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JOURNAL OF
ENTOMOLOGY AND
ZOOLOGY

VOLUME XI, 1919

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XI

"20-3 4532. Aprih u.

Volume XI, Number 1
Chamberlin, Ralph V.
New Polychaetous Annelids from
Laguna Beach, Cal., 1.
Hilton, William A.
The Nervous System of Caecum
californicum, 24.
Amphipods from Laguna Beach,
26.

Volume XI, Number 2
Annelids from Laguna Beach, 27.
Evans, Alma
Sturcture of Dolichoglossus pusil-
lus, 28.
Opisthobranchs
Beach, 34.
Hilton, William A.
Central Nervous System of the
Sand Dollar Dendraster Excen-
tricus Esh., 35
Ants from the Claremont-Laguna
Region, 38.

from Laguna

Volume XI, Number 3

Isopods from Laguna Beach, 39.
Corwin, Genevieve
Bryozoa_ collected at
Beach in 1918, 40.
Phalangids from the Claremont-
Laguna Region, 41.

Laguna

Isoptera from the Claremont-La-
guna Region, 42.
Diplopods from the Claremont-
Laguna Region, 43.
Notes on the Serpent
Laguna Beach, 44.
Hyde, Eva May
Smaller Shells collected at La-
guna Beach during the Summer
of 1917, 45.
Crampton, G. C., Ph.D.
Notes on the Ancestry of the
Coleoptera, 49.
Ledig, Ruth
General
Pacifica
Acarina from the Claremont-La-
guna Region, 58.
Hilton, William A.
The Central Nervous System of
Dolichoglossus, 59.

Volume XI, Number 4

Gunthorp, Horace

Notes on the Behavior of the

Social Wasp Polistes, 63.
Alexander, Charles P.

Biology of the North American
Crane-Flies. V. The Genus
Dicranaptycha, 67.

Hilton, William A.
The Central Nervous System of
Nucula and Malletia, 75.

Stars of

Structure of Phoronis

a2, e.
Torrey, 5

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INDEX TO VOLUME XI

Acarina, 58.
Amphipods, 26.
Ancestry, 49.

Ants, 38.

Annelids, 1, 27.
Bryozoa, 40.
Chamberlin, R. V., 1.
Coleoptera, 49.
Corwin, Genevieve, 40.
Crampton, G. C., 49.
Crane-Flies, 67.

Dicranoptycha, 67.

Dendraster excentricus, 35.

Diplopods, 43.
Diptera, 67.
Dolichglossus, 28, 59.
Evans, Alma, 28.

Gunthorp, Horace, 63.

Hilton, William A., 24, 35, §
Hyde, Eva May, 45.
Isopods 39.

Menigwekesso5:

Malletia, 75.

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Nervous System, 24, 35, 5
Nucula, 75.
Nudibranchs, 34.
Opisthobranchs, 34.
Phalangids, 41.
Phoronis pacifica, 55:
Polistes, 63.

Sand Dollar, 35.
Serpent Stars, 44.
Shells, 45.

Social Wasps, 63.
Tectibranchs, 34.

Tipulidae, 67.

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New Polychaetous Annelids From
Laguna Beach, California

RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN

In a very interesting collection of annelids from Laguna Beach transmitted to me
for study by Prof. Hilton, the apparently previously undescribed forms listed below
are represented. As a comprehensive report on the annelids of the region to follow
further explorations and collecting is in contemplation, I am giving here only such
preliminary accounts of the new forms as are thought sufficient for their identification
in the local fauna. The types of all these species are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge.

POLY NOIDAE

Halosydna latior sp. nov.

A species proportionately broader over all than the usual forms of the common
II. insignis, californica, and pulchra. It is characterized by elytra not only closely imbri-
cated along each side but also broadly overlapping in the middle line throughout the
length. The elytra in general are unusually elongate in an oblique direction, the long
axis running from the outer end cephalomesad; the outline subelliptic, the caudomesal
edge broadly convex, the opposite one a little incurved at middle. The entire sur-
face of elytra subdensely covered with very small rounded brown nodules or tubercles;
within the middle region, just behind the edge of the preceding overlapping elytron,
a number of much larger paler tubercles which in the type are present on all excepting
the last pair. Elytra extending to outer ends of parapodia. Eighteen pairs of elytra
present. Prostomium subangularly bulging on each side, the anterior eve at the angle,
the posterior eye removed far caudad, by about half the greatest width of the prosto-
mium. Paired anterior prolongations of the prostomium very long, as long as the
median length of the prostomium back to level of posterior eyes, distally clavate. Median
ceratophore much stouter than the lateral prolongations and exceeding them by more
than a third in length. Median tentacle long, nearly attaining end of palpi; slender, nar-
rowing distad, only slightly thickened subapically, with the usual slender tip which is of
moderate length. Lateral tentacles much shorter, their tips reaching only to near
middle of light region between proximal black region and subapical black ring of
median tentacle. Tentacular cirri resembling median tentacle in form, being narrowed
distad with subapical enlargement slight; one or two fine setae emerging from
a small nodule at distal end of parapodium proximad of tentacular cirrus. The
notocirri in general have the same characteristic form as the tentacular cirri, narrow-
ing continuously distad with the subapical enlargement slight. First neurocirrus very
elongate, surpassing the parapodium. ‘The other neurocirri slenderly cylindroconical,
narrowed into a slender tip and a little narrowed proximally; attached well toward
base of parapodium the end of which they fail much of attaining. A characteristic
feature is the elongate form of the nephridial papillae, these in the type as preserved
heing mostly near three times as long as thick at the middle. Neuropodial setae dark
amber colored, numerous, arranged in two continuous regions, a narrow dorsal one
and a much broader ventral one in the latter of which the setae form four distinct
longitudinal series with five or six setae in each series. Notopodials moderate in

2 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

number, the dorsal ones short, the most ventral long, attaining the end of the neuro-
podium. The elytra are greyish with dusky or brownish mottlings. Notocirri with
dark annulations as usual.

Length, 42 mm.; width to end of setae, 14 mm.; to end of parapodia, 10.8 mm.;
exclusive of parapodia, 7 mm.

Taken on Laguna Beach at Mussel Point (Hamilton coll.).

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 138.

Halosydna tuberculifer sp. nov.

Among other forms known from the California coast characterized especially by
the strong tuberculation of all the elytra. The tubercles are mostly large and conical
though some are rounded and are confined chiefly to the mesocaudal half and median
region of each elytron, a series of large ones ordinarily present along the caudal and
caudomesal margin; in the first two or three pairs of elytra the tubercles of the
median region especially large, the tubercles on the first pair occurring on the anterior
part as well; ectal margin of elytra strongly fringed or ciliate. Elytra in general
subcircular but with margin of ectocephalic side flattened or in part a little incurved.
Elytra in contact or nearly so at median line but not there at all overlapping. Pairs
cf elytra eighteen, these being present on somites II, IV, V, VII, IX and so on alternate
ones to XXV and then on XXVI, XXVIII, XXX, XXXI, and XXXIII. The last three
setigerous somites bear notocirri. Anterior pair of eyes near middle of length of
prostomium proper, larger than posterior pair which are a little closer together and
are well removed from the others. Lateral prolongations of the prostomium in front
which bear the lateral tentacles only a little shorter than the median ceratophore
though much more slender. Median tentacle shorter than the palpi, moderately en-
larged and strongly rounded subapically and with the usual slender tip or filament
which is comparatively short. The lateral tentacles of similar form but much shorter
and more slender. Neurocirri of first normal segment large, resembling a notocirrus.
The other neurocirri much shorter, subconical, constricted at base and prolonged into
a slender but short tip; attached near base of neuropodium in each case. Anal cirri
similar to notocirri but much longer and stouter. Neuropodial setae of usual general
form, amber colored with dark tip, arranged mostly in two or three, usually uneven,
subvertical series. The notopodial setae fine, numerous, the longer ones not falling
much short of or reaching the ends of the neuropodials. The nephridial papillae oc-
cupy the ordinary position; they are small and unusually short. The color of the
elytra uniform greyish brown. Antennae, tentacular cirri and notocirri banded at
base and distally with black.

Length, 23 mm.; width exclusive of parapodia, 3 mm. A little narrowed cephalad,
somewhat more so caudal.

Taken at Laguna Beach under stones. (1917)

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 139.

Halosydna letoseta sp. nov.

Body strongly and continuously narrowed caudad. Prostomium wider than long,
deeply bilobed, the median tentacle inserted deeply in the intervening incision. Lobes
extended forward into peaks which, however, are constricted at base so as to give
appearance of more or less distinct ceratophores, these short. Anterior eye free on
each side, the caudal one much farther mesad and overlapped by the peristomium.
Tentacles short, the median line a little longest and about equalling the palpi; in

Pomona College, Claremont, California 3

each a slender tip above the moderate subdistal swelling about equal in length to
the remaining part of the style. Tentacular cirri similarly formed, as is also the
first neurocirrus, the latter less clavate below the slender tip. Other neurocirri much
shorter, shortly subfusiform with filiform tip short; characteristically inserted almost
precisely at middle of length of the neuropodium. Notopodia reduced to small lobes
at base of neuropodia above, these lobes smooth, bearing no emergent setae in the
type. In the average neuropodium the setae are mostly six in number; these are
coarse, with subhastate heads the tips of which are curved, entire, and acute; the
surface appears smooth, the seriate spinules being exceedingly minute and easily
overlooked; pale straw colored: The notocirri have the usual enlarged distal end
baring a-slender tip and a little exceed the neuropodial setae. The elytra have an
arrangement in general similar to that normal in Halosydna so far as that usually
goes, but twenty-four pairs are present, these occurring on somites, II, IV, V, VII, IX,
XI, XIII, XV, XVII, XIX, XXI, XXIII, and XXVI, XXVIII, XXIX, XXXI, XXXIII,
XXXV, XXXVII, XXXIX, XLI, XLIII, XLV, and XLVII. The elytra are character-
istically widely imbricated so as completely to cover the dorsum and prostomium.
They extend out far laterally so as wholly to overlap the parapodia proper though the
ends of the setae and notocirri extend beyond the edges. The elytra have the surface
wholly smooth and the edges are also not fringed. As preserved, the type has no
definite color markings; color greyish, the elytra of weak fulvous cast.

Length near 22 mm.; greatest width exclusive of parapodia, 2.8 mm.; to ends of
parapodia, 5 mm.; to ends of setae, 6.8 mm.

Taken as a commensal on a sea-urchin (Metz, July 20, 1911).

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 140.

Lepidonotus setosior sp. nov.

Readily distinguished from L. sguamatus, coeloris and other species recorded from
the Pacific coasts of North and South America by the greater length and coarseness
of the notopodial setae, these being stout pointed spines often nearly attaining the ends
of the neuropodials and thus exceeding the latter in actual length. The notopodials,
however, are obviously more slender than the neuropodials; they are much more
numerous than the neuropodials and form a dense, subcylindrical, spreading group.
The elytra are characterized by bearing over their free portions numerous high and
stout, conical, hard or chitinous tubercles which are, however, much less dense than
the very different rounded eminences of sguamatus, these cones often roughened; be-
tween these high cones, and over the covered part of the elytra as well, numerous small
rounded tubercles or nodules; much more slender and shorter, erect, conical papillae
present on the outer border of at least some of the elytra but no truly ciliate fringe
could be detected in the types. The elytra are long, subelliptic in outline, and are
arranged either with axis nearly longitudinal or very oblique, the most anterior elytra,
however, subcircular. Eyes on each side unusually widely separated, the anterior one
low on side, a little ectocaudad of base of anterior process. Anterior processes of
prostomium about four-fifths as long as the median ceratophore and much more slender.
Lateral tentacles much more slender than the median, and, exclusive of the fila-
mentous tip, falling short of attaining the middle of the style of the latter exclusive
of its tip; styles biannulate with black as frequent, the basal process also black.
Median tentacle surpassing palpi in length; subapical swelling pronounced, much
more so than that of the laterals. Tentacular cirri and notocirri similar in form to

4 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

the median tentacle. Anal cirri proportionately somewhat shorter than in squamatus.
Color of venter and parapodia grey; elytra at present grey over a fulvous ground.
Setae dark amber to nearly ferruginous, darker than usual in sguamatus. A paratype
has elytra fulvous of dilute ferruginous cast with black mottlings.

Length, 18 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 141.

Lepidonotus leius sp. nov.

A species characterized by its rather thin, easily detached elytra which have their
surface wholly smooth or, at most, showing a few scattered minute points; closely
fringed along the outer margin, about the cephaloectal region, and for a short dis-
tance along the anterior edge. Elytrophore attached cephaloectad of middle. Anterior
and ectal margins of a typical elytron only weakly convex, the cephaloectal corner sub-
rectangular though rounded; caudal margin strongly convex, the inner end of elytron
like the end of an ellipse but with lower margin the more oblique. Elytra transverse
or but little oblique, strongly overlapping in the middorsal line. Prostomium of usual
general form. Eyes large and black, the anterior ones near middle of main region
of prostomium, the posterior ones closer together and at caudal end. Only one tentacle,
a lateral, retained in type. This characterized by a short cylindrical style which
to the base of the distal swelling is scarcely longer than the basal process, and espe-
cially by an unusually long slender tip which is as long as the rest of the style. The
parapodium of the first segment bears two prominent setae in the usual position;
tentacular cirri of usual form, the filiform tips long, when bent back reaching proxi-
mad of middle of style. Notocirri also characterized by their long terminal filaments.
Neuropodial setae light amber-colored; arranged in the usual vertically elongate patch,
presenting a narrow dorsal half and a broader ventral one. In the ventral part of
the patch normally four longitudinal rows of three setae each, while the narrower
upper region shows also about four rows but with only two or one in each. The
setae have the usual general structure. Notopodials numerous, reaching beyond distal
end of neuropodia and sometimes nearly to middle of the neuropodial setae. In the
type the elytra are light brown. ‘The tentacles and notocirri ringed with black as
common.

Length, 13 mm.; width exclusive of parapodia, 3 mm.; width to tips of setae,
6 mm.

Dredged.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 142.

PHYLLODOCIDAE
Hesperophyllum gen. nov.

Similar in general to Notophyllum and Austrophyllum but differing especially in
having the ventral cirrus of the second segment flattened and foliaceous and strongly
asymmetrical. It is like Notophyllum and unlike dustrophyllum in having the first seg-
ment dorsally reduced.

Genotype.—H. tectum sp. nov.

Hesperophyllum tectum sp. nov.
The first segment dorsally reduced. Ventral tentacular cirrus of second somite
of a thin or foliaceous and asymmetrical form. Other tentacular cirri subcylindrie,
reduced distally to a pointed tip, that of I about half as long as the dorsals of II

Pomona College, Claremont, California 5

and III. Paired tentacles short, proximally thick and convexly bulging, abruptly nar-
rowed to an acute tip with incurving sides. Unpaired tentacle situated between eyes
in line connectnig their centers, nearly of same length and size as the first tentacular
cirri and about as long also as prostomium; annulate. Prostomium shortly sub-
cordate, well rounded in front, incurved caudally. With very large cirri of which
the dorsals widely overlap in the middle and thus completely cover the dorsum, the
prostomium normally also being wholly concealed from above. The neurocirrus of
a typical parapodium is attached by a broad base extending from a pronounced
ventral swelling or flange (neurocirrophore) across the caudal sid of the parapodium
to its dorsal edge and projects farther dorsad of the parapodium than ventrad, the
dorsomesal end widely rounded; much broader dorsoventrally than long, with the
free edge evenly rounded. The notocirrophore in a thick rounded body arising from
the base of the parapodium proper and showing the notopodium as a proportionately
much smaller lobe on its ectal side; the style is attached about its caudal half-circum-
ference and is broadly subreniform with the free margin coarsely crenulate or wavy,
its mesal limb widely overlapping that of the opposite notocirrus and its ectal one
overlapping the neurocirrus. Surface of cirri and of somites, especially ventrally,
densely covered with very fine brown dots or points. Number of segments in type,
near seventy-three. Body narrowing caudad, becoming narrow and pointed at posterior
end. Proboscis unknown.

Length, 19 mm.
Type—M. C. Z. 2, 143.

Dredged. Brown in life, this color being also retained in the preserved type speci-
men. A paratype has a greenish cast. This species suggests Notophyllum imbricatum
Moore in the large imbricated notocirri covering the dorsum but in the latter all the
tentacular cirri are of the elongate, symmetrical, evenly tapering form charactceristic of
its genus. Imbricatum similarly presents nuchal appendages, but these are three in num-
ber on each side and slender, instead of two broad, subelliptic lobes. The neuropodium
is distally narrowed instead of broad, the head is differently formed, and various
other differences are present throughout.

Steggoa gracilior sp. nov.

This is a small and slender form noted as green in life and also retaining this
color after preservation in alcohol. It agrees in general with Steggoa, the first seg-
ment being normally developed above and distinct from the prostomium though not
so clearly separated as usual, suggesting a tendency toward the Hyfoeulalia condition.
Prostomium a little longer than wide, narrowed anteriorly, sides convex; a short
lobe, rounded in front and bearing the four tentacles, is set off by a weak constriction
from the basal part. Unpaired tentacle situated well caudad, more slender than the
paired ones but nearly as long. Eyes not detected. Ventral tentacular cirrus of II
of a thick, leaf-shaped form, sublanceolate in outline and much like the notocirri. The
other tentacular cirri longer and filiform. Notocirri in outline lanceolate, character-
istically exceptionally thick in proportion to width so as at times to appear nearly
subconical. Neurocirri much smaller; similarly proportionately thick and at times
subconical. Body slender, strongly narrowed from the middle toward both ends. The

6 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

proboscis densely and uniformly papillose throughout. Number of segments near one
hundred and twenty-three.

Length, about 26 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 144.

Sige californiensis sp. nov.

Corresponding closely in general characters with 8S. macroceros (Grube), the
genotype. Green in color instead of straw-yellow to brown. ‘Tentacles long and
slender as in macroceros, with the median equalling the others in length and inserted
close to the base of the latter; tips of tentacles slenderly attenuated. The eyes seem
to be proportionately larger than in macroceros. The first segment is reduced above
at the sides where the prostomium bulges back on each side; but the middle region
is well developed, extending forward on the base of the head as a rounded lobe or
flap. Very easily distinguished from macroceros and other known species by the form
of the ventral tentacular cirrus of the second segment which, in place of the ordinarily
lanceolate foliaceous form, is very strongly expanded above the base, presenting a
large rounded lobe in front and an abruptly much more slender tip, with the blade as
a whole irregularly twisted. The parapodia very similar to those of the genotype;
but the setigerous lobe less acutely and less deeply notched and rather broader across
the end along the setigerous line. The notocirri rather more slender and narrowed
more evenly distally, not incurved on each side distally so as to leave an elongate
tip set off from the rest. The neurocirri similar but more asymmetrical, the upper
margin straight or concave, the lower convex. Anal cirri missing. Proboscis not
protruded. Total number of segments in the type, which is complete, sixty-eight.

Length, 10 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 145.

Taken under stones.

Moore has described Eulalia (Sige) bifoliata from Monterey Bay; but as the
ventral tentacular cirrus of II is described and figured as cylindroconical, that species
cannot be properly referred to Sige as now restricted.

Anaitides heterocirrus sp. nov.

Close to 4. mucosa (Oersted) in the characters of the proboscis, having similarly
six rows of papillae proximally on each side with the number in each series normally
nine or ten, but distinct in the form of the cirri. The three first pairs of normal foli-
aceous notocirri much smaller than the succeeding ones and different in shape, being
very broadly and evenly elliptic, the distal end of the third, e. g., broadly rounded,
not conspicuously narrowed as in mucosa. In the average parapodia of the middle
region of the body the neurocirri are obviously broader with the tip stouter and less
acute; and the notocirri, while in general somewhat similar in form, are more elongate
with a more pronounced ventral lobe, the distoectal angle more acute and more pro-
duced, while the distomesal corner is more rounded, and the proportionate width across
the distal end appears less. The prostomium very broadly cordate, notched or con-
stricted at the sides near the anterior third which is distally broadly rounded; tentacles
inserted on each side at or just distad of the constriction, conical and of moderate
length; caudal margin conspicuously angularly incised at middle and there embracing
a conspicuous nuchal papilla. Eyes about twice their diameter apart. The type is
incomplete caudally, at present consisting of ninety-five somites and having a length

Pomona College, Claremont, California 7

of 35 mm. with a maximum width, exclusive of parapodia, of 2 mm. The body at
present has a purplish tinge.
Dredged at 10 fathoms on Aug. 27, 1917.
Type—M. C. Z. 2, 146.
SYLLIDAE
Typosyllis bella sp. noy.

