es is-2-^
Journal of th
NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
1 1 MAR 2011
PURCHASED ENTOM LIBRARY
Entomological Society of British Columbia
Volume 106 Issued December 2009 ISSN #0071-0733
ESBC
Entomological © 2009 Society of British
Columbia
COVER: Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
This green lacewing is common across southern British Columbia and ranges as far north as the Skeena River. With its delicate green body and golden eyes, it is one of our most beautiful insects. Seven of the ten recognized species of Chrysopa in North America occur in Canada and all of these are recorded in British Columbia. Adults and larvae are vora- cious predators and play an important role in the control of aphids and many other pests.
Photograph details:
Chrysopa nigricornis, captured at Penticton, BC in June 1982 and photographed live in a glass terrarium. Nikon F2 with 55 mm macro lens, #1 extension tube and two small strobe flashes; Kodachrome 64 film. Robert A. Cannings and M. Brent Cooke, Royal BC Mu- seum.
The Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia is published annually in December by the Society
Copyright© 2009 by the Entomological Society of British Columbia
Designed and typeset by Hugh Barclay and Jen Perry. Printed by FotoPrint Ltd., Victoria, B.C.
Printed on Recycled Paper.
J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009
NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
1 1 MAR 2011
Journal of the | ENTO^M LIBRARY
Entomological Society of British Columbia
RY I
wrrmm-mmmp
Volume 106
Issued Deeember 2009
ISSN #0071-0733
Directors of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 2009-2010 2
G.G.E. Scudder. Nine Heteroptera (Hemiptera) new to Canada, with additional new pro- vincial records for three other species in Canada 3
M. Meinander, J. Klimaszewski and G.G.E. Scudder. New distributional records for some Canadian Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera) 11
G.G.E. Scudder and Robert A. Cannings. A checklist of the Neuropterid insects of Brit- ish Columbia (Insecta: Megaloptera, Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) with a summary of their geographic distribution 17
Rex Kenner. Haliplus leechi Wallis and H. salmo Wallis: a new synonymy and sexual dimorphism in the relative eye separation (Coleoptera: Haliplidae) 25
Phulip D. Bragg and Robert G. Holmberg. The Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of British Columbia 29
Aaron M. Hagerty, Alberto Pantoja and Susan Y. Emmert. Lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) associated with Alaskan agricultural crops 39
J.A. McLean, A.L. Behennah and M. Fairbams. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) associated with Garry Oak Ecosystems on Southern Vancouver Island, British Co- lumbia 47
John A. McLean and Agnes Li. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia following the storms of December 2006 53
Leland M. Humble, Jeremy R. deWaard and Meghan Quinn. Delayed recognition of the European poplar shoot borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tor- tricidae), in Canada 61
L. Safranyik. Distribution of attacks and egg galleries by the spruce beetle around the bole of windthrown trees 71
NOTES
R.A. Cannings and G.G.E. Scudder. Eleodes obscurus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): confirmation of a Canadian population and possible northward expansion from Washington State into British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley 81
James W. Miskelly. Notes on the taxonomy and status of the genus Hesperia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) on Vancouver Island 83
Jennifer E. Bergh and Sujaya Rao. New record of Eurytomocharis eragrostidis species complex (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) infesting teff (Eragrostis tef) in Oregon 85
ABSTRACTS
Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting Abstracts: Henry Grube Education Centre, Kamloops BC. October 2, 2009 87
NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS
Inside Back Cover
2
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
DIRECTORS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR 2009-10
President:
Tom Lowery
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
President-Elect:
Rob McGregor
Douglas College
Past-President:
Sheila Fitzpatrick
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Secretary /Treasurer:
Lorraine Maclauchlan
B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range
Directors, first term:
Naomi Delury, Jim Corrigan, Ward Strong
Director, second term:
Dezene Huber, Alida Janmaat, Leo Rankin
Regional Director of National Society:
Bill Riel
Canadian Forest Service, Victoria
Editor, Boreus:
Jennifer Heron
Jennifer.Heron@gov.bc.ca
Editorial Committee, Journal:
Editor-in-Chief: Subject Editors:
Hugh Barclay Sheila Fitzpatrick (Agriculture)
Victoria, B.C. Lorraine MacLauchlan (Forestry)
hbarclay@shaw.ca Rob Cannings (Systematics/Morphology)
Technical Editor: Jen Perry Editor Emeritus: Peter Belton
Editor of Web Site:
Bill Riel
briel@pfc . forestry . ca
Honorary Auditor:
Sheila Fitzpatrick Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Web Page: http://www.sfu.ca/biology/esbc/
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
3
Nine Heteroptera (Hemiptera) new to Canada, with additional new provincial records for three other species in Canada
G.G.E. SCUDDER^
ABSTRACT
Cenocorixa wileyae (Hungerford), Labops utahensis Slater, Phytocoris heidemanni Reuter, Pinalitus rubrotinctus Knight, Corythucha celtidis Osborn and Drake, Geocoris frisoni Barber, Zeridoneus petersoni Reichart, Aethus nigritus (F.), and Melanaethus subglaber (Walker) are reported as new to Canada. New provincial records are also given for three mirids, namely Clivinema fuscum Downes, Pilophonts amoenus Uhler, and Polymenis vulneratiis (Wolff). Labops utahensis is also recorded new for Oregon, and Aethus nigritus from South Carolina.
INTRODUCTION
In a previous paper (Scudder 2008a), I added new provincial records for 52 species of Heteroptera in Canada, plus new state records for two species in the United States. I also summarized the records of Heterop- tera for Canada published since the appear- ance of the checklist of Hemiptera of Can- ada and Alaska (Maw et al. 2000).
During the last two years, more species and records for Canada have been pub- lished by Henry (2008), Kerzhner and Henry (2008), Scudder (2008b), and Wheeler et al. (2008). New records for Alaska were also published by Lattin (2008a, 2008b) and Bauman and Hudson (2009).
In this paper, I add nine more species of Heteroptera to the Canadian list, and in- clude new provincial records for three other
species in Canada. Museum abbreviations used in the text are as follows:
CNC: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON (R.G. Foottit)
DBUC: Department of Biological Sci- ences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (J. Swann)
RBCM: Royal British Columbia Mu- seum, Victoria, BC (R.A. Cannings)
SMNH: Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden (G. Lindberg) UBC: Spencer Entomological Collec- tion, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, Univer- sity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (K.M. Needham)
UG: Department of Environmental Biol- ogy, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON (S.A. Marshall and S. Paiero)
NEW CANADIAN RECORDS
The systematic order of families and higher taxa in this and the next section fol- lows Maw et al. (2000).
Infraorder NEPOMORPHA Family CORIXIDAE Cenocorixa wileyae (Hungerford) Originally described from Utah by Hun-
gerford (1926), this species has also been recorded from Arizona, California, Colo- rado, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington (Hungerford 1948; Jansson 1972; Stonedahl and Lattin 1986; Polhemus et al. 1988). The male of C. wileyae has a characteristic sharply incised peg row on
' Beaty Biodiversity Centre and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4
4
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
the pala of the fore leg, and the abdominal strigil is small and composed of four or five combs, as shown by Jansson (1972). The right paramere of the male is also illustrated by Jansson (1972), Lauck (1979), and Stonedahl and Lattin (1986). Lauck (1979) reported that C. wileyae is a common pond corixid that occurs across the northern part of California and through the Sierra Ne- vadas to southern California.
New record. BC: 1(5', Victoria, Ascot Pond, 27. iv. 1980 (R.A. Cannings)
[RBCM].
Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA
Family MIRIDAE
Labops utahensis Slater
Originally described from Utah by Sla- ter (1954), this species was also reported from Colorado (Henry and Wheeler 1988). Although no localities in Colorado were reported in Polhemus (1994), the CNC has a number of specimens from Colorado as well as Utah, plus new records for Oregon (see below). Labops utahensis was keyed by Slater (1954) and characteristically has upright setae on the hemelytra, fuscous hind tibia, and with the first antennal segment as long as or longer than the length of the pronotum. The labium also reaches the apex of the hind coxae.
L. utahensis is now known to occur in Alberta.
New records. AB: 1(5', Univ. of Calgary Eco. Reserve, hand, ll.vi.l998 (RLAVF/ MW) [DBUC]; 1 ?, U. Calgary Barrier Lk. Fid. Stn., 51°09'49"N 115°02'01"W,
12.viii.2000 (K. Sanderson) [DBUC]; 19, U. of C. Kananaskis Fid. Stn., 51°01'49"N 115°02'01"W, 15.viii.2002 (N. Ozaro)
[DBUC]; 19, 10.viii.2002 (C. Dobval) [DBUC]; 19, Kananaskis, U. of C. Field Station, 51°01'49"N 114°12'0T'W, 11-
12.viii.2004 (A. Chubaty) [DBUC]; I9 Barrier Lake Field Station, 51°01'49"N 115°02'W, meadow site, 6.viii.2005 (Mai. Pan) [DBUC]; 19, U- of C. Kananaskis Fid. Stn., 51°01'49"N 115°02'01"W,
6.viii.2008 (Laura Eggen) [DBUC]; 19, id- (Nicole Lavorie) [DBUC]; 19, id- (Robin McIntyre) [DBUC]; 19, id- (Matthew Menard) [DBUC]; 19, id. (Claire Pereila)
[DBUC]; 19, id., 7.viii.2008 (Laura Eggen) [DBUC]; 19, id. (Beauty Sandhu) [DBUC]; 19, id. (David Longelier) [DBUC]; 19, id., 9.viii.2008 (April Garrett) [DBUC]; 29, id., 10.viii.2008 (David Lon- gelier) [CNC]; 19, id. (Sierra Love) [DBUC].
CO: 2(5' 39, Chaffee Co., Buena Vista, 22-23.vi.l961 (J.R. Stainer) (AMNH_PBI 00271540-42, AMNH_PBI 00285064, AMNH_PBI 00285071) [CNC]; 1(5' 19, Eagle Co., State Bridge, nr. Bond, 24- 25.vi.1961 (J.R. Stainer) (AMNH_PBI
00285065, AMNH_PBI 00285072) [CNC]. OR: 3(5' 19, 5.6 mi NE rt. 26 on Ochoco Crk. Rd., Ochoco Creek, Elymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Love, 19.vii.l979 (M.D. Schwartz) (AMNH_PBI 00271543, AMNH_PBI 00285066-67, AMNH_PBI 00285073) [CNC].
Phytocoris heidemanni Reuter
Described by Reuter (1909) from New Mexico, this species is now known to be widely distributed in the western United States, with records from at least Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming (Henry and Wheeler 1988; Stonedahl 1988). Phyto- coris heidemanni is a large species in the P. fraterculus Van Duzee complex, grayish brown, with a long first antennal segment, a strongly convex scutellum that is abruptly deflexed distally, and distinctive male geni- talia as described and detailed in the key contained in Stonedahl (1988).
In the United States, the species is re- ported to have been collected on Pinus albi- caulis Engelm., P. contorta Dough, P. edulis Engelm., P. monophylla Torr. & Frem., and P. ponderosa Dough, as well as Picea engelmannii Parry (Stonedahl 1988). P. heidemanni is now known to occur in British Columbia.
New record. BC: 1(5', Mt. Revelstoke N. Pk., 4.ix.l970 (L.A. Kelton ) [CNC].
Pinalitus rubrotinctus Knight
Originally described by Knight (1968) from Arizona, P. rubrotinctus in the west- ern United States is also reported from Colorado and New Mexico (Kelton 1977; Henry and Wheeler 1988; Polhemus 1994),
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
5
and is now known to occur in Canada in British Columbia.
P. rubrotinctus was keyed by Kelton (1977) and as in P. mbricatus (Fallen) the hemelytra are not mottled, but are uniform reddish yellow or reddish brown. However, the male claspers are distinctive, and as illustrated by Kelton (1977). According to Kelton (1977), P. rubrotinctus has been collected in the United States on Pseu- dotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindley, and Pinus flexilis James.
New records. BC: 2$, Hope, 20 mi E, western hemlock, 26.vii.1957 (N. Ander- son) [CNC]; \S, Riske Cr., Lt. trap, 3.viii.l978 (R.A. Cannings) [UBC]; 1?, Campbell R., 23 km SW, Abies amabilis branch, l.viii.l996 (MASS SW-T2-U-br2) [RBCM].
Family TINGIDAE
Corythucha celtidis Osborn & Drake
Originally described by Osborn and Drake (1916) from Ohio, this species is widely distributed in the eastern United States (Froeschner 1988). It is now known to occur in Canada in Ontario, with records from Essex Co. and Kent Co.
Corythucha celtidis was keyed by Gib- son (1918) and Blatchley (1926) and has spinules on the lateral margins of the prono- tum and the costal margins of the hemely- tra. The pronotal hood is slightly higher than and about equal in length to the me- dian Carina, which is not prominently arched. The lateral carinae are short and dark brown bands are present across both the base and apex of the hemelytra. The apical band on the hemelytra is not solid, but has a few of the areoles quite hyaline. The species occurs on hackberry {Celtis occidentalis L.).
New records. ON; 2$, Leamington, 12. ix. 1961 (G.P. Brumpton) (debu
00015265, debu 00015266) [UG]; 9S 34$, Point Pelee, Celtis, 4-5.vi.l961 (Kelton & Brumpton) [CNC]; 6^' 5$, Point Pelee, 28- 29.vi.1961 (Kelton & Brumpton) [CNC]; 7(^ 2$, Pt. Pelee, ll.ix.l961 (L.A. Kelton) [CNC]; 9(5' 15$, Pt. Pelee, on Celtis, 23.V.1962 (Kelton & Thorpe) [CNC]; 1(5',
Point Pelee Natl. Pk., 17.vii.l978 (D. Mor- ris) (debu 00015248) [UG]; \S,
28.vii.1978 (J. Cappleman) (debu
00015227) [UG]; 1$, id., 30.vii.l978 (W.A. Attwater) (debu 00015203) [UG]; 8(5^ 4$, id., 31.vii.l978 (debu 00015205, debu 00015207, debu 00015209-18) [UG]; 1$, id., 31.vii.l978 (J. Cappleman) (debu 00015226) [UG]; 1(^ 4$, id., 31.vii.l978 (D. Morris) (debu 00015249-53) [UG]; 1$, id., 26.vi.1979 (D.L. Krailo) (debu
00015228) [UG]; \S 1$, id., 26.vi.1979 (L. Templin) (debu 00015230-31) [UG]; 1(5', id., 27.vi.1979 (D.L. Krailo) (debu 00015229) [UG]; 4$, id., 10.vi.l980
(J.D. Cashaback) (debu 00015219-25) [UG]; 1$, id., 7.vii.l980 (S. Beierl) (debu 00015232) [UG]; 2$, id., 8.vii.l980 (S. Beierl) (debu 00015233-4) [UG]; 1$, id., 8.vii.l980 (D.L. Krailo) (debu 00015288) [UG]; 3$, id., 9.vii.l980 (S. Beierl) (debu 00015235-7) [UG]; 3(5' 4$, id., 9.vii.l980 (D.L. Krailo) (debu 00015239-45) [UG]; 7(5' 2$, id., 19.vi.l981 (D.H. Pengelly) (debu 00015254-62) [UG]; 1(5', id., SE beach, ll.v.2000 (O. Lonsdale) (debu 0001422) [UG]; iS 1$, Wheatley,
4.vi.l961 (Kelton & Brumpton) [CNC]; 1(5', Wheatley Prov. Pk., deciduous forest, 19.ix.l993 (C.S. Blaney) (debu 01029649) [UG].
Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA
Family GEOCORIDAE
Geocoris frisoni Barber
Described originally from Illinois by Barber (1926), this species is brachypter- ous, pale yellow with regular and dense punctures on the corium. The vertex is granulose, and the scutellum and calli are entirely yellow. Geocoris frisoni is keyed and illustrated by Readio and Sweet (1982). It is widely distributed in the eastern United States, being reported from Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Texas and Wisconsin (Readio and Sweet 1982). It is now known to occur in Canada in Ontario.
New record. ON: 1$, Bruce Co., Inver- huron Prov. Pk., 44°I8'N 8I°35'W, dunes, 25.vii.2003 (M. Buck) (debu 01126425) [UG].
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Family RHYPAROCHROMIDAE Zeridoneus petersoni Reichart This species was described from Utah by Reichart (1966), who published a photo- graph of a dorsal view. Zeridoneus peter- soni, so far only reported from Utah, char- acteristically has the clavus a pale creamy tan and the corium has the apical half dark brown with a distinct subapical, more or less triangular, pale spot. The species is now known from Canada, with records for the Prairie Provinces.
New records. AB: 1$, Calgary,
28.viii.1925 (G. Salt) [SMNH]; 1$, Can- more, 25.viii.1952 (A.R. Brooks) [CNC]; 1$, id., 28.viii.1952 (L.A. Konotopetz) [CNC]; 1(5', Stettler, 3.viii.l957 (A.R. & J.E. Brooks) [CNC]. MB: 4$, Dauphin, 17.viii.l958 (A.&J. Brooks) [CNC]; 2?, Pilot Mound, 31.vii.l958 (A.&J. Brooks) [CNC]. SK: 1?, Canora, 6.ix.l959 (A.&J. Brooks) [CNC]; 1$, Val Marie, 6.viii.l955 (A.R. Brooks) [CNC].
Family CYDNIDAE Aethus nigritus (Fabricius)
This Palaearctic species was first col- lected in Delaware in 1977, and then in Connecticut in 1979 (Hoebeke and Wheeler 1984). It was also reported from New Jer- sey, New York, and Pennsylvania (Hoebeke and Wheeler 1984), and is now known from Canada, with numerous captures in Ontario.
Hoebeke and Wheeler (1984) provided key characters for the recognition of this species. These include the anterior margin of the head between the eyes with a sub- marginal row of long setae, and short, erect pegs; the peritreme of the scent gland chan- nel forming apically a large, nearly circular, polished loop; and an extensive metapleural evaporatorium that occupies more than half of this sclerite, nearly reaching the base of the metapleural lamella posteriorly. Hoe- beke and Wheeler (1984) also provided modifications for the keys contained in Froeschner (1960), Slater and Baranowski (1978), and McPherson (1982).
New records (in date order). ON: 1$, Essex Co., Windsor, Ojibway Prairie, 42°
15'51"N 83°04'30"W, 18-19.vi.2002 (O. Lonsdale) (debu 01114238) [UG]; 15', Hald.-Norfolk Reg., Manestar Tract, 6 km NNW St. Williams, 42°42T7"N 80°
27’38"W, sandy field, 23.vi.2002 (M. Buck) (debu 00185485) [UG]; 1$, Kent Co., Ron- deau P.P., South Point Trail, nr. east pkng. lot, Carol, for., 42°15'42"N 81°50’49"W, YPT, 3-4.vii.2003 (Paiero & Cheung) (debu 01133133) [UG]; 1$, Essex Co., Point Pe- lee Natl. Pk., The Dunes, 24.vii.2003 (S.M. Paiero) (debu 00219187) [UG]; 1$, Essex Co., Windsor, Ojibway Prairie, 42°15'51"N 83°04’30"W, 25.vii.2003 (S.M. Paiero) (debu 00222337) [UG]; 1$, Kent Co., Ce- dar Springs, Gore Rd., grasses, sweep net, 4.viii.2003 (J. Renkema) (debu 01029648) [UG]; 2(5 1?, Kent Co., Wheatley Prov. Pk., 7.ix.2007 (S.M. Paiero) (debu
00291146-48) [UG].
SC: 1(5, Georgetown Co., Hobcaw Bar- ony, ~5 km E Georgetown, open field, WPT & YPT, 13-15.ix.2007 (Paiero & Bergeron) (debu 00290903) [UG].
Melanaethus subglaber (Walker)
This cydnid is recorded from Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah, as well as Mexico and the Gala- pagos Islands (Froeschner 1960). As noted by Froeschner (1960), among the species of Melanaethus Uhler with the large terminal modification of the ostiolar peritreme ex- tending almost to the lateral margin of the evaporatorium, M. subglaber can be recog- nized by its very elongate form and the fact that the transverse impression of the prono- tum is distinct across the entire width of this sclerite, whereas the corium is dis- tinctly polished.
New record. BC: 1$, Summerland, 30.V.1932 (A.N. Gartrell); Geotomus sp.? uhleri Sign. Det. G.S. Walley 33 [CNC].
This species was previously recorded from British Columbia incorrectly as Melanaethus uhleri (Signoret) (Downes 1935 as Geotomus uhleri Signoret). The occurrence was not included in Maw et al. (2000), so this constitutes a new record.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
7
NEW PROVINCIAL RECORDS
Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA
Family MIRIDAE
Clivinema fuscum Downes
This mirid was described by Downes (1924) from Saanich District on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and so far has only been collected also on Vancouver Is- land in Victoria and at Leanchoil in Yoho National Park on the mainland. Until now it has been regarded as endemic to British Columbia. However, it is known to occur in Alberta.
Clivinema fuscum has a rather uniform brown coloration, with the pronotum con- vex and with the middle third of the poste- rior margin straight. The hemelytral mem- brane is more or less hyaline, with the api- cal third slightly infiiscate.
New records. AB: 1(5', Waterton Lakes National Park, N5438280.660 E296797.567, yellow pan, unbumed, unsal- vaged, Rep. 3, 21.viii-28.viii.2001 (E. Kin- sella) (DBUC 2001 00747) [DBUC]; 1(5', id., yellow pan. Rep. 2 (DBUC 2001 00745) [CNC]; 1(5', id.. Malaise, Rep. 2 (DBUC 2001 00746) [DBUC]; \S, Blood Res. 148A, N5437127.790 E302345.233, Burned, salvaged. Rep 2, 21.viii- 29.viii.2001 (E. Kinsella) (DBUC 2001 00744) [DBUC].
Pilophorus amoenus Uhler
This species is widely distributed in the eastern half of North America (Henry and Wheeler 1988; Schuh and Schwartz 1988), with records in Canada from Manitoba east to New Brunswick (Schuh and Schwartz 1988; Maw et al. 2000). The species is now known to occur in Alberta and Saskatche- wan.
Pilophorus amoenus was keyed by
Schuh and Schwartz (1988) and has the whole of the third and base of the fourth antennal segments white, a distinctly cam- panulate pronotum, and the anterior part of the corium and clavus is generally orange, smooth and devoid of setae, but the anterior and posterior transverse bands of setae on the hemelytra are complete and nearly straight. Hosts are reported to include Pinus banksiana Lamb., P. clausa Chapin., P. rigida Mill., P. strobus L., P. sylvestris L., P. virginiana Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst and Chamaecyparis sp.
New records. AB: 1$, Cold Lake, 4.ix.l970 (L.A. Kelton) [CNC]. SK: 1(5', Torch R., Pinus banksiana, 3.viii. 1950 (L.A. Konotopetz) [CNC].
Polymerus vulneratus (Wolff)
This Holarctic species was first reported from North America by Schwartz et al. (1991), with records from Alaska, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, and Yukon. It is now known to occur in Al- berta.
Polymerus vulneratus was keyed by Schwartz et al. (1991) and typically is rather pale with an overall green cast, and with moderately distributed appressed, sil- very, sericeous setae intermixed with sparsely distributed suberect, black, simple seta. The structure of the vesica of the male genitalia is distinctive, and illustrated by Schwartz et al. (1991). Specimens in North America have been collected on Betulaceae {Betula glandulosa Michx.) and Fabaceae (Hedysarum mackenzii Richardson and Trifolium sp.).
New record. AB: 2(5' 2$, Ft. Vermillion, Test Jl, Plot 302, ll.vii.2002 (J. Unrh) (NIS#2003-187) [CNC].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Research for this paper was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. I thank the curators of the various collections for permission to examine the material in their care and/or loan of specimens. I am
indebted to Steve Paeiro for bringing speci- mens from the University of Guelph to my attention, and for providing specimen data. Dr. T.J. Henry (United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC) kindly helped with many of the determinations.
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Dr. M.D. Schwartz provided information on specimens in the Canadian National Collec- tion of Insects at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Ottawa, and kindly identified or confirmed the identity of most of the Miri- dae. Labops utahensis records were pro- vided by the Planetary Inventory Plant Bug
Project (NSF Planetary Biodiversity Inven- tory Grant DEB-0316495 to R.T. Schuh (American Museum of Natural History, New York) and G. Cassis (University of New South Wales, Sydney). I thank Launi Lucas for the final preparation of the manu- script.
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Henry, T.J. and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1988. Family Miridae Hahn, 1833 (=Capsidae Burmeister, 1835). The Plant Bugs. Pp. 251-507. In T.J. Henry and R.C. Froeschner (eds.). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs of Canada and the Continental United States. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
Hoebeke, E.R. and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1984. Aethus nigritus (F.), a Palearctic burrowing bug established in eastern North America (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Cydnidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 86:738-744.
Hungerford, H.B. 1926. Some new Corixidae from the north. The Canadian Entomologist 58:268-272.
Hungerford, H.B. 1948. The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). University of Kansas Sci- ence Bulletin 32:1-827.
Jansson, A. 1972. Systematic notes and new synonymy in the genus Cenocorixa (Hemiptera: Corixidae). The Canadian Entomologist 104:449-459.
Kelton, L.A. 1977. Species of the genus Pinalitus Kelton found in North America (Heteroptera: Miridae). The Canadian Entomologist 109:1549-1554.
Kerzhner, I.M. and T.J. Henry. 2008. Three new species, notes and new records of poorly known species, and an updated checklist for the North American Nabidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 110:988-1011.
Knight, H.H. 1968. Taxonomic review: Miridae of the Nevada Test Site and the western United States. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin 9:1-282.
Lattin, J.D. 2008a. Micranthia bergrothi (Jakovlev) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Saldidae) in Alaska. Proceed- ings of the Entomological Society of Washington 1 10:802-803.
Lattin, J.D. 2008b. Catalog of the Hemiptera: Heteroptera of Alaska. Oregon State University, Corvallis 37pp.
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Maw, H.E.L., R.G. Foottit, K.G.A. Hamilton and G.G.E. Scudder. 2000. Checklist of the Hemiptera of Canada and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. 220 pp.
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II
New distributional records for some Canadian Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera)
M. MEINANDER^ ^ J. KLIMASZEWSKI^ and G.G.E. SCUDDER^^
ABSTRACT
The coniopterygids Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein, Helicoconis californica Meinander, Semidalis angusta (Banks) and S. pseudouncinata Meinander, and the myr- meleontid Dendroleon speciosus Banks are reported as new to Canada. Semidalis pseu- douncinata is a new introduction for North America. Additional distribution records are given for six British Columbian neuropterid species, four of which are new provincial records.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few years, distributional records have been assembled for the neu- ropterid insects in British Columbia, as part of an assessment of the overall species rich- ness of the province (Warman & Scudder 2007; Austin et al. 2008; Austin and Eriks- son 2009). Some of these records constitute species new to Canada and/or British Co- lumbia, while others constitute significant new provincial records.
The following account documents these records. Abbreviations for museums in the text are as follows:
CNC: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON.
PFC: Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian
Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC.
RBCM: Royal British Columbia Mu- seum, Victoria, BC.
