflies
from the Claremont-Laguna Re-
gion, 135.

Hilton, William A.
Suggestions from the Study of the
Central Nervous Systems of
Invertebrates, 141.

Hilton, William A.
Some Remarks on the Nervous
Systems of ‘Two Sea-Urchins,

147.

Some Echinoderms Collected at

Laguna Beach, 151.

Myers, Miss L. and Hilton, W. A.
Some Reactions of Brachinus

Lateralis, 152.

INDEX TO VOLUME IX.

Amphipod, 73.

Aracoda, 45.

Ascidians, 306.

Bees, 93.

Birds, 20, 45.

3rachinus lateralis, 152.

Bray, Henry, 93.

3urnham, H., 45.

Butterflies, 135.

Carinella, 119.

Central nervous system, 88, 141.
Chalcid flies, 8.

Echinoderms, 151.

Gardner, Leon L,, 101.

Girault, A. A., 8.

Haltica probata, 13.

Hamilton, W. F., 73.

Hilton, W. A., 30, 88, 119, 141, 147.
Johnson, C., 125.

Lachti, P. A., 125.

Moles, M. L,, 1.

Moths, 125.

Moore, Winifred, 26.
Moznette, G. F., 13.
Myers, Lea, 152.

Nemertinian, 119.

Nervous system, 30, 73, 147.

Nininger, H. H., 20.
Nisbet, J., 22.
Orchestia, 88.
Pierce, W. M., 45.

Reconstruction methods,

Rose flea-beetle, 13.
Sea Urchins, 147.
Shallenberger, R., 125.
Shells, 101.
Sipunculid, 30
Solpugids, 22.
Summer school, 44.
White, Halsted, 45.

Whip-scorpion, 1.

73.

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Another Record of a Small Whip )

Scorpion in California

M. L. MOLES

In April, 1916, Dr. W. A. Hilton collected some small whip-
scorpions in the Pomona College Park at Claremont. These creat-
ures were without eyes and yet they seemed to avoid forceps. They
were able to run backwards or forwards with equal ease. On
examination it was found that there were long hairs on the legs
such as shown in the figure. Other specimens were afterwards
found in one of the nearby canyons, and two specimens in the college
collection were marked “C. Metz, in the mountains near Clare-
mont.”

Upon looking through the literature the species was determined
to be Trithyreus pentapeltis Cook. In 1899 Dr. Hubbard col-
lected some at Palm Springs under stones in the canyon near the
stream. Those which we have found this year were under the
dried oak leaves some distance from water. Cook gave the generic
name Hubbardia which has not been sustained.

The following are the measurements of two types of the twenty
or more specimens found.

Measurements—supposed Male:

Length of whole body, 7.5 mm.

Length of cephalothorax, 2 mm.

Length of abdomen, 3 mm.

Length of tail, 2.5 mm.

Length of first leg, 8 mm.

Length of maxilla, 1.5 mm.

Width of abdomen, | mm.

Width of cephalothorax, 8 mm.

Measurements—Supposed Female and Juvenile, Fig. 1:

Length of whole body, 4.5 mm.

Length of cephalothorax, 1.5 mm.

Length of abdomen, 2 mm.

Length of tail, 1 mm.

Length of first leg, 5.5 mm.

Length of maxilla, 2 mm.

Width of cephalothorax, 6 mm.

Width of abdomen, 1 mm.

2 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Color of supposed Male—Cephalothorax and maxille, dark red-
dish brown. Abdomen and legs light yellow brown.

Color of supposed Female and Juvenile—All parts bright yellow
brown.

Cephalothorax suboval, upper margin strongly concave at the
sides and tapering to a point at the median line. Sides convex at
upper edge; lower margin strongly convex. The cephalothorax is
strongly chitinized, showing two small oval spots. The small
suboval area between the chitinized cephalothorax and the abdomen
is soft with five chitinized plates.

On the dorsal surface of each abdominal segemnt are two muscle
depressions, while on the ventral surface the fourth, fifth and sixth
segments have dark colored plates near the segmental divisions
which are used for muscle attachments; besides the two muscle
depressions.

The book-lungs openings are found on the ventral surface of the
first abdominal segment, as is also the epigynum.

The caudal appendage of the juvenile and female is made up of
three small joints tapering to a blunt end. It is held in an upright
position above the abdomen. Cook in his description supposed
this form to be a female or juvenile; Krayselin considers it a dif-
ferent species, but upon close study of the rest of the organs of
this form it was finally decided that it was a juvenile and probably
a female, the supposition being held that the juvenile took the form
of the female, as is often the case, until the last few molts. The
epigynum of this form was extremely undeveloped, having only a
small epigastic furrow with depressions at either end.

The caudal appendage of the supposed male is made up of two
stout joints to which is attached a heart-shaped body tapering to a
blunt apex. This body has deep pits both on the dorsal and ven-
tral sides near the base.

On the tibia of the first pair of legs are two long special sensory
hairs set in little pits. On the second, third and fourth legs one
hair was found, also on the tibia. These hairs are three-fourths
as long as the leg.

The mouth parts consist of a pair of strong mandibles and lab-
ium. The labium is placed between the two coxe of the maxilla.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 3

The long process of the coxa clothed with its long simple hairs
seems to have some performance in the work of the mouth parts.
The labium is suboval, clothed thickly with simple short hairs, the
upper margin having a single row of long heavy straight hairs
with many long single curved hairs covering them.

The mandibles are provided with three distinct kinds of hairs
or spines. The large subquadrate proximal joint was clothed with
long barbed spines, the movable finger having on its median sur-
face a row of fifteen back curved barbed spines. In the space
between the movable and stationary finger were long hairs, en-
larged in the center and tapering off to a fine point, the tapered
portion being barbed. The mandibles are set well down in the
sephalothorax.

The sexual openings were found in the usual place; the ventral
surface of the first abdominal segment, this being enlarged so as
to do away with the second abdominal segment. The epigynum
consists of a long epigastric furrow with a large lip-like opening
near its median line. Just above this opening and on either side
were small longitudinal creases.

Prof. Dr. Friedrich Dahl places the external sexual organs of
this family on the legs and in the Thelyphonide which is closely
related. They are found in the second joint of the tarsus of the
first legs. Careful study failed to find any trace of secondary sexual
organs in Trithyreus pentapeltis.

Krayselin, Karl F 1899
Das Tierreich. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi.

Cook, O. F. 1899
Hubbardia, a new genus of Pedipalpi, Entomological Society Proceed-

ings, vol. 3.

Comstock, John Henry 1911
The Spider Book, pp. 17-18.

Banks, Nathan 1900
Synopsis of North American Invertebrates. Am. Nat. Vol. 34.

Dahl, Dr. Friedrich 1913

Vergleichende Physiologie and Morphologie Der Spinnentiere.
Jena, Verlang N. G. Fischer.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)

+ Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Drawing of the upper side of a young Trithyereus pentapelti Cook X10.

Fig. 2. Lower or ventral view of T. Pentapeltis X10.

Figs. 3, 4, and 5. Various views of the caudal end of an adult T. Pentapeltia.
Much enlarged.

Fig. 6. Labium. Much enlarged.

Fig. 7. Maxilla. Much enlarged.

Fig. 9. Mandible of Trithyereus. Much enlarged.

Fig. 9. One jaw of mandible. Much enlarged.

Pomona College, Claremont, California
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Pomona College, Claremont, California ih

Notes on Chaleid Flies, Chiefly From

California

A. A. GIRAULT

The following descriptions are chiefly from specimens sent by
the Department of Zoology of Pomona College.

Eusandalum californicum n. sp.

Female: Similar in every respect to coquillettii Ashmead except
as follows: The hyaline cross-stripe between the fuscous cross-
stripes of the forewing is distinctly narrower than either fuscous
cross-stripe (broader than either in the other) ; the stylus of the
abdomen is a little shorter than the ovipositor valves (their ex-
truded portion), both equal in length in coquillettii. Otherwise
the same. Antenne 11-jointed, tapering, the club single and no
longer than the pedicel, funicle 1 quadrate, 2 longest, elongate,
somewhat compressed, over thrice the length of the pedicel. Types
compared.

A female from Claremont (C. F. Baker).

Types: Catalogue No, 20357, U. S. National Museum, the
female on a tag, a fore wing antenna and hind leg on a slide.

In the U. S. National Museum a female from the Santa Cruz
Mountains, California, part of the type of coquillettii (now a single
female from Los Angeles).

Eusandalum obscurum n. sp.

The type is one female from Easton, Washington (Kincaid).
Catalogue No. 20358, U. S. National Museum, the female on a
tag. See table.

Eusandalum alpinum n. sp.

The type is a part of the type of coquillettii from the Santa Cruz
Mountains, California; Catalogue No. 20359, U. S. National
Museum, the specimen on a tag. See table.

Eusandalum georgia n. sp.

ee

One female, pinned, Georgia, Catalogue No. 20369, U.
National Museum. A second female from Washington, D. C.
See table.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 9

Eusandalum arizona n. sp.

A female, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (Schwarz), May 27.

Catalogue No. 20361, U. S. National Museum, tag. See table.

Synopsis of the North American Species of Eusandalum.

Females. (From the types.)

Wings bifasciate, the distal fuscous band at apex. Legs red
except the coxae, the antennae wholly concolorous. Ovipos-
itor extruded for over half the length of the abdomen.
Scutellum longitudinally lined.

Hyaline band of fore wing distinctly narrower than either
fuscous band (one on each side of it) ; stylus a little shorter
than the ovipositor. californicum Girault

Hyaline band of fore wing somewhat broader than either
fuscous stripe; stylus and ovipositor equal.

coquillettii Ashmead

Wings unifasciate or wholly embrowned or with a large
unbroken, fuscous area. Wings wholly infuscated. Scutel-
lum densely punctate like the scutum (in the first species).
Propodeum with a lateral sulcus.

Ovipositor much extruded.

Legs reddish except the coxae and the first and third femora
ventrad; more slender than usual, the ovipositor about as
in californicum but the abdomen is longer, hence the oviposi-
torisso. Fore wing with a longitudinal white streak caudad
of middle. acmaeoderae Rohwer

Ovipositor extruded for less than a fourth the length of the
abdomen, the stylus subobsolete.

Fore wings indefinitely slightly stained; legs reddish except the
coxae; scutellum long-lineolated. obscurum Girault

Wings infuscated from the bend of the submarginal vein to
apex or nearly. Antennae concolorous (compare ob-
scurum) .

As in californicum but the scutellum finely puncate; differs from
acmaeoderae in being more robust, the first and third femora
are not metallic ventrad, the costal cell is broader, the tip
of the fore wing is hyaline for a short distance.

alpinum Girault

10

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Legs wholly concolorous except the knees and tips of tibiae nar-
nowly and the tarsi; as in the preceding but stylus and ovi-
positor subequal. cyaneum Ashmead

Wings hyaline or subhyaline. Antenne concolorous except
at extreme base.

Ovipositor extruded for about half the length of the abdomen,
the stylus slightly short.

Middle legs except coxae, all knees narrowly, tips of tibiae
and the tarsi reddish brown. Postmarginal vein sub-
equal to the stigmal. hubbardi Ashmead

Ovipositor extruded for less (or not more) than a third the
length of the abdomen, the stylus subequal.

Postmarginal vein subequal to the stigmal.
Legs reddish except the coxae and cephalic femora and tibiae.
Scutellum somewhat more distinctly lineolated longitudin-
ally, punctate. Ovipositor short. hyalinipenne Ashmead
Postmarginal vein distinctly longer than the stigmal.
Legs concolorous except knees, tips of tibiae and the tarsi.
Stylus somewhat shorter than the ovipositor which is a
third the length of the abdomen. georgia Girault

Wings subhyaline. Antennae with the basal fourth of the
cape honey yellow.
Postmarginal vein distinctly much longer than the stigmal, twice
longer.
Ovipositor extruded for nearly half the length of the abdo-
men, the stylus a little shorter. Legs honey yellow except
fore and hind coxae. arizona Girault

All the species have the postmarginal vein shorter than the stigmal

or no longer, save where noted; the parapsidal furrows are
distinct, but very short, joining before the middle of the
scutum from cephalad. The club is usually single, the anten-
nae 11-jointed, tapering-filiform.

Dialinus begini Crawford

One female, Santa Clara County (C. F. Baker).

Pomona College, Claremont, California 11

Elachistus coxalis Howard
One pair, San Mateo County, California, the male; and Laguna
Beach, Southern California, the female (C. F. Baker).
The following species is an Eudecatoma (there being no distinct
substigmal spot but only a very minute one) but for the present
I include this segregate within the older one.

Decatoma subimmaculata n. sp.

Female: Length, 2.00 mm. Of the usual habitus and sculpture,
the punctation not coarse.

Honey yellow, the wings hyaline, the following black markings:
Ocellar dots obscurely, upper margin of occiput (a crescent),
median channel nearly to apex and cephalic margin of the propo-
deum (except laterad) ; abdominal petiole and the median line of
abdomen dorsad narrowly, from just before apex of segment 2
nearly to the apex of segment 4. Abdomen compressed, segments
2, 4and 5 subequal, longest, the abdomen glabrous, its petiole about
twice longer than wide. Propodeum openly rugoso-punctate, the
median channel single, distinct, no median basin. Pedicel black
above, nearly twice longer than wide, a little longer than funicle 1,
the other four funicle joints subequal, subquadrate. Club 2-jointed,
the first joint shortest.

One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker) ; on oak.

Type: Catalogue No. 20400, U. S. National Museum, the
female on a tag, the antennae and a caudal leg on a slide.

Differs from catesbaci Ashmead (types compared), in being
larger, the median channel of the propodeum is distinct for its whole
length and does not consist principally of two large foreae, the cross-
carina passing profimad of it has an area on each side of the meson
which runs at first nearly parallel to the channel (the forking) but
in the Florida species, this carina continues more or less parallel
with the cephalic margin of the propodeum.

Scutellista cyanea Mots
One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

Cleonymus californicus n. sp.

Female: Length, 4.00 mm.

12 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Dark metallic green, the tegulae, antennae (except the club and
pedicel) and the legs (except the concolorous coxae, the apex of
caudal femar lateral and the last two pairs of tibiae dorsad more or
less), reddish brown, the venation fuscous, the fore wings bifasciate,
the first stripe from the base of the marginal vein and broken distad
of the middle, the second from the postmarginal vein, obovate in
shape, twice the width of the first. The (triangular) head, the
thorax and abdomen, scaly punctate, the propodeum and abdomen
2 subglabrous, the distal margins of the abdominal segments gla-
brous. Propodeum foreolate along the cephatic and caudal mar-
gins, and along the median carina on each side, the lateral carina
represented by a distinct, curved, foreate sulcus, the spiracle large,
subreniform. Scutellum simple. Antannae inserted near the cly-
peus, a little below the eyes, 11-jointed, the club pointed ovate,
acuminate at apex, embraced by the long projection from one side
of the apex of the distal funicle joint which reaches to distal three-
fourths of the club. Funicles 1 and 2 narrowest, grading into 3,
all subquadrate, 4 longest, a little longer than wide and subequal
to the pedicel; 8 wider than long. Postmarginal vein a little longer
than the slender, curved stigmal, about a third the length of the
marginal. Stigmal vein parallel, in general trend, with the costal
margin.

Two females, mountains near Claremont (C. F. Baker).

Types: Catalogue No. 20348, U. S. National Museum, the
females on tags, a fore wing and an antennae on a slide.

The abdomen is subpetiolate; it was distinctly, quadrately petio-
late in a male specimen of cleonymus depressus in the U. S.
National Museum.

Entedon occidentalis Girault

Several specimens, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

Tsosoma grande Riley
One winged female, mountains near Claremont, California (C. F.
Baker).
Metapleura spectabilis Westwood
One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

The Rose Flea-Beetle

(Haltica probata Fall)
G. F. MOZNETTE,
ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CORVALLIS, OREGON

INTRODUCTION

From a careful perusal of the literature it is apparent that scarcely
anything but the original description of Haltica probata Fall appears
in print. As this species has at various times been reported on sev-
eral of our cultivated plants, and as there is some possibility of its
becoming destructive to our cultivated roses, observations have been
made from time to time and this paper brings together, so far as
possible, the recorded facts concerning the species.

HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES

The species was first described by Dr. H. C. Fall in 1910.* Mr.
Arthur Gibson* mentions it as attacking leaves of strawberry plants
at Nelson, British Columbia. The species is referred to as Haltica
evicta Lec., but after a comparison with specimens in the writer’s
collection and later in Dr. Fall’s collection at Pasadena, California,
I am led to believe that the species reported by Mr. Gibson as
evicta is not evicta but probata. It has been reported from Spokane,
Washington, on strawberries, and at various times has been reported
feeding on cultivated crops in Oregon.

The species is distributed along the Pacific Coast from British
Columbia to California. It has been reported from Nelson in
British Columbia; Everett and Spokane in Washington; from Cor-
vallis, Pamelia Lake, Mary’s Peak, the Three Sisters, and Josephine
County in Oregon; and from Santa Rosa, Belmont, Siskiyou, and
Trinity Counties in California.

SEASONAL LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE
SPECIES

With the approach of warm weather in the spring, when the

buds of the wild rose are showing their green, the little bronze

*Transactions of the American Entomological Society of America, Vol. 36, pp.
+Canadian Entomological Circular No. 2.
152-159. ‘

14 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

beetles (Pl. I, Fig. 2) come from their winter quarters, about the
middle of April or earlier depending on the spring weather condi-
tions, and commence feeding on the tender small leaves of the
expanding buds. The beetles possess a very brilliant lustre and
when approached manifest a saltatorial habit, and may leap for a
considerable distance. The insect passes the winter in the adult
stage and during that time may be found concealed in convenient
places. The writer has taken numerous individuals from beneath
the moss of the scrub oak, which grows abundantly along the creeks
in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The first individuals were
taken on April 11, 1913, feeding on a species of wild rose, Rosa
nukatana Presl. near Corvallis, Oregon. The adults were at the
time resting in the sun on the dried fruits of the rose and also on
the moss which covered the oaks. In 1915, the first beetles were
out on March 19 or somewhat earlier. Sometimes the March
weather is too severe so that the beetles do not appear until later,
and the inclement weather frequently puts a stop to the activity of
the beetles and retards oviposition.

After emerging from their hibernating quarters, the beetles jump
or fly to the nearest rose bush and soon begin to satisfy their appe-
tite after the long winter's fast. At this time the tender bursting
rose buds seem to be the favorite food, and the beetles engorge
themselves with bites from the prospective crop of leaves, then
locked up in the buds. The beetles seem to be most active during
the warmer sunshiny portions of the day, when they may be seen
jumping and flying about the rose bushes. When touched or jarred,
they at once drop quickly to the ground, where they feign death for
a short time, later returning to the foliage. Their shining bronze
color renders it easy to discover and watch them at their destructive
work. They begin gnawing an unsightly hole into either the side or
top of the bursting leaf bud, often boring into the bud so far as
to be almost hidden from view. It usually takes the beetles a few
days to satisfy their vigorous spring appetites; then they turn their
attention to the propagation of their kind. The later emerging
adults feed voraciously on the foliage (Pl. I, Fig. 5) eating out
irregular places in the leaves.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 15

Many individuals were found in copulo on April 12, 1913, and
on April 14, 1915. Eggs were laid in great numbers April 15,
1913, but not until the first of May in 1915, due to a long stretch of
cold wet weather. By May 18 many eggs were to be found but
usually no larvae. The eggs are laid in masses (PI. I, Fig. 3) of
from two to fifteen in a cluster with an average of between seven
and nine. They are deposited usually on the lower surface of the
leaf. No eggs are deposited until the foliage is well along usually,
as this is the food of the larvae. The writer observed a female
during oviposition. She thrusts out the egg and by a mucilagenous
substance causes the egg to adhere fast to the leaf. She decorates
the egg, as it were, with a fluid which later turns black and appears
as a streak across the ova. The adults do not live long after egg
deposition, usually about a week and a half. A number of females
were observed to lay from forty to fifty eggs each.

The length of the egg stage was found to vary considerably even
in the insectary, due no doubt largely to the weather conditions.
In indoor observations it ranged from seven to fifteen days, with
an average of twelve. In the open, eggs under screen cloth were
deposited on May 24, 1913, and hatched June 10, 1913, a duration
of seventeen days. By June, 1913, practically all of the egg masses
had hatched and scarcely an adult could be found anywhere. The
larvae are at first yellow, changing over to a black after a short
period of time (PI. I, Fig. 7). The eggs split at the side when
the young emerge and the larvae remain quiet for some time appar-
ently feeding first on the remaining egg juices. After a while they
begin to move about for convenient feeding spots. The larvae
moult three times, and after each moulting appear yellow, soon
changing to a black. Several of the grubs usually work on the same
leaf, continuing to eat small irregular holes, through, or nearly
through, the leaf until it appears skeletonized (Pl. I, Fig. 7), when
they seek new pastures.

When full grown the larvae drop to the soil and after burrowing
to a depth of about an inch or less, they construct soil cells of earth
(Pl. I, Fig. 6), not unlike the cell of the common cherry and pear
slug, in which they pupate. By July 3, 1913, many larvae were

16 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

falling to the soil. The length of the larval stage varies from fifteen
to twenty-five days with an average of twenty days. By July 10
many pupae (PI. I, Fig. 4) were found in the soil. The writer
neglected to ascertain the exact length of the pupal stage, but from
the meager observations made up to this time ventures the opinion
that it is about eighteen days. By the first of August many adults
could be found. They are a beautiful metallic color when just
emerged. The writer bred from the adults a species of Diptera a
Tachinid but has not been able to ascertain the species. Subsequent
observation revealed no eggs, so undoubtedly the species is single
brooded. The life-cycle is calculated to last about fifty-five days
from eggs to adults, but this is greatly influenced by the weather
conditions. The length of the adult stage is about ten months,
depending, of course, upon the time the warm days approach in
the spring and upon the cold stretches which intervene, conditions
which influence emergence from their hibernating quarters.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS STAGES

The Eggs (Pl. I, Fig. 3) are of an orange color, oblong oval or
bean-shaped. The egg has a delicate covering by which it is
attached to the leaf. Nearly every egg has a sort of spine-shape
structure attached, although it is not exactly a spine but a part of
the egg covering, which, when it has dried, gives it a black streaked
appearance at that point. The egg measures | mm. in length by
.25 mm. in width.

The Larvae (Pl. I, Fig. 7) when full grown have the body wider
at the anterior end, tapering gradually to the anal segment and
covered with many hairs. They are covered with an oily substance
in which they often collect their excrement as they feed and travel.
The entire larva is black and the segments of the body possess
numerous tubercles bearing setae. Each segment of the abdomen
has a group of tubercles on a side above the spiracles. When full
grown the larvae measure from 6 to 8 mm. in length.

The Pupa (PI. I, Fig. 4) is yellow, 4 to 6 mm. in length, with
the wing pads and legs of a paler yellow to nearly white. Two
setae are located on the vertex and two on the occupit of head. The

Pomona College, Claremont, California 17

prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax bear spines varying in
number. The abdomen possesses three rows of setae on each side
above the spiracles.