Differing from armillaris (Miller), alternata (Moore) and related forms in the
form and relations of the prostomium and its appendages. The prostomium is broad-
est anteriorly, narrowing caudad and rounded forward a little at middle in front. A
characteristic featlire is that the three tentacles are in a transverse line along the
anterior edge, the median being thus inserted far in advance of the posterior eyes. A
median longitudinal furrow extending forward from caudal edge to base of median
tentacle. he anterior eyes much larger than the posterior and farther apart, each
somewhat transversely elliptic and located far forward at base of lateral tentacle
on its ectal side. The median tentacle about two and a half times longer than the
prostomium; in the type composed of twenty-one articles; only a little narrowing over
the distal region. Lateral tentacles considerably shorter than the median. Inferior
tentacular cirrus about equal in length to the median tentacle, the upper one much
longer and consisting of about thirty-four articles. Neurocirri slender, subcylindric,
somewhat conical distally or sometimes a little clavate, surpassing end of parapodium.
Notecirri in anterior region alternating in length, the long ones surpassing the width
of the body proper: and consisting of about thirty-two articles while the short ones
embrace only near eigtheen. Notocirri becoming shorter and essentially uniform in
the posterior region. Appendage of setae with subapical tooth larger and _ stouter,
more obtuse, than in alternata, making a wider angle with the apical tooth, and
always conspicuous; the serrations proximad of the tooth fine and rather long. The
body is proportionately rather wide and is depressed or flattened, narrowing in the
posterior region but retaining there the depressed form. Number of segments in the
type, near one hundred and forty-five. General color yellowish; each somite of ante-
rior region crossed transversely by two fine complete lines of reddish brown color.

Width in anterior region, exclusive of parapodia, about 1.25 mm.; length near
20 mm. ;

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 147.

Taken at low tide.

The type is a female turgid with eggs. It is remarkable in presenting at the same
time a well-developed collateral bud from the ventral surface near the beginning of
the posterior third.

Pionosyllis pigmentata sp. noy.

Somewhat resembling P. elongata (Johnson), which also occurs in this region, but
differing in having the dorsum pigmented throughout, being black or slaty with pale
lines between the segments and dividing each of the latter transversely excepting
across the middorsal region. The pigmentation may sometimes be very dilute. In
technical details readily distinguished from that species, e. g., in the different form
of the appendage of the setae, this being obviously more elongate and erect and pro-
portionately more slender. Two or more dorsal setae differ in having shorter, more
strongly curved appendages which are wholly smooth on the concave edge instead
of being pubinate to beyond middle as in the others. Prostomium rather short and

8 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

broad. Palpi thick the ectal lobe small as compared with the principal or mesal one;
united only at base. Eyes small, transversely elongate and often curved, the two on
each side close together and sometimes almost fused, with the posterior one well mesad
of but only a little caudad of the anterior one. Median tentacle situated midway
between the two eye groups in a longitudinal furrow dividing prostomium; composed
of eighteen to twenty-three short articles. Each paired tentacle at corner of pro-
stomium in front of eye-group of corresponding side; similar in form and size to the
median tentacle. Lower tentacular cirrus about equalling a tentacle in length, the
dorsal longer, both of similar form. First segment extending forward in a rounded
or subtrinagular lobe or flap at middle above. The notocirri attached above bases
of parapodia as usual; long, composed of numerous short segments; much longer
than the tentacles, each average one when laid back along body ordinarily passing
over three or three and a half segments. Neurocirri short, stout, fusiform. Body
slender, narrowed moderately at the ends, elsewhere of nearly uniform width. Type
composed of seventy-three segments.

Length, near 20 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 148.

Littoral zone.

Pionosyllis lucida sp. nov-

Readily differentiated from P. elongata, which it resembles in its pale, translucent
appearance, in having the distal appendage of setae more typical, being of a decidedly
more elongate and erect form which also differs from that of pigmentata. From the
latter differing conspicuously in appearance in lacking all dark pigment. Notocirri
tapering distad, with apical region slender and pointed; long, exceeding the width
of the body and consisting of up to forty-five articles. Differing from pigmentata in
the form of the neurocirri which are more uniform in diameter, subcylindric rather
than fusiform; normally extending more or less beyond the tip of the parapodium.
Prostomium short. Eyes reddish; those of first pair larger than the second; second
eve on each side almost directly mesad of the first but only a little caudad of it. The
median tentacle farther forward than in pigmentata, well in front of the eyes, its
anterior edge being nearly in line with the caudal margins of the paired tentacles;
composed of twenty-eight or more short articles. Paired tentacles much shorter and
zlso more slender; composed of about twenty articles. Palpi fused at base as usual;
narrower distally than in pigmentata. ‘The types are incomplete caudally; but the
body is evidently slender. One specimen 8 mm. long consists of forty-three segments ;
and a second, somewhat thicker one, of nearly the same length consists of thirty-seven.
The width is near 1 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 180.

Hesperalia gen. nov.

Palpi thick, fused at base only to middle of length. Pharynx straight. Pro-
boscis unarmed (?). Tentacles three, attenuated, more or less obviously jointed. Eyes
two pairs; large. Tentacular cirri two pairs. Parapodia uniramous with setae all
compound, or in the epitokous phase with long simple natatory setae in notopodia of
middle region of body. Appendage of compound setate short, bidentate. Neurocirri
present, thick, rounded. Notocirri on side of body above parapodia; filiform; more or

Pomona College, Claremont, California 9

less segmented. A large quadrate membrance or flap projecting from anterior edge
of peristomium forward over caudal region of prostomium.
Genotype—H. californiensis sp. nov.

Hesperalia californiensis sp. nov.

Body rather stout for a syllid, more as in Hesionidae; broadest and deepest ante-
riorly, continuously narrowing caudal to the pointed posterior end. The color of the
dorsum is blackish, with pale transverse lines in the intersegmental furrows and
bisecting each somite which under the lens thus appears double. Parapodia and cirri
typically pale fulvous and the venter either similar or approaching the dorsum in
color. Prostomium very short, sunk in the first body ring and almost completely
overlapped by the quadrate flap from the latter, this flap extending over the bases of
the tentacles in the type. Palpi stout, presenting two main lobes fused to their apices
or nearly so, and on each of these an ectodistal lobe projecting ventrocephalad, these
distal lobes wholly free from each other. Tentacles appearing nearly smooth; tapered;
the median exceeding the lateral in length. Eyes large; in type orange colored; the
two on each side contiguous or nearly so; posterior ones nearer together, each beneath
edge of the quadrate peristonial flap, while the anterior ones are in line with base of
median tentacle. Tentacular cirri of same form as tentacles but longer. Neurocirri
thick, short, distally rounded. Natocirri long, filiform, tapering distad, weakly ringed;
showing a tendency to alternate in height on the sides of the body, the first being
notably farther duisad than the second, the third than the second and fourth, ete.
Setae numerous; the appendage short, falcate, with tip simple, but a slender tooth
near middle of curved edge. Segments short, crowded, near one hundred in number.

Length of type, 21 mm.; greatest width, 2.2 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 149.

Taken in August, 1914.

Hesperalia nans sp. nov.

The type of this species is in the epitkous phase. The middle region of the body
bears notopodeal fasciae of long, fine, simple, natatory setae in addition to the com-
pound neuropodials. The appendage of the compound setae differs from that of
californiensis in having the accessory tooth farther distad, well beyond the middle
of the concave edge, whereas in the other species it is normally rather proximad of the
middle. In the present species the prostomium is proportionately larger. less covered
by the peristotmial flap which does not extend over the base of the median tentacle.
The palpi are not fused so far distad, being unitd only at base; they present below
on each a large distal lobe similar to that in the other species. Eyes with prominent
lenses; large; those on each side sub-contiguous. Median tentacle in line with the
centers of the anterior eyes; short and pointed, shorter than the width of the pro-
stomium. Paired tentacles a little shorter than the median; each attached in front of
the median at a point midway between the latter and the anterior eye. Tentacular cirri
much longer than the tentacles, attenuated distad, pointed. The notocirri are all simi-
larly attenuated and run out to a rather fine point. Neurocirri very thick, conical,
each with a black dot near middle. Contrasting with the preceding species in color in
having the dorsum in general light, fulvous, in part slightly dusky, with a series of
dark, blackish, transverse lines across dorsum, there being four somites between each
two dark lines. The body is narrowed toward both ends; venter flat and dorsum

10 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

strongly arched; hesioniform. Because of the broken condition of the type the number
of segments is uncertain, but is near seventy-five.

Greatest width, exclusive of parapodia, 1.5 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 150.

Dredged August 27, 1917.

Campesyllis_gen. nov.

Like Streptosyllis in haying the pharynx strongly sinuous and unarmed and in
lacking nuchal flaps such as characterize dmb/yosyllis. It differs from the former genus
in having only composite setae and in having these of the ordinary structure, the
appendage of a simple, fringed form not covered by a membrane. Eyes two pairs
instead of three. Tentacular cirri two pairs. These, as also the tentacles and notocirri,
short, articulated. Neurocirri attached proximally.

Genotype.—C. minor sp. nov.

Campesyllis minor sp. nov.

The type of this small form is only 2.5 mm. long. The pharynx is strongly
sinuous. The palpi are contiguous throughout and are fused for most of length
though a median furrow or sulcus above and one below run to base; projecting for-
ward; together they narrow distad, with outline triangular; shorter than prostomium.
Eyes two pairs, well separated, subequal, forming a nearly straight transverse row a
little in front of the peristomium. Median tentacle attached far back between posterior
eyes; short, a little exceeding prostomium and palpi together. Lateral tentacles also
short, each attached at cephaloectal corner with the prostomium bulging forward
between them. ‘Tentacular cirri and notocirri also short, the latter in anterior region
about equalling half the width of the body proper and not extending much beyond the
tips of the setae; joints short, near fifteen or less in number. Neurocirri subcylindric,
slender, reaching ends of parapodia. Setae transparent; end of shaft but little enlarged,
its articular edge very oblique; appendage long and slender, the tip curved, the edge
strongly fringed. Body ventrally flat, convex dorsally, strongly narrowed caudad.

Taken in a sabellid colony.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 151.

NEREID
Nereis latescens sp. nov.

Allied to N. vexillosa (Grube) but a much smaller species readily distinguish-
able superficially through the presence of purplish markings on the prostomium and
enterior segments, by the form of the appendages, and particularly by the presence on
region V of the proboscis of a single large conical tooth such as is present in various
cpitokes. The prostomium is marked above by a large purplish area germinate by a
narrow median longitudinal yellow line. Eyes black. On the anterior segments, above
on each side a transverse purplish stripe along anterior and one along posterior
border and across the dorsal region, a shorter but broader stripe a little in front of
the middle of segment. The body otherwise yellowish. Eyes exceptionally large, and
those of each side very close together. ‘Tentacles close together, slenderly cylindrical,
moderately narrowing distad, shorter than prostomium and not extending beyond end
of proximal joint of palpi. Paragnatha in general as in vewillosa; area 1 with but a
single tooth; II, II and IV with numerous teeth in a patch on each; V with a single
exceptionally large tooth; VI with four teeth in a quadrangle; VII and VIII with teeth

Pomona College, Claremont, California 11

in a band across ventral and lateral surface in which the proximal ventral teeth are
smaller than the distal as in vexillosa. Peristomium shorter than prostomium and
than the next two somites combined; divided by a transverse furrow. Tentacular
cirri short; the ventral ones subequal, less than half the length of the dorsals, which
are also nearly equal to each other; more or less flattened; cirrophores short. A
typical parapodium presents three stout conical lobes additional to the setigerous ones;
of these the dorsal one in the anterior region is stoutest, but becomes more slender in the
posterior region. Both notocirri and neurocirri proportionately very slender. Anal
cirri about as long as the dorsal tentacular cirri, flattened.

Number of segments, sixty-two.

Length of types, 20 to 23 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 152.

Taken among hydroids.

Nereis mediator sp. nov.

This species also resembles N. vexillosa, though apparently a normally much
smaller form. It is, so far as evidence at present accessible to me indicates, dis-
tinguishable from that species in having a narrow band across the anterior border of
the dental band of VII composed of much finer denticles instead of having the anterior
teeth large and the posterior ones reduced. The paragnatha are fewer than in
vexillosa, those of II, e. g., being in fewer (usually three), less oblique and more separ-
ated series and those of VI in all the typical specimens being three in a triangle or
four instead of from six to nine or more in a crowded patch. No colored markings.
The tentacles proportionately thicker and obviously closer together. Tentacular cirri
shorter. Notocirral laminae of the middle and posterior regions much less elongate
and flattened with their ventral conical lobe much more pronounced throughout, more
as in the smaller specimens of vexillosa. Anal cirri short. Number of segments up
to seventy.

Length, to 60 mm.

Type—M. C. T. 2, 153.

This is doubtless the same form as recorded by Dr. Moore from San Diego as_
N. vexillosa in Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., 1909, p. 244. It is undoubtedly close to that
species; but as all the specimens which I have seen, and apparently also those studied
by Moore, differ constantly in the features above mentioned from specimens of
vexillosa from more northern localities on the Pacific coast, etc., the form is maintained
as distinct. A single heteronereis female is among the specimens from Laguna Beach.

LEODICID =
Leodice monilifer sp. nov.

Yellow in color, Body strongly narrowed caudad. Prostomium short and broad.

The palpal lobes large and rounded, bulging conspicuously forward and ventrad;
separated by a deep furrow. ‘Tentacles in a slightly curved transverse line, the outer

paired tentacle on each side lying a little farther forward than the inner. Cerato-
phores very short and not broader than bases of styles, exceeded by the first segment
of style which about equals the next two in length. The styles in general strongly
moniliform, the articles short and well rounded. The styles in types short but not in
any case certainly complete; the number of articles present from nine to twelve. The
peristomium much longer than the prostomium than which it is also clearly wider and

12 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

higher; entire second somite very short, not more than one-fourth as long as I. Nuchal
cirri short and conical, much shorter than the peristomium, transversely wrinkled or
sometimes distinctly annulated. Notocirri slenderly conical, becoming more slender
in posterior region as usual; with some weak encircling wrinkles but not distinctly
divided into articles. Branchiae begin as single filaments on IX or sometimes on VIII.
Branchiae of X each consisting of two filaments. The number in several of the suc-
ceeding branchiae increases to three, then again falling to two, and, finally, the last
eight pairs or so are again simple filaments. The last branchiae in the type occur on
XXXII. Anal cirri short, slenderly conical. Moxillae strongly chitinized; brown,
with edges in part black. In maxillae II the right plate has six large teeth, the outer
left plate four and the odd or inner left plate seven or eight. III with nine teeth or
crenulatious. Number of segments in type one hundred and nine.

Length, 43 mm.; greatest width, exclusive of parapodia, 2.6 mm. An incomplete
larger specimen has a width of 3.2 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 154.

Taken among holdfasts of kelp. (C. F. Baker, June 30, 1911.)

Arabella lagunae sp. nov.

As compared with 4. attenuata Treadwell, this is a smaller species differing in
appearance in being brown of a decided greenish tinge, excepting on the prostomium
and at the caudal end. The prostomium is less narrowed cephalad, being more
broadly rounded across anterior end. Median eyes not exceeding the lateral in size.
Maxillae V represented by simple small hooks. IV with five teeth of which the most
ectal (upper) is long and slender, the two next much shorter and finer and the two
innermost closer together. III with fine teeth similarly arranged and formed. Maxillae
II nearly symmetrical; the left one with seven teeth of which the most anterior one is
much largest, the right with an additional small tooth in front of (ectad of) the
large one; neither of the plates extending caudad of the anterior end of the dental
series of I. I with seven or eight well developed teeth; the carriers very long and
slender, black throughout. In the paraphodia the posterior lobe is well developed,
stout and conical, distally somewhat blunt or rounded, extended ectad or caudo-ectad
and is always shorter than the setae. Setae all simple, limbate, in a single series of
mostly six in the middle region of the body. Setae with the usual double or sigmoidal
curve over the limbate part, the first bend or geniculation unusually strong, angular;
tip becoming fine and hair-like. Body tapering caudad, pointed at the posterior end,
ending in two blunt lobes. Number of segments in the type one hundred and ninety-one.

Length, 46 mm.; width, exclusive of parapodia, 2 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 155.

Taken at the shore “under rocks.”

Arabella mimetica sp. nov.

Resembling the preceding species though smaller and more slender. Superficially
differing obviously in the form of the prostomium which is much more narrowed distad
and is neither depressed nor furrowed either dorsally or ventrally. Eyes smaller,
cbscure. Maxillae resembling those of the other species in general, but differing
strongly in the second pair in which the right plate, instead of being symmetrical with
the left one, is decidedly long and extends far proximad along the dental line of I
and bears about fifteen teeth as against only six on the left one and eight on the cor-

Pomona College, Claremont, California 13

responding plate in /Jagunae. Maxillae I on right side with nine teeth, on left appar-
ently with seven. Maxillae III with teeth in arrangement as in /agunae but only four
in number and different in all being blunt and shorter. IV as in the other species but
teeth four instead of five. The number of segments in the type is near one hundred
and sixty-five.

Length, 40 mm.; width, 1.1 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 156.

Taken among holdfasts of kelp. (C. F. Baker, June 30, 1911.) Also a small speci-
men taken August 2, 1917, by Prof. Hilton.

Biborin gen. nov.

Setae all simple, limbate, well developed. First two segments achaetous. Eyes
none. Maxillae absent, but the mandibles normally developed, the wall of the ali-
mentary canal opposite the latter simply thickened. Notocirri rudimentary.

Biborin ecbola sp. nov.

Biborin echola sp. nov.

The type as preserved is greyish brown of a dull bluish green cast. A note with
the specimen also states that it is greenish in life. The body is strongly attenuated
and pointed caudad, more moderately cephalad. The prostomium larger than wide
and somewhat longer than the first two segments; subconically narrowed distad,
apically rounded, flattened dorsoventrally. The two achaebous segments subequal in
length or the second slightly longer, not produced forward below. Mandibles short
and broad, not toothed, the edges meeting at an acute angle in front; the caudal
stems shorter behind point of separation than the blades in front of this point, rather
slender, blunt behind. Posterior lobes of parapodia subcylindrical, a little conically
narrowed distad but with apex well rounded, extending ectad or caudoectad; in middle
region of body reaching to or a little beyond middle of longer setae, the setae rela-
tively shorter in anterior region. Setae all simple and limbate with the usual double
curve, the first curve or angulation obviously less marked than in 4. lagunae, which
form this species superficially resembles. Number of segments in type, two hundred
and seventy-seven.

Length, 92 mm.; width without parapodia, 2.2 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 157.

Taken among Phyllospadix, September 17, 1917.

GLY CERID 2
Glycera exigua sp. nov.

A small species easily recognizable among the known forms of the California
coast by the character of the parapodia. Each of these present three lips, two anterior
and one posterior; all three lobes triangular, pointed distad, with the posterior one
fully equalling the other two in length. The neurocirrus is also triangular in out-
line. The natocirrus is reduced to a small rounded or nodular form slightly above
base of parapodium. Branchiae simple cylindrical filaments, each attached toward
distal end of parapodium above as in G. alba and G. longipinnis; the first occurring
on or near somite XXX, short, in actual length not greater than parapodium exclusive
of terminal lips and falling much short of reaching ends of setae; absent from last
twelve segments or so and those just in front of this caudal region much reduced.
Prostomium of usual general form; consisting of fourteen or fifteen rings. Proboscis

14 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

long; weakly longitudinally ridged and densely finely papillose. Body strongly nar-
rowed from the anterior region caudad, the caudal end slenderly pointed. Segments
biannulate. Number of segments in the type near one hundred and thirty.

