TT JOURNAL REE OG Ge THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Official Publication of the Academy i iS “EMITH ONE Volume 64 Number 2 Fall 2003 MAY 2 4 ong) LIBRARIES The Kentucky Academy of Science Founded 8 May 1914 GOVERNING BoarD 2003 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2003 President: Robert J. Barney, Kentucky State University/rbarney@gwmail.kysu.edu President Elect: Robert W. Kingsolver, Kentucky Wesleyan College/kingsol@kwe.edu Vice President: Bruce Mattingly, Morehead State University/b.mattin@morehead-st.edu Past President: Jerry W. Warner, Northern Kentucky University/warner@nku.edu Secretary: Dawn Anderson, Berea College/dawn_anderson@berea.edu Treasurer: Kenneth Crawford, Western Kentucky University/kenneth.crawford@wku.edu Executive Secretary (ex officio): Donald Frazier, University of Kentucky/dfrazie@pop.uky.edu Editor, JOURNAL (ex officio): John W. Thieret, Northern Kentucky University/thieretj@exchange.nku.edu Drviston AND AT-LARGE REPRESENTATIVES Biological Sciences (2003): Sharon Wilson, Maysville Community College/sharon.wilson@kctes.net At-Large (2003); Guenter Schuster, Eastern Kentucky University/guenter.schuster@eku.edu Physical Sciences (2004); Jennifer Muzyka, Centre College/muzyka@centre.edu Biological Sciences (2005): Thomas Rambo, Northern Kentucky University/rambot@nku.edu At-Large (2005): Ralph Thompson, Berea College/ralph_thompson@berea.edu Social Sciences (2006): David Hogan, Northern Kentucky University/hogan@nku.edu Physical Sciences (2006): Mark Blankenbuehler, Morehead State University/blanken@morehead-st.edu Program Coordinator (ex officio): Robert O. Creek, Eastern Kentucky University/rereek@chpl.net Director, Junior Academy of Science (ex officio): Elizabeth K. Sutton, Campbellsville University/ ; eksutton@campbellsville.edu Editor, NEWSLETTER (ex officio): Susan Templeton, Kentucky State University/ templeton@gwmail.kysu.edu Editor, KAS Webpage (ex officio): Claire Rinehart, Western Kentucky University/claire.rinehart@wku.edu AAAS/NAAS Representative (ex officio): Guenter Schuster, Eastern Kentucky University/ guenter.schuster@eku.edu Associate Editor, JOURNAL (ex officio): Lee Roecker, Berea College/lee_roecker@berea.edu COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS Editor and Chair: John W. Thieret, Northern Kentucky University/thieretj@exchange.nku.edu Associate Editor: Lee Roecker, Berea College/lee_roecker@berea.edu Abstract Editor: Robert J. Barney, Kentucky State University/rbarney@gwmail.kysu.edu Index Editor: Varley E. Wiedeman/varleyw@mac.com Editorial Board: Ralph Thompson, Berea College/ralph_thompson@berea.edu Susan Templeton, Kentucky State University/stempleton@gwmail.kysu.edu Claire Rinehart, Western Kentucky University/claire.rinehart@wku.edu All manuscripts and correspondence concerning manuscripts should be addressed to the Editor. The JOURNAL is indexed in BIOSIS, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Selected Water Resource Abstracts, State Academies of Science Abstracts, and Zoological Record. Membership in the Academy is open to interested persons upon nomination, payment of dues, and election. Application forms for membership may be obtained from the Secretary. The JOURNAL is sent free to all members in good standing. Annual dues are $25.00 for Active Members; $15.00 for Student Members; $35.00 for Family; $350.00 for Life Mem- bers. Subscription rates for nonmembers are: $50.00 domestic; $60.00 foreign. Back issues are $30.00 per volume. The JOURNAL is issued semiannually in spring and fall. Two numbers comprise a volume. Correspondence concerning memberships or subscriptions should be addressed to the Executive Secretary. © This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-992 (Permanence of Paper). INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATES Fellow University of Kentucky University of Louisville Sustaining Member Asbury College Campbellsville University Eastern Kentucky Univerity Kentucky State University Madisonville Community College Morehead State University Murray State University Northern Kentucky University Paducah Community College Western Kentucky University Member Bellarmine University Berea College Centre College Cumberland College Kentucky Wesleyen College West Kentucky Community & Technical College Associate Member Pikeville College Transylvania University INDUSTRIAL AFFILIATES Associate Patron Touchstone Energy Associate Member Hoffman Environmental Research Institute Third Rock Consultants Woods Hudson Cancer Research Lab Figure 1. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii. 1. Flowering branch. 2. Pair of flowers. 3. Cross-section of ovary. 4. Pair of young fruits. 5. Pair of mature fruits. From Hoa, K.-S. Caprifoliaceae. Fascicle 3 in T.-N. Liou. Flore illustrée du nord de la Chine. 1934. See article starting on page 97. JOURNAL OF THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ISSN 1098-7096 Continuation of Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science Volume 64 Fall 2003 Number 2 J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 64(2):97-99. 2003. The Invasion of Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii; Caprifoliaceae): A Chronicle of Questions James O. Luken Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, P.O. Box 261954, Conway, South Carolina 29528 ABSTRACT The invasion of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) into North America is now well studied. The chronicle of published research for this invasion reveals a shift in the types of questions scientists ask when a plant species is introduced and it emerges as an invader. Initial questions focused on traits of the species; later questions focused on community-level interactions. Future questions regarding invasive species will likely address the match between traits of invaders and traits of invaded habitats. INTRODUCTION Soon after I arrived at Northern Kentucky University in 1984, John Thieret gave me a tour of his favorite plant-collecting sites. As we prowled the railroad yards, roadsides, and fourth-growth woodlots of the northern Ken- tucky landscape, one shrub species was ubiq- uitous. I didnt recognize it and when I showed him a branch of the shrub, his reply was “Horrible species—don't pay any atten- tion to it.” We continued our hike, but the mystery shrub persisted; I had to ignore a plant that barred us from entering some forest patches. Finally, John gave in to my interest and he delivered a shone speech on Amur hon- eysuckle (Lonicera maackii; Caprifoliaceae; Figure 1) and its invasion of the northern Kentucky/Greater Cincinnati area. During the last 40 years, Amur honeysuckle attracted the attention of many botanists and ecologists. The chronicle of published research on the species is lengthy; through time it re- veals a shift in the types of scientific questions that are asked when a plant species is intro- duced and eventually becomes a dominant member of local plant communities (i-e., when it invades). The purpose of this paper is to trace how ecological understanding emerged for a relatively local invasion. Lessons leamed from studying Amur honeysuckle may indeed pro- vide a road map for framing future research efforts in invasion ecology. THE INTRODUCTION PHASE Amur honeysuckle has a long and complex history of introduction. hater and Thieret (1995) documented the various mechanisms and pathways that were involved in getting Amur honeysuckle from its native habitat in Asia to the New World. There were multiple introductions beginning in 1896, and numerous informal experiments were conducted primarily at botanical gardens and arboreta. Although these garden experiments were done to screen for desirable horticultural traits, other types of information were obtained. For example, as early as 1924, it was noted that Amur honey- suckle tended to spread by seeds from the point of planting (Luken and Thieret 1995). It is not well understood why there were multiple introductions of the species. Perhaps there was the hope that unique and more use- ful varieties could be found. Variation among the different introduced genotypes was, how- 98 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) ever, small relative to the variation of individ- ual plants in response to different environ- mental conditions (Luken et al. 1997b). This trait in Amur honeysuckle (i.e., high plasticity) and other traits (e.g., weediness) contributed to its banishment from gardens; the same traits, however, suited it well for invasion of disturbed landscapes. THE ESCAPE PHASE Amur honeysuckle moved from the garden to the wild. This was first noted in Ontario Pringle (1973) and in Cincinnati, Ohio, by Braun (1961). Dispersal was likely facilitated by birds (Ingold and Craycraft 1983). The dates of these publications are useful in that they indicate at least the beginnings of an in- vasion. However, given the introduction record of Amur honeysuckle it is likely that escape to the wild (i.e., beyond the garden) occurred much earlier. Such escapes are dif- ficult to observe and are usually dependent on the local activity of a botanist who con- stantly notes the changing flora. There are many important questions that could have been asked during the escape phase of Amur honeysuckle. Do plants spread or jump from the point of initial introduction? How does the size of the initial introduction affect the speed of invasion? What types of habitats are invaded first? Why does Amur honeysuckle invade in only a small part of the larger introduced range? These questions must now be addressed in areas where the shrub has not yet invaded. THE DOMINANCE PHASE Amur honeysuckle emerged as a dominant member of forests and open sites in urban and agricultural landscapes. Initial research focused on biomass and production (Luken 1988): later research focused on growth and physiological ecology of the species (Deering and Vankat 1999: Luken et al. 1995, 1997b). In the late 1980s, there was an untested theory that inva- sive species possessed unique characteristics that allowed them to enter and dominate plant communities. However, with Amur honeysuck- le as with many other invaders, the traits that confer success in the wild are diverse and often assume utility only when habitats have been al- tered by human activity. Individual plants of Amur honeysuckle respond quickly to in- creased light availability (Luken et al. 1997b) and _ seedling establishment occurs across a wide range of light conditions (Luken and Goessling 1995). Forest edges, areas with low canopy cover, and forests close to seed sources are most heavily invaded (Hutchinson and Van- kat 1997; Medley 1997). Most of the research focused on the domi- nance of Amur honeysuckle alluded to com- munity-level impacts of the species (i.e., changed species composition, reduced rich- ness, modified successional processes). Dom- inance was assumed to represent displacement of other species, and suggestions were made for shrub removal (Luken and Mattimiro 1991). However, community-level impacts are difficult to demonstrate and the ‘ ‘displacement assumption” is a risky one in human-modified landscapes where invasive species colonize disturbed soils. But the final phase of Amur honeysuckle research addressed the question of community-level impacts. THE INTERACTION PHASE Amur honeysuckle had community-level impacts. Removal experiments with Amur honeysuckle showed that growth of annual species (Gould and Gorchoy 2000), and tree seedlings (Gorchoy and Trisel 2002) was neg- atively affected by the presence of the shrub. Shrub removal also facilitated emergence of other species from the seed bank. (Luken et al. 1997a). The results of these experiments were relatively predictable considering what we know about light limitation in the forest understory. However, questions still remain regarding long-term community development. For example, the ability of Amur honeysuckle to change forest dev ‘elopment will depend on maximum longevity of individual shrubs and seedling recruitment as shrubs die. Compari- son of plants in northern Kentucky to plants in the native habitat in China suggests that in- troduced shrubs achieve greater size and age (Luken pers. obs.). While it is tempting to as- sume that Amur honeysuckle may lead to a novel and relatively stable invaded state of var- ious types of plant communities, the future holds new invaders and new disturbances that might change this forecast. IN RETROSPECT The picture of the Amur honeysuckle in- vasion is far from complete, but it is still a Amur Honeysuckle—Luken 99 relatively good picture. Several factors con- tributed. There were numerous colleges and universities located in northern Kentucky and southern Ohio, an area heavily invaded by the shrub. This provided a steady stream of biol- ogists and biology students willing to study the invasion. There were large numbers of invad- ed sites, thus providing high sample sizes. The plants were easy to identify, count, age, and grow. And, most importantly, invasion ecology emerged as a fashionable sub-discipline at about the same time that Amur honeysuckle emerged as a dominant species. (It is perhaps ironic to note that most of the ecologists in- volved in local Amur honeysuckle research were trained to pursue ecological questions fo- cused on far-away places like the slopes of mountains, tropical forests, or tundra.) Clearly, the Amur honeysuckle invasion fostered better ecological understanding of a highly disturbed landscape. And now we know that relevant and fundable ecological questions can be ad- dressed outside the boundaries of old-growth forests and formally designated nature pre- serves. Scientific understanding forms the basis of environmental management. This raises the question of whether or not Amur honeysuckle should be controlled. Many values have been expressed regarding this issue (Luken 1994) and I can’t contribute much that is new. How- ever, I do know that when well-intentioned people march into the woods and begin pull- ing, cutting, or spraying dominant plants, the goal and the end result are often very differ- ent. Thus before the weeding begins, its im- portant to ask and then perhaps answer some hard questions about the management goals for plant communities and the possibility of achieving these goals in human-dominated landscapes. And finally, many questions still remain about the Amur honeysuckle invasion. How have the large fruit and seed crops produced by Amur honeysuckle affected animal popu- lations? What are the cell and molecular mechanisms that allow such strong physiolog- ical and phenotypic plasticity relative to light? How might vacant niches in the understory contribute to invasion susceptibility of forests? These questions and others will likely be ad- dressed soon with the conclusion that suc- cessful invasions require the right plant in the right habitat. LITERATURE CITED Braun, E. L. 1961. The woody plants of Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus. Deering, R. H., and J. L. Vankat. 1999. Forest coloniza- tion and developmental growth of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii. Am. Midl. Naturalist 141:43-50. Gorchovy, D. L., and D. E. Trisel. 2002. Competitive ef fects of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Caprifoliaceae), on the growth and survival of native tree seedlings. Pl. Ecol. 166:13-24. Gould, A. M. A., and D. L. Gorchov. 2000. Effects of the exotic invasive shrub Lonicera maackii on the survival and fecundity of three species of native annuals. Am. Midl. Naturalist 144:36—50. Hutchinson, T. F., and J. L. Vankat. 1997. Invasibility and effects of Amur honeysuckle in southwestern Ohio for- ests. Conservation Biol. 11:1117-1124. Ingold, J. O., and M. J. Craycraft. 1983. Avian frugivory on honeysuckle (Lonicera) in southwestern Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 83:256-258. Luken, J. O. 1988. Population structure and biomass al- location of the naturalized shrub Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. in forest and open habitats. Am. Midl. Naturalist 119:258—267. Luken, J. O. 1994. Valuing plants in natural areas. Nat. Areas J. 14:295-299. Luken, J. O., and N. Goessling. 1995. Seedling distribu- tion and potential persistence of the exotic shrub Lon- icera maackii in fragmented forests. Am. Midl. Natu- ralist 133:124—130. Luken, J. O., and D. T. Mattimiro. 1991. Habitat-specific resilience of the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) during repeated clipping. Ecol. Applic. 1:104—109. Luken, J. O., T. C. Tholemeier, L. M. Kuddes, and B. A. Kunkel. 1995. Performance, plasticity, and acclimation of the nonindigenous shrub Lonicera maackii (Capri- foliaceae) in contrasting light environments. Canad. J. Bot. 73:1953-1961. Luken, J. O., L. M. Kuddes, and T. C. Tholemeier. 1997a. Response of understory species to gap formation and soil disturbance in Lonicera maackii thickets. Restora- tion Ecol. 5:229-235. Luken, J. O., L. M. Kuddes, T. C. Tholemeier, and D. M. Haller. 1997b. Comparative responses of Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) and Lindera benzoin (spicebush) to increased light. Am. Midl. Naturalist 138: 331-343. Luken, J. O., and J. W. Thieret. 1995. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii: Caprifoliaceae): its ascent, decline, and fall. Sida 16:479-503. Medley, K. E. 1997. Distribution of the non-native shrub Lonicera maackii in Kramer Woods, Ohio. Phys. Geogr. 18:18—36. Pringle, J. S. 1973. Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) ad- ventive in Ontario. Canad. Field-Naturalist 87:54-55. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 64(2):100-107. 2003. Geoarchaeological Investigations at the Whitfield Site (1SHL21): A Buried, Multicomponent Habitation Site in Southeastern Kentucky Richard L. Josephs P.O. Box 8358, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202 ABSTRACT The Whitfield site (15HL21), a buried, multicomponent, prehistoric habitation site along the Cumberland River in Harlan County, Kentucky, was the subject of an archaeological and geoarchaeological investigation. The geoarchaeological phase focused on the alluvial sediments comprising the first terrace (T-1). A sequence of overbank levee deposits was found to contain artifacts dating to the Late Archaic and Woodland cultural periods (ca. 6000 to 1500 B.P.). Backhoe trenches, test units, and soil borings were used to examine the Holocene geomorphic evolution of the site and its subsequent effects on the archaeological deposits con- tained therein. A combination of stratigraphic relationships, proveniences of temporally diagnostic artifacts, and numeric dating techniques was used to establish a chronological framework within which both natural and cultural site formation processes could be interpreted. The geoarchaeological evidence suggests that a mid-Holocene period of renewed aggradation, the result of increased storm frequency and intensity affecting the southeastern United States, was responsible for burying the majority of the archaeological component. INTRODUCTION The section of the Cumberland River flow- ing through southeastern Kentucky follows a narrow, deeply entrenched, meandering valley that forms some of the most rugged terrain in the Commonwealth (Childress 1992; McGrain and Currens 1978). Little is known about the alluvial stratigraphy along this relatively re- mote stretch of the river. In terms of archae- ological knowledge, this area of Kentucky re- mains virtually terra incognita. Previous inves- tigators have suggested that systematic deep testing along the floodplains of the upper Cumberland River would contribute signifi- cantly to our understanding of this area’s pre- historic development, Borns from an archaeo- logical and a geological standpoint (Autry and others 1988). This article discusses: (1) a site- specific geoarchaeological investigation of the Holocene paleoenvironment within the upper Cumberland River basin; and (2) the dynamic relationship that existed between the region’s earliest human inhabitants and the physical settings they chose to occupy. The Whitfield site (15HL21), located 4 km west of the city of Harlan, Kentucky, along the banks of the Cumberland River (Figure 1), was identified during reconnaissance level ar- chaeological investigations conducted in No- vember 1987 at fife: request of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The site is located on land designated for construction of an artificial le- vee, part of an extensive series of flood control measures ongoing throughout the valley. Site 15HL21 was initially described as containing buried cultural deposits dating to the Late Ar- chaic period, ca. 6000 to 3000 B.P. A single backhoe trench, excavated within overbank le- vee deposits, encountered stone tools, clusters of fire-cracked rock, and associated lithic de- bitage at a depth of 50 to 75 cm below the existing ground surface (Autry and others 1988). Further testing revealed a series of rel- atively low intensity occupations spanning the (late) Middle or Late Archaic through Late Woodland periods, roughly 5500 to 1200 B.P. (Pace 1995). These dates were based upon conventional C analysis of wood charcoal as well as on the vertical distribution of tempo- rally diagnostic lithic and ceramic artifacts. On the basis of its archaeological integrity, the de- cision was made to mitigate the site employing a multidisciplinary approach. PHYSICAL SETTING The Whitfield site is located on a first ter- race (T-1) ca. 10 m above the normal level of the Cumberland River (Figure 2). The cultur- al components are buried by overbank levee deposits. The backside of the levee slopes gently away from the crest; the riverward side forms a steep scarp descending ca. 5 m to the surface of the active floodplain (T-0). The sta- 100 Geoarcheology of Whitfield Site—Josephs 101 oo? SF Figure 1. Location of the Whitfield site (15HL21), Harlan County, Kentucky (base map from GraphicMaps.com 2003). Whitfield Site (15HL21), Harlan County Kentucky bility of the river's straight channel pattern in (Figure 3). The bedrock bluffline directly the immediate vicinity of the Whitfield site, as across (southwest) from the site has virtually well as the steepness of the terrace scarps, is halted channel migration/lateral accretion in directly related to its position along the base _ that direction (Josephs 1997). of a steep, northwest-southeast trending ridge The formation of the first terrace (T-1) cor- Contour Interval: 1m T-1 BHT: Backhoe Trench TU: Test Unit @ Soil Boring @ Elev. 353.66m Residence Principal Excavation Cumberland River Figure 2. Topographic map of the Whitfield site (15HL21), Harlan County, Kentucky, showing terrace locations and areas of archaeological and geoarchaeological testing. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) Path Fork Coal Zone Whitfield Site (15HL21) Cumberland River [Pgr - Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation Qal - Quaternary Alluvium and Colluvium Elevations are above mean Sea level Figure.3. Cross-valley profile of the upper Cumberland River valley in the vicinity of the Whitfield site (15HL21), Harlan County, Kentucky. responds well with a channel-overbank depo- sitional scenario: a classic fining-upward se- quence in which finer-grained alluvial sedi- ments (i.e., the top-stratum facies) overlie coarser-grained alluvial sediments (ie., the bottom stratum facies) (Boggs 1995; Daniels and Hammer 1992; Ritter 1986; Waters 1992). At the Whitfield site, the top-stratum deposits of very fine to fine sandy loams and sandy clay loams overlie bottom-stratum deposits of cul- turally sterile, well-stratified fine to coarse sands (Figure 4). The contact between the top and bottom stratum facies occurs over an in- terval of 2 to 3 m below the surface of T-1 (Josephs 1997). Soil borings advanced into the actively ag- grading floodplain (T-0) revealed an unstrati- fied accumulation of greater than 3 m of me- dium to coarse loamy sand and sand. The presence of twig and leaf mats (representing former, short-lived flood plain surfaces [Bettis 1994]), dispersed historic artifacts, industrial slag, and coal fragments indicates formation of this land surface during the Historic Period. This landform reflects the tremendous in- crease in sediment supplied to the area's streams over the past 100 years as a result of intensive coal and timber extraction (McBride and McBride 1996). RESEARCH METHODS The geoarchaeological investigations at the Whitfield site were foe used on ihe relationship between the alluvial aggradation of the first terrace (T-1) and the resultant burial of the prehistoric cultural remains. Research at site 15HL21 can best be classified as a site-specif- ic, diachronic, alluvial landscape reconstruc- tion (Waters 1992). Interpretation of the site’s stratigr As was accomplished through excavation of backhoe trenches, test units, nd soil borings as well as inspection of riverbank exposures. Descrip- tions of all soil profiles and core samples fol- Geoarcheology of Whitfield Site—Josephs Woodland Horizon (Bw) Late Archaic Horizon (2B/Ab) 103 3m! Vertical Exageration: 1.67X Cumberland River Elevations are referenced to adjusted mean sea level. Figure 4. Profile of the Whitfield site (15HL21), Harlan County, Kentucky, depicting soil development, the boundary between vertically and laterally accreted sediments (top and bottom stratum facies), and their association with the buried cultural deposits. lowed standard U.S.D.A. procedures (Soil Survey Staff 1993). The horizontal and vertical components of all the backhoe trenches, test units, soil borings, and soil sample locations were referenced to a vertical datum (bench- mark) and Cartesian coordinate system estab- lished over the site as part of the archaeolog- ical investigations (Pace 1995). ; The distribution of particle sizes in a sedi- ment can yield clues to the four elements of sedimentation: source, transport agent, envi- ronment of deposition, and postdepositional changes (Stein 1985). Particle-size analysis was concentrated on the sand (coarse) fraction (par- ticles between 2 and 0.0625 mm) which pro- vides interpretive evidence for lithologic and pedologic discontinuities and degree of weath- ering and depositional regimes based on mor- phological properties and particle distribution (Timpson and Foss 1993). The sand fraction was subdivided into three size classes by wet sieving: coarse sand (2-0.5 mm), medium sand (0.5-0.25 mm), and fine sand (0.25—-0.0625 mm) (Wentworth 1922). The silt- and clay-size fractions were evaluated as a combined, fine fraction, unit (Timpson and Foss 1993). Samples of feature fill collected from hearths and middens were submitted for dat- ing by the Oxidizable Carbon Ratio (OCR) procedure. This is a relatively new dating tech- nique that analyzes the biochemical degrada- tion of humic materials and charcoal and quantifies its degree of alteration as a ratio of total carbon to readily oxidizable carbon (Frink 1992, 1994a, 1994b). The OCR pro- cedure provided an independent verification of the conventional radiocarbon estimates that were secured from the previous phase of ar- chaeological investigations (Josephs 2002). Conjointly, these dates would serve to estab- lish time frames within which periods of al- luvial landscape development and prehistoric human occupation could be more accurately assigned (Brakenridge 1984; Ferring 1986). SITE STRATIGRAPHY Alluvial Stratigraphy A sequence of valley-fill sediments compris- es the first terrace (T-1) at the Whitfield site 104 Northwest 353.50 m 353.00 m 352.50 m 352.00 m Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) Southeast BHT-A V.E. = 12.5X 351.50 m Figure 5. tionships across the Whitfield site (15HL21), (Figure 4). In all profiles, the uppermost 33 to 56 cm consists of fine sandy loam deposited during the late Holocene (Foss 1996: Josephs 1997). The evidence for prehistoric occupa- tion was confined to the top-stratum facies of the T-1 (Figure 4). These upper strata include a mechanically disturbed topsoil (Ap), under- lain by a weakly-dev eloped, cambic (Bw) ho- rizon (Figure 5). The Ap horizon contains or- ganic debris in various states of decomposition along with fragments of coal, slag, and road “anette Therefore, this surface horizon exhibits no potential for containing in situ prehistoric artifacts. The underlying Bw horizon contains the site’s Woodland component (ca. 3000 to 1000 B.P.) (Josephs 1997). Temporally diag- nostic grit-tempered pottery sherds and small, triangular projectile points/knives were recoy- ered ‘Gonin this stratum (Pace 1995). Of primary importance to this study is the interpretation of a buried, transitional 2B/Ab horizon containing the Late Archaic compo- nent (ca. 6000 to 3000 B.P.) with the majority Soil columns, paralleling the Cumberland River northwest to southeast), showing pedostratigraphic rela- Harlan County, Kentucky. of the site’s artifacts and cultural features (Fig- ures 4 and 5). This fine sandy loam paleosol is present in the subsurface across the T-1 and is characterized by a distinct color change (darker colored horizon) that occurs between 33 and 56 cm below the existing ground sur- face (Figure 5). The unconformable contact between the top of the 2B/Ab and the base of the overlying Bw horizon represents a period of landscape stability followed at some later point by renewed overbank deposition. The transitional B/A designation is assigned to this horizon due to the mixing of cumulative and non-cumulative soils by various physical, chemical, and biochemical processes (Josephs 1997). The 2B/Ab horizon can be further subdivid- ed into as many as three distinct intrastrata representing discrete episodes of surface ex- posure (diastems) followed by rapid burial during floods. Weak horizonation displayed confine the 2B/Ab soil suggests that each of these former surface horizons remained at the Geoarcheology of Whitfield Site—Josephs floodplain surface for only short periods of time and were consequently exposed to a very limited amount of subaerial weathering (Bettis 1994). Sadler (1981) contended that, in most stratigraphic sequences, more time is repre- sented by the diastems than by sediments de- posited between them. The large concentra- tion of relatively fine particle sizes, coupled with no significant evidence of postdeposition- al disturbance of the archaeological deposits, indicates burial by quiescent, suspended load (overbank) deposition. Bettis (1994) surmised that similar top-stratum facies at the Main Site (15BL35), 25 km downstream from the Whit- field Site, were deposited under relatively low energy, non-erosive conditions during floods that favored relatively rapid burial of the ar- chaeological deposits with little in the way of disturbance by fluvial processes prior to burial. Chronostratigraphy Samples of organically enriched feature fill obtained from the lowest levels of the 2B/Ab horizon, ca. 85 cm below the surface, pro- duced an OCR date of 5525 + 170 B.P. (ACT#2477) (Figure 6). This compares well with a radiocarbon date of 5260 + 60 B.P. (Beta-81076) from a sample of wood charcoal obtained from the lower portion of the 2B/Ab, ca. 80 cm below surface. A second sample of feature fill recovered from the upper portion of the 2B/Ab, at a depth of about 60 cm, pro- duced an OCR date of 3839 + 120 BP. (ACT#2476). Each of these three dates falls securely within the Late Archaic and brackets the development of the 2B/Ab horizon be- tween roughly 6000 and 3000 years before present. These dates agree well with the tem- porally diagnostic projectile points/knives re- covered from this horizon (Josephs 1997). A third OCR sample retrieved from the up- per half of the overlying Bw horizon, ca. 25 cm below ground surface, produced a date of 2390 + 70 B.P. (ACT#2474), which falls with- in the Early Woodland Period. A sample of wood charcoal recovered from the lower half of the Bw horizon, roughly 8 cm below the OCR sample, produced a radiocarbon date of 2490 + 80 B.P. (Beta-81075), also within the Early Woodland Period. Once again, these dates are consistent with age ranges typically assigned to the cultural artifacts found within the horizon and confirm a 3000-year time 105 NE Sw om 10 20 = 2390 +/-70 OCR 30 a 2490 +/-80 14¢ 40 50 FE @CGDOOE 839 +/-12' zie 3839 +/-120 OCR 70 2B/Ab 5260 +/-60 80 a 3525 +1-170 — “4c OCR 90 100 . George, T. M. 1993. History of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 1914-1992. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 54; 112-135. Hill, J. B., and C. Madarash-Hill. 2000. Publications of the state academies of science. Science and Technology Libraries 19(1):21-37. Reprinted in J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 46(3):124-133 [cited 3 April 2003]. Available from Indexing and Availability—Hill and Madarash-Hill 127 the World Wide Web . www.msstate.edu/org/MAS/oct01journal/oct.PDF>. Hill, J. B., and C. Madarash-Hill. 2001a. Electronic pub- _ Midgette, N. S. 1991. Support for fledgling academies: the lications of the state academies of science. Michigan spirit of professionalism: North Carolina scientists, a Academician 33(2):205—208. case study. Pages 68-92 in N. S. Midgette. To foster Hill, J. B., and C. Madarash-Hill. 2001b. Mississippi and the spirit of professionalism: southem scientists and the the Publications of the State Academies of Science. J. state cademies of science. Tuscaloosa, AL: Univ. Ala- Mississippi Acad. Sci. 46(4):156-162 [cited 3 April bama Press. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 64(2):128-134. 2003. Comparing Kentucky-grown Freshwater Prawn with Marine Shrimp: Results of a Taste Test Siddhartha Dasgupta and Susan Templeton Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 ABSTRACT A blind taste test was conducted for three boiled seafood products among 112 participants at Kentucky State University. The products were previously frozen freshwater prawn tails (Product A), previously frozen marine shrimp tails (Product B), and fresh prawn tails (Product C). After tasting, participants were surveyed in order to elicit their preferences for different product attributes, their rating of the overall acceptability of products, and their willingness to purchase the products. The data were statistically analyzed and the following are included in the main results: (1) participants rated the appearance of prawn higher than the appearance of marine shrimp, ( (2) participants exhibited a higher probability of purchasing frozen prawn than frozen marine shrimp, (3) older respondents gave higher- chan average ratings to the appearance and odor of fresh prawn and flavor of marine shrimp, and (4) males were more inclined to purchase fresh prawn than were females. INTRODUCTION Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosen- bergii) is a relatively new aquaculture crop in Kentucky and neighboring states. Currently, Kentucky and Tennessee have an excess of 40 and 80 water hectares in prawn production, respectively. Dasgupta and Tidwell (2003) showed that small-scale freshwater prawn (hereafter denoted only as prawn) farming of- fers a good income potential; however, their results indicate that average breakeven prices ranged from $8.60/kg to $17.28/kg (year 2000 diallers) depending | upon. stocking density, feeding rate, and pond management technol- ogy. Such high breakeven prices make mar- keting prawn challenging, particularly when the average wholesale price of Gulf of Mexico shrimp was $4.93/kg for 2001 (Dasgupta and Tidwell 2003). In wholesale marketing, U.S. prawn has to compete with marine shrimp and imported prawn, and the resulting low prices are not attractive to small-scale producers. The last 5 years of production and marketing of prawn in Kentucky have shown that the only profitable marketing channels are either direct sales to consumers or sales to white tablecloth restau- rants. In order to ensure long-term survival of these markets and to allow opening of new markets, it is important for industry specialists to understand consumer perceptions of prawn. Dillard et al. (1986) conducted some pre- liminary studies investigating consumer accep- tance of prawn in Mississippi restaurants. They found that 77 % of consumers (sample size: 852) rated prawn similar to marine shrimp. Eighty-eight percent of consumers in- dicated that they myould be repeat customers for prawn if it were available in restaurants. Recently, Woods (1999) did a market devel- opment study for prawn in Kentucky and Ohio. Consumer surv eys, based on taste test- ing of prawn, were conducted in three cities to elicit consumer preferences for different at- tributes of prawn (sample size: 122). Of many attributes, taste and freshness were considered to be most important. Kentucky consumers in- dicated strong preference for a “grown in Kentucky” label, but this was not important to out-of-state consumers. A focus group study (78 observations) was also conducted to com- pare frozen prawn versus marine shrimp. The cooked products were randomly given to in- dividual tasters, who completed a question- naire after tasting the products. The results indicated that proportionately more consum- ers believed that marine shrimp have firmer flesh and stronger “shrimp-like” flavor than freshwater prawn. This paper reports the results of a taste test of Kentucky grown prawn and marine shrimp conducted among 112 subjects at Kentucky State University. “The test was performed to and differences in con- prawn and evaluate similarities sumer perception of marine 128 Kentucky-grown Freshwater Prawn—Dasgupta and Templeton Table 1. 1129 Summary statistics (mean + SD) for different product attributes and demographics for prawn and marine shrimp taste test (N = 112). Means within each row followed by different letters are significantly different (P = 0.05). Product Previously frozen Previously frozen Attribute prawn (A) marine shrimp (B) Fresh prawn (C) Appearance’ 7.79 (£1.13) a? 6.89 (= 1.85) b 7.50 (+£1.47) a? Odor! 6.59 (=1.98) 6.04 (= 2.29) 6.50 (£1.76) Texture! 7.30 (+1.46) 7.16 (+=1.59) 7.31 (£1.49) Flavor! 7.32 (£1.52) 6.98 (+2.09) 7.01 (+£1.90) Overall acceptance’ TAT (£1.37) 7.17 (£1.87) 17 (£1.74) Willingness to buy? Yes: 74% a Yes: 54% b Yes: 645 ab Demographics* Gender Male: 48% Age groups Under 20s: 14%; 20s: 25%: 30s: 24%: 40s: 23%: 50+: 14% Smoking habit Smoker: 21% ‘ Answers on appearance, odor, texture, flavor and overall acceptance were rated on a 1 to 9 scale, where 1: dislike extremely and 9: like extremely. > Average rating for appearance was significantly different for the three products (F-statistic = 10.327, p-value = 0.00); multiple comparison test indicated significant differences in average ratings between products A and B, and B and C; no significant differences in average ratings between products A and C. Average ratings of all other product attributes were not significant across the three products. 5 The ‘willingness to buy’ table entry indicates the percentage of 112 respondents indicating that they were willing to purchase the product. Chi-square test statistic, comparing the equality of the proportion of respondents willing to purchase the three products (null hypothesis) = 10.255 (P = 0.006). ‘Information on other socio-economic/demographic variables such as income, shrimp. This paper has two broad purposes: (1) investigating consumer perceptions of prawn and marine shrimp and (2) exploring the causality of consumer ratings of product attributes and willingness to purchase. It con- tributes to the pool of knowledge that assists marketers in identifying specific population niches that would demand freshwater prawn. MATERIALS AND METHODS A taste test was conducted among 112 ran- domly selected participants at Kentucky State University. Individuals were given three prod- ucts: boiled prawn that was previously frozen (product A), boiled marine shrimp that was previously frozen (product B), boiled fresh prawn (product C). Care was taken to ensure that the three products were accessible to most consumers: products A and C were farmed-raised in Kentucky and product B (Key West pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum) was purchased from a grocery store in Frank- fort, Kentucky. Fresh marine shrimp was not included in this study because it was unavail- able in the area. Tail sizes of frozen/fresh prawn and marine shrimp were kept very sim- ilar to reduce the effect of size on differential product perceptions of consumers. This taste test was blind, i-e., products were not identi- fied to the participants prior to tasting, and the sequence in which the three products were offered to the tasters was randomly changed education, and race were unavailable in the survey data. from individual to individual. After tasting each product, the participants rated the prod- uct and they were asked to rinse their mouth prior to tasting the next product. A survey was conducted in which respondents indicated their preference for products A, B, and C with respect to the following attributes: appear- ance, odor, texture, flavor, and overall accept- ability (hereafter known as simply “Overall”), on a | to 9 scale, where 1 was dislike extreme- ly, 5 was neither like nor dislike, and 9 was like extremely. Participants were also asked to indicate whether they would pur chase each of the products, provided the price of the three products was similar. The survey ended with questions about the participant’s gender, age, and smoking habits. Table 1 contains summary statistics for some of the survey questions. We used various statistical analyses to in- vestigate consumer preferences for the three products A, B, and C. Analysis of variance and multiple comparison tests were used to com- pare mean ratings of the three; principal com- ponent analysis (PCA) was performed on con- sumer ratings of product attributes to inves- tigate correlations across different products and to identify new, meaningful underlying variables and causal mechanisms among prod- uct attribute ratings. PCA investigated if the consumer ratings for the product attributes represented independent attitudinal dimen- sions or did the ratings measure a select num- 130 ber of underlying attitude-based components. The methodology of PCA involved standard- izing input variables (i.e., variables used in PCA) to have a zero mean and unit variance. The goal was to extract a few components, such that each component accounted for the dispersion of several input variables. Hence, each component would be a latent variable, containing information of several observable variables. As such, a useful component would be one that would explain at least a single unit of variance; otherwise, the component would explain less variance that a standardized input variable. The variance of a component is an eigenvalue of the correlation matrix associated with the data (Johnson 1998). Hence, we se- lected those principal components that would explain more than one unit of total variance, ie., their associated eigenvalues were greater than 1. We used Bartlett's test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sam- pling adequacy to determine if the data were suitable for PCA analysis. The null hypothesis (H,) for Bartlett's test indicates that the data came from a population in which the input variables were uncorrelated, i.e., acceptance of H, would indicate that PCA was unsuitable on the data set. The KMO measure compares ob- served correlations to partial correlations among input variables, to investigate if the data were sufficiently correlated to make PCA meaningful. In general, if two input variables shared a common component, their partial correlations would be small and the value of the corresponding KMO measure would be close to 1. If the input variables were not mea- suring a common component, their partial correlation would be large and the corre- sponding KMO measure would be close to zero. Consequently, if the KMO index were near zero, that data would be unsuitable for PCA analysis. We also investigated potential relations be- tween respondent preferences and sample segments based on gender, age and smoking habits. Information on other demographic var- iables such as race, education, and income were unavailable for the analyses. The “smok- ing habits” question was included because it was felt that smoking would affect tasting. The methodology used here was consistent with Engle and Kouka (1995) and Kinnucan et al. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) (1993). Kinnucan et al. (1993) provided the following conceptual framework for their technique: “Perceptions are formed by ab- stracting observed product characteristics into a limited number of dimensions such as taste, nutritional value and cost. These perceptual dimensions form the basis for preference for- mation . . . preferences are in turn assumed to determine the specific products that a con- sumer considers in a choice situation” (p. 275). A structural model of evaluating causality of consumer decisions following this approach involved estimating the following functions: (1) relation between attribute rankings (e.g., appearance, odor, texture, and flavor) and so- cio-demographic characteristics of respon- dents and (2) the relation between purchasing decision and attribute ranking/demographics. Since specific details of such models are avail- able in Engle and Kouka (1995), we chose not to reiterate their development. Instead, we ex- hibit the structural model by adopting it from Engle and Kouka (1995): (1) Rank of product attribute, = graphic parameters), (2) Probability [Willingness to purchase, = 1] = g, (Ranking of product attributes,, De- mographic parameters), for i = pr oduct A, f, (Demo- > Here, f, represents linear functions; equation (1) is estimated using ordinary least square re- gression, and g, represents the logistie cumu- lative distribution function, i.e., equation (2) is estimated using logistic regression (Engle and Kouka 1995). Willingness to purchase the products was quantified by three dichotomous variables: Buy A, Buy B, ‘and Buy C. The re- sponse variable Buy A is defined by: Buy A = 1 implies that the respondent i is willing to pur- chase product A; Buy A = 0 ofheaess Buy B and Buy C are similarly defined. RESULTS Table 1 reports averages and standard de- viations for the attribute ratings of the three products. Average ratings for product appear- ance were significantly different so the three products (F-statistic = 10.327 = 0.00). Multiple comparison tests mae that average appearance ratings were not signifi- cantly different between products A and C; however, average ratings were higher for prod- Kentucky-grown Freshwater Prawn—Dasgupta and Templeton Table 2. 131 Correlation of the first three principal components (PC 1, 2 and 3) with attributes of products A, B, and C (ie., component loadings) and the percentage of explained variance associated with PC1, PC2, and PC3. PCI is highly correlated with attributes of product A and GC, i.e., PC1 refers to consumer opinion of prawn. Similarly, PC2 is highly correlated with different attributes of product B, i.e., PC2 aggregates consumer attitude of different marine shrimp characteristics. PC3 represents a latent variable that contrasts attributes of products A and C. N = 112. Variable PCL PC2 PC3 Appearance A 0.479 —0.232 0.121 Appearance B 0.342 0.375 0.016 Appearance C 0.590. —0.092 —0.016 Odor A 0.581 —0.202 0.246 Odor B 0.256 0.684 —0.054 Odor C 0.551 —0.080. —0.128 Texture A 0.688 —0.230 0.139 Texture B 0.286 0.648 0.118 Texture C 0.568 0.072 —0.187 Flavor A 0.737 —0.253 0.236 Flavor B 0.392 0.800 0.135 Flavor C 0.672 —0.013 —0.415 Overall A 0.730 —0.389 0.297 Overall B 0.373 0.816 0.153 Overall C 0.704 —0.008 —0.421 Purchase A 0.546 —0.440 0.330 Purchase B 0.146 0.844 0.122 Purchase C 0.614 —0.098 — 0.422, Eigenvalues 5.292 3.634 2.318 Percentage of explained variance 29. 402% 20.186% 12.878% ucts A and C, respectively, when compared with product B. This suggests that respon- dents were able to differentiate the appear- ance of prawn tails from shrimp tails. Table 1 also shows that average ratings on other attri- butes (odor, texture, flavor, and overall accep- tance) were not significantly different across the three products. Table 1 reports the per- centage of respondents exhibiting a willing- ness to purchase the three products: a chi- squared test indicated that the respondents’ willingness to purchase differed across the three product types (test statistic = 10.255, P = 0.006). Multiple comparisons indicated that a proportionately higher number of consumers showed a willingness to purchase product A over product B (test statistic = 9.360, P = 0.002); however, there were no significant dif- ferences in the willingness to buy products B and C (test statistic = 2.232, P = 0.135), and products A and C (test statistic = 0.021, P = 0.885). Principal component analysis further ex- plored underlying correlations in the data set. The components corresponding to the three largest eigenvalues, individually accounted for 29%, 20%, and 13% of the total variation, re- spectively (Johnson 1998). The remaining components each accounted for a miniscule portion of the total variance, and they were rejected from the results. The Bartlett's test of sphericity produced a Chi-squared test statis- tic of 1,292.933 (df = 153, P = 0.00). This indicated that the input variables were not from an uncorrelated population, i.e., the pop- ulation correlation matrix was not an identity matrix. The KMO measure was 0.73, i.e., the degree of common variance among input var- iables was middling, ie., the extracted com- ponents would account for a fair amount of variance of the input variables. Table 2 indicates the component loadings associated with the first three components (PC1, PC2, and PC3). The variables that have high loadings in PC1 include Appearance C, Odor A, Odor C, Texture A, Texture C, Flavor A, Flavor C, Overall A, and Overall C. The variables that have high loadings for PC2 in- clude Odor B, Texture B, Flavor B, and Over- all B, Purchase B. Clearly, PC1 is strongly cor- related to many attributes of products A and C, i.e., PC] is a latent variable that represents aggregate characteristics of both fresh and previously frozen cooked prawn. PC2, which is orthogonal to PC] (i.e., refers to a different dimension of consumer perception), incorpo- rates attributes of marine shrimp. This reveals that the respondents were able to distinguish between freshwater prawn and marine shrimp as different products. In PC3, Flavor C, Pur- chase C, and Overall C are all strongly (albeit negatively) correlated to the component; Pur- chase A is positively correlated to PC3. An in- tuitive interpretation of PC3 is less obvious: it represents a latent variable that contrasts products A and C. Product attribute ratings were regressed with respect to consumer characteristics to de- termine any potential linkages. Each product's attribute ratings were regressed with respect to gender, age, and smoking habit: other de- mographic information was unavailable. Only three attributes ratings were found to have significant causality with consumer character- istics: appearance and odor of C and flavor of B. The following results were obtained (t ra- tios appear below corresponding coefficient estimates): Appearance C = 6.849 + 0.126Gender 9.174 0.452 + 0.039Smoker + 0.634 (Age 0.116 2,991 => 30) + residual Odor C = 5.869 + 0.210Gender 6.615 0.627 — 0.139Smoker + 0.933 (Age —0.344 2.716 30) + residual Flavor B = 6.045 — 0.420Gender 5.751 — 1.066 — 0.506Smoker + 0.926 (Age —1.190 2.303 \V = 30) + residual R? for the above regressions were 4.6%, 6.8%, and 7.5%, respectively, which partially ralllecis the cross-sectional form of the dataset (R? in cross-sectional data regressions tend to be lower than in regressions using time-series data (Nakamura and Nakamura 1998)). Simi- lar low fit is prevalent in other preference analyses where consumer preference ratings were regressed against socio-demographic characteristics, for example Dasgupta et al. (2000), Engle and Kouka (1995), and Foltz et al. (1999). The above results indicate that re- spondents 30 years or older tended to have Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) higher ratings, on average, with respect to ap- pearance and odor of fresh prawns (product C) and flavor of frozen marine shrimp (B), than younger respondents. The final portion of the consumer percep- tion model investigated potential linkages be- tween consumer characteristics and_prefer- ences with respect to purchasing decisions. Table 3 reports the results of three Logit re- gressions with Buy A, Buy B, and Buy C as dependent var iables. Goodness-of-fit is re- ported for each regression using the percent- age of accurate predictions anil likelihood ra- tio index (Greene 1990). Clearly, gender was the only consumer characteristic that directly affected purchasing decisions: males were more inclined to buy product C than females. Other results indicated that a high rating on odor and flavor of product A tended to im- prove its likelihood to be purchased. The fla- vor rating tended to have similar effects on the purchasing probability of the corresponding product. In addition, Table 3 shows that a high odor rating for products A and B, respectively, decreased and increased the purchasing like- lihood for product B. A poor rating on the appearance of A and the texture of B was re- lated to a high probability of purchasing C. Interestingly, a high rating on the flavor of product B was associated with a high proba- bility of purchasing product C. Apart from outlining the obvious (i.e., flavor was important in making purchasing deci- sions), the Logit regression results suggested that product ‘ecto was valued by a seg- ment of the respondents: individuals with low ratings on attributes of frozen prawn and shrimp preferred to purchase fresh prawn. The results also indicated that individuals who liked the flavor of boiled marine shrimp dis- played a willingness to purchase fresh prawn. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions can be drawn from the blind taste test: (1) consumers rated the appearance of prawn higher than the ap- pearance of marine shrimp (Table 1); (2) con- sumers exhibited a higher probability of pur- chasing frozen Saat than frozen marine shrimp (Table 1); consumers rated fresh and frozen sarc eer and differently from marine shrimp (Table 2); (4) older con- sumers gave higher-than-average ratings to the Kentucky-grown Freshwater Prawn—Dasgupta and Templeton 133 Q Table 3. Results from binomial Logit regression (Greene 1990) of willingness to purchase products A, B, and C, with respect to consumer demographics and beliefs about product attributes. Three dependent variables (Buy A, Buy B, and Buy C) are defined by: Buy A = 1 implies that a respondent is willing to purchase product A; Buy A = 0 otherwise. Buy B and Buy C are similarly designed for products B and C, respectively. N = 106. Dependent variable Buy A‘ Dependent variable Dependent variable Buy B! Buy C! Independent variable Estimated coefficient Estimated coefficient Estimated coefficient Intercept —2.471 Gender —0.904. Age: 30s and 40s —0.806 Age: 50+ 1.183 Smoker —1.088 Appearance A 0.389 Appearance B —().001 Appearance C —0.173 Odor A 0.412! Odor B —().302 Odor C 0.006 Texture A 0.294 Texture B —0.155 Texture C —0.133 Flavor A 0.820! Flavor B —0.098 Flavor C 0.008 Accurate predictions 90% Likelihood ratio index 52% —0.001 —6.306! —0.401 S220 —0.591 —0.291 0.707 0.592 —0.354 0.920 —0.630 —0.687! 0.422, —0.001 0.373 0.543" —0.316! 0.260 0.334 —0.254 —0.008 —0.007 0.299 0.380 0.054 —(0.666' —0.356 0.293 —0.524 —0.598 1.010! 0.430! —0.336 1.391) 83% 88% 1% 54% ' This indicates that the estimated coefficient is significantly different from zero for a = 5%. appearance and odor of fresh prawn and flavor of marine shrimp; (5) males were more in- clined to purchase fresh prawn than were fe- males (Table 3): and (6) consumers who rated the flavor of marine shrimp highly also tended to exhibit a strong willingness to purchase fresh prawn (Table 3). Results of this paper are useful to develop marketing strategies that will make prawn ap- pealing to consumers. For example, the results from appearance, odor, texture, and taste at- tributes can be used to differentiate freshwa- ter prawn from marine shrimp: domestic prawn can be fresh, having a less fishy odor and a more delicate flavor than marine shrimp. Since older consumers show a greater incli- nation towards prawn, future advertisements should include healthful characteristics such as the lower in iodine and cholesterol content in prawn when compared with marine shrimp. As a result of inherent similarities, fresh- water prawn and marine shrimp are often grouped together in wholesale and retail mar- kets. This is detrimental to the U.S. prawn in- dustry because marine shrimp can be profit- ably sold at a lower price than domestic prawn at any market level (Dasgupta and Tidwell 2003). However, the results of this research showed that, once prawn and shrimp were tasted, consumers were able to differentiate the products (i.e., they were able to tell that prawn and shrimp were different), even in a blind test. While the greater willingness to purchase frozen prawn over frozen marine shrimp was an encouraging result, the caveat is that the participants in the taste test were informed that the two products were similarly priced. Since the results showed that consum- ers rate both prawn and shrimp highly, prod- uct pricing would be one of the chief deter- minants in making a purchasing decision. The current prawn-marketing situation in Kentucky relies heavily on niche marketing, where fresh prawn are supplied to a specific consumer sector that is willing to pay a pre- mium for quality. The domestic prawn indus- trys survival, in competition with marine shrimp in larger scale markets, will depend on greater product differentiation of prawn, con- sumer education on the uniqueness of prawn, and lowering of production cost. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the participants in the taste test for their cooperation and are grateful 134 for the efforts of Jim Tidwell and Martha Mar- lette in making the taste test a success, and for the comments and suggestions from Jim Tid- well, Carl Webster, and Boris Gomelsky. LITERATURE CITED Dasgupta, S., and J. H. Tidwell. 2003. A breakeven price analysis of four hypothetical freshwater prawn, Macro- brachium rosenbergii, farms using data from Kentucky. J. Appl. Aquacult. 14:1-22. Dasgupta, S., J. Foltz, and B. Jacobsen. 2000. Trout steaks: consumer perceptions of a new food item. J. Food Dis- trib. Res. 31(3):37-47. Dillard, J. G., M. J. Fuller, and D. W. Whitten. 1986. Consumer acceptance of freshwater shrimp in Missis- sippi restaurants. Agric. Econ. Res. Rep.170. Depart- ment of Agricultural Economics, Mississippi Agricul- tural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) Engle, C. R., and P. J. Kouka. 1995. Potential consumer acceptance of canned bighead carp: a structural model analysis. Mar. Resource Econ. 10;101-116. Foltz, J., S. Dasgupta, and S. Devadoss. 1999. Consumer perceptions of trout as a food item. Int. Food Agribus. Managem. Rev. 2(1):83-101. Greene, W. H. 1990. Econometric analysis. Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, NY. Johnson, D. E. 1998. Applied multivariate methods for data analysts. Duxbury Press, Pacific Grove, CA. Kinnucan, H. W., R. G. Nelson, and J. Hiariey. 1993. U.S. preferences for fish and seafood: an evoked set analysis. Mar. Resource Econ. §:273-291. Nakamura, A., and M. Nakamura. 1998. Model specifi- cation and endogeneity. J. Econometrics $3:213-237. Woods, T. A. 1999. Kentucky freshwater shrimp: produe- tion economics and market development strategies. De- partment of Agricultural Economics, Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, KY. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 64(2):135-137. 2003. Nanatechnology, or Things Granny Taught Me Stephen S. Tillett Herbario Dr. Victor Manuel Ovalles (MYF), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Alirica I. Sudrez and Natalia Sanchez P. Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela ABSTRACT The presence of valerenic acids has been demonstrated in “valeriana” (Pfaffia iresinoides), a South American plant of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). These compounds were previously unknown in that family. One of the bases of ethnopharmacological study is the testing of traditional medicinal plants, which frequently results in a high per- centage of validation of uses. These are the home cures that have been handed down from generation to generation; many are being lost as children move to the cities and as grand- parents die. In the Americas, many medicinal plants have been introduced, mostly from Eu- rope, but also other countries, or adapted from indigenous uses. Nevertheless, the ratio- nale for the traditional users, that of constant empirical testing, is not always the case with today’s population. Frequently, names of Eu- ropean plants are apllied to native plants that may be completely unrelated but have some similarity of form, color, or odor. This is very frequent in Latin America, and misuse, or false usage, has been promoted by the economic boom in “natural products,” re- lated to the very high cost of patent medicines; a purist tends to become suspicious. One ex- ample in Venezuela is the “salvia real” (royal sage)(Pluchea odorata), a bush of the sunflower family (Compositae), growing to over 2 meters tall, not at all related to the European sage (Salvia officinalis) of the mint family (Labiatae). It is used for various health problems, infre- quently as a condiment, but not as a stomachic, digestive, or emmenagogue. The only reason for the name might be the plant’ slight pun- gent odor and its fuzzy, greyish green leaves, somewhat similar in appearance but very much larger than those of sage. A form of Piper cern- uum, a shrub 1 to 2 meters tall, with leaves to 40 X 20 cm and long, slender, white spikes of minute flowers, is called “menta” (mint) in one area of the country because the crushed leaves have a vague minty odor. Another example is “valeriana” (Pfaffia ire- sinoides) of the amaranth family (Amarantha- ceae) (Figures 1-2), sold by herb vendors as a tranquilizer, promoting sleep. As a taxonomist, botanical assessor, and collaborator with vari- ous pharmacognosic, pharmacological, and chemical projects, SST has been bothered by this plant for some years, particularly after finding it used by a local natural products company as if it were true European valerian (Valeriana officinalis) of the valerian family (Valerianaceae), easily recognized, even by a blind person, because it has the characteristic strong odor of the family—dirty socks. They are, of course, in no way related, and SST con- sidered that it must surely be a gross misuse. This native “valeriana” does have a large car- rot-like root, and the small fruits are surround- ed by the long hairs of the sepals, character- istics vaguely reminiscent of the true valerian, but otherwise the plant is quite dissimilar as it is much larger and coarser and grows in the hot lowlands, not high in the Andes, where a few native species of Valeriana do occur. SST pesters his chemical colleagues with problems like this and finally got our Natural Products Laboratory to check it out as a thesis project for NSP, a chemistry student under the supervision of AIS. The initial analyses started as a comparison with true valerian—one has to begin somewhere. After months of extrac- tion, fractionation, and testing, the negative results, for the presence of true valerian com- pounds, were prepared for presentation the following Monday in the poster session of our local scientific meeting (Sanchez P. et al. 135 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) Figure 1. Pfaffia iresinoides, a South American plant of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) that has been shown to contain valerenic acids. Nanatechnology—Tillett, Sudrez, Sanchez P. 137 Figure. 2. 2002). After pharmacological testing, this could be the basis for a health service warning that the plant is innocuous and not acceptable as a substitute for true valerian. From some intuition, and the receipt of a new protocol for testing valerian just received at a European congress, another run was made and, lo and behold, the final tests on Saturday showed the presence of valerenic acids—the active prin- ciples in the true valerian—but the absence of the valepotriates, which are the source of the dirty-socks odor. A really surprising tum of events, as valerenic acid is quite infrequent in the plant kingdom, and not reported for the amaranth family (Gibbs 1974). Of course, the poster had to be quickly remade. Posterior pharmacological tests, yet unpub- Pfaffia iresinoides. Close-up of flowers. lished, have shown that the extract is as effec- tive as Bromazepam (similar to Valium) in ex- periments with rats. Further analyses are un- der way to search for the posible presence of other sedative or synergistic compounds. You were right after all, Granny; so brew us up a “valeriana” tea, we've not been sleeping very well these last few nights. LITERATURE CITED Sanchez P., N., S. Tillett, and A. I. Suarez. 2002. Estudio comparativo por CCF de Acidos valerénicos y valepo- triatos en Valeriana officinalis y Pfaffia iresinoides. Pro- grama Cientifica de las XI Jornadas Cientificas “Dr. Héctor Scannone T.’, Facultad de Farmacia, Universi- dad Central de Venezuela, 4-8 marzo. Gibbs, R. D. 1974. Chemotaxonomy of flowering plants. 4 vol. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal, Canada. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 64(2):138-148. 2003. Abstracts of Some Papers Presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Kentucky Academy of Science Edited by Robert J. Barney AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Impact of soil management and insecticide residues on urease and invertase activity. GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS, Land-Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sci- ence, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. The effect of a silty-loam soil mixed with yard-waste compost at 50 t/acre (on dry weight basis), fescue strips, and two botanical insecticides (pyrethrins and Neemix- 4E) on activities of the enzymes hydrolyzing urea (urease) and sucrose (invertase) in the rhizosphere of potato plants was investigated under field conditions. Soil urease and invertase activities were monitored in the compost amend- ed soil, soil collected from fescue strips, and in adjacent bare soils during 35 days following treatment. Soil urease activity was increased by application of yard-waste com- post compared to untreated soil which provides evidence of increased soil microbial population following applica- tion of compost. Some transitional effects on urease ac- tivities were observed following pyrethrins and Neemix- 4E application; these effects were neither drastic nor pro- longed enough to be considered deleterious to the en- zymes important to soil fertility. No relationship was found between invertase activity and the two management prac- tices or soil organic matter content. It is suggested that application of botanical insecticides like pyrethrins and Neemix-4E may be useful in delaying urea fertilizer min- eralization. The present study may also provide informa- tion on urease activity as a sensitive bioindicator of soil quality that reflects the effect of land management on soil quality and may assist land managers in monitoring long- term productivity and sustainability of agricultural lands. Mass spectrometric analysis of ginger rhizomes and wild tomato extracts. GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS*, Land- Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science, and TEJINDER S. KOCHHAR, Department of Math and Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Analysis of leaf extracts of the wild tomato Lycopersi- cum. hirsutum f. typicum (Solanaceae) indicated the pres- ence of zingiberene, curcumene, and other lipophilic sec- ondary metabolites on the leaves of two accessions (PI- 127826 and PI-127827). No zingiberene or curcumene were detected in L. hirsutum f. glabratum, L. pennellii, and L. pimpinellifolium accessions. Mass spectrometric analysis of fresh ginger rhizomes Zingiber officinale (Zin- giberaceae) showed fragments with molecular ions at m/e 202 and at m/e 204, which are consistent with the assignment of the molecular formula of curcumene (C,;H,,) and zingiberene (C,;H,,), respectively, known as major constituents of ginger rhizomes. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbon zingiberene [5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2- methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene] has been shown to have a con- siderable spectrum of biological activity such as antiviral, antiulcer, and antifertility effects. Zingiberene is also as- sociated with the resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), and beet armyworm (Spo- doptera exigua). The two sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in L. hirsutum f. typicum leaves were present at 145 and 14.6 yg zingiberene and curcumene, respectively, per em? of leaflet surface area of accession PI-127827, and 110 and 58 yg zingiberene and curcumene, respectively, per om? of leaflet surface area of accession PI-127826, This study indicated that L. hirsutum f. typicum foliage can be ex- plored for mass production of zingiberene and curcu- mene. A simplified procedure for quantification of sugar-esters in wild tomato. KENYARI L. MOORE*, GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS and LISA M. HAWKINS, Land-Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Both native and greenhouse populations of Lycopersi- con pennellii (a wild relative of commercial tomato, L. esculentum) have sticky exudates known as sugar-esters (glycolipids) covering their leaves and stems. L. pennellii resistance to important vegetable pests has been attribut- ed primarily to type-IV glandular trichome secretions. This study was initiated to extract and quantify sugar-es- ters in four wild tomato accessions (PI-503516, PI-246502 = LA 716, PI-365972 = LA 1277 and PI-414773) of L. pennellii which have long been known to entrap insect pests in their sticky exudates. Extracts of glandular tri- chomes containing sugar-esters were prepared in chloro- form and reconstituted in ethanol. A simplified micro-col- orimetric method was used for sugar-esters quantification. The method is based on breaking the ester-bonds between the sugar moiety and the fatty acids using sodium hy- droxide and quantifying free glucose molecules liberated after hydrolysis. This simple, rapid, and accurate proce- dure can be used for screening wild tomato accessions of L. pennellii for sugar-ester contents. Effect of class A biosolids on bell pepper yields. MAT- THEW A. PATTERSON* and GEORGE F. ANTO- NIOUS, Land-Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. The Center for Disease Control estimates that 50% of the nearly § million tons of commercial, industrial, and municipal waste biosolids generated in the United States are currently recycled as soil amendments. Biosolid re- cycling reduces the need for landfill disposal and/or incin- eration while enhancing plant growth on reclamation sites, 138 Abstracts, 2002 Annual KAS Meeting forest lands, and agricultural lands. The objective of this study was to compare bell pepper yields from biosolid amended soils to yields obtained from yard waste compost amended and unamended soils under field conditions. Field studies were conducted on a Lowell silty loam soil located at the Kentucky State University Research Farm, Franklin County, KY. Six replicates of each soil amend- ment were applied at a rate of 50 tons/acre on a dry weight basis to standard USLE research plots (22 x 3.7 m, 10% slope). Aristotle X3R hybrid bell pepper seedlings were planted in rows 2 m apart along the contour of the slope. After 72, 86 and 100 days, mature green peppers were harvested from each plot, weighed, and graded ac- cording to USDA standards for sweet peppers. Total har- vest weight and weights of US Fancy, US #1, US #2, and culls obtained from each soil amendment will be present- ed and discussed. Performance of methyl ketones against the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). LISA M. HAWKINS*', GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS! and ALVIN M. SIMMONS? ‘Land-Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sci- ence, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601 and 2 U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Savannah High- way, Charleston, SC 29414. The insecticidal performance of four methyl ketones (undecanone, dodecanone, tridecanone, and pentadeca- none) against the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlinea- ta) under laboratory conditions is explored in this study. An § hr no-choice bioassay in Petri-dishes was used for evaluating the performance of methyl ketones against adult whiteflies. Fourth instar larvae of Colorado potato beetle were exposed to potato leaf disks (2.5 cm i.d.) treat- ed with each of the four methyl ketones in a 24 hr no- choice bioassay. LC; values for whiteflies averaged 19.9, 20.6, 15.3, and 16.2 jsMole/cm? of treated surface area for undecanone, dodecanone, tridecanone, and pentadeca- none, respectively. LC;, values for Colorado potato beetle were 2.3, 1.5, 5.2, and 1.0 pMole/cm? of treated leaf sur- face area for undecanone, dodecanone, tridecanone, and pentadecanone, respectively. Insecticidal performance of methyl ketones against whiteflies and Colorado potato beetles under greenhouse and field conditions and the im- pact of UV-light on their persistence and efficiency remain to be answered. Mitigation of pesticide residues on highly erodible Lands. SAYWARD B. MCKEE* and GEORGE F. AN- TONIOUS, Land-Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Agricultural activity is the leading non-point source pol- lution statewide which affects 89% of the streams sur- veyed. The use of pesticides in plant protection releases large quantities of pesticides into rivers and streams. Stud- ies were conducted at the Kentucky State University Re- 139 search Farm to determine the influence of sewage sludge treated with lime for land farming and yard-waste mixed with native soil at 50 t/acre (on dry weight basis) on the persistence and mobility of pesticides (Treflan and Diaz- inon) in soil and runoff water. Our main objective is to develop management alternatives that mitigate environ- mental degradation while maintaining agricultural produc- tivity and profitability. Residues of pesticides were signif- icantly (P < 0.05) higher in amended soils than no-mulch soils which indicates that the organic fraction in amended soils is primarily responsible for pesticides adsorption and/ or degradation rather than clay. Concentration of pesti- cides in runoff water collected from the amended soils was lower than no-mulch soil. These low residues of pes- ticides in runoff water provide the allowable safety needed for human health and environmental quality. Seasonal variation in trichome counts and contents in wild tomato accessions. PASANO B. BOJANG*, GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS, Land-Grant Program, De- partment of Plant and Soil Science, and TEJINDER S. KOCHHAR, Department of Math and Sciences, Ken- tucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Wild species of plants contain numerous non-nutritive, bioactive compounds known as phytochemicals. Many of these compounds cause the leaf to be less suitable for insect growth and may influence leaf palatability. A sig- nificant positive correlation was found between the inten- sity of wild tomato leaf trichomes (leaf hairs) and mortality of many vegetable insects. Type-IV and type-VI glandular trichomes on the leaves of three accessions of Lycoper- sicon hirsutum f. typicum, six accessions of L. hirsutum f. glabratum, two accessions of L. pennellii, and one acces- sion of L. pimpinellifolium were counted monthly (Janu- ary to December, 2001). Crude extracts prepared from the leaves of each species were also prepared in n-hexane and chloroform, separated, purified, and quantified using GC/ MSD for biochemical composition. Monthly variations in concentration of methyl ketones, sesquiterpene hydrocar- bons, and sugar esters (glycolipids) were determined. Considerable variations in biochemical constituents among accessions were detected. The selected wild to- mato accessions containing high levels of each constituent and the potential of their future use as botanical insecti- cides prepared from wild tomato leaf extracts will be pre- sented and discussed in detail. Effect of increasing lipid levels on growth and body composition in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, fed isonitrogenous diets). LEIGH ANNE BRIGHT*, SHAWN D. COYLE and JAMES H. TIDWELL, Aqua- culture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Largemouth bass were graded to a similar size (16.3 ¢ + 2.4) and randomly stocked at 25 fish/aquaria into fif- teen, 113.6-L glass aquaria, with three replicates per treat- ment. Fingerlings were fed twice daily to apparent satia- tion one of 5 isonitrogenous diets containing 42% protein 140 and either 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20% added lipid with protein/ energy ratios of 137, 120, 106, 95 and 86 mg-keal, re- spectively. At harvest, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in average weight, specific growth rate, average individual gain, survival, percent protein deposited, or protein efficiency ratio. Fish fed with 15 and 20% added lipid had a significantly lower (P > 0.05) feed conversion ratio and total feed consumption than fish fed with lower lipid inclusions. The hepatosomatic indices for fish fed 10, 15 and 20% added lipid were significantly higher (P > 0.05) than in fish fed the 0 and 5% added lipid diets. Proximate analyses indicated that feeding the 15 and 20% added lipid diets significantly increased (P > 0.05) whole body lipid levels and the 10, 15 and 20% added lipid diets significantly increased lipid concentrations in white mus- cle. Since the basal diet (control 0% added) contained 4% lipid from protein sources, these results would indicate that 4-9% lipid supports good growth in juvenile large- mouth bass when fed 42% protein. Protein sparing was not demonstrated as protein utilization was not increased with added lipid. The effect of production intensification on water quality in pond growout of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. AKUA HENAKU-LARBI*, JAMES TID- WELL, SHAWN COYLE and LEIGH ANNE BRIGHT, Kentucky State University, Aquaculture Research Center, Frankfort, KY 40601. The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is becoming a commercially important species in the south central United States including Kentucky. In pond pro- duction, several different management techniques and levels of production are being employed by growout farm- ers. This study compared the relative effect of production levels commonly used by growers in the region on pond water quality. Three different stocking densities (35,000, 48,000 and 61,000/ha and corresponding increased feed rates) were evaluated in 0.04 ha ponds with two, three, and two replicate ponds per treatment, respectively. A 28% protein steam pelleted diet was fed twice daily ac- cording to a feed chart based on the number and size of prawn. The 61,000/ha treatment also used a higher pro- tein feed (36% protein) for the last 6 weeks of production to compensate for the decreased availability of natural foods at the higher stocking density. The effect of these management practices on water quality was measured as total ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, and pH which were taken once per week. After 106 days, the overall means for total ammonia-nitrogen were significantly high- er (P < 0.05) in ponds stocked at 61,000/ha (0.69 mg/L) than in ponds stocked at either 35,000 (0.51 mg/l) or 48,000/ha (0.47 mg/l), which were not significantly differ- ent (P > 0.05). from each other. Nitrite-nitrogen was also significantly higher (P < 0.05) for prawn stocked at 61,000/ha (0.04 mg/L) than for prawn stocked at either 35,000 (0.01 mg/l) or 48,000/ha (0.01 mg/l), which were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from each other. The overall means for pH were not significantly different (P Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) > 0.05) by treatment and averaged 8.3 for all three treat- ments combined. These data demonstrate that stocking densities and feed rates used in commercial production and nutrient inputs can significantly impact water quality; however, the measured values in this study were probably not sufficient to cause negative impacts on prawn health or growth. Comparative efficiency of anesthetics for the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. THOMAS BEA- VERS*, JAMES TIDWELL, SHAWN COYLE, DAVID YASHARIAN and LEIGH ANNE BRIGHT, Kentucky State University, Aquaculture Research Center, Frankfort, KY 40601. The freshwater prawn is a commercially important cul- ture species in the south central United States including Kentucky. Two major constraints in the commercial cul- ture of the freshwater prawn in the United States are the difficulty in live transportation of seed-stock to growout ponds, and live transportation of pond harvested prawns to distant markets due to high mortality in transport large- ly due to negative interactions in prawn. The use of an- esthetics could greatly improve transport survival, which would increase survival in growout production and greatly expand the marketing potential for live product sales. There are currently no proven anesthetic agents for use in prawns. In this study, we compared the efficiency of five anesthetics commonly used in finfish: Tricaine meth- ane sulfonate (MS-222), 2-phenoxyethanol, quinaldine sulfonate, clove oil, and Aqui-S. Anesthetics were applied at 100, 200 and 300 mg/l in three replicate 6 | glass con- tainers containing 5 juvenile prawns. Observations were made every 3 minutes for 1 hour to determine the relative level of sedation of the prawns exposed to the different chemical and treatment rates. MS-222, 2-phenoxyethanol, and clove oil were determined to be ineffective at all rates tested. Quinaldine sulfonate and Aqui-S were effective as anesthetics at all rates tested. After a 1 hour recovery pe- riod, prawn subjected to the 300 mg/l concentration sul- fered 60% mortality in the Aqui-S treatment and 20% mortality in the quinaldine treatment. The 100 mg/l treat- ment was effective for Aqui-S with no observed mortality following the recovery period, where some mortality was observed in all the quinaldine treatments. Based on these data, 100 mg/l Aqui-S performed the best for use as a safe anesthetic in the freshwater prawn. Additional research is needed to determine optimal time and dose relationships to minimize stress and injury during harvest, handling and transportation of the freshwater prawn. Effects of stocking different fractions of size graded juvenile prawns on production and population structure during growout. JAMES H. TIDWELL* and SHAWN D. COYLE, Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Size grading juvenile prawns prior to pond stocking is used to disrupt negative social interactions. Animals from the upper end of the size range can outperform ungraded Abstracts, 2002 Annual KAS Meeting animals by 20-50%, but reports differ on the performance of the lower grade fraction. While some studies indicate lower grade animals may equal or surpass ungraded ani- mals if the growing season is sufficiently long, the growing season in the temperate region is limited to 110-130 days so the performance of the lower grade fraction is evalu- ated under these conditions. Prawn juveniles that had been nursed 60-days were separated into three groups us- ing a #13 bar grader (0.5 cm spacing): ungraded controls, upper grade, and lower grade. Ponds were randomly as- signed to receive one of three treatments with three rep- licate 0.04 ha ponds per treatment. Artificial substrate was added to ponds at a rate to increase available surface area by 50%. After 105 days there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in survival of prawns from the ungraded, low grade, or high grade fractions (overall survival 88%). Total production and average individual weight was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in prawns from the high grade fraction (3310 kg/ha; 43 g) while FCR was significantly lower (2.0). There was no significant difference in total production of prawns stocked from the ungraded (2888 kg/ha; 36 g) or low graded fractions (2560 kg/ha; 35 g). Marketable pro- duction (kg/ha) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the high grade treatment based on minimum marketable weights of both 20 g and 30 g. Impacts of grading pro- cedures on population structures were much more pro- nounced in females than in males. Within females, high graded animals had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) per- centage of sexually mature reproductive females (85%) than ungraded and low graded animals. In summary, stocking of the upper graded group increased total pro- duction, average weights, and marketable production. There was no difference in low graded and ungraded an- imals in the above variables. Acute toxicity of copper to juvenile freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergit. SHAWN COYLE*, IMAZE MARIAN OSUNDE and JAMES TIDWELL, Aquacul- ture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frank- fort, KY 40601. Copper sulfate (CuSO,) is an algicide that is commonly used for phytoplankton and filamentous algae control and has been used as a therapeutant in aquaculture. The ob- jectives of this study were to determine the acute toxicity of copper sulfate and the safe level for use in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, production ponds in a high calcium and alkalinity environment. Six concentra- tions of copper sulfate (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/l) were tested on 10 juvenile prawns (0.32¢ + 0.16) in 8L glass aquaria for 48 hours with three replicate aquaria per treatment. Concentrations of calcium hardness and alka- linity were set at 100 mg/l using calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, respectively. After 48 hours, survival of the control treatment (0% CuSO,) averaged 97%, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of all other treatments. The survival in the 0.2 mg/l and 0.4 mg/l (70% and 73%, respectively) concentrations of CuSO, were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than higher 141 dose treatments, but were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05). Treatments containing 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0-mg/l copper sulfate demonstrated a dramatic decrease in prawn survival, which averaged 30, 7, and 0%, respec- tively. Regression analysis of the data predicted 48-hour LC,, for copper sulfate to be 0.46 mg/l. Since recom- mended application rates for use of copper sulfate as an algaecide are 1.0 mg/l or more for water with alkalinities of 100 mg/l, copper sulfate treatments are not recom- mended for use in prawn production ponds. A comparison of production and growth characteristics of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and mean- mouth bass, M. salmoides * M. dolimieu. WILLIAM STILWELL*, BORIS GORMELSKY, SHAWN COYLE, DAVID YASHARIAN LEIGH ANNE BRIGH and JIM TIDWELL, Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. A series of studies were conducted to evaluate means of producing and relative production characteristics of the hybrid black bass (Micropterus salmoides X M. dolomieu), commonly known as the meanmouth bass. Study 1 com- pared the use of HCG, carp pituitary extract, and LHRH. as spawning hormones. Female broodfish of both species responded best to HCG, while males responded best to carp pituitary extract. Study 2 compared the fertilization rates of largemouth eggs when exposed to smallmouth bass milt vs. largemouth bass milt. There was no signifi- cant difference in percent fertilization (P > 0.05), which averaged 21% overall. Study 3 compared fry survival through the period from hatch to swim-up. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between pure largemouth and hybrids in swim-up survival, which averaged 96.5%, overall. Study 4 compared feed-training success. Feed- training success, average weights and survival of large- mouth or meanmouth hybrids were not significantly dif- ferent (P > 0.05). Study 5 compared first year growth when stocked at 1.25 and 2.5 fish/l. After 77 days there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in meanmouth or largemouth bass in terms of average weights or percent survival with at the low density but at the higher density largemouth were significantly larger (P < 0.05). The effect of tank coloration on survival, metamorpho- sis rate, weight, and time to reach the post larvae stage in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. DAVID YASHARIAN*, SHAWN COYLE, AARON VANARN- UM, LEIGH ANN BRIGHT, WILLIAM STILLWELL and JIM TIDWELL, Aquaculture Research Center, Ken- tucky State University Frankfort, KY 40601. Freshwater prawn culture has become increasingly pop- ular in temperate regions of the United States and in- cludes three distinct phases of production: hatchery, nurs- ery, and pond growout. The hatchery phase is technically demanding and labor intensive. As a result, seed stock- costs can represent >50% of the total production costs. To facilitate continued growth of the prawn industry the development of efficient hatchery production technologies will be required. It has been shown that color could have 142 a significant effect on the feeding behavior, growth and survival of aquatic invertebrates. In larval prawn culture, dark tanks (black or blue) are most commonly used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tank coloration on survival, metamorphosis rate, weight, and time required to reach the post larvae (PL) stage. Newly hatched prawn larvae were stocked into eighteen 16 | plas- tic rearing tanks at a density of 30/1. The tank colors eval- uated were red, black, white, blue, green, and yellow, with three replicates per treatment. Larval prawn were fed brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia franciscana) twice daily; be- ginning at day six a supplemental egg custard diet was also fed in addition to the brine shrimp nauplii. All feed rates were based on a published feed table. Tank temperature was maintained between 28-30°C and dissolved oxygen was maintained with constant aeration. Water quality was maintained using a common biofilter, and all critical pa- rameters were monitored regularly. On day 25 all larvae had metamorphosed into PL and the entire study was har- vested. Harvest data indicated that larval tank color had no significant impact (P > 0.05) on the final PL size or days required to reach metamorphosis. Total survival was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the red and green treat- ments (84% and 78%, respectively) than the white and blue treatments, (56% and 44%, respectively). Survival in the yellow and black treatments was intermediate (71% and 71%, respectively) and did not differ significantly from other treatments (P > 0.05). These data indicate that tank color plays a significant role in the survival of larval prawn reared in recirculating systems. Based on this data red and green appear to be the optimal. White or blue tanks are not suggested. GIS analysis of prime farmland fragmentation in two Central Kentucky counties. DEMETRIO P. ZOURAR- AKIS, Kentucky Division of Conservation, Department for Natural Resources, Frankfort, KY 40601. Central Kentucky’s prime farmland is facing unprece- dented development pressure. Mercer and Boyle counties are an example of this trend. In and around Danville and Harrodsburg, agricultural producers are participating in programs such as PACE (Purchase of Agricultural Con- servation Easements) and Agricultural Districts Program to protect land from development. Prioritization of expen- ditures is based on whether applications fall within or near the high risk/high quality areas. Based on the Cooperative Soil Survey data, 1:250,000 scale, digital STATSGO (USDA-NRCS) data, the combined area of the two coun- ties contains 56,13 and 31% in mapping units containing 0-20, 20-60 and 60-100% of prime farmland, respective- ly. On the other hand, the 1:12,000 scale digital SSURGO (USDA-NRCS) data indicate that 29 and 71% of the land area represents prime farmland (all prime farmland + prime farmland with limitations) and no prime farmland, respectively. Sixty-five percent of the 24,300 hectares in prime farmland are still uncommitted (not protected and not used for residential, commercial or transportation) in contrast with 75% of the $0,500 hectares not under prime Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) farmland. Based on population density data obtained an- alyzing the 2000 U.S. Population Census, 42 and 40% of all prime farmland and of all non-prime farmland, re- spectively, are under the high population density class (up- per 20%) versus 29 and 19% under the low population density class (lower 20%). CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Association of a genetic variant of the TBR-I gene with bladder carcinomas. CHAD R. JACKSON*, NATALIE SINGER, EMINA ATIKOVIC, LARRY DOUGLASS, JULIA H. CARTER and TAIPING CHEN, Molecular Bi- ology Lab, Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory, Newport, KY 41071. Bladder cancer is the fourth leading cancer incidence among men and the ninth among women in recent US cancer statistics 2002. The possible involvement of trans- forming growth factor-8 signaling pathway (TGF-B) in bladder tumorigenesis has been indicated by the obser- vation that elevated local and circulating TGF-B are as- sociated with cancer invasion, progression, and metastasis. A genetic variant of TGF-B type I receptor (TBR-I), a key element in the TGF- signaling pathway, has been found to be associated with clear renal cell carcinomas in our recent study. In order to find out whether this genetic variant of TBR-I will be associated with bladder cancer in addition to clear cell renal carcinoma, we have analyzed 26 transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. Using poly- merase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), 12 of 26 (46%) bladder tran- sitional carcinomas from paraffin-embedded tissue showed the genetic variant allele of intron 7 in the TBR-I gene, which is significantly higher than 32% genetic var- iant carriers among non-tumor controls. No somatic mu- tations have been found among all nine exons of the TBR-I gene. Our results suggest that TBR-I may be re- quired in bladder tumorigenesis. The high frequency of the genetic variant of the TBR-I gene in bladder tumors indicates that the variant may provide a selective advan- tage during cancer development and progression. Further investigation of the involvement of this genetic variant of the TBR-I gene in bladder tumorigenesis is warranted. CHEMISTRY The synthesis and metal-complexing ability of a novel polyether. STACEY STREETER*, JANE BARCELO and BRUCE BRANAN, Department of Chemistry and Phys- ics, Asbury College, Wilmore, KY 40390. A new tri-ether has been synthesized in our laboratory in which the three oxygen atoms are strategically oriented for metal complexation. The compound was made via Diels-Alder cycloaddition of benzyne with furan, followed by KMnO, hydroxylation of the alkene, and finally by Wil- liamson etherification of the diol using methyl iodide. X- ray crystallographic analysis of the diol has established the syn—nature of the oxygen atoms. The synthetic sequence, Abstracts, 2002 Annual KAS Meeting analysis findings, and the results of metal-complexation studies are presented. GEOGRAPHY The problem of forest block delineation in Kentucky: An approximation using raster analysis with GIS. DE- METRIO P. ZOURARAKIS* and MARC EVANS, Ken- tucky Department for Natural Resources, Frankfort, KY 40601 and Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort, KY 40601. One land cover classification (1992 National Land Coy- er Data Set—United States Geological Survey) and one plant community classification (GAP National Project) are readily available for Kentucky. This paper presents the re- sults of a first approximation to the study of forest frag- mentation of pivotal importance in the context of forest preservation and management. Utilizing the 2002 GAP Project draft vegetation map, road-less areas were deter- mined, potentially containing forest patches that possess certain properties of interest, such as threshold values for forest patch metrics (area; percentage of inclusions; area: perimeter ratio; etc.). Raster analysis was conducted using a GIS to delineate continuous, forested regions. A total of 1,892 contiguous forested areas were delineated, ranging in sizes from 360 to 26,300 hectares. Sixty percent of the forest blocks had a surface area of 970 hectares or less. Nine percent of the forest blocks were larger than 10,000 acres. Internal openings of 56 acres or less were found in 90% of the forest blocks. However, the percentage of area in internal openings ranged from less than 0.1 to 23.5%; 93% of the blocks had internal opening areas of 10% or less. Area: perimeter ratio values ranged from 110:1 to 2,130:1 with 75% falling below the 725:1 value. COMPUTER SCIENCE Computer simulation of cell growth regulation in vitro. ANDREA LAYNE*, STEPHEN HUNT, ROBERT L. MOOSE, Jr. and RAYMOND E. SICARD, Division of Mathematics & Natural Sciences and School of Osteo- pathic Medicine, Pikeville College, Pikeville, KY 41501. Expansion of a cell population in culture reflects inter- play between growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting in- fluences. Stimulation of cell proliferation (passage through the cell cycle; e.g., G; — S transition) generally is pro- duced by serum while suppression of proliferation (e.g., leaving cell cycle for G, state) is caused by contact-me- diated events or release of inhibitory factors.We have de- veloped a model that simulates cell growth under general culture conditions.The model combines discrete-event simulation to describe temporal behavior, with 2-dimen- tional cellular automata to describe spatial behavior; it uses Sim++/Simpack for simulation support and a cel- lular automata package known as CAEL as the basis for spatial dynamics. Additionally, the model implementation (under Linux) provides an optional graphical display that allows the user to observe both temporal and spatial as- pects during simulation runs. The model assumes a one- 143 day cell cycle time, requires a decision to continue in cell cycle or enter G, shortly after division, and begins with a high probability of remaining in cell cycle initially.The model adjusts the probability of continued cell prolifera- tion based on the number of contacts from neighboring cells. For example, when eight neighboring cells make contact with a cell, that cell enters G, irreversibly. In ad- dition, this model includes production of an inhibitor by cells in G, which acts to reduce the probability of other cells to remain in cell cycle. The influence of this inhibitor decays with distance from the source. This model simu- lates cell growth in culture as it might be influenced by inhibition through cell contact and the production of a diffusible inhibitor of proliferation. Experiments are in progress to reconcile parameters of the model with actual behavior of rodent fibroblasts in culture. GEOLOGY Geologic map of the southern half of the Pond Run 7.5 minute quadrangle, Scioto County, Ohio. ERIC D. ROB- INSON* and CHARLES E. MASON, Department of Physical Sciences, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351. The purpose of this study was to map the bedrock ge- ology of the southern half of the Pond Run 7.5’ Quadran- gle. The study area is located in southernmost Ohio, along the Ohio River. The majority of Pond Run mapped is found within Shawnee State Forest. This area has den- dritic drainage, moderate relief (750 feet), and is heavily vegetated. Bedrock geology of Pond Run is composed of siliciclastic rocks of Devonian and Mississippian age, which dip to the southeast at less than 1.0 degree per mile. Lithologic units encountered from oldest to youn- gest are: Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale (Devoni- an), Berea Sandstone/Bedford Shale undifferentiated (De- vonian), Sunbury Shale (Mississippian), Cuyahoga For- mation (Mississippian), and the lower part of the Logan Formation (Mississippian). Additionally, Quaternary allu- vial deposits were mapped along the Ohio River. The pri- mary field methodology was the utilization of a Brunton Multi-Navigational System with a built in altimeter to re- cord position of contacts and their elevations. The area was structurally contoured on the base of the Sunbury Shale. No faults or other structural features were noted. Pond Run contains significant slumping in its southwest- em comer, especially where the Bedford Shale thickens in the Berea/Bedford interval. Additional slumping occurs in the base of the Cuyahoga Formation where the Henley Shale Member thickens. Slumping is generally triggered by deforestation or over-steepening of these slopes. Key discoveries in this mapping project include neptunian dikes in the Ohio Shale and the first zonal conodont as- semblage (Upper duplicata Zone) from the Sunbury Shale. These discoveries exemplify the need for detailed geologic mapping in the field at a 1:24,000 scale. The Rockford Limestone in the Appalachian Basin. BRIAN PATRICK CAMPBELL* and CHARLES E. MA- 144 SON, Department of Physical Sciences, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351. Sandberg, Mason, and Work (2001) reported a thin do- lomitic unit in the base of the Borden / Cuyahoga for- mations as being equivalent to the Rockford Limestone of the Illinois Basin. The purpose of this study was to com- pare samples of the proposed Rockford Limestone equiv- alent from the Appalachian Basin to samples and the pub- lished literature on the type Rockford Limestone of the Illinois Basin. Five sample locations were used in this study: one in the Illinois Basin, and four in the Appala- chian Basin. Comparisons were made of the following: thickness, lithology, stratigraphic position, macro/micro- fossils, relative age, and depositional environment. The thickness of the proposed Rockford in the Appalachian Basin ranges from 2 to 37 em, whereas in the Illinois Ba- sin it ranges from 85 cm in southern Indiana up to 10 meters in parts of northwestern Indiana.The lithologies compared favorably, as both ranged from a dolomicrite to biodolomicrite. Additionally, both units occur in the exact same stratigraphic position. The macroinvertebrate fauna was essentially identical with respect to diversity, relative abundance, and mode of preservation between all the lo- calities studied. The only microfossils examined were co- nodonts because of their biostratigraphic utility. The co- nodont fauna recovered from the Ohio samples, Bright- man Cemetery (Kentucky), and the Clarksville (Indiana) site all belonged to the same upper Kinderhookian co- nodont zone (isosticha-Upper crenulata), which is char- acteristic of the lower Rockford. Those collected from the State Route 801 (Kentucky) site were from the lower Os- agean (Lower typicus) conodont zone. This site equates to the “upper Rockford rubbly or nodular zone” found in the base of the New Providence Shale Member of the Borden Formation in the type Rockford area. Thus, the samples from the Appalachian Basin are relative age equivalents of