UBC: Spencer Entomological Collec- tion, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, Univer- sity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
All specimens, unless otherwise stated, were identified by the authors: the Coniop- terygidae by Meinander, the Hemerobiidae by Klimaszewski, and the Myrmeleontidae by Scudder. Specimen data cited are as on the specimen data labels, except that dates have been standardized: any elaboration of data labels is in square parenthesis, includ- ing the scientific name of host plants.
NEW RECORDS
Order NEUROPTERA
Family CONIOPTERYGIDAE Coniopteryx canadensis Meinander Heretofore known from Canada: Sas- katchewan, USA: Wisconsin (Meinander 1972), and Alaska (Meinander 1990). It was keyed by Meinander (1972).
First BC Record. BC: Ic^', Osoyoos, Mt. Kobau, mi 3 [km 4.8] , Mt. Kobau Obs[e]rv [atory] R[oa]d, 990 m., 31.v-3.vi.l991 (D.C.A. Blades, C.W. Maier) [RBCM ENT 992-010045].
Conwentzia californica Meinander Recorded from most of the western
’Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, POB 17, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland ^ Deceased
^Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 me du P.E.P.S., Case postale 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1 V 4C7
'’Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
^ Author to whom correspondence should be sent. E-mail; scudder@zoology.ubc.ca
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
United States (Meinander 1972; Penny et al. 1997). The species was keyed by Meinander (1972).
Previously reported Canadian Records: BC, Spahats Creek Prov. Pk., on Hwy. 5, north of Clearwater (Meinander 1990).
New BC Records. BC: 1 specimen, Saanichton, Thuja plicata, 5.vi.l990 (FIDS 1990 90-1220-01) [PFC]; 1(5'6?, Vancou- ver, on box [(Buxus sp.)], 9.vii.l965 (G.G.E. Scudder) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Vic- toria, S[equoiadendron] gigantium, ll.ii.l994 (R. Duncan) [PFC].
Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein This Palaearctic species is widely dis- tributed in the United States, and in Canada has been reported from Manitoba, New- foundland, Nova Scotia, and Ontario (Meinander 1972; Penny et al. 1997). The species was keyed in Meinander (1972).
First BC Records. BC: 1 specimen, Duncan, Cobble Hill, S[eed] 0[rchard], Se [=Englemann spruce (Picea engelmannii)], beating, 30.vi.l994 (M. Hall) [PFC]; 2 specimens, Saanichton, Nootka S[eed] O [rchard], ex. Sx [=hybrid spruce], 14.ix.l992 (M. Hall) [PFC]; 1(5', Salmon Arm, 29.iv.1931 (Hugh B. Leech) [UBC]; \S, Victoria, beating branches of Firms sylvestris with predator of Pineus sp., 17.iv.l993 (CFS 93-0029-05) [PFC]; 1 specimen, Victoria, Lost Lake S[eed] O [rchard], 10.ii.l993 em[erged] 22- 24.ii.1993 (R.G. Bennett) [PFC]. Helicoconis californica Meinander Described from California by Meinander (1972), this species was previ- ously known only from that state (Penny et al. 1997); it is newly reported here from Alberta, British Columbia and Yukon. The species was keyed in Meinander (1972).
First Canadian Records. AB: 1 $, Jasper, on Pinus contorta latifolia, 17.vi.l942 (E. McDonald) [UBC]; BC: 2(5, Aspen Grove, 14.vi.l933 (K. Graham) [UBC]; 1$, Chase Creek, Chase, on Englemann spruce, 2.vii.l942 (F.B. Beatty) [UBC]; YT: 1(5, Kluane N.P., Sheep Mt., 4.vi.l979 (G.G.E. Scudder) [UBC].
Semidalis angusta (Banks)
Described from California and Arizona
by Banks (1906), this species has subse- quently been reported from Arkansas, Mon- tana, and Texas (Meinander 1972; Penny et al. 1997), as well as Mexico (Meinander 1990) and Nicaragua (Meinander 1995). It was keyed in Meinander (1972).
First Canadian Record. BC: 1(5, Ques- nel, 5.vi.l947 (G.J. Spencer) [UBC]. Semidalis pseudouncinata Meinander This Circum-Mediterranean species, described and keyed by Meinander (1972), has been recorded from Andorra, Croatia [as Yugoslavia], France, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, and the United Kingdom by Aspock et al. (2001), and from Slovenia by Devetak (2002). The record from British Columbia noted below constitutes a new alien species in North America.
First North American and Canadian Record. BC: 2(5 1$, Duncan, ex. Chamae- cyparis nootkatensis, 5.iv.l988 (CFS 88- 10-02) [PFC].
Family HEMEROBIIDAE Micromus variegatus (Fabricius)
A widespread Palaearctic species, until recently known in North America only from British Columbia (Klimaszewski and Kevan 1988, 1990), with records reported from Galiano Island. However, it is also newly reported from Quebec (Klimaszewsld et al. 2009). Keyed by Kli- maszewski and Kevan (1988), this species is now known in British Columbia from elsewhere in the Georgia Depression eco- province, as well as the Southern Interior.
New BC Records. BC: 2 specimens, Aldergrove, 14.V.1977 (G.G.E. Scudder) [UBC]; 2 specimens, Penticton, at light in S.E. Cannings home garden, adjacent to grassland, 9.vi.l995 (R.A. Cannings)
[RBCM]; 1 specimen, Vancouver, 19.vii.l977 (J.A. Van Reenen) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Vancouver, 16.viii.l981 (G.G.E. Scudder) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Vancouver, UBC Campus, 2.ix.l997 (G.G.E. Scudder) [UBC]; 1$ (probably this species), Victo- ria, Rocky Point, GC Site 1, Malaise, 1 l.vii.l994 (N.N. Winchester) [RBCM]. Psectra diptera (Burmeister)
A widespread Palaearctic species that
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
13
has been previously reported in Canada only from Newfoundland (Kevan and Kli- maszewski 1986) and Ontario (Carpenter 1940), although it is known from many eastern states in the USA (Penny et al. 1997). The species was keyed by Kevan and Klimaszewski (1986).
First BC Record: BC: 1 specimen, White Lake, Okanagan Falls, Malaise, l.vii.l990 (H. Nadel & R. Cannings). [RBCM ENT 991-829].
Sympherobhis barberi (Banks)
Originally described from Arizona by Banks (1903), this species is widely distrib- uted in the New World from approximately 43 °N south to Peru, and on several remote Pacific island groups: Galapagos Islands, Revillagigedo Islands and Hawaiian Islands (Oswald 1988), and has been introduced into Bermuda (Bennett and Hughes 1959). In Canada it was recorded from Ontario by Klimaszewski and Kevan (1992), who also provide a key for identification.
New BC Record. BC: 1(5', Campbell River, Mohun Lake, 25.V.1988 (G.
Hutchings) [RBCM ENT 991-11083].
Wesmaelius yukonensis Klimaszewski and Kevan
This species was described from the Yukon (Klimaszewski and Kevan 1987b), and was previously known only from that territory (Penny et al. 1997). The species was keyed by Klimaszewski and Kevan (1987a).
New BC Record. BC: 1(5', Riske Creek, CIFAC Base, light trap, 4.viii.l978 (R.A. Cannings). [RBCM ENT 991-15995].
Family MYRMELEONTIDAE
Dendroleon speciosus Banks
Originally described from Colorado by Banks (1905), this species has since been
recorded from Arizona, California, Colo- rado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, and Oregon (Banks 1927; Penny et al. 1997; Stange 2008), as well as Mexico (Oswald et al. 2002). The genus was keyed by Banks (1927) and species keyed by Stange (2008).
First Canadian Records: BC: 1 speci- men, Duncan, 30.vii.l922 [CNC]; 1 speci- men, Kamloops, 13.vii.l941 (G.J. Spencer) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Kaslo (J.W. Cockle) [CNC]; 1 specimen. Lac La Hache, 19.viii.l933 (W. Downes) [UBC]; 1 speci- men, Lillooet [RBCM]; 1 specimen, Lil- looet, viii-ix.l927 (A. Phair) [CNC]; 1 specimen, Lillooet, Seton L., 4.vii.l926 (J. McDunnough) [CNC]; 1 specimen, id., 7.vii.l926 [CNC]; 1 specimen, Oliver, UBC Geology Camp, at light, 19.vii.l989 (S. Cannings) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Osoyoos, Haynes Ecol. Res., ‘The Throne’, pitfall rock/ Selaginella, 10.vii-14.viii.l986 (S.
Cannings) [UBC]; 1 specimen, Seton L., 22.vii.1933 (J. McDunnough) [CNC]; 1 specimen, id., 23.vii.1933; 1 specimen, id., 24.vii.1933; 1 specimen, id., 1 l.viii.l933; 1 specimen, id., 12.viii.l933 [CNC].
Order MEGALOPTERA
Sialis joppa Ross
Originally described from North Caro- lina by Ross (1937), this species is widely distributed in the eastern United States (Whiting 1991). Keyed by Ross (1937), S. joppa was recorded from Ontario by Stange (1990).
New BC Records. BC: 1(5', Cowichan Lake, 22.vi.1937 (Idyall) [UBC]; 1(5', Vernon, 14.V.1948 (D. Evans) [UBC].
Identified originally by Tarter and Wat- kins in 1979, and confirmed by M.F. Whit- ing in 2004.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research for this paper was sup- ported by grants to G.G.E. Scudder from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Re- search Council of Canada. Launi Lucas maintained the georeferenced distributional database on which this paper is based, and assisted in the preparation of the manu-
script. M.F. Whiting (Brigham Young Uni- versity, Provo, Utah) kindly confirmed the identity of Sialis joppa. J.D. Oswald (Texas A.&M. University) in an external review provided many helpful comments that greatly improved this paper. R.A. Cannings (RBCM), R.G. Foottit (CNC), L. Humble
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
(PFC), and Karen Needham (UBC) will- specimens in their respective collections, ingly loaned or permitted examination of
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Austin, M.A., D.A. Buffett, D.J. Nicholson, G.G.E. Scudder and V. Stevens (eds.). 2008. Taking Nature’s Pulse: The Status of Biodiversity in British Columbia. Biodiversity BC, Victoria, BC. 268 pp.
Austin, M.A. and A. Eriksson. 2009. The Biodiversity Atlas of British Columbia. Biodiversity BC, Victoria, BC. 135 pp.
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Banks, N. 1927. Revision of the Nearctic Myrmeleontidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy, Harvard University 68:1-84.
Bennett, F.D. and l.W. Hughes. 1959. Biological Control of Insect Pests in Bermuda. Bulletin of Entomo- logical Research. 50:423-436.
Carpenter, F.M. 1940. A revision of the nearctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae and Dilaridae (Neuroptera). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 74:193-280.
Devetak, D. 2002. Neuroptera in oak forests in the submediterranean distriet of Slovenia. Pp. 67-73 In G. Sziraki (ed.) Neuropterology 2000. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Neuropterol- ogy (6-9 August 2000 Budapest, Hungary). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2).
Kevan, D.K. McE. and J. Klimaszewski. 1986. Notes on the Hemerobiidae or brown lacewing flies (Neuroptera) of Canada and Alaska. Neuroptera International 4:7-22.
Klimaszewski, J. and D.K. McE. Kevan. 1987a. The brown lacewing flies of Canada and Alaska (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Part II. The genus Wesmaelius Kruger. Neuroptera International 4:153-204.
Klimaszewski, J. and D.K. McE. Kevan. 1987b. The brown lacewing flies of Canada and Alaska (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Part Ilb. The genus Wesmaelius Kruger. Neuroptera International 4:245- 274.
Klimaszewski, J. and D.K. McE. Kevan. 1988. The brown lacewing flies of Canada and Alaska (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Part III. The genus Micromus Rambur. Giomale Italiano di Entomologia 19:31-76.
Klimaszewski, J. and D.K. McE. Kevan. 1990. The genus Micromus Rambur in North America, with spe- cial reference to Canada and Alaska - a synopsis (Insecta: Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Pp. 63-66 In M.W. Mansell and H. Aspock (eds.) Advances in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Neuropterology. South African Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria.
Klimaszewski, J. and D.K. McE. Kevan. 1992. Review of Canadian and Alaskan brown lacewing flies (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) with a key to the genera. Part IV: The genera Megalomus Rambur, Borio- myia Banks, Psectra Hagen and Sympherobius Banks, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 35:435-457.
Klimaszewski, J., L. LeSage and K. Savard. 2009. First record of adventive species Micromus variegatus (Fabricius) from eastern Canada (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae). ZooKeys 27: 1-6.
Meinander, M. 1972. A revision of the family Coniopterygidae (Planipennia). Acta Zoologica Fennica 136:1-357.
Meinander, M. 1990. The Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera, Planipennia). A check-list of the species of the world, descriptions of new species and other new data. Acta Zoologica Fennica 189:1-95.
Meinander, M. 1995. Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera, Planipennia) from Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Brenesia 43/44:61-70.
Oswald, J. D. 1988. A revision of the genus Sympherobius Banks (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) of America north of Mexico with a synonymical list of the world species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 96:390-45 1 .
Oswald, J.D., A. Contreras-Ramos and N.D. Penny. 2002. Neuroptera (Neuropterida). Pp. 559-581 In J.L. Bousquets and J.J. Morrone (eds.) Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artropodos de Mexico: hacia una sintesis de su conocimiento. Vol. 3. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Distrito Fed- eral, Mexico.
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Raphidioptera of America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 50:39- 114.
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A checklist of the Neuropterid insects of British Columbia (Insecta: Megaloptera, Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) with a summary of their geographic distribution
GEOFFREY G.E. SCUDDER^ and ROBERT A. CANNINGS^
ABSTRACT
The Neuropterid orders in British Columbia consist of the Megaloptera, Neuroptera and Raphidioptera. Twelve families containing 89 species are represented. The distribution of these species is documented with reference to the 9 terrestrial ecoprovinces in British Columbia. Collection localities are given for species represented by 5 or fewer sites. Four species, 2 of Coniopterygidae and 2 of Hemerobiidae, are considered alien intro- ductions.
INTRODUCTION
The first list of British Columbia (BC) neuropterid insects was published by Spencer (1942) at a time when the 3 orders in this group of insects that occur in the province (Megaloptera, Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) were considered as a single
order, the Neuroptera. Most of the more recent research on these 3 taxa in BC, which include both aquatic and terrestrial species, was summarized by Cannings and Scudder (2001) and Scudder et al. (2001).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The list of species here considered as occurring in BC follows the classification of Oswald and Penny (1991) and Penny et al. (1997), with some nomenclature changes published since. In the recent lit- erature, Garland and Kevan (2007) have discussed the Chrysopidae, and Cannings and Cannings (2006) the Mantispidae. Re- cent new additions to the provincial list are documented by Meinander et al. (2009).
A georeferenced distributional database for the provincial species of neuropterid insects has been maintained by Scudder, and this is used as the basis for the follow- ing summaries.
We have indicated the general geo- graphic distribution of each species by list- ing alphabetically the abbreviations of the ecoprovince(s) (Fig. 1) in which it has been
recorded. An ecoprovince is an area with consistent climatic or oceanographic, to- pographic and geological history (Meidinger and Pojar 1991, Demarchi 1996). There are 10 ecoprovinces in BC; their size and broad internal uniformity make them ideal units for the general dis- cussion of geographic distribution of organ- isms in the province. One of the eco- provinces is completely marine and is omit- ted from this study.
In the list, collection localities are given for species known from 5 or fewer localities (39 species, 44% of total). If a species is found in two or more ecoprovinces and if one of these ecoprovinces contains more than half the collection localities for that species, that ecoprovince abbreviation is printed in bold font.
' Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4. (604) 822-3682. scudder@zoology.ubc.ca. Research Associate, Royal BC Museum, Victoria, BC ^ Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC V8W 9W2. (250) 356-8242. rcan- nings@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Figure 1. Map of British Columbia showing the nine terrestrial ecoprovinces: BP, Boreal Plains; Cl, Central Interior; CM, Coast and Mountains; GD, Georgia Depression; NBM, North- ern Boreal Mountains; SBI, Sub-boreal Interior; SI, Southern Interior; SIM, Southern Interior Mountains; TP, Taiga Plains.
RESULTS
Table 1 lists the 89 species of neurop- terid insects known from BC. The Mega- loptera is represented by 2 families, 4 gen- era and 9 known species, while the provin-
cial totals of the more diverse Neuroptera are 8 families, 25 genera and 73 species. The Raphidioptera in BC consists of 2 families, 2 genera and 7 known species.
DISCUSSION
The georeferenced distributional data- base for the neuropterid species in the prov- ince has been utilized in an assessment of the overall species richness in the province (Warman and Scudder 2007; Austin et al. 2008; Austin and Eriksson 2009).
Two species of Coniopterygidae (Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein and Semi- dalis pseudouncinata Meinander) and one species of Hemerobiidae {Psectra diptera (Burmeister)) are considered alien Palearc- tic introductions to BC, while a second hemerobiid {Micromus variegatus (Fabricius)) may have been introduced from
Japan (Klimaszewski and Kevan 1990; Penny et al. 1997). A fifth alien species, the coniopterygid Conwentzia psociformis (Curtis) was intercepted in Victoria in 1958 on a shipment of Rhododendron plants from Holland (Meinander 1972). In contrast to the other aliens, C. psociformis appears not to be established in BC and is omitted from our list.
The 3 neuropterid orders are found throughout much of BC. The majority of records of each order come from the south- ern half of the province, a bias that proba- bly reflects both the greater intensity of
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
19
Table 1.
Checklist of the neuropterid species of British Columbia and their distribution in BC’s eco- provinces.
Order Megaloptera (Dobsonflies and Alderflies)
Family Corydalidae (Dobsonflies)
Chauliodes pectinicornis (Linnaeus). GD. Cloverdale, Cowichan.
Dysmicohermes disjunctus (Walker). Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.
Protochauliodes spenceri Munroe. GD.
Family Sialidae (Alderflies)
Sialis californica Banks. CM, GD, SI.
Sialis concava (Banks). Reported from BC by Whiting (1991); lacks locality data.
Sialis hamata Ross. SIM. Creston.
Sialis joppa Ross. GD, SI. Cowichan Lake, Vernon.
Sialis rotunda Banks. Cl, GD, SI, SIM.
Sialis velata Ross. SI, TP. Osoyoos, Penticton, Salmon Arm, Petitot River.
Order Neuroptera (Lacewings, Mantidflies, Antiions and Relatives)
Family Berothidae (Beaded Lacewings)
Lomamyia occidentalis (Banks). SI. Penticton, Lytton, McGillivray Creek (S of Lillooet).
Family Chrysopidae (Green Lacewings)
Chrysopa chi Fitch. BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM, TP.
Chrysopa coloradensis Banks. Cl, GD, SI, SIM.
Chrysopa excepta Banks. SI. Oliver, Penticton, Nicola.
Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister. Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.
Chrysopa oculata Say. BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SBI, SI, SIM, TP.
Chrysopa pleuralis Banks. Cl, SI, SIM.
Chrysopa quadripunctata Burmeister. GD. Vancouver Island.
Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SBI, SI, SIM, TP.
Dichochrysa perfecta (Banks). SI. Oliver, Penticton, Summerland.
Eremochrysa canadensis (Banks). SI. Penticton.
Eremochrysa fraterna (Banks). SI.
Eremochrysa punctinervis (MacLachlan). SI.
Meleoma dolicharthra (Navas). CM, GD, SI, SIM.
Meleoma emuncta (Fitch). Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.
Meleoma schwarzi (Banks). SI. Penticton.
Meleoma signoretti Fitch. Cl, CM, GD, SIM.
Nineta gravida (Banks). GD.
Nothochrysa californica Banks. CM, GD.
Family Coniopterygidae (Dusty wings)
Coniopteryx canadenisis Meinander. SI. Mount Kobau.
Coniopteryx tineiformis Curtis. Cl, SI. Quesnel, Cache Creek.
Conwentzia californica Meinander. GD, SI. Saanichton, Victoria, Vancouver, Spahats Creek Park (Clearwater River Valley).
20
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Table 1. (continued)
Family Coniopterygidae (Dustywings) (continued)
Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein. Introduced. GD, SI. Duncan, Saanichton, Victoria, Salmon Arm.
Helicoconis californica Meinander. SI. Aspen Grove, Chase.
Helicoconis similis Meinander. SIM. Moyie Mountain.
Semidalis angusta (Banks). Cl. Quesnel.
Semidalis pseudouncinata Meinander. Introduced. GD. Duncan.
Family Hemerobiidae (Brown Lacewings)
Hemerobius bistrigatus Currie. CM, GD, SIM.
Hemerobius conjunctus Fitch. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.
Hemerobius costalis Carpenter. CM, Cl, NBM, SI, TP.
Hemerobius discretus Navas. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.
Hemerobius dorsatus Banks. BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI.
Hemerobius humulimis Linnaeus. CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM,
Hemerobius kokaneeanus Currie. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.
Hemerobius nigrans Carpenter. Cl, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.
Hemerobius ovalis Carpenter. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM, TP.
Hemerobius pacificus Banks. BP, CM, GD, SI, SIM, TP.
Hemerobius pinidumus Fitch. BP, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.
Hemerobius simulans Walker. NBM, SI, SIM. Telegraph Creek, Tujony Lake, Salmon Arm, Vernon, Trinity Valley.
Hemerobius stigma Stephens. Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI. SIM.
Megalomus angulatus Carpenter. GD, SI. Galiano Island, Lillooet.
Megalomus fidelis (Banks). BP. Rolla.
Micromus angulatus (Stephens). BP, Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, TP.
Micromus borealis Klimaszewski & Kevan. Cl, CM, NBM, SI, SIM.
Micromus montanus Hagen. Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.
Micromus posticus (Walker). BP. Pink Mountain.
Micromus subanticus (Walker). GD, SI. Galiano Island, Vancouver, Penticton.
Micromus variegatus (Fabricius). Probably introduced from Japan. GD, SI. Aldergrove, Vancouver, Galiano Island, Rocky Point (Victoria), Penticton.
Micromus variolosus Hagen. Cl, GD, SI.
Psectra diptera (Burmeister). Introduced. SI. White Lake (Okanagan Falls). Sympherobius angustus (Banks). Cl, SI. Chilcotin, 100 Mile House, Penticton, West Bench (Penticton).
Sympherobius barberi (Banks). GD. Mohun Lake (Campbell River).
Sympherobius califomicus Banks. SI. Oliver.
Sympherobius killingtoni Carpenter. SI. Osoyoos, Penticton, Vernon.
Sympherobius perparvus (MacLachlan). Cl, SI. Riske Creek, Keremeos, Merritt, Vernon.
Wesmaelius brunneus (Banks). NBM, SI, SIM. Coal River (Alaska Highway),
Silver Star Mt. (Vernon), Mt. Revelstoke.
Wesmaelius coloradensis (Banks). Cl, GD, NBM, SI.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
21
Table 1. (continued)
Family Hemerobiidae (Brown Lacewings) (continued)
Wesmaelius furcatus (Banks). NBM. Summit Lake (Alaska Highway), Toad River (Alaska Highway), Pleasant Camp, Atlin.
Wesmaelius involutus (Carpenter). Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM, TP.
Wesmaelius longifrons (Walker). Cl, CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.
Wesmaelius nervosus (Fabricius). CM, GD, NBM, SI, SIM.
Wesmaelius pretiosus (Banks). SI. Nicola, Oliver, Oliver Geology Camp, Penticton. Wesmaelius yukonensis Klimaszewski & Kevan. Cl. Riske Creek.
Family Mantispidae (Mantidflies)
Climaciella bnmnea (Say). GD, SI, SIM.
Leptomantispa pulchella (Banks). SI.
Family Myrmeleontidae (Antiions)
Brachynemurus abdominalis (Say). Cl, CM, SI, SIM.
Brachynemunis ferox (Walker). Cl, SI.
Brachynemurus peregrinus (Hagen). SI. Lytton, Oliver, Osoyoos Lake N end. Dendroleon speciosum Banks. Cl, GD, SI, SIM.
Myrmeleon exitialis Walker. Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.
Family Polystoechotidae (Giant Lacewings)
Polystoechotes punctata (Fabricius). Cl, CM, GD, SBI, SI, SIM.
Family Sisyridae (Spongillaflies)
Sisyra fuscatus (Fabricius). GD, SI, SIM.
Sisyra vicarius (Walker). GD, SI, SIM. Agassiz, Cultus Lake, Lillooet, Oliver, Kaslo.
Order Raphidioptera (Snakeflies)
Family Inocellidae
Negha inflata (Hagen). SI, SIM.
Family Raphidiidae
Agulla adnixa (Hagen). Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.
Agulla assimilis (Albarda). Cl, CM, GD, SI, SIM.
Agulla bicolor (Albarda). SI.
Agulla crotchi (Banks). SI. Summerland.
Agulla herbsti (Esben-Petersen). GD, SI.
Agulla unicolor Carpenter. CM, SI, SM.
collections and the higher diversity of spe- cies in the South. This trend is more obvi- ous in the Megaloptera and Raphidioptera than in the Neuroptera. Table 2 shows that the latter order is distributed in all eco- provinces; the Raphidioptera is not re- corded in the 4 most northerly ecoprovinces and the Megaloptera is found in only 1 of these 4 (a single record of Sialis velata in the Taiga Plains). All but 6 of the 84 locali- ties (some localities have multiple records)
of Megaloptera are from south of 5 1 °N and all but 12 are from coastal environments. Although 2 of the 6 species of Sialis are known only from east of the Coast Moun- tains, the other megalopteran species are mostly coastal. All records of Chauliodes pectinicornis and Protochauliodes spenceri are coastal as are 40 of 44 localities for Dysmicohermes disjunctus. The Raphidiop- tera is the most strongly southern of the orders; the most northerly records are of
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Table 2.
Occurrence of neuropterid orders in the ecoprovinces of British Columbia.
|
Code |
Ecoprovince Name |
Raphidoptera |
Megaloptera |
Neuroptera |
|
NBM |
Northern Boreal Mountains |
X |
||
|
TP |
Taiga Plains |
X |
X |
|
|
BP |
Boreal Plains |
X |
||
|
SBI |
Sub-boreal Interior |
X |
||
|
CM |
Coast and Mountains |
X |
X |
X |
|
GD |
Georgia Depression |
X |
X |
X |
|
Cl |
Central Interior |
X |
X |
X |
|
SI |
Southern Interior |
X |
X |
X |
|
SIM |
Southern Interior Mountains |
X |
X |
X |
Agulla adnixa from Quesnel and Tete Jeune Cache, both approximately 53°N. However, all but 5 localities are from the warm south- ern valleys and coastal areas south of about 51°N.