Length, 26 mm.; width, 1.5 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 158.

Balboa, December 26, 1917.

Glycera basibranchia sp. nov.

Resembles exigua in having the branchiae in the form of a series of single, simple
filaments but readily distinguished in having each branchia attached at base of para-
podium on the dorsocaudal surface just ectad of the notocirrus instead of at the distal
end above. The branchiae begin on the twenty-ninth setigerous somite and continue
to about the one hundred and twenty-ninth, decreasing in size at the two ends of the
series. In the middle region they are cylindrical, distally rounded, and transparent,
and at most do not surpass the distal end of the parapodium, most of these being obvi-
ously shorter than this in the preserved specimen. Also decidedly different from
exigua in having four lobes at the distal end of each parapodium, two postsetal and
two presetal. These are narrowly triangular, distally pointed, with the presetal lobes
thicker and more conical and decidedly longer than the postsetal. The short, distally
rounded notocirri are attached at the base of the parapodia above in the angle between
the latter and the body wall. Neurocirri distally subeylindric, resembling the distal
parapodial lobes. The prostomium disinctly ringed to near middle, the basal half
showing five rings while the distal half in the type is only vaguely annulate, though
with indications of apparently seven nearly fused rings, making the total number
twelve. Proboscis long, densely papillose. Type incomplete caudally; one hundred
and forty-five segments retained.

Length (not quite complete), 36 mm.; greatest width, 1.3 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 159.

A note gives the color in life as light, the red blood showing through as usual in
the family.

Glycera verdescens sp. nov.

A very small form differing from the two preceding in wholly lacking branchiae.
The parapodia are strikingly different in that the postsetal lobe is either wholly absent,
as in anterior region, or is represented by a single, small, pointed process, while there
are two presetal lobes which are long and subcylindrical or finger-like and of which
the ventral one is ordinarily the larger. The notocirrus is small and occupies the
usual place in the angle between the dorsal surface of the parapodium and the body-
wall. Neurocirrus slenderly conical, darkened distad as are also the presetal lobes.
The slenderly conical prostomuim showing twelve annuli. Type at present showing a
distinctly greenish tinge. Type incomplete caudally, sixty-nine segments retained, the
length being 13 mm., width, 1.1. mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 160.

ARICIID 12
Nainereis hespera sp. nov.

This is apparently a smaller species than /onga or robusta and is composed of
fewer segments. It differs from those species in having the anterior division of the
body composed of only nineteen segments and in haying the first branchie appear on

Pomona College, Claremont, California 15

the thirteenth or fourteenth segment. ‘The prostomium is broadly subtrapeziform, nar-
rowing forward and with the anterior margin varying from slightly convex to mesally
indented as is the case in the type; dorsal surface nearly flat, simply marked with two
furrows, or sometimes with the median caudal region between furrows elevated. Peri-
stomium with anterior margin above more or less concave, its median length about
equal to that of the second segment, which is also ordinarily bowed caudad. In the
neuropodia of the anterior region the postsetal processes are broad, distally rounded,
thick lips which are prominent; in the posterior region these become narrowly conical,
elongate, distally pointed processes. The postsetal processes of the notopodia in the
anterior region are thick, short cones which increase in length in going caudad, in the
posterior region being very elongate. The branchi# begin on the thirteenth or four-
teenth segment as short processes but become abruptly longer, basally thick and distally
pointed processes much thicker than the postsetal processes of the notopodia and
exceeding these in length; they are widely separated and, while curving in somewhat
mesad, do not come in contact, leaving much of the mid-dorsal region naked. They
continue to the end of the body. The neuropodial sete of the anterior region are ar-
ranged in three subvertical series and form a patch twice as high (dorsoventrally) as
long (cephalocaudally). The stout sete of the posterior row are mostly four in num-
ber, less commonly three or five. These coarse sete are not at all clavate as in elongata
and are not roughened or cross-ridged above the curve as in robusta; the terminal
region above the curve longer than in the later species. The sete of the other series
are more curved than in robusta and are abruptly contracted farther from the body.
the contraction stronger but the one edge similarly roughened or denticlated with cross
lines. At the ventral end of the series a small patch of ordinary, camerated, capillary
sete resembling the notopodials. The body is broad anteriotly and narrows to the
posterior end. Dorsal surface flat and the ventral convex as usual. Number of seg-
ments in the type one hundred and thirty-six. Color in general pale brown; at black
spot at base of each branchia at least those of posterior region, in front and behind
and the proximal part of branchia often darkened.
Length, 27 mm.; greatest width, 2.4 mm.
Type—M. C. Z. 2, 161.

Scoloplos acmeceps sp. nov.

Resembling S. armiger (O. F. Miller) in general structure. A less deeply pig-
mented species easily distinguished from this northern form in wholly lacking the
ventral papille (neurocirri) present in the latter below the parapodia of about the
eighteenth to thirtieth segments. The prostomium is similarly elongate and pointed
but is more slender; it is borne at the end of the peristomium which has the form of
a truncate cone. The branchie begin anteriorly in the same way as very slight eleva-
tions and increase quickly to long ligulate forms; but the first one appears on the
sixteenth or seventeenth setigerous segment instead of on the twelfth or thirteenth as
usual in armiger. The fully developed branchie are obviously narrower than typical
for the latter species. The lobes of the parapodia are in general similar though they
do not become obvious so far forward. In the second division of the body the ventral
lobe is similarly elongate and bifid at the tip with the inner or more dorsal lobe the
longer; but the lobes are characteristically more divergent, thinner and more slender.
The first bifid neuropodial lobes appear on the twenty-first setigerous segment. The

16 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

dorsal lobe similar in form to that in armiger. Caudal end of all the types missing.
Greatest width, 2 mm.
Type—M. C. Z. 2, 162.
Balboa (Sept. 10, 1917).
FLABELLIGERID ©
Flabelligera haerens sp. nov.

This species resembles F. commensalis Moore in the approximation of the
neuropodia though these are apparently not so close as in that species and are at no
place actually contiguous though nearly so in the extreme caudal region. In front of
this they remain a uniform distance apart, which is less than the length of a somite,
forward to about the tenth somite from where the rows diverge gradually forward.
The notopodia more widely separated, the rows diverging cephalad from near the
tenth somite, always much closer to each other than to the neuropodia. Ventral sur-
face flattened or weakly concave, the dorsal surface also flattened but slightly convex,
while the sides are convex; the body in part is slightly compressed from side to side,
in cross-section subquadrate to subcircular; widest in middle region and narrowing
both ways, more strongly so caudad, subfusiform. Collar lobe deeply and widely
incised dorsally and ventrally; the lobe on each side bearing a series of numerous long
cross-striated sete which are reddish brown in color and are stouter than the ordinary
notopodials. The notopodials are simple, finely tapered, colorless setae. There is a
single seta in each neuropodium, this being in the form of a very stout hook; the color
if dark throughout; the transverse terminal portion of the hook is longer and more
slender and acute than in commensalis and the pseudo-joint is farther proximad of the
curved region; the shaft is bent caudad at the level of the joint, the hook proper cury-
ing mesad. ‘The entire surface is densely papillose. The sete of the collar are
cloaked by a dense growth of long filiform papille with large clavate tips, these
papille approximating the sete in length. The papille also cluster densely about the
notopodia, these papille having similar clavate tips. The papille of the general sur-
face of dorsum, venter and sides are much shorter. Color nearly uniform greyish
brown. Number of segments in type, forty-nine.

Length, 13 mm.
Type—M. C. Z. 2, 163.
Taken in holdfasts of kelp, August 12, 1917.

CAPITELLID-®
- Natomastus angulatus sp. nov.

In comparison with N. tenuis Moore, known from San Diego, this species differs
in the form of the thorax, which is strongly angulate instead of terete the sides and
venter being flat and the dorsum usually but little convex, so that the cross-section is
nearly quadrate; also in having the segments and their subdivisions sharply separated
with the posterior subsegment in each case much shorter than the anterior instead
of equal to it. In the type the posterior thoracic somites are twice or more as long as
wide, but in some paratypes the relative length is much less. Thorax narrowed caudad.
The abdomen in its anterior part obviously thicker than the thorax in its widest part.
The prostomium characteristic, showing two distinct regions, a broad posterior one
with convex, anteriorly converging sides and a narrower, subconical, palpoidal ter-

Pomona College, Claremont, California 17

minal part sharply set off from the basal. Segments of abdomen irregularly multian-
nulate, sulei deep and surface usually appearing strongly rugose and uneven.

Length near 160 mm.; greatest width of abdomen, 1.4 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 164.

Taken in sand and in growths of eel grass. The color is noted as reddish in life,
as usual in the family.

SPIONOIDEA
Morants gen. nov.

Body with an anterior region of fifteen setigerous somites separated from a larger
posterior region by a specialized somite, the sixteenth. Prostomium with a lateral
process or horn on each side in front, notched in front at middle. Eyes none in geno-
type. Dorsal cirri present in addition to branchie on the first four setigerous somites.
Notopodia with simple capillary sete throughout. Anterior neuropodia with capillary
sete, but others also with crochets. Anal. cirri two.

Genotype—M. duplex sp. nov.

Morants duplex sp. nov.

Palpal processes lost from type. Proboscis as protruded short, distally expanded
over proximal region. Parapodia dorsolateral in position, the anterior ones very thick.
Principal postsetal lobe rising above into a branchial process which is short anteriorly
but in posterior region is much longer, slender and subulate. Mesad of the branchial
process of each parapodium of the first four pairs is a cirrus or cirriform process.
The inferior sete of the most anterior parapodia much shorter than the dorsals,
strongly curved. In the first notopodial fascia a much stouter, aciculiform, sete which
is uncate. Crochets with strongly narrowed neck; with two curved teeth at distal
end above the beak which is decurved; in posterior region few in number, commonly
four in a series. Anal cirri slender, filiform, much longer than the preceding branchiz;
one in the type has a short spur near its base. Total number of segments about one
hundred and sixteen. ;

Length, 21.5 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 165.

Balboa.

The tubes adhere closely to the body. Their walls of fine sand.

AMPHARETID-©
Schistocomus gen. nov.

Like Phyllocomus in lacking tentacles and postbranchial spines, in bearing fifteen
pairs of fascie of capillary sete and four pairs of branchie. It differs from that
genus in having the branchie of two types, one pair being of the ordinary, smooth,
simple, subulate form and the other three with the edges divided, two pinnately,
bearing two close series of lamellar branches, and one with an essentially single
series of branches in the genotype.

Genotype—S. hiltoni sp. nov.

Schistocomus hiltoni sp. nov.

The body has the ordinary general form, being widest near the fifth setigerous
segment from where it narrows continuously to the slender, pointed cauda. Dorsum
convex, venter less so, the latter with a double median longitudinal furrow in the

18 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

posterior region. Prostomium projecting forward as a simple hood with rounded
anterior corners and the median region of anterior edge nearly straight; dorsal sur-
face in type longitudinally wrinkled. Ventrally the peristomium projects forward
between the sides of the prostomium in a conspicuous lobe or lower lip which narrows
somewhat distad and has the distal margin convex; surface longitudinally wrinkled.
Second somite achaetons. The third bearing the first fascie of simple sete, the sixth
the first uncini. Of the pinnate branchia one pair occur on the third setigerous
somite and one on the second while the branchie with single series of branches in which
the branches are less lamellate, are on the second (first presetal) somite, the simple
branchie arising on the first setigerous somite. The first branchi# are attached
near the middle of the dorsum, the others laterad close above the parapodia. The
first and especially the second or simple branchie extending forward beyond the
anterior edge of the prostomium. Color light fulvous or in part greyish. Number of
segments near fifty-five.

Length, 22 mm.; greatest width, 3 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 166.

Taken at Laguna Beach Sept. 15, 1917.

The tube in which the type was found is 35 mm. long. The wall is thickened
by the adhesion of fine particles of sand, fragments of shell, ete.

TEREBELLID.®
Leaena videns sp. nov.

The prostomium extends as a convex hood or inverted scoop above the mouth;
along its posterior border is a series of long, crowded, tentacles. The prostomial fold
behind the tentacles is crossed by a transverse band of distinct eyes, the band narrow
above and widening on each side. Mouth a crescentic slit with corners curved caudad;
bordered behind by a thick lip the anterior median edge of which is truncate. No
dorsal cirriform process on III or any other segment, all being wholly smooth. A
characteristic of the species is the large number of setigerous segments, at least thirty-
cne being present (IV-XXXIII) in the type, and possibly more. The sete differs
from those of muda in their longer fine tips and more geniculate appearance at base
of this region. The uncini are characterized by an exceptionally long beak which,
beyond its strongly curved base is straight; the sinus narrow, the process arising
near its middle, low obtuse; vertex not comparatively high, crossed by mostly four
series of denticles; body of uncinus rather narrow, the shoulder on convex side much
farther toward the end than, e.g., in muda and well below level of bottom of sinus.
The type is incomplete, only near thirty-eight segments being present. The color is
noted as pinkish in life. At present it is fulvous in the type.

Length of incomplete specimen not in excess of 12 mm.; greatest width, .8 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 167.

Pista fratrella sp. nov.

This form seems to be close to P. alata Moore. The type, which is much smaller
than that of alata, differs in various details from the description of the latter. The
principal lateral wings are confined to the third segment and are united across the
dorsum of third somite instead of involving the anterior border of IV and crossing the
latter above; connecting dorsal fold low and lacking any forwardly directed process;
the wing rises as a high, rounded lobe on each side just below level of setigerous

Pomona College, Claremont, California 19

tubercles, rising high above the middorsal surface. In addition to the prominent wings
on III there is on IV on each side a much lower ridge or wing paralleling that on
III, this not more prominent above. Unlike those of alata. somites II and III are not
confounded laterally but are distinct throughout. Prostomium short. ‘Tentacles mostly
lost in type; rather slender, not long, apparently in but a single transverse series.
Peristomium deeply excavated at middle below, the bottom of the excavation rounded
and the peristomium produced on each side of this into the usual large lobes. The
branchie, as in the genotype and other species, strongly asymetrically developed. The
right anterior branchia is much the largest, the trunk very long, with the left anterior
much smaller. Of the posterior pair, the right, unlike that of alata, is also much
larger than the left one. In the type the sternal plates are not sharply differentiated.
The manubriate uncini of V have the general form of those in alata, but the bulge
below the beak is much larger and more rounded with the subrostral tooth more
obtuse and nearer the middle of the oblique edge; beak less divergent from manubrium;
vertex with three transverse series of denticles. The color in the abdominal region
light fulvous, in the thoracic darker with a narrow brownish stripe along caudal
border of each segment laterally and ventrally. Type not quite complete caudally,
retaining eighty somites.

Length, 36 mm.; greatest width, 2.8 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 168.

The wall of the tube is composed of sand and shell fragments.

Naneva gen. nov.

Prostomium short; with numerous tentacular filaments. Uncini avicular and of
same form throughout. Sete beginning on third somite; tips simple. Uncini begin-
ning on the fourth somite. No lateral foliaceous lobes on the anterior segments.
Branchie two pairs; branched; attached on somites II and III.

Genotype—N. hespera sp. nov.

Differs from Thelepus and Athelepus in having the branchiew branched instead
of simple and in having the uncini begin on IV.

Naneva hespera sp. noy.

The prostomium forms a prominent upper lip of which the anterior border is
turned upward all along, leaving a deep concavity between it and the upcurving pos-
terior fold along which the tentacles are attached. Because of their curled and tangled
condition the precise number of tentacles was not ascertained, but is about twelve on
each side; they are long, some when fully extended being 15 mm. in length. No eyes
were detected in the type. Peristomium forming a lower lip of but moderate length
with straight anterior edge; scarcely twice as long as the second somite below. First
branchia on each side attached to second somite just in front and mesad of the first
setigerous tubercle. The second branchia attached just caudad of the first on the
caudal region of somite III. Both branchie very similar, each presenting three prin-
cipal branches of which the most mesal is largest; ultimate branches numerous, rather
short. Capillary sete beginning on III and continuing to XXVII. The anterior
setigerous processes are in the form of vertical plates with straight truncate, distal
edge; but in going caudad these become reduced finally to slight tubercles, with the
first about equal to half the intervening space and by the seventh equal to this space,
while in the abdominal region the opposite series are separated merely by the median
furrow. Anterior ventral plates strongly longitudinally furrowed. Capillary sete

20 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

narrowly bilimbate, drawn out into a very fine simple tip. Uncini, at least for the most
part, in two series both in thoracic and in abdominal region; apparently with mostly
three transverse rows of denticles at vertex; beak long, the sinus with parallel sides,
opposite side of body evenly curved, not distinctly shouldered. Total number of seg-
ments in the type, which is complete, about one hundred and thirty, of which II to
XXVII are setigerous. Body rapidly narrowed to the eighteenth segment, but only
very gradually thereafter.

Length, near 45 mm.; greatest width, 1.8 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 169.

Balboa.

SABELLID-E

Myxicola monacis sp. nov.

In size and general appearance resembling M. pacifica Johnson, with the type
of which it has been compared. From that form the present one may readily be dis-
tinguished in having the ventral median prccess from the first segment drawn out into
a slender entire tip instead of being broad and presenting distally two angles or
lobes; the process is furrowed longitudinally and the edges are somewhat turned
down. Branchie twenty-two pairs. Readily distinguished by the form of the abdominal
uncini. These have the general form of those of pacifica but as a whole are longer
with the body proportionately more slender and its abvertigial end more rounded; the
beak is longer and less divergent, distally curving a little back toward the body; the
sides of the sinus parallel. The body in the type is somewhat fusiform, being nar-
rowed both ways from the middle but more strongly so caudad. In a paratype the
body is scarcely narrowed cephalad. Body scmewhat depressed dorsoventrally, less
terete than in pacifica. Total number of segments near seventy.

Length of type, exclusive of branchiz, 40 mm.; greatest width, 6.2 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 170.

Taken from holdfasts of seaweeds.

Potamilla clara sp. nov.

The body in general light brown; but ventrally there is a median longitudinal
fulvous stripe over the ventral plates. The branchie are crossed by a series of dark
bands or annuli which fade out proximally, about three distad of the middle of length
being deep and distinct. There are nineteen pairs of branchial radioles; barbs nu-
merous, densely arranged to near tip, the naked distal region of axis very short, pale
excepting where partially or completely involved by the transverse dark bands. Ven-
tral lobes of collar moderate, rounded, edges a little rolled down; dorsal ends separ-
ated; no lateral incisions, being but two-lobed; not produced forward below, lobes
rounded and separated. Thoracic segments eight. Ventral plates all rectangular,
those of the abdomen divided by the midventral sulcus. Total number of segments,
sixty.

Length without branchie 21 mm.; length with branchie, 28 mm.; greatest width,
3 mm.
Type—M. C. Z. 2, 171.

Taken on beach at low tide.

Potamilla omissa sp. nov.

The general color is dusky or pale brownish with the anterior ventral plates

lighter and the branchiw rather weakly transversely banded with dark. Radioles of

Pomona College, Claremont, California Hl

branchi# in a simple series; seventeen pairs. Collar well developed, produced for-
ward below in two pointed lobes overlapping at the middle. Eight setigerous tho-
racic somites. Most dorsal thoracic sete in each fascicle long and finely pointed with
wings narrow; the ventral sete much more numerous, shorter, spatulate, with fine tip.
The uncini have the posterior process very short, rounded at the end, much shorter
and more slender than the neck, which is rather strongly curved; vertex high and
narrowly rounded; beak not strongly depressed. Type incomplete, only seven of the
abdominal segments being present.

Length of first sixteen segments, 15 mm.; including branchiz, 21 mm.; width,
2.5 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 172.

Potamilla colorata sp. nov.

The type is notably marked with black pigment; the collar membrane crossed with
a close series of longitudinal dark stripes, one in line with each radiole and nar-
rowing caudad; the branchie crossed transversely with dark bands. Thoracic somites,
more notably the anterior ones, with a dusky to black band in front of each uncini-
gerous torus and a dark spot on the dorsum mesad of the setigerous papilla. The
collar with a dark area ventrad and also dorsad of the fascicles Ground color
greyish of light brown cast, lacking the yellow dominating in omissa. Sixteen (or
seventeen) pairs of radioles in the branchie. Ventral lobes of collar pointed, widely
overlapping in the median line, dorsal ends free, projecting toward each other in
dorsal groove. Setigerous thoracic somites eight in number. Inferior sete numerous,
spatulate, usually in two series. Total number of segments present about fifty-one,
a few of the most caudal being lost.

