^v .»
I^m
f I
»■>■ ^ fe
^ ?^ p f
•^- ^^ ^t^t!i^:^
.:i:r-^
i;i^,i^
«^.K^:^.
"^ (;. |. fi- » I", W
i<. tr- te.
•■hJ
<« » * I
. %^\, u %* i* • . '
/la •> I* 1^ ■* '^ '*
- - ». V J. I
,1
7^
JOURNAL OF
ENTOMOLOGY AND
ZOOLOGY
VOLUME IX, 1917
.^4-4-^^3T
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX.
Volume IX, Number 1 Hilton, Wm. A.
.. , ii/r T 'Vhc Central Nervous System of
Moles, M. L. ^ j,,^. Ampiiipod Orchestia, 88-
ATiother Record of a Small Whip- Scorpioii in California, 1.
Volume IX, Number 3 Girault, A. A.
Notes on Chalenl Flies. Chiefly ^'^^V' Henry
from California. 8.
Moznette, G. F.
The Rose Flea-Beetle, 13.
Nininger, H. H.
Notes on Birds of Laguna Beach and \'icinity for 1916. 20.
List of Bees from Claremont-La- ''una Region. 93.
Gardner, Leon L.
A Partial List of the Mammals of the Claremont Re.gion, 101.
A Preliminary List of Shells from Laguna Beach and Nearby. 107.
Nisbet, J.
vSolpugids from the Claremont- Laguna Region, 22.
Moore, Winifred T.
Record of Two Pseudoscorpions from Claremont-Laguna Re- .gion. 26.
Hilton, Wm. A.
The Central Nervous System of a Sijiunculid. 30.
Littoral .Ascidian (.'ollecled at La- ,guna Beach, 36.
Summer School at Laguna Beach. 38.
Courses Offered at the Summer School of the Laguna Beach Biological Laboratory, 1917, 44.
Volume IX, Number 2
Burnham, Hazel; Pierce, Wright M.; White, Halsted
Preliminary List of Birds from the Claremont-Laguna Region, 45.
Hamilton, W. T.
The Nervous System of .\racoda Seniintaculata and the Descrip- tion of a Method of Steno- graphic Reconstruction, 73.
Hilton, W. A.
.\ Reconstruction of the Nervous System of a Nemertian Worm, 119.
Volume IX, Number 4
Lichti, P. A.; Schallenberger, R.; Johnson, Charlotte
A Tentative List of Moths from the Claremont-Laguna Region.
125.
Preliminary List of Butterflies from tlie Claremont-Laguna Re- gion. 135.
Hilton, William A.
Su.ggestions from tlie Study r)f the Central Nervous Systems of Invertebrates, 141.
Hilton, William A.
Some Remarks on the Nervous Systems of Two Sea-Urcliins, 147.
Some Echinoderms Collected at Laguna Beach, 151.
Myers, Miss L. and Hilton, W. A.
Some Reactions of Brachinus Lateralis, 152.
■Mkx
INDEX TO VOLUME IX.
Ampliipod, 73. Mollis, I2S.
Aracoda, 45. Moore, Winifred. 26.
Ascidians. 30. Moznctte, G. I''., 13.
Bees. 93. Myers. Lea. 152.
Birds. 20. 45. Nemertinian, 11''.
Bracliimis l;iteralis. 152. Nervous system. 30. 73. 147.
Bray. Henry, 93. Nininger. H. H., 20.
Burnham, H., 45. Nisbet, J., 22.
Butterflies. 135. Orcliestia, 88.
Carinella. 119. Pierce. \V. M., 45.
Central nervous system. 88. 141. Reconstruction methods. 73.
Clialcid flies, 8. Rose flea-beetle. 13.
Kchinoderms, 151. Sea Urchins, 147.
Gardner, Leon L., 101. Shallenberger. R., 125.
Girault. A. A., 8.
Haltica probata, 13.
Hamilton, W. F., 73.
Hilton. W. .\., 30, 88, 119, 141, 147.
John>on, C. 125.
Lichti. P. A.. 125. White. Halsted. 45.
Moles. M. L., 1. Whip-scorpion. 1.
Shells, 101. Sipnnculid. 30. Solpu.£?ids. 22. Summer school, 44.
VOLUME NINE NUMBER ONE
JOURNAL
OF
ENTOMOLOGY
AND
ZOOLOGY
MARCH, 1917 [^ APR 4- 1917 '^.J
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY "v^,^"a' "' ^^
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
CONTENTS
Page
Another Record of a Small Whip-Scorpion in California —
M. L. Moles ----------------- 1
Notes on Chalcid Flies, Chiefly From California — A. A. Glrault 8
"The Rose Flea-Beetle — G. F. Moznctte --------- L3
Notes on Birds of Lacuna Beach and Vicinity for 1916 — H. H.
Nininger ------------------- 20
SoLPUGiDs From the Claremont-Laguna Region — J. Nisbct - - 22 Record of Two Pseudcscorpions From Claremont-Laguna
Region — li^inifred T. Moore - - - - 26
The Central Nhrvous System of a Sipunculid — Wm. A. Hilton 30
Littoral Ascidians Collected at Lacuna Beach ------ 36
Summer School at Laguna Beach ----------- 38
Courses Offered at the Summer School of the Lacuna Beach
Biological Laboratory, 1917 ----------- 44
Entered at Claremont. Cal.. Post-OfBce Oct. 1. ISIO. as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 3. 1878
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPAETMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento- mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 71/. inches or less. The lettering should be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on thp drawings, in most cases.
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
Address all communications to
The Jouenal of Entomology and Zoology
William A. Hilton, Editor Claremont, California, U. S. A.
>
J^onianl^J^J/^
[^ APR4-J9J7 y
Another Record of a Small WlliI^^'"''' ^^^''^ Scorpion in California
M. L. MOLES
In April, 1916, Ur. W. A. Hilton collected some small whip- scorpions in the Pomona College Park at Claremont. These creat- ures were without eyes and yet they seemed to avoid forceps. They were able to run backwards or forwards with equal ease. On examination it was found that there were long hairs on the legs such as shown in the figure. Other specimens were afterwards found in one of the nearby canyons, and two specimens in the college collection were marked "C. Met/,, in the mountains near Clare- mont."
Upon looking through the literature the species was determined to be Trithyreus pciitiipcllis Cook. In 1899 Dr. Hubbard col- lected some at Palm Springs under stones in the canyon near the stream. Those which we ha\e found this year were under the dried oak leaves some distance from water. Cook ga\e the generic name Hiibbard'ui which has not been sustained.
The following are the measurements of two types of the twenty or more specimens found. Mi'iisiimin'iils — supposed Male :
Length of whole body, 7.5 mm.
Length of cephalothorax, 2 mm.
Length of abdomen, 3 mm.
Length of tail, 2.5 mm.
Length of first leg, 8 mm.
Length of maxills, 1.5 mm.
Width of abdomen, 1 mm.
Width of cephalothorax, 8 mm. Mecistin-DU'iils — Supposed Female anil Ju\enile, Fig. 1 :
Length of whole body, 4.5 mm.
.Length of cephalothorax, 1.5 mm.
Length of abdomen, 2 mm.
Length of tail, 1 mm.
Length of first leg, 5.5 mm.
Length of maxillff, 2 mm.
Width of cephalothorax, 6 mm.
Width of abdomen. 1 mm.
2 Jdurnal of Eiitonioldgy and Zoology
Color of Siip/Hiscd Mule — Ccphalothonix and maxill;t, dark red- dish brown. Abdomen and legs light yellow brown.
Color of supposed Feiiuilc and Juvenile — All parts bright yellow l''i'()\\ n.
Cephalothorax suboval, upper margin strongly concave at the sides and tapering to a point at the median line. Sides convex at upper edge; lower margin strongly convex. The cephalothorax is strongly chitini/.ed, showing two small o\al spots. The small subo\al area between the chitinized cephalothorax and the abdomen is soft with fi\e chitinized plates.
On the dorsal surface of each abdominal segemnt are two muscle depressions, while on the \entral surface the fourth, fifth and sixth segments ha\e dark colored plates near the segmental di\isions which are used for muscle attachments; besides the two muscle depressions.
The book-lungs openings are found on the \entral surface of the first abdominal segment, as is also the epigynum.
The caudal appendage of the ju\enile and female is made up of three small joints tapering to a blunt end. It is held in an upright position above the abdomen. Cook in his description supposed this form to be a female or juvenile; Krayselin considers it a dif- ferent species, but upon close study of the rest of the organs of this form it was finally decided that it was a ju\enile and probably a female, the supposition being held that the juvenile took the form of the female, as is often the case, until the last few molts. The epigynum of this form was extremely undeveloped, having only a small epigastic furrow with depressions at either end.
The caudal appendage of the supposed male is made up of two stout joints to which is attached a heart-shaped body tapering to a blunt apex. This body has deep pits both on the dorsal and ven- tral sides near the base.
t)n the tibia of the first pair of legs are two long special sensory hairs set in little pits. On the second, third and fourth legs one hair was found, also on the tibia. These hairs are three-fourths as long as the leg.
The mouth parts consist of a pair of strong mandibles and lab- ium. The labium is placed between the two coxae of the maxilhe.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 3
The long process of the coxa clothed with its long simple hairs seems to have some performance in the work of the mouth parts. The labium is subo\al, clothed thickly with simple short hairs, the upper margin ha\"ing a single row of long heavy straight hairs with many long single cur\ed hairs co\'ering them.
The mandibles are provided with three distinct kinds of hairs or spines. The large subquadrate proximal joint was clothed with long barbed spines, the movable finger having on its median sur- face a row of fifteen back cur\ed barbed spines. In the space between the movable and stationary finger were long hairs, en- larged in the center and tapering off to a fine point, the tapered portion being barbed. The mandibles are set well down in the sephalothorax.
The sexual openings were found in the usual place; the ventral surface of the first abdominal segment, this being enlarged so as to do away with the second abdominal segment. The epigynum consists of a long epigastric furrow with a large lip-like opening near its median line. Just abo\-e this opening and on either side were small longitudinal creases.
Prof. Dr. Friedrich Dahl places the external sexual organs of this family on the legs and in the Thelyphonidae which is closely related. They are found in the second joint of the tarsus of the first legs. Careful study failed to find any trace of secondary sexual organs in Trilhyrctis pciitupcltis.
KniyscVni, Karl 1899
Das Tierreich. Scorpiones iind Pedipalpi.
Cook,O.F. 1899
Hubbardia, a new genus of Pedipalpi, Entomological Societ\ Proceed- ings, vol. 3.
Comstock, John Henry 1911
The Spider Book, pp. 17-18. Banks, Xatlum 1900
Synopsis of North American Invertebrates. Am. Nat. \"c)l. 34. Dahl, Dr. Friedrich 1913
Vergleichende Pli\siologie and .Miirphologie Der Spinnentiere. Jena, Verlang N. G. Fischer.
(Crtntrilnitinn froiii the Z'joloijical Laboratory of Poinorui Colhge.)
jdunial of Entomology and Zoology
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Fig. I. Ura^ving of the upper side of a young Trithyereus pentapelti Cook XIO. Fig. 2. Lower or ventral view of T. Pentapeltis XIO.
Figs. 3, 4, and 5. Various views of the caudal end of an adult T. Pentapeltia. Much enlarged.
Fig. 6. Labium. Much enlarged.
Fig. 7. Maxilla. Much enlarged.
Fig. 9. Mandible of Trithyereus. Much enlarged.
Fig. 9. One jaw of mandible. Mirch enlarged.
Pomona College, Claremont, California
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Pomona College, Clareniont, California
Notes on Chalcid Flies, Chiefly From
California
A. A. cnRAlLT
'i'lie following descriptions are chiefly from specimens sent by the Department of Zoology of Pomona College.
Kiistiiitlti/inii ctilifoniiiiiiii n. sp.
Female: Similar in every respect to forjiiillfllii Ashmead except as follows: The hyaline cross-stripe between the fuscous cross- stripes of the forewing is distinctly narrower than either fuscous cross-stripe (broader than either in the other) ; the stylus of the abdomen is a little shorter than the ovipositor valves (their ex- truded portion), both equal in length in coijiiillcttii. Otherwise the same. Antenna- 1 1-jointed, tapering, the club single and no longer than the pedicel, funicle 1 quadrate, 2 longest, elongate, somewhat compressed, o\er thrice the length of the pedicel. Types compared.
A female from Claremont ( C. I". Baker).
Types: Catalogue No. 20357, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag, a fore wing antenna and hind leg on a slide.
In the U. S. National Museum a female from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, part of the type of coquillellU (now a single female from Los Angeles).
Eiia and (lilt III (ih.uiiriiiii n. sp. The type is one female from Easton, Washington (Kincaid). Catalogue No. 20358, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag. See table.
Eiisduiidliiin iilpiiiiiin n. sp. The type is a part of the type of coqnillellii from the Santa Cru/. Mountains, California; Catalogue No. 20359, U. S. National Museum, the specimen on a tag. See table.
EiiSiindiiliiiii c/eorcjia n. sp. One female, pinned, Cieorgia, Catalogue No. 20369, U. S. National Museum. A second female from Washington, D. C. See table.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 9
Eusiiiidii/iiiii iirizoiiii n. sp.
A female, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (Schwarz), May 27. Catalogue No. 20361, U. S. National Museum, tag. See table.
Synopsis of the North American Species of K/isdinhihiiii. Females. ( From the types.)
1. Wings bifasciate, the distal fuscous band at apex. Legs red
except the coxae, the antennae wholly concolorous. 0\ipos- itor extruded for o\er half the length of the abdomen. Scutellum longitudinally lined.
Hyaline band of fore wing distinctly narrower than either fuscous band (one on each side of it) ; stylus a little shorter than the ovipositor. califoniianii (iirault
Hyaline band of fore wing somewhat broader than either fuscous stripe; stylus and o\ipositor equal.
(■()(/iiilh'llii Ashmeail
2. Wings unifasciate or wholly embrowned or with a large
unbroken, fuscous area. Wings wholly infuscated. Scutel- lum densely punctate like the scutum (in the lirst species). Propodeum with a lateral sulcus.
Ovipositor much extruded.
Legs reddish except the coxae and the first and third femora venlrad; more slender than usual, the ovipositor about as in calif oni'niiin but the abdomen is longer, hence the o\iposi- tor is so. Pore wing with a longitudinal white streak caudad of middle. acmaeoderae Rohwer
Ovipositor extruded for less than a fourth the length of the abdomen, the stylus subobsolete.
Pore wings indefinitely slightly stained; legs reddish except the coxae; scutellum long-lineolated. obscnriDii (jirault
Wings infuscated from the bend of the submarginal vein to apex or nearly. Antennae concolorous (compare ob-
S til III III).
As in ceilifoniiciim but the scutellum finely puncate; differs from aouacodcrae in being more robust, the first and third femora are not metallic ventrad, the costal cell is broader, the tip of the fore wing is hyaline for a short ciistance.
(ilpiiiinii Girault
10 Jduriial of Entomology and Zoology
l.cgs wholly concolorous except the knees and tips of tibiae nar- no\vl\' luul the tarsi; as in the preceding but stylus and o\i- positor subei]ual. cyaiit'iini Ashmead
^. Wings hyaline or subhyalinc. Antennae concolorous except at extreme base. 0\ipositor extruded for about half the length of the abdomen, the stylus slightly short.
JVIiddle legs except coxae, all knees narrowly, tips of tibiae and the tarsi reddish brown. I'ostmarginal vein sub- equal to the stigmal. Iiiihhardii Ashmead 0\ipositor extruded for less (or not more) than a third the
length of the abdomen, the stylus subequal. Postmarginal \ein subequal to the stigmal.
Legs reddish except the coxae and cephalic femora and tibiae. Scutellum somewhat more distinctly lineolated longitudin- ally, punctate. Ovipositor short, hyciliiiipoinc Ashmead Postmarginal \ein distinctly longer than the stigmal.
Legs concolorous except knees, tips of tibiae and the tarsi. Stylus somewhat shorter than the o\ipositor which is a third the length of the abdomen. georgia Girault
4. Wings subhyaline. Antennae with the basal fourth of the cape honey yellow.
Postmarginal \ein ilistinctlv much longer than the stigmal, twice longer.
Ovipositor extruded for nearly half the length of the abdo- men, the stylus a little shorter. Legs honey vellow except fore and hind coxae. arizona Girault
All the species ha\e the postmarginal \ein shorter than the stigmal or no longer, save where noted: the parapsidal furrows are liistlnct, but very short, joining before the middle of the scutum from cephalad. The club is usually single, the anten- nae 11-jointed, tapering-filiform.
Diiilnius hcgiiii Ci^awford One female, Santa Clara County (C. F. Baker).
Pomona College, Claremont, California 1 1
Elachistiis coxa/is Howard
One pair, San Mateo County, California, the male; and LagLitia Beach, Southern California, the female (C. F. Baker).
The following species is an Eiidccaloina (there being no distinct substigmal spot but only a very minute one) but for the present I include this segregate within the older one.
Decatoma SHhinniithiiliila n. sp.
Female: Length, 2.00 mm. Of the usual habitus and sculpture, the punctation not coarse.
Honey yellow, the wings hyaline, the following black markings: Ocellar dots obscurely, upper margin of occiput (a crescent), median channel nearly to apex and cephalic margin of the propo- deum (except laterad) ; abdominal petiole and the median line of abdomen dorsad narrowly, from just before apex of segment 2 nearly to the apex of segment 4. Abdomen compressed, segments 2, 4 and 5 subequal, longest, the abdomen glabrous, its petiole about twice longer than wide. Propodeum openly rugoso-punctate, the median channel single, distinct, no median basin. Pedicel black abo\-e, nearly twice longer than wide, a little longer than funicle 1, the other four funicle joints subequal, subquadrate. Club 2-jointed, the first joint shortest.
One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker) ; on oak.
Type: Catalogue No. 20400, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag, the antennae and a caudal leg on a slide.
Differs from calesbaei Ashmead (types compared), in being larger, the median channel of the propodeum is distinct for its whole length ancf does not consist principally of two large foreae, the cross- carina passing profimad of it has an area on each side of the meson which runs at first nearly parallel to the channel (the forking) but in the Florida species, this carina continues more or less parallel with the cephalic margin of the propodeum.
Snitellislii eydiied JNIots One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).
Cleonyiuus nilifuniieiis n. sp. Female: Length, 4.00 mm.
12 Journnl of Entomolog)- and Zoology
Dark, metallic green, the tegulae, antennae (except the club and pedicel) and the legs (except the concolorous coxae, the apex of caiulal feniar lateral and the last two pairs of tibiae dorsad more or less), reddish brown, the venation fuscous, the fore wings bifasciate, the first stripe from the base of the marginal vein and broken distad of the middle, the second from the postmarginal vein, obovate in shape, twice the width of the first. The (triangular) head, the thorax and abdomen, scaly punctate, the propodeum and abdomen 2 subglabrous, the distal margins of the abdominal segments gla- brous. Propodeum foreolate along the cephatic and caudal mar- gins, and along the median carina on each side, the lateral carina represented by a distinct, curved, foreate sulcus, the spiracle large, subreniform. Scutellum simple. Antannae inserted near the cly- peus, a little below the eyes, 11-jointed, the club pointed o\ate, acuminate at apex, embraced by the long projection from one side of the apex of the distal funicle joint which reaches to distal three- fourths of the club. F'unicles 1 and 2 narrowest, grading into 3, all subquadrate, 4 longest, a little longer than wide and subequal to the pedicel; 8 wider than long. Postmarginal \ein a little longer than the slender, curved stigmal, about a third the length of the marginal. Stigmal vein parallel, in general trend, with the costal margin.
Two females, mountains near Claremont (C. F. Baker).
Types: Catalogue No. 20348, U. S. National Museum, the females on tags, a fore wing and an antennae on a slide.
The abdomen is subpetiolate; it was distinctly, quadratelv petio- late in a male specimen of i7(V)»yw//.( dcprcssiis in the I'. S. National Museum.
Eutedon occideiitalis Girault Several specimens, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).
Isosoiiici gnuidc Riley One winged female, mountains near Claremont, California ( C. F.
Bak
er
Mchiph-iirn spciliihilis Westwood One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker)
The Rose Flea- Beetle
{tl allien probata P'all)
c;. F. MOZXETTE,
ASSISTAXT ENTOMOLOGISr, OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CORVALLIS, OREGON
INTRODUCTION
P'rom a careful perusal of the literature it is apparent that scarcely anything but the original description oi Haltica probata FaW appears in print. As this species has at \arious times been reported on sev- eral of our cultivated plants, and as there is some possibility of its becoming destructi\e to our culti\ated roses, observations ha\e been made from time to time and this paper brings together, so far as possible, the recorded facts concerning the species.
HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES The species was first described by Dr. H. C. VM in 1910.* Mr. Arthur Gibson!" mentions it as attacking leaves of strawberry plants at Nelson, British Columbia. The species is referred to as Haltica cvicta Lee, but after a comparison with specimens in the writer's collection and later in Dr. Fall's collection at Pasadena, California, I am led to belie\e that the species reported by Mr. Gibson as cvicta is not cvicta but probata. It has been reported from Spokane, Washington, on strawberries, and at \arious times has been reported feeding on cultivated crops in Oregon.
The species is distributed along the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to California. It has been reported from Nelson in British Columbia; Everett ancf Spokane in Washington; from Cor- vallis, Pamelia Lake, Mary's Peak, the Three Sisters, and Josephine County in Oregon; and from Santa Rosa, Belmont, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties in California.
SEASONAL LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE
SPECIES
With the approach of warm weather in the spring, when the buds of the wild rose are showing their green, the little bronze
*Transactions of llie American Entomological Society of .'\merica, \'ol. 36, pp. tCanadian Entomological Circular Xo. 2. 152-159.
14 JoLirn.-il of Entomology and Zoology
beetles (PI. I, Fig. 2) come from their winter quarters, about the middle of April or earlier depending on the spring weather condi- tions, and commence feeding on the tender small leaves of the expanding buds. The beetles possess a \'ery brilliant lustre and when approached manifest a saltatorial habit, anci may leap for a considerable distance. The insect passes the winter in the adult stage and during that time may be found concealed in con\'enient places. The writer has taken numerous indi\iduals from beneath the moss of the scrub oak, which grows abundantly along the creeks in the Willamette \^alley in Oregon. The first indi\Mduals were taken on April 11, 191.'?, feeding on a species of wild rose, Rosa iinkiildiui Presl. near Cor\allis, Oregon. The adults were at the time resting in the sun on the dried fruits of the rose and also on the moss which co\ered the oaks. In 1915, the first beetles were out on March 19 or somewhat earlier. Sometimes the March weather is too se\-ere so that the beetles do not appear until later, and the inclement weather frequently puts a stop to the activity of the beetles and retards oviposition.
After emerging from their hibernating quarters, the beetles jump or Hy to the nearest rose bush and soon begin to satisfy their appe- tite after the long winter's fast. At this time the tender bursting rose buds seem to be the favorite food, and the beetles engorge themselves with bites from the prospective crop of leaves, then locked up in the buds. The beetles seem to be most active during the warmer sunshiny portions of the day, when they may be seen jumping and flying about the rose bushes. When touched or jarred, they at once drop quickly to the ground, where they feign death for a short time, later returning to the foliage. Their shining bronze color renders it easy to discover and watch them at their destructive work. They begin gnawing an unsightly hole into either the side or top of the bursting leaf bud, often boring into the bud so far as to be almost hidden from \iew. It usually takes the beetles a few days to satisfy their vigorous spring appetites; then they turn their attention to the propagation of their kind. The later emerging ailults feed voraciously on the foliage (PI. I, Fig. 5) eating out irregular places in the leaves.
Pomona Collefjp, Clareiiinnt, C'niiforni'a V5
Many individuals were found in copulo on April 12, 1913, and on April 14, 1915. Eggs were laid in great numbers April 15, 1913, but not until the first of May in 1915, due to a long stretch of cold wet weather. By May 18 many eggs were to be found but usually no larvae. The eggs are laid in masses (PI. I, Hg. 3) of from two to fifteen in a cluster with an average of between seven and nine. They are deposited usually on the lower surface of the leaf. No eggs are deposited until the foliage is well along usually, as this is the food of the lar\-ae. The writer obser\-ed a female during oviposition. She thrusts out the egg and by a mucilagenous substance causes the egg to adhere fast to the leaf. She decorates the egg, as it were, with a fluid which later turns black and appears as a streak across the o\a. The adults do not li\-e long after egg deposition, usually about a week and a half. A number of females were obser\ed to lay from forty to fifty eggs each.
The length of the egg stage was found to vary considerably even in the insectary, due no doubt largely to the weather conditions. In indoor obser\ations it ranged from seven to fifteen days, with an average of twelve. In the open, eggs under screen cloth were deposited on May 24, 1913, and hatched June 10, 1913, a duration of seventeen days. By June, 1913, practically all of the egg masses had hatched and scarcely an adult could be found anywhere. The larvae are at first yellow, changing over to a black after a short period of time (PI. T, Fig. 7). The eggs split at the side when the young emerge and the larxae remain quiet for some time appar- ently feeding first on the remaining egg juices. After a while they begin to mo\'e about for con\-enient feeding spots. The larvae moult three times, and after each moulting appear yellow, soon changing to a black. Se\-eral of the grubs usually work on the same leaf, continuing to eat small irregular holes, through, or nearly through, the leaf until it appears skeletonized (PI. I, P^ig. 7), when they seek new pastures.