Our analysis herein shows that the two regions most threatened by habitat modifi- cation, Southern Vancouver Island/ Fraser Valley and the Okanagan Valley also sup- port the most diverse faunas of neuropterid insects (Austin et al. 2008). Five species are known only from the former region - Chauliodes pectinicornis and Proto-
We thank Launi Lucas for help in as- sembling the list and maintaining the data- base upon which it is based. The following colleagues identified specimens: U. Aspdck
chauliodes spenceh (Corydalidae), Nineta gravida and Nothochrysa californica (Chrysopidae) and the introduced Semidalis pseudouncinata (Coniopterygidae). The Okanagan Valley has 10 species not re- corded elsewhere - Dichochrysa perfecta, Eremochrysa canadensis and Meleoma schwarzi (Chrysopidae), Coniopteryx cana- densis (Coniopterygidae), Psectra diptera (introduced), Sympherobius californicus and S. killingtoni (Hemerobiidae), Lepto- mantispa pulchella (Mantispidae), Agulla bicolor and A. crotchi (Raphidiidae).
(Raphidioptera), J. Garland (Chrysopidae), J. Klimaszewski (Hemerobiidae), M. Meinander (Coniopterygidae), and M.F. Whiting (Sialidae).
REFERENCES
Austin, M.A., D.A. Buffett, D.J. Nicholson, G.G.E. Scudder and V. Stevens (eds.). 2008. Taking Nature’s Pulse: The Status of Biodiversity in British Columbia. Biodiversity BC, Victoria, BC. 268 pp. (Available at: www.biodiversitybc.org).
Austin, M.A. and A. Eriksson. 2009. The Biodiversity Atlas of British Columbia. Biodiversity BC, Victoria, BC. 135 pp. (Available at: wvm.biodiversitybc.org).
Cannings, R.A. and S.G. Cannings. 2006. The Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) of Canada, with notes on morphology, ecology and distribution. The Canadian Entomologist. 138: 531-544.
Cannings, R.A. and G.G.E. Scudder. 2001. An overview of systematic studies concerning the insect fauna of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 98: 33-59.
Demarchi, D.A. 1996. An introduction to the ecoregions of British Columbia. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria. On Internet at: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/ecology/ecoregions/index.html
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
23
Garland, J.A. and D.K. McE. Kevan. 2007. Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta: Neuroptera): re- vised checklist, new and noteworthy records and geo-referenced localities. Zootaxa 1486: 1-84.
Meidinger, D and J. Pojar. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series. No. 6. xii + 330 pp.
Meinander, M. 1972. A revision of the family Coniopterygidae (Planipennia). Acta Zoologica Fennica 136: 1-357.
Meinander, M. 1974. Coniopterygidae from western North America (Neuroptera). Entomologica Scandi- navica 5: 217-232.
Meinander, M., J. Klimaszewski and G.G.E. Scudder. 2009. New distributional records for some Canadian Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Colum- bia 106: 11-15.
Oswald, J.D. and N.D. Penny. 1991. Genus-group names of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera and Raphidioptera of the world. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 147: 1-94.
Penny, N.D., P.A. Adams and L.A. Stange. 1997. Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 50(3): 39-114.
Scudder, G.G.E., K.M. Needham, R.D. Kenner, R.A. Cannings and S.G. Cannings. 2001. Aquatic insects in British Columbia: 100 years of study. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 98: 61- 81.
Spencer, G. J. 1942. A preliminary list of the Neuroptera of British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomo- logical Society of British Columbia 38: 23-28.
Warman, L. and G.G.E. Scudder. 2007. Species richness and summed irreplaceability in B.C. Biodiversity BC, Victoria, BC. (Available at: www.biodiversitybc.org).
Whiting, M.F. 1991. A distributional study of Sialis (Megaloptera: Sialidae) in North America. Entomologi- cal News 102: 50-56.
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
25
Haliplus leechi Wallis and H, salmo Wallis: a new synonymy and sexual dimorphism in the relative eye separation (Coleoptera: Haliplidae)
REX D. KENNER^
ABSTRACT
Examination of the holotypes, specimens in the type series and material from across their geographical ranges for Haliplus leechi Wallis and H. salmo Wallis shows that the two names are conspecific; H. salmo is placed as a junior subjective synonym of H. leechi. A sexual dimorphism in the relative eye separation is present in members of this complex, H. canadensis Wallis and H. subguttatus Roberts. Preliminary data suggest that this dimorphism may also be present in other haliplid species. This dimorphism should be taken into account in constructing keys for the determination of haliplids.
INTRODUCTION
Haliplus leechi Wallis and H. salmo Wallis are very similar structurally. Haliplus leechi is a widespread (Vondel 2005) species described from material col- lected in Stanley Park, Vancouver, BC. Haliplus salmo was described from speci- mens recovered from the stomach of a trout caught in Jasper, AB and has a more re- stricted distribution (Vondel 2005). Wallis (1933), in his description of these species, admitted that “it is possible that one is but a geographical race of the other”. However, he felt that these two taxa could be sepa- rated based on differences in background color, maculation, punctulation and relative eye separation. The results of an investiga- tion of the taxonomic status of H. leechi and H. salmo are reported here.
Relative eye separation, the dorsal dis- tance between the eyes divided by the head- width, is a character frequently used in keys for the determination of haliplids (Wallis 1933; Holmen 1987; Vondel 1991, 1993, 1995; Vondel and Spangler 2008). In his revision of the Nearctic species of Haliplus Latreille, Wallis (1933) used this character in separating three species pairs: H. leechi and H. salmo, H. subguttatus Roberts and H. salinarius Wallis, and H. immaculicollis Harris and H. robertsi Zimmermann. Leech (1964) showed that relative eye separation was not a useful character in separating the second pair and noted an apparent sexual dimorphism in this character. Subsequently both the second and third pairs were syn- onymized (Vondel 1991, 2005).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The minimum distance between the eyes, 10, and the maximum headwidth, HW, were measured using an oeular mi- crometer on a stereomicroscope (Wild M5, Leica MZ12.5). Specimens were positioned such that the structure being measured was parallel to the optical plane. Relative eye
separation, Rjo was calculated by dividing 10 by HW.
The holotypes and allotypes of H. leechi and H. salmo and the paratypes of these species in the Canadian National Collection of Insects (Ottawa, ON) were examined. The relative eye separation, Rio, was meas-
‘ Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, CANADA, email: kenner@zoology.ubc.ca
26
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
ured for both these specimens and a number (San Francisco, CA), D. Kavanagh; Cana-
of other specimens previously identified as dian National Collection of Insects (Ottawa,
H. leechi or H. salmo. Approximately a ON), Y. Bousquet; J.B. Wallis Museum
third of the males in these latter series were (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB),
dissected to allow examination of the geni- R.E. Roughley; James Entomological Col-
talia. The dissected genitalia were exam- lection (Washington State University, Pull-
ined while they were floating in liquid, to man, WA), R. Zack; Michigan State Collec-
prevent possible distortion due to drying tion of Insects (Michigan State University,
and mounting. In addition, R|o was meas- East Lansing, MI), G. Parsons; Museum of
ured for specimens identified as H. subgut- Zoology, Invertebrate Section (University
tatus and H. canadensis Wallis. The speci- of Calgary, Calgary, AB), J.E. Swann;
mens examined are in the author’s codec- Spencer Entomological Museum
tion or were borrowed from the following (University of British Columbia, Vancou-
museums: California Academy of Sciences ver, BC), K. Needham.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Specific status of H. leechi and H. salmo. Wallis (1933) suggested that H. leechi and H. salmo could be separated by:
i) background color, ii) maculation, iii) punctulation and iv) relative eye separation.
i) The color of preserved specimens is often more a function of their previous treatment than of the particular species in- volved (e.g. Kenner 2005). Wallis acknowl- edged this when he suggested that the color of the H. salmo type series may have “undergone some change” due to being recovered from the stomach of a trout. It is the current author’s experience, based on the examination of large numbers of speci- mens belonging to the H. leechi-H. salmo complex, that the apparent background color is variable but the variation is not correlated with any other morphological character.
ii) One of the most obvious differences in the two holotypes is in the elytral macu- lation, with H. leechi having elytral blotches and H. salmo being immaculate. However, the maculation in H. leechi is variable, with some of the paratypes “losing almost all traces of spots on the elytra” (Wallis 1933). On most H. leechi specimens with very reduced maculation, one can still detect the position of at least some of the elytral blotches, due to infus- cate ‘halos’ around the strial punctures in the appropriate positions. At least one of the H. salmo paratypes shows this same
effect. It appe.irs that there is a continuum in elytral maculation, with H. salmo being at one extreme and the putative subspecies H. leechi carteri Leech (1949) at the other. Note that the latter has since been syn- onymized with the nominate subspecies (Vondel 2005). The maculation of the head and thorax are similarly variable and do not provide a reliable character for separating H. leechi and H. salmo.
iii) Examination of a large number of specimens in the current complex suggests that the small differences in punctulation seen between the two holotypes is within the variation seen in the population as a whole and does not seem sufficient to jus- tify erecting separate species.
iv) Wallis gives Rio of the H. leechi and H. salmo holotypes as 0.46 and 0.54, re- spectively. The current author’s remeasure- ment of the holotypes gives a smaller dif- ference in Rio: 0.48 and 0.51, respectively. The mean RioS for the two type series {H. leechi. holotype, allotype and nine para- types; H. salmo'. holotype, allotype and five paratypes) are 0.48 (range 0.46-0.50) and 0.51 (range 0.50-0.52), respectively. Wallis uses Rio < 0.50 {H. leechi) and Rio > 0.50 {H. salmo) in his key; this character does not even correctly separate all members of the two type series.
Rio was measured for 142 specimens previously identified as either H. leechi or H. salmo', these specimens are from a vari-
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
27
Relative Eye Separation
Figure 1. The frequency distribution of the Relative Eye Separation, Rio, for specimens identi- fied as Haliplus leechi and H. salmo including the type series for each. Wallis used Rio <0.50 = H. leechi and Rio >0.50 = H. salmo to separate the two species. Rio for the holotypes of H. leechi and H. salmo are 0.48 and 0.5 1 respectively.
ety of localities. A histogram of Rio from these specimens plus the specimens from the type series (Fig. 1), gives a unimodal distribution with a mean of 0.49 (range 0.44-0.54). It appears that there is a contin- uum in the values of Rio, which suggests that it is not a good character for separating these two species.
This leaves possible differences in the male genitalia to separate these two species. The apparent differences in Wallis’s draw- ings of the aedeagi are largely an illusion caused by the fact that Wallis did not draw the basal part of the aedeagus for H. salmo. If his two drawings are overlaid, one finds that the differences are on the order of a linewidth. Examination of the mounted genitalia of the two holotypes shows that the only significant difference is in the length of the digitus on the left paramere: longer in H. salmo. Due to possible distor- tions caused by drying and mounting, it is not clear if this difference is real. Examina- tion of a large number of genitalia from both putative H. leechi and H. salmo speci- mens suggests that the difference is not constant.
Based on the similarity in the genitalia of the two holotypes and the apparent clinal
nature of all other characters given by Wal- lis to separate these two taxa, H. salmo is placed as a junior subjective synonym of H. leechi. Haliplus leechi was chosen as the senior synonym to maintain stability in the literature as it is the much more widely rec- ognized and cited name and to maintain the tribute to Hugh Leech intended by Wallis (1933).
Sexual dimorphism in the relative eye separation. In the data from the Rjo inves- tigation discussed above, the smallest val- ues of Rio are from male specimens while the largest values are from female speci- mens, although there is extensive overlap. This suggests that Rio may be sexually di- morphic. However, since headwidth is pro- portional to size and is smallest in males and largest in females, this could actually be a dependence on size rather than on sex.
To test for a possible sexual dimorphism in the relative eye separation, the specimens were sorted by HW and the mean value of Rio for each size group was calculated separately for males and females. A paired r-test (Whitlock and Schluter 2009) with a null hypothesis of no difference in Rio for males and females gives a mean Rio(c5'-$) = -0.013 {t = -3.71, df = 15, P = 0.002). The
28
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
null hypothesis can be rejected with a high degree of confidence. Since males and fe- males of the same size were compared, one can conclude that there is a sexual dimor- phism in Rio for H. leechi, with females averaging larger.
To determine if this is also true in other species, similar tests were performed for H. canadensis and H. subgnttatus. For H. canadensis: mean Rio((5'-?) = -0.016 (^ = - 2.60, df = 8, P = 0.032); for H. subguttatus: mean R,o(d'-?) = -0.016 (/ = -6.23, df = 10, P < 0.001). In both of these species the null hypothesis can be rejected with a high de-
gree of confidence and a sexual dimor- phism in Rio is supported. Preliminary tests on other species suggest that this dimor- phism may occur more widely in haliplids (Kenner unpublished). While the difference in Rio for males and females of a given species are not large, one can end up with a situation, as the current author has, where males and females go to opposite sides of a couplet using Rio as the primary character. Future keys should take this sexual dimor- phism into account when the difference in Rio is not large for the taxa being separated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank the CanaCol Foundation for a grant that made possible my visit to the Canadian National Collection of Insects and Y. Bousquet for his generous hospitality during my visit; the listed Curators for the loan of specimens in their care; Rob Rough-
ley, Brad Hubley, Richard Zack and Dick Baumann for the gift of specimens and John Swann for sending me specimens that fi- nally pushed me into dealing with this is- sue.
REFERENCES
Holmen, M. 1987. The aquatic Adephaga (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. I. Gyrinidae, Halipli- dae, Hygrobiidae and Noteridae. E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press Ltd., Leiden, Netherlands, pp. 168.
Kenner, R.D. 2005. Redescription of Haliplus dorsomaculatus (Coleoptera: Haliplidae) with a new synon- ymy and comments on habitat and distribution. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 102:43-56.
Leech, H.B. 1949. Some Nearctic species of Hydradephagid water beetles, new and old (Coleoptera). The Canadian Entomologist 80: 89-96.
Leech, H.B. 1964. Haliplus subguttatus Roberts from Washington and Oregon (Coleoptera: Haliplidae). The Wasmann Journal of Biology 22: 323-329.
Vondel, B.J. van 1991. Revision of the Palaearctic species of Haliplus subgenus Liaphlus Guignot (Coleoptera: Haliplidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 134: 75-144.
Vondel, B.J. van 1993. Revision of the Liaphlus species of the Oriental region excluding China (Coleoptera: Haliplidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 136: 289-316.
Vondel, B.J. van 1995. Haliplidae: Review of the Haliplidae of China (Coleoptera). Pp. 111-154. In M.A. Jach and L. Ji (eds.): Water Beetles of China. Vol. I. Wein: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterologenverein, 410 pp.
Vondel, B.J. van 2005. Family Haliplidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga). Pp. 20-86, in Nilsson, A.N. and Vondel, B.J. van. 2005 Amphizoidae, Aspedytidae, Haliplidae, Noteridae and Paelobiidae (Coleoptera, Adephaga). In: World Catalogue of Insects 7: 1-171.
Vondel, B.J. van and P.J. Spangler. 2008. Revision of the Haliplidae of the Neotropieal Region including Mexico (Coleoptera: Haliplidae). Koleopterologische Rundshau 78: 69-194.
Wallis, J.B. 1933. Revision of the North American species, (north of Mexico), of the Genus Haliplus, La- treille. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute 19: 1-76.
Whitlock, M.C. and D. Schluter. 2009. The Analysis of Biological Data. Roberts and Co. Publishers, Green- wood Village, CO. pp. xxxiii, 700.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
29
The Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of British Columbia
PHILIP D. BRAGG^^ and ROBERT G. HOLMBERG^
ABSTRACT
Twenty species of harvestmen (six families within three suborders) are known from British Columbia. They are 1) Triaenonychidae: Paranonychus brunneus, Sclerobunus nondimorphicus; 2) Ceratolasmatidae: Hesperonemastoma modestum; 3) Sabaconidae: Sabacon occidentalis, Sabacon species, Taracus species; 4) Nemastomatidae: Den- drolasma mirabile, Ortholasma picdpes; 5) Sclerosomatidae: Leiobunum exilipes, Leu- ronychus pacificus, Nelima paessleri, Togwoteeus biceps', 6) Phalangiidae: Leptobunus parvulus, Liopilio glaber, Odiellus pictus, Oligolophus tridens, Opilio parietinus, Paraoligolophus agrestis, Phalangiiim opilio and Rilaena triangularis. Four are new records for BC; O. parietinus, O. pictus, the second Sabacon species, and the undeter- mined Taracus species. There are reports of two other species (Sclerosomatidae: Hadro- bunus grandis and Leiobunum aldrichi) but these are probably incorrect. A further nine species have been collected from the Yukon or adjacent American states and may occur in the province. Each of these 3 1 species is listed along with information on its taxon- omy and distribution. Updates on locations and earliest collection dates are also given for three species introduced into North America from Europe: O. tridens, P. agrestis and R. triangularis.
Key Words: Arachnida; Opiliones; Harvestmen; BC species
INTRODUCTION
Harvestmen (Opiliones) constitute an order in the class Arachnida. Harvestmen are characterized by having the prosoma and opisthosoma broadly fused (i.e. one rather than two body parts), chelate cheli- cerae, pedipalps that can be leg-like or very spiny, two medial eyes, a pair of scent glands on the anterior of the prosoma, and a penis or ovipositor. Unlike spiders (Araneae), harvestmen do not have silk glands or venom glands. Harvestmen are primarily predacious on small invertebrates, especially other arthropods, but are also scavengers of dead animals and occasion- ally feed on fleshy fruits. Opiliones is cur- rently divided into four suborders: Cy- phophthalmi, Laniatores, Dyspnoi and Eup- noi (Pinta-da-Rocha et al. 2007).
Knowledge of the species of Opiliones
and of their distribution in British Columbia (BC) is very limited. Banks (1916) identi- fied the first two species for the province. Over the years, various people added to the knowledge of this region (Roewer 1910 and 1923, Bishop 1949, Briggs 1971, Bragg and Leech 1972, Bragg and Holmberg 1975, Cokendolpher 1980). As the published re- cords for harvestman of BC are scattered, taxonomic studies have resulted in changes in classification and nomenclature, and we have accumulated more specimens, we herein summarize the present knowledge of harvestmen in BC.
We believe that at least twenty species of harvestmen occur in BC. These are placed in three suborders (Laniatores, Dyspnoi and Eupnoi) and six families (Triaenonychidae, Ceratolasmatidae, Saba-
'Dr. Philip D. Bragg, 4378 West 14th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6R 2Y1. Telephone: 604-224-3897; E-mail: pbragg@interchange.ubc.ca
^ Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta T9S 3A3, robert@athabascau.ca ^ Corresponding author
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
conidae, Nemastomatidae, Sclerosomatidae and Phalangiidae). At least three, and up to five, of these species are introduced from Europe. There are reports of two other na- tive species {Hadrobiinus grandis and Leiobumim aldrichi) occurring in BC but these records are probably incorrect. Up to nine additional species may occur in the province. These nine species have been collected from adjacent states of the USA or the Yukon.
Most species listed here can be identi- fied with the use of Edgar’s key (1990). Bishop (1949) gives detailed descriptions of many species. Spoek (1963) and Hillyard and Sankey (1989) give good descriptions of the introduced European and Holarctic species. For general information on harvest- men, see Pinta-da- Rocha et al. (2007).
SPECIES
Suborder LANIATORES Thorell 1876
Superfamily Triaenonychoidea Sorensen 1886
Family TRIAENONYCHIDAE Soren- sen 1886
Subfamily Paranonychinae Briggs 1 97 1
Paranonychus brunneus (Banks 1893) Sclerobunus brunneus (Banks 1 893) Sclerobunus parvus (Roewer 1931 cited by Shear and Derkarabetian (2008))
Paranonychus brunneus (Briggs 1971)
Britannia Beach (Briggs 1971); Bur- naby; Garibaldi Park (Briggs 1971); Grouse Mountain, Lake Cowichan (Vancouver Island; hereafter abbreviated VI); North Vancouver; Manning Park (Briggs 1971); Mount Seymour Park (Briggs 1971); Mo- resby Camp, Graham Island (Queen Char- lotte Islands); Skedans, Louise Island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Sooke (VI); Up- per Carmanah Valley (VI); Vancouver.
This species is also knovm from Alaska, Washington, and Oregon (Briggs 1971).
It is found under logs and in leaf litter of forests. Adults were collected in all months except January.
Subfamily Triaenonychinae Sorensen 1886
Sclerobunus nondimorphicus Briggs
Species are listed alphabetically under the family or subfamily. Very limited syn- onymies are given in regular font following the current name in italics. The first refer- ence listed is the original description. The last reference usually gives the best descrip- tion of the species. Unless otherwise indi- cated, BC locality records are from speci- mens in our personal collections or in the three museums listed in the acknowledge- ments. The BC collection sites are usually given as simply the nearest geographical name. However a few localities originally given in miles were converted into kilome- tres (km). Unless otherwise stated, named parks are Provincial Parks. Distribution records from outside BC are from the litera- ture as well as our records and are only designated by province, territory or state.
RECORDS
1971
Sclerobunus nondimorphicus (Briggs 1971)
The only two BC records are from Hope (17 and 28 km east of), near Manning Park (Briggs 1971).
It is also known from Washington and Oregon (Briggs 1971).
This species has been collected from forests between June and September (Briggs 1971).
Suborder DYSPNOI Hansen and Sorensen 1904
Superfamily Ischyropsalidoidae Simon 1879
Family CERATOLASMATIDAE Shear 1986
Hesperonemastoma modestum (Banks 1894)
Nemastoma modesta (Banks 1894b) Hesperonemastoma modestum (Gruber 1970)
Burnaby; Gordon River (VI); Honey- moon Bay (VI); Mesachie Lake (VI); Mo- resby Camp, Moresby Island (Queen Char- lotte Islands); Nimkish Lake (VI); Vancou- ver.
This species is also known from Wash- ington, Oregon and California
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
31
(Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
This species is found under logs and in leaf litter. Adults were pitfall trapped from May through December.
Family SABACONIDAE Dresco 1970
Sabacon occidentalis (Banks 1894) Phlegmacera occidentalis (Banks
1894b)
Sabacon occidentalis (Shear 1975)
Alert Bay (VI) (Bishop 1949); Brooks Peninsula (VI); Burnaby; Cassiope Lake (VI); Coldstream Park (VI); Honeymoon Bay (VI); Kyuquot (VI) (Shear 1975); Me- sachie Lake (VI); Manning Park (Shear 1975); Parksville (VI); Prince Rupert (Bishop 1949); Skidgate, Graham island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Sooke (VI); Queen Charlotte City, Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Tahsis (VI); Upper Carmanah Valley (VI); Vancouver; Yakown River, Graham island (Queen Charlotte Islands).
This species is also known from Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993). In Bragg and Leech (1972), this species was listed as Sabacon crassipalpe, which is now consid- ered as only Eurasian (Shear 1975).
Sabacon occidentalis is found under logs and in leaf litter. Adults were collected in pitfall traps June through October.
Sabacon species
There is a second species of Sabacon, which occurs in northeastern BC, that will be described separately by RGH et al.
Pine Pass (129 km West of Dawson Creek).
Adults are present between April/May and October in Alberta.
Taracus species.
More specimens from BC and the United States need to be studied for a de- finitive identification.
Creston; Hourglass Cave, Gordon River (VI); Upper Carmanah Valley (VI).
This genus is characterized by very elongate chelicerae. Seven species have been described from the western United States (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Adults were collected between Septem- ber and October in BC.
Superfamily Nemastomatoidea Simon 1872
Family NEMASTOMATIDAE Simon 1872
Subfamily Ortholasmatinae Shear and Gruber 1983
Dendrolasma mirabile Banks 1 894 Dendrolasma mirabilis (Banks
1894a)
Dendrolasma mirabile (Shear and Gruber 1983)
Burnaby; Mesachie Lake (VI); Met- lakatla (Shear and Gruber 1983); Queen Charlotte City, Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Upper Carmanah Valley (VI); Vancouver.
This species is also known from Wash- ington and Oregon and perhaps California (Shear and Gruber 1983). Edgar (1990) noted that this species ranges “from south- ern Oregon to southern Alaska”. However the most northern record (i.e. Metlakatla; Shear and Gruber 1983) is south of the BC- Alaska border. It may be premature to state that this species occurs in Alaska.
Dendrolasma mirabile is found in moist coniferous forests under logs and in leaf litter. Adults were collected June through August.
Ortholasma pictipes Banks 1911
Ortholasma pictipes (Banks 1911, Shear and Gruber 1983)
Alert Bay (VI) (Shear and Gruber 1983); Bamfield (VI); Goldstream Park (VI); Kyuquot (VI) (Shear and Gruber 1983); Skedans, Louise Island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Sooke (VI); Vancouver.
Ortholasma pictipes is also known from Washington, Oregon and California (Shear and Gruber 1983).
This species is found in coniferous for- ests under logs and in leaf litter. Adults collected from February through October. Suborder EUPNOI Hansen and Sorensen 1904
Superfamily Phalangioidea Latreille 1802
Family SCLEROSOMATIDAE Simon 1879
Subfamily Leiobuninae Banks 1893
Hadrobunus grandis (Say 1821)
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Phalangium grandis (Say 1821) Hadrobunus grandis (Roewer 1923)
Roewer (1923, page 919) recorded this species from BC (“Brit Kolumbien; Van- couver-Stadt - \ S - (Mus. Wien ...)”. However, as noted by Cokendolpher and Lee (1993), this record is probably incor- rect.
Hadrobunus grandis has been collected from Ohio, Illinois, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Virginia (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Leiobunum aldrichi (Weed 1893)
Liobunum (sic) longipes (Weed
1890)
Leiobunum longipes (Davis 1934) Leiobunum aldrichi (Cokendolpher
1984)
Bishop (1949) recorded '‘'Leiobunum longipes” (now Leiobunum aldrichi, see Cokendolpher 1984) from “British Colum- bia, Selkirk Mts. (J.C.B)”.
Although Roewer (1910, 1923) recorded this species from Washington and Weed (1893) recorded it from South Dakota, we think that this species does not occur in BC. Other than these old records, this species occurs in eastern North America (Ontario and 23 states) (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Leiobunum exilipes (Wood 1868) Phalangium exilipes (Wood 1868) Leiobunum exilipes (Davis 1934)
Banks (1916) reported “Several speci- mens from Kaslo and Frye Creek [BC], from June 13 to July 23. These specimens have shorter legs than those from Califor- nia.” Davis (1934) recorded '‘’’British Co- lumbia: Inverness, July 1 $ (Keen). Van- couver: 2 (S', 1 $ (Banks)”. RGH examined the Inverness specimen from the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa (single fe- male labeled “Inverness”, “July”, “Rev. J.H. Keen” and identified by Davis). It is a dark Nelima paessleri. Older N. paessleri tend to darken and may resemble L. exili- pes. Note that we have not seen any speci- mens of this species from BC.
Leiobunum exilipes is recorded from Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, and Montana (Cokendolpher and
Lee 1993).
Adults have been collected between July and November (Davis 1934).
Leuronychus pacificus (Banks 1 894) Leiobunum pacificum (Banks
1894c)
Leuronychus pacificum (Banks
1900)
Leuronychus pacificus (Banks 1901, Roewer 1910, 1923)
Mudge Island; Nanaimo (VI) (Roewer 1910).
