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J^orttcultural Soctetpof i^eto JSorfe

\7^^ TTT Tvr^o 1 o«^ o ^rwm^^^m^^s^Q FEBRUARY and
Vol. Ill, Nos. land 2 ^^^^n^^M MAY 1921

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY
GEORGE V. NASH

CONTENTS

Page

The Fall Show 401

Proceedings of the Society 406

The International Flower Show. 407

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

INTELLIGENCER PRINTING CO.

LANCASTER, PA.

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JD^orticultural ^ocietp of ^eto ^orfe

Incorporated 1902

Vol. Ill, JNO. 1 Quarterly rCDKUARl aMAl, ly^l By subscription $1.00 per year

EDITOR'S NOTE

In view of the fact that the Journal is so far behind its pub-
lication, owing to various troubles in the way of printer's
strikes, etc., it has been decided to issue two double numbers.

The first will be a combination of the Journals for February
and May, the second of those for August and November. In
this way we hope to bring the magazine up to date once more.

THE FALL SHOW

The Annual Fall Show, known commonly as the Chrys-
anthemum Show, was held at the American Museum of Natural
History, by permission of the trustees, November 4 to 7, 1920.
The exhibits were installed during the early part of the 4th,
the judging taking place at 4 in the afternoon. In the evening
from 7 to ID, a private view of the exhibition was held for the
members of the Society, of the American Museum of Natural
History, and of the affiliated organizations.

The displays were arranged in the foyer and the north and
west halls. In the foyer were the large chrysanthemum plants,
the ferns, other large plants, and a fine collection of Nerines
in the west end. In the north hall were the orchids, and in
the west hall the remainder of the exhibits.

While the display of chrysanthemum plants was not as large

401

i^Ai,

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

as in some former years, nor the size as great, there were some
excellent examples of the art of the horticulturist. For a
specimen bush any color, the first prize went to Mrs. Wm. D.
Guthrie, Locust Valley, N. Y., Jos. A. Winsock, gardener, for
a fine specimen of Mrs. H. R. Pearson, 9 feet in diameter. A
plant of the same variety, 8 feet in diameter, secured the second
prize for Miss A. De Lamar, Glen Cove, N. Y., Jas. McManus,
gardener. A plant of Lady Lydia, unusually convex, 5 feet
in diameter, gave the third prize to Mr. Wm. B. Thompson,
Yonkers, N. Y., Andrew Strachan, gardener. In the class for
a bush plant, anemone or single, the first prize was awarded
to Miss De Lamar, for a plant 5 feet in diameter, the second
going to Mr. Thompson, for a specimen about 4>^ feet in dia-
meter. A superb standard plant of Mrs. H. R. Pearson won
for Miss De Lamar the first prize in that class; this plant was
a little over 5 feet tall and had a diameter of about 6^4 feet.
Mrs. Guthrie won the second prize in this class for a plant of
The Bard nearly 6 feet high and with a spread of a little over
5 feet. Mrs. Guthrie also won first prize for a fine plant of
The Bard, in the class for an odd-shaped bush; this specimen
was 9 feet wide and 6 feet high.

In the classes for cut chrysanthemum blooms, non-commercial
growers, the following awards were made. In the classes for
stems not less than 2 feet: for 6 white, Mrs. Guthrie, first. Miss
De Lamar, second, both exhibiting Laura Pockett; for 6 pink,
Miss De Lamar, first, with Wells' Late Pink; for six yellow.
Miss De Lamar, first, with Jas. Fraser, Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Mamaroneck, N. Y., Jas. Stuart, gardener, second; for six red.
Miss De Lamar, with Wm. Mease; for six any other color. Miss
De Lamar with Mrs. H. S. Firestone. A fine vase of one or
more varieties, arranged for efifect, other foliage permitted,
secured the first prize for Mrs. Payne Whitney, Manhasset,
N. Y., George Ferguson, gardener.

For ten vases, ten varieties, three blooms of each, Mrs.
Guthrie won the first prize with: Pres. Everitt, Yellow Turner,
Louisa Pockett, Mary Mason, Mendon, Wm. Waite, Wm.
Turner, Firestone, and Odessa. For a collection of twenty
varieties, one of each, Mrs. Payne Whitney was awarded the

402

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

first prize; this collection contained: Mrs. Leslie Lewis, Jas.
Eraser, W. H. Waite, Corp. John F. Piper, Mrs. G. Drabble,
Nerissa, Yellow Turner, Laura Pockett, F. S. Vallis, Francis
Schiffe, Wm. Rigby, seedling Greentree, Artiste, Rose Pockett,
F. S. Firestone, Wm. Turner, Earl Kitchener, seedling Harbor
Hill. For a collection of ten varieties, one of each, Mrs. Guthrie
won first with: Nagiras, Pres. Everitt, Mendon, Wm. Turner,
Laura Pockett, Rigby, Mrs. F. Traendly, Firestone, Nerissa,
Yellow Turner. Mr. D. E. Oppenheimer, Yonkers, N. Y., A.
Macdonald, gardener, won first for a collection of five varieties,
one of each. Mrs. Payne Whitney won first prize for a collec-
tion of singles, twelve varieties; for a collection of pompons,
twelve varieties; for a collection of anemones, six varieties,
disbudded; and for a vase of pompons, disbudded.

In the classes for cut chrysanthemum blooms, commercial
growers, the following awards were made. For a vase of twenty
blooms, one variety, Chas. H. Totty Co., Madison, N. J., first.
For a collection of twenty varieties, one of each variety, the
first prize was awarded to the Chas. H. Totty Co. For a col-
lection of pompons, twenty varieties, and for a collection of
singles, twenty varieties, the Chas. H. Totty Co. secured first
prizes.

The dinner table decorations were to be staged for i P. M.
on Sunday; chrysanthemum flowers only to be used, the table
to be set for eight persons, and any appropriate foliage per-
missible. There were only two entries for this, and but one
filled. The first prize went to Mrs. Payne Whitney.

There was an interesting display of cut roses in the classes for
non-commercial growers. In the classes for eighteen blooms:
Mrs. Guthrie won first for white, Mr. Howard Cole, Madison,
N. J., W. R. Fowkes, gardener, second; for the red, Mr. Cole
won first, Mrs. F. A. Constable, second ; for the dark pink, Mr.
Cole secured first, Mrs. Guthrie", second; for flesh or light pink,
both exhibiting Ophelia, Mr. Cole, first, Mrs. Guthrie, second;
for any other color, Mr. Cole, first with Sunburst. A vase of
fifty assorted roses, arranged for effect, won for Mrs. Guthrie
the first prize.

In the classes for cut roses, commercial growers, the following

403

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

awards were made. In the classes for fifty blooms: for red,
Mr. F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N. Y., first; for dark pink, Mr.
Pierson, first, Mr. L. B. Coddington, Murray Hill, N. J., second;
for flesh or light pink, Mr. Coddington first, Chas. H. Totty
Co., second. For a new meritorious rose not in commerce
Mr. Pierson received a silver medal.

The classes for carnations were all for non-commercial growers.
The prizes awarded were as follows, for vases of eighteen. Mrs.
Payne Whitrey won first prizes for white with Matchless, for
Enchantress shade with Laddie, for scarlet^with Belle Washburn,
for crimson with Princess Dagmar, for yellow with Yellow
Prince, and for variegated with Benora. A silver medal was
won by the Chas. H. Totty Co. for a new variety not in com-
merce.

Mr. Wm. B. Thompson won first prize for a group of green-
house foliage and flowering plants, arranged for artistic effect,
to occupy 150 square feet. Crotons were used on the back and
sides, with a Cocos on each back corner and a dracaena in each
front corner. In the background were chrysanthemum plants
and some magnificent specimens of Clerodendron fallax, with
a band of variegated Stevia in front of this. Other plants used
were pink begonias, small crotons, small plants of Clerodendron,
Adiantum, Begonia rex, variegated pine-apple, Gladiolus primu-
linus, Lilium auratum. Phoenix Roebelenii. The only discord-
ant notes were two tall plants of magenta Celosia, the color
not harmonizing with the general color scheme. The Society's
silver cup, valued at $100, was part of the first prize.

Mr. F. R. Pierson set up a fine display of the varieties of
Nephrolepis exaltata, which won the first prize. The varieties
represented were: elegantissima, viridissima, superbissima,
elegantissima compacta, a sport of superbissima, Scottii, Vic-
toria, muscosa, Elmsfordi, Verona, a sport of Victoria, a sport
of muscosa, Scholzeli, a sport' of viridissima, and Piersoni.

Mr. Pierson exhibited a fine plant of Cibotium Schiedei for
which he received the first prize. For a specimen of any other
fern Mr. Thompson won first, Mr. Pierson second.

There were some excellent orchids shown. Mrs Paul Moore,
Convent, N J., Jas. T. Sisley, gardener, won first prize for a

404

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

single plant in the non-commercial classes. In the classes for
commercial growers Lager & Hurrell, Summit, N. J., secured
first prize for a collection of 64 plants. The Jos. Manda Co.,
West Orange, N. J., won first for three plants in three varieties.
They also won the sweepstakes prize for the best orchid plant
exhibited, with a fine specimen of Arachnanthe Lowii. Lager
& Hurrell won the silver medal for a new variety not yet in
commerce. The Jos. Manda Co. won first prize for a collection
of 45 vases of cut orchids.

The vegetable exhibits attracted much attention. For
Brussels sprouts, i qt., Miss M. Valentine, New Canaan, Ct.,
A. V. Carver, gardener, won first, and Mrs. Payne Whitney
second with Long Island Improved. For cauliflower, three
heads. Miss Valentine won first. For celery, six heads. Miss
Valentine won first, Mr. H. F. Kean, Elberon, N. J., David
Gustafson, gardener, second. For lettuce, three heads, Mr.
Kean secured first prize, Mrs Payne Whitney second, with
Black-seeded Butter. For twelve onions Mrs. Payne Whitney
won first with Yellow Globe. Mrs. Payne Whitney was awarded
first prize for six parsnips, exhibiting Hollow Crown, and Miss
Valentine second. Twelve tomatoes. Carters Sunrise, won the
first prize for Mrs. Payne Whitney, who also won first prize
for three varieties of potatoes, twelve of each, with Green Moun-
tain, Rural New Yorker, and Irish Cobbler. In the open for
all classes for the largest and best collection, not less than thirty
kinds, arranged for effect, Miss M. Valentine won first, with
thirty two kinds, and Mrs. Payne Whitney second with, thirty
kinds.

For a collection of apples, six varieties, five of each, S. M. & A.
Colgate, Orange, N. J., Wm. Reid, gardener, won first; the
kinds shown were Northern Spy, Falswater, Twenty Ounce,
Delicious, and N. W. Greening. Two bunches of black green-
house grapes, Barbarossa, secured the first prize for Mr. Chas.
S. Smith, Stamford, Ct., Anton Pedersen, gardener.

The following special prizes were awarded:

Mrs. F. A. Constable, for a collection of Nerines in pots,
gold medal.

Carmelo Baiano, of the Convalescent Soldiers Garden School,

405

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

New York Botanical Garden, for chrysanthemum and begonia
plants, cultural certificate and cash.

Miss A. De Lamar, for two bush chrysanthemum plants and
one standard chrysanthemum plant, cash.

Joseph Manda Co., for display of twenty-five plants of
Cypripedium insigne Sanderae, cash.

Herman Manitisch, Rockville Centre, N. Y., for a basket
of sweet peas, a sport of Rose Queen, certificate of merit.

Mills & Co., Mamaroneck, N. Y., display of dahlias, cash.

Mrs. Paul Moore, for a plant of Cypripedium insigne Sanderae,
cash.

A. N. Pierson, Inc., Cromwell, Ct., display of seedling chrys-
anthemums, certificates of merit to nos. 456, 458, 461, 466, and
498.

F. R. Pierson, for display of ferns, cash.

Julius Roehrs Co., Rutherford, N. J., for a collection of about
forty orchid plants, cash.

Chas. H Totty Co., for five vases of roses, cash.

J. W. Weaver & Son, Highland, N. Y., for a collection of
apples, silver medal and cash. The display consisted of a tray
each of Ben Davis, R. I. Greening, Baldwin, and Northern
Spy, and five each of the following varieties, ohibited on plates:
Westfield, Alexander, Northern Spy, Mcintosh, Yellow Bell-
flower, Stayman Winesap, Gano, Ralls Janet, Lady Sweet,
Tolman Sweet, Sutton, Ramsdell Sweet, Ben Davis, Yellow
Transparent, Roxbury, Baldwin, Maiden Blush, Wolf River,
Oldenburg, R. I. Greening, and Gravenstein.

Mrs. Payne Whitney, twelve vases anemone chrysanthemums,
cash.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY" FROM
OCTOBER 1920 TO MAY" 1921.

The following meetings have been held by the Society at the
American Museum of Natural History.

October 20, 1920, 8:15 P. M. — Lecture by Mrs. Charles H.
Stout. "How to Grow the Finest Dahlia Blooms."

406

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

November 17, 1920, 8:15 P. M. — Lecture by Miss Marion
Coffin. "Garden Harmony and Succession in Planting."

December 15, 1920, 8:15 P. M. — Lecture by Mr. Richard
Rothe. " Rock Gardens. "

January 19, 1921, 8:15 P. M. — Lecture by Mrs. B. Hammond
Tracy. "Gladioli and their Culture."

February 16, 1921, 8:15 P. M. — Lecture by Mr. Herbert K.
Job. "How to Attract and Propagate Wild Birds."

March 16, 1921, 8:15 P. M.— Lecture by Mr. C. U. Hunn.

April 20, 1921, 8:15 P. M. — Lecture by Wm. A. Hutcheson.
"The Flower Garden."

May 14, 1921, 2 P. M. — Annual meeting of the Society at
the New York Botanical Garden.

May 14-15, 1921, — Exhibition of Plants and Flowers in co-
operation with the New York Botanical Garden.

THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

The Annual Spring Flower Show was held at the Grand
Central Palace, March 14 to 20, 1921, under the auspices of
the Horticultural Society of New York and the New York
Florist's Club. The show was very successful, both artistically
and financially, and was visited by great crowds of interested
and appreciative spectators.

The arrangement of the main floor was an improvement
over that of the previous year. A wide circle ran from the
main entrance almost the whole depth of the building, with the
leading features of the show arranged on either side, while a
broad walk, arched at intervals with climbing roses and other
vines, gave the effect of a long vista through the centre. The
approach was filled on either side with two delightful exhibits
made by private growers, each one a joy to the eye of the be-
holder. Mr. Adolph Lewisohn (John Canning, gardener)
occupied 500 sq. ft. with a beautifully arranged display of
flowering plants backed by shrubs and tall cedars and con-
taining a large proportion of annual flowers at their best. Gypso-
phila elegans, sweet peas, stocks, primroses, Clarkias, Anemones.

407

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

annual Chrysanthemums, Freesias, pansies etc., vied with each
other in producing a dainty, airy effect. This exhibit won the
gold medal offered by the Garden Club of America for the best
exhibit in the Show.

On the opposite side was the garden of Mrs. Payne Whitney
(George Ferguson, gardener) with a central bed of Primula
malacoides, surrounded by a pathway. On the outside was a
charming border of Dicentia spectabilis, Spireas, Roman hya-
cinths. Tulips and Daffodils, against masses of Rhododendrons,
Azaleas and other taller growing plants.

The four garden groups on the main floor were the centre of
interest to most people and they certainly showed evidence of
the most careful thought and preparation.

The garden of John Scheepers, Inc., which carried off the
first prize, was the most striking in design, being laid out in
strictly formal style. Tall Cedar trees of irregular height formed
a sombre background which was lightened by the airy branches
of shrubs such as flowering cherries, Forsythia, lilac, etc., placed
between, while a low hedge around the avenue sides permitted
a good view of the garden. A small pool with a fountain formed
the centre of the lawn, at the four corners of which were placed
four small Irish Yew trees, and in each corner of the lawn was a
large bed of blue hyacinths with smaller beds of yellow tulips
between, forming a most pleasing color contrast. A walk of
white pebbles separated this lawn from the outside border of
Darwin tulips exquisitely arranged to shade into each other.
Four box trees marked the corners, while a stone seat and
statue added to the restful and dignified appearance of the
garden.

The garden of F. R. Pierson,Tarrytown, N. Y., was of an en-
tirely different type. It featured not only a garden, but the
house to which the garden belonged, with all its accessories,
leaving practically nothing lacking to complete a perfect picture.
This was accomplished by the use of a painted background from
which the garden sloped gently toward the observer. The base
planting around the house was admirably done. Andromeda
floribunda and lilac were used, shaded by charming little Silver
birches just coming into their Spring foliage. A dainty little

408

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

rock garden near the house, from which steps led into the rose
garden at one side, was a delightful feature. On the other side
was a miniature water-garden with water trickling into it from
the rocks in a most convincing manner.

The garden of Julius Roehrs & Co., Rutherford, N. J., was
called "The Idle Hour," and, with its inviting stone seat and
restful planting, seemed to justify its name. The entrance was
at one corner, and a curving pathway led the visitors past the
superb specimens of Blue Spruce, Junipers and other conifers,
the groups of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Japanese Holly and
Magnolias, past the outcropping stone set with Iris pumila,
violets and lilies-of-the-valley and the tall clumps of lilac, into
a small greenhouse filled with choice flowering and ornamental
plants, and so to the outside world again.

Last but not least comes the garden of Bobbink and Atkins
of Rutherford, N. J., and theirs was still a different conception,
in fact it would be difficult to find four more different gardens
than the four staged at the Show. This garden featured a
brilliant display of Azaleas posed against a background of Cedars
and Rhododendrons, which formed an excellent foil for the gay
colored fore-ground. A footpath led to a Wistaria covered
arbor at the back and the remainder of the garden was filled
with beds of Lilacs, Deutzias, Kalmia Latifolia, Pyrus Japonica,
Polyantha and Hybrid Tea Roses, forming a pleasing effect.

The display staged by the Department of Parks, N. Y., was
also one of the features of the Show, with tall palms and ferns
forming a back-ground for the masses of lilies, azaleas and
cinerarias, daffodils and hyacinths.

Another especially good exhibit was that of Wm. Boyce
Thompson, Yonkers, N. Y., which included Dracaenas, Calad-
iums and other semi-tropical plants, showing some of the finest
Crotons ever staged in New York.

BIRD BATHS

The Bird Bath Competition, open only to the Garden Club
of America, was a most interesting and original exhibit, nothing
like it having been seen at any former Show. Some eight or
nine Clubs competed, each one having a distinctive arrange-

409

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ment of the little garden which was a pleasing accompaniment
to the Bird Bath featured. The silver cup was awarded to
the Garden Club of Somerset Hills, N. Y., the exhibit consisting
of a bird bath overhung by a weeping Acacia. The Short
Hills Garden Club won the silver medal for a most artistic
little pool with the nude figure of a kneeling boy peering into
the water. This Club also won the gold medal offered by Max
Schling. The other exhibits were all meritorious, showing
originality and care in preparation and knowledge of the art
of garden designing.

TABLE DECORATIONS

This competition was very keen among the private growers
and brought out some clever and beautiful arrangements. Mrs.
H. McK. Twombly of Madison, N. Y., won the first prize with
a delightful arrangement of Lady Hillington roses with Farley-
ense fern and Selaginella.

ORCHIDS

Julius Roehrs Co., Rutherford, N. Y., and Joseph Manda Co.,
South Orange, N. J., made large displays of orchid plants.
Excellent plants were shown in the smaller classes by Lager
and Hurrell, Summit, N. J., George E. Baldwin Co., Mamaro-
neck, N. Y., and J. B. Duke, Somerville, N. Y., who received
several special prizes for new seedlings. A special award of a
gold medal was made to A. N. Cooley, Pittsfield, Mass., for an
enormous Cattleya seedling called Clothe, variety General
Pershing. Fine exhibits of cut orchids were made by Joseph
Manda Co. and A. N. Cooley.

ROSES

First Prizes were taken by Duckham Pierson Co., with lOO
Hadley, F. R. Pierson Co. with loo Russell and lOO Hoosier
Beauty, Florex Gardens with lOO Ophelia, Joseph H. Hill Co.
with TOO Premier, Joseph Heacock Co. with 50 Crusader,
Traendly & Schenck with 50 Ward, Wm. Vert with 50 Sunburst,
Joseph Heacock with 50 Dunlop, A. N. Pierson with 50 Pilgrim,
Noe & Ruzicka with 100 American Beauty, Florex Garden with

410

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

100 Columbia, F. R. Pierson with lOO Scott Key. Silver Medals
were awarded for the best undisseminated seedlings as follows —
F. R. Pierson for 25 pink, Joseph H. Hill Co. for 25 white, Noe
and Ru^cka for 25 red.

The Tea Garden was as usual a centre of attraction and did
a thriving business. It was beautifully decorated with ever-
greens festooned over the walls and pillars and with subdued
colored lights.

An exhibit of a city yard "before and after" created much
interest — half of it represented the usual city yard filled with
tin cans, papers and rubbish — the other half showing the re-
juvenated yard with a small fountain in the centre, vines hiding
the unsightly fence, pots of clipped box and window boxes of
gay flowers.

SPECIAL EXHIBITS

John Scheepers Co. received a gold medal for the only pure
white Amaryllis ever flowered and exhibited in the United States.

A. L. Miller attracted much attention with his wonderful
plants of Philadelphus virginalis with flowers two inches across.

Mrs. F. A. Constable (James Stuart, gardener) was awarded a
gold medal for a display of Acacias and Clivias. Mrs Constable
also showed a fine collection of Cyclamen plants.

Edward Gillett 's Flower and Fern Farm showed an interesting
collection of strictly native plants, which received a gold medal.

Daniel Guggenheim exhibited a most charming little bulb
garden, which received a gold medal.

Bobbink and Atkins ' rock garden was very much admired
and was awarded a gold medal.

Max Schling, the only retailer to exhibit, showed many of his
unusual and artistic creations.

A pan of the dainty little Japan lily, Lilium Rubellum, was
shown by H. H. Burns, Madison Ave., N. Y. C.

The only vegetable exhibit in the show was that staged by
Mrs. Charles M. Schwab, Lorretto, Pa. (H. Ireland gardener)
which was awarded a gold medal.

411

OFFICERS

President

T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

N. L. BRITTON JAS. W. CROMWELL

E. B. SOUTHWICK

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. S. HARKNESS GEO. N. MILLER

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEO. T. POWELL

Treasurer
F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Secretary

GEORGE V. NASH, Mansion, New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, N. Y. City

F. L. ATKINS
N. L. BRITTON
ROBT. T. BROWN
JOHN CANNING
JAS. W. CROMWELL
M. C. EBEL
E. FARDEL

Board of Directors

, R. PIERSON, Chairman
T. A. HAVEMEYER
I. S. HENDRICKSON
HENRY HICKS
JOHN E. LAGER
J. A. MANDA
GEORGE V. NASH
F. R. NEWBOLD

JULIUS ROEHRS
JOHN SCHEEPERS
E. B. SOUTHWICK
JAMES STUART
J. H. TROY
E. C. VICK

Members of the Women's Auxiliary

MRS. W. K. DRAPER MRS. E. S. HARKNESS

MRS. C. LEDYARD BLAIR MISS ANNE MORGAN

MRS. HUGH D. AUCHINCLOSS MRS. H. L. SATTERLEE

MRS. ARTHUR SCOTT BURDEN MRS. CHAS. H. SENFF '

MRS. L. S. CHANLER MISS EDITH WETMORE
MRS. PAUL FITZSIMONS

3ournal

0f tl)e

Jlorttcultural S>octetpof jBteto Porfe

AUGUST and

Vol. Ill, Nos. 3 and 4 ^^^J^^M NOVEMBER

1921

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY
MRS. GEORGE V. NASH

CONTENTS

Page

George V. Nash 414

Proceedings of the Society:

Annual Meeting, May 14, 1921 418

Twenty first Annual Report of the Board of Directors 419

Membership for the year ending April 30, 1921 421

Treasurer's Statement for the year ending April 30, 1921 433

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

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JUiTANICAl,

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3(ournal
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Horticultural ^ocietp of jBteto ^orfe

Incorporated 1902

Vnl HI Nn 1 Und 4 '-s"ed Allfi r^ NOV 1Q7I Free to Members

VUl. Ill, INU. J dllU 1 Quarterly /^UU. anUV., i ^li 1 By subscription $1.00 per year

GEORGE VALENTINE NASH

The New York Botanical Garden and the Horticultural Society
of New York have sustained a grievous loss in the death on July
15th, 1921, of Mr. George Valentine Nash, Head Gardener and
Curator of the Plantations. He had served the Garden con-
tinuously since 1896, first during its preliminary organization, as
a General Assistant, next during 1900, as Curator of the Planta-
tions, then during twenty years as Head Gardener, to which
title that of Curator of the Plantations was added in 1921. He
thus took a very important part in the bringing together of the
collections of living plants and in their installation and main-
tenance.

Mr. Nash was born in Brooklyn, New York, May 6, 1864.
Much of his boyhood was spent at Clifton, New Jersey, where
his father conducted a horticultural business, in which he was
employed, specializing in roses and in water plants; his attention
was thus early drawn to Botany and he was fortunate in coming
about the year 1888 under the influence of the eminent Dr.
George Thurber, for many years editor of the American Agri-
culturist, a profound botanical student and an enthusiastic col-
lector, especially of grasses. Mr. Nash quite naturally inherited
Dr. Thurber's interest in grasses, receiving from him a large
part of his extensive grass herbarium, and this interest continued
for many years, until his other duties forced it to one side. He
diligently studied the wild plants of Ne / Jersey, and he became
a member of the Torrey Botanical Club in 1891; at about this
time my acquaintance with him commenced; for several years
thereafter he brought specimens to me for identification, and
during this period he determined to take the first opportunity

413

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

which offered to enter botanical science as a profession. He
gradually succeeded in accomplishing this through various
errands and commissions, not free from discouragement, but he
was very persistent. His most noteworthy effort in this direc-
tion was his collecting of botanical specimens in sets for sale, in
Central Florida, during parts of the years 1894 and 1895; he
studied these large and important collections at the herbarium
of Columbia College with some help from me, and the sets, con-
taining specimens of many rare species, were sold to good ad-
vantage, enabling him to continue his botanical studies. The
opportunity came for a remunerative position when the work of
the New York Botanical Garden was initiated in 1896.

His first important errand as an employee of the Garden was
in 1901, when, after an invitation by Sir William Thiselton-Dyer,
Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England, we
sent him to that institution for study, and to select a large num-
ber of living plants duplicated in the Kew Collections, for the
formative collections in The Bronx; this accession was very im-
portant, including over 1000 species, and many of the plants
obtained there by Mr. Nash at that time are still living with us.
In the autumn of 1901 he accompanied Dr. John K. Small to
Florida and they collected over 1200 specimens of living plants,
with many museum and herbarium specimens. On a second
European trip in 1902 he studied and obtained plants in exchange
from the Botanical Gardens at Kew, Edinburgh, Cambridge,
Brussels, Paris, Utrecht, and other institutions, over 1500
species in all. He made important and successful collecting ex-
peditions to Haiti in 1903, to the Bahamian Islands, Inagua and
Little Inagua in 1904, with Mr. Norman Taylor, and to Haiti
and the Turks Islands in 1905, again with Mr. Taylor.

The development of the plant collections of the New York
Botanical Garden, their botanical identification, labeling and
recording, the accumulation of herbarium specimens of the plants
cultivated, public lectures and demonstrations, and replies to
inquiries for information about plants have fully occupied Mr.
Nash's time in recent years. With Dr. Barnhart he has edited
"Addisonia" since the commencement of that periodical in 1916;
he has personally superintended the newer plantations of roses,
gladioli and other horticultural features, and he gave much
attention to the orchid collection. Since May, 1909, he has been

414

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Secretary of the Horticultural Society of New York, has edited
its Journal and taken a prominent part in its exhibitions.

His contributions to the literature of Botany and of Horti-
culture number over i8o titles, the most extensive being his con-
tributions of descriptions of grasses to "North American
Flora," and his successive annual reports as Head Gardener of
the New York Botanical Garden published in its Bulletin ; his
writings cover a very v/ide range of plant knowledge.

He is commemorated in Botany by the genus NasJiia of the
Verbena Family, dedicated to him by Dr. Millspaugh, and by
several species of West Indian and Floridian plants, first made
known by his exploration work.

N. L. Britton.

Extract from the Minutes of the Scientific Directors of

THE New York Botanical Garden at their Meeting of

October 8, 1921.

Whereas: Mr, George Valentine Nash, for many years
Head Gardener of the New York Botanical Garden, died on
July 15th, 1921.

Resolved: That the Scientific Directors of the New York
Botanical Garden deeply deplore the loss of a highly esteemed
and much beloved associate.

Resolved: That the foregoing preamble and resolution be
entered upon the minutes of the Directors, printed in the Garden
Journal, and that a copy be sent to his bereaved family.

Resolution Adopted by the Directors of the Horticul-
tural Society of New York :

The members of the Horticultural Society of New York re-
gret having to record the death of Mr, George V. Nash, who for
a number of years did such efficient work as Secretary, in keeping
the records, and editing the publication, and we herewith wish to
express our appreciation of his services in building up the Society,
arranging for the scientific lectures, and the able manner in which
he conducted the numerous exhibitions.

We wish also to convey to Mrs. George V. Nash and family,
our sincere sympathy, and direct that this resolution be entered
upon the minutes of the Society and that a copy be sent to Mrs.
Nash.

415

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

MEMORIAL BY THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY
OF AMERICA

George Valentine Nash

The death of George Valentine Nash, which occurred on
July 15, 1921, in New York City, came as a great surprise and
shock to his many friends, and caused them deep sorrow. He
had been a member of our Society since 191 7 only, but his name
has been for many years a familiar one in the literature of Ameri-
can botany.

Mr. Nash was born in Brooklyn, New York, May 6, 1864, and
in early manhood he was trained in practical horticulture as
his father's business associate. When, in 1896 he entered the
service of the newly organized New York Botanical Garden,
he was already known as a specialist in grasses and as an ob-
servant field-botanist. He brought to his new work that rare
combination of qualifications, a knowledge of horticulture,
both practical and scientific, and a taste for taxonomic botany.

Throughout the twenty-five years of his connection with the
New York Botanical Garden, he exerted a strong influence
upon the development of the collections of living plants in that
institution. During the same period he gave many lectures
and published numerous papers on horticultural and botanical
topics. He had been one of the editors of "Addisonia" since
the establishment of that journal in 1916.

In 1901 and 1902 Mr. Nash visited Europe in the interests
of his institution; and in the years 1903-05 he made several
expeditions to the Bahamas, Haiti, and neighboring islands.
Prior to his West Indian explorations, he had visited Florida
several time for the purpose of making botanical collections.
In later years his duties as Head Gardener kept him in New-
York most of the time. He was a remarkably diligent, inde-
fatigable, and fruitful worker, and all who knew him realize
the seriousness of the loss that American botany has sufifered
through his untimely decease.

John Hendley Barnhart /

Arthur Hollick /■ Committee

Marshall A. Howe

416

the horticultural society of new york

Resolutions Passed by the New York Florists' Club

Whereas, we the members of the New York Florists' Club
with deep sorrow received the announcement of the death of
our beloved member, George V. Nash.

Not only his friends but the entire craft has lost in him an
indefatigable worker. His deep knowledge in horticulture, in
botany and his ever ready willingness to give his knowledge to
others made him beloved by all who knew him, and the interest
and assistance he has shown and given to all instructive horti-
cultural and floricultural enterprises at exhibitions and other-
wise, made him an outstanding figure in his chosen profession.

Therefore, be it

Resolved, that we, the members of the New York Florists'
Club, tender to the family of our late member our heartfelt
sympathy in their bereavement, and be it further

Resolved that these resolutions be spread upon the minutes
of the club and a copy thereof forwarded to his family.

Max Schling
John Canning
James Stuart

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY

May 14. Annual Meeting of the Society.
May 14, 15. Flower Show in connection with the Annual
Meeting.

June 4-5. Rose and Peony Show.
August 20-21. Gladiolus Show.
September 24-25. Dahlia Show.

Annual Meeting, May 14, 1921

The Annual Meeting of the Society was held on Saturday,
May 14, 1921, 4:30 P. M. in the office of the Secretary, Mansion
New York Botanical Garden, the president presiding. There
was a quorum present.

The minutes of the annual meeting of May 8, 1920, were read
and approved.

The terms of the seven directors elected at the annual meet-
ing in May 1918, having expired, nominations were called for,
for their successors, to be elected for a term of three years.
The following nominations were made:

417

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

N. L, Britton F. R. Pierson

T. A, Havemeyer John Scheepers

George V. Nash Mrs. Samuel Sloan

F. R. Newbold
No other nominations being made, a resolution was passed
dosing the nominations.

The secretary was unanimously authorized to cast an affirma-
tive ballot for the election of the above nominees for a term of
three years. This was done, and they were declared elected.
Dr. N. L, Britton was nominated to succeed himself as dele-
gate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences.
He was unanimously elected.

The following election officers for the annual meeting to be
held in May, 1922, were unanimously elected:
Tellers— K. R. Boynton, H. W. Becker.
Alternates — Henry Hicks, E. Fardel.
There being no further business before the Society, the meeting
adjourned at 5 P. M.

George V. Nash,
Secretary.

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Presented May 14, 1921

The membership of the society is now 912, as follows: Pa-
trons, 4 Sustaining Members, 8; Life Members 181; Annual
Members, 691 ; Associate Members, 26; Corresponding Members,
2. The additions during the year have been: 8 life members,
112 annual members and 6 associate members; making a total
of 126. The losses have been; by death 13, of which 4 are life
members and 9 annual members: by resignation 8; dropped on
account of non-payment of dues, 18, making a total of 40. The
net gain in membership for the year therefore is; life members
4; annual members 77; associate members, 5; making a total
of 86.

At the meeting of the Board of Directors on June 12, 1920,
in accordance with the constitution and by-laws, officers of the
society for the ensuing year were elected from the membership
of the Board, as follows:

418

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

President: T. A. Havemeyer

Vice-President: N. L. Britton, Jas. W. Cromwell, E. B.
South wick.

Treasurer: F. R. Newbold.

Secretary : George V. Nash.

Chairman of the Board :F. R. Pierson.

The permanent fund is now $41, 247. 93.

The following meetings have been held by the society, those
from May to September at the New York Botanical Garden,
the remainder at the American Museum of Natural History.

May 8, 1920. Annual meeting. A lecture in the Garden
course by Dr. W. A. Murrill, "Class motives in Primitive and
Egyptian Decorative Art."

June 12. A lecture in the Garden course by Mr. John C. Wister.
"The History and Development of the Iris."

Aug. 21. A lecture in the Garden course by Dr. W. A. Murrill,
"How to Know, Gather and Cook the Puffballs."

Sept. 25. A lecture in the Garden course by Dr. M. A. Howe
on "Dahlias and their Culture."

Oct. 20. A lecture by Mrs. Chas. H. Stout on "How to grow
the largest Dahlia Blooms."

Nov. 17. Lecture by Miss Marion C. Coffin on "Garden
Harmony and Succession in Planting."

Dec. 15. Lecture by Mr. Richard Rothe on " Rock Gardens."

Jan. 19, 1921. Lecture by Mrs. B. Hammond Tracy on
"Gladioli and their Culture."

Feb. 16. Lecture by Mr. Herbert K. Job on "How to Attract
and Propagate Wild Birds."

March 16. Lecture "Mr, C. E. Hunn on Propagation and
Care of Shrubbery."

April 20. Lecture by Mrs. Wm. A. Hutcheson on "The
Flower Garden."

The following exhibitions were held, those from May to Sept-
ember at the New York Botanical Garden. The remainder,
except the Spring Show, at the American Museum of Natural
History.

May 8 and 9, 1920. In connection with the annual meeting.

May 22 and 23. A special exhibition.

June 12 and 13. Rose and Peony show.

419

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

August 21. Gladiolus show.

Sept. 25. Dahlia show.

November 4-7. Annual Fall Show.

March 14-20, 1921. The annual spring show at the Grand
Central Palace. The society maintained a booth at this show
for the accommadation of members and friends.

The New York Botanical Garden offered the premiums for
the shows held at that institution, from the income of the
Wm. R. Sands fund.

The following meetings of the Board of Directors were held;
at the New York Botanical Garden, May 8, June 12, Aug. 21,
and Sept. 25; at the American Museum of Natural History,
November 5 and December 31; at the Grand Central Palace,
March 19.

On June 15, 1920, a conference was held at the American
Museum of Natural History, the object being to take some
action in reference to quarantine order No. 37 of the Federal
Horticultural Board. Horticultural Societies, Garden Clubs,
and others took an active part in this conference, which was
arranged by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Society, and the Horticultural Society
of New York. A circular reporting upon this has been mailed to
all members of the society.

A list of the membership and the report of the treasurer are
appended to these minutes.
George V. Nash, F. R. Pierson,

Secretary. Chairman.

Patrons

Dinsmore, Mrs. W. B. Trevor, Miss Emily

Huntington, Archer M. Trevor, Mrs. J. B.

Senff, Mrs. Charles H.

Sustaining Members

Allen, Mrs. F. H. Mackay, Clarence

Bliss, Miss S. D. Perkins, Mrs. George W.

Garrison, C. M. Forest, Mrs. Mortimer
Langier-Villars, Countess de

420

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Life Members.

Adams, Edward D.
Adriance, H. B.
Agnew, Cornelius Rea
Ames, Miss Mary
Armstrong, Dr. S. T.
Auchincloss, Mrs. E. S., Jr.
Bacon, Mrs. Robert
Baker, Mrs. George P., Jr.
Baldwin, S. Pretiss
Barnhart, Dr. John Hendley
Berwind, E. J.
Billings, Miss E.
Blair, Mrs. C. Ledyard
Bliss, Mrs. William H.
Blumenthal, George
Brown, Geo. McKesson
Brown, Mrs. Harold
Burden, Mrs. Henry
Burk, Louis
Burrage, Albert C.
Burton, F. V.
Callender, W. R.
Campbell, Mrs. Ina
Cannon, Henry W.
Carhartt, Hamilton
Carlson, Carl Oscar
Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew
Chanler, Mrs. Louis S.
Chapin, Mrs. Chas. M.
Chapin, Chester W.
Chapin, S. B.
Chubb, Percy
Coddington, L. B.
Coe, W. R.
Colgate, W.
Constable, Mrs. F. A.
Cottinet, R. L.

Cross, Mrs. R. J.
Cutting, Mrs. Bayard
Davenport, Mrs, Ira
Davis, Charles H.
Davis, Gherardi
Deering, Charles
Delafield, Mrs. John R.
Delafield, Maturin L.
Delano, Moreau
Detmer, Julian F.
Dillon, C.

Dimock, Mrs. Henry F.
Dodge, Mrs. Cleveland H.
Dommerich, L. W.
Doubleday, Russel
du Pont, Irenee
Edge, Mrs. C. N.
Eidlitz, Otto M.
Emmet, Herman Le Roy
Emmons, Mrs. Arthur B.
Faber, Eberhard
Field, Wm. B. Osgood
Fitzsimons, Mrs. Paul
Ford, James B.
Foulke, J. B.
French, Amos Tuck
Frick, Childs
Garvan, Francis P.
Gould, George J.
Guggenheim, Simon^
Haggin, L. T.
Harkness E. S.
Harkness, Mrs. Edw. S.
Harrah, Charles J.
Hawkes, McDougall
Henshaw, A. M.
Hitchcock, Francis R.

421

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Hoffman, Mrs. Chas. F.
Hoyt, Theodore
Hurd, Miss Laura
Iselin, Adrian
Iselin, C, Oliver
Iselin, Columbus O'D.
Iselin, Mrs. Ernest
James, Mrs. Arthur Curtiss
James, Mrs. Henry
Jennings, Oliver G.
Johnstone, Mrs. H. R.
Jones, Mrs. Pembroke
Kidder, Nathaniel T.
King, Miss Ellen G.
Koehne, Robert
Lane, Edward V. Z.
Lanier, Charles
Lehman, S. M.
Lewis, Mrs. Frederic Elliott
Lewis, Mrs. Reginald M.
Lewis, Reginald Minturn
Lewis, Wadworth Russell
Loew, Mrs. William Goadby
Love, Jno. N.
Macdonald, Jas. A,
MacMillin, Emerson
Markoe, Mrs. John
Marshall, Louis
Marwick, James
McLean, Mrs. J.
Michie, Alex.
Mills, A. G.
Mills, Ogden
Morgan, J. P.
Morgan, Mrs. J. P.
Morris, Newbold
Newbold, F. R.
Nichols, Mrs. Wm. Gilman

Olcott, Dudley
Parrish, James C.
Peabody, G. F.
Peters, S. T.
Phipps, Henry C.
Phipps, Howard
Pierson, F. R.
Popp, P. W.
Potter, Miss B.
Pratt, Mrs. George D.
Pyne, Mrs. M. Taylor
Pyne, Mrs. Percy R.
Redmond, Henry S.
Richardson, Mrs. George H.
Riker, John J.
Robinson, Nelson
Roche, Mrs. Burke
Roebling, Mrs. John A.
Roehrs, Julius
Roger, John
Roland, Thomas
Roosevelt, Mrs. James
Rubens, Horatio S.
Sands, Daniel C.
Satterlee, Herbert L.
Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L.
Scheepers, John
Schwarzenbach, R. J. F.
Seton, Mrs. A.
Smythe, F. W.
Stevens, Miss Mary C.
Stillman, C. C.
Stoeckel, Mrs. Carl
Stokes, Miss O. E. P.
Stone, Miss E. J.
Stuart, James
Stumpp, G. E. M.
Taylor, William R,

422

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Thompson, Chas. G.
Thompson, Mrs. Frederic F.
Thompson, Wm. B.
Timolat, James G.
Tod, Robert E.
Troy, J. H.
Underwood, F. D.
Untermeyer, Samuel
Vanderbilt, F. W.
Van Gerbig, Mrs. Barend
Warburg, Felix M.
Warburg, Paul M.
Warren, Mrs. John Hobart
Washburn, Thomas, G.
Waterbury, John I.

Webb, Mrs. W. Seward
Webster, Hamilton Fish
Webster, Mrs. Sydney
Welch, Patrick
White, Mrs. Henry
Whitney, Mrs. Payne
Willets, Elmore A.
Wilson, Mrs. M. Orme
Wise, Edmond E.
Wister, John C.
Woerishoffer, Mrs. Anna
Young, John
Zabriskie, Geo. A.
Ziegler, William, Jr.

Annual Members

Abbott, Mrs. T. J.
Abel, Dr. L. Hosford
Adams, Henry S.
Adams, Mrs. John Dunbar
Aldrich, Mrs. J. Herman
Aldrich, Mrs. Richard
Aldridge, Mrs. W. H.
Alexander, Douglas
Alexandre, Mrs. John E.
Allen, Miss Mary
Allen, Philhp
Allien, Mrs. Frederick
Anderson, Wm. C.
Andrews, W. H.
Arend, Francis J.
Arnold, Mrs. Glover C.
Atkins, F. L.
Atwater, Mrs. W. C.
Auchincloss, Mrs. Edgar S.
Auchincloss, Mrs. Hugh D.
Auchincloss, James C.

Avery, Ledyard
Bailey, Frank
Baldwin, Mrs. Austin R.
Baldwin, G. E.
Bambach, Chris
Barber, Mrs. T. H.
Barclay, Mrs. James L.
Barnes, Miss Katherine M.
Barnhart, Dr. J. H.
Barron, Leonard
Barton, Edward R.
Battin, Mrs. A.
Battle, Mrs. Geo. Gordon
Becker, H. W.
Behrend, Dr. Otto F.
Belmont, August
Bendheim, A. D.
Bentley, Miss Mary L.
Benziger, Bruno
Biddle, Miss Harriet L.
Bieschke, A.

423

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Bissell, Miss Mary C.
Bixby, Willard G.
Black, Mrs. Robert C.
Blagden, Mrs. Linzee
Bliss, Mrs. Walter P.
Bloomingdale, Samuel J.
Blum, Mrs. H. C.
Blumenthal, Hugo
Bobbink, L. C.
Boddington, Arthur 1.
Boden, Paul B.
Bonner, G. T.
Bonties, Mrs. H. P.
Booth, N. E.
Boughan, B. A.
Bowdoin, Miss Edith C.
Boynton, K. R.
Brayton, Mrs. H. A.
Breitenbach, Miss Jennie Y.
Brewster, Mrs. Walter S.
Brightman, Mrs. H. I.
Brill, Dr. A. A.
Brinckerhoff, A. F.
Brinsmade, Chas. Lyman
Bristol, John I. D.
Britton, Dr. N. L.
Brown, Franklin Q.
Brown, Robert T.
Browning, Mrs. J. Hull
Bulkley, Duncan
Bunker, William
Burchard, Mrs. Anson W.
Burden, Mrs. Arthur Scott
Burkham, Miss Caroline T.
Burnett, E. R.
Burns, Wm. J.
Bush, Irving T.
Butler, Arthur W.

Butler, Mrs. N. M.
Butterworth, John T.
Caesar, Henry A.
Caiman, Henry L.
Cammann, H. H.
Cammann, Miss I. M.
Candee, Lyman
Canning, John
Carlebach, Emil
Carlebach, Walter M.
Carlisle, G. Lister, Jr.
Carlisle, Mrs. G. Lister, Jr.
Carrington, Wm. T.
Cathcart, Miss J. R.
Chapman, Mrs. John J.
Chase, Miss Jessie
Chatillon, Mrs. George H.
Chauncy, Miss Emily H.
Chaves, Jose E.
Childs, Mrs. John Lewis
Clark, Mrs. Bruce
Clark, Chas. W.
Clarkson, Mrs. Banyer
Clayburgh, Albert
Cochran, G. D.
Coffin, C. A.
Coffin, Miss Marion C.
Cohen, Mrs. Julius Henry
Cohen, Max
Cole, Frederic A.
Coleman, Miss E.
Colon, George Edward
Comstock, Mrs. A. W.
Conor, Mrs. C. H.
Conreid, Mrs. R. G.
Cook, C. S.

Cooper, Mrs. Marin Le Brun
Cottenet, Miss F. M.

424

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Cowl, Mrs. Clarkson
Cowles, Mrs. Wm. S.
Crane, F. D.
Cravath, Mrs. Paul D.
Crawford, William
Crimmins, Mrs. Thomas
Cromwell, Jas. W.
Cross, Miss M. R.
Cross, Mrs. W. Redmond
Crunden, Mrs. Robert H.
Cullman, Mrs. Joseph F.
Curtin, Mrs. C. Clark
Curtis, G. Warrington
Cuyler, Miss Eleanor de Graff
Dard, Chas. A.
Davenport, Mrs. H. J.
Davies, J. Clarence
Dawes, Mrs. Lewis
De Forest, H. W.
Delano, Wm. Adams
De Lanoy, Wm. C.
de Rham, Mrs. Chas., Jr.
Dery, D. George
Dewes, A.
Dickey, Mrs. CD.
Dieterich, C. F.
Dodge, Francis P.
Dodsworth, Mrs. M. J.
Dommerich, S. W.
Dommerich, Otto L.
Donoho, Mrs. Ruger
Doubleday, Mrs. Frank Nelson
Doughty, Mrs. W. H.
Douglas, Mrs. Walter
Draper, Chas. A.
Draper, Dr. W. K.
Draper, Mrs. W. K.
Du Bois, Mrs. M. B.

Duer, Mrs. John Beverly

du Pont, Mrs. Coleman

Du Pont, Henry F.

Duxbury, Paul C.

Dwight, Mrs. M. E.

Dworetzky, M.

Eaton, Mrs. Frederick H.

Ebel, M. C.

Eckart, Edmund

Edgar, Mrs. H. L. R.

Edgar, Mrs. Newbold Le Roy

Edie, Richard, Jr.

Ehret, George

Eidlitz, Mrs. Robert

Eisman, Max

Elliott, Howard

Erlanger, Abraham

Erlanger, Milton S.

Eshelman, Mrs. C. M.

Evans, Jackson

Evans, S. M.

Evarts, A. W.

Everitt, John W.

Exton, H. E.

Fairchild, Benjamin T.

Fardel, E.

Farrand, Mrs. Max

Fels, Mrs. Joseph

Ferguson, Mrs. Farquhar

Ferguson, George

Fischer, William H.

Fletcher, Mrs, Peter

Floyd, Mrs. W. T.

Forbes, L. G.

Foulk, Theodore

Fowler, Mrs. R. L., Jr.

Fox, Miss Alice Bleecker

Fox, Mrs. Mortimer J.

425

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Fraser, Miss J. K.
Fraser, Miss S. Grace
Freeman, Mrs. H. G.
Frelinghuysen, Mrs. Frederick
Frissell, A. S.
Frothingham, John W.
Fuld, Felix
Gaillard, Mrs. W. D.
Gallatin, Mrs. R. Horace
Geer, Mrs. Walter
Giatras, George
Gibson, Robt. W.
Goddard, Mrs. Morrill
Gottheil, Mrs. Paul
Gotthelf, Charles
Graydon, Mrs. Clendenen
Greenough, John
Gribbel, Mrs. John
Griffin, Mrs. Edwin C.
Griffin, W. V.
Griffith, Miss M. E.
Griffith, Miss Susan D.
Griswold, Mrs. Chester, Sr.
Guinzburg, Mrs. Victor
Gurnee, Miss Bell
Hague, Mrs. Arnold
Hamersley, L. Gordon
Hamilton, Miss Eliz. Stewart
Hamilton, Mrs. Wm. Pierson
Hardenbergh, Mrs. W. P.
Harmon, Mrs. F. Denham
Harper, Dr. R. A.
Harris, Alfred
Hartling, John
Hastings, Thomas
Havemeyer, H. O.
Havemeyer, T. A.
Havemeyer, Mrs. T. A.

Haven, Miss Frances A. L.
Haven, Mrs. J. Woodward
Hawk, Mrs. William Samuel
Hawthorne, Mrs. Charles W.
Hazard, Mrs. R. G.
Hazen, Mrs. Charles Downer
Heide, Henry, Jr.
Henderson, Chas.
Hendrickson, I. S.
Hershey, Andrew H.
Hewitt, Mrs. L. W.
Hickok, James L.
Hicks, Henry
Hicks, JohnM. W.
Hill, Mrs. Robt. C.
Hinckley, Mrs. Samuel N.
Hirschhorn, Fred
Hiss, Mrs. Nelson
Hitch, Mrs. Frederick Delano
Hodenpyl, Anton G.
Hoe, Richard M.
Hoe, Mrs. Robert R.
Holbrook, Mrs. Edward
Hollaman, R. G.
Hooper, Mrs. Newlin
Housman, Clarence J.
Howard, Mrs. Frederick T.
Howe, Richard F.
Howe, Walter B.
Howe, Mrs. Walter B.
Howell, M. D.
Hoyt, Miss Elizabeth S.
Hoyt, Miss Virginia Scott
Hunt, Thomas
Huntington, F. J.
Huntington, H. E.
Huntington, Mrs. Robert
Hupfel, A. C. G.

426

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Hurd, Dr. Lee M.
Hurd, Lee M., Jr.
Hurrell, Henry
Hurst, Mrs. Albert E.
Hutcheson, Mrs. Wm. A.
Huyler, Frank DeK.
Hyde, Mrs. Clarence M.
Hyde, Courtney
Hyde, E. Francis
Inglis, Wm.
Irwin, Roman J.
Iselin, Mrs. Adrian
Iselin, Mrs. Columbus O'D.
Iselin, Miss Georgine
Iselin, Lewis
Iselin, Mrs. William E.
Iselin, Wm. E.
Isreal, Leon
Jacobus, Martin R.
Jacquelin, Mrs. H. T. B.
James, Mrs. Walter B.
James, Mrs. Wortham
Jenkino, Alfred W.
Jennings, Miss Annie B.
Jennings, Robert E.
Jennings, Walter
Jernigan, Dr. G. F.
Johnston, John F.
Jones, Mrs. Cadwalader
Judson, Henry I.
Jungbluth, Karl
Kahle, Miss Julie
Kahn, O. H.
Kahn, Mrs. Robert J.
Kane, Mrs. De Lancy
Kane, Mrs. John Innes
Karsten, Louis
Kean, Miss Elizabeth

Kean, Mrs. Hamilton Fish
Keller, Albert
Kellogg, Mrs. Morris
Kelsey, F. W.

Kennedy, Mrs. H. Van Rens-
selaer
Kennedy, Mrs. John S.
Ketcham, Miss Ethel B.
Kieger, Emil L.
Kilsheimer, Mrs. James B.
King, Mrs. Edward
King, Frederic R.
King, Miss Isabella C.
King, Le Roy

Kingsford, Miss Margaret S.
Kissel, Mrs. Gustav E.
Knight, Thomas
Knoedler, Roland F.
Krower, Louis
Kunhardt, H. R.
Kunz, Dr. Geo. F.
La Bar. Mrs. Eugene S.
Ladenburg, Mrs. Adolf
Lager, John E.
Lahodny, A.

Lancashire, Mrs. J. Henry
Landman, Miss M. V.
Lang, Henry
Lapham, Mrs. John J.
Lasar, Mrs.
Lawrence, Hiram V.
Laying, Mrs. Jas. D., Jr.
Ledoux, Mrs. Albert Retd
Lee, J. W., Jr.
Leeds, Mrs. Warner M.
Legg, George
Leo, Brother
Leonard, Mrs. Frank E.

427

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Le Roy, Dr. Louis C.
Lester, A. Edward
Levi, Mrs. Albert A.
Levine, Edmund J.
Levor, G.
Levy, Ephraim B.
Lewis, Mrs. Herman E.
Lewis, M. H.
Lewisohn, Adolph
Lexow, Mrs. Allan
Linane, James
Livermore, Mrs. John R.
Livingston, Miss Anne P.
Livingston, Mrs. Goodhue
Lowenthal, Mrs. Julius
Loewi, Hugo V.
Loines, Miss Hilda
Lovell, Miss Frances B.
Lowes, Mrs. Clarence M.
Ludington, Mrs. Chas. M.
Luke, David L.
Lybrand, Mrs. Wm. M.
McAlpin, Dr. D. H.
McAIpin, Mrs. D. Hunter, Jr.
McAlpin, George L.
McCagg, Louis B.
McEwen, Mrs. Alfred
Mcllhenny, E. A.
McKnight, Mrs. T. H. B.
McVickar, Mrs. Edward
Maas, M. A.
MacDougal, Dr. D. T.
MacDougall, Mrs. Edward A.
MacKenzie, Kenneth
Mager, Mrs. F. Robt.
Manda, A. J.
Manda, J. A.
Manda, W. A.

Mantner, Mrs. Louis L.
Markle, Mrs. John
Marquand, Mrs. Henry
Mars ton, Edward S.
Masters, Francis R.
Matheson, Mrs. Harriet T.
Matheson, W. J.
May, Harry O.
Mayer, Dr. Henriette
Mayer, R. deL.
Merrill, Mrs. Payson
Metcalf, Mrs. Jas.
Meyer, Mrs. Eugene, Jr.
Mielke, Henry
Miller, A. L.
Miller, E. S.
Miller, Dr. George N.
Mills, Frederic C.
Mitchell, Mrs. John Murray
Mitchell, Mrs. Wm.
Mohlman, Mrs. Louise C.
Molleson, George A.
Monod, Mrs. E. D.
Montgomery, Mrs. Henry Eg

linton
Moore, Clement
Morgan, Miss Anne
Morgan, Miss Caroline L.
Morgan, Mrs. Gerald
Morgan, Mrs. J. S. Jr.
Morgan, Mrs. Junius S.
Morris, Dr. Robt. T.
Mosle, Mrs. A. Henry
Muendel, Miss Christina
Mulford, Edwin H.
Muller, Carl
Munson, C .W.
Murphy, Miss Adelina M.

428

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Muser, Mrs. H. C.
Myers, William S.
Nadelman, Mme. Elie
Neustadt, Mrs. S.
Newberg, Mrs. Moses
Newberry, Mrs. J. S.
Newbold, Miss Edith
Nichols, Mrs. George
Nichols, Morton C.
Nicoll, Mrs. Benjamin
Noe, Louis A.
Nordmann, Clarence
Norris, Miss Fanny
Notman, George
Notman, Howard
Noyes, Mrs. Constance
Ochs, Adolph S.
Ogden, Miss Emilie
Olney, Elam Ward
Oppenheimer, Mrs. Julius
Osborn, Mrs. H. Fairfield
Osborn, Prof. H. Fairfield
Otten, Mrs. Chas.
Pagenstecher, Miss Bertha
Paris, Mrs. John W.
Parish, Mrs. Henry
Parsons, Mrs. Edgerton
Parsons, Miss Gertrude
Parsons, Herbert
Parsons, Mrs. J. E.
Parsons, Mrs. Wm. H.
Patterson, T. R. Hoge
Paul, Mrs. G. E.
Paulding, Miss Anne Depew
Payne, Fred W.
Peck, Dr. Chas. H.
Peck, Miss Dorothy
Peck, Mrs. M. R.

Peckham, Mrs. Ethel Anson S.
Pegram, Edward S.
Pell, Mrs. Stephen
Penfold, Edmund
Perkins, G. Laurence
Perkins, Miss Hattie W.
Perry, Mrs. Wm. A.
Peters, Mrs. Theodore
Phillips, Mrs. Alfred Norton
Pickhardt, Mrs. Carl
Pierrepont, Seth L.
Pierson, Wallace, R.
Pinchot, Mrs. Gififord
Pitney, Mrs. J. O. H.
Piatt, Mrs. Frank H.
Pollak, W. G.
Pond, Miss Florence L.
Pond, Mrs. N. M.
Porter, A. J.
Porter, Wm. H.
Post, A. S.

Potter, Mrs. Frank Hunter
Potts, Mrs. Wm. B.
Powell, George T.
Proctor, Mrs. Chas. E.
Pulitzer, Mrs. Joseph
Pulsifer, N. T.
Putnam, Mrs. H. S.
Quincy, C. F.
Ramsperger, H. G.
Raymond, H. E.
Raynes, George W.
Redmond, Johnston
Redmond, Mrs. Johnston
Reed, Mrs. Latham G.
Reese, Miss M. M.
Reichenberg, Mrs. N.
Reid, Miss Katherine W.

429

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Reimels, J. Walter
Remick, W. H.
Richard, Miss Elvine
Riker, Wm. J.
Rindfleisch, Herman
Robb, Mrs. N. Thayer
Robertson, Miss Jennette
Rogers, Mrs. Arch'd.
Rogers, E. L.
Rolle, A. J.
Roosevelt, Mrs. J. R.
Roosevelt, Mrs. W. Emlen
Rose, Mrs. Oscar
Rosenstein, Mrs. Sidney
Rounds, Arthur C.
Rowland, Mrs. Chas. B.
Runyon, Walter Clark
Ruperti, Mrs. Justus
Ruppert, Mrs. Jacob
Rusby, Dr. H. H.
Russell, Miss Marie L.
Sands, Mrs. B. Aymar
Sands, Miss Louise
Scarborough, W. S.
Schiff, Mortimer L.
Schlegel, George
Schling, Max
Scholls, A. H.
Schurz, Miss Marianne
Schutz, Bernhard
Schwab, Mrs. H. B. DeVilliers
Scott, C. W.
Scott, Wm.
See, Alonzo B.
Seligman, Mrs. Isaac N.
Sharpe, Miss Elizabeth M.
Shattuck, A. R.
Sheehan, Mrs. Wm. F.

Shoemaker, Henry W.
Schull, F. R.
Siebrecht, Wm. H.
Siedenberg, Mrs. R., Jr.
Simon, Franklin
Simon, Theo, A.
Simpson, Robt.
Sloan, Benson Bennett
Sloan, Samuel
Sloan, Mrs. Samuel
Smidt, Thomas
Smiley, Daniel
Smith, C. Harold
Smith, Frank Morse
Smith, Pierre J.
Smith, W. Hinckle
Snell, Thomas
Snow, E. G.

Snow, Mrs. Frederick A.
Somers, L. H.
Sparrow, Mrs.E. W.
Sperling Wm. A.
Soule, Mrs. Louis H.
Southwick, E. B.
Spingarn, Major J. E.
Stahl, Adolf o
Stanley, A. T.
Stanton, J. R.
Steinway, Fred T.
Stephenson, Robt. S.
Stern, Mrs. Benjamin
Stevens, Mrs. Byam K.
Stevens, Frederic W.
Stewart, Mrs. John A., Jr.
Stewart, Mrs. John Wood
Stewart, Lispenard
Stewart, Wm. R.
Stiles, Harold S.

430

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Stimson, Dr. Daniel M.
Stout, Mrs. Chas. H.
Strauss, Albert
Strauss, Mrs. Albert
Strauss, Charles
Strauss, Miss Henriette
Strauss, Mrs. William
Strong, Mrs. J. R.
Stroock, Joseph
Sturgis, F. K.
Stursberg, Mrs. William
Suckley, Mrs. R. B.
Sullivan, Mrs. James
Sutro, Mrs. Richard
Swan, Mrs. Chas. Fitch
Tag, Albert
Taggart, Rush
Tailer, Mrs. Henry P.
Taylor, Mrs. Frederick M.
Thatcher, Arthur E.
Thomas, Mrs. Howard L.
Tibbits, LeGrand Cannon
Tibbits, Mrs. LeGrand
Tiffany, Mrs. Belmont
Tiffany, Mrs. C. L.
Tiffany, Louis C.
Tilford, Mrs. Henry M.
Totty, Chas. H.
Tracy, B. Hammond
Traendly, F. H.
Trevor, Mrs. John B., Jr.
Troescher, A. F.
Truesdale, Mrs. J. R.
Tuttle, Mrs. B. B.
Ulmann, L.

Untermeyer, Mrs. Isaac
Van Beuren, Mrs. Frederick S.
Van Ingen, Mrs. Edward H.

Varnum, Mrs. Jas. H.
Vert, William W.
Vick, E. C.

Von Zedlitz, Mrs. Anna M.
Walker, Mrs. Gustavus A.
Walker, Mrs. Joseph, Jr.
Walker, Wm. L

Wallbridge, Mrs. Wm. Knicker-
bocker
Wallers tein, Leo
Walsh, M. H.
Warren, Mrs. B. S.
Watson, Mrs. J. E.
Wearne, Harry
Webb, Mrs. F. Egerton
Webster, Edwin S.
Weed, Edward F.
Weeks, Mrs. John E.
Weiss, Mrs. Charles
Wessell, Arthur L.
Wetmore, Miss Edith
Wetmore, Mrs. George Peabody
Wetmore, Miss Maude
Wettlaufer, Mrs. G.
White, Mrs. E. Laurence
White, Lawrence G.
White, W. A.
Whitman, Mrs. Alfred A.
Wilbour, Miss Theodora
Williams, Dr. Anna Wessels
Williams, Mrs. Chas. M.
Willis, W. P.
Willstatter, A.
Wilson, Mrs. E. H.
Wilson, M. Orme
Wilson, Mrs. Robert Cade
Wilton, H. Leonard
Wimpfheimer, Chas, A.

431

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Witherbee, Mrs. F. S. Young, Miss Annette

Wocher, Mrs. F. W. Young, Mrs. A. Murray

Wolffe, Mrs. Lewis H. Young, Mrs. Wm. H.

Wood, Mrs. C. B. Zabriskie, Mrs. Andrew C.

Wood, Charles J. Zanetti, Joseph E.

Wright, Mrs. J. Hood Zoller, Charles
Wyckoff, Barkley

Associate Members

Allan, Jas. Milosy, S. G.

Ashmead, Chas. W. McLaughlin, Joseph R.

Balch, Walter B. Polle, Edward W.

Christol', George J. Radlein, Jacob

Colvin, Alex. Schildbach, Richard

Doherty, Edw. W. Schultz, Frederick

Friedhof, George Seymour, Wm. R.

Gleasel, August Smith, Joseph W.

Hastings, John J. Sommer, John

Hitchman, Frederick Sorenson, J. P.

Jones, Robert Sorg, Wm.

Manz, Ludwig J. Woodward, Clifton
Milburn, Chas.

ANNUAL REPORT OF TREASURER

May I, 1920 TO April 30, 1921

Life Fund Account
Receipts

Balance May i, 1920 $35,982.61

Life Membership and Sustaining Dues 5^5 -oo

Interest Investments 2,124.32

International Flower Show, 1920 700.00

International Flower Show, 1921

On Account $2,000.00

Expense Booth 84.00

1,916.00

$41,247.93

432

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Investments

Broadway Savings Inst, account 556.51

Poughkeepsie Savings Bank account i i ,391 .44

Pck. Savgs Bk. a-c 2. Wm. Barr. Memorial Fund 672.84

100 War Savings Stamps :

Series 1918 419.00

Series 1919 4i5-00

5m Buf. Roch. & Pitsg. 4>^% Equipt. Trust Series E. 5,000.00

6m Illin's Steel Debt. 1940 4^% 5.457-50

6m Am. Can Co. Debt 1928 5% 6,005.00

5m Mich. Cent. Eqt. Trust Series E. 1925 6% 5,030.33

5m Texas Co. Short Term 1932. 7% 4,946.88

5m Western Electric Short Term, 1925, 7% 4,937-50

5m B. F. Goodrich Co. Short Term 1925 7% 4,912.50

$39,194.50

Cash balance in Bank 2,053.43

$41,247.93
General Account

Receipts

Cash balance May i, 1920 $1,009.83

Fruit Tree Fund Balance 1920 271 .75

Fruit Tree Fund 1921.* 25.00

Annual Dues 3,198.00

Fund No. 12 Nov. Show 1,691.00

Sale Publications 2.00

Interest on Loans •. 22.57

$6,220.15

Expenditures

Petty Cash, Secretary $500.00

Petty Cash, Treasurer 65.60

Journal account 307.35

Prizes account 1,358.48

Medals account ,. . . 209.90

Salary account. Secretary 1,000.00

433

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Lectures account 379-i6

Expenses account office 484.56

Expenses account, general 182.60

Expenses account, shows 335-70

Expenses account Embargo Com 1,000.00

5.823.35
Cash Balance in Bank 396.80

6,220.15
Actual Cash in Bank account.

Life Fund account $2,053.43

General account 396.80

Bal. as per Pass Book April 30, 192 1 2,450.23

Respectfully, submitted,

Frederick R. Newbold,

Treasurer.
Audited by Thomas M. Lynch, Pub. Ace.

434

OFFICERS

President
T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

N. L. BRITTON JAS. W. CROMWELL

E. B. SOUTHWICK

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. S. HARKNESS GEO. N. MILLER

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEO. T. POWELL

Treasurer
F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Secretary

MRS. GEORGE V. NASH, New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, N. Y. City

Board of Directors

F. R. PIERSON, Chairman
Term expires 1922 Term expires 1923 Term expires 1924

F. L. ATKINS ROBERT T. BROWN N. L. BRITTON

J. W. CROMWELL JOHN CANNING T. A. HAVEMEYER

M. C. EBEL I. S. HENDRICKSON GEORGE V. NASH

E. FARDEL J. E. LAGER F. R. NEWBOLD

E. B. SOUTHWICK J. A. MANDA F. R. PIERSON

J. H. TROY JULIUS ROEHRS JOHN SCHEEPERS

E. C. VICK JAMES STUART MRS. SAMUEL SLOAN

Members of the Women's Auxiliary

MRS. W. K. DRAPER MRS. E. S. HARKNESS

MRS. C. LEDYARD BLAIR MISS ANNE MORGAN

MRS. HUGH D. AUCHINCLOSS MRS. H. L. SATTERLEE

MRS. ARTHUR SCOTT BURDEN MRS. CHAS. H. SENFF

MRS. L. S. CHANLER MISS EDITH WETMORE

MRS. PAUL FITZSIMONS MRS. HAROLD I. PRATT

MRS. CHAS. H. STOUT

3ournal

of tl)C

J^orttcttltural Soctetpof J^etD J9orfe

Vol. HI, No. 5 ^^^f^^^m FEBRUARY

1922

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY
MRS. GEORGE V. NASH

CONTENTS

Pagre
Fall Show 435

Proceedings of the Society. 439

Resume of Lecture on Japanese Flower Arrangement 43fl

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

INTELLIGENCER PRINTING CO.
LANCASTER, PA.

journal

of ti^e

Horticultural ^octetp of jBteto ^orfe

Incorporated 1902

Vol in No S .'-'"^'^ FFRRIIARY 1^)77 Free to members

VUl. HI, i>IU. J Quarterly ILUAU/lIVl, IZ)CC By subscription $1.00 per year

FALL SHOW.