When full grown the larvae drop to the soil and after burrowing to a depth of about an inch or less, they construct soil cells of earth (PI. I, Fig. 6), not unlike the cell of the common cherry and pear slug, in which they pupate. By July 3, 1913, many larvae were
10 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
falling to tlie soil. The length of the larval stage varies from fifteen to twenty-Hve days with an average of twenty days. By July 10 many pupae ( Fl. I, ¥\g. 4) were found in the soil. The writer neglected to ascertain the exact length of the pupal stage, but from the meager observations made up to this time ventures the opinion that it is about eighteen days. By the first of August many adults could be found. They are a beautiful metallic color when just emerged. The writer bred from the adults a species of Diptera a Tdchinid but has not been able to ascertain the species. Subsequent observation revealed no eggs, so undoubtedly the species is single brooded. The life-cycle is calculated to last about fifty-five days from eggs to adults, but this is greatly influenced by the weather conditions. The length of the adult stage is about ten months, depending, of course, upon the time the warm days approach in the spring and upon the cold stretches which intervene, conditions which influence emergence from their hibernatmg quarters.
DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS STAGES
The Eggs (PI. I, Fig. 3) arc of an orange color, oblong o\al or bean-shaped. The egg has a tlelicate co\ering by which it is attached to the leaf. Nearly every egg has a sort of spine-shape structure attached, although it is not exactly a spine but a part of the egg covering, which, when it has dried, gives it a black streaked appearance at that point. The egg measures 1 mm. in length by .25 mm. in width.
The Larvae ( PI. I, V\g. 7) when full grown have the body wider at the anterior end, tapering gradually to the anal segment and covered with many hairs. They are covered with an oily substance in which they often collect their excrement as they feed and travel. The entire larva is black and the segments of the body possess numerous tubercles bearing setae. I^ach segir.cnt of the abdomen has a group of tubercles on a side above the spiracles. When full grown the larvae measure from 6 to 8 mm. in length.
The Pupa (PI. I, Fig. 4) is yellow, 4 to 6 mm. in length, with the wing pads and legs of a paler yellow to nearly white. Two setae are located on the vertex and two on the occupit of head. The
I'oinona College, Clarcmoiit, California 17
prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax bear spines varying in number. The abdomen possesses three rows of setae on each side above the spiracles.
The Adult (PI. I, Fig. 1) is green bronze, entire upper surface polished and strongly shining sculpture throughout, nearly as in Haltica ic/iiihi. Antennae piceous, slightly more than half the length of the body, joints 2-3-4 gradually increasing in length, the fourth very nearly three times as long as wide. Eyes rather small and not very prominent, their width as seen from the front dis- tinctly less than half the interocular distance. Prothorax two-thirds wider than long, sides parallel in basal half, convergent anteriorly. Elytra fully two-thirds as wide as long, and nearly three-fourths wider than the prothorax. Body beneath piceous; abdomen aluta- ceous. rather coarsely punctate and transversely rugulose. Length .3.7 mm. to 4 mm.
IS Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Figure 1. The adult beetle (greatly enlarged).
Figure 2. The adult beetle (natural size).
Figure 3. Eggs in situ on leaf greatly enlarged.
Figure 4. Pupa greatly enlarged.
Figure 5. Rose leaves showing \vork of adult beetles.
Figure 6. Pupal soil cell.
Figure 7. Larva? at work skeletonizing leaf.
Notes on Birds of Laguna Beach and Vicinity for 1916
H. H. NININGER
In addition to the work done by Mr. Leon Gardener and otiiers on the distribution of birds in the vicinity of Laguna Beach I noted the following species in the summer of 1916:
70. Slunici hirtnido (Common Tern) This species was found occasionally about the muddy Hats at Balboa.
74. Siiinid cuililltiniDi (Least Tern) The Least Tern is much more common than the former. They were often seen in small Hocks diving for fish along the coast from Laguna to Balboa. They probably nest along the sandy shores; but none of their nests were taken by the writer.
95. Piiffiuis giisfus (Dark Bodied Shearwater) These birds were found ten to twehe miles from shore, in flocks feeding over schools of fish. They are called by the fishermen "Barracuda Birds."
21U. RoUhs ubsolctiis (Calif. Clapper Rail) 1' Ound in the swampy tracts about Balboa.
214. PorziiiKi (iiroliiKi (Sora Rail) A specimen of this Rail was taken at one of the lakes in Laguna Canyon in the latter part of July.
421. Chordeilcs aciitipfiiiiis (Texas Night Hawk)
Either at dusk or at dawn these birds could be found abundantly,
in certain localities, feeding over fields, pools and streams to which
they came at dusk, from the hills where they spent the daylight
hours. Mr. C. C. White found a pair of young almost ready for
flight on one of the hills bordering on Laguna Canyon, July 7, 1916.
425. .Jfroiitiiilfs inclanolciicus (White-throated Swift)
Mr. Charles A. Keeler in "Bird Notes Afield" (1889) records
this species from Capistrano. To one accustomed to meeting with
Pomona College, Claremont, California 21
this bird only among the high and almost inaccessible cliffs of the mountains it is no little surprise to find it in a district so nearly le\el as the region about this old mission settlement. But surely it is there. A visit to the place in the latter part of July revealed the fact that they are, se\enteen years since Mr. Keeler's writings, still using the same broken walls as a retreat. I think they are nesting at the time we \-isiteci the place, for upon the entrance of an adult into one of the crevices there came cries of young birds which seemed to be coming from birds that were being fed.
530a. .^slnic/iiliniis P. In-sperophilus (Green-backed Goldfinch) Common around Laguna and the neighboring hills. Nests with eggs were found, probably the second brood for the season.
634. Jirco viciiiior (Gray \'ireo) Found along the streams near Capistrano.
68Sa. ffilsoiiiii piisi/ln pilcolata ( Pileolated Warbler) Fairly common in trees along streams near Capistrano.
364. Piindiou haliiiclns ccirdl'nicnsis (American Osprey) One of these magnificent birds was found on the rocky cliffs bor- dering the shore between Laguna and Balboa. It was seen several times and was reasonably tame.
BREEDING NOTES
In addition to the nests of the more common birds the following were noted :
Several Raven nests on the cliffs bordering the shore and are in Boat Canyon about a mile from the sea were found deserted, but feathers of their owners and the remains of their food betrayed their identity.
A brood of Ruddy Ducks was seen on one of the lakes in Laguna Canyon several times.
Coots were found breeding about the lakes in abundance.
( (jotiiriliiition from the Zoolot/iru! Liihonitory of Po/iioii/i Colli f/c)
Solpuc^ids Fmni the Claieniont-La^una
Region
J. NISBET
The following list of solpugids represents a collection obtained by students and others during the past four or five years. Draw- ings are gi\en of one large specimen and top ancl side views of the head region of several others. The determinations are by Dr. X. Banks.
Errniobiilcs form'uiir'ui Koch
This species has been taken from our region although such large specimens ha\-e been reporteci only from dryer regions. This speci- men, a male is from Brawley, Cal. (Pigs. 1 and 2). Figs. 3 and
4 were taken from a young specimen collected at Claremont.
The movable finger of the chelicera? of the male has two large, teeth. Anterior margin of rephalothorix straight. Hind tarsi one segment.
Emiiohiilrs tiilif oni'ud Sim.
rhe drawing are from a specimen taken at Laguna Beach ( Figs.
5 and 6). Specimens were also taken at Claremont. Movable finger of the chelicera' with a large tooth. This is not so marked in the female. Hind tarsi one segment.
Hciiicrolrccliti rtiliforiiirti Banks
Specimens were obtained at Claremont. Upper finger of cheli- cars without teeth or many small teeth. Male has an elongated flayellow of two parts on the upper finger of chalicera. Hind tarsi with three joints. Specimens obtained were about evenly di\ ided between this and the previous species (Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10).
( C(jiitnliiili(/n jraiii the Lunloyical [.iih'ira/ory of Po/iioiui (jullii/c)
Pomona College, Claremont, California 23
EXPLANATION OF FIGURKS
Figure 1. Eremohatcs jnnnuaria Koch. X2.
Figure 2. Eremohates formicaiia Koch, side view of clielicera. X2.
Figures 3-4. Chelicerae from young E. formicaria. X2.
Figures 5-6. Chelicerae from E. califnrnica Sim. X2.
Figures 7-8. Chelicerae from Hemerotrecha calijornica Banks, views of the chelicerae.
X2. Figures 9-10. //. lalifoniiia views of chelicerae, another specimen. X2.
24
Journal of Entomolog) and Zoology
Pomona College, Claremont, Californi;
25
A
Record of Two Pseudoscorpions From Claremont-Laguna Region
WIMFRF.n T. MOORE
Gdixp/is Ciilij (ir)ii(iis Banks
Description: Fig. 1. Length 5 mm.,
Color: Cephalothorax and pedipalps dark brown, abdomen and legs light yellow; each abdominal scutae with a dark central spot; anterior \entral scutae also with dark spots. Cephalothorax eniar- ginate; four eyes; femur of pedipalps longer than cepalothorax, tibiahardly convex on inner side, hand about as long as tibia, fingers longer than hand; legs long and slender.
Habitat: Specimen found under rocks near ocean at Laguna Beach, collected by Walter Sturgis.
ChcldiKips piillipcs Banks
Description: Fig. 2. Length 2 mm. including mandibles.
Color: Cephalothorax light reddish brown, pedipalps ciarker, abdomen and legs pale yellow.
Similar to C. dorsalis, but fingers a little longer than hand; no eye spots, clavate hairs found on all parts of two types, on legs and pedi- palps more clavate on one side (Fig. 3) on body e\ening cla\ate (Fig. 4). Simple hairs found on under surface of tarsus. All parts covered with small chiton plates.
Habitat: Specimens taken from under stones in wash near Claremont.
(C<intiil/iiti(jii from the Y^nnlotjua] Lalidratory uf Poniotui Colli yc)
Pomona College, Claremont, California 27
EXPLANATION OF FIGIRES
Figure I. Gtiryptis Calif oriinus. X20.
Figure Z. Chelanops pallifies. X20.
Figure 3. Hair frnm legs and pedipalps of C. pnltipes much enlarged.
Figure 4. Hair from body of C. pallipes much enlarged.
28
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
■■'■, ■■■>f*..)u^..<t^
.-'■■■.J.^.-
|
•^■yCL^ " |
■"■■•■l^ar^n.*- ■ -^ K |
|
^ /^M^'^X.'^ - |
-Tizl— !-^' |
|
(^ " '"UslJ: |
■■'■d.-i -^ ^ |
|
i ^ |
LJS^"^ |
|
' LQ |
|
|
i - - |
|
|
V '1" »■ V' |
|
|
Y* *M-*Sfc^" |
' 1^.!:I7 J |
|
^<!Z^ |
|*t»Migy ^..^ ^ |
Pomona College, Claremont, California
29
The Central Nerxous System of a Sipunculicl
WILLIAM A. IIII.roN
A number of specimens of the genus Phascolosoma were obtained at Laguna Beach. These were preserved in various fluids. Flem- ining's fluid and mercuric chloride, were especially valuable for study. Ihe ner\ e cords were dissected out and mounted after stain- ing. Some were imbedded, sectioned and stained. The stain which brought out the cells with greatest clearness was copper haema- toxylin.
The general character of the ner\ous system of sipuncululs is well known, and the specimens examined at this time were typical as to the form of the brain and cord. The brain is imbedded in the pro- boscis iust below the tentacles. It has a similar appearance in section to the photographs of Spengel, 1912. Ihe brain is small. Two main branches supply nearby tentacles and muscles. There is a pair of small branches from the connectives. Extending from the epithelium of the tentacular region Is a pair of tubes leading into the brain, the cerebral organs. These epithelial tubes lead to a pigmented area on each side, and these pigmented areas in section look like simple eyes. A few irregular spots of pigment were found near the larger masses. fhe epithelium at the outer enil of the tube was also deeply pigmented.
Throughout the body the \entral nerve cord kept about the same width, although the muscle bands at the sides increased somewhat. The strands connecting the nuiscles and ner\'es to the animal's boiiy \\ere more or less regularly arranged. In specimens with the pro- boscis drawn in, the nerve cord is of course doubled back on itself. In the specimen drawn at the junction of the two parts, that of the proboscis and that of the ventral body-wall, there is a lack of lateral branches, as shown in the upper portion of the second line of the drawing. Towards the cauilal end the lateral branches come off more irregularly.
When the animal is conti-acted the ner\ e cord seems to be seg- mented, but sections show that this appearance is due to the slight
Pomona College, Claremont, California 31
folding of the nerve cord within the muscle hands; the ner\-e tissue does not seem to be elastic.
Very little has been writteji on the histological structure of sipiinculids. Haller, 1889, discusses a number of points, especially In sipinntiliis uudiis, relating to the \eatral cord only. I find a niim- her of differences in this form. I did not find any very clear e\idence of special neuroglia cells, such as described and figured by Haller, such elements may be present, but at least they are not evident, not so evident as in many other in\ertebrates which I ha\e exam- ined. Nerve cells may anastomose with each other as shown in Haller's figure, but of this I can not be sure. If fibres do not unite they are in \erv intimate contact.
In the ventral cord no small fibrils were seen only rather small fibers which may have been fibrils. The lack of connective material in part at least, perhaps because the ner\-ous system is often extended and folded, shows the cell processes with great distinctness. This may be why a clearer picture than usual is presented of the relation- ship of cells.
Cells are abundant on the \-entral side of the cord, especially in the middle line. The more dorsal fibrous region is practically with- out cells of any kind. No very marked tracts of fibers are evident, the fibers are about equally distributed in all directions and may be subdivided as follows:
1. P'ibers which enter the fibrous mass from cells and run short distances up and down.
2. Fibers which pass from cells to other cells near by in the celular area.
3. Fibers which leave the ganglion laterally from \entral cells.
4. Fibers which enter from the lateral nerves to end In the fiber area or in among the cells.
There are no indications of long fibers, either ascending or descending. After the examination of the cord of this animal one is impressed with the suggestion that many cells of similar sort act alike, that is groups of cells, not individuals are involved In the simplest transmissions of impulses. This general suggestion which, of course, is not new, comes to mind with great clearness after the
i2 journal of Eiitoiiiolog\' and Zoology
Study of thin sections of the cord of this animal. Whethei the cells actually anastomose or not is a questions hard to decide, but in the numerous contacts of naked fibers there is, I believe, ample opportunity for the transmission of complex changes from cell to cell, to all parts of the nervous system. In this form there is no particular localization of definite centers.
The brain differs in structure from the cord, the central fibrous mass is more dense, the cells are very much smaller and more numerous. Some cells of the brain send their fibers out directly without the common pathway of a distinct nerve trunk. No special features of the brain were determined except the cerebral organs alreacly described.
.hidrcac 1882
Beitrag ziir Anatomie und Histologic des Sifii/inulin niidus. Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool. t. x.xxvi.
.hidrcivs,E. A. 1887
Notes on tlu- anatoni) of Sipiiiuulus yuilt/ii I'ouit. Studies Biol. Lab. J. H. univ. vol. iv.
Dchi^c ct HcroiKird 1897
Traite de zoologiquL' concrt'te. Les verniidicns. vol. v. Paris.
U,illn-,B. 1889
Bcitrage zur Kenntniss d<T Textur des Central nervensystem Hoherer Wurmer. Arb. des Zoolog. Inst. Wien Tom. viii. Heft 2.
Miirct'l, A. Hcnihrl 1907
Recherches sur S!fiuiuiili//(S. Chap. i\ . Le system nerveux. Mem. soc. d. France, t. xx.
Mchihiikoff,S. 1900
Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd. Ixviii.
UrnihciA. 1902
Sur le cerveux du Phascolosome. Ac. d. Paris, cxxiv.
Sp,iu/fl,J.ff'. 1912
Beitragc zur Kenntnis der (k'phyren. Zeit. Wis.s. Zool. Bd. xxxiv.
irord,H.li. 1891
Some points on the anatomy and historv of Sipu/unliis iiiidiiy. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Har\ard College.
t ('.iiiitnlintiuii jidin Ihr '/.(inhii/ical Lahiniitniy i)f Poinnnti C'llhgt)
Pomona College, Clareniont, California i3
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Central nervous system of Phascolosoma X15. The cord is shown in three separate pieces. The lower end nf the first or left-hand drawing should join with the second and so on. The central nerve band is shown with the lateral branches nf muscle and nerve. The brain is shown attached to the first segment at the left. The pigment spots, cerebral tubes and chief nerves are shown. The brain is drawn from reconstructions made from serial sections.
Figure 2. Cross section of the nerve cord. X75.
Figure 3. Longitudinal section of the nerve cord. X75.
Figures 4 to 6. Drawings of sections taken through the brain at various levels, cmlv one-half is shown in each case. X75.
,H
Jouiiiiil of Entomology and Zoology
Pomona College, Claremont, California
35
gj^SS;^R^Ji'>*fe
Littoral Ascidians Collected at Lacuna Beach
The specimens reported upon are from a collection made by P. A. Lichti during the summer of 1915, and from a small collection brought in during the summer of 1916. The determinations of all but the fifth were kindly made by Prof. W. E. Ritter.
Ascid'ui ciilifuniicti Ritter and P'orsythe These simple forms were found quite abundantly under stones and in kelp holdfests. The form of the body was determined largely by the position the animal took on the stone or seaweed.
Styclii baniluuli Ritter and Forsythe The specimens obtained were young, simple, of a redish-brown color and about 4 mm. high. They were found under stones at low tide but not as commonly as some others.
Styld munWreyf lists Dall A single specimen of this large, simple species was taken just off shore. It was slender at the base, expanded near the openings and of a redish-brown color.
Kiilicnliiitiiiiii (liiviforiiiis Ritter This slender species was often found in clusters under stones. They were about 2 mm. in diameter and 10-20 mm. long, sometimes free from sand, at other times covered with sand grains.
Goddshici dura Ritter Bright red or orange masses of these were often found in bits of seaweed from deeper water. The individuals were 2 to 3 mm. across and often closely massed on the seaweed or other support.
Eiidisloiiiii diiiplioHcs Ritter and Forsythe This was the common compound species found closely attached to the lower sides of stones. It was often quite extensive but not thick or colored.
Eiidistowa pscniiion Ritter and Forsythe Great masses of this tough, pinkish or slightly colored form were found under rock ledges. It resembles one of the sponges in
Pomona College, Clnremont, California 37
general appearance and is found in among sponges and polyzoans. This was one of the most bulky forms which we found.
Glossoplidnnii pliiiiiiiii Ritter and P^orsythe Irregular masses of this species were found under rock ledges ami LHuiei- stones. Our specimens are largely covered with sand grains.
DIsldpliii occideiitalis Ritter and Forsythe This compound stalked form was found on a rock ledge at low tide near Salt Creek. W. A. H.
( Contri/jiiti'jii frrjiii the Zoolnyical Lali(iratiji\- of Pomoiiti C'lUcge)
Summer School at Laguna Beach
The summer school at Laguna Beach during the past season was in many respects the most valuable of the past live or six years. There were more students, more teachers and fully as many visitors. The harvest of specimens was very satisfactory. Many creatures not before gathered here were brought from the near-by waters. Amphioxus was obtained here for the first time, as well as many other interesting and valuable specimens.
Se\eral new courses were offered. A course in Ecology was given by Professor Bean. In this the local distribution of animals was especially studied. A similar course is to be offered this sum- mer to those who have had some zoology. It is belie\ed that this work will bring greater and greater advantages to us here as we come to know the local conditions better. In the nature of the material this will always be to a large extent a field studv.
The course in birds given by Professor Nininger was interesting and \aluable. A number of new records for this region were obtained during the summer.
Pomona College, Clareniont, California
39
l-Or the first time Miss Hills ga\e a course in drawing in connec- tion with zoological subjects. This nuich-needed and \aluable work will be continued during the coming summer, not only in a special course, but also in an optional way in connection with sexeral of the other coin"ses.
40 J(iurn:il of Entomology and Zoology
In connection with the ecology especially, more oti-shore collecting was done than e\er before. A number of longer trips were foinui interesting and \aluable. I.aguna at all times offers attractive walks and many short trips were taken by all classes. Some of these were for a few miles along the coast, back in the hills or by water or land for a considerable distance.
The rocks and co\es were again explored, yet much remains unknown. Many new specimens to the locality were found, some of these were from deeper water, rare fish, large sea cucumbers, a large number of strange crabs and many other smaller but no less interesting creatures.
As in the past, a number of workers from other institutions used the private laboratories. The eight research rooms were in use most of the time by those doing more advanced work. It is expected that there will be a number of advanced workers from the northern and eastern universities during the coming season. For the first time the laboratory is provided with a satisfactory lighting system. Electricity is now established at Laguna Beach and the laboratory and tent city are well provided with an ample lighting system.
Ihe tent city and dining hall will again offer accommodations at reasonable prices. The cost of tuition is $7.50 general charge and $3.00 an hour per hour taken. By an hour is meant the equiv- alent of an hour's work in a regular college semester. There are eight private rooms for special investigators.
P'or further information write to the Director, William A. Hil- ton, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. (Laguna Beach, Cal., from June 26 to September 20.)
Courses Offered at the Summer School
of the Laguna Beach Biological
Laboratory 1917
To reach Lagiina Beacli from Los Angeles take the electric or Santa he to Santa Ana. From Santa Ana a morning stage leaves at ten, an afternoon stage at four.
Work begins June 27 and regular courses last six weeks, but the laboratory is open all summer.
No one may register for more than six hours. By an hour is included the equivalent of an hour's work during a regular college semester.
The staff of the Laguna Marine Laboratory for the summer will be as follows, several others from eastern institutions may be added later.
William A. Hilton, Pomona College, Director Zooloijy
Dr. R. V. Chamberlin, Harvard University Museum of
Comparative Zoology Zooloijy
L. O. Essig, Department of Entomology University of
California Entomology
Anna A. Hills Scienlific Draiiiiuj
1. S. B. 11. Zoology (2 hours). A synopsis of marine inverte-
brates. Lectures and class exercises with early morning field trips. Prerequisite Biology Al, or open to those who are taking some other biological work. \L to V. at 8.
la. S. B. 11. Zoology. Marine invertebrates (1 hour if taken with 1, or 2 hours). Laboratory on typical local forms. Mornings 9 to 12, except Saturday.
2. S. B. 18. General Entomology ( 2 to 3 hours). Class labora-
tory and field work in the general study of local insects. Prerequisite Biology Al, or Zoology Bl 1, or may be accom- panied by one of these. Class period NL to F. at U. Lab- oratory and field work at hours to be arranged.
42 Journal of Entomology ant! Zoology
3. S. Al. General Biology (3 hours). A beginning course deal-
ing with general principles. Open to those who have had no biological work and who have either entered college or are about to enter. Class periods M. to F. at 11. Laboratory and field work afternoons.
4. S. C. 4. Ecology (2 or 3 hours). Class, field and laboratory
work at hours to be arranged. A study of local land and aquatic societies and the factors governing the distribution of marine, fresh water and land forms. Prerequisite, a year of biological work. Class periods M. W. I', at 1.
5. S. C. 5. Nature Study (2 or 3 hours). Methods and
materials for nature study. This will be given in the evening when a lantern may be used. A general view of the whole Held will be gi\-en either for those who are teaching, those who intend to teach, or those who desire the general not technical information. This is not a course for college credit. M. to ¥. e\ening at 7 :30. Laboratory and field work to be arranged. This will be given by a number of teachers.
7. S. D. 7. Mammalian Embryology (2 hours). Laboratory work with serial sections of embryos. Prerequisite two years of zoological work. A re\iew course for those in the prac- tice of medicine or preparing for medical work. Hours to be arranged.
S. S. D. 8. Neurology (2 or 3 hours). Laboratory work uith sections of the human brain and cord. A re\'iew course open only to those who ha\e some knowlecige of the central ner\- ous system of \ertebrates. l']specially designed for those who have interest in Neurology, Psychology or Medicine.
In addition to these courses special C. or D. work for 2 or 3 hours may be taken as follows: (/. Special field and laboratory work with some group of marine
animals, such as amphipods, isopods, decapods, gastropods,
etc.
h. Special field and laboratory work in Entomology, either with some single order or family, or life historv work.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 43
c. Special Held and laboratory work in the embryology of inverte-
brates.
d. Special field and laboratory work in Ecology. Hours to be
arranged.
e. Special field and laboratory work in marine algae. Hours to be
arranged.
The following work in art will be offered by Miss Anna A. Hills :
1. S. Al. Art (2 hours) zoological drawing. A beginning
course for students of Biology with marine and land speci- mens as material. This course will be an aid to any who may wish to prepare illustrations for scientific papers or books. Pen and ink, pencil and colored methods will he given. Tuition the same as in other courses. Students fiir- nish their own drawing materials.
2. Outdoor sketch class with either water colors or oils — oils
preferred.
3. Outdoor figure work. Especially arranged for if desired by
those who have done out-of-door work.
Rates for two and three, 75 cents per hour. Each should be taken in three periods of three hours each.
Miss Hills has had the following preparation: Student in Olivet College, Art Institute, Chicago; Graduate of Cooper Union, New York City; special work under Rhoda Holmes Nicholls and Arthur W. Dow, New York. During four years study in Europe worked under Wilhelmina H. de Koning in Holland, Jean Paul Laurens and William Lappara in Julian's Academy, Paris, and in England two years out of doors under T- Noble Barlow.
Pomona College
Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books. Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart- ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.
For further information, address
Secretary of Pomona College Claremont, California
VOLUME NINE NUMBER TWO
JOURNAL
OF
ENTOMOLOGY
AND
ZOOLOGY
JUNE, 1917
1X^'
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT 0/ ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
CONTENTS
Page
Preliminary List of Birds from the Claremont- Lacuna Region —
Hazel Burnham, Wright M. Pierce, Halsted White - - - - 45
The Nervous System of Aracoda Semimaculata and the Descrip- tion of a Method of Stertographic Reconstruction — W. T. Hamilton - - - - - -_- - - -- - -73
The Central Nervous System of the Amphipod Orchestia — Wm.