This species is also recorded from Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California and Baja California (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Adults were collected from Mudge Is- land in August
Nelima paessleri (Roewer 1910)
Leiobunum paessleri (Roewer 1910, Davis 1 934, Holmberg et al. 1 984)
Nelima paessleri (Crawford 1 992)
Alouette Lake; Brooks Peninsula (VI); Burnaby; Candlestick Cave, Kelsey Bay (VI); Cascade Cave, Port Albemi (VI); Cheakamus Lake; Cody Caves Park (north of Nelson); Field; Glacier; Gordon River (VI); Hope; Inverness; Home Lake Caves Park (VI); Kimberly; Kuskonook; Meager Lake Hot Springs; Metlakatla (Davis 1934); Mount Kobau: Port Albemi (VI); Rogers Pass (Davis 1934); Salmon Arm; Slesse Creek and Chipmunk Caves (near Chilli- wack); Sooke (VI); Stein Lake; Upper Car- manah Valley (VI); Victoria (VI); Vancou- ver; Wolfe Creek Cave (Cowichan Lake, VI).
Nelima paessleri is known also from Alberta, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Cali- fornia, Montana and, possibly, Wyoming (Holmberg et al 1984). We also have seen collections from Idaho.
This species has been collected from a wide range of forested habitats associated with coastal and interior mountains. Adults overwinter in aggregations in caves and mines (Holmberg et al. 1984). Adults are present all months of the year; juveniles between May and October. Sexes can only be distinguished by dissection of the genita- lia.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
33
Togwoteeus biceps (Thorell 1877) Mitopus biceps (Thorell 1877) Homolophus biceps (Rower 1923) Togwoteeus biceps (Holmberg and Cokendolpher 1997)
Anarchist Mountain; Apex Mountain (near Keremeos); Inkaneep Park; Kam- loops; Kleena Kleene; Manning Park; Mount Kobau; Oliver; Osoyoos; Salmon Arm; Summerland; Vernon; White Lake; Vaseaux Lake.
Togwoteeus biceps is known also from Alberta, Saskatehewan, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Ne- vada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming (Holmberg and Cokendolpher 1997).
This species is found in many habitats, from densely wooded areas to windswept mountain tops above the tree line. It oeeurs in dry areas but also near bodies of water. This species is restricted to higher eleva- tions in the southern part of its range. It has been found under roeks and logs, and in deserted buildings. Adults occur between May and November with a peak in August. Immatures overwinter and ean be present in any month (Holmberg and Cokendolpher 1997).
Family PHALANGIIDAE Latreille 1802
Subfamily Oligolophinae Banks 1893
Odiellus pictus (Wood 1868)
Phalangium pietum (Wood 1868) Odiellus pictus (Bishop 1949)
The only reeord is Sitkum Creek, Nel- son.
This species is widespread in all other Canadian provinces. It is also present throughout the northeastern USA (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Odiellus pictus prefers wet loeations in hardwood and coniferous forests, in mead- ows and marshes, in leaf litter and under rocks, and on the foliage of trees. Adults occur between July and October.
Oligolophus tridens (C.L. Koch 1836) Opilio tridens (C.L. Koch 1836) Oligolophus tridens (Spoek 1963, Hillyard and Sankey 1989)
Campbell River (VI) (our earliest re- eords are from 1978); Comox (VI) (1979); Richmond (1971); Summerland (1980).
This species was introduced from Europe (Bell 1975). It is also in New Brunswiek (1974), Newfoundland (1958), Nova Scotia (1956), Ontario (1961), Prince Edward Island (1972), Quebec (1970), as well as Maine (1982) and Vermont (prior 1974, Bell 1975).
This small species occurs mainly in the ground layer of many different disturbed habitats including grasslands, alfalfa fields, sand beaches as well as forests. Adults have been collected in Canada between July and November.
Paraoligolophus agrestis (Meade 1855) Opilio agrestis (Meade 1855) Paraoligolophus agrestis (Spoek 1963, Hillyard and Sankey 1989)
Ainsworth Hot Springs (1985); Burnaby (1971); Balfour (1980); Brentwood Bay (VI) (1975); Boswell (1980); Campbell River (VI) (1984); Comox (VI) (1984); Coombs (VI) (1984); Haney (1979); Hope (1984); Mesachie Lake (VI) (1979); Parks- ville (VI) (1978); Port Albemi (VI) (1979); Riehmond (1971); Rogers Creek (1980); Vancouver (1963).
This is a European species introduced into BC by 1963 and Washington by 1972 (Bragg and Holmberg 1975). We now have single reeords from Alberta (1978) and Nova Seotia (1950).
The species is found in gardens and in forests under logs and in leaf litter, or on low bushes and herbs. Mature speeimens oecur between August and January.
Subfamily Phalangiinae Simon 1879
Leptobunus parvulus {Boviks 1894) Liobunum (sie) parvulum (Banks
1894c)
Leuronychus parvulus (Banks 1901) Leptobunus parvulus (Cokendolpher
1985)
Alliford Bay, Moresby Island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Alouette Lake; Brooks Peninsula (VI); Burnaby; Cassiope Lake (VI); Coombs (VI); Cowichan Lake Experi- mental Station (VI); Golden Ears Park; Haney; Manning Park; Masset, Graham
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Port Al- bemi (VI); Squamish; Upper Carmanah Valley (VI); Vancouver.
Leptobunus parvulus is found also in Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and Califor- nia (Cokendolpher 1985).
This species is active at night and can be found on low branches and shrubs and on the trunks of alders. Juveniles have been collected from the tops of 29 m tall red ce- dar, Douglas fir and Western hemlock trees (Holmberg et al. 1981). Juveniles were mostly collected May through August; adults, July through November.
Liopilio glaber Schenkel 1951
Liopilio glaber (Schenkel 1951, Cokendolpher 1981)
The only record from BC is “Mt. St. Paul, mile 392 [km 631] Alaska High- way” (Cokendolpher 1981).
Liopilio glaber is found also in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Washington and Oregon (Crawford and Edwards 1989, Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Adults were collected between July and September at higher elevations.
Opilio parietinus (DeGeer 1778)
Phalangium parietinum (DeGeer
1778)
Opilio parietinus (Spoek 1963, Hillyard and Sai^ey 1989)
Ainsworth Hot Springs; Kamloops; Kleena Kleene; Port Albemi (VI); Prince George; Summerland.
This species is widely distributed in the Western Palearctic and may have been in- troduced into North America from Europe. In Canada, it is known from Alberta, Mani- toba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Quebec. It has also been collected from more than 20 states (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Opilio parietinus was collected in dis- turbed areas similar to those for Phalan- gium opilio. O. parietinus was often col- lected with P. opilio but, with time, the latter seems to outcompete it. Adults from western Canada occur between July and November.
Phalangium opilio Linnaeus 1758
Phalangium opilio (Linnaeus 1758, Spoek 1963, Hillyard and Sankey 1989)
Ainsworth Hot Springs; Aspen Grove; Balfour; Barriere; Bella Coola; Blind Bay; Blue River; Burnaby; Cache Creek; Camp- bell River (VI); Chetwynd; Chilkoot Pass; Chilliwack; Comox (VI); Coombs (VI); Cranbrook; Creston; Dawson Creek; Edge- wood; Elgin; Errington (VI); Fairmont; Fort Nelson; Fort St. John; Glacier National Park; Goldstream Park (VI); Grand Falls; Haney; Hazelton; Hernando Island; Hope; Hudson’s Hope; Kamloops; Kootenay Na- tional Park; Ladner; Liard River; Manning Park; Masset, Graham Island (Queen Charolotte Islands); Mesachie Lake (VI); Mica Creek; Mission; Mount Robson Park; Nakusp; Nanaimo (VI); Nelson; Nicola Lake; Oliver; Osoyoos; Parksville (VI); Paul lake (near Kamloops); Penticton; Port Albemi (VI); Pouce Coupe; Prince George; Queen Charlotte City, Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands); Quesnel; Skoo- kumchuk; South Pender Island (VI); Sum- merland; Telkwa; Terrace; Tlell, Graham Island (Queen Charlottelslands); Tmtch; Vancouver; Vernon; Victoria (VI); Weir Beach (24km west of Victoria, VI); West Vancouver; Williams Lake; Yoho National Park.
Phalangium opilio occurs in all prov- inces of Canada, Yukon and Northwest Territories. It is also present in at least 17 US states as well as Europe, Asia, North Africa and New Zealand (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993). Although this harvestman is commonly collected in Canada, it is most likely introduced from Europe.
Phalangium opilio is found in disturbed areas, such as gardens and roadside ditches, as well as grasslands and forest edges. Pha- langium opilio and Togwoteeus biceps are the two species most likely found in drier areas. Eggs are laid in the fall. The first juveniles are seen in early April. The first adults appear in June. The adults do not overwinter.
Rilaena triangularis (Herbst 1799)
Opilio triangularis (Herbst 1799)
Platybunus triangularis (Spoek
1963)
Rilaena triangularis (Hillyard and Sankey 1989)
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
35
Burnaby (1971); Coquitlam (1972); Haney; Pitt Meadows (1973); Sumas (1963); Ter- race (1975); Vancouver (1967).
This species was introduced from Europe into BC and Washington (Bragg and Holmberg 1975). The earliest record that we have for Washington is 1951. It has also been collected from Maine (1986), Massachusetts (1999) and New York
OTHER POS5
Other species that have been collected from adjacent states and the Yukon and may be found in BC include:
Acuclavella cosmetoides Shear 1986 (Family Ceratolasmatidae) occurs in north- ern Idaho and Washington. Also A. mer- ickeli Shear 1986 occurs in Idaho and Washington.
Liopilio yukon Cokendolpher 1981 (Family Phalangiidae) has been collected in Yukon and Alaska.
Metanonychus idahoensis Briggs 1971 (Family Triaenonychidae) is found in north- ern Idaho.
Mitopus morio (Fabricius 1779) (Family Phalangiidae) seems to be Holarctic in dis- tribution. It is common in eastern North
(1999).
R. triangularis matures in April to July in BC and England. In England, it lays its eggs during the summer and overwinters in a juvenile stage (usually third or fourth in- star) (Hillyard and Sankey 1989). This spe- cies is found in disturbed areas, such as gardens, and at the edges of woods.
5LE SPECIES
America but occurs also in Alaska (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Protolophiis niger Goodnight and Good- night 1942 (Family Protolophidae) has been recorded from Washington and Oregon (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
Sclerobunus robustus idahoensis Briggs 1971 (Family Triaenonychidae) is found in northern Idaho.
Siro acaroides (Ewing 1923), of the fourth Opiliones suborder Cyphophthalmi, extends from California to Washington (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993). Siro kamiak- ensis (Newell 1943) occurs in northern Idaho and Washington (Cokendolpher and Lee 1993).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the many collectors who con- tributed specimens to us or to museums. We also appreciate the loan of specimens from the Royal British Columbia Museum,
Royal Ontario Museum and the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes. Donald J. Buckle identified some of the specimens.
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Holmberg, R.G., N.P.D. Angerilli and L.J. LaCasse. 1984. Overwintering aggregations of Leiobimum paessleri in caves and mines (Arachnida,Opiliones). Journal of Arachnology 12: 195-204.
Holmberg, R.G., P.D. Bragg and J. Belicek. 1981. Opiliones of western Canada: a progress report. Proceed- ings Entomological Society of Alberta 28:19.
Holmberg, R.G. and J.C. Cokendolpher. 1997. Redescription of Togwoteeus biceps (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae) with notes on its morphology, karyology and phenology. Journal of Arachnology 25: 229-244.
Koch, C.L. 1836. Die Arachniden. Niimberg: C.H.Zeh’schen Buchhandlung. 3: 1-120 + plates LXIII-CVIII.
Linneaus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secondum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonynmis, locis. 10* ed., reformata. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. 824 pages.
Meade, R.H. 1855. Monograph on British species of Phalangiidae or harvest-men. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 2. 15: 393-416, plateslO-1 1.
Newell, I.M. 1943. A new sironid from North America (Opiliones, Cyphopthalmi, Sironidae). Transactions American Microscopic Society 62:416-422, 2 plates.
Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado and G. Giribet. 2007. Harvestmen: the biology of Opiliones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 597 pages.
Roewer, C.F. 1910. Revision der Opiliones Plagiostethi. (= Opiliones, Palpatores) 1. Teil: Familie der Pha-
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langiidae (Subfamilien: Gagrellini, Liobunini, Leptobunini). Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- wissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg 19: 1-294, plates 1-6.
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Shear, W.A. 1975. The opilionid genera Sabacon and Tomicomerus in America (Opiliones,Troguloidea, Ischyropsalidae). Journal of Arachnology 3: 5-29.
Shear, W.A. 1986. A cladistic analysis of the opilionid Superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea, with descriptions of the new family Ceratolasmatidae, the new genus Acuclavella, and four new species. American Museum Novitates. Number 2844: 1-29.
Shear, W.S. and J. Gruber. 1983. The opilionid subfamily Ortholasmatinae (Opiliones, Troguloidea, Ne- mastomatidae). American Museum Novitates. Number 2757: 1-65.
Shear, W.S. and S. Derkarabetian. 2008. Nomenclatorial changes in Triaenonychidae: Sclerobunus parvus Roewer is a junior synonym of Paranonychus bnmneus (Banks), Mutusnonychus Suzuki is a junior syno- nym of Paranonychus Briggs, and Kaolinonychinae Suzuki is a junior synonym of Paranonychinae Briggs ( Opiliones: Triaenonychidae).
Simon, E. 1879. Les Arachnides de France. VII. Contenant les ordres des Chemetes, Scorpiones et Opil- iones. Paris: Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret. 332 pages, plates 17-24. [Opiliones pages 116-332, plates 21-24]
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
39
Lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) associated with Alaskan agricultural crops
AARON M. HAGERTY\ ALBERTO PANTOJA^^ and SUSAN Y. EMMERY^
ABSTRACT
Adult coccinellid abundance was monitored in agricultural areas of the Tanana and Ma- tanuska-Susitna River valleys of Alaska during 2004 and 2005. Thirteen species were collected in association with Alaskan agricultural crops. Of the species collected, Hippo- damia quinquesignata quinqiiesignata (Kirby), Coccinella transversoguttata richard- soni Brown, and Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say) were by far the most abun- dant species, making up 51, 18, and 12%, respectively, of the individuals collected. Two new species, Coccinella septempunctata L. and Hippodamia convergens Guerin, were recorded for the first time in Alaska.
Key Words: lady beetles, biodiversity, integrated pest management, Alaska
INTRODUCTION
There has been much interest in the ex- pansion of agricultural production in the circumpolar region in reeent years (Anonymous 1998, 2001, Whitfield 2003). Alaska has tremendous agricultural poten- tial, with approximately eight million hec- tares of arable land. However, the taxo- nomic identity, biology, population dynam- ics, and distribution of insect pests and their natural enemies in the circumpolar region is lacking or poorly understood (Pantoja et al. 2009). There is a need for increased re- search to improve management and to un- derstand the biology of insect pests in arctic and subarctic regions. The development of pest management practices for Alaska is of particular interest since it is expected that insect populations in the state may increase with climate change (Whitfield 2003).
In recent years, USDA-ARS, in coop- eration with the University of Alaska, has made efforts to develop integrated pest management (IPM) programs for Alaskan agricultural crops. However, some of the fundamental knowledge necessary to de- velop IPM systems is lacking. In Alaska,
the beneficial insect complex associated with agricultural crops is not well known. Knowledge of the taxonomic identity and biology of beneficial insects is a critical component of IPM systems (Pedigo 1 999). Published information on Alaskan coccinel- lids has been limited to distribution records within taxonomic treatments (Belicek 1976, Gordon 1985) and faunal lists (McNamara 1991). Additional research is needed to determine the taxonomic identity, distribu- tion, and population dynamics of agricultur- ally beneficial insects in Alaska.
Coccinellids are commonly associated with biological control of pest species (Obrycki and Kring 1998). Members of the tribe Coccinellini are primarily aphido- phagous (approx. 75-85%) (Hodek and Honek 1 996) and are easily recognizable in agricultural systems. Lady beetles have a wide distribution and occur in high num- bers in agricultural habitats. Gordon’s (1985) taxonomic monograph includes dis- tribution maps and keys that include all Alaskan species. In addition Belicek (1976) and McNamara (1991) provide additional
' USDA, ARS, Subarctic Agricultural Research Unit, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America ^Corresponding author (e-mail: alberto.pantoja@ars.usda.gov). Alberto Pantoja, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 757200, Fairbanks, AK 99775, Tel: 907-474-7536
40
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
records for Alaska, but no studies have been conducted to survey the coccinellids associated with Alaskan agricultural crops. The purpose of this study was to provide
baseline information on the species compo- sition of coccinellids of the tribe Coccinel- lini associated with agricultural crops in Alaska.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During 2004 and 2005 adult lady beetles of the tribe Coccinellini were surveyed in and around agricultural areas in the Tanana (near Nenana, N64.70° WHS. 86°; near Fairbanks N64.85°, W147.85°; near Delta Junction N64.15°, W 145.81°) and Mata- nuska (near Palmer N61.57°, W 149.25°) river valleys of Alaska. Sites in Fairbanks and Nenana were bordered by mixed boreal forest. Delta Junction sites were bordered by Conservation Reserve Program (USDA- NRCS) grasslands and boreal forest. Palmer sites were located in more developed rural areas adjacent to large-scale commercial agricultural lands.
Sampling was conducted in potato {Solarium tuberosum L.), rhubarb {Rheum rhabarbarum L.), and low-input mixed vegetable plantings. Beetles were captured by a variety of methods including Japanese beetle traps, yellow adhesive cards, water pan traps, sweep netting, and hand picking.
Japanese beetle traps (JBT) (Trece Catch Can, Trece Inc., Salinas CA) were placed in transects of three to five traps around field perimeters. Traps were in- stalled by burying the cage-catch can in the ground so that only the top assembly was visible. In Palmer during 2004 and 2005, JBT’s were maintained from mid-May to late August on a truck crop farm producing various vegetable crops. During 2004, 19 traps were placed around onion {Allium cepa L.), potato, squash {Cucurbita spp.), and rhubarb {Rheum spp.) plantings during mid-May and maintained until late August. During 2005, nine traps were initially placed around pea {Pisum sativum L.), rhu- barb, and onion plantings on 10 May; an additional six traps were then added to po- tato and squash on 29 June. Additionally during 2005, five JBT’s were maintained around potato fields at one location in Fair- banks and two locations in Delta Junction.
Traps were serviced weekly; beetles were removed, transported to the laboratory, placed in 80% ethanol for temporary stor- age, pinned, labeled, and identified.
Adhesive cards (yellow; 0.04 Im^; Inter- cept®; IPM Tech, Portland, OR) were placed along potato field margins in the Tanana and Matanuska valleys during both years of the study. Yellow adhesive cards (henceforth referred to simply as “cards”) were stapled flat to a wooden stake with the bottom of the trap at canopy height and placed around potato field perimeters at a density of eight cards per hectare. During 2004 cards (n = 21) were placed at three locations in Fairbanks, one location in Delta Junction and three locations in Palmer. Dur- ing 2005 cards (n = 40) were placed at two locations in Fairbanks, two locations in Delta Junction, two locations in Nenana, and three locations in Palmer. Cards were placed around field perimeters just prior to potato emergence (mid to late June) and maintained until first frost/harvest (late August to early September) during 2004 and first snow-fall (mid- to late October) during 2005. Cards were changed weekly; used cards were placed in 3.8 L plastic bags (Ziploc®, SC Johnson Company, Racine, WI), taken to the laboratory, and held in a freezer. Most beetles were identified in situ on the cards; problematic species were re- moved, washed in xylene, and examined in 80% ethanol.
Water pan traps, as described by Irwin (1980) and Villanueva and Pena (1991), were placed along potato field margins in the Tanana and Matanuska valleys during both years of the study. During 2004, traps (n = 24) were placed at three locations in Fairbanks, one in Delta Junction and three in Palmer. During 2005, traps (n = 41) were placed at two locations in Fairbanks, two locations in Delta Junction, one location in
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
41
Nenana, and three locations in Palmer. Traps were placed around field perimeters just prior to potato emergence (mid to late June) and maintained until first frost/ harvest (late August to early September) during 2004 and first snow-fall (mid- to late October) during 2005. Periodically during both years, additional pan traps were placed adjacent to small plantings of mixed vege- tables and rhubarb at both Fairbanks and Palmer locations. Pan traps were changed bi-weekly and brought back to the labora- tory where insects were strained from the soap solution and preserved in 80% ethanol.
Coccinellids were collected by hand picking when encountered at field sights to determine plant associations. Sweep net samples of 100 sweeps (four reps of 25 sweeps) were taken along potato field mar- gins on a semi-weekly basis from locations in Fairbanks, Delta Junction, Nenana, and Palmer during 2005. Sweep net samples were not taken directly from potato foliage due to grower concerns about crop damage and to avoid possible mechanical spread of
RESULTS AND
During the field study, 1318 individuals representing 14 taxa were collected in or adjacent to agricultural habitats. Examina- tion of the UAM revealed 196 individuals representing 10 taxa (Table 1). The major- ity of specimens at UAM were collected from the University of Alaska Fairbanks Research Farm in Palmer; however, label data for most specimens was insufficient to provide any meaningful agricultural crop associations. The field collected specimens included representatives of all species in UAM with the exception of Anisosticta borealis Timberlake and Coccinella hiero- glyphica mannerheimi Mulsant that were not collected from the field. The most abun- dant species in the field collection, Hippo- damia quinquesignata quinquesignata (Kirby), Coccinella transversoguttata rich- ardsoni Brown, and Hippodamia tredecim- punctata tibialis (Say) were also numerous in the UAM Collection. Macronaemia epis- copalis (Kirby), Hippodamia falcigera
plant pathogens. Coccinellids, when inad- vertently caught, were also collected from bucket style noctuid moth traps (Landolt et al. 2007).
Additionally, the University of Alaska Museum Insect Collection (UAM 2009) was examined to provide baseline informa- tion on coccinellid species in Alaska. The UAM includes the Washburn Insect Collec- tion, which was amassed by USD A ento- mologists J. C. Chamberlin, R. H. Washburn, and others during the 1940’s and 1950’s. This collection, formerly housed in Palmer, AK, is the only large general insect collection maintained in the state (Washburn 1972).
All coccinellids were identified using taxonomic keys of Gordon (1985) and Gordon and Vandenberg (1991). Two rep- resentative individuals from most taxa were sent to Robert Gordon (retired. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USD A) for identi- fication confirmation. Voucher specimens were deposited in the UAM.
DISCUSSION
Crotch, H. parenthesis (Say), H. conver- gens Guerin, and Coccinella septempunc- tata L. were collected during the field study but no representatives were found in the UAM. Although the coccinellid species Ceratomegilla ulkei Crotch, Hippodamia expurgata Casey, H. arctica (Schneider), H, sinuata spuria LeConte, Coccinella califor- nica Mannerheim, C. johnsoni Casey, C. fulgida Watson, C. monticola Mulsant 1850 and Mulsantina hudsonica (Casey) are listed for Alaska either singly or in combi- nation by Belicek (1976), Gordon (1985), and McNamara (1991), these species were neither collected nor examined during this study (Table 1). The presence of these spe- cies in the state is uncertain. However, it is possible that they were not collected during this study due to its relatively narrow geo- graphic scope or that the species are not associated with habitats commonly found near areas of agricultural production.
A total of 489 individuals representing
42
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Table 1.
Lady beetle (Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) species listed from Alaska, numbers examined from University of Alaska Insect Collection (UAM) and numbers collected from the field during 2004 and 2005.
|
Taxon |
Listed* |
UAM |
Field |
|
Adalia bipunctata (L.) |
4 |
18 |
45 |
|
Anatis mali (Say) |
2,3 |
4 |
39 |
|
Anisosticta bitriangularis (Say) |
4 |
5 |
3 |
|
Anisosticta borealis Timberlake |
4 |
9 |
0 |
|
Calvia quatuordecimguttata (L.) |
4 |
18 |
46 |
|
Ceratomegilla ulkei Crotch |
4^ |
0 |
0 |
|
Coccinella californica Mannerheim |
3 |
0 |
0 |
|
C.fulgida Watson |
4 |
0 |
0 |
|
C. hieroglyphica mannerheimi Mulsant |
4 |
4 |
1 |
|
C. johnsoni Casey |
2,3 |
0 |
0 |
|
C. monticola Mulsant |
3 |
0 |
0 |
|
C. septempunctata L. |
- |
0 |
7 |
|
C. transversoguttata richardsoni Brown |
4 |
35 |
231 |
|
C. trifasciata perplexa Mulsant |
4 |
7 |
53 |
|
Hippodamia arctica (Schneider) |
4 |
0 |
0 |
|
H. convergens Guerin |
- |
0 |
43 |
|
H. expurgata Casey |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
H. falcigera Crotch |
3 |
0 |
3 |
|
H. parenthesis (Say) |
2,3 |
0 |
16 |
|
H. quinquesignata quinquesignata (Kirby) |
4 |
11 |
677 |
|
H. sinuata spuria LeConte |
4 |
0 |
0 |
|
H. tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say) |
4 |
85 |
152 |
|
Macronaemia episcopalis (Kirby) |
1,3 |
0 |
2 |
|
Mulsantina hudsonica (Casey) |
1,3 |
0 |
0 |
' Belicek 1976 = 1; Gordon 1985 = 2; McNamara 1991 = 3; All 3 authors = 4. ^ Listed as Hippodamia ulkei (Crotch) in Belicek 1976.
six taxa were collected from Japanese bee- tle traps during 2004 and 2005 (Table 2). Of those, H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinquesig- nata, and C. t. richardsoni were the most commonly collected taxa, making up 12, 51, and 18% of the total number of indi- viduals collected respectively. Hippodamia parenthesis, Adalia bipunctata (L.), and Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Mulsant were collected in low numbers.
A total of 420 individuals representing 10 taxa were collected from yellow adhe- sive cards. H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinquesig- nata, and C. t. richardsoni were the most
commonly collected taxa, making up 17, 62, and 13% of the total number of indi- viduals collected respectively. Hippodamia falcigera, H. parenthesis, H. convergens, Calvia quatuordecimguttata (L.), A. bipunctata, C. t. perplexa, and C. septem- punctata were collected in low numbers. No coccinellids were captured with cards at the Nenana locations during 2005. Due to staggered planting dates and other agro- nomic factors, data from different regions and study years could not be combined.
Coccinellids were collected sporadically in low numbers from pan traps during
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
43
Table 2.