The Adult (Pl. I, Fig. 1) is green bronze, entire upper surface
polished and strongly shining sculpture throughout, nearly as in
Haltica ignita. Antennae piceous, slightly more than half the
length of the body, joints 2-3-4 gradually increasing in length, the
fourth very nearly three times as long as wide. Eyes rather small
and not very prominent, their width as seen from the front dis-
tinctly less than half the interocular distance. Prothorax two-thirds
wider than long, sides parallel in basal half, convergent anteriorly.
Elytra fully two-thirds as wide as long, and nearly three-fourths
wider than the prothorax. Body beneath piceous; abdomen aluta-
ceous, rather coarsely punctate and transversely rugulose. Length
3.7 mm. to 4 mm.

18

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

Nay rede

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

The adult beetle (greatly enlarged).

The adult beetle (natural size).

Eggs in situ on leaf greatly enlarged.
Pupa greatly enlarged.

Rose leaves showing work of adult beetles.
Pupal soil cell.

Larve at work skeletonizing leaf.

Notes on Birds of Laguna Beach and
Vicinity for 1916

H. H. NININGER

In addition to the work done by Mr. Leon Gardener and others
on the distribution of birds in the vicinity of Laguna Beach I noted
the following species in the summer of 1916:

70. Sturna hirundo (Common Tern)

This species was found occasionally about the muddy flats at
Balboa.

74. Sturna antillarum (Least Tern)

The Least Tern is much more common than the former. They
were often seen in small flocks diving for fish along the coast from
Laguna to Balboa. They probably nest along the sandy shores;
but none of their nests were taken by the writer.

95. Puffinis griseus (Dark Bodied Shearwater)

These birds were found ten to twelve miles from shore, in flocks
feeding over schools of fish. They are called by the fishermen
“Barracuda Birds.”

210. Rollus obsoletus (Calif. Clapper Rail)

Found in the swampy tracts about Balboa.

214. Porzana carolina (Sora Rail)

A specimen of this Rail was taken at one of the lakes in Laguna
Canyon in the latter part of July.

421. Chordeiles acutipennis (Texas Night Hawk)

Either at dusk or at dawn these birds could be found abundantly,
in certain localities, feeding over fields, pools and streams to which
they came at dusk, from the hills where they spent the daylight
hours. Mr. C. C. White found a pair of young almost ready for

flight on one of the hills bordering on Laguna Canyon, July 7, 1916.
425. deronautes melanoleucus (White-throated Swift)
Mr. Charles A. Keeler in “Bird Notes Afield” (1889) records

this species from Capistrano. To one accustomed to meeting with

Pomona College, Claremont, California 21

this bird only among the high and almost inaccessible cliffs of the
mountains it is no little surprise to find it in a district so nearly level
as the region about this old mission settlement. But surely it is
there. A visit to the place in the latter part of July revealed the
fact that they are, seventeen years since Mr. Keeler’s writings, still
using the same broken walls as a retreat. I think they are nesting at
the time we visited the place, for upon the entrance of an adult into
one of the crevices there came cries of young birds which seemed to
be coming from birds that were being fed.

530a. Astragalinus P. hesperophilus (Green-backed Goldfinch)

Common around Laguna and the neighboring hills. Nests with
eggs were found, probably the second brood for the season.

634. Vireo vicinior (Gray Vireo)
Found along the streams near Capistrano.

685a. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pileolated Warbler)

Fairly common in trees along streams near Capistrano.

364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (American Osprey)
One of these magnificent birds was found on the rocky cliffs bor-
dering the shore between Laguna and Balboa. It was seen several
times and was reasonably tame.

BREEDING NOTES

In addition to the nests of the more common birds the following
were noted:

Several Raven nests on the cliffs bordering the shore and are in
Boat Canyon about a mile from the sea were found deserted, but
feathers of their owners and the remains of their food betrayed
their identity.

A brood of Ruddy Ducks was seen on one of the lakes in Laguna
Canyon several times.

Coots were found breeding about the lakes in abundance.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Solpugids From the Claremont-Laguna
Region

J. NISBET

The following list of solpugids represents a collection obtained
by students and others during the past four or five years. Draw-
ings are given of one large specimen and top and side views of the
head region of several others. The determinations are by Dr. N.
Banks.

Eremobates formicaria Koch

This species has been taken from our region although such large
specimens have been reported only from dryer regions. This speci-
men, a male is from Brawley, Cal. (Figs. | and 2). Figs. 3 and
4+ were taken from a young specimen collected at Claremont.

The movable finger of the chelicere of the male has two large
teeth. Anterior margin of rephalothorix straight. Hind tarsi one
segment.

Eremobates californica Sim.
The drawing are from a specimen taken at Laguna Beach (Figs.
5 and 6). Specimens were also taken at Claremont. Movable

finger of the chelicere with a large tooth. This is not so marked in
the female. Hind tarsi one segment.

Hemerotrecha californica Banks

Specimens were obtained at Claremont. Upper finger of cheli-
care without teeth or many small teeth. Male has an elongated
flayellow of two parts on the upper finger of chalicera. Hind tarsi
with three joints. Specimens obtained were about evenly divided
between this and the previous species (Figs. 7, 8,9 and 10).

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Pomona College, Claremont, California 23

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Eremobates formicaria Koch. X2.

Figure 2. Eremobates formicaria Koch, side view of chelicera. X2.

Figures 3-4. Chelicerae from young E. formicaria. X2.

Figures 5-6. Chelicerae from E. californica Sim. X2.

Figures 7-8. Chelicerae from Hemerotrecha californica Banks, views of the chelicerae.
x2:

Figures 9-10. H. californica views of chelicerae, another specimen. X2.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Pomona College, Claremont, California

Record of Two Pseudoscorpions From
Claremont-Laguna Region

WINIFRED T. MOORE

Gary pus Californicus Banks

Description: Fig. 1. Length 5 mm.,

Color: Cephalothorax and pedipalps dark brown, abdomen and
legs light yellow; each abdominal scutae with a dark central spot;
anterior ventral scutae also with dark spots. Cephalothorax emar-
ginate; four eyes; femur of pedipalps longer than cepalothorax,
tibiahardly convex on inner side, hand about as long as tibia, fingers
longer than hand; legs long and slender.

Habitat: Specimen found under rocks near ocean at Laguna
Beach, collected by Walter Sturgis.

Chelanops pallipes Banks

Description: Fig. 2. Length 2 mm. including mandibles.

Color: Cephalothorax light reddish brown, pedipalps darker,
abdomen and legs pale yellow.

Similar to C. dorsalis, but fingers a little longer than hand; no eye
spots, clavate hairs found on all parts of two types, on legs and pedi-
palps more clavate on one side (Fig. 3) on body evening clavate
(Fig. 4). Simple hairs found on under surface of tarsus. All parts
covered with small chiton plates.

Habitat: Specimens taken from under stones in wash near
Claremont.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

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Pomona College, Claremont, California

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Garypus Californicus. X20.

Chelanops pallipes. X20.

Hair from legs and pedipalps of C. pallipes much enlarged.
Hair from body of C. pallipes much enlarged.

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Journal of Entomology and Zoology

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Pomona College, Claremont, California

The Central Nervous System of a
Sipunculid

WILLIAM A. HILTON

A number of specimens of the genus Phascolosoma were obtained
at Laguna Beach. These were preserved in various fluids. Flem-
ming’s fluid and mercuric chloride, were especially valuable for
study. The nerve cords were dissected out and mounted after stain-
ing. Some were imbedded, sectioned and stained. The stain which
brought out the cells with greatest clearness was copper haema-
toxylin.

The general character of the nervous system of sipunculids is well
known, and the specimens examined at this time were typical as to
the form of the brain and cord. The brain is imbedded in the pro-
boscis just below the tentacles. It has a similar appearance in
section to the photographs of Spengel, 1912. The brain is small.
Two main branches supply nearby tentacles and muscles. There
is a pair of small branches from the connectives. Extending from
the epithelium of the tentacular region is a pair of tubes leading
into the brain, the cerebral organs. These epithelial tubes lead
to a pigmented area on each side, and these pigmented areas in
section look like simple eyes. A few irregular spots of pigment
were found near the larger masses. The epithelium at the outer
end of the tube was also deeply pigmented.

Throughout the body the ventral nerve cord kept about the same
width, although the muscle bands at the sides increased somewhat.
The strands connecting the muscles and nerves to the animal’s body
were more or less regularly arranged. In specimens with the pro-
boscis drawn in, the nerve cord is of course doubled back on itself.
In the specimen drawn at the junction of the two parts, that of the
proboscis and that of the ventral body-wall, there is a lack of lateral
branches, as shown in the upper portion of the second line of the
drawing. Towards the caudal end the lateral branches come off
more irregularly.

When the animal is contracted the nerve cord seems to be seg-
mented, but sections show that this appearance is due to the slight

Pomona College, Claremont, California 31

folding of the nerve cord within the muscle bands; the nerve tissue
does not seem to be elastic.

Very little has been written on the histological structure of
sipunculids. Haller, 1889, discusses a number of points, especially
in sipunculus nudus, relating to the ventral cord only. I find a num-
ber of differences in this form. I did not find any very clear evidence
of special neuroglia cells, such as described and figured by Haller,
such elements may be present, but at least they are not evident,
not so evident as in many other invertebrates which I have exam-
ined. Nerve cells may anastomose with each other as shown in
Haller’s figure, but of this I can not be sure. If fibres do not unite
they are in very intimate contact.

In the ventral cord no small fibrils were seen only rather small
fibers which may have been fibrils. The lack of connective material
in part at least, perhaps because the nervous system is often extended
and folded, shows the cell processes with great distinctness. This
may be why a clearer picture than usual is presented of the relation-
ship of cells.

Cells are abundant on the ventral side of the cord, especially in
the middle line. The more dorsal fibrous region is practically with-
out cells of any kind. No very marked tracts of fibers are evident,
the fibers are about equally distributed in all directions and may be
subdivided as follows:

1. Fibers which enter the fibrous mass from cells and run short
distances up and down.

2. Fibers which pass from cells to other cells near by in the
celular area.

3. Fibers which leave the ganglion laterally from ventral cells.

4. Fibers which enter from the lateral nerves to end in the fiber
area or in among the cells.

There are no indications of long fibers, either ascending or
descending. After the examination of the cord of this animal one
is impressed with the suggestion that many cells of similar sort act
alike, that is groups of cells, not individuals are involved in the
simplest transmissions of impulses. This general suggestion which,
of course, is not new, comes to mind with great clearness after the

32 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

study of thin sections of the cord of this animal. Whether the cells
actually anastomose or not is a questions hard to decide, but in
the numerous contacts of naked fibers there is, I believe, ample
opportunity for the transmission of complex changes from cell to
cell, to all parts of the nervous system. In this form there is no
particular localization of definite centers.

The brain differs in structure from the cord, the central fibrous
mass is more dense, the cells are very much smaller and more
numerous. Some cells of the brain send their fibers out directly
without the common pathway of a distinct nerve trunk. No special
features of the brain were determined except the cerebral organs
already described.

Andreae 1882

Beitrag zur Anatomie und Histologie des Sipunculus nudus.
Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool. t. xxxvi.

Andrews, E. A. 1887
Notes on the anatomy of Sipunculus gouldii Pourt. Studies Biol.
Lab. J. H. univ. vol. iv.

Delage et Herouard 1897
Traite de zoologique concrete. Les vermidiens. vol. v. Paris.
Haller, B. 1889

Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Textur des Central nervensystem
Hoherer Wurmer. Arb. des Zoolog. Inst. Wien Tom. viii.
Heft 2.

Marcel, A. Herubel 1907
Recherches sur Sipunculides. Chap. iv. Le system nerveux.
Mem. soc. d. France. t. xx.

Melalnikoff, 8. 1900
Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd. Ixviii.

Herubel, A. 1902
Sur le cerveux du Phascolosome. Ac. d. Paris. cxxiv.

Spengel, J. W. 1912
Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gephyren. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd.

XXXIV.
Ward, H. B. 1891

Some points on the anatomy and history of Sipunculus nudus.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Pomona College, Claremont, California 33

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Central nervous system of Phascolosoma X15. The cord is shown in
three separate pieces. The lower end of the first or left-hand drawing should join
with the second and so on. The central nerve band is shown with the lateral branches
of muscle and nerve. The brain is shown attached to the first segment at the left. The
pigment spots, cerebral tubes and chief nerves are shown. The brain is drawn from
reconstructions made from serial sections.

Figure 2. Cross section of the nerve cord. X75.

Figure 3. Longitudinal section of the nerve cord. X75.

Figures 4+ to 6. Drawings of sections taken through the brain at various levels,
only one-half is shown in each case. X75.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

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Littoral Ascidians Collected at
Laguna Beach

The specimens reported upon are from a collection made by P. A.
Lichti during the summer of 1915, and from a small collection
brought in during the summer of 1916. The determinations of all
but the fifth were kindly made by Prof. W. E. Ritter.

Ascidia californica Ritter and Forsythe
These simple forms were found quite abundantly under stones
and in kelp holdfests. The form of the body was determined largely
by the position the animal took on the stone or seaweed.

Styela barnharti Ritter and Forsythe
The specimens obtained were young, simple, of a redish-brown
color and about 4 mm. high. They were found under stones at
low tide but not as commonly as some others.
Styla montereyensis Dall
A single specimen of this large, simple species was taken just off
shore. It was slender at the base, expanded near the openings and
of a redish-brown color.

Euherdmania claviformis Ritter
This slender species was often found in clusters under stones.
They were about 2 mm. in diameter and 10-20 mm. long, sometimes
free from sand, at other times covered with sand grains.

Goodsiria dura Ritter
Bright red or orange masses of these were often found in bits of
seaweed from deeper water. The individuals were 2 to 3 mm.
across and often closely massed on the seaweed or other support.

Eudistoma diaphones Ritter and Forsythe
This was the common compound species found closely attached to
the lower sides of stones. It was often quite extensive but not thick
or colored.

Eudistoma psamion Ritter and Forsythe

Great masses of this tough, pinkish or slightly colored form
were found under rock ledges. It resembles one of the sponges in

Pomona College, Claremont, California 37

general appearance and is found in among sponges and polyzoans.
This was one of the most bulky forms which we found.

Glossophorum planum Ritter and Forsythe
Irregular masses of this species were found under rock ledges and
under stones. Our specimens are largely covered with sand grains.

Distaplia occidentalis Ritter and Forsythe
This compound stalked form was found on a rock ledge at low

tide near Salt Creek. WeeAie

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Summer School at Laguna Beach

The summer school at Laguna Beach during the past season was
in many respects the most valuable of the past five or six years.
There were more students, more teachers and fully as many visitors.
The harvest of specimens was very satisfactory. Many creatures
not before gathered here were brought from the near-by waters.
Amphioxus was obtained here for the first time, as well as many
other interesting and valuable specimens.

Several new courses were offered. A course in Ecology was
given by Professor Bean. In this the local distribution of animals
was especially studied. A similar course is to be offered this sum-
mer to those who have had some zoology. It is believed that this
work will bring greater and greater advantages to us here as we
come to know the local conditions better. In the nature of the
material this will always be to a large extent a field study.

The course in birds given by Professor Nininger was interesting
and valuable. A number of new records for this region were
obtained during the summer.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 39

For the first time Miss Hills gave a course in drawing in connec-
tion with zoological subjects. This much-needed and valuable
work will be continued during the coming summer, not only in a
special course, but also in an optional way in connection with several
of the other courses.

40 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

In connection with the ecology especially, more off-shore collecting
was done than ever before. A number of longer trips were found

interesting and valuable. Laguna at all times offers attractive walks
and many short trips were taken by all classes. Some of these were

for a few miles along the coast, back in the hills or by water or land
for a considerable distance.

The rocks and coves were again explored, yet much remains
unknown. Many new specimens to the locality were found, some of
these were from deeper water, rare fish, large sea cucumbers, a
large number of strange crabs and many other smaller but no less
interesting creatures.

As in the past, a number of workers from other institutions used
the private laboratories. The eight research rooms were in use
most of the time by those doing more advanced work. It is expected
that there will be a number of advanced workers from the northern
and eastern universities during the coming season. For the first
time the laboratory is provided with a satisfactory lighting system.
Electricity is now established at Laguna Beach and the laboratory
and tent city are well provided with an ample lighting system.

The tent city and dining hall will again offer accommodations
at reasonable prices. The cost of tuition is $7.50 general charge
and $3.00 an hour per hour taken. By an hour is meant the equiv-
alent of an hour’s work in a regular college semester. There are
eight private rooms for special investigators.

For further information write to the Director, William A. Hil-
ton, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. (Laguna Beach, Cal., from
June 26 to September 20.)

Courses Offered at the Summer School
of the Laguna Beach Biological
Laboratory 1917

To reach Laguna Beach from Los Angeles take the electric or
Santa Fe to Santa Ana. From Santa Ana a morning stage leaves at
ten, an afternoon stage at four.

Work begins June 27 and regular courses last six weeks, but the
laboratory is open all summer.

No one may register for more than six hours. By an hour is
included the equivalent of an hour’s work during a regular college
semester.

The staff of the Laguna Marine Laboratory for the summer will
be as follows, several others from eastern institutions may be added
later.

William A. Hilton, Pomona College, Director Zoology
Dr. R. V. Chamberlin, Harvard University Museum of
Comparative Zoology Zoology
Ek. O. Essig, Department of Entomology University of
California Entomology
Anna A. Hills Scientific Drawing

1. §.B.11. Zoology (2 hours). A synopsis of marine inverte-
brates. Lectures and class exercises with early morning field
trips. Prerequisite Biology Al, or open to those who are
taking some other biological work. M. to F. at 8.

la. S.B. 11. Zoology. Marine invertebrates (1 hour if taken
with 1, or 2 hours). Laboratory on typical local forms.
Mornings 9 to 12, except Saturday.

2. S$. B.18. General Entomology (2 to 3 hours). Class labora-
tory and field work in the general study of local insects.
Prerequisite Biology Al, or Zoology B11, or may be accom-
panied by one of these. Class period M. to F. at 11. Lab-
oratory. and field work at hours to be arranged.

42 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

3. S$. Al. General Biology (3 hours). A beginning course deal-
ing with general principles. Open to those who have had no
biological work and who have either entered college or are
about to enter. Class periods M. to F. at 11. Laboratory
and field work afternoons.

4. S.C.4. Ecology (2 or 3 hours). Class, field and laboratory
work at hours to be arranged. A study of local land and
aquatic societies and the factors governing the distribution
of marine, fresh water and land forms. Prerequisite, a year
of biological work. Class periods M. W. F. at 1.

5. &.C.5, (Nature. Study (2 or 3 hours). Methods ana
materials for nature study. This will be given in the evening
when a lantern may be used. A general view of the whole
field will be given either for those who are teaching, those
who intend to teach, or those who desire the general not
technical information. This is not a course for college
credit. M. to F. evening at 7:30. Laboratory and field work
to be arranged. This will be given by a number of teachers.

7. S.D.7. Mammalian Embryology (2 hours). Laboratory
work with serial sections of embryos. Prerequisite two years
of zoological work. A review course for those in the prac-
tice of medicine or preparing for medical work. Hours to
be arranged.

8. S.D.8. Neurology (2 or 3 hours). Laboratory work with
sections of the human brain and cord. A review course open
only to those who have some knowledge of the central nery-
ous system of vertebrates. Especially designed for those
who have interest in Neurology, Psychology or Medicine.

In addition to these courses special C. or D. work for 2 or 3 hours
may be taken as follows:

a. Special field and laboratory work with some group of marine
animals, such as amphipods, isopods, decapods, gastropods,
ere.

b. Special field and laboratory work in Entomology, either with
some single order or family, or life history work.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 43

c. Special field and laboratory work in the embryology of inverte-
brates.

d. Special field and laboratory work in Ecology. Hours to be
arranged.

e. Special field and laboratory work in marine alge. Hours to be
arranged.

The following work in art will be offered by Miss Anna A. Hills:
1. S.Al. Art (2 hours) zoological drawing. A_ beginning
course for students of Biology with marine and land speci-
mens as material. This course will be an aid to any who
may wish to prepare illustrations for scientific papers or
books. Pen and ink, pencil and colored methods will be
given. ‘Tuition the same as in other courses. Students fur-
nish their own drawing materials.
2. Outdoor sketch class with either water colors or oils—oils
preferred.

3. Outdoor figure work. Especially arranged for if desired by
those who have done out-of-door work.

Rates for two and three, 75 cents per hour. Each should be
taken in three periods of three hours each.

Miss Hills has had the following preparation: Student in Olivet
College, Art Institute, Chicago; Graduate of Cooper Union, New
York City; special work under Rhoda Holmes Nicholls and Arthur
W. Dow, New York. During four years study in Europe worked
under Wilhelmina H. de Koning in Holland, Jean Paul Laurens
and William Lappara in Julian’s Academy, Paris, and in England
two years out of doors under J. Noble Barlow.

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Preliminary List of Birds From the
Claremont-Laguna Region

This list is compiled from many local sources. The earliest rec-
ords of the Department of Zoology of Pomona College were by
Illingsworth, later by Chas. Metz, by Leon L. Gardner and others.
There is also included the local records of Wright M. Pierce, and
Halsted White. The drawings are all from bird skins from the
collections of Pierce and White and from the Department of
Zoology of Pomona College. The drawings are by Miss Hazel
Burnham. For criticisms, suggestions and much valuable material
we have especially to thank Mr. Halsted White and Mr. Wright
M. Pierce. Grinnell’s ‘Distributional List of the Birds of Cali-
fornia,’ was used as a basis in the use of the names.

In the list the initials after a record or statement denotes the
authorship. Unless otherwise indicated the specimens drawn were
males.

The figures on the last two plates are reduced one-half. Other
figures are reduced one-third, the figures of the pelicans, condor and
vulture are reduced more.

Aechmophorus occidentalis Law. Western Grebe. H.W.

Colymbus nigricollis californicus Heerm. American Eared
Grebe. H.W. Seen occasionally in winter on ponds near Santa
Ana Tiver near Corona. W.M.P: PIl..I. -Fig. 1.

Podilymbus podiceps Linn. Pie-billed Grebe. H.W. Seen at
times near fresh water ponds at Corona. W.M.P. Pl. I. Fig. 2.

Gavia immer Brun. Balboa. L.L.G. Common Loon.

Gavia pacifica Lawr. Laguna Beach. L.L.G. Pacific Loon.

Ptychoramphus aleuticus Pall. Cassin Auklet. H.W.. PI. L.
Fig. 3.

Uria troille californica H. Bry. California Murre. One taken
in winter at Newport Beach by A. Van Rossen. W.M.P.

Larus glaucescens Naum. Glaucous-winged Gull. Seen. H.W.

Larus occidentalis Aud. Western Gull. Laguna, Balboa. H.W.
and L.L.G. Noted at all seasons along the coast, most commonly
in fall and winter. W.M.P. PI. I. Fig. 4.

46 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Metz and H.W.
PE he (Eies6.

Larus heermanni Cassin. Heermann Gull. Balboa. L.L.G.
I, Ws Vie; 5

Larus philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte Gull. H.W. PI. I. Fig. 7.
Noted in flocks in spring, Nigger Slough, Los Angeles county.
W.M.P.

Sterna paradisea Brun. Arctic Tern. Near Laguna Beach, May
P19 1S. SEW Bie Fig, 8.