The Annual Fall Show of the Society was held in the American
Museum of Natural History, November 3rd-6th inclusive. The
exhibition was opened on the evening of the first day from 7 to
10 P.M., especially for the members of the Society and members
of the affiliated organizations at the Museum.

The exhibition, with the exception of the large Chrysan-
themum plants, was of pre-war standard, and in some instances
even exceeded former excellence. The cooperation of the Garden
Club of America was a decided addition to the show, their
exhibits adding something different from the usual professional
gardener or commercial exhibits. There were ten table decor-
ations from as many Member Clubs, no two of them alike, and
a number of groups of cut chrysanthemums arranged for effect.
The first prize for the table decorations, asilver cup, offered by
the Treasurer of the Horticultural Society, was won by the
Bedford Garden Club. The second and third prizes, silver and
bronze medals offered by the society, were won by the Garden
Club of Washington, and the Rye Garden Club respectively.

In the class for Collection of outdoor Chrysanthemums,
Mrs. Bancroft Gherardi carried off the first prize, the Society's
silver medal, and Mrs. Charles H. Stout the second prize, the
Society's bronze medal.

Silver and bronze medals offered by the Society were also
awarded in the Class for Collection of indoor grown Chrysan-

435

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

themums, first prize to Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, and second prize
to Mrs. Richard Colt.

Miss Alice DeLamar, Glen Cove, L. I., carried ofif all but
one of the first prizes for Specimen bush Chrysanthmums — -the
first prize in Class A, i, being awarded to W, B. Thompson,
Yonkers, N. Y., who took second prize in the three other classes,
Miss DeLamar taking second in Class A, i.

In the Classes for large cut blooms, the principal exhibitors
were: Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Mrs. Payne
Whitney, H. L. Parson, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Miss Alice
DeLamar, Mrs. W. Redmond Cross, and Howard Cole. Some
wonderful specimens were exhibited, notably Louise Pockett,
white, and Vermont, pink, both specimens of the Japanese
incurving type.

The Single Anemone and Pompon types were exceedingly well
represented by the following exhibitors:

Non-Commercial

Mrs. Payne Whitney, Mrs. Harold L Pratt, and Mrs. Charles
Mallory.

Commercial
Charles H. Totty and The Springfield Floral Co.

The group of Cut Blooms arranged for effect, covering loo
square feet, and provided for by the William Barr Memorial
Fund, brought out two splendid exhibits, Mrs. F. E. Lewis
winning first prize, and Mrs. Payne Whitney the second.

The prize of $50 offered by the President of the Garden Club
of America for a new meritorious variety of Chrysanthemum
not in cultivation, was won by Clarence Mackay, with a seedling
of Robert Pulling x Golden Champion.

The Class for Table Decoration brought out three exhibitors,
Wm. Boyce Thompson taking first prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney
second, and Mrs. S. D. Brewster third.

Although there was nothing different or new in these arrange-
ments, all three being nearly alike, they were tastefully arranged,
and different flowers were used in each exhibit.

Cut roses and carnations were strongly represented, especially

436

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

in the Commercial Classes. The principal exhibitors and prize
winners in these sections were:

Roses

Private growers — Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Countess Mildred
Holnstein, Howard Cole, Mrs. L. U. Skidmore.

Commercial growers — Charles H. Totty, F. R. Pierson, L. B.
Coddington.

Carnations

Private growers — Mrs. Payne Whitney, Mrs. F. E. Lewis,
James Fraser.

Open to All

New and Meritorious Variety not in Commerce.
Silver medal won by Patten and Co.

There was only one entry for the Group of Greenhouse Plants,
but this exhibit was well worthy of the first prize which it received
and was put up by W. B. Thompson, of Vonkers, N. Y.

Orchid Plants were a feature of the Show this year and the
collection of Julius Roehrs Co., Lager & Hurrell, George E.
Baldwin & Co., and Joseph A. Manda Co., were each worthy of a
first prize.

Special mention must be made of the wonderful collection of
Cypripedium insigne staged by the Joseph A. Manda Co. This
exhibit consisted of about two hundred and fifty plants, arranged
with palms and ferns, and was probably the finest exhibit of this
orchid ever seen anywhere. It was easily awarded the Society's
silver cup for the Grand Sweepstake Prize as the Best Exhibit in
the Show.

Wm. B. Thompson took first prize for twelve plants of Begonia,
Gloire de Lorraine type. Miss Alice DeLamar second.

Samuel Untermeyer took first prize for fine specimens of
Cibotium, Adiantum, and Goniophebium, while F. R. Pierson
won first prize for a fine collection of Nephrolepis exaltata and
its varieties.

In the non-commercial Class for vegetables, Mrs. Herbert L.
Pratt took first prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney second, for best

437

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

collections arranged for effect, while in the largest class, open to
al), Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt again took first prize, Miss Myra
Valentine second.

The one exhibit of apples by a commercial grower is worthy of
xnention. This exhibit was one of the best in the Show and
consisted of a number of standard varieties, tastefully displayed.
It was put up by J. W. Weaver and Son, Highland, N. Y.

Mrs. F. A. Constable's special display of Nerines attracted no
little attention, partly on account of the rarity of these bulbous
plants, which, as they come under the embargo of Quarantine
No. 37, are likely to be scarce for years. The collection was
awarded a special prize.

The most novel exhibit of the Show, and one that attracted a
great deal of attention, was a very large and fine collection of
Celosias, by Mrs. W. D. Guthrie. The peculiar flowering, and
the odd and beautiful colors of these plants, kept a crowd around
them all the time. The display was awarded a special prize of a
silver cup.

The following special prizes were awarded by the Committee :-

Howard Phipps, Westbury, L. I.

Chrysanthemums — Display of seedling Anemones and Pom-
pons— $5.00

Miss Mary Bell, 171 Bell Ave., Bayside, L. I.

Specimen plant of Clerodendron fragrans — Double variety — ■

Certificate of Merit.

W. A. Manda, South Orange, N. J.

Collection of New and Rare Plants — Gold Medal.

Dahlia mandiana — Certificate of Merit.

A. N. Pierson, Cromwell, Conn.

Chrysanthemums — New Pompon," New York" — Silver Medal

Geo. E. Baldwin and Co., Mamaroneck, N. Y.
Collection of Orchids — Gold Medal.

Joseph A. Manda, West Orange, N. J.

Display of Cypripedium insigne Sanderi — Special Prize, $100.

Display of Orchids — $25.

438

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, N. J.
Display of Taxus cuspidata capitata — ^$25.

F. Heeremans, Elm Court Farms, Lenox, Mass.
Chrysanthemum — New and Meritorious Variety not in com-
merce— $10.

N. Harold Cottam, Wappingers Falls, N. Y.
Collection of apples^ — $5.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY.

The Horticultural Society, in cooperation with the Garden
Club of America, gave a series of afternoon lectures on horti-
cultural subjects, at the American Museum of Natural History.
These lectures were given on the third Tuesdays of the months
of January, February, March, and April, and had an average
attendance of over two hundred people. The lectures and their
subjects were as follows:

January 17th — Japanese Flower Arrangement — Miss Mary
Averill.

February 21st — -The Arnold Arboretum — Mr. Loring Under-
wood.

March 21st — ^Herbaceous Perennials — Mr. Henry E. Downer.

April i8th^ — English Garden Methods — Miss Mary R. Jay.

A resume of Miss Averill's lecture is printed in this issue.

RESUME OF LECTURE ON JAPANESE
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT.

Japanese Flower Arrangement is the only branch of Japanese
art that has no traces of foreign origin. Most matters of JaP"
anese art have come through China. Japanese Flower Arrange-
ment has been practised for centuries, but was brought to its
present-day form in the latter part of the fifteenth century
through Yoshimasa, who conceived the idea of representing
three elements in every arrangement of cut flowers, namely,
Heavens, Man, Earth; and from this has evolved the present
system. These principles take different names in the different

439

:THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

schools but hold the same relative positions and heights in all
schools and in all arrangements.

The central or highest spray in the group is the Heavens,
the next in height is the Man and the lowest is the Earth. These
three principles can be arranged in two distinct styles known as
In and Yo, or otherwise masculine and feminine, or right and left.
In this country we attach little importance to the style of the
arrangement. The style merely suggests where the arrangement
is to be placed; but in Japan a feminine arrangement can never
be placed conspicuously whereas a masculine arrangement can
be used on any occasion.

This idea of applying a distinction of sex is closely adhered to,
not only in flower arrangement but in landscape gardening.
The colors of flowers are given sex distinctions which indicate
their position in regard to height and prominence in the arrange-
ment.

It is difficult to realize how important a place flowers hold in
the everyday life of the Japanese, bat it is a fact that the Jap-
anese manage to derive wide gratification from flowers and to
utilize them more effectively as features of public pleasure than
any other people. Everyone knows how they delight in their
open air flower fetes: no one is too old to make, in the cherry
blossom season, a long pilgrimage to see this flower in some
historic spot where it will appear to great advantage. All events
are heralded by flowers.

On entering a Japanese house the initiated could tell at once
the season of the year, whether a guest was expected, if coming
by land or sea, and a hundred other every day occurrences.

In all well regulated houses in Japan a flower receptacle shaped
like the crescent moon is used to represent the phases of the
moon or the days of the month. By the way the flowers are
placed in this holder, at a glance one can tell as readily as by our
calendars the day of the month.

This art, coming to Japan as it did with Buddhism and practised
by the Buddhist priests, was developed in order to prolong the
lives of plants and flowers, and was a natural development of
the Buddhist desire to preserve animal life.

The supports in which the flowers are placed were also de-

440

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

signed with the same object in view as have been the vases. The
vases are wide opened at the mouth, which allows the oxygen of
the air to enter and help purify the water, and are not pressed
closely together at the top as our vases are. The colors of the
vases are subdued and inconspicuous so as in no way to detract
from the beauty of the flower but only enhance its charm.

The flowers are placed in the vases in two kinds of supports.
In the upright vases a forked stick is used, which passes across
the mouth of the vase or holder, and each flower is passed
through this opening one at a time. In the low, flat receptacles
the lead flower holders are used, as in Japan in the low recep-
tacles they only arrange water growing or bulbous plants, and
these require the stems pressed on the bottom of the receptacle
in order to prolong their life.

The Japanese spend more time in selecting the material with
which they are to work than time on placing it in the vase. What
at first to us is deceiving in this style of arrangement is the fact
that the Japanese try to represent the whole, while we are
content that a branch remains a branch. Where we gather a few
flowers and put them in a vase in which they remain a few or
part of the whole, the Japanese at once considers where and how
the plant grew and represents the whole complete. This is why
they strive so hard to bring all the sprays into a unity at the base
or iust above the surface of the water, forming what they call
the parent stalk.

This is what gives strength to all this arrangement. They
consider the surface of the water in the vase as the surface of
the soil from which the artificial group sprang. Not only
flowers but branches of trees lend themselves admirably to this
style of arrangement, and the Japanese are taught to make one
branch simulate the entire tree from which it has been gathered.

There is nothing more needed in the rush of this century than
time taken for the pursuit of something beautiful and it is inter-
esting that in Japan when people are nervously ill and doctors
fail, patients are often advised to devote so many hours a day
to flower arrangement, with the most wonderful results in calming
and composing their nerves. It also teaches concentration and
proportion. One learns to discriminate in the selection of what

441

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

is truly beautiful, which means of course much careful elimination.
Whereas we rather begrudge a half hour spent with something
beautiful in the way of art a Japanese feels that no day has been
complete without almost worship of some natural beauty, or
beauty of art.

Mary Averill.

OFFICERS

President
T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

N. L. BRITTON JAS. W. CROMWELL

E. B. S0UTHWICK

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. S. HARKNESS GEO. N. MILLER

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEO. T. POWELL

Treasurer

F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Secretary

MRS. GEORGE V. NASH, New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, N. Y. City

Board of Directors

F. R. PIERSON, Chairman
Term expires 1922 Term expires 1923 Term expires 1924

F. L. ATKINS ROBERT T. BROWN N. L. BRITTON

J. W. CROMWELL JOHN CANNING T. A. HAVEMEYER

M. C. EBEL I. S. HENDRICKSON GEORGE V. NASH

E. FARDEL J. E. LAGER F. R. NEWBOLD

E. B. SOUTHWICK J. A. MANDA F. R. PIERSON

J. H. TROY JULIUS ROEHRS JOHN SCHEEPERS

E. C. VICK JAMES STUART MRS. SAMUEL SLOAN

Members of the Women's Auxiliary

MRS. W. K. DRAPER MRS. E. S. HARKNESS

MRS. C. LED YARD BLAIR MISS ANNE MORGAN

MRS. HUGH D. AUCHINCLOSS MRS. H. L. SATTERLEE

MRS. ARTHUR SCOTT BURDEN MRS. CHAS. H. SENFF

MRS. L. S. CHANLER MISS EDITH WETMORE

MRS. PAUL FITZSIMONS MRS. HAROLD I. PRATT

MRS. CHAS. H. STOUT

journal

of t^t

Jlortttultural S>octetpof J^eto |9orli

Vol. Ill, No. 6 l^»PI^^^ MAY

1922

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY
MRS. GEORGE V. NASH

CONTENTS

Page
The Spring Show 443

Exhibit of the Garden Club of America 448

Notice , 451

Hardy Herbaceous Perennials 451

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

INTELLIGENCER PRINTING CO.
LANCASTER, PA.

Nfcw yonK

journal
of ti^e

Horticultural ^ocietp of jBteto ^orfe

Incorporated 1902

Vnl HI No fi '-^"^'' MAY IQ?? Free to Members

¥Ui. Ill, nu. vj Quarterly nini, i^^^ By subscription $1.00 per year

THE SPRING SHOW

The ninth International Flower Show was held in the Grand
Central Palace during the week of March I3th-i9th, 1922, and
broke all records for both exhibits and attendance. Several
times during the show the doors had to be closed for some time
until the throngs of people thinned out enough to allow of more
admissions. The exhibits were many and varied, and there was
keen competition in many classes.

The show was arranged on much the same plan as that of

1921, except that one missed the dainty little rose arches over

the center walk. The stairway was decorated with huge palms

and Bay trees from Bobbink and Atkins, and from Wad ley and

Smythe, who exhibited for the first time this year. The first

exhibits, as one entered the hall, were those of W. B. Thompson,

Yonkers, N. Y., Andrew Strachan, Superintendent, and Mrs.

Payne Whitney, Manhasset, L. ]., George Ferguson, Supt.

Both were attractively laid out in the form of gardens, covering

five hundred square feet, and contained many kinds of garden

flowers, as well as Primula obconica, malacoides, and other

tender plants.

o The four big gardens were, as usual, the center of interest, and

•t— were even more diversified and interesting than before. That of

c Julius Roehrs and Co., which carried off not only the Gold

"^'Medal, but also the Sweepstakes of the Garden Club of America,

^'■wsLS primarily a collection of plants and shrubs suitable for

'^ 443

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

rock gardens. Tons of tufa were used for the foundation,, and
the plants comprised almost every known variety of shrubs and
plants that can be grown in rocky places, from the Cedars that
formed the background, down to the fine specimens of Cypri-
pedium spectabile and C. acaule in the foreground.

In sharp contrast to this overflowing display was that of F.
R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N. Y. This was not only a real garden,
but a series of gardens, having everything but the house to make
a delightful place to live in. A fine lawn sloped down from the
mass planting of trees and shrubs about the imaginary house to
the clipped hedge in front. A stone path at one side led through
a hedge to the most charming little bulb garden, filled with
blue and white hyacinths, daffodils, and tulips, and backed by
a quaint stone wall. At the right the lawn slopea down to a
miniature water garden, with lilies and other water plants in
full bloom, hwhile a restful rustic summer house was almost con-
cealed in tae shrubbery back of the bulb garden.

Bobbink nd Atkins, Rutherford, N. J., featured Azaleas in
their garden, which was laid out in more or less formal style.
Excellent specimens of Azalea Indica and other types filled the
oblong beds, while the big border at the back was formed by
dense masses of flowering Crabapple, Azalea Mellis, Rhododen-
drons, etc. On the extreme left a white summer house, embow-
ered in Rambler roses, sheltered a small playing fountain sur-
rounded by ferns. This firm also exhibited a marvellous rock
garden, rivalling the larger one of Julius Roehrs in number and
variety of rock plants, all of which were plainly labelled. It
was really intended more as an exhibit of plants that could be
grown in rocky soil, rather than a true garden, althougii it was
laid out as such.

A rose garden, pure and simple, was the idea of A. N. Pierscni,
Cromwell, Conn., and it was excellently carried out. A gravel
path led back to a circular summer house gay with festoons of
Paul's Scarlet Climber. On either side of this path were formal
beds surrounded by turf, and filled with a fine selection of roses,
from the little Polyanthas in front to the plants of Ophelia,
Mme. Butterfly, White Killarney, Sunburst, etc., sloping toward
the back ground of specimen Conifers, Rhododendrons, and
Azaleas.

444

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The garden of Wadley and Smythe, Yonkers, N. Y., was on
a vast and dignified scale. Placed as it was, at the extreme
rear of the hall, one seemed on entering to be transported in a
moment to some remote part of the tropics. Giant orange
trees and Bay trees, palms, oleanders, and trailing vines, formed
a veritable jungle overhead, while standard Geraniums, Fuch-
sias, Lantanas, and Heliotropes carried out the tropical note.
The whole exhibit was original and unlike anything else in the
show, and deserved credit for the way it was carried out. The
plain labels, while in no way detracting from the beauty of the
exhibit, were of distinct educational value.

Roses

The display of cut roses on Tuesday was of fine qua'ity,
although limited in extent. A vase of choice American Beauties
was shown by Gude Brothers, Washington, D. C. The vase of
Souvenir Claudius Fernet exliibited by Charles H. Totty, N. J.,
was well worthy of the gold medal awarded to this wonderful
yellow rose. The roses of the Duckham Fierson Co. showed
wonderful culture. Two very striking vases were the Francis
Scott Key of F. R. Fierson and the Dark Fink Columbia of A.
N. Fierson.

The prize for decorative groups staged by commercial growers
on Wednesday was won by Traendly and Schenck, New York,
in close competition with the exhibit of F. R. Fierson, Tarry-
town, and A. N. Fierson, CromweU, Conn.

The central feature of this display, was a large vase of Francis
Scott Key. This was surrounded by vases of Fremier, Double
White Killarney, Crusader, Ophelia, and Columbia. In front
were three low vases of Mrs. Aaron Ward. Falms, ferns and
ivies were used to set off the roses.

A. N. Fierson and Co. received second prize for a handsome
exhibit of 12 vases of Dark Fink Columbia, Double White Kil-
larney, Fremier, Mme. Butterfly, Filgrim, and Crusader, with
which Cibotiums, Farleyense, and other ferns were used.

F. R. Fierson showed 900 fine specimen roses arranged in tall
Japanese vases set about with Adiantum and crested ferns.
The varieties were Francis Scott Key, Fremier, Crusader,
Ophelia, Columbia, Butterfly, and Mrs. F. C. Henderson.

445

THE HORTICUI/rURAL SOCIliTY OF NEW YORK

On Friday there were staged smaller vases of roses by com-
mercial growers, which brought out some good exhil)ils, notably
those of American Beauties by Paul Pierson, Briar Cliff, New
York. The Bedford Flower Co. took first prize with 50 Pil-
grims in the class for undisseminated pink, A. N. Pierson first
with Double White Killarney for 100 undisseminated white,
and L. B. Coddington, Murray Hill, N. J., first for 100 Hadley.

In the private classes, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly carried off
first prizes in all the five classes entered. Countess Mildred
Holnstein was awarded a silver medal for a deep yellow seedling.

Carnations

The first prize for Display of Carnations covering 150 square
feet, was won by the Springfield Floral Co., which took many
other prizes also. Other prize winners were LeCluse and Le
Cluse, Harry O. May, Scott Brothers, Strouts Inc., S. J. God-
dard, and Wm. C. Haas, and in the classes for private growers,
Mrs. Payne Whitney, Manhasset, L. I., Mrs. Arnold Schlaet,
Saugatuck, Conn., Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Locust Valley, L. I.,
Mrs. L. L. Dunham, Madison, N. J., Mrs. Robert Mallory,
Port Chester, N. Y., Mrs. F. A. Constable, Mamaroneck, N.
Y., and Mrs. F. E. Lewis, Ridgefield, Conn., were all prize
winners.

The prize for 150 blooms was won by Joseph E. Widener,
Elkins Park, Pa., William Kleinheinz, Supt.

Orchids

The display of orchids was perhaps the finest ever seen in New
York, both in variety and quality. The display would have been
better, perhaps, from an artistic standpoint, with a little more
foliag£ of some kind as a background, however "good wine needs
no bush." A. N. Cooley, Pittsfield, Mass., took first prize, in
the class for cut orchids covering 50 square feet, with a wonderful
group of Cymbidiums, Cattleyas, Cypripediums, etc., James E.
Widener, Elkins Park, Pa., taking second prize. A. N. Cooley
also won in the classes for six and twelve orchid plants, respec-
tively, besides showing some wonderful single plants such as
Cattleya Chiftoni Magnificent and General Pershing, the latter

446

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

having no less than nine blooms. James Duke, Somerville, N.
J., A. Miles, Supt., showed a fine group of Oncidiums, Cattleyas,
Cypripediums, etc., and also received a gold medal for Odon-
tioda Vuystekie and a silver medal for a huge hybrid Cattleya
Mrs. Harding.

In the commercial exhibits, the Joseph Manda Co., West
Orange, N. J., was an easy winner in the class for lOO square
feet of cut blooms, showing many new and interesting things.
Their new gold medal Lou Henry Hoover, with 13 clear yellow
blooms, held its first flower from Christmas to the time of the
show, a wonderful record for its keeping qualities. A gold
medal was also awarded to a giant Cymbidium hybrid with 5
spikes.

G. E. Baldwin, Mamaroneck, N. Y., and Lager and Hurrell,
Summit, N. J., staged many interesting varieties of Cattleyas,
Cymbidiums, Cypripediums, etc. Lager and Hurrell also
staged a special group of plants including Lycastes and a quaint
little Vanda called Marinata,

Julius Roehrs staged a special group of plants near his rock
garden, covering 300 square feet, and containing many fine
things. Among those were Princess Mary, the new pure white
Cattleya hybrid; Ypres, Dr. McDonald, A. C. Burrage, and
Emperor Frederic.

The group of Azalea indica staged by Bobbink and Atkins
attracted much attention; it was too fine a collection to have
been in such an obscure position, and many people had trouble
in finding it.

James Stuart, Superintendent for Mrs. A. A. Constable,
scored his usual success with the finest showing of Cyclamen
plants that could possibly be seen anywhere. He also showed a
most beautiful and artistic arrangement of Kentias, Acacias, and
Cliveas.

A. L. Miller was well represented in many classes, his exhibits
of plants on the main floor was full of interesting things such as
Deutzias, Andromedas, Acacias, flowering Crabs, Buddleias,
Genistas, Abutilons, etc. He also showed the new Bourgain-
villea Crimson Lake.

The collection of Kurume Azaleas shown by Henry A. Dreer

447

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

was the only exhibit of these plants in the show. Fine plants,
covered with bloom were shown in the varieties Peach Blow,
Snow Flame, Christmas Cheer, Pink Pearl, Apple Blossom,
Cherry Blossom and Daphne.

Madsen and Christensen, Woodridge, N. J., showed splendid
plants ot Genistas and Marguerites.

Much credit is due the private growers for their exhibits of
new and striking things. , The lilies of Mrs. Percy Chubb, the
Schizanthus of Albert Millard, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Mrs. F.

E. Luckenbach and Mrs. Richard Colt, the Cyclamen of Mrs.

F. A. Constable and D. Guggenheim, the Primulas of Mrs.
Luckenbach, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, and Miss Alice De Lamar, to
say nothing of the many exhibits of palms, ferns, bulbs, etc.,
reflected much glory on the growers, and added greatly to the
beauty and interest of the show.

An account of the exhibit of the Garden Club of America at
the International Flower Show, written by Mrs. Robert C. Hill,
follows this article.

EXHIBIT OF THE GARDEN CLUB OF
AMERICA.

The Exhibit of the Garden Club was staged on the second
floor on the Lexington Avenue side. It was divided into three
sections.

Miniature Gardens contest.
Japanese Floral arrangements.
Dinner and Luncheon table arrangements.

Miniature Gardens. As models of gardens were an entirely
new departure for the Club very few restrictions were made.
The trays were not to be over three feet square and the scale
either one eighth or one quarter of an inch to the foot.

The first prize (a painting by Frank Galsworthy given by Mrs.
Bacon) was awarded to Mr. Charles Pepper, member at large,
for his superb model of the Villa Gamberaia Garden in Florence.

The second prize went to Mrs. Robert Bacon, North Country
Club, for her Ideal American Garden, consisting of open lawn

448

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

with large central oak tree, rose garden, hardy border. Wild-
garden, orchard, tennis-courts, etc. This model adhered to the
date of May twentieth, and only flowers and shrubs which are
in bloom at that time were colored.

The third prize was won by Mrs. Joseph Cotton, of the Bed-
ford Club, for a small walled garden of great charm, planted
with hardy plants and containing a semi-circular pool.

The other entries were a house and garden by Miss Mary
Rutherford Jay; Spanish Garden by Miss Margaret Whitehead,
of Pittsburgh; Hedged Flower-garden by Mrs. William Carey,
of New Canaan Club; Bermuda Quarry Garden by Mrs. Samuel
Ordway, of Easthampton Club; Small home Garden with
Swimming Pool by Mrs. Henry Chappell, New Canaan Club;
Lawn Garden and terraced border by Mrs. E. A. Le Roy, Somer-
set Hills Club; House and Informal Garden by Mrs. Francis G.
Lloyd, Somerset Hills Club.

Japanese Arrangements

First prize: Won by Mrs. Littleton of the Fauquier Loudoun
Club, Va.

An arrangement of Strelitzia Regina in Bronze receptacle.

Second prize: Won by Mrs. Seton Lindsay of South Side
Garden Club.

A graceful arrangement of Cedar set in blue and white bowl.

Third prize: Won by Mrs. Robert Mallory, Jr., of Rye Gar-
den Club.

A simple arrangement of Iris Tingitana in a square white dish.
There were about ten entries in this class.

Dinner and Luncheon Table Decorations

There were a surprising number of entries in the Table Deco-
ration classes. Certainly during the last few years this form of
decoration has taken its place among the arts. There were some
twenty dinner tables shown on Monday to Thursday and for
the rest of the week even a larger numbei of Luncheon tables
took their place. The latter were, on the whole, much prettier
and better done than the dinner tables but they were all most
original and interesting and created a great deal of interest and
discussion.

449

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The judges for this class were Miss T. deT. Hawley; Mrs.
Frederick Culver and Mrs. Wood (of Wood, Edey and Slater).

Dinner Tables (no glass nor small silver was allowed).

First prize: Won by the Phillipstown Garden Club of Garri-
sons-on-Hudson. Color scheme amber, lemon and orange.
The cover was of ecru lace and the candlesticks, compotes and
vases of antique amber glass. The arrangement was a medium
high and gracefully balanced one of Gerbera, Ranunculus Poly-
anthus, Narcissus, orange Olivia and bronze pansies.

Second prize: Won by Garden Club of Cleveland, Ohio.
Color scheme yellow, blue and mauve. The cover was a square
of cream filet and oblong doilies to match. Two empire candle-
sticks and vases to match of cut glass and Ormulu blended well
with the creamy white and gold of the Cauldon plates. Two
high arching arrangements of Acacia, Spanish Iris and Blue
Laceflower were set at the corners.

Third prize: Won by the Philadelphia Club. Color scheme,
dull turquoise blue, lemon-yellow and white. Beautiful Italian
cloth of turquoise blue linen, low silver candalabra, octagonal
bowl and plates of old French white china, with a narrow border
of the turquoise blue; the flowers were a low mixed feathery
arrangement of Acacia, orange Tulips, single Calendulas, Poet's
Narcissus, with a low band of Forget-me-nots falling over the
edge of the bowl.

The other clubs competing in this class were Rye Garden
Club, South Side L. I. Club, Washington Conn., Garden Club
of Montgomery and Delaware Counties, Bedford Club, New-
port, Greenwich, Princeton, Hartford, Conn., New Canaan,
East Hampton Garden Club and Morristown Club.

Luncheon Table Decorations

First prize: Phillipstown Club. Color scheme, soft buffs,
yellows and blue. A small oblong centerpiece and doilies of
warm primrose-colored Italian linen and Italian pottery plates
in dull buff, green and blue coloring toned in well with the bal-
anced, rather high arrangement of yellow and blue' Spanish
Iris and buff and mauve Freesias, and extra large blue Corn-
flowers placed rather low in the composition.

450

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Second prize: Won by Southampton, L. I., Garden Club,
Color scheme, red, white and blue. An oblong runner of dark
French blue linen and oblong doilies with finely crochet red and
grey edge showed off the quaint Quimper plates, soup bowls and
square bowl shaped vase with an open arrangement of blue
Spanish Iris, blue Lace-flower, yellow Ranunculus, scarlet
Caen Anemones and white Narcissus.

2%ird prize: Won by Ridgefield Garden Club. Color scheme,
pale mauve and violet. Square centerpiece and doilies of heavy
Italian linen. Plates and low goblet-shaped vase of sage-green
Italian pottery. Most unusual arrangement of light blue
Lacefiower, dark Violets and mauve Tulips.

Washington, Conn., Club and New Canaan, Conn., Club re-
ceived V. H. C. The other clubs competing in this class were
East Hampton; Lenox, Middletown, Conn., The Weeders of
Phila., North Country, L. I., Amateurs Club of Baltimore,
Philadelphia Garden Club, Morristown Club, Montgomery and
Delaware Counties, Rumson, N. J., Greenwich, Rye, Short
Hills, Princeton, and Newport, R. I.

NOTICE

The Annual Gladiolus Exhibition of the Horticultural Society
will be held in the Museum building of the New York Botanical
Garden, on Saturday and Sunday, August 19th and 20th, 1922,
from 10 A. M. to 5 P. M.

The schedule has been much enlarged, and prizes are offered
in many classes, including several for Garden Clubs, which are
especially invited to compete. Copies of the schedule may be
had on application to Mrs. George V. Nash, New York Botanical
Garden, Bronx Park, New York City, or to the office of the
Society, 598 Madison Ave., New York City.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS

This group of plants is at the present time favored with a
wide measure of popularity, and representatives are to be found
in practically every garden today. This is not at all surprisrng

451

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

to those familiar with the good qualities of these so-called "Old-
fashioned Hardy Flowers," and it is safe to say that no other
class of flowering plants will give as much pleasure in return for
the time and care bestowed upon them. Then too, the intro-
duction of improved forms stimulates enthusiasm. When we
compare the latest varieties of Iris, Columbine, Peony, Lark-
spur, Phlox, and Aster, with the real old-fashioned types, we
see the wonderful development that has been brought about by
the skilled work of the hybridist. We see them made use of in
\'arious ways to suit different purposes. Some are well placed
in the rock garden, others can be used to good purpose in the
shrub border to give color late in the season. The most inter-
esting arrangement to plan and care for, is when they are grouped
together in a border in such manner as to maintain a succession
of bloom throughout the growing season. This calls for good
judgment in the selection and arrangement of the different types.
Habit of growth, season of bloom, and color, must all receive
due consideration.

Most kinds adapt themselves readily to varied conditions of
soil and location, although in some cases the question of hardi-
ness is related to these local conditions. Few of them are really
happy if standing all winter with "wet feet" in poorly drained
soil.

The keystone to success under any condition is the thorough
preparation and enrichment of the soil. No amount of fertil-
izer added after can make up for the lack of deep and thorough
cultivation in the beginning. Loosen up the soil two feet deep,
the extra labor mvolved will be amply repaid in the better growth
of the plants. At the same time dig in a good dressing of well
decayed manure, or leaf-mold, which will improve the physical
nature of the soil as well as supply plant food. In an established
border a dressing of sheep manure or bone meal lightly forked
in early in the spring is most beneficial.

The soil ought to be in good friable condition at the time
planting is done, and for several reasons I prefer to do this in
early autumn rather than spring. The question of dividing
and replanting should be determined by the character of the
plant itself. Such plants as Peonies, Dicentra, Dictamus and

452

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

the Oriental Poppy (which transplants best in August) are best
left undisturbed as long as they are in vigorous condition. On
the other hand such kinds as Phlox and Aster can well be divided
each year.

In the matter of winter protection plants are often literally
smothered to death because of the mistaken idea that they need
protection from cold. No covering is needed until the ground
is frozen, and a covering of stable litter, dry leaves, or pine
needles loosely shaken over three or four inches thick will suffice.
Do not be deceived by the first warm day in March into remov-
ing all the covering. It is safer to proceed cautiously with this.
There are so many kinds to choose from that the selection of a
limited planting list is largely a matter of personal taste. Patches
of spring-flowering bulbs planted throughout the border add
greatly to its attractiveness early in the season and do very well
when treated this way.

The following perennials all have good qualities to recommend
them and are grouped according to average height. The time
of flowering mentioned is approximate and will vary according
to location and weather conditions.

Dwarf

Arahis albida, white. April to May. The double form is
more lasting and good for picking.

Alyssum saxatile compactum, yellow. April to May. Very
showy.

Phlox suhulata Nelsoni, white. G. F. Wilson, lavender;
vivid, rose. May. Does well in poor soil.

Phlox divaricata, deep lavender. May. Does well in partial
shade. Growth slender, needs cutting back after flowering.

Saxifraga crassifolia, deep rose. April to May. Robust
looking plant with large leathery leaves.

Polemonium reptans, blue. May. Makes a dense mat of
growth.

Veronica gentianoides , light blue. May. Does well in par-
tial shade and moist soil.

Viola cornuta G. Wermig,,blue. In flower all season. Does
well in sun or partial shade.

453

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Iberis sempervirens, white. May. Evergreen.
Iris cristata, light blue. May.
Aster alpinus, purple. May.

Armeria maritima Laucheana, deep rose. May and June.
Dicentra eximia, pink. May to July.
Lychnis viscaria splendens, rose pink. May and June.
Cerastium tomentosiim, white. June.
Dianthus deltoides, pink. June.

Dianthns plumarius Excelsior, rose-pink; Her Majesty,
doul)le white. June.

Linum flaviim, yellow. June to August.

Campanula carpatica, blue. July and August.

Anothera missouriensis, yellow. June to Sept.

Veronica incana, deep blue. June, July. Silvery foliage.

Stokesia cyanea, blue. July to Sept.

Sednm spectahile roseiim, rose. August, Sept.

Eighteen Inches to Three Feet

Doronicum excelsiim, yellow. May.

Aquilegia chrysantha, yellow. May to July.

A. long spurred hybrids, various colors. May and June.

Trollius. Orange Globe, deep yellow. May. Prefers moist
soil.

Dicentra spectahilis, rose. May. Does well in partial shade
and moist soil.

Iris siberica Orientalis, deep blue; Snow Queen, white. June.

Iris germanica, various colors. May to June. There are
so many fine varieties that the most satisfactory way is to have
a separate plot for Iris. They can be used to advantage also in
front of the shrub border.

Pceonies, various colors. May and June. Best treated as
suggested for Iris.

Pyrethrum hybridum, various colors. June. Best results
from plants of named varieties of which there are both single
and double.

Linum perenne, blue. May to Sept. Flowers open only in
the morning.

Papnver orientate Mrs. Perry, salmon pink; Perry's white.

454

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

May, Juae. Dies down at niid-suinnier, best time to trans-
plant.

Ilemerocallis Dumortieri, deep yellow; //. yZat^a, lenioii-yellow.
June. H. Jliunhergii, bright yellow, late July. These thrive in
sun or shade and in dry or wet soil. •

Lupinus polyphyllus, blue; alhiis, white; Moerheimi, pink.
June.

Coreopsis grandiflora, yellow. June to Oct.

Oenothera fruticosa Youngii, yellow. June to August.

Heuchera sanguinea, red. June, July.

Dictamus albus, white. June.

Anthemis tinctoria Kelwayi, yellow. June to Oct.

Achillea ptarmica Perry's white, double flowers. June to Oct.

Gaillardia grajidiflora, yellow and red. June to Oct.

Campanula persicifolia, blue; C. p. alba, white. June, July.

Delphinium chinense, deep blue. June and Sept.

Campanula latifolia macrantha, purple-blue. June, July.

Iris laevigata, various colors. June, July. The Japanese
Iris needs deep cultivation and enrichment of the soil.

Gypsophila paniculata, white. July. The double form is
especially desirable.

Geum, Mrs. Bradshaw, scarlet. June, July.

Lysimachia clethroides, white. July, August.

Platycodon grandiflorum, blue. P. g. album, white. July,
Aug.

Pentstemon barbatus Torreyi; orange scarlet. July, Aug.

Phlox, many v^arieties in various colors. July, Oct.

Scabiosa caucasica, light blue. July, Sept.

Chrysanthemum maximum King Edward, white. Aug.-Sept.

Rudbeckia speciosa, orange yellow. Aug.-Sept.

Funkia subcordata, white. Aug., Sept.

Statice latifolia, lavender. Aug., Sept.

Veronica subsessilis, deep blue. Aug., Sept.

Anemone japonica alba, white; A. j.. Whirlwind, white, semi-
double; A.j., Queen Charlotte, pink, semi-double. Sept., Oct.

Aconitum Fischeri, pale blue. Sept., Oct.

455

the horticultural society of new york

Three to Six Feet High

Anchusa italica, Dropmore variety, deep blue; Opal, light
blue. May, July. Winter kills in heavy soil, easily propagated
from root cuttings.

Delphtnum belladonna, pale blue. Numerous hybrids in vari-
ous shades of blue. June and Sept.

Clematis recta, white. June, July.

Thalictrum glaiicum, yellow. June, July.

Heliopsis Pitcheriana, yellow. July, Aug.

Physostegia speciosa, pink. Aug., Sept.

Artemisia lactiflora, creamy white. Aug., Sept.

Rudbeckia subtomentosa, yellow. Aug., Sept.

Echinacea purpurea, reddish purple. July, Sept.

Centaurea macrocephala, pale yellow. July, Aug.

Chrysanthemum ulipnosum, white. Aug., Sept. Needs moist
soil.

Liatris pycnostachya, rosy purple. Aug.

Helejiium autumnale superbum, yellow. Aug., Sept.

H. a. rubrum, bronzy-red. Aug.. Sept.

Helianthus mollis, lemon yellow. Aug., Sept.

H. multiflorus maximus, yellow. Aug., Sept.

H. orgyalis, yellow. Sept., Oct.

Aconitum Wilsoni, blue. Sept.

Salvia azurea grandiflora, blue. Sept.

Boltonia latisquama, pale pink. Sept.

Aster or Michaelmas Daisy. Many kinds in various shades
of blue, pink, and white. This genus illustrates well the work
of the plant breeder in the development of miproved forms from
one of our native plants.

This by no means exhausts tlic list of good perennials, buL
enough have been named to form a good representative collec-
tion, which should prove to be a source of perennial joy.

H. E. Downer.

OFFICERS

President

T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

N. L. BRITTON JAS. W. CROMWELL

E. B. SOUTHWICK

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. S. HARKNESS GEO. N. MILLER

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEO. T. POWELL

Treasurer
F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y

Secretary

MRS. GEORGE V. NASH, New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, N. Y. City

Board of Directors

F. R. PIERSON, Chairman
Term expires 1922 Term expires 1923 Term expires 1924

F. L. ATKINS ROBERT T. BROWN N. L. BRITTON

J. W. CROMWELL JOHN CANNING T. A. HAVEMEYER

M. C EBEL I. S. HENDRICKSON GEORGE V. NASH

E. FARDEL J. E. LAGER F. R. NEWBOLD

E. B. SOUTHWICK J. A. MANDA F. R. PIERSON

J. H. TROY JULIUS ROEHRS JOHN SCHEEPERS

E. C. VICK JAMES STUART MRS. SAMUEL SLOAN

Membeis of the Women's Auxiliary

MRS. W. K. DRAPER MRS. E. S. HARKNESS

MRS. C. LEDYARD BLAIR MISS ANNE MORGAN

MRS. HUGH D. AUCHINCLOSS MRS. H. L. SATTERLEE

MRS. ARTHUR SCOTT BURDEN MRS. CHAS. H. SENFF

MRS. L. S. CHANLER MISS EDITH WETMORE

MRS. PAUL FITZSIMONS MRS. HAROLD I. PRATT

MRS. CHAS. H. STOUT

Journal
horticultural ^otiet j> ot i^eto Jorfe

m- ^-m^^^^^ AUGUST and
Vol. Ill, W^Mm^M NOVEMBER

Nos. 7 and 8

1922

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

Publication Office
GARDEN CITY, L.L.N.Y.

CONTENTS

Page

Publication of the Journal 449

Members Lost by Death 1921-22 449

Notes of Progress :

Library 449

Bureau of Information 450

New Offices '. 450

Committees 1922-23 450

Arrangements for the Session 1922-23 451

Testimonial to Mr. Newbold 451

Committee on Horticultural Quarantine 453

Preservation of Native New England Plants 458

Extracts from Proceedings :

Twenty-second Annual Report 459

Treasurer's Annual Report 461

Awards at the Gladiolus Show 462

Awards at the Dahlia Shaw 463

Office and Library: BANKERS TRUST BUILDING 598 MADISON AVE,, NEW YORK

Journal

ot tf)e

ilorticuUural ^ocietp of i^eto ^orfe

ISSUED QUARTERLY

VOL. Ill, Nos. 7 and 8, AUGUST and NOVEMBER, 1922

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

Special Notice. The sudden death of the Secretary, G. V.
Nash, has necessitated several changes in the routine work of the
offices and among other things a delay in the preparation of
material for this numher of the Journal, which now appears as
the combined issues of August and November. With the com-
bined activities of the individual members of a newly formed
"Journal Committee" this organ of the Society should take on a
new importance. This Committee trusts that the members will
unite in making their "Journal" a depository of much interesting
horticultural material and especially as relating to New York
horticulture. Contributions and notes of interesting observations
are solicited.

The Society has lost through death during the year May i, 1921,
to April 30, 1922, the following members :
Mr. Eudera D. Snyder Mr. A. D. Bendheim

Mrs. x\rnold Hague Mr. Theodore Roberts

Dr. Daniel M. Stimson Miss Gertrude L. Hoyt

]Mr. C. A. Tatum Mrs. C. Gouverneur Weir

NOTES OF PROGRESS

A BEGINNING has been made towards a reference library of
horticulture. The leading weekly and monthly gardening
periodicals are regularly placed on file for the convenience of
members who may wish to consult them, and a few reference
books, encyclopedias, etc., have been acquired as the nucleus of a
working library on horticulture. The Directors hope that mem-

449

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORIv

hers will avail themselves of the opportunity thus begun, to unite
their efforts in making additions to the library. Books of ref-
erence and of historical interest in floriculture, etc., are particularly
desired at this time.

A BUREAU OF INFORMATION has been established with
the object of putting at the service of the membership at large
the special knowledge of the expert horticulturists in the organiza-
tion. This service will be handled through the Society's office
liy mail and it is hoped that it will become a valuable feature of
the Society's work, in rendering practical aid to those members
who desire special information in any particular detail of the ac-
tivities of the garden or greenhouse.

THE growing activities of the Society and our steadily increas-
ing membership having called for better facilities in the offices
at 598 Madison Ave., New York City, arrangements have been
made for increased space where the interests of the membership
may be better served.

COMMITTEES FOR 1922-23

The Directors have made appointments of the following special
and standing Committees for the term 1922—23.
Executive Committee: Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Chairman, Mrs.

Arthur W. Butler. Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, Mr. F. R. Pierson,

Mr. F. R. Newbold.
Finance Committee: ^Ir. T. A. Havemeyer, Mr. F. R. Pier-
son. Mr. F. R. Newbold.
Lecture Committee: Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Chainnan, Mrs.

Robert C. Hill, Mr. Leonard Barron.
Exhibition Committee: Mr. James Stuart, Chainnan, Mrs.

George V. Nash, Secretary.
Journal Committee: Mr. Leonard Barron, Chainnan, Dr. E. B.

Southwick, Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson.
Library Committee: Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Chairman, Mrs,

Arthur \\ . Butler, Mr. Henry I. duPont.
Advisory Committee to Flower Show: Mr. William A.

Delano, Chairman, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Mrs. Samuel Sloan,

]\Trs. WiUiam A. Hutcheson, Mrs. Robert C. Flill.

450

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE SESSION 1922-23

Lectures. At the American Museum of Natural History, 77th
St. and Central Park West, at 3:30 p. m.

November 9, 1922, The Way to the Good Small Garden,
By Mr. Fletcher Steele. This lecture with slides is pre-
sented for circulation to the Federation of Women's Clubs
by the secretary of The Garden Club of America.

December 14, 1922, Country Places of Old New York
(Illustrated), By Mr. R. Schermerhorn, Jr.

Januarv n, 1923, The Rose in America (Illustrated), By
Mr. J. Horace McFarland

February 8, 1923, The Future of Nut Culture — New
Methods of Grafting (Illustrated), By Dr. Robert T.
Morris.

March 8, 1923, Italian Gardens and Fountains (Illus-
trated), By Signora Olivia Rossetti Agresti.

April 12, 1923, Flowers of South Africa (Illustrated),
By Mr. E. H. Wilson.

Exhibitions:

1922, Nov. 9, 10, II, 12, Annual Chysanthemum Show and
Fall Exhibition (Museum of Natural History).

1923, ]\Iarch 12-17 International Flower Show (Grand Cen-
tral Palace).

Special admission ticket -ic/V/ be issued to members.
Summer arrangements will be announced in the February

Journal.
Note. All Lectures and Exhibitions of the Society except

as noted are open free to the public.

TESTIMONIAL TO MR. NEWBOLD

ON JUNE 20, 1922, the Directors of the Horticultural Society
of New York gathered in the Board Room of the Executive
Office at No. 598 Madison Avenue for the regular June meeting.
There was an air of expectancy and mystery enhanced by the
presence of many lovely flowers, and a large attendance of the
Board.

On a motion to adjourn the business meeting, more flowers ap-

451

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

peared, and then more, until the room looked as if a miniatufe
Flower Show was being staged. Then Mr. Scheepers made a
few well-chosen remarks of introduction, and Mr. Pierson fol-
lowed with an expression of appreciation of the work and un-
selfish service of Mr. Frederic Rhinelander Newbold, Treasurer
of the New York Horticultural Society since its inception and
presented to Mr. Newbold a beautifully engrossed illuminated
testimonial, enclosed in a hand-tooled leather case, together with

t

'^X /^ // j i e. tK« und^rsi q;n£a . Lvtsk to convcL\ to

r* / / ^ f i I fl^ 13* 11 ■

^ I i 1 - ^ Ij

. % \ ! !| 'Treasurer optlielWt{calturaiS<?cic til.

Ayfff^'^^.J.. oTJJeui^ork since- its incepttoniiv 1900^

i^j^ -rni^^^pax opprectorion o|- rus qjencrous axuL-Z^^^^ .

^^^^^^unspantTy services, ^^•^^^i^l^iilt^^f*^*^

i^yiJ-1 % TTitxJLU^ tkc -prsu^ttccl poltcu tuktck Ke has-r-'^

??>'^-v^^cLclvoca±ed.^ tke SoctettJ kos developed, jronv-,^

e-IC^ Y Al a small bemnmrur ttxto ct source oPncdton; — a

; i^^"*"* ^^ -tutde ttrtercst' and stimuLcctirur trtpLuence' til (

^^^^.fcke increastncr'tkoTisands tuKo eniou cte^^;aiii)itton8-

10^2^ X. his testtmorual is presented as otv c^cprcssvoo^

' Iw-')^^^ op our esteem, and afic<;ttonxrfce regard ittsptrecL

^^h-Q^X'* butKcueors opKappij assocux±ion. tn. ujKich^

' m^^ *** % eocK. one opug kos kad a, skore; and rtrts — '

J?' /V '

""^s ,^^^^ ^"^ earnest' Kope^ tkot- tke Leader skip ujmcn,
' ^^?v ^; ttv 50 modestr^o. spvrtt/ hxxs so jar advanced — ^

y^*^'^ tke ccuisc cPkorttcuIfcure tntms courrtru,tnaiJ-
;^^^^|? contmuC' "Grmantj^manu ueors to co

452

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

a very handsome Tiffany watch and chain, the Directors present
applauding vigorously and pressing close in order to add a per-,
sonal word of appreciation. Mr. Newhold responded in his own
modest, sincere way, and received the congratulations of his
friends looking rather dazed Ixit happy. It was a charming ex-
pression of a very deep and genuine appreciation of the unusual
qualities of Mr. Newhold which have made his service in the
interests of New York's horticulture a permanent monument
to his name. The illuminated address which is reproduced on
the preceding page has the following signatures:

T. A. Havemeyer John Canning

N. L. Britton Daniel Guggenheim

James W. Cromwell Isaac S. Hendrickson

Edmund Broncks Southwick Joseph Manda

Edw. S. Harkness F. R. Pierson

Adolph Lewisohn James Stuart

George N. Miller Charles H. Totty

Clement Moore Robert T. Brown

Tohn E. Lager Henrv Hicks

George T. Powell Percy Chubb

Julius Roehrs John Scheepers

John H. Troy Katherine C. Sloan

Robert Simpson Anna R. Butler

Frederick L. Atkins Harriet Barnes Pratt

THE COMMITTEE ON HORTICULTURAL
QUARANTINE

The Committee on Plorticultural Quarantine was created hy the
action of a mass meeting of horticultural interests called jointly
by the Horticultural Society of New York, the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, and the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
held in the American Museum of Natural History, New York
City, on June 15, 1920, and participated in by representatives of
the following organizations or institutions :

American Association of Nurserymen

American Dahlia Society

American Forestrj^ Association

American Gladiolus Society

American Rose Society

American Society of Landscape Architects

Horticultural Society of Chicago

Horticultural Society of New York

Indiana State Horticultural Society

Kansas State Horticultural Society

Massachusetts Horticultural Society

Michigan State Horticultural Society

Minnesota State Horticultural Society

453

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Newport (R. I.) Horticultural Society

New Y'ork Federation of Horticultural Societies and Floral Clubs

North Shore Horticultural Society (Lake Forest, 111.)

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society

Rhode Island Horticultural Society

Texas State Horticultural Society

Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Baltimore Florists' Club

Garden Club of America

Garden Club of Cincinnati, O.

Garden Club of Flushing, N. Y.

Garden Club of Philadelphia

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Boston

National Association of Gardeners

New Canaan (Conn.) Garden Club

New Rochelle (N. Y.) Garden Club

New York and New Jersey Association of Plant Growers

New York Florists' Club

Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists

W'omens' National Farm and Garden Association

Tlic Florists' Exchange (trade paper)

llic Garden Magazine (a journal of amateur horticultural interests)

Julius Roehrs Co.

New England Nurserymen's Association

The meeting was organized to study and, if deemed necessary,
to act upon the situation brought about by less than one year of the
administration of Quarantine Order No. 37 — a regulation formu-
lated by the Federal Horticultural Board and promulgated by the
Secretary of Agriculture imder the Plant Quarantine Act of 191 2.

After the presentation of critical papers submitted by the
Mas.sachusetts Horticultural Society and the Arnold Arboretum
and a general and lengthy discussion by the majority of those
present — a discussion of which the tenor was that, as being inter-
preted and administered, the Quarantine was arbitrary, inequit-
able, unwarrantably severe and an unjustifiable obstacle in the
path of American horticultural progress — a General Committee
was formed including one delegate from each of the organizations,
etc., represented. From this an Executive Committee was selected
with J. Horace McFarland of Harrisburg, Pa., as Chairman. The
other members being:

Albert C. Burrage, Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

James Boyd, Pennsylvania Horticulture Society.

Frederick Cranefield, Wisconsin State Horticultural Society.

Henry F. duPont.

Mrs. Francis King, Woman's National Farm and Garden Association.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director, Missouri Botanical Garden.

Frederic R. Newbold, Horticultural Society of New York.

Mrs. Percy Turnure, Garden Club of America.

454

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

E. C. ViCK, American Dahlia and American Sweet Pea Societies.
John C. Wister, American Iris and American Rose Societies.
T. A. Havemeyer, Horticultural Society of New York — who was
chosen treasurer of the Committees.'

Subsequently, the president of the Garden Club of America
delegated Mrs. Francis B. Crowinshield as an alternate for
Mrs. Turnure upon the occasion of the latter's absence in Europe.

At first Mr. William P. Rich (who had served as temporary
secretary at the organization meeting) was retained as secretary
of the Committee. Later Mr. Vick acted as secretary for a time,
since when three paid secretaries have been employed in succes-
sion, namely, Herbert W. SchlafThorst, W. M. Stockbridge, and
E. L. D. Seymour. During part of 1922, the Committee also re-
tained as Washington representative Mr. Elisha Hanson, formerly
secretary to Senator Medili McCormick of Illinois.

The efforts of the Committee were first directed toward the
preparation of a statement and request for modification of the
rulings, to be presented to the Federal Horticultural Board, and
to be based upon actual cases of what might be considered unfair
or discriminatory treatment of importing nurserymen, florists,
etc. After considerable investigation and loss of time, the course
was found impracticable on account of the unwillingness of the
individuals to supply the essential, specific testimony.

The Committee then directed its attention at the fundamental
inequities of the situation as they affect the amateur, scientific,
professional, and educational interest in horticulture, making rep-
resentation through communications and personal conferences,
first with the Federal Horticultural Board and then with the
Secretary of Agriculture.

A formal statement reviewing the situation and making certain
specific recommendations was thus presented to Secretary Henry
C. Wallace personally at an interview on January 20, 1922, and
again at the public Quarantine Conference called by him on May
15 of the same year. Shortly afterward, careful legal study hav-
ing indicated that Quarantine 37 was apparently operating beyond
the limits of authority conferred by the Act of 1912, a formal legal
opinion to this effect was, with the consent of Secretary Wallace,
submitted to and argued before the Solicitor of the Department
of Agricultural, members and counsel of the Federal Horticultural

455

THE HCiRTrCULTURAL SOCfETY OF NEW YORK

Board appearing at the same time in opposition. Several weeks
later the Secretary made partial but indefinite answer to the
statement twice presented to him, and at the same time conveyed
the opinion of the Department's Solicitor sustaining the attitude
of the Federal Horticultural Board but referring to the actual
necessity and propriety of the particular regulations of the quar-
antine as determined by the "administrative judgment and discre-
tion of the Secretary."

This opinion being simply that of a lawyer and, moreover, of
the lawyer who, in the course of his official duties in the Depart-
ment had already approved the quarantine, is not viewed by the
Committee as necessarily final or conclusive. Neither does the
Committee feel that the legal aspects or the broader, fundamental
questions involved have been in any way taken out of the field of
further consideration by authoritative, unprejudiced minds. In
this belief the Committee was represented also at the bulb con-
ference called by the Federal Horticultural Board on October 30,
1922, at which the chairman of the Committee simply reiterated
the main recommendations previously sul)mitted and pointed out
the obvious intent of Congress in passing the Act of 1912 as
expressed in the report of the Congressional Committee that ex-
amined the Act.

In this same belief the Committee is continuing to observe, study
and kee]) abreast of developments with, at all time, the rights and
interests of those horticultural activities which it represents, and
the constitutional rights of American citizens, as its paramount
concerns. It may here be emphatically stated that the Committee
does not and never has criticized, questioned or disputed the
desirability of a proper and effective quarantine, or other essen-
tial, sane regulations under the Act of 1912; but that it objects to
the interpretation of the Act whereby the Federal Horticultural
Board ( in fact, though the Secretary of Agriculture in name)
has assumed and exercised ])owers that in its judgment are prov-
ing prejudicial to the best interests of American horticulture.

Nov. 24. 1922. E. L. D. Seymour, Secretary.

456

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

PRESERVATION OF NATIVE NEW ENGLAND PLANTS

A Society for the Preservation of Native New England Plants
has been formed under the auspices of the Garden Club of Amer-
ica and the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Its object is to encourage and educate the people of New Eng-
land to protect native plants and wild flowers from destruction,
to cut them only with care and discrimination, leaving the rarer
specimens to multiply themselves, and to spread a knowledge of
their habits and cultural requirements among the community at
large.

This Society plans to provide free lectures, hold exhibitions,
plant wild flower sanctuaries, and to spread knowledge and love
of wild plants, believing that once the people have learned about
them they will become their guardians and stop their rapid ex-
termination.

At present the native Laurel is in great danger, being used in
immense quantities in decorations at all seasons of the year, but
especially at Christmas time. For example, one yard of "Laurel
rope" contains twent}^ years' growth of a large plant. In New
England motorists have already destroyed great quantities of this,
one of the most beautiful shrubs of America.

Many wild flowers which twenty years ago were common are
now seldom found, and unless the people are willing to protect
rare and easily exterminated species they will soon be lost to New
England. For example, the Magnolia or Sweet Bay has from
overpicking practically disappeared from the swamp in the town
of Essex County, Massachusetts, to which it gave its name and
which was the only place in New England where this fragrant
flower grew naturally. The annual membership is placed at $i.oo
with Junior members (under eighteen years) no dues, except lo
cents for a button of the Society. Sustaining Members pay $5.00
or more.

Further information may be had from Mrs. S. V. R. Crosby,
c/o Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, 17, Massachusetts.

The accompanying cartoon (reproduced by courtesy of Life)
carries its own significance.

457

.^^-

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Extracts from Proceedings of the Society

Twenty-second Annual Report of the Board of Directors
(Presented May 13, 1922)

The membership of the Society is now 1,124 as follows : Patrons,
6; Life, 196; Sustaining, 8; Annual, 889; Associate, 25.

The additions for the year have been: Patrons, i; Life, 17;
Sustaining, 4; Annual, 241.

The losses by death have been 8, of whom 3 were Life Members
and 5 Annual Members, by resignation 13, making a total of 21.

The real gain in membership therefore is : Patrons, i ; Life, 14 ;
Sustaining, 4 ; Annual 223 ; making a total gain of 242 members.

At the meeting of the Board of Directors on June 4th, 1921, in
accordance with Constitution and By-laws, offices of the Society
were elected as follows :

President Mr. T. A. Havemeyer

Vice Presidents Dr. N. L. Britton

Mr. James W. Cromwell
Dr. E. B. Southwick
Secretary Mr. George V. Nash

Treasurer Mr. F. R. Newbold

Chairman, Board of Directors Mr, F. R. Pierson

The Society held meetings as follows, at the New York
Botanical Gardens :

May 14th, 1921 — Annual Meeting and Election of Officers.
June 4th, 192 1 — Sea Gardens of the Tropics — Lecture by Dr.

M. A. Howe.
August 20th, 1 92 1 — Evergreens and How to Grow Them —

Lecture by Mr. K, R. Boynton.
September 24th, 192 1 — Dahlias and Their Culture — Lecture

by Dr. M. A. Howe.

459

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

At the American ]\Iuseum of Natural History, 3:30 p. m. each
day lectures have been given as follows :

January 17th. 1922 — Japanese Flower Arrangement — By Miss

Mary Averill.
February 21st, 1922 — The Arnold Arboretum — By Air. Loring

Underwood.
March 21st, 1922 — Herbaceous Perennials — By ]\Ir. Henry

E. Downer.
April i8th, 1922 — English Garden ^Methods — By ]\Iiss IMary

R. Jay.

The Board of Directors held meetings at the New York Botan-
ical Garden: May 14th, 1921, June 4th, 1921, September 24th,
1921 ; and at the office of the Society, 598 Madison Avenue. New
York: August 9th, 1921, November ist, 1921, January nth. 1922,
February 8th, 1922, March nth, 1922, April 12th, 1922.

Exhibitions of plants and flowers were held as follows :

At the New York Botanical Garden:

May 14-15— Spring Show in connection with the Annual

Meeting.
June 4-5 — Rose and Peony Show.
August 20-21 — Gladiolus Show.
September 24-25 — Dahlia Show.

At the American Museum of Natural History :

November 4-7 — Annual Fall Show.
At the Grand Central Palace :

March 13-18 — International Flower Show.

The New York Botanical Garden offered the premiums for the
shows held at that institution from the income of the William R.
Sands Fund.

Bertha W. Nash, Acting Secretary.

460

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

TREASURER'S ANNUAL REPORT

Season 1921-22

May 1, 1921 to April 30, 1922

I Bal. May 1/21 $41,247.93

7 Life Memb. % 1,275.00

14 Interest % 2,410.20

16 1921 Intl. Show 1,264.19

40 Prof. & Loss % by-
pro 245.00

Less Expse. %

},442.32
22.00

$46,420.32

46,420.32

18 Permanent %

.$ 7-39

23 Wm. Baar Fd

700.00

23 Pk. Savg. Bank %.

58.83

24 French Bds

. . 5,700.00

24 Nia. Falls Pow. Co.

. 5,700.00

25 111. Steel Co

• . 5,457-50

25 Alum. Co. of A

. . 4,975-00

25 Manati S. Co

• • 5,003-75

25 Intl. Paper Co

. . 4,228.75

27 Mich. Centl

- . 5,030-33

27 B. F. Goodrich Co..

. . 4,912.50

26 W. S. S. Due 1920.

419.00

26 W. S. S. Due 1924.

415.00

$42,608.05

28 Loan to Genl. % . . .

. . 2,500.00

$45,108.05

38 Bal. Cash %

. . 1,312.27

$46,420.32

General Accounts

204 Cash %~Bal. May

1/21 ,...$

204 Fruit Tree Fd. Bal. . .

57 Interest %

168 Sales % Journal ....

199 Nov. Show Fd. No. 13

200 Intl. Show Fd. No. 14

201 Intl. Show 22 Expse. %

2.2,2, Dues %

264 Loan % Bank

Loan % L. Fd

Life Fund a/cs

53 Petty Cash % Treas.
100.05 61 Petty Cash % Secy..

296.75 67 Journal %

21.42 71 Booth % ^22

S.50 76 Prizes %

1,350.00 82 Medals %

618.50 89 Vases %

263-75 92 Salary % Secy. ......

4,249.00 99 Lecture %

1,500.00 105 Expse. % Shows ....
2,500.00 109 Expse. % Genl. ....

no Expse. % Office

112 Rent Office % ......

115 Furniture %

201 Expse. % Intl. Show.

$10,904.97

$10,904.97

Actual Cash in Bank

L. F. Bal $1,312.27

Fruit Tree Fd. ....... 296.75

Genl. % Bal 55.80

$1,664.8^

> 361.06
400.00
245-56
210.00

2.335- 15
367.84
408.50

1,000.00
291.94
941.14
191-50

2,138-54

1,100.00

373-94
187.25

;io,552.42

352.55

-208 Bal. cash %

April. 30/22. .$10,904.97

461

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

AWARDS AT THE GLADIOLUS SHOW

At the Gladiolus Show, held in the Museum of the New York Botanical
Garden August 19 and 20, 1922, awards were made as follows :

Class I. Largest and best collection of named varieties, covering not less
than 150 sq ft., not less than 25 varieties, corrects named — ist Prize, John
Lewis Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, John Scheepers, Inc. 3rd Prize, H. M.
Barrett & Son.

Class 2. Largest and best collection of named varieties, Primulinus
Hybrids, covering not less than 50 sq. ft. — ist Prize, Maurice Fuld, Inc.
2nd Prize, C. Keur & Sons. 3rd Prize, John Scheepers, Inc.

Class 3. Vase of 12 spikes, White, one variety — ist Prize, John Lewis
Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, J. A. Kemp.

Class 4. Vase of 12 spikes, Red, one variety — ist Prize, Jolin Lewis
Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, Mills & Company.

Class 5. Vase of 12 spikes. Crimson, one variety — ist Prize, John Lewis
Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, Mills & Company.

Class 6. Vase of 12 spikes. Pink, one variety — ist Prize, Mills & Com-
pany. 2nd Prize, Jolm Scheepers, Inc.

Class 7. Vase of 12 spikes, Yellow, one variety — ist Prize, John Lewis
Childs. Inc. 2nd Prize, J. A. Kemp.

Class 8. V'd^Q of 12 spikes. Blue or Lavender, one variety — ist Prize,
John Scheepers. Inc. 2nd Prize, C. Keur & Sons.

Class 9. Vase of 12 spikes, Purple, one variety — ist Prize, John Lewis
Childs, Inc.

Class 10. Vase of 12 spikes, any other color, one variety — 1st Prize,
Charles F. Fairbanks. 2nd Prize, Mills & Company.

Class II. Vase of 12 spikes, Lemoinei type, one variety — ist Prize, John
Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 12. Vase of 12 spikes, Primulinus Hybrids, one variety — ist Prize,
John Lewis Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, Maurice Fuld, Inc.

Class 13. Vase of 12 spikes, Ruffled, one variety — ist Prize, John Lewis
Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, C. Keur & Sons.

Class 14. Vase of 20 spikes, any variety, not in commerce previous to
1922 — 1st Prize, J. A. Kemp.

Class 15. Best vase or basket arranged for effect, other flowers and
foliage may be used — ist Prize, The Dahlia Farm. 2nd Prize, J. A. Kemp.

Class 2^. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each, Red — ist Prize,
John Lewis Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, C. Keur & Sons.

Class 24. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each, Pink — ist Prize,
John Lewis Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, J. A. Kemp.

Class 25. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each. White — ist
Prize, J. A. Kemp. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 27. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each. Yellow — ist
Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, C. Keur & Sons.

Class 28. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each, any other color — ■
1st Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, C. Keur & Sons.

Class 33. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each. Yellow — ist
.Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc. 2nd Prize, C. Keur & Sons.

Class 35. Best plain petaled seedling not exhibited previous to 1922 —
1st Prize, George J. Joerg. 2nd Prize, J. A. Kemp.

Class 36. Best ruffled seedling not exhibited previous to 1922 — ist Prize,
George J. Joerg. 2nd Prize, C. Keur & Sons.

Class sy. Best Primulinus seedling not exhibited previous to 1922 — ist
Prize, George J. Joerg. 2nd Prize, H. M. Barrett & Son.

462

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Special. Collection of Caladiums, Louis Piaiitin. Display of Grapes,
Louis Piantin. Display of 34 varieties of Gladiolus, Walter H. Rice. Dis-
play of Primulinus Hybrids, Wayside Gardens Company. Display of
Gladiolus, Thomas Coggers.

Most comprehensive exhibit by a non-commercial grower, E. M. Sanford.

Display of Gladiolus by an amateur, E. M. Sanford.

Most comprehensive exhibit by commercial grower, John Lewis Childs,
Inc.

Sweepstake. For best exhibit in the show, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

AWARDS AT THE DAHLIA SITOW

At the Annual Dahlia vShow, held in the Museum of the New York
T^otanical Garden, September 22-24, 1922, the following awards were made :

Class I. Largest and best collection of named varieties, not less than
six types and 50 varieties, covering not less than 150 sq. ft. Flowers on
short .stems, ist Prize, Miss Myra Valentine. 2nd Prize^ Alfred E. Doty.
3rd Prize, C. L. Ailing.

Class 2. Vase of singles, 12 blooms, one or more varieties, long stem, ist
Prize, Mills & Company. 2nd Prize, Alt F. Clark. 3rd Prize, David M.
Benford.

Class 3. Vase of Collarette, 12 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — rst Prize, C. L. Ailing. 2nd Prize, Alt F. Clark. 3rd Prize, David
M. Benford.