Combined numbers of individuals of each taxon collected by all methods at each locality in the field study during 2004 to 2005.
|
Taxon |
F |
D |
Location* N |
P |
Date Range, All Locations |
|
Adalia bipunctata (L.) |
34 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
1 May -1 1 July |
|
Anatis mali (Say) |
39 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 May - 26 May |
|
Anisosticta bitriangularis (Say) |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
22 June - 3 Aug. |
|
Calvia quatuordecimguttata (L.) |
31 |
0 |
1 |
14 |
10 May -22 July |
|
C. hieroglyphica mannerheimi |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
28 July |
|
Mulsant |
|||||
|
C. septempunctata L. |
6 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
19 July - 09 Aug. |
|
C. transversoguttata richardsoni |
71 |
41 |
11 |
108 |
9 May - 6 Sept. |
|
Brown |
|||||
|
Coccinella trifasciata perplexa |
41 |
3 |
0 |
9 |
10 May - 12 Aug. |
|
Mulsant |
|||||
|
H. convergens Guerin |
40 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
16 June - 13 Sept. |
|
H. falcigera Crotch |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
9 June - 6 Sept. |
|
H. parenthesis (Say) |
3 |
4 |
6 |
3 |
9 May - 13 Sept. |
|
H. quinquesignata |
127 |
70 |
6 |
474 |
16 May - 9 Aug. |
|
quinquesignata (Kirby) |
|||||
|
H. tredecimpunctata tibialis |
55 |
1 |
4 |
92 |
10 May - 9 Aug. |
|
(Say) |
|||||
|
Macronaemia episcopalis |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
21 July -27 July |
|
(Kirby) |
' Locations: F, Fairbanks; D, Delta Junction; N, Nenana; P, Palmer.
2004-2005 (Table 2). A total of 121 indi- viduals representing nine taxa were col- lected. H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinquesignata, H. convergens, and C. t. richardsoni were the most commonly collected taxa, making up 19, 30, 17, and 19% of the total number of individuals collected respectively. H. falcigera, H. parenthesis, C. quatuordecim- guttata, A. bipunctata, and C. t. perplexa were collected in low numbers. Insufficient numbers were collected of any taxon from any location to determine seasonal abun- dance. However, some crop associations can be made. H. t. tibialis were collected from potato (n = 7), rhubarb (n = 8), broc- coli (Brassica spp.) (n = 1), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (n = 7); H. q. quinque- signata were collected from potato (n = 25), rhubarb (n=7), broccoli (n = 1), lettuce (n = 2), and tomato {Solanum lycopersicum L.) (n = 1). C. t. richardsoni was trapped from potato (n = 12), rhubarb (n = 3), broccoli (n
= 3), lettuce (n = 3), and mixed vegetables (n = 2). H. convergens was collected from potato (n = 1), tomato (n = 3), and pansies {Viola spp.) (n = 16).
A total of 107 individuals representing 1 1 taxa was collected by sweeping along potato field perimeters during 2005 (Table 2). H. t. tibialis, H. parenthesis, H. q. quin- quesignata, C. trifasciata perplexa, and C. transversoguttata richardsoni, were the most commonly collected taxa, making up 15, 9, 14, 15, and 37% of the total number of individuals collected respectively. Addi- tionally, A. bitriangularis, M. episcopalis, H. falcigera, Anatis mali (Say), C. quatuor- decimguttata, and A. bipunctata were col- lected in low numbers from herbaceous vegetation along potato field margins.
A total of 166 individuals representing 1 1 taxa were collected from foliage by hand picking (Table 2). H. t. tibialis was col- lected from rhubarb and lettuce. H. q. quin-
44
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
quesignata was collected from a wide vari- ety of plants including eggplant {Solarium melongena L.), lettuce, potato, and rhubarb. H. convergens was collected from banana peppers and potato. C. t. richardsoni was collected from potato and tomato. C. t. per- plexa was collected from eggplant, and rhubarb. During early May large numbers of C. quatuordecimguttata (n = 32), A. mail (n = 36), A. bipiinctata (n = 27), C. t. per- plexa (n = 13) were collected from Euro- pean bird cherry {Prunus padus L.) near agricultural areas.
Although not directly comparable due to differences in numbers of field sites and sampling days in each region, little differ- ence was noted in the relative abundance or species composition between the Tanana and Matanuska valleys. This is unexpected because the Matanuska valley is well known for its relatively mild climate com- pared to that of the Tanana valley in the interior. The majority of lady beetles was collected from Fairbanks and Palmer re- flecting the relatively heavy collecting com- pared to other areas. In Delta, only one field site was sampled during 2004 and two sites during 2005. Relatively few specimens were collected during 2005 from the two sites in Nenana.
Hippodamia convergens and C. septem- punctata are documented in Alaska for the first time (Table 1). Distribution maps of Acorn (2007) indicate the presence of C. septempunctata in the state; however, the source of the record is unstated and proba- bly based on speculation.
Hippodamia convergens is found throughout the USA and southern Canada (Gordon 1985). H. convergens was col- lected in small numbers during both years of the study (Table 1) in association with potato and mixed vegetables (Table 2). Since H. convergens is commonly available commercially and was collected near popu- lation centers (Fairbanks and Palmer), it is assumed that these specimens are a result of private biological control releases. It is un-
clear at this time whether H. convergens is established in Alaska.
Coccinella septempunctata is one of several species of coccinellids propagated and released throughout the west by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service for control of Russian wheat aphid {Diuraphis noxia [Mordoviko]) (Gordon and Vandenberg 1991). This species had been implicated in declines in abundance of native coccinellid species (Wheeler and Hoebeke 1995, Elliot et al. 1996, Alyokhin and Sewell 2004). The presence of this spe- cies in the study area is most likely the re- sult of a natural range extension or acciden- tal release because it is not readily available commercially (Hoffmann and Frodsham 1993). The apparently recent occurrence of C. septempunctata in Alaska should pro- vide a unique opportunity to study its im- pact on native coccinellids in the state.
During this study members of the sub- species H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinquesignata, and C. t. richardsoni were collected in highest numbers in association with agricul- tural crops. Of those species, H. q. quinque- signata was, by far, the most abundant, representing 51% of the total number of individuals collected during the field study. Due to their abundance in or around agri- cultural areas, H. t. tibialis, H. q. quinque- signata, and C. t. richardsoni show the most potential as naturally occurring bio- logical control agents in Alaskan agricul- tural systems. However, their role in Alas- kan agricultural systems is in need of fur- ther study. Additional research is needed to determine seasonal abundance, habitat pref- erence, and biology of these species in the state.
C. septempunctata has been reported to be invasive in some areas, displacing native species; its future impact on Alaskan coc- cinellid diversity should be monitored. H. convergens is available commercially in the state and its ability to overwinter is un- known.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
45
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Alaska vegetable and/or po- tato growers Frank Borman, Lyle Brasier, Ted Pyrah, Ben Vanderweele, and Sven Ebbesson for use of their farms; Pat Hollo- way for access to the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Georgeson Botanical Garden; and to Dr. Robert Gordon for coccinellid
identification confirmations. Phil Kaspari, University of Alaska Extension agent, pro- vided invaluable assistance in gaining ac- cess to producers’ fields. Technical assis- tance in the field was provided by James Malapanis, Richard Ranft, Bethany Sweet, and Robert Torgerson.
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McNamara, J. 1991. Family Coccinellidae ladybird beetles, pp. 229-237. In\ Y. Bousquet (Ed.) Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska, Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1861/E, 430pp.
Obrycki, J., J. and T. J. Kring. 1998. Predacious Coccinellidae in biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 43:295-321.
Pantoja, A., A. Hagerty, S.Y. Emmert, and J. Munyanesa. 2009. Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) associated with potatoes in Alaska: species composition, seasonal abundance, and potential phytoplasma vectors. American Journal of Potato Research: 86: 68-75.
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UAM. 2009. University of Alaska Museum of the North, http://www.uaf.edu/museum/collections/ento/ Accessed October 06, 2009
Villanueva, J.A. and R. Pena. 1991. Afidos (Homoptera: Aphididae) colectados en "trampas amarillas de agua" en la planicie costera de Veracruz, Mexico. Agrociencia Serie Proteccion Vegetal. 2: 7-20.
Washburn, R. H. 1972. The research insect collection. Agroborealis. 4: 6-7.
Wheeler, A. G. and E. R. Hoebeke. 1995. Coccinella novemnotata in northeast North America: historical occurrence and current status (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 97: 701-716.
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46
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
47
Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) associated with Garry Oak Ecosystems on Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia
J.A. McLEAN* ^ A.L. BEHENNAH^’^ and M. FAIRBARNS^
ABSTRACT
The ground beetle populations under 60% Garry Oak forest cover at Mary Hill and Rocky Point on the Southwest fringe of Vancouver Island were assessed in September/ October 2003 using pitfall traps. Two groups of five pitfall traps were set out at each location and collected weekly. The dominant species recovered was Pterostichus al- gidus which made up more than 75% of the insects caught at Mary Hill and more than 90% of the insects caught at Rocky Point. Thirteen species of carabid beetles were re- corded.
INTRODUCTION
Garry oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.) ecosystems of Southern Vancouver Island constitute a biodiversity hotspot in British Columbia. This study is a contribution to define the inventory of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in areas that con- tained at least 60% Garry oak. The study area occurs within the Coastal Douglas-fir Zone (CDFmm) near its western (wetter) limits. This biogeoclimatic zone is re- stricted to low elevations (<150m) along southeast Vancouver Island, the southern Gulf Islands and a small portion of the nearby mainland. The zone is characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet win- ters and has the mildest climate in Canada. Forests of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzi- esii (Mirb.) Franco), often with a secondary component of grand fir {Abies grandis Dougl. Ex D. Don) or western redcedar {Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), tend to dominate well-drained sites with medium textured soils. Drier sites, such as our study area, are dominated by Garry oak and/or arbutus {Arbutus menziesii Pursh) (Green and Klinka, 1994).
The Rocky Point area is close to a large concentration of First Nations’ (aboriginal)
burial cairns and was almost certainly on the edge of a major First Nations village. Both the Rocky Point and Mary Hill sites have been logged. Most of the Garry oak stands, especially along the western part of the CDF, were fire maintained for centuries and are now reverting to Douglas-fir - hence the spreading canopies of many of the Garry oak trees indicating that they grew in an open meadow (Fairbams, 2008).
Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) have been widely used in recent years as one of the indicators of forest change in Canada, especially in measuring the im- pacts of various harvesting regimes. In gen- eral, pitfall trapping of arthropods is more a measure of activity than density (Work et al. 2008). The taxonomic support for the Carabidae in Canada and North America is provided by an extensive set of keys devel- oped by Lindroth (1963-9). The biological notes for these species have been summa- rized by Larochelle and Lariviere (2003). The objective of this study was to deter- mine the ground beetle species richness in a relatively undisturbed Garry oak dominated ecosystem.
University of British Columbia, 3034-2424 Main
' Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Forestry,
Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 ^ 1829 Laval Avenue, Victoria, B.C. V8N 1M9 ^ Aruncus Consulting, 2130 Kings Road, Victoria, B.C. V8R 2P9 Corresponding author john.mclean@ubc.ca
48
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Locations. Two locations within the Department of National Defence lands on Southwestern Vancouver Island, that had greater than 60% Garry oak cover, were selected as secure trapping areas for this study. One was in the vicinity of Mary Hill (48°20’32”N, 123°32’50”W) and the other was near Rocky Point (48°19’20”N, 123°32’30”W). In each area, two trapping sites were set up (MHl and MH2 at Mary Hill and RPl and RP2 at Rocky Point) ap- proximately 100 m apart. At each site, 5 pitfall traps were set out in a semicircle. Inter- trap distances were ~25m. The hole for the pitfall trap was excavated with a bulb planter that resulted in minimal distur- bance of the litter layer that reduced dig- ging-in effects (Greenslade, 1973). Two plastic 500mL plastic cups (8cm lip diame- ter and 10cm deep) were inserted into the holes with the upper (inner) cup lip at the litter level. The outer cup retained the soil allowing easy removal of the inner cup for sample collection. The 75mL of polypro- pylene glycol was changed at each collec- tion. Each trap was covered with a 30 cm square of marine plywood supported on 3 cm risers at each comer to act as a rain and debris cover. Traps were set out on September 7*'’, 2003 and collected each week until October 5*^, 2003.
Three of the sites (MH 1 , MH2 and RP 1 ) were in vemally moist meadows overrun by robust exotic grasses. Each was surrounded by Garry oak in various mixtures with arbu- tus, grand fir and Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius (L.)). RP2 differed in that mature grand fir, Douglas-fir, arbutus and Garry oak dominated the site and the pitfall traps were set in the litter layer under these tree canopies where there was the lightest pres- ence of grasses. The Rocky Point sites were within 100m of the rocky shoreline while the Mary Hill Sites were more than 500m inland.
Vegetation Survey. A qualitative sur- vey was made of the dominant species in each site as well as some detail of the vege- tation around each pitfall trap. These data were especially useful for evaluating spe- cies which showed restricted distributions.
Data Analyses. Sorenson’s Cs similarity index (Southwood and Henderson 2000) was used to compare species richness be- tween sites within locations and between locations, where Cs = 2J/(2J+A+B), and A = number of species unique to Site A; B = number of species unique to Site B and J = the number of species common to both. This index ranges fi'om 0.0, no common species, to 1 .0, all species being common to the two samples, and has been rated as one of the better similarity measures by Smith (1986). Rank order abundance plots (Southwood and Henderson 2000) were made to demonstrate level of species abun- dance and richness at each site. ANOVA was used to compare Pterostichus algidus numbers among collecting locations and weeks. Tukey’s Test was used for pairwise comparisons (Statistix 7, 2000).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 1188 ground beetles, in 13 species, were collected with the dominant species {Pterostichus algidus) making up more than 85% of the total catch (Table 1). Significantly greater numbers of P. algidus were caught on the Rocky Point sites than on the Mary Hill sites. Lower numbers of P. algidus were caught in the second week when the mean daily temperature was lower and the highest weekly rainfall was re- corded (Fig. 1, Table 2). P. algidus is
known as a species that is common in mixed forests and has been noted above sea beaches, as we found in RPl and RP2 (Larochelle and Lariviere 2003).
The second most abundant species cap- tured was Trechus obtusus (Table 1) that was found in both locations but notably absent from RP2, where traps were set out in the litter layer and the grasses were sparse. In the other three sites, with the ver- nally moist meadows, traps that caught the
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
49
Table 1.
Numbers of ground beetles captured at each study site ordered by total numbers of individuals captured.
|
Location |
|||||
|
(Pitfall Trap Weeks) |
|||||
|
Species |
Mary Hill 1 |
Mary Hill 2 |
Rocky Point 1 |
Rocky Point 2 |
Total |
|
(20) |
(19) |
(20) |
(20) |
||
|
Pterostichus algidus LeConte |
187a’ |
128a |
343b |
361b |
1019 |
|
Trechus obtusus Erichson^ |
9 |
6 |
49 |
0 |
64 |
|
Calathus fuscipes (Goeze)^ |
27 |
12 |
0 |
0 |
39 |
|
Carabus nemoralis O.F. Muller^ |
8 |
12 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
|
Zacotus matthewsii LeConte |
0 |
8 |
5 |
1 |
14 |
|
Harpalus cautus Dejean |
4 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
9 |
|
Scaphinotus angusticollis (Fisher von Waldheim) |
2 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
7 |
|
Pterostichus herculaneus |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
Marmerheim |
5 |
5 |
|||
|
Scaphinotis marginatus (Fisher von Waldheim) |
0 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
5 |
|
Harpalus somnulentus Dejean |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
|
Harpalus affinis (Scrank) |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Omus dejani Reiche |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Poecilus lucublandus Say |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Totals |
238 |
174 |
406 |
370 |
1188 |
' Significantly more Pterostichus algidus captured at Rocky Point than at Mary Hill ANOVA, Tukey’s Test, (p<0.001).
^ Species noted as of recent European origin (Spence and Spence 1988)
Table 2.
Average weekly catch per trap of Pterostichus algidus and associated weekly weather data (as recorded at William Head, Environment Canada).
|
For week ending |
Average number P. fl/^/</«s/trap/week |
Average daily temperature °C |
Total weekly rainfall (mm) |
|
September 14”' |
13.6a‘ |
13.6 |
5.6 |
|
September 2 1 |
7.4b |
12.9 |
6.8 |
|
September 28”’ |
17.1a |
15.2 |
0 |
|
October 5th |
12.9a |
13.8 |
0 |
' Significantly fewer P. algidus captured in the second week, ANOVA, Tukey’s Test, p<0.001.
highest numbers of T. obtusus were in grassy areas near the edge of overstory canopies. Scotch broom was also noted near these traps. The next two most abundant species, Calathus fuscipes and Carabus nemoralis, were confined to the Mary Hill
sites. These two species (as well as T. ob- tusus) were recorded by Spence and Spence (1988) as being of recent European origin. The sex ratios (males per female) for the four most numerous species (see Table 1) were 0.90, 0.45, 0.29, 0.50 respectively
50
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
140 n
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
□ Mary Hill 1 ■ Mary Hill 2
□ Rocky Point 1 a Rocky Point 2
Weeki Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
September 2003
Figure 1. Total numbers of beetles captured in pitfall traps set out on DND Lands, Vancouver Island in September/October 2003 (5 traps per location).
c
TO
T3
C
3
Jd
0)
ttyo
O
Rank
— MHl — MH2 — RPl n RP2
Figure 2. Rank order abundance plots for the carabid communities at Mary Hill and Rocky Point, Southern Vancouver Island, September/October 2003.
showing that more females than males were captured.
The similarity coefficients (Table 3) were calculated to compare catches for sites within locations (MH1,MH2; RP1,RP2) and between locations (MH,RP). Six of the 7 species captured at the Rocky Point sites were also caught at Mary Hill which re- sulted in a higher similarity index for the two locations than between sites in the same location. The rank order abundance
plots (Fig. 2) show that a single species (see P. algidus in Table 1) dominated all catches.
A major concern in developing efficient biodiversity conservation is knowing the biodiversity already present and something of its distribution (Leather et al. 2008). This brief study documents the species that are active in the fall in a Garry oak community. The three exotic species from Europe are well established in the area.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
51
Table 3.
Similarity indices for the ground beetle catches at Mary Hill and Rocky Point. Based on data in Table 1.
|
Comparison |
A |
Parameters* B |
J |
Sorensen Coefficient (Cs) |
|
Mary Hill 1 vs Mary Hill 2 |
2 |
5 |
5 |
0.588 |
|
Rocky Point 1 vs Rocky Point 2 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
0.444 |
|
Mary Hill vs Rocky Point |
6 |
1 |
6 |
0.632 |
' Parameters for the Sorenson Coefficient (Cs): A = Unique species in first group, B = unique species in second group, J = species in both groups being compared.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank S. Carson and I.T. Behennah for assistance in the field. J. Jarrett re- viewed the ground beetle identifications. Support was provided by the Environmental Science Committee of Natural Resources
Canada and study sites were made available through the kind offices of CFB Esquimalt. Funding was provided by the Kathleen and Sheldon Rothwell Forest Research Fund at UBC Forestry.
REFERENCES
Fairbams, M. 2008. Biodiversity hotspots in British Columbia - Garry Oak Ecosystems, http:// www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/GarryOakEcosystems.html
Green, R.N. and K. Klinka. 1994. A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Vancouver Forest Region. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Land Management Handbook #28. 285 pp.
Greenslade, P. 1973. Sampling ants with pitfall traps: digging-in effects. Insectes Sociaux 20: 343-353
Larochelle, A. and Lariviere, M-C. 2003. A natural history of the ground beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae) of America north of Mexico. Penasoft Publishers, Sophia, Bulgaria. XX pp.
Leather, S.R., Y. Basset and B.A. Hawkins. 2008. Insect conservation: finding the way forward. Insect Conservation and Diversity 1: 67-69.
Lindroth, C.H. 1963-9. The ground-beetles of Canada and North America. Opulsca Entomologica Sup- plenta! 20, 24, 26, 29, 33, 34, 35:1-1 192.
Smith, B. 1986. Evaluation of Different Similarity Indices Applied to Data from the Rothamsted Insect Survey. University of York, York, (cited in Southwood and Henderson, 2000).
Southwood, T.R.E. and P.A. Henderson. 2000. Ecological Methods (3^“* Edition). Blackwell Science. 575
pp.
Spence, J.R and D.H. Spence. 1988. Of ground beetles and men: Introduced species and the synanthropic fauna of western Canada. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 144: 151-168.
Statistix 7, 2000. User’s Manual, Analytical Software, Florida, USA.359 pp.
Work, T.T., M. Koivula, J. Klimaszewski, D. Langor, J. Spence, J. Sweeney and C. Hebert, 2008. Evalua- tion of carabid beetles as indicators of forest change in Canada. Canadian Entomologist 140. 393-414.
52
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
53
Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia following the storms of December 2006
JOHN A. McLEAN^’^ and AGNES Lp ABSTRACT
Ground beetles in Stanley Park were surveyed using pitfall traps in two areas in 2007 that had little damage from the 2006 winter storms and in two areas in 2008 after exten- sive windfall material had been cleared away and the sites replanted. The most numer- ous species trapped were Pterostichus algidus, P. herculaneus, P. lama and Scaphinotus angusticollis. Seasonal patterns of occurrence and rank order abundance plots are pre- sented.
INTRODUCTION
Winds exceeding 110 km/h during the winter storms of 2006/2007 caused massive areas of blow down in the forests of Stanley Park, a prized recreational and educational area in the city of Vancouver. Stanley Park is Vancouver’s oldest and largest park. It was opened by Lord Stanley, Earl of Pre- ston, the Governor General of Canada in 1888 (Steele 1988). The central feature of the park is the 300 ha of uneven-aged coastal temperate rainforest that is largely classified under the EEC system as CWHdm (Green and Klinka 1994). Stanley Park was the site of several First Nations (aboriginal) villages before the arrival of Europeans in the 19‘*’ century. The forest was selectively logged between 1860 and 1880 and later protected from further devel- opment when it was designated as a mili- tary reserve (Vancouver Park Board 2003- 09).
The first records of insects in Stanley Park were made by Swaine (1914). Major control operations were carried out in Stanley Park for the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst) in 1930 and again in 1959 when there was an outbreak of the western hem- lock looper and the greenstriped forest looper, Melanolophia imitata (Walker)
(Richmond, 1986). The most recent control program was against the Asian Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar L. in 1992 (Van Sickle and Wood, 1994). Humble (2008) reported that 99 species of beetles, 122 spe- cies of moths and 11 species of sawflies have been recorded from Stanley Park and adjacent forest habitats on the North Shore by the Forest Insect and Disease Survey between 1949 and 1995.
A restoration plan was developed to guide the recovery of the park after the 2006/07 winter storms (Vancouver Park Board 2007). As part of the restoration plan, seasonal surveys of the moths were carried out (deWaard et al. 2009) as well as trapping for bark beetles and wood borers with semiochemical-baited traps. A series of pitfall traps were set out to survey epi- gaeic fauna. The rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) caught in these traps and in the funnel traps have been listed by McLean et al. (2009a, b). The ob- jective of this study is to report the results of the seasonal survey of the carabid ground beetles in undamaged areas in 2007 and to compare patterns of occurrence with areas where extensive blow down had been re- moved and areas replanted in 2008.
' Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, #3034-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 ^Corresponding Author: john.mclean@ubc.ca
54
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Areas. In 2007, a stand by the Vancouver Aquarium (49°18’02”N, 123°07’04”W) (Fig. 1, Site A) with a small amount of blow down (Fig. 2A) was desig- nated as a natural disturbance site where no restorative actions would be undertaken. The second study site for 2007 was an un- damaged mixed-age conifer forest to the east of Rawlings Trail south of the Hollow Tree (49°18’22”N, 123°09’1 1”W) (Fig. 1, Site B). This site experienced damage from Hurricane Freda in 1962 and has immature trees from that time as well as mature trees that survived the hurricane (Fig. 2B). The 2008 study sites included a stand to the west of the South Creek Trail (49°18’03”, 123°08’25”W) (Fig. 1, Site C) which had been logged and also burned in the 1860 fire. The high stumps (Fig. 2C) are a rem- nant from that period. The site was cleared of all fallen trees and replanted in the fall of 2007 with clumps of Douglas-flr
{Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western redcedar {Thuja plicata Dorm). The second 2008 study site along Merilees Trail (Fig. l,Site D) (49°18’40”N, 123°
09’02”W) had also been cleared and re- planted in the same manner as Site C (Fig. 2D).
Field Collections. In 2007, five pitfall traps were set out in each of Sites A and B. These traps were set out in association with a series of semiochemical-baited multiple funnel traps set out at 25m intervals to sur- vey bark beetles and wood borers. In 2008, a sixth baited multiple funnel trap was added to the survey along with a sixth pit- fall trap in Sites C and D. Cavities for the pit fall traps were excavated with a bulb planter. This allowed for minimal distur-
RESULTS AND
A total of 629 carabid beetle specimens (15 species in 8 genera) were captured, of which only 10 specimens (3 species in 3 genera) were non-native. The most numer- ous species collected in 2007 at Sites A and B were Pterostichus algidus LeConte and P. herculaneus Mannerheim. At Site B,
bance of the litter layer and the installation of two plastic 450mL plastic cups, 8 cm lip diameter and 1 0 cm deep, that were inserted so that the inner cup lip was at litter level. The outer cup retained the soil allowing easy removal of the inside cup for sample collection. The 75mL of polypropylene glycol was changed at each collection. Each pitfall trap was covered by a 30 cm by 30 cm square of marine plywood supported on 3 cm risers on each comer to act as a rain and debris cover. Phillips and Cobb (2005) showed that opaque covers over pitfall traps do not adversely affect carabid catch rates. Traps were set out in 2007 on April 20*^ and collected every two weeks until the end of August. In 2008, traps were set out on April 23'^'^ and collected monthly until the end of October.
Sample analyses. Samples were sorted at UBC Forestry and the ground beetles identified with the aid of the Lindroth (1961-69) keys to the ground-beetles of Canada and Alaska. Total catches for each year were tabulated and a rank abundance graph (Southwood and Henderson 2000) was prepared for each site to demonstrate species abundance and species richness. Graphs of the seasonal occurrence of the dominant species were also prepared.
Sorenson’s similarity coefficient (Cs) (Southwood and Henderson 2000) was de- termined among all sites. Cs = 2 J/(2J + A + B) where A the number of species unique to Site A, B = the number of species unique to Site B and J = the number species com- mon to both. This index is rated as one of the better similarity measures by Smith (1986).
DISCUSSION
moderately large numbers of the larger spe- cies Scaphinotus angusticollis (Fischer von Waldheim) and P. lama (Menetries) were also collected (Table 1); see also the rank abundance curves for 2007 (Fig. 3). In 2008, P. herculaneus and S. angusticollis were the more numerous species at Site C
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
55
Figure 1. Map of Stanley Park showing the locations of pit fall traps in 2007 and 2008.
while P. algidus and P. herculaneus were more numerous at Site D (Table 1). The major difference between Site C and the other three sites was that the duff layer in Site C had been considerably disturbed dur- ing log removal and the subsequent fine woody debris redistribution activities. The rank abundance curves for 2008 show that two species were dominant on sites C and D (Fig. 3). Just three non-native species, Carabus nemoralis O.F. Muller, Calathiis fiiscipes (Goeze) and Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger), were captured over the two years. Sorenson’s coefficients between pairs of sites (Table 2) showed considerable commonality of species in this CWHdm environment of Stanley Park.