Length, 25 mm.; with branchiz, 30 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2,173.

Pseudopotamilla paurops sp. nov.

A rather slender species with branchi# of moderate length. Excepting the eyes
with no pigmented markings. Radioles fifteen pairs. Eyes few, not present on all
radioles; where present usually but a single one on each radiole, in one case two;
the eyes deep purple, variable in side from moderate to small; situated at varying
distance between base and middle of length of radioles. Free dorsal edge of branchial
membrane with two short obtuse lobes overlapping in the middle line. The dorsal
notch in the collar lobe on each side is mesad of the line of setigerous tubercles, wide
open, rectangular or slightly obtuse; lobe mesad of notch small, anteriorly rounded,
the mesal edge extending into the dorsal furrow; median ventral lobes separated by a
narrow incision, short, the ectal edge passing out in an even concave curve to the
anterior lateral margin. A characteristic feature of the species is the presence of ten
setigerous thoracic somites. Dorsal sete of the usual two types of which the upper
are much fewer spatulate sete in two series with distal expansion broad and wings
asymmetrical, tip short. Total number of segments, seventy-eight.

Length without branchiz, 31 mm.; with branchie, 36 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 174.

Tube tough, corneus.

Pseudopotamilla parva sp. nov.

The type of this species is a small individual which, as preserved, appears of a
uniform dusky color throughout. Branchial radioles fourteen or fifteen pairs; in a

22 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

single series, the membrane not being coiled. No eye spots. Collar with ventral lobes
proportionately long and acute, the dorsal lobes small and approximate. Notopodial
sete of usual two types; few. Uncini with beak divergent, nearly horizontal, the
“neck”? short and the edge of body below bulging much as in Paralaonome japonica.
Body furrowed along each side just above notopodia excepting anteriorly. Ventral
plates sharply limited, elevated; .all of abdominal plates bisected by the median
longitudinal sulcus excepting the first one, which is entire. Total number of somites,
fifty-six, of which eight are thoracic.

Length without branchie, 12 mm.; with branchie#, near 15 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 175.

Taken among tufted algw, June 25, 1911 (C. F. Baker).

Pseudopotamilla lampra sp. nov.

In this form the collar membrane is crossed by a series of longitudinal dark
stripes, one in line with each radiole, as in Potamilla colorata, these narrowing caudad.
Branchie sometimes mostly dark with light transverse bands. Anterior thoracic seg-
ments darkly pigmented both above and below, and also along both sides of tori, and
most setigerous papilla and tori of succeeding regions of body also surrounded in
some degree with a pigmented area. Branchial membrane with free dorsal edges
produced into two lobes on each side, the two of each pair overlapping, the posterior
lobe rounded, the anterior angular with its caudal margin transverse and the other
long and oblique. Radioles nineteen pairs, several of these at dorsomesal end of series
much reduced. Eyes conspicuous but few, only one, or occasionally two, on a radiole
and some radioles wholly lacking them. This species has only seven setigerous thoracic
somites. Total number of segments, near ninety-four.

Length, about 28 mm.; with branchiz, 33 mm.

A note states that this form is pinkish in life. A paratype was taken “in a large
white sponge.”

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 176.

Pseudopotamilla macrops sp. nov.

While the type of this species includes only the anterior end of the body, its char-
acters seem su....ciently marked for subsequent idntification. As in /ampra, the anterior
segments are darkened with purplish brown pigment, especially adjacent to the seti-
gerous papille and about the tori, the ventral plates, however, remaining pale.
Branchial membrane also pigmented caudally, and the branchie transversely banded.
Only two eyes on each side are present in the type, a single one each on the second and
third radiole from the dorsal end of the series. ‘These eyes are exceptionally large
and prominent, much larger than in any of the other species here recorded, embracing
practically the entire width of the stalk. The free dorsal edges of the branchial
membrane nearly straight, each with only a very slight angulation near its anterior
end, not being truly lobate. Nine pairs of radioles. Minor dorsal lobes of collar
prominent, produced well forward, curving a little mesad distally, the mesal edge
reflected down the dorsal groove as usual.

Width, .75 mm. Length of branchie, 2.5 mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 177.

Pseudopotamilla scotia sp. nov.

Differing from the other species here described in having nine setigerous thoracic

somites. Anterior somites of thorax darkened above, down the sides on both sides

Pomona College, Claremont, California 23

of the tori and also more or less ventrally with purplish brown pigment. Processes
or lobes on free edge of branchial membrane above almost of same form as in P. lampra
and similarly overlapping. Nineteen pairs of branchial radioles. No eyes. Ventral
lobes of collar prolonged, subacute, not overlapping. In the dorsal fascie of the
ordinary thoracic somites the dorsal sete are arranged mostly in more or less single,
curved, longitudinal series, the clavate ventrals being arranged in two vertical series
at right angles to the line of the dorsals. Pennoned sete of the uncinigerous tori very
prominent. Only a few of the most anterior abdominal segments present in type.

Greatest width, 2 mm. Length of branchie, + mm.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 178.

Taken in a large white sponge.

SERPULID
Eupomatus intereans sp. nov.

This species is separated from E. uncinatus (Philippi) with some hesitation since
specimens of the latter are not at hand for direct comparison. It would seem, how-
ever, to be clearly different, to judge from Ehler’s figure, in the form of the uncini.
These are much broader (i.e., at right angles to the dental line), the base projecting
conspicuously but not forming an angulate shoulder as in E. gracilis, being nearly
evenly and rather broadly rounded. The teeth are mostly seven in number, the end
below the last of these set off as usual, rounded. The upper collar sete coarse, with
two teeth or spurs at base of the slender tip, these commonly more or less unequal in
size. Branchie thirteen pairs. Operculum in general as in umcinatus; width of prin-
cipal expansion 1.25 mm.; the latter even, by narrowing into the stalk, the rim with
thirty-eight projecting acute teeth or serrations which are straight or very nearly so,
not at all uncate as in uncinatus in which they are also fewer (thirty). Inner crown
of eleven spines each tapered evenly to an acute tip and bent in abruptly toward the
center above, the proximal portion being erect and ordinarily parallel with the others.
No process or series of processes detected within this crown, the base from which
these arise being evenly concave on its distal surface and convex on the proximal.
Spines of the inner crown dark brown proximally as is the entire basal plate from
which they arise, the remaining part of spines light brown. Operculum proper nearly
black below teeth on proximal surface of the expansion and on adjacent part of stalk
the remaining part of which is white; distal surface of funnel pale. Branchie
and body in general pale, unmarked or some of the -branchie with a blackish mark
on stalk toward distal end. Thoracic setigerous somites seven. Abdominal segments,
ninety.

Type—M. C. Z. 2, 178.

Length exclusive of branchiz, 20 mm.; to end of operculum, about 24 mm.
Width, 1.5 mm.

The Nervous System of Caecum Califor-
nicum

WILLIAM A. HILTON

Specimens of this little gastropod mollosc from 2 to 3 mm. in length were the
material for the study. Specimens were fixed and sectioned whole and a few good
series were obtained.

It seems rather remarkable that so small a species should have such a high organ-
ization of the nervous system. The ganglia are large in proportion to the size of the
animal and well developed. In all cases the exact limits of the nerves and connectives
were not determined, but the chief ganglia were easily found.

Quite well towards the head end a pair of buccal ganglia were found, these were
small, widely separated and possessed only a few nerve cells. At about this level in
cross sections the eyes make their appearance, one on each side. ‘They are simple,
quite large and well provided with pigment. Below the level of the eyes and the
bueeal ganglia, on the dorsal side of the esophagus, the much larger cerebral ganglia
make their appearance. These probably are connected with the eyes but the connec-
tions were not clearly seen in the sections. ‘The cerebral ganglia are closely united
along the middle line. They occupy more than one half the diameter of the entire
animal. The more caudal ends of these ganglia separate and run down, a little lateral
to the esophagus.

Below the esophagus and a little below the chief level of the cerebral ganglia,
a region of more ventral masses of nerve tissue is reached. There are two ganglia
on each side, a lateral pair somewhat smaller than the more ventral. The lateral
are the pleural and the ventral are the pedal ganglia. The pedal ganglia are closely
pressed against each other in the middle line, but not fused, they are much larger
than any of the other ganglionic pairs and of a more complicated cell and fibrous
structure.

Beyond the region of large ganglia and slightly farther towards the other end
of the animal, on the right side, a small visceral ganglion makes its appearance.
Farther down on the left side a much smaller group of cells seems to indicate another
ganglion of the viscera.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

yn

Pomona College, Claremont, California 2

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1 Camera lucida sketch of cerebral ganglia of Cecum. The dorsal side
is up. X300.

Fig. 2. Left pleural ganglion of Cecum. X200.
Fig. 3. Left pedal ganglion of Caecum. X300.

Fig. +. Reconstruction from Cxcum, showing position of eyes and ganglia viewed
from the ventral side. X70.

Amphipods from Laguna Beach

The following list is from the collections of 1917, or that part of it sent to the
U. S. Nat. museum for determination.
Aruga oculata Holmes. L. 6 mm., white with red on the head. From alge. Another
white specimen of 8 mm. Dredged at 10 f.
Paraphoxus sp. L. 9 mm. Light colored.
Ipiplateia sp. Red. L. 10 mm.

Lilljeborgia brevicornis Bruz. One specimen dredged Aug. 28. Head white upper
half, lower half pink. Lower part of body pink, upper white. L. 6 mm. Another
head end of body red, caudal end white. L. 4+ mm. Dredged Aug. 11 and Sept.
17th.

Tiron sp. Light colored L. 9 mm.
Elasmopus brasiliensis Dana? L. 6 mm., yellow, brown eyes. Line on back.
Melita quinquedentata Shoem. L. 6.5 mm. Tide pools Aug. 29.

Allorchestes sp. immature. One lot pale green, red antennx, L. 3.5 mm. One red L. 10
mm. One from holdfasts brown and red L. 6 mm.

flyalella azteca Sauss. Brown green, 3.5 to + mm.

Hyale sp. One red, L. 4 mm. One dark L. 6.5 mm. One pink-brown from sulphur
sponge. L. 7 mm. One rose on back, ringed with white. One yellow green back,
L. 5.5 mm. One yellow, pink antenne, holdfast L. 11 mm. One brown from
alge L. 5 mm. One rose brown L. 6 mm.

Orchestoidea corniculata Stout. Green grey, bluish antenne L. 14 mm.
Lembos sp. bands on body. L. 6 mm. From holdfasts.

Microprotopus sp. Bands on body L. 6 mm.

Photis californica Stout. Bands on body. Holdfasts.

Neophotis inequalis Stout. Brown and red. L. 6 mm. Holdfast.

Amphithoe corallina Stout. Yellow, green antenne. L. 8 mm. Another mottled white
and black L. 10 mm. Another brown white legs two white spots on the sides. One
with green eggs L. 9 mm.

4. vaillantii H. Lucas. Bright Red, L. 13 mm. Dredged 10 f. Aug. 17.

A. rubricata Montagu (?) Brownish green, yellow spots on sides Aug. 12, 1915.
Amphithoe sp. Pink, read antenna, I.. 11 mm.

Amphithoe Yellow, pink antenne. Holdfast. WirwAws re

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Annelids from Laguna Beach

This list includes specimens recently determined by Dr. R. V. Chamberlin, but

does not include new species reported on at that time.

Glycera rugosa Johnson. Euphrosyne aurantiaca John. Eudistylia polymorpha John-
son. From holdfast. Chrysopetalum occidentalis John.

Diopatra californica Moore. Podarke pugettensis Johnson.

Syllis alterniata Moore. Pionosyllis elongata Johnson.

Halosydna pulchra Johnson.

H. californica Johnson. Dredged. Scoloplos sp. San. Balboa.

Naineris longa Moore? Under stones. Cirratulus luxuriosus Moore, all bright red
from eel grass. Polycirrus californicus Moore.

Nereis agassizi Ehlers. Anaitides sp. Lumbrineries zonata John.?
Syllis alternata Moore. Nepthys caeca Fabr.?
Sthenelais verruculosa Johnson. W.. AS OL:

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Structure of Dolichoglossus Pusillus

ALMA EVANS

The animals were studied from serial sections cut in several planes. The stains
used were carmine, hematoxylin and eosin. The hematoxylin seemed to show the
tissues more clearly. A graphic reconstruction was attempted, but did not prove
satisfactory because of the individual artificial foldings and contractions. The draw-
ings were obtained by the use of a camera lucida. The general drawings, Figs. 1-9
inclusive, are not filled in in great detail. The special drawings are shown at greater
magnification with more of an attempt to show the actual condition.

Dolichoglossus is a soft worm-like animal with ciliated surface. It is divided
into three distinct regions: the probescis, a long club-shaped organ; the collar, a
fold in the surface just behind the proboscis, and the trunk, a long cylindrical portion
posterior to the collar.

Dolichoglossus is a marine form living in sandy bays or sheltered places. Mucous
glands in the surface epithelium secrete a sticky fluid which covers the body and to
which tiny sand grains stick. The sand clinging to the mvcous coated surface forms
a fragile temporary tube in which the animal is usually secluded. The animals in
the living condition are bright orange or red but lose their color very soon after
preservation in alcohol or formalin.

The proboscis cavity extending the entire length of the organ is surrounded by a
network of connective tissue supported by longitudinal bands of plain muscle. This
cavity is supposed to communicate with the exterior by a very small opening, the pro-
boscis pore, but this did not show in the specimens examined. The heart, proboscis
gland and notochord are located in the posterior part of the proboscis.

The collar contains the central nervous system, part of the notochord, the dorsal
bload vessel, ventral and dorsal mesenteries, mouth opening and anterior part of the
alimentary canal.

The trunk contains the alimentary canal, dorsal and ventral blood vessels, dorsal
and ventral nerves, the gill-slits, the reproductive bodies, dorsal and ventral mesen-
teries and muscle bands.

The nervous system consists of three parts: the central, located in the collar
1egion, Fig. 5; the sub-epidermic network extending over the entire body just under
the surface epithelium, Figs. 1-7; and the dorsal and ventral strands which are thick-
enings of the sub-epidermic network extending throughout the trunk, Figs. 1 and 7.
There is also quite a decided thickening of the sub-epidermic network at the base of
the proboscis, Figs. 5, 6.

The vascular system consists of two parts, the central and the peripheral. The
central is made up of the heart, a thin-walled vesicle at the base of the proboscis
just dorsal to the notochord, and connected with it the proboscis gland, a plexus of
capillaries just anterior to the notochord. Fig. 5. The peripheral system is com-
posed of a ventral and a dorsal vessel. The dorsal starts at the heart and continues
just ventral of the dorsal nerve throughout the length of the body. Figs. 1, 5, 7. The
ventral vessel extends from the posterior border of the collar to the anal end. It is
connected with the dorsal vessel by a circular vessel in the posterior edge of the collar.

The mouth is situated ventrally at the base of the proboscis, within the collar,

Pomona College, Claremont, California 29

and opens directly into the straight alimentary canal. The latter is a straight tube
extending from the mouth opening to the anus. Figs. 5, 1, 7, 9.

The alimentary canal in the anterior part of the collar gives off a diverticulum,
which grows forward and supports the proboscis. Because this diverticulum has the
vacuolated appearance of the notochordal tissue of higher animals, it has been re-
garded as a notochord. It is largest at the base of the proboscis immediately anterior
to the heart. Figs. 5, 6.

The paired gill-slits occupy the region just posterior to the collar. ‘They are
arranged in two longitudinal grooves in the dorsal wall. The number increases
throughout life, new slits appearing just behind those already in place. I found
about twenty-five to be the average number, while particular individuals had as low
as eighteen and twenty and as high as thirty and thirty-one. The gills are formed
in the shape of a U. A skeletal rod or gill bar separates the gills from each other.
The gills are supplied with blood from the dorsal vessel. Figs. 3, 7, 8.

The sexes are distinct. The ovaries and testes are saccular organs arranged in
a row along the gill and succeeding region. The sacs in other genera, for example
Balanoglossus as described by Shipley, open directly on to the epidermis. I have been
unable to see these openings in my preparations. Fig. 8 shows the position of the
ovaries in the female; the testes in the male are in a similar location.

The surface epithelium is modified ciliated columnar, varying slightly in thick-
ness, size of nuclei and size and shape of cell according to location. Figs. 13, 14, 15.

The epithelium forming the gills and intestine is also modified ciliated columnar.
That of the gills having short narrow cells and small nuclei, and that of the intestine
having longer thicker cells and large nuclei. Figs. 11, 10.

The connective tissue surrounding the proboscis cavity is of a peculiar arrange-
ment. The connective tissue itself consists of fine strands losely interwoven, but
arranged in a definite manner. The strands form a fine network which gives a beauti-
ful lacy appearance. Small round nuclei are quite numerous in connection with the
strands. Longitudinal bands of plain muscle are very conspicuous in the connective
tissue. These muscle bands are probably used in altering the size and shape of the
proboscis. Figs. 4, 20, 21.

The nervous tissue consists of many fibers thickly interwoven. There are a few
small nuclei scattered about among the fibers. Figs. 12, 13.

The muscle is unstriated. The fibers are very long in some places, shorter in
others and always quite distinct.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

REFERENCES
Assheton, Richard 1918
A new species of Dolichoglossus. Zool. Anz. Bd. 33, p. 517-520.
Delage and Herouard 1898

Traité De Zoologie concréte Vol. 8. Les Procordés. Balanoglossus.
Eneyclopedia Britainica Balanoglossus.

Shipley, Arthur E. 1893
Zoology of the Invertebrata. Balanoglossus.

30 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Cross section through the gill region showing gill opening. D. N., dorsal
nerve. D. V., Dorsal vessel. G. O., gill openings. A, alimentary corps. G, gill.
V. N., ventral nerve. V. V. ventral vessel. N., nervous tissue. X40.

Fig. 2. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing diverticulum wall
and proboscis gland. D., diverticulum. N., nervous tissue. P. G., proboscis gland.
X40.

Fig. 3. Longitudinal section through a gill opening. N,. nervous tissue. G., gill.
G. O., gill opening. X40.

Fig. +. Cross section through the center of the proboscis. N., nervous tissue.
M. C., muscle in the connective tissue. T., connective tissue. X90.

Fig. 5. Longitudinal section through the base of the proboscis and collar. M.,
mouth. C. N., central nervous system. H., heart. No., notochord. P. G., proboscis
gland. N., nervous network. A., alimentary canal. D. V., dorsal ventral. X40.

Fig. 6. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing thickened nerve
network. N., nerve network. D., diverticulum wall. H., heart. X40.

Fig. 7. Cross section through gill region. D. N., dorsal nerve. D. B. V., dorsal
blood vessel. G. B., gill vessel. V.N., ventral nerve. V. V., ventral vessel. X40.

Fig. 8. Longitudinal section through the gill region. G., gills. B. blood. O.,
ovary. N., nervous network. X40.

Fig. 9. Cross section of alimentary canal. A., wall of alimentary canal. X40.
Fig. 10. Intestinal epithelium, modified ciliated columnar. X400.

Fig. 11. Epithelium of the gill, modified ciliated columnar. X400.

Fig. 12. Nervous tissue. X400.

Fig. 13. Surface epithelium of proboscis, modified ciliated columnar. X400.
Fig. 14. Surface epithelium of collar, modified ciliated columnar. X400.

Fig. 15. Surface epithelium of trunk, modified ciliated columnar. X400.

Fig. 16. Cells of testis. X400.

Fig. 17. Ovary. X400.

Fig. 18. Plain muscle. X400.

Fig. 19. Epithelium of diverticulum. X400.

Fig. 20. Connective tissue of proboscis. X400.

Fig. 21. Muscle bands in proboscis connective tissue. X400.