Class 4. Vase of Peony-flowered, 12 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mills & Company. 2nd Prize, Clarence F. Nordman.
3rd Prize, David M. Benford.

Class 5. Vase of Cactus, 12 blooms, one or more varieties, long stems —
1st Prize, Clarence F. Nordman. 2nd Prize, Mills & Company. 3rd Prize,
Alfred E. Doty.

Class 6. Vase of Hybrid Cactus, 12 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, F. P. Quinby. 2nd Prize, C. L. Ailing. 3rd Prize,
Clarence F. Nordman.

Class 7. Vase of Decorative, 12 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, F. P. Quinby. 2nd Prize, Mills & Company. 3rd Prize,
David M. Benford.

Class 8. Vase of Show, or Hybrid Show, 12 blooms, one or more
varieties, long stems — ist Prize, C. L. Ailing. 2nd Prize, Alfred E. Doty.
3rd Prize, Clarence F. Nordman.

Class 9. Vase of Pompon, 12 blooms, one or more varieties, long sterns^
1st Prize Clarence F. Nordman. 2nd Prize, Mills & Company. 3rd Prize,
C. L. Ailing.

Class 10. Display of Dahlia blooms covering not less than 50 sq ft., ar-
ranged for effect, other foliage may be used, ist Prize, Mills & Company.
2nd Prize, Clarence F. Nordman.

Class II. Best vase red dahlias, 12 of one variety, long stems — ist Prize,
David M. Benford.

Class 12. Best vase white dahlias, 12 of one variety, long stems — ist
Prize, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory. 2nd Prize, C. L. Ailing. 3rd Prize,
Clarence F. Nordman.

Class 13. Best vase yellow dahlias, 12 of one variety, long stems^
1st Prize, C. L. Ailing.

Class 14. Best vase Pink Dahlias, 12 of one variety, long stems — ist
Prize, C. L. Ailing. 2nd Prize, David M. Benford. 3rd Prize, Alfred E.
Doty.

463

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 15. Best vase variegated dahlias, 12 of one variety, long stems —
1st Prize, David M. Benford.

Class 16. Best vase of any other color dahlia, 12 of one variety, long
stems — 3rd Prize, Alt F. Clark.

Class 17. Vase of Dahlias arranged for effect — ist Prize, Alfred E.
Doty. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory.

Class 18. Basket of Dahlias arranged for effect— ist Prize, Clarence F.
Nordman. 2nd Prize, John C. Latham.

Class 19. Centerpiece for table — ^ist Prize, Mills & Company.

Class 20. Best Collection of seedling not exhibited previous to 1922, not
more than 12 varieti.es, long stems — ist Prize, Mrs. Charles H. Stout.

Class 21. Best decorative seedling, long stem — Mrs. Stephen Van Hoesen,
Mrs. Charles H. Stout, Mr. Charles A. Searle, Mr. C. L. Ailing.

Class 24. Best display of named varieties, to cover not less than 75 sq.
ft., not less than 25 varieties, flowers on short stems — ist Prize, Mrs. Sea-
bury C. Mastich.

Class 25. Vase of singles, 8 blooms, one or more varieties, long stems —
1st Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory.

Class 27. Vase of Peony-flowered, 8 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory.

Class 28. Vase of Cactus, 8 blooms, one or more varieties, long stems —
1st Prize. Mrs. Seabury C. Mastich.

Class 29. Vase of Hybrid Cactus, 8 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory.
3rd Prize, Mrs. Seabury C. Mastich.

Class 30. Vase of Decorative, 8 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd Prize, F. P. Quinby. 3rd
Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory.

Class 32. Vase of Pompon, 8 blooms, one or more varieties, long stems —
1st Prize, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory.

Class 33. Vase of 25, arranged for effect, other foliage may be used —
ist Prize, W. G. Pollak.

Class 37. Vase of Peony-flowered, 5 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, W. A. Smallhorn. 2nd Prize, Mrs. A. E. Thatcher.
3rd Prize, Mrs. Maude E. Peckham.

Class 38. Vase of Cactus, 5 blooms, one or more varieties, long stems —
1st Prize, W. A. Smallhorn. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Ida A. Thomas.

Class 39. Vase of Hybrid Cactus, 5 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, W. A. Smallhorn.

Class 40. Vase of decorative, 5 blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — ^ist Prize, W. A. Smallhorn. 2nd Prize, F. P. Quinby.

Class 41. Vase of Show or Hybrid Show, 5 blooms, one or more varie-
ties, long stems — ist Prize, Mrs. Ida A. Thomas.

Class 42. Vase of Pompon, 5 blooms, one or more varieties, long stems —
1st Prize, Mrs. Ida A. Thomas.

Class 43. Best and most meritorious exhibit by an amateur — W. A.
Smallhorn.

Class 45. Collection of Hardy Annuals, not less than 12 vases and 12
varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory.

Class 46. Collection of Hardy Perennials, not less than 8 vases and 8
varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory.

Specials : Vase of Chrysanthemums, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory. Special
vase of Miss Myra Valentine, Mills & Company. Basket of Seedlings,
Mrs. Maude E. Peckham. Vase of Dahlias, Mrs. W. G. Welch.

464

OFFICERS OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

President

T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

N. L. BRITTON J. W. CROMWELL

E. B. SOUTHWICK

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. B. HARKNESS GEORGE N. MILLER

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEORGE T. POWELL

Treasurer

F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Secretary
MRS. ARTHUR W. BUTLER

Executive Secretary
MRS. ELIZABETH PETERSON

Board of Directors

F. R. PIERSON, Chairman

T. A. HAVEMEYER, ESQ.

DR. N. L. BRITTON

MR. JAMES W. CROMWELL

DR. E. B. SOUTHWICK

MR ROBERT T. BROWN

MR. JOHN CANNING

MR. I. S. HENDRICKSON

MR. JOHN LAGER

MR. J. A. MANDA

MR. JULIUS ROEHRS

MR. JAMES STUART
MR. F. R. NEWBOLD
MR. F. L. ATKINS
MR. JOHN SCHEEPERS
MR. F. R. PIERSON
MRS. SAMUEL SLOAN
MRS. ARTHUR BUTLER
MRS. HAROLD I. PRATT
DR. H. A. GLEASON
MRS. ROBERT C. HILL

MR. WILLIAM A. DELANO

Members of the Women's Auxiliary

MRS. W. K. DRAPER
MRS. C. LEDYARD BLAIR
MRS. HUGH D. AUCHINCLOSS
MRS. ARTHUR SCOTT BURDEN
MRS. L. S. CHANLER
MRS. PAUL FITZSIMONS

MRS. E. S. HARKNESS
MISS ANNE MORGAN
MRS. H. L. SATTERLEE
MRS. CHAS. H. SENFF
MISS EDITH WETMORE
MRS. HAROLD I. PRATT

MRS. CHAS. H. STOUT

Journal

of tbt

horticultural ^ottetp of JtebJ §orfe

Vol. Ill, M^P^^^^ FEBRUARY

No. 9 ^^^fS^K 1923

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

Publication Office
GARDEN CITY, L. I.,N. Y.

CONTENTS

Page
Activities of the Society:

At the Chrysanthemum Show 465

The Coming Spring Flower Show 466

Defining the "Amateur" 467

Flower Show Arrangements 467

Gardening Helps Citizenship 468

The Way to the Good Small Garden Fletcher Steele 470

Country Places of Old New York Richard Schermerhorn, Jr. 473

The Rose in America /. Horace McFarland 486

Extracts from Proceedings:

Directors Meeting, November 8, 1922 489

Directors Meeting, December 13, 1922 489

Directors Meeting, January 10, 1923 490

Awards at the Chrysanthemum Show 491

Offioe and Library: BANKERS TRUST BUILDING 598 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK

Committees 1922-23

Executive
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Chairman
Mrs. Arthur W. Butler Mr. T. A. Havemeyer
Mr. F. R. Pierson Mr. F. R. Newbold

Finance
Mr. T. a. Havemeyer Mr. F. R. Pierson

Mr. F. R. Newbold

Lecture
Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Chairman
Mrs. Robert C. Hill Mr. Leonard Barron

Exhibition

Mr. James Stuart, Chairman

Mrs. George V. Nash, Secretary

Journal

Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman

Dr. E. B. Southwick Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson

Library
Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Chairman
Mrs. Arthur W. Butler Mr. Henry L duPont

Advisory to Flower Show
Mr. William A. Delano, Chairman
Mrs. Harold L Pratt Mrs. Samuel Sloan

Mrs. William A. Hutcheson Mrs. Robert C. Hill

Journal

of tfje

horticultural ^ocietp of Mtb) §ovk

ISSUED QUARTERLY

VOL. Ill, No. 9. FEBRUARY, 1923

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIETY

AT THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW

^ I ^HE program of the opening day of the Chrysanthemum Show,
-*- held at the American Museum of Natural History, November
9th to 1 2th, was made momentous by the codperation of the Japan
Society with the Horticultural Society of New York.

The Japanese Consul, Hon. K. Kamasaki, formally opened the
show at the private view on the evening of November 9th, Dr.
E. B. Southwick, Vice-President of the Horticultural Society
presiding.

The Consul made a very interesting address touching on the
friendly relations between the two great nations, drawn together
on this particular occasion by their common love of flowers. He
very whimsically spoke of an incident which occurred while view-
ing the exhibit prior to the formal opening. He was standing
admiring a particularly lovely group of Chrysanthemums and was
asked if Japan grew them so large. He shook his head and said,
"While the Chrysanthemum is the national flower of Japan, I
must say, in your American vernacular, 'My hat is off to you for
size and beauty.' "

Dr. Southwick then presented Mr. Henry W. Taft, President of
the Japan Society, who made a very gracious speech touching on
the friendly relations between America and Japan.

Dr. George F. Kunz, a member of both societies, announced
that a new seedling Chrysanthemum had been named "Princess
Nagako" in honor of the princess of that name soon to become the
bride of Crown Prince Hirokito. Mrs. Harold I. Pratt presented

465

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

a beautiful sheaf of these flowers to the Japanese Consul in the
name of the Horticultural Society of New York.

Among those present were: Mr. Henry W. Taft, Mr. Eugene
C Worden, Mr. and Mrs. B. L. Dunbar, Mr. Melville E. Stone,
Mr. Imafura, Mr. Sherai, Mr. Tamura, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt,
Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Mrs. Arthur W. Butler,
Mrs. Samuel Seabury, Mr. F. R. Pierson, Mr. James W. Crom-
well, Mr. William Delano, Mr. John Scheepers.

THE COMING SPRING FLOWER SHOW

THE Tenth International Flower Show to be held from March
1 2th to 17th inclusive at Grand Central Palace, New York,
promises to be the largest ever held.

Five large gardens are to be exhibited this year, a gain of one
over the 1922 exhibit, being done by F. R. Pierson, of Tarrytown,
N. Y., Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J., A. N. Pierson Com-
pany, Cromwell, Conn., John Scheepers, Inc., 522 Fifth Avenue,
New York, and Julius Roehrs Company, Rutherford, N. J.

From advice at the present time it looks very much as if Orchids
will take an unusually prominent part, four large groups each cov-
ering about 400 square feet being planned for.

A novel feature, sure to attract much attention, to be introduced
this year is arrangements of Hardy Azaleas.

The cut Roses, always a feature of the show, will be finer than
ever, a competition to be staged the first day, a repetition to take
place on Friday.

Daily attractions are as follows :
Monday — All the Groups and the Flowering Plants, Bulbs, cut

Roses, etc.
Tuesday — Cut Roses from the private growers.
Wednesday — Display of cut Roses, commercial growers. Dinner

Table Decorations of Roses of the private growers.
Thursday — Carnation Day, during which there will be large dis-
plays of Carnations by both commercial and private growers;

Dinner Table Decorations also of Carnations by private growers.
Friday — Rose competition repeated as on Monday. Sweet-pea

Day, both commercial and private growers' competition; table

decorations of Sweet-peas by private growers.

466

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Saturday — Dinner Table Decorations by private growers ; Miscel-
laneous Flowers not staged during any other day.
The Garden Club of America classes look very interesting, their
little gardens last year attracting such attention that at times the
passageway was entirely blocked. These are to be repeated this
year, also a suburban planting from which we look for some ori-
ginal and constructive ideas.

There are also competitions in suburban planting schemes :

A. A house and garage to be placed on an interior lot with a
frontage of 75 feet and a depth of 150 feet and grounds prac-
tically and attractively planted. Model to be built on tray
20 inches by 40 inches.

B. A house and garage to be placed on an interior lot with a
frontage of 75 feet and a depth of 150 feet and grounds prac-
tically and attractively planted. Open to individual members
and member s-at-large of The Garden Club of America who
are landscape architects. Exhibit to be staged by noon on
March 12th and kept up for the duration of the show.

"THE AMATEUR" IS DEFINED

Attention is called to the action of the directors at the meeting
of January loth, 1923, when it was resolved that for the purposes
of exhibition of the Horticultural Society of New York the word
"amateur" shall mean "a person who does not propagate for pur-
poses of selling," and it is hoped that this ruling may have wide
adoption by other organizations.

FLOWER SHOWS FOR SUMMER AND FALL

At the meeting of the directors on January loth, 1923, it was
resolved that arrangements be made for flower shows to follow
the International in March — a Tulip show in the New York
Botanical Gardens sometime in May, and at the same place ex-
hibitions in proper season of Gladiolus and Dahlias. The Peony
show and the regular fall Chrysanthemum show to be held in the
Museum of Natural History. The exact dates have yet to be
determined.

467

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

WHERE GARDENING HELPS CITIZENSHIP

THE Avenue A Gardens in New York have well passed the
experimental stage. Started a few years ago with only a
few plots, there were last year under cultivation by children of the
tenements six hundred small gardens and several community gar-
dens for the production of crops on a larger scale.

Few New Yorkers and fewer visitors to New York ever see
Avenue A. It is not a bit like Avenue 5, better known as Fifth
Avenue. The magnificent shops and residences which line the
latter are replaced on Avenue A by coalyards, machine shops, ex-
breweries, things of that sort, and tenements, especially tenements.
The side streets which cross Avenue A reek with tenements. And
wherever there are tenements there are children — lots of children.

Those children, such of them as survive in their surroundings,
are going to be American citizens. What kind, of American
citizens they are going to be depends largely upon what they are
doing with themselves now. If their play-time, in New York or
in any other city, is spent in the streets or backyards, left to their
own devices and bad suggestion, it's a fair wager they won't turn
out very well.

Almost all children like to have a try at gardening. Whether
they keep on liking to garden depends a good deal on the success
of their early experiments. When once they see something of
their own planting beginning to grow, the liking is established
and that child has acquired an interest in life which is far more
promising for its future than stoning cats, robbing fruit-stands,
or corner loafing.

The gardens are located on grounds loaned by the Rockefeller
Institute at Sixty-fifth Street. When the Plant, Flower and
Fruit Guild undertook this venture, the three city blocks had been
a dumping ground for the builders of the Institute. The boys of
the neighborhood were organized to clear the ground of the mass
of sticks and stones. A neighboring stableman gave the gardens
the needed fertilizer. Six hundred gardens, each 5x10 feet, were
mapped out for the children. Besides these there were com-
munity plots for bigger crops on shares, and plots for families. A
woman superintendent and a man gardener attend to the organiza-

468

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

tion, instruction, and supervision. The children who have had
a year's experience are enlisted to show the beginners ; both mutual
help and the spirit of competition do much to produce results.
The applicants are more numerous than the plots, and there is
always a long waiting-list.

Persons who subscribe the ten dollars needed for the upkeep of
one of these gardens have the right to name it. Many of the
gardens have been named in memory or honor of relatives and
friends of the donors and others have been named with a view to
stimulating the fancy or the curiosity of the child gardeners.
Among these latter are The Peter Pan Garden, The Kipling, The
Alice in Wonderland, The See-It-Grow, The Guinevere, and
others similar.

Checks for ten dollars or multiples of that amount may be sent
to The Plant, Flower and P'ruit Guild, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York
City.

469

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

THE WAY TO THE GOOD SMALL GARDEN

By Fletcher Steele

member, american society of landscape architects

Lecture held at American Museum of Natural Histon,-,
Thursday, November 8th, 1922.

{Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, presiding.)

THE way to the good small garden is through good design.
Good design means first listing the several features of a place
as one lists the rooms before planning a house. Then locating each
feature or sub-division according to the rule of common sense
without regard to the fashions or usage of the day, which are
often wrong. By sub-division is meant house and garage as well
as entrance yard, garage drive, laundry yard, lawn, tennis court
and flower garden. Everything will go where most practical and
convenient.

Among other things reason will dictate are economical use of the
land and a regard for privacy. There is no sense in troubling to
make and maintain a garden that is not used. Nobody would use a
garden that was public or exposed. Every sub-division must be
separated and screened not only from the street, but from other
parts of the place, just as each room of the house is separated
from the street and other rooms by walls, doors and curtains.

In every move of location, separation and, finally, decoration,
careful thought must be given to sightliness and comfort, with
due regard for economical use of the land and orderly location of
each sub-division for practical convenience and sightHness, the
result will always be agreeable, and usually charming.

A picket fence was used for privacy by all Colonial builders to
shut off the street from the grounds. Fences went out of fashion
when the mansard-roof period came in at the lowest ebb of sense
and taste in American building. The argument, which was prob-
ably suggested by a real estate dealer, was and is that streets look
better where lots are un fenced. This excuse has no weight with
anyone who compares the old fenced-in village streets of New

470

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

England with the modern suburb. The old street with its fences
is more beautiful. Moreover, the fenced-in yards have a certain
hospitable fascination that bare, obvious lawns cannot rival. They
seem to tell us that within lives an old-fashioned American family
in comfort and dignity.

The best place for the garden proper and outdoor living quarters
of the home is usually behind the house which separates it from
the street. Hedges, walls or trellises shut it off from the neigh-
bors and from the service quarters such as laundry yard and gar-
age of the same grounds.

If the area is very small, perhaps the owner cannot avoid throw-
ing together the little lawn and laundry yard. In that case the
first care must be put on extreme neatness and "good housekeep-
ing" out of doors together with every encouragement for luxuri-
ant growth of the few flowers, vines and shrubs that can be given
place in the effort to screen out what is ugly, and give privacy
and sightliness.

Where there is a little, but not much more room, it will probably
be wise to combine lawn and flower garden. Usually in that case
there will be an open grass plot surrounded by beds of flowers
and shrubs. When there is room, the lawn and garden will be
separated from each other. The lawn will be kept green and in
part shady. The garden will be sunny and gay in comparison.

A porch and the living rooms of the house should look onto lawn
and garden. Too often they are located on a noisy, dirty street
while the best exposure on the quiet garden is used for kitchen
and pantries. This is not common sense. There is no reason
why the kitchen cannot be put on the street side as the more
clever house-builders and architects are beginning to realize.

Moreover, when building it is obvious that the nearer the house
is set at one side or one end of the lot, the more room there will be
on the other side for private lawns and gardens. It is almost in-
variably a mistake to put the house in the middle of the lot well
back from the street. On the service side, only enough room
should be left for the practical uses of service drive and yard.
Anything more is wasteful, not economical, use of the land.

There can be no rule about the character of the design when it
comes to decoration. Many men like many things. One good

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

school urges the use of axes, straight hnes and geometrical curves
in making the pattern of paths, beds and planting. Others believe
in free curves, and groups or individual shrubs and trees, in the en-
deavor to work out interesting pictures composed on irregular bal-
ance as are the pictures of nature. Both are good, though irregular
balance is more difficult to achieve and is apt to look meaningless
for a long time.

The simple old American way was to be guided by common
sense in a compromise between the two schools, using long, straight
paths and beds where they were easy to build ; hitching up the
slopes with stone walls if desirable. iVll was planted with glori-
ous masses of flowers. It was cozy and inviting from one year's
end to the other. And the more true the modern garden is to
American traditions the more sure we are to find that it is se-
cluded from the highway, convenient and practical to use and
maintain. Above all it is orderly in the relation of its varied
features. It may be in effect rather haphazard. But it shows
continuous thought and love for growing things. It is always
beautiful.

The lecture was accompanied by a series of explanatory stere-
opticon slides.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

COUNTRY PLACES OF OLD NEW YORK

By Richard Schermerhorn, Jr.
fellow, american society of landscape architects

Lecture held at American Museum of Natural History,
Thursday, Dec. 14th, 1922.

MANY years ago Manhattan was an isle of gardens. Indeed,
even not more than a generation ago, there were numerous
gardens on Manhattan Island. Time was when there were many
beautiful and stately country seats scattered throughout the Island,
from Greenwich Village on the west side and Stuyvesant Village
on the east side, to the northern limits of Manhattan.

They were different from the country estates of to-day, as we
think of the most representative on Long Island and in West-
chester County. There is much splendor and magnificence in the
latter, and we are apt to compare them to their great advantage
with the older ones of our personal recollection, whose origin dates
back to the seventies or perhaps even the fifties. Once in a while,
however, we discover a country seat that has remained to us since
the very early generations, and though there may remain but few
traces of its former character, and we know that much of its early
beauty has departed, nevertheless, something is there that calls for
a second glance, and we feel an atmosphere about it that lends
attraction and stimulates imagination. In other words, there are
superior characteristics of these old estates that our new ones do
not possess, and these have not necessarily to do with age, but, on
the other hand, with harmony and scale and fitness.

The old Colonial mansions had the truest kind of scale. They
were mainly simple in design, but their architectural detail was
nevertheless rich in every particular. There is no doubt also that
the selection of the site of these mansions and the treatment of their
landscape surroundings were given very particular attention. Per-
haps, the wonderful old growths of forest trees, which existed in
those days, helped this fitting and framing of the site and sur-
roundings. Perhaps the wide choice offered in the selection of
site was another reason, but I am inclined to believe that the

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

principal reason these early homes were so successful, artistically,
was because the taste of the period was superior and the appre-
ciation of artistic things more thoroughly genuine.

There was a high state of culture and refinement among the
people of New York during the period just previous to the
Revolution. The leading families of English descent were of
gentle birth, and. possessed of fine instincts, the appreciation of
beautiful things was quite natural. Those of Dutch ancestry were
perhaps not so lively in their artistic sense, but nevertheless the
Dutch always possessed good taste and high intelligence and their
work showed evidences of it. English ideas and expressions of
art were followed to a large extent at this period (1750-84),
though the Dutch influence was still followed to a moderate degree,
both in architecture and gardening.

During the very early days of Manhattan, the Dutch, as a na-
tion, had attained great distinction in the art of cultivating fruits
and flowers. This interest and facility were naturally trans-
mitted to this country, and gardens containing fruits and flowers,
as well as vegetables, were important adjuncts of the American
Dutchman's home. The 17th century gardens of New Amster-
dam were perhaps not elaborate or ornate and did not follow
complicated patterns (as in the French gardens of that time), but
they were laid out in regular and formal lines and were meant to
live in as well as to work in, and summer houses and arbors were
features. Then, as the citizens of New Amsterdam, later New
York, began to acquire wealth, expression of it began to show in
their dwelHngs and grounds. As the styles changed in the mother
country, so they changed in America.

The first New York City country seats of importance origin-
ated apparently at about the middle of the i8th century. What is
now known as the Georgian type of architecture (and to some
extent Queen Anne) was prevalent, although the Dutch type was
also quite common. Previous to this period, formal design in
gardens and country seats had been the vogue in Europe for a
long period, but a change had begun, and toward the end of the
18th century the informal style had become popular. The earliest
American country estates therefore showed evidences of formal
design in the layout of gardens and general pleasure grounds,

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

though after the Revolution, the informal and picturesque English
park was more frequently copied. The estates along the upper
Hudson, most of which were laid out after 1820, followed the
latter style. But the estates on Manhattan Island, between 1750
and 1800 made much of their gardens, and while they showed
strong American characteristics in retaining many of the rough
and rugged features, there is certainly no question that real design,
executed with superior taste, entered into their development.

Situated in the midst of virgin forest groves, the first task was
that of thinning out the woodland and the creation of lawns and
meadows. The long approach driveway was carefully studied
and made a distinctive feature, with well designed gateway at the
main highway and rows of trees carefully planted along the en-
tire course. The gardens of these country places occupied very
large areas and consisted of flower, fruit and vegetable gardens,
generally located in conjunction with each other, though often
some distance from the house. Fruits were cultivated with great
care and interest and experimenting with exotic plants was quite a
fad. Men of wealth were able to acquire substantial libraries and
there were excellent books on landscape gardening in those days
as well as on architecture. The carpenters and builders then were
usually master-builders, with a fine sense of proportion and scale.

The age of the botanical garden did not become mature until
toward the middle of the 19th century, but William Prince es-
tablished a nursery in Flushing, Long Island, as early as 1737,
which became of much general use, although the firm specialized
in fruit trees and did not form a collection of ornamental material
which amounted to much until late in the i8th century. Andre
Michaux (1746-1802) a French botanist, established a botanical
garden at Bergen, New Jersey, in 1785 (known as the "French-
man's Garden") and began the collection and cultivation of
American plants, and also imported material from Europf

It is not certain just to what extent professional talent was used
in the improvement of country estates of the period. Previous
to the Revolution, and undoubtedly later, there are instances
where wealthy owners sent to Europe for some master gar-
dener or architect to assist them in the development of their
property. During the Revolution came from France with Eafay-

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ette, Pierre L'Enfant (1755-1825), a cultivated engineer and archi-
tect. He designed many buildings in America, laid out country
places and gardens and became principally noted for his plan of
Washington, D. C. His artistic abilities were pronounced.

Joseph Ramee (1764- 1842), a noted French architect, came to
this country in 181 1, remaining until 1816, and made plans for
many country places and towns in this country (including New
York State), his most noted work, perhaps, being that of the de-
sign of Union College, Schenectady.

Andre Parmentier (1780- 1830), a talented master gardener, ar-
rived here in 1824 from Belgium and established a botanical garden
in Brooklyn. This was a great success and his reputation spread-
ing, he made plans for country places not only in the locality of
New York but also in the South and in Canada.

Michaux, while primarily a botanist, was a man of culture and
wide experience (an early tradition was to the eflfect that he was
the lost Dauphin of France, son of Louis XVI) and it is known
that he was consulted in the laying out of country places and
gardens. The garden of the Old Varick Estate, "Prospect Hall,"
in Jersey City was well known in its day and was said to have
been designed by Michaux.

Major L'Enfant was well known in New York. He was the
architect for the Old City Hall on Wall Street and also made plans
(which were never carried out) in 1790 for the development of a
large then suburban section to the northward of the city limits
and extending from Greenwich to Corlear's Hook on the East
River, patterned to a certain degree from the Regent's Park in
London.

There must have been practitioners of local origin also, and
though the particular reputation of a certain Theopilus Harden-
broeck, "practical surveyor and architect," has not come down to
us, nevertheless his advertisement in an early New York news-
paper (1757) to the effect that he designed "pavilions, summer
houses, garden seats and greenhouses" is most interesting. Un-
doubtedly, there were others of his profession. That there was
at this period, therefore, real professional and artistic talent in
landscape gardening seems to be more or less evident, and there is
no doubt that the owners of country seats availed themselves of

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

this, and that our impressions of the superior qualities of many of
these old estates are not based on sentiment alone.

A visitor to Manhattan in 1748 (Kalm, the Swedish naturalist)
has left behind him a delightful description of his impressions.
He was astonished at its elegance and beauty. He found it ex-
tremely pleasant to walk in the town for "it seemed quite like a
garden, the shade trees were plentiful, the birds sang sweetly from
their branches and the frogs chanted so merrily in the Elm and
Locusts that one could hardly hear one's self speak." The streets
were narrow and most of them paved, and the houses a mixture of
Dutch and English architecture. The chief trees were the Locust
and Water Beech and there were also Lime-trees and Elms in the
sidewalks. He states : "One seldom meets with trees of the same
sort adjoining each other, they being, in general, placed alternat-
ing." On the tops of the gentlemen's houses were balconies,
where long views of the bay were obtamed.

As late as the end of the Colonial era, the tree-Hned streets of
the city were a feature and the streets were well paved and clean,
another visitor, in 1775, leaving word that "on Broadway nearly
all the houses had rows of trees in front of them and were en-
circled by pleasant gardens." At the end of the Revolution, how-
ever, came a period where the upbuilding of the city was attended
with difficulties and the parklike conditions were more difficult to
adhere to and the problems of sanitation more involved.

In 1789 an ordinance was passed forbidding the planting of
trees in the thickly populated sections, except in front of churches
and public buildings, as it was considered detrimental to public
health.

At the end of the readjustment following the Revolution, the
natural prosperity of the country began to assert itself and a new
class of landed proprietors appeared. The shipping business was
still a principal source of wealth and there were many citizens who
had accumulated considerable means and lived in comparative
luxury. The old aristocracy of the period of the English rule
had pretty well disappeared, so many having been loyalists, and the
large manorial estates had dwindled in size and in substance.
Those of Manhattan of means and prominence were principally
of the old Knickerbocker set, in most cases descendants of the

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

early Dutch settlers. They were a substantial lot and lived in
dignity and propriety though perhaps without as much pomp and
show as had existed in the earlier era. There were then (early
19th Century) many country estates on the East and Hudson
Rivers and a few on Long Island. The City began to gradually
creep up toward the north, and to be in the country meant to be a
little further away from the Battery than a generation earlier.

Timothy Dwight writes of Manhattan in 1820 as follows: "Art
has here beautified the surface and enriched the soil throughout
the southern half of the island. . . . about six miles of the
northern end are little cultivated. The remainder is set at small
distances with cheerful habitations, with well stocked gardens and
neat enclosures; while the heights and many of the lower grounds
contain a rich display of gentlemen's country seats, connected with
a great variety of handsome appendages. No part of the United
States has such a numerous collection of villas within so small a
compass, nor is any ride in the country made so cheerful by the
hand of art as the first six miles on the Bowery Road."

The dwellings and country seats that were built during this
period up to 1840, at least, were undoubtedly genteel and in good
taste. The era of deterioration seems to have begun somewhere
near the middle of the Century, reaching its maximum height of bad
design, bad art and bad taste in the sixties and seventies. The
character of society itself changed and perhaps has never been
quite the same since. An old New Yorker writing in 1870 re-
marks of the olden time as follows : "There was in that day none
of the show and glitter of modern times; but with many of the
(New York) families. . . . (there was) an elegance which
has never been rivaled in other parts of the country," adding again
in a concluding paragraph as if to particularly impress the fact
upon his readers : "One thing is certain — that there was a high tone
prevailing at that time which is now nowhere seen." Perhaps it
may be more or less natural to look back upon the old times as
the best times, but nevertheless this cannot be wholly sentimental,
as the style and feelings of the times are quite naturally expressed
in the quality of art existing and most appreciated at the period.
Architectural and landscape design of the present day liave pro-
gressed far above that of the past two or three generations, x^s a

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

profession, architecture has become firmly estabhshed and indi-
vidual architects are doing work far superior to that of the period
1850-90, and the same may be said of landscape architects. But
there are still lessons to be learned from the very early times.

The location and general character of the early New Amsterdam
homes and their gardens are interestingly shown on Castello Plan
of New Amsterdam in 1660. Lieut. Ratzer's map of 1767 shows
very well the country estates and gardens of that period. The
following are brief descriptions of the estates shown on Ratzer's
map, which may further help us to form some idea of their char-
acter.

Along the shore of the East River was the road to Greenwich
Village and to this road a number of large country seats connected.
The first of importance was that of Abraham Mortier, later to be
known as Richmond Hill, the residence of Aaron Burr. This es-
tate was purchased by Mortier in 1760, who soon after erected the
mansion. In 1776 it was occupied by General Washington and
in 1784 by John Adams, Vice-President. From 1797 to 1812 the
property was held by Aaron Burr, who lived there in luxurious
style. According to all accounts, this was a most beautiful estate.
A letter from Abigail Adams in 1789 reads as follows: "The house
. . . is situated upon a hill, the avenue to which is interspersed
with forest trees, under which a shrubbery rather too luxuriant
and wild owing to its having been deprived, by death some years
since, of its original proprietor, who kept it in perfect order. In
front . . . the noble Hudson rolls its majestic waves . . .
beyond . . . rises the fertile country of the Jerseys. On
the right hand an extensive plain presents us with a view of fields,
covered with verdure and pasture full of cattle. On the left, the
city opens to us, intercepted only by clumps of trees and some ris-
ing ground, which seems to heighten the beauty of the scene by
appearing to conceal a part. In the background a large flower gar-
den, enclosed with a hedge and some very handsome trees, on one
side of it a grove of pines and oaks."

The Warren Estate (later Van Nest) was located not far from
Richmond Hill, the mansion near the intersection of Charles and
Bleecker Streets. This was built by Capt. Peter Warren (later
Sir Peter Warren, Vice-Admiral of the Royal Navy) about 1740

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

and he made of it a summer home. The estate in all comprised
about 300 acres, and was laid out like an English Park on a "scale
of considerable magnificence," the house standing in a grove of
magnificent Locust-trees. Immediately about the house was a
hedge which grew to large proportions, and a double row of old
Sycamores formed an avenue all the way down the slope to the
river. In 1819, the homestead, included within the square bounded
by Bleecker, Fourth, Perry and Charles Streets, was acquired by
Abraham Van Nest, whose family occupied it until 1850. It was
two miles beyond the city limits. Oliver Delancey, whose estate
adjoined Warren's, was a brother-in-law to the latter. His estate
was a fine one, but was confiscated after the Revolution and par-
titioned, Delancey having been a loyalist and a Brigadier General
in the British Army.

The next estate of importance further north, of which traces
were left to a fairly late day, was that of Chelsea, acquired about
1750 by Capt. Thomas Clarke, a veteran officer in the provincial
service. He built a house, which was burned shortly before his
death, near the banks of the East River and 9th Avenue and 23rd
Street. His widow rebuilt the mansion and at her death in 1802,
it, with a portion of the original property, passed to Bishop Moore,
and in 1813 to his son, Clement C. Moore (author of "The Night
Before Christmas"). The grounds of this mansion were said to
have been "terraced and beautiful" and for many years and as late
as 1825, it stood there the only house in the vicinity. In 1853 ^^
was demolished.

In 1759, Hon. John C. Vandenheuvel, a Dutch Governor of
Demeeara, who came to New York to escape the fever, purchased
400 acres along the Hudson in upper Manhattan and established
a country seat. His dwelling was located at 79th Street between
Broadway and West End Avenue. It was vacated during the
Revolution and later passed through many hands, eventually com-
ing into the possession of a Mr. Burnham, who used it as a road-
house, and as which it was well known and popular. It was torn
down in 1905.

The country seat of Charles Ward Apthorp was purchased by
him about 1764, when the mansion was built and named "Elm-
wood." It was sold in 1799 and in 1828 became the property of

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Col. Herman Jauncey Thorne, who maintained it in fine style. It
was disposed of by the latter in 1859 and after degeneration in
many ways was demolished in 1888. The mansion was located be-
tween 91st and 92nd Streets, near the Hudson and was of a supe-
rior type of architecture.

Near the centre of the island was the estate of Nicholas Bayard,
near what is now the intersection of Grand Street and Broadway.
This occupied a high elevation overlooking the upper part of the
City, with fine gardens on the south and a shaded drive leading
from the Bowery Lane (near Broome St.) to the mansion. The
property was purchased by the Bayards about 1748 and disposed
of in 1798 to James Delacroix who established the Vauxhall
Garden on the property.

East of the Bayard estate and on the Bowery Lane was the seat
of James Delancey, son of Stephen Delancey. He was Chief
Justice of the Colony in 1733 and Lieut. Governor in 1753, his
death occurring in 1760. The mansion was near what is now the
corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. This was a fine property
with its semi-circular entrance gateway, its magnificent shade trees
and extensive gardens.

Another attractive country seat located near the centre of the
Island, not far north of Delancey's, was that of Andrew EHot,
which he purchased in 1766. The mansion was located near the
present corner of loth Street and Broadway, connected with the
Bowery Lane, the property extending from the Bowery west to
Fifth Avenue and containing 21 acres. Eliot served as Acting
Governor of the Province from 1780 to 1783 and had laid out
very beautiful grounds about his mansion. Soon after the evacua-
tion of the British, in 1783, the property passed to "Baron" Poel-
nitz and in 1790 to Capt. Robert R. Randall, a merchant and ship-
master, who at his death in 1801 bequeathed it for the founding
of a Sailor's Snug Harbor.

On the East River there were a number of substantial Colonial
Country Estates. That of Peter Stuyvesant extended along the
river and comprised what would now be the greater portion of the
iith, 1 6th and 17th wards, the mansion on the river bank near the
corner of 17th Street and ist Avenue. His gardens were exten-
sive and elaborate and he kept about 50 Negro slaves working on

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

the grounds, which were highly cultivated. In later years, the
country seats of Peter G. Stuyvesant and Nicholas W. Stuyvesant
were located on the same property, the former east of ist Avenue,
between 8th and 9th Streets, and the latter between 13th and i6th
Streets and Avenue A and ist Avenue (in 1816). This part of
the island was long known as Stuyvesant Village.

In 1747, John Watts, son of Robert Watts, purchased a farm of
130 acres which he named "Rosehill," after the ancestral seat of
Watts in Scotland. The property was bounded by 21st Street on
the south, the East River on the east, and stretched along the Post
Road to a considerable distance to the north. A broad avenue
from the mansion lined with beautiful Elms, extended from the
Post Road, the entrance gateway being about the present corner of
28th Street and 4th Avenue.

The district of Murray Hill is named after the Colonial estate
of Robert Murray. The mansion faced Kingsbridge Road and
commanded a fine view of Kip's Bay and Turtle Bay and the East
River. The lawn contained beautiful trees and an avenue of
graceful Elms lined the driveway approach to the house. The
mansion was burned in 1835. John Murray, son of Robert,
maintained a country home on a part of his father's estate in later
years, and in 1876, the house was still standing on the southeast
corner of 37th Street and 5th Avenue. Lindley Murray, the
grammarian, another son, built a country seat soon after the
Revolution on the shores of the East River, which he named
"Bellevue," and which is now the site of Bellevue Hospital. This
was a very beautiful estate, the following being an extract from a
description : "At the back of the mansion is a large garden, and be-
yond this, pleasant and fertile fields which aft'ord pasturage for the
cattle."

Not far above Murray Hill was the seat of William Beekman,
the mansion near the present corner of ist Avenue and 50th
Street.

Much further to the north and far up in Harlem near i6oth
Street and Edgecombe Avenue was the Roger Morris mansion,
later known as the Jumel Mansion. This house was built by Lt.
Col. Roger Morris, Loyalist, for his wife Mary Philipse about
1765. Morris was an officer in the British Army and had been

482

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

a personal friend of Washington, having fought with him in the
French and Indian War. This estate was ample in extent and
had extensive gardens. Morris occupied the mansion until 1775,
when he was obliged to vacate it on account of his status as Loyal-
ist. After the Revolution the house passed thi"ough various hands,
and in 18 10 was purchased by Stephen Jumel, a prosperous French
merchant doing business in New York, the property then includ-
ing 36 acres of land. Jumel restored the house to its original con-
dition, including the Colonial gates and gatehouses. He died in
1832 and in 1833 his widow married Aaron Burr. This is the only
Colonial mansion of consequence on Manhattan Island that still
exists. It is of superior architectural design and is now owned by
the City of New York and maintained as a park and museum. It
is a pity, however, that no competent attention has been given to
restoring the grounds to a semblance of their original landscape
characteristics.

The early half of the 19th Century witnessed the development of
many new country seats along the East and North rivers. As
the city grew, the countryside became more remote and the north-
ern end of Manhattan became more popular for country residence.
Along the old Bloomingdale Road on the west side of New York,
were very many substantial and beautiful country estates, among
which the most prominent were the Stryker Estate, "Rosedale,"
near the foot of West 53rd Street, the McVicker Estate at West
84th Street, the Nicholas Jones Estate, "Woodlawn," at West
io6th Street, and the Meier Estate, "Willow-Bank," at West ii8th
Street, in all cases the dwellings being near the shore of the Hud-
son.

The McVicker Estate was said to be in its day one of the finest
country places in America, covering an area of sixty acres and
being approached by a winding drive over one half mile in length.
In 1832, "Woodlawn" was described by a European visitor as be-
ing "perhaps the loveliest of them all, where within a space of six-
teen acres, every variety of garden scenery may be found." "Wil-
low-Bank" was described as having been laid out in a formal style,
according to the taste of the times and abounding in fruit trees and
gardens. The other estates of the period along the North River
were as follows: the Ward Estate at 59th Street and loth Avenue,

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

the seats of Horace Waldo and Richard Schieffehn at West 90th
and 91st Streets, the Weyman place at West 93rd Street, the Val-
entine Mott place at West 96th Street, the Humphrey Jones place
at West loist Street,Whitlock at West 120th Street, Buckley at
West 1 1 2th Street and the Audubon Estate at West 156th Street,
all of these places bordering the Hudson. The "Grange," built by
Alexander Hamilton about 1800, stood further back from the
river, about half way between the Hudson and the Harlem near
140th Street. Hamilton planted a grove of thirteen Gum trees
about a year before his death, supposed to represent the thirteen
original states of the Union. These remained until a late day.
As the city grew the mansion became crowded out, and was finally
removed a short distance to its present location on the east side
of Convent Avenue.

The East River was also lined with attractive country seats in
the early part of the 19th Century, most of them above 59th
Street. A number of the old houses, sadly dilapidated, remained
between 80th and 96th Streets up to about 1905, but within the
past generation all have gone but two, the Gracie House at 89th
Street now on the grounds of Carl Shurz Park and the Prime
House on the grounds of St, Joseph's Orphan Asylum at 90th
Street. The Gracie House was one of the most noted. The
original dwelling was remodelled by Archibald Gracie in 1813,
and many distinguished people were entertained there. Other
important estates of the period in this locality were those of the
Rhinelanders, Astors, Crugers, Schermerhorns, Jones, etc.

To enter into a description of the old country places of New
York State in general is beyond our present province. Yet there
are samples of the latter remaining, where there are practically
none on Manhattan Island, so a brief description may be
proper. Beginning with the early settlement of New York, one
finds much said about the manorial estates. These estates were
originally granted to those individuals who would guarantee to
settle a colony on them. Very few were successful, in fact, only
one was really so, and that was the Van Rensselaer Estate, which
comprised most of what is now Albany and Rensselaer Counties
in upper New York. Further to the south was Livingston Manor
which occupied the greater part of what is now Columbia County,

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

and below this in the Rhinebeck Precinct (now Dutchess County)
the Beekmans maintained large holdings.

The next estate to the south of importance was the Van Cort-
landt Estate in upper Westchester County, the old Manor house
still existing in the town of Croton. Philipse Manor in southern
Westchester County was another large grant though it passed
from the Philipse family at an early date, on account of the Tory
tendencies of members of the family at the time of the Revolution.
These were the largest and most prominent manorial estates of
old New York, and their manor houses and the mode of living of
their owners was relatively imposing. There is left little trace of
them at the present day. There is an old Van Rensselaer Manor
House (of late years called "Forbes Manor" and now occupied
by a Catholic school) opposite the City of Albany. Several of
the Livingston homes are still in existence and quite well kept up.
Rhinebeck became the favored spot for many private country
places, and Philipse Manor House has been preserved by the City
of Yonkers as a Town Hall. There are still many fine old es-
tates along the Hudson River and they possess a character all of
their own, and seem to differ greatly from those of the present
day.

There are at least two purposes, besides that of casual interest
or furnishing scattered glimpses of our "Little Old New York,"
and these are, first, to call to attention the fact that the taste and
sense of our forefather's are worth studying and that "nouveau art"
may not always be of the best or most enduring character ; and
second, to call to attention also the fact that our old places are
passing very rapidly and that there has been little effort to pre-
serve them. Only a scattering few remain in Manhattan, where a
generation ago there were at least dozens. Then there are
others whose preservation is but imperfectly accomplished such as
the Jumel mansion and the Van Cortlandt Mansion at Kings-
bridge.

The preservation of old traditions, of old customs, of old man-
sions and their surroundings is closely connected with the preser-
vation of true patriotism, which every country needs.

The lecturer illustrated his remarks by stereopticon slides.

48s

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

THE ROSE IN AMERICA

By J. Horace McFarland

Lecture held at American Museum of Natural History,
Thursday, Jan. nth, 1923

(Mr. Leonard Barron, presiding.)

THE Rose is distinctly a world plant, in evidence in many
species all over the Temperate Zone. It is natural in America,
where the "wild" Roses are in many species, varying in the estima-
tion of botanists from as few as thirty to more than a hundred.
Yet we know little of it from the standpoint of the natives.

The Rose is the oldest cultivated plant, having been named "the
Queen of Flowers," tradition says, in Athens nearly twenty-six
hundred years ago. It has impressed itself on the world's lan-
guages so that the same sound virtually will bring the rose reaction
in English, French, German, Danish, Norwegian, Italian, Portu-
guese, Spanish, Russian, Latin, Swedish, Dutch and Bohemian.

America is awakening to the Rose, as may be judged in the
statement that practically ten million of Rose plants were sold
within the limits of the United States in 1922, and more than a
hundred millions of cut Roses did their beautiful duty. Neverthe-
less, we have taken our Rose fashions from abroad, the most of
the varieties current being European in their origin and raised
from European and Asiatic natives. Of 588 varieties deemed
worthy in the last official catalogue of the National Rose Society
of England, but 26 are of xA.merican origin. Of 497 Roses origin-
ated in America since George Washington's time, as set forth in
"The American Rose Annual for 1922," barely one hundred are
yet in commerce, and while 140 new Roses were introduced in all
the world last year, but 5 were of American origination.

Our hybridizers, however, are now at work. In the field of
greenhouse Roses, Messrs, Hill, Montgomery, Towill, Clark, Dun-
lap and Scott have been, doing wonderful things, while the
achievements of the two lamented members of the American Rose
Society, M. H. Walsh of Woods Hole, Mass., and Dr. W. Van

486

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Fleet of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, have
been of real advantage.

I want to take my hearers across the continent in a quick Rose
journey, peeping into American gardens from coast to coast. I
show you Roses as they grow outdoors in New Hampshire and
Massachusetts ; in Connecticut where they were first made avail-
able in a notable municipal Rose-garden ; on Long Island, where
Rosa rugosa shows its power to flourish beautifully in the sands
of the sea; in the old Van Cortlandt Manor garden, where the
Roses are at least a hundred years old ; in Philadelphia, in Harris-
burg, in Washington, and on south, seeing now the Roses not hardy
north, in Magnolia and Thomasville, with a quick side journey to
Indianapolis and Kansas City, a delightful diversion to Detroit,
and then a jump to the coast, where up and down California,
Washington and Oregon the Rose is indeed queen. In Portland,
Oregon, we see the reason for that city being "the City of Roses."

It seems worth while to consider the wild Roses that are avail-
able to us, whether they come from the United States or elsewhere.
I am glad to introduce to you, therefore, Rosa setigera, R. lucida,
R. multiflora, R. spinosisshna, and four of the splendid new Chi-
nese introductions brought in by E. H. Wilson ; namely, R. multi-
hracteata, R. setipoda, R. Moyesii and R. Hugonis. These Roses
lovely in themselves, will aid in making the larger American gar-
dens more beautiful.

It seems desirable that you should know something of the work
that American hybridizers have done. Jackson Dawson, the great
gardener long gone to his rest, who made the Arnold Arboretum
blossom, has produced a number of splendid Roses. Alexander
Montgomery, Jr. is responsible for Hadley, Mrs. C. H. Russell and
Pilgrim, and I have mentioned M. H. Walsh, whose Excelsa,
Evangeline, Paradise, and Milky Way are of great loveliness and
value as hardy climbers.

James A. Farrell, under the inspiration of that fine old botanist,
Josiah Hoopes, produced Climbing American Beauty, Christine
Wright, and Purity. We owe Radiance, undoubtedly the most
satisfactory American-bred hybrid tea, to John Cook, of Balti-
more, who has done other good things, particularly in his produc-
tion of Francis Scott Key.

487

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

E. G. Hill is sometimes called "the grand old man of Rose cul-
ture," and so he is. His Columbia, Mme. Butterfly, and Premier
are wonderful inside, and some of his Roses, particularly Colum-
bia, have escaped to the garden. His brilliant son, Joseph H.
Hill, gives us just now Sensation, which provides us with a sensa-
tion in its rich depth of crimson-scarlet, matched in no other Rose.

In Europe as well as in America the standard hardy climber at
this moment is either American Pillar or Dr. W. Van Fleet, and
the gifted hybridist of that name, whose death almost a year ago
we yet deeply regret, has provided us with Alida Lovett, Silver
Moon, Bess Lovett, and other splendid and substantial garden
Roses, either treated as climbers or as standards.

I am glad to show a few of Dr. Van Fleet's productions not yet
named. A notable hybrid between R. Moyesii and R. Wichuraiana
is "W. M. 5," and a no less notable new Rose is "W. S. i8," in
which the blood of R. Soulieana has been used. The lovely R.
Hugonis is combined with many Roses to great advantage. A new
race of Roses is in evidence in "W. C. 237," not yet named, which
is presumed to be on the way toward Dr. Van Fleet's ideal of a
"dooryard Rose," good anywhere and good to look at even when
out of flower. The one Rose of this series which is now approach-
ing commercial relationship has been named Mary Wallace, in com-
pliment to the daughter of the Secretary of Agriculture. Of
this I am glad in conclusion to show you a picture as evidence of
the way in which it will make a very lovely low hedge, while at
the same time being available as an individual garden plant or as a
beautiful climber.

The Rose is in America, and it will gain in America as we who
love it join ourselves in and through the American Rose Society
toward more knowledge and better culture.

The lecture was abundantly illustrated by a magnificent lot of
colored stereopticon slides.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

EXTRACTS FROM PROCEEDINGS OF THE

SOCIETY

DIRECTORS' MEETING, NOVEMBER 8, 1922
F. F. PiERSON, Chairman of the Board, Presiding

Members elected :

Annual : Miss Sophie F. Baylor, Miss Marquenta Mergentiiie, Mrs. Wil-
liam A. Jenner, Miss Anne IngersoU, Mr. Harry D. West, Mrs. Herman A.
Heydt, Miss E. L. McLean, Mr. Charles W. Halsey, Mr. Edward P. Tysen,
Mr. Edward Plaut, Mr. Richard A. Strong, Mr. Arthur J. Cote, Mrs. Harry
G. Haskell, Mrs. Otto H. Kahn, Mr. J. E. Aldred, Mrs. Azariah Eddy,
Mrs. Henry S. Hunnewell, Mrs. W. C. Spruance, Miss Helen C. Burnham,
Mrs. E. A. LeRoy, Mr. Edward L. Ballard, Mrs. J. P. Cotton, Mr. Crosby
Gaige, Miss L. R. Edgar, Mr J. W. Cowperthwait, Mr. Louis M. Joseph-
thai, Mr. Livingston Rutherfurd, Mrs. E. L. Rafferty, Mrs. W. S. Peters,
Dr. F. C. Hollister, Mr. F. Hoyer, Mrs. Sturgis Coffin, Mrs. Leopold
Frederick, Mr. Arthur Iselin, Mrs. J. D. Schoonmaker, Mr. Morris Andur,
Mrs. C. D. Eraser, Mr. Henry S. Hunnewell, Miss Johanna Bluen, Mrs. A.
W. Erickson, Miss Alice W. Wilcox, Mrs. George H. Clapp, Mrs. George
A. Goss, Mrs. Chellis Austin.

Sustaining: Mr. William Maxwell.

Life: Miss Cornelia Horsford, Mrs. Bayard Thaver, M. Edward Guild
Wyckoff, Mr. Robert W. Bliss, Mr. C C. Stillman, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

Transfers from Annual to Life Membership : Mr. Henry W. deFor-
est. Miss M. I. Henderson.

A committee (Mr. Havemeyer, Mr. Scheepers, Mr. Atkins and Mr.
Brown) was appointed to consult with a like committee of the Pennsylvania
and Massachusetts Horticultural Societies, on the subject of "New Seed-
lings" called to attention by Mr. John C. Wister in a letter under date
of November ist.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, DECEMBER 13, 1922
F. F. Pierson, Chairman of the Board, Presiding

Members elected :

Annual: Miss Gladys Waterbury, Miss Mary W. McCallam, Mrs.
Charles N. Hewitt, Mr. Arthur Herrington, Miss Adelia A. Dwight, Mrs.
Joseph McK. Speer, Mrs. William Rand, Mr. George H. Bissinger, Mrs.
Albert Krippendorf, Mr. H. W. Maxwell, Mr. W. Redmond Cross, Mr.
Howard Mansfield, Miss Rose Dougan, Mrs. David Stuart, Mrs. Morris
Rutherfurd, Mrs. G. B. Gordon, Mr. F. W. McMillan, Mrs. F. P. Solley,
Mrs. H. Scoville, Miss Helen Cruikshank, Mr. V. E. Kilpatrick, Mr.
Oscar R. Lichtenstein, Mrs. Theodore Boettger, Mr. Arthur H. Sulzberger,
Mr. F. H. Bennett, Miss Lucy Howe, Mrs. Charles T. Jenks, Mrs. John A.
Mitchell, Mrs. Ex. Norton, Mrs. Sheffield Phelps. Mrs. John William
Scott, Miss Bessie G. Stillman, Mrs. Arthur Turnbull, Miss Louise Van
Ingen, Mr. Ludwig Vogelstein, Miss E. Redmond, Mrs. Edward R. Stet-
tinius, Mr. Horace Havemeyer, Miss Margaret Lawrence, Mrs. John H.
Love, Mrs. C. A. Perkins, Mrs. Bancroft Gherardi, Mrs. Joseph T. Tower,
Mrs. Garrett B. Kip, Mrs. William J. Crittenden, Mrs. A. H. Scholle, Mr.
Franklin Murphy, Mrs. George Gordon King, Mrs. F. H. Baetjer, Mr.
Raymond Bill, Mrs. Ferdinand Jelke, Mrs. F. S. Willock, Mrs. Hamilton
Webster, Miss Marie Bowen Chapin, Mr. T. F. Donahue, Miss Elizabeth S.

489

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Cooley, Miss Emma W. Calkins, Mrs. S. W. Childs, Mr. William C. Endi-
cott, Mr. M. D. FoUin, Mr. Augustus Gerdes, Mrs. Augustus Gerdes, Miss
Anne Remsen Webb, Mrs. E. Dimon Bird, Mrs. William T. Blodgett, Mrs.
Charles deRham, Mrs. John A. Dix, Mrs. George R. Dyer, Mrs. John Evans,
Miss Margaret Hendrie, Mrs. Jefferson Hogan, Miss Katherine deB. Par-
sons, Mrs. Richard M. Saltonstall, Mrs. Samuel Seabury, Miss Clara F.
Stillman, Miss Anne H. Van Ingen, Baroness Von Ketteler, Miss Edith
W. Tiemann, Miss Ida T. L. Schwarz, Mrs. William R. Peters, Mrs. Her-
man Hirsch, Mrs. Frank B. Keech, Mr. A. Millard, Mr. William G. Will-
cox, Mrs. S. A. Brown, Mrs. Francis U. Stearns.

Sustaining: Mr. James McManus, Mr. C. Oliver Iseliu.

Life: Mr. William Willis Reese, Mr. Frank Gilbert Martin, Mr. J. S.
Cullinan, Mr. George H. Hazen, Miss Marion Roby Case, Mrs. William
Mitchell, Mrs. Watson Freer, Mrs. William Church Osborn, Mr. William
Church Osborn.

Transferred prom Annual to Life : Mr. Carl H. Pforzheimer, Mr.
Samuel Sloan, Mrs. William C. Atwater, Mrs. H. L. R. Edgar, Mrs.
William Willis Reese, Dr. George N. Miller.

Resignation, accepted with regret : Miss R. B. Fisher.

By unanimous approval the Executive Secretary was requested to write a
letter of thanks to Mr. J. B. Foulke of the American Museum of Natural
History expressing the deep appreciation of the Board of Directors of this
Society for the courtesy and attention extended us during the November
Flower Show.

The chair appointed Mr. Newbold and Mr. Havemeyer a committee to
meet Mr. Kilpatrick of the School Garden Association relative to a plan
outlined by Mr. Kilpatrick for the benefit of the school children.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, JANUARY lo, 1923
The President, Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, in the Chair

The following members were elected :

Annual : Mrs. A. P. Culver, Miss Hattie Barns, Miss Isolin Barns,
Mr. E. R. Burnett. Mrs. J. W. Tweksbury, Mr. John D. Wilson, Mr. Ethan
Allen, Miss Dorothy Bailey, Mrs. Russell Tyson, Mrs. Herman Langzettel,
Mr. L. J. Muller, Mr. George Wood, Mr. Arnold F. Riegger.

It was voted that the Society give a Tulip Show, both indoor and outdoor,
at the Botanical Gardens about the middle of May. A Gladiolus and
Dahlia Show also to be held at Botanical Gardens ; and the Peony and Fall
Shows to be held at the American Museum of Natural History, dates to be
decided later.

It was resolved that for the exhibitions of the Horticultural Society of
New York an "Amateur" is

"A person who does not propagate for the purpose of selling,"
and that the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Horticultural Societies be
asked to approve a similar ruling for use in all their schedules and programs.

It was resolved to extend an invitation to the American Pomological
Society to hold its next meeting with the H. S. N. Y. at the American
Museum of Natural Historj^

490

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

AWARDS AT THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW

The exhibition was held at the American Museum of Natural History,
Nov. 9 to 12, 1922, awards being as follows :

Chrysanthemums— Plants — Open to All

Class A. I. Specimen bushes, any color, any type — ist Prize, Mr. W. B.
Thompson. 2nd Prize, Mr. Samuel Untermyer. 3rd Prize, Miss Alice
DeLamar.

Class A. 2. Specimen standards, any color, any type — ist Prize, Mrs.
Herbert L. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar. Special, Mr. W. B.
Thompson.

Class A. 3. Specimen odd shapes, any color, any type — ist Prize. Miss
Alice DeLamar.

Class A. 4. Group of Chrysanthemum plants covering 100 sq. ft., ar-
ranged for effect, any foliage plants permitted — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne
Whitney.

Chrysanthemums — Cut Flozvers — for N on-Commercial growers. Stems not

less than 2 ft.

Class A. S. Six white — ist Priz6, Mr. Samuel Untermyer. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class A. 6. Six pink — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd Prize, Mrs.
Herbert L. Pratt.

Class A. 7. Six Yellow — ist Prize, Mr. Samuel Untermyer. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Class A. 8. Six red — ist Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class A. 9. Six any other color — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.
2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class A. ID. Vase of one or more varieties, arranged for effect, any
other foliage permitted. Exhibitor may supply his own vase— ist Prize,
Mrs. Redmond Cross. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb. Special, Miss Alice
DeLamar.

Stems Eighteen Inches.

Class A. II. Ten vases in ten varieties, three blooms of each — -ist Prize,
Mrs. F. E. Lewis. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb.

Stems not over 15 inches, all named kinds.

Class A. 12. Collection of 12 varieties, one of each — 1st Prize, Mr. W.
B. Thompson. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis.

Class A. 13. Collection of six varieties, one of each — ist Prize, Mrs.
Herbert L. Pratt.

Five Terminal Sprays to one vase, not less than five flowers to a spray.

Class A. 14. Collection of singles, 12 varieties^ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert
L. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class A. 15. Collection of Pompons, 12 varieties — -ist Prize, Mrs. Payne
Whitney. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Charles Mallory.

Class A. 16. Vase of singles, 12 varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. Redmond
Cross. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class A. 17. Vase of Pompons, 12 varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. Charles
Mallory. 2nd Prize, Mr. John T. Pratt.

Class A. 18. Collection of Anemones, 6 varieties, 6 blooms each — ist
Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

491

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

William Barr Memorial Fund Prise.

Class A. 19. Group of cut blooms arranged for effect, covering 100 sq.
ft., any foliage permitted— ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. F. E. Lewis.

For Commercial Growers

Class A. 20. Vase of 20 blooms, one variety — ist Prize, Charles H.
Totty Company.

Class A. 21. Collection of twenty varieties, one of each variety — ist
Prize, Charles H. Totty Company.

Class A. 22. Collection of Pompons, twelve varieties — 1st Prize, Charles
H. Totty Company.

Class A. 23. Collection of Singles, twelve varieties — ist Prize, Charles
H. Totty Company.

Dinner Table Decoration, Open to All.

Class A. 24. Table to be set for eight persons. Any kind of flowers and
foliage may be used — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize, Mr.
Samuel Untermyer. Special, Mrs. Redmond Cross.

Roses — Cut Floivers — for Non-Commercial Growers

Class B. 2. Eighteen Red — ist Prize, Mr. Howard Cole.

Class B. 3. Eighteen Pink — Columbia Shade — ist Prize, Mr. Howard
Cole. 2nd Prize, Mr. Theodore R. Hoyt.

Class B. 4. Eighteen Light Pink — Ophelia Shade — ist Prize, Mrs. F.
E. Lewis. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Charles Mallory.

Class B. 5. Eighteen Dark Pink — Premier Shade — ist Prize, Mr. How-
ard Cole. 2nd Prize, Countess Holnstein.

Class B. 6. Eighteen Yellow — ist Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis. 2nd Prize,
Countess Holnstein.

Class B. 7. Vase of fifty assorted, arranged for effect — ist Prize,
Countess Holnstein. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis.

For Commercial Groivers

Class B. 8. Fifty White — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class B. 9. Fifty Red — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class B. 10. Fifty Pink — Columbia Shade — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington.
2nd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class B. II. Fifty Light Pink — Ophelia Shade — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.
2nd Prize, L. B. Coddington.

Class B. 12. Fifty Dark Pink— Premier Shade — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Qass B. 14. New Meritorious variety, not in commerce — Silver Medal,
Charles H. Totty Company.

Carnations — Cut Flozvers — for Non-Commercial Groivers.

Class C. I. Eighteen White— ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. F. E. Lewis.

Class C. 2. Eighteen Enchantress Shade — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Charles Mallory.

Class C. 3. Eighteen Winsor Shade— ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class C. 4. Eighteen Lawson Shade — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford.
and Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Qass C. 5. Eighteen Scarlet — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford.

492

HIE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class C. 6. Eighteen Crimson — ist Prize, Mrs. Charles Mallor^'. 2nd
Prize, Mrs Payne Whitney.

Class C. 7. Eighteen Yellow — ist Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. H. M. Tilford. .

Class C. 8. Eighteen Variegated — ist Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Open to All.

Class C. 9. For a new meritorious variety, not in commerce — Silver
Medal, Patten & Company.

Foliage and Decorative Plants — for Non-Commercial Growers.

Class E. I. Group of Greenhouse Plants — ist Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.
2nd Prize, Mr. W. B. Thompson.

Class E. 2. Group of Greenhouse Plants — for commercial growers — ist
Prize, W. A. Manda.

Class E. 3. Collection of fall fruiting shrubs and trees — ^ist Prize, Mr.
Samuel Untermyer. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Class E. 5. Display of Begonias, Gloire de Lorraine type, twelve plants—
1st Prize, Mr. W. B. Thompson. 2nd Prize, Mrs. J. P. Morgan.

Class E. 6. Collection of Nephrolepis exaltata and its varieties — ist
Prize, F. R. Pierson. 2nd Prize, W. A. Manda.

Class E. 7. Specimen of Cibotium Schiedei — ist Prize, Samuel Unter-
myer. 2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class E. 8. Specimen of Adiantum — ist Prize, Mrs. Charles Mallory.
2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class E. 9. Specimen of Goniophlebium subauriculatum — ist Prize, Miss
Alice DeLamar.

Class E. 10. Specimen of a Staghorn fern — ist Prize, Mr. E. E. Sma-
thers. 2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class E. II. Specimen of any other fern — 1st Prize, Mr. E. E. Sma-
thers. 2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Orchids- — Plants— Open to All.

Class H. I. Collection not less than twenty-five species and varieties — ist
Prize, Lager & Hurrell. 2nd Prize, Julius Roehrs Company.

Class H. 2. Collection of Hybrids, not less than twenty plants — ist Prize,
Clement Moore. 2nd Prize, Julius Roehrs Company.

Class H. 3. Six Plants, six varieties — ist Prize, Lager & Hurrell.

Class H. 4. Three plants, three varieties — ist Prize, Lager & Hurrell.

Class H. 5. One plant — ist Prize, Theodore R. Hoyt. 2nd Prize, Cle-
ment Moore.

Class H. 6. For a new meritorious variety, not in commerce — Silver
Medal, Clement Moore.

Orchids — Cnt Flowers — for Commercial Growers.

Class H. 7. Collection not less than twenty-five vases — ist Prize, Joseph
Manda Company.

Vegetables, For Non-Commercial Growers.

Class V. I. Collection, fifteen kinds, arranged for effect — ist Prize,
Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class V. 2. Brussels Sprouts, i quart — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class V. 4. Cauliflower, three heads — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class V. 5. Celery, six heads, any one variety — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert
L. Pratt.

493

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class V. 6. Lettuce, three heads — ist Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen.
Class V. 7. Onions, twelve — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.
Class V. 8. Parsnips, six — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.
Class V. 10. Tomatoes, twelve — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.
Class V. 12. Largest and best collection, not less than thirty kinds, ar-
ranged for effect — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Fruit, For Non-Commercial Growers.

Class W. I. Collection of Apples, six varieties, five of each — ist Prize,
Mrs. Harold L Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class W. 2. Collection of Pears, four varieties, five of each — ist Prize,
Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class W. 4. White Grapes, greenhouse, two bunches — ist Prize, Miss
Alice DeLamar.

Class W. 5. Black Grapes, greenhouse, two bunches — ist Prize, Mrs.
Havemeyer. 2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Table Decorations.

Open to Garden Clubs or Members of Garden Clubs.
Centerpiece, vase or baskets for luncheon table. Any flowers or foliage.
Center cloths, candlesticks, or other accessories may be used, but no glasses
or fiat silver. Tables four feet in diameter, with dark, polished tops — ist
Prize, Rye Garden Club. 2nd Prize, North Country Garden Club.

Specials.

Seedling Chrysanthemum Collection — Charles H. Totty Co.
New Seedling Princess Nagako — Charles H. Totty Co.
Yellow Doty Chrysanthemum — John Lewis Childs.
Aeroplane Express America to Japan — Miss E. McKinney.
Sweet Potatoes — Mrs. Edward Holbrook.
Sweet Peas — Herman Mamitsch & Son.
8 Blooms Seedling Chrysanthemums — Qarence H. Mackay.
6 Vases Seedling Anemones — Clarence H. Mackay.

4-Q4

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ACCESSIONS TO THE LIBRARY

The Directors take this opportunity of acknowledging the
receipt of many gifts of books for the Society's Hbrary, and
hereby extend the thanks of the Society to those members
and friends who have so generously responded to the brief
announcement recently made public. A complete record of
the volumes thus made available for general use of members
will be made in the "Journal," and further accessions, from
time to time, will be acknowledged as they are made.

It is hoped that members will cooperate to make the
Society's library a unique and very valuable reference collec-
tion of gardening books.

495

FORM OF BEQUEST

I give and bequeath to The Horticul-
tural Society of New York

for

496

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

Journal, Quarterly. Subscription price, $i.oo a year; free to
members.

Memoirs Vol. I. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Breeding and Hybridization, New York,
1902, price, $2.00.

Vol. II. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Hardiness and Acclimatization, New York,
1907, price, $2.00.