A. Hilton 88
Entered at Claremont, Gal., Post-Offlce Oct. 1. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March S, 1878
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPAETMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento- mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be tyi^ewritten on one side of paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 71/2 inches or less. The lettering should be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the drawings, in most cases.
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contrilrations will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
Address all communications to
The Journal of Entomology and Zoology
William A. Hilton, Editor Claremont, California, U. S. A.
U JUN26 1917
Preliminary List of Birds From the Claremont-Laguna Region
This list is compiled from many local sources. The earliest rec- ords of the Department of Zoology of Pomona College were by Illingsworth, later by Chas. Metz, by Leon L. Gardner and others. There is also included the local records of Wright M. Pierce, and Halsted White. The drawings are all from bird skins from the collections of Pierce and White and from the Department of Zoology of Pomona College. The drawings are by Miss Hazel Burnham. For criticisms, suggestions and much valuable material we have especially to thank Mr. Halsted White and Mr. Wright M. Pierce. Grinnell's "Distributional List of the Birds of Cali- fornia," was used as a basis in the use of the names.
In the list the initials after a record or statement denotes the authorship. L^nless otherwise indicated the specimens drawn were males.
The figures on the last two plates are reduced one-half. Other figures are reduced one-third, the figures of the pelicans, condor and vulture are reduced more.
Aechmophoriis occidentalis Law. Western Grebe. H.W.
Colymbiis n'ujricoUis calif oniiciis Heerm. American Eared Grebe. H.W. Seen occasionally in winter on ponds near Santa Ana river near Corona. W.M.P. PI. L Fig. 1.
Podilymbiis podicfps Linn. Pie-billed Grebe. H.W. Seen at times near fresh water ponds at Corona. W.M.P. PI. L Fig. 2.
Gciviii immcr Brun. Balboa. L.L.G. Common Loon.
Gciv'ui piicificii Lawr. Laguna Beach. L.L.G. Pacific Loon.
Ptxcliorcnnphiis alcuticus Pall. Cassin Auklet. H.W.. PI. L Fig. 3.
Uriel troillc calif oniica H. Bry. California Murre. One taken in winter at Newport Beach by A. Van Rossen. W.M.P.
Lams glaiicesceus Naum. Glaucous-winged Gull. Seen. H.W.
Lariis occidentalis Aud. Western Gull. Laguna, Balboa. H.W. and L.L.G. Noted at all seasons along the coast, most commonly in fall and winter. W.M.P. PI. L Fig. 4.
46 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Lants dclaiicirciisis Ord. King-billed Gull. Metz and H.W. PI. I. Fig. 6.
Larus hccrmanni Cassin. Heermann Gull. Balboa. L.L.G. PI. I. Fig. 5.
Lanis philodclpliici Ord. Bonaparte Gull. H.W. PI. I. Fig. 7. Noted in flocks in spring, Nigger Slough, Los Angeles county. W.M.P.
Sterna panidhien Brun. Arctic Tern. Near Laguna Beach, May 1, 1915. H.W. PI. I. Fig. 8.
Sterna untiUariim Less. Least Tern. H.W. Laguna Beach. L.L.G. Breeding on beach near Newport, June, 1916. W.M.P. PI. L Fig. 9.
Hydrochelldon nigra sitrinamensis Gmel. Black Tern. H.W. One taken on fresh water pond near Corona, May 18, 1915. W.M.P. PI. L Fig. 10.
Puffiniis tjriseiis Gmel. Dark-bodied Shearwater. Ten or twelve miles from shore near Laguna Beach, in flocks over schools of fish. H.H.N.
Phalacrocorax auriliis alhociliatiis Ridg. Farallon Cormorant. Seen H.W. Pomona Davenport. Found at all times on reser- voirs near Claremont; also seen in fall and winter on fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. L Fig. 11.
Pelecaniis erythrorthyiichos Gmel. White Pelican. Often seen on migrations. H. W., W.M.P., L.L.G. PI. L Fig. 13.
Pelecanus californirns Ridg. California Brown Pelican. Often seen at Laguna Beach. PI. L F'ig. 12.
Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. Balboa. H.W. L.L.G. PI. L Fig. 14.
Lophodytes cucullaliis Linn. Hooded Merganser. Specimen, no record. PI. I. Fig. 15.
Jnas platyrhynchns Linn. Mallard. H.W. Fairly common in fall and winter, lowlands near Corona and Santa Ana ri\er. Many specimens taken. A few pairs possibly remain and breed in the same region. W.M.P. PI. II. rMg. 1.
Cliaitlelasmits streperiis Linn. Gadwall. Seen H.W. Rather rare visitant to fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 47
Mareca (unericiuia Gmel. Baldpate. H.W. Rather abundant, certain winters, fresh water ponds near Corona, often in large flocks. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 2.
Nettiou ciiroliiwnsL' Gmel. Green-winged Teal. H.W. Abun- dant some years, November to March. Always common. PI. II. Fig. 3.
Ouerqueduhi cxanoplcru \'ieil. Cinnamon Teal. Laguna Beach. L.L.G., H.W. Fairly abundant early fall, less common in mid- winter. Scattering pairs breed in marshes near Corona. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 4.
Spatula clypeata Linn. Shoveller. H.W. Abundant, fall and winter Santa Ana river and ponds. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 5.
Dafila acuta Linn. Pintail. H.W. Very abundant from Oct. 15 to Dec. 1, or later. Large Hocks seen in spring, Corona, Santa Ana river. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 6.
Marila amcricana Eyt. Redhead. H.W. Occasionally taken on fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 7.
Marila valisineria Wil. Canvas-back. H.W. Occasionally taken on ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 8.
Marila marila Linn. Greater Scaup Duck. H.W. PI. II. Fig. 9.
Marila collaris Donov. Ring-necked Duck. One taken Dec. 12, 1915, fresh water pond near Corona. (Recorded in Condor.) W.M.P.
Charitouetta alheola Linn. Buffle-head. Seen H.W. Rare, seen once on pond near Corona. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 10.
Oidcmia deglnudi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. H.W. PI. II. Fig. 11.
Erismatiira jamaicensis Gmel. Ruddy Duck. Laguna Beach Gardner. H.W. Common in small flocks, pairs or individuals, fall and winter, fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PL II. Fig. 12.
t)eiidrocyg)ui bicolor Vieil. Fulvous Tree Duck. Claremont, June 30, 1897. lUingsworth. PI. II. Fig. 13.
Plegadis guaraiina Linn. White-faced Glossy Ibis. Rather un- common. In Oct., 1916, two birds seen on fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P.
48 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Botaiiriis loitiginoms Montag. American Bittern. H.W. Com- mon in marsh and lowland near Corona, Chino, El Monte. Seen as late as April. Probably nests. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 14.
Jrdca hcrodias hyperonca Oberh. California Great Blue Her- ron. H.W. Laguna Beach. L.L.G. Breeding colony near La- giina Beach, April 23, 1917, eight or ten nests with young one- fourth to one-half grown. One nest with two eggs. Often seen near Corona and Chino standing in barley or beet fields. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 15.
Butorides viresccns ciiilhoiiyi Mear. Anthony Green Herron. H.W. Several seen in San Dimas Canyon in early spring; also seen near Corona in river bottoms. W.M.P. Pi. 11. Fig. 16.
Nyclicorux uycticonix naevius Bodd. Blacl^-crowned Night Her- ron. H.W. Claremont. L.L.G. In spring in Santa Ana river bottoms near Corona. W.M.P. PI. II. Fig. 17.
Ralliis obsoletiis Ridg. California Clapper Rail. In swampy tracts about Balboa. H.H.N.
Rollus virg'nihimis Linn. \'irginia Rail. H.W. Many records, fall, winter, spring, near Chino and Corona. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 1.
Porzaiia Carolina Linn. Sora Rail. H.W. Same records as Virginia Rail. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 2.
Cotiiriiirnps )wvehoraccnsis Gmel. Yellow Rail. One record, Corona. Pierce Condor XVI, 1914. W.M.P.
Giilliinila (jalcala Licht. Florida Gallinule. Corona. H.W. Seen at times in fall near Corona. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 3.
FuVica amcr'naiia Gmel. Coot. H.W. Laguna Lakes. L.L.G. Very abundant near Corona. Breeds. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 4.
Phalaropiis fulicarius Linn. Red Phalarope. One record from near Corona. W.M.P.
Stcgaiiopus tricolor \'ieil. Wilson Phalarope. H.W. Three records from fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 5.
Himantnptts mcxicauiis Mull. Black-necked Stilt. H.W. Sev eral in spring on fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 6.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 49
GaUinago deHcata Ord. Wilson Snipe. H.W. Common in fall and winter and spring, in wet fields near Corona and Chino. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 7.
Macrorhamphus grisetis scolopacctis Say. Long-billed Dowitcher Balboa. L.L.G. PI. III. Fig. 8.
Phobia minutilla \\e\\. Least Sandpiper. Long Beach. Metz. Flocks of twelve or fifteen seen at times on ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 9.
Ercunctcs maiiri Cab. Western Sandpiper. H.W. Long Beach. Metz. PI. III. Fig. 10, female.
Calidris leiicophciea PM. Sanderling. H.W. PI. III. Fig. 12.
Totauiis iiu'ltiiiolaiaif Gmel. Greater Yellow-legs. H.W. PI. III. Fig. 13. Corona ponds, fall and winter. W.M.P.
Catoptroplioriis scmipahnatiis iuonuitiis Brew. Western Willet. H.W. PI. III. Fig. 14.
Hctenictitis incaims Gmel. Wandering Tattler. Taken near La- guna Beach by H.W.
Actitis maciihirius Linn. Spotted Sandpiper. H.W. Fall, win- ter, spring; rocky coves near Laguna Beach. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 11.
Numeiiiiis amcriccuiiis Bech. Long-billed Curlew. H.W. Seen at Balboa in spring. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 17.
Nnmetiius hiidsoniciis Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. H.W. Bal- boa. L.L.G. Fall, winter, spring, Balboa, Newport, Laguna. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 16.
Squatarola squatarohi Linn. Black-bellied Plover. H.W. Same localities as last, not so abundant in winter. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 18.
Oxycchiis vociferiis vociferiis Linn. Killdeer. H.W. Laguna Gardner. Near Claremont, fall; Chino, Corona, Newport. Breed ne^r Chino, Newport. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 19.
Aeg'uiIUis semipcilmcita Bonap. Semipalmated Plover. Balboa. L.L.G.
Aegialitis nivosa Cass. Snowy Plover. H.W. Long Beach. Metz. Several pairs near Newport, 1916. Near Balboa at all seasons. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 20.
50 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Arenaria mehuwcephaltiWg. Black Turnstone. H.W. Several records near Laguna. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 21.
Oreortyx picta plnmifciii Goiil. Mountain Quail. H.W. Re- corded from Brown's P^lats, San Antonio Canyon, Camp Baldy, Bear Flats, Palmers Canyon. W.NLP. PI. III. Fig. 23.
Lophortyx californica vaUicola Ridg. Valley Quail. H.W. Claremont, Santa Ana, Laguna, Lytle Creek up to 5000 ft. Breeds in April, 10 to 24 eggs. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 22.
Colombd fasciiitii fiisiitilii Sny. Band-tailed Pigeon. Oct. 1916. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Abundant in San Dimas Canyon at certain seasons, usually in large flocks, less common than formerly. Found at Glen Ranch in Lytle Creek. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 25.
Zeuaidura macrotira mcirgniella Woodh. Western Mourning Dove. H.W. Quite abundant, less so than formerly. W.M.P. PI. III. Fig. 24.
Gymiioc/yps culiforiiiaiiiis Shaw. California Condor. One speci- men in the department, supposed to have been obtained from hills near Pomona about fifteen years ago. PI. IV. Fig. 1 .
Cathartes iiiini scpteiiliuiuilis Wied. Turkey Vulture. L.L.G., H.W. Claremont, Chino, Laguna. Abundant. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 1.
Circus liiidsouiiis Linn. Marsh Hawk. H.W. Noted from foothills near Etiwanda to Santa Ana river bottoms near Santa Ana. Breeding record near Corona. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 3.
Accipiter velox Wil. Sharp-shinned Hawk. H.W. Common fall, winter and early spring, mountains to lowlands. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 4.
Accipiter cooperi Bonap. Cooper Hawk. H.W. Resident in small numbers; most abundant in fall and winter. Breeds in moun- tain canyons. Recorded from Lytle Creek, San Gabriel, etc. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 5.
Butco horealis calnnis Cass. Western Red-tailed Hawk. H.W., Illingworth, Metz. Common breeding from coast to mountains. W.M.P. PL IV. Fig. 7.
Buleo linciiliis clcgiiiis Cass. Red-bellied Hawk. H.W. Prob- ably becoming scarcer every year. A few pairs still breed in river bottoms near Corona. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 6.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 51
Biiteo szvtiiiisn>ii Bonap. Swaiiison Hawk. Found breeding in several instances in ri\er bottom near Corona, also near Chino. Large flocks often seen flying north or south. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 8.
Jrcliihiilfo fernigiiieus Licht. Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk. Rather uncommon. One taken near Corona. Another seen in fall of 1916. W.M.P.
Aquila chrysaetos Linn. Golden Eagle. H.W., Metz. In high mountains. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 9.
Haliaeetiis leiicocepliulns Icucoifplinhis Linn. Southern Bald Eagle. Near Laguna and San Pedro. W.M.P., L.L.G.
Fiilco mexiciiniis Schl. Prairie Falcon. H.W. Not common, fall and winter near Chino. W.M.P. PI. IV. ¥\g. 10.
Falco coliimbar'iiis colunibiiriiis Linn. Northern Pigeon Hawk. Rather uncommon. Several taken, all probably this form. PI. IV. Fig. 11.
Falco sparverhts sparverius Linn. American Sparrow Hawk. H.W., L.L.G., Metz, Illingsworth. P'rom the mountains to the sea. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 12, male. Fig. 13, female.
Paudion hdiurtiis carolineiisis Gmel. American Osprey. Between Laguna and Balboa, summer, 1916. H.H.N. Seen near New- port. W.M.P.
Aluco prcuitincola Bonap. American Barn Owl. Metz., L.L.G. , H.W. Vefy common, San Dimas Canyon, Claremont, Chino, near Corona, Upland, Laguna. Nests in holes in trees or rocks or in buildings. Eggs from February to May. W.M.P. PI. IV. F^ig. 14.
Asio zvUsonicuiits Less. Long-eared Owl. H.W., Metz. June 7, 1909. One record from Indian Hill, Claremont. Several pairs nesting in willow bottoms near Corona, April, 1915 to 1917. W.M. P.. PI. IV. Fig. 15.
Asio flammeus Pontop. Short-eared Owl. H.W. Hills near Pomona, Nov. 10. Near Corona, Nov. 3. Near Ontario in grain field, Nov. 2. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 16.
Strix occidentalis o.cidciilalis Xan. Southern Spotted Owl. One record from San Gabriel Canyon, May 1, 1916. W.M.P.
52 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Otiis asio queniniis Grin. Southern California Screech Owl. Illingsworth, H.W. Abundant, Claremont, resident breeding. San Dimas and San Antonio Canyons, many records. W.M.P. Pi. IV. Fig. 17.
Bubo -ciryin'uuiiii pcillcsccus Stone. Western Horned Owl. One record. Found dead at mouth of San Antonio Canyon, Jan. 10, 1915. W.M.P.
Bubo virginianus pacificus Cass. Pacific Horned Owl. Pair seen at Laguna, 1917; San Antonio Canyon, 1914. Breeding in San Dimas Canyon, Feb. and March, 1917. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 18.
Spt'olylo ciiiiiciilciriii hypog^ra Bonap. Burrowing Owl. Illings- worth, 1902; Metz, H.W. Near Santa Ana and Irvine. Abundant in fields near Chino and Corona, nesting. Near Claremont, nesting. Nigger Slough, nesting. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 19.
Ghiiicidiiiiii gnomii californicum Sclat. California Pigmy Owl. One record, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 20.
Geococcyx calif or n'uDiiis Less. Road Runner. H.W. Clare- mont. Illingsworth, '96; L.L.G. Laguna, 1914. Formerly much more common. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 1.
Coccyzus amcriccnnii uccidciiUilis Ridg. California Cuckoo. Seen H.W. Rather uncommon. Several individuals seen at Corona in willows; one set of three eggs found near Chino. PI. V. Fig. 2.
Ceryle alcyon caurina Grin. Western Belted Kingfisher. H.W. Noted In migration near Claremont, San Gabriel Canyon, San An- tonio Canyon, Glen Ranch, Santa Ana river near Corona. W.M.P. Seen in Pudding Stone Canyon. L.L.G. PI. V. Fig. 3.
Dryobates villosus Jiyloscopiis Canab. and Heln. Cabinas Wood- pecker. H.W. Common In nesting season in higher mountains. Taken in fall in Santa Ana river bottoms and also near El Monte. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 4. Bright red patch on head.
Dryobates piibcsccns liirali Malhe. Willow Woodpecker. H.W. Common In willow bottoms near Corona In spring; also El Monte. One taken in San Antonio and one In San Dimas Canyons In the fall. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 5. Bright red line back of black patch on head.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 53
Dryobates scaUiris ciictophUits Ober. Cactus Woodpecker. H.W. Several records for Moja\e desert. Breeding near Victor\ille. W.M.P.
Dryohciles iiiiltitlli Gamb. Xuttall Woodpecker. Common in canyons up to 5000 feet; also in willow and sycamore groves in lowlands. Nesting, May, 1916, San Gabriel Canyon, Santa Ana river bottoms near Corona, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 6. Bright red patch back of black patch on head.
Xeiwpicus tilboLirvtitiis t/nivirostris Grinn. San Bernardino White-headed Woodpecker. Found in the higher mountains of the San Gabriel range, Baldy, Ontario, etc., in summer. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 7. Bright red patch on head.
Sphyrdpiciis variiis dnggetti Grinn. Sierra Red-breasted Sap- sucker. H.W. Several winter records. W.M.P.. PI. V. Fig. 8. Head and throat bright red, shaded into yellow on breast.
Mclancrpcs funiiicivonts hairdi Ridg. California Woodpecker. H.W., Metz. Nesting and resident. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 9. Bright red patch on back of head, yellow tinge on throat.
Asyndesniiis Iciiisi Riley. Lewis Woodpecker. Common Brown's Flats in spring. H.W. Casual migrant, noted years ago in Blanch- ard Park, Claremont, in small numbers in spring. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 10. Red spot on front of head, breast streaked with red.
Colaptfs cafcr coUarh Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. H.W., Metz, H.H.T. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant, especially fall and winter. Breeds San Antonio Canyon, Santa Ana river bottom. W.M.P. PL \. V\g. 11. Red streak on side of throat, under tail and red wing quills.
Phalaeiioptilits iiitttaUi calif oniiciis Ridg. Dusky Poor-will. H.W. Fairly common at mouth of San Antonio and San Dimas Canyons in spring. Noted in upper Lytle Creek, Sept., 1915, and Glen Ranch, 1916. W.M.P. PL V. Fig. 12.
Chordciles virginianiis hespcrh Grinn. Pacific Nighthawk. Found only in Big Bear \'alley. Possibly occurs in our mountains. W.M.P. PL V. Fig. 13. '
Chordeiles aciitlpoinh texensis Law. Texas Nighthawk. H.W. Common about Claremont. W.M.P., Metz. Laguna. H.H.N.
54 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Cluictitra -ccntxi Towns. Vaux Swift. Noted in fall migration, Santa Ana river. W.M.P.
Aeronaiitcs inchniolciiciis Baird. White-throated Swift. H.W. Capistrano. H.H.N. Noted in migration in fall, Santa Ana river bottoms. Taken along cliffs near Laguna. Spring. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 14.
Anliilocliiis aliwuiidri Bou. and iMul. Black-chinned Humming- bird. H.W. Nestings San Antonio Canyon, near Corona, near Ontario. W.M.P.
Ciilyptf costae Bour. Costa Hummingbird. H.W., Metz. Abundant in mountains and lower. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. IS. Throat purple.
Calypte an mi Less. Anna Hummingbird. Metz, H.W. Com- mon all year, nests in Claremont. W.NFP. PI. V. Fig. 16. Red throat.
Selasplionis nifiis Gmel. Rufous Hummingbird. H.W., Metz. Common migrant in spring. W.NFP. PI. V. Fig. 17. Breast brownish, some red spots which are small. Back more brown than others.
Tyraiiniis vcrliculls Say. Western Kingbird. H.W. Laguna. L.L.G. Common and nesting, Chino, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 18. Streak of red on center of head.
Tyranmis vocifenuis Swains. Cassin Kingbird. H.W. Laguna Gardner. Common migrant near Chino. No nesting records. W.^LP. PI. V. Fig. 19. Red streak, center of head.
My'uircliiis ciiicniscois ciucrasicns Law. Ash-throated Flycatcher. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Common about Claremont in migrations. Breeding in some of the canyons. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 20.
Sciyoniis .uiyus Bonap. Say Phoebe. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna L.L.G. Common, fall and winter; possibly a few pairs breed. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 25.
Sijyoniis uigr'nans Swain. Black Phoebe. H.W. Laguna Gard- ner. Common from ocean to mountains and into canyons. Many nesting records. W.NLP. PI. V. Fig. 24. ^
Pomona College, Claremont, California 55
Nuttalloniis burealis Swains. Olive-sided Flycatcher. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Common in higher mountains. Pound in \al- leys during migrations. W.M.P. PI. V. Pig. 21.
MvioilicDii'S rirhiirdsoni ruluirdsoiii Swains. Western Wood Pewee. H.W. Abundant and nests in canyons, in valley during migrations. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 26.
Emp'idonax dijjudis difficilis Baird. Western Flycatcher. H.W. Summer resident of canyons; many nesting records for Cucamonga, San Dimas, San Gabriel Canyons. W.M.P.
Empidoiuix Iniilli trailli Auclub. Traill Flycatcher. H.W. Sum- mer visitant to willow bottoms and in less numbers to canyons. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 22.
Empidoiuix luiiiniioiidi Xanthus. Hammond Flycatcher. One record San Dimas Canyon. W.M.P.
Pyrocephahis rubimis wexicaiiiis Sclat. Vermilion Flycatcher. One record Santa Ana river bottom near Corona in winter. W.M.P.
Otocoris iilpestris iicliii Oberh. California Horned Lark. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant, resident. W. M.P. PI. V. Fig. 27.
Cyaiioc'uta stelleri frontalis Ridg. Blue-fronted Jay. H.W. Common resident of mountains from 3,000 to 9,000 feet. One breeding date. May, 1915, San Gabriel Canyon. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 28.
Aphelocomn calif (iniicn calif nriiiai Vig. California Jay. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant, Claremont and lower canyons. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 29. Bright blue.
Corvits corax siniialtis Wag. Western Raven. Seen. H.W. Laguna. L.L.G., H.H.N, and W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 33.
Corviis brachsriiynclios hcspcris Ridg. Western Crow. H.W. Ve,ry abundant on willow ri\-er bottoms. Corona, El Monte. Nest on Santa Ana. W.ALP. Also seen near south hills near Pomona. Pl.V. Fig. 32.
Nucifraga coliiiiibiaiia Wilson. Clarke Nutcracker. H.W. Noted on the high slopes of Mount San Antonio. W.^LP. PI. V. Fig. 31.
56 Journnl of Entomology and Zoology
Cyanoccphdiiii cxtuioccphaliis Wied. Pinyon Jay. Seen in Hocks in spring of 1917 near Box S Ranch on Mojave Desert. Records for San Bernardino Range, not for San Gabriel. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 30. Bluish grey.
Molothrus (Iter obsctints Gmel. Dwarf Cowbird. Eggs prob- ably of this species found in Santa Ana ri\'er flats near Corona on several occasions. W.M.P.
Xiinlhoccplui/iis xiuitliocepliahts Bonap. Yellow-headed Black- bird. H. W. Collected during migration in spring near Chino, and nesting near Nigger slough. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 34.
Jcfchiiiis pliucniccits iiciilralis Ridg. San Diego Red-winged Blackbird. H.W. Very abundant in lowlands about Chino. W.M.P. Pi. V. Fig. 35.
Agelaius tricolor Audub. Tri-colored Red-winged Blackbird. H.W. Several specimens taken near Corona, Chino, etc. W.M.P.
Stiinu'llti ucglcctci Audub. Western Medowlark. H.W., Metz. Abundant in lowlands common about Claremont. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 36. Canary yellow on throat, side and breast.
Icterus parisormn Bonap. Scott Oriole. H.W. Quite common on Mojave Desert. W.M.P. PL V. Fig. 38. Black and very deep yellow.
Icerus ciiciillatiis iichoii'i Ridg. Arizona Hooded Oriole. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Locally common at On- tario, Claremont, Pomona, etc. Many nesting dates, usually nest- ing in palms. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 37. Black and very deep yellow.
Icterus hiillocki Swains. Bullock Oriole. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Abundant from ocean to 5,000 feet. Breeding at Hesperia. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 39. Black and orange.
Euphagiis cyii)wcephalus\Nvig. Brewer Blackbird. H.W., Metz. Especially abundant in Claremont. Many records. W.M.P.
Carpoddciis piirpnrciis calif or>iiciis Baird. California Purple Finch. H.W. Winter visitant to Claremont, San Antonio Can- yon. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 1. Head and throat a rich red.
Ccirpodaciis cassiiii Baird. Cassin Purple Finch. H.W. Clare- mont. Metz. Winter migration record for Claremont, Pomona,
Pomona College, Claremont, California 57
San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 2. Top of head rich red, thorax and sides tinged with red.