Pomona College, Claremont, California

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Pomona College, Claremont, California

os)

oe)

Opisthobranchs from Laguna Beach

The determinations are by Dr. F. M. MacFarland
TECTIBRANCHS

Pleurobranchea californica MacF. Only one specimen has been obtained at Laguna
Beach, from a depth of from 15 to 20 fathoms. The specimen was mottled dark
above and about 5 inches long. Dr. MacFarland informs me that this species
is quite common in Monterey Bay and ranges much larger, almost up to 10 inches
in length.

Navanax inermis Cooper. Black, yellow lines, blue spots, yellow edges. About two
inches in length. Another specimen possibly may be the same species, black with
yellow spots. Apparently the same form occurs at Balboa.

Aglaja (Doridium) purpureum Berg.? Brown, dredged 10 to 15 f.

NUDIBRANCHS

Triopha sp. Large, brown. Holdfast.

Flabellina iodinea Cooper. Narrow blue body, red appendages. Swims by lateral
movements of the body. This beautiful nudibranch was first found near Laguna
by Miss M. Cate, not far from Dana’s point in 1916. In Jan. 15, 18, Mrs. May
found a number near Laguna Beach.

Dirona picta MacF. Light brown, long thick appendages. Holdfasts and tidepools
common in 1915.

Aegires sp. Knobs. Brick red, body clear.

Chromodoris universitatis Cock. Blue, yellow spots.

Polycera atra MacF. Red-brown, black stripes, brown spots. July 10, 1915.
Facelina sp. Body clear, appendages dark.

Ancula pacifica MacF.? Clear white, two yellow lilnes in front, one behind. Front
appendages and two lateral tipped with yellow.

Cadlina Sp.? Dark brown, flattened.
Aeolidia sp. White to pink, appendages brown. W,. AC oEr:

Central Nervous System of the Sand
Dollar Dendraster Excentricus Esh

WILLIAM A. HILTON

There seems to be little or no literature on the central nervous system of this
form of echinoderm. As might be expected, the general arrangement of radial and
circumoral bands are much as in sea-urchins, such as shown especially by Delage and
Herouard 1903. There are however some interesting features which make the study
of this type of special value.

In this paper only the chief mass of the central nervous system is considered. The
more evident parts of the central nervous system are arranged in general as in other
forms. The circumoral nerves issue from under the lantern and run along the oral,
cross over at the edge of the shell and then run along the aboral side. The five radial
nerves converge at the five ocular areas near the center of the aboral region. The
circumoral nerve ring is looped over and under parts of the lantern. Fig. 1 shows
a part of the lantern and parts of three loops of the circumoral nerve trunk. In the
center of the figure one fifth of the lantern is drawn in and from under it a radial
nerve is shown in the lower part of the figure. To the left and to the right of the
central bony part of the lantern the union of a radial with a circumoral nerve is
shown. At the junction of each radial nerve with the circumoral, is a little thickening
which seems to be a special cellular mass such as I have not found in other forms.
Pig. 7 is a section through a part of a circumoral strand, much enlarged. There are
only a few nerve cells, from one to two layers.

As the radial nerves leave the lantern they are quite evident in dissected speci-
mens as they are close to the bony skeleton with very little connective or other tissues
to obscure them. The use of aqueous methylene blue aids in following the smaller
branches. Near the lantern the branches are small as shown in fig. 2. When the
region is reached where the upper and lower surfaces of the shell begin to fuse, the
branches become larger and more irregularly arranged, as shown in the lower part
of fig. 1 and fig. 2. After the nerve turns to run on the aboral side there is no change
in arrangement until the region of the tube feet is reached. In the region of the tube
feet the nerves become more numerous, smaller and more regular. The general dis-
tribution of the nerves and the arrangement of the tube feet nerves are shown in fig. 4
which is from part of the upper end of the aboral nerve. The holes in the skeleton
for the tube feet are shown as circles on each side of the diagram.

The general structure of the chief central nerve trunks is quite similar as shown
in sections. Figs. 6, 7 and 8. The nerve trunks have about one to two layers of
cells, the main part of the nerves are composed of longitudinal fibers. There are not
so many evident vertical fibers from cells as found in starfish and some other forms.
This change in position of the fibers may be in part due to the general modification
of structure. Whether this arrangement leads to other types of nerve association is
a question.

When the nerve trunks are removed, stained in methylene blue and examined
with the microscope something of the arrangement of the cells may be seen. In the
circumoral and oral radial nerves the nerve cells are thickly massed from side to side,
but in the upper part of the aboral nerve there is an evident arrangement of nerve

36 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

cells in zones. There is usually a central more or less clear zone, next on each side
a rather dense cell area and next on each side a very dense cell area, then a narrow
nearly clear zone on each side again.

As a rule slightly larger cells are found near the nerve trunks and as some of
these seem to send long branches out into the lateral trunks, they may be motor or
sensory, the association neurones are probably the smaller cells in farther. The cells
seem multipolar in most cases and in fact much more modified than the cells of starfish
or sea-urchin. Figs. 9 and 10.

REFERENCES
Delage and Herouard 1903
Traite de zoologie concrete. T. iii. Les Echinoderms. ~
Hamann, O. 1887
Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. Jenna Zeit. Nat. W. xxi.
Hilton, W. A. 1917
Some remarks on the nervous system of two sea-urchins. Jour. ent. and zoo. vol.

ix, no. 4.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
g y 9) L

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Diagram of one fifth of Aristotle’s lantern of Dendraster showing three
loops of the circumoral nerve ring, and parts of three radial nerves, the central one
partly hidden at its origin by the lantern. The nerves are in black. X9.

Fig. 2. Drawing of part of the first part of an oral radial nerve. X9.

Fig. 3. Drawing of the lower end of an oral radial nerve. X9.

Fig. 4.- Drawing of the upper part of an aboral radial nerve. The eye spot
region is up in the figure. X9.

Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawing of a part of an aboral nerve showing position of
cell areas. X70.

Fig. 6. Drawing of a section of an oral radial nerve. X300.
Fig. 7. Drawing of a section of circumoral nerve. X300.
Fig. 8. Drawing of a section of aboral nerve. X300.

Fig. 9. Nerve cells from central regions of a radial nerve. The arrangement
is as shown in the drawing, cells of various levels shown as one layer. Some of the
processes possibly relate nearby cells, but most fibers run into the general fibrous mass.
All fibers or fibrils are small. There is some indication of tigroid substance in some
of the cells. X450.

Fig. 10. Nerve cells from near a lateral branch from the radial band. X450.

™~
3;

Pomona College, Claremont, California

KE Be ae

Ants from the Claremont Laguna Region

Yhis list includes ants collected chiefly in 1917. All determinations are by Dr. W. M.
Wheeler.

Nowomessor andrei Mayr. red var. Also some dark. Claremont.

N. pergandei Mayr. Medium, dark colored. Claremont.

Pogonomyrmex californicus Buckley Claremont.

Pheidole longipes Pergande Claremont.

Pediole sp. Claremont.

Crematogaster lineolata Say. Subsp. californica Emery. Claremont.

C. 1. say. subsp. corctata Emery. Claremont.

Solenopsis molesta Say. var. validiuscula Emery. Claremont.

S. geminata Fab. var. Claremont.

Liometopum occidentale Emery. Mts. and Claremont.

Tridomyrex pruinosus Roger var. analis Ern. André.

I. humilis Mayr (Argentine ant) Claremont.

Dorymyrmex pyramicus Roger var. Claremont.

Prenolepis imparis Say. Below Aliso canon, Laguna Beach and Claremont.

Tapinoma sessile Say. Laguna Beach.

Myrmecocystus melliger Forel var. (Honey ant) Claremont.

M. mexicanus Wesm. sub sp. mojave Wheeler (Honey ant) Claremont.

Formica rufibarbis Fb. var occidua Wheeler. Claremont.

F. cinerea Mayr. subsp. pilicornis Emery. Claremont.

Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus Fb. subsp. vicinus Mayr. var. luteangulus
Wheeler. Claremont. W. A. H.

(Contribution from-the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

[sopods From Laguna Beach

The following list is from the collections of 1917. Specimens were determined by
the U. S. Nat. Museum. Included in this list are a number of forms which seemed
not perfectly typical, so the determinations of several listed before is especially
valuable. The names of some of the species have been changed since earlier lists.

Pentidotea resecata Stimp. A number of these were determind by the Museum. Sev-
eral dredged at 10 fathoms were brown with light markings. Another was uni-
formly light colored. One found at low tide was a pure brown with darker
markings along the sides and center of the dorsum. Another dredged specimen
was pure green.

Idothea rectilinea Lock. A very narrow species. Some are almost black mottled with
silver. Other specimens are a lighter brown with no silver marks.

I. fewkesi Rich. Large, elongated, yellow-brown, telson pointed.
Paracercis cordata Rich. Brown, dredged 10 fathoms, spines on telson.
P. caudata Say. Coral pink, spines at end of body. Dredged 10 fathoms.
Tanais normani Rich. Small, elongate, among Bryozoa.

There were also in this lot, specimens of a new genus of the family Apseudide.
These were narrow elongate forms. There was also a new genus and species of the
family Anthuride. Specimens of this last were pinkish and the caudal end toothed.
Neither of the last two species was described at the time this list was sent to the
printer. Notes on these will be given later—W. A. H.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Bryozoa Collected at Laguna Beach
in 1918

GENEVIEVE CORWIN

The following list of species includes only those not listed before from this locality.

INCRUSTING
Smittia reticulata Macg. Dredged 10 fathoms.

Microporella californica Busk.

NON-INCRUSTING
Stirparia ciliata Rob.?
Bugula laxa Rob.
Bugula sp.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Phalangids from the Claremont-Laguna
Region»

The species here listed have been cellected during the past two or three years. All
determinations brt the last two are by Dr. Nathan Banks.

Liobunum exilipes Wood. This is the mest common species in the Mts. In the fall
great masses of these may be found on vertical rock surfaces.

Protolophus tuberculatus Banks. These are found in the lower altitudes, and not so
much in the Mts.

V, singularis Bks. In and about Claremont. ’
Ortholasma rugosa Bks. Laguna Beach and Evey Canon 3,000 ft. elevation.
Globipes spinulatus Bks. Claremont.

Leptobrunus californicus Bks. Near Claremont.

Erybrunus brunneus Bks. Claremont. W:. A. i.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
§ y 9!

Isoptera from Claremont-Laguna Region

All specimens were determined by Dr. Nathan Banks.

Reticulitermes tibialis Bks. Medium sized. Collected at Claremont. Winged forms
were found in front of Science Hall Nov. 12, °17.. They were also found in other
parts of the region.

Reticulitermes Sp. From near Claremont and from Middle Ranch, Catalina Island.

R. hesperus Bks. Small dark colored winged forms collected in Holmes Hall, May,
1913. Also some soldiers and workers from Evey canon, Noy. 8, 1917. Also from
the interior of Catalina Island.

Termopsis augusticollis Hag. Large specimens. Palmer’s canon, 1918.—W. A. H.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Diplopods from the Claremont-Laguna
Region

The determinations were made by Dr. R. V. Chamberlin.
Parajulus furcifer Hag. Small species collected by Ivan Johnson altitude 5,200 ft.
San Antonio canon. Dec. 21, ‘17. Also from Red Hill near Upland.
Atopetholus parvus Chamb. From near Claremont.
A. californicus Chamb. From near Claremont.
Tylobolus claremontus Chamb. Large species from Claremont and Mts. near.

W. A. H.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Notes on Serpent Stars from Laguna

Beach

During the summer of 1918, all species were found that had been previously reported
from this locality, largely by Miss Wortha Merritt.

Frem the Balboa mud flats the Icng-armed serpent stars dmphiodia barbara, were
taken again. This and one other species were the only ones sent to Dr. H. L. Clark
for determination.

For a number of years we have been finding serpent stars of medium size with
dark brown markings. These were at first confused with others but as they seemed
differe.t from all others reported, one was sent to Dr. Clark for determination. They
vwere determined by him as follows:

“Ophiopteris papillosa, a relatively rare ophiuran. . . . The genus is peculiar
for its flat, nearly circular upper arm spines. It is most desirable to know if there
is anything in the habits or habitat to account for this—”

This species seemed not uncemmen in the littoral zone at Laguna Beach. A few
were obtained from kelp holdfasts from deep water, but last summer Miss Merritt
found them especially abundant ia rocky tidepools containing many sea-urchins. The
serpent stars were around and under the sea-urchins—W. A. H.

(Coniribution from the Zoological Lakoratory of Pomona College)

Smaller Shells Collected at Laguna Beach
During the Summer of 1917

EVA MAY HYDE

The shells illustrated are all small specimens. Nearly all were determined by Mrs.
T. S. Oldroyd. All drawings are three times the natural size unless otherwise
stated. S is for shore collection under stones, D for shells dredged about 19
fathoms just off shore. When cclors are evide.t some indication is given in the
list. Many are young.

Turbonilla jewetti D. and B. Shore.

T. tenuicula Gld. §. Old Det.

T. buttoni D. and B.S. Old Det.

T. tenuicula subcuspidata Cpr.2 Dredged. Old. Det.

T. laminata Cpd.? D. Old. Det.

Cerithiopsis pedroana Bart. S. Det. Old.

Seila assimilata Cpr. 8. White. Det. Old.

Metaxia diadema Bartsch D. Old. Det.

Eulima (Melanella) rutila Cpr.? D. Glossy white.

10. Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr.? (Young) D. Old. Det.

11. Rissoina kelseyi Bartsch D. White. Old. Det.

12. Caecum crebricinctum Cpr. D. Light brown. Det. Old.

13. Caecum californicum Dall. 8. and D. White. Det. Old.

14. Columbella carinata Hds. Immature. D. Light.

15. C. turberosa Cpr. D.

16. C. gausapta Gld. S. Brown. Old. Det.

17. Alectrion mendica Gld.? D. Old. Det.

18. A. fossata Gld.? D. White.

19. Amphissa corrugata Rve. (Young) S. Old. Det.

20. 4d. versicolor Dall D. Juy. Old. Det.

21. Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. S. Tan striped with brown. Old.

22. Astyris gansipata Gld. S. Tan and brown.

23. Anachis penicellata Cpr. S. Det. Old.

24. Thais emarginata Desh. S. Young. Tan and brown. Det. Old.
25. Cerithidea californica Held. % Natural size (Yovng). S. Balboa. Gray. Old.
26. Arcularia (Nassa) tegula Rre. Young '2 Natural size, Balboa. S. Gray. Old. Det.
27. Saxicava arctica Linn. Young '% Natural size. §. Dirty white. Twisted shell. Old.
28. Dialia acuta Cpr. D. White. Old. Det.

29. Eulithidium substriatum Cpr. S. Dark pink. Old. Det.

30. Phasianella pulloides Cpr. S. Tan. Old. Det.

31. Odostomia fatella Bartsch. §. Old. Det.

32. Tritonalia Sp. (very young) White.

33. Melanella thersites Cpr. White D.

34. Marginella pyriformis Err. D. Dirty wh'te, polished. Old. Des.
35. Liotia fenestrata Cpr. 8. White. Old.

36. Leptothyra carpenteri Pils. Tan. Old.

37. Tritonalia interfossa Cpr.? S. Old. Det.

28. dAcmea sp. D. White.

39. Margarites acuticostatus Cpr. D.

40. Tegula viridulum ligulatum Mke. Very young. D. Old. Det.
41. Hipponyx Sp. D.

42. Philobrya setosa Cpr. S. White.

43. Marginella varia Sby. S. Glossy.

44. Cardita subquadrata Cpr. 8. White. Old.

45. Littorina scutulata Gld. S. Brown.

46. Tornatina cerealis Gld. White.

CENDAAP YEN

+6 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

47. Erato columbella Mke D. White.

48. Paphia tenerrima Cpr. Juv. Old. Det.

49. Calliostoma. annulatum Mast. D. Det. Old.

50. Olivella pedroana Conr. % Nat. size. S.

1. Septifer bifurcatus Rve. Young.

52. Mytilus californianus. Conr. Young.

53. Dentalium semistriatum Br. and Sby. D. White.

54. D. neohexagonum S. and P. White.

55. Macron lividus. A. Ad. (young) Brown. Shore.

56. Epitonium hindsii Cpr. S. White. Often found on sea anemones. E. crenatoides

Cpr. was found in similar locations.

Nucula castrensis Hinds. At low tide common under stones.

Malletia faba Dall. These were dredged or found in holdfasts.

lima dehiscens Conr. These were found in holdfasts of kelp.

Botula (Adula) falcata Gld. This elongate rock borer was found but not so com-
monly as the other similar species.

Leptothyra paucicostata Dall. S. Old. Det.

Columbella tuberosa Cpr. Old. Det.

Marginella pyriformis Cpr.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laloratory of Pomona College)

Pomona College, Claremont, California

“eo

+8 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Notes of the Ancestry of the Coleoptera®

BY G. C. CRAMPTON, PH. D.

There are three principal theories concerning the probable nature of the ancestors
of the Coleoptera. In one of these, it is maintained that they were like Neuroptera,
in another it is maintained that they were like Blattids, and in a third, it is main-
(ained that they were like Dermaptera.

The chief reason for assigning the Coleoptera a position near the Neuroptera is
that both groups exhibit a complete metamorphosis, and since the Neuropters are
considered to be the mest primitive of insects with complete metamorphosis, they are
regarded by many as the nearest living representatives of the ancestors of holometabo-
lous insects, ineludiag the Coleoptera. The nature of the metamorphesis exhibited
by the two groups, however, is not adequate evidence for placing them near together,
unless a study of the comparative anatomy of the two orders would bear out such
an assumption, since a complete metamorphosis occurs in some Hemipteroid insects
(Coccide) and not in others, and its presence or absence is therefore not sufhcieat
proof of relationship unless supported by the evidence of comparative morphology as
well. If both Neuroptera and Colecptera are ultimately to be traced back to Plecoptera-
like forbears (as seems to be the case) it is possible to maintain that tendencies
present in the Plecopteroid stock (such as the rather marked difference between the
nymphal and adult forms apparent in certain Plecoptera) could reappear and find
opportunity for greater development in two distinct lines of descent ultimately derived
from such a common stock, if both were subjected to similar environmental or selec-
tional influences. The similarity between larval Coleoptera and Neuroptera in the
nature of their thoracic sclerites and other structures has been referred to in an article
recently published in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington;
but, as I there stated, other structural similarities between the Coleoptera and _ the
members of the group to which the Dermaptera belong would greatly outweigh the
above mentioned resemblances between the Coleoptera and Neuroptera.

Some of the lower Coleoptera such as the Lampyride, ete, have broad pronota
and flattened bodies bearing a superficial resemblance to certain Blattids; and, since
there is a marked tendency toward a thickening of the fore wings to form tegmina
in the latter group, this is taken as evidence of the ancestral nature of the Blattids
by certain investigators who would seek to derive the Coleoptera from Blattoid an-
cestors. On the other hand, a comparison of the anatomical structures of the Coleop-
tera with those of the members of the group next to be considered (the Panplecoptera),
has brought to light similarities so much more profound and far reaching (even
with regard to the minuter details) that I have become convinced that the closest
afhnities of the Coleoptera are with the members of the group in question, and that
the Dermapteron representatives of this group approach extremely closely to the Coleop-
tera in their lines of devlopmnt. The Dermaptera alone, however, have by no
means retained all of the ancestral features present in the forebears of the Coleoptera,

“Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College, Amherst, Mass.

50 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

having developed many specializations of their own and having lost many ancestral
features in the process, but they appear to have departed as little as any known forms
from the probable ancestral condition of the Coleoptera; and certain other members
of the group to which the Dermaptera belong have retained some of the ancestral
features which the Dermapters have lost, so that it is necessary to make a study of
the composite characters of the group as a whole in attempting to determine what
the ancestors of the Coleoptera were probably like.

Before taking up the discussion of the relationship of the Coleoptera to the other
members of the group “Panplecoptera,” it is necessary first to point out the inter-
relationships of the insects comprising this group, and the appended diagram is
given in order to make: these relationships more readily apparent. The primitive
fossil Paleodictyoptera are doubtless very like the ancestors of winged insects in
general, and some of them are quite closely related to certain members of the group
Panplecoptera. ‘The Ephemerida are among the most primitive living representatives
of the forms which branched off very near the base of the Panplecopteron line of
development, but the Plecoptera are the most important of the insects actually compos-
ing the group, having retained more of the characters occurring in the common ances-
tral forms which gave rise to the different lines of descent of the insects composing the
group, and their line of descent is therefore made much heavier in the diagram, to
emphasize their importance as the nearest living representatives of the ancestors of
the rest of the insects in the group.