Sterna antillarum Less. Least Tern. H.W. Laguna Beach.
L.L.G. Breeding on beach near Newport, June, 1916. W.M.P.
Pik shionS

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Gmel. Black Tern. H.W.
One taken on fresh water pond near Corona, May 18, 1915.
WMP. PLE * Fig: 10!

Puffinus griseus Gmel. Dark-bodied Shearwater. Ten or twelve
miles from shore near Laguna Beach, in flocks over schools of
fish. H.H.N.

Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridg. Farallon Cormorant.
Seen H.W. Pomona Davenport. Found at all times on reser-
voirs near Claremont; also seen in fall and winter on fresh water
ponds near Corona. W.M.P. Pl. I. Fig. 11.

Pelecanus erythrorthynchos Gmel. White Pelican. Often seen
on migrations: Et. W:, W.M_P:, LG; Plo. Big. 13:

Pelecanus californicus Ridg. California Brown Pelican. Often
seen at Laguna Beach. Pl. I.. Fig. 12.

Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. Balboa. H.W.
LLG.» Plt Figest4:

Lophodytes cucullatus Linn. Hooded Merganser. Specimen, no
record. Pl. Biel.

Anas platyrhynchos Linn. Mallard. H.W. Fairly common
in fall and winter, lowlands near Corona and Santa Ana river.
Many specimens taken. A few pairs possibly remain and breed
iy theysame ception, \WAMLP. Pl FE. Big. 1.

Chaulelasmus streperus Linn. Gadwall. Seen H.W. Rather

rare visitant to fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 47

Mareca americana Gmel. Baldpate. H.W. Rather abundant,
certain winters, fresh water ponds near Corona, often in large
flocks. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 2.

Nettion carolinense Gmel. Green-winged Teal. H.W. Abun-
dant some years, November to March. Always common. PI. II.
Fig. 3.

Querquedula cyanoptera Vieil. Cinnamon Teal. Laguna Beach.
L.L.G., H.W. Fairly abundant early fall, less common in mid-
winter. Scattering pairs breed in marshes near Corona. W.M.P.
Pl. II. Fig. 4.

Spatula clypeata Linn. Shoveller. H.W. Abundant, fall and
winter Santa Ana river and ponds. W.M.P. PI. Il. Fig. 5.

Dafila acuta Linn. Pintail. H.W. Very abundant from Oct.
15 to Dec. 1, or later. Large flocks seen in spring, Corona, Santa
Ana siver. W.M.P. Pl Ik Fig. 6.

Marila americana Eyt. Redhead. H.W. Occasionally taken
on fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. Il. Fig. 7.

Marila valisineria Wil. Canvas-back. H.W. Occasionally
taken on ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. Il. Fig. 8.

Marila marila Linn. Greater Scaup Duck. H.W. PI. II. Fig. 9.

Marila collaris Donoy. Ring-necked Duck. One taken Dec. 12,
1915, fresh water pond near Corona. (Recorded in Condor.)
W.M.P.

Charitonetta albeola Linn. Buffle-head. Seen H.W. Rare, seen
once on pond near Corona. W.M.P. PI. Il. Fig. 10.

Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. H.W. PI. II.
Fig. 11.

Erismatura jamaicensis Gmel. Ruddy Duck. Laguna Beach
Gardner. H.W. Common in small flocks, pairs or individuals,
fall and winter, fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. II.
Fig. 12.

Dendrocygna bicolor Vieil. Fulvous Tree Duck. Claremont,
June 30, 1897. Illingsworth. Pl. II. Fig. 13.

Plegadis guarauna Linn. White-faced Glossy Ibis. Rather un-
common. In Oct., 1916, two birds seen on fresh water ponds near

Corona. W.M:P.

48 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Botaurus lentiginosus Montag. American Bittern. H.W. Com-
mon in marsh and lowland near Corona, Chino, El] Monte. Seen
as late as April. Probably nests) W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 14.

Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberh. California Great Blue Her-
ron. H.W. Laguna Beach. L.L.G. Breeding colony near La-
guna Beach, April 23, 1917, eight or ten nests with young one-
fourth to one-half grown. One nest with two eggs. Often seen
near Corona and Chino standing in barley or beet fields. W.M.P.
PUM Bias 152

Butorides virescens anthonyi Mear. Anthony Green Herron.
H.W. Several seen in San Dimas Canyon in early spring; also seen
near Corona in river bottoms. W.M.P. Pl. Il. Fig. 16.

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius Bodd. Black-crowned Night Her-
ron. H.W. Claremont. L.L.G. In spring in Santa Ana river
bottoms near Corona. W.M.P. Pl. Il. Fig. 17.

Rallus obsoletus Ridg. California Clapper Rail. In swampy
tracts about Balboa. H.H.N.

Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. H.W. Many records,
fall, winter, spring, near Chino and Corona. W.M.P. PI. III.
Fig. 1.

Porzana carolina Linn. Sora Rail. H.W. Same records as
Virginia Rail. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 2.

Coturnicops noveboracensis Gmel. Yellow Rail. One record,
Corona. Pierce Condor XVI, 1914. W.M.P.

Gallinula galeata Licht. Florida Gallinule. Corona. H.W.
Seen at times in fall near Corona. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 3.

Fulica americana Gmel. Coot. H.W. Laguna Lakes. L.L.G.
Very abundant near Corona. Breeds. W.M.P. Pl. III. Fig. 4.

Phalaropus fulicarius Linn. Red Phalarope. One record from
near Corona. W.M.P.

Steganopus tricolor Vieil. Wilson Phalarope. H.W. Three
records from fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. III.
Fig. 5.

Himantopus mexicanus Mull. Black-necked Stilt. H.W. Sev
eral in spring on fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI.
PE. Fie: 6.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 49

Gallinago delicata Ord. Wilson Snipe. H.W. Common in fall
and winter and spring, in wet fields near Corona and Chino.
Wier. Pl; Ill, Agee.

Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Say. Long-billed Dowitcher.
Balboa, EAL.G: PIL, Fig::8.

Pisobia minutilla Vieil. Least Sandpiper. Long Beach. Metz.
Flocks of twelve or fifteen seen at times on ponds near Corona.
WEEP. PLE Fig. 2:

Ereunetes mauri Cab. Western Sandpiper. H.W. Long Beach.
Metz. Pl. III. Fig. 10, female.

Calidris leucophaea Pall. Sanderling. H.W. Pl. III. Fig. 12.

Totanus melanoleucus Gmel. Greater Yellow-legs. H.W. Pl.
III. Fig. 13. Corona ponds, fall and winter. W.M.P.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus Brew. Western Willet.
Ewe. el. Wy Fig. 14

Heteractitis incanus Gmel. Wandering Tattler. Taken near La-
guna Beach by H.W.

Actitis macularius Linn. Spotted Sandpiper. H.W. Fall, win-
ter, spring; rocky coves near Laguna Beach. W.M.P. PI. III.
Fige tt.

Numenius americanus Bech. Long-billed Curlew. H.W. Seen
at Balboa in spring. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 17.

Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. H.W. Bal-
boa. L.L.G. Fall, winter, spring, Balboa, Newport, Laguna.
Wolice: Pl Ll. “Fig. 16.

Squatarola squatarola Linn. Black-bellied Plover. H.W. Same
localities as last, not so abundant in winter. W.M.P. PI. III.
Fig. 18.

Oxyechus vociferus vociferus Linn. Killdeer. H.W. Laguna
Gardner. Near Claremont, fall; Chino, Corona, Newport. Breed
near Chino, Newport. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 19.

Aegialitis semipalmata Bonap. Semipalmated Plover. Balboa.
Lec.

Aegialitis nivosa Cass. Snowy Plover. H.W. Long Beach.
Metz. Several pairs near Newport, 1916. Near Balboa at all
seasons. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 20.

50 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Arenaria melanocephala Vig. Black Turnstone. H.W. Several
records near Laguna. W.M.P. PI. Ill. Fig. 21.

Oreortyx picta plumifera Goul. Mountain Quail. H.W. Re-
corded from Brown’s Flats, San Antonio Canyon, Camp Baldy,
Bear Flats, Palmers Canyon. W.M:P. Pl; IML Fig. 23.

Lophortyx californica vallicola Ridg. Valley Quail. H.W.
Claremont, Santa Ana, Laguna, Lytle Creek up to 5000 ft. Breeds
in April, 10 to 24 eggs. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 22.

Colomba fasciata fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. Oct. 1916.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Abundant in San Dimas Canyon at
certain seasons, usually in large flocks, less common than formerly.
Found at Glen Ranch in Lytle Creek. W.M.P. Pl. III. Fig. 25.

Zenaidura macroura marginella Woodh. Western Mourning
Dove. H.W. Quite abundant, less so than formerly. W.M.P.
Pl. III. Fig. 24.

Gymnogyps californianus Shaw. California Condor. One speci-
men in the department, supposed to have been obtained from hills
near Pomona about fifteen years ago. PI. IV. Fig. 1.

Cathartes aura septentionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture. L.L.G.,
H.W. Claremont, Chino, Laguna. Abundant. W.M.P. PI. IV.
Fig. 1.

Circus hudsonius Linn. Marsh Hawk. H.W. Noted from
foothills near Etiwanda to Santa Ana river bottoms near Santa
Ana. Breeding record near Corona. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 3.

Accipiter velox Wil. Sharp-shinned Hawk. H.W. Common
fall, winter and early spring, mountains to lowlands. W.M.P. PI.
IV. Fig: 4.

Accipiter cooperi Bonap. Cooper Hawk. H.W. Resident in
small numbers; most abundant in fall and winter. Breeds in moun-
tain canyons. Recorded from Lytle Creek, San Gabriel, ete.
WeMiPs sie IVs Pig:

Buteo borealis calurus Cass. Western Red-tailed Hawk. H.W.,
Illingworth, Metz. Common breeding from coast to mountains.
WiMeP” SPLOTyc2 Bigs i.

Buteo lineatus elegans Cass. Red-bellied Hawk. H.W. Prob-
ably becoming scarcer every year. A few pairs still breed in river

bottoms near Corona. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 6.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 51

Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson Hawk. Found breeding in
several instances in river bottom near Corona, also near Chino.
Large flocks often seen flying north or south, W.M.P. Pl. IV.
Fig. 8.

Archibuteo ferrugineus Licht. Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk.
Rather uncommon. One taken near Corona. Another seen in fall
of. 1916. ‘W.MLP:

Aquila chrysaetos Linn. Golden Eagle. H.W., Metz. In high
mountains. W.M.P. Pl. IV. Fig. 9.

FHaliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus Linn. Southern Bald
Eagle. Near Laguna and San Pedro. W.M.P., L.L.G.

Falco mexicanus Schl. Prairie Falcon. H.W. Not common,
fall and winter near Chino. W.M.P. Pl. IV. Fig. 10.

Falco columbarius columbarius Linn. Northern Pigeon Hawk.
Rather uncommon. Several taken, all probably this form. PI. IV.
Figs 11)

Falco sparverius sparverius Linn. American Sparrow Hawk.
H.W., L.L.G., Metz, Illingsworth. From the mountains to the
seaeeye MDP. PIZIV. Kiei2imale. Pig. 13; female:

Pandion halietus carolinensis Gmel. American Osprey. Between
Laguna and Balboa, summer, 1916. H.H.N. Seen near New-
port. W.M.P.

Aluco prantincola Bonap. American Barn Owl. Metz., L.L.G.,
H.W. Vefy common, San Dimas Canyon, Claremont, Chino, near
Corona, Upland, Laguna. Nests in holes in trees or rocks or in
buildings. Eggs from February to May. W.M.P. Pl. IV. Fig.
14.

Asio wilsonianus Less. Long-eared Owl. H.W., Metz. June
7, 1909. One record from Indian Hill, Claremont. Several pairs
nesting in willow bottoms near Corona, April, 1915 to 1917. W.M.
Po weieat Vv. Fie. 15.

Asio flammeus Pontop. Short-eared Owl. H.W. Hills near
Pomona, Nov. 10. Near Corona, Noy. 3. Near Ontario in grain
held; Nev. 2:°° W.M.P; PISTV. (Fig: 16:

Strix occidentalis o-cidentalis Xan. Southern Spotted Owl. One
record from Sar. Gabriel Canyon, May 1, 1916. W.M.P.

52 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Otus asio quercinus Grin. Southern California Screech Owl.
Illingsworth, H.W. Abundant, Claremont, resident breeding. San
Dimas and San Antonio Canyons, many records. W.M.P. PI. IV.
Fig. 17.

Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone. Western Horned Owl. One
record. Found dead at mouth of San Antonio Canyon, Jan. 10,
19155 WMP.

Bubo virginianus pacificus Cass. Pacific Horned Owl. Pair
seen at Laguna, 1917; San Antonio Canyon, 1914. Breeding in
San Dimas Canyon, Feb. and March, 1917. W.M.P. Pl. IV.
Fig. 18.

Speotyto cunicularia hypogea Bonap. Burrowing Owl. Lllings-
worth, 1902; Metz, H.W. Near Santa Ana and Irvine. Abundant
in fields near Chino and Corona, nesting. Near Claremont, nesting.
Nigger Slough, nesting. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 19.

Glaucidium gnoma californicum Sclat. California Pigmy Owl.
One record, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 20.

Geococcyx californianus Less. Road Runner. H.W. Clare-
mont. Illingsworth, 96; L.L.G. Laguna, 1914. Formerly much
more common. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 1.

Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridg. California Cuckoo.
Seen H.W. Rather uncommon. Several individuals seen at Corona
in willows; one set of three eggs found near Chino. Pl. V. Fig. 2.

Ceryle alcyon caurina Grin. Western Belted Kingfisher. H.W.
Noted in migration near Claremont, San Gabriel Canyon, San An-
tonio Canyon, Glen Ranch, Santa Ana river near Corona. W.M.P.
Seen in Pudding Stone Canyon. L.L.G. Pl. V. Fig. 3.

Dryobates villosus hyloscopus Canab. and Hein. Cabinas Wood-
pecker. H.W. Common in nesting season in higher mountains.
Taken in fall in Santa Ana river bottoms and also near El Monte.
W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 4. Bright red patch on head.

Dryobates pubescens turati Malhe. Willow Woodpecker. H.W.
Common in willow bottoms near Corona in spring; also E] Monte.
One taken in San Antonio and one in San Dimas Canyons in the
fall. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 5. Bright red line back of black
patch on head.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 53

Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Ober. Cactus Woodpecker. H.W.
Several records for Mojave desert. Breeding near Victorville.
W.M.P.

Dryobates nuttalli Gamb. Nuttall Woodpecker. Common in
canyons up to 5000 feet; also in willow and sycamore groves in
lowlands. Nesting, May, 1916, San Gabriel Canyon, Santa Ana
river bottoms near Corona, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI.
V. Fig. 6. Bright red patch back of black patch on head.

Xenopicus albolarvatus gravirostris Grinn. San Bernardino
White-headed Woodpecker. Found in the higher mountains of the
San Gabriel range, Baldy, Ontario, etc., in summer. W.M.P.
Pl. V. Fig. 7. Bright red patch on head.

Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinn. Sierra Red-breasted Sap-
sucker. H.W. Several winter records. W.M.P.. Pl. V. Fig.
8. Head and throat bright red, shaded into yellow on breast.

Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridg. California Woodpecker.
H.W., Metz. Nesting and resident. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 9.
Bright red patch on back of head, yellow tinge on throat.

Asyndesmus lewisi Riley. Lewis Woodpecker. Common Brown's
Flats inspring. H.W. Casual migrant, noted years ago in Blanch-
ard Park, Claremont, in small numbers in spring. W.M.P. PI. V.
Fig. 10. Red spot on front of head, breast streaked with red.

Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. H.W.,
Metz, H.H.T. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant, especially fall and
winter. Breeds San Antonio Canyon, Santa Ana river bottom.
W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 11. Red streak on side of throat, under
tail and red wing quills.

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridg. Dusky Poor-will. H.W.
Fairly common at mouth of San Antonio and San Dimas Canyons
in spring. Noted in upper Lytle Creek, Sept., 1915, and Glen
Ranch, 1916. W.M.P.2PL Vo. Fig: 12.

Chordeiles virginianus hesperis Grinn. Pacific Nighthawk.
Found only in Big Bear Valley. Possibly occurs in our mountains.
WME PL V.- Hig: 13;

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Law. Texas Nighthawk. H.W.
Common about Claremont. W.M.P., Metz. Laguna. H.H.N.

54 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Chaetura vauxi Towns. Vaux Swift. Noted in fall migration,
Santa Ana river. W.M.P.

Aeronautes melanoleucus Baird. White-throated Swift. H.W.
Capistrano. H.H.N. Noted in migration in fall, Santa Ana river
bottoms. Taken along cliffs near Laguna. Spring. W.M.P. Pl.
Vt big. 14,

Archilochus alexandri Bou. and Mul. Black-chinned Humming-
bird. H.W. Nestings San Antonio Canyon, near Corona, near
Ontario. W.M.P.

Calypte costae Bour. Costa Hummingbird. H.W., Metz.
Abundant in mountains and lower. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 15.
Throat purple.

Calypte anna Less. Anna Hummingbird. Metz, H.W. Com-
mon all year, nests in Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 16. Red
throat.

Selasphorus rufus Gmel. Rufous Hummingbird. H.W., Metz.
Common migrant in spring. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 17. Breast
brownish, some red spots which are small. Back more brown than
others.

Tyrannus verticalis Say. Western Kingbird. H.W. Laguna.
L.L.G. Common and nesting, Chino, San Antonio Canyon.
W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 18. Streak of red on center of head.

Tyrannus vociferans Swains. Cassin Kingbird. H.W. Laguna
Gardner. Common migrant near Chino. No nesting records.

W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 19. Red streak, center of head.

Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens Law. Ash-throated Flycatcher.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Common about
Claremont in migrations. Breeding in some of the canyons.
WaM-_P. )PL.V. Fig,.20:

Sayornis sayus Bonap. Say Phoebe. H.W. Claremont. Metz.
Laguna L.L.G. Common, fall and winter; possibly a few pairs
breed. WeM.P,. -Pl. V... Big: 25:

Sayornis nigricans Swain. Black Phoebe. H.W. Laguna Gard-
ner. Common from ocean to mountains and into canyons. Many

nesting records. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 24.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 55

Nuttallornis borealis Swains. Olive-sided Flycatcher. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Common in higher mountains. Found in val-
leys during migrations. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 21.

Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni Swains. Western Wood
Pewee. H.W. Abundant and nests in canyons, in valley during
migrations. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 26.

Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird. Western Flycatcher. H.W.
Summer resident of canyons; many nesting records for Cucamonga,
San Dimas, San Gabriel Canyons. W.M.P.

Empidonax trailli trailli Audub. Traill Flycatcher. H.W. Sum-
mer visitant to willow bottoms and in less numbers to canyons.
W.eMP., Pl. V: Fig. 22:

Empidonax hammondi Xanthus. Hammond Flycatcher. One
record San Dimas Canyon. W.M.P.

Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclat. Vermilion Flycatcher.
One record Santa Ana river bottom near Corona in winter. W.M.P.

Otocoris alpestris actia Oberh. California Horned Lark. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant, resident. W.
Me PIV. Fig. 27.

Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis Ridg. Blue-fronted Jay. H.W.
Common resident of mountains from 3,000 to 9,000 feet. One
breeding date, May, 1915, San Gabriel Canyon. W.M.P. PI.
V. Fig. 28.

A phelocoma californica californica Vig. California Jay. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant, Claremont and
lower canyons. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 29. Bright blue.

Corvus corax sinuatus Wag. Western Raven. Seen. H.W.
Laguna: L.L.G., HA: Noasd WMP. PISV Fig. 33:

Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis Ridg. Western Crow. H.W.
Very abundant on willow river bottoms, Corona, El Monte. Nest
on Santa Ana. W.M.P. Also seen near south hills near Pomona.
PINS Big. 32:

Nucifraga columbiana Wilson. Clarke Nutcracker. H.W.
Noted on the high slopes of Mount San Antonio. W.M.P. PI. V.
Fig. 31.

56 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus Wied. Pinyon Jay. Seen in flocks
in spring of 1917 near Box S Ranch on Mojave Desert. Records
for San Bernardino Range, not for San Gabriel. W.M.P. Pl. V.
Fig. 30. Bluish grey.

Molothrus ater obscurus Gmel. Dwarf Cowbird. Eggs prob-
ably of this species found in Santa Ana river flats near Corona on
several occasions. W.M.P.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bonap. Yellow-headed Black-
bird. H.W. Collected during migration in spring near Chino, and
nesting near Nigger slough. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 34.

Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridg. San Diego Red-winged
Blackbird. H.W. Very abundant in lowlands about Chino. W.M.P.
PIV igs 352

Agelaius tricolor Audub. Tri-colored Red-winged Blackbird.
H.W. Several specimens taken near Corona, Chino, etc. W.M.P.

Sturnella neglecta Audub. Western Medowlark. H.W., Metz.
Abundant in lowlands common about Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. V.
Fig. 36. Canary yellow on throat, side and breast.

Icterus parisorum Bonap. Scott Oriole. H.W. Quite common
on Mojave Desert. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 38. Black and very
deep yellow.

Icerus cucullatus nelsoni Ridg. Arizona Hooded Oriole. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Locally common at On-
tario, Claremont, Pomona, etc. Many nesting dates, usually nest-
ing in palms. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 37. Black and very deep
yellow.

Icterus bullocki Swains. Bullock Oriole. H.W. Claremont.
Metz. Abundant from ocean to 5,000 feet. Breeding at Hesperia.
W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 39. Black and orange.

Euphagus cyanocephalus Wag. Brewer Blackbird. H.W., Metz.
Especially abundant in Claremont. Many records. W.M.P.

Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird. California Purple
Finch. H.W. Winter visitant to Claremont, San Antonio Can-
yon. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 1. Head and throat a rich red.

Carpodacus cassini Baird. Cassin Purple Finch. H.W. Clare-
mont. Metz. Winter migration record for Claremont, Pomona,

Pomona College, Claremont, California 57

San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 2. Top of head rich
red, thorax and sides tinged with red.

Capodacus mexicanus frontalis Say. California Linnet. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant from ocean to *
mountains. Less common above 3,000 feet. Nests about buildings
and in cactus. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 3. Head and throat rich
red.

Astragalinus tristis salicamans Grinn. Willow Goldfinch. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Redlands, San Antonio Station; very abundant
E] Monte, Corona. Many nesting records in bottoms. W.M.P.
Pl. VI. Fig. 4. Breast and neck canary yellow.

Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Ober. Green-backed Gold-
finch. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Claremont, San Antonio Can-
yon, Corona, Laguna. Common. Breeding San Antonio Canyon.
Claremont, near Covina. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 5. Breast canary
yellow, back yellowish-green.

Astragalinus lawrencei Cass. Lawrence Goldfinch. H.W.
Breeding in Claremont, San Antonio Canyon, near Corona. Found
also in upper San Gabriel. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 6. Canary
yellow breast, streaks on wings.

Spinus pinus pinus Wilson. Pine Siskin. Common winter visi-
tant to San Antonio and other parts of mountains. W.M.P. PI.
Vie fig: 7.

Passer domesticus Linn. English Sparrow. H.W. Noted at
Claremont, Pomona, Ontario, San Bernardino, Victorville, Hes-

peria, E] Monte, Box S. Ranch. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 8.