Capodacus nu-xicaiiiis fruiilalis Say. California Linnet. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant from ocean to mountains. Less common abo\'e 3,000 feet. Nests about buildings and in cactus. VV.lXLP. PI. VL Fig. 3. Head and throat rich red.
Aslragalimts tristis salicaiiuuis Grinn. Willow Goldfinch. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Redlands, San Antonio Station; very abundant El Monte, Corona. Many nesting records in bottoms. W.M.P. PI. VL Fig. 4. Breast and neck canary yellow.
Jslrtit/iiliiiiis psahrid hesperophUus Ober. Green-backed Gold- finch. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Claremont, San Antonio Can- yon, Corona, Laguna. Common. Breeding San Antonio Canyon. Claremont, near Covina. W.NLP. PI. VL Fig. 5. Breast canary yellow, back yellowish-green.
Astragcillnits hiivrencei Cass. Lawrence Goldfinch. H.W. Breeding in Claremont, San Antonio Canyon, near Corona. Found also in upper San Gabriel. W.M.P. PI. VL Fig. 6. Canary yellow breast, streaks on wings.
Spbiiis piuits pniiis Wilson. Pine Siskin. Common winter visi- tant to San Antonio and other parts of mountains. W.NLP. PI. VL Fig. 7.
Passer domcsticiis Linn. English Sparrow. H.W. Noted at Claremont, Pomona, Ontario, San Bernardino, Victorville, Hes- peria, El Monte, Box S. Ranch. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 8.
Pooecetes gramineus coiifiiiis Miller. Western Vesper Sparrow. H.W. Several records, fall and winter. Corona, Chino, near Eti- wanda. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 9.
Pooecetes gram'uieus a§uus Miller. Oregon Vesper Sparrow. Probably occurs. H.W.
Passerciihis sandtvicliens'is uhutdniiis Bonap. Western Savanna Sparrow. H.W. Abundant in lowlands, winter and fall. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 11.
Passerciihis rostratiis ruslnitiis Cass. Found quite commonly near Oceanside. October 19, 1916. W.M.P.
58 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Passcrciilits bcldiiuji Ridg. Belding Marsh Sparrow. Comnion at Newport. One breeding record. W.M.P. PL VI. Fig. 12.
Am mod Id nuts .uivtiiiiuinim himaculatus Swain. Western Grass- hopper Sparrow. H.W. Records as follows: One male, near Corona, Calif.; one female, mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon, Septem- ber 11, 1915; May 22, 1915, several Nigger Slough, near San Pedro. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 13.
Chondestes cjrcim mucus sirigcitits Swain. Western Lark Spar- row. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant near Corona, Chino, mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon; fairly common Mojave Desert. Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 17.
Zoiiotricliici Ifiicophrss Intcophrys Forst. White-crowned Spar- row. North of Claremont. In college collection. H.W. Two records, near Claremont. Specimen from desert in spring. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 18.
Zonotr'uhia leticnphrys (jdmbcli Nutt. Intermediate Sparrow. H.W. Very abiuidant ocean to foothills, fall and winter. Record- ed late in April from Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 19.
■Zonotrichici coronata Pall. Golden-crowned Sparrow. H.W. Winter, San Dimas, upper San Antonio, along foothills. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 15.
Spizclhi passerhia tirizoiiac Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Breeding records, Claremont. W.M.P.
Spizt'Ua brciicri Cass.. Brewer Sparrow. Migration records in spring, Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 16.
Spizella atrogiilar'is Caban. Black-chinned Sparrow. Seen. H.W. Migration records in spring. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 10.
Jiiiico orfgauiis lliiirbcri Anthony. Sierra Junco. H.W., Metz. Common; breeds in mountains, in \alleys in spring. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 14.
J iiipliispizt! biliiifiild dfscrticola Ridg. Desert Black-throated Sparrow. H.W. One record for Claremont. Specimen in Pomona College collection. Abundant, breeding in desert near Victorville, spring 1917. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 20.
Jmpliispizci belli Cass. Bell Sparrow. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Common, breeding near Claremont. Found up to San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 21.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 59
Amphispiza iievadciisis canescois Grinn. California Sage Spar- row. H.W. Fall; common at Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 22.
Aimophilci nificeps nificeps Cass. Rufous-crowned Sparrow. H.W. Laguna. L.L.G. Resident foothills near Claremont, mouth of San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 23.
Melospiza melodia coopcri Ridg. San Diego Song Sparrow. H. W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Very abundant in river bottoms; many breeding records; Claremont to coast. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 27.
Melospiza liiicohii liiuolni Aud. Lincoln Sparrow. H.W. Win- ter resident to our valleys. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 24.
Certain of the fox sparrows are very hard to place. The notes that I give are only provisional and further study of this group may place these under different sub-species. Then there are many intergrades that are diflficult to correctly place. The sub-species that are hard to differentiate are as follows:
Passenlla ilka unalaschcensis Gmel. Shiunagin Fox Sparrow. Taken in winter, San Antonio Canyon.
P. i insularis Rid. Kadiaic Fox Sparrow. Winter, San Antonio Canyon.
P. i sinuosa Grinn. Valdez Fox Sparrow. San Dimas Canyon in winter.
P. i mcriiloidcs Vig. Yakutat Fox Sparrow. Several San Antonio Can- yon in winter.
P. i nltivagans Rid. Alberta Fox Sparrow. Several in winter, San Dimas Canyon. W. M. P.
Passerella iliaca schistacca Baird. Slate-colored Fox Sparrow. Taken in winter, San Dimas Canyon ; Lytle Creek in fall. W.M.P.
Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird. Thick-billed Fox Sparrow. Re- corded in winter, San Antonio Canyon, San Dimas Can>on. W. M. P.
Passerella iliaca steplieiisi Anth. Stephens Fox Sparrow. H.W. No valley records. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 26.
Pipilo maciildtiis mccjahinyx Baird. Spurred Towhee. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Abundant, breeding in Claremont, Corona, San Antonio Canyon, Laguna. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 28.
Pipilo crissalis seiiieiila Anth. Anthony Brown Towhee. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Abundant, breeding Claremont to Laguna. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 30.
Oreospiza chloritra Audub. Green-tailed Towhee. H.W. Breeds on high mountains (about 8,000 feet), Lytle Creek, near Corona in winter. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 29.
60 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Zainclud'ui mchuiuccphahi capitalis Baird. Pacific Black-heacied Grosbeak. Metz. Clarcmont. H.W. Breeding at Clarcniont, near Corona. W.M.P. PL VI. Fig. 31. Female.
Giiinua cacnilcd saliciiriiis Grinn. California Blue Grosbeak. H. W. Laguna. H.H.N. Santa Ana river bottom in spring; Brea Canyon. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 32. Dark blue, rufous on wings.
Passerina amoeiia Say. Lazuli Bunting. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Fairly common in Claremont, seen in Brea Canyon and near Chino, San Antonio Canyon, San Dimas Canyon. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 33. Bright blue touched with rufous.
Calawospiza melanocorys Stejn. Lark Bunting. One record near Corona, May 11, 1915. W. M. P.
Piranga htdovic'uDui Wilson. Western Tanager. H.W. Com- mon In canyons in summer, upper San Antonio, Cucamonga ; breed- ing records; spring migration records for Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 34. Head brilliant red shaded over yellow.
Prague stibis hcspcr'ui Brew. Western Martin. Two specimens in college collection, taken 1896. PL VI. Fig. 35. Female.
Petrochclido)i liiiiifrous Itinifrons Say. Cliff Swallow. H.W. Long Beach. Metz. Laguna Beach Gardner. Breeding. Wry abundant from mouth of San Antonio to ocean; nests on barns, houses, etc. ; cliffs near Laguna. W.M.P. PL VI. Pig. 36.
Hinnido crythrogostcr Bodd. Barn Swallow. Seen. H.W. Migration records for Chino, Corona, Laguna. W.M.P. PL VI. Fig. 38.
Iridoprocnc bicolar \'icil. Tree Swallow. H.W. Breeds near Corona; seen in winter in same locality less commonly. W.M.P. PL VI. Fig. 39.
Tachychiclci lluilassiiui Icpidci Mearns. Northern Violet-green Swallow. H.W. Clarcmont. Metz. Breeds in San Antonio Canyon.
Ripiiria ripar'ui Linn. Bank Swallow. Nesting record for New- port, June, 1916. Migration record near Corona in spring. W.M.P. PL VI. Fig. 37.
Slclgidoplfivx scnipciniis. Audub. Rough-winged Swallow. PI. VI. Fig. 40.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 61
Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill. Cedar Waxwing. H.W. Clare- mont. L.L.G. Very abundant in fall, winter and spring, Clare- mont, Ontario, Pomona, San Antonio, San Dimas. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 1.
Phainopepla niteiis Swain. Phainopepla. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Breeding records Claremont; rvinters regularly near Co- rona in river bottoms. Some winters seen in Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 2.
Lciiiius ludovicianus gamheli Ridg. California Shrike. H.W. Laguna. L.L.G. Resident. Breeds Corona, Chino, Ontario; common at Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 3.
Vireosylva gilva stiainsoiti Baird. Western Warbling Vireo. H.W. Abundant in summer in canyons. Breeds. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 4.
Lanivireo solitarius cassini Xant. Cassin Vireo. H.W. San Antonio, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 6.
J'ireo hiittoiii huttoni Cass. Hutton Vireo. H.W. Claremont, San Antonio Canyon. Xests. Resident. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 5.
Plreo belli piisillus Coues. California Least Vireo. H.W. La- guna. L.L.G. Fairly common Glenn Ranch and near Corona. Breeding notes. W.M.P.
J'iren viciuior Coues. Gray Vireo. Capistrano. H.H.N. Sev- eral seen in Cajon Pass, elevation 3,700 feet. W.M.P.
Vermivora rtificapilla gutturalis Ridg. Calaveras Warbler. H.W. Migrates. Glenn Ranch, San Gabriel Canyon. W.M.P.
Veryn'rcnra celata lutesceiis Ridg. Lutescent Warbler. H.W. Glenn Ranch, San Gabriel Canyon, San Antonio and San Dimas Canyons. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 7. Canary yellow.
Vermivora celata sordida Towns. Dusky Warbler. San Dimas Canyon. Winter. W. M. P.
Dendroica aestiva brezvsteri Grinn. California Yellow Warbler. H.W., Metz. Claremont. Breeding near Corona river bottoms. PI. VII. Fig. 8. Canary-yellow.
Dendrnica audubotii auduhoiii Towns. Audubon Warbler. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Abundant in winter in San Antonio Canyon, Claremont, Pomona, Corona. Breeds in higher mountains. W.M.P.
62 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
PI. VII. Fig. 10. Five yellow spots, top of head, throat, under wings, on rump.
Dendroka n'lgrescens Towns. Black- throated Gray Warbler. Seen. H.W. Breeds near Camp Baldy and Cold Brook, San Gabriel Canyon. W.M.P. Claremont during migration. PI. VII. F^ig. 9. Small yellow spot in front of eye.
Dendroica occidentalis Towns. Hermit Warbler. H. W. Seen. Migration near Corona, Santa Ana river bottom, upper Lytle Creek. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 11. Bright yellow on side and top of head.
Oporornis lolmici Towns. Tolmie Warbler. Migration notes from Cold Brook, Glenn Ranch, Claremont, upper Lytle Creek. W.M.P.
Geothlypis trichas occidt'iiltilis Brew. Western Yellowthroat. H.W. Taken in migration at Claremont. Breeds on river bottoms near Corona, Chino and El Monte. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 12. Bright yellow throat, back greenish grey.
Icleria virciis Iniig'icaudii Lawr. Long-tailed Chat. H.W. Breeds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 13. Bright yellow throat.
JFihonia ptisiUa chryseola Ridg. Golden Pileolated Warbler. H.W. Migration near Claremont. One breeding record. Santa Ana river bottoms. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 14. Canary-yellow throat. Back greenish-grey.
jnisoii'ui pHsUIa pileolata Pall. Alaska Pileolated Warbler. Capistrano. H.H.N.
Aiilhiis nihescois Tunst. American Pipit. H.W. Long Beach. Metz. Abundant fall and winter. Corona, Chino, Ontario W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 15.
Ciiicliis iiicxicdiitis unicnlor Bonap. American Dipper. H. W. Resident San Antonio, San Dimas, Cucamonga, Lytle Creek. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 16. Female.
Oreoscoptes tiiniilciniis Towns. Sage Thrasher. Taken fall and winter in Corona, near Etiwanda. Seen in early May, upper Cajon Pass. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 17.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 63
Mimus Polyglottos leucopterus Vigors. Western Mockingbird. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Breeds in Clare- mont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 18.
Toxostoma redivivum pasadeiieuse Grinn. Pasadena Thresher. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Breeds at Clare- mont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 19.
Toxostoma lecontei lecoutei Law. Leconte Thrasher. Seen on Mojave Desert. H.W. Resident, breeding, limited numbers, Mojave Desert. W.M.P.
Heleodytes brunnekapillus cauesi Sharpe. Northern Cactus Wren. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Common resident, breeding. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 21.
Salpinctes obsoletus nbsoletiis Say. Rock Wren. H.W. Many records, Claremont, San Antonio Canyon; higher mountains in summer. W.M.P. PI. VIl. Fig. 23.
Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridg. Dotted Canyon Wren. H. W. Laguna. L.L.G. Nesting at San Gabriel, Cucamonga. Fairly common. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 22.
Thryomanes bewicki charienttirus Oberh. San Diego Wren. H. W. Claremont. Metz. Breeding at Claremont, San Antonio, San Dimas Canyons. W.M.P. PI. VIl. Fig. 20.
Troglodytes aedoii parknuuti Audub. Western House Wren. H.W. Breeding up as far as Camp Baldv- W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 25.
Telmatodytes palustris paludicnia Baird. Tule Wren. H. W. Abundant and breeding in Santa Ana river bottom. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 24.
Nannus hiemalis pacificus Baird. Western Winter Wren. One record, San Dimas Canyon, Jan. 21, 1915. W.M.P.
Certhia familiaris zelotes Osg. Sierra Creeper. Lytle Creek. Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 26.
Sitta caroUnensis aculeata Cass. Slender-billed Nuthatch. Seen. H.W. Recorded upper Lytle Creek, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 27.
Sitta pygmaea pygmaeo Vigors. Pigmy Nuthatch. Upper Lytle Creek. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 28.
64 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Baeoloplius inoniatus inornatits Gamb. Plain Titmouse. H.W. Oaks near Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 29.
Penthestes gambeli baileyae Grinn. Baily Chickadee. H.W. Common higher mountains. Sometimes occurs in winter in valleys. Recorded several times from foothills near San Antonio and San Dimas Canyons. PI. VII. Fig. 34.
Psaltriparus minimus minimus Ridg. Coast Bush-tit. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Common, breeding at San Dimas, San An- tonio, Claremont. PI. VII. Fig. 30. May be A.O.U. 743A. W.M.P.
Chamaea fasciata henshawi Ridg. Pallid Wren-tit. H.W. La- guna L.L.G. Abundant and breeding Claremont to Laguna, also up in mountains some distance. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 35.
Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet. Recorded in winter, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P.
Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinn. Western Ruby-crowned Kinglet. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Recorded in winter, San An- tonio, San Dimas Canyon, Corona. W.M.P. PI. VII. Hg. ?i?i. Bright red line on top of head.
Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridg. Western Gnatcatcher. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Common and breeding San Antonio Canyon, San Dimas, San Gabriel Canyon, Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 32.
Polioptila californica Brew. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Many breeding records. Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 31.
Myadestes towusendi Audub. Townsend Solitaire. H.W. Taken in winter. Fairly common in San Antonio Canyon and San Dimas Canyon. Seen in Claremont in winter. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 36.
Hylocichla guttata nanus Audub. Dwarf Hermit Thrush. H.W- Breeds near Corona, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 37.
Hylocichla guttata nanus Audub. Dwarf Hermit Thrush. H.W. One bird taken in winter near Claremont which Grinnell thinks is this. W.M.P.
Hylocichla guttata guttata Pall. Alaska Hermit Thrush. H.W. San Dimas Canyon, Claremont. W.M.P.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 65
Hylocichla guttata seqiioiensis Baldy. H.W. Sierra Hermit Thursh. Lytic Creek. W.M.P
Plaiiesticus migratorius propinquus Ridg. Western Robin. H.W. Common in winter, Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 38.
Ixoreus naevius mertiloides Gmel. Varied Thrush. H.W. Winter records, San Dimas Canyon and Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 39.
Sialia mexicana occidentalh Towns. Western Bluebird. H. W. Claremont. Metz. Breeding record, San Dimas Canyon. Com- mon in winter in valley. Breeds in higher mountains. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 40. Purple-blue, rufus on wings.
Sialia citrrticoides Bechst. Mountain Bluebird. H.W. Many records for winter, Etiwanda, Corona, Chino, Pomona. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 41. Light blue, greenish blue on throat.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
r
^
Plate I
Plate II
^r
yrvy
•<*<-. iK-
r
^^^R-
^ -r ^
Plate III
■ _■-, ji ^ - ■
Plate IV
Plate V
Plate VI
Plate VII
The Nervous System of Aracoda Semima-
culata and the Description of a Method
of Stereographic Reconstruction
WILLIAM F. HAMILTON
Aracoda semimaculata, of the family Lumbriconereida; (poly- chstous annelids) is found in great abundance in the mussel beds near Laguna Marine Laboratory. In length the worm may be from five to fifty cm. and in diameter, from two to six mm. In general appearance these worms resemble the earth worm, being without palpi, or tentacles and usually of a reddish brown color. Pigmentation, however, varies from a deep reddish brown to a pale yellow. The cuticle is a tough chitinous membrane clear yellow in cross section, but due to the fact that it is laid on in exceedingly thin laminee it presents a beautifully iridescent surface.
The prostomium (Fig. 1), is a blunt, ovoid and slightly de- pressed organ which is practically made up of nervous and sensory tissue, constructed and inter-related in a very complex manner. The peristomium is about as long as the prostomium and twice as long as the body segments (Fig. 3). The body segments are unianu- late and very distinct. The parapodia ( Fig. 3 ; a ) , are biramous, the neuropodium, typically — in the middle segments of the worm — being distinctly longer than the notopodium and bent up finger- like at the tip. The notopodium appears as a broadly rounded dis- continuation of the upper half of the body of the parapodium. It is equipped with a varying number of winged pointed seta? and blunt uncinate set^. The front and hind parapodia become less and less typical as the ends of the worm are approached.
METHODS
Fixation. A large number of the worms, fixed in acetic sub- limate and in hot mercuric chlorid were prepared during the sum- mer at the Laguna Marine Laboratory, transferred to 80 per cent alcohol and saved for study the following winter in Claremont. Those fixed in the acetic mixture could easly be sectioned whole in
74 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
paraffin of a melting point of 60-62 degrees, but it was necessary to peel off the cuticle and withdraw the seta of those fixed in hot mercuric chlorid. The internal connective tissues, however, were better preserved in this fluid. There seemed to be no marked dif- ference in fixation of the other tissues.
Staining. The most effective stain for tracing out gross anatomy and nerve distribution proved to be a faintly acidified borax car- mine used after a fixation of hot mercuric chlorid. The muscular and epithelial tissues were stained a uniform light pink, the nervous tissues a darker pink and the connective tissues, especially the peri- neurium a bright red. \'illain"s copper hematoxylin, iron hema- toxylin, and double stains of these and methylin blue with eosin, "licht griin" and neutral red were of value for cellular detail.
Reconstruction Method. A wax and blotting paper model of the brain (Fig. 2), was made in the usual way. To supplement this two stereographic reconstructions (Figs. 1, 4) were made which were of advantage over the wax model in the following ways. They are easier to make, eliminating the steps that involve cutting out, impregnating and reassembling the parts of the wax reconstruc- tion. It is possible as was done in Fig. 1 to make a "sciagraphic reconstruction" that will show the internal parts in their normal relation to the other organs. If necessary, colors could be used to make the morphological differentiation clearer. When the re- construction is finished it is the reproduction at a certain magnifica- tion of any desired aspect of the object and is equal in all import- ant respects and superior in many respects to a photograph or draw- ing of a wax reconstruction. What little distortion there is may be calculated as a function of the displacement angle and easily taken into account.
The method pursued may be described as follows: The object should be embedded with a piece of liver or similar tissue having a smooth and quite rectangular face parallel to the axis of the speci- men. The pieces may be arranged on a watch crystal after infiltra- tion and the embedding paraffin poured on hot enough not to form a crystallization capsule around them. This gives an orientation guide whose projection is represented in b (Fig. 14). Fig. 14 is a
Pomona College, Claremont, California 75
diagramatic illustration of the reconstruction of one cylinder inside another by means of this method.
The sections are cut at right angles to the orientation plane and hence transversely to the axis of the object. The knife must be sharp and care must be taken in the mounting to prevent any warp- ing or wrinkling of the sections. An outline of the first section is drawn by means of a projection lantern — represented by the shaded circles (Fig. 14; a)^and a line drawn on the projection of the edge of the section of the liver-piece, represented by the first cross line on b ( Fig. 14) . From the ends of this cross line are drawn lines in that direction from the cross line that is related to the cross line in the same way as the side of the drawing, which is a projection of part of the aspect to be reconstructed, is related to the center of the drawing. These two lines (the long parallel lines, Fig. 14; b), determine the projection of the orientation plane, and on them are measured off segments about equal to half of the product of the thickness of the sections times the magnification in diameters. The projection of the second section of the series is so placed that the projection of the edge of the liver section coincides with a line drawn between the dots marking off the first segment on the lines determining the orientation plane. The section itself is out- lined in the same way except that those parts of the second out- line which are "covered up" or are within the area bounded bv the first outline are left blank, since they represent the parts of the surface which are hidden from view by the outcurving nearer surfaces. The process is repeated progressively along the seg- ments of the displacement lines with all of the rest of the sec- tions. Those lines which form the edges of the completed figure are re-enforced and then transferred to a separate sheet of paper. This bare outline is shaded to fill out the contour of which the lines on the other sheet are a topographic diagram as shown (Fig. 14c).
It is obvious that the cylinder is somewhat distorted since the face of the figure seen from this point of view should be an ellipse The distortion is known as a sheering distortion, but as it is con- stant and does not appreciably alter the relations of the parts the distorted reconstruction is quite as useful as the normal one.
76 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
The distortion may be eliminated in either of two ways. The first and best is to set the orientation guide at an agle of about 45 degrees from the axis of the object and cut the sections at right angles to the orientation guide and hence obliquely to the specimen. The reconstruction lines are drawn in the same way except that the projection of the orientation line is allowed to fall in the same place each time, thus eliminating the displacement and consequent distor- tion. It is hard, however, to get a clear idea of the relations of parts from oblique sections. The reconstruction does not show any more than one that follows the first method, and each series is good for reconstructing only one aspect.
The other way of getting rid of the distortion is to insert at the place of proper magnification in the cone of light rays from the projector a lense of sufficient curvature to refract the rays into a parallel bundle. By tilting the drawing board at a proper angle to this bundle the field will be caused to fall in such an ellipse as to eliminate any distortion. This angle is one whose tangent equals the displacement divided by the product of the thickness of the sec- tion times the magnification in diameters.
Occasionally wrinkling of the section in cutting or in mounting occurs and renders it necessary to disregard the orientation guide. It is easy, however to put the section in approximately its right place and to check it up by the next section. In reconstructing sym- metrical specimens where there is a clearly marked axial line it is often possible to dispense with the orientation guide and to place the successive sections from landmarks which they themselves bear.
ANATOMY
The brain (Pig. 1, 2, 4) is a very complex structure. Topo- graphically it is divided into two parts, the dorsal and ventral by the central mass of muscle and blood vessels (Figs. 5, 6, 7; q), which tissue, going forward from between the central part of the brain and the visceral ganglion, pinches out into a muscular sheet at either side and separates the six dorsal lobes from the eight to ten ventral lobes or branches of the fore part of the brain. The brain is symmetrical and is divided into lateral halves by a septum which continues as a canal through the main brain (Fig. 6; w).
Pomona College, Claremont, California 77
Along slightly different lines the brain may be divided into sensory, cross-connective visceral and nuchal parts.
Sensory System. The prostomial system of sense organs in this form is one of the most complex and highly specialized among annelids. Just forward of the central cross-connective part (Fig. 6) the brain di\ides into two lateral halves, which extend down and connect with the two front branches of the visceral ganglion. These halves ( Fig. 7 ) , gi\e off two rounded lateral sensory lobes ( Figs. 1,4, 6 ; b ) and then divide into quadrants, the larger of which compose the lower pair. Kach of these lower quadrants subdivides into four and sometimes fi\"e lobes (Figs. 1, 4, 5; c). The inner three are long and slender, while the outer one, which shows a tendency in large specimens to subdivide at the tip is much shorter and broader. The dorsal pair of quadrants each divide into three distinctly longer and more slender lobes, giving in all from fourteen to sixteen lobes. The lobes are each composed of a cellular and a fibrilar tract. The fiber bundle is on the inside and runs directly back to the main brain, while the cellular area is on the surface side of each lobe and is directly connected with the subcuticular sense organs. These cells (Fig. 12; u), underlie the whole of the pros- tomial cuticle and are connected with the brain by means of fibers which run into the brain in larger or smaller irregularly placed bundles or even as individual fibers, threaded between the epithelial cells of the subcuticular region. The whole of the prostomial ner- vous system, including the visceral ganglion and its branches give off sensory fibers in great abundance. In many cases the sense cells seem to send off sensory fibers direct to the cuticle.