Other ground beetles captured included Calathus fuscipes (Goeze), Lebia margini- collis Dejean, Leistus ferruginosus Manner- heim, Notiophilus sylvaticus Eschscholtz,
P. crenicollis LeConte, S. angulatus (T.W. Harris), S. marginatus (Fischer von Wald- heim) and Trachypachus holmbergi Man- nerheim.
Pterostichus herculaneus was caught most consistently throughout the trapping period on each of the four study sites with individuals being caught during each col- lecting period (Fig. 4). Johnson et al. (1966) reported this species in a dense stand of Douglas-fir as well as a recently logged stand in Washington State and that it fed readily on Douglas-fir seed. Niwa and Peck (2002) recorded consistent activity of P. herculaneus from July through October in a Douglas-fir forested area in Oregon.
Very few Pterostichus algidus were captured in July of both years (Fig. 4). This species is more active in the spring and fall. Very low catches were recorded at Site C which was the most disturbed site as a re-
56
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Figure 2. Photographs of study sites with pit fall traps to survey ground fauna in 2007 and 2008. A. A stand near the Vancouver Aquarium (2007); B. The forest to the eastern side of Rawlings Trail south of the Hollow Tree (2007); C. The cleared forest to the west of the South Creek Trail (2008); D. A view of the restored area along Merilees Trail (2008).
suit of repeated traveling of heavy logging equipment over the same trails even though brush mats were used. Another taxon that showed a similar reduction in catch num- bers at Site C was the Isopoda, dominated by the wood louse Oniscus ascellus L. (Isopoda: Oniscidae) where we collected 894, 83, 43 and 313, at Sites A, B, C and D respectively, during the same collecting periods.
Pterostichus algidus was reported by Johnson et al. (1966) to have a similar tem- poral catch profile in Washington State and that the beetle was a consistent eater of Douglas-fir seed. The larger Pterostichus lama was trapped most frequently in the June/July period at both Site B (2007) and Site C (2008) (Fig. 4). Johnson et al. (1966) reported that P. lama would eat Douglas-fir seed only as a last resort. We have no addi- tional data on this species’ trophic relation- ships. The largest catches of S. angusticollis were in the fall of 2007 at Site B and in the fall of 2008 at Site C (Fig. 4). S. angusticol- lis is reported as feeding on snails, slugs, earthworms and spiders (Larochelle and
Lariviere 2003) as well as juvenile western red-backed salamanders (Plethodon vehicu- lum Cooper) in captivity (Ovaska and Smith 1988). Ovaska and Smith (1988) further noted that S. angusticollis preferred slugs <25 mm long, the larvae feed on live snails and adults will feed only on crushed snails.
A search among rotting logs on Site A in February 2008 found two overwintering P. algidus along with a large number O. ascellus and a small colony of dampwood termites, Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen) (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae). The two P. algidus were placed in a small ter- rarium with rotting wood, 5 wood lice and 5 termite nymphs along with one soldier ter- mite as well as two piles of 10 Douglas-fir seed. The soldier termite was eaten, one wood louse was dismembered and one and a half seeds were eaten over a six week period. More accurate detailed feeding studies should be carried out to fully char- acterize the ecological niche of the ground beetles, including the habits of developing larvae, if we are to more fully appreciate
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
57
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58
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Table 2.
Sorenson’s coefficient (Cs) for pairwise comparisons of the species similarity between the four sites sampled in 2007 and 2008 in Stanley Park.
|
Site B (2007) |
Site C (2008) |
Site D (2008) |
|
|
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0.63 |
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|
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|
|
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0.80 |
123456789 10 11 12
Rank 2008
- -SiteC 0 Si te D
Figure 3. Rank abundance curves for the carabid beetles collected in Stanley Park in 2007 and
2008.
their roles and to more clearly understand the processes that are presumed to be dis- rupted by forest management activities. Work et al. (2008) have evaluated carabid beetles as indicators of forest change in Canadian boreal forests east of the Rocky
Mountains. Unfortunately only 5 of the 93 species they ranked were found in this study and then only as minor species. The carabid fauna in BC is quite distinct and needs further detailed investigation.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
59
Figure 4. Seasonal abundance of the four most abundant species of ground beetles during 2007 and 2008. Numbers shown represent the total catches from 5 traps in 2007 and 6 traps in 2008.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Canadian Food and In- well Forest Research Fund at UBC Forestry spection Agency, the Vancouver Park for their financial support.
Board and the Kathleen and Sheldon Roth-
REFERENCES
deWaard, J.R., J-F Landry, B.C. Schmidt, J. Derhousoff, J.A. McLean and L.M. Humble. 2009. In the dark in a large urban park: DNA barcodes illuminate cryptic and introduced moth species. Biodiversity and Conservation Online DOI 10. 1007/s 1053 1-009-9682-7
Green, R.N. and K. Klinka. 1994. A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Vancouver Forest Region. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Land Management Handbook #28. 285 pp.
Humble, L. 2008. History of survey and control activities for forest pests in Stanley Park and adjacent forest
60
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
environs. Journal of the Entomological Society of B.C. 105; 118 (Abstract only)
Johnson, N.E., W.H. Lawrence and I.D. Ellis. 1966. Seasonal occurrence of ground beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae) in three habitats in southwestern Washington. Annals Ent. Soc. Am. 56:1055-1059.
Larochelle, A. and M-C Lariviere 2003. A natural history of the Ground-Beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae) of America north of Mexico. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow 883 pp.
Lindroth, C.H. 1961-69. The ground beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelidae) of Canada and Alaska. Opus- cula Entomologica Supplementa. 20, 24, 29, 33-35: 1-1 192.
McLean, J.A., J. Klimaszweski, A. Li, and K. Savard. 2009a. First survey of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) from Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia with new records and description of a new species. Zookeys 22: 5-17
McLean, J.A., J. Klimaszweski, D.S. Chandler, K. Savard and A. Li. 2009b. Survey of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) frome Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with a new re- cord and description of a new species. Part 2. Zookeys 22: 19-33
Niwa, C.G. and R.W. Peck. 2002. Influence of prescribed fire on carabid beetle (Carabidae) and spider (Araneae) assemblages in forest litter in southwestern Oregon. Environ. Entomol. 31:785-796.
Ovaska, K and M.A. Smith 1988. Predatory behaviour of two species of ground beetles (Coleoptea:Caradidae) towards juvenile salamanders (Plethodon vehiculiim). Can. J. Zool. 66(3); 599- 604.
Philips, I.D. and T.P. Cobb. 2005. Effects of habitat structure and lid transparency on pitfall catches. Envi- ronmental Entomology 34: 875-882.
Richmond, H.A. 1986. From packhorse to helicopter. B.C. Ministry of Forests and Lands. Pest Management Report Number 8. 44 pp.
Smith, B. 1986. Evaluation of different similarity indicies applied to data from the Rothamsted Insect Sur- vey. University of York, York, (cited in Southwood and Henderson 2000).
Southwood, T.R.E. and P.A. Henderson. 2000. Ecological Methods (3rd Edition). Blackwell Science 575
pp.
Spence, J.R. and D.H. Spence. 1988. Of ground-beetles and men: introduced species and the synanthropic fauna of western Canada. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 144:151-168.
Steele, R.M. 1988. The Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation: The first 100 years. 3 pp.
Swaine, J.M. 1924. Forest Insect Conditions in British Columbia - a preliminary survey. Dominion of Can- ada, Depatment of Agriculture, Entomological Bulletin No. 7. 42 pp.
Vancouver Park Board, 2007. Stanley Park Restoration - Recommended Plan. 53 pp.
Vancouver Park Board, 2003-09. Stanley Park Nature: Forest Monument Trees. Accessed 2009-02-24.
Van Sickle G.A. and C.S. Wood 1994. In P.J. Hall (Compiler) Forest and Insect Disease Conditions in Can- ada 1992 - Pacific and Yukon Region. Natural Resources Canada 120 pp.
Work, T.T., M. Koivula, J. Klimaszewski, D. Langor, J. Spence, J. Sweeney and C. Hebert 2008. Evalua- tion of carabid beetles as indicators of forest change in Canada. Can. Entomol. 140: 393-414.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
61
Delayed recognition of the European poplar shoot borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Canada
LELAND M. HUMBLE^ JEREMY R. DEWAARD^’^ and MEGHAN QUINN^^
ABSTRACT
The long-term presence of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), a European shoot-boring pest of poplars, was discovered in British Co- lumbia during examination of cytochrome c oxidase I sequences of voucher specimens deposited in the Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, arthropod reference collection. Originally identified as a species of Epiblema, G. aceriana was first recov- ered in BC in 1980, almost 20 years before it was reported in Washington State. DNA barcodes from both larval and adult collections are demonstrated to be conspecific with an adult collection from Great Britain. Preliminary surveys of early and late instar larval feeding damage in southwestern British Columbia demonstrate that this shoot borer is established on southern Vancouver Island and throughout the lower mainland of the province. The eastern-most collections made to date include locations near Yale in the Fraser Canyon, from the lower Coquihalla River watershed and from Hope.
Key Words: Gypsonoma aceriana, European poplar shoot borer, Populus spp., DNA barcoding, COI, nonindigenous species detection
INTRODUCTION
Two species of shoot-boring Gypso- noma (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) that at- tack cottonwoods are known to occur in North America. The native cottonwood twig borer (CTB), G. haimbachii (Kearfott), ranges across eastern North America (Morris 1967; Solomon 1995), while the introduced European poplar shoot borer (EPSB), G. aceriana (Duponchel) (Fig. 1) has been reported only from west- ern Washington State (Miller and LaGasa 2001; LaGasa et al. 2001). Both species exhibit similar life histories and damage in cottonwoods. Early instar larvae feed as leaf miners from late summer through fall. The second instar larvae of both species
then spin hibemacula on the bark of stems or branches and overwinter. In the spring, larvae emerge from the hibemacula and bore into the developing green shoots, pro- ducing silk tunnels covered with frass and debris deposits at the entrances to their feeding galleries. At maturity, larvae of both species leave the damaged shoots and pupate in the leaf litter (Morris 1967; Solo- mon 1995; Miller and LaGasa 2001; La- Gasa et al. 2001).
As frass and silk tubes similar to those caused by late instar EPSB and CTB had previously been noted on Populus species in British Columbia (BC), we undertook to determine: 1) which of the species of Gyp-
‘ Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5
^University of British Columbia, Department of Forest Sciences, Forestry Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
^ Royal British Columbia Museum, Entomology, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 9W2 Current address. Urban Forestry, Parks Recreation and Forestry, 355 Lesmill Road, Toronto, ON, Can- ada M3B 2W8
62
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Figure 1. Adult male (dorsal view) of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel).
sonoma was present in BC; and, if either ranges of shoot-boring Gypsonoma spp. in
was present, 2) the host and geographic the southwestern area of the province.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Larval Hearings. During the spring of 2007, lateral and terminal new growth of black cottonwood, Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. 8c Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw, and Lombardy poplar, Populus nigra L. cv. 'italica', exhibiting feeding damage characteristic of EPSB were col- lected in the Greater Victoria area (Table 1) and reared until mature larvae emerged and dropped to the bottoms of the rearing tubes. Mature larvae were collected and placed into clean tubes with a 2-cm-deep layer of lightly moistened peat moss and held at room temperature until adult emergence.
Field Collections. In the fall of 2007, a roadside survey of Populus species was conducted in southwestern BC, along High- way (Hwy) 3 between Hope and Keremeos, along Hwy 3b from Keremeos to the junc- tion of Hwy 97, along Hwy 97 north to Vernon, then west on Hwy 97 through Falkland to the junction of Hwy 1, and then west on Hwy 1 to Hope. Two branches were cut from all sampled roadside trees (to a maximum of five trees per location), and the undersides of all leaves were examined for leaf mines constructed by first or second
instar larvae. A more detailed survey was conducted of the native and hybrid poplars managed by the British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range at Kalamalka Re- search Station, Vernon, BC. All leaf mines were dissected, and any larvae recovered were preserved in 95% ethanol. Between 2007 and 2009, additional sites were sur- veyed for characteristic larval damage of Gypsonoma during other field activities. Locations of all sites positive or negative for damage or life stages of Gypsonoma are documented in Table 1 (positive collec- tions) or Figure 2 (positive and negative sites).
Historical Collections. Voucher collec- tions and historical records of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey held in the Cana- dian Forest Service (CFS) Reference collec- tion (PFCA) at the Pacific Forestry Centre (PFC), Victoria, BC, were examined for previous collections of Gypsonoma.
Molecular and Morphological Identi- fications. DNA was extracted from legs removed from pinned adult specimens of Gypsonoma or from preserved first or sec- ond instar larvae extracted from leaf mines
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
63
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Field Collection Life Stage Collection Location Latitude Longitude Collection Date Host & Collector
Number [No of specimens] (dec. deg.) (dec. deg.) [Date of adult Collection Data
emergence]
HUM-07-0362 L[10] Saanich, Dupplin Rd 48.448 -123.378 26-viii-2007 in mine along leaf midvein, L.M. Humble
P. nigra cv. 'italica'
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rs
Previously identified as Epiblema n. sp.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
65
/■ — ‘.Cache Creek
imloops C
Vernon
Victoria
Penticton
Princeton
Nanaimo
‘^1 SEE 'ictoria INSET
Kilometers
|
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A |
Present - adult & larva |
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Present - damage only |
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Present - adult & larva: barcoded |
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Figure 2. Locations surveyed and distribution of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) in south- western British Columbia.
on Populus spp. (Table 1), and the barcode region of the mitochondrial gene cyto- chrome c oxidase I (COI) was amplified and sequenced using established protocols (Hajibabaei et al. 2005; Hebert et al. 2004; Ivanova et al. 2006; deWaard et al. 2008). BOLD-IDS, the identification engine of the Barcode of Life Database [see http:// www.barcodingIife.org/views/
RESULTS AND
The locations and hosts of all larval and adult collections of Gypsonoma examined in this study are documented in Table 1. We reared four adult Gypsonoma from two lar- val collections on Populus species in the Greater Victoria area. COI barcode se- quences were obtained from four reared adults and 1 9 larvae recovered from various Populus species in collections made be-
idrequest.php], was used to assign tentative identifications for all sequences. Identifica- tions were considered definitive if similar- ity scores of 100% were obtained. The bar- code-assigned determinations of adults were confirmed morphologically through genitalic dissections. All specimens were deposited in the collection at the PFC, CFS, Victoria, BC (PFCA).
DISCUSSION
tween 2006 and 2008. With the exception of one larva recovered from a leaf mine on black cottonwood in Victoria, all individu- als collected were assigned to the species Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Fig. 3) by the BOLD-IDS engine. A single larva of Batrachedra praeangusta (Haworth) recov- ered from an EPSB mine in the base of a leaf petiole in the spring of 2008 was also
66
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
jflandry1036 08-JDWBC-0074
1%
Dun<08<279 Dun-08-278, 08-JDWBC-3679 d8-JDWBC-3678 08-JDWBC-3677 08;JDWBC-3676|
.08ilDWB<>3672
08-JDWBC-3674 PFC-2006-0505 j 08-JDWBC-3673 08^DWBC-3672| 08-JDWBC-3671 08^DWBC-3667 8-JE^BC-3666j DWBC-36( DWB|:-36( DWBj3-36( PWB|:i-36e f)WBb|-36(
fcwBbi-see
5UDWBb|-36£
; 08-JDWBy-36f : 08-JDWB|i36£
;o8-jdwb:^
[PFC-200fi97( PFC-200#-0901 Dun-08-282 Dun-08-281 Oun-08-280 08-JDWB 0-3089
CGUKLB402-09
I G. salicicolana I G fasciolana
G. aceriana British Columbia
I G aceriana " England
Figure 3. Taxon-ID tree of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) and congeners in British Co- lumbia (modified from the tree output option of the Barcode of Life Database Identification System).
identified with BOLD-IDS. The neighbour- joining tree (based on Kimura-2-parameter distances (Kimura 1980) of COI sequences) that was generated by the BOLD-IDS en- gine also identified an additional nine COI sequences from voucher specimens depos- ited in PFCA (barcoded by LMH in order to build reference libraries of COI sequences) as those of G. aceriana. Five of the se-
quences were derived from moths originally identified as Epiblema sp. that had been reared from late instar larvae on P. b. trichocarpa in 2006, and an additional four sequences were obtained from moths cap- tured in light traps on southern Vancouver Island in 2007 (Table 1). BOLD-IDS indi- cated a close match between the specimens barcoded from BC (Table 2) and a single
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
67
reference specimen from Great Britain (Fig. 3). Genitalic dissection of FIDS 80-0271-01 confirmed the identifieation of the adult moths as G. aceriana.
A re-examination of the Olethreutinae housed in PFCA led to the discovery of three additional pinned adults and three freeze-dried larvae pinned in association with damaged shoots bearing the frass- covered entrance tubes characteristic of EPSB. The adults had been submitted to the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa in 1981 (Lot. No. 81-42) for determination and were identified as “probably Epiblema sp.”. That report noted that individuals of the other sex (males) were required for a definitive identification. A search of the historical Forest Insect and Disease Survey records (1949-1995) for all collections identified as Epiblema sp. on Populus spe- cies in BC produced five records, including the 1980 and 1981 collections (FIDS 1980- 0271-01 and 1981-0384-01) that were con- firmed to be G. aceriana in this study. No voucher specimens could be loeated for the remaining three collections; however, a series of damage photographs from one collection from the Cariboo (FIDS 1992-9- 0083-01, Horse Lake, BC, 51.607°, - 121.205°, 2-vi-1992, 6 larvae, D. White) document larvae identified as Epiblema boring in new shoots of P.b. trichocarpa. The absence of a dark prothoracic shield (present in G. aceriana) in the larval im- ages from Horse Lake provides conclusive evidence that the damage was not caused by EPSB. Damage similar to that noted at Horse Lake was collected again in 1994 (FIDS 1994-9-0668-01, Blue Lead Cr, E end of Quesnel Lake, 52.625°, -120.375°, 23-vi-1994, P. b. trichocarpa, damage only, R. Erickson). As this collection is in close proximity to the previous collection, we suggest that it is unlikely to have been caused by EPSB. The final record (FIDS 1991-9-0718-01, Saanichton, CPFP Seed Orchard, 30-V-1991, 48.600°, -123.440°, damaged shoots of Populus sp.) also con- sisted of damage only, and thus cannot be conclusively attributed to EPSB.
The occurrence of G. aceriana in North
America was first reported by Miller and LaGasa (2001) after a single male of EPSB was recovered near the port area of Seattle, WA, in 1998 and single males were de- tected at two additional locations in 1999. Subsequent surveys by LaGasa et al. (200 1 ) demonstrated that EPSB was widely distrib- uted in western Washington State. Voucher specimens (adults and freeze-dried larvae with associated damage) misidentified as Epiblema sp. (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) deposited in PFCA demonstrate that EPSB was already present in southwestern BC by 1980, almost 20 years before the species was first recorded in Washington State.
As all but one late instar larvae recov- ered from mines in petioles and new shoots in the spring, as well as all early instar lar- vae recovered from mines on the underside of leaves in the fall, exhibited COI se- quences identical to those of reared adults of G. aceriana, we feel eonfident that our visual survey records can be used to de- velop the first map of occurrences of EPSB in BC (Fig. 2). The full extent of ESPB distribution is yet unknown. It has been recovered on southeastern Vancouver Is- land from Victoria to Nanaimo, throughout the Fraser River valley, and as far inland as Yale in the Fraser Canyon and Carolin Mines Road along the Coquihalla Highway (Fig. 2). To date, evidence of damage caused by Gypsonoma sp. has not been found east of these locations. Although it is possible that low-level populations of EPSB may be present at some sites examined in the fall 2007 survey, we feel that the initial data are representative of EPSB distribution in those areas surveyed, as there was also no evidence of the more conspicuous de- bris-covered silken tubes constructed by the later instar larvae at the entrance to larval feeding tunnels that persist into the fall and winter (LaGasa et al. 2001). The results of this survey could be confirmed using phero- mones identified by Booij and Voerman (1984).
Miller and LaGasa (2001) note that similarities between the poplar floras of Europe and North America, as well as the wide distribution of EPSB and its status as
68
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Table 2.
Field collection numbers, Barcode of Life Database Sample ID and Process ID registration numbers, GenBank accession numbers, and life stage sampled for COI sequences of all indi- viduals successfully barcoded. Unless otherwise noted, all barcoded specimens are Gypsonoma aceriana. Voucher specimens are deposited in the reference collection (PFCA) at Natural Re- sources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia.
|
Field Collection Number |
BOLD Sample ID |
BOLD Process ID |
GenBank Accession No. |
Life Stage |
|
DUN-06-0043-01 |
Dun-08-278 |
DUNLP278-08 |
GQ845373 |
adult |
|
DUN-06-0043-01 |
Dun-08-279 |
DUNLP279-08 |
GQ845374 |
adult |
|
DUN-06-0043-01 |
Dun-08-280 |
DUNLP280-08 |
GQ845375 |
adult |
|
DUN-06-0043-01 |
Dun-08-281 |
DUNLP281-08 |
GQ845376 |
adult |
|
DUN-06-0043-01 |
Dun-08-282 |
DUNLP282-08 |
GQ845377 |
adult |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3656 |
LBCG3656-09 |
GQ845378 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3657 |
LBCG3657-09 |
GQ845379 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3658 |
LBCG3658-09 |
GQ845380 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3659 |
LBCG3659-09 |
GQ845381 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3660 |
LBCG3660-09 |
GQ845382 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3661 |
LBCG3661-09 |
GQ845383 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3662 |
LBCG3662-09 |
GQ845384 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3663 |
LBCG3663-09 |
GQ845385 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3664 |
LBCG3664-09 |
GQ845386 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3665 |
LBCG3665-09 |
GQ845387 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3666 |
LBCG3666-09 |
GQ845388 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0382 |
08-JDWBC-3667 |
LBCG3667-09 |
GQ845389 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0384 |
08-JDWBC-3672 |
LBCG3672-09 |
GQ845390 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0383 |
08-JDWBC-3673 |
LBCG3673-09 |
GQ845391 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0383 |
08-JDWBC-3674 |
LBCG3674-09 |
GQ845392 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0383 |
08-JDWBC-3675 |
LBCG3675-09 |
GQ845393 |
larva |
|
HUM-08-0260 |
08-JDWBC-3669 |
LBCG3669-09 |
GQ845394 |
larva |
|
HUM-08-0260 |
08-JDWBC-3671 |
LBCG3671-09 |
GQ845395 |
larva |
|
HUM-07-0136 |
08-JDWBC-3676 |
LBCG3676-09 |
GQ845397 |
adult |
|
HUM-07-0144-A |
08-JDWBC-3677 |
LBCG3677-09 |
GQ845398 |
adult |
|
HUM-07-0144-B |
08-JDWBC-3678 |
LBCG3678-09 |
GQ845399 |
adult |
|
HUM-07-0144-D |
08-JDWBC-3679 |
LBCG3679-09 |
GQ845400 |
adult |
|
PFC-2006-0505 |
PFC-2006-0505 |
LPVIA333-08 |
GQ845401 |
adult |
|
PFC-2006-0907 |
PFC-2006-0907 |
LPVIA665-08 |
GQ845402 |
adult |
|
PFC-2006-1970 |
PFC-2006-1970 |
LPVIB549-08 |
GQ845403 |
adult |
|
PFC-2006-1971 |
PFC-2006-1971 |
LPVIB550-08 |
GQ845404 |
adult |
|
HUM-08-0260 |
08-JDWBC-3670 |
LBCG3670-09 |
GQ845396 |
larva' |
' Larva of Batrachedra praeangusta (Lepidoptera; Momphidae) recovered from frass and debris covered silk tunnel at the base of a leaf petiole
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
69
a pest in Europe, suggest that this shoot- borer could still become a significant pest of poplars in North America. Because of its lengthy presence in western North America, the pathway by which EPSB was intro- duced will never be determined. In BC, G. aceriana has been recorded from native black cottonwood, as well as two intro- duced poplars, European white poplar (Populus alba L.) and Lombardy poplar, that are widely planted as ornamentals or windbreaks in southwestern BC. The detec- tion of EPSB in native poplars beyond ur- ban forests (see Table 1, collection HUM- 09-0365) suggests that natural spread has already occurred. The impact of EPSB on
native poplars has not been evaluated in North America; however, in Belgium, Hey- mans et al. (1983) found that clones of P. trichocarpa and P. trichocarpa X deltoides hybrids were more susceptible to EPSB damage than were P. deltoides X nigra clones, with the earliest flushing clones sustaining the heaviest damage. The cryptic nature of the hibemacula of overwintering second instar larvae makes detection of this pest in horticultural or forest nursery stock very difficult. Prevention of continued spread of EPSB through movement of live plants or planting stock will require con- certed efforts of the horticultural and forest silvicultural sectors.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding was provided by an NSERC Graduate Scholarship (to JRD), the Cana- dian Barcode of Life Network from Ge- nome Canada through the Ontario Genom- ics Institute, NSERC (to LMH), and other sponsors listed at www.BOLNET.ca. Field collections were supported by funding from
the CFS Invasive Alien Species program. The assistance of Dr. Jim Corrigan, BC Ministry of Forests and Range during sur- veys of poplars at Kalamalka Research Sta- tion is gratefully acknowledged and Gurp Thandi, Natural Resources Canada, PFC is thanked for producing the distribution map.
REFERENCES
Booij, C.J.H., and S. Voerman. 1984. Sex attractant for the poplar shoot-borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel). Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie 97:176-179.
Bradley, J.D., W.G. Tremewan, and A. Smith. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae, Curwen Press Ltd., London, England. 320 pp.
deWaard, J.R., N.V. Ivanova, M. Hajibabaei, and P.D.N. Hebert. 2008. Assembling DNA Barcodes: Analytical Protocols. Pp. 275-293 in Methods in Molecular Biology: Environmental Genetics (Ed: C. Martin; Humana Press Inc., Totowa, USA).
Hajibabaei, M., J.R. deWaard, N.V. Ivanova, S. Ramasingham, R. Dooh, S.L. Kirk, P.M. Mackie, and P.D.N. Hebert. 2005. Critical factors for the high volume assembly of DNA barcodes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 1959-1967.
Hebert, P.D.N., E.H. Penton, J.M. Bums, D.H. Janzen, and W. Hallwachs. 2004. Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 14812-14817.
Heymans, P., J. Deligne, and L. Nef 1983. Influence de facteurs genetiques et environnementaux sur la resistance des peupliers aux attaques de Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Land- bouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 48: 293-302.
Ivanova, N.V., J.R. deWaard, and P.D.N. Hebert. 2006. An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 998-1002.
Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through compara- tive studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 1 1 1-120.
LaGasa, E.H., P. Hertzog, D. Barshis, K. Turner, and H. Smith. 2001. Western Washington pheromone-trap delimiting survey and field observations for European poplar shoot borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an Old World poplar pest new to North America. Entomology Project Report - Washington State Department of Agriculture Publication 061 [online]. Available from
http://agr.wa.gOv/PlantsInsects/InsectPests/Exotics/Surveys/poplar_borer2000.aspx [accessed 1 5 June
2009].