Pooecetes gramineus confinis Miller. Western Vesper Sparrow.
H.W. Several records, fall and winter, Corona, Chino, near Eti-
wanda; -W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig::9-

Pooecetes gramineus affinis Miller. Oregon Vesper Sparrow.
Probably occurs. H.W.

Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonap. Western Savanna
Sparrow. H.W. Abundant in lowlands, winter and fall. W.M.P.
Pi Vii aig. bl.

Passerculus rostratus rostratus Cass. Found quite commonly near

Oceanside. October 19, 1916. W.M.P.

58 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Passerculus beldingi Ridg. Belding Marsh Sparrow. Common
at Newport. One breeding record. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 12.

Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swain. Western Grass-
hopper Sparrow. H.W. Records as follows: One male, near
Corona, Calif.; one female, mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon, Septem-
ber 11, 1915; May 22, 1915, several Nigger Slough, near San
Pedro. W-M-P. PL Vis fig. 13:

Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swain. Western Lark Spar-
row. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant
near Corona, Chino, mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon; fairly common
Mojave Desert. Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 17.

Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys Forst. White-crowned Spar-
row. North of Claremont. In college collection. H.W. Two
records, near Claremont. Specimen from desert in spring. W.M.P.
PIOVI Big. 18.

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli Nutt. Intermediate Sparrow.
H.W. Very abundant ocean to foothills, fall and winter. Record-
ed late in April from Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 19.

Zonotrichia coronata Pall. Golden-crowned Sparrow. H.W.
Winter, San Dimas, upper San Antonio, along foothills. W.M.P.
BV rig. 5.

Spizella passerina arizonae Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Breeding records, Claremont. W.M.P.

Spizella breweri Cass.. Brewer Sparrow. Migration records in
spring, Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 16.

Spizella atrogularis Caban. Black-chinned Sparrow. Seen.
H.W. Migration records in spring. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 10.

Junco oreganus thurberi Anthony. Sierra Junco. H.W., Metz.
Common; breeds in mountains, in valleys in spring. W.M.P. PI.
VI... Fig: 14.

Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridg. Desert Black-throated
Sparrow. H.W. One record for Claremont. Specimen in Pomona
College collection. Abundant, breeding in desert near Victorville,
spring 1917. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 20.

Amphispiza belli Cass. Bell Sparrow. H.W. Claremont.
Metz. Common, breeding near Claremont. Found up to San
Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 21.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 59

Amphispiza nevadensis canescens Grinn. California Sage Spar-
row. H.W. Fall; common at Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. Pl. VI.
Fig. 22.

Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps Cass. Rufous-crowned Sparrow. H.W.
Laguna. L.L.G. Resident foothills near Claremont, mouth of
San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 23.

Melospiza melodia cooperi Ridg. San Diego Song Sparrow.
H. W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Very abundant in

river bottoms; many breeding records; Claremont to coast.

W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 27.

Melospiza lincolni lincolni Aud. Lincoln Sparrow. H.W. Win-
ter resident to our valleys. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 24.

Certain of the fox sparrows are very hard to place. The notes that I give
are only provisional and further study of this group may place these under
different sub-species. Then there are many intergrades that are difficult to
correctly place. The sub-species that are hard to differentiate are as follows:

Passerella ilica unalascheensis Gmel. Shumagin Fox Sparrow. ‘Taken in
winter, San Antonio Canyon.

P. i insularis Rid. Kadiak Fox Sparrow. Winter, San Antonio Canyon.

P. i sinuosa Grinn. Valdez Fox Sparrow. San Dimas Canyon in winter.

P. i meruloides Vig. Yakutat Fox Sparrow. Several San Antonio Can-
yon in winter.

P. i altivagans Rid. Alberta Fox Sparrow. Several in winter, San Dimas
Canyon. W. M. P.

Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird. Slate-colored Fox Sparrow. ‘Taken in
winter, San Dimas Canyon; Lytle Creek in fall. W.M.P.

Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird. ‘Thick-billed Fox Sparrow. Re-
corded in winter, San Antonio Canyon, San Dimas Canyon. W. M. P.

Passerella iliaca stephensi Anth. Stephens Fox Sparrow. H.W.
No valley records). W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 26.

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird. Spurred Towhee. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Abundant, breeding in Claremont, Corona,
San Antonio Canyon, Laguna. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 28.

Pipilo crissalis senicula Anth. Anthony Brown Towhee. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Abundant, breeding Claremont to Laguna.
Wie. Pl. Vi... Figs 30:

Oreospiza chlorura Audub. Green-tailed Towhee. H.W. Breeds

on high mountains (about 8,000 feet), Lytle Creek, near Corona
in winter. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 29.

60 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis Baird. Pacific Black-headed
Grosbeak. Metz. Claremont. H.W. Breeding at Claremont,
near Corona. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 31. Female.

Guiraca caerulea salicarius Grinn. California Blue Grosbeak.
H. W. Laguna. H.H.N. Santa Ana river bottom in spring;
Brea Canyon. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 32. Dark blue, rufous on
wings.

Passerina amoena Say. Lazuli Bunting. H.W. Claremont.
Metz. Fairly common in Claremont, seen in Brea Canyon and
near Chino, San Antonio Canyon, San Dimas Canyon. W.M.P. PI.
VI. Fig. 33. Bright blue touched with rufous.

Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. Lark Bunting. One record
near Corona, May 11, 1915. W.M. P.

Piranga ludoviciana Wilson. Western Tanager. H.W. Com-
mon in canyons in summer, upper San Antonio, Cucamonga; breed-
ing records; spring migration records for Claremont. W.M.P.
Pl. VI. Fig. 34. Head brilliant red shaded over yellow.

Progne subis hesperia Brew. Western Martin. Two specimens
in college collection, taken 1896. Pl. VI. Fig. 35. Female.

Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons Say. Cliff Swallow. H.W.
Long Beach. Metz. Laguna Beach Gardner. Breeding. Very
abundant from mouth of San Antonio to ocean; nests on barns,
houses, etc.; cliffs near Laguna. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 36.

Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd. Barn Swallow. Seen. H.W.
Migration records for Chino, Corona, Laguna. W.M.P. Pl. VI.
Fig. 38.

Tridoprocne bicolor Vieil. Tree Swallow. H.W. Breeds near
Corona; seen in winter in same locality less commonly. W.M.P.
PIV. Fie w39:

Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern Violet-green
Swallow. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Breeds in San Antonio
Canyon.

Riparia riparia Linn. Bank Swallow. Nesting record for New-
port, June, 1916. Migration record near Corona in spring.
W:MEPS PILVE: ‘Fig. 37:

Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Audub. Rough-winged Swallow.
Pl. VI. Fig. 40.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 61

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill. Cedar Waxwing. H.W. Clare-
mont. L.L.G. Very abundant in fall, winter and spring, Clare-
mont, Ontario, Pomona, San Antonio, San Dimas. W.M.P. PI.
Vil. Wigtil: ;

Phainopepla nitens Swain. Phainopepla. H.W. Claremont.
Metz. Breeding records Claremont; winters regularly near Co-
rona in river bottoms. Some winters seen in Claremont. W.M.P.
BioV Ty, Fag. 2:

Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridg. California Shrike. H.W.
Laguna. L.L.G. Resident. Breeds Corona, Chino, Ontario;
common at Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 3.

Vireosylva gilva swainsoni, Baird. Western Warbling Vireo.
H.W. Abundant in summer in canyons. Breeds. W.M.P. Pl.
VII. Fig. 4.

Lanivireo solitarius cassini Xant. Cassin Vireo. H.W. San
Antonio, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 6.

Vireo huttoni huttoni Cass. Hutton Vireo. H.W. Claremont,
San Antonio Canyon. Nests. Resident. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 5.

Vireo belli pusillus Coues. California Least Vireo. H.W. La-
guna. L.L.G. Fairly common Glenn Ranch and near Corona.
Breeding notes. W.M.P.

Vireo vicinior Coues. Gray Vireo. Capistrano. H.H.N. Sev-
eral seen in Cajon Pass, elevation 3,700 feet. W.M.P.

Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis Ridg. Calaveras Warbler.
H.W. Migrates. Glenn Ranch, San Gabriel Canyon. "W.M.P.

Vermivora celata lutescens Ridg. Lutescent Warbler. H.W.
Glenn Ranch, San Gabriel Canyon, San Antonio and San Dimas
Canyons. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 7. Canary yellow.

Vermivora celata sordida Towns. Dusky Warbler. San Dimas
Canyon. Winter. W. M. P.

Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Grinn. California Yellow Warbler.
H.W., Metz. Claremont. Breeding near Corona river bottoms.
Pl. VII. Fig. 8. Canary-yellow.

’ Dendroica auduboni auduboni Towns. Audubon Warbler. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Abundant in winter in San Antonio Canyon,
Claremont, Pomona, Corona. Breeds in higher mountains. W.M.P.

62 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Pl. VII. Fig. 10. Five yellow spots, top of head, throat, under
wings, on rump.

Dendroica nigrescens Towns. Black-throated Gray Warbler.
Seen. H.W. Breeds near Camp Baldy and Cold Brook, San
Gabriel Canyon. W.M.P. Claremont during migration. Pl. VII.
Fig. 9. Small yellow spot in front of eye.

Dendroica occidentalis Towns. Hermit Warbler. H.W. Seen.
Migration near Corona, Santa Ana river bottom, upper Lytle Creek.
W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 11. Bright yellow on side and top of
head.

Oporornis tolmiei Towns. Tolmie Warbler. Migration notes
from Cold Brook, Glenn Ranch, Claremont, upper Lytle Creek.
W.M.P.

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brew. Western Yellowthroat.
H.W. Taken in migration at Claremont. Breeds on river bottoms
near Corona, Chino and E] Monte. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 12.
Bright yellow throat, back greenish grey.

Icteria virens longicauda Lawr. Long-tailed Chat. H.W.
Breeds near Corona. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 13. Bright yellow
throat.

Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridg. Golden Pileolated Warbler.
H.W. Migration near Claremont. One breeding record. Santa
Ana river bottoms. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 14. Canary-yellow
throat. Back greenish-grey.

Wilsonia pusilla pileolata Pall. Alaska Pileolated Warbler.
Capistrano. H.H.N.

Anthus rubescens Tunst. American Pipit. H.W. Long Beach.
Metz. Abundant fall and winter, Corona, Chino, Ontario
Weer: SPIO Vil; Fig: 15.

Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonap. American Dipper. H. W.
Resident San Antonio, San Dimas, Cucamonga, Lytle Creek.
W.M-PRy Pl. VIL. Fig. 16; Female:

Oreoscoptes montanus Towns. Sage Thrasher. Taken fall and
winter in Corona, near Etiwanda. Seen in early May, upper Cajon

Pass. °WeMeP. -Pl. Vil.: Bige 47,

Pomona College, Claremont, California 63

Mimus Polyglottos leucopterus Vigors. Western Mockingbird.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Breeds in Clare-
mont. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 18.

Toxostoma redivivum pasadenense Grinn. Pasadena Thresher.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Breeds at Clare-
mont. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 19.

Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Law. Leconte Thrasher. Seen on
Mojave Desert. H.W. Resident, breeding, limited numbers,
Mojave Desert. W.M.P.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi Sharpe. Northern Cactus
Wren. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Common resident, breeding.
WMCP. Pi. Vil. Fig. 21.

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus Say. Rock Wren. H.W. Many
records, Claremont, San Antonio Canyon; higher mountains in
summer. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 23.

Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridg. Dotted Canyon Wren.
H. W. Laguna. L.L.G. Nesting at San Gabriel, Cucamonga.
Fairly common. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 22.

Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberh. San Diego Wren. H.
W. Claremont. Metz. Breeding at Claremont, San Antonio, San
Dimas Canyons. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 20.

Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audub. Western House Wren.
H.W. Breeding up as far as Camp Baldy. W.M.P. PI. VII.
Fig. 25.

Telmatodytes palustris paludicola Baird. Tule Wren. H. W.
Abundant and breeding in Santa Ana river bottom. W.M.P. PI.
VII. Fig. 24.

Nannus hiemalis pacificus Baird. Western Winter Wren. One
record, San Dimas Canyon, Jan. 21, 1915. W.M.P.

Certhia familiaris zelotes Osg. Sierra Creeper. Lytle Creek.
Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 26.

Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cass. Slender-billed Nuthatch. Seen.
H.W. Recorded upper Lytle Creek, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. PI.
Vil ie: 27.

Sitta pygmaea pygmaea Vigors. Pigmy Nuthatch. Upper Lytle
Creek. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 28.

6+ Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Baeolophus inornatus inornatus Gamb. Plain Titmouse. H.W.
Oaks near Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 29.

Penthestes gambeli baileyae Grinn. Baily Chickadee. H.W.
Common higher mountains. Sometimes occurs in winter in valleys.
Recorded several times from foothills near San Antonio and San

Dimas Canyons. Pl. VII. Fig. 34.

Psaltriparus minimus minimus Ridg. Coast Bush-tit. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Common, breeding at San Dimas, San An-
tonio, Claremont. Pl. VII. Fig. 30. May be A.O.U. 743A.
W.M.P.

Chamaea fasciata henshawi Ridg. Pallid Wren-tit. H.W. La-
guna L.L.G. Abundant and breeding Claremont to Laguna, also
up in mountains some distance. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 35.

Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird. Western Golden-crowned
Kinglet. Recorded in winter, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P.

Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinn. Western Ruby-crowned
Kinglet. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Recorded in winter, San An-
tonio, San Dimas Canyon, Corona. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 33.
Bright red line on top of head.

Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridg. Western Gnatcatcher. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Common and breeding San Antonio Canyon,
San Dimas, San Gabriel Canyon, Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VII.
Fig. 32.

Polioptila californica Brew. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Many breeding records. Claremont. W.M.P.
Pie hig: 34)

Myadestes townsendi Audub. Townsend Solitaire. H.W. Taken
in winter. Fairly common in San Antonio Canyon and San Dimas
Canyon. Seenin Claremont in winter. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 36.

Hylocichla guttata nanus Audub. Dwarf Hermit Thrush. H.W.
Breeds near Corona, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 37.

FHylocichla guttata nanus Audub. Dwarf Hermit Thrush. H.W.
One bird taken in winter near Claremont which Grinnell thinks is
this. W.M.P.

Hylocichla guttata guttata Pall. Alaska Hermit Thrush. H.W.
San Dimas Canyon, Claremont. W.M.P.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 65

Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis Baldy. H.W. | Sierra Hermit
Thursh. Lytle Creek. W.M.P

Planesticus. migratorius propinquus Ridg. Western Robin.
H.W. Common in winter, Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 38.

Ixoreus naevius meruloides Gmel. Varied Thrush. H.W.
Winter records, San Dimas Canyon and Claremont. W.M.P. PI.
VIL Bigs 9.

Sialia mexicana occidentalis Towns. Western Bluebird. H. W.
Claremont. Metz. Breeding record, San Dimas Canyon. Com-
mon in winter in valley. Breeds in higher mountains. W.M.P.
Pl. VII. Fig. 40. Purple-blue, rufus on wings.

Sialia currucoides Bechst. Mountain Bluebird. H.W. Many
records for winter, Etiwanda, Corona, Chino, Pomona. W.M.P.
Pl. VII. Fig. 41. Light blue, greenish blue on throat.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Plate I

Plate II

Plate III

Plate IV

Plate V

Plate VI

Plate VII

The Nervous System of AracodaSemima-
culata and the Description of a Method
of Stereographic Reconstruction

WILLIAM F. HAMILTON

Aracoda semimaculata, of the family Lumbriconereide (poly-
chetous annelids) is found in great abundance in the mussel beds
near Laguna Marine Laboratory. In length the worm may be
from five to fifty cm. and in diameter, from two to six mm. In
general appearance these worms resemble the earth worm, being
without palpi, or tentacles and usually of a reddish brown color.
Pigmentation, however, varies from a deep reddish brown to a pale
yellow. The cuticle is a tough chitinous membrane clear yellow in
cross section, but due to the fact that it is laid on in exceedingly
thin laminz it presents a beautifully iridescent surface.

The prostomium (Fig. 1), is a blunt, ovoid and slightly de-
pressed organ which is practically made up of nervous and sensory
tissue, constructed and inter-related in a very complex manner. The
peristomium is about as long as the prostomium and twice as long
as the body segments (Fig. 3). The body segments are unianu-
late and very distinct. The parapodia (Fig. 3; a), are biramous, the
neuropodium, typically—in the middle segments of the worm—
being distinctly longer than the notopodium and bent up finger-
like at the tip. The notopodium appears as a broadly rounded dis-
continuation of the upper half of the body of the parapodium. It
is equipped with a varying number of winged pointed sete and
blunt uncinate sete. The front and hind parapodia become less
and less typical as the ends of the worm are approached.

METHODS

Fixation. A large number of the worms, fixed in acetic sub-
limate and in hot mercuric chlorid were prepared during the sum-
mer at the Laguna Marine Laboratory, transferred to 80 per cent
alcohol and saved for study the following winter in Claremont.
Those fixed in the acetic mixture could easly be sectioned whole in

74 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

parafin of a melting point of 60-62 degrees, but it was necessary
to peel off the cuticle and withdraw the sete of those fixed in hot
mercuric chlorid. The internal connective tissues, however, were
better preserved in this fluid. There seemed to be no marked dif-
ference in fixation of the other tissues.

Staining. The most effective stain for tracing out gross anatomy
and nerve distribution proved to be a faintly acidified borax car.
mine used after a fixation of hot mercuric chlorid. The muscular
and epithelial tissues were stained a uniform light pink, the nervous
tissues a darker pink and the connective tissues, especially the peri-
neurium a bright red. Villain’s copper hematoxylin, iron hema-
toxylin, and double stains of these and methylin blue with eosin,
“Jicht grin” and neutral red were of value for cellular detail.

Reconstruction Method. A wax and blotting paper model of the
brain (Fig. 2), was made in the usual way. To supplement this
two stereographic reconstructions (Figs. 1, 4) were made which
were of advantage over the wax model in the following ways. They
are easier to make, eliminating the steps that involve cutting out,
impregnating and reassembling the parts of the wax reconstruc-
tion. It is possible as was done in Fig. 1 to make a “‘sciagraphic
reconstruction” that will show the internal parts in their normal
relation to the other organs. If necessary, colors could be used
to make the morphological differentiation clearer. When the re-
construction is finished it is the reproduction at a certain magnifica-
tion of any desired aspect of the object and is equal in all import-
ant respects and superior in many respects to a photograph or draw-
ing of a wax reconstruction. What little distortion there is may
be calculated as a function of the displacement angle and easily
taken into account.

The method pursued may be described as follows: The object
should be embedded with a piece of liver or similar tissue having a
smooth and quite rectangular face parallel to the axis of the speci-
men. The pieces may be arranged on a watch crystal after infiltra-
tion and the embedding paraffin poured on hot enough not to form
a crystallization capsule around them. This gives an orientation
guide whose projection is represented in b (Fig. 14). Fig. 14 is a

Pomona College, Claremont, California 75

diagramatic illustration of the reconstruction of one cylinder inside
another by means of this method.

The sections are cut at right angles to the orientation plane and
hence transversely to the axis of the object. The knife must be
sharp and care must be taken in the mounting to prevent any warp-
ing or wrinkling of the sections. An outline of the first section is
drawn by means of a projection lantern—represented by the shaded
circles (Fig. 14; a)—and a line drawn on the projection of the edge
of the section of the liver-piece, represented by the first cross line on
b (Fig. 14). From the ends of this cross line are drawn lines in that
direction from the cross line that is related to the cross line in the
same way as the side of the drawing, which is a projection of part
of the aspect to be reconstructed, is related to the center of the
drawing. These two lines (the long parallel lines, Fig. 14; b),
determine the projection of the orientation plane, and on them
are measured off segments about equal to half of the product of
the thickness of the sections times the magnification in diameters.
The projection of the second section of the series is so placed that
the projection of the edge of the liver section coincides with a
line drawn between the dots marking off the first segment on the
lines determining the orientation plane. The section itself is out-
lined in the same way except that those parts of the second out-
line which are “covered up” or are within the area bounded by
the first outline are left blank, since they represent the parts of
the surface which are hidden from view by the outcurving nearer
surfaces. The process is repeated progressively along the seg-
ments of the displacement lines with all of the rest of the sec-
tions. Those lines which form the edges of the completed figure
are re-enforced and then transferred to a separate sheet of paper.
This bare outline is shaded to fill out the contour of which the
lines on the other sheet are a topographic diagram as shown (Fig.
14c).

It is obvious that the cylinder is somewhat distorted since the
face of the figure seen from this point of view should be an ellipse
The distortion is known as a sheering distortion, but as it is con-
stant and does not appreciably alter the relations of the parts the
distorted reconstruction is quite as useful as the normal one.

76 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

The distortion may be eliminated in either of two ways. The
first and best is to set the orientation guide at an agle of about 45
degrees from the axis of the object and cut the sections at right
angles to the orientation guide and hence obliquely to the specimen.
The reconstruction lines are drawn in the same way except that the
projection of the orientation line is allowed to fall in the same place
each time, thus eliminating the displacement and consequent distor-
tion. It is hard, however, to get a clear idea of the relations of
parts from oblique sections. The reconstruction does not show
any more than one that follows the first method, and each series is
good for reconstructing only one aspect.

The other way of getting rid of the distortion is to insert at the
place of proper magnification in the cone of light rays from the
projector a lense of sufficient curvature to refract the rays into a
parallel bundle. By tilting the drawing board at a proper angle to
this bundle the field will be caused to fall in such an ellipse as to
eliminate any distortion. This angle is one whose tangent equals
the displacement divided by the product of the thickness of the sec-
tion times the magnification in diameters.

Occasionally wrinkling of the section in cutting or in mounting
occurs and renders it necessary to disregard the orientation guide.
It is easy, however to put the section in approximately its right
place and to check it up by the next section. In reconstructing sym-
metrical specimens where there is a clearly marked axial line it is
often possible to dispense with the orientation guide and to place
the successive sections from landmarks which they themselves bear.

ANATOMY

The brain (Fig. 1, 2, 4) is a very complex structure. “Topo-
graphically it is divided into two parts, the dorsal and ventral by
the central mass of muscle and blood vessels (Figs. 5; 6, 7; q),
which tissue, going forward from between the central part of the
brain and the visceral ganglion, pinches out into a muscular sheet
at either side and separates the six dorsal lobes from the eight to
ten ventral lobes or branches of the fore part of the brain. The
brain is symmetrical and is divided into lateral halves by a septum
which continues as a canal through the main brain (Fig. 6; w).

Pomona College, Claremont, California Ta

Along slightly different lines the brain may be divided into sensory,
cross-connective visceral and nuchal parts.