In the front lobular region, besides the sense cells and the ordi- nary small nerve cells (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 10; d), there are a few large cells embedded in the brain (Figs. 5, 10; f). These have nucleoli and in some cases fibers can be traced from them. They are much smaller than the giant cells (Figs. 11, 8; g) in the ventral nerve cord, more irregular, the structure of the protoplasm is much finer and they are much harder to stain with ordinary stains. Hema- toxylin leaves them clear unless a mordant is used. Methylen blue and the other common nuclear stains do not touch them. Villain's copper hematoxylin gives the best results, staining the protoplasm
78 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
reddish purple and the nucleus blue-black. These cells are found only in the front part of the prostomium. Associated with these in location are a number of mucous cells which have invaded the brain and from their staining reactions seem to be functional (Figs. 5, 10;h).
Cross-connective part of the brain. The main part of the brain contains the fibrilar cross-connections for the whole brain. The brain cells are practically all confined to the dorsal side. The eyes, four in number, are buried in this cell layer. The central pair is very small and vestigial, none of the lense structure remaining and but little of the pigment. The lateral pair is complete, with lense and cup-shaped pigment layer, but in all of the specimens I have sec- tioned the eye is inverted, with the pigment outside and the lense facing down toward the brain. As if to render this ocular paradox more striking the perfect eyes are deeply embedded in the head and the degenerate eyes are just under the cuticle. This is a rather interesting example of degeneration.
From the rear of the brain extend the circumoesophageal com- missure and the nuchal ganglia. The former is biramous, divid- ing on each side into a dorsal and ventral branch. This is analagous to the phenomenon found in Nepthys where the ocular and surface- sensory parts of the brain are separate structures. (Quatrefages; 44.)
The nuchal ganglia (Figs. 13, 1, 4; i), are connected to the brain by means of two nerves .3 mm. apart, .03 mm. in diameter and 4 mm. long. These nerves come out from the "punkt-substanz" of the brain immediately below and behind the central pair of eyes, follow along the nuchal pits for some distance, when they join on the two nuchal ganglia on their lower front surface. The nuchal pits act as a pair of narrow-mouthed sacks opening, close together just under the lip of the peristomium, enlarging as they go in until they are large enough to contain in their thin chitino-membranous sack, each, a ganglion. The apparatus bears a rather vague resem- blance to the otocyst found in Arenicola (Ehlers, '92), but inasmuch as there are no otolyths to be found and the only cavity to contain them is very small and pyramidal instead of round, the diagnosis is doubtful. The thing could hardly be functional, but is probably
Pomona College, Claremont, California 79
degenerate or else for some other purpose. The ganglia are con- nected by their perineuria! sheaths in the mid line and the nuchal sacks, though they do not fuse are separated merely by a thin septum. They differ in this respect from Lumbriconereis erecta Moore where the ganglia are quite widely separate. Histologically the structure is much the same as the other ganglia of this form. The cells are a little larger than those of the brain and the reticulum is considerably more noticeable.
The suboesophageal ganglion (Fig. 1; j) is of the usual annelid form as is the nerve trunk (Figs. 8, 9). The segmental nerves are given off one pair to each segment from a long narrow pedicle (Fig. 3; k). They follow around the segment just outside the mus- cular coat. At the base of the foot there is a small ganglion giving off two branches, one to the foot, which branches twice and one passing beyond the foot to the dorsum where it branches extensively in both the epithelium and muscles.
Visceral System. The visceral nervous system (Fig. 4), con- sists of three \isceral ganglia, and a complex system of nerves serv- ing the various pharyngeal muscles. The system originates in a main visceral ganglion (Fig. 4; v). which is situated just below the brain and is equipped with four pairs of symmetrical branches. The front pair of ner\-e trunks are short and rather thick. They lead to the lateral halves of the brain and their fiber masses fuse with the "punkt-substanz" of this part of the brain. The side branches leave the visceral ganglion at about its central and widest part and lead to the base of the oesophageal connectives. Near where these nerves leave the visceral ganglion a pair of small nerves (Fig. 4; r) about .01 mm. in diameter branch off from the ventral side and extend caudad for a distance of about 2.5 mm. These nerves form an analogue of the complex labio-visceral nervous sys- tem found in Eunice. (Quatrefages; '44.) The two hind trunks branch out into the visceral nervous system proper, as diagrammed (Fig. 4). They go straight back, parallel, assuming a diameter of about .04 mm. About 1 mm. behind the visceral ganglion they branch into an outer (F'ig. 4; m) and an inner pair (Fig. 4; u).
The outer pair form the maxillary nervous system. They bend \entrad and branch in a \ery complex manner on either side of the
80 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
denticular pouch, serving the complicated musculature of the four pairs of maxilhv.
The inner pair of visceral nerves form the superpharyngeal ner- vous system. Near where they branch off from the outer pair they partly anastomose, interchanging a few fibers, but with no attendant ganglionic structure. 7he anastomosis continues for a distance of .16 mm. and then the nerves separate, assuming a diameter of .02 mm. and run parallel about 2 mm. apart for a distance of 1.3 mm. As they do this they bend dorsally so that they are deeply embedded in the upper wall of the denticular pouch and are quite dorsad of the maxillary musculature. This brings them to where the intestine folds off from the dorsal side of the denticular pouch. The nerves bend still more dorsad and become embedded in the intestinal epi- thelium. Here they become enlarged by ganglion cells and separat- ing (Fig. 4; p), go around the mouth of the intestine proper and come together in the ventral wall of this structure. Just before their second anastomosis they send off two branches into the lateral and dorsal walls of the intestine. These nerves and the one into which the main pair fuses extend baclc along the intestinal wall for a short distance.
An interesting observation was made on the muscle which acts on the mandibles. It is a long spindle-shaped muscle reaching from the back of the pharynx to the mandibles. These bifurcate black chitinous plates are in apposition to the slit (Fig. 4; 6), whose walls are armed with the maxilhe and form the denticular pouch. The mandibles are bound to the walls of this slit by small muscles used in prehension. Now the members of this group that has the denti- cular pouch do not completely evert their pharynx in the act of pre- hension. They merely, from what observations I have been able to make on the Eunicid;e and on this form, push out the mandibles and the forceps jaw of the maxilliT. There is no proboscoideal musculature, such as is found in Phyllodoce, Glycera and Nereis, which functions from the inside and by contracting, turns the pro- boscis inside out. To take the place of the muscles which evert the proboscis by contracting and pulling it out we have in this form a muscle which, acting on the mandible forces this and the forceps teeth of the maxilbr out and does so, paradoxical as it may seem by
Pomona College, Claremont, California 81
expiiudiiuj. The fibers in this muscle, instead of running from the origin to the insertion of the muscle as a whole run dorsoventrally from wall to wall so that any stimulus acting on the nerve which supplies this muscle and causing the fibers to contract would cause the muscle to become rigid, of less diameter and of greater length. Since the origin of tiie muscle is in the back part of the pharnyx and since this organ is bound to the body wall by connective tissue and muscles, the "expansion" of the mandibidar muscle must force the mandible forward and with it the forceps teeth of the maxilhe, which are closely bound to it. This action extrudes the teeth and a sec- ondary reflex seems to be established that causes them to be snapped together forcibly soon after they are extruded. This reaction is carried on with such \igor that I ha\'e known eunicids to bite them- selves into two or three pieces while dying in fixatives.
The advantage of this extrusion system over the more primitive proboscoideal eversion found in the forms without the denticular pouch can be seen in the quickness of the reaction, its superior \igor anil the fact that the teeth are extruded first rather than as a final consequence ot the comparatively slow eversion of a soft fleshy proboscis.
SUMMARY
1. The annelid, Arcicodn seinimcictilata, is a highly specialized and evolved member of the lumbriconereidae, inhabiting the mussel beds near Laguna.
2. Reconstructions were made stereographically as described in this paper.
3. The brain is \'ery complex and highly specialized sensorially. It is di\'ided into the sensory, connecti\'e, nuchal and visceral sys- tems, is symmetrical and has a central tubal cavity running through the lower part of the main cross-connective portion of the brain, from front to back, parallel to a cavity which is partly filled with muscles and glands, and runs between the \-isceral ganglion and the main brain and forward between the dorsal and \entral lobes of the fore brain. This central cavity, taken together with the very complex and convoluted olifactory forebrain presents an appear- ance which seems quite similar to that described by Patten in I/nniiliis and other invertebrates, but which can probably be best explained
82 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
as a mere functional adaptation rather than as a phenomenon of phylogenetic importance.
A. The sensory system is composed of the entire surface por- tion of the brain, i.e., those parts underlying the surface of the prostomium. The forepart of the brain is subdivided into fourteen to sixteen slender lobes of sensory cellular and inside fibrilar tracts. The sensory cellular tracts are not confined to the lobes in front, but extend all over the brain and give off fibers which connect with the subcuticular sense cells or go directly to the cuticle as sense fibers.
B. The main or cross-connective part of the brain consists prin- cipally of "punkt-substanz" with dorsal sense cells.
C. Eyes are four in number, the central pair being degenerate close to the surface of the prostomium, and lacking in lense struc- ture. The lateral pair are well-developed but buried deeply in the prostomium and so inverted that the lens is inside and the pigment outside. Neither pair of eyes can be regarded as functional in the adult.
D. The circum-oesophageal connectives branch on each side into a dorsal and ventral ramus. This is analagous to the phenomenon found in Nepthys where the ocular and the surface sensory parts of the brain are separate structures.
E. The nuchal ganglia, extending to the rear from the dorsal part of the main brain are connected with a more or less rudimen- tary organ which is doubtfully a functional otocyst.
F. The suboesophageal ganglion and nerve cord are of the usual annelid form.
G. There is one segmental nerve extending around the body to a small pedal ganglion, whence it branches into two nerves, a pedal and a dorsal. The former gives rise to a motor notopodial branch and a sensory neuropodal branch. The latter is both motor and sensory in its distribution.
H. The visceral system consists of a labial, maxillary and a superpharyngeal system.
(a) The labial system is degenerate from the much more com- plex system in Euuice, or even in the much more closely related Lumhriconereis. It consists of a pair of small short nerves running
Pomona College, Claremont, California 83
down the lateral and ventral walls of the oesophagus and originat- ing in the lateral nerves of the visceral ganglion.
(b) The maxillary and superpharyngeal system originate in the main visceral ganglion which is situated just below the brain. The maxillary system branches repeatedly and serves the complex maxillary musculature. The superpharyngeal system goes straight back to where the intestine folds off. Here it developes a pair of slender ganglia which form a nearly complete circuminestinal ring and send off branches to the wall of the intestine.
4. The muscle which causes extrusion of the teeth is attached to the mandibular plates. It is a spindle-shaped muscle but acts by an increase of length instead of a contraction as is usual in muscles of this shape. This expansion is possible through the fact that the muscle fibers run across the muscle instead of from origin to inser- tion, and from the fact that the whole muscle is enclosed in a thick envelope of tough connective tissue, which holds the muscle rigid when a contraction of the fibers lessen the diameter and increase the length of the muscle. This adaptation seems to render pre- hension more efficient.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ehlers, E. 1864-69
Die Borstenwiirmer (Annelida Chaetopoda) nach Systematischen und Anatonschen Untersuchen Dargestellt, Leipzig, Engelmann, 748 pp. 24 Taf.
Ehlers, E. 1892
Die Gehoroggane der Arenicolon. Zeit. Fiir Wiss. Zool. Band 53, pp. 217-285, Taf, XI-XIV.
Faivre, Ernest 1856
Etudes Sur. I'Histologie comparee du systeme nerveux chez quel- o.ues Annelides. These presentee a la faculte des sciences de Paris.
Haller,B. 1889
Beitrage zur Kentniss der Textur des Central Nervensystems Hoherer Wiirmer. Arbeit Zool. Inst. Wein. Tome 8, Heft 2, pp. 175-312 Taf. 16-20. Lewis, M. 1898
Studies on the central and peripheral nervous systems of two poly- chaete annelids. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 33, No. 14. Apr., 1898, pp. 226-267, pi. 1-8.
84 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Moore, J. P. 1911
Polychaetous annelids dredged off the coast of Southern California in 1914. Ill Euphrosvnidae to Goniadids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Vol. 63, pp. 318-334, pi. 15-21.
Oppenheimer, Adele 1902
Certain sense organs of the proboscels of the polychstous annelid Rh\nchobolus dibranchiatus. Proc. Amer. Acad. Art. Sci. Vol. 37,' No. 21, pp. 553-562, pi. 1-6.
Quatrefages, M. A. de 1 844
Sur le systeme nerveux des annelides. Ann. des. Science Nat. 3 e Serie. Zool. Tom 2, pp. 81-102, pi. 1-2.
Quatrefages, M. A. de 1850
Etudes sur les types intereures d' I'embranchment des anneles. Memoire sur le systeme nerveux des annelides. Ibid, torn 14, pp. 329-398, pi. 6-10.
Rhode, E. 1887
Nervensystem der Polycha;ten. Zool. Beit. Band 2, pp. 1-81. Taf. I-VII.
Jl'allengreu, E. von 1901
Zur Kentniss des peripheren Nervensystem der Proposcis bei den Polvchaeten. Jen. Zeit., Fiir Nautrwiss. Band 36, pp. 165-180. Taf. 7, 8.
(Contribution from tlic Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Pomona College, Claremont, California 85
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Stereographic reconstruction of the prostomium showing the position of the brain inside of it and the position of the fiber tract inside of the brain. The prostomium is shaded light, the brain darker and the fiber system darkest. The prostomial sensory branches are not shown. X 50.
Figure 2. Photograph of a wax reconstruction of the brain, showing the visceral and nuchal ganglia darkened. The two hundred odd prostomial sensory branches are shown in this reconstruction. X40.
Figure 3. Diagram of the distribution of a segmental nerve.
Figure 4. Stereographic reconstruction of the ventral side of the brain and of the visceral nervous system. X40.
Figure 5. Cross section through the front part of the prostomium cutting through the front lobes of the brain. X50.
Figure 6. Cross section of the main cross-connective part of the brain showing the eye, the visceral ganglion and the canalicula that runs through this part of the brain. X 50.
Figure 7. Cross section of the brain in front of the main cross-connective part where it has divided into two lateral halves. X50.
Figure 8. Cross section through the ventral nerve cord near where the segmental nerves come off showing giant cells. X 50.
Figure 9. Cross section of the above between the origins of these nerves. X50.
Figure 10. Enlarged view of the connection of one of the lobes of the fore brain with the subcuticulum. XJ50.
Figure 11. Giant cell and surrounding tissue. X250.
Figure 12. Subcuticulum showing sense cells, mucous cells and regular subcuticular cells. X500.
Figure 13. Cross section of nuchal ganglia. X 50.
Figure 14. Diagram of stereographic reconstruction, as described herein of two con- centric cylinders; (a) is the first step, showing the cylinders with the topographical reconstruction lines; (b) is the orientation guide, and (c) is the shaded interpretation of (a).
MEANING OF THE LETTERS
(a) parapodia, (b) lateral brain lobes (c) frontal brain lobes, (d) brain cells, (e) fiber tracts, (f) large brain cells, (g) giant cells in ventral cord, (h) mucous gland cells, (i) nuchal ganglia, (j) suboesophageal ganglion, (k) pedicle of neuro- cord, (1) muscle tissue, (m) outer or maxillary nervous system, (n) inner or super- pharyngeal nervous system, (o) maxillary slit opening into denticular pouch, (p) gang- lia forming clrcumintestinal ring, (q) cavity which separates the dorsal from the ventral parts of the brain, (r) labial nerves, (s) subcuticular cell, (t) mucous gland cell, (u) sense cell, (v) visceral ganglion, (w) neural canal.
\Vv
|
'^'■' r i> |
-^ |
|
■'% |
|
|
/"• |
is ^
Plate I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I b
12
("i^
k..
N*
y-
%
\
I' ■':■>/
,.,.,«.,^)f*r--**M«*s«5tey,^
.^*^f^
Plate II
The Central Nervous System of the Amphipod Orchestia
William A. Hilton
Numerous specimens of Orcln-sliii tiaskiaiui Stim. were collected •It Laguna Beach. Some were preserved whole, from others the central nervous system was studied in position or removed in one piece and stained and sectioned or mounted whole. For whole mounts some carmine stain or a light hermatoxylin coloration seemed best. For sections a copper hematoxylin was used with good results.
The brain occupies the forward portion of the head with large branches or lobes to the compound eyes which are somewhat dorsal and caudal from the brain as it lies in the head. Large ner\es to the antenna and smaller ones to the antennules cannot be seen from abov'e as they run from near the connectives in a more \'entral and caudal region. The brain is held in place by a band of tissue which perforates it near the center. In the figure the brain is not shown in the normal position. It is pulled out so as to show its parts better. The connectives join the rather small first ganglion, running almost ventrally when not displaced. Including this gang- lion there are eight large thoracic ganglia and four small abdominal centers, the last of which is a little larger than the other three.
In whole mounts the brain does not show well. The ventral ganglia from surface views are found to contain a coating of large and small cells, especially on the ventral sides. Some of these are shown in the figures, which give views of a large and a smaller ganglion at one optical section. There are several layers of cells and both large and small are numerous, the latter of several sizes very numerous. The general position of some of the larger cells is shown in the figures.
In section the brain is found to be chicflv composed of fibers and fibrils. Large strands of fibers run long distances and connect wide- ly separated regions. No very large cells were found in the brain, such as found in the ventral ganglia, and no very marked central region of the brain was clearly seen. The cells as compared with
Pomona College, Claremont, California 89
the fibers were rather few. Fibrils also were evident, but could not be traced far. Cell groups were most marked in the posterior and lateral regions and fibers from these and to these could be followed as individuals for long distances. Posterior cells were especially numerous connected with the eyes and other parts. The \entral ganglia present no unusual structures in section. In two of the upper ganglia studied there seem to be in each at least two masses of cross fibers or communications.
IMPORTANT PAPERS
Cussaiis, Margaret 1904
Gammarus. L. M. B. C. Mem. XII.
Koehler, R. 1887
Recherches sur la structure du cerveux du Gammarus pulex. Im. M. Anat. Phys., T. IV.
Packard, .i. S. 1884
On the structure of the brain of the sessile-eyed Crustacea. Nat. Ac. Sc, vol. III.
( Contrihutirjn from the ZonUjgicnl Laboratory of Pomona College)
90 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Figure 1. Central nervous system of Orchestta. XIO.
Figure 2. Surface view of one of the thoracic ganglia. X75.
Figure 3. Surface view of one of the abdominal ganglia. X 75.
Figure 4. Longitudinal section through the brain. Caudal end to the top. X75.
Figure 5. Longitudinal section of the brain; same as Fig. 4 but deeper. X75.
Figures 6 and 7. Longitudinal sections of the second ventral ganglion. Caudal end
at the top. X75. Figure 8. Longitudinal section through the first ventral ganglion. Caudal end at
top. X75.
\
. .. U -
^\
The KA Binocular Microscope
Jto'^^S^^^
Is of great value in all biological work where low and medium powers are employed. Inembroy- ology the true stereoscopic image shows the relative position of im- portant details. This feature is of great assistance to the student and makes the instructor's work easy. Jfritefo?- booklet
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
ot California
1 54 Sutter St., San Francisco, Cal.
Pomona College
Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books. Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart- ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.
For further information, address
Secretarv of Pomona College Claremont, California
VOLUME NINE NUMBER THREE
JOURNAL
OF
ENTOMOLOGY
AND
ZOOLOGY
SEPTEMBER, 1917
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT 0/ ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
CONTENTS
List of Bees from Claremont-Laguna Region — Henry Bray - - 93 A Partial List of the Mammals of the Claremont Region —
Leon L. Gardner - ..---- 101
A Preliminary List of Shells from Lacuna Beach and Nearby 107 A Reconstruction of the Nervous System of a Nemertian Worm
~ir. .1. Hilton ....,110
Entered at Claremont, CaL, Post-Office Oct. I. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 3, 1879
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPAETMENT OP ZOOLOGY
«
Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento- mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be .typewritten on one side of paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations' will be furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 71/0 inches or less. The lettering should be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the drawings, in most cases.
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are desired, the prder should be given with the return of the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
Address all communications to
The Journal of Entomology and Zoology
William A. Hilton, Editor Claremont, California, U. S. A.
List of Bees from Claremont-LagpnjiiLT i i 19)7 "^^
Region \ ^
HENRY BRAY
Jt/>
««4i Mtf«»*^
Through the kindness of Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell and several others I have been able to get large numbers of our local bees determined. The basis of the work was the extensive Cook-Baker collection of the college with additional material of my own and others. Many of the species here listed have been collected by me and others, but unless not represented in the original college collection it is not noted in the list. So far as the relations of bees to plants has been noted by me it is given in the list. Many other species remain to be determined and only a beginning has been made in respect to the relation of the bees to plants.
BOMBID.i^:
Bombiis souurons. Say. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Nemophila.
Bovibiis calif oniicus. Sm. Det. ^ icr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Fl., Phachelia tanac;etifolia.
Bombiis croliliii. \'ier. Oct. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Fl., Tar weed.
ANTHOPHORID^
Jiitluipliiiid iiiislnilluri. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, F\., Lotus glaber.
Aulliopluira curia. Prov. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April., Fl., Lotus glaber.
Authophoia iiihana. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, FL, Cactus and poppy.
Jnlliophora ivashhu/to)!!. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Aiithophora slaiifordiaiia. \'icr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, 1 Id, Amsinckia intermedia.
Authaphora pacifica. Vier. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Lotus glaber.
94 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Juthuphoict sniiilUmci. Cr. Claremoiit, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Lotus glaber.
Aiitliophorti edzveirdsii. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, FL, Phacelia tanacstifolia.
Mellisodes palliduhietu. Ckll. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, PI., Phacelia tanacaetifolia.
Mellisodes nuiiini. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Amsinckia intermedia.
Mellisodes ptiUata. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Phacelia tanacaetifolia.
Mellisodes meniiaclni. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Phacelia tanac;ptifolia.
Mellisodes heltragei. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. Fl., Amsinckia interm.
Synhalonia atrieutis. Smith Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Phacelia tanacaetifolia.
Diddasia crassiccitida sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Laguna, Cal., R. La Follette.
Diadiislii hiliihcrciilahi. Cr. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., B;'kci\ April, Fl., Cactus.
Diadasiii aiislrciUs riiuniiis. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Fl., Cactus.
Dicidasid atistralis opumiK. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May. Fl., Cactus.
EUCERID.^
Telnilouia actuosa. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. Telralouiti fozclcri. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. Tetrnloiiiii poiiioHtr sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont. Cal., Baker.
Tctniloiiiti roherlsoiii. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
MELECTID.?^:
Roinbomelectd lliortuiciii. Cr. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Nemophila.
PseudnmelecUi cuHfurnica miraiidn. Fox. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 95
Bombomclcctci ihoniicn. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, F\., Nemophila.
Zacosm'ia iiuiciiliitn. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Triepeolns anconiltis sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Triepeolns callopits. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Bombomelecta macnlaUi. \'icr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
NOMAD I D.^
Noiiiiida eihididsii. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. June, no Fl.
Nomada bfiilciliensis. Ckll. Det. Br. Claremont, Cal., Bray. From Coll. April, no Fl.
Nonuida americaiia. Kby. Det. Br. Claremont, Cal., Bray. From Coll. April, no Fl.
Noiiuida crotihii iiiqrinr. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Noviiidii livilis. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Nomadci pyrrlui sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Nomada mcUiuDsoma, sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Noimida siib-ciciiialis. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Nomada erylhrospiln sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Noiiiiidii iidouloccrci sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Exowtilopsis vcliiliiiiis. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Exniiitilopsis we I (I II ti III s sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
EKomalopsis iiiteiis sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Laguna, Cal., R. La Follette.
XYLOCOPIDiE
Xyloeopa vdiipiiiicta. Patt. Det. Vier. Claremont. Cal., Baker. April, no Fl.
96 Journal of Entomology and Zoology'
Xylocopa orsifcx. Sm. Det. Vier. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Wood.
Xylocopa califoniicd. Cr. Dct. F'riese. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Nemophila.
MEGACHILID.E
MegachUe pining. Sm. Det. Friese. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Cactus.
MegachUe gritideliarniii. Ckli. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Poppy.
MegachUe occidentalis. Fox. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Bray.
MegachUe fnigalis. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia erythrosiiiia reiiiotnla. Des. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osiiiia quadriceps. Ckll. Det. Cr. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia atrocyaiien. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Fl., Amsinckia intermedia.
Osmia propinqua. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia kiiicaidii. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia bonielhe. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia iiitegra. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia cohaltina. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Lotus glaber.
Osmia facela. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia claresceiis. Ckli. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, H., Phacelia tanacstifolia.
Osmia granulosa. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia regiUiiia. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia edu,r, female. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Clare- mont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia playliira. Ckll. Det. Ckll. cotype. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia hypochrysea. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 97
Osniia pumihi. Frieze Det. Cr. Claremont, Gal., Bray. May, Fl. Mustard.
Osm'ui cyanopoiid sp. ii. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osiiiia rydiiosoiiiii. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmiii ii'ic/rolxuld sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Hoplilis sdiiibiui. Titus Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal. April, Poppy.
Hoplitiiia penlamera. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osmia pogoiiigera. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Alcidamea hypocrita. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Osm'ui iiielaiioplcurn sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Autliidhiiii iiiti(iili)S(inii. Cr. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Diauthidiitm illiistri. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Aiithidiiini pallivoitrr. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Jnlliidiinii Iriciispidiiui. Prov. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
D'uinlliidiniii coiis'nnilf. Ashmead Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Diiiiithidiiiiii rolierlsiiii'i. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Aiilliidiinii tiiit/fliiniiii. Titus Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
DimitliidiiDii pro-caiuhtTi. 'Titus Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Dioxxs prodiidii. Cr. Det. Ducke. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Dioxys pDwtni.r. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Cot'lioxys mi'ijalricJia sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Cbflioxxs anyiilifi-ni sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Xeiwglossa aiigt-licci. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
ANDRENID.^.