COLEOPTERA
DERMAPTERA a
EMBIIDAE

PLECOPTERA

EPHEMER1 DA

PALAEODICTYOPTERA

The nearest relatives of the Plecoptera are the Embiide (Sensu lato) whose line
of development parallels that of the Plecoptera remarkably closely—in other words,
the two groups have retained many features in common. The Dermaptera (Euplex-
optera), among which are included the Hemimeride, have rather more features in
common with the Embiide than with the Plecoptera, but the Plecoptera also exhibit
many features which are retained by the Dermaptera, and I am inclined to regard
the Plecoptera, rather than the Embiide, as the nearest living representatives of the
ancestral forms which gave rise to the Dermapteron line of descent. As I have pointed
out in a paper on the thoracic sclerites of immature winged insects (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Washington, 1918) the thoracic sclerites of the Dermapteron drixenia are remarkably
like those of certain immature Plecoptera as is also true of the head region, the nature
of the cerci (of immature Dermaptera such as Diflatys, etc.), and many other features
which need not be enumerated here, since I propose to take them up in another paper
dealing with the ancestry of the Dermaptera, ete.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 51

As was stated above, the Dermaptera have many features in common with the
Embiide and Plecoptera, and similarly, the Coleoptera (whose line of development
appears to parallel that of the Dermaptera quite closely) have also retained certain
features which occur in the Embiide and Plecoptera. Since the Coleopteron line of
development parallels that of the Dermaptera quite closely, and since the Dermaptera
have rather more in common with the Embiids than with the Plecoptera, the Coleop-
tera also are rather more like the Embiids than they are like the Plecoptera, as might
be expected. Bearing these facts in mind, and taking the composite features of the
superorder Panplecoptera as a whole, for comparison with the composite characters
of the Coleoptera as a whole (since some members of a group will retain certain
primitive features which other members do not retain), I would point out the follow-
ing similarities between the Coleoptera and the other members of the superorder Pan-
plecoptera, which, to my mind, indicate that the ancestors of the Coleoptera were
like certain insects belonging to this superorder rather than to any other

Both the Coleoptera genuina and the Dermaptera are typically prognathous (mouth
parts directed forward) as is true of most of the insects belonging to the superorder
Panplecoptera. The segments of the antenne in certain Coleoptera, such as the Ceram-
bycids, ete., are very like those of certain Dermaptera. The nature of the maxille
with its peculiar subdivisions in these two groups is markedly similar in both Coleop-
tera and Dermaptera. The character of the labium of the Coleopteras, on the other
hand, is more like that of the Embiids, in which there is a tendency toward the union
of the under lip with the head capsule and a demarking of a longitudinal gular
region on the under surface of the head. There is a well-defined tendency toward
a thickening of the fore wings in some Plecoptera, and in certain of them the fore
wings become greatly shortened, and but few veins (mostly the longitudinal ones) are
retained in some cases. In the Embiids, the tendency toward the retention of the
longitudinal parallel venation is even more marked; but the thickening of the wings
is not so pronounced, although traces of it are to be found even among the Embiids.
The thickening of the fore wings to form elytra is very marked in the Dermaptera,
in which they are extremely like the elytra of certain Coleoptera. Some of the flat-
tened Dermaptera such as Hemimerus have broader pronota resembling the pronota of
certain Lampyrids, while other Dermaptera have narrower pronota like those of other
Lampyrids. The neck plates of the Coleoptera are more like those of the Embiids,
but the prothoracic sclerites of the Coleoptera are more like those of certain Dermap-
tera, in which the trochantinus intervenes between the bases of the coxa and the pleural
region which tends to unite with the pronotum in both groups. The legs of the
Coleoptera could readily be derived from the Dermaptetron type, except that the
tarsi of the Dermaptera, like most of the other primitive members of the Panplecopteron
group, are trimerous. The posterior coxe of the Coleoptera are more like those of
the Embiids than those of the Dermaptera, and the general plan of the meso- and
metathoracic sclerites (with the exception of the tergal region) is somewhat more
alike in the Embiids and Coleoptera, although the mesonotal and metanotal regions
of the Coleoptera and Dermaptera are astonishingly similar even to the minutest
details, as was pointed out in a paper dealing with this subject in Vol. 25 of Psyche
(p. 4). The abdnominal paranota (lateral projections of the tergal region) of cer-
tain Lampyrids and other Coleoptera are also present in such Dermaptera as 4 ncistro-
gaster luctuosus Stal. It may be remarked in passing, that the paranota are very
ancient structures occurring in Paleodictyoptera, certain primitive Ephemerida (nymphs

52 Journal of Entomclogy and Zoology

and adults) and other lowly organized insects, and their retention in the Coleoptera
must therefore be regarded as a very primitive feature. As I have pointed out in
several papers, the cerci of such larval Coleoptera as Galerita janus Fab., are re-
markably similar to those of such nymphal Dermaptera as Diflatys severa and Kar-
schiella even in regard to such minute details as the relative size of the individual
segments, ete.; and the paraprocts (lateral plates near anal opening) and genitalia
of the Coleoptera could readily be derived from the Dermapteron type.

It has been argued that such Coleoptera as the Staphylinide, which have retained
a body-form strongly resembling that of certain Dermaptera, are highly specialized
in many respects. This however has no bearing on the structural resemblance of
certain Lampyroid Coleoptera (which are very primitive in their general makeup) to
certain Dermapters, and it by no means disproves the contention that the Staphylinide
have retained a primitive body form, despite the presence in some of them of rather
highly specialized characters. Every student of evolution and comparative anatomy
knows full well that animals which are very primitive in some respects may
have developed certain other characters to a rather high degree of specialization, and
on this account, we have to take the composite primitive characters (gleaned from
many sources) of a group in order to arrive at a correct conclusion concerning the
nature of the forms ancestral to that group; and what may be termed the “fore-
runners” of these composite primitive characters are to be sought among the more
primitive representatives of the superorder of which the group in question is a mem-
ber. On this account, we must examine not only the Dermaptera, but also the Embiids
and Plecoptera in order to ascertain the probable origin of the ancestral features found
in the Coleoptera, although some one group, such as the Dermaptera, would naturally
be expected to retain more of these ancestral features than the others have done.

It must be borne in mind that beth the Psocide (sensu Jato) and the Neuroptera
were probably descended from Plecoptera-life forebears, and therefore it is merely to
be expected that similar characters would be carried over into both the Dermaptero-
Coleopteron lines of descent and the Psocid-Neuropteron lines of descent. The char-
acters which they all have in common would therefore be inherited from their com-
mon ancestral stock (related to the Plecoptera), and would merely indicate that
Coleoptera, Psocide and Neuroptera are to be traced back to more _ primitive
common ancestors (resembling Plecoptera) rather than that Coleoptera are descended
from the rather highly developed Psocide, or even from the Neuroptera. Further-
more, the Blattide, Grylloblattide and their relatives, are very probably ultimately
descended from forms not unlike the ancestors of the Plecoptera, and since they have
remained very primitive in many respects, it is not surprising that they too exhibit
certain features suggesting a condition ancestral to the Coleoptera and Dermaptera;
but the closest affinities of the Dermaptera are with the Embiids and Plecoptera, and
the closest affinities of the Coleoptera are with the Dermaptera and their allies, so
that we are justified in assuming that the nearest living representative of the immedi-
ate ancestors of the Coleoptera are the Dermaptera, which are more primitive
structurally than the Coleoptera, and have therefore departed less than they from the
ancestral condition.

It has been argued that the known fossil remains of the Dermaptera are not as
cld geologically, as the first Coleoptera to appear, and on this account the Coleoptera
cannot be derived from Dermaptera-like forebears. In this connection, however, I
would simply call to mind the fact that formerly it was contended that the anatom-

=
Pomona College, Claremont, California 38

ically more primitive Coleoptera genuina could not represent the ancestral condition
of the group since the fossil remains of the more highly specialized Rhynchophora ante-
dated them geologically. Later, however, discoveries of earlier Coleoptera genuina
completely vindicated comparative anatomy, and showed that the lack of known
remains of earlier Coleoptera genuina was merely due to the incompleteness of the
paleontological record—and I cannot help feeling that the same will hold true in
the case of the Dermaptera. The Dermaptera are not nearly as numerous as the
Coleoptera, and, since the preservation of fossil remains is so largely a matter of
chance (as is their discovery also), it is merely to be expected that fewer Dermaptera
than Coleoptera will be discovered, and their apparent absence in the older strata
will doubtless prove to be simply a case of incompleteness of our record, rather than
a case of their not occurring in a period contemporaneous with, or antecedent to, the
appearance of the Coleoptera upon the scene.

In Psyche, Vol. 25, page 4, it was stated that the Coleoptera should be included
in the superorder Panplecoptera, and that the Strepsiptera might possibly be included
with them also. I have recently examined some Strepsipteron material, however,
which would indicate that the closest affinities of the Strepsiptera are with the Hemip-
teroid insects and other forms descended from Psocid-like or Neuroptera-like forebears;
so that until more details of Strepsipteron anatomy, and the range of variation in the
group, are known it is preferable to reserve opinion in the matter of their closest
affinities, until all of the available evidence on the subject is forthcoming.

As to the relationships of the other orders of living winged insects, they might
he grouped into five main superorders as follows: the Panneuroptera, comprising the

Siphonaptera and Diptera, the Mecoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Trichoptera and
Lepidoptera with their allies; the Panhomoptera comprising the Psocide, Mallophaga,
Thysanoptera, Anopleura, Hemiptera and Homoptera with their allies; the Panplecop-
tera including the Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Embiidz, Plecoptera and their relatives; the
Panorthoptera, comprising the “Locustide,”’ Gryllide, “Acridide,” Tridactylide, Phas-
mids, Grylloblattids and their relatives; and the Panisoptera, comprising the Blattide,
Mantida, Zoraptera and Isoptera, with their immediate relatives. The Odonata and
Ephemerida were formerly grouped in a sixth superorder, the Panplectoptera, but they
have not a great deal in common, and there is some question in my mind whether the
Ephemerida should be placed here, or with the Plecopteron group, with which they
also have certain features in common. The Ephemerida likewise resemble certain
tossil Paleodictyoptera in many respects, and it is also possible that these should be
grouped together; but until more is known concerning the anatomical details of these
fossil forms, it is impossible to place them correctly, since the study of the wing vena-
tion, or any one set of structures, is entirely inadequqate evidence upon which to
base one’s conclusions. :

There are a few orders of insects which are extremely difhcult to place defin-
itely. Thus, the Tenthredinoid Hymenoptera have a surprisingly large number of
features in common with the Mecoptera (e.g. male genitalia, thoracic sclerites, head
and mouth parts, etc.) and it is very probable that they should be grouped in the same
super order with the Mecoptera; but these Hymenoptera likewise exhibit a number of
features in common with the Psocide, thus making it extremely difficult to determine
their exact afhnities. The other order of living winged insects not accounted for is
the Strepsiptera, and these are even more difhcult to place. They have much in com-
mon with the insects descended from Psocid-like forebears, and might possibly be

54 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

included in the superorder containing these forms. On the other hand there is much
that is suggestive of Coleopteron affinities in the Strepsiptera, and until more is known
of their anatomy and development, it is preferable to suspend judgment in the matter
of determining their closest affinities until the necessary evidence is forthcoming.

Of the fossil insects, so little is known concerning the details of their anatomy,
that it is futile to attempt to determine which superorders they should be grouped with
(or whether they belong in new superorders) until more is known concerning them
than the bare details of their wing venation. It may be mentioned in passing, how-
ever, that the so-called Protorthopetra should doubtless be grouped in the superorder
Panorthoptera. The Protoblattoidea resemble certain members of the Panplecoptera
in some respects, and if their closest afhnities are with the Blattids as most palzontolo-
gists maintain, they may serve to connect the Blattid-group with the Panplecoptera.
Such Paleodictyoptera as Stenodictya have cerci like those of the Plecoptera, and the
abdominal paranota of Stenodictya are very like those of certain members of the
Panplecoptera such as the Lampyrids, Dermaptera (Avxcistrogaster) etc. The wings
of Stenodictyia are quite comparable to those of certain Plecoptera, and its head could
be readily referred to the Plecopteron type in certain features. The tarsi too seem to
be trimerous in Stenodictya as in the more primitive representatives of the group
Panplecoptera. On the other hand, Stenodictyia exhibits a great many characters sug-
gestive of afhnities with the Ephemerida, and the determination of the closest affni-
ties of those fossil forms must await the further study of their anatomical details
which can be more satisfactorily carried out when better preserved specimens than
the present-known fragments are available for examination.

General Structure of Phoronis Pacifica
Torrey

RUTH LEDIG

Phoronis lives in tubes formed by particles of sand and small pebbles which are
held together very firmly by a secretion from the body. These tubes are entirely
separate from each other. In preserving the animals for sections the tubes were usually
removed from the animals before fixation. The usual picric or mercuric fixing reagents
seemed to give good results. After sectioning or before, a carmine or hematoxylin
stain was used; the latter gave the best results, followed with eosin. The animals
are so small and delicate that it was necessary to study their anatomy by means of
serial sections.

In Phoronis the buccal and anal openings are both in the anterior end of the
animal. The head end has two lopophore organs bearing numerous tentacles arranged
spirally. The digestive tract is U shaped. This species varies in length, based on the
material at hand it is from one to two and one-half inches in length.

The vascular system consists of a circular ring of the blood vessel about the
esophagus. From this ring vessels run into each tentacle and one vessel follows and is
parallel with the digestive tract. Opposite to this vessel is one returning the blood to
the circumesophageal ring.

The nervous system consists of a ganglion between the anal and the mouth
epening, It is made of modified surface cells. From this ganglion a circle of nervous
tissue extends about the esophagus and from this a single unsymmetrical nerve or
sense organ runs the length of the body in the epithelium of the body wall.

Two nephridia are found, each of which is situated near the surface equally
distant from the anal opening.

Phoronis pacifica has both testis and ovary in the same individual.

Further details of structure are shown in the figures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Andrews, E. A. 1890
Phoronis architecta. é
Ann. mag. nat. hist. 6th. ser. vol. v.

Benham, W. B. 1888
Anatomy of Phoronis australis. Quart. jour. mic. soc. xxx.
Cori, G. J. 1890

Untersuchungen ueber die Anatomie und Histologie der Gattung Phoronis.
Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. li.

Delage, Y. et Herouard, E. 1897
Traite zoologie concrete. T. vy. Les Vermidiens, Paris.

M'Intosh, W.C. 1888
Report on Phoronis buskii. :
Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger Ixxv.

Torrey, H. B. 1901

On Phoronis pacifica Sp. Nov.
Biol. bul. vol. ii, no. 6.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

56 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Cross section of the lopophore organs of Phoronis pacifica showing sections
of tentacles. X 70.

(a) Each tentacle is made up of a circular band of muscle within which is found
a small blood vessel.

Fig. 2. Cross section of base of lopophore organ of Phoronis, showing the begin-
ning of the buccal cavity, the anal opening and the bases of the tentacles. X70.

Fig. 3. Cross section of the anterior end of Phoronis. X70.

(a) Digestive tract., (b) blood, (c) nerve ganglion, (d) nephridia, (e) anal end
of intestine, (f) base of tentacles.

Fig. 4. Cross section through the upper end of the body of Phoronis. X70.

(a) esophagus, (b) blood, (c) dorsal blood vessel, (d) intestine, (e€) nephridia,
(f) epithelium of body cavity.

Fig. 5. Section of the body of Phoronis farther back. X70.

(a) stomach, (b) blood, (c) mesentery, (d) nerve, (e) intestine, (f) epithelium,
(g) longitudinal muscles of body wall.

Fig. 6. Section through the body of Phoronis near the end of the body. X70.

(a) gonads, (b) stomach, (c) intestine, (d) mesentery, (e) epithelium, (f) longitu-
dinal muscle of body wall, (g) circular muscle of body wall, (h) longitudinal nerve?

Fig. 7. Section of body wall. X300.
(a) epithelium of surface, (b) circular muscle, (c) longitudinal muscle.

Fig. 8. Section base of tentacles. X300.
(a) epithelium, (b) muscle, (c) blood.

Fig. 9. Section of ganglion of Phoronis. X300.
Fig. 10. Blood corpuscles massed together. X300.
Fig. 11. Section of ciliated epithelium of digestive tract. X300.

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Pomona College, Claremont, California
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Acarina from Claremont-Laguna Region

The present list is from specimens collected during the past years. The determina-
tions are by Dr. Nathan Banks.
Dermanyssus gallinae Redi. From chickens, some from other situation.
Parasitus frontalis Bks. From wild mouse. Laguna Beach.
Farasitus sp. Not mature. Free living, Claremont.
larasitus sp. Free living, not mature. Chino Swamps.

Anystis agilis Bks. Claremont, on ground. Abundant in March, 1918, and also in
other years. Small red.

Trombidium pacificum Bks. Medium sized dark red, from ant’s nest also from Evey
canon.

T. claremonti Bks. Evey canon.

T. magnificum Leconte Mts. near Claremont, 8,000 ft. elevation. Large dark red mite.
Johnston Col.

Trombidium sp. Near Camp Baldy, 4,500 ft. elevation. . Johnston Col.

Bdella pergrina Bks. Claremont, Calif. Common. Also Chino Swamps.

Penthaleus bicolor Bks. Spherical, dark body, red legs. Common Claremont in spring.
Tarsotomus terminalis Bks. Small mites. Head of San Dimas canon.

Erytheus hiltoni Bks. Claremont.

Erytheus sp. not mature. Claremont.

Macrocheles sp. Chino Swamp.
TICKS
drgas miniatus Koch. Large ticks, exact location of capture unknown.

Dermacentor occidentalis Neum. Mts. near Claremont. Pudding stone canon, Evey’s
canon.

Heamaphysalis leporis palustris Pack. On rabbit, Claremont.
ixodes californicus Bks. Laguna Beach. Also on dog, Claremont. W. A. H.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

The Central Nervous System Of
Dolichoglossus

WILLIAM A. HILTON

Specimens were fixed in the living condition in mercuric chloride or other strong
reagents and cut in series. Hematozylin stains seemed best for details.

A study of the nervous system of this animal suggests similar structures in echino-
derms. The surface epithelium is in many places underlaid with nerve strands. In
some places these nerve fibers are very thick, in others only a few strands are evident.
The epithlium of the surfaces of the proboscis, collar and body is of varying thickness
and ciliated. Among the columnar cells there are in places numbers of modified mucous
secreting cells or goblet cells. In some places also there are specialized nerve or
sense cells which are modified epithelial cells whose processes are slender and run as
nerve fibers below the layer of nuclei. Multipolar cells also occur.

We may speak of the nervous system as being the lower fibrous layer of the epithe-
lium in many parts of the body. This central nervous system is especially thickened
on the dorsal side of the body, particularly at the junction of the proboscis and collar
and also under the collar on the dorsal side. The part which might be called the
brain is the band of nervous tissue which separates itself from the surface of the collar
on the dorsal side yet retains a large number of cells and a thick band of fibers. This
dorsal nervous system is connected with a longitudinal thickening on the dorsal side of
the animal below the collar, but it is only slightly connected with the poorly developed
sub-epithelial thickening on the dorsal side of the collar. There is very little indica-
tion of a ventral nerve cord in the region of the collar.

The nervous system under the epithelium of the proboscis has nerve fibers under
it in about the same degree of thickness at all points. Local variations of thickness are
probably due to special contractions at the time the specimen was killed.

In all parts but the dorsal region of the collar the nervous system is intimately
associated with surface epithelium. At the region of the collar the dorsal strand is
made up of some cells and many longitudinal fibers. Below the collar the dorsal nerve
band continues to be definitely marked from other parts of the epithelium and looks
much like the nerve trunk of the starfish. The same is true in less degree of the
smaller ventral nerve trunk which is seen below the collar.