Sensory System. The prostomial system of sense organs in this
form is one of the most complex and highly specialized among
annelids. Just forward of the central cross-connective part (Fig.
6) the brain divides into two lateral halves, which extend down
and connect with the two front branches of the visceral ganglion.
These halves (Fig. 7), give off two rounded lateral sensory lobes
(Figs. 1,4, 6;b) and then divide into quadrants, the larger of which
compose the lower pair. Each of these lower quadrants subdivides
into four and sometimes five lobes (Figs. 1, 4, 5; c). The inner
three are long and slender, while the outer one, which shows a
tendency in large specimens to subdivide at the tip is much shorter
and broader. The dorsal pair of quadrants each divide into three
distinctly longer and more slender lobes, giving in all from fourteen
to sixteen lobes. The lobes are each composed of a cellular and a
fibrilar tract. The fiber bundle is on the inside and runs directly
back to the main brain, while the cellular area is on the surface side
of each lobe and is directly connected with the subcuticular sense
organs. These cells (Fig. 12; u), underlie the whole of the pros-
tomial cuticle and are connected with the brain by means of fibers
which run into the brain in larger or smaller irregularly placed
bundles or even as individual fibers, threaded between the epithelial
cells of the subcuticular region. The whole of the prostomial ner-
vous system, including the visceral ganglion and its branches give
off sensory fibers in great abundance. In many cases the sense cells
seem to send off sensory fibers direct to the cuticle.

In the front lobular region, besides the sense cells and the ordi-
nary small nerve cells (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 10; d), there are a few large
cells embedded in the brain (Figs. 5, 10; £). These have nucleoli
and in some cases fibers can be traced from them. They are much
smaller than the giant cells (Figs. 11, 8; g) in the ventral nerve
cord, more irregular, the structure of the protoplasm is much finer
and they are much harder to stain with ordinary stains. Hema-
toxylin leaves them clear unless a mordant is used. Methylen blue
and the other common nuclear stains do not touch them. Villain’s
copper hematoxylin gives the best results, staining the protoplasm

78 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

reddish purple and the nucleus blue-black. These cells are found
only in the front part of the prostomium. Associated with these
in location are a number of mucous cells which have invaded the
brain and from their staining reactions seem to be functional (Figs.
5. 103th) 2

Cross-connective part of the brain. ‘The main part of the brain
contains the fibrilar cross-connections for the whole brain. The
brain cells are practically all confined to the dorsal side. The eyes,
four in number, are buried in this cell layer. The central pair is
very small and vestigial, none of the lense structure remaining and
but little of the pigment. The lateral pair is complete, with lense
and cup-shaped pigment layer, but in all of the specimens I have sec-
tioned the eye is inverted, with the pigment outside and the lense
facing down toward the brain. As if to render this ocular paradox
more striking the perfect eyes are deeply embedded in the head and
the degenerate eyes are just under the cuticle. This is a rather
interesting example of degeneration.

From the rear of the brain extend the circumesophageal com-
missure and the nuchal ganglia. The former is biramous, divid-
ing on each side into a dorsal and ventral branch. This is analagous
to the phenomenon found in Nepthys where the ocular and surface-
sensory parts of the brain are separate structures. (Quatrefages;
44.)

The nuchal ganglia (Figs. 13, 1, 4;1\, are connected to the brain
by means of two nerves .3 mm. apart, .03 mm. in diameter and
4mm. long. These nerves come out from the “punkt-substanz” of
the brain immediately below and behind the central pair of eyes,
follow along the nuchal pits for some distance, when they join on
the two nuchal ganglia on their lower front surface. The nuchal
pits act as a pair of narrow-mouthed sacks opening, close together
just under the lip of the peristomium, enlarging as they go in until
they are large enough to contain in their thin chitino-membranrious
sack, each, a ganglion. The apparatus bears a rather vague resem-
blance to the otocyst found in Arenicola (Ehlers, ’92), but inasmuch
as there are no otolyths to be found and the only cavity to contain
them is very small and pyramidal instead of round, the diagnosis
is doubtful. The thing could hardly be functional, but is probably

Pomona College, Claremont, California 79

degenerate or else for some other purpose. The ganglia are con-
nected by their perineurial sheaths in the mid line and the nuchal
sacks, though they do not fuse are separated merely by a thin
septum. They differ in this respect from Lumbriconereis erecta
Moore where the ganglia are quite widely separate. Histologically
the structure is much the same as the other ganglia of this form.
The cells are a little larger than those of the brain and the reticulum
is considerably more noticeable.

The subesophageal ganglion (Fig. 1; }) is of the usual annelid
form as is the nerve trunk (Figs. 8, 9). The segmental nerves are
given off one pair to each segment from a long narrow pedicle
(Fig. 3;k). They follow around the segment just outside the mus-
cular coat. At the base of the foot there is a small ganglion giving
off two branches, one to the foot, which branches twice and one
passing beyond the foot to the dorsum where it branches extensively
in both the epithelium and muscles.

Visceral System. The visceral nervous system (Fig. 4), con-
sists of three visceral ganglia, and a complex system of nerves serv-
ing the various pharyngeal muscles. The system originates in a
main visceral ganglion (Fig. 4; v). which is situated just below the
brain and is equipped with four pairs of symmetrical branches.
The front pair of nerve trunks are short and rather thick. They
lead to the lateral halves of the brain and their fiber masses fuse
with the “punkt-substanz” of this part of the brain. The side
branches leave the visceral ganglion at about its central and widest
part and lead to the base of the esophageal connectives. Near
where these nerves leave the visceral ganglion a pair of small nerves
(Fig. 4; r) about .01 mm. in diameter branch off from the ventral
side and extend caudad for a distance of about 2.5 mm. These
nerves form an analogue of the complex labio-visceral nervous sys-
tem found in Eunice. (Quatrefages; 44.) The two hind trunks
branch out into the visceral nervous system proper, as diagrammed
(Fig. 4). They go straight back, parallel, assuming a diameter of
about .04 mm. About 1 mm. behind the visceral ganglion they
branch into an outer (Fig. 4; m) and an inner pair (Fig. 4; u).

The outer pair form the maxillary nervous system. They bend
ventrad and branch in a very complex manner on either side of the

80 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

denticular pouch, serving the complicated musculature of the four
pairs of maxille.

The inner pair of visceral nerves form the superpharyngeal ner-
vous system. Near where they branch off from the outer pair they
partly anastomose, interchanging a few fibers, but with no attendant
ganglionic structure. The anastomosis continues for a distance of
.16 mm. and then the nerves separate, assuming a diameter of .02
mm. and run parallel about 2 mm. apart for a distance of 1.3 mm.
As they do this they bend dorsally so that they are deeply embedded
in the upper wall of the denticular pouch and are quite dorsad of the
maxillary musculature. This brings them to where the intestine
folds off from the dorsal side of the denticular pouch. The nerves
bend still more dorsad and become embedded in the intestinal epi-
thelium. Here they become enlarged by ganglion cells and separat-
ing (Fig. 4; p), go around the mouth of the intestine proper and
come together in the ventral wall of this structure. Just before their
second anastomosis they send off two branches into the lateral and
dorsal walls of the intestine. These nerves and the one into which
the main pair fuses extend back along the intestinal wall for a short
distance.

An interesting observation was made on the muscle which acts
on the mandibles. It is a long spindle-shaped muscle reaching from
the back of the pharynx to the mandibles. These bifurcate black
_ chitinous plates are in apposition to the slit (Fig. 4; 6), whose walls
are armed with the maxille and form the denticular pouch. The
mandibles are bound to the walls of this slit by small muscles used
in prehension. Now the members of this group that has the denti-
cular pouch do not completely evert their pharynx in the act of pre-
hension. They merely, from what observations I have been able
to make on the Eunicide and on this form, push out the mandibles
and the forceps jaw of the maxille. There is no proboscoideal
musculature, such as is found in Phyllodoce, Glycera and Nereis,
which functions from the inside and by contracting, turns the pro-
boscis inside out. To take the place of the muscles which evert the
proboscis by contracting and pulling it out we have in this form a
muscle which, acting on the mandible forces this and the forceps
teeth of the maxilla out and does so, paradoxical as it may seem by

Pomona College, Claremont, California 81

expanding. The fibers in this muscle, instead of running from the
origin to the insertion of the muscle as a whole run dorsoventrally
from wall to wall so that any stimulus acting on the nerve which
supplies this muscle and causing the fibers to contract would cause
the muscle to become rigid, of less diameter and of greater length.
Since the origin of the muscle is in the back part of the pharnyx and
since this organ is bound to the body wall by connective tissue and
muscles, the ‘‘expansion’’ of the mandibular muscle must force the
mandible forward and with it the forceps teeth of the maxilla, which
are closely bound to it. This action extrudes the teeth and a sec-
ondary reflex seems to be established that causes them to be snapped
together forcibly soon after they are extruded. This reaction is
carried on with such vigor that I have known eunicids to bite them-
selves into two or three pieces while dying in fixatives.

The advantage of this extrusion system over the more primitive
proboscoideal eversion found in the forms without the denticular
pouch can be seen in the quickness of the reaction, its superior vigor
and the fact that the teeth are extruded first rather than as a final
consequence of the comparatively slow eversion of a soft fleshy
proboscis.

SUMMARY

1. The annelid, dracoda semimaculata, is a highly specialized
and evolved member of the lumbriconereidz, inhabiting the mussel
beds near Laguna.

2. Reconstructions were made stereographically as described
in this paper.

3. The brain is very complex and highly specialized sensorially.
It is divided into the sensory, connective, nuchal and visceral sys-
tems, is symmetrical and has a central tubal cavity running through
the lower part of the main cross-connective portion of the brain,
from front to back, parallel to a cavity which is partly filled with
muscles and glands, and runs between the visceral ganglion and
the main brain and forward between the dorsal and ventral lobes of
the fore brain. This central cavity, taken together with the very
complex and convoluted olifactory forebrain presents an appear-
ance which seems quite similar to that described by Patten in Limulus
and other invertebrates, but which can probably be best explained

82 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

as a mere functional adaptation rather than as a phenomenon of
phylogenetic importance.

A. The sensory system is composed of the entire surface por-
tion of the brain, i.e., those parts underlying the surface of the
prostomium. The forepart of the brain is subdivided into fourteen
to sixteen slender lobes of sensory cellular and inside fibrilar tracts.
The sensory_cellular tracts are not confined to the lobes in front,
but extend all over the brain and give off fibers which connect with
the subcuticular sense cells or go directly to the cuticle as sense
fibers.

B. The main or cross-connective part of the brain consists prin-
cipally of ‘‘punkt-substanz”’ with dorsal sense cells.

C. Eyes are four in number, the central pair being degenerate
close to the surface of the prostomium, and lacking in lense struc-
ture. The lateral pair are well-developed but buried deeply in the
prostomium and so inverted that the lens is inside and the pigment
outside. Neither pair of eyes can be regarded as functional in the
adult.

D. The circum-cesophageal connectives branch on each side into
a dorsal and ventral ramus. This is analagous to the phenomenon
found in Nepthys where the ocular and the surface sensory parts
of the brain are separate structures.

E. The nuchal ganglia, extending to the rear from the dorsal
part of the main brain are connected with a more or less rudimen-
tary organ which is doubtfully a functional otocyst.

F. The subesophageal ganglion and nerve cord are of the usual
annelid form.

G. There is one segmental nerve extending around the body to
a small pedal ganglion, whence it branches into two nerves, a pedal
and a dorsal. The former gives rise to a motor notopodial branch
and a sensory neuropodal branch. The latter is both motor and
sensory in its distribution.

H. The visceral system consists of a labial, maxillary and a
superpharyngeal system.

(a) The labial system is degenerate from the much more com-
plex system in Eunice, or even in the much more closely related
Lumbriconereis. It consists of a pair of small short nerves running

Pomona College, Claremont, California 83

down the lateral and ventral walls of the esophagus and originat-
ing in the lateral nerves of the visceral ganglion.

(b) The maxillary and superpharyngeal system originate in
the main visceral ganglion which is situated just below the brain.
The maxillary system branches repeatedly and serves the complex
maxillary musculature. The superpharyngeal system goes straight
back to where the intestine folds off. Here it developes a pair of
slender ganglia which form a nearly complete circuminestinal ring
and send off branches to the wall of the intestine.

4. The muscle which causes extrusion of the teeth is attached to
the mandibular plates. It is a spindle-shaped muscle but acts by an
increase of length instead of a contraction as is usual in muscles of
this shape. This expansion is possible through the fact that the
muscle fibers run across the muscle instead of from origin to inser-
tion, and from the fact that the whole muscle is enclosed in a thick
envelope of tough connective tissue, which holds the muscle rigid
when a contraction of the fibers lessen the diameter and increase
the length of the muscle. This adaptation seems to render pre-
hension more efficient.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ehlers, E. 1864-69

Die Borstenwiirmer (Annelida Chetopoda) nach Systematischen
und Anatonschen Untersuchen Dargestellt, Leipzig, Engelmann,
748 pp. 24 Taf.

Ehlers, E. 1892
Die GehGroggane der Arenicolon. Zeit. Fiir Wiss. Zool. Band
53, pp. 217-285, Taf, XI-XIV.

Faivre, Ernest 1856

Etudes Sur. |’Histologie comparée du systéme nerveux chez quel-
ques Annélides. Thése présentée a la faculte des sciences de Paris.

Haller, B. 1889
Beitrage zur Kentniss der Textur des Central Nervensystems
Hoherer Wiirmer. Arbeit Zool. Inst. Wein. Tome 8, Heft 2,
pp. 175-312 Taf. 16-20.
Lewis, M. 1898
Studies on the central and peripheral nervous systems of two poly-

chaete annelids. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 33, No. 14.
Apr., 1898, pp. 226-267, pl. 1-8.

84 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Moore, J. P. 1911

Polychaetous annelids dredged off the coast of Southern California
in 1914. III Euphrosynide to Goniadide. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. Vol. 63, pp. 318-334, pl. 15-21.

Oppenheimer, Adele 1902

Certain sense organs of the proboscels of the polychztous annelid
Rhynchobolus dibranchiatus. Proc. Amer. Acad. Art. Sci. Vol.
37, No. 21, pp. 553-562, pl. 1-6.

Quatrefages, M. A. de 1844

Sur le systeme nerveux des annelides. Ann. des. Science Nat.
3 e Serie. Zool. Tom 2, pp. 81-102, pl. 1-2.

Quatrefages, M. A. de 1850

Etudes sur les types intéreures d’ l’embranchment des annelés.
Mémoire sur le systeme nerveux des annelides. Ibid, tom 14, pp.

329-398, pl. 6-10.
Rhode, E. 1887

Nervensystem der Polycheten. Zool. Beit. Band 2, pp. 1-81.
Tighe JEWAUE

Weallengren, E. von 1901

Zur Kentniss des peripheren Nervensystem der Proposcis bei den
Polycheten. Jen. Zeit., Fur Nautrwiss. Band 36, pp. 165-180.
Aghia To tsk

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3

Figure 4.
Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.
Figure 8.

Figure 9.
Figure 10.

Figure 11.
Figure 12.

Figure 13.
Figure 14.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 85

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Stereographic reconstruction of the prostomium showing the position of the
brain inside of it and the position of the fiber tract inside of the brain.
The prostomium is shaded light, the brain darker and the fiber system
darkest. The prostomial sensory branches are not shown. 50.

Photograph of a wax reconstruction of the brain, showing the visceral and
nuchal ganglia darkened. The two hundred odd prostomial sensory
branches are shown in this reconstruction. 40.

Diagram of the distribution of a segmental nerve.

Stereographic reconstruction of the ventral side of the brain and of the
visceral nervous system. 40.

Cross section through the front part of the prostomium cutting through
the front lobes of the brain. 50.

Cross section of the main cross-connective part of the brain showing the
eye, the visceral ganglion and the canalicula that runs through this part
of the brain. 50.

Cross section of the brain in front of the main cross-connective part where
it has divided into two lateral halves. 50.

Cross section through the ventral nerve cord near where the segmental
nerves come off showing giant cells. 50.

Cross section of the above between the origins.of these nerves. 50.

Enlarged view of the connection of one of the lobes of the fore brain
with the subcuticulum. 250.

Giant cell and surrounding tissue. 250.

Subcuticulum showing sense cells, mucous cells and regular subcuticular
cells. 500.

Cross section of nuchal ganglia. X50.

Diagram of stereographic reconstruction, as described herein of two con-
centric cylinders; (a) is the first step, showing the cylinders with the
topographical reconstruction lines; (b) is the orientation guide, and (c) is
the shaded interpretation of (a).

MEANING OF THE LETTERS

(a) parapodia, (b) lateral brain lobes (c) frontal brain lobes, (d) brain cells,
(e) fiber tracts, (f) large brain cells, (g) giant cells in ventral cord, (h) mucous
gland cells, (i) nuchal ganglia, (j) subesophageal ganglion, (k) pedicle of neuro-
cord, (1) muscle tissue, (m) outer or maxillary nervous system, (n) inner or super-
pharyngeal nervous system, (0) maxillary slit opening into denticular pouch, (p) gang-
lia forming circumintestinal ring, (q) cavity which separates the dorsal from the
ventral parts of the brain, (r) labial nerves, (s) subcuticular cell, (t) mucous gland
cell, (u) sense cell, (v) visceral ganglion, (w) neural canal.

Plate I

Plate II

The Central Nervous System of the
Amphipod Orchestia

WixuiaM A. HILTon

Numerous specimens of Orchestia traskiana Stim. were collected
at Laguna Beach. Some were preserved whole, from others the
central nervous system was studied in position or removed in one
piece and stained and sectioned or mounted whole. For whole
mounts some carmine stain or a light hermatoxylin coloration
seemed best. For sections a copper hematoxylin was used with
good results.

The brain occupies the forward portion of the head with large
branches or lobes to the compound eyes which are somewhat dorsal
and caudal from the brain as it lies in the head. Large nerves to
the antenne and smaller ones to the antennules cannot be seen
from above as they run from near the connectives in a more ventral
and caudal region. The brain is held in place by a band of tissue
which perforates it near the center. In the figure the brain is not
shown in the normal position. It is pulled out so as to show its
parts better. The connectives join the rather small first ganglion,
running almost ventrally when not displaced. Including this gang-
lion there are eight large thoracic ganglia and four small abdominal
centers, the last of which is a little larger than the other three.

In whole mounts the brain does not show well. The ventral
ganglia from surface views are found to contain a coating of large
and small cells, especially on the ventral sides. Some of these are
shown in the figures, which give views of a large and a smaller
ganglion at one optical section. There are several layers of cells
and both large and small are numerous, the latter of several sizes
very numerous. The general position of some of the larger cells is
shown in the figures.

In section the brain is found to be chiefly composed of fibers and
fibrils. Large strands of fibers run long distances and connect wide-
ly separated regions. No very large cells were found in the brain,
such as found in the ventral ganglia. and no very marked central
region of the brain was clearly seen. The cells as compared with

Pomona College, Claremont, California 89

the fibers were rather few. Fibrils also were evident, but could not
be traced far. Cell groups were most marked in the posterior and
lateral regions and fibers from these and to these could be followed
as individuals for long distances. Posterior cells were especially
numerous connected with the eyes and other parts. The ventral
ganglia present no unusual structures in section. In two of the upper
ganglia studied there seem to be in each at least two masses of cross
fibers or communications.

IMPORTANT PAPERS

Cussans, Margaret 1904
Gammarus. L. M. B. C. Mem. XII.
Koehler, R. 1887

Recherches sur la structure du cerveux du Gammarus pulex.

Im. M. Anat. Phys., T. IV.
Packard, A. S. 1884

On the structure of the brain of the sessile-eyed Crustacea. Nat.
Ac. Sc., vol. III.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

90

Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Central nervous system of Orchestia. 10.

Surface view of one of the thoracic ganglia. 75.

Surface view of one of the abdominal ganglia. 75.

Longitudinal section through the brain. Caudal end to the top. 75.
Longitudinal section of the brain; same as Fig. 4 but deeper. X75.

Figures 6 and 7. Longitudinal sections of the second ventral ganglion. Caudal end

Figure 8.

at the top. X75.
Longitudinal section through the first ventral ganglion. Caudal end at
top. X75.

The KA Binocular Microscope

Is of great value in all biological
work where low and medium
powersare employed. In embroy-
ology the true stereoscopic image
shows the relative position of im-
portant details. This feature is of
great assistance to the studentand
makes the instructor’s work easy.
Write for booklet

Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.

of California

154 Sutter St., San Francisco, Cal.

List of Bees from Claremont-Laguna
Region
HENRY BRAY

Through the kindness of Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell and several
others I have been able to get large numbers of our local bees
determined. The basis of the work was the extensive Cook-Baker
collection of the college with additional material of my own and
others. Many of the species here listed have been collected by
me and others, but unless not represented in the original college
collection it is not noted in the list. So far as the relations of bees
to plants has been noted by me it is given in the list. Many other
species remain to be determined and only a beginning has been
made in respect to the relation of the bees to plants.

BOMBID:
Bombus sonorous. Say. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
April, Fl., Nemophila.
Bombus californicus. Sm. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
May, FI., Phachelia tanacetifolia.
Bombus crotchii. Vier. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
May, FIl., Tar weed.

ANTHOPHORIDE

Anthophora anstrutheri. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker. April, Fl., Lotus glaber.

Anthophora curta. Proy. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April., FI.,
Lotus glaber.

Anthophora urbana. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, FL.,
Cactus and poppy.

Anthophora washingtoni. — Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Anthophora stanfordiana. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May,
Fld, Amsinckia intermedia.

Anthophora pacifica. Vier. Mountains near Claremont, Cal.,
Baker. April, Fl., Lotus glaber.

94 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Anthophora simillima. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April,
F]., Lotus glaber.

Anthophora edwardsii. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker. April, Fl., Phacelia tanacetifolia.

Mellisodes pallidicineta. Ckll. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont,
Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Phacelia tanacetifolia.

Mellisodes maura. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal.,
Bray. May, Fl., Amsinckia intermedia.

Mellisodes pullata. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal.,
Bray. April, Fl., Phacelia tanacetifolia.

Mellisodes menuacha. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal.,
Bray. May, FI., Phacelia tanacetifolia.

Mellisodes beltragei. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal),
Bray. FIl., Amsinckia interm.

Synhalonia atrientis. Smith Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont,
Cal., Bray. May, FI., Phacelia tanacetifolia.

Diadasia crassicauda sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Laguna, Cal., R.
La Follette.

Diadasia bituberculata. Cr. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
April, Fl., Cactus.

Diadasia australis rinconis. Ckl\l. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker. May, FI., Cactus.

Diadasia australis opuntik. Ckl\l. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May.
Fl., Cactus.

EUCERID/:

Tetralonia actuosa. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Tetralonia fowleri, Ck\l. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Tetralonia pomone sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Tetralonia robertsoni. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

MELECTIDA: ;
Bombomelecta thoracicia. Cr. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
April, Nemophila.
Pseudomelecta californica miranda. Fox. Claremont, Cal.,

Baker.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 95

Bombomelecta thornica. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May,
F]., Nemophila.

Zacosmia maculata. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Triepeolus ancoratus sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Triepeolus callopus. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Bombomelecta maculata. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,

Baker.
NOMADID:

Nomada edwardsii. Cr. Det. CklIl. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
June, no FI.

Nomada beulahensis. Ckll. Det. Br. Claremont, Cal., Bray.
From Coll. April, no FI.

Nomada americana. Kby. Det. Br. Claremont, Cal., Bray.
From Coll. April, no Fl.

Nomada crotchii nigrior. Ckll. Det. CkIl. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Nomada civilis. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Nomada pyrrha sp.n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Nomada melanosoma, sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Nomada subvicinalis. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

_Nomada erythrospila sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Nomada odontocera sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Exomalopsis velutinus. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Exomalopsis melanurus sp.n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Exomalopsis nitens sp.n. CklIl. Det. Ckll. Laguna, Cal., R. La
Follette.