Address ofl&ce of the Society, 598 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

INCORPORATED, 1902

President
T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

N. L. BRITTON J. W. CROMWELL

E. B. SOUTHWICK

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. B. HARKNESS GEORGE N. MILLER

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEORGE T. POWELL

Chairman, Board of Directors

F. R. PIERSON

Retiring igzj
Mr. Robert T. Brown
Mr. John Canning
Mr. L S. Hendrickson
Mr. John Lager
Mr. J. A. Manda
Mr. Julius Roehrs
Mr. James Stuart

Directors

Retiring IQ24
Dr. N, L. Brixton
Mrs. Arthur W. Butler
Mr. T. A. Havemeyer
Mr. F. R. Newbold
Mr. F, R. Pierson
Mr. John Scheepers
Mrs. Samuel Sloan

Retiring IQ2^
Mr. F. L. Atkins
Mr. James W. Cromwell
Mr. William A. Delano
Dr. H. a. Gleason
Mrs. Robert C. Hill
Mrs. Harold L Pratt
Dr. E. B. Southwick

Treasurer
F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Secretary
MRS. ARTHUR W. BUTLER

Executive Secretary
MRS. ELIZABETH PETERSON

Members of the Women's Auxiliary

MRS. W. K. DRAPER
MRS. C. LEDYARD BLAIR
MRS. HUGH D. AUCHINCLOSS
MRS. GUY FAIRFAX GARY
MRS. L. S. CHANLER
MRS. PAUL FITZSIMONS

MRS. E. S. HARKNESS
MISS ANNE MORGAN
MRS. H. L. SATTERLEE
MRS. CHAS. H. SENFF
MISS EDITH WETMORE
MRS. HAROLD I. PRATT

MRS. CHAS. H. STOUT

Journal

of ttie

horticultural ^ocietp of i^eto Sorfe

Vol. Ill, iB^^^^^s ^^^^

No. 10 ^^ml^^B 1923

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

Publication Office
GARDEN CITY, L. I.,N. Y.

CONTENTS

Page
Activities of the Society :

Impressions of the Flower Show 497

The Garden Club of America Exhibits 499

The Flower Show (N, Y. Times editorial) 503

Forthcoming Events: 505

"Too Many Varieties" Committee 505

Committee for the National Flower Show 1924 506

The Future of Nut Growing Robert T. Morris, M. D. 507

Italian Gardens and Fountains Olivia Rossetti Agresti 516

Flowers of South Africa E. H. Wilson, M. A.. V. M. H. 519

Extracts from Proceedings :

Directors Meeting February 13, 1923 526

Directors Meeting March 20, 1923 526

Awards at the National Flower Show 1923 526

Office and Library: BANKERS TRUST BUILDING, 598 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK

Committees 1922-23

Executive
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Chairman
Mrs. Arthur W. Butler Mr. T. A. Havemeyer
Mr. F. R. Pierson Mr. F. R. Newbold

Finance
Mr. T. a. Havemeyer Mr. F. R. Pierson

Mr. F. R. Newbold

Lecture
Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Chairman
Mrs. Robert C. Hill Mr. Leonard Barron

Exhibition

Mr. James Stuart, Chairman

Mrs. George V. Nash, Secretary

Journal

Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman

Dr. E. B. Southwick Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson

Library
Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Chairman
Mrs. Arthur W. Butler Mr. Henry L duPont

Advisory to Flower Show
Mr. William A. Delano, Chairman
Mrs. Harold L Pratt Mrs. Samuel Sloan

Mrs. William A. Hutcheson Mrs. Robert C. Hill

NEW YtJRK

fournal T.t'^,'^:'

^^ <l A re t >f- N

of tfte

ilorticultural ^ocietp of i^eto |5ork

ISSUED QUARTERLY

VOL. Ill, No. 10. MAY, 1923

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIETY

IMPRESSIONS OF THE FLOWER SHOW

T

HE outstanding feature of the 1923 Show held in the Grand
Central Palace, March 12 to 17, was its uniform excellence.
From front to rear and from side to side there were no weak
spots, no scaling down in quality or merit of display.

There were five great gardens, one more than ever before, and
all dissimilar. Surely no more ambitious nor better executed
bulb garden has ever been projected upon the floor of any show
than the Scheepers Garden. It was admirably proportioned and
superbly finished. Perhaps it went a little far in infinity of de-
tail as, for example, in the use of colored stones, which seemed to
belong to a former period. It was truly lavish and thereby in
somewhat marked contrast to the quiet restraint and calm rest ful-
ness which characterized the garden of the same exhibitor, two
years back.

The F. R. Pierson (Tarry town) Garden was a natural gem,

such as would be possible in hundreds of gardens in springtime,

and surpassed all previous eiTorts of this exhibitor. The selection

*f^ and disposition of the material that composed this garden, the

^ skill, care, and forethought demanded, the sacrifice of valuable

^ greenhouse space involved in its preparation are factors possibly

-^ not appreciated nor even thought of by the average observer, but

S- when, as they should be, they are taken into proper consideration,

^ they are a striking tribute of munificence and high enterprise.

Rose Gardens have been staged at every show, and the Crom-

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

well Gardens, specializing in this flower, have always been thus
represented. They, too, surpassed themselves and their 1922 gar-
den in design and planting. The quality of stock was the best
yet, eminently practical and a veritable triumph over seasonal ob-
stacles.

The Azalea Garden of Bobbink & Atkins was truly spectacular
and registered a magnificent comeback of a flower that has been
sadly missed from recent shows since Quarantine 37 went into
effect. Here again was an example of constructive forethought
and commendable enterprise. This is a big country and such an
Azalea garden is a manifest possibility throughout a large southern
area. Our visitors come from far and wide and to some of them
this garden must have been an inspiration.

The Roehrs Co. Garden was a daring innovation in a northern
show. Its open-air adaptability may be very circumscribed, but
it suggested something more than this. Glass houses are built to
shelter tropical plants and are usually filled with an heterogeneous
collection. Here was a suggestion of how to display a little bit of
tropical plant life contiguous to a northern home. It certainly
made a strong appeal and was admirably conceived and executed.

From its first inception the Show has fostered the Rock Gar-
den. How the exponents of this tyi)e of gardening have pro-
gressed ! First we had heaps of rocks and a few packets of
flowers. Both Bobbink & x^tkins' and the Roehrs Co. Rock
Gardens of the 1923 Show were worthy of reproduction as a per-
manency under appropriate conditions.

The gardens from the private greenht)uses of Mr. William
Boyce Thompson and of Mrs. Payne Whitney were gay and
redolent of "the flowers that bloom in the spring," perhaps more
decorative than practical, but there is no gainsaying that they were
popularly appealing and fully deserved the high meed of praise the
public accorded them.

The Orchid section showed a marked advance over previous
years, but only the Roehrs exhibit manifested an attempt to break
away from stereotyped methods of display.

Roses in all their glory and fragrance were truly regal, in num-
bers and quality eclipsing all previous displays. It was a com-
mendable change for the better to have Roses staged on the open-

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ing day and by repeating the competition in mid-week a fresh and
striking display of this flower was maintained from start to finish.

Tuhps, Hyacinths, Daffodils and other varied spring flowers
featured the mezzanine floor and in numbers, variety, and quality
these also marked a distinct advance.

Detailed reports of the exhibits appeared in the Florists' Ex-
change during the time of the show.

THE GARDEN CLUB OE AMERICA EXHIBITS

THE cooperation of The Garden Club of America at the In-
ternational Flower Show is gratifying indeed. Each year
this becomes a bigger and more interesting feature, the table dec-
orations and the suburban gardens being a big attraction. On
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday the Economy Luncheon Table
Decorations were placed under the following requirements : •

CLASS IV

Luncheon Table Decorations

A. Luncheon Table Arrangement of flowers, foliage and fruit alone or
in combination with reference to beauty and economy. Four plates may
designate the places ; no knives, forks, spoons or candlesticks may be used,
but other accessories allowed.

First Prize — Gold Medal. International Flower Show.
Second Prize — Silver Medal. International Flower Show.
Third Prize — Bronze Medal. International Flower Show.
Scale of points by which the above class is to be judged :

Inexpensiveness of exhibit 40

Perfection of arrangement 20

Color harmony 20

Proportion 20

The artistic sense and ingeniousness of the exhibitors were chal-
lenged by the 40 points given to economy. Mrs. Ro1)ert C. Hill
and Mrs. Samuel Seabury, both of the East Hampton Garden
Club, took First Prize in this class.

This table had on it a set of filet crochet doilies, one in the cen-
tre and one under each plate, the edges having a design of yellow,
lavender and green copied from work made by an old gentleman of
eighty, Mr. Marshall Fry ; orange-tinted plates with small Chinese
oatmeal bowls, the inside of which was a beautiful shade of green,
almost Nile, a small border of the same green on the outside of

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

the plates. The orange tint on the plates, by the way, was put on
by the exhibitors, the original color when bought being magenta.
The expensive item of this table was the glasses which were of
fine green glass, wide to within al)Out an inch of the bottom with
a short, wide stand. The fluted centrepiece matched the other
china in design and decoration. Tulips and Mignonette were
the flowers used.

Second Prize: Mrs. Ruthven A. Wodell, Summit, N. J. Gar-
den Club of Summit. This table had purple-striped linen edged
with a darker shade of purple wool edging ; terra-cotta plates with
oatmeal bowls to match, and centre bowl of same crockery. Cal-
endulas and Mignonette.

The Third Prize was won by Mrs. Lansing Powers of the Rye
Garden Club. The covering of this table consisted of two runners
of theatre gauze crossing each other with a border of yellow and
green wool ending in a conventional design. Deep green Italian
plates, the centrepiece a plain wood chopping bowl with the edge
painted the same color as the plates. Glasses of clear amber, very
graceful lines, broad at top and tapering down within two inches of
table, then flaring out for their base ; four small wooden chopping
bowls painted the same as centre, which was between a green and
a turquoise-blue. Floral decorations, shaded Calendulas.

One table done by Mrs. Rollin Saltus, President of the Bedford
Garden Club, received Honorable Mention. A whole cloth of
theatre gauze having a two-inch hem done with a design of bright-
colored woolen threads, the corners ending in a little design and
finished with a wool tassel. Small, plain yellow kitchen pie plates
matching up with two jelly moulds, the latter standing on what
looked like teak wood stands, but which really came from the
five- and ten-cent store. The centrepiece was a plain yellow kitchen
mixing bowl on the same kind of a stand, and two small caster
cups matching with the remainder of the china and also having this
good-looking little stand. The floral decorations were Tulips and
Jonquils, the result being very unusual and very good to look at.

CLASS IV

B. Luncheon Table Arrangement of any flowers, fruit, and foliage alone
or in combination. Tables five feet in diameter will be furnished by the
committee. Other tables if desired may be furnished by exhibitor. Four

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

plates may designate places; no knives, forks, spoons or candlesticks may
be used but other accessories allowed.

First Prize — Gold Medal. New York Florists' Club.

Second Prize— Silver Medal. New York Florists' Club.

Third Prize— Bronze Medal. New York Florists' Club.

Scale of points by which the exhibit is to be judged:

Perfection of arrangement 20

Color harmony 20

Relation to receptacle 20

Proportion 20

Originality 20

First Prize: Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, President Middletown
Garden Club. This table was indeed the most distinctive on the
floor. Whole cloth of theatre gauze trimmed with yellow and
black wool. The pottery on this consisted of four plates with a
yellow and black design done in a long diamond pattern. Glasses
of what looked like pewter ware without stems. Small individual
fruit plates with the same yellow and black decoration. Centre-
piece a dark bowl on a pedestal-like vase filled with fruit. Cal-
endulas as decoration.

Second Prize: Mrs. S. S. Wheeler, President Somerset Hills
Garden Club. There was no cloth on this table, as Mrs. Wheeler
used Lowestoft china and followed out the custom of the day in
which this china was made. Lowestoft china is immensely valu-
able and has never been successfully imitated. The last of this
was made in 1800, and the china fans, of course, were more than
gratified by this lovely table.

Third Prize: Miss Anne Remsen Webb, East Islip, L. I. South
Side Garden Club.

On this table was beautiful Italian pottery in brilliant blue,
with glasses in the shape of horns of plenty. The glasses lifted
out of a little stand and were of very deep blue glass. It was
very unusual and would have very few imitators.

Particular mention must be made of one of the tables done by
Mrs. Duncan Brent who used for a tablecloth a veil of fine old
lace worn by her great-great-grandmother, and upon which were
two silver epergnes and plates of silver-tinted glass. Primulas and
a few Pussy Willows supporting gray Moss were draped over this
silver. The consensus of opinion was that it was "ethereal." The
word surely described it as no other can. Great regret was ex-

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pressed because through the fault of the express company these
materials reached the Grand Central Palace too late for the judg-
ing but the exhibit was awarded a special prize by the committee.

Suburban Planting

This proved to be one of the great successes of the show. The
problem was given thus :

A. A house and garage to be placed on an interior lot with a frontage
of 75 feet and a depth of 150 feet and grounds practically and attractively
planted. Model to be built on tray 20 inches by 40 inches. Scale — One-
quarter inch to one foot.

Each exhibitor started with a little white plaster house and
garage, all the same, supplied by the office. The results which
were returned in these little plantings were truly surprising.
Thirty-eight in Class 3A (amateurs), and two in Class 3B (pro-
fessional) of these little plantings were finished and placed on
exhibition. To stand behind and "listen in" to the various re-
marks of all classes of people was an education in itself and one
can safely say that many ideas and much inspiration were carried
from the Palace after seeing what was accomplished in these
classes.

Prize No. i — Mrs. Henry W. Chappell, Garden Club of New
Canaan.

Broad side of house toward the street, porch back toward the
garden. House cream colored stucco with light blue blinds and
gray roof. The front of this lot is a paved courtyard with high
cement fence almost even with house, leaving a path on extreme
left running back to vegetable garden. Large flower garden in
centre of lot shaded by trees, and a second garden in back raised
with two pairs of stairs. A large portion of this second garden
is given to roses, a pergola running through covered with them.
The vegetable garden in the back runs the entire width, surrounded
by an old-fashioned fence painted an attractive green, the remain-
der of the sides having the same cement fence as across the front.

Second Prize— Mrs. William H. Gary, Garden Club of New
Canaan. This was a green stucco house with bright green cement
walls filled with hollow tile, very pretty little iron gates, and a
brick path entirely encircling the house. Garage several feet from
left rear, covered with Wistaria. The whole centre of this lot is

502

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

used for flower garden with a small vegetable garden in rear separ-
ated by hedge. Fruit and Oak trees.

Third Prize — Mrs. George Fraser, Morristown Garden Club.
Narrow side of house toward the street. The house is of stucco
with green roof and blinds. The porch faces the garden. The
house is set back, the garage in the front almost even with the
house, and a cement wall closing in the distance between the house
and garage, shutting out the public completely from the front.
On the other side of the house the same kind of a wall which ex-
tends around the sides and back. Low hedge across the front,
leaving a view from the street to the plot in front of the house.
Kitchen on left convenient to clothes yard. Lawn the entire width
of lot with a small space reserved for flower garden beautifully
planted with perennials. A stone walk leads from the grass plot
into the vegetable garden, with a path running across the lot.
Fruit trees.

Highly Commended — Mrs. William A. Lockwood, East Hamp-
ton Garden Club. The broad side of house on street. White
shingles, gray roof and green blinds. The garage on extreme right
back of lot. A road running right to the garage between which
are a small yard and a compost heap. The centre of this lot is the
flower garden and directly in back, separated by an open rail
fence, the vegetable garden. The fruit trees in blossom in this
garden are very attractive. A picket fence surrounds the vege-
table garden and a hedge the rest of the lot. Kitchen on right-
hand rear of house, a clothes yard adjoining.

THE FLOWER SHOW

[The following editorial which appeared in the New York
Times of March i8, 1921, immediately after the Spring Flower
Show, is reprinted for the benefit of our membership.]

No one could long be a pessimist in the presence of such a
splendor of flowers as has filled the Grand Central Palace these
last few days. H Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like
a single lily of the field, what comparison is to be found for the
masses of color which have been made to blossom from like root
and stalk under human cultivation? Man has been enjoined by
the Great Teacher to forget his anxiety about tomorrow and to

503

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

fortify his little faith by beholding how the wild flowers are
clothed. But the moral of the Flower Show is that if a man can in
cooperation with the Creator work such miracles in the culture of
flowers, what ought he not to do in the cultivation of the faculties
of children or even in the improvement of his own perennial self?

But quite aside from the moral, the sheer enjoyment of these
flowers (which will doubtless find their way into hospitals, schools
and the homes of the shut-ins before they are "cast into the oven")
makes for a paradisiacal state so long as they last and leaves a
wholesome memory of color and perfume that will last longer
than the flowers themselves. A flower show would be the last
place on earth in which to start a riot or to blaspheme an enemy.
It was because of this eiTect of flowers in "destroying all con-
taminations" that Buddha put first among his seven shops in the
"City of Righteousness" and in the "Street of Earnest Medita-
tions" a flower-shop ; for this was the list of his shops : a Flower-
shop, a Perfume-shop, a Fruit-shop, a Medicine-shop, an Herb-
shop, an Ambrosia-shop, a Jewel-shop — and a General-shop.

Into the Flower-shop one is commanded by Buddha to go and
"buy a subject for meditation." And if there is one thing we
need in our Western urban life more than another, it is that for
which Buddha's Flower-shop furnished delectable subjects — medi-
tation. So is "deliverance" promised even from the muck and
refuse of New York streets, far from Eden and Buddha's City,
where children beg for tickets to see the gardens, far more beauti-
ful than the one could have been in the midst of which our scrip-
tural ancestors were placed and from which they were driven forth
to earn their bread in the sweat of their faces. Through a culture
of which the Flower Show gives but the exquisite simile, man
finds his way toward another paradise.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

FORTHCOMING EVENTS

Annual Meeting and May Flower Shozv,

May nth, 12th and 13th, at the New York Botanical Garden.
Peony Shozv,

June 9lh and loth, at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory.
Gladiolus Shozv,

August 3d, 4th and 5th, at the New York Botanical Garden.
Dahlia Shozv,

September 21st, 22d and 23d, at the New York Botanical Gar-
den.

TOO MANY VARIETIES

LAST winter the Horticultural Societies of Pennsylvania, New
•^ York and Massachusetts feeling that the Horticultural in-
terests of the country were being injured by the introduction each
year of hundreds of seedlings under new names which were
neither superior to nor distinct from existing varieties, appointed a
committee to consider this problem. The Committee met in New
York on March 15th, 1923. and after a thorough discussion of
the whole problem adopted the following resolution :

"This Committee feels that all Horticultural interests are being injured
by the introduction each year of hundreds of seedlings under new names
which are neither superior to nor distinct from existing sorts ; and they be-
lieve that this tendency to introduce new things is increasing yearly and
constitutes a serious menace to Horticulture in this country.

This Committee believes that the Massachusetts, New York and Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Societies, being among the oldest and foremost
organizations in Horticulture, should take the lead in bringing this state of
affairs to the attention of all gardeners, both amateur and professional. It
believes that this condition of affairs must be thoroughly understood by the
public before a remedy can be found."

The Committee wishes to call this resolution to the attention of

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

all Horticultural Societies. It believes that if this resolution is
approved and adopted by a number of the leading organizations
it will act as a check upon the evil.

Alter sufficient time has elapsed to receive suggestions from all
Society publications the individuals interested in this problem or
committee will meet again to consider what further steps may be
taken.

John C. Wister
Acting Chairman of the Committee.

COMMITTEE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW, 1924

(Appointed on April nth, 1923)

F. R. Newbold
T. A. Havemeyer
James Stuart
Joseph A. Mauda

F. R. Pierson

John Canning
F. L. Atkins
John Scheepers
Julius Roehrs

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK ^

THE FUTURE OF NUT GROWING

By Robert T. Morris, M. D.

Lecture given in the American Museum of Natural History,
Thursday, February 8, 1923.

{Mr. Leonard Barron, presiding.)

WHENEVER I bring up the topic of nut culture in casual
conversation at the Clubs or elsewhere, the response usually
consists of some trivial comment. This means that the public is
not as yet awake to the seriousness of a new frontier of agricul-
ture in which millions of dollars are already invested. The subject
of nut culture relates definitely to the food supply of tomorrow.

Huxley said that all other problems are effaced in the presence
of the monster over-population.

Malthus in 1798 in his "Principles of Population" said that ex-
cepting for three special checks the human species would increase
beyond its food supply. When men of the first-rate mentality of
Huxley and of Malthus go so far astray the rest of us should take
warning and try hard to avoid becoming prophets.

With our present-day knowledge of nut culture at hand we as-
sume that over-population would be impossible excepting as a so-
cial matter, to say nothing of the practically untouched potential
of the tropics and of circum-polar areas in the way of food supply.
Over-population as a social matter is demonstrated in painful
object lessons in China and India. People crowd there because
they like to do so in response to primitive gregarious instinct. It
is simply a matter of choice with them.

In China and in India there are wild tigers and wild apes.
These countries can never be really over-populated until the wild
ape is obliged to take to the hoe. Practically every acre over
which tigers range can be made to yield nut crops for man and
his domestic animals in such lavish supply that export of food
products beyond the needs of the people would yield large revenue.

Nut crops- furnish the essentials of diet in the way of starches,
oils, and proteins. They are destined to stand with food supply

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

as the automobile now stands in relation to transportation. De-
pendance upon nut crops for basic food supply is already an es-
tablished fact in many parts of the world. In some parts of
southern Europe and of northern Asia, the chestnut crop consti-
tutes a chief food supply. In a large area of central Asia the trapa
or water chestnut is depended upon for bread-making purposes.
Pine nuts (Araucaria) constitute a staple diet in some of the
mountain regions of South America. We know about cocoanuts
for Pacific Islanders. Acorns from grafted Oak trees and chest-
nuts from grafted Chestnut trees furnish important food supplies
for man and his domesticated animals in Spain. We are all fam-
iliar with the mast feeding of cattle, pigs and turkeys in this coun-
try. An immediate widespread adoption of nut culture then is
to mean simply an extension of what is already established. Civil-
ized countries having reached various degrees of limitation of
cereal crops and of herds may now turn to exploration of some of
the new frontiers in food supply.

Japan with territory that is now under her control might prac-
tically supply the world with food if she were to turn battleship
money over to her Agricultural Colleges and give the Colleges
power to go into action. In our own country almost any farmer
who cares to raise the mortgage upon his farm tomorrow may do
so with nut crops for which a wide open market is himgry. Prairie
farmers and mountain farmers are both included in this idea.

Malthus described three principal checks to over-population.
War, pestilence, and famine. To-day we may assume that two of
these are practically controllable and that two important checks
to increase of population must of necessity remain, namely, war
and cultural limitation. Both of these belong to the natural his-
tory of our species, and only one of the two was understood by
Malthus. Let us examine the matter for a moment of digression
from the main topic in the interest of points that are really ger-
mane to it.

Steam transportation, unknown to Malthus. disposed of part
of the famine question because of its introduction of the distribu-
tion factor. Aside from the matter of distribution the occurrence
of famine may be almost wholly eliminated by way of change in
food raising.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Pestilence we now understand to be a microbe question. The
subject dealt with in terms of the microbe has allowed civilized
people to lose their feeling of helplessness in relation to epidemics
of disease.

Warfare must remain because it is fundamental to the behavior
of our species. The idea of a League of Nations represents a con-
cept of high order, but Mr. L. P. Jacks reminds us that we cannot
have a durable league of nations because that would mean a league
of governments. Governments being political in nature are not
at all equally capable of obliging their people to fulfill obligations
placed upon them politically. Politicians who obtain control in
courts and in republics represent a class given to clan activities.
For their own purposes they make use of herd instinct which we
commonly call patriotism. They direct it into a kinetic of comba-
tive nationalism and then call out their gunmen of armies and
navies. "America first," "Deutschland ueber alles," "Britannia
rules the waves" are all fight-producing tools of the politician, to
say nothing of the later effect of the Treaty of Versailles which
will leave people of different nations looking forward to warfare
as rapidly as they can store up money to pay for it.

An essential factor in population check not considered by so-
ciologists in general is what we may call cultural limitation.
Breeders of animals and of plants are familiar with the observa-
tion that varieties of plants or animals when subjected to processes
of cultivation reach cultural limitations and then run out. They
cease to become productive and a decadent variety is followed
by an ascendant variety. Man as a cultivated animal responds to
this natural law and the people of his various cultural periods run
out, to be replaced by others.

Notwithstanding the checks furnished by warfare and by cul-
tural limitation, human population of this world is due to increase
enormously. We can take care of it all. From the circum-polar
regions we shall have new supplies of meat provender furnished by
reindeer, bison, mountain sheep, musk oxen, ptarmigans, and hares
as rapidly as man systematically removes the natural wild enemies
of this food supply. He will simply give the proper sort of at-
tention to predatory species. The tropics with their almost un-
touched riches in land for production of vast food supplies are

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Standing ready for the coming of the advanced agriculturist. The
waters of the earth will furnish limitless supplies of fish when the
fish breeder and protector are given power and freedom of action.
This afternoon we are to concern ourselves chiefly with examina-
tion of some of the features of nut culture.

Incidentally we may remark that the raising of nut crops has
important relation to the shortage of labor question. Large in-
comes may be obtained from nut crops with a small amount of
physical labor as compared with that required for tilling, cultiva-
tion and annual seeding of the soil. For the most part nuts will
be derived from trees and shrubs, although annual crops of peanuts
will be raised more and more upon boll weevil cotton lands. The
water chestnut may be added to other income producers from wet
lands which are now being unwisely drained by promoters. For
the southern regions the pecan tree has already become a most
important revenue producer and it promises to remain in that
category. On the Pacific slope Persian walnuts, almonds and
hazels are already earning millions of dollars for the orchardists
annually. In the East the chestnut crop had obtained such pro-
portions that incomes of several thousand dollars per year were
obtained from many Pennsylvania orchards until the blight ap-
peared. Blight-resistant varieties, however, are now being intro-
duced and chestnut growing will again become an important
industry.

The Shagbark and Shellbark Hickories with their various hy-
brids are to become popular with eastern nut growers and some of
the exotic Hazels and cultivated Black Walnuts will be given dig-
nified attention within the next decade. All through the great
prairie region abandoned wheat and corn lands may be made to
raise orchards of nut trees of various kinds, grafted Black Wal-
nuts of superior varieties taking the lead perhaps at the outset.

When we speak of using abandoned wheat and corn lands for
this purpose, it is not to be assumed that nut trees are not happier
and still more contented in the midst of plenty. They all appre-
ciate good feeding and all will purr when petted. On the other
hand they will stand conditions of neglect better than such condi-
tions would be tolerated by annual plants or by most of the culti-
vated fruit trees. Abandoned hillside sheep pastures and rocky

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

lands of New York, New England and Pennsylvania may be made
to raise nut crops of greater value than any crops which have
previously been carried upon these hillsides when they were at
their best.

There seems to be a prevalent opinion that nut trees require a
long time for coming into profitable bearing. This is an old-
fashioned idea not expressed by well-informed people to-day. In
olden times before we possessed grafted and cultivated kinds of
nut trees, the Hickory or Walnut or Chestnut tree was obliged to
enter into competition with other plants in the wild. It had to
struggle for sunshine, food, and moisture. When thus left to care
for itself a good many years of time were required before the tree
came into bearing.

Now-a-days grafted trees given the advantages of cultivation
sometimes begin to bear in the following year after they are set
out, or top-worked. The question of profitable bearing, however,
is another matter. Profitable bearing of cultivated nut trees may
be placed in parallel with profitable bearing of cultivated apple
trees. The Yellow Transparent Apple, for example, may begin
to bear in the year after it is set out, while the Northern Spy may
require twelve years before beginning to bear. The Yellow Trans-
parent Apple tree may liegin to bear profitably four years after it
is set out and the Northern Spy Apple may begin to bear profit-
ably twelve years after it is set out. Precisely the same thing may
be said of cultivated nut trees. Some varieties of the Persian
Walnut are very capricious in their demands for the right kind
of soil and climate. Other kinds, less aristocratic put up with
many adverse conditions. Among the Black Walnuts we now
have half a dozen varieties cultivated because of exceptional qual-
ities. Nut growers are actively looking for more new kinds of
Black Walnuts with thin shell, good cleavage, and high quality,
regardless of size. The number of Shagbark and Shellbark Hick-
ories and their hybrids which are now being grown already make
a rather formidable list in the nurseryman's catalogue. The Chest-
nut group includes a very large range of kinds. We have the
large, coarse kinds which are used for cooking purposes and on
the other end of the fine delicious little Chinquapins. There are
now many hybrids between the different kinds, selected because of

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

combination of good qualities. Everyone in this country who has
a dooryard should at least grow a couple of Chinquapin bushes
of the sort which is hardy as far north as Massachusetts.

Some of the hybrid Chestnuts which are quite blight resistant
even though not wholly immune may bear heavy crops for several
years before becoming disabled and that time may be extended by
the gardener who trims out blight as fast as it appears. Some of
the Hazels constitute the most beautiful of shrubs or small trees
and belong in the decorative group where they combine the Greek
ideal of beauty with usefulness.

A most interesting new field is being widely opened with the
hybridizing or crossing of different kinds of nut trees for the
purpose of bringing out desirable qualities in progeny. This is a
fascinating work which appeals to almost everyone with a specula-
tive turn of mind. It is very pretty and delicate work of the sort
which would appeal particularly to women who love trees.

[At this point Dr. Morris showed upon the screen a series of
slides illustrating nut trees of various kinds.]

Our Department of Agriculture of late years has given close
attention to the subject of nut culture and it had been my intention
to use a series of slides loaned by the Bureau of Pomology and at
the disposal of horticulturists who wish to address audiences on
the subject of nut culture. Through some mishap my Washing-
ton slides did not arrive in time for this afternoon's programme
and I am showing slides prepared by Dr. William C. Deming and
Professor J. Russell Smith sent to me at the last moment by Doc-
tor Deming.

Following the demonstration upon the screen let us now take
upon the question of nut-trees grafting. For centuries the almond
has been grafted readily and it has furnished a chief income-
producing crop in some of the parts of the world. Methods of
propagation of the Hazels have allowed cultivated varieties of
Hazel species to assume an important position in European, Asiatic
and African agriculture. Grafting of the Chestnut belongs to old-
established procedure. On the other hand, grafting of Walnuts
and Hickories, belonging to two of our most important tree fam-
ilies, has been so difficult that work in this field has progressed
spasmodically and more or less unsatisfactorily. A study of the

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reasons for this difficulty has lead to the introduction of quite a
new principle.

Let me show a melting apparatus devised particularly for graft-
ing purposes. It is a transformed lantern arranged in such a
way that the temperature of the parafifin may be adapted to varying
conditions of weather. Application of this new principle allows
easy grafting of "difficult" species and it has opened up a vast new
field for the grafting of fruit trees in general and for ornamental
trees, and for practically all trees in fact. The new principle al-
lows almost anybody to graft almost any sort of tree at almost
any time of the year. We apply melted paraffin to all parts of a
graft, covering buds and all as well as the wound. It prevents
desiccation or drying of the graft, which so often occurred before
cell union had taken place under older grafting methods. Fur-
thermore, melted paraffin fills interstices in which sap formerly
collected and fermented at times. That feature is now out of the
way. Paraffin being translucent allows the actinic ray of light
to set chlorophyll into activity. The chlorophyll element is the
most important one relating to cell growth in the higher plants.

[Examples of various forms of grafting of the Shagbark Hick-
ory and Apple were now passed about in the audience.]

Curiously enough, some of the expert horticulturists have been
very slow to take up new grafting methods. I presume it means
that the safety of an established habit is commendable within its
limitations. Some Hickory and Walnut scions were sent to a
friend in the West with the request that they be kept out of the
hands of his gardener and given to some youth who was to follow
certain instructions. A year or so later this friend, a very busy
man, was asked about the success of the grafting. He replied
that it had been a failure and his gardener thought it was due to
some fault with the scions. My friend was reminded that he had
been warned against putting the grafts in the hands of his gardener
and advised to put them in charge of a boy who was to follow in-
structions. He replied immediately, "Oh, my gardener is a very
experienced man," to which I responded, "That was the trouble."
Visualize, if you please, a picture of a fine, old, dependable Scotch
gardener taking up a quite new idea at the request of a man with
whom he was unacquainted !

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We have at the present time in this country the National Nut
Growers' Association devoted to the development of the commer-
cial side of the business, the Western Associations doing commend-
able work and the Northern Nut Growers Association which in-
cludes many of the experimenters as well as practical nut growers.
Membership in the Northern Nut Growers' Association costs
only $2.00 per year and sul)scription to the Amcricon Nut Journal
costs the same, but the two may be combined for $3.25 which is
about the cost of one good dinner at a New York hotel. A dinner
is soon gone, but the membership and subscription last for a whole
year. Members of the audience will wish to take advantage of
this combination for themselves or for some friend who would like
to pay off the mortgage of his farm. They may send their names
to Mr. James S. McGlennon, President of the Northern Nut
Growers' Association or to Mr. R. T. Olcott, Editor of our Jour-
nal, both of Rochester, New ^'ork.

A number of our agricultural periodicals are taking increased in-
terest in matters relating to nut growing and The Garden Maga-
zine is forwarding the subject under the enthusiastic supervision of
Mr. Leonard Barron.

Nut trees belong among the beautiful trees as well as among the
useful ones. Appreciation of that fact has led to their adoption
of late years in ever-increasing numbers for roadside planting and
for public parks. At the moment there is controversy over the
question whether the Pecan or the Black Walnut should be chosen
as our national tree. Each side has advocates carrying the con-
vincing manner that goes with righteous conviction. Aside from
the commercial aspects, and anything so gross as the Food Supply
question, the growing of Nut trees in the garden will furnish
pleasure to all who enjoy the doing of things that are a little out of
the ordinary.

Nut growing is now carried out on a very large scale in some
parts of the country with thousands of acres devoted to the sub-
ject. On the other hand, many a farmer may be put in the way
of adding such a profitable side line to the regular farm crops and
herds that he will keep his head above water by holding on to the
side line.

The future of nut growing does not include the idea that we

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must dispose of nice tender lamb chops or juicy tenderloin steak
smothered with onions or other delicious things which already lead
us merrily to the table. It means only that we are to have limit-
less addition of more good things with corresponding reduction
in the cost of living and at the same time less strenuous reaching
out for new land.

Subsequent Note:

The boll weevil may prove to be a godsend if it increases to the
point of driving cotton raisers to the tropics, and obliging our
southern planters to become wealthier than they are at the present
time. In the tropics the Cotton plant is a tree. Annual seeding,
fertilizing, and tillage then become unnecessary for the Cotton
crop. The poorest of our present cotton lands will produce great
yields of Persimmons and Hybrid Chestnuts. The richest of our
cotton lands will produce great yields of Pecans and Peanuts.
The Persimmon stands close to the Date in food value. Seedless
varieties may now be obtained from nurserymen.

Hybrid Chestnuts, while not wholly immune to the blight, are
sufficiently resistant to furnish abundant crops for years.

The Pecan nut has more food value than beef and large new
Peanut values have been unfolded and brought into view during
the past decade.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ITALIAN GARDENS AND FOUNTAINS

By Olivia Rossetti Agresti
(of Rome)

Illustrated lecture given in the American Museum of Natural
History, Thursday, March 8, 1923.

(Mr. Geo. T. Pozvell, presiding.)

THE lecturer gave an historical description of the growth of
Italian Gardening and of the development in type and detail
which expressed the changing ideals through the centuries.

Signora Agresti's first slide showed gardens of the classic period,
particularly those of Pompeii, with their complete restoration,
always considered as part of the house an unroofed court or out-
of-door room, with fountains, statues and green foliage.

During mediaeval times, the gardens were mainly reduced to
those in monasteries and convents. The need of medicinal herbs
for healing the sick, and of vegetables and fruits for the table,
gave but limited space for flowers. Many gardens of this type
were shown within beautiful cloisters and notably that at Mon-
reale, Palermo, and that of the garden in Rome which is now used
as the National Museum.

In the fourteenth century, with the growing wealth of the mer-
chants and guildsmen, came a revival of the art of gardening
throughout Italy, and in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were
Ijuilt the beautiful villas and gardens of the Renaissance, which
have been a joy to succeeding generations.

The villa, both buildings and grounds, represented the creative
work of one artist, resulting in unity of plan. Always considering
the garden an open-air extension of the house, the whole was
carefully placed in relation to the surrounding landscape, usually
upon the slope of a hill. Sections were planned for the colder
season with protection from the winds and other sections for the
heat of the summer, with formal gardens and long terraces, usually
with an outlook over the valley, at a commanding point, for the
garden was a place to look out from as well as to enjoy within.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Two types of villas came into being, and illustrations of these
were shown with ground plans and detail. Those usually found
in Tuscany, for example, where the owner lived in his home
throughout the year and cultivated the farm lands which came up
adjacent to the villa, usually the simple rectangular plan of house
of modest proportions, but beautiful and planned for daily family
use. Nearer Rome, another type of villa was built, the lordly
pleasure house for the Roman nobles who took out from the city
large parties of guests and entertained lavishly with fetes and out-
door pageants. The gardens of Caprarola. Villa Lante and others
were examples of this period.

The triumph of the skilful use of water was especially empha-
sized, the art of movement, whether in the cascades, the long water
ramps, or the fountains of many intricate designs. Three essen-
tial elements — evergreens, stone, and water — were always found in
the typical Italian gardens. The beds of flowers, as in England
or the United States, were impossible on account of the Italian
climate with its intense summer heat. There were many views
of the villas at Frascati and Tivoli, which illustrated with rare
beauty this use of water in Italian gardens. Of this same period
also were shown many of the finest fountains of Rome, whose un-
limited supply of water from the mountains was often a source
or marvel to the visitor.

There followed in the eighteenth century the rococo style and
the gradual decline of Italian gardening under French and Eng-
lish influences.

The speaker felt that each country had its own special treatment
for country estates, which should be preserved, and that it was a
mistake to attempt to transfer to another country those elements
of beauty which had been assembled with reference to an entirely
different climate; thus English gardens with the long, wide
stretches of turf and flowers for England, and Italian gardens
under the intense blue of the Italian skies.

Among the many beautiful views shown, mention may be made
of avenues of stately Cypress trees at various villas, the ancient
ones at Villa d'Este and those at Rome said to have been planted
by Michael Angelo ; the Boboli Gardens and their cool, refreshing
shade vmder interlacing trees as one enters from the heat of the

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

streets of Florence; the beauty of white statuary against a green
background of trees or cHpped hedge; the charm of vistas; as, for
instance, that focussing the dome of St. Peter's, as seen from the
Villa Medici ; the Vatican Gardens ; those on the Palatine Hill
where flowers and plants of old Roman days are being reassem-
bled ; stately entrance gates to country villas, and glimpses into
courtyards of city palaces with central fountain and surrounding-
green of Ferns and Palms.

Among the modern fountains shown, one of special interest
was that which was opened the year Italy went into the war, an
aqueduct, one of the longest in the world, from the west side of
the mountains to the east, cutting through sixty miles of tunnel,
bringing the water to "thirsty Apulia."

Following this account of the beauty of the past, for which
Italy is famous, Signora Agresti closed with a brief description
of the service looking toward the future, which Italy is now
rendering in the midst of these ancient surroundings. In the
Borghese Gardens, a hilltop, which includes the house of Raphael,
close by the entrance from the Piazza del Popolo, has been given
by the municipality of Rome and the building erected by the King,
from his private purse, for the International Institute of Agri-
culture— a world clearing-house for agricultural information. The
idea was brought by David Lubin of California, and on the initia-
tive of the King, this organization has been established, of which
sixty-four nations of the world are now members, in the hope
that greater righteousness in economic relations may help remove
causes for war and so lead toward world peace.

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FLOWERS OF SOUTH AFRICA

By E. H. Wilson, M. A., V. M. H.
Assistant Director, Arnold Arboretum.

Illustrated lecture given in the American Museum of Natural
History, Thursday, April 12, 1923.

(Mr. Leonard Barron, presiding.)

SOUTH AFRICA is a land of sunshine and the climate gen-
erally is cooler than that found in similar latitudes in the
northern hemisphere. It teems with lovely plants suitable for our
greenhouses and outdoor gardens of the warmer states. Indeed,
"Cape Plants" as they are called, rank among our indispensable
garden material. Our Nerines, Freesias, Gladiolus, Clivias, Strep-
tocarpus. Zonal and Regal Pelargoniums are all derived from
plants native of the Cape of Good Hope. Thus our debt to the
southern tip of Africa is very considerable yet it is comparatively
light to what it ought to be.

Cape Town is the usual landing place of visitors to South Africa
and there is no better place to commence our inquiry into the
floral resources of the country. The city is charmingly situated
along the shores of Table Bay with Table Mountain rising behind
the town in a sheer precipice cutting the skyline with a jagged hori-
zontal front two miles in length. The Cape promontory with its
bold head-lands stretches some forty miles south to Cape Point.
A narrow, sandy neck separates Table and False bays and joins
the promontory to the mainland. Around Cape Town the Stone
or Table Pine (Pinus pine a) of Italy and the Cluster Pine (Pinus
piyiaster) of southwestern Europe have been planted in quantity
and form magnificent avenues and groves. Near by are fine plan-
tations of the Monterey or Insignis Pme (Pinus radiata) of CaH-
fornia. Many other trees, notably the common Oak of Europe
(Quercus robur) and various Eucalyptus have been extensively
planted and it is astonishing how luxuriantly all these exotic trees
flourish. The isthmus of shifting sands dividing the bays has
been made available for residential purposes by the planting of

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Maram Grass {ArmnophUa arnndinacca) and Acacin saligiia, a
West Australian Wattle. The wild flora of the Cape promontory
is remarkable for its wealth and diversity. Proteas and Heaths,
succulents and bulbous plants, shrubs and herbs in a riot of species
flourish. The unique Silver Tree ( Lcucadendron argentemn) and
several other plants are known to grow wild nowhere else. On
dripping rock walls high up on Table Mountain flourishes Disa
uniflora its flower five inches across with bright scarlet sepals and
pink labellum perhaps the most spectacularly beautiful terrestial
Orchid in the world. And there, too, grow the lovely Anemone
capensis with finely divided leaves and white, suffused with pink,
blossoms each three inches across and the fine Everlasting, Heli-
chrysiim vestitum, whose white heads imported into this country
and Europe are much used by florists to whom they are known as
"Capes." The sandy flats have a flora peculiarly their own and
where the soil is acid Heaths in endless variety crowd the land.
What native trees there are are relegated to the ravines and slopes
where they find protection from the winds. Forests are an infre-
quent feature of the landscape throughout the Cape of Good Hope.
Apart from the very cold regions of the globe, every country
can boast of a general miscellany of trees, shrubs and herbs note-
worthy for the beauty of their flowers. The Cape is no exception
and in addition possesses four well-marked types each of sufficient
merit to make the country remarkable. These four types — suc-
culent plants, bulbous, plants, Proteas and Heaths — dominate the
floral features of the Cape of Good Hope. Heaths, bulbous and
succulent plants are found in other parts of the earth though in
less variety but the florious Proteas are peculiarly South African.
Brilliant inflorescences are characteristic of the Cape flora and in
this respect the only region in the world with which fair compari-
sons can be made is West Australia. In both lands proteaceae,
a family of endless variety of forms, is a striking floristic feature.
What the genus Banksia is to West Australia that of Protea is to
South Africa, yet this genus is even less known in American gar-
dens than is Banksia. Proteas are common in the immediate vi-
cinity of Cape Town as well as throughout the whole of the
coastal plateau, a few species are found in the more elevated and
drier regions to the north. Some like Protea grandiflora are

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

trees of moderate size, others like Protca aniplexicaidis and Pro-
tea cor data almost hug the ground but the vast majority are bushes
from six to ten feet tall with erect stems and huge, terminal, hand-
some heads of flowers. Such heads consist of very many elon-
gated relatively simple flowers having no petals but with colored
calyx and bracts enclosed and nestling within serried rows of tall
colored scaly, more or less erect, floral bracts — nests of colored,
flufify down guarded by projecting stamens and pistils suggesting
the quills of a fledgling Bird of Paradise.

Overflowing with honey are the pink and white heads of Protea
mcllifcra and striking are those of Protca spcciosa with tufts of
black hairs on the tips of the inner involucral bracts, but none are
finer than the glossy-leafed Protea cynaroidcs, common and wide-
spread from Cape Town to Grahamstown in the east. The invol-
ucral bracts of this species vary from nearly white to silvery rose;
the heads are from ten to twelve inches across and the plants
anything from one to ten feet tall. It favors rocky places and to
come suddenly upon this plant in blossom, to look down into its
wondrous beauty as it nestles amid rocks, is a delight never to be
forgotten. It has been my good fortune to see either under cul-
tivation or on their native heaths nearly all the known flowers of
exceptional merit. I have a generous meed of praise for each and
every one but in my judgment the most handsome inflorescence in
the world is that of Protea cynaroides on its native heath.

In elegance, beauty, and wealth of blossoms, the Cape Heaths
are not excelled by any group of shrubs the world over. Their
loveliness is fascinating, their charm irresistible. Their variety
is seemingly infinite and every month of the year sees them bear-
ing flowers in thousands. In size they vary from prostrate mats
to sturdy bushes from five to ten feet tall and as much in diameter.
They are mostly social plants and often clothe acres and square
miles of the countryside like their near relative, the Heather of
the Scots moors. They grow on sandy flats, in swamp places
and on bleak, rock-strewn mountain slopes. Their clustered, mul-
ticolored flowers are of every hue and often each flower combines
two or more color-schemes. In many the stamens are prominent
and conspicuously colored. In size the flowers vary from tiny
bells or urns each no larger than a pin's head to tubes an inch or

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

more long. Some have the flowers clustered at the ends of the
shoots, in others they clothe nearly the whole of the current sea-
son's growth. All have small leaves and twiggy branches and are
extraordinarily floriferous. These we may consider generic char-
acters but in diversity of form and in color of flowers Mother
Nature has frolicked with the Cape Heaths as with no other genus
of shrubs. My visit to the Cape happened in the autumn — the off
season for Heaths — yet I collected in blossom more than one hun-
dred species and saw millions of plants laden with flowers. A
scientist must not gush but the strongest adjectives in our language
— or any other language — would not exaggerate the beauty of
the Ericas of the Cape of Good Hope.

With the garden-lover of from fifty to one hundred years ago,
Cape Heaths made the Cape famous. He knew, admired and
grew these plants to perfection in the crudely heated greenhouses
of the day. In Andrews's four-volume work entitled "Heaths,"
published 1802-30, colored plates of 288 species and varieties
are given. All are drawn from plants which flowered in the
British Isles. One nursery firm, that of Lee & Kennedy of Ham-
mersmith, grew 228 kinds and these are listed by Andrews. With
the decline of indoor gardening in Europe and what little there
ever was in this country and the specialization which has in-
creased so greatly with the development of modern greenhouses,
Cape Heaths, except a few of the toughest sorts, have become
lost to gardens. Never the easiest of subjects to grow success-
fully in pots they required skillful handling and more attention
than the modern gardener either could or would give them and
this, as much as change of fashion, caused their wholesale disap-
pearance from northern conservatories. In California the few
species remaining thrive luxuriantly out of doors and had gardens
flourished in the neighborhood of San Francisco half a century ago
we should not have to deplore the loss of the Heaths of the Cape.
In Bailey's "Cyclopedia" thirteen Cape species of Erica are enumer-
ated and a dozen others with several hybrids are mentioned in small
type. This emphasizes the poverty of our gardens. Of the few
now grown E. melanthera with small, rose-colored flowers each
with prominent black anthers, is perhaps the most common. Others
are E. ventricosa, with flowers of varied colors, E. fonnosa and

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E. persolufa with white and E. hyemails with pink and white
flowers. The last-named is probably a form of E. perspicua.
The yellow-flowered E. Cavendishiana and E. Wilmoreana with
pink-tipped, white flowers, are of hybrid origin. The first Cape
Heaths introduced into cultivation were E. marifolia and E. con-
cinna, seeds of which were received at Kew in 1773.

Succulent plants are usually looked upon as the curiosities of
the vegetable world. The modification of leaves and stems,
whereby they serve as reservoirs largely for the storage of water,
and the peculiar external tissues which aid in this conservation, give
them a remarkable appearance. The two great regions of the
world of succulents are Mexico with the adjacent southwestern
United States and South Africa. Each has its own types bu*"
superficially they look much alike. The Cacti and Agaves ot
America have Euphorbias and Aloes with their relatives as their
South African analogues. The species of Aloe are legion. A
majority of them are low plants of one or few unbranched stems,
many form an assemblage of stems, and may be termed
bushes, a few like A. ciliaris are scandent and several are
tall trees. Their leaves are brittle and easily broken and are
filled with sap containing a bitter principle; they are usually
armed along the margin and often curiously mottled and barred.
All have orange to scarlet flowers which are produced in
great profusion and the South African Aloes in bloom are one of
the floral sights of the world. The giants of the family are A.
Bainesii and A. dichotoma, which have branching stems and are
often from thirty to forty feet tall. A good many species are in
cultivation and those who garden in the warm, dry spots of this
country would be well advised to add increasingly these plants to
their collections. Where the climate is to their liking they require
little or no attention.

And what shall be said of the Cape bulbs? The variety is very
great and their garden value of immense importance. To the
Cape we owe our Freesias, Nerines, Vallotas, Ixias, Lachenalias.
Watsonias, Sparaxis and Babianas ; also the lesser-known Hae-
manthus, Buphane, Brunsvigia, Albuca, Cyrtanthus, Antholyza
and others ; the well-known Crinum capcnsc, Ornithogalum thyr-
soides, Galtonia candicans, the superb Belladonna Lilly, and, to cut

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the list short, Gladiokis. including the species from which the
hybridist has evolved our garden races of Gladioli. These well-
known names are a sufficient reminder of our indebtedness. Of
none, not even Gladiolus, have the full uses Ijeen made and many
have been quite neglected. All are remarkable for the brilliancy
of their blossoms ])ut not a few are shy to flower under our gray
northern skies.

Most of the Cape bulbs are found in the dried, rocky parts,
but the Watsonias are partial to acid soils and the different species
of Gladiolus are found under a variety of climatic conditions.
Certain species like G. alatus, G. cuspidatus and G. angustus are
confined to the western part of the Cape where winter rains pre-
vail ; others like G. purpiireo-auratus and G. dracocephaliis to Natal
with its heavy summer rains ; a few, like G. psitt acinus and G.
Saundersii are common to both regions. Some, as for example,
G. cardiimlis and G. splciidcns, are native of those parts where
the annual rainfall is fairly equally distributed but is not excessive.
Lastly there is G. prhnuUmis, a child of the mist, whose home on
the banks of the Zambesi River is constantly bathed in the spray
from the wonderful Victoria Falls, which are four hundred feet
high and a mile wide.

The familiar Calla or Arum Lily (Zantcdeschia aeihiopica) is
common in swampy places and alongside rivers from the Cape
Province northward to central Africa and so, too, is a pretty,
blue-flowered Waterlily (Xymphaca stcllata), likewise the well-
known Cypcrus iitilis and the Cape Pond Weed (Aponogeton
distachyum ) . Under a variety of conditions the Lion's Tail
(Leonolis Lconurns) flourishes, but more particular are the Parrot
Flowers, Strelitsia regina, S. aiignsta and S. parznfolia, relatives
of the Banana but with crest-like, brilliant inflorescences rich in
honey and much visited by birds.

Among the riches of the Cape flora it is difficult to pick and
choose judiciously, but I think this miscellany may be brought to an
end by mention of a group, more familiar the world over perhaps
than any individual plant yet referred to, namely the common
"Geranium" and "Pelargonium" of gardens. The parents of the
bedding Geranium, Ivy-leaf Geranium and show Pelargonium are
Cape plants and so. too, are the scented-leaf Geraniums. It is

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permissible to admire the latter to-day but their gay-flowered
relatives are somewhat taboo. Because we have greatly abused
these cheery, good-natured plants, made them gross and coarse,
over-planted them, set them in ill-suited places, Fashion decrees
that, for the nonce, they be frowned up. But Fashion is a fickle
tyrant and it is only a matter of time when she will again smile
on old friends. Rightly used, the "Geranium" in its varied forms
is one of the most useful classes of plants known to gardens and
fie on those who blame a plant for their own misuse of its beauty
and value.

The lecture was abundantly illustrated by stereopticon slides
largely made from photographs taken by Mr. Wilson during his
recent visit to South Africa.

525

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

EXTRACTS FROM PROCEEDINGS OF
THE SOCIETY

DIRECTORS' MEETING, FEBRUARY 13, 1923
F. R. PiERSON, Chairman of the Board, Presiding.

The following members were elected :

Annual: Mrs. Nellie B. Allen, Mr. Thomas Cogger, Miss Elizabeth
Achelis, Mrs. E. H. Harriman, Miss Emily Exley, Mrs. C. P. Coleman,
Mr. E. L. D. Seymour, Mr. Tames Stevens, Mr. Eugene H. Angert, Mr.
W. Peck McCaffray, Mrs. G. L. McAlpin, Mrs. W. Peck McCafifray,
Mrs. Peter B. Wyckoff.

Resignations, accepted with regret : Mrs. Frank E. Leonard, Mr. Ed-
ward J. Nally.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, MARCH 20, 1923.
F. R. PiERSON, Chairman of the Board, Presiding.

The following members were elected :

Annual: Mrs. Winthrop Chanler, Mrs. James C. Rea, Mrs. Samuel
T. Gushing, Mrs. B. Arthur Aycrigg, Mrs. Walter Rothschild, Miss Maude
M. Wilson, Mr. Henry A. Schroeder, Mrs. Renovia W. Sampson, Mrs.
Roswell Miller, Mrs. Ramsay Hoguet, Miss Josephine B. Hall, Mrs. C. L.
W. Eidlitz, Mrs. Dudley Roberts, Mrs. E. B. Cassatt, Mrs. Charles C.
Benedict, Mrs. Edwin P. Bond, Miss Gertrude C. Welsh, Mrs. Charles
Biberman, Mr. Benton E. Adams, Mr. R. Roehrs, Mrs. William A. Bonnell,
Mrs. C. I. Stralem, Mr. Elliott Averett, Jr., Mr. Robert B. Baird, Mrs.
Henry M. T. Beekman, Miss M. C. Courtney, Miss Helen Richards, Miss
Clara Richards, Mr. Thomas Wilson, Mrs. H. W. Chappell, Mrs. G. S.
Huntington. Mrs. Elbridge L. Adams, Mrs. Oscar R. Houston, Miss Betty
Collamore, Mrs. Harriet Lewis Sharp, Mrs. Marshall O. Terry, Mrs. Wal-
ter Beck, Mr. Walter Beck.

Life : Mr. John Aspergren, Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, Mrs. George C.
Eraser, Mrs. James J. Goodwin, Mr. Frederic S. Lee.

Benefactor: Mrs. Richard T. Auchmuty.

Resignations, accepted with regret: Mrs. F. Denham Harmon, Mrs.
G. E. Paul.

Resolved that the president, Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, write a letter of
thanks to the New York Times for the splendid editorial on the International
Flower Show appearing in that paper of Sunday, March i8th, 1922. [This
appears elsewhere in this issue of the Journal.]

AWARDS AT THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

March 12-17, 1923

Plants in Flower — Private Growers

Class I. Acacia, 3 plants, one or more varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A.
Constable.

Class 2. Acacia, specimen, any variety — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 3. Amaryllis, 12 plants— ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.
2nd Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 4. Amaryllis, 6 plants— ist Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. .

Class 5. Azalea, specimen, any color, not less than 3 ft. m diameter —
1st Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar. 2nd Prize, James A. Macdonald.

526

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 6. Azalea, 3 plants, any color — ist Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.
2nd Prize, James A. Macdonald.

Class 7. Bougainvillea, specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. B. G. Work.

Class 8. Buddleia, 3 specimens — 1st Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.
2nd Prize, Mrs. B. G. Work.

Class 9. Chorizema, specimen — ist Prize, General Howard S. Borden.
2nd Prize. Mrs. Nathan Straus.

Class 10. Cineraria, hybrid, 6 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. B. G. Work. 2nd
Prize, Samuel Untermeyer.

Class II. Cineraria stellata, 6 plants — ist Prize, William Boyce Thomp-
son. 2nd Prize, C. E. Mitchell.

Class 12. Cineraria stellata, specimen, any type — ist Prize, William
Boyce Thompson. 2nd Prize, C. E. Mitclicll.

Class 13. Cyclamen, 25 plants, arranged for effect, decorative plants
permitted — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Gug-
genheim.

Class 14. Cyclamen, 6 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 15. Cytisus, specimen, any variety — ist Prize, Mr. John T. Pratt.
2nd Prize, General Howard S. Borden.

Class 17. Fuchsia, i standard specimen^ — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Con-
stable.

Class 18. Geraniums, 3 specimens — ist Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class 19. Geranium, i standard specimen — ist Prize, Miss Alice De
Lamar.

Class 20. Heliotrope, 3 standard specimens — ist Prize, Miss Alice De
Lamar.

Class 21. Hydrangea, 3 plants, not less than 8-inch pots — ist Prize, Mrs.
E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 22. Hydrangea, specimen, not less that 8-inch pot — ist Prize, Miss
Alice DeLamar. 2nd Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 23. Imantophyllum, specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 24. Lilac, 6 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class 25. Marguerite, specimen — 1st Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.
2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class 26. Nemesia, 6 plants — ist Prize, Duncan Mclntyre. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 27. Primula malacoides, 12 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. E. F. Lucken-
bach. 2nd Prize, J. W. Harriman.

Class 28. Primula obconica, 12 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 29. Primulas, 6 plants in variety — 1st Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.
2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 30. Rhododendron, 3 plants, not less than 3 ft. in diameter — ist
Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 31. Rhododendron, specimen, not less than 4 ft. in diameter — 1st
Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class 32. Schizanthus, 3 plants — ist Prize, William Boyce Thompson.

Class 33. Schizanthus, specimen — ist Prize, William Boyce Thompson.

Class 34. Spirea or Astilbe, 6 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 35. Wistaria, specimen — 1st Prize, James A. Macdonald. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 36. Any other specimen flowering plant — ist Prize, Miss Alice
DeLamar. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Class 37. An exhibit, covering 500 sq. ft., arranged as a garden, suit-
able accessories permitted — ist Prize, William Boyce Thompson. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Payne Whitney.

527

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Palms and Foliage Plants — Private Growers.

Class 50. Areca lutescens, specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 5L Bay Trees, 2 plants, specimens— ist Prize, Mrs. E. F. Lucken-
bach.

Class 52. Croton, 12 plants, broad-leaved varieties — ist Prize, Miss Alice
DeLamar. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 53. Croton, 12 plants, narrow-leaved varieties — 1st Prize, Mrs.
Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class 54. Dracaena, 3 plants — ist Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar. 2nd
Prize. Msr. E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 55. Kentia Forsteriana, specimen, single or bushy — ist Prize, Mrs.
Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 56. Kentia Belmoreana, specimen, single or bushy — ist Prize, Mrs.
F. A. Constable.

Class 57. Phoenix Roebelenii, specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Con-
stable.

Class 58. Palm, other than above, specimen, single or bushy — ist Prize,
Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 59. Any specimen foliage plant, not less than lo-inch pot or tub —
1st Prize, Samuel Untermeyer. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 60. Group of foliage plants, with Orchids permitted, collection
covering 200 sq. ft., arranged for effect — ist Prize, William Boyce Thomp-
son.

Ferns — Private Growers.

Class 70. Asparagus, specimens, any variety — ist Prize, Miss Alice De
Lamar. 2nd Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 71. Adiantum Farleyense, or Farleyensetype, specimen — ist Prize,
Mrs. H. McK. Twombly. 2nd Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 72. Adiantum, any other variety, specimen — ist Prize, Miss Alice
DeLamar. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 73. Cibotium Scheidei, specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Gug-
genheim. 2nd Prize, Samuel Untermeyer.

Class 74. Goniophlebium sub-auriculatum, specimen — 2nd Prize, Col. H.
H. Rogers.

Class 75. Nephrolepis exaltata Bostoniensis, or any of its sports. — ist
Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach. 2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 76. Stag's Horn Fern, specimen — 1st Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggen-
heim. 2nd Prize, James A. Macdonald.

Class 77. Fern, any other variety not otherwise specified — ist Prize,
Miss Alice DeLamar. 2nd Prize, C. E. Mitchell.

Bulbous P!a)its — Private Growers.

Class 80. Freesias, white, 12 pots or pans — ist Prize. J. W. Harriman.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 81. Freesias, colored, 6 pots or pans — ist Prize. John T. Pratt.
2nd Prize. Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class 82. Hyacinths, white, three lo-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, C E.
Mitchell. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 83. Hyacinths, pink, three lo-inch pots or pans — ist Prize. Mrs.
Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize. James A. Macdonald.

Class 84. Hyacinths, red. three lo-inch pots or pans — ist Prize. Mrs.
Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize. James A. Macdonald.

Class 85. Hyacinths, light blue, three lo-inch pots or pans— ist Prize,
Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, James A. Macdonald.

528

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 86. Hyacinths, dark blue or purple, three lo-inch pots or pans —
1st Prize, James A. Macdonald. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 87. Hyacinths, yellow, three lo-inch pots or pans — ist Prize,
James A. Macdonald. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 88. Lilies, 12 pots, any varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. George S. Dear-
born. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Class 89. Lily of the Valley, three lo-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, John
T. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 90. Narcissus, 6 varieties, large Trumpet varieties, six lo-inch
pots or pans — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel
Guggenheim.

Class 91. Narcissus, all other types, 6 varieties, six lo-inch pots or pans
— 1st Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 92. Tulips, single early, 6 distinct varieties, six lo-inch pots or
pans — -ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H.
Borden.

Class 93. Tulips, double, in variety, six lo-inch pots or pans — ist Prize,
Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 94. Tulips, Darwin, distinct varieties, twelve lo-inch pots or pans
— ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 96. Tulips, all other May flowering, distinct varieties, twelve 10-
inch pots or pans — -ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 97. For the best collection of Lilies, in varieties in pots, not to
exceed 50 sq. ft. Ferns for decorative effect permitted — Special Prize, Mrs.
Harold I. Pratt.

Orchid Plants — Private Groivers.

Class 100. Twelve plants in variety, decorative plants permitted — ist
Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class lOi. Six plants in variety, decorative plants permitted — ist Prize,
Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 102. Orchids in variety, 3 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H.
Borden. 2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 103. Brasso-Cattleya, or Brasso-Laelia, i plant — ist Prize, Col.
H. H. Rogers.

Class 104. Cattleya, Laelia, or Laelia-Cattleva Hybrid, i plant — ist
Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 105. Specimen plant, any variety — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H.
Borden. 2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Cut Orchids — Private Growers.

Class 106. Collection of Cut Orchids covering 50 sq. ft., decorative
greens permitted — ist Prize, A. N. Cooley.

Orchid Plants — Special Classes.

Class 107. Group of plants in variety covering 100 sq. ft., decorative
plants permitted, arranged for effect — ist Prize, James B. Duke.

Class 108. Collection of Hybrids, 25 plants, decorative plants permitted
— 1st Prize, James B. Duke.

Cut Roses — Prii'ate Grozvers.

Class 112. 18 Columbia — ^ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd Prize,
E. E. Smathers.

Class 113. 18 Premier— 1st Prize, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly.

529

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class ii6. i8 Ophelia, or any of its sports— ist Prize, Mrs. H. McK.
Twombl}'. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 117. 18 any red variety — ist Prize, Mrs. L. P. Child.

Class 120. 18 any other disseminated variety, yellow — ist Prize, J. Ins-
ley Blair. 2nd Prize, Mr. H. McK. Twombly.

Class 121. 25 one or more varieties, to be shown in one vase — ist Prize,
Mrs. H. McK. Twombly. 2nd Prize, Mrs. L. P. Child.

Carnations — Private Groivcrs.

Class 130. 25 white — ist Prize, J. Insley Blair. 2nd Prize, George F.
Baker.

Class 131. 25 light pink, exclusive of Laddie — ist Prize, E. E. Smathers.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Arnold Schlaet.

Class 133. 25 red or scarlet, to include all shades generally classed in
these colors — ist Prize, J. Insley Blair. 2nd Prize, L. L. Dunham.

Class 134. 25 crimson, to include all shades known as crimson or ma-
roon— 1st Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory. 2nd Prize, Miss S. D. Bliss.

Class 135. 25 white variegated — ist Prize, George Grant Wilson. 2n4
Prize, George F. Baker.

Class 136. 25 yellow or yellow variegated — ist Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis.
2nd Prize, L. L. Dunham.

Class 137. 25 Laddie — ist Prize, J. Insley Blair. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F.
A. Constable.

Class 138. 25 Carnations, any color, one variety, exclusive of Laddie —
1st Prize, J. Insley Blair. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory.

Class 139. Vase of Carnations, not to exceed 150 blooms. One or more
varieties may be used. Decorative green of any kind, ribbon and any other
accessories may be used, as long as Carnations are the predominant feature.
It is intended to give the exhibitor the widest latitude in making this display.
Vase to be supplied by the exhibitor. Quality of bloom, artistic arrange-
ment, and general effect to be considered in making award — ist Prize, Mrs.
F. E. Lewis. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Szvcct Peas — Private Growers.

Class 141. Display of Sweet Peas, covering 25 sq. ft. Quality of bloom,
artistic arrangement, and general efifect to be considered in making award —
1st Prize, Mrs. W. R. Cross. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis.

Class 142. Collection of six varieties, 25 sprays of each — ist Prize, Mrs.
F. E. Lewis. 2nd Prize, Stuyvesant Fish.

Class 143. 100 sprays, one or more varieties, arranged for effect, greens
permitted — ist Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis. 2nd Prize, Mrs. S. H. Gillespie.

Miscellaneous Cut Floivcrs — Private Grozvcrs.

Class 150. Acacia, 12 sprays — ist Prize, Mrs. B. G. Work.

Class 151. Amaryllis, 12 spikes — ist Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 153. Antirrhinum, 12 spikes, pink — ist Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb.
2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class 154. Antirrhinum, 12 spikes, white — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whit-
ney. 2nd Prize, Clarence H. Mackay.

Class 155. Antirrhinum, 12 spikes, yellow — ist Prize, Mrs. Harold I.
Pratt.

Class 156. Anthurium, 12 flowers — ist Prize, E. E. Smathers.

Class 157. Calendulas, 25 flowers — ist Prize, E. E. Smathers. 2nd

530

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Prize, Mrs. S. H. Gillespie. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory.

Class 158. Callas, 12 flowers, yellow — ist Prize. Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 159. Callas, 12 flowers, white — ist Prize, Charles W. McAlpin.
2nd Prize, Henry Morley.

Class 160. Flowering shrubs, 12 sprays, one or more varieties — ist
Prize, E. E. Smathers. 2nd Prize, Miss Alice DeLamar.

Class 161. Freesias, 25 sprays, white — ist Prize, Mrs. Ridley Watts.
2nd Prize, John T. Pratt.

Class 162. Freesias, 25 sprays, colored — ist Prize, John T. Pratt. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Class 163. Lilac, 12 sprays — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Class 164. Lilies, 12 spikes — ist Prize, Mrs. B. G. Work. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class 165. Mignonette, 12 spikes — ist Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb. 2nd
Prize, George F. Baker.

Class 166. Stocks, 12 spikes, one or more varieties — ist Prize, Mrs.
John A. Topping. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb.

Class 167. Tulips, 25 flowers, single — ist Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden

Class 168. Tulips, 50 flowers, single — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Bor-
den. 2nd Prize, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach.

Class 170. Vase cut flowers, not otherwise provided for — ist Prize, Mrs.
E. F. Luckenbach. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class 171. Wall Flower, 12 spikes, any color — ist Prize, George F.
Baker. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory.

Dinner Tabic Decorations — Private Growers.

Class 180. Table and accessories to be furnished by Flower Show Man-
agement. Table to be set for eight. Roses the only flower to be used in
this decoration — ist Prize, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly. 2nd Prize, Mrs.
Percy Chubb. 3rd Prize, Mrs. Edward Holbrook.

Class 181. Carnations the only flower to be used in this decoration — ist
Prize, Mrs. Nathan Strauss. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly. 3rd
Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 1S2. Sweet Peas exclusively. Other foliage than Sweet Peas may
be used — ist Prize, Mrs. Ridley Watts. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. McK. Twom-
bly. 3rd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 183. Miscellaneous flowers other than those permitted in the other
classes for table decorations — ist Prize, Mrs. John A. Topping. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Nathan Strauss. 3rd Prize, Mrs. Ridley Watts.

Plants in Flozvcr — Coininercial Grozvcrs.