AndifHii pnrter.r. \'ier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
98 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Andreuii mitstelicolnr. Vier. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andrena pnnioriii:!. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker and Bray. May, Phacelia tana, and Poppy.
Aiidrciia mimcrld. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Aiidroui tcxana. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Poppy.
Andrena b'lpnittala. Lovell Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Phacelia tan.
Andrcua ccrasijolii. Wxtv. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Phacelia tanac^rtifolia.
Andrena carVnia Ckll. Ashmead Det. Br. from Coll. Clare- mont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Mustard.
Andrene osmoides sp. n. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andrena peraira sp. n. Prov. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andrena anr'icov.ui. Sm. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andrena plana. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andrena Dpacrvenlris sp n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andrena chlornra sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
A i/apdsleiiKin splendens. I'riese Des. Lange. Los Angeles, Cal.
Agaposteinnii calif urn'uui. Crawford. Claremont, Cal., leaker. May, Poppy.
AgaposteniDii radialns. Say. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Daisy.
Diandrena healula sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Diandrena chalyh,ea. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Diandrena r\an(i.uii::a sp. n. Ckll. Di't. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Diandrena elarvenlris S]i. n. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Diandrena srinlil/a sji. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 99
Conauthaintus bukeri. Crawford Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Coiuiiilliiilicliis lUtUTDps sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal. Baker.
Augochlora poiiioit'irlld. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andreud candidn. Sm. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andreiia cniyustitarsatti. Vier. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andreuii Jiiitirdi. \'ier. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Android pdllidifa'Vd. Vier. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andreiui cyanosomd. Ckll. Det. \ ier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andrena nigripes. Prov. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Android sctiptd. Vier. Det Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Andri'Hd siihtrislis. Ckll. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
CERITINID^
Cerdliiid lu'aiui'xicdiid piiih lit/niii sub. sp. ii. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
HALICTID^
Hdlicliis hicoiiiplrliis. Craw. Det. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Hdlicliis piiiicldloviiilris. Craw. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Halictus nigresceiis. Craw. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Hal'ntits cdldlhu'iis'is. Craw. Det. Ckil. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Hdliitiis I'ic/dliis. Say. Det. Craw. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Halictus robiistiis. Craw. Det. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Halictus mellipcs. Craw. Det. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Halictus fariniisiis. Sm. Det. Craw. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
Halictus rliiipfdidcs. Craw, De^ Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Daisy.
COLLETID^
CoUetes calif oniiciis. Prov. Claremont, Cal., Baker. Collctrs gutidialis. Sm. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
100 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
PROSOPID^
Prosopis episcopdlis, female. Ckll. Det. Metz. Claremont, Cal., Baker (Rhus laurina) .
Prosopis coloradi'iis'is. Ckll. Det. Metz. Mountains near Clare- mont, Cal., Baker.
Prosopis polifolii, female. Ckll. Det. Metz. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.
PANURGID.^ Piiiiiirc/iniis iilritcps. Ckll. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker.
(Coritrihiitioii from the Zoolot/ictil Lrihorti/ory of Poriionii Colh'ge)
A Partial List of the Mammals of the Claremont Reg^ion
LEON L. GARDNER
Since little or nothing has been published on mammals of this region it was deemed adxisabie to print a list even though very in- complete and based on preliminary arul limited collecting in order to have some definite forward step in this much neglected line. Some of the mammals listed below ha\e not been collected by us but are known to occur. Thanks are due Mr. H. S. Swaith for his kind aid in identification of some of the skins collected.
Bears of course ha\e long since disappeared but still ha\e left their reputation among old mountaineers. The story goes that a bear, perhaps the last one, was killed at Bear Flats on the trail to "Old Baldy," hence the name.
Odoioilt'iis lie III ion Us ciilij (ir'nits. (Caton.) California \Iule Deer. Fairiy common through Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. They ha\e been taken as low as the mouth of San Dimas canyon. fhe recently established game preserse assures an in- crease in the fiiture. Already they seem to have sensed the protec- tion for on May 19, 1916, we were surprised to find just 75 feet before us a large doe on the auto road not far above the first power house.
Ovis caiiadiiisis iiclsuiiif C. M. Merriam. Merriam Desert Bighorn. Mountain sheep have lived for years in the higher peaks above Claremont but being very shy and in inaccessible and little frequented parts have escaped attention very successfully. Rumor has it that Mountain Goats are found with the sheep but I believe this to be unfounded, having been originated probably by the sight of the smaller horned females and young. The area occupied by the sheep is a very definite one and comprises the peaks Ontario, Cucamonga, Telegraph, St. Antonio ("Old Baldy"), and Iron Mountain with their high rocky intervening ridges. Of the points n\entioned the first three peaks are the favored ones. I found only a few tracks on Iron Mountain and a rumor of a pair of horns ft)und there some fi\e or eight years ago. "Old Baldy" being too
102 Journal of Eiitomolog\- and Zoology
often \isited is not a frequented spot for the sheep, serving only as a connecting link to Iron Mountain. However signs around Ontario, Cucamonga and lelegraph peaks are abundant and any- one with a little patience and diligent endeavor can readily see the sheep themselves. I'hey travel often in bands, as many as fifty and in sununer keep to the highest places. Where they go in winter is as yet a mystery to me, probably lower into canyon heads for I have never found them on the top during this season. This of course is natural for these peaks practically become great ice moim- tains dangerous for anything to travel over. Besides grass the food consists of twigs and leaves of Custuiinpsis sciiipi-zvirciis, several species of Cfunolliiis, Rhammus croceiis calijOrniciis, Rhus trilobata z\\A a parsnip Pastiiiaca saliva.
Citellits beeclieyi. Richardson. California Groun^l Squirrel. Abundant in all parts from brush land to 8,000 feet altitude in suitable localities.
Sciiirus gi'iseiis aiillioiiyi. Mearns. Anthony Gray Squirrel. Very common in the transition zone. In early spring they start working on pine cones on the mountain tops, gradually coming down to more abundant supplies of food until fall finds them down in the oak belt feeding on acorns. They winter as low as Palmers canyon in some cases.
Entamias Sp. Abundant in the pine belt and as high as the top of "Baldy." They are got)d climbers, exceedingly acti\c and burst- ing with curiosity.
Onychomys tarr'uiiis rainoiia. Rhoads. San Bernardino Grass- hopper Mouse. But two specimens of this carni\orous mouse were taken in a period of trapping extending over three months. Both specimens were taken on bait consisting of rolled oats and in the same place, east of Indian Hill in the brush. A good many of my specimens were more or less dexourcd in the traps in this locality, and I strongly suspect this mouse of the crime. Nowhere else were my mice eaten or were any grasshopper mice taken.
Peruinyscits iiiaiiiciilatus (jambcli. Baird. Gambel Whitefooted Mouse. This species was one of the most common forms taken, being abundant in the brushy valley and foothills. There is a great deal of color variation in the specimens taken.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 103
Peromysciis boylei rozvlcyi. (Allen.) Rowley White-footed Mouse. No specimens were trapped in the valley. However these mice were found not uncommon at the mouth of Palmers canyon, just four miles north of Claremont, in the dry brush land. Within the canyon they were common and were taken as high as the top of Ontario peak along fallen logs. At Camp Baldy they are very common especially along water courses and fallen logs. Indica- tions are that they ignore zonal limits being taken well down in Lower Sonoran zone and in high transition and not necessarily near water.
Peraniysciis ciilij oni'niis insii/nis. Rhoads. Chemisal Mouse. Not common. None were taken in the valley and few in the can- yons. They were not found along waterways but frequently brushy hillsides. This is a large species of mouse and was almost too much for the little "gee whiz" traps to hold.
Pi'ioiiiysciis ere»iiciis fralcrcitlus. Miller. Dulzura Mouse. Common in the brush land of both \alley and foothill, being found in the canyons also.
RcithrodontomM mcyulolis loiuiicauda. Baird. Long-tailed Harvest Mouse. Common in valley and foothill. Although par- tial to grassy areas ( I took many in the grassy runways made by meadow mice — Microtus californicus). I found them not uncom- mon in the dry brush land east of Indian Hill.
Neotouui fiiscipt's inturolis. Thomas. Southern Brush Rat. Common from \alley to 5,000 feet in the mountains in suitable localities. I took one in the property house at the Greek theatre this June. The large nests are seen very commonly in the canyons and hillsides.
Neotouui intermedia inlenuedia. Rhoads. Intermediate Brush Rat. These seems to be a curious reversal of conditions between this and the former species. Whereas this species is supposed to be taken only up to 3,000 feet, I took none below 3,000, all being taken at 5,000 feet or more along fallen logs near watercourses, and the former species was limited more distinctly to the foothills which is not a typical condition.
Microtus califoniiens ailifoniietis. (Peale.) California Meadow Mouse. Common in runways through the grass in damp
104 Journal of Entomology and Zoology-
canyons, at Palmers canyon and in other suitable localities. One was taken as high as Kelly's cabin — on Ontario peak, among fallen logs by a cold mountain stream. While setting trap in the run- ways I more than once caught glimpses of them darting along the aisles in the grass.
Thomomys botta' ptillfscfHS. Rhoads. Southern Pocket Go- pher. Abundant in the valley, often doing much damage in lawns and orchards.
Perodipiis agilis (igilis. (Gambel.) Gambel Kangaroo Rats. Abundant from \'aliey to Transition zone. I found them abundant at Brown's Flats where the evidences of their digging and their holes are on every side. I have trapped them in brush country, rocky areas, open brushless places, and at the mouth of ground squirrel holes.
Lepiis nilifoniiciis. (Gray.) Jack-Rabbit. Common in the valley and to a certain extent in the foothills and higher.
Sylvihigiis ciudiiboiii sanctidit'yi. (Miller.) San Diego Cotton- tail. Abundant in the Lower Sonoran zone. Increasing each year due to the protection afforded by game laws. Considerable damage to young trees is done by cottontails and thev are a great pest to the farmer.
SyhUiigtis bdiliiiutii'i ciiicrd.ufiis. (Allen.) Ashy Brush Rabbit. Fairly common in the brush. They are not swift runners and rely on escaping by hiding behind clumps of brush, ihis is more t\pi- cally an Upper Sonoran form.
Felis oregoueusis orcgoiifiisis. ( Rafinesque.) Pacific Congar. Numberless reports are always coming in of Mountain Lions and as usual most of them prove to be unfounded. However authentic records of these beasts are not lacking. I have personally inspected a specimen shot in Cold Water Canyon not more than fi\e years ago. Tradition has it that at one time a mountaineer was actually beseiged for two days in the little cabin at Browns Flats. Lions have been seen at Browns Plats, Cattle Canyon and the north of leiegraph peak. Mountaineers tell me that they are a great deal more common in the San (jabriel drainage. The specimen which I saw was from one ol the trilnitarv canyons to the San Ciabrlel river.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 105
Lynx eremicui calif oruiciis. (Mearns.) California Wild Cat. Common in the mountains and ranging o\er the valley. About once a year a specimen is brought in to be skinned or identified and great stones are told about them. One of the commonest fallacies is that there are two forms in the mountains, one a "Bob cat" with short tail and ear tufts, and the other a true "Link" or Lynx with longer tail and more prominent ear tufts. It is little wonder, how- ever, that such a notion exists in view of the fact of the great range or variations found in these animals. As for actual records of captures. In the summer of 1911 one was shot in the brushy hill- sides of Laguna Canyon (Orange Co.) and brought in to the Mar- ine Laboratory. In the spring of 1912 a 9 was shot at the mouth of San Dimas canyon and brought to the college. In December 1914 a 9 in \ery worn pelage was shot while crossing the Santa Ana river near Prado Beach and brought to me to be skinned. Fin- ally while trapping for foxes in Palmers canyon in March of 1916 I took a male.
Caius ochropHS ochropiis. (Eschscholtz.) California Coyote. Common in the brush land above Claremont and in the foothills. The yapping bark is a very familiar cry to any who Tne near the outskirts of the town and may be heard nearly any evening. Al- though having camped numerous times in the mountains I have ne\er heard Coyotes aboxe the foothill region.
Urncyou ciucrcnarqciitctis ciilifoniiciis. (Mearns.) California Gray Fox. Signs of foxes in the canyons and along mountain trails are always quite common. FiEces containing seeds of manzanita berries are familiar occurrences. They are fond of fruit and are readily trapped with such bait. In March 1916 three were caught one night at the same place in Live Oak canyon.
Procyoii psora psora. (Gray.) California Coon. Coons are fairly common in the larger canyons where there is an abundance of water. I have seen their tracks in Palmers, Cucamonga and San Antonio canyons. Three were trapped this winter (1916) just above Camp Baldy at an altitude of about 5400 feet.
Mephilis occidc'iilalis holzncri. (Mearns.) Southern California Striped Skunk. Not very common in this region, found mostly in the Upper Sonoran zone in wooded districts.
106 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
SpUognlc pheiuis pliouix. (C. H. Merriam. ) California Spot- ted Skunk. Very common in valley, foothills and up to 6,000 feet in the mountains. They are fearless little creatures and will readily enter cabins in the mountains and keep the occupant awake by rat- tling pots and pans while scrambling around in search of food, needless to say creating an awkward situation for the host. They have been known to take up their abode underneath houses in Claremont and take the liberty of scampering around the parlor floor without regard to the presence of human beings. This was a common occurrence in a certain family I have in mind and on such occasions the unwelcome guest was gently ushered to the door without hurting its feelings and peace of mind restored to the household. They are the easiest of all animals to trap and made considerable trouble and embarrassment for me by continually blun- dering into traps of mine set for other game. I have found these little creatures as high as 6,000 feet in the canyons.
Mitstela .x(i>ithoge)iys xauthogcnys. (Gray.) California Weasel. I had always been interested in weasels as to their occurrence and until this year had taken only one in town with a record of only two or three seen along the railroad track. Then in one week four weasels were given me and a record of seven others obtained, all these are from nearby orange groves and from below town along the railroad track where for a long time I have known they oc- curred.
Scapaniis hilimaiiiis (xcnlliis. (Grinnell and Swartz.) South- ern California Mole. Moles are occasionally caught in orchards and lawns and the characteristic workings are familiar sights in the mountains up to 8,000 feet. Our specimens were all from the valley.
Aiitrozuus pcillidiii pticificiis. (Merriam.) Pacific Pale Bat. I have taken several of these bats from behind pictures and in the attics of some of the college buildings. I do not know^ their relati\e abundance or distribution but they are certainly common on the campus in spring and summer.
My Otis evotis. (Allen.) Long-eared Bat. This form also occurs in the college buildings and I beliexe to a certain extent in the mountains.
(Contribution fro/n tlir Zooluyical Ltibortitory of I'oniona Collcyi)
A Preliminary List of Shells from Laguna Beach and Nearby
For a number of years past students ha\'e collected shells from Laguna Beach, these and the Bradshaw collection form the basis for this list, which includes shells not farther than ten or twelve miles up and down the coast. The earlier collections were by Mabel Guernsey and P. R. Daggs. Practically all the shells drawn and photographed are from the Bradshaw collection because the shells were in better condition. Some of the earlier specimens were determined by the United States National Museum. Suggestions and corrections were kindly made by Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd. The photo- graphs are by Robins and Cooper. Many of the drawings are by Miss Margaret Cate. Doubtful specimens are large omitted in this list, but a few are included and markeci by a question.
Plate 1, reduced one-half; Plates II and III, natural size; Plate IV, XIO; Plate V, X6.
BIVALVES
Yoldici cooperi Sabb. Fig. 1.
Mytihi.s calif ornhiis Conr. Fig. 2.
M. steiirnsii Pils and Raym. Fig. 3.
Septifcr hifiirctiliis Rve. Fig. 4.
Modiolus modiolus Linn. lig. 5.
M. rectus Conr. F'ig. 6.
Litliophiitja pl/iDUild hlanl. Rock borer. Fig. 7.
Pectin (Chlainxs) uioiioliinfris Conv. Fig. 8.
Pectin {Chi amy s) d'qiiisiilcatiis Cpr. Fig. 9.
Pectin (Clilamys) pastatus Sby. Fig. 10.
Pecleii (Hinnites) c/iganteiis Gray. Fig. 11.
Lima deiiiscens Conr. Fig. 12.
Qstrca tiiiida Cpr. California oyster. Fig. 13.
Cliama Pelliicidii Shy. Hg. 14.
Phacoides californiciis Conr. Fig. 15.
Phacoides (Liicina calif (irnia ) californiciis Conr. Pig. 15.
Phacoides nultallii Conr. Fig. 16.
Cardiinn qiiadrigenariiim Conr. Fig. 17.
108 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Cardiiim {Livoairdium) siihslrialniii Conr. Fig. 18. Tivela (Pachydama) crassalctluides Conrad. Fig. 19. smal specimen.
Ch'iune fliulificiyc Shy. Fig. 20.
Cliione siicciinUi Va]. Fig. 21.
Chiotie iDidatellii Sby. Fig. 22.
Doutix lavigala Desh. Fig. 23.
Tagehis inlifaniiiiis Conr. Fig. 24.
Macomii iitisiKihi Conr. Bent-nosed Macomu. I'ig. 25.
Macovui iiidcnltilii Cpr. Indented Macoma. Fig. 26.
Miironiii iiiflciliilti Dall. Inflated Macoma. Fig. 27.
Smiic/e nipiiiDi Sby. Semelc -of-the-Rocks. Fig. 28.
Cumivgiii Ciilifornicii Conr. California Cuming-shell. Fig. 29.
M\ui (Cryptoi)iyii) califoDiica Conr. F'alse Mya. Fig. 30.
Spisnla phunilalii Conr. Fig. 3 1 .
Spisulci fcilciitd Sid. ( ?). Falcate Mactra. Fig. 32.
Paph'ui staiii'tiieii Conrad. Rihhed Carpet-shell. Fig. ?>}.
Piiphia tencssiwa Cpr. Finest Carpet-shell. Fig. 34.
Pattiphdlas calif oniiid Conr. California Piddock. Fig. 35.
Plioliididcti petiiUi Conr. Common Piddock. Fig. 36.
Phohididea suhrostrata Shy. Little Borer. Fig. 37.
Mihiftiii tiiiiiiwii Dall. Last Milner-shell. Fig. 38.
.^nhi (Nitciila)iiiUfrusi5 Hinds. Camp Nut-shell. Fig. 39.
FRFSH-WATER AND LAND SHELLS UNIVALVES
Pliysti liclcroslroplid Say. Lagiina stream. Fig. 40. Physii occidfnlcilis Tryon. Aliso Lake. Fig. 41. Livuinphysd ptihi.Uris Mull. Fig. 42. Phinorbis ( Hcli.unini) Ir'rcolvis Say. Fig. 43. Helix iispcra Mull. F^ig. 44. Epiphiiu/iinipliord Sp. Fig. 45.
MARINE UNIVALVES
.Jniicii pcrsoiiii K$ch. Mask Limpet. Fig. 46. .liwca spC( Iriiiii Nutt. Ribbed Limpet. Fig. 47. Jcwca piitiuii Esch. Pale Limpet. Fig. 48. Acmea scabrii Roe. Tile Limpet. Fig. 49.
Pomona College, Clareiiiont, California 109
Jciiifci iiicc'ssii Htls. Seaweed Limpet. Pig. 50. j^ cm ca dS)iii Widd. Black Limpet. Fig. 5 L Aontica (Lollia) tjic/ciiitni. Owl Limpet. Fig. 52. .iciiicii'd pdh-iicea GId. Chalf Limpet. Fig. 53. Tylodiiia fuiig'uia Gab. Fig. 54.
G(idi)tia rctictilotd Shy. Netted Buttoii-slieil. Fig. 55. CnicibiiluDi spiiiosiini Shy. Cup and Saucer Limpet. Fig. 56. Crepiduhi dorsnta Brod. Wrinkled Slipper-shell. Fig. 57. Crcpidiila aculctila (imel. Prickly Slipper-shell. Fig. 58. Crepiduhi adiDicii Shy. Hodked Slipper-shell. Fig. 59. Crt'pidiila iiiven Gould. White Slipper-shell. Fig. 60. (hcpidiild onyx Sby. Onyx Slipper-shell. PI. II. Fig. 19. Fissiircllti vohciui) R\e. \'olcano Shell. Fig. 62. Fissiiridca uspcrci Lsch. Rough Key-hole Limpet. ¥\g. 63. Fissitraidca viiir'niii Dali. White Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 64. I.ucaphia crciiiilnlci Shy. Great Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 65. Clypidc/lci ( Liiciipiiu'llii) cullioiiieirt/iiuita Cpr. Southern Key- hole Limpet. Fig. 66.
Mcycilcbcniiiii binidniliitus Dull. Spotted Key-hole Limpet.
Fig- 67.
Tunis (BdllixloiiKi ) ((irpciilcriiuni (iab. Carpenter Turret Shell. Fig. 68. (Laguna Beach, Jahraus.)
Traphon Ix'IrlicriHds. Belcher Trophon. Fig. 69. (Jahraus.)
Tropliou Iridiujuldtus Cpr. Three-cornered Trophon. Dredged oH Laguna Beach. Bean. Fig. 70.
Austrdlium inidosus Wood. Wavy Topshell. Fig. 71.
RuUdiid gouldidud Pish. Gold's Bubble-shell. Many collected at Balboa much larger than the specimens shown. F"ig. 72.
Humiuea vesicula Gld. White Bubble-shell. F1g. 73.
Hdwiiud vircsifus Sby. Green Bubble-shell. F"ig. 74.
C\ prdi'd spadiccd Gvcxy. \ut-brown Cowry. V\g. 75.
Trivid idlifoniicd Gray. Little Coffee-bean. Fig. 76.
Trivia solaiidri Gi-Tiy. Solander Trivia. F1g. 77.
Erulo vilcl/iiui Hds. Veally Erato. Fig. 78. (Slightly en- larged.)
Erdto cullumbclld Mke. Dove Shell. Fig. 79.
110 Journal of Eiitomolog) ami Zoology
Mciry'niclla viiriii Sby. Colored Marginclla. Fig. SO.
Mtirg'nicllci jczvclli. California Rice shell. Much like the last but white.
Olhelhi hip/ircilci Shy. Purple Olive Shell. Fig. 81.
Olivella pfdrocDui Qonv. Pedro Olive Shell. Fig. 82.
Conns leilifoniiciis Hds. California Cone. Fig. 83.
Macro)! lividiis A. Ad. Li\-id Macron. Fig. 84.
Liltoriiiti iciittilata Gld. Checkered Littorine. Fig. 85.
Lillorina pltnioxis Nutt. Gray Littorine. Fig. 86. Turned.
Purpura (Ccrostoma) nutlallii Conr. iSuttall's Hornmouth. Fig. 87.
Tci/ula ( Clilorostoma) (jalliiia Mis. Speckled Purban Shell. Fig. 88.
Tcgula ( (Jliloroslonia ) aiircoliinia Fbs. Gilded Furban Shell. Large umbilicus with yellow. F1g. 89.
Oiiiplialus fuscccciis Phil. Banded Turban Shell. I'ig. 90.
Teguhi vcridula Vtguhila Wke. Fig. 91.
Norrisia iiorrisii Sby. Smooth Turban Shell. Hg. 92.
Thais cniarginata Desh. Rock Purple. Fig. 93.
Jcauth'ui lapilloides Conr. Pebbly Unicorn. Fig. 94.
.Jcaiithia eloiigatn Conr. Angled L^nicorn. Fig. 95.
.haulh'ui spirala Blain. Fig. 96.
Miirt'x gcmiua Sby. Fig. 97.
Miircx (Tritoiialia) lurida Cpr. Lurid. Fig. 98.
Murex (Tritonalia) granlFnua R. F. C. S. Fig. 99.
Murcx (Tritonalia) circumtcxta R. E. C. S. F'ig. 100.
Murcx (Tritonalia) poulsoni "Sutt. Fig. 101.
Epitaninni lii)idsii Cyiy. White Wentletrap. F'ig. 102.
Kpitnnium crcnatoidcs Cpr. Fig. 103.
.lrt,ron pujictictrlatus Cpv. Barrel Shell. F'ig. ilt4.
Mitra id,r Melv. Ida's Miter Shell. Fig. 105.
Mitra lo'Tcci Dall ( ?). Fig. 106.
.llectrioii (Nassa) pcrpingnis Cild. F'ig. 107.
//rtularia ( IVassa) tcgula Reeve. Cover-lip. Fig. lltS.
Turris ophiodcrwa D:i]]. Pencilled Drill Shell. Fig. 109.
Poloinidrs (('i-rlhidrr) (■ali/orni<(i Hold. California Horn Shell. Fig. 1 1 0.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 111
Myiirclhi simplex Cpr. Simple Auger Shell. Fig. 111.
Ampliiisii versicolor Dall. Joseph Coat. Fig. 112. Slightly enlarged.
Calliosloiim ctiiilidiltiliiiii Mart. Channeled Top Shell. Fig. 113.
Polyniccs rciliizituui T)esh (?). Southern Moon Shell. Fig. 114. under side.
Jnialthi'ii iuitiquata Linn. Ancient Hoof Shell. Fig. 1 15.
J iini 1 1 lu'ti til Die IIS Cpr. Sculptured Hoof Shell. Fig. 116.
Fossanis fcncstratiis Cpr. Windowed Isapis. Fig. 117.
1 .iiciina iiiiifiiscidlii C\)v. ( )nc-handed Chink Shell. Fig. 118.
Mcliiiii pus oliviicciis Cpr. ( )llve Far Shell. Fig. 119.
Jciiilliiiici trifidii Xutt. \'i()lct Snail. Shell \iolet. Jahraus col- lection. Fig. 120.
Leptothyra carpcnicri Pilsb. Red Turban Shell. F^ig. 121.
Leptolhyra hacciild Cpv. Berry Turban. Fig. 122.