XYLOCOPID/E

Xylocopa varipuncta. Patt. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
April, no FI.

96 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Xylocopa orsifex. Sm. Det. Vier. Mountains near Claremont,
Cal., Baker. April, Wood.

Xylocopa californica. Cr. Det. Friese. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
April, Nemophila.

MEGACHILIDE

Megachile pruing. Sm. Det. Friese. Claremont, Cal., Bray.
May, FI., Cactus.

Megachile grindeliarum. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Bray. May, FI., Poppy.

Megachile occidentalis. Fox. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Bray.

Megachile frugalis. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia erythrosmia remotula. Des. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Osmia quadriceps. Ckll. Det. Cr. Mountains near Claremont,
Cal., Baker.

Osmia atrocyanea. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
May, Fl., Amsinckia intermedia.

Osmia propinqua. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia kincaidii. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont,
Cal., Baker.

Osmia bennetta. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont,
Cal., Baker.

Osmia integra. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia cobaltina, Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May,
Lotus glaber.

Osmia faceta. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia clarescens. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
April, Fl., Phacelia tanacetifolia.

Osmia granulosa. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia regulina. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont,
Cal., Baker.

Osmia edna, female. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Clare-
mont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia playtura. Ckll. Det. Ckll. cotype. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia hypochrysea. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 97

Osmia pumila. Frieze Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May,
Fl. Mustard.

Osmia cyanopoda sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Osmia cyanosoma. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia nigrobarta sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Hoplitis sambuci. Titus Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal. April,
Poppy.

Hoplitina pentamera. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia pogonigera. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Alcidamea hypocrita. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Osmia melanopleura sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Anthidium maculoscum. Cr. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Dianthidium illustri. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Anthidium palliventre. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont,
Cal., Baker.

Anthidium tricuspidum. Proy. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Dianthidium consimile. Ashmead Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Dianthidium robertsoni. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near
Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Anthidium angelarum. Titus Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Dianthidium provancheri. Titus Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Dioxys producta. Cr. Det. Ducke. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Dioxys pomone. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Coelioxys megatricha sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Coelioxys angulifera sp. n. Ckll. Det. CkIl. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Xenoglossa angelica. Ckl\l. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

ANDRENIDZE
Andrena portere. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

98 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Andrena mustelicolor. Vier. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker. :
Andrena prunorum. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker
and Bray. May, Phacelia tana. and Poppy.

Andrena mimecta. Ckll. Det. Ckil. Mountains near Claremont,
Cal., Baker.

Andrena texana. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal.,
Bray. May, FIl., Poppy.

Andrena bipuntala. Lovell Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont,
Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Phacelia tan.

Andrena cerasifoli. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
April, Phacelia tanacetifolia.

Andrena carlina Ckll. Ashmead Det. Br. from Coll. Clare-
mont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Mustard.

Andrene osmoides sp.n. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena peratra sp. n. Prov. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Andrena auricoma. Sm. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena plana. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena opaciventris sp n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Andrena chlorura sp. n. Ckil. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Agapostemon splendens. Friese Des. Lange. Los Angeles, Cal.

Agapostemon californicus. Crawford. Claremont, Cal., Baker.-
May, Poppy.

Agapostemon radiatus. Say. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont,
Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Daisy.

Diandrena beatula sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Diandrena chalybea. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Diandrena cyanosoma sp. n. Ckll. Det. CkIl. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Diandrena clarventris sp. n. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Diandrena scintilla sp. n. Ckil. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 99

Conanthalictus bakeri. Crawford Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Conanthalictus macrops sp.n. Ckll. Det. CkIl. Claremont, Cal.
Baker.

Augochlora pomoniella. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Andrena candida. Sm. Det. Cklil. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena angustitarsata. Vier. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal.,
Baker.

Andrena huardi. Vier. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena pallidifava. Vier. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena cyanosoma. Ckll. Det: Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena nigripes. Prov. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena scripta. Vier. Det Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena subtristis. Ckll. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

CERITINIDZE

Ceratina neomexicana puncligena sub. sp. n. CkIl. Det. CkIl.
Claremont, Cal., Baker.

HALICTIDE

Halictus incompletus. Craw. Det. Mountains near Claremont,
Cal., Baker.

Halictus punctatoventris. Craw. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Hlalictus nigrescens. Craw. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Halictus catalinensis. Craw. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Hlalictus ligatus. Say. Det. Craw. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Halictus robustus. Craw. Det. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Hlalictus mellipes. Craw. Det. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Halictus farinosus. Sm. Det. Craw. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Halictus rhoptoides. Craw. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont,
Cal., Bray. April, Daisy.

COLLETIDA:

Colletes californicus. Prov. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Colletes guadialis. Sm. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

100 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

PROSOPIDE
Prosopis episcopalis, female. Ckll. Det. Metz. Claremont, Cal.,

Baker (Rhus laurina).
Prosopis coloradensis. Ckll. Det. Metz. Mountains near Clare-

mont, Cal., Baker.
Prosopis polifolii, female. Ckll. Det. Metz. Mountains near
Claremont, Cal., Baker.

PANURGIDE
Panurginus atriceps. Ckll. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

A Partial List of the Mammals of the
Claremont Region

LEON L. GARDNER

Since little or nothing has been published on mammals of this
region it was deemed advisable to print a list even though very in-
complete and based on preliminary and limited collecting in order
to have some definite forward step in this much neglected line.
Some of the mammals listed below have not been collected by us
but are known to occur. Thanks are due Mr. H. S. Swaith for his
kind aid in identification of some of the skins collected.

Bears of course have long since disappeared but still have left
their reputation among old mountaineers. The story goes that a
bear, perhaps the last one, was killed at Bear Flats on the trail to
“Old Baldy,” hence the name.

Odocoileus hemionus califoricus. (Caton.) California Mule
Deer. Fairly common through Upper Sonoran and Transition
zones. They have been taken as low as the mouth of San Dimas
canyon. The recently established game preserve assures an in-
crease in the future. Already they seem to have sensed the protec-
tion for on May 19, 1916, we were surprised to find just 75 feet
before us a large doe on the auto road not far above the first power
house.

Ovis canadensis nelsoni? C. M. Merriam. Merriam Desert
Bighorn. Mountain sheep have lived for years in the higher peaks
above Claremont but being very shy and in inaccessible and little
frequented parts have escaped attention very successfully. Rumor
has it that Mountain Goats are found with the sheep but I believe
this to be unfounded, having been originated probably by the sight
of the smaller horned females and young. The area occupied by
the sheep is a very definite one and comprises the peaks Ontario,
Cucamonga, Telegraph, St. Antonio (“Old Baldy”), and Iron
Mountain with their high rocky intervening ridges. Of the points
mentioned the first three peaks are the favored ones. I found only
a few tracks on Iron Mountain and a rumor of a pair of horns
found there some five or eight years ago. “Old Baldy” being too

102 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

often visited is not a frequented spot for the sheep, serving only
as a connecting link to Iron Mountain. However signs around
Ontario, Cucamonga and Telegraph peaks are abundant and any-
one with a little patience and diligent endeavor can readily see the
sheep themselves. They travel often in bands, as many as fifty
and in summer keep to the highest places. Where they go in winter
is as yet a mystery to me, probably lower into canyon heads for I
have never found them on the top during this season. This of
course is natural for these peaks practically become great ice moun-
tains dangerous for anything to travel over. Besides grass the
food consists of twigs and leaves of Castonapsis sempewirens,
several species of Ceanothus, Rhammus croceus californicus, Rhus
trilobata and a parsnip Pastinaca sativa.

Citellus beecheyi. Richardson. California Ground Squirrel.
Abundant in all parts from brush land to 8,000 feet altitude in
suitable localities.

Sciurus griseus anthonyi. Mearns. Anthony Gray Squirrel.
Very common in the transition zone. In early spring they start
working on pine cones on the mountain tops, gradually coming
down to more abundant supplies of food until fall finds them down
in the oak belt feeding on acorns. They winter as low as Palmers
canyon in some cases.

Entamias Sp. Abundant in the pine belt and as high as the top
of “Baldy.” They are good climbers, exceedingly active and burst-
ing with curiosity.

Onychomys torridus ramona. Rhoads. San Bernardino Grass-
hopper Mouse. But two specimens of this carnivorous mouse were
taken in a period of trapping extending over three months. Both
specimens were taken on bait consisting of rolled oats and in the
same place, east of Indian Hill in the brush. A good many of my
specimens were more or less devoured in the traps in this locality,
and I strongly suspect this mouse of the crime. Nowhere else were
my mice eaten or were any grasshopper mice taken.

Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli. Baird. Gambel Whitefooted
Mouse. This species was one of the most common forms taken,
being abundant in the brushy valley and foothills. There is a great
deal of color variation in the specimens taken.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 103

Peromyscus boylei rowleyi. (Allen.) Rowley White-footed
Mouse. No specimens were trapped in the valley. However these
mice were found not uncommon at the mouth of Palmers canyon,
just four miles north of Claremont, in the dry brush land. Within
the canyon they were common and were taken as high as the top
of Ontario peak along fallen logs. At Camp Baldy they are very
common especially along water courses and fallen logs. Indica-
tions are that they ignore zonal limits being taken well down in
Lower Sonoran zone and in high transition and not necessarily
near water.

Peromyscus californicus insignis. Rhoads. Chemisal Mouse.
Not common. None were taken in the valley and few in the can-
yons. They were not found along waterways but frequently brushy
hillsides. This is a large species of mouse and was almost too much
for the little “gee whiz’’ traps to hold.

Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus. Miller. Dulzura Mouse.
Common in the brush land of both valley and foothill, being found
in the canyons also.

Reithrodontomys megalotis longicanda. Baird. — Long-tailed
Harvest Mouse. Common in valley and foothill. Although par-
tial to grassy areas (I took many in the grassy runways made by
meadow mice—Microtus californicus). I found them not uncom-
mon in the dry brush land east of Indian Hill.

Neotoma fuscipes macrotis. Thomas. Southern Brush Rat.
Common from valley to 5,000 feet in the mountains in suitable
localities. I took one in the property house at the Greek theatre
this June. The large nests are seen very commonly in the canyons
and hillsides.

Neotoma intermedia intermedia. Rhoads. Intermediate Brush
Rat. These seems to be a curious reversal of conditions between
this and the former species. Whereas this species is supposed to
be taken only up to 3,000 feet, I took none be/ow 3,000, all being
taken at 5,000 feet or more along fallen logs near watercourses,
and the former species was limited more distinctly to the foothills
which is not a typical condition.

Microtus californicus californicus. — ( Peale.) California
Meadow Mouse. Common in runways through the grass in damp

104 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

canyons, at Palmers canyon and in other suitable localities. One
was taken as high as Kelly’s cabin—on Ontario peak, among fallen
logs by a cold mountain stream. While setting trap in the run-
ways I more than once caught glimpses of them darting along the
aisles in the grass.

Thomomys botte pallescens. Rhoads. Southern Pocket Go-
pher. Abundant in the valley, often doing much damage in lawns
and orchards.

Perodipus agilis agilis. (Gambel.) Gambel Kangaroo Rats.
Abundant from valley to Transition zone. I found them abundant
at Brown’s Flats where the evidences of their digging and their
holes are on every side. I have trapped them in brush country,
rocky areas, open brushless places, and at the mouth of ground
squirrel holes.

Lepus californicus. (Gray.) Jack-Rabbit. Common in the
valley and to a certain extent in the foothills and higher.

Sylvilagus auduboni sanctidiegi. (Miller.) San Diego Cotton-
tail. Abundant in the Lower Sonoran zone. Increasing each year
due to the protection afforded by game laws. Considerable damage
to young trees is done by cottontails and they are a great pest to
the farmer.

Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens. (Allen.) Ashy Brush Rabbit.
Fairly common in the brush. They are not swift runners and rely
on escaping by hiding behind clumps of brush. This is more typi-
cally an Upper Sonoran form.

Felis oregonensis oregonensis. (Rafinesque.) Pacific Congar.
Numberless reports are always coming in of Mountain Lions and
as usual most of them prove to be unfounded. However authentic
records of these beasts are not lacking. I have personally inspected
a specimen shot in Cold Water Canyon not more than five years
ago. Tradition has it that at one time a mountaineer was actually
beseiged for two days in the little cabin at Browns Flats. Lions
have been seen at Browns Flats, Cattle Canyon and the north of
Telegraph peak. Mountaineers tell me that they are a great deal
more common in the San Gabriel drainage. The specimen which
I saw was from one of the tributary canyons to the San Gabriel
river.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 105

Lynx eremicus californicus. (Mearns.) California Wild Cat.
Common in the mountains and ranging over the valley. About
once a year a specimen is brought in to be skinned or identified and
great stories are told about them. One of the commonest fallacies
is that there are two forms in the mountains, one a ‘‘Bob cat’’ with
short tail and ear tufts, and the other a true “Link” or Lynx with
longer tail and more prominent ear tufts. It is little wonder, how-
ever, that such a notion exists in view of the fact of the great range
or variations found in these animals. As for actual records of
captures. In the summer of 1911 one was shot in the brushy hill-
sides of Laguna Canyon (Orange Co.) and brought in to the Mar-
ine Laboratory. In the spring of 1912 a ? was shot at the mouth
of San Dimas canyon and brought to the college. In December
1914 a 2 in very worn pelage was shot while crossing the Santa
Ana river near Prado Beach and brought to me to be skinned. Fin-
ally while trapping for foxes in Palmers canyon in March of 1916
I took a male.

Canis ochropus ochropus. (Eschscholtz.) California Coyote.
Common in the brush land above Claremont and in the foothills.
The yapping bark is a very familiar cry to any who live near the
outskirts of the town and may be heard nearly any evening. Al-
though having camped numerous times in the mountains I have
never heard Coyotes above the foothill region.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus. (Mearns.) California
Gray Fox. Signs of foxes in the canyons and along mountain trails
are always quite common. Feces containing seeds of manzanita
berries are familiar occurrences. They are fond of fruit and are
readily trapped with such bait. In March 1916 three were caught
one night at the same place in Live Oak canyon.

Procyon psora psora. (Gray.) California Coon. Coons are
fairly common in the larger canyons where there is an abundance
of water. I have seen their tracks in Palmers, Cucamonga and San
Antonio canyons. Three were trapped this winter (1916) just
above Camp Baldy at an altitude of about 5400 feet.

Mephitis occidentalis holzneri. (Mearns.) Southern California
Striped Skunk. Not very common in this region, found mostly in
the Upper Sonoran zone in wooded districts.

106 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Spilogale phenax phenax. (C.H. Merriam.) California Spot-
ted Skunk. Very common in valley, foothills and up to 6,000 feet
in the mountains. They are fearless little creatures and will readily
enter cabins in the mountains and keep the occupant awake by rat-
tling pots and pans while scrambling around in search of food,
needless to say creating an awkward situation for the host. They
have been known to take up their abode underneath houses in
Claremont and take the liberty of scampering around the parlor
floor without regard to the presence of human beings. This was a
common occurrence in a certain family I have in mind and on such
occasions the unwelcome guest was gently ushered to the door
without hurting its feelings and peace of mind restored to the
household. They are the easiest of all animals to trap and made
considerable trouble and embarrassment for me by continually blun-
dering into traps of mine set for other game. I have found these
little creatures as high as 6,000 feet in the canyons.

Mustela xanthogenys xanthogenys. (Gray.) California Weasel.
I had always been interested in weasels as to their occurrence and
until this year had taken only one in town with a record of only two
or three seen along the railroad track. Then in one week four
weasels were given me and a record of seven others obtained, all
these are from nearby orange groves and from below town along
the railroad track where for a long time I have known they oc-
curred.

Scapanus latimanus occultus. (Grinnell and Swartz.) South-
ern California Mole. Moles are occasionally caught in orchards
and lawns and the characteristic workings are familiar sights in
the mountains up to 8,000 feet. Our specimens were all from the
valley.

Antrozous pallidus pacificus. (Merriam.) Pacific Pale Bat.
I have taken several of these bats from behind pictures and in the
attics of some of the college buildings. I do not know their relative
abundance or distribution but they are certainly common on the
campus in spring and summer.

Myotis evotis. (Allen.) Long-eared Bat. This form also
occurs in the college buildings and I believe to a certain extent in
the mountains.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

A Preliminary List of Shells from Laguna
Beach and Nearby

For a number of years past students have collected shells from
Laguna Beach, these and the Bradshaw collection form the basis
for this list, which includes shells not: farther than ten or twelve
miles up and down the coast. The earlier collections were by
Mabel Guernsey and P. R. Daggs. Practically all the shells drawn
and photographed are from the Bradshaw collection because the
shells were in better condition. Some of the earlier specimens were
determined by the United States National Museum. Suggestions and
corrections were kindly made by Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd. The photo-
graphs are by Robins and Cooper. Many of the drawings are by
Miss Margaret Cate. Doubtful specimens are large omitted in this
list, but a few are included and marked by a question.

Plate I, reduced one-half; Plates II and III, natural size; Plate
BY, X10} Plate V, <6.

BIVALVES

Yoldia cooperi Sabb. Fig. 1.

Mytilus californicus Conr. Fig. 2.

M. stearnsii Pils and Raym. Fig. 3.

Septifer bifurcatus Rve. Fig. 4.

Modiolus modiolus Linn. Fig. 5.

M: rectus Conr. Fig. 6.

Lithophaga plumula Hanl. Rock borer. Fig. 7.

Pectin (Chlamys) monotimeris Conr. Fig. 8.

Pectin (Chlamys) equisulcatus Cpr. Fig. 9.

Pectin (Chlamys) pastatus Sby. Fig. 10.

Pecten (Hinnites) giganteus Gray. Fig. 11.

Lima dehiscens Conr. Fig. 12.

Ostrea lurida Cpr. California oyster. Fig. 13.

Chama Pellucida Sby. Fig. 14.

Phacoides californicus Conr. Fig. 15.

Phacoides (Lucina california) californicus Conr. Fig. 15.

Phacoides nuttallii Conr. Fig. 16.

Cardium quadrigenarium Conr. Fig. 17.

108 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Cardium (Livocardium) substriatum Conr. Fig. 18.

Tivela (Pachydesma) crassatelloides Conrad. Fig. 19. small
specimen.

Chione fluctifrage Sby. Fig. 20.

Chione succincta Val. Fig. 21.

Chione undatella Sby. Fig. 22.

Donax levigata Desh. Fig. 23.

Tagelus californicus Conr. Fig. 24.

Macoma nasuata Conr. Bent-nosed Macoma. Fig. 25.

Macoma indentata Cpr. Indented Macoma. Fig. 26.

Macoma inflatula Dall. Inflated Macoma. Fig. 27.

Samele rupium Sby. Semele -of-the-Rocks. Fig. 28.

Cumingia californica Conr. California Cuming-shell. Fig. 29.

Mya (Cryptomya) californica Conr. False Mya. Fig. 30.

Spisula planulata Conr. Fig. 31.

Spisula falcata Sld. (?). Falcate Mactra. Fig. 32.

Paphia staminea Conrad. Ribbed Carpet-shell. Fig. 33.

Paphia tenessima Cpr. Finest Carpet-shell. Fig. 34.

Parapholas californica Conr. California Piddock. Fig. 35.

Pholadidea penita Conr. Common Piddock. Fig. 36.

Pholadidea subrostrata Sby. Little Borer. Fig. 37.

Milneria minima Dall. Last Milner-shell. Fig. 38.

Aula (Nucula)casternsis Hinds. Camp Nut-shell. Fig. 39.

FRESH-WATER AND LAND SHELLS UNIVALVES
Physa heterostropha Say. Laguna stream. Fig. 40.
Physa occidentalis Tryon. Aliso Lake. Fig. 41.
Limnophysa palustris Mull. Fig. 42.
Planorbis (Helisoma) trivolvis Say. Fig. 43.
Helix aspera Mull. Fig. 44.
Epiphragmophora Sp. Fig. 45.

MARINE UNIVALVES
Acmea persona Esch. Mask Limpet. Fig. 46.
Acmea spectrum Nutt. Ribbed Limpet. Fig. 47.
Acmea patina Esch. Pale Limpet. Fig. 48.
Acmea scabra Roe. Tile Limpet. Fig. 49.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 109

Acmea incessa Hds. Seaweed Limpet. Fig. 50.

Acmea asmi Midd. Black Limpet. Fig. 51.

Acmaea (Lottia) gigantea. Owl Limpet. Fig. 52.

Acmaea paleacea Gld. Chalf Limpet. Fig. 53.

Tylodina fungina Gab. Fig. 54.

Gadinia reticulata Sby. Netted Button-shell. Fig. 55.

Crucibulum spinosum Sby. Cup and Saucer Limpet. Fig. 56.

Crepidula dorsata Brod. Wrinkled Slipper-shell. Fig. 57.

Crepidula aculeata Gmel. Prickly Slipper-shell. Fig. 58.

Crepidula adunca Sby._ Hooked Slipper-shell. Fig. 59.

Crepidula nivea Gould. White Slipper-shell. Fig. 60.

Crepidula onyx Sby. Onyx Slipper-shell. Pl. II. Fig. 19.

Fissurella volcano Rve. Volcano Shell. Fig. 62.

Fissuridea aspera Esch. Rough Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 63.

Fissuraidea murina Dall. White Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 64.

Lucapina crenulata Sby. Great Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 65.

Clypidella (Lucapinella) calliomarginata Cpr. Southern Key-
hole Limpet. Fig. 66.

Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall. Spotted Key-hole Limpet.
Fig. 67.

Turris (Bathytoma) carpenteriana Gab. Carpenter Turret Shell.
Fig. 68. (Laguna Beach, Jahraus.)

Trophon belcheri Hds. Belcher Trophon. Fig. 69. (Jahraus.)

Trophon triangulatus Cpr. Three-cornered Trophon. Dredged
off Laguna Beach. Bean. Fig. 70.

Australium undosus Wood. Wavy Topshell. Fig. 71.

Bullaria gouldiana Pisb. Gold’s Bubble-shell. Many collected
at Balboa much larger than the specimens shown. Fig. 72.

Haminea vesicula Gld. White Bubble-shell. Fig. 73.

Haminea virescens Sby.. Green Bubble-shell. Fig. 74.

Cypraea spadicea Gray. Nut-brown Cowry. Fig. 75.

Trivia californica Gray. Little Coftfee-bean. Fig. 76.

Trivia solandri Gray. Solander Trivia. Fig. 77.

Erato vitellina Hds. Veally Erato. Fig. 78. (Slightly en-
larged.)

Erato collumbella Mke. Dove Shell. Fig. 79.

110 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Marginella varia Sby. Colored Marginella. Fig. 80.

Marginella jewetti. California Rice shell. Much like the last
but white.

Olivella biplicata Sby. Purple Olive Shell. Fig. 81.

Olivella pedroana Conr. Pedro Olive Shell. Fig. 82.

Conus californicus Hds. California Cone. Fig. 83.

Macron lividus A. Ad. Livid Macron. Fig. 84.

Littorina scutulata Gld. Checkered Littorine. Fig. 85.

Littorina planoxis Nutt. Gray Littorine. Fig. 86. Turned.