Class 192. Azalea indica, group covering 150 sq. ft., arranged for effect
— 1st Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 193. Azaleas, border arrangement, 8x20, any types, other than in-
dica, hardy foliage plants permitted — ist Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 195. Genista, 3 plants — ist Prize, Madsen & Christensen. 2nd
Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 196. Genista, i plant specimen — ist Prize, Madsen & Christensen.

Class 197. Genista, 3 standard specim.ens — ist Prize, Madsen & Christ-
ensen. 2nd Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 200. Lilac. 6 specimen plants — ist Prize. Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 201. Marguerite, 6 plants — ist Prize, Madsen & Christensen.

Class 202. Marguerite, specimen — ist Prize, Madsen & Christensen.

531

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Palms and Foliage Plants — Commercial Groivers.

Class 214. Box Trees, pyramidal, 2 plants — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.
Class 218. Twelve trained Ivies — ist Prize, Bobbink & Atk.ns.

Ferns — Commercial Groivers.

Class 225. Adiantum Farleyense or its types, six plants, not less than
8-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 226. Nephrolepis, specimen, any variety — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 227. Cibotium Schiedei, specimen, not less than 12-inch pot or tub
— 1st Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 228. Ferns, collection, not less than 50 plants — ist Prize, F. R.
Pierson.

Class 229. Fern, specimen, any other variety — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Bulbous Plants — Commercial Growers.

Class 236. Lilium, 25 pots, one or more varieties — ist Prize, F. R. Pier-
son. 2nd Prize, A. L. Miller.

Class 240. An exhibit of Orchids in bloom covering 300 sq. ft., decora-
tive plants and suitable accessories permitted. This exhibit may contain 20
vases of cut Orchids not to exceed three sprays of one species to a vase —
1st Prize, Lager & Hurrell. ist Prize, Joseph Manda Company, ist Prize,
Julius Roehrs Company.

Class 241. 12 Hybrid Orchid plants — ist Prize, George E. Baldwin.
2nd Prize, Julius Roehrs Company.

Class 242. Specimen Orchid plant — ist Prize, Julius Roehrs Company.

Roses in Pots and Tubs — Conumrcial Groivers.

Class 255. Climbing, red, specimen — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 256. Climbing, pink, specimen — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 257. Climbing, white, specimen — ist Pfi.'/e, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 259. Any single variety, specimen — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Cut Roses — Commercial G/oivcrs.

Class 265. 50 American Beauty — ist Prize, Briarcliff Greenhouses.

Class 266. 50 Butterfly or any Ophelia sports — ist Prize, Duckham-
Pierson Company. 2nd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 267. 50 Columbia — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington. 2nd Prize,
Traendly & Schenck.

Class 268. 50 Francis Scott Key- — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson. 2nd Prize,
Traendly & Schenck.

Class 269. 50 Hadley — ist Prize, Joseph Heacock Company. 2nd Prize,
L. B. Coddington.

Class 270. 50 Ophelia — ist Prize, Duckham-Pierson Company. 2nd
Prize, Traendly & Schenck.

Class 271. 50 Premier — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Company.

Class 272. 50 white Killarney or any white sport of same — ist Prize,
Joseph Heacock Company. 2nd Prize, Duckham-Pierson Company.

Class 273. 50 Crusader — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Company.

Class 274. 50 Mrs. Aaron Ward — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd
Prize, L. B. Coddington.

532

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 275. 50 Pilgrim — ist Prize, Joseph Heacock Company. 2nd
Prize, John Welsh Young.

Class 276. 50 Sunburst — ist Prize, William Wade Vert.

Class 278. 50 any other disseminated variety, pink — ist Prize, F. R.
Pierson. 2nd Prize, A. N., Pierson, Inc.

Class 280. 50 any other disseminated variety, yellow^ ist Prize, F. R.
Pierson.

Display Cut Roses — Commercial Growers.

Class 285. Display of Cut Roses, covering 300 sq. ft., and containing not
less than 500 nor more than 1,000 blooms. Decorative green of any kind,
including plants, permitted. Quality of bloom, artistic arrangement, and
general effect and variety to be considered in making award — ist Prize,
Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc. 3rd Prize, F. R.
Pierson.

Ciit Roses — Commercial Growers.
Staged Thursday, March 15th.

Class 290. 50 American Beauty — ist Prize, Briarcliff Greenhouses.

Class 291. 50 Butterfly or any Ophelia sports — ist Prize, Duckham-
Pierson Company. 2nd Prize, Traendly & Schenck.

Class 292. 50 Columbia — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 293. 50 Francis Scott Key — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd
Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 294. 50 Hadley — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington.

Class 295. 50 Ophelia — ist Prize, Duckham-Pierson Company. 2nd
Prize, Traendly & Schenck.

Class 296. 50 Premier — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 297. 50 White Killarney or any white sport of same — ist Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Company. 2ncl Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 298. 50 Crusader — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
F. R. Pierson.

Class 299. 50 Mrs. Aaron Ward — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd
Prize, L. B. Coddington.

Class 300. 50 Pilgrim — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck.

Class 301. 50 Sunburst — ist Prize, William Wade Vert.

Class 303. 50 any other disseminated variety, pink — ist Prize, F. R.
Pierson. 2nd Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 305. 50 any other disseminated variety, yellow — ist Prize, F. R.
Pierson.

Class 306. 25 any undisseminatcd variety — Silver Medal, A. N. Pierson,
Inc.

Carnations — Coiuncrcial Growers.

Class 310. 100 White — ist Prize, LeCluse & LeCluse. 2nd Prize, Scott
Brothers.

Class 311. 100 light pink, exclusive of Laddie — ist Prize, A. Demeusy.
2nd Prize, Doerrcr & Sons.

Class 312. 100 dark pink — ist Prize, Hartje & Elder. 2nd Prize, Julius
Chevalley.

Class 313. 100 red or scarlet, to cover all shades generally included in

533

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

those colors— ist Prize, Harry O. May. 2nd Prize, James W. Wagner.
2nd Prize, Springfield Floral Co.

Class 315. 100 white variegated — ist Prize, Scott Brothers.

Class 317. 100 Laddie — ist Prize, lieather Dell Farm. 2nd Prize,
Samuel J. Goddard.

Class 318. 50 any new variety not in commerce — Silver Medal, Spring-
field Floral Company. Silver Medal, Hartje & Elder.

Carnations — Co miner rial Groivers.

Class 319. Display of Carnations covering 150 sq. ft. of space and con-
taining not less than 1,000 nor more than 1,500 blooms. Decorative green
of any kind, including plants, permitted, quality of bloom, artistic arrange-
ment, and general effect to be considered in making award— ist Prize, The
Springfield Floral Company.

Sweet Peas — Coimnercial Growers.

Class 330. Display of Sweet Peas covering 100 sq. ft., arranged for
effect — 1st Prize, W. Atlee Burpee Company.

SPECIAL

Open Class 500. An exhibit covering 1,200 square feet. This exhibit
may include lawns, flower beds, gardens, shrubbery borders, rose beds,
bulb beds, or any exhibit that the artistic ability of the exhibitor may sug-
gest, as the widest latitude will be allowed in this class. Special gold
medals will be awarded for special merit in this class— Awards to : Julius
Roelirs Company, Bobbink & Atkins, A. N. Pierson, John Scheepers, Inc.,
F. R. Pierson.

Special Prizes Offered by

Zandbergen Brothers, Walkenburg, near Leiden, Holland, and

Oyster Bay, N. Y.

Private Growers.

Class 600. Collection of Hyacinths, 8 distinct varieties, lo-inch in its
or pans — ist Prize, James A. Macdonald. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Class 601. Darwin Tulip Louis de ValUere, 8-inch pots or pans — ist
Prize, James A. Macdonald.

Class 602. Collection of Tulips, new race, flowering between Darwin
and early Tulips — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Special Prizes Ofi^ered by

A. Frylink & Sons, of Huntington, Long Island and

Sassenheim, Holland.

Private Grozvers.

Class 605. 4 varieties of Single Early Tulips, lo-inch pots or pans —
4 varieties of Double Early Tulips, lo-inch pots or pans —
1st Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 606. 6 varieties of Darwin Tulips, lo-inch pots or pans — ist
Prize, James A. Macdonald. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 607. 4 varieties of Narcissi, large Trumpet Daffodils, lo-inch pots
or pans — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H.
Borden.

534

THE HORTICULTURi'^L SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

GOLD MEDALS

Rock Garden — Bobbink & Atkins.

Display of Sweet Peas— W. Atlee Burpee Company.

Brasso-Laelia Cattleya "Snowden"^ — A. N. Cooley.

Gold Medal of The Architectural League of New York, Tropical Gar-
den— Julius Roehrs Company.

Special Gold Medal of the Bulb Growers' Association— John G. Scheepers,
Inc.

Scheepers' Gold Medal for Achievement in Bulb Culture— Mrs. Daniel
Guggenheim, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

SILVER MEDALS

Naturalistic Garden — Julius Roehrs Company.
Cattleya Fournierii — James B. Duke.
Group of Blooming Plants — A. L. Miller.

Group of Spirea Reevesi Flora Plena— S. A. F. & O. H. Silver Medal—
A. L. Miller.

12 Acacia Plants— Mrs. F. A. Constable.

BRONZE MEDALS

The Architectural League of New York — bronze medal— Informal Gar-
den— F. R. Pierson.

SWEEPSTAKE MEDAL

Gold Medal, presented by the Horticultural Society of New York, to be
awarded to the member of The Garden Club of America whose entries score
the highest number of points in all exhibits throughout the Show — Mrs.
F. A. Constable.

CERTIFICATES OF MERIT

Group of Stocks — John T. Pratt.

I Vase White Salvia — Col. H. H. Rogers.

I Begonia Lorrain — Col. H. H. Rogers.

Cymbidium — James B. Duke.

Sweet Pea King Tut — W. Atlee Burpee Company.

Imantophyllum, i8 plants — Mrs. F. A. Constable.

535

CONTRIBUTIONS INVITED

THE Directors invite the cooperation
of the members of the Society in
furthering the interests of the Journal.
In particular it is hoped that members
will contribute papers for publication,
and especially that they will work to-
gether to make the Journal fully repre-
sentative of horticultural records for New
York.

FORM OF BEQUEST

I give and bequeath to The Horticul-

tural Society of New York_
for

536

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

Journal, Quarterly. Subscription price, $i.oo a year; free to
members.

Memoirs Vol. I. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Breeding and Hybridization, New York,
1902, price, $2.00.

Vol. II. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Hardiness and Acclimatization, New York,
1907, price, $2.00.

Address : Office of the Society, 598 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

INCORPORATED, 1902

President
T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

N. L. BRITTON J. W. CROMWELL

E. B. SOUTHWICK

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. S. HARKNESS GEORGE N. MILLER

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEORGE T. POWELL

Chairman, Board of Directors
F. R. PIERSON

Retiring 1923
Mr. Robert T. Brown
Mr. John Canning
Mr. L S. Hendrickson
Mr. John Lager
Mr. J. A. Manda
Mr. Julius Roehrs
Mr. James Stuart

Directors

Retiring IQ24
Dr. N. L. Britton
Mrs. Arthur W. Butler
Mr. T. A. Havemeyer
Mr. F. R. Newbold
Mr. F. R. Pierson
Mr. John Scheepers
Mrs. Samuel Sloan

Retiring IQ25
Mr. F. L. Atkins
Mr. James W. Cromwell
Mr. William A. Delano
Dr. H. a. Gleason
Mrs. Robert C. Hill
Mrs. Harold L Pratt
Dr. E. B. Southwick

Treasurer
F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Secretary
MRS. ARTHUR W. BUTLER

Executive Secretary
MRS. ELIZABETH PETERSON

Members of the Women's Auxiliary

MRS. W. K. DRAPER
MRS. C LEDYARD BLAIR
MRS. HUGH D. AUCHINCLOSS
MRS. GUY FAIRFAX GARY
MRS. L. S. CHANLER
MRS. PAUL FITZSIMONS

MRS. E. S. HARKNESS
MISS ANNE MORGAN
MRS. H. L. SATTERLEE
MRS. CHAS. H. SENFF
MISS EDITH WETMORE
MRS. HAROLD I. PRATT

MRS. CHAS. H. STOUT

^-4iui

fournal

of tlbe

i|or ticultur al ^otittv of i^etD Sorfe

Vol. Ill, m^^^^^ AUGUST

No. 11 ^S^^^^ 1923

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

Publication Office
GARDEN CITY, L.I.,N.Y.

CONTENTS

Page
Activities of the Society:

To our Members 537

Contributions to the Journal 537

Twenty-third Annual Report 538

Treasurer's Annual Report 540

Obituary 1922-23 541

Accessions to the Library 542

Extracts from Proceedings:

Directors Meeting, April 11, 1923 549

Directors Meeting, May 12, 1923 549

Directors Meeting, June 13, 1923 549

Awards at the May Flower Show 550

Awards at the Peony Show 551

Flower Show Fixtures 552

Omce and Library: BANKERS TRUST BUILDING, 598 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK

COMMITTEES 1923-24

Finance
Mr. T. a. Havemeyer Mr. F. R. Pierson
Mr. F. R. Newbold

Lecture
Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Chairman
Mrs. Robert C. Hill Mr. Leonard Barron

Exhibition
Mr. James Stuart, Chairman

Journal

Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman

Dr. E. B. Southwick Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson

Library
Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Chairman
Mrs. Samuel Sloan Mr. Henry L duPont

NEW YOUK

BOTANICAL

(lAI^DtN

Journal

of tfje

horticultural ^ocietp of iSeto |9orfe

ISSUED QUARTERLY

VOL. Ill, No. 11. AUGUST, 1923

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIETY

TO OUR MEMBERS

THE Directors wish to thank the members for the way they
have stood behind the Society in the matter of increased dues.
It perhaps is not necessary to go into detail as to how our expenses
have increased in the last few years, notwithstanding which we
have made big strides in returns to our members. Our many
shows, free to the public, our splendid lecture course, also free to
the public, and our season ticket to the International Flower Show
at Grand Central Palace each year, to which all our members are
entitled, are assets of no mean value to horticultural lovers. As
we all know, the cost of everything, labor in particular, whether it
is scientific or manual, has risen, the continued cooperation of our
members indicating an understanding of this which is very much
appreciated by our Board as it insures against the elimination of
any of our activities, as we feel we would have no moral right to
exist did we reduce our educational program and our fight for the
advancement of horticulture. The past three years have given
us much encouragement, and our hope is that eventually America
will be more like England, every "bit" of earth a garden, not a
"backyard."

IT IS hoped that members of the Society will lend their aid in
making the Journal of particular value to the horticultural in-
terests of New York. Contributions from members are invited,
especially with reference to experiences that bear directly on the
horticultural and gardening problems in the region of the Society's
activities.

537

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Presented May i2th, 192;,

THE Council reports unusual interest in the Society for the
l^ast year, the membership now being 1352 — having had 25
deaths during the year, 21 resignations and 20 dropped l)ecause of
delinquency in dues — leaving a net gain for the year of 260 mem-
bers of which there are 37 Life, 5 Sustaining, i Patron and 263
Annuals.

At a meeting of the Board of Directors on June 21, 1922, in ac-
cordance with the Constitution and P)y-laws, officers of the So-
ciety were elected as follows :

President: T. A. Havemeyer

Vice-Presidents: N. L. Britton

J. W. Cromwell
E. B. South wick-
Honorary Vice-Presidents: E. S. Harkness

Adolph Lewisohn
George N. Miller
Clement Moore
George T. Powell

Chairman of the Board: F. R. Pierson

Treasurer : F. R. Newbold

Secretary: Mrs. Arthur W. liutler

Executive Secretary: Mrs. Elizal)eth T'eterson

The Board of Directors have held monthly meetings at the office
of the Society, 598 Madison Avenue, with the exception of July
and August when a recess was called for these months.

The following lectures were given at the American Museum of
Natural History, 77th Street and Central Park West :

November 9th, 1922 — The Way to the Good Small Garden-
By Mr. Fletcher Steele.
December 14th, 1922 — Country Places of Old New York — ■

By Mr. Richard Schermerhorn, Jr.
January nth, 1923 — The Rose in America— By Mr. J. PTor-
ace McFarland.

538

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

February 8th, 1923-^The Future of Nut Culture — By Dr.

Robert T. Morris.
March 8th. 1923 — ItaHan (jardens and Fountains — By Sig-

nora Olivia Rossetti Agresti.
April I2th, 1923 — Flowers of South Africa — By Mr. E. H.
Wilson.
The following Flower Shows were held during the year :
Iris Show — June 3-4 in cooperation with the American Iris

Society.
Gladiolus Show — August 19-20 — New York Botanical Gar-
den.
Dahlia Show — September 22-24 — New York Botanical Gar-
den.
Chrysanthemum Show — November 9-12 — American Museum
of Natural History. The Japan Society cooperated with
us in this show.
International Flower Show — March 12-17 — Grand Central
Palace. In cooperation with the New York Florists' Club.
The Society was represented on the Committee of Horticultural
Quarantine at their meetings on May 15, 1922, August 4, October
30, 1922, January 11, 1923.

In cooperation with the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Hor-
ticultural Societies, a committee was appointed on request of Mr.
John W'ister, with Mr. Wister as chairman, to work toward the
elimination of placing too manv new seedlings on the market,
such seedlings having no horticultural value to justify new
classification.

Our representation at the Third Annual Conference on .State
Parkh in Indiana was miade by Mrs. Samuel Sloan.

New York Botanical Garden offered part of the premiums for
the shows held at that institution from the income of the William
R. Sands fund.

Respectfully submitted,

Anna R. Butler
(Mrs. Arthur W. Butler)
Secretary,

539

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

TREASURER'S ANNUAL REPORT

Season 1922-23

May I, 1922 to April 30, 1923

Credits

Life Fund Accounts

Balance May i, 1922. . .$46,420.32

Life Membership % 3-125.00

Interest on Income % . . 2,705.28
Prof. & Loss % by prof.

on sale of bds 77 L29

Less Agency % Bkrs.
Tr. Co

$53,021.89

45.82

$52,976.07

Flower Show a/cs

Medals % for cups,

medal & cortif $562.75

Prizes 2,939.00

Expse % 1,160.85

Petty Cash % Exh.

Com ; Secy 232.39

Salary % Exh Com;

Secy 1,000.00

Vases & Tables % 523-93

Intnl. Show 1922 302.50

Intnl. Show 1923 83.10

$ 6,804.5:

Flower Show a/cs

Profits Intl. Fl. Slimv

1922 $6,338.16

Fund Nov. Show 1922.. 2,319.00
Fund Intl. Show 19-3.. 630.00

$ 9,287.16

Lecture,Journal& Library a/cs

Lectures $620 00

Tournal 606.30

Library 3.oo

$ 1,229.30

Office a/cs

Balance Cash % May i,

1922 $352.55

Dues % 1922-23 4,649.00

Int. on Hank deposits,.. 8g,io

$I4.377>«1

Debits

Saving Bank % $797-19

Investments Bonds at

cost 46,807.50

Loan to Genl. % 1921-22 4,000.00

$51,604.60
Cash % Balance i,37i-38

$52,976.07

Offi(

,/r

Petty Cash % 55o.oo

Expense % 998.49

Rent % L600.00

Salary % Exer, Secy,. 2,000,00

$ 5.148.49
Expense % General.... 266.60

Furniture % 494-50

Int. % Int. on bank loan. n.50

$ 5,921-09

$13,951.91
Cash % Balance 422.90

$14,377-81
Total Cash Balance L. fd. 1,371.38
General % 422.90

$ 1.794.28

540

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

r

0hituavp

Great regret is expressed for our loss by death
of these members

May I, 1922 to May i, 1923

Mrs. Glover C. Arnold

Mr. Chester W. Chapin

Mr. C. S. Cook

Mrs. W. B. Dinsmore

Mrs. Chester Griswold

Mr. Theodore R. Hoyt

Miss Elizabeth Kean

Mrs. Warner M. Leeds

Mrs. G. Levor

Mr. George L. Mcx^lpin

Mr. Emerson McMillan

Mr. Edwin S. Marston

Mrs. John E. Parsons

Mrs. Theodore Peters

Mrs. George D. Pratt

Mr. W. H. Remick

Mr. E. L. Rogers

Mr. Richard Schildbach

Mr. Rush Taggart

Mrs. John B. Trevor

Mrs. Frederick S. Van Beuren

Mr. M. H. Walsh

Mrs. J. Hobart Warren

Mrs. Sidney Webster

Mr. Patrick Welch

541

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ACCESSIONS TO THE LIBRARY

TITLE AUTHOR

Wild Flowers of New York — Parts i & 2 Homer I). House
Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and

Canada — Volumes i, 2 & 3 liritton & Brown

The Ferns of North America — Volumes i

& 2

Flora of Bermuda

The Cactaceae — Volumes i, 2 & 3

Johnson's Gardeners' Dictionary

Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture — 6

volumes
American Rose Annuals — 1916-1923

Daniel Cady Faton

N. L. Britton

N. L. Britton & J.

N. Rose
J. Fraser & A. Hem-

sley

L. H. Bailey
Edited hy J. Horace
McFarland

Presented b\ Dr. Robert T. Morris

Nut Growing Robert T. Morris

Presented by Mrs. Charles H. Sloitt

The Amateur's Book of the Dahlia Mrs. Charles H.

Stout

Presented by Mrs. Albert Reid Ledoit.v

The Floral Magazine &■ Botanical Re])osi- Published by D. &
tory C. Landreth

Loaned by Mr. Prederie R. Xe-a'bold

How to Know the Wild Flowers

The Shrubs of Northeastern America

The Trees of Northeastern America

A Book About Roses

A Book About Roses (revised)

Roses and How to Grow Them

The Rose

The Amateur's Rose Book

New and Rare Plants

Mrs. William Starr

Dana
Charles S. Newhall
Charles S. Newhall
S. Reynolds Hole
S. Reynolds Hole
Leonard Barron
S. B. Parsons
Shirley Hibberd
Shirley Hibberd

542

TRE HORTICULTURAL SOCTETY OF NEW YORK

The Amateur's Greenhouse & Conservatory
The Fern Garden
The Fern Paradise

Handbook of Ferns
Ferns of Kentucky
British Ferns and Their Alhes
The Nature Printed British Ferns — Vol-
umes I & 2
The Clematis

Orchids for Everyone

The Orchids of New Enp^land

Orchid Grower's Manual

My Garden

Rural Life of England
Eversley Gardens and Others
The Garden's Story

Every Day in My Garden

Mcintosh's Gardener — Volumes i & 2

Villas and Cottages

Gray's New Manual of Botany of the

Northern United States
Gray's School and Field Book of Botany
The Floral World and Garden Guide

Greenhouse Construction

New Creations in Plant Life

Annals of Horticulture in North America
for the Year 1893

Downing's Fruits & Fruit Trees of Amer-
ica

Tree Pruning

The Vegetable World

Ferns of Tropical Florida

Shirley Hibberd
Shirley Hibberd
Francis George

Heath
K. M. Lyell
John Williamson
Thomas Moore

Thomas Moore
Thomas Moore &

Geo. Jackman
Charles H. Curtis
Henry Baldwin
Benjamin Samuel

Williams
Alfred Smee
W. Howitt
Rose G. Kingsley
George H. E 1 1-

wanger
Virginia E. V e r-

planck
Charles Mcintosh
Calvert Vaux

Asa Gray
Asa Gray

Published by Groom-
bridge & Sons
L. R. Taft
W. S. Harwood

L. H. Bailey

A. J. Downing
A. Des Cars
Louis Figuier
John K. Small

543

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Continuous Bloom in America

Loaned by Miss Frances Boijami

Sun-dials and Roses of Yesterday

Old Time Gardens

The Book of Old Sundials and Their

Mottoes
A Woman's Hardy Garden

The Garden of a Commuter's Wife

A Tour Round My Garden
Mv Summer in a Garden

How to Lay Out a Garden

My Kalendar of Country Delights

In the Garden of Peace

In the Garden of Delight
The Book of Garden Design
A Garden Rosary
Garden Planning
Content in a (Jarden
The Garden Muse

Corners of Grey C)ld Gardens

Garden Mosaics

A Book Ahout the Garden and the Gardener

Let's Make a I'dower Garden

A Garden in the Suhurbs

The Joyous Art of Gardening

All the Year in the Garden

Joys of the Garden

Kew Gardens

Louise Shelton

n Johnston

Alice Morse Earle
Alice Morse Earle

Launcelot Cross
Helena Rutherford

Ely
Published by Gros-

set & Dunlap
Alphonse Karr
Charles D u d 1 e y

Warner
Edward Kemp
Helen Milman (Mrs.

Caldwell Crofton)
Helen Milman (Mrs.

Caldwell Crofton)
John Richardson
Charles Thonger
Agnes Edwards
W. S. Rogers
Candace Wheeler
William Aspenwall

Bradley
Published by T. N.

Foulis
Alfred Simson
S. Reynolds Hole
Hanna Rion
Mrs. Leslie Williams
Frances Duncan
Edited b y Esther

Mat son
Compiled by Sidney

J. Shaylor
Described by A. R.

Hope Moncrieff

544

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Gardening for Ladies and Companion to

the Flower Garden
The Lady's Book of Flowers and Poetry-
Art Out-of-doors

Old Fashioned Gardening

Making a Garden to Bloom This Year

Making a Bulh Garden

Making the Grounds Attractive With

Shrubbery
Suburban Gardens
A Garden Lover's Birthday Book

A Book of Old-world Gardens

A Book About Gardens

Name This Flower

Flora Symbolica

Flowers : Their Language, Poetry &

Sentiment
Flowers : Their Moral, Language and

Poetry
The Language and Poetry of Flowers

According to Season

Mrs. Loudon
Edited by Lucy

Hooper
Mrs. Schuyler Van

Rensselaer
Grace Tabor
Grace Tabor
Grace Tabor

Grace Tabor
Grace Tabor
Compiled by Alfred

H. Hyatt
Edited by Alfred H.

Hyatt
Selected by Alfred

H. Hyatt
Gaston Bonnier
John Ingram
Published by Porter

& Coates
Edited by H. G.

Adams
Published by Pott,

Young & Co.
Mrs. William Starr

Dana
Temple Scott

In Praise of Gardens

Every Lady Her Own Gardener — Volumes

I & 2 Louisa Johnson

The Home Garden E. L. D. Seymour

The Voice of the Garden Compiled by Lucy

Leffingwell Cable

Bikle ■
Garden Memories Published by T. N.

Foulis
A Flower Anthology Selected by Alfred

Rawlings

545

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Gleanings in Old Garden Literature
The Garden's Story or Pleasures and

Trials of an Amateur Gardener
The Time of the Singing of Birds

High Tide — Selected Poems

The Melody of Earth

Bible Flowers

Old Fashioned Flowers

First Steps to Botany

Botanique de la Jeunesse

Nature Pictures by American Poets

W. Carew Hazlitt

George H. Ellwan-
ger

Published by Henry
Frowde

Mrs. Waldo Rich-
ards

Selected and arrang-
ed by Mrs. Waldo
Richards

Rosemary A. Cotes

Maurice Maeterlinck

James P. D r u m-
mond

Published by D e-
launay

Selected and edited
by Annie Russell
Marble

Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition

and Folk-Lore
Flora's Interpreter and Fortuna Flora

Walter K. Kelly
Mrs. Sarah Josepha
Hale

Familiar Garden Flowers — ist & 2nd Series Figured by F. Ed-
ward Hulme
Described by Shir-
ley Hibberd
Neltje Blanchan
Neltje Blanchan
Louise Shelton
Louise Shelton
Louise Shelton
Mabel Cabot Sedg-
wick
Selected by Edward
Thomas
Arranged by Jennie

Day Haines
Alfred Austin

The American Flower Garden
Nature's Garden

The Seasons in a Flower Garden
Continuous Bloom in America
Beautiful Gardens in America
The Garden Month by Month

The Flowers I Love

Ye Gardeyne Book

The Garden That I Love

546

TPTE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Landscape Gardening

Curtis' Botanical Magazine — Vol. i — 1833

Lectures on Botany — Volumes i, 2 & 3

-1805
Picturesque
Essavs on the Picturesque — V^olumes i

& 2
English Pleasure Gardens

The Garden Year Book
The Flower Art of Japan
European and jai)anese Gardens

The Herball

An Introduction to the Study of Land-
scape Design

Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening —

Divisions i, 2. 3 & 4
Historic Houses and Their Gardens

The Famous Parks & Gardens of the

World
The Gardens of England

Italian Gardens
Flora's Dictionary

In Love's Garden

The Flow^ers and Gardens of Japan

Plant Lore, Legends and Lyrics
Flov^ers and Flow^er Lore
Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs —

(Nature Stories of the Plant World)
Gartenkunst und Garten Sonst und Jetzt

(Garden Art and Gardens Past and

Present)

547

A. J. Downing
William Curtis

William Curtis
Sir Uvedale Price

Sir Uvedale Price

Rose Standish Nich-
ols

Nellie Burget Miller

Mary Averill

Published by Henry
T. Coates & Co.

Gathered by John
Gerarde

Henry V. Hul)bard
& Theodora Kim-
ball

Edited by George
Nicholson

Edited by Charles
F. Osborne

Published by T. Nel-
son & Sons

Edited by Charles
Holme

Charles A. Piatt

Published by Field-
ing Lucas. Jr.

John Cecil Clay

Described by Flor-
ence Du Cane

Richard Folkard, Jr.

Rev. Hilderic Friend

Dr. G. H. von Schu-
berts

H. Jager

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEV/ YORK

Encyclopedia of Gardening
The Garden y>ook of California

Judith's (jarden

Design in Landscape Gardening

A Garden in Pink

The Story of Gramcrcy Park 1 831 -192 1

The Wild Garden

Popular Names of P)ritish Plants

Studies in Gardening

Nature in a City Yard

Little Gardens

Myths and Legends of Flowers, Trees,

Fruits and Plants
Our Early Wild Flowers
Our Garden Flowers
Our Native Trees and How to Identify

Them
Flower Fables and Fancies
Nature Study and Life
Gardens Ancient and Modern

Pot-Pourri from a Surrey Garden

More Pot-Pourri from a Surrey Garden

The Folk Lore of Plants

The Floral Symbolism of the Great Masters

A Garden of Pleasure

Seven Gardens and a Palace

Garden Guide — The Amateur Gardeners'

Handbook
English Plant Names
The San Diego Garden Fair
Flower Lore and Legend
The Formal Garden in England

548

J. C. Loudon
Belle Summer

Angier
Mary E. Stone Bas-

sett
Ralph Rodney Root

& Charles Fabens

Kelley
Blanche Elizabeth

Wade
John B. Pine
W. Robinson
R. C. A. Prior
A. Glutton- Brock
Charles M. Skinner
Charles M. Skinner

Charles M. Skinner
Harriet L. Keeler
Harriet L. Keeler

Harriet L. Keeler
N. Hudson Moore
Clifton F. Hodere
Albert Forbes Sie-

veking
Mrs. C. W. Earle
Mrs. C. W. Earle
T. F. Thiselton Dyer
Elizabeth Haig
E. V. B.
E. V. B.
Published by A. T.

De La Mare Co.
John Earle
Eugen Neuhaus
Katharine M. Beals
Reginald Blomfield
& F. Inigo Thomas

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YCRK

EXTRACTS FROM PROCEEDINGS OF
THE SOCIETY

DIRECTORS' MEETING, APRIL ii, 1923
F. R. PiERSON, Chairman of the Board, Presiding.

The following members were elected :

Annual : Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, Mrs. J. O. Ayer, Mrs. J. E. Coyle,
Mr. Henry K. Goetchius.

Resolved: (Moved by Mr. Cromwell), that we investigate the prac-
ticability of ornamentation of the grounds in front of the American Museum
of Natural History by the members of The Horticultural Society of New
York. The Chairman appointed Mr. Cromwell, Mrs. Sloan and Dr. South-
wick to confer with the Museum authorities to see what can be done in
this direction.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, MAY 12, 1923
F. R. PiERSON, Chairman of the Board, Presiding.

The following members were elected :

Annual: Miss C. B. Neely, Mrs. E. J. Port, Mr. Henry J. Eckstein, Mrs.
Aaron Ward, Mr. O. S. Reimold, Mr. Francis Guerrlich, Mrs. Schieffelin
Coleman, Mr. Henry Goddard Leach, Mr. James Flartig, Mr. M. M. Lisso.

Transferred from Annual to Life: Mrs. W. Redmond Cross, Miss
Edith Newbold.

Resignation, accepted with regret: Mr. Lawrence G. White.

Resolved: That Mr. Leonard Barron be requested to submit plan by
which we may cooperate with the National Wild Flower Committee next
spring, under the leadership of Mrs. N. Britton of the New York Chapter,

Resolved : That owing to the increase in expense of all the activities of
the Society, the Board of Directors recommend to the Society at its An-
nual Meeting the amendment of Article VII of the Constitution to read as
follows : "Each Annual member shall pay to the Treasurer annually the
sum of $10.00. Members may become Life members by paying $100.00 at
any pne tipie.

PIRECTORS' MEETING. JUNE 13, 1923

Transferred from Annual to Life Membership: Mrs. Charles Stout,
Mrs. R. Horace Gallatin, Miss Ethelyn McKinney, Mr. Harbeck Mills. Jr.,
Miss Caroline L. Mufgan, M'r, C, W. Scott, Miss Mary R. Cross. Miss
Theodora Wilbour, Mrs. P. S. duPont, Mrs. G. Lister Carlisle, Jr., Mrs,
Walter P. Bliss, Mr. Wallace R. Pierson, Miss Elizabeth S. Hoyt, Mr,
Roman J. Irwin, Mr, William J. Matheson, Mr. Clement Moore, Mrs.
Isaac Untermver, Mr. Courtney Hyde, Mrs. Edward Holbrook, Mrs. John
Gribbel. Mrs. Robert C. Black, Mr. Thomas Smidt, Mr. L. H. Somers,
Miss Georgine Iselin, Mrs. A. Murray Young, Mrs. Walter Brewster, Mrs.
Hamilton F. Kean, Miss Mary R. Jay, Mrs. Robert Cade Wilson, Mr.
Alfred W. Jenkins, Mrs. S. Van R. Crosb.v, Mrs. Wilh'am R. Mercer, Mr.
J. E. Spingarn, Mr. Max Eisman, Mrs. Henry M. Tilford, Mr. Joseph
Stroock, Mrs. H. I. Brightman, Mrs. William M. T ybrand, Mrs. R. de L.
Mayer, Mrs. Charles W. McKelvey, Mr. Albert Keller, Mr. Seth L. Pierre-
nont, Mrs. S. A. Thompson. Mrs. J. R. Strong, Mrs. John H. Love, Mrs.
Ruger Donoho. Miss Maude Wetmore, Mrs. Frederick M Taylor, Mr.
William I Walker, -Miss Florence L. Pond, Mrs. Theodore Boettger. Miss
Anna P. Livingston, Mrs. Reinhard Siedenburg, Mrs. R. G. Hazard, Mr.
Charles A. Wimpfheimer, Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt.

549

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Election or Officers for the Ensuing Year:

President: T. A. Havemeyer, New York City.

Vice-Presidents: N. L. Britton, J. W. Cromwell, William Boyce Thomp-
son.

Honorary Vice-Presidents: E. S. Harkness, Mrs. Payne Whitney,
Adolph Lewisohn, Mr. Clement Moore, George T. Powell.

Chairman, Board of Directors: F. R. Pierson.

Treasurer: F. R. Newbold.

Executive Secretary: Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson.

Secretary : (left vacant nntil the September meeting)

Committees Were Appointed As Follows:

Finance: Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, Mr. F. R. Newbold, Mr. F. R. Pierson.

Lecture: Airs. Samuel Sloan, Chairman; Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Mr.
Leonard Barron.

Exhibition: Mr. James Stuart with the right to name his own committee.

Journal: Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman; Dr. E. B. Southwick, Mrs.
Elizabeth Peterson.

Library: Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Chairman; Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Mr.
Henry L duPont.

Resolution Adopted
On motion of Mr. Cromwell, that Mr. Pierson, Mr. Havemeyer and
Mr. Newbold be appointed a committee of three to choose a new manager
for the Gladiolus and Dahlia Shows, and to report to the Board in Sep-
tt'mber.

AWARDS AT THE MAY FLOWER SHOW

May 1 1- 13, 1923

Open to all — Cut Floivers

Class 3. Collection of herbaceous plants, to cover fifty square feet —
1st Prize, Mr. H. P. Rogers.

Class 4. Collection of Shrubs and Trees, to cover seventy-five square
feet — 1st Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 6. Twenty-four vases of Orchids in variety — ist Prize, Lager &
Hurrell.

Plants

Class 7. Twelve Calceolarias, large-flowering — ist Prize, Mrs. B. G.
Work. 2nd Prize, Mr. George F. Baker.

Class 8. Twelve Calceolarias, small-flowering — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A.
Constable.

Class 10. Six Pelargoniums — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 12. Twenty-five Calla Elliottiana — ist Prize, John Lewis Childs,
Inc.

AMATEURS

Class 16. ColLction of Tulips, to cover fifty square feet — ist Prize,
Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 18. Six vases of Tulips, six varieties, five blooms to a vase — ist
Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 19. Vase of Tulips in variety, twenty-five blooms— ist Prize, Mr,
George F, Baker. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Frederick H, Allen,

Class 20. Six vases of Narcissus, six blooms to a vase — ist Prize, Mrs,
Frederick H. Allen.

SSO

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 21. Collection of herbaceous plants, to cover twenty-five square
feet — 1st Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 22. Collection of Shrubs and Trees, to cover fifty square feet —
1st Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 25. One vase of Antirrhinum, not less than ten spikes — ist Prize,
Mr. Clarence H. Mackay. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory. 3rd Prize,
Mr. George F. Baker.

Class 26. Twelve vases of Orchids in varietv — ist Prize, Mr. George
F. Baker.

SILVER MEDALS

Carnations — Mrs. Robert Mallory.
Carnations — Mr. Clarence H. Mackay.

SPECIAL MENTION

Collection of Hyacinths — Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.
Sweet Peas — Mrs. L. N. Skidmore.

SPECIALS

Hydrangeas — Mrs. Robert Mallory.
Special — Mrs. F. A. Constable.
Dahlias — Mrs. John T. Pratt.
Lupins — Mrs. L. N. Skidmore.
Roses — Mrs. L. N. Skidmore.
Tomatoes— Mrs. L. N. Skidmore.
Ferns — F. R. Pierson.

AWARDS AT THE PEONY SPIOW

American Museum of Natural History, June 9-10, 1923
Open to all

Class I. Best display of Peonies to cover 200 square feet. Any or all
tvpes — 1st Prize and S v-er Medal of The Horticultural Society of New
York. Cedar Hill Nursery. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc. 3rd Prize,
bobbink & Atkins.

Class 2. Collection of fifty named varieties, double, one flower of each—
1st Prize, Howe-Underhil! Co. 2nd Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 3. Collection of twenty-five named varieties, double, one flower of
each— ist Prize, Cedar Hill Nursery. 2nd Prize, Cottage Gardens Co.

Class 4. Collection of twelve named varieties, double, one flower of
each — 1st Prize, Cottage Gardens Co. 2nd Prize, Howe-Underhill Co.

Class 5. Collection of twelve named varieties, single and Japanese, one
flower of each — ist Prize, Cottage Gardens Co. 2nd Prize, Cedar Hill
Nursery.

Class 6. Collection of six named double varieties, white, three flowers
of each — ist Prize, Cottage Gardens Co. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 7. Collection of six named double varieties, dark pink, three
flowers of each— ist Prize, Cottage Gardens Co. 2nd Prize, Wyomissing
Nursery Co.

Class 8. Collection of gix named double varieties, light pink, three
flowers of cach--ist Prize, Cottage Gardens Co. 2nd Prize, Mr. Charles
E. Hoyt.

Class 9. Collection of six named double varieties, red or crimson, three
flowers of each— 1st Prize, Cottage Gardens Co. 2nd Prize, Cedar Hill
Nursery.

SSI

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 10. One specimen bloom, any variety — ust Prize, Movilla Gardens.
2nd Prize. S. G. Harris.

Class II. Six specimen blooms, any variety, long stems — ist Prize,
Movilla Gardens. 2nd Prize, Howe-Underhill Co.

Amateurs

Class 12. Best display of Peonies to cover lOO square feet. Any or all
types — 1st Prize and Silver Medal of the American Peony Society, Mr.
Howard Phipps. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Henry Rogers Mallory. 3rd Prize,
Mr. T. F. Donahue.

Class 13. Collection of twenty-five named varieties, double, one flower
of each — ist Prize, Mr. Charles E. Hoyt. 2nd Prize, Mr. T. F. Donahue.

Class 14. Collection of twelve named varieties, double, one flower of
each — 1st Prize, Mr. Charles E. Hoyt. 2nd Prize, Mr. Eugene W. Howe.

Class 15. Vase of six blooms^ pink, one variety — ist Prize, Mr. Eugene
W. Howe. 2nd Prize, Mr. John T. Pratt.

Class 16. Vase of six blooms, white, one variety — ist Prize. Mr. Charles
E. Hoyt. 2nd Prize, Mr. Eugene W. Howe.

Class 17. Vase of six blooms, red, one variety — ist Prize, Mr. Charles
E. Hoyt. 2nd Prize, Mr. T. F. Donahue.

SPECIALS

Display of Aquilegia hybrids — Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Display of Tree Peonies, Iris and Eremurus robustus — Cedar Hill Nur-
sery.

Collection of Seedlings, Dutch Iris — Flowerdale Bulb & Plant Co.

Display of Lemoine Philadclphus, Aquilegia and Tree Peonies — Wyo-
missing Nurseries Companv.

Collection of Cut Orchids — Lager & Hurrcll.

CERTIFICATES OF MERIT

Iris laevigata alba purpurea — Mr. J. A. Kemp.

Tree Peony Madame Louis Henry — Cedar Hill Nursery.

FLOWER SHOW FIXTURES

Gladiolus Show

August ,-^d, 4th and 5th, at the New York Botanical Garden.

Dahlia Show

September 21st, 226. and 23d, at the New York Botanical Gar-
den.

Chrysanthemuin Show

November 8th to nth, at .American Museum of Natural His-
tory.

International Flower Show, 1924

March 17th to 24th, Oand Central Palace, New York.

552

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

Journal, Quarterly. Subscription price, $i.oo a year; free to
members.

Memoirs Vol. i. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Breeding and Hybridization, New York,
1902, price, $2.00,

Vol. II. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Hardiness and Acclimatization, New York,
1907, price, $2.00.

Address: Office of the Society, 598 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

INCORPORATED, 1902

President

T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-President

N. L. BRITTON J. W. CROMWELL

WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. S. HARKNESS MRS. PAYNE WHITNEY

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEORGE T. POWELL

Chairman, Board of Directors
F. R. PIERSON

Retiring 1924
Dr. N. L. Britton
Mr. T, a. Havemeyer
Mr. F. R. Newbold
Mr. F, R. Pierson
Mr. John Scheepers
Mrs. Samuel Sloan

Directors

Retiring 1925
Mr. F. L. Atkins
Mr. James W. Cromwell
Mr. William A. Delano
Dr. H. a. Gleason
Mrs. Robert C. Hill
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
Dr. E. B. Southwick

Retiring ig26
Mr. Robert T. Brown
Mr. John Canning
Mr. I. S. Hendrickson
Mr. John Lager
Mr. J. A. Manda
Mr. W. B. Thompson
Mr. James Stuart

Treasurer
F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Executive Secretary
MRS. ELIZABETH PETERSON

Members of the Women's Auxiliary

MRS. W. K. DRAPER
MRS. C. LEDYARD BLAIR
MRS. HUGH D. AUCHINCLOSS
MRS. GUY FAIRFAX GARY
MRS. L. S. CHANLER
MRS. PAUL FITZSIMONS

MRS. E. S. HARKNESS
MISS ANNE MORGAN
MRS. H. L. SATTERLEE
MRS. CHAS. H. SENFF
MISS EDITH WETMORE
MRS. HAROLD I. PRATT

MRS. CHAS. H. STOUT

journal ^

ot ttie

||or ticultural ^octetp of ^etu Jorfe

Vol. III. ift^^^^^^ NOVEMBER

No. 12 ^^^^^H 1923

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

Publication 0£Roe
GARDEN CITY, L. I., N. Y.

CONTENTS

Page
Activities of the Society:

Mr. Newbold Becomes Secretary. 553

Contents of the Journal 553

Programme of Events 554

Mr. Frederick R. Newbold (Portrait) 555

Amendment to the Constitution 556

National State Park Conference 556

Accessions to the Library 557

Extracts from Proceedings:

Directors Meeting, October 17, 1923 559

Awards at the Gladiolus Show 559

Awards at the Dahlia Show 560

Awards at the Chrysanthemimi Show 563

TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLS. I TO III INCLUSIVE

Office and Library:
BANKERS TRUST BUILDING 598 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK

COMMITTEES 1923-24

Finance
Mr. T. a. Havemeyer Mr. F. R. Pierson
Mr. F. R. Newbold

Lecture
Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Chairman
Mrs. Robert C. Hill Mr. Leonard Barron

Exhibition
Mr. James Stuart, Chairman
Mr. R. T. Brown Mr. J. E. Lager

Mr. John Canning Mr. A. J. Manda

Mr. H. a. Gleason Mr. J. A. Manda

Mr. L S. Hendrickson Mr. John Scheepers
Mr. C. H. Totty

Journal

Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman

Dr. E. B. Southwick Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson

Library
Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Chairman
Mrs. Samuel Sloan Mr. Henry L duPont

The International Flower Show, 1924
F. R. Pierson, Chairman
Mr. F. R. Newbold Mr. Joseph A. Manda

Mr. T. a. Havemeyer Mr. John Canning
Mr. James Stuart Mr. F. L. Atkins

Mr. John Scheepers

8

"^

Journal

of tfje

horticultural ^ocietp of iSeto ^orfe

ISSUED QUARTERLY

VOL. Ill, No. 12. NOVEMBER, 1923

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIETY

MR. NEWBOLD BECOMES SECRETARY

^^T^ HE members of the Horticultural Society of New York will
A learn with much pleasure that Mr. Frederic R. Newbold
who so diligently served the Society from its inception as treasurer
now becomes also secretary.

In thus combining the two offices with the one person the direc-
tors have but acknowledged the fact that for a long time past the
chief burden of operating the Society's afifairs has fallen on the
shoulders of its devoted friend and charter member, Mr. Frederic
R. Newbold, to whom the present status of the standing of the So-
ciety and the operation of the International Flower Shows has been
very largely due. The members are to be congratulated on the
fact of Mr. Newbold's acceptance of the office and it is further
hoped that every member will rally to the support of their newly
elected secretary.

CONTENTS OF THE JOURNAL

IN THE hope of further developments and improvements of
the Society's Journal the present issue which concludes Vol-
ume HI carries with it a complete list of contents to all the
numbers that have been published up to and including the present.
Again the directors ask the active support of the membership in
furthering the interest of the Journal. Members are invited to
contribute letters or accounts of their experiences in gardening

553

THE IIOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

activities and especially with regard t<i the hehavior of plants, etc.,
in the New York area. With the hearty support of the members
the Journal can easily be made to assume an important place as a
vehicle for the records of gardenini^- activities and experiences.
Esj^ecially the memi)ers are asked to contrilnite notes on their ob-
servations during the past year.

PROGRAMME OF EVENTS

Xovcmbcr S-ii, nj2;, al the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, 77th Street and Central Park West. , Fall Chrysanthemum
Show.

Private view for meml)ers November 8th, from 7 to 10 i-. m.
I'riday to Sunda}- free to the public.

December i^, ip2-^, at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, at 3 :30 p. M.
Lecture: "Rock Gardens," illustrated.

By Mr. Montague Free, Florticulturist, lirooklyn P)Otanic
Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.

January 10, 19-4, at the American Museum of Natural Fiis-
tory, at 3 130 p. i\i .

Lecture: "Progress of ( iardcn Design in America," illustrated.
By Mr. Ferruccio X'jtaee, Landscape Architect.
February 14. 1^24, at the American Museuni of Natural His-
tory at 3 130 p. M.
Lecture: "Good b'ruits for the Home (iarden," illustrated.

By Dr. U. P. Hedrick, Horticulturist, New ^'ork State
Agricultural Experiment Station, ( ieneva, N. Y.

MarcJi ly-s^, 1924, at Grand Central Palace, Lexington Avenue

& 46th Street. New York City.

Eleventh Annual International Spring Flower Show
April 10, ic)24, at the American Museum of Natural Historv

at 3 :30 p. M.

Lecture: "Preliminar\- Studies in the Cse of Artificial Light in

the (irowth of Plants."" illustrated.

By Prof. Hugh F'indeay, il Sc. Ag., A. M., Department of

Agriculture, Columbia University. New York.

554

FREDERIC RHINELANDER NEWBOLD

Continuously lieasurer of the Society from its
beginning and also Secretary since October 17, 1923

555

rill': iKiK'rici'i.nuAi, sn(!p;iN oi-' mow vokk

AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION

At the -Annual Meeting, May 12, 1923, it was voted that
Article VII of the Constitution be amended to read as follows:

"Each Annual Member shall pay to the treasurer annually the
sum of $10.00. Members may become Life Members by paying
$100.00 at any one time."

NATIONAL STATE PARK CONFERENCE

AT THE third conference on the National State Parks held
at Turkey Run Park, Indiana. May 7th, 8th and 9th, Mrs.
Samuel Sloan represented the Horticultural Society of New York.
About two hundred people were present, which included repre-
sentatives appointed by the governors of the states and associa-
tions interested in the preservation of forest and wild life. The
conference is organized to be a clearing-house for all information
tending to the protection of parks and stimulation of interest in
their establishment.

The session was opened with a welcoming address l)y the Hon.
Warren T. McCray, Governor of Indian.'.

The reports of the work for the establishment of State Parks,
forestry and wild flower preservation were intensely interesting
and gratifying to those whose love and work for the things of na-
ture brought them [o the Third National Conference at Turkey
Run Park, the message accruing from it, the State Wide Park
Plan, the preservation of historical spots and the beautifying of
the surroundings of historical marks which mean more than just
stones set in the highway- — they are symbols of an idea which
should be clothed in such beauty as to stamp our reverence for
the accomplishments of the past and our hope for continued effort
toward the inspiration and work of the future.

556

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ACCESSIONS TO THE LIBRARY

Loaned by Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston.
(Continued)
Sweet-scented Flowers and Fragrant Leaves
Salad for the Solitary

The Language of Plowers
Plower Lore

The Little Garden

Pages from a Garden Note-Book

The Well- Considered Garden

The Amateur Garden

Joy in Gardens

With the Wild Flowers

Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky

Mountains
The Florists' Manual

Wild Flower Preservation

Encyclopedia of Gardening
Alpine Flowers and Rock Gardens
The Chronicle of a Cornish Garden '
Plant Names — Scientific and Popular
Field Book of American Wild Flowers

In a City Garden

A Garden of Simples

Walks and Talks of an American Farmer

in England
Gleanings on Gardens
Herbarium Leonardi Fuchsy
Wet Days at Edgewood
The Shadow of the Flowers

Donald McDonald
Published by Lam-
port, Blakeman &
Law
Robert Tyas
Published by Bel-
fast, McCaw,
Stevenson & Orr
Mrs. Francis King
Mrs. Francis King
Mrs. Francis King
George W. Cable
Mary Elizabeth

Brown
Maud Going

Stewardson Brown
Published by Henry

Colburn
May Coley & Chas.

A. Weatherby
Walter P. Wright
Walter P. Wright
Harry Roberts
A. B. Lyons
F. Schuyler Math-
ews

J. R. Aitken
Martha B. Flint
Frederick L. Olm-

stead
S. Felton

Donald G. Mitchell
From the poems of

Thomas Bailey

Aldrich

557

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Home and Garden
Annuals and Biennials
Our Sentimental Garden

Herbals

Garden Design in Theory & Practice
Studies of a Plant-Lover

The Small Place

A White Paper Garden

Memories of Gardens

Garden-Graft, Old and New

My Garden

Color Standards and Color Nomenclature

Botanical Names for English Readers

Vick's Flower &: Vegetable Garden

A Dictionary of Modern Gardening

A Garden of Peace

A Guide to the Wild Flowers

The Book of Tea

Messages of Flowers

Gardening Don'ts
More Gardening Don'ts
Stately Homes of California
American Rose Annuals 1916-1922 inch

Gertrude Jekyll
Gertrude Jekyll
Agnes & Egerton

Castle
Agnes Arber (Mrs.

E. A. Newell Ar-
ber)
Madeline .Vgar
Elizal)eth A\'illiams

Perry
Elsa Rehmann
Sara Andrew Sha-

fer
Alexander I n n e s

Shand
John D. Sedding
Louise Beebe Wilder
Robert Ridgway
Randal H. Alcock
James Vick
George William

Johnson
¥. Frankfort Moore
Alice Lounsberry
Okakura-Kakuzo
Compiled by George

H. O'Ne'iU
Marion Chappell
Marion Chappell
Porter Garnett
Edited by J. Horace

McFarland

Presented bv Mrs. Herman A. Heydf

Apples of New York. \'ols. t iK: 2
Cherries of New York
Peaches of New York

Professor U. P. Hedrick
Professor U. P. Hedrick
Professor U. P. PTedrick

558

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

EXTRACTS FROM PROCEEDINGS OF
THE SOCIETY

DIRECTORS' MEETING, OCTOBER 17, 1923
Mr. F. R. Pierson, Chairman of the Board, Presiding.

Elected as Annual Member : Mr. James Boyd.

Transfers from Annual to Life Membership: Mr. M. D. FoUin,
Mrs. Richard Aldrich, Mr. Charles L. Brinsmade, Mrs. Conde R. Thorn,
Miss Grace G. Lyman. Mr. Oscar Lichtenstein, Miss Emily Tuckerman,
Mr. William Inglis, Mrs. Samuel Fuller, Mrs. John R. McGinley, Miss
Fanny Norris, Mr. T. F. Donahue, Mr. J. Keur, Mr. G. E. Baldwin, Dr.
F. D. Crane, Miss Anne Depew Paulding, Mrs. John B. Trevor, Mr. J. A.
Manda, Miss Bertha Pagenstetcher, Mrs. S. A. Brown, Mr. L. J. Muller,
Mr. Robert Simpson, Mr. John E. Lager. Mrs. Henry W. deForest, Mrs.
Peter Fletcher, Mrs. Carl S. Petrasch, Mrs. Eberhard Faber, Dr. H. A.
Gleason, Mrs. Harry L. Hamlin, Dr. L. Hosford Abel.

The Chairman of the Exhibition Committee, Mr. James Stuart, reported
the personnel of his committee as follows :

R. T. Brown L S. Hendrickson C. H. Totty

John Canning J. E. Lager J. A. Manda

H. A. Gleason A. J. Manda John Scheepers

Mr. Frederic R. Newbold was elected secretary of the Society.

Resolved : That the treasurer be and is hereby authorized to make an
appeal to the membership in order to underwrite the extremely heavy list of
premiums for the Fall Show.

AWARDS AT GLADIOLUS SHOW

New York Botanical Garden, August 3-5, 1923

Open to All

Class I. Largest and best collection of named varieties, covering one
hundred and fifty square feet, not less than twenty-five varieties, correctly
named — ist Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 2. Largest and best collection of named varieties, Primulinus Hy-
brids, covering fifty square feet, not less than ten varieties, correctly named
— Gold Medal, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 3. Vase of twelve spikes, White, one variety — ist Prize, John
Scheepers, Inc. 2nd Prize, J. A. Kemp.

Class 4. Vase of twelve spikes. Red. one variety — ist Prize, John
Scheepers, Inc. 2nd Prize, Charles B. Webb.

Class 5. Vase of twelve spikes. Crimson, one variety — ist Prize, John
Scheepers, Inc. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs. Inc.

Class 6. Vase of twelve spikes, Pink, one variety — ist Prize. John
Scheepers, Inc. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs. Inc.

Class 7. Vase of twelve spikes. Yellow, one variety — ist Prize. John
Scheepers, Inc. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 8. Vase of twelve spikes. Blue or Lavender, one variety — ist
Prize, John Scheepers, Inc. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 9. Vase of twelve spikes, Purple, one variety — ist Prize, John
Scheepers, Inc. 2nd Prize. John Lewis Childs, Inc.

559

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class in. \^ase of twelve spikes, any other color, one variety — ist Prize,
John Schcepers, Inc. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class II. Vase of twelve spikes, Lemoinei type, one variety — ist Prize,
John Schecpers, Inc. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 12. Vase of twelve spikes, Primulinus Hybrids, one variety — ist
Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 13. Vase of twelve spikes, Ruflled, one variety — ist Prize, John
Schcepers, Inc.

Plain Pctalcd J'aricties

Class 23. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each. Red — 1st Prize,
John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 24. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each. Pink — ist
Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 25. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each. White — ist
Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 26. Three vases, three varietes, three spikes each. Purple — ist
Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Class 27. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each, Yellow — ist
Prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc.

Priiniiliiius Hybrids

Class 30. Three vases, three varieties, three spikes each, Pink — ist
Prize, John Schcepers, Inc.

Seedlings

Class 35. Six spikes best new seedlings, any type — ist Prize — Silver
Medal, Cedar Hill Nursery. Special Prize — Silver Medal, J. A. Kemp.
Honorable Mention, George J. Joerg. Honorable Mention, E. M. Sanford.

For Non-Coin iiicrcial Grozvcrs

Class 38. Vase of five spikes. Pink, one variety — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A.
Constable.

Class 45. Vase of five spikes, Primulinus Hybrids, one variety — ist

Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Special

Exhibit of unnamed Seedlings — Special Prize and Silver Medal, J. A.
Kemp.

Vase of La Couronne — Special Prize, George J. Joerg.

Non-Competitive

Gold Medal John Schcepers

Special Prize E. M. Sanford

Special Prize Cedar Hill Nursery

AWARDS AT DAHLIA SHOW

New "S'ork Botanical Garden, September 21-23, 1923

Open to All

Class I. Collection of named varieties, not less than six types and fifty
varieties, covering one hundred and fifty square feet. Flowers on short

560

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Stems — 1st Prize, Miss Myra Valentine. 2nd Prize, C. Louis Ailing. 3rd
Prize, Alfred E. Doty. Special Prize, Mills & Company.

Class 2. Vase of singles, eighteen blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory. 2nd Prize, Mills & Company.
3rd Prize, A. F. Clark.

Class 3. Vase of Collarettes, eighteen blooms, one or more varieties,
long stems — ist Prize, C. Louis Ailing. 2nd Prize, Charles H. Totty Com-
pany. 3rd Prize, A. F. Clark.

Class 4. Vase of Peony-flowered, twelve blooms, one or more varieties,
long stems — ist Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen. 2nd Prize, Charles H. Totty
Corrysany. 3rd Prize, Mills & Company.

Class 5. Vase of Cactus, twelve blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Alfred E. Doty. 2nd Prize, C. Louis Ailing. 3rd Prize,
Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Class 6. Vase of Hybrid Cactus, twelve blooms, one or more varieties,
long stems — ist Prize, Alfred E. Doty. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.
3rd Prize, Mills & Company.

Class 7. Vase of Decorative, twelve blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Charles H. Totty Company. 2nd Prize, Miss Myra
Valentine. 3rd Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 8. Vase of Show or Hybrid Show, twelve blooms, one or more
varieties, long stems — ist Prize, Charles H. Totty Company. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Harold L Pratt. 3rd Prize, C. Louis Ailing.

Class 9. Vase of Pompons, eighteen blooms, one or more varieties, long-
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen. 2nd Prize, Lester B. Linsley.. 3rd
Prize, C. Louis Ailing.

Class 10. Display covering fifty square feet, arranged for effect, other
foliage may be used — ist Prize — Silver Medal, Mrs. F. H. Allen. 2nd
Prize — Bronze Medal, Mills & Company.

Class II. Vase of Red blooms, twelve of one variety, long stems — ist
Prize, Mrs. Albert Strauss. 2nd Prize, Charles H. Totty Company. 3rd
Prize, Lester B. Linsley.

Class 12. Vase of White blooms, twelve of one variety, long stems —
1st Prize, C. Louis Ailing. 2nd Prize, Charles H. Totty Company.

Class 13. Vase of Yellow blooms, twelve of one variety, long stems —
1st Prize, C. Louis Ailing. 2nd Prize, Charles H. Totty Company. 3rd
Prize, Alfred E. Doty.

Class 14. Vase of Pink blooms, twelve of one variety, long stems — ist
Prize, C. Louis Ailing. 2nd Prize, Lester B. Linsley.

Class 15. Vase of Vari-colored Dahlias, twelve of one variety, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. William H. Truesdale. 2nd Prize, Charles H.
Totty Company. 3rd Prize, Lester B. Linsley.

Class 16. Vase any other color Dahlia, twelve of one variety, long
stems — 1st Prize, C. Louis Ailing. 2nd Prize, Alfred E. Doty. 3rd Prize,
Lester B. Linsley.

Class 17. Vase of Dahlias, arranged for effect — ist Prize, Alfred E.
Doty. 2nd Prize, Miss Rosalie Weikert. 3rd Prize, C. Louis Ailing.

Class 18. Basket of Dahlias, arranged for effect — ist Prize, Miss Rosalie
Weikert. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Walter G. Welsch.

Class 19. Centerpiece for table — ist Prize, Miss Rosalie Weikert. 2nd
Prize, Mills & Company.

Class 20. Six blooms, new variety, any type, not exhibited previous to
1923 — 1st Prize & Certificate of Merit, W. H. Waite. 2nd Prize, C. Louis
Ailing. Certificate of Merit, Charles H. Totty Company.

561

THI' IKiK riClil.ll'KAl. SoCliri'N OK NTEW V()RK

Non-Couniici'cial

Class 21. Display of named varieties, to cover seventy- five square feet,
not less than twenty-five varieties, flowers on short stems — ist Prize, James
A. Macdonald. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt. 3rd Prize, William J.
Matheson.

Class 22. Vase of Singles, twelve blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, James A. Macdonald. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.
3rd Prize, Mrs. W. F. Henchen.

Class 24. Vase of Peony-flowered, eight blooms, one or more varieties,
long stem.s — ist Prize, Mrs. William H. Truesdale. 2nd Prize, Mrs. John
A. Topping. 3rd Prize, Mrs. Roliert Mallory.

Class 25. Vase of Cactus, eight blooms, one or mure varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. W. F. Flenchen. 2nd Prize, Mrs. William H.
Truesdale.

Class 26. Vase of Hybrid Cactus, eight blooms, one or more varieties,
long stems — ist Prize, Mrs. William H. Truesdale. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. A.
Constable. 3rd Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Class 27. Vase of Decorative, eight blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. John A. Topping. 2nd Prize, Mrs. W. F. Henchen.
3rd Prize, Mrs. Robert Alallory.

Class 28. Vase of Show or Hybrid Show, eight blooms, one or more
varieties, long stems — ist Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs.
William H. Truesdale. 3rd Prize, Leo Ritter.

Class 29. Vase of Pompons, twelve blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen. 2nd Prize, Mrs. W. F. Henchen.

Class 30. Vase of twenty-five blooms, arranged for effect, other foliage
may be used — ist Prize, Mrs Harold L Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Amateurs Only

Class 31. Display of named varieties, not less than four types, twenty-
five blooms, short stems — ist Prize, Leo Ritter. 2nd Prize, August E.
Thatcher.

Class 32. Vase of Singles, five blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Thomas P. Hollingsworth.

Class 33. Vase of Collarettes, five blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Thomas P. Hollingsworth.

Class 34. Vase of Peony-flowered, five blooms, one or more varieties,
long stems — ist Prize, Leo Ritter. 2nd Prize, Miss Maude M. Wilson.

Class 35. Vase of Cactus, five blooms, one or more varieties, long stems
— ist Prize, Mrs. H. D. Thomas. 2nd Prize, Miss Maude M. Wilson.

Class 36. Vase of Hybrid Cactus, five blooms, one or more varieties,
long stems — ist Prize, Miss Maude M. Wilson. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. D.
Thomas.

Class 37. Vase of Decorative, five blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Leo Ritter. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. D. Thomas.

Class 38. Vase of Show or Hybrid Show, five blooms, one or more
varieties, long stems— ist Prize, Leo Ritter. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Class 39. Vase of Pompons, five blooms, one or more varieties, long
stems — 1st Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. D. Thomas.

For Garden Clubs Only

Class 42. Centerpiece for table, other flowers may be used, Dahlias to
predominate — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. E. Cott. 2nd Prize, Mrs. William L.
Pierce, Jr.

Class 43. Vase for table, other flowers may be used. Dahlias to pre-
dominate— 1st Prize, Mrs. Frank M. Chapman.

562

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Open to All

Class 45. Collection of Hardy Annuals, twelve vases and twelve vari-
eties— 1st Prize, Mrs. A. J. Moulton. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Class 46. Collection of Hardy Perennials, eight vases and twelve vari-
eties—ist Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen. 2nd Prize, Charles H. Totty Company.

Specials

Collection of Outdoor Flowers, arranged for effect — Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Exhibit of Gladiolus — Four Varieties — Mrs. A. j. Moulton.

Exhibit of Gladiolus — Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Display of Dahlias — Thomas P. Hollingsworth.

Basket Myra Valentine — Mills & Company.

Special Exhibit — Charles H. Totty Co.

Exhibit of Tuberous Begonias — J. Keur.

Certificates of Merit

Vase of Dahlias — Mrs. W. F. Henchen.
36 Varieties of Dahlias — John Magee.

Silver Medal
Vase of Ambassador — Mrs. W. F. Henchen.

AWARDS AT THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW AND FALL
EXHIBITION

American Museum of Natural History
November 8-1 1, 1923

■ CHRYSANTHEMUMS— PLANTS
Open to All

Class I. Specimen Bushes, any color, any type — ist Prize, Pembroke
Estate. 2nd Prize, William Boyce Thompson. 3rd Prize, Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Class 2. Specimen Standards, any color, any type — ist Prize, Pembroke
Estate. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class 3. Specimen Odd Shapes, any color, any type — ist Prize, Dr. E.
A. Campbell. 2nd Prize, Pembroke Estate.

Class 4. Twelve plants in variety, any types in pots not over 8 in.^ — ist
Prize, Pembroke Estate. 2nd Prize, Samuel Untermyer.

Class 5. Six plants in variety, any types in pots not over 8 in. — ist
Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers. 2nd Prize, Pembroke Estate.

CHR \ SA N THEM UMS—C U T FL O WERS

For Non-Commercial Growers
Stems not less than 2 ft.

Class 6. Vase of one or more varieties, arranged for effect, any foliage
— 1st Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize, Mrs. W. Redmond Cross.
3rd Prize, W. R. Coe.

Stenis iS i)u'hes

Class 7. Ten vases in ten varieties, three blooms each — ist Prize, Mrs.
Payne Whitney.

563

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 8. Five vases in live varieties, ihrec blooms each — isl Prize, \V.
R. Coe. 2ncl Prize, Samuel Untermyer. 3rd Prize, Pembroke Estate.

Class 9. Collection of 12 varieties, one each — ist Prize, William 15.
Thompson. 2nd Prize, J. Insley Blair.

Class 10. Collection of 6 varieties, one each — ist Prize, W. R. Coe. 2nd
Prize, Pembroke Estate.

Fk'c Tcniitiial Sprays to one vase, not less than five flozvers to a spray,
stems not to exceed 18 in.

Class IL Collection of Singles, 12 varieties — ist Prize, Miss Susan D.
Bliss. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 12. Collection of Singles, 6 varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. Paul Moore.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class 1,3. Collection of Pompons, 6 varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. John T.
Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 3rd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 14. Collection of Pompons, 12 varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. John T.
Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class 15. Vase of Singles, arranged for effect — ist Prize, Mrs. W.
Redmond Cross. 2nd Prize, Dr. E. A. Campbell.

Class 16. Vase of Pompons, arranged for effect — ist Prize, Dr. H A.
Campbell. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Charles Mallory.