The nerve cells seem to be of two sorts. First those which may in part be sensory,
bipolar cells reaching from near the surface down into the fibrous band. These cells
usually fork at the inner surface of the fiber layer and give off minute branches as
they pass through the fiber area. Second, multipolar cells whose bodies are located in
the deeper layers of the nuclei with one or more branches which run into the fibrous
area.

The general appearance of a band of nerve fibers under the nuclear layers is a
mass of fine branches with many cross lines and very many finer longitudinal strands
which cannot be followed very far as individuals. The cross lines are those fibers
which in some cases can be seen to be continuations of the cells of the epithelium. The
fine longitudinal lines are in large part the small lateral branches of the cross fibers
just mentioned. There is quite a dense network of fibers in all parts of the fibrous

60 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

nervous system. In detail the structures are quite different from those of echinoderms
where the strands from cells in most cases seem to be almost the only processes in the
fiber areas. In Dolichoglossus there are not such long slanting fibers from single cells
as in echinoderms and conduction seems possible chiefly through the small and appar-
ently short lateral branches of the long nerve cells. Possibly the branched inner ends
of the cells furnish some means of conduction. These last resemble similar structures
in certain echinoderms. The fine lateral branches and the absence of crossing lateral
fibers seems to show a slightly more advanced type of structure than we find in the
starfish group. In the central part of the nervous system, that is the dorsal nerve of
the collar, longitudinal fibers are more evident than in other parts.

No distinction between fiber and fibril could be seen. The larger strands did not
seem to be made up of smaller ones and the smaller ones seemed to be processes of
larger ones.

REFERENCES

Bateson, W. 1886
Morphology of Enteropneusta. Quart. jour. mic. sc. vol. xxvi.

Delage et Herouard 1898
Trait d’ zool. concrete. Les Protocordes. Paris.

Kowvalevsky, A. 1866
Anatomie des Balanoglossus. Mem. Imp. Ac. St. Petersb. 7e ser. vol. x.

Shipley, A. BE. 1893

Zoology of the Invertebrata.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of part of the proboscis, the collar and part of the
body of Dolichoglossus. The dorsal side is at the left. The nervous system is shown
by heavy lines. X35.

Fig. 2. Cross section of the proboscis showing the position of the nervous system
as a heavy line. X35.

Figs. 3 and 4. Sections of parts of dorsal and veatral nerve trunks. The out-
side is down. X300.

Fig. 5. Section through epithelium and nerve strand showing epithelial and
nerve cells. X450.

Pomona College, Claremont, California 61

Notes on the Behavior of the Social
Wasp Polistes

HORACE GUNTHORP

Washburn College, Topeka, Kans.

One day last September the writer picked up a nest of the common social wasp,
Polistes, which had been detached from its support, and placed it upon his desk. A
short time later he was attracted by a scratching sound, and discovered that one of
the wasps was just beginning to cut the cap from its cell preparatory to emerging.
During the next few days a series of observations were made and notes taken covering
the behavior of the wasps which emerged from their cells during that period. Miss
Enteman®* has made a careful study of the instincts of the social wasps, and while the
observations recorded in the present paper are largely corroborative of her work, some
interesting details are here added.

The cutting of the cap of the cell cceupied some time, and extended around four-
fifths of its circumference, the remaining one-fifth being gnawed and partially chewed
through so that it was flexible enough to act as a hinge for the cap. After the cap was
sufficiently cut away, the wasp started to slowly work itself out, pushing up the top
of the cel! like a trap door as progress was made. A good deal of effort was required
to get the body out until the front legs were freed. Then the wasp had more purchase
and progress was somewhat faster until the second pair of legs came out. After this
slight effort seemed to be necessary for the completion of the operation.

For the next thirty minutes careful observations were made of the movements of
this wasp in order to ascertain its first reactions. It is evident that they would be
somewhat modified from what they are here recorded if the colony had contained the
queen and other workers, as this specimen had the run of the entire nest, and none of
its movements were effected by those of other individuals. It is equally evident that
all stimuli came from within, or from contact with the nest, and not from suggestions
received from other individuals or from contact with them. The following is the
record made at one minute intervals, beginning with the time the specimen left its cell:

8.06. Specimen emerged from its cell.

8:07. Cleaned its front legs in its mouth and its antenne with its front legs.

8:08. Moved around some. Rubbed its wings with its hind legs and spread them out
twice.

8:09. Cleaned antenne and front legs.

8:10. Swung abdomen back and forth, and brushed its wings. Moved around the nest
rapidly and waved the antenne, but all movements were jerky.

8:11. Explored nest, occasionally rubbing abdomen with legs.

8:12. Explored nest.

$:13. Explored nest. Movements unsteady. Cleaned antenne and front legs.

8:14. Explored nest, in the course of which it went over the edge on to the back side,
but immediately returned to the under side. Cleaned the front legs and
antenne, and then the hind legs.

$:15. Spread out the wings. Cleaned the antenne.

8:16. Cleaned abdomen.

$:17. Crawled on top or back side of nest again and stayed there. Cleaned wings
and abdomen.

_ “Minnie Marie Enteman, “Some Observations on the Behavior of the Social Wasps.” Pop.

Sci. Mo., 61: 339-351, 1902.

6+ Journal of Entomology and Zoology

$:18. Explored top. Cleaned front legs and antenne.

8:19. . Steod still. Occasional movement of head, antenne or abdomen.

8:20. Same as 8:19.

:21. Began to explore again, becoming quite lively. Antenne constantly waving.
:22. Same as 8:21, but extended its travels to the under (cell) side of the nest.

8:23. Left the nest entirely and began to walk around the surface of the desk.

8:24. Started to climb a bottle that was some six inches from the nest. Antenne stil]
waving. :

$:25. On the neck of the bottle, two inches above the surface of the desk. Cleaned

front legs and antenne.

:26. Quiet except that it spread its wings cnce.

Still on neck of bottle. Moved its head and antenne back and forth.

Slight change in position. Antenne were still waving. Rubbed its wings, spread

them, and then rubbed them again.

:29. Rubbed its hind legs together vigorously.

¥:30. Spread wings once, then rubbed them and the abdomen with the hind legs.
Rubbed the hind legs together, and finally rubbed the right wings vigorously.

$:31. Moved around some, occasionally stopping to rub the right wings.

$:32. Explored the neck of the bottle.

8:33. Same as 8:32. Cleaned antenne.

$:34. Same as 8:33.

8:35. Stood still but continued to clean antenne and front legs.

8:36. Climbed up and explored the cork of the bottle.

8:37-8:40. Stood still on the cork, occasionally moving its jaws.

At 8:40 the nest was placed against the cork and the wasp immediately crawled
cnto it, but seemed restless. As the nest has a faint, but distinct, odor of honey, it was
probably attracted to it through the sense of smell.

The next morning the specimen was nowhere in sight, but forty-eight hours later it
fell out of a loose-leaf binder that had been lying on the desk. It seemed to be as
active as when seen two days before. Some time during the second night after the
>ppearance of the first specimen, that is, when it was some thirty hours old, a second
individual emerged. This one was discovered on a pile of books two feet from the
nest where it had evidently crawled scon after emerging.

As soon as the first specimen was rediscovered, that is, when it was sixty hours
old, the second wasp then being thirty hours old, the two were placed en the nest, and
this in turn was placed on a book. ‘They both started on tours of observation, and
every time they came in contact with each other they made sudden starts and jumps
to avoid an evidently startling new object, meanwhile violently waving their antennz
and often cleaning these organs after such contact. Dr. Enteman says, “All wasps
possess the instinct of fear. This * * * is readily overcome by the frequent ap-
pearance of the awe-inspiring object.” This is true, because they were evidently on
familiar terms with each other in half an hour, and paid very little attention to the
frequent meetings which before had apparently distressed them. They wandered
freely over their nest and the top surface of the book on which it was placd, but did
not attempt to climb off the latter.

At 12 o'clock, four hours later, a third wasp had appeared, and none of the speci-
mens seemed to be disturbed by the presence of the others. When the nest was first
picked up, one cell containing a well formed pupa was uncapped. This specimen was
then alive, but it may have been dead at the time of this observation. In either case,
it had been dragged out of its cell, decapitated, and the front legs torn off. No trace
of the head was found, but the body and legs were on the book about one inch from
the nest. Whether this act was connected with the hunger of the wasps themselves or

Pomona College, Claremont, California 65

with the first development of the instinct of feeding the larve in the nest, which Miss
Enteman says begins without imitation, is not clear.

At 2 p.m. (two hours later) the colony was placed out of doors, still on the book.
Two of the wasps soon left the latter, and settled near it, keeping very quiet for half
an hour. The third kept climbing over and around the nest. At 2:30 one of the two
wasps returned to the nest.

At 3 p. m. two of the specimens were on the ground near the porch. They made
enly short flights, resembling jumps with the wings assisting, this being true even when
they were disturbed. The third wasp was beside the colony, chewing on the decapi-
tated pupa, probably getting some nourishment from it in the process.

During the afternoon the nest was disturbed, and at é p. m. all three specimens
had gone from the porch. One was found wandering aimlessly on a canna leaf near
by. It did not seem to be able to fly well. The other two had disappeared entirely.

The nest was saved and several days later a fourth wasp appeared. It was a
very lively specimen, and spent the first few hours actively exploring the nest. It
seemed of a very nervous disposition, being more easily disturbed than any of the
others had been. Every time the nest was picked up, it would start for the fingers or
forceps holding it. At one time it was observed with its whole body in a cell, head
downward, evidently examining the interior. After staying close to the nest for a day,
it began to fly around the floor of the room, paying no more attention to its former
home. Even when it was placed on or near it, it would almost immediately crawl or
fly away. Its flying was erratic, and seemed to lack power, but it got along much
better than any of the other three had done.

From the above observations it would appear that the movements of the wasp
recorded at one minute intervals after emergence from its cell were probably reactions
due to the discomfort of the drying and hardening of the tissues. At first the wasps
apparently had very little, if any, home instinct. The only things to indicate that
they had any were the facts that the first specimen so readily left the cork on which it
was sitting and went back to its nest when the latter was held near it, and the fourth
wasp stayed on or near the nest for the first twelve hours. But all the specimens
observed left the nest the first night and showed no intention or disposition to return.
The presence of a second wasp seemed to bring the home instinct into existence more
forcibly, as the first and second wasps stayed with the nest for six or seven hours
when they were returned to it together, while the fourth one repeatedly left the empty
nest almost at once when it was returned to it. But this instinct was seemingly not very
strong, as they soon wandered away when placed out of doors. They seemed to have
no idea as to how to carry on the work of the colony, but wandered aimlessly over it.
Perhaps this was due to the fact that they were too young, as Miss Enteman says the
development of the nursing instinct is usually manifested “any time after the first half
day of imaginal life,” but was observed in some neuters as young as four hours, while
in others it was delayed for two weeks.

While the above observations are admittedly too few from which to draw definite
conclusions, they seem to warrant the following assumptions, the first three of which
are quoted from Miss Enteman, and hence are simply corroborative of her work:

1. ‘‘All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This is especially strong the first few days
after emergence, but is readily overcome by the frequent appearance of the
awe-inspiring object.

66 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

is)

“In a sense, the wasp remembers. This is indicated by the manner in which it
accustoms itself to the sight of strange objects, and by its behavior when a
change is made in its nest or surroundings.

3. “It shows considerable individual variability, both as to time and manner of its

response to stimuli.”

4. After emergence, the first reactions are associated simply with the discomfort of
the hardening of the tissues.

It has marked curiosity, as shown by its repeated inspection of its nest and other
familiar objects.

6, The “home instinct” seems to be slight when the wasp is alone, but becomes stronger
when two or more are on the same nest.

The olfactory sense is closely associated with the early instincts of the wasp.

Ww

ia |

The Biology of the North American
Crane-Flies

(Tipulide, Diptera)
V. The Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D. (Cornell)

GENERIC DIAGNOSIS

Larva. Form very elongate, terete; integument smooth, glassy, transparent; abdom-
inal segments two to eight with a basal transverse band or area of microscopic chiti-
nized points on the ventral surface; segment eight with a similar band on the dorsum.
Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes, the lateral pair more slender than the blunt
ventral pair; dorsal lobe very low or lacking; spiracles small, widely separated; a
triangular brown mark on the disk between the spiracles; anal gills a fleshy protuber-
ant ring surrounding the anus. Head-capsule compact, massive, the praefrons large
with a few marginal punctures; externo-lateral plates very broad. Labrum large, flat-
tened, pale; antenne two-segmented, the apical segment almost as long as the basal
segment, narrowed to the blunt tip; mandibles with a blunt dorsal and two blunt
ventral ‘teeth; maxille generalized in structure; hypopharynx a rounded cushion;
mentum deeply split behind but not completely divided, with three principle teeth and
a small lateral tooth on either side.

Pupa. Cephalic crest low, depressed, setiferous; labrum tumid; labial lobes oval,
contiguous; antennal sheaths ending opposite the base of the wing. Pronotal breath-
ing-horns microscopic, represented only by tiny triangular tubercles; mesonotum un-
armed; wing-sheaths ending opposite the middle of the third abdominal segment; leg-
sheaths ending opposite the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tarsi terminating
ona level, or nearly so. Abdominal tergites and sternites each with four transverse
rows of microscopic sete; lateral spiracles on segments two to seven.

DISCUSSION OF THE GENUS

The genus Dicranoptycha was erected by Osten Sacken in 1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. for 1859, p. 217). The genus includes a small group of crane-flies with a
Holarctic distribution, there being about six species in North America and two, or pos-
sibly three, in Europe. As I have indicated elsewhere, D. signaticollis v.d.W. of Java
is undoubtedly a species of Libnotes. Of the American species, D. germana O.S. is
characteristic of the Canadian life-zone of northeastern America. D. sobrina O.S. is
Widely distributed in the United States and southern Canada, usually occurring in the
Transitional and Upper Austral life-zones. So far as known at present it is the only
species of the genus occurring on the Pacific slope. The remaining American species
(nigripes O.S., winnemana Alex., tigrina Alex. and minima Alex.) are Austral in dis-
tribution, occurring in the southeastern and south central United States. A more de-
tailed account of the distribution of the species is given in another paper by the writer
which may be consulted (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1916, pp. 496, 497). All of
the known species are generally similar to one another in appearance and are: separ-
ated by relatively slight differences of size, color and structure.

Nothing has ever been written concerning the immature stages of this peculiar

68 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

group of crane-flies. The species described hereinafter were reared at Lawrence,
Kansas, and the general conditions under which they occur may be briefly discussed:

North Hollow, on the Campus of the University of Kansas, is a typical dry Austral
woodland traversed by a small stream that is entirely dry during the months of mid-
summer drought. The soil consists of a rich black humus that is soft and mellow
except during the period of greatest dryness, being overlain by a varying depth of vege-
table debris and leaf-mold. It is in this relatively dry soil that the larve of
Dicranoptycha occur. The forest cover consists of Carolina poplar, Populus deltoides
Marsh; black walnut, Juglans nigra L., white elm, Ulmus americana L.; Kentucky
coffee-tree, Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch; honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos L.; red
bud, Cercis canadensis L.; yellow wood, Cladrastis lutea (Mx.f.) Koch; tree-of-heaven,
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf., etc. The principle shrubs are the goose-berry, Ribes
gracile Mx.; poison ivy, Rhus Toxicodendron L.; wahoo, Evonymus atropurpureus
Jacq.; bladder-nut, Staphylea trifolia L.; coral-berry, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus
Moench.; blackberried elder, Sambucus canadensis L., etc. The herbage is made up
of tall grasses, compesites and, in the spring, the all-dominant cleavers, Galium. In
addition to the above, great tangles of lianas (Smilax, Vitis, dmpelopsis, etc.) are
found.

In situations such as the above these Austral species of Dicranoptycha spend their
entire lives. The first larve of D. winnemana were found here on March 20, 1918,
by the writer and his wife. At this time they were well grown (length 16 mm.; diam-
eter 0.9 mm.). They occurred just beneath the cover of fallen leaves and other debris
in the upper layers of soil. Here they were associated with pupe of Tipula angusti-
pennis Lw., larve of Sciara (Mycetophilide) ; Psilocephala hemorrhoidalis Macq.
(Therevide), numerous beetle larve, centipedes, etc. By their elongate form and
glabrous shiny skin they are very characteristic and easily recognized. The glassy
appearance of the body suggests the shiny shells of a small coiled molluscan whose
dead fragments occurred in some numbers in the same situations. These larve were
placed in rearing and the first adults appeared in the breeding-cages cn May 6, and
from that time on continued to appear in large numbers. It was over a month later
that the first individuals were taken in the field. The pupal duration could not be
determined closer than ten days, and this may be the usual length of time required
for this stage. The first larve of D. minima were found on July 2, 1918, in similar
situations in North Hollow. At this time they were only about one-half grown. On
July 11 much larger larve of this species were secured and placed in rearing, emerg-
ing as adults on July 21. The larve, like these of D. winnemana, live just beneath
the layer of leaf-mold in the upper zone of black soil. They are usually quite slug-
gish in their motions but at other times are quite active. The larve are herbivores
and feed <n the rich organic earth in their haunts. When ready to pupate they
encase themselves in earthen cells (10 mm. X 3.5 mm.), firm in texture, rather thick-
walled but without silk. There is a small opening at either end. The length of the
cavity is but little greater than the pupa itself. In this cavity the pupa rests and
matures. As in other insects, the teneral pupe are very pale yellow but gradually
darken in color until, at emergence, they are of a dark brownish-black. When newly
transformed the teneral flies rest on the ground and on the leaves of low plants nearby.

The adult flies of D. germana usually occur in the immediate neighborhood of
running or stagnant water and may be swept from the rank vegetation in such places.
The flies rest on the upper surface of the leaves of tall herbs and low shrubs. In

Pomona College, Claremont, California 69

eastern Kansas, the flies of D. winnemana, D. tigrina and D. minima often occur
together. In June, D. winnemana appears on the wing and is found associated with
Tipula morrisoni Alex., T. mingwe Alex., etc.; in July, D. minima appears, together
with Tipula flavibasis Alex., T. unimaculata Lw., etc.; still later in July D. tigrina
emerges and all three species fly together during August and into September when
they fly with Tipula ultima Alex., T. unifasciata Lw., etc. It is curious that no other
species of Limnobiine occur in the thamnophytic association frequented by Dicranop-
tycha. All three species of this genus as discussed above have habits that are gener-
ally similar to one another. They are usually found resting quietly on the upper
surface of the leaves but fly readily and on slight disturbance. Pairs in copulation
are often found resting, the bodies directed away from one another aad the wings
folded over the abdomen. While thus united they fly readily, sometimes the female
taking the initiative, sometimes the rather smaller male. The eggs are deposited in
the soft earth in these situations.

NATURAI, AFFINITIES

In the Monographs (1869) Osten Sacken included the genus Dicranoptycha in his
tribe (section) Limnobina anomala, or, as it subsequently became known, the Rhamphi-
dini, and still later the Antochini. A recent survey of the immature stages of several
Antochine genera has shown that the tribe is merely an artificial grouping based on
superficial resemblance of the adult flies. This heterogeneous assemblage includes
representatives of at least three other tribes, Dicranoptycha, together with Antocha,
Elliptera, Rhamphidia, etc., showing an undeniable affinity with the Limnobiini,
whereas Teucholabis, Elephantomyia, etc., show an equally clear relationship with the
Eriopterini. Moreover a close phylogenetic relationship with the lowermost subtribes
of the Hexatomini (Ularia, Epiphragmaria, etc.), is easily apparent.

Dicranoptycha shows the closest affinities with dntocha and Rhamphidia. ‘The
larve of these three genera, each of which typifies a division, show the following
common characters:

Abdominal segments with basal transverse creeping welts or areas of microscopic
points. The massive compact head-capsule with the prefrontal sclerite large, distinct,
the externo-lateral plates large, mussel-shaped and very thin. The mentum is not
completely divided medially. The maxille are large and of primitive structure,
the cardines and stipites distinct, the two distal lobes large, subequal in size, covered
with hairs and bearing sensory organs. Mandibles with one or more dorsal and tivo
or more ventral teeth in addition to the apical point.