Purpura (Cerostoma) nuttallii Conr. Nuttall’s Hornmouth.
Fig. 87.

Tegula (Chlorostoma) gallina Fbs. Speckled Turban Shell.
Fig. 88.

Tegula (Chlorostoma) aureotincta Fbs. Gilded Turban Shell.
Large umbilicus with yellow. Fig. 89.

Omphalus fuscecens Phil. Banded Turban Shell. Fig. 90.

Tegula veridula ligulata Wke. Fig. 91.

Norrisia norrisii Sby. Smooth Turban Shell. Fig. 92.

Thais emarginata Desh. Rock Purple. Fig. 93.

Acanthia lapilloides Conr. Pebbly Unicorn. Fig. 94.

Acanthia elongata Conr. Angled Unicorn. Fig. 95.

Acanthia spirata Blain. Fig. 96.

Murex gemma Sby. Fig. 97.

Murex (Tritonalia) lurida Cpr. Lurid. Fig. 98.

Murex (Tritonalia) gracillima R. F.C. 8S. Fig. 99.

Murex (Tritonalia) circumtexta R. E.C.S. Fig. 100.

Murex (Tritonalia) poulsoni Nutt. Fig. 101.

Epitonium hindsti Cpr. White Wentletrap. Fig. 102.

Epitonium crenatoides Cpr. Fig. 103.

Actwon puncticelatus Cpr. Barrel Shell. Fig. 104.

Mitra ide Melv. Ida’s Miter Shell. Fig. 105.

Mitra lowei Dall (?). Fig. 106.

Alectrion (Nassa) perpinguis Gld. Fig. 107.

Arcularia (Nassa) tegula Reeve. Cover-lip. Fig. 108.

Turris ophioderma Dall. Pencilled Drill Shell. Fig. 109.

Potomides (Certhide) californica Hold. California Horn Shell.
Fig. 110.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 111

Myurella simplex Cpr. Simple Auger Shell. Fig. 111.

Amphissa versicolor Dall. Joseph Coat. Fig. 112. Slightly
enlarged.

Calliostoma canliculatum Mart. Channeled Top Shell. Fig. 113.

Polynices recluziana Desh (?). Southern Moon Shell. Fig. 114.
under side.

Amalthea antiquata Linn. Ancient Hoof Shell. Fig. 115.

Amalthea tumens Cpr. Sculptured Hoof Shell. Fig. 116.

Fossarus fenestratus Cpr. Windowed Isapis. Fig. 117.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. One-banded Chink Shell. Fig. 118.

Melampus olivaceus Cpr. Olive Ear Shell. Fig. 119.

Janthina trifida Nutt. Violet Snail. Shell violet. Jahraus col-
lection. Fig. 120.

Leptothyra carpenteri Pilsb. Red Turban Shell. Fig. 121.

Leptothyra baccula Cpr. Berry Turban. Fig. 122.

Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. Three-colored top shell. Fig. 123.

Haliotis rufescens Swains. Red Abalone. Quite common near
Laguna.

FHaliotis cracherodti Leach. Black Abalone. More common than
the red.

TOOTH SHELLS

Dentalium neohexagnum S. and P. Hexagional Tusk Shell.
Dredged off Laguna.

CHITONS
Mophia hindsti Sby. Hind’s Chinton. Fig. 124.
Mophia mucosa Gld. Mossy Chiton. Fig. 125.
Ischnochiton clathratus Rve. Fig. 126.
Ischnochiton magdalensis Hinds. Gray Chiton. Fig. 127.
Nuttallina scabra Rve. Scaly Chiton. Fig. 128.
Nuttallina californica Nutt. California Chitton. Fig. 129.
Trachydermon dentiens Gid. (Pseudodenturus). Fig. 130.
Lepidopleurus rugatus Cpr. Fig. 131.
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsb. Thick-ribbed Chiton. Fig. 132.
Tonicella hartwegii Cpr. Hartweg’s Chiton. Fig. 133.

112 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

SMALL SHELLS
Wash Drawings by Miss M. Cate

Caecum californicum Dall. Common at Laguna Beach. PI. IV.
Fig. 1 X10.

Vitrinella williamsoni Dall (?). Pl. IV. Fig. 2 X10. (This
specimen in the Bradshaw collection was so determined, probably
at Washington.) Arch Beach, Cal., near Laguna.

Columbella chrysalloidea Cpr. Shell white. Pl. IV. Fig. 3
<10!

Columbella pencillata Cpr. White shell, cross lines brown. PI.
Vi. “ig. x6:

Columbella gausapata Gould. Common Dove-shell. Brown
mottled. Pl. V. Fig. 2-6.

Liotia acuticostata Cpr. Sharp-ribbed Liotia. Pure white. PI.
V.. Fig. 3X6.

Seila assimilata Cpr. Dark brown. PI. V. Fig. 4X6.

Turbonilla lammata Cpr. Pl. IV. Fig. 4 X10. Light brown.
(Dunkeria).

Tinostoma supravalata Cpr. (?). Pl. V. Fig. 5°X6. Clear
white. (Ethalia).

Callistoma tricolor Gabb. Pl. V. Fig. 5 10.

Phasianella pulloides Gld. Pl. V. Fig. 6 X6. Mottled red
and white.

Tritonalia barberensis Gabb. Pl. V. Fig. 7.

Leptothyra baccula Cpr. Pink to gray. Pl. V. Fig. 8 <6.

Leptothyra carpenteriana Pilsb. Red Turban-shell. Pl. V. Fig.
9 'X6.

Leptothyra paucicosta Dall. White. Pl. V. Fig. 10 6.

Jeffreysia translucens Cpr. (?). Pl. V. Fig. 11 'X6.

Pedipes unisulcata J. G. Cooper. Light brown. Pl. V. Fig.
12 X6.

Mitromorpha aspera Cpr. Brown. Pl. V. Fig. 13 x6.

Vermetus anellum Morch. White. Pl. IV. Fig. 6 X10. This
specimen is more coiled than some others.

Cerithiopus convexa Cpr. Dark brown. Pl. V. Fig. 14.

Cerithiopus columna Cpr. Light brown. Pl. V. Fig. 15.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 113

Turritella mesalia lacteola Cpr. Pure white. (No figure.)

Bithium aspera Gabb. Brown. Pl. 1V. Fig. 7 10.

Turbonilla stylina Cpr. (?). PI. IV. Fig. 8 x10.

Turbonilla costanea Cpr. (?). Pl. IV. Fig. 9 X10.

Anachis subturiata Cpr. (?). PL IV. Fig. 10 X10.

Amphissa versicolor Dall. Pink, white, brown. Pl. V._ Fig.
16 X6.

Corbila luteola Cpr. Small bivalve.

Philobrya setosa Cpr. Small bivalve. Pl. V. Fig. 17 6.

Acila castrensis Hds. Brownish. Pl. V. Fig. 18 <6.

Carditanera minima Dall. Brownish-yellow. Pl. IV. Fig. 11
x10.

Crassatella marginata Cpr. Pl. IV. Fig. 12 X10.

Lasea rubra Mort. Tinged with red. Pl. V. Fig. 19 X10.

Arca solida Br. & Sby. (?). Pl. V. Fig. 20 X10.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Plate I

Plate II

Plate III

== eg

LT a

perme

Plate IV

A Reconstruction of the Nervous System
of a Nemertian Worm

WILLIAM A. HILTON

Small specimens of Carinella cingulata Cole were fixed in Mer-
curic chloride and cut in series. A general hematoxylin stain was
very satisfactory for general anatomy. For a study of the finer
structure other preparations will be necessary.

No attempt will be made to give a complete review of the litera-
ture relating to this group. Almost every systematic paper has
something, because of the importance of the nervous system in classi-
fication and because in many cases the nervous system may be seen
through the body-wall without dissection.

One of the first extensive accounts of these animals which also
included quite a consideration of the nervous system was McIntosh
in 1874. Several of the genus Nemestes were studied and the gen-
eral form of the nervous system shown. Amphipheris is shown in a
similar manner with a single lobe of the brain and with the two
brain commissures. Tetrastemma is shown in a similar manner.
Hubrecht in 1887 has an extensive paper in which the details of
several nervous systems are shown as they show in reconstructions
from sections. Eupolia girardi is especially well shown with its
small dorsal and large ventral commissure and with three brain
lobes. It is in this paper that Hubrecht makes his interesting com-
parison between the nemertians and cordates. In his paper of 1880
he has shown the structure and position of different parts of the
nervous system of nemertians, especially of Cerebratulus of which
he gives a very good figure. In this he shows a reconstruction of
the brain with its chief nerves, ventral and dorsal commissures,
general position of the cells, the two lobes of the brain on each
side and the chief nerves. He also treats of nemertian nervous
systems of many other forms, but not in so much detail.

Burger in 1890, °91, has extensive papers on the nervous
system of the group. He discusses not only the general form, but
also the minute structure of the nervous system of a number of dif-
ferent types. In 1895 Burger has another important paper on this

120 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

group of animals. In it he shows in some forms a marked dorsal
ganglion and a ventral ganglion with the typical nerves. Burger
showed that all ganglion cells are unipolar, without membranes.
Montgomery, 1897, discusses the minute anatomy of the nerve
cells. Coe, 1895 and 1910, considers the general anatomy of the
nervous system, but nerve details are for the most part not shown.

In a young Carinella cingulata Cole which I have studied by
means of reconstructions, I find no unusual features. “The nervous
system is typical of the group. The brain, however, is not very
clearly made up of two lobes on each side. This may be because
the specimen used was a young one. This may also be the reason
why the brain is not sharply marked off from the lateral nerve cords.

Figure 1 shows the brain and part of the lateral cords from the
ventral side. From the two halves of the brain come the nerves to
forward parts. The small dorsal commissure is shown with its
usual median extension. From the larger ventral commissure come
the two nerves to the proboscis, lateral to these are the nerves to
the intestine, while from the ridge of the lateral cords the lateral
nerves are shown.

Figure 2 in the larger drawing at the right shows the nervous
system as viewed from the side with the dorsal side to the left.
The central core of the ganglion and cord is to indicate the posi-
tion of the fiber area. The small drawings at the left show various
levels of the nervous system as seen in cross section. The ventral
side is up. The drawing at the top is through the brain before the
commissures are reached, the next lower is through the thickest
part of the brain and the lower two drawings are through one of
the lateral cords.

Burger, O. 1891

Beitarge zur kenntnis des Nervensystems der Wirbellosen. Neue
Unter. iiber das Nervensystem der Nemertinen. Inst. a. d. Zool. Sta.

Neah. 10.
Burger, O. 1890

Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Nervensystems der Nemertinen. Zeit.

Wiss. Zool. Bd. L.

1895

Die Nemertinen.
Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 121

Coe, W.R. 1895
On the Anatomy of a Species of Nemertean (Cerebratulus).
Trans. Conn. oc. ix.

Coe, W.R. 1910
Nemerteans.
Haniman Alaska Series, vol. x1.

Delage et Herouard 1897
Trait de zoologie concrete. Les vermidinens. Vol. v. Paris.

Haller, B. 1889

Beitrage zur kenntnias der textur des Central-nervensystems.
Heherer Wurmer.
Arb. des Zoolog. Inst. Wien. T. viii, Heft. 2.

Hubrecht, Ad. A. W. 1887
Relation of the Nemertea to the Vertebrata. Quart. jour. mic.
Sc. XXVII.
Hubrecht, A. A. W. 1880

Zur Anatomy und Physiology des Nervensystems der Nemertinen

Nat. Ver. der k. Akad. Decl. xx.

1887
Report on the Nemertia collected by H. M. S. Challenger.
Rep. Sc. results H. M.S. Challenger. Zool., vol. xix.
Kemnel, J. V. 1877

Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nemertinen. Arb. a. d. Zool. Inst.
Wirzburg IV.

McIntosh, W. C. 1874
A monograph of British annelids. Part I, Nemertineans. Ray.
soc.
Montgomery, T. H., Jr. 1897

Studies on the elements of the central nervous system of the
Heteronemertini. Jour. morph., vol. xxx, No. 3

Mosley, H.N. 1875

On Pelagonemertes rollestoni. Ann. mag. nat. hist., vol. xv.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Reconstruction of the nervous system of Carinella shown from the ventral
side. Explanation in text. X75.

Figure at the left side view of a reconstruction of the upper portion of the
central nervous system of Carinella.

The figures at the right are from cross sections taken at various levels.
The upper and the two lower figures are from one side only. Further

explanations in the text. X75.

Pomona College, Claremont, California

123

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

A Tentative List of Moths From the
Claremont-Laguna Region

For the past four or more years moths have been collected by a
number of students both in Claremont and at Laguna. The col-
lege collection previous to this time was brought together by
Charles Metz and many of the moths were determined by Smith.
The more recent collections are by P. A. Lichti, R. Shallenberger,
and a few others. Most of the recent determinations are by
Barnes and McDonnough and by Busck. In many of the speci-
mens great difficulty was encountered in making out the labels made
by many different people and so far as possible Dyar’s list was used
as a check on these names. The drawings were made by Miss Char-
lotte Johnson, the photographs by L. O. Cooper. In some cases
drawings seemed better than photographs, but there is no good
substitute for a specimen. All are natural size or very slightly .re-
duced.

SPINGID

Protoparce carolina Linn. Det. B., McD. Lichti, collector.
Claremont and Laguna Beach, Cal. Yellow spots on abdomen.
Fig. 1.

Pholus achemon Drury. Lichti, collector. Claremont, Cal.
Fig. 2.

Celerio lineata Fab. Claremont-Laguna. Fig. 3.

Hyloicus drupiferarum A. and $. Claremont. Fig. 4.

Pachysphinx modesta Har. Det. by B. and McD. Lichti, collec-
tor. Claremont, Cal. Pink hind wings. Fig. 5.

Hemmorhagia thetis Bdv. B. and McD. Lichti and students.
Claremont, Cal. Fig. 6.

SATURNIIDE
Samia rubra Behr. B. and McD. Lichti and students. Moun-
tains, Claremont and Laguna Beach. Fig. 7.
Pseudohazis eglanterina nuttalli Streck. Shallenburger. Bray.
collector. Mt. San Antonio, 10,000 feet. Fig. 8, male; Fig. 9,
female.

126 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

SYNTOMIDE

Ctenucha multifaria Wlk. B. and McD. Lichi. Laguna Beach.
Fig. 10.

LITHOSIIDE

Diacrisia vagans Bdy. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach.
Fig. 11.

Tilice libermacula Dyar. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach.
Fig. 12.

Crambidia suffusa Dyar (?). B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna
Beach. Fig. 13.

ARCTEIDZ:

Apantesis autholea Boisd. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont.
Body red, tip of abdomen black. Fig. 14.

Ectypia clio Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 15.

Archnis picta Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 16.

Leptarctia californica decia Bdv. Peck. Claremont. Orange
hind wing. Fig. 17.

NOCTUID/E

Autographa biloba Step. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach.
Fig. 18.

A. californica Spey. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach.
Fie, 1:9;

A. brassice Riley. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 20.

Bryophila viridata Sm. Sm. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 21.

Admetovis similis Barnes. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 22.

Caradrina extimia Walk. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 23.

Copicucullia incresa J. B. S., J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 24.

Copablepharon sancta-inonice Dyor. B. and McB. Lichti. La-
guna Beach. Fig. 25.

Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna
Beach. Fig. 26.

Cenurgia adversa Grt. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 27.

Copibryophia angelica Grey. J. B.S., J. B.S. Metz. Clare-
mont. Fig. 28.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 127

Catocala osculata WHulst. WHulst. and Shallenberger, Shal.
Mountains near Claremont, 5,000 feet. Male. Fig. 29,

Euclidia cuspidea Hbr. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 30.

Feltia annexa Tr. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach.

Galgula partita Gue. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 31.

Hadena cuculliformis Grote. J. B. S, Metz. Claremont.
Fig, 32.

Hiliophila unipuncta Haw. J.B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 33. .

Agrotis ypsilon Rot. B.and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Fig. 34.

Heliothis obsoleta Fabr. B. and McD. Houghton. Rivera,
Cal. ig.35:

H. phlogophagus G. and R. B. and McB, Lichti. Laguna
Beach. Fig. 36.

Heliophila imperfecta J. B.S. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna
Beach. Fig. 37.

Inceta aurantica Hy.-Edw. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna
Beach. Fig. 38.

Litocala sensignata Harvey. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 39.

Morrisonia mucens Hub. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 40.

Mamestra 4-lineata Mor. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 41.

M. cuneata Grote. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 42.

Neuria proclivsta Grt. (?). B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna
Beach. Fig. 43.

Noctua rivolosa (?) J. B. S., J. B. S.. Metz. Claremont.
Fig. 44.

N. havile J. B.S., J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 45.

Nauangana prolivalis Buly (?). B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna
Beach. Fig. 46.

Oncocnemis behrensis J. B. S., J. B.S. Metz. Claremont.
Fig. 47.

Mamestra montara J. B.S. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 48.

Laphygma obscura Riley. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach.
Fig. 49.

L. flavemaculata J. B. S., J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 50.

Lepipolys perscripta Gue. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 51.

128 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Peridroma saucia J BS., J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 52.

Pleonectyptera finitima J. B. S., J. B.S. Metz. Claremont.
Fig. 53.

Polia namestra montana J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont.
Fig. 54.

Polia namestra quadrilineata J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Clare-
mont. Fig. 55.

Polia aefkeni Grt. J. B. S., J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 56.

Polia iclaudabilis Grt. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

Trachea susquesa Grt. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 57.

T. fumosa Grt. (near). B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

Trichoclea antica J. B.S., B.and McD. Metz. Laguna. Fig. 58.

T. edwarsii J. B. S., J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 59.

Syneda ochracea Behr. B.and McD. Laguna. Lichti. Fig. 60.

S. howlandi Grote. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 61.

Scotogramma chartaria Grote. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna
Beach. Fig. 62.

S. shetchii Edw. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont.

Rancora senatocornis List. B. and McD. Lichti Laguna.
Fig. 64.

Tetanolita greta J. B. S., J. B.S. Lichti. Laguna Beach.

Zosteropoda histipes Grote. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont.

Xylomiges euridlis Grote. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 65.

X. perlubens Grote. J. B.S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 66.

Zela (Homoptera) salicis Behr. Lichti Laguna. Fig. 67.

Laphygma frugiperdaS.and A. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

NOTODONTIDE
Cerura scolopendria Bdy. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 68.
C. cineria var. unceroides Dyar. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 69.
LIPARID/E

Hemerocampa vellusta Bdy. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont.
Fig. 70.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 129

LASIOCAMPID/E
Epicnaptera americana ferruginea Pack. B. and McD. Lichti.
Laguna Beach. Red-brown color. Fig. 71.
Gloveria gargamella Stre. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach.
Fig. 72.
DIOPTID

Phryganidia californica Pack . Shallenberger. Shallenberger.

Claremont. Fig. 73.
GEOMETRID

Cymatophora (Itame) guenearia Pack. B. and McD. Lichti.
Claremont. Fig. 74.

Cosymbia serrulata Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont.
Fig. 75.

Diastictis fracturalis Zell. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont.
Fig. 77.

Euphia implicata Gn. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 78.

Eois lanceolata Hest. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Light
colored. Fig. 75.

Eois granitaria Pack. B.and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Darker
than the above. Fig. 76.

Glaucina golgolota Hulst. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 79.

G. epiphysaria Dyor. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

Merochlora fascolaria Gr. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Pale green front wing. Fig. 80.

Marmarea occidentalis Hulst. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig.
81.

Neoterpes edwardsata Pack. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig.
82.

Perizoma custodeata Guen. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 83.

Platea californiaria H.S. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 84.

P. lessaria Pears. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 85.

Pherne subpunctata Hit. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 86.

Prausta mustelinalis Pack. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

Racheospila glaucomarginaria Barnes Ms. Lichti. Laguna.

Fig. 87.

130 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Sabulodea nudilata Pack. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 88.

Sciagraphia excurrata Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 89.

S. californiaria Pack. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 90.

Stammodes cenonymphata Wulst. Dyar. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 91.

Selidosema geminata Hulst. Ms. Dyar. Metz. Claremont.
Rig. 22.

Neoterpes edwardsata Pack. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 93.

Stenaspilates apapinaria Dyar. Claremont. Fig. 94.

Zenophleps lignicolorata Pack. Claremont. Fig. 95.

Colymbia serrulata Pack. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

Ceratodalia excurrata Grt. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

Merochlora faseolaria Gue. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

Tornos fieldi Gross. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

Sabulodes caberata Given. Dyar. Lichti. Laguna.

S. nudilata Dyor (?) Lichti. Laguna.

Macaria dieldi Swett. Lichti. Laguna.

FAMILY PYRALID

Yuma trabalis Grote. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 96.

Dicymolomia metalliferales Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. La-
guna. Fig. 97.

Glaphyria reluctalis Hulst. B.and McD. Lichti. Lagun. Fig.
98.

Hulstia undulatella Clem. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig.
99:

Homeosoma mucidellum Ray. (Probably.) B. and McD.
Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 100.

Pyralis farinalis L. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 101.

Lipocosma (?) albubamus Br. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 102.

Sarata umbrella Dyor. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig.
103.

Nomophila nocluella D. and S. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 104.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 131

Ommatopteryx ocellea Haw. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Fig. 105.
Ephestiodes nigrella Hlst. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Diatre prosenes Dyar. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Pyrausta xanthocrypta Dyar. B.and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Glaphyria reluctalis Hulst. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Lipographis fenestrella Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Lagun.
Phlyctenia profundalis Pack. B.and McD. Lichti. Lagun.
Sarata umbrella Dyar. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.

TORTRICID
Tortrix peritana Clem. Bus. Lichti Laguna.
T. citrana Fer. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 106.
Eucosma sp. Lichti. Laguna.

TINEID

Acrolophus flavicornis Bus. Busch. Lichti. Laguna.

GELECHIIDZE
Gelechia sp. Recurvaria sp. Bus. Lichti. Laguna.
Phthorimea operculata Zeller. Busck. Lichti. Laguna.

ELACHISTID/E
Morpha sp. B. Lichti. Laguna.

YPONOMEUTIDE

Plutella maculipennis Curt. Busck. Lichti. Laguna.

List of somewhat doubtful or imperfect determinations. All
collected at Laguna Beach by P. A. Lichti:

Eois demissaria Hub., Fig. 107. Tardehedia caudifacta Hbn.,
Fig. 108. Pleonectiptera subflavidalis Grote, Fig. 109. Givia
marga B. and McD., Fig. 110. Samcodes subcostalis Hmp., Fig.
111. Eusoa sptentriconalis Wik., Fig. 112. Lycophora marginata
Hw., Fig. 113. Hemella infedelis Dyar, Fig. 114. Cannrgia ad-
versa Grt. Tarache coquilletti J. B. S. Eublemma_ minina
Gro. Pyramata xanthocrypta Dyar (?). Cirphis farcta Smith.
Eriophyga inorta Smith. Dpantesis autholea Bdv. Proximes min-

dara B. and McD. Valdinia mirabilicornella Dyar.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

} \ ge.
“e4

: ab how Whe,

Preliminary List of Butterflies From the
Claremont-Laguna Region

The specimens were chiefly collected in and about Claremont by
students in the past three or four years. Most of the drawings were
from specimens collected by Peck. The drawings are by Miss Lucy
Smith, the three photographs by L. Cooper. We have F. Grinnell
to thank for suggestions as to identity and names in many cases.
All are natural size.