Class 17. Collection of Anemones, 6 varieties, 3 blooms each, stems not
less than 24 inches — ist Prize, Mrs. E. E. Smathers. 2nd Prize, Mrs.
Payne Whitney.

William Barr Memorial Fund Prise

Class 18. Group of cut blooms arranged for eft'ect, covering 100 sq. ft.,
any foliage — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize, Otto H. Kahn.

For Commercial Growers
Stems not less than 15 inches, all named kinds

Class 19. Collection of 20 varieties, one of each variety — ist Prize,
Charles H. Totty Company.

Class 20. Ten vases in ten varieties, 3 blooms to vase — ist Prize, Charles
H. Totty Company.

Five Terminal Sprays to a vase, not less than fii<e flowers to a spray,
stems not to exceed iS in.

Class 21. Collection of Pompons, 12 varieties — ist Prize, Charles H.
Totty Company. 2nd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 22. Collection of Singles, 12 varieties — ist Prize, Charles H.
Totty Company.

ROSES— CUT FLOWERS
For Non-Commercial Groivers

Class 23. Eighteen White — ist Prize, J. Insley Blair. 2nd Prize, Joseph
P. Day.

Class 24. Eighteen Red— ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize, J.
Insley Blair.

Class 25. Eighteen Pink — Columbia Shade — ist Prize, W. R. Coe. 2nd
Prize, J. Insley Blair.

564

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 26. Eighteen Light Pink — Opheha Siiade- 1st Prize, Mrs. F. A.
CVjnstable. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford.

Class 27. Eighteen Dark Pink — Premier Shade — ist Prize, Joseph P.
Day. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford.

Class 28. Eighteen Yellow — ist Prize, Mrs. Roswell Eldridge. 2nd
Prize, Countess Mildred Holnstein.

Class 29. Vase of 50 assorted, arranged for effect — ist Prize, W. R.
Coe. 2nd Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford.

ROSES
For Commercial Grozvers

Class 30. Fifty White — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 31. Fifty Red— ist Prize, L. B. Coddington. 2nd Prize, F. R.
Pierson.

Class 32. Fifty Pink — Columbia Shade — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington.
2nd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 33. Fifty Light Pink — Ophelia Shade — ist Prize, Charles H.
Totty Company. 2nd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 34. Fifty Dark Pink — Premier Shade — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.
2nd Prize, Charles H. Totty Company.

Class 35. Fifty Yellow — ist Prize, Charles H. Totty Company. 2nd
Prize, L. B. Coddington.

Class 36. New meritorious variety, not in commerce — Silver Medal,
Charles H. Totty Company. Certificate of Merit, F. R. Pierson.

CARNATIONS— cur FLOWERS
For N on-C ommercial Grozvers

Class 27- Eighteen White — ^ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize,
Pembroke Estate.

Class 38. Eighteen Enchantress Shade — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford.
2nd Prize, George G. Mason.

Class 40. Eighteen Lawson Shade — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford.
2nd Prize, George G. Mason.

Class 41. Eighteen Scarlet — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize,
George F. Baker.

Class 42. Eighteen Crimson — ist Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory. 2nd
Prize, W. R. Coe.

Class 43. Eighteen Yellow — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize,
L. L. Dunham.

Class 44. Eighteen Vari-colored — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd
Prize, W. R. Coe.

Class 45. For a new meritorious variety, not in commerce — Silver
Medal, J. Insley Blair.

FOLIAGE AND DECORATIVE PLANTS
For N on-Commercial Growers

Class 46. Group of greenhouse plants arranged for artistic effect, to
occupy 100 sq. ft. — ist Prize, William Boyce Thompson.

Class 48. Collection of fall fruiting shrubs and trees. Cut branches ar-
ranged for effect, covering 25 square feet — ist Prize, Samuel Untermyer.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

565

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 49. Display of Begonias, tuberous-rooted, 12 plants— ist Prize,
Mrs. Whitelaw Reid. 2nd Prize, J. Insley Blair.

Class 50. Display of Begonias, Gloire de Lorraine type, 12 plants — 1st
Prize, William Boyce Thompson. 2nd Prize, Julius Roehrs Company.

Class 51. Collection of Ferns and varieties, to cover 100 sq. ft. — 1st
Prize, F. R. Pier son.

Class 52. Specimen of Cibotium Schiedei — 1st Prize, Mrs. E. E.
Smathers, 2nd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 53. Specimen of Adiantum — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson. 2nd Prize,
Pembroke Estate.

Class 54. Specimen of Goniophlebium subauriculatum — ist Prize, Mrs.
E. E. Smathers. 2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 56. Specimen of any other fern — ist Prize, Mrs. E. E. Smathers.
2nd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

ORCHIDS— PLAN TS
Open to All

Class 57. Collection, not less than twenty-five species and varieties,
covering fifty square feet of table space — i.st Prize, Lager & Hurrell.

Class 58. Collection of Hybrids, not less than twenty plants— -ist Prize,-
Arthur N. Cooley. 2nd Prize. Julius Roehrs Co.

Class 59. Six plants, six varieties — ist Prize, Julius Roehrs Co. 2nd
Prize, George Fl Baldwin

Class 60. Three plants, three varieties — ist Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.
2nd Prize, Lager & Hurrell.

Class 61. One plant — ist Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 62. For a new meritorious variety, not in commerce — Silver
Medal, Clement Moore.

Sweepstake for the best variety of orchid — Silver Medal, Arthur N.
Cooley.

Clement Moore Gold Medal, i Brasso Cattleya "B. C. Eleanor Rice" —
1"". Eugene Dixon

VEGETABLES
For Non-Coiiiincrcial Gro-wcrs

Class 64. Collection, 15 kinds, arranged for effect — ist Prize, Mrs.
Herbert L. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class 65. Brussels Sprouts, one quart — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L.
Pratt. 2nd Prize, Airs. Harold L Pratt.

Class 66. Cucumbers, two of any one variety— ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert
L. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Lewis P. Child.

Class 67. Cauliflower, three heads— ist Prize, H. L. Van Praag. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. Lewis P. Child.

Class 68. Celery, six stalks, any one variety — ist Prize, H. L. Van
Praag. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class 69. Lettuce, three heads — ist Prize, Mrs. Lewis P. Child. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class 71. Parsnips, six— ist Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

Class 72. Pumpkin, one largest and best— 1st Prize, Mrs. Herbert L.
Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.

Class 72. Tomatoes, twelve— ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. Edward Holbrook.

566

THF Tini.'TK'UI.TtTKAT. SoriFTV (W NFW YOF^':

Open to All
Class 75. Largest and best collection, not less than thirtj- kinds, ar-
ranged for effect — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt.

I'RUIT
For Non-Coiumcrcial Gro-wcrs
Class 76. Collection of Apples, six varieties, five of each — ist Prize,
Pembroke Estate. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Herliert L. Pratt.

Class 77. Collection of Pears, four varieties, five each — ist Prize, Mrs.
Herbert L. Pratt.

Class 78. Quinces, six, any one variety — ist Prize, Mrs. Herbert L.
Pratt.

Class 79. White Grapes, greenhouse, two bunches — ist Prize, Mrs. H.
M. Tilford.

Class 80. Black Grapes, greenhouse, two bunches — ist Prize, Mrs. H.
M. Tilford. 2nd Prize, Pembroke Estate.

For Co)ii)iicrcial Grozvers
Class 82. Best collection of Apples — Silver Dish, J. W. Weaver & Son.

DINNER TABLE DECORATIONS

Open to All

To be staged by i p. m., Sunday, Nov. nth.

Class 83. Table to be set for ei,ght persons. Any kind of flowers and

foliage may be used — ist Prize — Silver Dish, Mrs. W. L. Pierce, Jr. 2nd

Prize, Miss Clephane. 3rd Prize, Mrs. H. L. Gillespie.

TABLE DECORATIONS
Open to Garden Clubs or niemhers of Garden Clubs
Class 84. Centerpiece, vase or baskets for luncheon table. Any flowers
or foliage — ist Prize, Rye Garden Club. 2nd Prize, Millbrook Garden
Club.

GRAND SWEEPSTAKE PRIZE
The Society's Silver Cup for the best exhibit in the show — Mrs. Herbert
L. Pratt.

SPECIALS

Anthurium Andreanum Hybrids — Col. H. H. Rogers.

Fifty Square Feet Ferns and Cypripediums — Mrs. E. E. Smathers.

Display of Cypripediums Insigne Sanderae — Joseph Manda Company.

Display of Cyclamen — Carl Grobba, Mimico, Ontario.

Collection of Pears, Swiss Chard, Brussels Sprouts, and White Pearl
Potatoes — J. W. Weaver & Son.

Large vase of Louise Pockett Chrysanthemums — Mrs. H. M. Tilford.

Five Chrysanthemum Bushes — Mrs. F. H. Allen.

Collection oi Evergreens — Bobbink & Atkins

Display of Pompons — Mrs. Charles Mallory.

Collection of Ivy — W. A. Manda, Inc.

Templar Rose. Certificate of Merit — Cromwell Gardens.

Collection of Pompon Chrysanthemums. Silver Medal — Cromwell Gar-
dens.

Collection of Cacti. Silver Medal— W. A. Manda, Inc.

New White Begonia Aliss Elizabeth Milbank. Silver Medal— Dr. E. A.
Campbell.

Display of Cut Cattleya Veriflora. Silver Medal — F. Eugene Dixon.

567

THE HORTTCTTT.TTTRAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

INDEX TO CONTENTS OF THE JOURNAL
VOL. I TO III INCLUSIVE

SUBJECT

Announcement

Annual Report of Council, Third
Annual Report of Council, Fourth
Annual Report of Council, Fifth .
Annual Report of Council, Sixth .
Annual Report of Council, Seventh
American Florist's Ideals .
Annual Report of Council, Eighth
Annual Report of Council, Ninth
American Rose Society, Cooperation of
Annual Report of Council, Tenth.
Autumn Flowers, The Botany of Some

(N. L. Britton) .......

Annual Report of Council, Eleventh .
Annual Report of Council, Twelfth .
Annual Report of Council, Thirteenth
Annual Report of Council, Fourteenth
American Association of Park Superin

tendents. Convention of ...
Annual Report of Council, Fifteenth

Amendments to By-Laws

Annual Meeting. . . .

Annual Report of the Council, Sixteenth

Annual Report of the Council, Seven

teenth

Annual Report of the Board of Directors

Eighteenth

Annual Report of the Board of Directors

Nineteenth

Annual Report of the Board of Directors

Twentieth

Annual Report of the Board of Directors

Twenty-first

Averill, Miss Mary. "Japanese Flower

Arrangement"

Arrangements for the Session 1922-23 .

"Amateur," Defining the

Agresti, Olivia Rossetti, "Italian Gardens

and Fountains"

Annual Report of the Board of Directors,

Twenty-third

Britton, N. L. The Classification of

Cactaceae

Britton, N. L. The liotany of Some

Autumn Flowers

Botany of Some Autumn Flowers, The

(N. L. Britton)

Barr Fund, The William

By-Laws

D.-XTE

April, 1906
April, 1906
April, 1906
April, 1906
June, 1907
June, 1907
June, 1907
March, 1910
March, 19 10
July, 1 9 10
Oct. 1910

Jan. 1911
July, 191 I
July, 191 2
July, 1913
Alay, I 9 14

August, 1914
August, 1915
May, 1916
August, 1916
August, 19 1 6

August, 1917

May, 1918

May, 19 19

August, 1920

Aug. and Nov.
1921

Feb. 1922

Aug. and Nov.

1922
Feb. 1923

May, 1923

August, 1923

April, 1906

Jan. 1911

Jan. 191 1
July, 1913
Nov. 1915

ISSUE

Vol. I No. I
Vol. I No. I
Vol. I No. I
Vol. I No. I
Vol. I No. 2

Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.

I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.

Vol. 1 No. 6
Vol. I No. 8
Vol. I No. 12
Vol. I No. 16
Vol. 2 No. I

Vol. 2 No. 2
Vol. 2 No. 6
Vol. 2 No. 9
Vol. 2 No. 10
Vol. 2 No. ID

Vol. 2 No. 14

Vol. 2 No. 17

Vol. 2 No. 21

Vol. 2 No. 26

Vol. 3 Nos.
3 and 4

Vol. 3 No. 5
Vol. 3 Nos.

7 and 8
Vol. 3 No. 9

Vol. 3 No. 10

Vol. 3 No. II

Vol. I No. I

Vol. I No. 6

Vol. I No. 6
Vol. I No. 16
Vol. 2 No. 7

4
6

17
20

44
64
66

77
100

118
148
209
280
13

30
89

144
149

208
251
307
372

418
439

4SI
467

S16

53'S

15
118

118

277

568

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

SUBJECT DATE ISSUE PAGE

Corbett, L. C. "Can Sporting of Plants

Be Induced" ,. . April, 1906 Vol. i No. i 12

Cactaceae, The Classification of (N. L.

Britton) April, 1906 Vol. i No. i 15

Carnations, Past and Present (Robert

Craig) June, 1907 Vol. 1 No. 2 27

Craig, Robert. "Carnations, Past and

Present" June, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 27

Conference on Plant Hardiness and Ac-
climatization, International. . . . June, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 47

Coniferous Evergreens, Their Use in the

Landscape (George V. Nash) . . . March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 55

Chrysanthemum, A Talk on the (W. H.

Waite) March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 57

Constitution, as Amended March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 69

Cushman, Mr. G. R. "The Orchard:

Insecticides and Fungicides" . . . April, 19 12 Vol. i No. 11 193

Constitution, As Amended May 10, 1912 July, 1912 Vol. i No. 12 219

Constitution, As Amended May 12, 1923 Nov. 1923 Vol. 3 No. 12 556

Cedar and Its Relatives, The White . . Oct. 1912 Vol. i No. 13 227

Cook, Dr. Mel. T. " Possibilities of Con-
trolling Orchard Diseases" .... April, 1913 Vol. I No. 15 263

Convention of the American Association

of Park Superintendents August, 1914 Vol. 2 No. 2 30

Craig, W. N. "A Year's Vegetable

Supply from the Home Garden" . . February, 191 5 Vol. 2 No. 4 52

Constitution, Amendments to the Act of
Incorporation and Adoption of the By-
Laws . . . .^ August, 1915

Constitution November, 1915

Craig, W. N. "The Home Flower Gar-
den" February, 1916

Committees for 1922-23 Aug. and Nov.

1922

Chrysanthemum Show Feb. 1923

Country Places of Old New York (R.

Schermerhorn, Jr.) Feb. 1923

Committee "Too Alany Varieties" . . May, 1923

Committee, International Flower Show,

1924 May, 1923

Day-Lilies, or The Funkias .... Oct. 1911

Darhng, C. A. "Grapes and Grape

Culture" April, 191 2

de Vilmorin, Philippe August, 191 7

de Vilmorin, Philippe Nov. 191 7

Dahlias and Their Culture Feb. 1919

Dahlia Blooms, How to Grow the Finest

(Mrs. C. H. Stout) Nov. 1920

Death, Members Lost by Aug. and Nov.

1922

Exhibition, Spring 1910 March, 1910

Exhibition, Fall 1909 March, 191c

Exhibition, Spring 1910 July, 1910

E.xhibition, Fall 1910 Oct. 1910

Exhibition Summer, 1910 Oct. 1910

E.xhibition, Fall 1910 Jan. 1911

569

Vol.

2 No. 6

80

Vol.

2 No. 7

113

Vol.

2 No. 8

12=;

Vol.

3 Nos.

7

and 8

4.SO

Vol.

3 No. 9

465

Vol.

3 No. 9

473

Vol.

3 No. 10

505

Vol.

3 No. 10

506

Vol.

I No. 9

164

Vol.

I No. II

190

Vol.

2 No. 14

222

Vol.

2 No. 15

231

Vol.

2 No. 20

285

Vol.

2 No. 27

389

Vol.

3 Nos.

7

and 8

440

Vol.

I No. 3

40

Vol.

I No. 3

SO

Vol.

I No. 4

73

Vol.

I No. 5

Q,S

Vol.

I No. 5

96

Vol.

I No. 6

III

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

SUBJECT

Exhibitions, Monthly .

Exhibitions, Monthly

Exhibitions, National Flower Show-
Exhibitions, Summer 191 1
Exhibition, May 191 1 .
Exhibition, June 191 1 .
Exhibition, July 191 1 .
Exhibition, Fall 191 1 .
Exhibition, Gladiolus 191 1.
Exhibition, September 191 1
Exhibition, Fall, 191 1 .
Exhibitions, Monthly .
Exhibitions, Summer 191 2
Exhibition, Fall 191 2 .
Exhibitions, Summer and Fall 191 2
Exhibition, Fall 191 2

Exhibitions, Flower

Educational and Financial Importance of

Horticulture to the Community ((;. T

Powell) ....
Exhibition, Summer 1913 .
Exhibition (1913), A Large Spring
Exhibition, Fall 1913 .
Exhibition, The January
Exhibition, Sweet Pea .
E.xhibition, Fall 1914 .
Exhibitions ....
Exhibition, Fall 1914
Exhibition, The Dahlia 19
Exhibition, Spring 19 15
Exhibitions, 1915
Exhibitions, Fall 1915
E.xhibition, Fall 1915
Exhibition, Spring 1916
Exhibition, The January 19 16
Exhibition, Peony 1916.
Exhibitions, 1916
Exhibition, Fall 1916
Exhibition, Gladiolus 1916
E.xhibition, Fall 191 6 .
Exhibitions, Plower.
Exhibition, May 191 7
E.xhibition, Gladiolus 191 7
E.xhibition, Fall 1917 .
Exhibition, Gladiolus 1917
Exhibitions, Flower
Exhibition, Annual Fall
E.xhibition, June iqiS .
E.xhibition, Gladiolus iqiH
Exhibition, Dahlia 19 iS
Exhibition, Fall 191 8
Exhibitions, Flower.
Ivxhibitions, Coming
Flxhibitions. Flower
Exhibition, Dahlia, 1919
Exhibition, Fall 1919 .

DATE

I

Jan. 191 1

Vol.

Apr. 191 1

Vol.

April, 19 1 1

Vol.

July, 191 1

Vol.

July, 191 1

\^ol.

July, 191 1

Vol.

July, 191 1

Vol.

Oct. 1911

Vol.

Oct. 1911

Vol.

Oct. 19T1

Vol.

Jan. 191 2

Vol.

April, 191 2

Vol.

July, 191 2

Vol.

Oct. 191 2

\'ol.

Oct. 191 2

Vol.

Jan. 1913

Vol.

. -\pril 19 1 3

f

Vol.

April, 1913

Vol.

. July, 1913

Vol.

. July, 1913

Vol.

Nov. 1913

Vol.

Feb. 1914

Vol.

May, 1914

Vol.

August, 1914

Vol.

August, 1914

Vol-

Nov. 1914

Vol.

Nov. 1914

Vol.

Feb. 1915

Vol.

• May, 191 5

Vol.

August, 191 5

Vol.

Nov. 1915

Vol.

Feb. 1916

Vol.

Feb. 1916

Vol.

May, 1916

Vol.

May, 191 6

Vol.

August, 1916

Vol.

August, 1916

Vol.

Nov. 1916

Vol.

r^eb. 191 7

Vol.

May, 1917

Vol.

May, 1917

Vol.

August, 191 7

Vol.

. August, 191 7

Vol.

May, 1918

Vol.

August, 1918

Vol.

August, 191 8

Vol.

August, 1918

Vol.

Nov. 1918

Vol.

Nov. 1918

Vol.

May, 1919

Vol.

May, 1919

Vol.

August, 1919

Vol.

Nov. 1919

Vol.

Nov. 191 9

Vol.

ISSUE

I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I xNo.
I No.
I No.
I No.
I No.

PAGE
116

141
141
143
143
161
162
164

173
187
203

223
224
237
254

, No. 15
No. 16
: No. 16
: No. 17
: No. 18
! No. I

! No. 2
! No. 2

>No. 3
J No. 3
? No. 4
2 No. 5
J No. 6
2 No. 7
2 No. 8
I No. 8
I No. 9

1 No. 9

2 No. ID
2 No. ID

I No. 1 1

! No. 12

! No. 13
! No. 13
! No. 14
! No. 14
! No. 17
! No. 18
! No. 18
I No. 18
; No. 19
: No. 19

!No. 2 1

No. 21

■ No. 22

No. 23

No. 23

257
273
276

293

309

8

27

28

35

43

40

7'-

77

103

119

124

136

140

147

147

167

187

197

198

207

207

249

272

274

27.5

277

278

303
305
.334
337
340

570

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

SUBJECT
Exhibitions, May 1920
Exhibitions, 1920 .
Exhibition, Fall 192 1

Editor's Note

Exhibition, Fall 1921

Exhibit of The Garden Club of America.

Exhibition, Chrysanthemum ....

Exhibitions, Summer and Fall 1923 .

Exhibits of The Garden Clul) of America

Editorial, New York Times ....

Events, Forthcoming

Funkias, or The Day- Lilies ....

Fungicides and Insecticides, The Orchard:
(G. R. Cushman)

French Fruit Tree Fund of The Horticul-
tural Society of New York ....

French Fruit Tree Fund of The Horticul-
tural Society of New York ....

Fruit Trees and Ornamental Shrubs, The
Pruning of

Flowers of South Africa (E. H. Wilson) .

Flower Show Fixtures

Grapes and Grape Culture (C. A. Darling)

Gladiolus, The

Garden Club of .\merica, The Exhibit of.

Gardening Helps Citizenship, Where.

Garden Club of America, Exhibits of the

Hexamer, F. M. "Pomological Progress
in America"

Horticulture, Ideals of (James Wood)

Home Flower Garden, The (W. N. Craig)

Howe, Marshall A. "Dahlias and Their
Culture"

Hardy Herbaceous Perennials

Horticultural Quarantine, Committee On

Insects Injurious to Vegetation and Rem-
edies for Their Destruction (E. B.
Southwick) ....

Insecticides and Fungicides (G. R. Cush-
man)

Internationa] Flower Show

International Flower Show

International Flower Show

International Flower Show

International Flower Show

International Flower Show

International Flower Show

International Flower Show

International Plower Show
International Flower Show
International Flower Show, Impressions
of the

DATE

May, 1920
August, 1920
Feb. and May,

1921
Feb. and May,

1921
Feb. 1922
May, 1922
Feb. 1923
Feb. 1923
May, 1923
May, 1923
May, 1923
Oct. 1911

April, 191 2

Feb. 1918

August, 1918

ISSUE

Feb. 1920
May, 1923
August, 1923
April, 191 2
August, 1919
May, 1922
Feb. 1923
May, 1923

April, 1906
July, 1910
Feb. 1916

Feb. 1919
May, 1922
Aug. and Nov,
1922

July, 1910

Vol.
Vol.
Vol.

2 No. 25

2 No. 26
3 Nos.

and 2
3 Nos.
I and 2
Vol. 3 No. s

3 No. 6
3 No. 9
3 No. 9
3 No. 10

Vol. 3 No. 10
Vol. 3 No. 10
Vol. I No. 9

Vol.

Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.

PAGE
367
369

401

401

435
448
46s
467
499
503
505
164

Vol. I No. II 193
Vol. 2 No. 16 243
Vol. 2 No. 18 267

Vol. 2 No. 24
Vol. 3 No. 10
Vol. 3 No. II
No. II
No. 22
No. 6
No. 9
No. 10

Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.

No. 4

349
519
552
190

323

499

Vol. I No. I 10

Vol. I No. 4 77

Vol. 2 No. 8 1 25

Vol. 2 No. 20 285

Vol. 3 No. 6 451
\o\. 3 Nos.

7 and 8 457

91

April, 19 1 2

Vol.

I No. II

193

April, 19 13

Vol.

I No. 15

251

May, 1914

Vol.

2 No. I

I

May, 1 91 5

Vol.

2 No. 5

65

May, 19 1 6

Vol.

2 No. 9

L37

May, 191 7

Vol.

2 No. 13

193

May, 1918

Vol.

2 No. 17

247

May, 1920

Vol.

2 No. 25

359

Feb. and Mav,

Vol.

3 Nos.

1921

T

and 2

407

May, 1922

Vol.

3 No. 6

443

Feb. 1923

Vol.

3 No. 9

466

]\Iay, 1923

Vol.

3 No. 10

497

571

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

SUBJECT DATE

International Flower Show Committee

for 1924 May, 1923

Italian Gardens and Fountains (Olivia

Rossetti Agresti) May, 1923

Jenkins, E. "Roses: Outside and under

Glass" April, 1913

Jenkins, E. "Sweet Peas"' .... Feb. 1914
Japanese Flower Arrangement (Mary

Averill) Feb. 1922

Journal, Publication of the .... Aug. and Nov.

1922

Library, Accessions to the \ugust, 1923

Library, Accessions to the . ... Nov. 1923

Macdougal, D. T. "The Origin of

Species by Sports and Mutations " . April, 1906

Membership List, May 11, 1910 . Oct. 1910

Membership changes since May 11, 1910. Oct. 1910
Membership changes since October 12,

1910 Jan. 191 1

Membership List, May 10, 191 1 . . July, 191 1

Membership List, May 11, 1912 . July, 1912

Membership, New Jan. 1913

Membership List, May 10, 1913 . July, 1913

Membership List, May 9, 1914 May, 1914

Membership List, May 12, 1915 . August, 1915

Membership List, May 13, 1916 . August, 1916

Membership List, May 12, 191 7 . August, 191 7

Membership List May 11, 1918 . . May, 1918

Membership List, April 30, 1919 . May, 1919

Meeting date of the Society, A Definite . Feb. 1920

Membership List, April 30, 1920 . August, 1920
Morris, Robert T. "The Future of Nut

Growing" May, 1923

McFarland, J. Horace. "The Rose in

America" Feb. 1923

Nash, George V. "Useful or Economic

Plants" June, 1907

Nash, George V "Coniferous Ever-
greens: Their Use in the Landscape". . March, 1910

Notes of Interest April, 1906

Nash, George V "Winter Decorative

Shrubs" July, 1910

Nash, George V. "The Rose and Its

History" July, 1910

Nash, George V. "Transforming an Old

Swamp" Jan. 1911

Nash, George V. "Orchids Wild and

Cultivated" ^pril, 191 1

Nash, George V. "Some Common (Jr-

chids and Roses " April, 1911

Nash, George V. "The Xorlhwesl anfl

Its Fruit Industry" Jan. 1912

Northwest and Its Fruit Industry, The . Jan. 191 2

Nash, George Valentine, Memorial to . Aug. and Nov.

1921

Notice May, 1922

572

Vol.

3 No. 10

506

Vol.

3 No. 10

516

Vol.

I No. 15

264

Vol.

I No. 18

313

Vol.

3 No- 5

43Q

Vol.

3 Nos.

7 ■■

and 8

449

Vol.

3 No. 1 1

542

Vol.

3 No. 12

557

Vol.

I No. I

13

Vol.

I No. 5

104

Vol.

I No. 5

107

Vol.

I No. 6

129

Vol.

I No. 8

155

Vol.

I No. 12

213

Vol.

I No. 14

247

Vol.

I No. 16

28,=;

Vol.

2 No. 1

17

Vol.

2 No. 6

Q3

Vol.

2 No. 10

156

Vol.

2 No. 14

211

Vol.

2 No. 17

254

Vol.

2 No. 21

311

Vol.

2 No. 24

347

Vol.

2 No. 26

377

Vol.

3 No. ID

507

Vol.

3 No. 9

486

Vol.

I No. 2

33

Vol.

I No. 3

55

Vol.

I No. I

16

Vol.

I No. 4

74

Vol.

I No. 4

84

Vol.

I No. 6

116

Vol.

I No. 7

136

Vol.

I No. 7

137

Vol.

I No. 10

180

Vol.

I No. 10

180

Vol.

3 Nos.

?•

and 4

413

Vol.

3 No. 6

451

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

SUBJECT DATE ISSUE PAGE

Newbold, Frederic Rhinelander, Testi-
monial to Aug. and No\'. Vol. 5 Nos.

1922 7 and 8 451

Newbold, Frederic Rinelander, elected

Secretary Nov. 1923 Vol. 3 No. 12 553

Native New England Plants, Preserva-
tion of Aug. and Nov. Vol. 3 Nos. 7

1922 and 8 457

National State Park Conference . . Nov. 1923 Vol. 3 No. 12 556

New York Times Editorial (International

Flower Show 1923) May, 1923 Vol. 3 No. 10 503

Nut Growing, The Future of (Robert T.

Morris) ' . . May, 1923 Vol. 3 No. 10 507

Orchids, Structure and Classification of

(George V. Nash) June, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 24

O'Mara, Patrick "Sports" June, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 39

Orchids, Wild and Cultivated (George

V. Nash) April, 191 1 Vol. i No. 7 136

Orchids and Roses, Some Common

(George V. Nash) April, 191 1 Vol. i No. 7 137

Orchard: Insecticides and Fungicides, The

(G. R. Cushman) April, 1912 Vol. i No. 11 193

Orchard Diseases, Possibilities of Con-
trolling (Dr. Mel. T. Cook) . . . April, 1913 Vol. i No. 15 263

Ofifices of the Society, New .... August, 1915 Vol. 2 No. 6 77

Opening of the Central Display House of

New York Botanical Garden . . Nov. 191 9 Vol. 2 No. 23 344

Obituary — 1922-23 August, 1923 Vol. 3 No. 11 541

Peony Show May, 1916 Vol. 2 No. 9 136

Perennials, Hardy Herbaceous . . May, 1922 Vol. 3 No. 6 451

Plant Hardiness and Acclimation, Inter-
national Conference on June, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 47

Plants, Useful or Economic (George V.

Nash) June, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 t,t,

Pomological Progress in America . . April, 1906 Vol. i No. i 10

Powell, G. T. "The Educational and
Financial Importance of Horticulture
to the Community" April, 1913 Vol. i No. 15 257

Powell, G. T. "The Relation of the Soil

to Plant Life" Jan. 1911 Vol. i No. 6 121

Powell, G. T. "The Value of Selection
in the Propagation of Trees and
Plants" Jiine, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 36

Proceedings of the Society:

May 12, 1909 March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 53

Oct. 13, 1909 " " 55

Nov. 10, 1909 " " 57

Dec. 8, 1909 " " 60

Jan. 12, 1910 July, 1910 Vol. i No. 4 74

Feb. 9, 1910 " " 76

Mar. 17, 1910 " " 77

Apr. 13, 1910 " " 91

May II, 1910 Oct. 1910 Vol. i No. 5 98

June 4, 1910 " " 99

Oct. 12, 1910 Jan. 1911 Vol. i No. 6 116

Nov. II, 1910 " " 118

573

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OE NEW YORK

SUBJECT

Dec. 14, iQio
Jan. II, iQi I
Feb. 8, 191 1
Mar. 8, 191 1
Apr. 12, 191 1
May 10, 191 1
June 10, 19 n
July I, 191 1
Aug. 26, 1911
Sept. 16, 191 1
Oct. 18, 1911
Nov. 4, 191 1
Dec. 16, 1911
Jan. 27, 1912
Feb. 24, 191 2
Mar. 23, 191 2
April 20, 191 2
May II, 1912
June 8, 191 2
June 29, 191 2
Aug. 31, 191 2
Sept. 28, 191 2
Oct. 26, 191 2
Nov. 2, 191 2
Dec. 21, 1912
Jan. 25, 1913
Feb. 22, 1913
Mar. 15, 1913
Apr. 12, 1913
May 10, 1913
June 7, 1913
July s, 1913
Sept. 6, 1913
Nov. I, 1913
Dec. 13, 1913
Jan. 14, 1914
Feb. 21, 1914
Mar. 28, 19 1 4
Apr. 25, 19 14
May 9, 1914
June 6, 19 1 4
Sept. 26, 1914
Oct. 31, 1914
Jan. 20, 191 5
Feb. 17, 191 5
Mar 19, 1915
May 12, 1915
June 5, 1915 .
August 21, 191 5
January 19, 1916
Feb. i6, 1916 .
Mar. 15, 1916
May 13, 1916
August 19, 1916
January, 13 191 7
February, 17 191 7

DATF.

I'^SUE

P.\GF.

Jan. roi [

Vol.

I No.

6

I 21

April, 1011

\^)l.

I No.

7

136
139

July, igi [

Vol.

I No.

S

143

•14.S
147

Oct. IQI I

Vol.

I No.

9

i7t
172

Jan. 191 2
It

Vol.

I No.

10

179
180
184

April, IQI 2

Vol.

I No.

II

190
190

193
197

July, 191 2

Vol.

I No.

12

206
206
208

Oct. 191 2

Vol.

I No.

L5

234
235
235

Jan I 9 13

Vol.

I No.

14

248
249

250

April, IQ13

Vol.

I No.

IS

257
263
264

July, 1913

Vol.

I No.

16

278
278
280

I''el). 1 914

\'oI.

I No.

u

1 8

310
311
311
312

Aia_\', i(>i4

\'ol.

2 No.

I

3LS

9

9

II

II

August, igi4

Vol.

2 No.

2

34

Nov., 1914

Vol.

2 No.

3

43

Feb., 1915

Vol.

2 No.

4

52
52

May, 191 5

Vol.

2 No.

5

75
75
76

August, 1915

Vol.

2 No.

6

80

November, 19 15

Vol.

2 No.

7

112

Feb. 1916,

Vol.

2 No.

8

125

May, 191 6

Vol.

2 No.

9

145

"

"

145

August, 1 916

Vol.

2 No.

10

149

November, 191 6

Vol.

2 No.

II

176

February, 191 7

Vol.

2 No.

u

12

190
190

574

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

SUBJECT DATE ISSUE PAGE

May 12, igiy May, 1917 Vol. 2 No. 13 igg

May, 1 918 Vol. 2 No. 17 250

May, 1919 Vol. 2 No. 21 306

Oct. 15, 1919 Feb., 1920 Vol. 2 No. 24 348

Nov. 19, 1919 " " 348

Jan. 21, 1920 " " 349

Feb. 18, 1920 May, 1920 Vol. 2 No. 25 366

Mar. 17, 1920 " " 366

Apr. 21, 1920 " " 367

May 8, 1920 — Annual Meeting August, 1920 Vol. 2 No. 26 370

Feb. and IMay, Vol. 3 Nos. i

1921 and 2 406
Aug. and Nov. Vol. 3 Nos. 3

1921 and 4 A17
Feb., 1922 Vol. 3 No. 5 439

Proceedings of the Society, Extracts from Aug. and Noa\ Vol. 3 Nos. 7

1922 and 8 459
Proceedings of the Society, Extracts from Feb., 1923 Vol. 3 No. 9 489
Proceedings of the Society, Extracts from May, 1923 Vol. 3 No. 10 526
Proceedings of the Society, Extracts from August, 1923 Vol. 3 No. ii 549

Nov. 1923 Vol. 3 No. 12 III

Progress, Notes of Aug. and Nov. Vol. 3 Nos. 7

1922 and 8 449
Pruning: Especially as Applied to Fruit

Trees and Ornamental Shrubs . . . Feb., 1920 Vol. 2 No. 24 349
Pyle, Mr. Robert, ".\mong the Roses

In Europe" April, 1912 Vol. i No. 11 197

Report of Committee on the deaths of

Dr. F. M. Hexamer, Mr. Charles Lin-

neaus Allen and Mr. Spencer Trask. . July, 1910 Vol. i No. 4 92
Rose and Its History, Tlie (George V.

Nash) July, 1910 Vol. i No. 4 84

Roses and Some Common Orciiids

(George V. NashJ .April, 191 1 Vol. i No. 7 137

Roses In Europe, Among the (Robert

Pyle) .\pril, 191 2 Vol. i No. 11 197

Roses: Outside and Under (Jiass (E.

Jenkins) April, 1913 Vol. i No. 15 264

Rose Garden, Establishment of a . . August, 1915 Vol. 2 No. 6 79

Rose Garden, The May, 1916 Vol. 2 No. 9 135

Roses and the New Rose Garden . . Feb. 191 7 Vol. 2 No. 12 179

Rose Garden, The May, 1917 Vol. 2 No. 13 191

Rose in iVmerica, The (J. Horace McFar-

land) Feb., 1923 Vol. 3 No. 9 486

Sporting of Plants Be Induced, Can?

(L. C. Corbett) April, 1906 Vol. i No. i 12

Species b>' Sports and Mutations, The

Origin of (D. T. Macdougal) . . . April, 1906 \'o\. i No. i 13

Sports (Patrict O'Mara) June, 1907 X'd. i No. 2 39

SolotarofT, WiUiam. "Shade Trees in

Cities" March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 5o

Shrubs, Winter Decorative (George V.

Nash) July, 1910 Vol. i No. 4 74

Southwick, E. B. "Insects Injurious to

Vegetation and Remedies for Their

Destruction" July, 1910 Vol. i No. 4 91

575

ISSUE

P.\GE

Vol. I No.

5

io8

Vol. I No.

6

ii6

Vol. I No.

6

121

Vol. I No.

iS

313

THi: JIOKTICULTUKAL SOCIKTY OK NKW YORK
SUBJECT DATE

Society's Growth Oct., 1910

Swamp, Transforming an Old (Cieorge

V. Nash) Jan., 191 1

Soil to Plant Life, The Relation of (G.

T. Powell) Jan., 191 1

Sweet Peas (E. Jenkins) Feb., 1914

Stout, Dr. A. B. "Observations on

Tulips" August, 191 7 Vol. 2 No. 14 201

Shrubs Ornamental, The Pruning of. Feb., 1920 Vol. 2 No. 24 349
Stout, Mrs. Charles H. "How to Grow

the Finest Dahlia Blooms" .... Nov., 1920 Vol. 2 No. 27 389
Steele, Fletcher. "The Way to the

Good Small Garden " Feb., 1923 Vol. 3 No. 9 470

Schermerhorn, Jr., Richard "Country

Places of Old New York " ... Feb., 1923 Vol. 3 No. 9 473

South Africa, Flowers of (E. H. Wilson) . .May, 1923 Vol. 3 No. 10 519

Statement to our Members .... Vol. 3 No. 11 537

Treasurer's Statement .April, 1906 Vol. i No. i 3

Treasurer's Statement April, 1906 Vol. i No. i 5

Treasurer's Statement March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 65

Treasurer's Statement March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 68

Treasurer's Statement Oct., 1910 Vol. i No. 5 102

Treasurer's Statement July, 191 1 ■ Vol. i No. 8 154

Treasurer's Statement July, 1912 Vol. i No. 12 212

Treasurer's Statement July, 1913 Vol. i No. 16 284

Treasurer's Statement Ma.v, 1914 Vol. 2 No. i 16

Treasurer's Statement August, 1915 Vol. 2 No. 6 92

Treasurer's Statement August, 1916 Vol. 2 No. 10 155

Treasurer's Statement August, 1917 Vol. 2 No. 14 210

Treasurer's Statement May, 1918 Vol. 2 No. 17 253

Treasurer's Statement Ma}^ 1919 Vol. 2 No. 21 310

Treasurer's Statement August, 1920 Vol. 2 No. 26 375

Treasurer's Statement Aug. and Nov., Vol. 3 Nos. 3

1921 and 4 433

Treasurer's Annual Report .... August, 1023 Vol. 3 No. 11 540
Trees and Plants, The Value of Selection

in the Propagation of (G. T. Powell) . June, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 36

Troy, J. H. "American Florists' Ideals" June, 1907 Vol. i No. 2 44

Trees in Cities, Shade (William Solotaroff) March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 60

Tulips, Observations on Feb., 1918 Vol. 2 No. 16 235

Tulips, Observations On (Dr. A. B. Stout) August, 1917 Vol. 2 No. 14 201
Vegetable Supply from the Home Garden,

A Year's (W. N. Craig) Feb., 1915 Vol. 2 No. 4 52

Varieties, Too Many, Committee . . May, 1923 Vol. 3 No. 10 505
Waite, W. H. "A Talk on the Chrysan-
themum" March, 1910 Vol. i No. 3 57

Wood, James. "The Ideals of Horticul-
ture" . . July, 1910 Vol. I No. 4 77

Way to the G(.od Small Garden, The

(Fletcher Steele) Feb., 1923 Vol. 3 No. 9 470

Wilson, E. VI. "Flowers of South

Africa" May, 1923 Vol. 3 No. 10 519

576

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

Journal, Quarterly. Subscription price, $i.oo a year; free to
members.

Memoirs Vol. i. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Breeding and Hybridization, New York,
1902, price, $2.00.

Vol. II. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Hardiness and Acclimatization, New York,
1907, price, $2.00.

Address: Office of the Society, 598 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

FORM OF BEQUEST

I give and bequeath to The Horticul-
tural Society of New York

for

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

INCORPORATED, 1902
Offices: Bankers Trust Bldg., 598 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

President

T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

N. L. BRITTON J. W. CROMWELL

WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. S. HARKNESS MRS. PAYNE WHITNEY

ADOLPH LEWISOHN CLEMENT MOORE

GEORGE T. POWELL

Chairman, Board of Directors
F. R. PIERSON

Retiring 1924
Dr. N, L. Britton
Mr. T. a. Havemeyer
Mr. F. R Newbold
Mr. F. R. Pierson
Mr. John Scheepers
Mrs. Samuel Sloan

Directors

Retiring 1925
Mr. F. L. Atkins
Mr. James W. Cromwell
Mr. William A. Delano
Dr. H. a. Gleason
Mrs. Robert C. Hill
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
Dr. E. B. Southwick

Retiring 1926
Mr. Robert T. Brown
Mr. John Canning
Mr. I. S. Hendrickson
Mr. John Lager
Mr. J. A. Manda
Mr. James Stuart
Mr. W. B. Thompson

Secretary-Treasurer
F. R. NEWBOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Executive Secretary
MRS. ELIZABETH PETERSON

Members of the Women's Auxiliary
Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss Mrs. W. K. Draper

Mrs. C. Ledyard Blair
Mrs. Guy Fairfax Cary
Mrs. L. S. Chanler

Mrs. Paul Fitzsimons
Mrs. E. S. Harkness
Miss Anne Morgan
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt

Mrs. H. L. Satterlee
Mrs. Chas. H. Senft
Mrs. Chas. H. Stout
Miss Edith Wetmore

Journal

o{ tie

Vol. IV ^S^^^m J^^^

No. 1 m^/i^^m 1924

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

Publication Office
GARDEN CITY, L. I., N. Y.

CONTENTS

Page
Activities of the Society:

The Eleventh International Flower Show 1

The May Flower Exhibition 3

Progress of Horticultural Quarantine Committee 4

New Medal of the Horticultural Society of New York 5

Flower Show Fixtures 6

Report of Victor Lemoine Memorial Fund 6

Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Board of Directors 7

Treasurer's Annual Report 9

Obituary 10

Rock Gardens. Montague Free 11

Progress in Garden Design in America. Ferruccio Vitale 17

Good Fruits for the Home Garden. Dr. U. P. Hedrick 22

Electric Light in Greenhouse Culture. Prot. Hugh Findlay 29

Observations on Fall Planting. H. E. Downer 44

Learning Facts About Flower Growing. E. L. D. Seymour. . 45

Propagating the Lilies. Helen M. Fox 50

A Word for the Eremurus. Alice T. A. Quackenbush 54

Pickled Dahlias. Mrs. Charles H. Stout 55

The Clonal Variety in Horticulture. Dr. A. B. Stout 58

Extracts from Proceedings 79

Awards at the International Flower Show 84

Awards at the May Flower Exhibition 94

Awards at the Rose Exhibition , 95

Office and Library:
BANKERS TRUST BUILDING 598 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK

COMMITTEES 1924-25

Finance

Mr. T. a. Havemeyer Mr, F. R. Newbold

Mr. F. R. Pierson

Lecture
Mr. Leonard Barron, Cliairman
Dr. N. L. Britton Dr. C. Stuart Gager

Dr. E. B. Southwick Mrs. Robert C. Hill

Exhibition
Mr. James Stuart, Chairman
Mr. R. T. Brown Mr. John Lager

Mr. John Canning Mr. A. J. Manda

Mr. George Ferguson Mr. J. A. Manda
Dr. H. a. Gleason Mr. John Scheepers

Mr. L S. Hendrickson Mr. Charles H. Totty
Mr. James Kelly

Mr. Arthur Herrington, Exhibition Manager

Journal
Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman
Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson Dr. E. B. Southwick

Library
Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Chairman
Mrs. Samuel Sloan Mr. Henry F. duPont

Horticultural Conference
Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairvian
Mr. John Scheepers Dr. E. B. Southwick

Horticultural Hall
Mr. John Scheepers

Park Protection
Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox,

Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson, alternate

International Flower Show 1925
Mr. F. R. Pierson Mr. John Canning

Mr. T. a. Havemeyer Mr. F. L. Atkins
Mr. James Stuart Mr. John Scheepers

Mr. Joseph Manda Mr. Rudolph Roehrs

Mr. W. a. Manda

Journal

of tI)C

horticultural ^ocietp of i^etti ^orfe

ISSUED QUARTERLY

VOL. IV, NO. 1. JULY, 1924

Free to Members; By Subscription $1.00 a Year

ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIETY

THE ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

ANOTHER great Flower Show goes into the record and ap-
- praising it from the viewpoint of the popular verdict, as
expressed in figures of attendance, it was a great success. To
the critical observer, however, who makes a keen analysis of its
component parts, there were weak spots which undoubtedly dim-
inished its attractiveness as a whole, a passing condition which will
undoubtedly be remedied.

The trade responded nobly as in preceding years. The de-
ficiency was brought about by a lessened participation of the own-
ers of private estates in the presentation of those large and colorful
displays that have been staged in previous shows. It is to be
• hoped that ways and means will be found to stimulate a varied
and extended presentation of large exhibits from private growers.
The great features of the show were the Scheepers bulb garden, the
Bobbink & Atkins rock garden and Azalea garden and the A. N.
Pierson Rose garden, this last being probably the best and most
satisfying contribution this firm has yet made.

The Acacias and Imantophyllums from the garden of Mrs.
F. A. Constable were never so attractively shown as at this show
and the group from Mrs. D. Guggenheim's estate was a striking
massing of varied spring flowers.

In one respect at least this show surpassed all previous ones and
that was in the quantity and quality of its display of bulbous flow-
ers. Here, indeed, there was competition of the keenest kind, to

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

a degree and extent quite unexpected, resulting in an array of
Tulips, Narcissi and Hyacinths, the like of which has never before
been brought together. True, these splendid exhibits were
crowded to an extent that diminished their outstanding merit, but
the management could not foresee that they would come of such
stature as to be inadequately provided for in the allotted space.
It is no small task to assemble and properly provide for these
smaller exhibits of which the management has little knowledge
until they arrive a few hours previous to the opening of the show,
but experience teaches and we may reasonably hope that ap-
parent defects of this kind will be remedied in the next show.

The Orchid section was very weak. Perhaps the Orchid men
were holding their best in reserve for the Boston great special May
show of this flower. They will surely do better another year and
present a more adequate display of this important group.

While, perhaps, the Show as a whole deteriorated a little, this
cannot be said of the Garden Club of America section which was
on the mezzanine floor.

There seems to be few things in recent years which have had
such an appeal as the little gardens and houses entered in these
classes.' Class la — A house with adjustable dormer windows to
be placed on lot 50x125 feet. These little ^samples of what might
be done with a small piece of ground and a slim purse gave inspira-
tion to hundreds of people, in fact one meets the result of the
lessons learned at every flower show. A very interested member
of the Society came to the Secretary at the Rose Show on June
20th at the American Museum of Natural History to say that he
had duplicated one of these little miniatures with such gratifying
results that he wanted us to know of his success. To Mrs. William
A. Lockwood, Chairman of the Exhibition Committee of the Gar-
den Club of America and a valued member of the Horticultural
Society of New York, must go the credit, as well as to her com-
mittee who stood "at attention" all through the months of prepara-
tion and actual show time.

A word must also be said of Section 5, Class i. — "A Niche in a
Garden Wall" which was open to member clubs of the Garden
Club of America. These were indeed enterprising in the extreme,

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

necessitating the help of carpenters and masons, to say nothing of
the taste of the exhibitors themselves expressed in the planting
and choice of materials used.

Flower arrangements are always interesting and as these
changed each day, giving new color combinations, we had the as-
surance, not only of fresh flowers daily, but of new interest and the
opportunity to study the ideas of various people as well as the
constructive criticism of the judges.

Taking it as a whole the Garden Club of America had much to
be proud of and has reason to be gratified by the fact that they
have given lasting help and ideas to a great many people.

THE MAY FLOWER EXHIBITION

THE May Exhibition held at the Museum of Natural History,
although not largely participated in, was at least instrumental
in bringing out some exhibits of more than ordinary interest.

The outstanding feature was the Calceolarias of which there
were five dozen pots shown, and they made a colorful display.
Every exhibit was highly meritorious and found favor with the
visiting public which rarely sees this flower:

Many flowering Tulips in great variety were the next most
attractive feature and it was noted that many visitors scrutinized
them closely in making selections of varieties they fancied.

In regard to these and in future displays of any flower in
large variety, some better method should be devised of informing
the public. The labels attached to each variety in accordance with
rule 2 are quite inadequate as only those in the front portion of the
exhibit can be seen and read.

It would be much better, and really helpful, if the names of all
the varieties included in the exhibit could be plainly written upon
a suitable card numbered in seriation, the vases just numbered to
correspond to the card number, which card should be affixed to
the table or a proper holder in the front of the exhibit.

Hydrangeas, Canterbury Bells and Pelargoniums were also
shown in well flowered specimens.

In special exhibits those most noteworthy were a fine display

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

of Rehmannia angulata and Phlox divaricala, also Mrs. Mortimer
J. Fox's demonstration of Lily raising from seed from the baby
to the near adult stage. This exhibit might well stimulate more
extended efforts in producing home grown Lily bulbs and the re-
sultant healthy stock lead to a more general ])lanting of Lilies in
gardens.

PROGRESS OF HORTICULTURAL QUARANTINE
COMMITTEE

FROM an amateur standpoint, and particularly that of the
Society, very little of ])articular interest has transpired in
regard to the Quarantine situation during the past year. The
Committee on Horticultural Quarantine, on which the Society is
represented, has held no meetings since April 23, 1923, when it
held an informal conference with the Federal Horticultural Board
in Washington. There were, however, no results from this con-
ference beyond a further understanding of the point of view of
the Federal Horticultural Board as already familiar to the mem-
bers of the Society.

Nevertheless, as a result of the steadily increasing number of
State quarantines and regulations, it has become more and more
obvious that something must be done to prevent the complications
that appear inevitable under the present policy. For this reason a
conference of plant quarantine officials was held in Washington
March 28th-30th, 1924, at which was drawn up the basis of an
agreement upon which State and Federal officers proposed to
formulate future activities. As this means simplification and more
uniform regulation, it is distinctly to the advantage of all horticul-
tural interests. The International situation (foreign importation)
shows no change whatsoever.

The Department of Agriculture maintains its stand as to the
necessitv of the progressive exclusion of more foreign plant ma-
terial. It has, however, promulgated no additional quarantine dur-
ing the year — nor, on the other hand, has it indicated any intention
of recalling the embargo on Narcissi and certain other bulbs
scheduled for July ist, 1926.

New Medal of the Horticultural Society of New York
designed by mr. john gregory

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Consequently the entire subject of Plant Quarantine deserves
and requires the continual careful consideration of all interested
in the promotion of American horticulture.

FLOWER SHOW FIXTURES

Gladiolus Shozv. August 22nd, 23rd and 24th (postponed one
week from original dates on account of lateness of the season.)
In Cooperation with the American Gladiolus Society at the
American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. & Central Park
West, New York City.

Dahlia Show. September 19th, 20th and 21st. At the American
Museum of Natural History, 77th St. & Central Park West,
New York City.

Chrysanthemum Shozn'. November 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th. In
cooperation with the Chrysanthemum Society of America at the
American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. & Central
Park West, New York City.

Internatiomil Flozvcr Show. March i6th to 21st, 1925. In co-
operation with the New York Florists' Club at Grand Central
Palace, New York.

REPORT VICTOR LEMOINE MEMORIAL FUND

We are very glad to report that the members of our Society
have contributed $384.50 toward the fund to perpetuate the name
of this great hybridizer. This sum, however, does not indicate
the total subscriptions of members of the Society, some of whom,
having received the appeal direct or through other sources, have
made independent donations.

To those who contributed we again extend our thanks. Just
as soon as any definite information on this reaches us from the
Central Plorticultural Society of Nancy, France, the secretary will
pass the information on to our members.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Presented May ioth, 1924,

THE Council reports a very successful year for the Society,
the membership now being 1,401, having had 14 deaths dur-
ing the year, 91 resignations and 32 dropped for delinquency in
dues, leaving a net gain for the year of 151 members, of which
97 are Life, 4 Sustaining and 50 Annual.

At a meeting of the Board of Directors on June 13, 1923, in
accordance with the Constitution and By-Laws, officers of the
Society were elected as follows :

President: T. A. Havemeyer.

Vice-Presidents: N. L. Britton, J. W. Cromwell, W. B.
Thompson.

Honorary Vice-Presidents: E. S. Harkness, Adolph Lewisohn,
Mrs. Payne Whitney, Clement Moore, G. T. Powell.

Chairman Board of Directors: F. R. Pierson.

Treasurer: F. R. Newbold.

Executive Secretary: Mrs.' Elizabeth Peterson.

Exhibition Committee: James Stuart, with power to name his
own committee.

Finance Committee: T. A. Havemeyer, F. R. Newbold, F. R.
Pierson.

Lecture Committee: Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Mrs. Robert C. Hill,
Leonard Barron.

Journal Committee: Leonard Barron, E. B. Southwick, Mrs.
Elizabeth Peterson.

Library Committee: Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Mrs. Samuel Sloan,
Henry F. duPont.

At a meeting of the Directors on October 17th, 1923, Mr.
Frederic R. Newbold was unanimously elected secretary of the
Society.

The Board of Directors have held monthly meetings at the office,
598 Madison Avenue, with the exception of July, August and
September when a recess was called for these months.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The following lectures were held at the American Museum of
Natural History, 77th St., & Central Park West:

December 13, 1923 "Rock Gardens" by Mr. Montague Free.

January 10, 1924 "Progress of Garden Design In America" by
Mr. Ferruccio Vitale.

February 14, 1924 "Good Fruits for the Home Garden" by
Dr. U. P. Hedrick.

April 10, 1924 "Preliminary Studies in the use of Artificial
Light in the Growth of Plants" by Prof. Hugh Findlay.

Flower Shows were held on the following dates : May Flower
Show, May iith-i3th, 1923, N. Y. Botanical Garden; Exhibition
of Peonies, June 9th & loth, 1923, American Museum of Natural
History; Gladiolus Exhibition, August 3rd-5th, 1923, N. Y.
Botanical Garden; Dahlia Exhibition, Sept. 2ist-23rd, 1923, N. Y,
Botanical Garden; Chrysanthemum Show, Nov. 8th-iith, 1923,
American Museum of Natural History ; International Flower
Show, March I7th-22nd, 1924, Grand Central Palace in coopera-
tion with the New York Florists' Club.

The secretary reports an unusual interest in these activities, the
November Show being one of the largest ever held and second in
attendance in the history of the Society.

In cooperation with other organizations we have been repre-
sented in the effort to protect the parks of New York against ex-
ploitation, our committee on Park Protection having gone to Al-
bany on March 25th, 1924, and again attending in this city at the
hearing on April nth, 1924.

As voted at the Annual Meeting in 1923:

ARTICLE XII of the Constitution was amended to read as
follows :

"Each Annual Member shall pay to the treasurer annually the
sum of $10.00. Members may become Life Members by paying
$100.00 at any one time."

Respectfully submitted,

Frederic R. Newbold,

Secretary.

TREASURER'S ANNUAL REPORT
May 1, 1923 to April 30, 1924

Life Fund Account Credits
By balance May i, 1923 $52,976.07

Life Membership Account 5,525.00

Interest account from bonds 3,198.80

Less Agency account care securities 25.91
Less Interest to General Ac. 3,000.00

$61,699.87

3.025-91
58.673-96

General Account Credits
By Balance Cach ac. May i, 1923 422.90

Annual Dues 9,122.00

Int. Flower Show Fund 1923 75-00

Int. Flower Show Fund 1924 585.00

November Show Fund 1923 2,090.00

Int. Fl. Show Prof. ac. 1923 3,595-i6

Interest on bank deposits i2i-05

Income from Life Fund ' 3,000.00

Loan from Life Fund 500.00

19,088.21

$19,511-11

OBITUARY

May I, 1923 to May i, 1924

Great regret is expressed for our loss by

death of these members :

Mrs

S. B. Brownell

Mr.

Herman LeRoy Emmet

Mr.

Charles Gotthelf

Mr.

George J. Gould

Mr.

Edward V. Z. Lane

Mrs

. Charles H. Ludington

Mis5

5 E. L. McLean

Miss EmeHe Ogden

Mr.

William J. Riker

Mr.

Julius Roehrs

Mr.

Bernhard Schutz

Mr.

Henrv W. Shoemaker

Mrs

. Erederick Thompson

Mrs

. William L. Van Sinderen

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ROCK GARDENS

By Montague Free, Horticulturist, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Lecture delivered December 13, 1923, American Museum of Natural History.

(Mr. Leonard Barron, presiding)

DURING a recent trip to England for the purpose of study-
ing garden conditions, the fact was noted that in every garden
visited alpine and rock plants were exhibited in some form or an-
other. The popularity of alpine and rock gardening in England
is not a passing fad as is proved by the fact that, as long as 10 or
15 years ago, rock gardening seemed to be at its zenith, and yet,
since that time, there have been great advances especially along the
lines of artistic construction and the introduction of new plants.
Today rock gardening is more popular than it has ever been in the
past. The beautiful results that can be obtained with an artistically
planned rock garden and the fascinating interest of the alpine and
rock plants that are used to embellish it, account for the popularity
of this class of gardening in England, and the rapid strides that it
is making in this country.

Rock gardens as we know them undoubtedly originated in order
to provide proper cultural conditions and suitable settings for the
plants of the high mountains. These aristocrats of the mountain
tops need special treatment in order to enable them to thrive under
cultivation in lowland regions of the temperate zone and this can
best be provided in a rock garden. The thing to remember in the
construction of an alpine and rock garden is that the majority of
these plants require a soil that is gritty and well drained, for most
of them resent stagnant water at the roots. In making a rock
garden, therefore, one should provide perfect drainage and a
sandy, porous soil to be used in filling in the spaces between the
rocks. When a soil of this kind is used, it is easy, by the addition
of crushed limestone, bluestone screenings, peat, or humus, as the
case may be, to modify the soil in such a way as to make it suitable
for the more pernickety plants. The purpose that the rocks serve
in a rock garden is that of giving shelter, conserving moisture by
preventing evaporation from the surface, and helping to keep the
ground cool.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

In the actual placing of the rocks one can be guided by the
view of those who take the attitude that the all-important thing
in a rock garden is the plants that it contains and that the arrange-
ment of rocks is of little consequence, except in so far as it con-
tributes toward the well-being of the plants ; or one may take the
point of view, which is perhaps the better one, that the arrange-
ment of the rocks should be as natural, as pleasing, and as ar-
tistic as possible, consistent with providing suitable accommoda-
tions for the plants that the garden is to contain. Anyone con-
templating the construction of a rock garden would be well advised
to study rock arrangement as it occurs in nature and try to copy
nature's methods of arranging rocks when making his rock gar-
den.

One of the most satisfactorv kinds of rock gardens is the ravine

Gypsophila repens var. monstrosa, in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
A dwarf creeping plant growing 4 inches high and bearing white flowers

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

type. A very good illustration of this type is to be found in the
Hanbury Garden at Brockhurst in Sussex. Here a large part of
the garden was made by excavating in sandstone rock, thus form-
ing a deep ravine with almost vertical sides, the crevices in the
rocks afterward being filled with suitable soil and planted. The
rock obtained in excavating was used to extend the garden, grad-
ually getting away from the ravine idea until the rock garden be-
came merged into the surrounding landscape.

Of an entirely different type is the rock garden at Friar Park,
the country estate of the late Sir Frank Crisp. This is one of
the largest and most pretentious rock gardens in existence, cover-
ing, as it does, several acres of ground. Over 7,000 tons of rock
were used in its construction and many of the pieces weigh up to 12
tons. This garden is of the mound type, and a feature in it is a
replica made to scale of the peak of the Matterhorn.

In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden rock garden, in which glaciated
boulders are used, the general idea in construction was to simulate
a rock-strewn slope such as one would be likely to find on a ter-
minal moraine.

Other developments of the rock garden idea may be seen in
the garden of Childerly Hall in Cambridgeshire where there is a
pleasing rock arrangement of the flat type, the planting associated
with it being of the herbaceous perennial order as well as the
plants that one usually associates with the rock garden.

Alpines and rock plants can be used to good advantage in parts
of the garden other than the rock garden proper. They are, of
course, the plants par excellence for dry wall gardening and are
well adapted for use in "pavement planting" — that form of garden-
ing that uses plants in the crevices between flagstone walks. The
problem of a satisfactory dividing line between perennial border
and walk can often be met by using rocks and planting between
them with alpines so that they become partly covered with vegeta-
tion. This has been done with great success in many gardens and
notably so in Aldenham House Gardens where a gravel walk is
separated from the border by a device of this nature, thus provid-
ing an informal and beautiful edging to the perennials.

It has been stated that the main reason for a rock garden ori-

13

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ginally was to provide a home for alpine and rock plants. At the
present time, however, most good rock gardeners are inclined to
accept the late Reginald Farrer's definition of acceptable plants,
which — "includes everything that will look well in a rock garden."
If we accept this definition, there is no lack of material to draw
from that will thrive in our climate.

In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden rock garden, in which glaciated boul-
ders are used, the general idea in construction was to simulate a rock-
strewn slope such as one would be likely to find on a terminal moraine

Amongst the easily grown rock plants one might mention many
species of Saxifragas, such as 5". Cotyledon, S. cochlearis, and
5". Macnabiana, belonging in the group whose leaves show encrus-
tations of lime, and which can be readily grown by planting them in
well-drained soil in which there is a liberal mixture of broken lime-
stone. The mossy varieties of Saxifraga are not difficult to grow

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

provided they are given a well-drained, stony soil with plenty of
humus. The surface of the soil about the plants should be cov-
ered with small stones to prevent evaporation of moisture and to
keep the ground cool.

The hardy pinks never look out of place in a rock garden pro-
vided that one excludes the florists' varieties. The most desirable
of them all is the Glacier pink, Dianthus neglectus. This family
contains many other excellent rock plants that can be grown with
very little trouble, for example : Saponaria ocymoides, Gypsophila
repens, several species of Arcnaria, Silene, and Cerastium.

Of course, everyone with a rock garden will want to grow the
Edelweiss and, fortunately, this can be readily accomplished by
anyone with a well-drained soil, plenty of limestone and an open
situation. If one has patience this interesting plant can be easily
raised from seed, but one must not expect any very remarkable
results the first year.

Following is a list of easily grown rock plants additional to
those already mentioned :

Alyssum saxatile (Gold Dust). Fls. golden yellow, i'.

Anemone Pulsatilla (Pasque Flower). Violet fls. covered with
long silken hairs.

Aquilegia caerulea (Rocky Mountain Columbine). Blue and
white fls. i' to 2'.

Aquilegia canadensis. Scarlet fls. mixed with yellow, i' to 2'.

Arabis albida fl. pi. Double white fls. 9".

Armeria maritiina var. Laucheana. More brightly colored than
the common "Thrift."

Aster alpinus. Bright purple, daisy-like flowers.

Auhrietia, in var. Spreading prostrate plants. Colors rose,
lavender, etc.

Campanula carpatica. Porcelain blue fls. erect on wiry stems, 9".

Campanula garganica. Blue fls., dwarf, spreading by under-
ground stems. 4".

Campanula pusilla. Pale blue fls. 4"-6".

Cerastium tomentosum. Creeping species with gray foliage, fls.
white, 6".

15

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Dianthus — perennial species in var. (D. neglectus is especially
good).

Gypsophila cerastioides Flowers white, red-veined, creeping
habit. 4".

Gypsophila re pens Dwarf creeping plant, white fls. 4".

Helianthemum vulgar e vars. (Rock Rose) (Not reliably hardy
north of Philadelphia) 9-12". Dwarf evergreen shrubs, brilliant
fls. during summer.

Housfonia caerulca (Bluets. Quaker Lady).

Iberis sempervirens (Perennial Candytuft) 9"- 12".

Iris cristafa. Dwarf Iris with light blue fls.

Leontopodium alpinum (Edelweiss) 4"- 12". Whitish floral Ivs.,
fls. yellow, small.

Myosotis alpesti'is (Alpine Forget-me-not) Blue with yellow
throat, 9".

Nierembergia rwularis (White Cup) White fls. yellow or
rosy throat, 3".

Phlox divaricata Lavender blue fls. i".

Phlox subulata vars. White, pink, etc. 6".

Saponaria ocymoidcs Dwarf creeping habit, rose colored fls.
6"-9".

Saxifraga, mossy vars. White, pink flowers.

Sediim, dwarf vars. Various colors. 3"-i2".

Sempervivum, in variety. Red and yellow fls. 6"- 12".

Silene alpestris. W^hite fls. 4"-6". Blooms in spring.

Silene Schafta Pink flowers. 4"-6". Blooms in fall.

Trollius laxus (Globe flower) Yellow or orange. i'-2'.

Viola cornuta. Blue flowers, 6"-g". Blooms throughout sum-
mer.

Almost everyone, once they have started a rock garden, becomes
fired with ambit-ion to grow the more difficult and capricious al-
pines, and their cultivation is indeed one of the most fascinating
features of rock gardening- Connoisseurs get unbounded pleasure
from the successful cultivation of such treasures as. Anemone ver-
nalis, Campanula Allionii, Saxifraga Boydii, Asperula suberosa,
Ramondia pyrenaica, and others of a similar nature. Those who

16

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

have mastered the cultivation of the easily grown alpines should try
the more difficult subjects. Many helpful hints on their cultivation
can be obtained from such books as "The English Rock Garden,"
by Reginald Farrer, and "Adventures in My Garden and Rock
Garden," bv Louise Beebe Wilder.

PROGRESS IN GARDEN DESIGN IN AMERICA

By Mr. Ferruccio Vitale
Lecture given on January lo, 1924, American Museum of Natural History.

(Mr. Leonard Barron, presiding)
(Introduction to a display of lantern slides)

THE last thirty years of the artistic life of this countfy have
been so interesting and so remarkable that to have been able
to witness it, feeling, in a small measure, a part of it, has been a
most delightful privilege. This period saw the gradual emerging
of architecture, painting and sculpture from the chaos of the
Victorian era, to the appreciation of classic order and of funda-
mental principles of design and saw the rebirth of one of the
oldest among the arts, the art of landscape architecture.

With the latter we are here principally concerned and with the
vast field of landscape design, whose function is the adaptation of
land to human use and enjoyment. We shall confine ourselves to
the progress of garden designs as typical, more evident and more
easily appealing as a work of art. This progress has been indeed
astounding and augurs well for its unlimited field and scope in
the future. It is needless to say that the design of parks, park-
ways and playgrounds, park systems and that portion of city
planning which falls properly within the sphere of the landscape
architect, has made strides no less astounding.

17

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The love of country life, apart from farming, is slow in grow-
ing in the normal development of people. It is the by-product
of prosperity, which brings a certain degree of leisure and of those
spiritual values which delight in peacefulness and in order and in
the harmony of line and color. It becomes the yearning of large
numbers when the standard of culture and taste rises considerably
and when urban conditions become increasingly more difficult and
antagonistic to physical and economic well-being. With country
life comes the introduction of all forms of out-of-door sports
contributing to mental and physical vigor, the familiarity with
nature and its compositions, the desire to make one's surroundings
attractive as well as useful. It generates, in other words, the
appreciation of landscape design.