the Rockford Limestone in the Illinois Ba- sin. All samples examined appear to be deposited predom- inantly as a combination of both hemipelagic and distal storm deposits. The source of carbonate storm deposits would have been from the craton to the west, which ac- counts for the units eastward thinning. Do to the favorable comparison of all aspects compared between these two units, the consensus of this report is that the dolomitic units found in the Appalachian Basin study area are Rock- ford Limestone equivalents. Diversity and abundance of the macroinvertebrates found in the dysaerobic Cave Run Lake fauna (Lower Mississippian) Morehead, Kentucky. CHARLES E. MA- SON* and TED ADAMS, Department of Physical Sci- ences, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351. This fauna is located from 11/2 to 21/2 meters above the base of the Nancy Member of the Borden Formation. All 250 kilograms of material processed was collected from the mile post 135/I-64 section, which is located ap- proximately 2 miles west of the Morehead exit, in a road- cut along the west bound lanes. Bulk samples were col- Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) lected from the study interval, then taken to the lab and placed in ovens to remove the water. Samples were then weighted out into 5 kilogram amounts, placed in buckets, and immersed in kerosene for 24 hours. The kerosene was then decanted off and the sample placed in water. Sam- ples set in water until disaggregation takes place or up to 24 hours. The disaggregated sample was then washed through a number 20 sieve. All material caught on the sieve was dried and weighted. This residue was then pick- ed for macroinvertebrates using a binocular microscope. Picked macroinvertebrates were then identified and counted. A total of 600 identifiable specimens were re- covered, equaling 2.4 specimens per each kilogram of sample run. Twenty-two separate species were identified in the Cave Run Lake Faunal Project—eleven were mol- lusks. Gastropods were the most diverse group with 6 spe- cies, followed by brachiopods with 5 species and cepha- lopods with 4 species. A medium spired gastropod was most abundant with 220 specimens out of 600 total and gastropods overall composed nearly % of the total abun- dance (363/600). Thus, the Cave Run Lake fauna is dom- inated by mollusks in both diversity, 11/22 species, and abundance, 423/600 specimens. GEOGRAPHY Kentucky's climate during the Civil War. GLEN CON- NER, Kentucky State Climatologist Emeritus, Depart- ment of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky Uni- versity, Bowling Green, KY, 42101. Weather data exist from Springdale and Pine Grove in Kentucky from the Civil War years of 1861-1865. Addi- tional data exist from Newport from 1863-1865. Five oth- er locations have one or two of the Civil War years. These stations are too few and five years are too short to make conclusions about the entire Commonwealth. But they de- fine climate in the important central portion of Kentucky during an important period. These stations were part of the Smithsonian weather observation network that was es- tablished in 1847. Climate data and information from the longer term Kentucky stations used in this study come from two sources. The Smithsonian observers made daily observations and submitted the Smithsonian Institute Register of Meteorological Observation form after the end of each month. At Pine Grove, a weather journal of Dr. Samuel D. Martin provides daily observations from 1862— 1868 and monthly data from 1858-1868. The Smithsonian data are part of the recently digitized pre-1896 Kentucky climate data set. These data reveal an extreme drought from May through December 1862 and another from April 1863 through July 1864. The droughts created water shortages and reduced the agricultural production of food for people and livestock. Foraging by military forces fur- ther reduced that food supply. The war induced shortage of labor, the confiscation of horses and mules during the military incursions, and other uncertainties added to the miseries of the drought. The weather observer records provide an important source for both climate and its im- pacts on Civil War Kentucky. Abstracts, 2002 Annual KAS Meeting HEALTH SCIENCES School lunch program study Part I: Food selections of sixth-grade students. MARTHA A. MARLETTE* and SUSAN B. TEMPLETON, Human Nutrition Research, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Many Kentucky children have poor diets which lead to obesity and health risks. While over three-fourths of Ken- tucky students have inadequate intakes of fruits and veg- etables, 88% of middle schools offer students “junk food” via vending machines or cafeteria sales. Sample food trays were purchased (n = 5) to establish daily portion sizes and selections available in three middle school cafeterias. Individual food trays of sixth-graders were photographed before and after lunch were eaten to identify foods se- lected and consumed by the students. Nutritionist V was used to calculate nutrient content of food items offered. A 100-point Nutrient Density Index (NDI) was computed for each food item using % Recommended Daily Allow- ance (RDA) for 10 nutrients, protein, vitamin A, vitamin CG, iron, calcium, vitamin E, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate compared to %RDA for energy. SPSS 10 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. Fifty-one per- cent of the 369 students were female; 81% were white. Items most selected were: milk (NDI = 61), 294 times, mostly chocolate-flavored 1%; potatoes (NDI = 51), 137 times (mostly fries); fresh fruit (NDI = 57), 103 times; and salad (NDI = 77), 71 times. Pizza (NDI = 40) was most popular entree, selected 67 times. Thirty-one per- cent of sixth-graders purchased extras: chips (61 students), non-carbonated soft drinks (43 students), and sweet snacks (41 students), with an average NDI of 5. This sug- gests that while most school lunch offerings were nutri- tious, lower nutrient density items were available to and popular with these adolescents. Higher NDI items were less popular within most food groups. School lunch program study Part II: Plate waste of sixth-grade students. ESUGHANI OKONNY*, SUSAN TEMPLETON and MARTHA MARLETTE, Human Nu- trition Research, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Being overweight is increasingly prevalent among Ken- tucky’s children, yet most have diets low in fruits and veg- etables. We collected lunch tray leftovers from 369 6" grade students in three Frankfort middle school cafeterias. Leftover portions for each item on the tray were weighed and recorded. Nutrient content of the plate waste was calculated using Nutritionist V and aggregated by student. SPSS 10 was used for statistical analysis. The most wasted foods were fruits (38% of initial portion weight was left) and vegetables (33%). Fresh apple waste was 73%, while only 23% of applesauce was uneaten. Meats had 19% wastage; mixed dishes (pizza, pasta with meat sauce, sand- wiches, and casseroles) had 18% wastage. Grains waste (bread, rice, taco shells, etc.) was 14%. Students left 16% of their milk; 7% of cheese (used as a topping) was wasted. The a la carte items purchased in the cafeteria were wast- ed the least: chips (3%); non-carbonated soft drinks (6%) 145 and snack cakes/cookies (6%). An average of 160 kcal of dietary energy was wasted by students who had purchased a la carte items with their school linch, while 125 kcal was wasted by those who did not purchase additional items (P < 0.05). These results suggest that wasted food reduced energy intakes, especially in those who did not buy a la carte items. Preparation method influenced waste for fruits (canned wasted less than fresh, P < 0.05) and potatoes (mashed wasted less than boiled or fries, P < 0.01). Student comments indicated taste was a major fac- tor in food waste. School lunch program study Part III: Nutrient intakes of sixth-grade students. SUSAN B. TEMPLETON* and MARTHA A. MARLETTE, Human Nutrition Research, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Federal standards require school lunches provide 33% of Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for energy, pro- tein, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron and calcium and limit fat content. Food trays of 369 sixth-graders at three middle schools were photographed before students ate, and col- lected after they finished. We estimated initial portions by comparing weighed portions from sample trays purchased from the cafeterias. We weighed and subtracted the left- overs to calculate each student's actual consumption. Nu- tritionist V was used for nutrient analysis and SPSS 10 for statistical analysis. Students consumed only 25% of their energy RDA (boys = 2475 kcal, and girls = 2162 kcal) at lunch. Based on a 12%-30%-58% energy distribution be- tween protein, fat, and carbohydrates, protein provided 98% of recommended lunch-time calories, but carbohy- drate and fat provided only 69% and 81% of the lunch- time calorie needed. Students had adequate lunch-time intakes of vitamin A (135% RDA), and vitamin C (42% RDA). Calcium intake was lower for female than for male sixth-graders, 26% and 34% RDA, respectively; iron in- take of females (21% RDA) was notably inadequate. Lunch-time intake was low for vitamin E, thiamin, and folate (13%, 19%, and 28% RDA, respectively). Riboflavin and fiber intakes were 30% RDA. Nearly one-third of sixth-graders purchased extras along with their lunch; these soft drinks, chips, snack cakes, etc., contributed 39% of their calorie intake but very few important nutrients. Eliminating junk food options and enhancing taste appeal of school lunch items are essential strategies for increasing vitamins, iron and calcium in school lunches. Arsenic in well water from eastern Kentucky and sur- rounding counties. JOHN G. SHIBER, Division of Math and Science, Prestonsburg Community College, Prestons- burg, KY 41653. One hundred and four domestic tap water samples, chiefly from private wells in 8 eastem KY counties and 7 counties in bordering states, were analyzed for arsenic. Of the 96 samples originating from wells, 24 had below 1 ppb arsenic (0.50-0.93), while 3 had over the Maximum Con- tamination Level of 10 ppb: 11.10 ppb, Floyd County, KY; 19.70 ppb, Kanawha County, WV; and 81.50 ppb, Johnson 146 County, KY. Nineteen samples had from 1.02 ppb to 9.63 ppb arsenic. Four of the samples were from homes that had participated in a similar study during spring 2001, in which their water, analyzed at a local commercial lab by Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, had had elevated levels (10.0-33.9 ppb) of arsenic. Analysis in the present study, which found no detectable arsenic in the water of the same homes, was by the more sensitive Hydride Gener- ation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometry at the University of North Carolina’s Environmental Quality Institute. More comprehensive work concerning arsenic in private well water of the region is recommended, because so many people still rely on it for their needs. This should include the most sensitive methods of analysis for this element. Arsenic was present in over half the well samples analyzed here, and even very low concentrations are considered by many scientists to be unacceptable for human health. The elevated arsenic in groundwater recently reported for this region by the Kentucky Geological Survey gives further justification for more rigorous research along these lines. PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Histochemical and biochemical studies on the tentacle secretion of male bristlenose catfish (Ancistrus sp.). N. VIRGINIA LINTECUM* and HONG Y. YAN, T.H. Mor- gan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. Bristlenose catfish (Ancistrus sp.) get their common name from their distinguishing morphological feature, fleshy tentacles which grow from their snout. The tenta- cles of adult males are larger and more widely spread over the snout than those of females or juveniles, and their function has been a mystery. Since the tentacles have taste buds distributed on them, it has been suggested that they are used for chemoreception. Recently a hypothesis has been proposed to suggest that tentacles are larval mimics used by males to convince females that they are good fa- thers. This theory is untested, but arises from the fact that Ancistrus are one of the few groups of fish that exhibit solely paternal care in which male Ancistrus build nests in caves and crevices, and then guard the embryos and newly-hatched larvae. Histological sections and _histo- chemical studies on the snout tentacles revealing thou- sands of goblet cells in the epithelial layer of Ancistrus tentacles prompted our hypothesis that male Ancistrus provide nutrients to their young via secretions from their tentacles. Histochemical staining revealed that goblet cell contents are likely to be high-energy glycoproteins. Elec- trophoresis and glycoprotein detection methods are used to further delineate the chemical composition of the se- cretion. Results of histochemistry and electrophoresis will be discussed before further investigation is conducted to examine male-juvenile interactions and behavioral and ol- factory reactions of juveniles and females to the male ten- tacle secretion. Patterns of energy allocation in immunochallenged and testosterone-treated white-footed mice (Peromyscus leu- Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) copus). MANINDER K. VIRK*, RICHARD BLALOCK, MARSHALL WELCH and TERRY L. DERTING, De- partment of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071. The cost of mounting an immune response was studied in normal and testosterone-treated male white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). We tested the null hypoth- eses that: 1) there is no change in metabolic rate during an immunochallenge and 2) there is no change in energy allocation to other systems during an immunochallenge. We established four groups of animals: control, testoster- one-treated, immunochallenged, and immunochallenged plus testosterone. Injections of testosterone propionate were given for 10 days to elevate the level of testosterone. Immunochallenged animals were injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and phytohemoglutination (PHA) to challenge the humoral and cell mediated branches of the immune system, respectively. To test our first hypothesis we determined the daily metabolic rate (DMR) and the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of each animal. To test our second hypothesis we measured the masses of the body organs. There was a significant increase in RMR in the immunochallenged animals, but no difference in DMR among groups. Thus, our first hypothesis was partially sup- ported. Immunochallenge had no significant effect on the masses of intestinal and vital organs, but was associated with a significant increase in the masses of the reproduc- tive organs. We, therefore, rejected our second hypothe- sis. Our findings indicated that there was a significant cost associated with mounting an immune response, as indi- cated by the increase in RMR. In addition, there was an increase in energy allocation to the reproductive organs. Thus, under good conditions there was no trade-off in energy use for immunity and reproduction. SCIENCE EDUCATION Impacts of a revised introductory biology curriculum on attitudes and learning of biology majors. TERRY L. DERTING*, CLAIRE FULLER and WILLIAM SPEN- CER, Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071. In an effort to improve student learning and success within the biology major, we developed and implemented a new introductory biology curriculum supported by an NSF CCLI-A&I grant. The curriculum focuses on active inquiry as a means of helping students develop a more in- depth and meaningful understanding of biological con- cepts. Two new courses to be taken upon entry into the curriculum have been implemented. One, Biological In- quiry and Analysis, focuses on understanding of biology as a process of inquiry. The other, The Cellular Basis of Life, introduces students to basic concepts in cellular biology. Pre/Post assessment of student content knowledge, ana- lytical skills, confidence in specific science-related skills, and attitudes toward science has been conducted in the introductory courses each semester since 2000. Students have shown a significant improvement in content knowl- edge and analytical skills. Initial data indicate that the im- Abstracts, 2002 Annual KAS Meeting provement in content knowledge, but not analytical skills, has been retained as students enter upper level courses. Assessment of student attitudes has shown that students enter the curriculum with a positive view of science. It appears to be difficult to further enhance the positive at- titudes, but relatively easy to diminish those attitudes. Af ter completing the two new introductory courses, students showed a highly significant increase in writing and cri- tiquing ideas, using analytical skills, solving problems sci- entifically, and applying biological concepts and skills to everyday life. Although our results are preliminary, we be- lieve that the new curriculum is helping students gain the skills necessary to succeed in upper level biology courses. ZOOLOGY Feeding specializations in heterochronic morphs (Tri- turus alpestris, Amphibia, Caudata). MATHIEU DEN- OEL'*, ROBERT SCABETSBERGER? and PIERRE JOLY?! Chargé de Recherches du FNRS, Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology, Department of Life Sci- ences, University of Liége, 4020 Liége, Belgium. Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USA, e-mail: Mathieu. Denoel@ulg.ac.be; * Zoological Institute, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; ° Laboratory of Ecology of Fluvial Hydrosystems, Claude Bernard University of Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France. Polymorphisms are suspected to reduce competition among conspecifics in heterogeneous environments by al- lowing differential resource use. However, the adaptive significance of alternative morphs has been poorly docu- mented. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by comparing diets of syntopic heterochronic morphs (paedomorphs and metamorphs) in the Alpine newt, Tri- turus alpestris, in three European alpine lakes. Feeding performance was also tested in the laboratory. The two morphs differ in the functional morphology of their feed- ing apparatus. Only paedomorphs are able to expel water behind the mouth during prey suction through gill slits. We observed a substantial trophic differentiation between morphs consistently in all lakes. Paedomorphs primarily preyed on plankton whereas metamorphs foraged on ter- restrial invertebrates that fell to the water surface. Labo- ratory observations were consistent with field patterns. In paedomorphs, prey capture success rate was better than in metamorphs when foraging on aquatic crustaceans, but was less successful when foraging on terrestrial inverte- brates caught at the water surface. By reducing competi- tion, resource partitioning contributes to the coexistence of the alternative morphs in lakes devoid of vertebrate competitors and predators. Food diversity is thus an im- portant factor favoring the evolutionary maintenance of facultative paedomorphosis in natural populations. Assessment of the terrestrial small mammal fauna of Terrapin Creek State Nature Preserve, Graves County, KY. KELLY E. SOMERLOT* and TERRY L. DERT- 147 ING, Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071. The Terrapin Creek State Nature Preserve (TCSNP) in Graves County, KY, was established in 1992 by the Ken- tucky State Nature Preserves Commission to protect the unique assemblages of plants and animals found in the Terrapin Creek Wetland Complex. Trapping of small ter- restrial mammals was conducted throughout eight tract areas of TCSNP using Sherman Live traps and pitfall ar- rays. A total of 10,890 trap nights were conducted over a 1-year period, at 6-week intervals, to inventory the species composition and small mammal communities of the area. A total of 1,382 animals were recorded, representing 14 small mammal species. The species list determined from the trapping effort was found to be comparable with a predicted species occurrence list generated from the Ken- tucky Gap Analysis Project database. Diversity, domi- nance, and evenness indices revealed that a high level of diversity and unique communities of small mammals are contained within the preserve. The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and marsh rice rat (Oryzomys pal- ustris) were the dominant species on seven out of the eight tract areas. Tract analysis using polar ordination techniques revealed that most of the eight tracts at TCSNP support unique communities of small mammals. The inventory provides new information for the state’s documentation of the area, including the confirmation of nine additional species. We predict that the high biodi- versity at TCSNP will persist if management practices that maintain the vegetation and habitat heterogeneity are im- plemented. The effects of testosterone on the immune system in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). RICHARD BLALOCK*, MARSHALL WELCH, MANINDER VIRK and TERRY DERTING, Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071. Testosterone is believed to be immunosuppressive in mammals. Recent research suggests, however, that testos- terone may cause redistribution of leukocytes rather an actual reduction in leukocyte numbers. One hormone known to induce immunoredistribution is corticosterone. To investigate the effects of testosterone, we tested the null hypotheses that: 1) testosterone has no effect on cor- ticosterone level and 2) testosterone has no effect on the distribution of leukocytes. We established four groups of adult male white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus): 1) control, 2) testosterone-treated, 3) immunochallenged, and 4) testosterone-treated and immunochallenged. Tes- tosterone injections were given to mice for 10 days. The immunochallenged mice were treated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). To determine if immunoredistribution occurred blood sam- ples were taken from the heart and the retro-orbital sinus. There was no significant redistribution of leukocytes in any group of mice; however, the reaction to PHA was much greater in the control mice than the testosterone treated mice. Total white blood cell counts revealed no 148 significant differences between the control group and tes- tosterone treated group. Corticosterone levels were low- ered by the testosterone injections so redistribution could not have occurred due to corticosterone. We concluded that testosterone does not raise corticosterone levels and is not related to immunoredistribution. Testosterone did lower the activity of leukocytes. Geographic area in relation to accuracy assessment of predicted vertebrate distributions. TERRY L. DERT- ING*, ADAM SMITH and HOWARD WHITEMAN, Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State Univer- sity, Murray, KY 42071. To assess the accuracy of the 361 predicted species’ distributions produced through the KY-GAP, we used three levels of assessment that differed from each other through the geographic size of the areas used for assess- ment. First, relatively small validation areas were assessed by measuring the omission error, commission error, and agreement of species’ checklists for natural areas around the state and species lists compiled along the North Amer- ican Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes in Kentucky with our predicted species’ distributions for those areas. Next, we conducted an assessment at the physiographic prov- ince level, using omission error and agreement rates with- in each of the eight provinces that occur in Kentucky. Lastly, we conducted an assessment based on independent locational records for the entire state, again calculating omission error and agreement rate for each species. The Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) results of the assessments using checklists for small vali- dation areas and point locations for the entire state indi- cated a high level of accuracy (= 80%) for most taxonomic groups. The majority of errors were attributable to mod- eling of aquatic species. For the physiographic province assessment, agreement rates were very high and varied little among the provinces. The elevated degree of accu- racy within this assessment was attributed to the tremen- dously large areas of the provinces. Based on our assess- ment results, we believe that most predicted distributions from KY-GAP have a high level of accuracy. Nevertheless, users should become familiar with the accuracy of each species’ distribution map(s) prior to their use. Are there costs to being dominant? CASSIE JOBE, GUION JOHNSTONE and, MAGGIE PARKER, De- partment of Biology, Transylvania University, Lexington, KY 40508. In this study, we investigated the effect of dominance on aggression during feeding, and how it ultimately relates to growth in juvenile blockheads (Steatocranus casuarius). We conducted feeding trials on group of fish, observing patterns of aggression and feeding. Changes in length and weight for each fish were recorded before and after each trial. The data we collected indicate that dominant fish feed less and are more aggressive than subordinate fish that had greater gains in length and weight. This supports our hypothesis that there are costs associated with being dominant. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 64(2):149-160. 