NYMPHALIDZE

Anosia berenice Bates. Male. Fig. 1.
Anosia plexippus Linn. Male. Fig. 2.
Argynnis callippe Boisd. Male. Fig. 3.

A. semiramis Edw. Female. Fig. 9.
Melitea chalcedon Doub.-Hew. Male. Fig. 5.
M. gabbi Behr. Male. Fig. 6.

M. wrighti Edw. Male. Fig. 7.

Phyciodes mylitta Edw. Female. Fig. 10.
Junonia cenia Hub. Male. Fig. 11.
Grapta salyrus Edw. (?). Male. Fig. 12.
Vanessa californica Boisd. Fig. 13.

V. antiopa Linn. Male. Fig. 14.

Pyrameis atlanta Linn. Male. Fig. 15.

P. huntera Fabr. Male. Fig. 8.

P.cardui Linn. Male. Fig. 16.

P. carye Hib. Male. Fig. 17.

Adelpha californica Butl. Female. Fig. 18.
Limenetis lorquini Boisd. Male. Fig. 19.
Satyrus charon Edw. (?). Female. Fig. 20.
S. sylvestris Edw. (?). Fig. 25.
Caenomorpha ceres Butl. Female. Fig. 22. White.
C. galactinus Boisd. White.

C. californica Doub.-Hew. Brownish white.

136 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

LEMONIID/E
Calephelis nemesis Edw. Male. Fig. 23. Many fine lines on
brown wings.
Lemonias vergulti Behr.

LYCAENID/E

Chrysophanus helloides Boisd. Male. Fig. 21. Red-brown.
Red near tip of hind wing.

Chrysophanus gorgon Boisd. Female. Fig. 26.

C. aorta Boisd. Female. Fig. 27. Brown.

Thecla halesus Cramer. Male. Fig. 28. Blue-purple. Cole.
Redlands.

T. iroides Boisd. Female. Fig. 31. Dark brown.

T. spinetorum Boisd. Red-brown.

T. sepium Boisd. Red-brown.

T. melinus. Hub. Fig. 30.

Thecla irroides Boisd. Female. Fig. 31. Dark brown.

Lycena polyphemus Boisd (?).

L. sonorensis Field. Female, Fig. 34. Male, Fig. 35. Blue,
red spots on wings.

L. enoptes Boisd. Female, Fig. 32. Male, Fig. 33. Male, blue.
Female, brown.

L acmon, Dbl. Hew. Male blue, female brown. Caudal spots
more marked.

L. amyntula Boisd. (?). Female, Fig. 37. Blue-brown.

L. pseudargiolus piasus Boisd. Male, Fig. 40. Blue.

L. marina Reak. Female, Fig. 41. Male, light brown. Female,
blue-brown.

L. exilis Boisd. Male. Fig. 42. Blue-brown.

L. hanno Stoll. (?). Fig. 36. Blue-brown.

L. sagittigera Field. Fig. 38. Male, blue. Female, blue-brown.

L. heteronea Boisd. Male, Fig. 39. Male, blue. Female, blue-
brown.

PIERID

Euchle australis Grinnell. Female, Fig. 58. White.
E. sara reakirti Edw. Female, Fig. 59. Wings orange tiped.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 137

Colias ariadne Edw. Male, Fig. 60. Female, Fig. 61. Yellow.

C. keewaydin Edw. Male, Fig. 63. Female, Fig. 64. Yellow.

C. harfordii Hy. Ed. Female, Fig. 65. Male, Fig. 66.

C. eurytheme Boisd. Female, Figs. 53 and 54. Male, Fig. 67.

Pieris protodice Boisd.-Lec. Female, Fig. 68. Male, Fig. 69.
White.

Pieris rape Linn. Female, Fig. 70.

Meganostoma eurydice Boisd. Male, Fig. 56. Female, Fig. 57.
Male, orange. Female, yellow.

Meganostoma cesonia Stoll. (?). Male. Fig. 55. Yellow.

PAPILIONID/E
Papilio eurymedon Boisd. Male, Fig. 45. Light yellow and
black.
P. rutulus Boisd. Male, Fig. 44. Yellow and black.
P. zolican Boisd. Male, Fig. 46. Yellow and black.
P. asterias Cramer (?) Male, Fig. 43. Obtained from student
collection. Exact place of collection not known.

HESPERIIDE
Hesperia tesselata Edw. Fig. 47.
H. montivaga Reak. Fig. 48.
H.. ericerorum Boisd. Fig. 49.
Thanaos clitus Edw. Fig. 50.
Atrytone melane Edw. Fig. 51.
Hylephila phyleus Daury. Fig. $52. Dark red-brown.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Suggestions From the Study of the
Central Nervous Systems of
Invertabrates

WIILIAM A. HILTON

For the last few years I have been studying the central nervous
systems of a large number of simple animals with a number of
objects in view. I wish to learn as much as possible about the
mechanism of the nervous system, not alone for individual and sim-
ple forms, but in general as applied to all groups. The problems of
how and where impulses are carried have been among the most
interesting. The structures which serve, connect and correlate
senses, movements and activities have to me been more interesting
than the activities themselves. What all nerve cells with their
processes have in common and what differences there are between
them have been constantly in mind. The functions of various parts
of the neurones and the relations that cells bear to each other are
important considerations. How far the relationships of species
and groups are carried into the structure of the ganglia and how
far adapatations have had their influence are questions not easily
answered. With invertebrates as with vertebrates the problems
of functional divisions of the nervous system are subjects for inves-
tigation. Then there have been the correlations of behavior with
structure, not alone in the adult, but also at various stages of
development.

Perhaps the dominant thought which has been in mind so far
as anatomical studies go, is the question of relationship of cells to
each other, of fibers and fibils to each other and to cells. Are
neurones related to neurones in continuous and definite chains, such
as are clearly indicated by many Golgi, Methylen Blue and other
methods, or are the well known suggestions and conclusions of
Apathy that fibrils pass from cell to cell the correct interpretations ?
It seems that this is a problem of great importance which has not
as yet reached a satisfactory solution. Different methods give
different results.

142 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

The work already done leading towards a comprehension of
these problems, if not their solution, has been with many groups of
animals, including a few vertebrates. My papers dealing with one
or another phase of the nervous system of invertebrates have been
published in a number of places. Much unpublished work includes
other material, but only a beginning has been made with the inves-
tigations which will be necessary for an advanced step in this direc-
tion. Some of the work so far, is necessarily of a fragmentary
nature and much of the gross anatomy particularly, merely confirms
the labors of many in the past. Part of the reason for studying
so many forms is to extend my own knowledge so that I may have
first-hand experience with all types. Part of the reason for special
study here and there is to clear up doubtful points or is directed
towards some particular problems in which an animal or group of
animals seems to offer special advantages in the way of suggestion
or solution. Hardly a form considered in any way but that brings
out some important fact, some previously unpublished suggestion.
Each separate investigation then may contribute a small part in
itself, but each study is directed toward the larger end of attempt-
ing to solve some of the most intricate and difficult problems of
Biology. More than one line of investigation is being followed,
but necessarily the groundwork of future activity must be laid upon
anatomical and developmental studies. Other methods are used
or are to be used as necessity dictates and such as naturally develop
in connection with the attack upon the central problems.

Some of the specific questions which have been in mind from the
start are as follows:

1. What is the relation which exists between cell and cell in
the central nervous system? Do cells merely run in contact,
or is there an organic connection between them, or are both
things true?

2. What part does the nucleus play (a) in conduction and (b)
in general metabolism of the cells?

3. How are the fibrils related (a) within cells and (b) outside
of cells?

4. What is the fibrilar structure of (a) the cell-body and (b)
of the material between cells?

Pomona College, Claremont, California 143

5. How are cells related to each other (a) by neurites and
dendrites or fibers, and (b) by fibrils?

6. How and where is the impulse carried? How are the non-
medullated fibers able to carry a definite stimulus or impulse if
they are not insulated?

7. Do nerve cells act in groups, each for a special purpose, or
is their effect a massed one, somewhat diffuse and related to other
systems? Do impulses pass along definite or difuse pathways?

8. Does the size of the animal make a difference in the com-
plexity of the nervous system, and is this complexity or lack of it
shown in the nervous system as a whole, or in the individual cells
which compose it? Do large animals have more nerve cells than
small ones? Do large animals have larger nerve cells than the
small creatures ?

9. Are the conditions in the central nervous systems of inver-
tebrates comparable with those of vertebrates?

10. Are the resmblances which Patton and others have seen in
Limulus and other invertebrates to vertebrate structures more than
chance resemblances, due to special adaptations, or modifications
of the nervous system ?

11. Is it possible to determine from the brain of an invertebrate
the degree of intelligence or instinct from a study of the structure?

12. Is there any higher center in an invertebrate central ner-
vous system or in certain invertebrates which shows something of
a directive power in the life of the organism?

13. What are the functional divisions of the nervous systems
of invertebrates ? é

14. Are there advantages in the study of the nervous systems
of invertebrates over the study of the brain and ganglia of more
complex forms?

15. What are the animals whose nervous systems are adapted
for further study of various problems ?

Some suggestions in the way of my present opinion in respect to
certain of these questions are as follows:

1. In some cases it may be that simple contact is the only way
cells are related, but from the study of many forms I believe that
more intimate relations between cells by means of fibrillae are often

144 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

established. The fibrillae from one cell, in many cases, actually
mingle with the fibrillae within another cell. Non-medullated
fibers, it seems to me, probably afford means of transmission through
the sides of the fibers, as well as at the ends, although in many
cases the ends may be better adapted for the purpose. It may be
that the branchings at the ends of the processes of nerve cells are
for the purpose of furnishing a number of contacts which are better
than the sides of the fiber.

2. I believe the structure of the nucleus, together with what we
know of nuclear composition and structure in general, precludes it
from any decided part in conduction. It seems merely a metabolic
center of less importance in mature nerve cells, as evidenced by
its loss of nuclear material.

3. I believe fibrils are related both within and without cells in
a similar manner. That is, they run near, touch or cross to allow
the passage of impulses, but do not necessarily fuse.

4. The chief fibrillar material of cell bodies and of areas
between cells, I believe, is about the same and is neuro-fibrillar or
conductive. A small portion of the cell-body is merely supportive
and neuroglia or other cells in the general fibrous mass of a ganglion
furnish varying amounts of supportive material between cells.

5. Cells are related to each other grossly very often by neurites
and dentrites, but in many, if not all cases, fibrils, either in these and
formed from them, or free fibrils, relate cells, not so much as indi-
viduals as in groups.

6. The impulse is carried in the fibrils. The stimulus in non-
medullated fibers is not so clearly separated as in medullated. There
must be some latteral escape to other cells in ways as yet not under-
stood. Some insulation and definiteness in certain non-medullated
cells is accomplished by whole bundles for a single purpose pro-
tecting the central fibers from much lateral loss. Probably also
certain large clearly separated fibers because of their positions are
protected from lateral loss.

7. I believe nerve cells do not act as individuals; their effect is
a massed one. Many cells supplying a region or a function act in
such a way that certain cells or even areas might be lost out entirely
and yet the impulse be carried.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 145

8. Asa rule the size of the animal makes for a more complex
nervous system. Large animals have more and larger cells than
related small ones. In the same species embryonic nerve cells may
be much smaller than those of the adult, and the proportionate
number of cells is greater in certain embryonic stages.

9. Vertebrates and invertebrates are similar as to function of
the central nervous system, but the centers are as different as are
the peripheral parts.

10. The resemblances which have been found in certain arachnid
and arachnid-like forms to the structures of vertebrate brains, it
seems to me, are but chance resemblances, analogous, but not
homologus, structures. In certain annelids the olfactory portion of
the brain is enormously developed for a special adaptation in a
limited group of worms. This great olfactory area might be com-
pared to the olfactory portion of the fore-brain of vertebrates, but
I think it is clear that we have an analogy merely.

The comparisons of the nervous systems of nemertine worms
with those of vertebrates are interesting, but not necessarily sig-
nificant of relationships.

The segmental character of the radial nervous system of brittle
stars might be taken as an indication of relationship to segmented
animals with about as much justification.

11. The degree of development of intelligence and instinct, I
believe, may be judged to some degree by the relative size of those
parts of the brain which are not directly or intimately connected
with the sense organs, such as the posterior region of the brain in
many segmental animals, or the region of the mushroom bodies of
some arthropods and others.

12. If there is any higher psycical center in invertebrates, it
seems to me that it must be in the region not dominated by any one
center or sense and receiving fibers from all, a center well supplied
with nerve cells. Such a center may be the posterior portion of the
brain in certain segmented animals.

13. The functional divisions are not well known. In those
forms where I have traced the motor and sensory fibers they were
mingled in the same nerve trunks in lower regions. The suggestions
of some that sensory areas in insects’ ventral ganglia are ventral,

146 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

is not altogether borne out by the facts. But I believe that the
primary condition of a nervous system was superficial and sensory,
as development seems to show and as the study of echinoderms
seems to indicate.

In the brain some functional divisions are easy to make out in
segmental animals, because certain pure sensory nerves are more
easily traced.

14. I believe there are certain advantages in the study of simple
types of nervous systems.

15. Almost every form so far examined is worthy of re-exam-
ination in connection with the solution of general problems.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Some Remarks on the Nervous Systems

of Two Sea-Urchins

WIILIAM A. HILTON

The largest and smallest species of sea-urchins occurring at
Laguna Beach are the materials for this study. Lytechinus ana-
mesus H. L. C., a centimeter or less in diameter, were sectioned
while the radial nerves from Strongylocentrotus franciscanus A. Ag.,
of fifteen times this diameter were studied.

In sections of the smaller species it was possible to trace the chief
branches of the nervous system. The long radial nerves, with their
side branches to the tube feet and the branches to the large spines,
with the ganglion-like rings about the bases of the spines, were easily
found, also the branches from the circumoral nerve ring to the
intestines in the region of Aristotle’s lantern. Here stands fused
with epithelial cells of the intestine. The general parts of the ner-
vous system, such as described and figured by Delage and Heroward,
°03, were found. The radial and circumoral bands of nervous tissue
as is well known, resemble those of the superficial radial and cir-
cumoral strand of starfish very closely, but the deep system is poorly
represented. The superficial plexus was clearly seen as a whole,
only parts were made out such as ganglion-like rings at the bases
of the larger spines, a section of one of which is shown in Fig. 4.
From the radial nerves lateral branches were easily followed to
the tube feet. Fig. 2 is a cross-section of a radial nerve, in which
a branch on the right is shown just as it enters a tube foot. The
radial nerves are thickest in the more central portions, thinner at
the oral and especially at the aboral end. A longitudinal section of
one of the radial nerves of the smaller sea-urchin is shown in Fig. 1.
The oral end is below and at the left, the aboral above at the right.
Fig. 2 is a cross-section of two-thirds of one of the radial nerves
near its central portion, and Fig. 3 is a cross-section of a portion of
a radial nerve near one end. These figures are from the smaller
sea-urchin, but enlarged more than Fig. 1.

The structure of the nerve bands seems a little more complex
than those of starfish, in that the nerve cells are more modified and

148 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

the fibers and fibrils more intimately related in all parts of the
thickness of the nerve strands. In cross section the fibers and
fibrils may be followed straight in more easily than in longitudinal
sections, where there is evident a decided longitudinal disposition
of the fibers and fibrils. Cells, especially in the smaller sea-urchin,
are very numerous and the fibers or fibrils very small.

In the larger species the radial nerve is broad, but the cell area
is narrow, with only several layers of cells. Fig. 5 is a section of
one of the nerve strands from the smaller species. Fig. 6 is from
the larger species. Both figures are drawn to the same scale and
enlarged more than the other drawings. As the cells are larger in
the larger species the fibers seem to show better. There are many
fine fibrils and possibly in some cases fibers made up of fibrils.
Many cells in the larger species seem more complex than bi-polar
forms and some true nerve cells have migrated to the area of fibers
and fibrils. Some of these show fibrillae joining the cytoplasm.
Some of the cells in the fibrous area especially seem to be neuroglia
cells, or at least are not nerve cells. Some multi-polar cells are
shown in the figure, probably many others are multi-polar in the
general cell area. There are many cross lines of fibers and fibrils
in the whole thickness, but the massing of fine strands is more intri-
cate than in starfish.

As to the general character of the nervous systems of these two
species of sea-urchins is compared with starfish, they differ as much
from each other in general appearance of the sections as they differ
from starfish.

REFERENCES
Baudelot, E. 1872

Etudes générales sur le systeme nerveux, cont. a l’hist. du syst.
new. des echinodermes. Arch. Zool. exp. vol. 1.

Delage et Herouard 1903
Trail de Zool. Concrete, t. 3. Les echinoderms.
Krohn, A. 1841

Neber die anordnung des Nervensystems der Echiniden und Holo-
thurien im Allgemeinen Miiller Arch. Anat., vol. of 1841.

Muller, J. 1854
Neber den Ban der Echinodermen. Abh. Akad. Wiss., Berlin.
Teuscher, R. 1876

Beitrage zur anatomie der Echinodermen. Jen, Zeit. Nat., vol. 10.
Vulpian, A. 1866

Lecons sur la physiologie générale et comparee du systeme nerveux.
Paris.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Pomona College, Claremont, California 149

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Longitudinal section through a radial nerve of Lytechinus anamesus H. L.
C. The aboral end is toward the top of the page. 75.

Figure 2. Cross section through a large part of a radial nerve of Lytechinus. A
branch to a tube foot is shown at the right. 160.

Figure 3. Cross section of a radial nerve of Lytechinus nearer one end than Fig. 2.
160.

Figure 4+. Cross section through the band of nervous tissue found at the base of one
of the larger spines of Lytechinus. 160.

Figure 5. Section through a radial nerve of Lytechinus, drawn with best oil objective
obtainable. 750.

Figure 6. Section through a radial nerve of Strongylocentrotus francisconus A. Ag.
Drawn the same as Figure 5. 750.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

150

VOLUME NINE NUMBER ONE

JOURNAL

KN TPOMOLOGY

AND

ZOOLOGY

MARCH, 1917

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS

Page

ANOTHER RecorD OF A SMALL Wuip-ScorPION IN CALIFORNIA—
MOD LO Les 8) mints inate Pan lend Sk) RRA wh ee ae ol
Nores on CHatciw Fiies, CHIEFLY From Catirornia—A. 4. Girault 8
THE Rose Fiea-BeetLE—G. F. Moznette - - - - - - Fee een

Notes on Birps or LaGuNnA BEACH AND VICINITY FOR 1916—H. H.
NEnGer acces ho Oe iNet eee ae bes Sek ah hee at ath ZO)
Sotpucips From THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA RecIon—J. Nisbet - - 22

-Recorp or Two ‘Psguposcorrions From CLAREMONT-LAGUNA

PY Recion—Winifred T. Moore - - - - - - - > - - - - 26
soni ) Tue Centra Nervous System oF A SipuNcuLW—Wm. A. Hilton 30
~Lrrroray Asciprans CoLLecrep AT LaGuNA BgacH - - - - - - 36
Summer ScHoot at LacunA BgacH - - - - - - - - - - - 38
Courses OFFERED AT THE SUMMER SCHOOL OF THE LAGUNA BEACH
Brovocicat Lasoratory, 1917 - - - - - - - - + - - - 4

eee eee
Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. Ly role I as acon matter, under Act of Congress of
arch 3,

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

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This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
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The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
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and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
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and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
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Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
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Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
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VOLUME NINE — NUMBER TWO

- ee ee

ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

JUNE, 1917

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY .
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS
_ Page
PreLiMinary List oF BirDS FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION—
Hazel Burnham, Wright M. Pierce, Halsted White - - - - 45
Tue Nervous System or ARACODA SEMIMACULATA AND THE DEscrip-
TION OF A METHOD oF STERTOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION—W. T.
Hamilton leh Mee clay | os St al Glas mytateeegtans aN Acad at 2 Teed ny hae VS
Tue Centra Nervous System or THE AMPHIPOD OrcHESTIA—WV m.
Me TLALLOV ars are inten cp ok tie mcd ae Ne wigan wh rath oe mane ime ae

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct, 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March $, 1879

WIGEUM MRO IR ENA

~ TOCS| PA!

Journal of Entomology and Zoology |

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The

desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly

indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as

line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more —
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for ~
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when

reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. .The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.

Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive

fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than

this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or Teer mail.

Address all communications to

Tue JourNAL or EnromoLocy anp ZooLoay

William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.

4

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TWP RO TET LU
SHOE UTNE EG VE

BE ee
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VOLUME NINE | NUMBER THREE

JOURNAL

ENTOMOLOGY _
ZOOLOGY

SEPTEMBER, 1917 |

Wa ce BG PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
~ CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS | ae

Page

_ List or BrEEs FROM CLAREMONT-LAGUNA Recion—Henry Bray - - 93
A PartiaL List oF THE MAMMALS OF THE CLAREMONT REGION— fs

Leon OEE eS eae F Rane ie tet RE et ch TUR RE) oe 101
Ww. A. ‘Hilton AeA RY DNS, ie ats ole an, Pt a eg ‘119 ea ,

‘Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class pl under Act of Congress of
ra March ’3, 1870 ss »

UM uns
WROTE UR SATA TG

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological

and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,

but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from —

any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches., Foot notes, tables, explanations of

figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The

desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly —

indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half

tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more ~ tm

expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for rage

cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when

reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches.or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on ones

drawings, in most cases.

Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive _ ate

fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than 4 on

this are desired, the order should be given with the return of _

the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper wili be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail. | 2s

Address all communications to
Tur JouRNAL or EHnromoLoay anp ZooLoay

William A. Hilton, Editor —

Claremont, California, U. S. A.

VOLUME NINE NUMBER FOUR

BOA ee

ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

DECEMBER, 1917

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

/

Page
A Tenvrative List or Morus FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA RE-
GiIonN—P, A.-Lichti, R. Shallenberger, Charlotte Johnson - ~ 125
PRELIMINARY List OF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA
ickeh fay AEE a nee MR ls 3 ae aR eae er K's
of. SUGGESTIONS FROM THE STUDY OF THE CENTRAL Nervous SYSTEMS
ata OF INVERTEBRATES—William A. Hilton - - - - - = I4l
Rees
a Some REMARKS ON THE NERVOUS Saris oF Two Sra-UrcHins—
2 William A. Hilton - - SR aro tts Senile iia: tale 1 ee
. Some ECHINODERMS COLLECTED AT LAGUNA BracH - - = = 151
ie Some REACTIONS OF BRACHINUS LATERALIS—Miss L. Myers and

emInupnyer: Peg ss a>!) tn ey Wen Ray te cergtms bee Tg

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 8, 1879

pr.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY —

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports —
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. - Foot notes, tables, explanations of
' figures, ete., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be cleany
indicated in the manuscript.

Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases. ;

Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.

Address all communications to

Tue JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLocy

. William A. Hilton, Editor —
Claremont, California, U. S. A. ° :

Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the
west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet
within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean
afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books.
Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits
_ its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred
applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by
the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced
_ work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart-
~ ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

SECRETARY OF POMONA COLLEGE
Claremont, California

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