70
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Miller, W.E., and E. LaGasa. 2001. First report of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortri- eidae), an Old World poplar pest, in North America. Proceedings of the Entomology Society of Washing- ton. 103; 1020-1022.
Morris, R.C. 1967. Biology of Gypsonoma haimbachiana (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), a twig borer in eastern cottonwood. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 60: 423-427.
Solomon, J.D. 1995. Guide to the insect borers of North American broadleaf trees and shrubs. Agriculture Handbook. 706. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 735 pp.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
71
Distribution of attacks and egg galleries by the spruce beetle around the bole of windthrown trees
L. SAFRANYIK^
ABSTRACT
The distribution of attack density and egg gallery length by the spruce beetle around the bole of windthrown spruce trees was investigated in central British Columbia. In wind- thrown trees that are oriented north-south or east-west, the circular distributions of both attack density and egg gallery length were significantly different from the uniform dis- tribution. The mean directions for the center of mass of the distributions suggest an evolved preference by the spruce beetle for establishing broods relative to habitat qual- ity. The preferred habitats for brood establishment were the shaded bottoms and lower sides of windthrown trees. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that attack pref- erence is a function of solar insulation during the attack period.
Key Words: Spruce beetle, attacks, circular distribution, survival, sampling
INTRODUCTION
The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculioni- dae, Scolytinae), is native to spruce (Picea sp.) forests of North America (Bright 1976). Endemic spruce beetle populations breed in fresh windthrown trees, logging residue, injured, diseased or decadent trees. Spruce windthrow is common in mature spruce forests and is the preferred host ma- terial of the spruce beetle even during out- breaks (Schmid 1981).
Windthrown trees, especially those that are scattered in stand interiors provide su- perior breeding habitat for the spruce beetle over standing trees likely because of attrib- utes such as snow cover that protects the broods from extremely cold temperatures and from predation by woodpeckers. Wind- throw occurs more frequently in the larger-
diameter classes and may also offer better nutritional conditions for brood survival compared to standing trees with low vigour.
Dyer and Taylor (1971) reported higher brood survival by the spruce beetle on the bottom of windthrown trees compared to the upper sides and Schmid (1981) found differences in both attack density and brood densities among the tops, sides and bottoms of windthrown trees. My objective was to test the null hypothesis that the circular distribution of attack densities and egg gal- lery lengths/m^ around the bole circumfer- ence of spruce windthrow is uniform and independent of the direction of fall. I have quantified the circular distributions and provided an explanation in terms of the adaptive and practical significance of the results.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study site was located approxi- mately 75 km southeast of Prince George, British Columbia, in the Naver Creek wa- tershed (53°24' N; 122'20' W), at an eleva- tion range of 900 m to 1400 m. The stands
comprised mature (> 150 years) hybrid white spruce (P. glauca x P. engelmanni hybrid population) and subalpine fir [Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt.], with an average stand density of 171 stems per hectare
' Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8Z 1M5. Email: lsafrany@nrcan.gc.ca
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
greater than 20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh). Spruce dominated the overstorey, making up 73.1 % of the stems greater than 20 cm dbh, with an average diameter at 1.3 m (dbh) of 50.5 cm. A few mature Douglas- fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were scattered throughout the study areas.
The windthrown trees used in the study were located in stand interiors and were attacked by spruce beetle during the spring of 1974. The following spring, bolts cut from six and five separate windthrown trees, oriented north-south (N-S) and east- west (E-W), respectively, were sampled to determine the circular distribution of spruce beetle attacks and egg gallery lengths around the bole. Prior to cutting, the top of each bolt was determined and marked as the midpoint between vertical posts positioned next to the bole on opposite sides.
From each selected N-S tree, one bolt averaging 42.1 cm in length (range: 29.6 cm to 51.8 cm) was cut from each of the bottom, middle and top third of the infested bole. The average diameter of the bolts was 33.8 cm (range: 21.3 cm to 46.6 cm). From the selected E-W trees, 13 bolts were cut, one to four bolts per tree. The average length and average diameter of the bolts were 41.4 cm (range: 28.9 cm to 56.1 cm) and 32.6 cm (range: 26.8 cm to 54.8 cm), respectively. In the laboratory, each end of each bolt circumference was divided into nine equal strips, each strip representing a 40° angular interval. On bolts cut from N-S windthrow, the first such interval was des- ignated as being located directly west of the top of the bolt. On bolts cut from E-W windthrow, the first 40° angular interval was designated as being located directly north of the top of the bolt. Continuing from the top around the circumference of the bolt, each strip was designated by the midpoint of the respective angular interval; e.g., 20°, 60°, ..., 340°.
All bark was carefully removed from each strip, and the following information
was recorded:
• strip length and width;
• number of egg gallery entrances (attacks), and;
• length of exposed egg galleries.
Egg gallery length in a bark strip was de- fined as the sum of the lengths of all com- plete egg galleries and the lengths of all partial egg galleries. The number of attacks and total egg gallery lengths were con- verted to numbers per square meter prior to analysis by dividing respective totals by the strip bark area. In what follows, egg gallery length/m is referred to as egg gallery length.
For bolts cut from N-S windthrow, variation in attack density and egg gallery length by tree and bolt position were ana- lysed by analysis of variance in a random- ized complete block design with wind- thrown trees as blocks. For bolts cut from E-W windthrow, variation in attack density and egg gallery length by windthrow was analysed by analysis of variance in a com- pletely randomized design. The relationship between densities of attack and egg gallery length was analysed by linear regression. For bolts cut from N-S windthrow, the em- pirical circular distributions by bolt position and of the total number of attacks were compared by chi-square test, as were the overall empirical circular distributions of the total number of attacks by windthrow orientation (Batschelet 1965).
The statistics for the empirical circular distributions of attack density and egg gal- lery length by windthrow orientation were calculated as in Batchelet (1965). Based on the observed angular distribution of attacks and egg gallery lengths, the mean direction (ttm) was calculated as follows:
[la] Om = arctan{[(l/n) I"sin(ai)]/[(l/n) I"cos(ai)]}, if (1/n) S"cos(ai) > 0.
[lb] Om = 180°+ arctan{[(l/n) S"sin(aj)]/ [(1/n) rcos(tti)]}, if (1/n) rcos(aO < 0, where Uj = the angle corresponding to the midpoint of angle class i. The length of the mean vector (r), dispersion about the mean direction in radians (s) and skewness (g) were calculated as given in equation 2, 3 and 4, respectively:
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
73
[2] r = (x^ + x = S"cos(aj),
y = H"sin(ai), n = sample size.
[31s = [2(l-r)f*
[4] g = f2 (sin (2 - a2m), a2mis calcu-
latedas in equations [la] and [lb] and r2is calculated as in equation [2] but by doubling
each angle Oi
The Rayleigh test (z; Batschelet 1965) was used to test the null hypothesis that the dis- tribution of the direction of fall of wind- thrown trees was uniform (equation 5).
[5] z = nr
RESULTS
In N-S windthrow, there was significant variation among windthrow in attack den- sity, but not in egg gallery length or in ei- ther of these variables among bolt positions within trees (Table 1). The mean attack density and egg gallery length was 18.3/m^ and 250.1cm/m“, respectively. In E-W windthrow, there was no significant varia- tion among trees in attack density or egg gallery length (Table 1). The mean attack density and egg gallery length was 20.9/m^ and 278.3 cm/m , respectively.
The relationship between egg gallery length/m^ (Y) and attack density/m^ (X) was linear for both windthrow orientations (Figure 1). The equation for the combined data is given in equation 6.
[6] Y = 21.47 + 12.93 X, n = 135, r = 0.839, s.e.= 145.82
The intercept of [6] was not significantly different from zero (t =1.285, p = 0.20). The estimated average egg gallery length per attack based on the zero intercept re- gression of Y on X (equation 7) was 13.55 cm.
[7] Y= 13.55 X
Even though there was a strong linear relationship between egg gallery length and attack density, mean egg gallery length per attack tended to be higher in those orienta- tion angle classes that corresponded with the highest mean attack densities (Figure 2).
In N-S windthrow, there was no signifi- cant difference in the circular distributions by bolt position of attack totals per strip (i2df) = 12.83, p = 0.37). Based on this find- ing, and the observation of no difference in either attack or egg gallery length among bolt positions, and the highly significant correlation among attack density and egg
gallery length, analysis of the circular dis- tributions of attack density and egg gallery length was done on data combined over bolt position.
The circular distributions of attack (a) and egg gallery length (e) differed signifi- cantly from uniform distributions in bolts cut from windthrow oriented either N-S or E-W (Table 2). The length of the mean vec- tor and the dispersion about the mean direc- tion for each of the variables (a) and (e) were nearly the same magnitude in both windthrow orientations. The mean angles were nearly identical for attack density and egg gallery length within, but not between, the two orientations (Table 2). In N-S wind- throw, the mean angles for both variables were greater then the respective means in E-W windthrow. The distribution of egg gallery length was more skewed than that for attack density, especially in N-S wind- throw (Table 2).
There was no difference in the empirical circular distributions of attacks per bark strip in windthrow of the two orientations (Table 3). This result is explained by the nerly identical mean vectors and disper- sions of attack density in windthrow of the two orientations (Table 2). Because attack density and egg gallery length were highly correlated, the distribution of the latter was largely determined by that of the former. In windthrow, of both orientations, both attack density and egg gallery length were highest on the bottom quadrants of the trees. (Figures 3 and 4). The respective means corresponded with the angular intervals 120° to 160°, 240° to 280° (north-south) and 80° to 120°, 200° to 240° (east-west).
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Table 1.
F-statistics and associated probability levels for variation among windthrown spruce trees and among positions in trees of attack density and egg gallery length for windthrow oriented north- south and for variation among windthrow oriented east-west.
|
Source of variation |
Attacks/m^ |
Egg gallery length/m^ |
|
Trees |
Windthrown trees oriented north-south p4,8 df = 4.324, p < 0.037 F4,g df = 1 -575, p < 0.270 |
|
|
Position |
F2,8df= 2.139, p< 0.180 |
F2,8 df ~ 0.1 26, p < 0.883 |
|
Trees |
Windthrown trees oriented east-west F5.7 df = 0.609, p < 0.697 F5,7 df = 2.688, p < 0. 1 1 5 |
Windfall orientation: North-South
0 20 40 60 80 100
Attack density
Windfall orientation: West-East
E
o
(/)
c
0)
■O
O)
c
V
_cg
■(5
cn
O)
O)
LU
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Attack density
Figure 1. Relationship between egg gallery length (cm)/m^ and attack density/m^ by the spruce beetle in spruce windthrow oriented in two directions. Pooled data from all orientation angle classes.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
75
♦Y!
my 2
Top
Bottom
Top
Figure 2. Mean egg gallery length per attack (±1SD) by the spruce beetle in windthrow ori- ented north-south (Y2) and east-west (Yl) around the circumference of the bole.
Table 2.
Statistics for the empirical distributions of attack density and egg gallery length around the bole in spruce windthrow oriented in two directions.
|
Statistic* |
Direction of fall |
|||
|
North-South |
East- West |
|||
|
Attacks/m^ |
Egg gallery (cm)/m^ |
Attacks/m |
^ Egg gallery (cm)/m^ |
|
|
Mean direction (Om) |
184.9° |
182.1° |
167.3° |
166.4° |
|
Mean vector (r) |
0.307 |
0.350 |
0.284 |
0.317 |
|
Dispersion (s) |
67.5° |
65.3° |
68.6° |
67.0° |
|
Skewness (g) |
0.034 |
0.150 |
0.085 |
0.114 |
|
Z=nr^ |
15.268** |
27.685** |
8.720** |
13.767** |
' See equations 1 to 5 in Methods ** Significant at p < 0.01
DISCUSSION
Mean attack density, egg gallery length, and mean egg gallery length per attack found in this study are typical for endemic spruce beetle populations in spruce wind- throw in central British Columbia. Over a five-year period in the Naver Forest, the yearly mean attack density by spruce beetle in windthrow ranged from 14.7/m^to 51.7/ m^, and the corresponding range in egg gallery length was 120cm/m^ to 670cm/m^
(Safranyik and Linton 1999). The mean egg gallery length per attack found in this study (13.55 cm) was well within the range re- ported by Safranyik and Linton (1999; 8.2 cm to 19.8 cm) and close to the average egg gallery length in spruce bolts (12.7 cm; Safranyik and Linton 1983) and trees (13.0 cm; Wood 1982). The lack of significant variation by bolt position in attack density and egg gallery length was surprising, con-
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Table 3.
Chi-square test of the empirical distributions around the bole of attacks per bark strip by the spruce beetle in spruce windthrow oriented in two directions.
|
Angle class mid-point |
Observed |
Expected |
|||
|
North-South |
East-West |
Sum |
North-South East-West |
||
|
20 (top) |
7 |
8 |
15 |
9.0 |
6.0 |
|
60 |
11 |
8 |
19 |
11.4 |
7.6 |
|
100 |
13 |
16 |
29 |
17.4 |
11.6 |
|
140 |
30 |
17 |
47 |
28.2 |
18.8 |
|
1 80 (bottom) |
28 |
18 |
46 |
27.6 |
18.4 |
|
220 |
22 |
19 |
41 |
24.6 |
16.4 |
|
260 |
29 |
10 |
39 |
23.4 |
15.6 |
|
300 |
11 |
9 |
20 |
12.0 |
8.0 |
|
340 (top) |
11 |
13 |
14 |
8.4 |
5.6 |
|
Sum |
162 |
108 |
270 |
162 |
108 |
|
(8do “ 10.54, |
p=0.23 |
Figure 3. Empirical circular distribution of mean attack density/m2 (±1SE) and egg gallery length/m2 (±1SE) by the spruce beetle on spruce windthrow oriented north-south.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
77
Figure 4. Empirical circular distribution of mean attack density/m^ (±1SE) and egg gallery length/m^ (±1SE) by the spruce beetle on spruce windthrow oriented east-west.
sidering changes along the bole in host vari- ables such as diameter, bark thickness branch size and density, and the humped distribution of attacks on height above ground (Saffanyik and Linton 1987).
Even though there was a strong linear relationship between attack density and egg gallery length, mean egg gallery length per attack tended to be higher in the orienta- tion-angle class that had the highest attack densities (Figure 2). This suggests that, in
addition to attack density, the position of an attack on the bolt circumference affected egg gallery length per attack. This effect explains, in part, the relatively greater skewness of the empirical circular distribu- tions of egg gallery length compared to the attack density (Table 2; Figures 3 and 4).
The results reported in this paper regard- ing the distribution of attacks around the bole by the spruce beetle in windfall con- firm earlier results. Safranyik and Linton
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
(1987; 1988) reported higher attack densi- ties by the spruce beetle on the north as- pects of trees, near the duff, and the shaded (northeast and southeast) aspects of stumps. Schmid (1981) reported that, in windthrow, attack and brood densities were the highest on the bottom, lowest on the top, and inter- mediate at the sides of the bole. Moreover, Safranyik and Vithayashai (1971) found a significantly non-uniform circumferential distribution of attacks by the mountain pine beetle {Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) around the bole of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann) with highest attack density corresponding to the shadiest aspect of the bole during the time of peak daily attack period.
The highly significant mean vectors for the circular distribution of attack and egg gallery length in windthrown trees of both orientations indicate an evolved preference for brood establishment based on habitat quality. In both windfall orientations, there was a strong preference by beetles to estab- lish attacks on the bottom of the bole, as indicated by the direction of the mean vec- tor. In N-S and E-W windthrow, the “center of mass” of attacks was located 5° east and 13° north of bottom center of the bole, re- spectively. Due to the low density of the overstory trees in this study (mean distance among neighbouring trees =7.6 m), most windthrow received only light to moderate shading, resulting in differences in insula- tion on various aspects of the bole. In N-S and E-W windthrow, excepting the bottom of the bole, respectively the east and north sides would have received the least insula- tion during peak daily attacks.
In mature spruce forests, most of the endemic windthrow is comprised of larger- diameter trees (Stathers et al. 1994). Wind- thrown trees have no resistance to attack, and often provide a large and thermally stable phloem resource for exploitation, especially at the bottom and sides of the bole. Frequently, some roots of windthrown trees are not tom from the ground and re- main functional for some time. This also
can contribute to maintaining phloem qual- ity, especially on the undersides of wind- thrown trees. As described in the Introduc- tion, spmce beetles in windthrown trees are protected by snow cover during winter from extremely low temperatures as well as from predation by woodpeckers. All of these characteristics make spmce windthrow in general, and especially the bottom and sides, preferred habitat for spmce beetle. This preference apparently evolved even though the rates of brood development in shadier sides of windthrow are reduced, resulting in an extended life cycle in the preponderance of the brood in most years. Hence, it appears that the evolution of this preference is the result of a trade off be- tween development rates and survival.
Based on studies of mountain pine bee- tle behaviour in relation to heat and light conditions. Shepherd (1965) hypothesized that both high heat and high light intensity stimulate flight. Therefore attacking beetles tend to seek the shadier aspects of the bole. This hypothesis is consistent with the na- ture of the circular distribution of spmce beetle attacks in windthrow, as well as pub- lished information cited earlier regarding the distribution of attacks by this species in trees and stumps, as well as attack and brood densities in windthrow.
The results presented here have implica- tions for sampling spmce beetle populations in windthrow to determine population den- sity, brood survival and the relative sizes of the attacking (parent) and emerging (offspring) population. These results indi- cate that reliable estimates of mean attack density may be obtained by taking samples along the sides of the bole. However, as the distribution around the bole of brood sur- vival is affected by a number of factors in addition to attack density (including habitat quality, competition for food and space, and predation), the location around the bole of mean brood survival may be different from that of attack density and egg gallery length.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
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REFERENCES
Batschelet, E. 1965. Statistical methods for the analysis of problems in animal orientation and certain bio- logical rhythms. The American Institute of Biological Sciences, 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, Washington, D.C. 57 pp.
Bright, D. E.1976. The bark beetles of Canada and Alaska. Biosystematics Research Institute Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture Ottawa. Publication! 576. 241 p.
Dyer, E. D. A. and D.W. Taylor. 1968. Attractiveness of logs containing female spruce beetles, Dendrocto- niis obesus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The Canadian Entomologist 100:769-776.
Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1983. Brood production by three spp. of Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolyti- dae) in bolts from host and non-host trees. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 80:10-13.
Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1985. Influence of competition on size, brood production and sex ratio in spruce beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 82:52- 56.
Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1987. Patterns of landing of spruce beetles, Dendroctonus nifipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), on baited lethal trap trees. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Co- lumbia 84:21-32.
Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1988. Distribution of attacks on spruce stumps by the spruce beetle, Den- droctonus nifipennis Kirby (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and effects on length of egg galleries. The Canadian Entomologist 120:85-94.
Safranyik, L. and D.A. Linton. 1999. Spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) survival in stumps and windfall. The Canadian Entomologist 131:107-1 13.
Schmid, J.M. 1981. Spruce beetles in blowdown. USDA Forest Service Rocky mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Fort Collins, Colorado. Research Note RM-41 1. 6 pp.
Shepherd, R.F. 1965. Distribution of attacks by Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. on Pinus contorta Dough var. latifolia Engelm. The Canadian Entomologist 97:207-215.
Stathers, R.J.; T.P. Rollerson, and S.J. Mitchell. 1994. Windthrow handbook for British Columbia. B. C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. Working Paper 940. 131 pp.
Wood, S. L. 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great basin Naturalist Memoirs Number 6. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. 1359 pp.
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
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SCIENTIFIC NOTE
Eleodes obscurus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): confirmation of a Canadian population and possible northward expansion from Washington State into British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley
R.A. CANNINGS^ and G.G.E. SCUDDER^
Eleodes is a western North American tenebrionid beetle genus of about 130 spe- cies, 14 of which are recorded in British Co- lumbia (Bousquet and Campbell 1991). Most are restricted to BC’s Southern Interior grasslands, where they are a distinctive com- ponent of the insect fauna. The large size and the defensive habit of many species (headstanding and releasing irritating quinone compounds (Tschinkel 1975)) make them conspicuous. The genus is often the subject of ecological and population studies in grasslands and desert ecosystems (e.g., CnsX etal. 1992).
Eleodes obscurus (Say) ranges from southern BC south to northern Mexico and east to Texas, Kansas and Wyoming, with most of the range west of the Rocky Moun- tains occupied by the subspecies E. obscurus sulcipennis Mannerheim (Charles. A. Triple- horn, pers comm.; Blaisdell 1909). Triple- horn (pers. comm.) gives the distribution of E. obscurus sulcipennis as Arizona, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, and Texas in the United States and Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango in Mexico.
In Canada, E. obscurus is recorded only from British Columbia (Bousquet and Camp- bell 1991). There are reports from the Okanagan in 1912 and 1913 (Brittain 1913, 1914); the only locality noted is Larkin in the North Okanagan (Brittain 1914). Apparently, these are the BC records cited by Boddy (1965), but it is not known if the identifica- tions are accurate or if the specimens exist in any collection. No Canadian collections that we checked (Canadian National Collection
of Insects, Ottawa; Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria; Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria; Spencer Entomological Museum, Vancouver) contain BC material collected earlier than our own specimens discussed herein. Charles Triplehom (pers. comm.) has no Canadian records in his extensive data.
As part of a large study by Scudder (2000) on the biodiversity of terrestrial ar- thropods of the Antelope-brush steppe in the South Okanagan Valley, Latham (1995) re- ported on the distribution of tenebrionid bee- tles that Scudder collected in 1994 and 1995. Pitfall traps set at ten sites ranging from the east side of Osoyoos Lake, Oroville, WA, in the south (48°58’N 119°25’W) to the south end of Vaseux Lake, BC, in the north (49°16’N 119°30’W) collected nine species of tenebrionid beetles, including six of Eleodes. Eleodes obscurus was collected only at the Washington State site, which is about a kilometre south of the International Boundary and it was recorded in all months between May and September. The species has been common and widespread in eastern Washington for many years (Rogers et al. 1978).
Although we collected extensively around Osoyoos Lake in the 1970s and 1980s, we never found E. obscurus. Scudder did not collect a single specimen at the Haynes Ecological Reserve (north end of Osoyoos Lake), which he monitored by monthly pitfall trapping from 1991 to 2008. However, about 20 km to the southeast, near his home in Osoyoos, he ran traps in rem- nants of Antelope-brush steppe; ten speci- mens came from these collections (1992-
^ Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2. rcannings@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca. (250) 356-8242.
^ Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4. Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC.
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J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
1996). In addition, starting in 1990, he and his wife hand-collected specimens around their garden, recording 14 specimens up to 2008; ten of these were from 2004 and later.
All this suggests that although E. obscu- rus has been widespread in the dry grass- lands of Washington State for decades, it has been absent or rare in the adjacent Okanagan Valley in Canada. A couple of historic re- cords from 1912-13, when the species was reported as a possible agricultural pest, are unverified and possibly represent misidentifi- cations, given that there are several large Eleodes species and other similar tenebri- onids in the region. Eleodes obscunis, with its large size and striking defensive behav- iour, is readily recorded when it is present. The notable increase in records since 1990 around Osoyoos, BC, immediately north of the International Boundary, indicates that the beetle’s range may be expanding northward. Future records from grasslands to the north of Osoyoos Lake will confirm this observa- tion.
Material examined. Collections housing material are abbreviated thus: CNCI
(Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Ottawa, ON), GOES (G.G.E. Scudder Collection, Vancouver, BC), RBCM (Royal British Co- lumbia Museum, Victoria, BC), UBC (Spencer Entomological Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC)
CANADA: BRITISH COLUMBIA:
Osoyoos, East Bench, 49°1’31.88”N x 1 19°25’12.43”W, Purshia association, pitfall trap, 20.iv.-l l.vi.l992 (1), 1 l.vi-3.vii.l992 (3), 9.v-17.vi.l993 (1), 5.viii-12.ix.l994 (1),
8. v-13.vi.l996 (1), 13.vii-16.viii.l996 (2), G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 13.vii-16.viii.l996 (1) G.G.E. Scudder (RBCM). Osoyoos, East Bench, 49°1’34.00”N x 1 19‘’25’15.00”W, hand collected in garden, 12.vi. 1990(1), G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 30.vi.l991 (1), 20.vi. 2001 (1), J. Scudder (UBC); 25.V.2002 (1) G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 25.V.2002 (1), G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 24.V.2004 (1), R.R. Stubbs (CNCI), l.vii.2004 (2), 8.vii.2004 (1), G.G.E. Scudder (CNCI); 14.V.2005 (1), 27.V.2005 (1), 28.V.2005 (1), 27.vi.2005(l), G.G.E. Scudder (UBC); 27.V.2008 (1), J. Scudder (CNCI); 12.vi.2009 (1), 17.vi.2009 (1), G.G.E. Scudder (RBCM); SOCAP site 7 (H90-73) [unknown South Okanagan site],
9. V.1990, H. Knight (RBCM).
USA: WASHINGTON: Oroville, E
Osoyoos Lake, 48°58’N x 119“25’W, Pur- shia association; AN, BGxhl, pitfall trap, all collected G.G.E. Scudder. 5.v-30.v.2004 (1, GGES; 4, UBC); 30.v.-5.vii.l994 (6, RBCM; 4, UBC); 5.vii.-2.viii.l994 (4, CNC; 3, UBC); 2.viii.-6.ix.2004 (11, UBC); 6.ix- 6.X.1994 (2, UBC); 4.v.-7.vi.2005 (3,
UBC);7.vi-9.vii.l995 (2, UBC); 7.vii-
9viii.l995 (6, UBC).
REFERENCES
Blaisdell, F.E. 1909. A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging to the tribe Eleodini inhabiting the United States, Lower California and adjacent islands. United States National Museum Bulletin 63: 1-524.
Boddy, D.W. 1965. Family Tenebrionidae. Pp. 130-1 83 in M.H. Flatch. The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part IV: Macrodactyles, Palpicomes and Heteromera. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 268 pp.
Bousquet, Y. and J.M. Campbell. 1991. Family Tenebrionidae. Pp. 253-261 in Y. Bousquet (Ed.). Checklist of beetles of Canada and Alaska. Publication 186 IE, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. 430 pp.
Brittain, W.H. 1913. Report from Okanagan district. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Co- lumbia 2: 13-16.
Brittain, W.H. 1914. Report from the Okanagan district: Insect pests of the year in the Okanagan. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 4: 14-19.
Crist, T.O., D.S. Guertin, J.A. Wiens and B.T. Milne. 1992. Animal movement in heterogenous landscapes: an experiment with Eleodes beetles in shortgrass prairie. Functional Ecology 6: 536-544.
Latham, S.J. 1995. Biodiversity of the Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) under different grazing regimes in the South Okanagan. Unpublished Bachelor of Science (Honours) thesis. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 38 pp.
Rogers, L.E., N. Woodley, J.K. Sheldon and V.A. Uresk. 1978. Darkling beetle populations (Tenebrionidae) of the Hanford Site in southcentral Washington. Technical Report. Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA. 129 pp.
Scudder, G.G.E. 2000. Arthropod species at risk, and livestock grazing in the South Okanagan of British Colum- bia. Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 6: 15-20.