2003. Some Abstracts Submitted from the 2002 Meeting of the Kentucky Junior Academy of Science Edited by Robert J. Barney The mission of the Kentucky Academy of Science (KAS) is to encourage scientific re- search, to promote the diffusion of scientific knowledge, and to unify the scientific interests of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. These goals are accomplished, in part, through pro- grams sponsored and encouraged by the Ken- tucky Junior Academy of Science. The abstracts below are among those sub- mitted by participants in the 2002 Junior Academy meeting. Having met at least the minimum standards established by KAS for student work, they are included here in the hope that they will encourage their authors to go beyond these initial efforts and, continuing work in science, develop into the scientists of tomorrow. BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL SCIENCES Pharmaceutical patient assistance programs: do doctors help their patients utilize them effectively? MEGHAN NOLAN, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. Many poor patients do not qualify for Medicaid and need financial aid to pay for their medications. They can get the financial aid they need via Patient Assistance Pro- grams (PAPs). These programs, used by doctors, take extra time to use, but are necessary to benefit indigent patients. Many questions need to be asked to see if these programs are really working. The purpose of sending a question- naire on this topic was to gain an insight on whether doc- tors are using PAPs to their full potential. When doctors were given the survey, they likely knew what PAPs are, but it was suspected that only about half of the doctors already had the PAPs in their office. The percentage of indigent patients who are eligible for PAPs out of the total number of patients in the office will be about one in ten. The results from the survey are as follows. All 25 of the doctors said that they had heard of the PAPs. Twenty-two of the doctors wrote that they do have a certain type of PAP in their office, whereas three of the doctors do not. Eighty-eight percent of doctors do have PAPs in their of- fice, which is a lot more than the hypothesized 50%. Out of the doctors that do use PAPs, 16 have been using them for 2 years or more, 6 have been using them from 1 to 2 years, and | just started using them last year. The three doctors who do not use the PAPs listed reasons they do not: time, money, and uncertainty of how to use the pro- grams. Those three doctors also said they did not intend to implement PAPs into their office after taking the sur- vey. The average percent of indigent patients out of the total office patients was 3.87%, well below the expected 10%. The overall results were encouraging because doc- tors are using the PAPs more than we expected. After carefully analyzing the results, it was concluded that al- most all doctors seem to be using PAPs to the best of their abilities. Neuroplasticity and linguistic processings as a function of hearing aid use. DANIELLE HACETOGLU, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. Communication plays an essential role in our everyday life. It is with communication that we are able to interact with the rest of society and the outside world. People con- verse with one another with language, especially spoken language. Spoken language is made up of talking and lis- tening. People listen by hearing what is said. Hearing is a very important part of interaction. If someone is not able to hear or hear well, it is important for him or her to seek treatment. A doctor's first resort in treating a patient with hearing loss is a hearing aid. A hearing aid is a small elec- tronic device that fits inside and around the back of the ear and amplifies sounds, making it easier to hear and enabling people to communicate easily. This particular ex- periment questioned whether one’s hearing can change over a period of time after hearing loss exists. The purpose of this experiment was to see if brainwave latency and response (e.g., areas of activation) would change as a func- tion of hearing aid use over time. In addition, if there was a change, how long did the change take and if that cor- related with adjustment to hearing aid use (e.g., if the subject perceived sounds/words better over time). It was predicted that one would see a change in the latency of the neural response, e.g., brainwaves, to sounds as a func- tion of hearing aid use over time. The experiment was completed with the use of the electroencephalograph, and the data collected on the electroencephalogram were used to see if there was any sort of significant change found. Change did not occur over the 9 months that tests were run. The effect of information and threat on conformity. DAVID MILLER, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. A questionnaire was written to evaluate a person's po- sition on America going to war, their perceived level of threat to America, the level of their conformity, and their level of awareness of current issues. The war was merely a tool for getting the opinions of many people on a com- 149 150 mon subject that involved threat to the group. Participants were interviewed by three people asking questions about their position on America going to war. The interviewers, assuming views opposite those of the participants, asked five prewritten questions framed to give the correct im- pression and gave prewritten arguments to try to get par- ticipants to conform to their opinion. The participants’ re- actions were then rated on an objective scale and their scores averaged to yield their conformity level. It was be- lieved that higher levels of perceived threat or lower levels of awareness would make a participant more likely to con- form readily. However, when the results were analyzed it was found that the data supported the null hypothesis: no relationship existed between awareness and conformity or perceived threat and conformity. Effect of modes of recall and leading questions on the creation of false memories of an event. SHANNON TUR- NEY, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Coving- ton, KY 41011. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether different forms of recalling memories and leading questions have any effect on false memory creation. A real-time video of a car crash was shown to volunteers. Immediately after viewing the event, some subjects were asked to describe it in written or oral form. A third group did no formal recall. Testing with leading, moderately leading, or neutral questions followed. Overall, those who did no verbal recall scored highest on individual items, with percentages ranging from 70% to 96%. Those who orally recounted the event had the lowest accuracy, with correct responses only 32% to 50% of the time. There was One exception to the “no recall” group performing best. On that item, those engaged in the written recall scored highest. In the analysis involving leading questions, trends were obvious. With questions that did not have precisely defined answers but rather required estimates, the leading questions were more effective in creating false memories. Other questions that asked for yes-or-no an- swers and expressed doubt, led subjects to believe that the answer to the item was “no” when in fact it was “yes.” Curiously, some leading questions produced an effect op- posite to the intended effect, but further research would be necessary to understand this phenomenon. All results seem to indicate that verbally recounting events and re- sponding to leading questions enhance the likelihood of producing false memories. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Characterization of the “cold shock” response of Esch- erichia coli. AKINWANDE A. LALUDE, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. Bacteria demonstrate a response to reduced tempera- ture (cold shock), which is characterized by an alteration in gene expression. The focus of this experiment was to demonstrate this response in Escherichia coli and to de- termine (1) whether there was a threshold temperature for the response and (2) were there changes in protein Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) expression that had not been identified previously. E. coli were grown at 42°C and rapidly transferred to either 25°C or 15°C to evaluate the cold shock response over a period of 20 hours. Cross-sectional isolation was done and after 35, 95, 485, 1205, and 2475 minutes the bacteria were harvested by centrifugation and lysed by sonication to re- cover the cytoplasmic proteins. The quantity of protein recovered was determined and 30 micrograms of each sample were loaded on a graduated 4-20% polyacrylamide denaturing gel and electrophoresed. The gel was stained and the banding in each lane was assessed to determine the protein expression pattern in each group. The results indicate that there was not a threshold for this response (i.e., it was observed at both temperatures but to various degrees) and that the expression response was typical of those noted previously in this organism. Demonstration of KSP-32 protein as myo-inositol oxy- genase by cloning and expression—a protein linked to di- abetes. K. NATHAN PARTHASARATHY, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40207. A search for an unknown protein in gene bank of the NCBI prompted the analysis of a rare protein called KSP32. This protein is exclusively present in human kid- neys and possibly linked in the disease process of diabetes. Preliminary analysis suggests that KSP32 may function as an enzyme as inositol oxygenase (MIOX). To demonstrate this hypothesis DNA from rat kidney was isolated and used to produce the enzyme in bacteria by molecular cloning methods. An efficient Escherichia coli expression system for the production of rat myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) protein has been constructed. Rat kidney MIOX cDNA was cloned into expression vectors, pRSET A, B, and C. After the plasmid was introduced into E. coli, this bacterial culture was induced with isopropyl thio-galac- topyranoside (IPTG). The recombinant MIOX protein was purified from bacterial extracts. Passing it onto a nick- el column purified the clarified supernatant. The purity of the fractions was tested on 12% SDS-Electrophoresis technique (PAGE). The fractions eluted with 40 mM im- idazole buffer showed a relatively pure MIOX protein band of ca. 32,000 in molecular weight. Cloning and ex- pressing of rat MIOX in bacteria offers an excellent source of its unlimited supply. Functional enzyme assay for ino- sitol oxygenase is being carried out. If it produces a fune- tional enzyme, it can be used for its protein structure and antibody production, Large-scale production and structur- al studies will help design new drugs targeting this vital kidney protein. My project has successfully produced rat myo-inositol oxygenase protein in pRSET vectors A be- cause it was in frame with the expression-cloning segment. This bacterial system is capable of producing an unlimited supply in a short time for further research on experimen- tal diabetes and hypoxic conditions. Experimenting with the functionalism of the knee. MI- CHAEL S. HAWORTH, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40206. Kentucky Junior Academy Abstracts—Barney The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) is in the middle of the knee. It contracts, expands, and holds the joining knee bones together. In addition, it is one of the biggest causes of athlete injury. After years of research and anal- ysis, it was found that girls injure their ACLs more often than boys. The point of this paper was to investigate and experiment on girls and boys to try to find out why the difference. In short, it can be said that many hypotheses have been said to answer that same question. One is bio- mechanical. So somehow, the inside muscles and move- ment affect it. Another reason is the bone structure. Three is hormonal. Four is environmental. In addition, five is protection. By protection, it means that somehow and for some reason men and women are not supported with pro- tection like a knee brace. On the other hand, women do not use them as often as men do. Surveys were organized and the physical structure of the knee was examined. Data were collected into chart format, and many different facts were observed. From other data (data of the structure and length of the ACL), it was found that most women have a weaker and narrower notch surrounding the ACL, which may actually prove to make women more fragile and prone to the injury. The correlation between heart rate recovery and track mile times. CHRISTINA M. HAMM, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40241. As a person engages in regular aerobic exercise, the heart, lungs, and muscles become more efficient at using oxygen. The heart pumps more blood with each stroke, the lung capacity of each inhalation increases, and the muscle fibers extract more oxygen from the blood. The training effect on the heart is obvious when heart rates are compared between long-distance runners and seden- tary individuals. The athlete will have a lower heart rate at rest and during light jogging, for example, than the non- athlete. For this experiment, heart rates were used to see if there was a correlation between them and high school runners’ l-mile track time. If there is a correlation of heart rates and fitness levels (endurance athletes need to have high fitness levels) then there is also a correlation between 1-mile track times and heart rates. In this exper- iment, the subject’s pulse was taken before a 400 m sprint, then immediately after one, and then again 1 minute after the sprint, 2 minutes, and 3 minutes. Then, after 24 hours recovery, the subject was timed for 1 mile on a track. A trend was found in all the data, which directly correlates with the mile times. It is easy to see that a higher percent of recovery correlates with a faster mile time. However, due to the lack of a significant volume of data, there was not one true formula to predict a mile time based on their heart rate recovery. Distinguishing differences between grayscale values and color hues. ANDREA MASON, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. The human eye is a very complicated organ. Several features translate visual stimuli into nerve impulses, in- 151 cluding visual receptor cells called rods and cones. Rods detect the presence of a stimulus and its brightness, whereas cones detect color stimuli. The purpose of this experiment is to discover at what point the difference be- tween two shades of gray or chromatic hues produce a difference in stimulation of receptors that results in the perception of a boundary line. PowerPoint presentations containing areas of different grayscale and color values were created. Subjects viewed these presentations wearing prefabricated glasses, which isolated areas of the retina of high rod or high cone concentration, as well as under nor- mal conditions with no retinal isolation. The minimum discrimination difference, MDD, was defined to quantify the minimum difference in shades of gray or color hues that a subject could recognize. This experiment showed that subjects were better at distinguishing the differences in shades near the middle gray region of the traditional grayscale (DN 128-121) than the extremes of the gray- scale, white (DN 4—0) and black (DN 255-219). In ad- dition, the ability to distinguish colors and differences in the grayscale decreased as smaller and smaller parts of the retina were isolated. As retina isolation increased, the average MDD increased and/or the proportion of subjects not answering increased, indicating that the ability to dis- tinguish differences in the shades decreased. Rod isolation did not improve the ability to distinguish differences in the grayscale, and cone isolation did not improve the abil- ity to distinguish color differences. Reduction in the in- tensity of light reaching the retina when rod and cone vision glasses were worn may have contributed to this re- sult. BOTANY The effects of light wavelength on phototropism in Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays. ADAM WEIS, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville KY 40299. The purpose of this experiment was to determine how variations in light wavelength affect the growth and cur- vature towards a light source over time, and if the changes in growth or curvature caused by light wavelength differ between C3 and C4 photosynthetic plants. The height and angle towards light source of 36 plants, equally distributed amongst light colors and plant species—Phaseolus vulgaris (C3 photosynthesis) and Zea mays (C4 photosynthesis) — were measured daily for 8 days, and the average growth and curvature was calculated each day. The hypothesis was that blue or violet light would stimulate growth and cur- vature most efficiently, that the relative growth and cur- vature at different wavelengths would differ little, and that the curvature-to-growth ratio would be constant regard- less of species or filtered light color. The results suggested that blue light was the strongest and yellow or red light the weakest growth and curvature stimulant for both P vulgaris and Z. mays, but most apparent differences in growth and curvature stimulation were not significant. The relative growth and curvature trends over light wavelength did not significantly differ between the C3 and C4 plants, 152 and the curvature-to-growth ratio was found to be nearly constant. If this project were continued or expanded, more light-specific filters would be utilized, and plant spe- cies differing in chemical pathways other than photosyn- thesis would be examined. Effects of microwave radiation on the growth and ger- mination of Brassica rapa. BRETT M. THOMPSON, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Lou- isville, KY 40208. This experiment focused on determining the effects of low-power microwaves at 2.0 GHz frequency on germi- nation and growth of Brassica rapa, or Wisconsin Fast Plants of the Brassicaceae. The experiment was performed to predict what would happen when the world begins us- ing microwaves reflected off the sun’s rays for energy. It was estimated that there would be no effect due to the low power of the microwaves. To perform this experiment, 120 Fast Plants were used. Sixty of these were the control and were not exposed to any microwaves and the other 60 were exposed to microwaves at a frequency of 2.0 GHz. All of the Fast Plants began as seeds in the exper- iment, allowing for analysis of germination percentage. Heights in centimeters were measured each day for 2 weeks. The plants were kept apart but in the same growth chamber, allowing for the same humidity, temperature, and measured light intensity. Eighteen of 60, or 30%, of the non-microwave plants germinated; 37 of 60, or 61.67%, of the microwave plants germinated. In addition, the microwave plants had an average height 1.3 cm great- er than that of the non-microwave plants. Two 2-sample t-tests were performed to check for significance in ger- mination and height data and both rejected the null hy- pothesis, giving evidence supporting that microwaves do indeed affect the growth and germination of Fast Plants, which goes against the stated hypothesis. Mass measure- ments were also taken on Day 10 and a ¢-Test was per- formed, resulting in a p-value of 0.11, which is too low of a significance level. Extraction and application of expansin to heat-inacti- vated stems of cucumber seedlings. LISA SOPER, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41042. It has been observed by many that when substances with a low pH (<5.5) are applied to growing cell walls, the cell will elongate. Expansin is a protein naturally found in cells that also helps with expansion. Expansins are unique to the plant world. They can cause two types of expansion. The only one observed in this experiment was creep: the long-term, irreversible extension of cell walls. Expansin was extracted from a bunch of celery (Cosgrove 2001). This involved blending, chilling, and filtering the celery, followed by centrifugation, which resulted with a pellet of expansin. Cucumber seedlings were grown. At the early stage they were cut at the soil line and cotyle- dons were removed. The stem was then secured between an apparatus formed with two ring stands, one of which Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) held up a rotary motion sensor connected to an IMAC. On the other ring stand was a clip, securing fishing line that extended from the two stands with alligator clamps separating them and a 40 g weight on the other end. The stem was secured between the alligator clamps. The fish- ing line lay on the rotary motion sensor, sensing the length difference, which was recorded and graphed. These graphs demonstrated that when expansin is applied to cell walls, the walls would elongate. When buffer of pH 4 is added, the walls expand very little and quickly come to a constant length. Similar results were obtained when gib- berellic acid was added. The effect of abscisic acid on plant growth under drought conditions. HUY LE, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. Scientists are constantly researching new ways of im- proving plants. A good deal of research is focused on in- creasing drought tolerance. One way is to use a chemical that could induce stomatal closure and thereby increase the tolerance level. The purpose of this research is to sub- ject plants to great water stress (drought) and then ob- serve what happens when abscisic acid (ABA) is injected into them. It was hypothesized that plants with ABA in- jection would be more tolerant of drought. The results showed that the ABA plants do indeed have more toler- ance. However, after the t-test was run, the data were found to be insignificant. It was concluded that ABA does not increase drought tolerance. It is recommended that the research be repeated using a higher quantity of ABA, higher ABA solution concentration, longer experimenta- tion time, and that measurements of root growth be re- corded. Vitamin therapy for root crown gall disease: plant pa- thology of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. WHITNEY HAR- ROD, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. In this experiment root crown gall disease was intro- duced to Marigold tomato plants, Rutgers tomato plants, and tobacco variety KY 160. The experiment was to infect plants with root crown gall disease and treat them using vitamin therapy. It was hypothesized that the use of se- lected vitamins would cure or decrease the gall size formed on the three plants and improve their visual ap- pearance. The procedures used included attempting to grow from seeds a combined total of 300 tobacco and tomato plants. However, not all of them successfully ger- minated. One hundred and eighty plants were grown for 4 weeks. They were then infected by making two small slits in the base of each plant and injecting the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In the experiment, four plants were chosen in each set so averages would be more accurate. Variables were soft gel capsules of vitamin A and liquid vitamins E, B, and C. For Rutgers tomatoes, four plants were given vitamin A at 5 ml twice weekly for 6 weeks. This was repeated for each vitamin and was de- fined as group one. Group 2 was the same plants with the Kentucky Junior Academy Abstracts—Barney same vitamin but given at 10 ml twice weekly for 6 weeks. Plants were categorized by color, height, gall size, and overall visual appearance. The plants were 6 weeks old when vitamin therapy began. Vitamin therapy did not de- crease the size of the galls. However, vitamin A increased plant height while vitamin B decreased plant health by wilting and turning leaves yellow. West Vitamins E and C had no effect on the plant's appearance. CHEMISTRY Effect of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic destruc- tion of Procion MX Bright Blue 404 dye. SARAH FIE- GER, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Coving- ton, KY 41011. The purpose of this project is to find what effect the amount of titanium dioxide present in an acid reactive dye solution has on the rate of its degradation by UV-C light. This problem was studied by preparing 0.05 g/l Procion Bright Blue dye to serve as simulated wastewater. An ab- sorbance curve showed that 610 nm was a good wave- length to quantitate the dye concentrations. A known amount of the solution along with a measured amount of titanium dioxide were then placed under a UV-C light and the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer. The absorbances were then graphed and the rate of deg- radation was found. This was done with additions of 0.015 g, 0.010 g, and 0.005 g of titanium dioxide. The waste solutions were efficiently degraded, with the rates varying from 1.14 to 0.0921 ppm/min. The rate of degradation increased with the amount of titanium dioxide but not in a linear fashion. Through this process, it was found that increased amounts of titanium dioxide acted as a catalyst and increased the rate at which the color from the waste- water was eliminated. Without both UV-C light and tita- nium dioxide, the degradation of Procion Bright Blue dye proceeded very slowly if at all. Evaluating the potential of freshwater Winogradsky col- umns to generate electric potential differences. MONICA SUMME, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. Recently there has been much publicity about electric- ity produced from marine sediments. The purpose of this experiment was to discover whether a freshwater Wino- gradsky column could also generate electricity. Winograd- sky columns were constructed with 2-liter bottles; elec- trodes were inserted at 5 cm intervals. When these proved unsuccessful, new columns were set up using standard chromatography tubes and electrodes placed at 2.5 cm intervals. One contained only pond mud and water; others were enriched with cellulose, Na,SO,, and CaCO. After 12 days, potential differences were detected between elec- trodes at various levels in the column. All electrode pairs registered potential differences, most of which remained relatively constant over time. Enriched columns yielded greater voltages than the control, presumably because more bacteria grew in them. Voltages ranged from a few 153 millivolts to over a volt. Currents from about 1 to 120 pA were observed. Crevice corrosion mitigation. HARISH SRINIVASAN, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Lou- isville, KY 40208. Crevice corrosion in the gaskets of flanges is a major problem for piping systems that causes billions of dollars worth of damage yearly. Crevice corrosion occurs by the ionization of metal atoms resulting in their leaving the bulk metal. The formation of metal ions is called polari- zation. The purpose of this research was to find a method to mitigate crevice corrosion. A rubber o-ring with a groove on the bottom with an embedded platinum wire was placed on a stainless steel plate and firmly held in place with a flange and clamps. The well formed by the ring was filled with a 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution. A ref- erence electrode was placed near the crevice. Control cor- rosion tests were run, as were corrosion tests with the application of a —400 mV potential. The process was re- peated with 1% FeCl,. The results of the corrosion tests showed a decrease in polarization resistance with the ap- plication of the potential, indicating an increase in cor- rosion. Tests run prior to and after the application of a potential showed a decrease in polarization resistance in the tests after applications. Corrosion was least when the working electrode was left alone. The negative potential may have caused some particles such as chlorine ions to change polarity, aggravating the corrosion. Excess elec- trons may have also caused the bonding of hydrogen ions and the dissolution of the gaseous film on the cathodic surface of the metal, exposing the metal to the electrolyte and allowing for more corrosion. Hydrogen evolution for portable fuel cells. JANE HU, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Lou- isville, KY 40208. Presently, common sources of energy, such as fossil fu- els, are limited in access, non-renewable, and detrimental to the environment. Hydrogen, however, is a plentiful, possibly renewable, and clean fuel with a by-product of only water. Because of its characteristics, development of the method of hydrogen generation could be valuable. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if pure and sufficient hydrogen could be generated to power por- table fuel cell devices by a simple method: the combina- tion of natural organic acid and metal in an aqueous so- lution. An apparatus for gas collection was set up. Widely available and cheap metals and acids were tested: acetic acid, formic acid, zinc, nickel, and iron (three metals were selected by their varying reduction potential). After adding the metals and acids in an aqueous solution, evolution of hydrogen was recorded every 10 minutes for 90 minutes. The equipment was then left for 48 hours, after which the final evolution of each metal-acid combination was re- corded. Gas chromatography tests were performed. Five out of the six combinations produced hydrogen, evolving at steady rates. Iron and formic acid evolved the most 154 hydrogen, creating 620 cc. By comparing all data, it was concluded that formic acid was more reactive than acetic acid and iron was the most reactive metal, and all hydro- gen generated was more than 99% pure. Calculations in- dicated that collected hydrogen was practical and suited to fuel electrical machinery, such as CD players or even satellites, revolutionizing energy sources and industry. COMPUTER SCIENCE & MATHEMATICS Feasibility of using passive repeaters in long-range wire- less computer data transmission. ANDREW GODFREY, Boyle County High School, 332 North Danville By-Pass, Danville, KY 40422. Devices known as passive repeaters are mentioned on the Internet as a method to bend 802.11b wireless data signals. The purpose of this experiment was two-fold: to determine if the idea of a passive repeater is feasible and which design(s) of passive repeaters are most effective. Two setups were used: one indoors and one outdoors. In both setups, signals were bent around objects. Each com- puter sent 100 pings (packets of 32 bytes of data that are sent from and returned to a computer to measure con- nection distance and strength) and used a third-party soft- ware program to log various aspects of signal perfor- mance. The parabolic-type passive repeater provided the shortest (and therefore fastest) ping times and maintained a stronger wireless signal. The parabolic passive repeater proved to provide signal levels at or above what is ac- ceptable for outdoor metropolitan use. These indicate that a passive repeater is effective and feasible. Nurse Internet Scheduler: using the Internet to solve the problem of nurse shortages. SONIA NIJHAWAN, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Lou- isville, KY 40208. In light of the growing nurse shortage experienced by hospitals all over the world, a plan was offered to create a nurse scheduling system database that allows registered nurses to fill and bid on available hospital hours using the Internet. Numerous factors influence both the supply of registered nurses and the demand for nursing services. The Nurse Internet Scheduler (NIS), as it will be called, addresses all of these factors and encompasses them into a system that extracts the most from the nurses we already have. In essence, instead of trying to produce more nurs- es, the system takes advantage of the current nurse work- force. With the intention of gaining a better understanding of hospitals and their current problems, all of the hospitals in Louisville were researched. The detailed requirements of the scheduler were defined, its design was created, its databases were developed, security measures were added, and, finally, touchups were added before releasing the fi- nal product. The creation of the system proved to be a highly challenging task. Many programming languages were used, including Microsoft Access, SQL, Visual Basic, Visual Interdev, and Microsoft FrontPage. By matching hospital requests with nurse availability, the NIS should provide a constant supply of nurses to the hospitals in Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) need, It schedules nurses on a micro basis: not day by day, but shift by shift. The scheduler will be used as a tool for saving the lives of patients, whose present healthcare qual- ity is in high danger. After a local start, use of the nurse database will steadily expand to become a worldwide product: allowing nurse transactions to be made interna- tionally. Mathematics is not yet ready for such problems: Collatz Conjecture rationalized. ROBERT BRACO, duPont Man- ual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. Collatz Conjecture is a famous problem in number the- ory that deals with a classic recursive function. When any natural number is iterated through the function, it is sus- pected that it will converge to one. It was first conceived by Lothar Collatz in 1937 and, despite many attempts, has remained unproven for over 75 years. Because it is rem- iniscent of a chaotic system, its importance to the field of cryptography is great and its many ties to other branches of mathematics make it essential to prove. Several new results on the problem were found that are expected to lead to a formal proof within the next year. The data were used to derive a probability function that can accurately predict the divisibility of any number that is iterated through Collatz Function. Linear number sets were iter- ated through Collatz Function and the number of itera- tions it takes for those sets to return to less than their starting value was determined. Patterns in the results gave structure to the complex sets of numbers and set up a partial proof that has great potential of turning into a com- plete proof. A method called linear decomposition was used to find further structure in the data. As a result, several formulas were derived that will predict the trajec- tory of any given number set as it is iterated through Col- latz Function. Finally, the set was found that had the most chaotic results when it is iterated through the function and a formula was derived to determine the number of duel- growth iterations that will occur before the number begins its convergence to one. EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE Effect of microgravity on seed germination and amylase content of Phaseolus vulgaris. KATHLEEN ALBERS and EMILY STOVER, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. Microgravity is a condition in which objects do not ex- perience the full force of gravity and are therefore under different influences than they normally experience on Earth. Experimentation in this area is beneficial for the advancing of the space program, especially the possibility of humans living in space for extended periods. By grow- ing plants such as Glycine max (soybean) in microgravity, the feasibility of a long-term food and oxygen source was investigated. The purpose of this experiment was to build a bioreactor that would simulate a microgravity environ- ment for bean seeds in order to study their germination pattern and amylase content compared to that of beans Kentucky Junior Academy Abstracts—Barney placed in normal Earth conditions. The bioreactor was run for extended periods, during which measurements of mass and radicle length were taken daily. Later, gel electropho- resis was performed to differentiate between amylase con- tent in beans subjected to different conditions. A germi- nation control group in a culture dish on damp paper tow- eling germinated and grew normally and displayed evi- dent, active alpha amylase. The seeds under microgravity conditions germinated while the seeds in identical condi- tions with the exception of a full force of gravity did not. The results from electrophoreses showed that amylase production was not hindered in any of the experimental seeds. A retrospective analysis of tornados in Kentucky: 1950— 2002. NICHOLAS REYNOLDS, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville KY 40208. A tornado is a rotating column of air ranging in width from a few yards to more than a mile and whirling at destructively high speeds, usually accompanied by a fun- nel-shaped downward extension of a cumulonimbus cloud. Each year in Kentucky, tornadoes cost millions of dollars in unprotected damage. The goals of the study were to find the amount of money the state should be spending each year to cover the cost of tommado damage for the state in relation to probability of occurrence. The secondary goal was to devise a mathematical equation to determine the amount of damage that should be incurred from a tommado of a given F-speed. The data were obtained from the mainframe file kytor and run from 1950 to September 2002. Appropriate steps were taken to decode and analyze the data. Averages were taken, numbers totaled and clas- sified, and then a T-test was run on the data to test for significance. All data, with the exception of that for F-4 and F-5 tornadoes, were significant. The insignificance can be attributed to there being only 20 tornadoes of such strength in the state in the past 53 years. The equation —7.43277 X 10®-x* + 9.28235 x 107-x° + —3.78833 x 108-x2 + 4.5711 X 108-x + 2.31239 X 108 was also found to represent the relationship between F-speed and prop- erty damage for the state. The conclusion was that the state should expect to pay around 7.5 million dollars in tornado insurance per year. ENGINEERING Minimizing tissue damage with needle point design var- iation. BORIS D. CHERNOMORDIK, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. This study dealt with finding a needle point design that can cause minimal tissue damage and trauma and have optimal penetration capability and optimal usefulness in any possible application. Quantitative tests were conduct- ed, but needle point designs were also analyzed beyond the results of the quantitative tests. Six custom needle point designs, the “Blunt Point,” “Finger Point,” “Double Cut” point, “Straight Angle” point, “Small Radius Cut” point, and the “Two Radii” point, were manufactured with a dremel with a cylindrical grinding stone, and stone files 155 for deburring. A Chatillon LRX Material Testing Machine was used to puncture a polyurethane film at 100mm/min for each needle point design. Nexygen Software captured the resistance. The results were analyzed using the Tukey HSD method. The “Small Radius Cut” design and the “Two Radii” design produced the least maximum penetra- tion resistances, with the exception of the “Standard Point.” The latter was the commercially manufactured needle, with had features that could not have been repro- duced for the custom designs used in this study. The “Straight Angle” design was the analogue custom design for the “Standard Point.” This study found the “Two Ra- dii” design favorable for other aspects as well, including its sharp point with a short needle length and its rounded heel for reduced tissue drag. This study concludes that the “Two Radii” point design has the potential to perform better than the “Standard Point” design if the difference in quality of manufacturing were eliminated. This research does not answer for the exact effects on needle perfor- mance of the various aspects of commercial manufactur- ing of needles. Competition for the hydraulic car lift. STEPHEN A. AGE and JUSTIN B. LEIBOWITZ, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. The hydraulic car lift is the most popular device for lifting cars. However, it is the most expensive device, rang- ing between $35,000 and $50,000. The purpose of the project was to design a device that would be able to com- pete with the hydraulic lift while costing much less. The goal was design a device using a CADD program. Ideas were first hand-sketched and analyzed. If problems arose early, a new idea was created and analyzed. The final idea was drawn with a CADD program. The main components of the idea were a worm gear, motor, and two columns. The worm gear and motor were mounted to one another above the loading area for the car. Drive shafts were con- nected to the worm gear. By doing this, the power from the worm gear was transferred to the rest of the lifting components. Prices were obtained for the final idea and calculations were done to see how much the device would cost, weigh, and lift. The final idea was within the goals set earlier in the project and was deemed the Age-Lee Car Lift. Therefore, the hypothesis/goal was partially met; a device moderately capable of competing with the hydraulic lift was created. It was not fully capable of com- peting because it could not lift as much weight. Designing and fabricating a piezoelectrically actuated miniature peristaltic pump. ARTHUR J. KIM, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. A linear piezopump was designed to overcome the dis- advantages of the disc-type piezopump built by NASA. The pump, based on the operational principle of ultrason- ic motor, uses two piezoelectric bodies, of which the ac- tuations cause the formation of a traveling wave when voltage is applied. The amplitude of the wave was mea- 156 sured using a laser vibrometer to observe whether the pump successfully created a traveling wave. The inability to pump liquid raised a suspicion that the damping effect of the liquid was a major problem of the piezopump. The data showed that there was no position at which the flex- ural wave had an amplitude of zero, which indicated that the pump successfully created a traveling wave. In addi- tion, the fact that the average amplitude of the wave de- creased from 0.995 to 0.1 indicated that the damping ef- fect of the liquid was the major cause to the low pumping efficiency of the NASA piezopump. The contributions of this project are twofold. First, a piezopump in linear shape was built with a successfully generated traveling wave. Therefore, this project has demonstrated the possibility of linear piezopump in development and use that is more effective. Secondly, the damping effect of liquid, which seems to have caused the NASA rotary piezopump to pro- duce a low discharge pressure, was discovered to have a significant effect on the amplitude of the wave. This dis- covery will further help the researchers who are currently designing a pump using the microscopic deformations of piezoelectric materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE A comparison of soil arthropods in lawns with or with- out herbicides. RUTH WHITE, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. This study tried to determine if there was a significant difference between arthropods in the upper stratum of herbicide-treated and untreated lawns. The hypothesis for this study was that the lawns with herbicides (the variable) would have less diversity in plant life, and therefore have less in the way of arthropod diversity and population than those lawns without herbicides (the control). Five samples were taken from each of eight lawns, four lawns having been treated in the past year with herbicides, and the four lawns not having herbicide treatment. Chi-square tests were used to find the level of significance for the variables. The results did not support the hypothesis and the null hypothesis of there being no significant difference be- tween the arthropod type diversity and population was re- tained. Though the results did not support the hypothesis, the winter season and the cold weather were not favorable conditions for this study and a warm season (summer or spring) experiment would be considered for results that are more accurate. More samples of soil from more lawns of each classification would also provide results that are more accurate. In observing the data collected, certain arthropods appeared to thrive better within the herbicide treated lawns. These considerations could be subjects of further study. The analysis of heavy metals in plant and soil samples. CHINADU OUT, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville. KY 40208. Heavy metal content of plant and soil samples in the Louisville, Kentucky, area was determined. The plant sam- ples were Helianthus tuberosus—A1, A1F (flowers); Po- Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) pulus sp.—A2; Solanum dulcamara—A3; Artemisia an- nua—A4; Chenopodium ambrosioides—A5; Taxus sp.— Cl; Taraxacum sp.—C2; Camassia sp—C3; Daucus car- ota—C4; and Chamaesyce vermiculata—C5. The samples were treated with nitric acid to mineralize their metal con- tent. Liquid chromatography with a mixed resin column was used for the simultaneous determination of the fol- lowing metal ions: lead, copper, cadmium, manganese, co- balt, zinc, iron and nickel. Two eluent systems containing pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylate (PDCA) and oxalic acid were used as the mobile phase. Postcolumn derivatization with pyridine (PAR) and absorption of light at 530 nm was used for detection and quantitation. The metals in the samples were identified by matching their retention times to those of standards analyzed under identical conditions. The amount of the metals in the samples was obtained from a calibration graph. Copper, zinc and manganese were found in all the samples (including the flowers). Cadmium was found in all samples except A5. Lead was not found in any plant sample but was found in one soil sample. The results of this study showed that plants do indeed absorb some but not all metals from the soil in which they are planted and that liquid chromatography is an effective way of determining target metal amounts. The effectiveness of rain-gardens in nitrate and runoff reduction. MARGUERITE BLIGNAUT, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. The purpose of this work was to test the ability of rain- gardens to filter out nitrate and their ability to reduce the amount of runoff. This experiment was done using two rain-gardens (A and B) that were made of layers of topsoil, gravel/sand, and clay. A control was set up which replaced the gravel and sand with more clay. Ten liters of tap water, simulating rainwater, were first poured over the rain-gar- dens and control, and the nitrate levels were measured along with the volumes of the runoff and transported wa- ter. The runoff was essentially nitrate-free, but the water that was transported through the soils to the simulated water table had substantial nitrate (60-110 mg/l), indicat- ing nitrate was being removed from the soil. In three sub- sequent runs, 10 liters of nitrate-enriched water (22 mg/ 1) were poured over the rain-gardens and the control. Ni- trate levels and volumes were again measured. The rain- gardens and the control added more nitrates to the water that was transported down through the soil, sometimes to levels as much as three times the original level. These “water table” levels ranged from about 50 to 90 mg/l, and there was usually not a great difference between control and rain-gardens, although the control levels were slightly lower. The amount of nitrate in the runoff stayed consis- tent for all of the runs (~25 mg/l). The control consis- tently had the least amount of runoff, opposite of what had been hypothesized. Biodeterioration of granite, limestone, and marble due to Phormidium growth. SARAH MARCUS, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. Kentucky Junior Academy Abstracts—Barney The role of the cyanobacterium Phormidium in the de- terioration of granite, limestone, and marble was exam- ined. It has been suggested that the presence of cyano- bacteria can lead to the damaging of stone surfaces, es- pecially those surfaces that have been exposed to physical or chemical weathering. Samples of granite, limestone, and marble were obtained. Some of these samples were weathered by freezing and thawing when dry or wet. Oth- er samples were weathered by having an acidic solution dripped onto their surface to simulate acid rain. These samples, along with a control, were placed into beakers where Phormidium was grown on the surface. Similar samples were also placed into beakers with only water to serve as a control. After 5 weeks, images of all samples were compared under magnification to the images taken before the Phormidium was grown. The Phormidium grew the most on samples that had been weathered. For gran- ite, it grew best on the sample that was frozen when dry, and on limestone and marble it grew best on the sample that was acid-exposed. Damage to the surface was evident on the samples on which Phormidium was grown, espe- cially on those having the most Phormidium. These results show that Phormidium does contribute to the deteriora- tion of granite, limestone, and marble. A study of toxic air compounds in the Rubbertown area, Louisville, Kentucky. ALISSA DOS SANTOS, CHELSEA MOTTER, and Ausriz TossMANN, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. This study attempted to determine whether or not there is an increasing trend in the release of 1,3-butadiene, ac- rylonitrile, and chloroprene in Rubbertown, West Louis- ville, Kentucky. These volatile organic compounds have been determined to be potentially carcinogenic. West Louisville is home to several rubber manufacturers, and the testing sites in that area have been determined to be potential maximum impact sites. It was hypothesized that there would be a general increase in concentration based on amplified industrial activity in the Rubbertown area as a result of increasing demand over time. After air samples were collected at the Ralph Avenue/Campground Road and Louisville Police Firearms Facility, the concentrations (parts per billion) were compared to the control site at the University of Louisville Shelby Campus. This data supported the hypothesis, as there was a general increase in concentrations in 2002 as compared to 2000 and 2001. Variances in the gas chromatograph, which was used to extract the concentrations from the air samples, weather, and the factories’ rubber production could have altered the data. One alternative in the production of synthetic rubber is whole process of greenization of low-cost syn- thetic rubber. This is a new type of low-cost synthetic rub- ber without any pollutant. Continued research would fur- ther support the findings and lead to conclusions that are more specific. Allotment of phytoplankton that can escape the detri- mental effects of ultraviolet radiation: a simulation. DA- 157 VID TRUONG, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. Phytoplankton are plant-like organisms drifting near the surface of bodies of water. High-intensity ultraviolet ra- diation, such as that of the sun, is extremely detrimental to life. Lacking protective ultraviolet-absorbing layers, which higher forms of marine life possess, all forms of phytoplankton are highly sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, specifically UV-B radiation, because it decreases photo- synthetic activity. Because they form the basis of the ma- rine food chain on which zooplankton and all other or- ganisms of the marine ecosystem depend upon for sus- tenance, there is a concern that, due to pollution and glob- al warming, through increased UV-B irradiance penetrating the ocean surface, phytoplankton communi- ties will be harmed; therefore altering the dynamics of marine ecosystems. This experiment’s purpose was to dis- cover the depth at which phytoplankton must swim to es- cape these harmful effects. A 10-foot PVC pipe was filled with salt water, with the same salinity level as ocean water, a foot at a time up to 9 feet. A black light was placed on top of the PVC pipe and blankets and towels were draped over the top to prevent other sources of light from enter- ing. Every foot below what would be sea level, readings were taken to determine the intensity of light at that level. After making calculations, a regression line, or curve, of best fit was found to determine the exact depth at which there would be zero absorption of ultraviolet radiation. Air filters: expensive vs. inexpensive. CAMPBELL