In the last thirty years all this has grown in America to a magic
extent as shown by the number of suburban and country places,
garden cities and country clubs constructed and by the growth of
a vast literature in books and magazines devoted to country life
and to house and garden architecture. It has made possible the
establishment and recognition of a profession trained in and
dedicated to the art of landscape design, which celebrates this
month the twenty-fifth anniversary of its organization. It has
promoted the garden club movement, which, from modest begin-
nings has spread all over the country and culminated with the
formation of the Garden Club of x\merica. Finally, it has fostered
the appearance of well organized schools of landscape design in
the universities, and definitely established landscape architecture
as one of the fine arts represented in the highest institution of
the country, among the Fellowships of the American Academy in
Rome.

Of the work accomplished in garden design in the period of
time under consideration we shall presently speak. It would be
absurd to think that progress has been uniform and constant.
The rapidity of the movement itself has prevented it by encourag-
ing all sorts of people to enter the field, from the well meaning
layman carried away by enthusiasm, to the calculating exploiter
with goods to sell. But, on the whole, common sense is gaining,
restraint follows upon the advance of taste and every good piece

i8

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

of work done sets a standard and an example readily and eagerly
followed by others.

When my interest in landscape design began twenty-five years
ago, the profession was at its very beginning and the art known
only to an exceedingly small public. Frederick Law Olmstead,
Sr. had unquestionably established it by masterful work, and his
sons and his associates were carrying on his tradition in public
and private undertakings, while a handful of other men were en-
deavoring to obtain recognition through good professional work
and unselfish educational efforts. But in the main, the public
was satisfield with such ornamentation of grounds as the gardener,
the nurseryman and the florist could supply. There was no idea
of artistic composition. It was rather a question of grading for
drainage, of planning for utility, or ornamenting for show and of
planting as many trees and shrubs as possible, in order to present
a collection of exotic materials. It was the age of the pergola
and of the blue spruce. The age which is responsible for the
development and growth of our nurseries producing trees and
shrubs for the ornamental planter rather than for the composer of
pictures.

In general, very little effort was made to stimulate the senses
with well conceived arrangements of the materials which nature
puts at the disposal of the landscape designer. There was little
understanding of the art, which is one of expression and compo-
sition based upon the same eternal principles which govern the
other fine arts. The media only differ. By skillful modeling of
the ground surfaces, the artist prepares the foundation upon which
he builds his composition. By adding to and subtracting from
the existing vegetation, trees and shrubs, the size, color and texture
of which do or do not harmonize with and contribute to the pleas-
ing effects of the whole, he establishes the most important masses
of his design. By devising means of approach and by providing
the many utilitarian features of his problem in such fashion as not
to intrude unduly upon artistic effects, he makes his work available
for use and for comfort. Finally, by judicious control of skyhne,
by introduction of architectural or sculptural ornament, by the use
of water in the many forms in which it delights the eye or the ear,

19

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

he makes his appeal to the senses and presents a completed work
which reveals its unity, its balance, its fitness and a restrained
sense of intricacy under varying conditions of distance, of light
and atmosphere.

Are there more diverse, more subtle, and more worth while ma-
terials at the disposal of any other artist? Where is greater
opportunity for self-expression and for service? The finer in-
stincts of man can only be developed and utilized in a physical
environment which acts and reacts upon our senses in a way to
compel us to socially harmonious actions. The landscape archi-
tect, in collaboration with his brother artists, the painter, the
sculptor, the architect, has the power to make such an environment,
and we must labor industriously and incessantly so that he may be
equipped to the utmost to utilize that power for the greatest good
of the country. The call, therefore, is not for the engineer or
the horticulturist only, but primarily for the artist with sufficient
knowledge of engineering and horticulture to be able efficiently to
execute his compositions.

What then is composition ? It is the arrangement of the ele-
ments of design into an ordered whole. Our elements of design,
as we have already seen, are the modeling of ground surfaces, the
planting materials, architectural ornaments and sculpture, the sky-
line and the atmosphere.

The pleasure in the composition of a landscape depends on our
appreciation of the ordered relations which exist among its parts.
And this order consists of some similarity of physical characteris-
tics among the parts or some harmonious space relations among
them; that is, the separate objects in the composition must be
harmonious in color, shape and texture and related to one another
by repetition, sequence and balance.

The first and most evident result of this order is unity of de-
sign. And strongly contributing to this sense of unity and indis-
pensable to human enjoyment is the segregation from its surround-
ings of the composition which one wishes to emphasize. The
attention of the observer must not be dispersed but concentrated
within the 20 degrees of vision given to our eye, so that in the same
way in which the painter segregates his picture by means of a

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

frame, so must the landscape architect segregate his pictures by
masses of planting or hedges, or walls or natural topographic
conditions.

So then, the elements of design are order, or repetition, sequence
and balance; -harmony of color, shape and texture; segregation;
all of which result in unity of composition. But to these technical
qualities, which are indispensable and reveal in the work the
artist's thorough familiarity with the tools of his craft, one must
add a number of elements much more elusive, but exceedingly
important, such as correctness of scale in relation to the surround-
ings, gentlemanly restraint and fitness. In other words one must
consider to what an extent the garden design satisfies correctly the
human need for which it is intended.

Now, if, in the light of the principles enumerated above, we
review the progress of a generation, as represented by the work
executed, we find that, on the whole, from a haphazard beginning,
we have gradually proceeded to eliminate or greatly to reduce
the appalling number of garden misfits so generally built in earlier
times. The inconsequential, spotty, heterogeneous planting, in-
nocent of group affinity, or fitness or even common sense, has
given way to well devised compositions placed on ground correctly
moulded to receive them. Size, shape, texture and color harmon-
ize, and ornamentation is appropriate and restrained.

Last, but not least, there is a sense of social fitness in most of
these modern gardens which makes them typically American and
twentieth century rather than poor imitations of the products of
the pomp and splendor of the exalted classes of an historic period
which will never return. Gradually the genius of this country is
asserting itself in the design of our gardens just as it asserted it-
self in our architecture and in painting and sculpture, by drawing
inspiration from the finest world examples, by adhering to in-
violable fundamental principles and by conceiving design in terms
of the culture, social and economic needs of the America of to-
day.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

GOOD FRUITS FOR THE HOME GARDEN

By Dr. U. P. Hedrick. New York State Horticulturist.

Lecture delivered February 14th, 1924, American Museum of Natural

History.

(Mr. Leonard Barron, presiding)

THE selection of varieties of the clififerent fruits is one of the
perennial problems of those who maintain fruit gardens.
Year after year, January and February bring the nurserymen's
catalogues. Each succeeding year they are more sumptuous and
alluring. The old-time catalogues with over-colored caricatures of
fruits and none too truthful descriptions have evolved into beauti-
fully and accurately illustrated horticultural magazines for the
most part well edited and truthfully written. The nursery cata-
logues of today, as compared with those of yesterday, are tributes
to a saner and more reliable nursery business and to more intelli-
gent and better informed buyers of nursery stock.

What attitude should the fruit grower take toward the new
fruits offered in these catalogues? Those whose calculations run
to a sure and quick turnover of capital will not buy. To such.
new fruits savor overly much of speculation. They see no im-
mediate money to be made in new fruits. But those who grow
fruit in the home garden and for their own pleasure and that of
their friends may be justified in taking a different attitude. Is
there justification for new fruits for the home garden? Let us
see.

The history of fruit growing in America since 1800 is the great-
est and is sufficient justification for planting new fruits. At that
date almost none of the thousands of varieties of fruits now found
in American orchards and gardens were grown ; native plums,
American grapes, American raspberries, blackberries, dewberries,
cranberries, gooseberries, and strawberries were not cultivated in
the United States.

Since the year 1800, 11 American species of plum, of which there
are 433 pure-bred and 155 hybrid varieties; 15 species of American
grapes with 404 pure and 790 hybrid varieties ; 4 species of rasp-
berries with 280 varieties ; 6 species of blackberries with 86 vari-

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

eties ; 5 species of dewberries with 23 varieties ; 2 species of cran-
berries with 60 varieties and 2 gooseberries with 35 varieties ; all
told 45 species of American fruits with 2,226 varieties have been
domesticated from wild plants found on this continent.

Besides these new fruits from our own country, the strawberry
with its hundreds of varieties, Japanese plums, Kieflfer-like pears,
several new races of peaches, oranges, lemons, grape-fruits and
many other sub-tropical fruits have been introduced. Without
these fruits, all comparatively new, the American fruit garden
would indeed be poverty stricken.

But we must add to these new fruits an even greater number
brought to orchards and gardens by the introduction of new vari-
eties of old fruits, as of apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries.
Had fruit growers for the past hundred years refused to plant
new varieties, the niggardly and insignificant assortment of fruits
and varieties grown in 1800, mostly exotics which will not thrive
in our climate, would hardly make a fruit garden.

With this great array of new and old fruits and new and old
varieties it may be argued that the limit of improvement in fruits
is nearly reached. Not true ! Most of our fruits are but one
or few removes from the wild state. Every one of our commercial
varieties is better characterized by its faults than by its merits.
For examples the Baldwin, the standard apple in this state, is ten-
der to cold, bears biennially, is subject to Baldwin spot, and is
none too good in quality ; Bartlett, our best known pear, is ravaged
by blight, does not keep well, and is self-fertile ; Elberta, the com-
monest peach, is wretchedly poor in quality and blossoms too early ;
and so, with every fruit to be named, faults may be pointed
out. '

With new discoveries in plant breeding, we are just at the be-
ginning of improvement in fruits — on the first rung of a long
ladder. We are not nearly as far along in the evolution of fruits
as the florist is with flowers, good examples of improved flowers
being roses, chrysanthemums and carnations. Greater improve-
ment ought to be made in the next hundred years than was made
in the last. Probably we shall not be growing a single variety of
fruits on a large scale in the year 2024 that we now grow.

23

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Let US look at another phase of this question of varieties. The
objection is being urged that there are too many varieties of fruits.
Nurserymen want to cut clown the number of sorts they grow.
Commercial fruit growers prefer to grow few rather than many
sorts. Fruit dealers are urging fruit growers to plant fewer sorts
because, they say, it is much easier to have a standard pack and to
give quotations to wholesale and retail dealers if there are few
varieties. This is a short-sighted policy. Fewer varieties mean
in the long run a great curtailment of the pleasures in having a
fruit garden. Planters of home gardens must not permit the
so-called "standardization of varieties," whereby they are cut off
from getting any but commercial sorts from nurserymen.

People who grow fruits for pleasure are already limited too
much in the choice of sorts offered by nurserymen. Many good
old kinds cannot be bought. There are not now enough sorts
of any of our fruits to give the different colors, tastes, seasons,
and to serve the several purposes for which fruits are grown.
Nurserymen offer a most parsimonious assortment in comparison
with what might be offered.

It is worth noting that in most food products variety is an asset.
The candy maker, the ice cream maker, the pastry maker, all cater
to variety. Of such staples as bread, cereals, and cheeses, the
kinds are being increased rather than diminished. With all of
these products variety is difficult to obtain, while with fruits it is
easy. Yet the tendency among fruit growers is to cut down vari-
ety as if it were a liability instead of an asset.

Take the case of the apple. There are perhaps two hundred or
more varieties of apples grown in the United States. Perhaps
a thousand more sorts have been grown in the last century, or could
be obtained from Europe. Yet only a score or thereabouts of
the splendid array of delicious apples can be had from the average
nurserymen. This means, of course, a curtailment in the pleasures
of a home garden. No one will deny that many of the sorts now
offered are not worth growing, but on the other hand, there are
many choicely good apples that, with modern methods of spraying
and orchard management, could be profitably grown. It is too bad
that only red apples for the most part are now being planted.

24

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

There are good green and russet sorts that ought to be planted in
the home garden.

Pears, perhaps better than the apple, illustrate the loss that
gardens suffer in not having a greater variety. Bartlett, Seckel.
and Kieffer are the leading sorts. The beautiful and delicious
Bosc, Dana Hovey. Sheldon, Lawrence, Winter Nelis and scores
of other notable sorts can seldom be found in recent plantings to
the great loss of those who care for good fruits. Were they to
be found, who can deny but that the demand for pears would be
greater ?

With the peach, conditions are even worse. We have with the
peach the sordid spectacle of the whole country growing Elberta,
wretchedly poor in quality and not particularly handsome, to the
exclusion of the scores of better flavored and much handsomer
peaches.

What has been said of the apple, pear and peach may be said
of the cherry and plum. Montmorency and English Morello are
about the only sour cherries grown. Napoleon, Schmidt, and
Black Tartarian are the most usual sweet cherries found in Eastern
orchards. The delectable Dukes, fit for dessert and culinary pur-
poses alike, are now seldom grown, although there are a dozen or
more varieties which ought to be grown. A few plums and
prunes of large size, bright color, good shipping quality, and easily
grown in nurseries have elbowed much better flavored sorts to the
rear in the fruit market.

Concord, a good grape, but not the best, is now grown almost to
the exclusion of other sorts. Nearly a thousand kinds of native
grapes have originated in America. We are not doing justice to
our splendid native grapes in discarding practically all but Concord
as home and commercial sorts. There are red, green, and other
black grapes that those who use grapes should know. There are
earlier sorts and later sorts than Concord that would extend the
season of grapes and add to the pleasure of growing this fruit.

So with the small fruits. These as well as the tree and vine
fruits are various in flavors, colors, odors, tastes and seasons.
To limit varieties of these, as with the larger fruits, means cutting
down the pleasure of growing them. Those who grow fruits

25

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ought to plant sorts which please all the senses gratified by fruits,
to serve all the purposes served by fruits, and to be had in all the
seasons in which the fruit can be had.

But how may the owners of fruit gardens know what sorts to
choose from the catalogues that come to them? There are two
ways in which the amateur fruit grower can meet the problem of
horticultural novelties. He can rely upon the trustworthiness
of the nurseryman and permit him, as the introducer, to be
his guide; or, he can await the results of tests made by others —
especially of tests made at the various experiment stations.

Many who plant fruits in the garden, even though now and
then deceived, take great pleasure in growing new introductions.
To such experimenters, I offer the following suggestions to guide
them in determining what new fruits to look upon as promising and
what ones to distrust, it being quite out of the question for any
one person to try all.

SUGGESTIONS TO BUYERS OF FRUITS

The term "improved" added to the name of an old variety is a
misrepresentation, pure and simple. Out of the score or more
of fruits tested at the New York Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion sent out as "improved," not one has differed in any way from
the original variety. Fruits propagated from cuttings or grafts
remain substantially the same indefinitely.

The term "pedigree" is used by some nurserymen in a slightly
different sense than "improved" but still with the inference that
"pedigreed" varieties are in some way improved. Buyers of
"pedigreed" stock should demand proof of the supposed superior-
ity. Varieties of fruit are pure-bred in the most literal sense,
their line of descent, barring a very occasional break, being abso-
lutely unchangeable.

Occasionally there are breaks or bud variations in fruits. When
it is proved that a variation is transmitted through budding or
grafting, the new strain, possibly divergent enough to be a variety,
may be of value. In the study of the history of several thousand
varieties of fruits by the speaker, it does not appear that many
sorts, not one out of a thousand, have- originated as bud-variations.

26

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

A variety is not sufficiently well described to make it worth
buying unless the merits and faults of the plant as well as of the
product are depicted. In particular, the adaptabilities of a variety
to soils and climates and its immunities to insects and fungi should
be known before it is largely planted.

One should look with suspicion on varieties which are advertised
as surpassing their kind in all respects. Most novelties, even the
most worthy, are superior in but one of a few respects ; as, in pro-
longing the season, in improvement of quality, in meeting some new
climatic condition, in adaptability for some particular use, or, and
most frequently, because of greater productiveness.

Varieties of worth may be more commonly expected in fruits
domesticated but a short time, and therefore little improved, than
in species long under cultivation and much improved ; thus, Ameri-
can species of grapes give more new varieties than the Old World
species ; American plums are more variable than those of Europe ;
American raspberries, blackberries and strawberries are prolific
of new sorts ; the apple, quince, pear, cherry and peach, all old
types, are relatively stable.

Old varieties are often reintroduced as novelties because of a
variation of the type brought about by local influence ; thus, the
Green Newton of the Hudson, the Yellow Newton of Hood River,
the Albemarle Pippin of Virginia, and the Five-Crowned Pippin
of Australia, differ in all these regions ; but brought together in
any one place, all are the same.

It is best, if possible, to buy new fruits from the originator or
introducer as these men are most likely to have the variety true to
name, and, moreover, most deserve to reap the reward for bring-
ing forth the novelty.

In concluding this phase of my subject, then, I hope that we can
all agree that connoisseurs and amateur fruit growers want new
varieties and many varieties for their gardens. They grow fruit
for the love of the work. To them the orchard often exists for
the new and rare things that they can put in it. Such fruit grow-
ing is a pleasant diversion and, in a broad way, a profitable one,
through the knowledge obtained of varieties, for all planters of
fruit. It is readily comprehensible that connoisseurs and amateurs

27

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

want all of the promising new varieties. We care not how much
the discussion of new fruits may kindle the admiration and awaken
the passion for collection in the connoisseur. The appeal in this
case is to the palate and to the aesthetic senses and not to the
pocketbook.

I want now to take the remaining, and the major part of the
time that can be given for this talk for a discussion of the several
fruits that might well be planted in a home garden.

(The following sorts were named and briefly discussed by the
speaker. Most of the varieties mentioned were illustrated with
colored plates.)

Apples: Yellow Transparent, Early Mcintosh, Milton, Red
Gravenstein, Wealthy, Mcintosh, Fall Pippin, Cortland, Grimes
Golden, Delicious, Spitzenburg, Yellow Newton.

Pears: Tyson, Clapp Favorite, Bartlett, Sheldon, Bosc. Seckel,
Anjou, Winter Nelis.

Quince: Orange.

Peaches: Greensboro. Carman, Champion, Early Crawford,
Elberta, J. H. Hale, Crawford, Salwey.

A^ectariiics: Hunter, Victoria.

Plums: Abundance, Burbank, Bavay, Bradshaw. Drap D'Or,
French, Grand Duke, Italian Prune, Tennant, German Prune,
Agen.

Cherries: Sweet: Seneca, Black Tartarian, Wood, Yellow
Spanish, Napoleon. Windsor. Sour: Early Richmond, Mont-
morency. English Morello. Duke. Reine Hortense, Royal Duke.

Grapes: Portland, Brighton, Delaware, Worden, Concord,
Niagara, Catawba.

Red Raspberries: June, Ontario, Cuthbert. Herbert, Empire.

Black Raspberries: Gregg, Plum Farmer.

Purple Raspberries: Columbian.

Blackberries: Eldorado.

Gooseberries: Poorman. Chautauqua.

Currants: Wilder, Fay, Prolific.

Strazvberries: Premier, Beacon, Good Luck, Barrymore, Ches-
apeake, Mar.shall, William Belt, Progressive.

28

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ELECTRIC LIGHT IN GREENHOUSE CULTURE

By Prof. Hugh Findlay, Columbia University.

Lecture delivered April loth, 1924, American Museum of Natural

History.

{Dr. E. B. Southwick, presiding)

ONE of the first important records of an experiment to ascer-
tain whether electric light exercised any decided effect upon
the growth of plants was carried forward in 1880 by C. Wm.
Siemens. D.C.L., LL.D., E.R.S., Mem.Inst.C.E.

The experiment started October 23, 1880 and continued until
May 7. 1 88 1.

In Dr. Siemens's paper, "Some applications of electric energy
to Horticulture and Agricultural purposes," presented before the
Royal Horticultural Society of London, reports that the electric
light was capable of producing upon plants effects comparable
to those of solar radiation. It further states that chlorophyll
was produced by artificial light, and that bloom and fruit rich in
color and aroma could be developed by its aid. Dr. Siemens
claims that his experiment went on to prove that plants do not as
a rule require a period of rest during the twenty-four hours of the
day, but make increased and vigorous progress if subjected (in
winter) to solar light during the night.

These experiments were carried on during six days of the week
and not on Sunday. The plants used were peas, Erench beans,
wheat, barley and oats, cauliflower, strawberries, raspberries,
peaches, tomatoes, and vine crops. Various flowering plants were
tested including roses, rhododendrons and azaleas.

It is interesting to contrast the following data tabulated by Dr.
Siemens in 1880-81 with the present day reports.

( 1 ) One pot : In the dark — Plant became pale yellow and
soon died

(2) One pot: Electric light only — Plant not healthy, pale
green.

(3) One pot: Daylight only — Plant deep green and vigorous.

(4) One pot : Daylight plus six hours of electric light —
Plant superior in vigor, leaf dark rich green.

29

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

We shoukl not leave this first experiment withont giving one of
the most important conclusions by Dr. Siemens :

"Periodic darkness evidently favors growth in the sense of
elongating the stalks of plants, the continuous stimulus of light
appears favorable for healthy development at a greatly accelerated
pace, through all the stages of the annual life of the plant, from the
early leaf to the ripening fruit. The latter is superior in size, in
aroma, and in color to that produced by alternating light, and the
resulting seeds are not' at any rate devoid of re-germinating
power."

We are also interested in the cost of these experiments. Dr.
Siemens states that nine lights over three-fourths acre of glass
cost 1 6 shillings per day.

While scientists in England, France and Germany were testing

30
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Fig. I. — Growth curves for following plants — i-A and i-B Ivy, 2-A and 2-B Boston Fern, 3-A
and 3-B Calla Lilies, 4-A and 4-B Tradescantia or Wandering Jew. 5-A and 5-B Geranium (apple
scented).

30

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

electric energy in the growth of plants, Dr. L. H. Bailey was carry-
ing on some valuable experiments at Cornell from 1891 to 1893.
Dr. Bailey in the following report, copied from his bulletins on
electric experiments gives us not only the results of artificial light
on the growth of lettuce but also a detailed report of the cost of
lighting the greenhouses.

LIGHT ON LETTUCE

"Lettuce was greatly benefited by the electric light. We had
found that under protected light the lettuce had made a better
growth than in normal conditions. Lettuce of two varieties —
Landreth Forcing and Tennis Ball or Boston Market — was trans-
planted onto bench No. 4 when the Hght started. Both varieties
were planted in each house, and the plants were all alike; and all
the conditions in the two compartments were kept as nearly alike
as possible. Three weeks after transplanting (Feb. 5), both vari-
eties in the light house were fully 50 per cent, in advance of those
in the dark house in size, and the color and other characters of
the plants were fully as good. The plants had received at this time
70^ hours of electric light. Just a month later the first heads
were sold from the light house, but it was six weeks later when the
first heads were sold from the dark house. In other words, the
electric light plants were two weeks ahead of the others. This
gain had been purchased by 161^ hours of electric light, worth at
current prices of street lighting about $7.00.

"This lettuce test was repeated and was watched very closely
when the lamp was transferred to the compartment which had
formerly been kept under normal conditions. The same results
were obtained, and the differences between the two crops were so
marked as to arrest the attention of every visitor. The electric
light plants were in every way as good in quality as those grown in
the dark house ; in fact, the two could not be told apart except for
their different sizes. The history of the plants is as follows : The
seeds were sown in fiats February 24th. Until March 17th they
were grown under ordinary conditions, at which time they were
set in their permanent positions in the two compartments. We
began to pick lettuce from the light house April 30th, but the first

31

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

of equal size from the dark house was obtained May loth. The
electric light plants were therefore upon the benches 44 days be-
fore the first heads were sold. During this time there were 20
nights in which the light did not run, and there had been but 84
hours of electric light, worth about $3.50. In order to compute
the cost of growing lettuce by the aid of the electric light, it is
necessary to know how far the influence of the light will extend.
This we do not know ; but the lamp exerted this influence through-
out a house 20x30, and the results were as well marked in the most
remote parts as they were near the lamp.

"The results obtained from lettuce suggest many questions, all
of which must be answered by experiment. We need to know if
there is any particular time in the life of the lettuce plant when
the light has a predominating influence; if a mild light is as good
as a strong one; if the failure of light during the mooi'riight nights
is a serious drawback ; to what distance the influence of the light
extends ; if the same results can be obtained by hanging the lamp
over the house, instead of inside it, and by that means lighting
several houses at once ; if other plants can be profitably forced by
means of electric light."

In the third report upon Electro-horticulture in 1893, Dr. Bailey
used several varieties of plants and has carefully told us the story
of his year's work in the summary of Cornell Bulletin 42 :

PART PLAYED BY GLASS

"i. The influence of the electric arc light upon greenhouse
plants is greatly modified by the use of a clear glass globe or the
interposition of a glass roof. Plants which are much injured by
a naked light, may be benefited by a protected light.

"2. As a rule, plants are earlier under the electric light than
when grown in ordinary conditions.

"3. The light can be suspended above the house with good ef-
fect.

"4. Lettuce is greatly benefited by the electric light. An aver-
age of five hours of light per night hastened maturity from a week
to ten days at the distance of ten and twelve feet. Even at 40

32

14

11

'0

^

::^

e

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.

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Fig. 2.- — Growth curves for the following plants —
6-A and 6-B Coleus (large leaf type).
7-A and 7-B Coleus (small leaf type).
8-A and 8-B Marguerites or Paris Daisies.
9-A and g-B Geraniums (S. A. Nutt).

zz

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

feet, in only diffused light, the effect was marked. The light ap-
peared to injure young, newly transplanted plants.

"5- Radishes were also benefited by the light, but not to a great
extent. When the light was hung in the house, however, whether
naked or protected by a globe, radishes were injured.

"6. Beets and spinach appeared to be slightly benefited by the
light.

"7. Cauliflower under the light tended to grow taller than in or-
dinary conditions, and to make fewer and smaller heads.

"8. Violets and daisies bloomed earlier in the light house. This
corroborates results obtained with flowers in our earlier experi-
ment,

"9. The electric light does not appear to determine or modify
the hours of growth of lettuce and some other plants which have
been studied in this particular. Plants which are benefited, simply
grow more rapidly during the customary periods.

"10. I am convinced that the electric light can be used to ad-
vantage in the forcing of some plants."

One of our next important experiments in America upon Elec-
tro-horticulture was carried on under the direction of J. L. R.
Hayden and C. P. Steinmetz. The experiment was started De-
cember 13, 1916, and ended February 24, 1917, or 73 days.

Five-hundred watt gas-filled Mazda lamps were placed 36
inches above the ground and 17 inches apart.

While the following report is discouraging from an economic
point of view yet it should not be overlooked that both of these
engineers claim that high priced plants for Christmas and Easter,
such as Poinsettias, Easter Lilies, might be raised economically
under artificial light, but they do not hold out much hope for
vegetable growers.

TIME SAVED FORTY-SIX PER CENT.

The following report is quoted from the General Electric Re-
view of 1918:

"Artificial illumination has reduced the time required for the
development of certain plants by 46 per cent.

"This means that under the influence of intense artificial illum-

34

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ination the plants have grown and brought fruit in a little more
than half the time required under the daylight alone, in other
words, the artificial light causes about double the rapidity of
growth and development.

"After harvesting about three quarts of string beans, or about
90 cents worth, an estimate of the power rate of 54 cents per kw-
hr. was made and the beans actually cost $167.00."

It seems that this experiment was not carried on with its
economic worth kept in mind, and certainly in the light of past ex-
periments there were too many lamps used on such a limited space
and without consideration of the economic expenditure. Never-
theless the same report gives out the following:

"Assume, for instance, that the plants are in 6-in. pots. By
proper arrangement one 500-watt lamp could illuminate a circle
6 ft. in diameter, thus accommodating 144 pots. Intense illumin-
ation for one week or seven days, 18 hours per day, would acceler-
ate the development by about five days and would require 63 kw-
hr. At 5 cents per kw-hr., this would cost $3.15 or a little over 2
cents per pot, an expense which would be fully warranted eco-
nomically if it makes the product salable at the high seasonal prices.
Probably a materially higher cost for correcting a retardation of
several weeks would be economical."

According to the Yearbook of 1920, United States Department
of Agriculture, W. W. Garner and H. A. Allard carried on some
valuable experiments. They found in some instances that plants
were brought into flower and fruit by shortening the day at certain
seasons. The Biloxi and Peking Soy-beans were used. The com-
mon wild aster when exposed to 7 hours of light daily was in bloom
in 36 days, as against 122 days when exposed to light for the en-
tire day. Other plants such as Lima Beans from Pennsylvania,
ragweed. Chrysanthemums and others responded in a similar way
to the soy-beans.

On the other hand, experiments show that some plants such as
those that flower in the late spring and early summer do not re-
quire short days to reach the flowering stage. Among this group
of plants are the winter annuals and many of our common vege-
tables.

35

THK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The actual cost of these experiments did not figure in the report.

Professor G. T. Nightingale of the University of Wisconsin
has given some interesting results in his paper "Light in Relation
to the Grow^th and Chemical Composition of Some Horticultural
Plants." 1922. Professor Nightingale comhines short and long
day test with the application of fertilizers. The following sum-
mary will give an idea of the results achieved in the Wisconsin
University experiments :

ACTION ON CHEMICALS

"i. Nitrates may be stored by the plant until the proper con-
ditions arise for synthesis to other forms of nitrogen.

"2. The presence of nitrates as such in the plant does not ap-
pear to affect materially the type of growth of the plant.

"3. Conditions resulting in a decrease of insoluble nitrogen
and a still greater proportional decrease in carbohydrates resulted
in a relatively high proportion of insoluble nitrogen to carbohy-
drates, producing a strongly vegetative and unfruitful plant.

"4. Conditions favoring the formation of an abundance of
insoluble nitrogen and simultaneously an abundance of carbohy-
drates resulted in a vigorously vegetative and fruitful plant.

"5. Conditions resulting in a decrease of available soluble nitro-
gen without simultaneously decreasing the carbohydrates supply
resulted in a very high proportion of carbohydrates to insoluble
nitrogen and produced a weakly vegetative and unfruitful plant.

"6. It is inferred conditions resulting in a more or less com-
plete limitation of carbohydrates and a simultaneous decrease in
insoluble nitrogen, even though soluble nitrogen may be increased,
probably would result in a weakly vegetative and non-fruitful
plant. This condition was not found among those prevailing in
the experiments discussed.

"/. It is possible that certain forms of soluble nitrogen may
be as intimately associated with growth responses as are certain
insoluble forms of nitrogen; no specific substances have been de-
termined in this work.

"8. In the case of Tomatoes, light within the limits of a 6-hour
day did not appear markedly to limit the synthesis of nitrates to

36

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

insoluble forms of nitrogen, providing there was present an avail-
able supply of carbohydrates.

"9. Buckwheat, Soybeans, Radish and Salvia of the varieties
used, however, were limited in the synthesis of nitrates to insol-
uble forms of nitrogen by a 7-hour day as it occurred in the green-
house, even though there was present an available supply of carbo-
hydrates.

"10. A large degree of carbohydrates in Tomato plants al-
ready very high in carbohydrates was apparently coupled with de-
composition of insoluble nitrogen even though there was no exter-
nal supply of nitrates available to the plant.

"11. In the Tomato, insoluble nitrogen was not decomposed to
nitrates."

30
28
26
24
22
20
16
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35

Fig. 3— Growth curves for the following vegetable seedlings grown in pots—
A-X and B-Xj Beans Stringless Green Pod.
A-X) and B-X., Pea First-of-all.
A-X3 and B-X3 Sugar Corn Golden Bantam.
A-X and B-Xj Cabbage Early Jersey Wakefield grown in flats.

Z1

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Professor R. B. Harvey, University of Minnesota, in his paper,
"Carbohydrate Production and Grov^th in Plants Under Artificial
Light," 1923, gives the most interesting results of his analysis.
The following extracts are quoted from Professor Harvey's pa-
per:

"We have made chemical analysis of the carbohydrates produced
in plants at the various light intensities. The effect of continuous
illumination is to cause the accumulation of large quantities of
starch in the plants. Wheat grown in artificial light is full of
starch. Buckwheat has so much starch that the grains may be
easily pulverized in the hand.

"Nasturtiums produced in continuous artificial light are full of
sugars so that the flowers keep for a longer time than flowers cut
from plants grown outdoors. Cabbage leaves were found to con-
tain one-third of their dry weight as starch and sufficient other
easily hydrolysable carbohydrates to raise the quantity estimated as
starch by the method of acid hydrolysis to 53 per cent, in one case.
This is a much greater quantity of starch than found in green
leaves grown in sunlight. In alternating day and night the quan-
tity of carbohydrates in the leaf shows a periodic fluctuation cor-
responding to the period during which photosynthesis can occur.
Growth also is fluctuating in its rate. When the light is continu-
ous, photosynthesis is not stopped as in a period of darkness, and
growth is uniform in rate.

TOO EXPENSIVE FOR VEGETABLES

"I do not believe that artificial light will be used in the near
future for the growth of crop plants on a commercial basis. Yet
I do believe that many rare and valuable flowers may be grown
for the market out of their regular season by the use of electric
light. Orchids and Water Lilies are most valuable when they
cannot be supplied from cultivation in ordinary daylight. The
use of artificial light will make the production of such plants pos-
sible at times when there is no competition. The best application
of the method lies in the aid to plant breeders in hybridizing
plants and in growing the progeny to maturity out of season and
in a short time."

38

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

lb

A-Xs

/

/

/

12

y

/

/

B-X5

10

/

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A-Xe

6

^

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28

Fig. 4-

—Growth curves for the following vegetable seedling plants grown in flats-
A-Xj and B-Xj Tomato Chalk Early Jewel.
A-Xg and B-Xg Celery White Plume.
A-X^ and B-Xy Lettuce California Cream Butter.
A-X. and B-X„ Onion Yellow Globe Danvers.

35

The results obtained at Columbia University and described in
"Preliminary studies in the Response of Plants to Artificial Light,"
Illuminating Engineering Society publication, 1923, show a marked
increase of growth with plants treated with artificial light plus
sunlight.

PROCEDURE OF TEST

Several thousand vegetable seedlings raised in flats and a large
number of flowering plants started from cuttings, raised in pots,
were placed under ten 500-watt, iio-volt Mazda C clear lamps.

Seed was planted in pots and flats on February 19, 1923, and the
artificial light experiment started on March ist, 1923 at 9 p. m.
and was discontinued on April 4, 1923 (thirty-five days).

With each plant, flat or pot of seed tested under the lamps
there were exact duplicates, tested under sunlight alone.

39

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The ten 500-watt gas-filled Mazda lamps were hung in a row
36 inches above the surface of the bench. Each reflector-socket
was arranged ij4 ft- between sections so that the edges of the re-
flectors were approximately Y^. ft. from each other. The adjust-
ment range was i to 8 ft. and was kept constant for 4 weeks at
36 inches above the bench. On account of the increased tempera-
ture during the day and the high temperature under the lights, the
adjustment was made 4 ft. above the surface of the bench.

The lamps were kept burning continuously from 9:00 p. m.
until 2:00 A. M. When reference to artificial light is made it
should be understood that during the day the plants were exposed
to the sun as were the check plants.

During the test, twelve days out of the thirty-five were cloudy.

The average maximum temperature of circulating air during the
period of test was 91.3° F. for the test plants and 95.8° F. for
the check, while the average minimum temperatures were 64.9° F.
for the test plants and 73.7° F. for the check plants. In the rays
of the lamps according to the Brown recording thermometers, the
temperature averaged about 22° F. higher than the average range
during the day, the maximum temperature being attained at 2 a. m.
The root temperatures averaged 60.5° F. for the test plants and
57.5° F. for the check plants. These readings were taken at
9 a. m. before the plants were watered. The root temperature was
raised about 8° F. when the lights were on five hours, as shown by
readings taken at 2 a. m. All readings were taken with Fahren-
heit and Centigrade thermometers properly calibrated and checked.

Records of the average height were taken weekly. Individual
plants tend to vary materially when raised under the same condi-
tions so that an average of each type of plant under the light was
taken and also an average of the growth of the plant of each type
under sunlight only.

Water was applied to the plants under the lamps on an average
of 7 times per week, and the plants under normal light were wa-
tered 7 times per week. During the last week of the test the plants
under the lamps were watered 9 times per week while the plants
under normal light were watered 7 times per week.

Chemical tests of the plants for chlorophyl and starch contents

40

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

were made by Dr. A. M. Hageman, Chemical and Metallurgical
Dept. Westinghouse Lamp Company.

In the case of both seedlings and flowering plants, the chlorophyl
contents was the same in both groups of plants used in the ex-
periment.

Only in the case of the Tomato plant was a complete determina-
tion made which showed 19.8 per cent, starch in the plants grown
under normal conditions and 12.6 per cent, starch in the plants
grown under forced conditions. Further analysis will be made be-
fore conclusions are drawn in regard to the chemical analysis of
the plants under the artificial light.

41

8

i-B

9

2-A

9

2-B

20

3-A

22

3-B

9

4-A

9

4-B

8

5-A

8

5-B

10

6-A

lO

6-B

11

7-A

II

7-B

i8

8-A

i8

8-B

23

9-A

29

9-B

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK
PLANTS USED

Number of Pots

i-A English Ivy (Hedera helix)
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Boston Fern (Nephrolepis)
Boston Fern (Bostoniensis)
Calla-lilies (Calla Aethiopica)
Calla-lilies (Calla Aethiopica)
Wandering Jew (Tradescantia fuscada)
Wandering Jew (Tradescantia fuscada)
Geranium (Apple- Scented)
Geranium (Apple-Scented)
Coleus (Large Leaf Variegated)
Coleus (Large Leaf Variegated)
Coleus (Small Leaf Variegated)
Coleus (Small Leaf Variegated)
Marguerites (Anthemis nobilis)
Marguerites (Anthemis nobilis)
Geranium (S. A. Nutt)
Geranium (S. A. Nutt)

Vegetable Seed Planted in 4-inch Pots
Beans — Stringless Green Pod
Peas— First of All
Sugar Corn — Golden Bantam

Vegetable Seed in Flats
Cabbage — Early Jersey Wakefield
Tomatoes — Chalks Early Jewel
Celery — Golden Self Blanching
Celery — White Plume
Tomatoes — ^Bonnie Best
Lettuce — California Cream Butter
Onion — Yellow Globe Danvers

SUMMARY OF TESTS AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The results obtained from this experiment shows,

I — The use of the tungsten gas-filled Mazda C lamp has a bene-
ficial effect on the growth of flowering plants started from cuttings.

2 — The use of artificial illumination plus sunlight forces a more
rapid growth of vegetable seedlings than similar seedlings under
sunlight only.

3 — The use of artificial light plus sunlight does not produce a
weak, spindly growth of flowering and vegetable plants providing
each plant is given suf^cient space for normal growth, the proper
soil, moisture and temperature conditions.

4 — Flowering plants under artificial light bloomed approxi-
mately 8 days earlier than plants grown under sunlight only.

42

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

5^ — -The chemical tests of the flowering plants and vegetable
seedlings contained approximately the same amount of chlorophyl
in both the plants under the lamps and those raised under sunlight
only.

6 — The economic value of this experiment to commercial grow-
ers depends upon the cost of engineering the project and in main-
taining the installation at maximum efficiency to bring the evident
effect of the artificial light on production.

4.3

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

OBSERVATIONS ON FALL PLANTING

H. E. Downer, Poughkeepsie. N. Y.

TX /"ITH a late wet spring to contend with, such as we have ex-
^ ' perienced in 1924, the advantage of doing as much planting
as possible in the fall is readily seen. Last October and Novem-
ber conditions in this locality were ideal for planting, and full use
was made of the opportunity to steal a march on the spring rush
by putting through a good planting program. The winter was
less severe than usual, the thermometer rarely falling below zero,
but the customary snow blanket was missing. A good one was
supplied on the first of April, but too late to be appreciated. It
was with unusual interest that the perennial beds especially were
scrutinized when the winter covering was removed. Everything
that had been transplanted was found to be alive and has since
come along splendidly. The only thing amiss was a little displace-
ment by the action of freezing and thawing, which was easily
rectified. Amongst the things moved were the following; the
Dropmore variety of Anchusa italica. Columbine, Larkspur, Scotch
Pink, Sweet William, Shasta Daisy, Monkshood, Lupin, Funkia,
Purple Coneflower, Phlox, Coreopsis, Gaillardia, Helenium, As-
ter, Linum perenne, Viola cornuta, Veronica incana, and Campan-
ula latifolia macrantha.

Early in December several clumps of Anemone japonica were
lifted for the purpose of taking root cuttings. The plants were
divided and replanted and are all showing up well. In addition
we have a good stock of young plants from the root cuttings.
Early flowering Chrysanthemums, set out just before coming into
flower, have also survived in an open border. The year before the
same varieties were carefully placed in frames for the winter and
the mice got them all ! On the other hand. Salvia uliginosa and S.
farinacea, which survived the very severe winter of the year be-
fore, succumbed this year, year old plants as well as the veterans.
Evidently this was due to the absence of snow, as otherwise the
covering was the same.

Good drainage, firm planting and a covering of light material

44

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

put on when it seems that winter has actually arrived are the chief
factors in successful fall planting". Having plenty of pine needles
I use these entirely for covering perennial beds and have never
found anything else so good in every way.

Several plantings of Hybrid-tea and Polyantha Roses made in
November and banked up with soil in December came through well
and got away to a much better start than those planted in the
spring. The exposed tops died back, but that was immaterial,
as they would have been cut off anyhow.

For several years I have planted the ordinary run of deciduous
shrubs in the fall and with unvarying success. This is not a
unique experience by any means, but there are still many gardeners
who confine their fall planting to spring-flowering bulbs. Most
things, I believe, can be planted in the fall with good assurance of
success. The advantages are at least three-fold : ( i ) better plant-
ing conditions, (2) less rush, and (3) a better start in the spring.

LEARNING FACTS ABOUT FLOWER
GROWING!

SOMETHING ABOUT THE THOMPSON INSTITUTE FOR PLANT RE-
SEARCH AND WHAT IT MEANS TO AMERICAN HORTICULTURE

By E. L. D. Seymour, New York

OF COURSE we have been learning things about growing
plants for a good many years — in fact ever since Adam
gave them their common names for which Linneaus was later to
find scientific synonyms. But just as, even in this day of ad-
vanced knowledge, the Rockefeller Foundation and Institute are
rendering invaluable service in the fields of animal and human in-
vestigation, so the Thompson Institute for Plant Research bids

45

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

fair to contribute immeasurably to our knowledge of plant life and
plant culture.

To put it another way (and in the words of Director William
Crocker of the Institute itself) its field is to be "the investigation
of the fundamentals underlying plant growth and behavior."
Therein, he explains, it takes the middle course between the botan-
ical research activities of private colleges and universities (which
are essentially pure science) and the work of the Federal and State
investigational institutes which, of necessity, must devote most of
their eflforts to practical problems encountered in commercial
phases of horticulture and agriculture. "We are not going to per-
mit ourselves to be rushed off our feet by such practical considera-
tions," he points out, "nor shall we let any basic truth go unscru-
tinized. But, on the other hand, wherever it appears warranted
or desirable, we will be free to follow up lines of practical appli-
cation as far as they can be pursued."

Now just what does this mean to horticulture? As a mat-
ter of comparative illustration, recently discovered "fundamental
facts" about malaria are that it is caused by an organism which
lives in and is transmitted by a species of mosquito, and that
the extermination of that kind of mosquito effectually prevents
the spread of the disease. Upon this basis has been built the
modern system of malaria control and prevention. It is upon
knowledge of such fundamentals that the solutions of all our
problems rest — both those with which we are already familiar
and those yet to be disclosed. We know the basic truths about
wheat rust and its relation to the common Barberry ; we know
what causes the club-root of Cabbage and how it can be rendered
impotent ; we are rapidly learning why one Hydrangea bloom is
pink and another blue — and with the knowledge we are becoming
able to secure whichever result we want whenever we want it. But
there are far more such questions unanswered than answered, and
upon many of them depend the phenomena and conditions that
often determine the success and prosperity of the commercial
plantsman or the success and legitimate enjoyment of the ama-
teur gardener and plant lover. To find these answers will be the
work of the Thompson Institute and its investigators.

46

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

So much for what it means and can accomplish. Now for a
"fundamental fact" or two as to what the Institute is and how it
is going to function. Physically speaking it is going to consist
of a group of laboratory and administration buildings, green-
houses, etc., located on nine acres of land in Yonkers, N. Y., ad-
joining the attractive grounds of the Hudson River Country Club,
together with other outlying land available for experimental pur-
poses as may be required. Its staff will include experts in all
the realms of plant investigation and the related fields of bio-
chemistry, entomology, phytopathology, physics, etc.

In the abstract, it represents the way in which Col. William
Boyce Thompson, patron of various arts but an especially ardent
and successful horticultural enthusiast, has decided to serve hu-
manity. All those familiar with the International (New York)
Flower Shows of recent years know Col. Thompson, by name at
least, for the magnificent displays he has made there; hereafter
plant lovers everywhere are likely to learn of him through the
work of the institution that he has conceived, created, endowed
and inspired. Destined to fill an important place among the really
needed aids to human knowledge and development, it will stand as
a monument to him — and also to the growth and mounting impor-
tance of horticulture in the modern scheme of things.

How long the idea has been formulating in Col. Thompson's
mind is not mentioned; but in the fall of 1921 it was sufficiently
mature to bring about the selection and installation as Director of
Dr. William Crocker, then head of the Plant Physiology Depart-
ment of Chicago University. For the next six months Dr.
Crocker traveled over this country and Europe visiting the best es-
tablishments for horticultural and scientific research everywhere
and studying the work that is being done in the plant field — and
hozv it is being done. The latter point was especially important
for the laboratory buildings — the first unit of which was begun
about June, 1922 and will be in actual use early in October of this
year — have since been designed and built with a view to including
every known improvement and provision for every possible emer-
gency, and avoiding every mistake heretofore made. Eventually
four handsome, fireproof buildings will bound an imposing quad-

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

rangle on North Broadway just across from Col. Thompson's
magnificent estate. The building that will form the southern
boundary and that is now approaching completion is, however,
typical of all of them and as it alone will accommodate thirty or
more investigators, work should soon be under way in consider-
able volume.

As a matter of fact, one investigation of considerable interest
to garden lovers is already being carried on in charge of Dr. L. O.
Kunkel, the head of the Institute's pathological department. This
is a study of Aster "yellows" which is causing such havoc among
home gardens and commercial plantings. On the assumption that
this disease, like some of the other "mosaic" maladies that re-
semble it, is carried by some insect pest, Dr. Kunkel is not only
growing a field of Asters under various conditions and careful
scrutiny, but is also maintaining groups of healthy and diseased
plants in batteries of insect-proof shelters, in each of which he is
rearing colonies of a particular kind of insect known to frequent
Aster plants. At present these investigations are being pursued
on part of the garden plot of the neighboring Country Club ; later
they will be continued in the greenhouses of the Institute.

Those greenhouses and the other laboratory facilities of the
Institute buildings offer material for a series of articles that would
warm the cockles of the heart of every reader interested in labora-
tory methods, technique and equipment. The individual research
rooms for the various workers are each equipped with everything
that the most ardent scientist could desire : a distilled water tap,
outlets for gas, electricity (both no and 220 volt currents), high
and low pressure steam, compressed air, suction (to create a
vacuum) and cold air to provide for refrigeration nearly down to
the zero point are distributed to every room from central sources.
Certain rooms (and one of the greenhouses) have a piped supply
of carbon dioxide gas (secured from the "washed" fumes of one
of the boilers) while the chemical laboratories, in which painful
accidents sometimes occur, are provided for just such emergencies
with a special system of instantaneously operating sprinklers or
showers.

Down in the labyrinthine basement are chambers where any

48

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

degree of refrigeration may be obtained for seed freezing work ;
in other dungeons equipped with batteries of 25,000 watt electric
lamps and with the other conditions of humidity, temperature,
etc. equally under control, plants may be grown in artificial light
of any desired intensity up to about one-third maximum noonday
sunlight. And here, in order to offset the relatively great heat in-
duced by the use of such powerful lights, is found a remarkable
arrangement of "water screens" through which the light must
pass, and which are varied as to thickness and temperature so as
to insure uniform conditions whatever the degree of lighting pro-
vided! Similarly in the greenhouse range: while all the houses
are of the most modern construction, some of them are to be
equipped with powerful electric lights that "daylight conditions"
may be augmented ; others, as already noted, will be provided with
carbon dioxide distributors for stimulation purposes ; while a final
group, in which it is desired to grow plants in light from which
certain spectral rays (such as the ultra-violet) have been removed,
will be glazed with special, scientifically prepared, colored glass,
and provided with a special system of artificial ventilation so that
no faintest ray of sunlight will be able to enter. Truly the Thomp-
son Institute laboratories seem to come as near providing control
of the life forces of the universe as we are likely to come on this
earth.

To the scientific workers and agencies elsewhere in this country
and throughout the world the establishment of the Thompson In-
stitute means much, for it is the idea of Col. Thompson, Director
Crocker and the dual Boards of Directors that it shall cooperate
with them in every possible way. Thus, under suitable arrange-
ments, its exceptional facilities will be available for the use of the
experts of other organizations of research; leaders in the fields to
which it is to devote itself will be invited to make use of its ma-
terials and equipment in carrying out their studies of particular
problems ; and graduate students of special promise from the lead-
ing educational institutions will be given the almost priceless op-
portunity of extending their investigations, for a time or season,
under conditions not to be duplicated anywhere in the world. In
each case, of course, such an opportunity means much to the in-

49

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

dividual; but also it offers the possibility of the discovery of new
facts, relationships, methods and motives that may prove of untold
benefit to the world and to its horticultural activities and interests.

PROPAGATING THE LILIES

By Helen M. Fox, Peekskill, N. Y.

IT IS very easy to grow Lilies from seed. With the increasing
difficulties in obtaining bulbs it is almost essential to provide
one's own supply of Lilies.

Anyone desiring a collection of Lilies is advised to begin with a
small number each of many varieties. This will enable him to dis-
cover the kinds that will do well in his garden. He may find that
some of the Lilies as, for example, auratum and tenuifolium disap-
pear after a few )'ears. This may be caused by growing shade lov-
ing Lilies in the sun or planting Lilies requiring sand, in loam, or
the reverse. Or the bulbs may spend the season splitting up into
many small new bulbs and not send up any flower stalks for that
reason. From my own experience I do not find that either lime
or rotted cow manure spread over the surface of the soil harm the
Lily bulbs.

The structure of the Lily perianth makes fertilization by hand
very simple. Most Lilies set seed more certainly when the pollen
comes from a flower on another plant of the same variety, rather
than from the same plant or flower. When the stigma is sticky
is the time to take a ripe anther from another Lily and lightly rub
it against the stigma. If the pollination has been successful, af-
ter the perianth has fallen off, the seed pod stands up vertically-
When the pod splits open the seed is ripe. I have collected seeds
from regale, tenuifolium, candidum, martagon album, canadense
and superbum. The auratum and speciosum ripen so late that I
pick the pods off before they are ripe and allow them to mature in
a dry medium warm room. The frost spoiled the seeds when the
pods were allowed to ripen out of doors.

At the New York Botanical Gardens where an experiment on

50

Lily seedlings growing in the coldframe. Photographed May, 1924.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Lilies is being carried on by Dr. A. B. Stout, with the assistance
of Miss Rusk, selfed seeds have also been obtained from many
Other varieties such as Lilium henryi, humboldtii, philadelphicum
and many others. The Lilies are grown under glass. My list
is short as I have only been working three years. All my work
is done out of doors and with the help of cold frames.

Certain varieties of Lilies will often produce seed when fertilized
with pollen from a different variety, though incompatible to pollen
of their own kind. This is true of Lilium tigrinum. This Lily was
found to give seed when crossed with L. maximowiczi at the
Botanical Gardens. The cross has not bloomed yet.

The right pollen to give seed on L. hansoni and L. testaceum has
not been found; pollen from species blooming earlier or later will
have to be saved and experimented with.

Other ways of propagating Lilies, beside seeds are from bulbils
and bulblets and bulb scales.

The tigrinum forms tiny black bulbils in the axils of the leaves.
When these are planted they grow quickly and flower two years
from the time of planting.

Just above the ground along the stem of the speciosum and
many other Lilies, tiny bulblets are found. Bulblets are also
often attached to the mother bulb. These also flower two years
from the time they are planted.

Sometimes, instead of one or two shoots coming from a bulb
it looks as if someone had dropped a packet of seed in that par-
ticular spot. When this happens it is wise to carefully dig up
this bulb. It will be seen that a sprout has come from each scale.
These scales with their sprouting stem and leaf can be pulled
apart and planted separately and will in turn form new strong
bulbs. Scales can be planted before this happens, too.

All my seeds are planted in flats six inches deep, filled with a
mixture of two parts soil from the woods and one part sand. The
flats are put in a cold frame and during the summer are shaded
with slats and watered twice a day. In winter they are covered
two feet deep with leaves and the glass is put over them. I found
no difference in growth in seeds planted in the fall right after
ripening and the seeds planted the following spring. Canadense

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

seedlings do not show above the ground the first year. It is im-
portant to keep the boxes weeded.

Though many attempts at crossing have failed, I have obtained
crosses between

L. auratum x speciosum album

L. auratum x speciosum rubrum

They ought to be very lovely when they flower. In time it is
hoped many new varieties will come into being.

One cross between L. candidum x regale seemed successful, but
the candidum seed parent sickened and died before the seed could
ripen.

It is no more difficult to grow Lilies than any other perennial.
I spend much more time snipping, spraying and feeding my Roses
than I do on my Lilies. Think of the work and time spent on
the Dahlias.

One frequent cause of failure in growing Lilies is that the
bulbs often arrive after the ground is frozen. The best way to
overcome this difficulty is to plant these late comers in flats and
winter them in the cold frame. Early in the spring as soon as the
shoots are six inches high, lift them gently out of the flat and plant
them out of doors. I plant the stem rooting LiHes eight to twelve
inches below the surface of the ground to the top of the bulb. I
always bed them in sand and place them on their sides.

Many advantages will result from growing Lilies from seed :
firstly, many new varieties ; secondly, varieties better suited to
local conditions of growth; and lastly as it is so simple to raise
Lilies, it is possible for anyone to have them and this will add
greatly to the beauty of this world of ours.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

A WORD FOR THE EREMURLS

Uy Alice T. A. Quackenbush, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, N. Y.

HOW vividly I remember unpacking a box of roots from my
nurseryman and seeing three huge octopus-like things, care-
fully partitioned from the rest, with a note of warning tied to the
inclosure urging care in handling. Eremurus roots ! They were

planted in October, and the
spring with its new experience
seemed m any weary months
away. At that time, I did not
know the plant's one bad habit ;
that it is slow in developing to
the blooming point. I waited
two impatient years before the
first great bloom-stalk appeared
and, further, went through a
period of panic when the first
season the leaves yellowed and
died in midsummer. Now I
have several husky plants
grown from seed and find them
quite hardy. The seed is slow
to germinate, especially if
bought fro m the seedsman.
When taken directly from the
plant and sown at once, it makes
quite sizeable roots the first
season.

Why is the Eremurus so little
grown? It is a regal thing
with blossom stalks growing
quite eight feet high. Of
the several species E. robustus,
a pink, and E. himalaicus, a soft
white, are quite hardy. They
flower in June and are an ar-
resting sight. A sandy loam

mi^'

Eremurus robustus grown from seed

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

suits them best with a dressing of lime before and after bloom.
Give them plenty of water during the growing period. They
do not like to have their roots disturbed, yet they may be trans-
planted successfully by a careful gardener.

PICKLED DAHLIAS

A NEW METHOD OF WINTER STORAGE WHICH PROVED TO BE UN-
EXPECTEDLY SUCCESSFUL

By Mrs. Charles H, Stout, Short Hills, N. J.

THERE is probably no subject in horticulture over which more
men and women disagree than the storage of dahlia roots dur-
ing winter. Each of us has his or her pet method. I have mine,
of course, but I also try whatever anyone else suggests. Thus
it happened that when a Paterson grower, Mr. Charles E.
Walker, made a suggestion that I try paraffin wax, I at once
started on the new adventure.

Accordingly, I purchased ten pounds of paraffin, such as we had
been using on top of jelly. The clumps, after being dug and rip-
ened, were washed free of soil. They were carefully inspected
for any signs of decay. Every tuber with broken neck and all
bruised spots were removed. The old stock was entirely cut away,
leaving the crown perfectly clean. When quite dry, several tubers
of each clump were marked with its name, using an ordinary in-
delible copying pencil.

A large sauce pan was borrowed from cook and placed on
a "slow" fire. The paraffin, put in piece by piece, was warmed
until all became a transparent liquid, but not allowed to reach the
boiling point. Each clump was then dipped in and out without
a pause, the wax instantly forming a thin semi-transparent, whitish
skin over the tubers.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Remembering the mistake of Achilles's mother, with its sad re-
sult when the arrow struck him in the heel, I turned the clumps
about and gave each an extra dip where my fingers had kept them
from entering the fluid in the first place.

The clumps selected for the experiment were rather small, con-
cerning whose fate I cared little and which I felt sure could not be
wintered over in the ordinary way. Some large clumps were di-
vided as if it were already spring, each tuber being separately
dipped.

When finished, all were placed together in an ordinary box, put
away on a shelf in the storage room and forgotten until April.
On lifting them out at that time, to my amazement I found that
almost every clump had thrown up many long shoots. The wax
was peeling ofif by the heaving of the tubers, and with the excep-
tion of two or three which had apparently not been carefully trim-
med before waxing, all were thriving. At the present writing
they are growing lustily in the garden as though nothing unusual
had been done to them. A few, from plants which I had con-
sidered diseased last year, seem to be perfectly recovered — so
far!

In comparing notes with growers throughout the Central and
Eastern states I found that one trouble has caused severe losses this
spring — crown rot. Tubers which had been set away apparently
in prime condition last October were found to be useless in April.

During a normal season rapid growth takes place early in the
year, slowing down as the days become cool and crisp in September.
The sap gradually goes back to the root. The crown becomes
firm, locking the food into the tubers where, going through a chem-
ical change, they prepare themselves for next year's growth.
When frost comes they are ready.

Our season last year was abnormal. The dahlia calendar was
completely turned about. The first three months were so dry
that plants were at a standstill most of the time. Stalks became
woody and leaves scarcely developed. Then came the blessed
rain. Plants which were not too far gone leaped into growth. At
a time when they were luscious in leaf and stalk, sending out all
their strength from the tubers to make up for lost time, Jack

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Frost cut them down in an instant. Nature cannot withstand such
onslaught, and many roots did not survive the blow.

Let us hope that such a season will not be repeated this year;
but if it should so happen, let us try by artificial means to save this
precious crown. It is my intention to use the wax treatment once
more and shall be interested to try other means which may also be
suggested.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

THE CLONAL VARIETY IN HORTICULTURE

By A. B. Stout, New York Botanical Garden

NEARLY all the most important fruit crops, certain of the
root and tuber crops, and a long list of the perennials famil-
iar to the flower garden are propagated exclusively by vegetative
means.

When the propagation is from roots as in the Sweet Potato,
from tubers as in the Irish Potato, from the crown of the stem
attached to the root as in the Dahlia, from bulbs or bulblets as in
the Tiger Lily, from runners as in the Strawberry, or from cut-
tings as in the Grape, all the individuals (roots, stem, branches
and all) of a variety are merely parts of one original seedling or
bud sport. In the case of the propagation of the Apple, Peach,
Plum, Cherry, Feijoa, Avocado, Orange, etc. by budding or by
grafting the trunks and the branches grown from the inserted buds
or scions of any one variety are all sister branches. Thus all the
many plants of the Concord Grape are branches derived from one
seedling and the tops of all the Baldwin Apple trees grown are
the branches of one seedling plant. Except for bud variations
that may have arisen in the course of the repeated propagations, all
plants of the variety are inherently alike with a constitution that is
identical. In a sense, the entire variety is really one plant. Such a
variety is known as a clonal variety in distinction from a variety
grown exclusively from seeds as is one of the annuals of the field
and the flower garden. The distinction is readily evident and it is
one of particular significance in regard to certain problems in the
propagation, the culture, and the orchard management of crops.

There are two main advantages in clonal propagation. Usually
it gives an easy and a quick means of propagation ; for example it
is by far much easier to obtain good plants from the runners of the
Strawberry or from cuttings of the Grape than to grow them from
seed. But a very important reason for propagating many horti-
cultural crops by vegetative means is that the individual plants do
not breed true to type from their own seed.

Undoubtedly hundreds of seedlings of the Concord Grape, of
the Bartlett Pear, or of the Baldwin Apple could be grown without

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

one producing fruit sufficiently similar to that of the seed parent to
be marketed with it as one variety. In fact the majority of such
seedlings yield fruit of poor and inferior quality and are judged
unworthy of propagation and cultivation. In the development of
varieties it is of distinct advantage when the rare seedling of special
merit can be propagated vegetatively. Very often such propa-
gation (grafting, budding, cutting, layering, root division, etc.)
is the only way the individual plant can be perpetuated and in-
creased in numbers. The individual is thus kept in existence and
multiplied so that it may be distributed to many growers over a
wide area and for an indefinite period of time.

Evidently this very practical and important lesson was learned
early in the cultivation of fruit plants, for the first Greek writers
on horticultural matters record that the art of propagation by graft-
ing and budding was then already well understood. It appears,
however, that during the Middle Ages this art was practiced chiefly
as a cult or guild secret and was regarded by the uninitiated as the
exercise of magic — a view quite in keeping with the spirit of that
time.

Even within the memory of persons now living, prominent hor-
ticulturists have considered that grafting and budding are malicious
practices which are perversions of nature and injurious to the
plants thus propagated. But it is now recognized that the art
simply takes advantage of the natural processes in the healing of
wounds in plants. The art of grafting and budding is now taught
in horticultural schools of every rank. It is widely practiced.
The tricks of the art and the secrets of the propagators' guild are
now the common property of all.

The merits of vegetative propagation of horticultural plants are
now fully recognized. No one will advise a grower to plant an
orchard of seedlings of the Apple, Pear, Orange, Lemon, Date,
etc., or a vineyard of Grape seedlings. Also vegetative propaga-
tion simplifies the problem of developing new varieties. The prob-
lem in breeding is merely to obtain a seedling of merit ; it is not
then necessary to fix its type true to seed by long and laborious
selection of seed progenies. The clonal variety immediately in-
sures the greatest uniformity possible in propagation. The meth-

59

Two noticeable bud variations are here shown on one plant. The clonal
variety of Pelargonium "Happy Thought" has a single large yellowish
green blotch in the center of each leaf. From the plant of this type here
shown .there arose the pure green branch shown at the right and also the
pure yellow branch shown at the lower left. By vegetative propagation
such bud sports may give new clonal varieties. Such sports must be dis-
carded in taking cuttings if the variety is to be kept true to name. The
variety Happy Thought can only be kept in cultivation by vegetative pro-
pagation ; none of its seed progeny show its type of variegation.

Bud variations are rather frequent in many varieties of both ornamental
and fruit plants. They may involve changes in foliage, flowers, or fruits
as to size, shape, color, or other quality.

In this variety, as in certain other single-flowered Pelargoniums and
Geraniums, the flowers are not self-pollinating. The stamens of a flower
shed pollen before the pistil is mature (compare 2 with 3). But usually
the pistils of some flowers are ready for pollination while other flowers
are shedding pollen so there is chance for close-pollinations and as these
are compatible a single plant in isolation or a group of the same clonal
variety will set fruit when insects carry pollen from flower to flower.

In certain other Pelargoniums, however, the flowers are imperfect with
stamens aborted and only the pistils potent (as in 5 and 6). In such
clonal varieties, fruit setting depends on cross-pollination from a different
variety which has good pollen.

60

6i

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ods of vegetative propagation have become fully established in hor-
ticulture. The clonal variety has come to stay.

But clonal propagation involves and gives rise to certain prob-
lems and difficulties peculiar to itself. It has certain disadvantages,
some of which may and do frequently defeat the very purposes for
which the plants are grown. The horticulturist needs to recognize
these, to understand them and to take measures to correct them,
that the culture of clonal varieties of all the important fruits and
perennial flowering plants may be made more nearly perfect in
every detail.

PERFECTING MEANS OF PROPAGATION

For certain plants means of vegetative propagation remain to
be discovered. Such a method has only recently been developed
for the Para Rubber Tree and for the Papaya. Undoubtedly, in
time, methods of clonal propagation will be learned for nearly all
perennials that are cultivated.

Methods of vegetative propagation now in use for various plants
can no doubt be improved. It may not be possible to find better
general purpose stocks for the fruits long propagated by grafting
— Apple on French Crab, Cherries on Mazzard and Mahaleb
stocks. Plums on Myrobalan stock, etc. — but for many fruit crops
there is undoubtedly much to be learned as to how to secure the
most congenial relations between scion and root stock and between
the branching system and the root system of these dual individuals
that are grown as one plant. Perhaps this may be advanced by
a further standardizing of root stocks through their vegetative
propagation. These are problems incident to the arts of propaga-
tion. They are primarily matters requiring the attention of
nurserymen and of those growers who propagate their own nursery
stock.

BUD VARIATIONS

In propagating clonal varieties nurserymen and growers of
fruit and garden plants should be on the alert to correct any
tendency to bud variation by giving proper attention to selection of
buds or branches for propagation so that the standard type of the

62

Several types of destructive degeneration or "mosaic" diseases are carried
over in the tubers of diseased plants to the plants grown from them another
year. They are perpetuated indefinitely by clonal propagation. These
diseases may also be carried from diseased plants to healthy plants by in-
sects and particularly by plant lice. Thus an entire strain or clone of a
variety may become infected and if the disease becomes severe the crop
may be a complete failure as was the case in the test plantings shown above.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

variety may be maintained. There appears to be a greater need
for such selection in certain types of fruit, as the orange, than in
others (apples for example). In many of the variegated ornamen-
tals bud sporting is frequent, but is usually so conspicuous that it
is readily recognized and taken into account.

Bud variations are not to be confused with those ditTerences in
character of foliage or fruit which arise when plants of the same
clonal variety are grown under varied climatic and cultural con-
ditions. They are most apparent when one or more buds on a
plant develop into branches with foliage or fruit that is unmistak-
ably different from the rest of the plant and when the propagation
from such a branch gives a new variety.

Usually bud variations give aberrant types poorer than the type
from which they come. Many cut-leaved types of ornamentals,
certain varieties with variegated foHage, certain types of flowers as
in Roses and in Chrysanthemums have arisen as bud sports. But
very few noteworthy improvements in fruits have thus been ob-
tained.

Selection of buds or propagating wood from the best and the
most typical individuals of a variety is a sound and safe method
in all vegetative propagation. This is particularly a detail to be
handled by nurserymen. In respect to this matter the grower is
wholly dependent on the nurseryman.

DISEASES THAT ACCOMPANY CLONES

It is becoming very evident that a clone should always be kept
free from diseases that are transmitted from branch to branch
on to new plants of the clone. It has been rather generally con-
sidered that clonal varieties tend to "run out." That they may do
this by transmitting various infectious diseases and perhaps phy-
siological disorders has now become apparent. Especially is this
the case with Potatoes in which several types of infectious diseases
may be transmitted to a healthy plant and then carried in its tu-
bers to the progeny grown from them. The successful growing
of Potatoes, particularly, in the more southern states, has become
in large degree dependent on securing for planting tubers of plants
free from these diseases.

64

Success in growing potatoes depends first of all on the planting of tubers
produced by plants free from mosaic diseases. Such "seed tubers" can be
produced best in regions like northern Maine. There the cool summers
favor a good growth of the plants and the crop matures at a time most
suitable for immediate winter storage. Also aphids are less abundant than
in warmer sections farther south so the spread of the disease in potato
fields is less.

To control and eliminate these tuber-borne diseases the grower rigidly
"rogues" plants showing signs of disease. He may also combat the aphids
by sprays of nicotine solutions and by destroying all rose bushes in the im-
mediate vicinity for it is upon the roses that certain of the potato aphids feed
in early spring before the potato plants are available to them.

Many potato growers have rarely or even never seen fruits on potato
plants. The plant is propagated by tubers, and it is the tubers that are used
for food. The fruit is only of importance in the breeding for new varieties.