Tschinkel, W.R. 1975. A comparative study of the chemical defensive system of tenebrionid beetles: chemistry of the secretions. Journal of Insect Physiology 21: 753-783.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
83
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
Notes on the taxonomy and status of the genus Hesperia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) on Vancouver Island
JAMES W. MISKELLY^
The genus Hesperia includes five species in British Columbia (BC), the most widely occur- ring of which are Hesperia comma (Linnaeus) and Hesperia Colorado (Scudder) (Layberry et al. 1998). Although H. comma and H. Colorado have sometimes been considered conspecific (Guppy and Shepard 2001), most recent authors recognize them as distinct species (Layberry et al. 1998, Pyle 2002, Acorn and Sheldon 2006). H. comma is presently considered to be a holarc- tic species found throughout the boreal forest in North America, extending into southern BC at higher elevations, with H. Colorado occurring throughout the western United States and rang- ing north into southern BC (Guppy and Shepard 2001). In the northern part of its range, H. Colo- rado generally occurs in dry grassland at low elevations (Layberry et al. 1998, Acorn and Sheldon 2006). Apart from differences in habi- tat, the two species may be distinguished by differences in size and in the colouration of the ventral hind wings.
On Vancouver Island (VI), Hesperia skip- pers live in two habitat types: dry meadows at low elevations on the southeast of the island and in natural meadows and disturbed areas in upper montane to alpine zones. There are few recent records from low elevations and few records at all from high elevations. Hesperia skippers on VI were once considered H. comma manitoba (Hardy 1954), but, more recently, they have been considered H. Colorado oregonia, which is found west of the Cascade Mountains from VI south to northern California (Layberry et al. 1998, Guppy and Shepard 2001). Until now, the scarcity of specimens from the mountains of VI has prevented a comparison of the high and low elevation populations in series.
Between 2006 and 2008, a series of eight specimens (seven male, one female) of Hesperia skippers from subalpine habitats at five locations on VI was obtained by combining new collec- tions made by the author with material borrowed from the research collection of Crispin Guppy. These were compared to the 24 male specimens from low elevations that are held in the entomo-
logical collection of the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria. Based on the colouration of the ventral hind wings, the mountain populations are clearly Hesperia comma. Compared to low- land specimens, mountain specimens have a darker base colour on the ventral hind wings, with medial markings that are white rather than light yellow (Figure 1). On the dorsal surface, the brown margins are wider and darker on mountain specimens and the apical spots within the margins are smaller. Mountain specimens are also consistently smaller. The average fore wing length is 12.5 mm (range 12.0 mm - 14.0 mm, n = 7) for male mountain specimens, compared to
14.5 mm for male lowland specimens (range
13.6 mm - 15.2 mm, n = 24. The high-elevation specimens are consistent in size and colouration, despite being collected from an altitudinal range of over 500 metres. Similarly, the morphology of the low elevation specimens is consistent; there are no trends in size or colouration along gradients of altitude or latitude.
Hesperia skippers on VI, therefore, represent two species, H. Colorado oregonia at low eleva- tions and H. comma (subspecies undetermined) at high elevations. H. Colorado oregonia has been collected from at least 1 7 locations, but has been recently confirmed at only two of these (Table 1). It is believed to be extirpated from at least eight of the historic locations (Miskelly, unpublished data). It is associated with Garry oak {Quercus garryana) ecosystems, which have been reduced to less than five percent of their historic coverage and are declining rapidly due to urbanization (Fuchs 2001, Lea 2006). Hes- peria Colorado oregonia is apparently very rare in Canada. Hesperia comma is probably wide- spread in the mountains of VI, though more sampling is required to confirm its status and determine to which subspecies it belongs. Speci- mens examined appear similar to H. comma manitoba collected from interior and northern BC. No comparison has yet been made to speci- mens of H. comma hulbirti from the nearby Olympic Peninsula.
' Research Associate, Royal BC Museum, 675 Belleville St., Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 9W2. Email: james.miskelly@gmail.com
84
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Figure 1. Ventral view of six male Hesperia specimens from low elevations (top two rows) and high elevations (bottom two rows) on Vancouver Island, showing differences in size and patterning.
Table 1.
All known location records for Hesperia Colorado oregonia in Canada, with current status as of 2009.
|
Location |
Last Record |
Status |
|
Blenkinsop Lake |
1951 |
Extirpated |
|
Braefoot |
1953 |
Extirpated |
|
Camas Hill |
2009 |
Extant |
|
Cordova Spit |
2008 |
Extant |
|
Coldstream |
1952 |
Unknown |
|
Island View Beach |
1963 |
Extirpated |
|
Langford |
1955 |
Unknown |
|
Malahat |
1923 |
Unknown |
|
Maple Bay |
1935 |
Unknown |
|
Mt Douglas |
1953 |
Extirpated |
|
Mt Wells |
1953 |
Unknown |
|
Observatory Hill |
1955 |
Unknown |
|
Quamichan Lake |
1917 |
Extirpated |
|
Rithet's Bog |
1961 |
Extirpated |
|
Royal Oak |
1956 |
Extirpated |
|
S Wellington |
1970 |
Unknown |
|
Shawnigan Lake |
1894 |
Unknown |
|
Uplands Park |
1953 |
Extirpated |
REFERENCES
Acom, J. and I. Sheldon. 2006. Butterflies of British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Fuchs, M. 2001. Towards a recovery strategy for Garry oak and associated ecosystems in Canada: Ecological assessment and literature review. Technical Report GBEI/EC-00-030. Environment Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Guppy, C. S. and J. H. Shepard. 2001. Butterflies of British Columbia. Royal BC Museum, Victoria, and UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Hardy, G. A. 1954. Notes on the life history of Hesperia comma L. manitoba Scud. (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) on Vancouver Island. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 51: 21-22.
Layberry, R. A., P.W. Hall, and J. D. Lafontaine. 1998. The butterflies of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Lea, T. 2006. Historical Garry oak ecosystems of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, pre-European contact to the present. Davidsonia 17: 34-50.
Pyle, R. M. 2002. The butterflies of Cascadia. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington, USA.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
85
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
New record of Eurytomocharis eragrostidis species complex (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) infesting teff {Eragrostis tef) in Oregon
JENNIFER E. BERGH
Teff, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter (Poaceae: Eragrostoidae), an annual warm season grass, is a major eereal erop in Ethiopia and a hay crop in other African countries (Twidwell et al. 2002). It was introduced to the United States for produc- tion and use as grain or fodder (McDaniel and Boe 1990; Stallknecht et al. 1993). It is being raised as a seed crop in the Wil- lamette Valley, which is a key agricultural area in Oregon, stretching from Portland to Eugene between the Cascade and Oregon Coast mountain ranges.
In August 2008, examination of a poor stand of teff in a seed production field in Linn County, OR (Site 1: 44.5447° N, 123.1 100° W) led to the detection of several l-2mm insect emergence holes at the base of the stems (Fig. 1). Here we report the identity of the insect that emerged from these and other damaged stems.
In addition to the stand at Site 1 listed above, a second field was examined (Site 2: 44.4486° N, 123.2067° W). Infested plants from both sites were transported to the laboratory and individual stems were iso- lated, examined for signs of infestation, cut and placed in 4-dram glass vials to await emergence of the adult insects. Photoperiod in the lab was 14 hours and temperature averaged 30 °C. Representative adults were preserved in alcohol and sent for identifica- tion to the Systematic Entomology Labora- tory, United States Department of Agricul- ture - Agricultural Research Service, in Washington, DC.
Adults emerged over a 7-day period after enclosure in vials. In all, 21 males and 27 females were recovered from Site 1 , and
^ and SUJAYA RAO^
5 males and 9 females were recovered from Site 2. The adults were identified by Dr. Michael Gates, USDA-ARS, as Eurytomo- charis eragrostidis species complex (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Species
separations are currently difficult and char- acters used for identification are variable intraspecifically (Gates personal communi- cation). Voucher specimens are deposited with Dr. Gates at the Systematic Entomol- ogy Laboratory.
Damage varied at the two sites. At Site 1, approximately 70% of randomly sampled plants were infested. However, this field was not irrigated adequately at planting and the stand was poor; the crop may have been unusually vulnerable to infestation due to extended water stress on the seedlings. At Site 2, 10% of randomly sampled plants showed evidence of the pest, but the stand appeared well established and healthy.
This is the first record of the E. er- agrostidis species complex in Oregon and the first record of damage to teff by an in- sect pest in the state. Teff has been raised in the Willamette Valley in Oregon for seed production for about 1 0 years, and no insect pest has previously been observed feeding on the crop.
Eurytomacharis eragrostidis, the spe- cies, was reported as a pest of teff in South Dakota in 1988 by McDaniel and Boe (1990). In that study, larvae were found in 30% of infested stems in late July at two widely separated locations. The presence of the pest resulted in stunted plant growth and 75% reduction in forage yield (McDaniel and Boe 1990). In all, 19 adults were recov- ered. The pest was observed only once in 5
' Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 ^ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
86
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
Figure 1. Eurytomocharis eragrostidis emergence hole at 10 cm from crown.
years of observation. In the Willamette Val- ley, the insect was detected because the grower was investigating the reason for a poor stand. It is possible that the wasp may be commonly present on teff and/or on an alternative host, perhaps controlled by natu- ral enemies or causing damage below de- tection thresholds.
Teff has a niche market and several characteristics that make it attractive as a rotational crop for seed production in Ore- gon. Once established, it can be grown un- der a wide range of environmental condi- tions such as on marginal soils, water logged soils or under drought conditions (Stallknecht et al. 1993). It can produce a crop in a relatively short growing season and will produce grain for humans and fod- der for cattle. Teff is low in gluten and is marketed in the US as a health food product and as late-planted emergency forage for
livestock (Stallknecht et al. 1993). It ap- pears to have low susceptibility to disease and pests when compared to other grain crops such as wheat (Stallknecht et al. 1993). However, its susceptibility to the E. eragrostidis species complex and damage that could lead to losses could be a deter- rent to commercial expansion of this crop. Future monitoring of teff in Oregon is re- quired to determine whether the E. er- agrostidis species complex is an occasional pest, as it was in South Dakota in 1988 (Twidwell et al. 2002), or an ongoing prob- lem in the Willamette Valley.
We thank the growers for drawing our attention to the damage in teff and allowing us to survey their fields, Michael Gates at the Systematic Entomology Laboratory for identification of the wasp, and Glenn Fisher for manuscript review.
REFERENCES
McDaniel, B. and A. Boe. 1990. A new host record for Euryto-mocharis eragrostidis Howard {Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) infesting Eragrostis tef 'm South Dakota. Proceedings of the Entomologi- cal Society of Washington 92: 465-470.
Stallknecht, G.F., K.M. Gilbertson, and J.L. Eckhoff. 1993. Teff: Food crop for humans and animals, pp.
231-234. In J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). New crops. Wiley, New York.
Twidwell, E.K., A. Boe, and D.P. Casper. 2002. Teff: a new annual forage grass for South Dakota. ExEx 8071. Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University. Brookings, SD.
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
87
Abstracts
Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting,
Henry Grube Education Centre, Kamloops, BC, Oct. 2, 2009
Current insect pest issues in the interior of British Columbia
Susanna Acheampong. BC Ministry of Ag- riculture and Lands, 200 - 1690 Powick Road, Kelowna, BC, VI X 7G5, Ph: (250) 861-7230, Email:
Susanna. Acheampong@gov. be. ca
Insect pests of concern during 2009 on apples, cherries, grapes and forage crops will be discussed. Pest species include ap- ple clearwing moth (Synanthedon myopae- formis), apple leaf curling midge (Dasineura mail), woolly apple aphid {Eriosoma lanigerum), Western grape root- worm (Bromius obscurus), grasshoppers, and an unidentified alfalfa caterpillar. Re- search needs will be highlighted.
Seasonality and the Latitudinal Gradient of Diversity: the BC Eocene Insect Per- spective
S. Bruce Archibald. Dept, of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada sba48@sfu.ca
I tested the hypothesis that the latitu- dinal diversity gradient is a function of sea- sonality, not mean annual temperature, comparing insect diversities in cool, sea- sonal Massachusetts; hot, equable Costa Rica, and; cool, equable Eocene BC. BC Eocene insect diversity was high, implying that high tropical diversity is associated with seasonality.
Chasing Pollinators
B. Bains*, Caldicott, A*, and Heron, f. ^BC Conservation Foundation and ^B. C. Minis- try of Environment
Pollination by insects is vital for the production of agricultural crops growing throughout British Columbia. A decline in the abundance and distribution of native pollinators and managed honey bee colo-
nies appears to be worldwide. We used wandering transects to survey for target species at risk, such as the Western Bumble Bee (Bombus occidentalis), and other na- tive pollinators on privately owned or pri- vately managed lands. None of the target species were observed; however important land owner contacts were made for future sampling.
Expression of large lipids transfer pro- teins in Helicoverpa zea: differential regulation by juvenile hormone
Mustafa G. Cheema, Jason Kim and Nor- bert H. Haunerland. Department of Biologi- cal Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Bur- naby, BC V5A 1S6
VHDL, a storage protein evolutionarily related to vitellogenin, is strongly expressed in last instar larvae when JH is absent. Treatment with JH analogs suppresses VHDL expression, while other vitellogenin gene family members are up-regulated. The results suggest that gene duplication and subsequent changes in the promoters gave rise to these proteins.
Mountain pine beetle condition and tim- ing of emergence; who emerges when?
Alex Chubaty and Melanie Hart. Depart- ment of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6
Individual variation in energy reserves and timing of emergence are expected to constrain host selection decisions of moun- tain pine beetle. We examined the timing and condition of emerging beetles, describ- ing the probability of emerging on a par- ticular day with a particular condition, which can be used in models of individual host selection and attack.
Cranberry Tipworm, Dasineura oxycoc- cana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and the
88
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
potential for host race formation in cran- berry and blueberry fields
Melissa Cook. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Bur- naby, BC V5A 1S6
Cranberry Tipworm, Dasineura oxycoc- cana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a gall forming insect known to attack cranberry and blueberry fields in British Columbia. Cranberry tipworm has the po- tential for host race formation on these two crops. Here 1 present relevant results and some early conclusions from my first field season.
Pheromone-release behaviour of female cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoc- cana, (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Sheila M. Fitzpatrick and Daniel A.H. Peach. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC, Sheila. Fitzpatrick@agr.gc. ca
Cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoc- cana, is a pest of concern on cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon. If pheromone could be identified and synthesized, grow- ers would have a tool for monitoring adult male tipworms. One- to three-day-old fe- male tipworms showed pheromone-release behaviour predominantly during the first 6 or 7 hours of a 16-hour photophase. This would be the time to obtain pheromone for identification.
Invasive and new grape pests
Tom Lowery. Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC VOH IZO
Grapes and other plants of the family Vitaceae are not native to the southern inte- rior of British Columbia and no pests spe- cific to grape were present here prior to the introduction of these plants. The dozen or so native pests that fed on grape, including a complex of climbing cutworm, were aug- mented by other polyphagous pests, such as the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi, introduced on shipments of potted plants prior to the 1900s. Later, importation of grapevines Ifom Europe and eastern North
America introduced a number of pests spe- cific to grapes, such as grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, and grape er- ineum mite, Colomerus vitis. The rate of new introductions has increased recently due to rising world trade, increased travel, and rapid transportation of goods and peo- ple by air. Reflecting this change, the past two seasons have seen outbreaks of western grape rootworm, Bromius obscurus, in the Kelowna area and a widespread infestation of grape leaf rust mite, Calepitrimerus vitis, such that approximately 30 pests of grape- vines now occur in BC. Although it is diffi- cult to predict how damaging an introduced pest is likely to become, the greatest threat is posed by insects in the orders Lepidop- tera, such as the grape berry moths, Coleop- tera and Homoptera. At least eight species of non-native grape pests belonging to the latter group, including hard and soft scale, now occur in BC, and Homopteran pests are the largest group on most quarantine lists. Nine scale and mealybug species oc- cur on grapes in Europe; a complex of six leaflhopper species feed on grapes in eastern NA. In addition to invasive pests, more damaging biotypes or races can arise from existing pests and native species can adapt to feed on grapes. For example, the om- nivorous leafi’oller, Platynota stultana, and the orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana, became pests of grapes in NA during the 1960s. In light of the serious economic threat that new and invasive pests pose to the BC grape and wine industries, a com- prehensive management program that in- cludes changes in legislation, local produc- tion of clean nursery material, co-operation with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and a commitment to research is required to prevent new introductions and minimize potential damage.
Effect of residual Capture 2EC on wire- worms
Selina McGinnis, Wim van Herk and Bob Vernon. Agriculture and Agri-Food Can- ada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
89
Wire worms are still affected by the py- rethroid insecticide Capture 2EC (bifenthrin) one year after its application to soil in efficacy studies in the field. We pre- sent results from laboratory studies demon- strating how residual Capture 2EC affects wireworm mobility and health, and discuss some implications of this.
Fragments of the forest: Ground beetle diversity in Coquitlam, BC
Robert McGregor. Institute of Urban Ecol- ogy, Douglas College, PO Box 2503, New Westminster, BC V3L 5B2
Urban development inevitably frag- ments remnant natural habitat in cities. Clearly, fragmentation can affect commu- nity structure in resulting habitat fragments, but such effects have rarely been quantified in urban ecosystems. Previous work in Co- quitlam, BC established that ground beetle communities (Coleoptera: Cararabidae)
vary between disturbed areas and fragments of intact forest. In July and August of 2008, beetle communities were sampled in forest fragments in Coquitlam parks ranging in area from 4 to 180 hectares. Beetles were sampled in eight parks along 100 meter transects each with 5 pitfall traps arranged from the edge to the interior of the park. Measures of community structure and di- versity were compared among sites differ- ing in area and among trapping positions along transect lines. Results are discussed relative to the capacity of urban forests to maintain biological diversity and the effects of urbanization on biological communities.
The role of nitrogen fertilizer in a green- house biological control system
Chandra E. Moffat and David R. Gillespie. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC
Bottom-up effects of nutrient availabil- ity on host-parasitoid population dynamics were investigated in a bell pepper-pest- parasitoid system. Aphids and parasitoids showed increased population growth rates and fitness as nitrogen availability in- creased, indicating the impacts of habitat
fertility on tri-trophic interactions and sug- gesting implications for biological control.
Identification and biology of climbing cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from grapevines in the Okanagan Valley, B.C.
A.M. Mostafa and D.T. Lowery. Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agri- culture and Agri-Food Canada, Summer- land, BC VOHIZO
Climbing cutworms are serious pest of grapes in the Okanagan Valley, British Co- lumbia. Twenty species of climbing cut- worm were collected as larvae from vine- yards in south central BC during the spring of 2001 to 2008. Abagrotis orbis was the dominant species, and with A. nefascia and A. reedi accounted for over 85% of the reared moths. Life cycle aspects of A. orbis were assessed under three temperatures (11, 15 and 22 °C), two light regimes (16L;8D and 12L:12D photoperiod), and on two larval diets. Several observations suggested that occurrence of some crucifer plants in the vine rows decrease climbing cutworm infestations. Hence, feeding preferences and suitability of 13 host plants and post- dormant grape buds was also investigated for A. orbis in the lab.
Behavioral changes in parasitized aphids at episodic high-temperatures
Abida Nasreen and David R Gillespie. Ag- riculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC
We investigated the effects of the sever- ity and frequency of high-temperature events, on the survival and site of mummy formation of Aphelinus abdominalis Dalm. (Hymenoptera; Aphelinidae) attacking green peach aphids, Myzus persicae Sulz. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on pepper. Capsi- cum annuum L. plants. Experimental condi- tions were four factorial combinations of magnitude and frequency of temperature extremes produced in plant growth cham- bers. All chambers were adjusted so that the average temperature over 24 hrs was al- ways 23°C. The temperature extremes were 32°C in the low extreme (Le) and 40°C in
90
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
the high extreme (He). Plants and insects were exposed to these extreme events either daily (high frequency, Hf) or on day 2 and 5 in a 7 day cycle (low frequency, Lf). There was no effect of the different combi- nations of extreme temperature and fre- quency on the total number of mummies formed. However, more mummies of A. abdominalis were formed off the plant when exposed to high temperature peaks on a daily basis (HeHf and LeHf), than when exposed to high temperature peaks twice in a 7 day cycle (HeLf and LeLf). This re- sponse was greater when the extreme tem- perature peak was 40°C (HeHf) than when it was 32°C (LeHf). Our results suggest that increases in the frequency and severity of extreme temperature events, may trigger adaptive behaviours in parasitoids that will facilitate their survival during such events. Such shifts in behaviour could change the frequency and severity of pest outbreaks.
Butterfly Surveys in Southeastern BC: some observations, comments and future work
Laura Parkinson, Sophie-Anne Blanchette and Jennifer Heron. B. C. Ministry of Envi- ronment
Although insects and other invertebrates represent a majority of the biodiversity in British Columbia, there have been rela- tively few surveys conducted across the province to inventory these groups and as- sess the conservation status of individual members. In response to a growing need to expand the body of knowledge on the status of rare invertebrates in B.C., a two person crew conducted surveys between June 16*'’ and August 5*'’ 2009 in three areas in south- east coastal BC for rare butterflies and op- portunistically for other rare invertebrates. Surveys were conducted on foot along roads adjacent to suitable habitat for each target species and within the habitat itself, if possible. Butterflies were identified in flight wherever possible or caught in nets and subsequently released if identification required closer inspection. From June 16 to June 24*'’ surveys were conducted in the Sechelt area of Sunshine Coast, primarily
targeting Johnson’s hairstreak. Surveys were conducted in the Harrison Lake area between July 3*** and July 22"*' primarily targeting Dun Skipper. Finally surveys were conducted for Bremner’s Fritillary between July 28 and August 5 on Salt Spring, Mayne and Galiano Islands. A com- bined survey effort of 197 hours was spent surveying 264 km at 52 different sites. At least 20 different species of butterflies were observed (this is likely an underestimate as some individuals could not be identified to species), including three red listed species and two introduced species. Red listed spe- cies observed included a Johnson’s hair- streak in Sechelt and at least 17 Bremner’s fritillaries observed on Salt Spring Island, as well as a common wood nymph opportu- nistically observed on Salt Spring Island. No dun skippers were observed during any of the surveys and no red listed species were observed in the Harrison Lake area.
Hymenopteran parasitoids from cran- berry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana, collected from a cranberry farm in BC
Daniel A. H. Peach and Sheila M. Fitz- patrick. Agriculture and Agri-Food Can- ada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC, Sheila. Fitzpatrick@agr.gc. ca
We report the first instance of parasi- toids emerging from cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), collected from cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., in British Columbia in 2009. The parasitoids are Eu- lophidae and Platygastridae, with the eulo- phid accounting for 78.3% of emerged parasitoids. If conserved, these parasitoids could contribute to biological control of cranberry tipworm in BC.
Chemical cues mediating clonal prefer- ence of Leptoglossus occidentalis in a lodgepole pine seed orchard
Tamara A. Richardson'; Ward B. Strong^ and B. Staffan Lindgren'. ^Ecosystem Sci- ence and Management Program, University of Northern BC, Prince George, BC; ^BC Ministry of Forests and Range, Kalamalka
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
91
Forestry Centre, Vernon, BC
Multiple surveys were conducted in a lodgepole pine seed orchard in British Co- lumbia in 2008, revealing that Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann) prefers certain clones to others. We tested the hypothesis that clone preference is based on chemical cues from host trees, sampling monoter- penes from cones of favoured and unfa- voured clones. Analysis of variance and post hoc means separation tests revealed different quantities of semiochemicals in the cones of favoured and unfavoured clones. Contrary to previous studies, we also found that L. occidentalis favoured the same clones, and often the same trees, in consecutive years.
What makes an ideal biological control community?
Michael J. Wogin, Bernard D. Roitberg and David R. Gillespie. Department of Biologi- cal Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Bur- naby, BC V5A 1S6
Due to the complex interactions that can occur among parasitoids sharing a common host, introducing a competitor into a system can have unpredictable results. We con- ducted field experiments examining the outcomes of intra-guild competition. Re- sults, ecological implications, and ideal biological control communities are dis- cussed.
Infrared radiation and its exploitation by coniferophagus insects
Tracy Zahradnik', Audrey Labrie', Patti Brown^ Ward Strong^, Robb Bennett'* and Gerhard Gries*. ^Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Bur- naby, BC V5A1S6. ^CANFOR Seed Or- chard, Sechelt, BC. ^BC Ministry of Forests and Range, Kalamalka Forestry Centre, Vernon, BC VIB 2C7. ^BC Ministry of Forests and Range, Kalamalka Forestry Centre, Vernon, BC VIB 2C7'
In seed orchards, we show foraging re- sponse to infrared radiation (IR) by moths {Dioryctria pseudotsugella), midges (Contarnia oregonensis), and true bugs {Leptoglossus occidentalis). The latter may prefer IR in combination with visible light over IR alone, and possibly use IR also to locate mates, avoid predators, and seek overwintering sites.
92
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106, December 2009
NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS
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Journal of the
Entomological Society of British Columbia
Volume 106 Issued December 2009 ISSN #0071-0737
Directors of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 2009-2010 2
G.G.E. Scudder. Nine Heteroptera (Hemiptera) new to Canada, with additional new pro- vincial records for three other species in Canada 3
M. Meinander, J. Klimaszewski and G.G.E. Scudder. New distributional records for some Canadian Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera) 1 1
G.G.E. Scudder and Robert A. Cannings. A checklist of the Neuropterid insects of Brit- ish Columbia (Insecta: Megaloptera, Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) with a summary of their geographic distribution 1 7
Rex Kenner. Haliplus leechi Wallis and H. salmo Wallis: a new synonymy and sexual dimorphism in the relative eye separation (Coleoptera: Haliplidae) 25
Phulip D. Bragg and Robert G. Holmberg. The Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of British Columbia 29
Aaron M. Hagerty, Alberto Pantoja and Susan Y. Emmert. Lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) associated with Alaskan agricultural crops 39
J.A. McLean, A.L. Behennah and M. Fairbarns. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) associated with Garry Oak Ecosystems on Southern Vancouver Island, British Co- lumbia 47
John A. McLean and Agnes Li. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia following the storms of December 2006 53
Leland M. Humble, Jeremy R. deWaard and Meghan Quinn. Delayed recognition of the European poplar shoot borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tor- tricidae), in Canada 61
L. Safranyik. Distribution of attacks and egg galleries by the spruce beetle around the bole of windthrown trees 71
NOTES
R.A. Cannings and G.G.E. Scudder. Eleodes obscums (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): confirmation of a Canadian population and possible northward expansion from Washington State into British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley 81
James W. Miskelly. Notes on the taxonomy and status of the genus Hesperia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) on Vancouver Island 83
Jennifer E. Bergh and Sujaya Rao. New record of Ewytomocharis eragrostidis species complex (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) infesting teff (Eragrostis tef) in Oregon 85
ABSTRACTS
Entomological Society of British Columbia Annual General Meeting Abstracts: Henry Grube Education Centre, Kamloops BC. October 2, 2009 87
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