CaUiostoiiiii tricolor Gabb. Three-colored top shell. F1g. 123.
Haliotis rufesceiis Swains. Red Abalone. Quite common near Laguna.
Haliotis crcichcrtidii Leach. Black Ahalone. More common than the red.
TOOTH SHELLS
Dciitiiliiiiii iicohcxiiijiiinii S. and P. Hexagional Tusk Shell. Dredged oft Laguna.
CHITONS
Mopliiii liiiidsii Shy. Hind's Chinton. Fig. 124.
Mophia mucosa G\i\. Mossy Chiton. Fig. 125.
Ischiiocliitoii clathratiis Rve. Fig. 126.
Ischiiochiton magdaleiisis Hinds. Gray Chiton. Fig. 127.
Nuttalliiia scabra Rve. Scaly Chiton. Fig. 128.
Niittalliiia califoriiica y,utt. California Chitton. Fig. 129.
Trachydermon deiitiens GId. ( Pseudodenturus) . Fig. 130.
Lcpidopleiiriis riigatiis Cpr. Fig. 131.
Callistochitoii crassicoslatiis Pilsb. Thick-ribbed Chiton. Fig. 132.
Touicclla harlzicijii Cpr. Hartweg's Chiton. Fig. 133.
112 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
SMALL SHELLS Wash Drawings by Miss NL Cate
Caecum californicinii Dall. Common at Lagiina Beach. PI. IV. Fig. 1 XIO.
J'itrniella zalli^niLunii Dall (?). PI. IV. Fig. 2 XlO. (This specimen in the Bradshaw collection was so determined, probably at Washington.) Arch Beach, Cal., near Laguna.
CohimbeUa chrysalloidea Cpr. Shell white. PI. I\'. Pig. 3 XIO.
CohimbeUa pencil/ala Cpr. White shell, cross lines brown. PI. V. Fig. 1 X6.
CohimbeUa gaiiuipala (joiild. Common Dove-shell. Brown mottled. PI. V. Fig. 2X6.
Liotia acuticostata Cpr. Sharp-ribbed Liotia. Pure white. PI. V. Fig. 2,X6.
Seihi assimihita Cpr. Dark brown. PI. V. Pig. 4 X6.
TiirboiiiUa himmala Cpr. PI. IV. Fig. 4 XlO. Light brown. ( Dunkeria) .
Tniosloma siipravalaUi Cpr. (?). PI. \. Fig. 5 X6. Clear white. (Ethalia).
CaUistoma tricolor (jabb. PI. V. Fig. 5 XlO.
PhasiaiieUa piiUoides Cild. PI. \. Fig. 6 X6. Mottled red and white.
TritouaUa barberoisis Ciabb. PI. \'. Fig. 7.
Leptothyra bacciihi Cpr. Pink to gray. PI. V. Fig. 8 X6.
Leplnlhxra carpoilcriaiui Pilsb. Red Turban-shell. PI. \ . Fig. 9 ■X6.
Leptothyra paucicosta Dall. White. PI. V. Fig. 10 X6.
Jefreysia translucetis Cpr. ( ?) . PI. V. Fig. 11 X6.
Pedipes iniisiilcala ]. G. Cooper. Light brown. PI. \. Fig. 12 X6.
Mitromorpha aspcra Cpr. Brown. PI. \'. Fig. 1.1 '^6.
Vermelus auelhim Movch. White. PI. IV. Fig. 6X10. This specimen is more coiled than some others.
Cerilh'wpus coin-exa Cpr. Dark brown. PI. V. Fig. 14.
Ceritliiopiis cohimiia Cpr. Light brown. PI. ^^ Fig. IS.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 113
Tiirrili'Ua nifstilin Icicteolit Cpr. Pure white. (No figure.)
Bilhium aspera (Jabb. Brown. PI. IV. Fig. 7 XlO.
Tiirbouilhi styliiui Cpr. ( ?). PI. IV. Fig. 8 XlO.
Tiirbonilhi cusUinea Cpr. {?). PI. IV. Fig. 9 XlO.
.iiuuhis iithliiruitc, Cpr. ( ?). PI. IV. Fig. 10 XlO.
Jniph'is.ui i-frsicdhir Dall. Pink, white, brown. Pi. \. I"ig. 16 X6.
Corbilti liili-itlii Cpr. Small bivalve.
Philabrya setasa Cpr. Small bivalve. PI. V. Fig. 17 X6.
.idhi liistreiisis Hds. Brownish. PI. V. Fig. 18 X6.
Ciirdilinicia m'niima Dall. Brownish-yellow. PI. IV. lig. 1 1 XlO.
(Jrassdlfl/ii mari/nuila Cpr. PI. 1\'. P'ig. 12 XlO.
Lasca rubra Mort. Tinged with red. PI. V. Fig. 19 :^ 10.
.Irca suliJa Br. & Sby. ( ?). PI. V. Fig. 20 XlO.
( (Uiiiti ibiiliiiii frrj/ii till Zool'igicnl L/il/ortilory of Puniona Colltgc)
Plate I
V. 78 ^^flP 1 82
Plate II
Plate III
A
Plate IV
I»
Plate V
A Reconstruction of the Nervous System of a Nemertian Worm
WILLIAM A. HILTON
Small specimens of Curiiiclla c'nujithila Cole were fixed in Mer- curic chloride and cut in series. A general hematoxylin stain was very satisfactory for general anatomy. For a study of the finer structure other preparations will be necessary.
No attempt will be made to give a complete review of the litera- ture relating to this group. Almost every systematic paper has something, because of the importance of the nervous system in classi- fication and because in many cases the nervous system may be seen through the body-wall without dissection.
One of the first extensive accounts of these animals which also included quite a consideration of the nervous system was Mcintosh in 1874. Several of the genus Xemestes were studied and the gen- eral form of the nervous system shown. Amphipheris is shown in a similar manner with a single lobe of the brain and with the two brain commissures. Tetrastemma is shown in a similar manner. Hubrecht in 1887 has an extensive paper in which the details of several nervous systems are shown as they show in reconstructions from sections. Eupolia girardi is especially well shown with its small dorsal and large ventral commissure and with three brain lobes. It is in this paper that Hubrecht makes his interesting com- parison between the nemertians and cordates. In his paper of 1880 he has shown the structure and position of different parts of the ner\ous system of nemertians, especially of Cerebratulus of which he gives a very good figure. In this he shows a reconstruction of the brain with its chief nerves, ventral and dorsal commissures, general position of the cells, the two lobes of the brain on each side and the chief nerves. He also treats of nemertian nervous systems of many other forms, but not in so much detail.
Burger in 1890, '91, has extensive papers on the nervous system of the group. He discusses not only the general form, but also the minute structure of the nervous system of a number of dif- ferent types. In 1895 Burger has another important paper on this
120 Jdimial of P^ntimiology ami Zoology
group of animals. In it he shows in some forms a marked dorsal gangHon and a \entral ganglion with the typical ner\es. Burger showed that all ganglion cells are unipolar, without membranes. Montgomery, 1897, discusses the minute anatomy of the ner\e cells. Coe, 1895 and 1910, considers the general anatomy of the ner\ous system, hut ner\ e iletails are for the most part not shown.
In a young CarinclUi cingiilula Cole which I have studied by means of reconstructions, I find no unusual features. The nervous system is typical of the group. The brain, however, is not \ery clearly made up of two lobes on each side. This may be because the specimen used was a young one. This may also be the reason why the brain is not sharply marked off from the lateral nerve cords.
Figure 1 shows the brain and part of the lateral cortls from the ventral side. From the two hal\es of the brain come the ner\es to forward parts. Fhe small dorsal commissure is shown with its usual median extension. From the larger ventral conmiissure come the two nerxes to the proboscis, lateral to these are the nerves to the intestine, while from the ridge of the lateral cords the lateral nerves are shown.
Figure 2 in the larger drawing at the right shows the ner\ous system as viewed from the side with the dorsal side to the left. The central core of the ganglion and cord is to indicate the posi- tion of the fiber area. The small drawings at the left show \arious levels of the ner\'oiis system as seen in cross section. The \-eiitraI side is up. The drawing at the top is through the brain before the commissures are reached, the next lower is through the thickest part of the brain and the lower two drawings are through one ot the lateral cords.
Burger, O. 1891
Beitarge zur kcmiuiis iles NiTvcnsystcms der VVirbellosen. Neue Unter. iiber d.is Ncrx (■ns\^tenl der Ncnintinni. In-^r. a. d. Zoo). Sta. Neah. 10.
Burger, O. 189(1
Beitragp zur Kcnntiii-. dcs Nci\(.-iis\ sli'iiis tier Nemeirincn. Zcit. Wiss. Zool. Bd. I..
1895
Die Nemcrtineii.
Fauna u. Flora d. (lolles v. Neapel.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 121
Cor, Jf. R. 1895
On the Anatoni\' of a Species of Nemertean (Cerebratulus). Trans. Conn. oc. ix.
Cocjr.R. 1910
Nemerteans. Haniman Alaska Series, vol. xi.
Dclage ct Herouard 1897
Trait de zoologie concrete. Lcs vermidinens. V'ol. v. Paris.
Haller, B. 1889
Beitrage zur Icenntnias der tcxtur des Central-nervensystenis. Heherer Wurmer.
Arb. des Zoolog. Inst. Wien. T. viii, Heft. 2.
Ilnhnrhi, A. A. Jf. 1887
Relation of the Neniertea to tjie Vertebrata. (Juart. jour. niic. Sc. XXVII.
Iliibrc'clit, A. A. ir. 1880
Zur Anatomy und Physiology des Nervens\stems der Nemertinen Nat. Ver. der k. Akad. Decl. xx.
1887
Report on the Nemertia collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Rep. Sc. results H. M. S. Challenger. Zool., vol. xix.
Krmiu'l, J. V. ^ 1877
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nemertinen. Arb. a. d. Zool. Inst. Wurzburg IV.
Mchitosli, jr. C. 1874
A monograph of British annelids. Part I, Nemertineans. Ray. soc.
MoiiitjDwcry, T. H., Jr. 1897
Studies on the elements of the central nervous system of the Heteronemertini. Jour, morph., vol. xxx. No. 3.
Moslcy,H.N. 1875
On Pelagonemertes rollestoni. Ann. mag. nat. hist., vol. xv.
122 Journal of Entomology anil Zoology
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Figure L Reconstruction of the nervous system of Carinella shown from the ventral
side. Explanation in text. X75. Figure 2. Figure at the left side view of a reconstruction of tlie upper portion of the
central nervous system of Carinella. The figures at the right are from cross sections taken at various levels.
The upper and the two lower figures are from one side only. Further
explanations in the text. X75.
Pomona College, Claremont, Calitornia
123
124
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Pomona College
Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books. Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced work, in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart- ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.
For further information, address
Secretary of Pomona College Claremont, California
VOLUME NINE NUMBER FOUR
JOURNAL
OF
ENTOMOLOGY
AND
ZOOLOGY
DECEMBER, 1917
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT 0/ ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
CONTENTS
Page
A Tentative List of Moths from the Claremont-Laguna' Re-.
GION — P. A. Lichti, R. Shallenberger, Charlotte Johnson - - 125
Preliminary List of Butterflies from the Claremont-Laguna
Region -------- L35
Suggestions from the Study of the Central Nervous Systems OF Invertebrates — Milliam A. Hilton 1-H
Some Remarks on the Nervous Systems of Two Sea-Urchins —
jrilUam A. Hilton - - - 147
Some Echinoderms Collected at Lacuna Beach - - - - 131
Some Reactions of Brachinus Lateralis — Mixs L. Myers and
IV. A. Hilton - - - - - - - 1?2
Entered at Claremont, Gal., Fost-Offlce Oct. I. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 5. 187»
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPABTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento- mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones niust be paid for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 71/0 inches or less. The lettering should "be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the drawings, in most cases.
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
Address all communications to
The Joubnal of Entomology and Zoology
William A. Hilton, Editor Claremont, California, U. S. A.
Some Echinoderms Collected at Laguna
Beach
During the summer of 1916 a number of echinoderms were collected at Laguna Beach, some of these have not been found by us before. The determinations are by Prof. H. L. Clark:
Lylccliiiitis ciiuimcsHS H. L. C. These little sea-urchins were taken off shore at about 20 fathoms.
Heuricia hi-liiisciila Fisher This little starfish was collected by Mr. L. Grow at low tide. The arms are much like those of the common L. cohimbiie Gray. The central part was yellow, the arms with purple tips.
Sticliopus joliiisoiii Heel.
This large brick-red sea cucumber was obtained in deep water by fishermen. Other holothurians were too small or not properly preserved for certain identification.
Several small brown specimens have been obtained in the past few years belonging to the genus Thyonc.
Last year several red ones, with black tentacles, were obtained which Dr. Clark thinks are Ciiciiinciria.
In 1914 a single young specimen of Psoitis sp. was obtained in shore. We have not yet found many specimens of sea cucum- bers, but these notes may aid a little in determining what we may look for.
(Contribution from llic Zouhxjical Luboratory of Pomona Colliffc)
Some Reactions of Brachinus Lateralis
Some account is here given of experiments made with this bom- barder beetle. The experiments were performed by Miss L. Myers and W. A. Hilton.
Beetles that had been irritated for some time failed to respond after a period, such specimens when killed and examined showed the anal sacs somewhat contracted.
Beetles killed before exhaustion seemed to show the sacks dis- tended with gas if killed quickly.
Beetles stimulated after the removal of the head threw out gas as when the head was present. When the head was attached the animals could be made to react no matter whether head or body was touched.
The last abdominal ganglion of this beetle is quite large and has several nerves running to the glands and the anal sacs.
( Coniribulion from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
A Tentative List of Moths From the Claiemont-Laguna Region
For the past four or more years moths have been collected by a number of students both in Claremont and at Laguna. The col- lege collection previous to this time was brought together by Charles Metz and many of the moths were determined by Smith. The more recent collections are by P. A. Lichti, R. Shallenberger, and a few others. Most of the recent determinations are by Barnes and McDonnough and by Busck. In many of the speci- mens great difficulty was encountered in making out the labels made by many different people and so far as possible Dyar's list was used as a check on these names. The drawings were made by Miss Char- lotte Johnson, the photographs by L. O. Cooper. In some cases drawings seemed better than photographs, but there is no good substitute for a specimen. All are natural size or very slightly re- duced.
SPINGID.T.
Protopdnc Carolina Linn. Det. B., McD. Lichti, collector. Claremont and Laguna Beach, Cal. Yellow spots on abdomen. Fig. 1.
Pholiis achcmnu Drury. Lichti, collector. Claremont, Cal. Fig. 2.
Celciio lincata Fab. Claremont-Laguna. Fig. 3.
Hyloicus driipiferarum A. and S. Claremont. Fig. 4.
Pachysphhix modcsta Har. Det. by B. and McD. Lichti, collec- tor. Claremont, Cal. Pink hind wings. Fig. 5.
Hdnnmorluuj'ui llictis Bdv. B. and McD. Lichti-and students. Claremont, Cal. Fig. 6.
SATURNIID.E
Sawia rubra Behr. B. and McD. Lichti and students. Moun- tains, Claremont and Laguna Beach. Fig. 7.
Pscndohazis eglanlcrbia niillalli Streck. Shallenburger. Bray, collector. Mt. San Antonio, 10,000 feet. Fig. 8, male; ¥\g. 9, female.
126 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
SYNTOMIDiE
Ctomclui wiiltifaria Wlk. B. and McD. Lichi. Laguna Beach. Fig. 10.
LITHOSIID^
Diacrisia vagans Bdv. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 11.
IlUce liber mac III a Dyar. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 12.
Crambidia siiffusa Dyar (?). B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 13.
ARCTEID.^
Apanlesis aiitholea Boisd. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Body red, tip of abdomen black. Pig. 14.
Eclypia clio Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 15.
Archnis picta Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 16.
Leptarctia caHfornha decia Bdv. Peck. Claremont. Orange hind wing. Pig. 17.
NOCTUIDiE
Autogrnplui biloba Step. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 18.
A. calif oruica Spey. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 19.
A. brassicte Riley. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 20.
Bryophila viridata Sm. Sm. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 21.
Admetovis siwilis Barnes. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 22.
Caradriiia cxtimia Walk. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Pig. 23.
CopicucuUia incrcsa J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 24.
Copablepharoii sanchf-iiicniic/r Dyor. B. and McB. Lichti. La- guna Beach. Fig. 25.
Cirrhoboliiia mexicana Behr. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 26.
Cfennrgia adversa Grt. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 27.
Copibryophia angelica Grey. J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Clare- mont. Fig. 28.
I'umuiui College, Claicmotit, Calitornia 127
Catocdhi usciildia Hiilst. Hulst. and Shallenberger. Shal. Mountains near Claremont, 5,000 feet. Male. Fig. 29.
Euclidia cuspidcu Hbr. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 30.
Feltia aiuiexa Tr. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach.
Galgiila partita Q'nxt. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 31.
Hadeiia cucullifoniiis Grote. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 32.
Hiliophila iiiiipiiiicla Haw. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 33.
Agrotis ypsilou Rot. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Fig. 34.
Heliolliis obsolcta Fabr. B. and McD. Houghton. Rivera, Cal. Fig. 35.
//. phlogopluujiis G. and R. B. and McB. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 36.
Heliophila imperfecta J. B. S. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 37.
luceta aurantica Hy.-Edw. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 38.
Litoeala sensigiiala Harvey. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 39.
Morrisouia iiiiiceiis Hub. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 40.
Mamestra 4-HiieataMor. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 4L
M. ciineiila Grote. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 42.
Neiiria proclivsia Grt. (?). B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 43.
Noctiia rivolosa (?) J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 44.
.V. havihe J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 45.
Nauangaiia prolivalis Bu\y (?). B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 46.
Oncocnemis behreiisis J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 47.
Mamestra moiitara J. B. S. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 48.
Laphygma obscitra Riley. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 49.'
L. flavemactilala J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 50.
Lepipoh's perscripta Gue. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig.5L
128 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Peridroma iaucia J B S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 52.
Pleonectyptera fiiiitima J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 53.
Folia riameitra moutcina J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 54.
Polia iKimeslni qiicidril'nicdta J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Clare- mont. Fig. 55.
PoUa aefkcii Grt. J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 56.
PoVia ichiiidabilis Grt. B. and McD. Lichti. Lagiina.
Trachea sKst/aesa Grt. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Pig. 57.
T. fiimosa Grt. (near). B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Trichoclca aiilica ].B.S.,B. and McD. Metz. Laguna. Fig. 58.
T. edwarsU J. B. S., J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 59.
Syueda ochracea Behr. B. and McD. Laguna. Lichti. V\g. 60.
S. Jiozi'laudi Grote. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 61.
Scotograiinna charlaria Grote. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 62.
S. slietcliii Edw. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont.
Raucora sciiatocornis List. B. and McD. Lichti Laguna. Fig. 64.
TetanoTita greta J. B. S., J. B. S. Lichti. Laguna Beach.
Zosteropoda liistipes Grote. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont.
Xylomiges eiiridlis Grote. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 65.
X. perluberis Grote. J. B. S. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 66.
Zela (Homoptera) salicis Behr. Lichti Laguna. Fig. 67.
Laphygma friigiperda S. and A. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
NOTODONTIDiE
Cernra sculopfiidria Bdv. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 68.
C. ciiicria var. iniceroides Dyar. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 69.
LI PAR I D.^:
llcnicrocaiiipa vclliiHa Bdv. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Fig. 70.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 120
LASIOCAMPID/E
Epiciiaplcru nmericaua ferrughiea Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Red-brown color. Fig. 71.
Gloveriti t/tirc/diiiflhi Strc. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna Beach. Fig. 72.
DIOPTID.E
Phrygciiiid'ia col'if arnica Pack . Shallenberger. Shallenberger. Claremont. Fig. 73.
geometrid.t;
Cyiiuitaphora (Ilame) yiitnicaria Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Fig. 74.
Cosxmbiti scnuUitu Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Fig. 75.
Ditisliilis frdcliinilis Zell. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Fig. 77.
Euphia iiiipliaitti Gn. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 78.
Eois hnicfohita Hest. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Light colored. Fig. 75.
Eois yranitdria Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Claremont. Darker than the above. Fig. 76.
Gliiiiciitii (jolcjolnlti Hulst. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 79.
G. i'piplivscirid Dyor. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Mcroclilfini fascolarin Gr. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Pale green front wing. ¥\g. 80.
Miirmnrcii ocddoiliilis Hulst. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 81.
Ni'olerpcs edivardsdld Pack. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. F'ig. 82.
Perizoma ciiUndeald Guen. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 83.
Pldtaa cdliforuiarid H. S. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 84.
P. h'ssarid Pears. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 85.
Pherne snbpuncttilti Hk. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 86.
Praiista mitstcUiidlis Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Rdchfospild gldUfonuirgiHdrid Barnes Ms. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 87.
130 Ji)urnal of Entiimology anil Zoology
Sabulodcci nudiUitci Pack. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 88.
Sciagraph'ui cxciinalu Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 89.
S. caUfoniuiria Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 90.
Stammodes cteuonyviphata Hiilst. Dyar. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 91.
SeHdoscvta gcmiiuita Hulst. Ms. Dyar. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 92.
Neoterpcs edivard.uilci Pack. Metz. Claremont. Fig. 93.
Stciuispihiles apiipi)uiiiii Dyar. Claremont. Fig. 94.
Zenophleps Hguicoluratu Pack. Claremont. Fig. 95.
Colymhia scrnilata Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Cerdtodalia exciirrala Grt. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Merochlorn [ascohir'ui Gue. B. anci McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Tonios fu'ldi Gross. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
Sabiilodes cabcraUi Given. Dyar. Lichti. Laguna.
iS. iitidiliild Dyor (?) Lichti. Laguna.
Maiar'ui dirldi Swett. Lichti. Laguna.
FAMILY PYRALIDiE
Yiivia tnihiilis Grote. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 96.
Dicymolow'ui nicltillifmilcs Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. La- guna. ¥\g. 97.
Gliiphyria rchiihilis \\u\it. B. and McD. Lichti. Lagun. Fig. 98.
Hitlslia midiiltilrlld Clem. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. I''ig. 99.
lloiiiirosouui mil fid ell It lit Ray. (Probably.) B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 100.
Pynilis faiiiuilis L. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 101.
Lipoioswn (f) iilbiibiiiniif Br. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 102.
Sarnlii itmbrclhi Dyor. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 10.3.
NoiiKiphihi iiotliifllii D. and S. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 104.
Pomona College, Claiciiioiit, California 131
Ommatuptcryx uccllca Haw. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 105.
Ephestiodfs iiigrelhi Hist. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Dhittte proseues Dyar. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Pytdusta xauthocrypld Dyar. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Gliipliyria reluctal'ts Hulst. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Lipographh fcnestrcUci Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Lagun. PhlycttFiiia profumialis Pack. B. and McD. Lichti. Lagun. Saruta iimbrclUi Dyar. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna.
TORTRICID.E
Torlrix piiiluiiii Clem. Bus. Lichti Laguna.
r. ciiniiiii Ver. B. and McD. Lichti. Laguna. Fig. 106.
Eucosma sp. Lichti. Laguna.
TINEID.T.
Acrolophiis fldzicoruis Bus. Busch. Lichti. Laguna.
GELECHIIDx^i Gelech'ui sp. Rccurvavia sp. Bus. Lichti. Laguna. Phthorivura upcrculalu Zcller. Busck. Lichti. Laguna.
ELACHISTIDiE
Moipliii sp. B. Lichti. Laguna.
YPONOMEUTIDiE
Pliilcllci iiiiiailipciniis Curt. Busck. Lichti. Laguna.
List of somewhat doubtful or imperfect determinations. All collected at Laguna Beach by P. A. Lichti:
Eois dcm'ssaria Hub., ¥\g. 107. Tcirdehcd'ta caudlfacla Hbn., Fig. 108. Plcouccliplcra siihflavidalis Grote, Fig. 109. Gkici vuirga B. and McD., Fig. 110. Samcodcs subcos talis Hmp., Fig. 111. Eusoa splcutricoualis Wlk., Fig. 1 1 2. Lycophora marginala Hw., Fig. 113. Hemclhi infcdi-lis Dyar, Fig. 114. Ccennrgia ad- vcrsa Grt. Tarache co<iuUIetli J. B. S. Eublemma viinhui Gro. Pyraiiuita xiDithocrypiii Dyar (?). Cirphis farcta Smith. Eriophygci inorta Smith. Dpiuitais autholea Bdv. Proximes viin- dara B. and McD. Valdima niirabilicontella Dyar.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Preliminary List of Butterflies From the Claremont-Laguna Region
The specimens were chiefly collected in and about Claremont by students in the past three or four years. Most of the drawings were from specimens collected by Peck. The drawings are by Miss Lucy Smith, the three photographs by L. Cooper. We have F. Grinnell to thank for suggestions as to identity and names in many cases. All are natural size.
NYMPHALID.^
.J iiosia ht'imiicf Bates. Male. Fig. 1.
A)wsiii plf.xippiis Linn. Male. Fig. 2.
Jryyiiuis ccillippe Boisd. Male. Fig. 3.
.y. si-wirnniis Edw. Female. Fig. 9.
Mi'liti/'ci cliiilccilo)! Doub.-Hew. Male. Fig. 5.
M. cjabbi Behr. Male. Fig. 6.
M. wriyhti Edw. Male. Fig. 7.
Pliyciodi's tnyliltii Edw. Female. Fig. 10.
Jinioiiiti ca-niti Huh. Male. Fig. 1 1 .
Gidplii siit\nis Edw. (?). Male. Fig. 12.
rdiicssti (iili/(iniii{i Bo'isd. I'ig. 1.^.