In cool-season areas like northern Maine all varieties usually bloom in
profusion quite as shown in the above view. In warm-season areas they
are decidedly non-blooming. But most varieties have imperfect flowers that
yield very little or no viable pollen. Thus in a field of Irish Cobbler, a
clonal variety, there is no chance for pollination and the plants are fruit-
less. When there is proper cross-pollination with one of the few perfect-
flowered varieties then "seed balls" will be produced. If the potato were
grown for its fruit, interplanting to provide for pollination would need to
be considered as in certain clonal varieties of strawberries and grapes.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The recent advances in the knowledge of such diseases now make
it very doubtful if vegetative propagation of itself ever leads to
the "running out" of a clonal variety. The selection of healthy
stocks in the various plants in which there may be yellows or mosaic
disorders is becoming well recognized as a necessary procedure.

Rather special studies are needed to determine the nature of
these diseases, the means of their transmission, and the methods of
eliminating them in practical culture. Thus at the beginning the
solution of these problems rests on the shoulders of the specialist
in plant pathology. It remains, however, for the nurseryman and
the grower to practice the means for control.

FRUIT PRODUCTION IN CLONAL VARIETIES

The horticulturist needs always to know when the growing of
a clonal variety in solid blocks will of itself reduce fruit produc-
tion through limiting the pollination required for the setting of
fruit. It is the rule among the fruit crops grown at the present
time that proper production of fruit depends on the development
nf seed. But the initiation of seed development depends (with
few exceptions) upon intricate processes of fertilization which in
turn depend upon a proper pollination. It happens that there
are frequently special conditions that are inherent characteristics
of certain clonal varieties which limit or prevent either pollination
or fertilization after pollination whenever a plant stands alone or
when there is a solid block of a single clonal variety.

There are so many conditions influencing the production of fruit
that it is not always an easy matter to distinguish between those
th.at are incidental, or purely environmental or cultural, and those
which pertain to the needs of a variety for pollination. The for-
mer operate to limit production when all requirements for pollina-
tion are met. The latter operate to limit fruit bearing where all
environiriental conditions are fully favorable to high yields. The
manifold and complex influences of climate, weather, culture,
nurture, fungous diseases, insect pests, etc., are all of vital and im-
mediate effect. They have always been matters of much concern to
fruit growers. They always will be of much concern. But these
are not factors for unfruitfulness that develop or become promi-

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The absence of stamens in the flowers of a clonal variety of strawberry,
as shown at the right above for a flower of the Crescent variety, clearly indi-
cates the need for cross-pollination. Only varieties which have perfect
flowers, as the Klondyke shown at the left, are self -pollinating and self-
fruitful. Interplanting imperfect- with perfect-flowered varieties provides
for the necessary cross-pollination. There are various grades of intersexes
in strawberries aside from the two fruitful types here shown.

In the period of early strawberry growing, roughly from 1820 to 1855, it
was very generally believed that the differences in the self-fruitfulness of
varieties of the strawberry were induced by differences in culture and
climate. Strawberry growing was a rather uncertain business until the
imperfect type of flower was recognized as a character of certain clonal
varieties and the practice of interplanting was established.

nent because of vegetative propagation- They are quite apart from
the unfruitfuhiess that arises from lack of pollination or from lack
of proper fertilization.

Among the many cultivated plants (and vv^ild as well) there are
various types of sterility ; the non-blooming condition, sterility
from hybridity, and sterility accompanying double flowers fre-
quently render plants decidedly or fully sterile in the true sense of
the term. Such plants may be grown as ornamentals and be
propagated vegetatively. Their sterility, however, does not arise

67

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

because of vegetative propagation or because plants are grown
either singly or in clonal blocks.

With these eliminations, we may now make the inquiry : When
does the growing of a clonal variety of itself reduce the fruit pro-
duction of which the variety is capable? The answers may be
stated as follows, embracing three groups of conditions :

I. When the variety has flowers that are entirely or decidedly
pistillate — a grade of intersexes rather frequent in many kinds
of plants.

J. When adaptations prevent or limit both self- and close-pollina-
tion.

3. When self- and close-pollinations do not result in fertilization
necessary for fruit setting.

These may be discussed briefly and in the order given.

INTERSEXES IN FRUIT CROPS

The Dates, Figs, Persimmons, Papayas, Strawberries, and
Grapes illustrate well the fact that among the numerous individuals
of a species or a race there are often dift'erent degrees in the rela-
tive development of the two sexes in the flowers which affect the
ability to self-pollinate. These are deviations from the perfect
type of flower with loss of either pistillate or staminate potency,
giving frequently numerous grades of intersexes. The ability
to bear fruit is limited to those individuals or clonal varieties that
are more or less potent in femaleness and in these there is the
possibility of self- or close-pollination only when stamens or
stammate flowers are also developed. Otherwise there is need for
cross-pollination. In such plants the problems of fruit setting,
as far as pollination is concerned, are solved either by hand pollin-
ation as in dates, by supplying pollen-bearing flowers together with
the insects to carry the pollen as in the Smyrna Fig, by proper
interplanting of pistillate with either male or perfect-flowered
plants as for certain varieties of Strawberries and for Muscadine
Grapes, or in the development of perfect-flowered and self-pollin-
ating varieties as was done in the Strawberry and is now being
done in the Muscadine Grapes.

The "poor" bunch of grapes shown here was due to scanty cross-polHna-
tion. The variety, known as Brighton, has flowers that produce no viable
pollen. Hence setting of fruit on any vine of the clonal variety

depends o n cross-

pollination. When
this is inadequate
there are many miss-
i n g berries, small
berries or none a t
all. Here the few
large berries were
from flowers that
happened to be well
cross-pollinated.

In grapes, the
flowers indicate the
pollinating ability of
the plant or the
clonal variety. Those
with the male type
(/, below) are not
able to bear fruit ;
they can supply pol-
len : those with the
perfect flower {2)
are self-pollinating
and s e 1 f-fruitful :
those with the im-
perfect type o f
flower (?) are self-
fruitless and should
be interplanted with
perfect-flowered va-
rieties that bloom at
the same time. Then
i f insects perform
the c r o s s-pollina-
tion adequately
there will be a set
of full bunches.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

A lesson in respect to this type of sterility may he learned from
the recent experiences with the J. H. Hale Peach. Highly pro-
ductive of excellent fruit in nursery and orchard trials when sur-
rounded by other varieties, it was extensively advertised and her-
alded as "the million dollar Peach." When solid blocks of this
clonal variety came to the age of yielding fruit it was found that
many of the fruits were undersized, poorly colored and insipid,
and that many such fruits fail to mature. Examination showed
that the decided self-unfruitfulness of this Peach is due to its
poor pollen. To obtain the good yields of fruit which this variety
is capable of bearing it is necessary to interplant it with other
varieties that yield good pollen in abundance. Peaches are as a
rule perfect-flowered, self-pollinating and highly self-fruitful. This
variety is hence an unexpected exception which arose and caused
considerable financial loss to those who planted it in solid blocks.

In general it may be said that self-unfruitfulness of an intersex
plant or its clonal variety arises because its flowers are imperfect
and do not supply viable pollen suitable for any sort of fertili-
zation.

In certain cases, as for some varieties of Strawberries, an exam-
ination shows the absence of stamens. In other cases the stamens
may be present, and may shed pollen, but adequate examination
under a microscope together with tests for viability will readily
reveal the impotent condition of the pollen.

ADAPTATIONS LIMITING SELF- AND CLOSE-POLLINATION

The mention of adaptations for cross-pollination naturally
brings to mind the many varied and marvellous structural adapta-
tions for "cross-pollinations" by insects. But no matter how com-
plex these may be, as long as the flowers of the different individuals
of a species are alike and as long as there are numerous flowers
open on a plant at the same time structural adaptations of them-
selves do not prevent close-pollination (from flower to flower on
the same plant or from plant to plant of a clonal variety.)

To take a seed-grown variety to illustrate this point, it is me-
chanically as easy for a bumble bee to carry pollen from the sta-
mens of a flower on a Red Clover plant to the pistil of another

70

Above. The flowers of the J. H. Hale variety of peach appear to be
perfect. But the stamens contain only poor pollen useless in fertilization.

Belowr. At left is shown a fin? fruit of the J. H. Hale peach, the result
of a proper cross-fertilization. At the right are several fruits of the same
age as one shown at the left. These are the undersized fruits of poor
flavor and with dead "kernels" ; they result when this peach is grown by
itself or in solid blocks.

71

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

flower on that same plant as it is to carry such pollen to a flower
of another plant and the chances for doing so are greater. Adap-
tations which limit self-pollination do not necessarily restrict close-
pollination. In such cases the agent effecting close-pollination he-
comes an important factor in pollination, hut the planting in solid
blocks of such a clonal variety does not, complicate or limit the
possibility of the action of this agent. With the adequate opera-
tion of the insects, either a single plant of the Red Clover, or a solid
block planting with one clone of the Red Clover, or a planting with
every plant a different seedling would l)e pollinated equally well.
Without any action of insects there would be the same restriction
in fruit setting, provided, of course, that the factor deciding the
setting of fruit is solely that of pollination.

But structural adaptations may advance in complexity until
close-pollination is also restricted. In certain Primulas, Lythrums,
and Orchids there are different forms of flowers for individuals
or for groups of plants. These are such that it is mechanically
easier for insects to effect certain "legitimate" cross-pollinations.
In such cases the exclusive growing of a clone having one form of
flower tends to reduce pollination. It appears, however, that such
a specialization does not exist to a marked degree in any of the
important fruit crops at least in those grown in temperate regions
or that have perfect flowers.

What has just been said regarding structural adaptations for
cross-pollinations applies as well to those adaptations in which
the pistils and stamens in individual flowers mature at different
times (condition called dichogamy). In most plants, dichogamy
prevents self-pollination but not close-pollination. Thus in the
single-flowered types of the garden Geraniums the stamens of a
flower shed pollen considerably in advance of the maturity of the
pistil of that flower. But there are usually flowers of various ages
after opening on the plant, so there is a chance for insects to carry
pollen from flower to flower on a plant or from plant to plant of
one clonal variety. There is, hence, a pollination problem and the
action of insects is necessary to effect pollination, but the growing
of a clonal variety does not make it the more difficult. In most
fruit crops, Apple, Pear, Peach, etc., there is a partial dichogamy,

72

The flowers of the Bartlett pear are fully perfect ; there is chance for
abundant self- and close-pollinations, yet these fail to give a satisfactory
yield of fruit. Usually no fruit sets to such pollination but sometimes small,
irregular shaped, and poorly flavored fruits develop as shown at the right
above. When properly interplanted so that compatible cross-pollinations
are provided, fine fruits as shown at the left may be had. The growing
of a solid block of the Bartlett pear, or of most other varieties as well, de-
creases the yield and the quality of the fruit produced is poorer compared
with the yield when there is proper interplanting with other varieties.

n

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

but the pistil of a flower, as a rule, remains ready for pollination
until after the pollen is shed from some of the anthers of the
flower, so there is opportunity for self-pollination. Also in these
fruits there are flowers of all stages of development open at the
same time during most of the period of bloom, so there is abundant
opportunity for close-pollination by action of insects. As far as
pollination is concerned the clonal variety of such a plant may
be planted in solid blocks.

But dichogamy may be so highly specialized that close-pollina-
tion is also restricted, as is the case with Avocados. In this plant
the flowers are perfect, but each flower has normally two distinct
periods of opening. The pistil of a flower is ready for pollination
at the first time the flower opens, but it is only during the second
period of opening, at least 24 hours later, that the pollen is shed.
This prevents self-pollination. But the flowers of a tree, or of
trees of a clonal variety, open and close together for each of the
two periods of opening. Flowers of a kind in the same period
"flock together" and this daily rhythmic synchrony restricts close-
pollination. It will readily be seen that if all Avocados (seedlings,
clonal varieties, etc.,) have the same daily sequence, cross-pollina-
tion among Avocados would likewise be restricted. But a sur-
vey of the varieties shows two main types of daily sequence.
In one group of varieties pollen is shed in the forenoon and
first-period flowers ready for pollination are open in the after-
noon. In the other group the behavior of flowers is in the reverse
order. The two types supplement each other. The time relations
are wonderfully adapted for cross-pollination between individuals
of the two groups. Solid block plantings of a clonal variety or
mixed planting of varieties that have the same daily sequence of
bloom will decrease the chances for pollination. The Avocado is
a conspicuous case showing that the flower behavior of a new type
of fruit crop and its requirements for pollination should always be
determined before clonal varieties are planted in solid blocks.

WHEN SELF- AND CLOSE-POLLINATIONS DO NOT RESULT IN FRUIT

Self-fruitlessness exists in such clonal varieties as the Napoleon
Cherry, the Bartlett Pear, the German Prune Plum and the

74

Fruit setting in apples depends on a pollination that gives a compatible
fertilhat'wu. The flowers are perfect, they produce much viable pollen, and
the}' are fully self- and close-pollinating. Yet some varieties are decidedly
self-fruitless because the pollen fails to function in starting seed and fruit
development. The pollen will, however, function in certain cross-fertiliza-
tions.

The flowers shown above are, from left to right, of Mcintosh (self-
fruitless), Baldwin (somewhat self-fruitful) and Wealthy (highly self-
fruitful). There is nothing in the appearance of the flowers which
indicates the differences in self-fertility.

Below shows a fruit spur of Mcintosh that had been self-pollinated but
on which no fruits set in contrast to a neighboring spur whose flowers were
cross-pollinated and on which fruit has set.

A solid block planting of any self-incompatible variety of apple, or of any
other clonal variety of fruit with this type of sterility, does not afford
chance for cross-pollination; all the plants are merely branches from one
plant. Such varieties should be interplanted with others which bloom at
the same time and which are compatible in cross-fertilization. Here the
fruit grower's problem is to provide for a pollination that is compatible.

75

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Rhode Island Greening Apple and in many other varieties of these
fruits. Each of these has perfect flowers with stamens fully de-
veloped and with pollen highly potent. Each is known to he
capable of yielding heavy crops of fruit. There are no marked dif-
ferences in the time of the development of the pistils and stamens
of the individual flowers. The flower mechanism does not prohibit
self-pollination even without insect visitations, but with such visita-
tions close-pollination is amply provided for. And yet these self-
and close-pollinations are not effective in fruit setting. There is
what we may call an incompatibility in the processes of fertiliza-
tion which follow pollination. Interplanting is hence necessary
to provide for the pollinations which do result in fcrtilizati'.n.
But there may also be cross-incompatibilities : two well-known
varieties of sweet cherries, the Bing and the Napoleon, are re-
ported to be not only self-incompatible but cross-incompatible as
well.

It is to be noted that incompatibilities are not to be deter-
mined by an examination of the flower, or by any laboratory tests
of the pollen, as pollen sterility in intersexes may often be de-
termined, but only by the results of properly controlled pollinations
combined with the results obtained in orchard plantings.

It is now evident that many varieties of Apple, Pear. Cherry,
Plum. Blackberry. Almond, and Feijoa are self-incompatible to
some degree. Certain varieties of these fruits, of which the
Wealthy apple may be mentioned, appear to be rather highly self-
compatible, but in many cases even these varieties will produce
larger yields of better fruit when there is cross-fertilization.

During the past ten years, especially, evidence has been accumu-
lating as to what varieties of our fruits are or are not self-fruitful.
The evidence is very often conflicting and this has been accepted
by most horticulturists as proof that "self-sterility is not a constant
factor in any variety." It is said that "the same tree may be self-
sterile at one time and self -fertile at another or the same variety
may be self-fertile in one locality and self-sterile in another."
Such behavior is credited to important varieties as the Kieffer and
Bartlett pears and the Yellow Newton and Rhode Island Greening
varieties of apples. No doubt in many instances other causes of

76

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

unproductiveness are wrongly attributed to self -incompatibility
and also that cross-pollination may have occurred where it was not
expected. It is not at all certain that the differences in fruit pro-
duction observed in these cases were due to variations in the one
factor of self-fertilization. But unless experience shows that a
clonal variety of these much cultivated fruits is decidedly fruitful,
the safe course for the grower is to interplant rather liberally.

Perhaps an important advance in horticulture will be the com-
bining of a high degree of self -compatibility with high quality of
fruit and other desirable qualities through further breeding of
all of the various fruit crops in which incompatibilities are now
marked. This would allow solid block plantings with the advan-
tages in orchard management that this brings. It would make
yields of fruits less dependent upon insect pollination in that the
self- and close-pollinations would be sufficient.

But possibly the ultimate and most ideal goal of the horticultur-
ist is to develop fruits like the Navel Orange which mature fruit
without any pollination ; the problems of pollination and fertiliza-
tion are then entirely eliminated in the matter of securing yields
of fruit.

It is to be emphasized that the abundant yields of fruit by a new
seedling or by plants vegetatively propagated from it when grown
in trial orchards or in nursery plantings when surrounded by
other varieties is no test for sclf-fruitfidness. This simply shows
that the plant or the clonal variety is able to produce fruit.
Whether the plant is a female intersex, whether there are structural
adaptations or dichogamy limiting both self- and close-pollinations
or whether there are self-incompatibilities is not in the least re-
vealed. There is no evidence from this as to what the pollination
or fertilization requirements are or of how the variety will yield
when planted alone or in solid blocks.

The ideal plant for vegetative propagation and for solid block
planting from the standpoint of consistent yields of fruit is one
that is self -fruitful. For it to be thus, it should have perfect
flowers, there should be no structural or developmental adaptations
that decidedly limit close-pollination at least and preferably self-
pollination also, and the self- and close-pollinations should be

77

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

compatible in fertilization to the point of producing fruit. The
characteristics of a variety in all these particulars should be fully
determined before it is distributed and widely planted.

The four groups of horticultural problems briefly outlined above
are those that are peculiar to vegetative propagation and to the
growing of clonal varieties in solid blocks. They refer in part to
the special problems of the nurserymen in their efforts to develop
and to use the best methods of propagation and of maintaining
varieties true to type ; they refer to critical problems in fruit pro-
duction which the grower frequently meets when he plants a
clonal variety in solid blocks, and they refer to certain important
phases in the breeding of new varieties for the quality of self-
fruitfulness.

Clonal propagation now plays an important part in horticulture.
It is destined to increase in importance. With due regard to their
i-espective responsibilities, the breeders of horticultural plants, the
nurserymen who propagate them for the trade, and the orchardists
who grow these plants for their products can speed the day
when the clonal variety presents no serious defect or at least gives
rise to no problems that are not met.

78

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

EXTRACTS FROM PROCEEDINGS OF
THE SOCIETY

ANNUAL MEETING

The Annual Meeting was held at the office of the Society, 598 Madison
Avenue, New York, on Saturday, May loth, 1924, at 3 :30 p. m.
The following persons were elected Directors for a three year term :

Dr. N. L. Britton Mr. T. A. Havemeyer

Mr. F. R. Newbold Mr. F. R. Pierson

Mr. John Scheepers Mrs. Samuel Sloan

Mr. Richardson Wright

The recommendation by the Board of Directors for the creation of an
Executive Committee for the transaction of the business of the Society
when the Board was not in session was not approved.

Treasurer's report was read and accepted and placed on file.

Directors' report was read and accepted and placed on file.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, NOVEMBER 14, 1923
(Mr. F. R. Pierson, Chairman of the Board, Presiding.)

Elected as Annual Members: Mr. John Bister, Mr. John A. Murphy,
Mrs. Christian deVVaal, Miss J. C. Murray, Mrs. Frederick M. Godwin,
Mrs. James L. Hawley, Mrs. F. M. Warburg, Mr. C. R. Meltor, Mr. S.
Roger Mitchell, Mrs. Edgar F. Price, Miss Mary F. Bartlett, Miss M.
Elizabeth Lester, Mr. Arthur A. Chelmers, Mr. William B. Hardin, Mrs.
H. C. Hasbrouck, Mr. I. W. Drummond, Mrs. Alfred C. Bedford, Mrs.
Frederick S. Wheeler, Mrs. Carll Tucker, Mrs. Franklin Stowe, Mr. R.
Erbsloh, Miss Margaret Gilroy, Dr. H. M. Imboden, Dr. Marguerite T.
Lee, Mrs. Harriet Weil, Mr. Thomas W. Lamont, Mr. Leo Ritter, Mr.
Glenn F. McKinney, Mrs. R. G. Elbert, Mr. Julius Goshen, Mrs. Charles
A. Chapin, _Mr. Hobart J. Park, Mr. Noah W. Taussig, Mrs. William W.
Farnam, Miss E. Schwarz, Mrs. Frank C. Littleton, Mrs. Charles N. Tain-
tor, Mrs. E. C. Danforth, Mrs. H. C. Steers, Miss Estelle Whitfield, Miss
Ethel DuBois, Miss Eleanor M. Chalfant, Mrs. F. B. Crowninshield, Dr.
Lewis R. Morris, Mrs. W. C. Eustis, Mrs. E. Ward Olney, Mrs. Henry R.
Mallory, Mrs. -Caleb R. Stetson, Miss Alice R. Peters, Mr. J. Insley Blair,
Mr. Kenneth MacKenzie, Mrs. George M. Laughlin, Jr.

Elected as Life Members: Miss Eva C. Putney, Mrs. Henry P. Tailer,
Mr. Bernhard Liesching.

Elected as Sustaining Members: Mr. LeRoy Frost, Miss Marion R.
Carhart, Mr. Joseph P. Day, Mr. Schuyler L. Parsons.

Deep regret was felt for the death of our member, Julius Roehrs, and the
Chairman appointed Mr. Atkins, Mr. Manda and Mr. Hendrickson a com-
mittee of three to draw up a suitable set of resolutions expressing this regret.

The Board appointed one more member to the International Flower Show
Committee to represent the interests of this Society. Mr. W. A. Manda,
and the Secretary requested to ask a like appointment by the New York
Florists' Club.

Mr. Newbold then read a letter from Mrs. Henry Fairfield Osborn, con-
gratulating the Society on the success of the Chrysanthemum Show and
offering a prize for the 1924 exhibition for the best Claudius Pernet Roses ;

79

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

also a message from Professor Osborn to Mr. Havemeyer, desiring his
congratulations and appreciation to be extended to the Board of Directors
of this Society on the success of the show and the pleasure given to him and
his trustees.

The Secretary was requested to reply to Mrs. Osborn's letter, a;ccepting
the offer, and Mr. Havemeyer was requested to express to Professor Osborn
the thanks and appreciation of our Board.

A recommendation from the Exhibition Committee to the Board of Di-
rectors was then read covering the request for a new medal. The chair
appointed Mr. Wm. A. Delano, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt and Mrs. Robert C.
Hill a committee of three to submit a new design for this medal, and if
possible to have something ready for the next meeting.

It was resolved that Mr. Rudolph Roehrs be appointed to take the place
of his brother, the late Julius Roehrs, on the International Flower Show-
Committee.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, DECEMBER 12, 1923
(Mr. F. R. Piersox, Chairman of the Board, Presiding)

Elected as Annual Members: Miss Elizabeth K. Lamont, Mrs. F. R.
Kellogg, Mr. E. Beckett, Miss Julia Wray, Mrs. Thomas Thacher, Mrs.
P. N. Guthrie, Jr., Dr. Philip Van Ingen, Mrs. Helen Orr English, Mr.
Adam Zobei, Mr. Sterling Postley, Mrs. Edwin W. Preston, Mrs. Percy
H. Williams, Mrs. Francis McNeil Bacon, Mrs. Henry Bartol, Mr. Willard
A. Fox, Mrs. Howard S. Borden, Miss Sarah Clephane, Mrs. Park M.
Woolley, Mrs. Henrietta M. Pope, Mrs. William L. Pierce, Jr., Mr. B. A.
Cushman.

Elected as Life Member: Mrs. Charles B. Alexander.

Resolved that a letter be written to Mr. Miller, President of the Borough
of Manhattan, protesting against the continuation of Sixth Avenue through
Central Park as this Society is opposed to any further infringement of our
parks.

The Chair announced that Mr. W. A. Manda accepts. his appointment to
the International Flower Show Committee of 1924.

Resolved that the Society reaffiliate itself with the New York Federation
of Horticultural and Floral Societies at the rate of $25.00 per year.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, JANUARY 9, 1924
(Mr. F. R. Pierson, Chairman of the Board, Presiding)

Elected as Life Member: Mrs. Cooper Hewitt.

Elected as Annual Members: Mr. George Ferguson, Mr. James Bryant
Roy, Mrs. Roswell Eldridge.

Mr. Leonard Barron was elected to take the place of Mrs. Samuel Sloan as
chairman of the lecture committee with power to appoint his own cornmittee.

Resolved, That the Journal be issued twice a year, thereby increasing the
size of the volume and at the same time improving and making it a much
more valuable asset, the next issue to be as of July, 1924.

A letter was read from Mrs. Samuel Sloan, conveying the approval of
her Board in the cooperation of the Garden Club of America in our lecture
course for next year.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, FEBRUARY 13. 1924
(Mr. F. R. Pierson, Chairman of the Board, Presiding)

Elected as Life Members: Mrs. Frederic G. Goodridge, Mrs. Lyman
Delano, Mr. Martin R. Jacobus.

Elected as Annual Members: Mrs. John B. Bird, Mrs. John W. Paris,

80

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri, Mrs. William D. Morgan, Mrs. E. R. Hewitt, Mrs.
Edwin .S. Barbour, Miss Isabelle Pendleton, Mrs. J. Magee Ellsworth, Capt.
V. H. Hurlstone Piper.

The Secretary read a letter of thanks from Mrs. Julius Roehrs for the
set of resolutions tended her on the death of her husband.

Mr. Leonard Barron reported new Lecture Committee to be as follows :

Leonard Barron, Chairman; Dr. N. L. Britton; Dr. C. Stuart Gager;
Dr. E. B. South\yick; Mrs. Robert C. Hill.

The chair appointed a committee with Mr. Leonard Barron as chairman
to work on a Horticultural Conference as suggested by Mr. Barron at a
previous meeting.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, MARCH 12, 1924
(Mr. F. R. Pierson, Chairman of the Board, Presiding)

Elected as Life Member: Mrs. Thomas D. Thacher.

Elected as Annual Members: Mrs. L. K. Wilmerding, Mr. Robert
Honeyman, Mrs. George Whitney, Mrs. Harlow Brooks, Mrs. Ernest W.
Congdon, Mrs. H. W. Sibley, Mrs. R. Burnside Potter, Mrs. Ernest G.
Stillman, Mrs. Fred Joel Swift, Mrs. Ernest G. Vietor, Mrs. F. A. Vander-
lip, Mr. Joseph C. Stobo, Mrs. Thomas D. Leonard.

Mr. T. A. Havemeyer reported that Mrs. Harold I. Pratt had chosen
the 17th day of May on which to entertain the members of the Horticultural
Society of New York at her place in Glen Cove. The chair thanked Mr.
Havemeyer for the service rendered by him and his committee and dis-
charged them.

It was resolved that we invite the American Gladiolus Society to cooperate
with us in our Gladiolus Show to be held August 8th, 9th and loth, 1924,
at the American Museum of Natural History.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, APRIL 9, 1924
(Mr. F. R. Pierson, Chairman of the Board, Presiding)

Elected as Animal Members: Mrs. James R. Knapp, Mrs. Alphonzo
Pelham, Mr. G. M. Borden, Mr. W. H. Waite, Mr. Charles Leavitt, Miss
Lucy H. Kean, Dr. William Wheelock, Mrs. Charles Kaye, Miss Marion
Davies, Mrs. William Procter, Mr. John W. Fuller, Mrs. Fred W. Payne,
Mr. M. P. duPont, Mrs. K. D. Cheney, Mr. Pierre Lorillard, Mr. Lincoln
Pierson, Mr. C. P. Coleman, Mr. Joseph Biehler, Mr. Robert H. Mont-
gomery, Mr. Herbert L. Dillon, Mr. Roger Starr, Mr. N. W. Tilton, Mrs.
E. Blauvelt, Mrs. Henry A. Colgate, Miss Alice E. Kingsbury, Mrs. John R.
Demarest, Mrs. William Fellowes Morgan, Mrs. Claude Kress, Mrs. P. J.
Kruesi, Mr. Edwin H. Brown, Mrs. Joseph H. Weinberg, Mrs. I. M. Leslie,
Mr. Frank Howard Lloyd, Mr. Frank O. Johnson, Mrs. F. J. Godsol, Mrs.
A. P. Shelton, Miss Lilian C. Alderson, Mrs. E. C. Gude, Mrs. Maurice
Brill, Mrs. Charles V. Drew, Mrs. Henry R. Hoyt, Mrs. N. Hopkins Heft,
Mrs. S. L. Newman, Mrs. John Greenough, Mrs. Henry Ford, Mrs. D. W.
Flint, Mrs. Francis H. Adriance, Mrs. W. C. Webster, Mr. John F. Thibaut,
Mr. Arthur Turnbull, Mr. Paul Fosdick, Mrs. A. B. Jenkins, Capt. H. H.
Warfield, Mrs. Charles F. Cantine, Mr. R. L. Fowler. Mr. J. Macey Willets,
Mr. Hugh F. Fox, Mrs. Alice B. Doscher, Mrs. Charles A. Eaton, Mr.
Victor Morawitz, Miss M. E. Rowland, Miss Isabel S. Middleton, Miss
Charlotte H. Miner, Mrs. Louise Augustin, Miss Irene Hayes, Mrs. Louise
Endicott, Mrs. Charles Bradley, Mrs. Elizabeth Horner.

The chair appointed Mr. John Scheepers a committee of one to represent
this Society at the International Flower Show of Haarlem, Holland in 1925.

A letter from Mr. W. B. Roulstone, chairman of the Parks and Play-

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ground Association was read notifying the Society of a meeting of the
Board of Estimate on April nth, at 10:30 a. m., and it was resolved THAT;
The Horticultural Society of New York protest against the proposed en-
croachment of Central Park and that Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox be appointed
to represent this Society with Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson as alternate.

Resolved, THAT : The Annual Meeting be held at the office, 598 Madison
Avenue, New York City, the second Saturday in May (the loth) as provided
for in the Constitution.

It was decided that the Society conduct the 1925 International Flower
Show in cooperation with the New York Florists' Club and that Mr. Young

be so advised. , tt • 1 1

Mr. Havemeyer submitted a circular from the Central Horticultural
Society of Nancy, France, which gave the details of a fund being created
to erect a testimonial of Victor Lemoine and it was decided to issue a no-
tice to our members giving those interested an opportunity to contribute to
a sum to be donated in the name of the Horticultural Society of New York.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, MAY 10, 1924
(Mr. F. R. Pierson, Chairman of the Board, Presiding)

Elected as Annual Members: Mr. Arthur H. Deane, Mr. R. Herbert
Crowell, Mrs. Charles G. Taylor, Mrs. William Hand, Mrs. Clarence E.
Chapman, Mrs. L. A. Lehmaier, Mrs. Henry R. McLane.

Resolved, THAT : The Secretary notify the International Flower Show
Committee that the Gold Cup of the Holland Bulb Growers Association is
at their disposal to be offered as such prize and under such conditions as
they may name under the terms of the agreement of the Holland Bulb
Growers Association.

DIRECTORS' MEETING, JUNE 11, 1924

This being the first meeting of the Board after the Annual Meeting, Mr.
Robert T. Brown took the chair.

Nominations being called for, Mr. F. R. Pierson was unanimously elected
chairman of the Board of Directors.

Mr. Pierson then took the chair and the following elections took place.

President: Mr. T. A. Havemeyer.

Vice-Presidents: Dr. N. L. Britton, Mr. James Cromwell, Mr. William
Boyce Thompson.

Honorary Vice-Presidents: Mr. E. S. Harkness, Mr. Adolph Lewisohn,
Mrs. Payne Whitney, Mr. Clement Moore, Mr. George T. Powell.

Executive Secretary: Mrs. Elizabeth Peterson.

The chair made the following committee appointments :

Finance Committee: Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, Mr. F. R. Newbold, Mr. F.
R. Pierson.

Lecture Committee : Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman; Dr. N. L. Britton;
Dr. C. Stuart Gager; Dr. E. B. Southwick; Mrs. Robert C. Hill.

Exhibition Committee: Mr. James Stuart, Chairman; Mr. R. T. Brown;
Mr. John Canning; Mr. George Ferguson; Dr. H. A. Gleason; Mr. I. S.
Hendrickson; Mr. James Kelly; Mr. John Lager; Mr. A. J. Manda; Mr.
J. A. Manda ; Mr. John Scheepers ; Mr. Charles H. Totty ; Mr. Arthur Her-
rington, Exhibition Manager.

Journal Committee: Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman; Mrs. Elizabeth
Peterson; Dr. E. B. Southwick.

Library Committee: Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Chairman; Mrs. Samuel
Sloan; Mr. Henry F. duPont.

82

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Horticultural Conference Committee: Mr. Leonard Barron, Chairman;
Mr. John Scheepers ; Dr. E. B. Southwick.

Horticultural Hall Committee: Mr. John Scheepers, with power.

Park Protection Committee: Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Mrs. Elizabeth
Peterson, alternate.

7925 International Flozver Show Committee: Mr. F. R. Pierson, Mr.
T. A. Havemeyer, Mr. James Stuart, Mr. Joseph Manda, Mr. John Can-
ning, Mr. F. L. Atkins, Mr. John Scheepers, Mr. Rudolph Roehrs, Mr.
W. A. Manda.

Elected as Annual Members: Mrs. Philip W. Livermore, Mrs. Thomas
T. Gray, Mr. George Heck.

New York Federation of Horticultural Societies and Floral Clubs letter
was read inviting the Directors to the Field Days at Cornell University,
June 25th and 26th. The chair extended this invitation to the Board with
request that as many go as possible and Mr. Nehrling be notified of this
action.

Telegram and letter from the American Gladiolus Society were read
asking a postponement of the Gladiolus Show from August 8th, 9th and lOth
to August 22nd, 23rd and 24th. Mr. James Stuart, Chairman of the Exhibi-
tion Committee invited discussion of the matter after which the Secretary
was instructed to write Mr. Davis, secretary of the American Gladiolus
Society, extending to them the courtesy of postponement to the 22nd if they
so desired.

On motion by Mr. Stuart, unanimously carried, it was voted to award to
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt the first impression cast from the Society's new medal
for the exquisite poem of a garden which reflected so much taste, care and
love.

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THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

AWARDS AT THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

March 17-22, 1924.
Held in the Grand Central Palace.

PLANTS IN FLOWER
Private Grozvers

Class I. Acacia, 3 plants, one or more varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A.
Constable.

Class 2. Acacia, specimen, any variety^ — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 3. Amaryllis, 12 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 4. Amaryllis, 6 plants— ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 4a. Anthurium, one specimen plant — ist Prize, R. F. Howe. 2nd
Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 5. Azalea, specimen, any color, not less than 3 ft. in diameter —
1st Prize, James A. MacDonald.

Class 6. Azalea, 3 plants, any color — ist Prize, James A. MacDonald.

Class 7. Bougainvillea, specimen — ist Prize. Bertram G. Work.

Class 8. Buddleia, 3 specimens — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.
2nd Prize, Mrs. A. J. Moulton.

Class ID. Cineraria hybrid, 6 plants — ist Prize, Bertram G. Work. 2nd
Prize, W. R. Coe.

Class II. Cineraria stellata, 3 plants — ist Prize, William B. Thompson.

Class 12. Cineraria stellata, specimen, any type — ist Prize, Bertram G.
Work. 2nd Prize, William B. Thompson.

Class 13. Cyclamen, 25 plants, arranged for effect, decorative plants
permitted— 1st Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd Prize, William B. Thomp-
son.

Class 14. Cyclamen, 6 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 17. Fuchsia, i standard specimen — ist Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Charles Mallory.

Class 18. Geraniums, 3 specimens — ist Prize, John W. Masury. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

Class 19. Geranium, i standard specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. H. R. Mallory.

Class 20. Heliotrope, 3 standard specimens — ist Prize, Mrs. Charles
Mallory.

Class 21. Heliotrope, i standard specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. Charles
Mallory.

Class 22. Hydrangea, 3 plants, not less than 8 inch pots — ist Prize,
Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 23. Hydrangea, specimen, not less than 8 inch pot — ist Prize,
Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 24. Imantophyllum, specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 25. Lilac, 6 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 26. Marguerite, specimen — ist Prize, John W. Masury. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Charles Mallory.

Class 27. Myosotis, 6 plants — ist Prize, John W. Masury. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 28. Nemesia, 6 plants — ist Prize, John W. Masury. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. E. Iselin.

Class 29. Primula malacoides, 12 plants — ist Prize, John W. Masury.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 30. Primula obconica, 12 plants — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.
2nd Prize, John W. Masury.

84

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 31. Primulas, 6 plants in variety— ist Prize, John W. Masury.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 32. Rhododendron, 3 plants, not less than 3 ft. in diameter— ist
Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 33. Rhododendron, specimen, not less tlian 4 ft. in diameter — ist
Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2d Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 34. Schizanthus, 3 plants— ist Prize, William B. Thompson. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. S. T. Peters.

Class 3=;. Schizanthus, specimen— ist Prize, George F. Baker. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. S. f. Peters.

Class 37. Stocks, 12 plants, one or more varieties — ist Prize, A. L. D.
Warner. 2nd Prize, Mrs. E. Iselin.

Class 38. Wistaria, specimen— ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd
Prize, James MacDonald.

Class 39. Any other specimen flowering plant — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M.
Tilford. 2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 40. An exhibit of flowering plants, covering 300 sq. ft., ferns or
other suitable accessories permitted. Orchids excluded — ist Prize, Mrs.
Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 41. Display of Delphiniums— Special Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

PALMS AND FOLIAGE PLANTS
Private Growers

Class 50. Areca lutescens, specimen — ist Prize, George F. Baker.

Class 53. Dracaena, 3 plants — ist Prize, William B. Thompson. 2nd
Prize, Mrs. E. E. Smathers.

Class 54. Kentia forsteriana, specimen, single or bushy — ist Prize, Mrs.
Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. E. E. Smathers.

Class 55. Kentia Belmoreana, specimen, single or bushy — ist Prize, Mrs.
E. E. Smathers. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 56. Phoenix Roebelenii, specimen — ist Prize, J. B. Cobb Estate.
2nd Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 57. Palm, other than above, specimen, single or bushy — ist Prize,
Mrs. E. E. Smathers.

Class 58. Any specimen foliage plant, not less than 10 inch pot or tub—
1st Prize, William B. Thompson. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 59. Group of foliage plants, with Orchids permitted, collection
covering 150 sq. ft., arranged for efifect — ist Prize, William B. Thompson.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

FERNS
Private Growers

Class 70. Asparagus, specimen, any variety — ist Prize, Mrs. E. E.
Smathers. 2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 71. Adiantum cuneatum, or its types, specimen — ist Prize, Mrs.
E. E. Smathers. 2nd Prize, James MacDonald.

85

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class "JZ- Adiantum, any other variety, specimen — ist Prize, J. B. Cobb
Estate.

Class 74. Cibotium Scheidei, specimen — ist Prize, Mrs. E. E. Smathers.
2nd Prize, J. B. Cobb Estate.

Class 75. Goniophlebium sub-auriculatum, specimen — 1st Prize, Mrs. E.
E. Smathers. 2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 76. Nephrolepis exaltata Bostoniensis, or any of its sports — 1st
Prize, J. B. Cobb Estate. 2nd Prize, Mrs. E. E. Smathers.

Class TJ. Stag's Horn Fern, specimen — ist Prize, James MacDonald.
2nd Prize, Mrs. E. E. Smathers.

Class 78. Fern, any other variety not otherwise specified — ist Prize,
Mrs. E. E. Smathers. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Charles Mallory.

BULBOUS PLANTS
Private Growers

Class 80. Freesias, white, 12 six-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, J. W.
Harriman. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 81. Freesias, colored, 6 six-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, J. B.
Cobb Estate. 2nd Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

Class 82. Hyacinths, white, 3 ten-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, Mrs.
Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 83. Hyacinths, pink, 3 ten-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, Mrs.
John T. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 84. Hyacinths, red, 3 ten-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, Mrs. Harold
I. Pratt. 2nd Prize, James MacDonald.

Class 85. Hyacinths, light blue, 3 ten-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, Mrs.
J. P. Morgan's Estate. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 86. Hyacinths, dark blue or purple, 3 ten-inch pots or pans — ist
Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Class 87. Hyacinths, yellow, 3 ten-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, Mrs.
Bertram H. Borden. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Class 88 Lilies, 12 pots, any varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.
2nd Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

Class 89. Lily of the Valley, 3 eight-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, Mrs.
H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize, Mrs. J. P. Morgan's Estate.

Class 89a. Lily of the Valley, 3 twelve-inch pots or pans — ist Prize,
Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 90. Narcissus, 6 varieties, large Trumpet varieties, 6 ten-inch pots
or pans — ist Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H.
Borden.

Class 91. Narcissus, all other types, 6 varieties, 6 ten-inch pots or pans —
1st Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 92. Tulips, single early, distinct varieties, 6 ten-inch pots or pans —
1st Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

Class 93. Tulips, double, in variety, 6 ten-inch pots or pans — ist Prize,
Mrs. Bertram H. Borden. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 94. Tulips, Darwin, distinct varieties, 12 ten-inch pots or pans —
1st Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim.

Class 95. Tulips, Breeder, in variety, 12 ten-inch pots or pans — ist Prize,
Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

86

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 96. Tulips, all other May flowering, distinct varieties, 12 ten-inch
pots or pans — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne
Whitney.

THE ZANDBERGEN BROTHERS SPECIAL PRIZE

Class 97. Hyacinths, 8 distinct varieties, ten-inch pots or pans— ist
Prize, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 98. Collection of Narcissi, best yellow, bicolor and white trumpet,
Leedsi, Barri, Incomparable, Poeticus and Jonquil types, 2 ten-inch pots or
pans of each — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne
Whitney.

Class 99. Collection of new seedling Tulips, eight-inch pots or pans, 8
to 10 varieties that have not been shown more than once in previous New
York International Shows — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

ORCHID PLANTS
Private Grozvers

Class 100. Twelve plants in variety— ^ist Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class loi. Six plants in variety — ist Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 102. Three plants in variety — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.
2nd Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 103. One plant — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden. 2nd Prize,
Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 104. One Brasso-Cattleya or Brasso-Laelia — ist Prize, Col. H. H.
Rogers.

Class 105. One Cattleya, Laelia or Laelia-Cattleya — ist Prize, Col. H.
H. Rogers.

Class 106. One Cymbidium — ist Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 107. Three Oncidium in variety — ist Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

GUT ORCHIDS
Private Growers

Class 108. Twenty-five vases of Orchids in variety — ist Prize, A. N.
Cooley.

ORCHID PLANTS
Special Classes

Class 109. Twenty-five plants in variety — ist Prize, Clement Moore.
Class no. Twelve plants in variety — ist Prize, Clement Moore.

CUT ROSES
Private Growers

Class 117. 18 Butterfly, Ophelia, or sports of similar color — ist Prize,
W. R. Coe. 2nd Prize, Countess Mildred Holnstein.

87

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 119. 18 Columbia — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd. Prize,
Mrs. Lewis P. Child.

Class 121. 18 Mrs. Aaron Ward — ist Prize, Countess Mildred Holnstein.

Class 122. 18 Any red variety — ist Prize, A. L. D. Warner. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Lewis P. Child.

Class 123. 18 Any white variety — ist Prize, Countess Mildred Holnstein.

Class 126. 25 One or more varieties, to be shown in one vase — ist Prize,
Countess Mildred Holnstein. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Lewis P. Child.

CARNATIONS
Private Grozvers

Class 130. 25 White — ist Prize, Mrs. Arnold Schlaet. 2nd Prize, Mrs.
H. M. Tilford.

Class 131. 25 Light pink, exclusive of Laddie — ist Prize, Mrs. Arnold
Schlaet. 2nd Prize, Mrs. E. E. Smathers.

Class 132. 25 Dark pink — ist Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis. 2nd Prize, Mrs.
H. M. Tilford.

Class 133. 25 Red or scarlet, to include all shades generally classed in
these colors — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd Prize, Miss Susan D.
Bliss.

Class 134. 25 Crimson, to include all shades known as crimson or maroon
—1st Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 135. 25 White variegated — ist Prize, Mrs. H. M. Tilford. 2nd
Prize, George Grant Mason.

Class 136. 25 Yellow or yellow variegated — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A, Con-
stable. 2nd Prize, Mrs. F. E. Lewis.

Class 137. 25 Laddie — ist Prize, George Grant Mason. 2nd Prize, Mrs.

E. E. Smathers.

Class 138. Vase of Carnations, not to exceed 150 blooms. One or more
varieties may be used. Decorative green of any kind, ribbon and any other
accessories may be used, as long as Carnations are the predominant feature
— 1st Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb. 2nd Prize, W. R. Coe. 3rd Prize, Mrs.

F. E. Lewis.

SWEET PEAS
Private Growers

Class 141. Display of Sweet Peas, covering 25 sq. ft. Quality of bloom,
artistic arrangement and general effect to be considered in making award —
1st Prize, Mrs. W. R. Cross. 2nd Prize, W. R. Coe. 3rd Prize, Mrs.
John T. Pratt. . . . •

Class 142. Collection of six varieties, 25 sprays of each — ist Prize, Mrs.
S. H. Gillespie. 2nd Prize, W. R. Coe.

Class 143. 100 sprays, one or more varieties, arranged for effect, greens
permitted — ist Prize, W. R. Coe. 2nd Prize, Mrs. S. H. Gillespie.

MISCELLANEOUS CUT FLOWERS
Private Growers

Class 150. Acacia, 12 sprays^ — ist Prize, B. G. Work.

Class 151. Amaryllis, 12 spikes — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 152. Antirrhinum, 12 spikes, crimson — ist Prize, Mrs. Percy
Chubb.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 153. Antirrhinum, 12 spikes, pink — ist Prize, J. Insley Blair.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb.

Class 154. Antirrhinum, 12 spikes, white — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whit-
ney. 2nd Prize, W. R. Coe.

Class 155. Antirrhinum, 12 spikes, yellow — ist Prize, Mrs. S. T. Peters.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 156. Anthurium. 12 flowers — ist Prize, Mrs. E. E Smathers.

Class 157. Calendulas, 25 flowers — ist Prize, Mrs. E. Iselin. 2nd Prize,
Charles W. McAlpin.

Class 158. Callas, 12 flowers, yellow — ist Prize, Mrs. Daniel Guggen-
heim.

Class 159. Callas, 12 flowers, white — ist Prize, Charles W. McAlpin.
2rtd Prize, C. E. Mitchell.

Class 160. Flowering shrubs, 12 sprays, one or more varieties — ist Prize,
Mrs. E. E. Smathers. 2nd Prize. Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Class 161. Freesias, 25 sprays, white — ist Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Henry R. Mallory.

Class 162. Freesias, 25 sprays, colored — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H.
Borden. 2nd Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

Class 163. Lilac, 12 sprays — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 164. Lilies, 12 spikes — ist Prize, B. G. W^ork. 2nd Prize, Mrs.
Harold L Pratt.

Class 165. Mignonette, 12 spikes — ist Prize, W. R. Coe. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Percy Chubb.

Qass 166. Stocks, 12 spikes, one or more varieties — ist Prize, Mrs.
Percy Chubb. 2nd Prize, Mrs. John Topping.

Class 167. Tulips, 25 flowers, single — ist Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Bor-
den. 2nd Prize, B. G. Work.

Class 168. Tulips, 50 flowers, single — ist Prize, Mrs. Harold L Pratt.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Bertram H. Borden.

Class 169. Violets, 200 blooms, single or double— ist Prize, Mrs. John
R. Livermore. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Lewis P. Child.

Class 170. Vase cut flowers, not otherwise provided for, Orchids ex-
cepted— 1st Prize, William R. Seymour. 2nd Prize, J. Insley Blair.

Class 171. Wall Flower, 12 spikes, any color — ist Prize, Mrs. E. Meyer,
Jr. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb.

DINNER TABLE DECORATIONS
Private Groivcrs

Class 180. Table and accessories to be furnished by Flower Show Man-
agement. Table to be set for eight. Roses the only flower to be used in
this decoration — ist Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Ridley
Watts. 3rd Prize, W. R. Coe.

Class 181. Carnations the only flower to be used in this decoration — ist
Prize, Mrs. J. P. Morgan's Estate. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb. 3rd
Prize, Mrs. Ridley Watts.

Class 182. Sweet Peas exclusively. Other foliage than Sweet Peas
may be used — ist Prize, W. R. Coe. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Ridley Watts. 3rd
Prize, Mrs. Percy Chubb.

Class 183. Miscellaneous flowers other than those permitted in other
classes for table decorations — ist Prize, Mrs. Henry Mallory. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Edward Holbrook. 3rd Prize, Mrs. S. Stein.

Class 184. An exhibit covering 750 sq. ft., may include lawns, flower
beds, shrubbery borders, rose beds, bulb beds, or any exhibit that the artistic

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

ability of the exhibitor may suggest, as the widest latitude will be allowed
in this class. Special gold medals will be awarded for special merit in this
class — Awards to : F. R. Pierson, A. N. Pierson, Inc., Bobbink & Atkins,
John Scheepers, A. Kottmiller.

Open Class
Class 185. Collection of Lilies, in pots, not less than 50 sq. ft. Ferns
for decorative effect permitted — ist Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.

Open Class
Class 186. Best Orchid in the show— Gold Medal, A. N. Cooley.

ORCHID PLANTS IN FLOWER
Commercial Growers

Class 187. Twenty-five plants in variety — ist Prize, Edward H. Roehrs.
2nd Prize, Lager & Hurrell.

Class 188. Twelve plants in variety — ist Prize, Edward H. Roehrs.

Class 192. Twelve Hybrid Orchids in variety (Cattleya, Laelia-Cattleya,
Brasso-Cattleya and Brasso-Laelia) — ist Prize, George E. Baldwin & Co.
2nd Prize, Edward H. Roehrs.

Class 193. Six Hybrid Orchids in variety (varieties same as in class of
twelve) — 1st Prize, Edward H. Roehrs.

Class 197. Six Cypripedium in variety — ist Prize, Lager & Hurrell.

Class 199. Six Dendrobium in variety — ist Prize, Lager & Hurrell.

PLANTS IN FLOWER
Commercial Grozvers

Class 205. Acacia, 3 plants, one or more varieties — ist Prize, Bobbink &
Atkins.

Class 206. Acacia, specimen, any variety — ist Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 207. Azalea indica group, covering 150 sq. ft., arranged for effect —
1st Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 208. Azalea mollis and pontica, covering 100 sq. ft. — 2nd Prize,
Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 209. Evergreen Outdoor Azaleas in bloom, covering 100 sq. ft. —
ist Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 211. Genista, 3 plants — ist Prize, Madsen & Christensen.

Class 212. Genista, i plant specimen — ist Prize, Madsen & Christensen.

Class 213. Genista, 3 standard specimens — ist Prize, Madsen & Chris-
tensen.

Class 214. Hydrangeas, group covering 150 sq. ft. — ist Prize, Julius
Roehrs Company.

Class 218. Marguerites, 3 plants — ist Prize, Madsen & Christensen.

Class 219. Marguerite, specimen — ist Prize, Madsen & Christensen.

ROCK GARDEN
Commercial Grozvers

Class 222. Rock Garden, covering space 15 ft. x 30 ft.; suitable acces-
sories permitted — ist Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

90

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

PALMS AND FOLIAGE PLANTS
Commercial Growers

Class 227, Bay Trees, standard, 2 plants — ist Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.
2nd Prize, Julius Roehrs Company.

Class 233. Twelve trained Ivies — ist Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

Class 236. Phoenix Roebelenii, i plant only— ist Prize, Charles H.
Totty Company.

FERNS
Commercial Groivers

Class 240. Adiantum Cuneatum or its types, 6 plants, not less than
eight-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 241. Adiantum Farleyense or Farleyense type, six plants, not
less than eight-inch pots or pans — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 242. Nephrolepis, specimen, any variety — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 243. Cibotium Scheidei, specimen, not less than twelve-inch pot or
pan — 1st ir'rize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 244. Ferns, collection, not less than fifty plants — ist Prize, F. R.
Pierson.

Cla»s 245. Fern, specimen, any other variety — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson.

BULBOUS PLANTS
Commercial Growers

Class 251. Lilium, 25 pots, one or more varieties — ist Prize, F. R.
Pierson. 2nd Prize, A. L. Miller.

ROSES IN POTS AND TUBS
Commercial Groivers

Class 255. Climbing, red, specimen — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.
Class 256. Climbing, pink, specimen — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.
Class 259. Any single variety, specimen — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

CUT ROSES
Commercial Growers

Class 265. 50 America — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Co.

Class 267. 50 Butterfly, Ophelia or sports of similar color — ist Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Co. 2nd Prize, Traendly & Schenck.

Class 268. 50 Claudius Pernet — ist Prize, The Florax Gardens, Inc.
2nd Prize, Charles H. Totty Company.

Class 269. 50 Columbia — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington. 2nd Prize, Bed-
ford Flower Company.

Class 270. 50 Commonwealth — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 271. 50 Francis Scott Key — ^ist Prize, F. R. Pierson. 2nd Prize,
L. B. Coddington.

Class 272. 50 Hadley — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington.

91

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Class 273. 50 Premier — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
Darien Greenhouses.

Class 274. 50 White Killarney or any white sport of same — ist Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Co. 2nd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 275. 50 Crusader — 1st Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Co.

Class 276. 50 Mrs. Aaron Ward — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd
Prize, L. B. Coddington.

Class 277. 50 Pilgrim — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
John Welsh Young.

Class 278. 50 Sunburst — ist Prize, W. W. Vert.

Class 280. Any other disseminated variety, pink — 1st Prize, F". R. Pier-
son. 2nd Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 283. Any new Rose not yet disseminated, whether of domestic or
foreign origin — F. R. Pierson, Silver Medal. A. N. Pierson, Inc., Silver
Medal.

DISPLAY CUT ROSES
Commercial Growers

Class 285. Display of cut Roses, covering 300 sq. ft., and containing not
less than 500 nor more than 1,000 blooms. Decorative green of any kind,
including plants, permitted — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
A. N. Pierson, Inc. 3rd Prize, F. R. Pierson.

CUT ROSES
Commercial Growers

Class 290. 50 America — ist Prize, F. R. Pierson. 2nd Prize, Duck-
ham-Pierson Co.

Class 291. 50 American Beauty — ist Prize, Myers & Samtman.

Class 292. 50 Butterfly, Ophelia or sports of similar color — ist Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Co. 2nd Prize, Traendly & Schenck.

Class 293. 50 Claudius Pernet — ist Prize, Charles H. Totty Co.

Class 294. 50 Columbia — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington. 2nd Prize, Bed-
ford Flower Company.

Class 295. 50 Commonwealth — ist Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Class 296. 50 Francis Scott Key — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington. 2nd
Prize, F. R. Pierson.

Class 297. 50 Hadley — ist Prize, L. B. Coddington.

Gass 298. 50 Premier — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Co.

Class 299. 50 White Killarney or any white sport of same — ist Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Co. 2nd Prize, Bedford Flower Company.

Class 300. 50 Crusader — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd Prize,
Duckham-Pierson Co.

Class 301. 50 Mrs. Aaron Ward — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck. 2nd
Prize, L. B. Coddington.

Class 302. 50 Pilgrim — ist Prize, Traendly & Schenck.

Class 303. 50 Sunburst — ist Prize, W. W. Vert. 2nd Prize, L. B. Cod-
dington.

Class 305. 50 Any other disseminated variety, pink — ist Prize, F. R.
Pierson. 2nd Prize, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

92

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

CARNATIONS
Commercial Growers

Class 310. 100 White— 1st Prize, Marius Matheron. 2nd Prize, LeCluse
& LeCIuse.

Class 311. 100 Light pink, exclusive of Laddie— ist Prize, F. B. Abrams.
2nd Prize, Marius Matheron.

Class 312. 100 Dark pink— ist Prize, F. B. Abrams. 2nd Prize, S. J.
Goddard.

Class 314. 100 Crimson, to include all shades known as crimson or
maroon — ist Prize, Strouts, Inc.

Class 315. 100 White variegated— ist Prize, Strouts, Inc.

Class 316. 100 Yellow or yellow variegated— 1st Prize, Strouts, Inc.
2nd Prize, Curt Thim.

Class 317. 100 Laddie— 1st Prize, Heather Dell Farm. 2nd Prize, S. T.
Goddard.

Class 319. Display of Carnations, covering 150 sq. ft. of space and con-
taining not less than 1,000 nor more than 1,500 blooms. Decorative green of
any kind, including plants, permitted— ist Prize, Heather Dell Farm. 2nd
Prize, Eben L. Hiscox.

SWEET PEAS
Commercial Groivers

Class 330. Display of Sweet Peas covering 100 sq. ft, arranged for ef-
fect, any foliage or other accessories permitted— ist Prize, W. Atlee Burpee
Company. 2nd Prize, Eben L. Hiscox.

FINEST BULB GARDEN— HOLLAND CHALLENGE CUP
John Scheepers, Inc.

SPECIAL AWARDS

GOLD MEDALS

Bougainvillea Carmine — Mrs. H. M. Tilford.
Brasso-Cattleya "Albion"— Clement Moore.
Brasso-Cattleya "Dietrickiana" — Clement Moore.
Collection of Hardy Lilies — Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox.
Largest Display of Sweet Peas— W. Atlee Burpee Company.

SILVER MEDALS

Lillium candidum speciosum — Mrs. Payne Whitney.

Vase of Salpiglossi— George Grant Mason.

Coronilla coronata— Muller-Sealey Co.

Pansy plants in bloom — August Ihm.

New Snapdragon "Orchid Beauty"— Peter Beuerlein.

Odontioda Hybrid — James B. Duke.

Cymbidium Diana var. "Mary Pickford"— Joseph Manda Company.

93

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

CERTIFICATES OF MERIT

Seedling Sweet Pea "Penrose" — W. Atlee Burpee Company.
Odontioda "Cora"- — James B. Duke.
Odontioda "Juliet" — James B. Duke.
Odontioda "Orion" — James B. Duke.

CULTURAL CERTIFICATES

Two Specimen Fuchsias — Mrs. Charles Mallory.
Clerodendron Balfouri— F. R. Pierson.

HIGHLY COMMENDED
Group of Cinerarias — J. H. Fiesser.

AWARDS AT THE MAY FLOWER EXHIBITION
American Museum of Natural History, May 16-18, 1924.

Class 7. Twelve Calceolarias, large flowering — ist Prize, Bertram G.
Work.

Class 8. Twelve Calceolarias, small-flowering — -ist Prize, Bertram G.
Work. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 3rd Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 9. Twelve Campanulas — ist Prize, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class 10. Six Pelargoniums — 1st Prize, Bertram G. Work. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Class II. Three Hydrangeas, not over eight-inch pots — ist Prize, Mrs.
Robert Mallory. 2nd Prize, Bertram G. Work.

Class 12. One Hydrangea Specimen, not less than ten-inch pot or tub —
1st Prize, Bertram G. Work. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Robert Mallory.

Class 14. Six Lilies — ist Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize, Mrs.
John T. Pratt. 3rd Prize, Bertram G. Work.

Class 18. Collection of Tulips, to cover fifty sq. ft. — ist Prize, Mrs.
Henry R. Mallory. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 3rd Prize, Mrs.
Thomas F. Vietor.

Class 19. Six vases of Tulips, six varieties, five blooms to vase — ist
Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt. 2nd Prize, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 3rd Prize,
Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 20. Vase of Tulips, in variety, twenty-five blooms — ist Prize, Mrs.
F. A. Constable. 2nd Prize, Mrs. A. J. Moulton. 3rd Prize, Col. H. H.
Rogers.

Class 21. Six vases of Narcissi, six blooms to a vase — ist Prize, Mrs.
Henry R. Mallory.

Class 22. Collection of Herbaceous Flowers to cover twenty-five sq. ft.
— 1st Prize, Col. H. H. Rogers.

Class 26. One vase of Antirrhinum, not less than ten spikes — ist Prize,
Mrs. Payne Whitney. 2nd Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

SPECIAL PRIZES

Twenty-five pots Rehmannia angulata — Silver Medal, Mrs. Payne Whit-
ney.

Table of Lilies — Silver Medal, Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox.
Thirty-one square feet of Phlox — Silver Medal, Mr. John Bister.

94

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

Viola Jersey Gem — Silver Medal, Charles H. Totty Company.
Five vases Fifth Avenue Pansies— Mr. August Ihm.
Eight Hydrangeas — Mrs. Robert Mallory.

AWARDS AT THE ROSE EXHIBITION
American Museum of Natural History, June 20-22, 1924.

HYBRID TEAS
Open to All

Class I. Collection of blooms, not less that fifty varieties — ist Prize,
F. R. Pierson.

Class 2. Twenty-five blooms in twenty-five varieties — ist Prize, Mrs.
Frederick H. Allen.

Class 3. Twelve blooms in twelve varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. John T.
Pratt. 2nd Prize, The Conard & Jones Company.

Class 4. Vase, any variety — -ist Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt. 2nd Prize,
Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 5. Three blooms of any White — ist Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 6. Three blooms of any Pink — ist Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 7. Three blooms of any Red — ist Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.
2nd Prize, The Conard & Jones Company.

Class 8. Three blooms of any Yellow — ist Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

Class 9. Three blooms of any color — ist Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

TEAS
Class 12. Vase of blooms — ist Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

HYBRID PERPETUAL

Class 16. Thirty-six blooms in twelve varieties, three of each — ist Prize,
Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Class 17. Six blooms in six varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.
2nd Prize, The Conard & Jones Company.

Class 18. Three blooms of any Red — ist Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.
2nd Prize, The Conard & Jones Company.

Class 19. Three blooms of any Pink — ist Prize, Mrs. Frederick H.
Allen.

Class 20. Three blooms of any White — 1st Prize, Mrs. Frederick H.
Allen. 2nd Prize, The Conard & Jones Company.

CLIMBING

Class 24. Twelve Vases, twelve varieties — ist Prize, Walter H. Ellis.
2nd Prize, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

MOSS ROSE
Class 32. Two Vases, two varieties — ist Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

95

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

PEONIES
Open to All

Class 33. Display of Peonies to cover one hundred and fifty sq. ft., any
or all types — ist Prize, Cedar Hill Nursery. 2nd Prize, John Lewis Childs.
3rd Prize, Bobbink & Atkins.

For Non-Commercial

Class 34. Display of Peonies to cover seventy-five sq. ft., any or all
types — 1st Prize, Mrs. John T. Pratt.

SPECIALS

Collection of Lupins — Silver Medal, W. R. Coe.

Vase of Templar Rose — Silver Medal, A. N. Pierson, Inc.

Display of Claudius Pernet Rose and Delphiniums — Charles H. Totty.

Collection of Hardy Flowers — Mrs. Frederick H. Allen.

Display of German Iris — John Lewis Childs.

New Unnamed White Climber — Silver Medal, The Conard & Jones Co.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1880 — Siemens, C. \V. On the Influence of Electric Liglit Upon Vegetation and on Certain

Physical Principles Involved. In Proc. Royal Society (London), V. 30, p. 210-219.
1881— On Some Applications of Electric Energy to Horticultural and Agricultural Purposes. In

Report Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science, p. 474-480.
1884 — Vogel, A. RIoctrische Pflanzenkultur. In Zeitschrift des Landwirthschaftlichen Vereins.

In Bayern, V. 18, p. 16-18.
1891 — Bailey, L. H. Some Preliminary Studies of the Influence of the Electric Arc Light Upon

Greenhouse Plants. N. Y. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 30.
1893 — Third Report Upon Electrohorticulture. N. Y. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 55, p.

147-157.
1894 — Rane, F. William. Electrohorticulture With the Incandescent Lamp. W. Va, .4gric.

Exp. Sta. Bui. 37.
1895 — Bonnier, Gaston. Influence de la Lumiere Electrique Continue Sur ia Forme et la

structure des Plants. In Rev. Gen. Bot., V. 7, No. 78, p. 241-257; No. 79, p. 289-306;

No. 80, p. 332-342; No. 82, p. 409-419.
1899— Corbett. F. C. Bui. 62, West Virginia Exp. Station.
1904— Close, C. P. Proc. Hort. Sci.
1910 — Thelen, Otto. Naturliches Kunstliches und Monochromatlsches LIcht in Seiner Bedeu-

tung fur die Eutvvickelund und die Stoffproduction einiger Kulturpflanzen-Inaugural Dis-
sertation, University of Rostock, 159 pp.
1913- — Dudgeon, E. C. Growing Crops and Plants by Electricity. 36 pages. S. Rentell &

Co.. London.
1918 — Hayden, J. L. R., and Stelnmetz. C. P. Effect of Artificial Light on the Growth and

Ripening of Plants. In General Electric Review, V. 21, p. 232-236.
1921 — Garner, W. W., and Alard, H. A. Effect of the Relative Length of Day and Night and

Other Factors of the Environment of Growth and Reproduction in Plants. In Jour. Agr.

Res.. V. 18, p. 553-606.
1921 — Flowering and Fruiting of Plants as Controlled by Length of Day. In U. S. Dept.

Agric. Yearbook 1920, p. 377-440.
1921 — Further Studies in Photoperiodism, The Response of the Plant to Relative Length of

Day and Night. In Jour. Agric. Res.. V. 23, p. 871-920.
1921 — Tjebbes, Klass and Uphof, J. C. Th. Der Einfluss des Electrischen Lichtes Auf das

Pflanz Enurchstum. In Landw. Jahro., V. 56, p. 313-326.
1922-Harvey, R. B. Growth of Plants in Artificial Light From Seed to Seed. In Science,

LVI. p. 366-367.
1922 — Nightingale, G. T. Light in Relation to the Growth and Chemical Composition of

Some Horticultural Plants. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
1923 — Anonymous. Electric Light as an Aid to Plant Growth. In Florist's Exchange 56.

No. 20. p. 1365.
1923 — Harvey. R. B. Carbohydrate Production and Growth in Plants Under Artificial Light.

Technical paper read before the Illuminating Engineering Society of New York.
1923 — Findlay, H. Preliminary Studies in the Response of Plants to Artificial Light. Illum-
inating Engineering Society, New York City, New York.

96

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PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

Journal, Quarterly. Subscription price, $i.oo a year; free to
members.

Memoirs Vol. I. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Breeding and Hybridization, New York,
1902, price, $2.00.

Vol. II. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant Hardiness and Acclimatization, New York,
1907, price, $2.00.

Address: Office of the Society, 598 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

FORM OF BEQUEST

I give and bequeath to The Horticul-

tural Society of New York

for '_

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

INCORPORATED, 1902

Offices; Bankers Trust Bldg., 598 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

N.

President

• T. A. HAVEMEYER, New York City

Vice-Presidents

L. BRITTON J. W. CROMWELL

WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON

Honorary Vice-Presidents

E. S. HARKNESS
ADOLPH LEWISOHN

MRS. PAYNE WHITNEY
CLEMENT MOORE

GEORGE T. POWELL

Chairman, Board of Directors
F. R. PIERSON

Retiring 1925
Mr. F. L. Atkins
Mr. James W. Cromwell
Mr. William A. Delano
Dr. H. a. Gleason
Mrs. Robert C Hill
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
Dr. E. B. Southwick

Directors

Retiring 1^26
Mr. Robert T. Brown

Mr. John Canning
Mr. I. S. Hendrickson
Mr. John Lager
Mr. J. A. Manda
Mr. James Stuart
Mr. W. B. Thompson

Retiring 1927
Dr. N. L. Britton
Mr. T. a. Havemeyer
Mr. F. R. Newbold
Mr. F. R. Pierson
Mr. John Scheepers
Mrs. Samuel Sloan
Mr. Richardson Wright

Secretary -Treasurer
F. R. NEWBOLD, 598 Madison Ave., New York

Executive Secretary
MRS. ELIZABETH PETERSON

Members of the Women's Auxiliary
Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss Mrs W. K. Draper

Mrs. C. Ledyard Blair
Mrs. Guy Fairfax Cary
Mrs. L. S. Chanler

Mrs. H. L. Satterlee
Mrs. Paul Fitzsimons Mrs. Chas. H. Senff

Mrs. E. S. Harkness
Miss Anne Morgan
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt

Mrs. Chas. H. Stout
Miss Edith Wetmore

w/

%yi

New York Botanical Garden Librai

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