The differences between these allied divisions are best indicated by a key.

LARVAE

1. Spiracular disk with only the two long ventral lobes remaining; spiracles lacking
or vestigial; abdominal segments with both dorsal and ventral welts; strictly
aquatic. Antocharia.

Spiracular disk surrounded by four or five short lobes; spiracles large and fune-
tional; abdominal segments with ventral welts only (except the dorsum of seg-
ment eight) ; terrestrial or semiaquatic.

2. Body moderately elongated and covered with a long dark pubescence; spiracular
disk squarely truncated, surrounded by five subequal stout lobes; meatum with
five subequal teeth, the lateral one of either side not conspicuously reduced.

Rhamphidaria.

70 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

Body very long and slender, glabrous; spiracular disk obliquely truncated, sur-
rounded by four slender naked lobes; mentum with three subequal primary

teeth and a much reduced lateral tooth on either side. Dicranoptycharia.
PUPAE
1. Pronotal breathing-horns branched; aquatic. Antocharia.
Pronotal breathing-horns not branched; semiaquatic or terrestrial.
2. Pronotal breathing-horns distinct, elongate-cylindrical. Rhamphidaria.

Pronotal breathing-horns apparently lacking, microscopic. Dicranoptycharia.

THE SUBTRIBE DICRANOPTYCHA

A Key to the Species of Dicranoptycha

LARVAE

1. Spiracular disk with the dark markings less extensive; the mark of the lateral]
lobes not contiguous with the spiracle or the triangular area on the disk; dorsal
marking indistinct or lacking. D. winnemana Alex.

Spiracular disk with the dark markings more extensive; the mark of the lateral

lobes suffusing the ventral inner margin of the spiracle and usually closely ap-
proximated or nearly contiguous with the triangular area on the disk; dorsal
marking black, transversely rectangular. D. minima Alex.

Description of the Species.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIE3

1916 Dicranoptycha winnemana Alexander; Prec. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 500, 501;

Pl. 25, fig. 12.

T_arva—tLength, 20-22 mm.

Diameter, 0.9-1.1 mm.

Coloration varying from white to almost black depending on the nature and
amount of the food eaten which shows clearly through the transparent integument.
The fat-bodies likewise show through and give a white color to the larva especially
after death.

Form very elongate (fig. 1), body terete; integument very glabrous, transparent
and glassy. Prothoracic segment a little longer than the mesothorax which, in turn,
slightly exceeds the metathorax. The intermediate abdominal segments are elongated.
The basal ring of sternites two to cight bears a transverse band or area of micrcscopic
chitinizd spicules, the one on the eighth segment snlit lengthwise by a capillary line.
A similar band occurs in the same position on the dorsum of the eighth segment but
the pleural region is devoid of such a band.

Spiracular disk (fig. 8) moderate in size, obliquely truncated, surrounded by four
lobes, a pair of small, slender, lateral lobes and short, broader ventral lobes. The
usual dorso-median lobe is lacking but its position is indicated by a gently rounded
convexity. The inner face of the lateral lobe bears a narrow semi-lunate black mark
with the concavity toward the spiracle, the proximal end acutely pointed. The ventral
lobes bear a similar but smaller subrectangular black mark. A pale and usually
indistinct dusky mark occupies the inner face of the dorsal lobe. On the disk between,
and slightly below the level of, the spiracles is a large brown triangular or V-shaped
mark. The spiracles are small. separated from one another by a distance equal to
about 2.5 to 3 times the diameter of one; the center-piece of the spiracle is black, the

Pomona College, Claremont, California 71

ring yellow surrounded by an outer dusky margin. Anal gills fleshy and protuberant
as a blunt ring surrounding the anus (fig. 10).

Head-capsule (fig. 2) of the compact, massive type of the Limnobiini; prefrontal
sclerite (fig. 3) large and distinct; the sclerite broad with the sides subparallel to
about midlength, thence tapering gradually to the tip which is entire; there are two
or three punctures at the margin before midlength. Interno-lateral plates narrow, a
little longer than the prefrons; externo-lateral plates very broad, thin and flattened
with the posterior margin very obtuse and the inner ventral portions continuous with
the mental plate. Labrum (fig. 3) very broad and extensive, flattened, pale in color,
the anterior margin with about two sense-organs. Mentum (fig. +) deeply split
behind but not completely divided, the anterior margin with three primary teeth that
are subequal in size or the middle one a little smaller; a much reduced lateral tooth
on either side. Prementum smaller than the hypopharynx, in outline roughly oval or
semicircular with the two labial palpi surrounded by hairs at the base. Hypopharynx
(fig. 5) consisting of two chitinized arms that are contiguous but not fused medially,
the concavity between them filled with a rounded cushion that is covered with tubercles
arranged in more or less distinct oblique parallel rows. Antenne (fig. 6) two-seg-
mented, the basal segment cylindrical with an auditory plate on the face at beyond
midlength; apical segment long and slender, in length but slightly less than the basal
segment, tapering gradually to the bluntly rounded apex. Mandibles (fig. 7) simple
with the teeth blunt; apical point longer than the lateral teeth; dorsal tooth single,
broad, very flattened and obtusely pointed; ventral teeth two, a little smaller than
the dorsal tooth. Maxille (fig. 2) of a generalized structure, the cardines distinct and
feebly chitinized; distal lobes of the organ consisting of a subequal inner and outer
lobe; the outer lobe with an abundance of long, delicate hairs and bearing a few
sensory papille including one larger palpiform organ.

Pupa—tLengh, 9.1-12.8 mm.
Width, d.-s., 1.6-1.8 mm.
Depth, d.-v., 1.6-1.9 mm.

Thoracic dorsum shiny light brown; in very old pupe the color is much darker,
but still retains a much brighter color than the leg and wing-sheaths; abdomen pale
becoming darker in age, especially on the pleura.

Cephalic crest (fig. 13) low and depressed, inconspicuous, lying between the
antennal bases which extend beyond it; there are four small setigerous lobes, the
larger pair of which are posterior in position. Front between the eyes broad, sub-
parallel. Two blunt tubercles on either side of the forehead. Eyes large, with coarse
ommatidia. Labrum semicircular in outline, tumid. Labial lobes large, oval, con-
tiguous with one another, at the tip of the labrum. Maxillary palpi moderately long
and slender, nearly straight, gradually narrowed to the tip which ends opposite the
knee-joint of the fore legs. Antenne with the basal segments separated only by the
cephalic crest, the sheaths ending about opposite or a little before the lateral angle
of the thorax.

Pronotal breathing-horns (fig. 14) very small, almost microscopic; when viewed
from the dorsal aspect appearing as tiny triangular tubercles. Mesonotum moderately
convex, unarmed, the V-shaped suture distinct; a few sete on the mesonotum, including
one near the end of each scutal lobe. Woing-sheaths rather short, but narrow, ending
about opposite midlength of the third abdominal segment. Leg-sheaths ending opposite

72 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tips of the tarsi ending about on a com-
mon level or those of the fore legs a trifle longer.

Abdominal segments (fig. 11) subdivided into four annuli that bear transverse
bands of microscopic sete; these bands increase in width from the basal to the apical.
Spiracles on the pleural region of segments two to seven, lying opposite the third
annulus and close to the ventral margin of the pleura. No spiracles are discernible
on the dorsum of the eighth segment. Male cauda (fig. 11) with the ventral lobes
very blunt, rounded; the dorsal lobes very small, terminating in a sharp spine that
is directed dorsad and bears a weak seta near its base. Female cauda (fig. 12) with
the ventral lobes a little longer than the dorsal lobes; the latter at the outer angle of
the apex with a short stout spine that is directed dorsad as in the male.

Nepionotype (type larva), Lawrence, Kansas, April 2, 1918.

Neanotype (type pupa), with the type larva, May 6, 1918.

Paratypes, \arve and pupe, about fifty from the type locality, March 20 to May

20, 1918.
Dicranoptycha minima Alexander.
1919 Dicranoptycha minima Alexander; Ent. News, Vol. 30.

The larva is very similar to that of D. winnemana as described above, but is
slightly smaller. The spiracular disk (fig. 9) has the dark markings much more
extensive. The mark of the lateral lobes is contiguous with the spiracles and is also
closely approximated to the large triangular brown mark on the disk. There is a
large transverse rectangular mark occupying the inner face of the dorsal lobe. The
marking of the ventral lobe is about as in D. winnemana.

Nepionotype, Lawrence, Kansas, July 11, 1918.

Neanotype, Lawrence, Kansas, July 21, 1918.

Taratypes, a few larve from the type-locality.

Explanation of the Figures

A—Labial Lobes; E—Eye; EL—Externo-lateral Plate; G—Anal Gills; IL—In-
terno-lateral Plate; Lb—Labrum; M—Maxillary Palpus; P—Pronotal Breathing-horn;
Pf—Prefrons; S—Spiracle.

Fig. 1. Larva of Dicranoptycha winnemana, ventral aspect of body.
Fig. 2. The same, head-capsule, ventral aspect.

Fig. 3. The same, head-capsule, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 4. The same, mentum, ventral aspect.

Fig. 5. The same, hypopharynx, ventral aspect.

Fig. 6. The same, antenna.

Fig. 7. The same, mandible.
Fig. 8. Larva of Dicranoptycha winnemana, spiracular disk, dorso-caudal aspect.

Fig. 9. Larva of D. minima, spiracular disk, caudal aspect, the anal gills pro-
truded.

Fig. 10. Larva of D. winnemana, spiracular disk, lateral aspect.
Fig. 11. Pupa of D. winnemana, \ateral aspect of male.

Fig. 12. The same, lateral aspect of female cauda.

Fig. 13. The same, head and mouth-parts, ventral aspect.

Fig. 14. The same, pronotal breathing-horn, enlarged.

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The Central Nervous System of
Nucula and Malletia

WILLIAM A. HILTON

These bivalve forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs. It is espe-
cially from the condition in Nucula as described by Pelseneer '91, that the conception
of the most anterior ganglion being composed of four ganglia, has its chief support.
Drew °01, who has also studied Nucula, believes that the lobes of the ganglion in
Nucula are superficial and that the four connectives coming from the ganglion may
be interpreted in another way. That is, that one pair of nerves may represent an
otocystic branch partly fused with the connective. This view seemed reasonable to
him as Stempel ’99 in Solenyma found the otocystic nerves arose directly from the
cerebral ganglion.

The two species of this group used for study were collected at Laguna Beach.
Nucula castrensis Hinds, occurs abundantly at low tide under rocks. It is rather
small for dissection, but very good complete series were obtained and stained in
hematoxylin. Malletia faba Dall, was much less abundant. Specimens were obtained
from holdfasts or from dredging. Although this was a larger species, gross dissection
was not very easily carried out on any of the specimens, but good series were made.

The ganglia of Nucula are easily studied in section. The cerebral mass seems
composed of one main mass, partly divided into four subdivisions, the two central
most completely fused, and the lateral quite distinct in places. The central portion
might represent the cerebral ganglia and the lateral, the pleural if we take that inter-
pretation. The pedal ganglion is made of right and left parts quite completely fused
except at the margins. The pedal mass is the smallest of the three chief ganglionic
areas. The visceral ganglia are quite widely separated and a little larger than the
pedal mass.

The ganglia of Malletia are in general plan similar to those of Nucula, the great-
est differences being in the cerebral mass. The cerebro-pleural mass seems almost one.
In most sections it is very compact and a little more complicated in structure than
the ganglion of Nucu/a. However there are two small ventral ganglionic branches
or small ganglia attached to the ventral side of the cerebral mass. These small
ganglia may represent the visceral. Farther back in a cross section series as the
cerebral mass disappears two other small branches take origin and run parallel to
the nerves from the ganglionic cords. These two branches on each side seem to run
together before the pedal ganglia are reached. Neither of these pairs of nerves seems
connected with an otocyst.

At the cephalic end of the cerebro-pleural ganglion the large ganglionic cords
are in evidence. A little distance from the cephalic end on the dorsal side there
are quite large groups of cells down from the surface and surrounded by nerve fibers.
The course of the fibers here is quite complex. On the ventral lateral sides of the
ganglia are paired light areas of fibers which may be traced into the fibers of the
ganglionic cords.

The pedal ganglion is small and much as in Nucula. The visceral ganglia are
larger and widely separated.

In both Nucula and Malletia young specimens were used for study. In Nucula

76 Journal of Entomology and Zoology

there was more the appearance of four ganglia in the cerebro-pleural mass, and the
ganglia seem less complex than in Malletia. This last species has more separate
pleural ganglia, if the ganglionic cords can be so regarded.

In neither of the species studied were all parts of the connectives easy to follow,
so it was impossible to test the suggestions of Drew, but in both species there is
some indication of two lateral lobes of the cerebral mass, and in Nucula there is good
evidence of two central ganglia as well as the smaller lateral ones. The lateral
ganglia of the cerebral mass are most clearly separated in Malletia. In Nucula the
lateral ganglia are larger in proportion and the distribution of the gray and white
matter is more irregular.

REFERENCES nt
Drew, G. A. 1901
The life history of Nucula delphinodonta. Quart, jour. sc. vol. 44, pt. 3.
Pelseneer, P. 1891
Contribution a l’étude des Lamellibranchs. Arch. d. biol. xi.
Stempell ‘ 1899

Zur Anatomie von Solrmya togata. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. xiii.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Diagram of the ganglia of Nucula castrensis, reconstructed from serial
sections. The probable position of the connectives is shown and the proportionate
distances between ganglia are given. The upper ganglion is the cerebro-pleural
with large nerves leading off from the ganglion which is itself lobed into four chief
lobes. The pedal ganglion is next. In section the pedal ganglion at once place seems
to be made up of four parts which may correspond to four connectives from the
cerebro-pleural although only one pair of connectives was clearly determined. The
visceral ganglion is connected with the pedal below. X70.

Fig. 2. Cross section of cerebro-pleural ganglion. On the right side one of the
lateral ganglia is shown. The one of the other side does not show because the section
is not straight across. The dorsal side is up. X300.

Fig. 3. Section of the pedal mass of Nucula, through the center. The dorsal side
is up. X300.

Fig. 4+. Left side of the visceral mass of Nucula. Dorsal side up. X300.

Fig. 5. Nerve cells from the central nervous system of Nucula. X450.

Fig. 6. Section through the body of Nucu/a showing the position of the cerebro-
pleural ganglion cut through the center. Dorsal side up. The cellular portion of
the ganglion is black. X70.

Fig. 7. Section through the body of Nucula at the level of the visceral nerves
which are shown on either side of the section. The area of nerve cells is shown in
black. X70.

Fig. 8. Reconstruction from serial sections of the cerebro-pleural mass nerves
and connectives of Malletia faba. The drawing is a ventral view, the cephalic side
is at the top. X70.

Fig. 9. Reconstruction of pedal ganglion of Malletia from the ventral side. Ce-
phalie side at the top. X70.

Fig. 10. Reconstruction of visceral ganglia of Malletia. X70.

Fig. 11. Section through cerebro-pleural mass of Malletia. The dorsal side is
up. On the ventral side to the left and right are the beginnings of the lateral lobes
or ganglionic cords which may represent the pleural ganglia. In this species the
cerebral ganglia are not separated into right and left halves as in Nucula. X300.

Fig. 12. Section through the central part of the pedal mass of Malletia. The
dorsal side is up. X300.

Fig. 13. Section through one visceral ganglion of Malletia. ‘The dorsal side is up.
X300.

a

Pomona College, Claremont, Californi

78

Journal of Entomology

and Zoology

VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER ONE

JOURNAL
ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS
Page
New PoLtycHAgTous ANNELIDS FROM LAGUNA BEaAcH, CaL.—Ralph V. Chamberlin 1
Tue Nervous SysTEM OF CAECUM CALIFORNICUM—W. 4. Hilton..........0.-04. 24
AMPHIPODS FROM LAGUNA BEACH.............00ceeseseeeees eee ceeeeneetnnces 26

—OoCo—S—SSS""=[=—========__=_=_=_—_—_—_————————SS
Entered Claremont, Cal,, Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
¥. March 8, 1870

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.

Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.

Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper wili be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.

Address all communications to

THE JOURNAL or ENTOMOLOGY aNnD ZooLoegy

William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.

VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER TWO

JOURNAL

ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

JUNE, 1919

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS

Page

EENN RLIDETEROAMUISAGUINA ISRAGEH Ore. ra cto uth eaten eaters eis ss (ord be. rihiplblh 0 cal eictlaveleters.a 27

StrucTURE OF DOLicHGLossus PustLLus—Alma Evans.... 0.2... 00000 c cece eee 28

OPISTHOBRANCHS FROM LAGUNA BEACH..... Bo Sa ie Seiten Ree oe 34
CENTRAL Nervous SYSTEM OF THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS ESH.—

PAE MEP a EXELR ONE Sa ance, ne eres hs) crete cetaiat ita cio's vetate cok An sie om aeld-bieleya bloke Aas ane 35

ANTS FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION..............c: se eeeeueeepeeneenes 38

' Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. oF, sew heg oe matter, under Act of Congress of
‘ arch 8, 1870

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.

Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.

Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.

Address all communications to

Tue JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY anD ZooLoay

William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.

VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER THREE

JOURNAL

ENTOMOLOGY

AND

ZOOLOGY

SEPTEMBER, 1919

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS

Page
ISO PONS FROM LICAGUN As DEAGH <5 signin al cater vier eny ermine so Mea a sre Bnatg Tete nla. wats g 39
Bryozoa CoLLecteD AT LAGUNA BEACH iN 1918—Genevieve Corwin............. 40
PHALANGIDS FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION...........20020ccceeeeeeeees 41
ISOPTERA FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION.......0.-0 0c eeeee ce cereeeeeeee 42
DipLopops FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION..........0.0000eereeeeeeeuee 43
NOTES ON THE SERPENT STARS OF LAGUNA BEACH...........0..0:cebeseennenees 44
SMALLER SHELLS COLLECTED aT LAGUNA BEACH DURING THE SUMMER OF 1917—
mt re 0) oC RRO eR AOS ANG RRA Ee SER TE CC GIR OR EER Toe 45
NoTes OF THE ANCESTRY OF THE COLEOPTERA—G. C. Crampton, Ph.D............ 49
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PHORONIS PACIFICA TorreY—Ruth Ledig...........++.5+ 55
ACARINA FROM CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION............. cess eee sees eeneeneeees 58
Tue CENTRAL Nervous System OF DoticHoGcLossus—W. A, Hilton.............- 59

Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 8, 1879

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.

Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.

Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper wili be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.

Address all communications to

Tur JournaL or Entomo.ioey anp Zoo.oay

William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.

.
hes
hal
os

VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER FOUR

JOURNAL

ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

DECEMBER, 1919

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY .
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.

CONTENTS

NoTes ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SOCIAL Wasp Potistes—Horace Gunthorp........ 63

BIOLOGY oF THE NorTH AMERICAN CRANE-FLigs, V. THE GENUS DICRANOPTYCHA
(Op LDPC ae MEET Ty APEC he FOR RRO Eo oie: JOP OPERATE G5 67

Tue CenTraL Nervous SysteM oF NucuLa AND Matietia—W. 4. Hilton....... 15

EEE eeEeEeEeEe
__————————————_—__——_——_—_——___________________ EEE

Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of -
March 8, 1879

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.

Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.

Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.

Address all communications to

Tue JournaL or Entomotoey anp Zoo.oay

William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.

~~ =

Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the
west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet
within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean
afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books.
Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits
its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred
applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by
the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced
work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart-
ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

SECRETARY OF POMONA COLLEGE
Claremont, California

ee ere we

Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the
west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet
within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean
afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books.
Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits
its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred
applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by
the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced
work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart-
ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

SECRETARY OF PoMONA COLLEGE
Claremont, California

Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the
west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet
within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean
afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books.
Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits
its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred
applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by
the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced
work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart-
ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

SECRETARY OF POMONA COLLEGE
Claremont, California

i aS ats ide
+N rie
ie OE

Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the
west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet
within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean
afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books.
Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits
its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred
applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by
the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced
work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart-
ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

SECRETARY OF PoMONA COLLEGE
Claremont, California

Lp
i
th
a

-

see eS

AMNH LIBRARY

ALIN

00135433

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