F. (iiitiopti Linn. Male. Fig. 14.
Pyranifis (itldiiUi \'\nn. Male. Fig. 15.
P. hiinWra Fabr. Male. Fig. 8.
P. cardiii E'um. Male. P'ig. 16.
P. ,v/nv/'Hib. Male. Fig. 17.
Adelph(iiaHfi)r)iU(iBut\. Female. Fig. 18.
Lininiflis lori/iiiiii Boisd. Male. Fig. 19.
Siilynis cliiiro)! FAw. (?) . Female. P'ig. 20.
S.sylvcstri.':Edw. (?). Fig. 25.
CcY)iomorph(i ifrcs Butl. Female. Fig. 22. White.
C. gtihict'uiiis Boisd. White.
C. cii/ifoniiiti Doub.-Hew. Brownish white.
136 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
LEMONIID^
Calephelis nemesis Edw. Male. Fig. 23. Many tine lines on brown wings.
Lemonias verytilli Behr.
LYCAENID^
Chrysophauus helloides Boisd. Male. Fig. 21. Red-brown. Red near tip of hind wing.
Chrysophauus gorgon Boisd. Female. Fig. 26.
C. aorta Boisd. Female. Fig. 27. Brown.
Thecla halesiis Cramer. Male. Pig. 28. Blue-purple. Cole. Redlands.
T. iroides Boisd. Female. Fig. 31. Dark brown.
T. spinetoriim Boisd. Red-brown.
T. siephim Boisd. Red-brown.
T. meliniis. Hub. Fig. 30.
Theela irroides Boisd. Female. Pig. 31. Dark brown.
Lyciena polyphemiis Boisd ( ?) .
L. soHoreiisis P'ieKl. Pemale, V\g. 34. Male, Fig. 35. Blue, red spots on wings.
L. eHoptes Boisd. Pemale, iMg. 32. Male, Fig. 33. Male, blue. Female, brown.
L acmou, Dbl. Hew. Male blue, female brown. Caudal spots more marked.
L. aviyiiliila Boisd. (?). Pemale, Fig. 37. Blue-brown.
L. pseiidiirgiohis piasiis Boisd. Male, Pig. 40. Blue.
I.. Ill ar'nia Renk. Female, P"ig. 41. Male, light brown. Pemale, blue-brown.
L. e.xilis Boisd. Male. Fig. 42. Blue-brown.
L. //rf;//;o Stoll. (?). Fig. 36. Blue-brown.
L. saijilligera P'ield. Fig. 38. Male, blue. P'emale, blue-brown.
/.. heleroiiea Boisd. Male, Fig. 39. Male, blue. P'emale, blue- brown.
PIERID.E
EiichlLV anslralis Cirinnell. Female, Fig. 58. White.
E. sara reakirii Edw. Pemale, I^'ig. 59. Wings orange tiped.
Pomona College, Claremont, Cnlitornia 137
Colias ariadne Edw. Male, Fig. 60. Female, Fig. 61. Yellow.
C. keeivaydi)! Edw. Male, Pig. 63. Female, Fig. 64. Yellow.
C. luirfordii Hy. Ed. Female, Fig. 65. Male, Fig. 66.
C. cti>\ till- nil' Boisd. Female, Figs. S3 and 54. Male, Fig. 67.
Pieris firotodice Boisd.-Lec. Female, F"ig. 68. Male, Fig. 69. White.
Pieris rapie Linn. Female, Fig. 70.
MegcDiosltimci eiirydice Boisd. Male, Fig. 56. Female, Fig. 57. Male, orange. Female, yellow.
Megaiiostoma cesonia 'iioW. (?). Male. Pig. 55. Yellow.
PAPILIONID.?!
Pdpilio cur\medoii Boisd. Male, Fig. 45. Light yellow and black.
P. niliiliis Boisd. Male, P"ig. 44. Yellow and black.
P. zo/iitiii Boisd. Male, Pig. 46. Yellow and black.
P. {islerias Cramer ( ?) Male, Fig. 43. Obtained from student collection. Exact place of collection not known.
HESPERIID.?!:
Hesperia tcsselnta Edw. Pig. 47.
H. )H(iiiiiviii/ii Reak. Fig. 48.
H. t'lia-ronim Boisd. Pig. 49.
Tliciiiiios ililiis Edw. Pig. 50.
Jlr\l())tf iiiflciiie Edw. Pig. 5L
Hylcphihi pJiyl,eus Daiiry. Fig. 52. Dark red-brown.
(ConttibitlKjii from llif Zoological Ldboratoiy of Pomona CoUtgr)
/"■^^
f
53
>^?t^
54
/
)
60
59
1
62
\
F
66
67
5 5
^
58
1^
63
//;
64
56
57
1
65
|
f ^igS |
/ |
'-^ " |
; |
|
|
//^•-^ |
/ ^ |
^" |
/ |
-^ |
|
l^' ii7 |
L |
^ |
» |
|
|
■R7 • — •♦ |
w |
'^r |
||
|
W V^N |
1 |
if |
||
|
r ,n |
1 |
h |
\ |
|
|
68 |
69 |
( |
70 |
Supfgestions From the Study of the
Central Nervous Systems of
Invertabrates
WIILIAM A. HILTON
For the last few years I have been studying the central nervous systems of a large number of simple animals with a number of objects in view. I wish to learn as much as possible about the mechanism of the nervous system, not alone for individual and sim- ple forms, but in general as applied to all groups. The problems of how and where impulses are carried have been among the most Interesting. The structures which serve, connect and correlate senses, movements and activities have to me been more interesting than the activities themsehes. What all nerve cells with their processes have in common and what differences there are between them have been constantly in mind. The functions of various parts of the neurones and the relations that cells bear to each other are important considerations. How far the relationships of species and groups are carried into the structure of the ganglia and how far adapatations have had their influence are questions not easily answered. With in\'ertebrates as with vertebrates the problems of functional divisions of the nervous system are subjects for inves- tigation. Then there have been the correlations of behavior with structure, not alone in the adult, but also at various stages of development.
Perhaps the dominant thought which has been in mind so far as anatomical studies go, is the question of relationship of cells to each other, of fibers and fibils to each other and to cells. Are neurones related to neurones in continuous and definite chains, such as. are clearly indicated by many Golgi, Methylen Blue and other methods, or are the well known suggestions and conclusions of Apathy that fibrils pass from cell to cell the correct interpretations? It seems that this is a problem of great importance which has not as yet reached a satisfactory solution. Different methods give different results.
142 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
The work, already done leading towards a comprehension of these problems, if not their solution, has been with many groups of animals, including a few vertebrates. My papers dealing with one or another phase of the nervous system of invertebrates have been published in a number of places. Much unpublished work includes other material, but only a beginning has been made with the inves- tigations which will be necessary for an advanced step in this direc- tion. Some of the work so far, is necessarily of a fragmentary nature and much of the gross anatomy particularly, merely confirms the labors of many in the past. Part of the reason for studying so many forms is to extend my own knowledge so that I may have first-hand experience with all types. Part of the reason for special study here and there is to clear up doubtful points or is directed towards some particular problems in which an animal or group of animals seems to offer special advantages In the way of suggestion or solution. Hardly a form considered in any way but that brings out some important fact, some pre\-iously unpublished suggestion. Each separate investigation then may contribute a small part In itself, but each study is directed toward the larger end of attempt- ing to solve some of the most intricate and difficult problems of Biology. More than one line of investigation Is being followed, but necessarily the groundwork of future activity must be laid upon anatomical and developmental studies. Other methods are used or are to be used as necessity dictates and such as naturally dex'elop In connection with the attack upon the central problems.
Some of the specific questions which have been in mind from the start are as follows :
1. What Is the relation which exists between cell and cell in the central nervous system? Do cells merely run In contact, or is there an organic connection between them, or are both things true?
2. What part does the nucleus play (a) in conduction and (b) in general metabolism of the cells?
3. How are the librlls related (a) within cells and (b) outside of cells?
4. What is the fibrllar structure of (a) the cell-body and (b) of the material between cells?
Pomona College, Clarcinont, California 143
5. How are cells related to each other (a) by neiirites and dendrites or fibers, and (b) by fibrils?
6. How and where is the impulse carried? How are the non- mediillated fibers able to carry a definite stimulus or impulse if they are not insulated?
7. Do nerve cells act in groups, each for a special purpose, or is their effect a massed one, somewhat diffuse and related to other systems? Do impulses pass along definite or difuse pathways?
8. Does the size of the animal make a difference in the com- plexity of the nervous system, and is this complexity or lack of it shown in the nervous system as a whole, or in the individual cells which compose it? Do large animals ha\'e more nerve cells than small ones? Do large animals have larger nerve cells than the small creatures?
9. Are the conditions in the central ner\ous systems of inver- tebrates comparable with those of \ertebrates?
10. Are the resmblances which Patton and others have seen in Limulus and other invertebrates to vertebrate structures more than chance resemblances, due to special adaptations, or modifications of the nervous system ?
H. Is it possible to determine from the brain of an invertebrate the degree of intelligence or instinct from a study of the structure?
12. Is there any higher center in an invertebrate central ner- vous system or in certain invertebrates which shows something of a directive power in the life of the organism?
13. What are the functional divisions of the nervous systems of invertebrates?
14. Are there advantages in the study of the nervous systems of invertebrates over the stutly of the brain and ganglia of more complex forms?
15. What are the animals whose nervous systems are adapted fqr further study of various problems?
Some suggestions in the way of my present opinion in respect to certain of these questions are as follows:
I. In some cases it may be that simple contact is the only way cells are related, but from the study of many forms I believe that more intimate relations between cells by means of fibrillae are often
144 Journ;il iit Entomology and Zoolog)'
established. The fibrillae from one cell, in many cases, actually mingle with the fibrillae within another cell. Non-medullated fibers, it seems to me, probably afford means of transmission through the sides of the fibers, as well as at the ends, although in many cases the ends may be better adapted for the purpose. It may be that the branchings at the ends of the processes of nerve cells are for the purpose of furnishing a number of contacts which are better than the sides of the fiber.
2. I believe the structure of the nucleus, together with what we know of nuclear composition and structure in general, precludes it from any decided part in conduction. It seems merely a metabolic center of less importance in mature nerve cells, as evidenced by its loss of nuclear material.
3. I believe fibrils are related both within and without cells in a similar manner. That is, they run near, touch or cross to allow the passage of impulses, but do not necessarily fuse.
4. The chief fibrillar material of cell bodies and of areas between cells, I believe, is about the same and is neuro-fibrillar or conductive. A small portion of the cell-body is merely supportive and neuroglia or other cells in the general fibrous mass of a ganglion furnish varying amounts of supportive material between cells.
5. Cells are related to each other grossly very often by neurites and dentrites, but in many, if not all cases, fibrils, either in these and formed from them, or free fibrils, relate cells, not so much as indi- viduals as in groups.
6. The impulse is carried in the fibrils. The stimulus in non- medullated fibers is not so clearly separated as in meduUated. There must be some latteral escape to other cells in ways as yet not under- stood. Some insulation and definiteness in certain non-medullated cells is accomplished by whole bundles for a single purpose pro- tecting the central fibers from much lateral loss. Probably also certain large clearly separated fibers because of their positions are protected from lateral loss.
7. I believe nerve cells do not act as individuals; their effect is a massed one. Many cells supplying a region or a function act in such a way that certain ceils or even areas might be lost out entirely and yet the impulse be carried.
Pomona College, Clareniont, California 145
8. As a rule the size of the animal makes for a more complex nervous system. Large animals have more and larger cells than related small ones. In the same species embryonic nerve cells may be much smaller than those of the adult, and the proportionate number of cells is greater in certain embryonic stages.
9. Vertebrates and invertebrates are similar as to function of the central nervous system, but the centers are as different as are the peripheral parts.
10. The resemblances which ha\e been found in certain arachnid and arachnid-like forms to the structures of vertebrate brains, it seems to me, are but chance resemblances, analogous, but not homologus, structures. In certain annelids the olfactory portion of the brain is enormously developed for a special adaptation in a limited group of worms. This great olfactory area might be com- pared to the olfactory portion of the fore-brain of vertebrates, but I think it is clear that we have an analogy merely.
The comparisons of the nervous systems of nemertine worms with those of vertebrates are interesting, but not necessarily sig- nificant of relationships.
The segmental character of the radial ner\"0us system of brittle stars might be taken as an indication of relationship to segmented animals with about as much justification.
11. The degree of development of intelligence and instinct, I believe, may be judged to some degree by the relative size of those parts of the brain which are not directly or intimately connected with the sense organs, such as the posterior region of the brain in many segmental animals, or the region of the mushroom bodies of some arthropods and others.
12. If there is any higher psycical center in invertebrates, it seems to me that it must be in the region not dominated by any one center or sense and receiving fibers from all, a center well supplied with nerve cells. Such a center may be the posterior portion of the brain in certain segmented animals.
13. The functional divisions are not well known. In those forms where I have traced the motor and sensory fibers they were mingled in the same nerve trunks in lower regions. The suggestions of some that sensory areas in insects' ventral ganglia are ventral.
146 Journal ot Entomolrijj,) and Zoology
is not altogether borne out by the facts. But I beHe\ e that the primary condition of a nervous system was superticial and sensory, as development seems to show and as the study of echinoderms seems to indicate.
In the brain some functional divisions are easy to make out in segmental animals, because certain pure sensory nerves are more easily traced.
14. I believe there are certain advantages in the study of simple types of nervous systems.
15. Almost every form so far examined is worthy of re-exam- ination in connection with the solution of general problems.
(Contribution from the Zooloyical Laboratory of Pomona Collrr/i)
Some Remarks on the Nervous Systems of Two Sea- Urchins
WIILIAM A. HILTON
The largest and smallest species of sea-urchins occurring at Laguna Beach are the materials for this study. Lytechimis ana- mesus H. L. C, a centimeter or less in diameter, were sectioned while the radial nerves from Struiiyyloceutrotiis franciscaniis A. Ag., of fifteen times this diameter were studied.
In sections of the smaller species it was possible to trace the chief branches of the nervous system. The long radial nerves, with their side branches to the tube feet and the branches to the large spines, with the ganglion-like rings about the bases of the spines, were easily found, also the branches from the circumoral nerve ring to the intestines in the region of Aristotle's lantern. Here stands fused with epithelial cells of the intestine. The general parts of the ner- vous system, such as described and figured by Delage and Heroward, '03, were found. The radial and circumoral bands of nervous tissue as is well known, resemble those of the superficial radial and cir- cumoral strand of starfish very closely, but the deep system Is poorly represented. The superficial plexus was clearly seen as a whole, only parts were made out such as ganglion-like rings at the bases of the larger spines, a section of one of which is shown in Fig. 4. From the radial nerves lateral branches were easily followed to the tube feet. Fig. 2 is a cross-section of a radial nerve, in which a branch on the right is shown just as it enters a tube foot. The radial nerves are thickest In the more central portions, thinner at the oral and especially at the aboral end. A longitudinal section of one of the radial nerves of the smaller sea-urchin Is shown In Fig. 1. The oral end Is below and at the left, the aboral above at the right. Fig. 2 is a cross-section of two-thirds of one of the radial nerves near Its central portion, and Fig. 3 Is a cross-section of a portion of a radial nerve near one end. These figures are from the smaller sea-urchin, but enlarged more than Fig. 1.
The structure of the nerve bands seems a little more complex than those of starfish, in that the nerve cells are more modified and
148 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
the fibers and fibrils more intimately related in all parts of the thickness of the nerve strands. In cross section the fibers and fibrils may be followed straight in more easily than in longitudinal sections, where there is evident a decided longitudinal disposition of the fibers and fibrils. Cells, especially In the smaller sea-urchin, are very numerous and the fibers or fibrils very small.
In the larger species the radial nerve is broad, but the cell area is narrow, with only several layers of cells. Fig. 5 is a section of one of the nerve strands from the smaller species. Fig. 6 is from the larger species. Both figures are drawn to the same scale and enlarged more than the other drawings. As the cells are larger in the larger species the fibers seem to show better. There are many fine fibrils and possibly in some cases fibers made up of fibrils. Many cells in the larger species seem more complex than bi-polar forms and some true nerve cells have migrated to the area of fibers and fibrils. Some of these show fibrillae joining the cytoplasm. Some of the cells in the fibrous area especially seem to be neuroglia cells, or at least are not nerve cells. Some multi-polar cells are shown in the figure, probably many others are multi-polar in the general cell area. There are many cross lines of fibers and fibrils in the whole thickness, but the massing of fine strands is more intri- cate than in starfish.
As to the general character of the nervous systems of these two species of sea-urchins is compared with starfish, they differ as much from each other in general appearance of the sections as they differ from starfish.
REFERENCES
Baudclot, E. 1872
Etudes generales sur le systenie nei\eu\-, cont. a I'hist. du syst. new. des echinodermes. Arch. Zool. exp. vol. 1. Dehige et Herotiard 190.3
Trail de Zool. Concrete, t. ?>. Les echinoderms.
Kroh,i,A. 1841
Neber die anordnung des Nervens\ stems der Echiniden und Holo- tluirien im AUgemeinen Miiller Arch. Anat., vol. of 1841.
Midler, J. 1854
Sfeber den Ban der Echinodermen. Abli. Akad. Wiss., Berlin.
Teiischer, R. 1876
Beitriige zur anatomie iler Echinodermen. Jen, Zeit. Nat., vol. 10.
f'ulpidii, A. 1866
Legons sur la pinsiologie generale et comparee du svsteme nerveux. Paris.
( Criiitnl/iilion jriitii llic Zdoliitfual Lahdiiitoiy of I'otiiriiia Culligt)
Pomona College, Claremont, California 149
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Figure I. Longitudinal section through a radial nerve of Lyieih'tnus anamesus H. L.
C. The aboral end is toward the top of the page. X75. Figure 2. Cross section through a large part of a radial nerve of Lytechhius. A
branch to a tube foot is shown at the right. X160. Figure 3. Cross section of a radial nerve of Lytechhius nearer one end than Fig. 2.
X160. Figure 4. Cross section through the band of nervous tissue found at the base of one
of the larger spines of Lylechintis. X160. Figure 5. Section through a radial nerve of Lytechinus, drawn with best oil objective
obtainable. X750. Figure 6. Section through a radial nerve of Stronyylocenlrotus franclsconus A. Ag.
Drawn the same as Figure 5. X750.
150
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
a:l(!;,i>
The KA Binocular Microscope
Is of great value in all biological work, where low and medium powers are employed. Inembroy- ology the true stereoscopic image shows the relative position of im- portant details. This feature is of great assistance to the student and makes the instructor's work easy. ]i^7-itefor booklet
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
of California
I 54 Sutter St.. San Francisco. Cal.
.louRNAL OF Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section
The Journal of Zoological Research
Edited by WAI/niH K. CO LUNGE, M. Sc. /•'. /.. S.. F. E. S.
The Gtdty Marine Lalwrniory The University, St. Andrew.i, Sentland
The subject matter is strictly confined to orij^iiial zoological
research — systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by
lithographic plates and text figures.
Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $.5.
All ■iii/i.sniptitmx .shniild be fo7~iciirded to
Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd.
'M Soho Square, London, W., England
GRIFFITH
Incubators
A simple, well constructed bacteriolog- ical incubator
The Journal of Parasitology
A Quarterly devoted to Medical Zoology
This journal will be a medium for the prompt publication of briefer papers and research notes on animal parasites. Emphasis laid on the mor- phology, life history and biology of zooparasites and the relations of ani- mals to disease.
Subscription, $2.00 a volume
Managing Editor,
HENRY B. WARD,
Univ. Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Journal op Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section
GAGE — The Microscope
An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology
By SIMON H. GAGE. Twelfth edition in press. Entirely rewritten, und with many new illustrations. Price $2.00.
This work aims to give help to everyone who uses the microscope, whether he is a beginner or an advanced worker.
COMSTOCK— A Manual for the Study of Insects
By JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology In Cornell Uni- versity, and ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, member of the Society of American Wood-Engravers. 8vo. cloth, IX. + 701 pages, 797 figures in the text, and six full page plates. Nearly all of the figures were engraved especially for this work. Postpaid $4.07; net $3.75. This hand-book is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges.
NEEDHAM— General Biology
A book of outlines and practical studies for the general student
By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Professor of Limnology and General Biology in Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XIV.-f542 pages; 288 figures, mostly original. Postpaid $2.00.
This book is expressly designed to help the general student obtain a com- prehensive grasp of the principles of biology.
COMSTOCK— Handbook of Nature-Study
By ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, Lecturer in Nature-Study in Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XVni.+938 pages, more than 1,000 illustrations. Prices, postpaid: Bound in one volume, $3.65; bound in two volumes, $4.50; Volume I., including Animal Life, $2.25; Volume II., including Plant Life, $2.25. Sample pages sent on application. A handbook of Nature-Study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell Nature-Study Leaflets, with much additional material and many new illustra- tions.
GAGE — Optic Projection
By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor Emeritus of Histology and Em- bryology in Cornell University, and Henry Phelps Gage, Ph. D.
This work of over 700 pages and with over 400 figures is of especial inter- est to workers in all fields of Biology in that it deals especially with the use of the Projection Microscope for demonstrations and for drawing. It also gives the fundamental principles of all the forms of projection. A 16-page circular will be sent on request. Postpaid, $3.00.
RILEY — Handbook of Medical Entomology
By WM. A RILEY, Ph. D., Professor of Insect Morphology and Para- sitology in Cornell University and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph. D., Pro- fessor of Biology in Cornell University. A concise account of poisonous, and disease-carrying insects and their allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with keys for their determination, and method of control. Bound Library Buckram, medium 8vo. Nearly 375 pages. Price $2.00 net.
The Comstock Publishing Company
Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section
Choice Mineral Specimens
It affords this establishment pleasure to state that though we are over fifty years old we are still seeking with youthful energy new finds of choice mineral specimens.
A few of our recent additions will show from what widely distributed areas we draw :
Japan:
Rhodesia:
Madagascar:
California :
Chalcopyrite in groups of sharp crystals, some of them beau- tifully iridescent. Stibnite, brilliant crystals, 5 to 8 inches long. HokutoHte, a new radio — active barium — lead silicate. Reinite, in large, sharp crystals. Quartz Twins, fine, large crystals.
Malachite, beautiful polished specimens showing concentric
banding. Hopeite, in small groups of excellent crystals.
BetaBte, a new uranium niobate, in good crystals.
Euxenite, gOod crystals.
Beryl, in large brown crystals with pyramidal faces.
Tourmaline, polished transverse sections of large crystals of
rich red and green colors. Kunzite, superb gem crystals.
Benitoite and Neptunite in fine crystals and groups. Greenockite on Magnetite, uncommonly good.
Willemite, drusy masses of colorless and red crystals. Aurichalcite, singularly beautiful robin's-egg blue, crystallized coatings.
Magnesite in groups of small distinct hexagonal crystals.
New lots of fine specimens are constantly arriving. Ask for price-list No. 160.
Cheap minerals are described in No. 158.
Circular No. 170 enumerates all of our many cata- logues and price-lists.
Ward's Natural Science Establishment
84- 1 02 College Avenue Rochester, N. Y.
•louRNAL OP Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section
Entomological News
A forty-eight page illustrated magazine, published monthly except August and September, devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list of the titles of the current Entomological Literature, and also articles by the leading Entomologists in the United States and Canada. Valuable informa- tion for the beginner, the economic entomologist and the systematist. To new subscribers, SI. 90; Renewals, S2.00! payable in advance. Single copies 25 cents. Address
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
CLASS WORK MATERIAL
CAN BE PROCURED AT ANY TIME OF THE YEAR FROM
C. S. BRIMLEY, Zoologist
1 1 35 Newberne Avenue
RALEIGH, N. C. U. S. A.
Twenty-one years' experience
Price List on Application
To Entomologists
I can supply Entomologists with all orders of insects from all parts of the world, as I am continually receiving fresh consignments from my own collectors.
General lists of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera on application; also special lists of Sphingidae. over 300 species, of Pieridae in papers, over 100 species. Collections just received from Natal, Madagascar, Peru, Ivory Coast, French Guiana, Java and Argentine; selections of these at low rates. Particulars on application.
E. LE MOULT 4 Rue Dumeril, Paris XIII, France
Do Business by Mail
Il's proBtable. with at-curale lists of prospects. Our catalogue contaioa vital iniormation on Mail Advertising. Also prices and quantity oa 6.0U0 national mailing liBla, 99% guaranteed. Such as:
Wealthy Men Fly Paper Mfra.
Ice Mfrs. Foundries
Doctors Farmers
Axle Crease MlVs. Fish Hook Mfrs.
RailroaJ Employees Feather DusterM&s.
Contractors Hotels Write for this valuabl-" r'-^Tence book.
Ros8.Gotild,1027H >Uve Street, St. Louis.
War Material Mfrs, Cheese Box Mfrs. Shoe Retailers Tin Can Mfrs. Druggists Auto Owners
Ross-Gould
MIcailing
Pomona College
Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of things not In books. Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned depart- ments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.
For further information, address
Secretary' of Pomona College Claremont, California
1602
or
^1.^^
i«s> 4 :% ^
1
-^
.* ^
#•■8
_iL-""« ii-=*- L^%
i*#-
|
' r € y^ |
■^ n.
■ - f fti •*■ ^ ■' v^l
?v%
>^m^'^'
>^f.''
f: k
W 3: fe
1% I
•* t •* t* I* *v^
tt;lf t^i'^^
i t-
^.^
I^^^.
■f.. fa
I »..
■ F P F , ^J- '
--^^'*>
;<;^;^;,K.vv^;>f5^d.v.4^'
'nm^s^^
'i^ ^^- !p| 4. :-^
4- H ^
^>4.^XJ«
.i;:.^-^/i
<5 "^ J
1 ^> :
* *i
I i