RIGHTMEYER, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. This project focuses on reducing the NO, from vehicle exhaust using different air filters. It was hypothesized that a clean, more expensive air filter would best reduce the NO, levels. Comparisons were made in this project be- tween two brands of air filters (Valvoline and Pennzoil) and the cleanliness of the filters (clean, partially dirty, and dirty). Six conditions were tested at 700 and 2500 RPM on a 1999 Toyota Camry. Every condition was tested twice, with two different air filters, each with five trials, for 120 trials. NO, levels were measured with a Bacharach Combustion Analyzer that required 60 seconds per test. All tests showed that a clean filter worked better than a dirty filter. A clean inexpensive filter worked better than even a partially dirty expensive filter. New research is needed to test the rate of decrease in efficiency of expen- sive and inexpensive air filters. The effect of varying the dissolved oxygen levels in a stream on the levels of streptococci, chemical oxygen de- mand, and fecal coliform. VINITA BHASKAR, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. This study tried to determine if fecal coliform, strep- tococci bacteria, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) lev- els were affected by a change in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. It was conducted in connection with similar studies 158 at the University of Louisville through cooperation with the Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD). Graphing each item with the rate of dissolved oxygen to observe if a pat- tern occurred was how the data analysis was completed. By viewing the contrast between the levels of each, a sim- ilar pattern developed with each reading. The data were collected at MSD Floyd’s Fork Station, or Station 12. This site is known as an agricultural site due to the number of farms and, thus, the higher amount of discharged chem- icals and fertilizers. Measures of different pollutants in the creek were derived, such as zinc, copper, and arsenic. The levels of dissolved oxygen were chosen for this study be- cause DO is a good indicator of the presence of pollutants in water. Higher DO levels are known to maintain a low level of pollutants in general, but this study was done in order to find the specific effects that DO had on two bac- teria, fecal coliform and streptococci. These bacteria are extremely harmful when in contact with humans, but lev- els of each are still present in our water supply. This study strove to find a correlation from the levels of dissolved oxygen and the levels of fecal coliform. The data analysis conducted proves that the levels of dissolved oxygen somewhat attribute to lower levels of fecal coliform and streptococci. For example, when the levels of dissolved oxygen were relatively low, the levels of fecal coliform and streptococci were fairly high. The chemical-oxygen de- mand percentage measurements also matched this pat- tern, reading high percentages as both fecal coliform and streptococci levels increased. Potential of duckweed (Lemna) to remove chromium (VI) from water. ANDREA FRYE, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. It was hypothesized that duckweed (Lemna) would low- er the concentration of chromium (VI) in spring water over time. The duckweed was gathered and placed into an aquarium. It grew for about 2 months. When the duck- weed was ready, chromium-contaminated water was placed into four beakers. Once every week the chromium levels were checked to determine whether they were be- ing lowered. Each week the chromium levels for the four samples were lower than those of the control (contami- nated water without duckweed). The conclusion to this experiment was that duckweed is able to reduce the con- centration of chromium (VI) over a 2-week period. MICROBIOLOGY The effect of common household cleaners on the growth of the yeast Candida albicans in the presence of calcium carbonate. JANE KIM and SUSHMA CHEN- NUBHOTLA, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40208. In this experiment, four common household cleaners (Tilex, Lysol, Ultra Clorox, and Scrubbing Bubbles) were tested on the growth of the yeast Candida albicans in the presence of calcium carbonate. It was hypothesized that calcium carbonate would have a positive effect on the growth of the yeast and have a buffering effect of the Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) cleaners. This was done by testing the cleaners at full strength on the yeast; then a 1% calcium carbonate so- lution was tested on the same amount of yeast. Since the cleaners were tested at full strength, the next step was to dilute them in a serial dilution with both water and the calcium carbonate solution. This was done to find the point at which the yeast would start growing and the cleaners would stop working. The yeast was tested at zero time and 15 minutes. The results were that calcium car- bonate buffered the effect of Scrubbing Bubbles and Ly- sol on the growth of C. albicans only. Calcium carbonate had no effect with Tilex and Lysol when used on the yeast. In addition, calcium carbonate only stunted the effect of all four cleaners because at 15 minutes, the fungicides destroyed the yeast. Temperature-UV dosage effects on survival of wild and UV-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae. VERONICA RODRIGUEZ, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. The purpose of the experiment was to see how exposure to high and low temperatures affects the survival of wild and UV sensitive strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cer- evisiae. Yeast organisms were diluted and exposed to UV-C light at intervals of time ranging from 0 to 180 sec- onds. The yeast were then exposed to temperatures of 4, 24, or 32°C and allowed to grow. Several runs were con- ducted and the results were recorded. The results of the experiment showed that in colonies exposed to low tem- peratures the detrimental effect of UV-C was decreased, while when exposed to high temperatures the detrimental effect was increased. Mutant colonies were sometimes ob- served and counted. High temperatures led to lower num- bers of mutant colonies in wild S. cerevisiae, while both high and low temperatures resulted in higher numbers of mutant colonies in UV-sensitive S. cerevisiae. Efficacy of a silver-ion compound in reducing Esche- richia coli populations. ALEXANDER SULYEVICH, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Sreet, Lou- isville, KY 40208. The purpose of the experiment was to determine after what time interval the log CFU number of Escherichia coli on steel coupons not treated with the AgION silver ion formula would be significantly different from the num- ber for untreated stainless steel. The AgION formula pur- portedly decreases microbes on a steel surface. A cell sus- pension of E. coli was created using the bacteria culture and trypticase soy broth with yeast extract incubated for 24 hours at 35°C. The number of viable cells was verified by plate count methods. Treated and untreated stainless steel coupons were inoculated with 0.5 mL of composite culture at ca. 1000 colony forming units (CFUs) per cou- pon. A 2-gram patty of raw, sterilized ground beef was placed on each coupon. All coupons were placed on trays and stored at 10°C. Samples of control and AglON-treat- ed coupons were analyzed initially to determine the level of the inoculum and after 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 hours. This Kentucky Junior Academy Abstracts—Barney was done by placing ground beef patties in Stomacher bags, manually massaging them to dislodge bacteria, then using serial dilution and plate count methods to actually count the CFUs on the bacteria. T-tests revealed that the only time interval at which significant CFU decrease oc- curred between the treated and untreated coupons was the 48-hour interval (P = 0.00692). Curcumin and genistin: potential natural agents for treatment of glioblastoma. DAVID MEIGOONI, Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, Lexington, KY 40513. The effects of curcumin, genistin, and radiation on U87-MG glioblastoma cancer cells were measured. These effects were determined by the colony-forming assay in which the results were analyzed by comparing the survival fraction of the U87-MG glioblastoma cancer cells as a function of the dose of radiation, curcumin, and genistin. The curcumin had shown very strong cell kill property on glioblastoma. Genistin had also shown cell kill on the glio- blastoma. The effect of the cell kill of genistin was in- creased when in combination with 2 4M of curcumin. Cell survival fractions of glioblastoma for radiation alone was measured and the SF2 was found to be ca. 0.5. Over- all, genistin needed to be concentrated more than cur- cumin to achieve a good cell kill. The combination of ra- diation with genistin or curcumin remains to be explored. PHYSICS Comparison of film and thermoluminescent dosimetry technique for measurement in high dose gradient field. JOHN MEIGOONI, Henry Clay High School, 2100 Fon- taine Road, Lexington, KY 40502. Film and TLD are the two most common radiation de- tectors in radiology. Film is constructed of radiation sen- sitive emulsion coated on a thin layer of plastic. As radi- ation interacts with this sensitive material, it will change its chemical composition and hence darkens throughout processing of the film. The darkness of the film is related to the amount of radiation interacting with the film. Do- simetric characteristics of film and thermoluminescent do- simeters were compared for measurement in high dose gradient field. These comparisons were performed using two different x-ray machines: a megavoltage linear accel- erator for high-energy x-ray and superficial x-ray machine for low energy beams. Relative film and TLD responses were evaluated as a function of beam energy and absorbed dose of radiation. The results of this investigation were used to determine the variation of dose distribution in a closed vicinity of a brachytherapy radiation source. The results indicate lower responses for both TLD and films with higher energy x-ray beams. However, the film re- sponse saturates for doses larger than 7 cGy at a low en- ergy beam, while TLD does not show any threshold. Ra- diation distribution along the perpendicular direction from a 3-cm line source shows the clear advantage of film with high special resolution for measurement of radiation in rapidly changing radiation area. 159 The Newtonian physics of asymmetrical capacitive pro- pulsion. EVAN FRANK, duPont Manual High School, 120 West Lee Street, Louisville, KY 40218. Nearly all methods of producing thrust or motion re- quire the use of some form of propellant or need moving parts. Using neither, a relatively news NASA patent (6,317,310) accomplishes this task by applying high DC voltage at low current to Asymmetrical Capacitor mod- ules. The goal of this experiment was to construct and analyze a working Asymmetric Capacitor module to de- termine the acceleration, thrust, and efficiencies of the module; then the Asymmetrical Capacitor was compared to other forms of ion propulsion. A successful proof of concept model was made using the outline of the NASA patent, and experimentation was then conducted with the device suspended on a tethered pendulum. By observing the physical properties of the device, a linear test setup that allowed for time motion studies to observe the veloc- ity and acceleration of the devices was designed and con- structed. These studies led to the calculation of the amount of thrust produced by the device and, in tum, power produced and efficiencies. Even though the device was inefficient (0.09%), and thrust produced by the device was minuscule (42.8 mN, 0.015 IB), the efficiency proved to be 53 times greater than the xenon ion propulsion sys- tem [XIPS] used by NASA today. This research confirmed a test method and uncovered information about devices that may prove to be a novel form of propulsion in years to come. Alteration of fabric strength and texture by exposure to elevated concentrations of ozone. ANGY MOUNIR, No- tre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. Ozone, a strong oxidant, is known to reduce the strength of rubber and some fabrics. There has been lim- ited research on ozone’s effect on common fabrics, the focus of this project. The purpose was to determine how physical characteristics of various textiles are affected by exposure to the oxidant. These studies included four wide- ly used fabrics: cotton, polyester, rayon, and spandex. The fabrics were exposed to 49 ppm ozone for 40 hours, and cotton and polyester were exposed for an additional 30 hours since they showed no effects after the original in- terval. A dissecting pin attached to a computer force probe enabled the measurement of the force needed to induce failure in control and experimental textiles. Ten trials took place for each sample. The average values for the control fabrics were 2.17 N for cotton, 8.01 N for polyester, 3.38 N for rayon, and 1.19 N for spandex. After the initial ozone exposure, rayon had deteriorated, so that the average force to puncture was only 2.20 N. Cotton showed no significant change after 40 hours (2.29 N). However, it weakened after 70 hours so that only 1.88 N were required to puncture it. Polyester also did not change in strength after 40 hours (9.24 N) or 70 hours (8.09 N). Using NIH Image software, microscopic exam- inations of both the control and exposed fabrics were con- 160 ducted. Cotton and polyester displayed no changes in mi- croscopic profile after exposure. Rayon’s light regions after exposure were slightly smaller than before (P = 0.03), and dark regions after exposure were substantially longer than before (P < 0.001). Spandex’s dark areas appeared small- er, and the white areas more frayed. There was no change in appearance after exposure in any fabric, except span- dex, which yellowed. ZOOLOGY Preference of cave and surface crayfish for dispersion and directionality in a moving stream. ANN SIMONE COOPER, Morton Middle School, 1225 Tates Creek Road, Lexington, KY 40502. During observations in Sloan’s Valley cave (Somerset, Kentucky), I noticed that blind cave crayfish were present in pools of water that were isolated from the bigger pools of water connected to surface rivers and lakes. It was hy- pothesized that cave crayfish are driven to go upstream when the opportunity arose during rains or snow melt. A second hypothesis, that when crayfish are in a group with- in a small pool they will seek out new places faster then if by themselves, was also tested. Artificial streams and pools were constructed in my basement to test these hy- potheses. The cave crayfish, Orconectes australis packardi, and a surface species, O. cristavarius, were utilized. Ani- mals of both species were marked for individual identifi- cation. Animals were placed as individuals or in groups in a middle pool and monitored for movement upstream or downstream over time. The results indicate that cave cray- fish (n = 11) as individuals prefer to go downstream as compared to surface crayfish (n = 9) (up:down; cave-3:6 and 2 stayed in the middle tank, surface-6:3). When either species is in a group (n = 9 cave, n = 8 surface) within a small pool they seek out new places faster than if by Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) themselves at twice the rate (individual:group, cave-9S6: 405, surface-2492:1001 minutes). The faster movements as a group held for both species; however, the cave cray- fish chose to move upstream or downstream sooner than surface crayfish as individuals as well as in a group. A study of symmetry-related behaviors in the bug On- copeltus fasciatus. ALISHA RUST, Notre Dame Academy, 1699 Hilton Drive, Covington, KY 41011. The large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is a ground-dwelling insect that undergoes incomplete meta- morphosis. A culture of O. fasciatus was obtained from Carolina Biological and maintained in a small aquarium. Eggs, nymphs in all five instars, and adults were included in the culture. As a member of the order Hemiptera, O. fasciatus possesses two wings that are folded on the dorsal thorax. Preferences in wing folding as well as foreleg de- parture were of interest, and therefore became an object of study. Wing folds were observed after the insect re- positioned its wings after flight. All of the insects but one folded right wings over left in all ten of the trials, sug- gesting that a genetic predisposition for right wing pref- erence might be possible. In addition, all of the insects displayed a preference for initiating movement with the right foreleg. The adult milkweed bug is colored orange and black with a specific, symmetrical color pattern. Mat- ing in milkweed bugs takes place over an extended period of time and is easily observed. Symmetry as a factor in female mate selection was investigated. A female was placed with an asymmetrical male, whose right dorsal side had been painted black, and a symmetrical male. Matings and prenuptial interactions between males and females were observed. It was found that females had no prefer- ence for either symmetrical or asymmetrical males. These data differ from findings of other investigators using spe- cies of grasshoppers and scorpionflies. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 64(2):161-172. 2003. Abscisic acid, effect on plant growth, 152 Abstracts from the 2002 Meeting of the Kentucky Junior Academy of Science, 149-160 Abstracts of papers at 2002 Annual Meeting, 138 Acalypha graciliens, 45 A. rhomboidea, 86 A. virginica, 45 Acamptoclados, 120 Acanthaceae, 41 Acer negundo, 40 A. rubrum, 41, 80-82 A. saccharinum, 32, 83 A. saccharum, 32, 41 Aceraceae, 41, 82 Achillea millefolium, 42, 83 Aconite, southern, 89 Aconitum uncinatum, 75, 79, 89 ACOSTA, CHARLES A., 1 Acrachne, 120 Actinocladum, 119 ADAMS, TED, 144 Adder’s tongue, 82 Adiantaceae, 40 Adiantum pedatum, 40 Aesculus flava, 40 Afrotrichloris, 120 Agalinis gattingeri, 50 A. purpurea, 90 A. tenuifolia, 50 Agalinis, smooth, 90 Agavaceae, 50 AGE, STEPHEN A., 155 Agelaius phoeniceus, 32 Agricultural Sciences, 138 Agrimonia parviflora, 89 A. rostellata, 49, 81, 89 Agrimonia, southern, 89 woodland, 89 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 152 plant pathology of, 152 Agrostis perennans, 52, 88 Air filters, 157 ALBERS, KATHLEEN, 184 Alder buckthom, 89 Alder, smooth, 84 Alisma subcordatum, 79, 83 Alismataceae, 83 Allium vineale, 51 Alnus rugosa, 40 A. serrulata, 80, 84 Amaranthaceae, 136 Ambrosia artemisifolia, 42, 79, 83 INDEX TO VOLUME 64 Compiled by Varley E. Wiedeman A. trifida, 42 Amelanchier arborea, 49, 89 American beech, 86 American bur-reed, 90. American chestnut, 86 American crow, 32 American dog violet, 91 American elm, 32 American holly, 83 American mistletoe, 29-35, 91 American robin, 32 American spikenard, 83 Amesia latifolia, 68 Ammocrypta pellucida, 8 Ampelamus albidus, 42 Amphibia, 147 Amphicarpaea bracteata, 45, 86 Amphipogon, 120 Amur honeysuckle, 96-99 Anacardiaceae, 41, 83 Ancistrus sp., 146 Andropogon gerardii, 39, 52 A. virginicus, 52 Anemone virginiana, 48, 89 Anemonella thalictroides, 48 Anisopogon, 119 Annonaceae, 41, 83 Annual fleabane, 83 Antennaria plantaginifolia, 42, 83 A. solitaria, 42 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 88 ANTONIOUS, GEORGE F.,, 138, 139 Apiaceae, 41, 83 Apios americana, 45, 86 Aplectrum hyemale, 51 Apochiton, 120 Apocynaceae, 41 Apocynum cannabinum, 41 Appalachian arrowhead, 83 Appalachian groundsel, 84 Aquifoliaceae, 42, 83 Arabis laevigata, 44 Araceae, 50 Aralia racemosa, 42 A. spinosa, 42 Araliaceae, 42 Arisaema triphyllum, 50 Aristolochia serpentaria, 42, 83 Aristolochiaceae, 42, 83 Aronia melanocarpa, 49 Arrowhead, Appalachian, 83 Arrowhead, Mississippi, 83 Arrow-leaved tear-thumb, 89 Arrow-wood, 85 161 Arsenic in well water, 145 Arundinoideae, 119 Asclepiadaceae, 42 Asclepias quadrifolia, 42 A. syriaca, 42 A. variegata, 42 A. verticillata, 42 Ash, white, 32 Asiatic dayflower, 85 Asiatic water-pepper, 89 Asimina triloba, 41, 81, 83 Aspleniaceae, 40, 82 Asplenium montanum, 40 A. pinnatifidum, 40 A. platyneuron, 40, 82 Aster cordifolius, 42 . divaricatus, 83 . dumosus, 42, 83 _ infirmus, 42 . laevis, 42 . lateriflorus, 42, 83 . macrophyllus, 42 . paternus, 42 . pilosus, 42, 83 . racemosus, 42 . surculosus, 42 PRP RPE PSP SP Pb . uindulatus, 42 Aster, bushy, 83 Aster, calico, 83 Aster, white heart-leaved, 83 Aster, white heath, 83 Asteraceae, 36, 42, 75, 79, 83 Astrebla, 120 Athyrium filix-femina, 40 A. filix-femina var. asplenioides, 80- 82 A. pycnocarpon, 40 ATIKOVIC, EMINA, 142 Attitudes and learning of biology majors, 146 Aureolaria virginica, 50 Austrochloris, 120 Autumn bent grass, 88 Autumn blue grass, 89 Aveneae, 120 Avens, white, 90 Balsam, old-field, 84 Balsaminaceae, 43, 84 Bambuseae, 119 Bambusoideae, 119 Barbarea vulgaris, 44 BARCELO, JANE, 142 Barnyard grass, 88 Bass, black, hybrid, 141 162 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) Bass, largemouth, growth and body composition, 139 production and growth character- istics, 141 Bass, mean-mouth, production and growth characteristics, 141 Bead grass, glabrous, 89 Beaked panicum, 88 Beakrush, common, 86 Bearded vultures, 25 BEAVERS, THOMAS, 140 Bedstraw, fragrant, 90 Bedstraw, marsh, 90 Beech, American, 86 Bees, 4 Beggars-ticks, strawberry, 83 Beggars-ticks, tall, 83 Beggar-ticks, Devil's, 83 Behavioral and Social Sciences, 149 Bell pepper yields, effect of class A biosolids on, 138 Bellwort, mealy, 87 Bellwort, sessile-leaved, 87 Bemisia tabaci, 139 Bent grass, autumn, 88 Berberidaceae, 43, 84 Beetle, Colorado potato, 139 Beetle, Colorado potato, perfor- mance of methyl ketones against, 139 Betula nigra, 43, 80, 84 Betulaceae, 43, 84 BHASKAR, VINITA, 157 Bidens bipinnatus, 42 B. cernua, 79 B. comosa, 83 B. frondosa, 79, 83 B. frondosus, 42 B. polylepis, 42, 83 B. vulgata, 83 Big-leaved magnolia, 87 Bignonia capreolata, 44, 84 Bignoniaceae, 44, 84 Biodeteriation of granite, limestone, and marble, 156 Biological Sciences, 150 Biology curriculum, 146 Birch, river, 84 BIRGHT, LEIGH ANNE, 139 Bittercress, hairy, 84 Black bass hybrid, 141 Black cherry, wild, 29, 90 Black locust, 32, 86 Black medic, 86 Black nightshade, 90 Black oak, 86 Black raspberry, 90 Black snakeroot, 83 Black walnut, 29 Black willow, 90 Blackberry, common, 90 Blackbird, red-winged, 32 Black-green bulrush, 86 Blackgum, 29, 85 Bladder sedge, 85 Bladderwort, creeping, 87 BLALOCK, RICHARD, 146, 147 Blechnaceae, 82 BLIGNAUT, MARGUERITE, 156 Blue grass, autumn, 89 Blue grass, early, 89 Blue grass, Kentucky, 89 Blue jay, 32 Blue lettuce, 84 Blue marsh violet, 91 Blue mistflower,84 Blue sedge, 85 Blue violet, common, 91 Blueberry, highbush, 86 Bluebird, eastern, 32 Blue-eyed grass, 87 Bluets, Canada, 90 Bluets, spring, 90 Bluets, summer, 90 Blunt broom-sedge, 85 Blunt-lobed spikerush, 85 Bluntnose minnow, 9 Boehmeria cylindrica, 50, 80, 90 BOJANG, PASANO B, 139 Bombycilla cedrorum, 32 Boneset, perfoliate,84 Boneset, round-leaved,$4 Boraginaceae, 44 Botany, 151 Bothropolys, 4 Botrychium biternatum, 41 B. dissectum, 41, 82 B. virginianum, 41, 81, 82 Brachychloa, 120 Brachyelytreae, 120 Brachyelytrum, 88, 120 B. erectum, 52, 81, 88 BRACO, ROBERT, 154 BRANAN, BRUCE, 142 BRANDENBURG, DAVID M., 55, 114 Brasenia schreberi, 79, 84 Brassiaceae, 84 Brassica rapa, 84, 152 growth and germination of, 152 Brassicaceae, 44 BRIGHT, LEIGH ANNE, 140, 141 Bristlenose catfish, 146 Bristlenose catfish, histochemical and biochemical studies of, 146 Bristly cattail sedge, 85 Broad beech fern, 82 Bromus commutatus, 52 B. inermis, 52 B. pubescens, 52 B. racemosus, 52 Broom-sedge, blunt, 85 Brown-eyed susan,84 Brown-headed cowbird, 32 Buckthorn, alder, 89 Bugle-weed, Virginia, 87 Bulbostylis capillaris, 50 Bulbous buttercup, $9 Bull thistle, 83 Bulrush, black-green, 86 soft-stemmed, 86 weak-stalked, 86 Burial 34, 108-113 Bur-reed, American, 90 Bushy aster, 83 Bushy panicum, 59 Buttercup, bulbous, 89 hooked, 89 small-flowered, 89 Buttonbush, 90 Buttonweed, rough, 90 Virginia, 90 Cabombaceae, 84 Cacalia atriplicifolia, 42, 83 Caesalpiniaceae, 44 Calamovilfa, 120 Calico aster, 83 Calystegia sepium, 45 Campanula americana, 44 Campanulaceae, 44, 84 CAMPBELL, BRIAN PATRICK, 143 Campsis radicans, 44 Canada bluets, 90 Canada cinquefoil, 90 Candida albicans effect of household cleaners on, 158 Caprifoliaceae, 44, 84, 97 Cardamine angustata, 44 C. concatenata, 44 C. hirsuta, 44, 84 C. pensylvanica, 44 Cardinal flower, 84 Cardinal, northern, 32 Cardinalis cardinalis, 32 Carduus nutans, 42 Carex, 79, 115 Carex albicans var. albicans, 85 C. albolutescens, 85 C. amphibola, 50, 85 . blanda, 50 . caroliniana, 81, 85 . cephalophora, 85 . complanata, 50 . erinita, 50, 85 . debilis, 80 . debilis var. debilis, 85 . digitalis, 50 . frankii, 50, 79, 85 . glaucodea, 81, 85 . gracilescens, 85 . gracillima, 85 ). hirsutella, 50 . intumescens, 80, 85 . lupulina, 50, 79, 85 . lurida, 79, 85 . muhlenbergii, 50 . oligocarpa, 50 ; pensylvanica, 51 . picta, 51 DANAAAANAAAAAAAAANAAAA . platyphylla, 51 . radiata, 80, 85 . rosea, 51, 85 . squarrosa, 85 . stipata, 79 . Stipata var. stipata, 85 . swanii, 85 . tribuloides, 85 . virescens, 51 . vulpinoidea, 51 Carolina hornbeam, 84 Carolina love grass, 88 Carolina sedge, 85 Carpinus caroliniana, 39, 43, 80, 81, 84 Carrot, wild, 83 CARTER, JULIA H., 142 Carya glabra, 47, 87 C. ovata, 32, 47, 80, 87 C. spp., 81 C. tomentosa, 47, 80, 87 Caryophyllaceae, 44, 85 Castanea dentata, 40, 46, 86 Catfish, bristlenose, 146 histochemical and biochemical studies of, 146 Cattail, common, 90 Caudata, 147 Ceanothus americanus, 49 Cedar waxwing, 32 Celastraceae, 85 Celastrus scandens, 44 Cell growth regulation, computer simulation of, 143 Cellular and Molecular Biology, 142 Celastraceae, 44 Celtis occidentalis, 32, 50 Centipede, house, 1-5 Cephalanthus occidentalis, 40, 80, 90 Cephalostachyum, 119 Cerastium brachypetalum, 85 C. viscosum, 85 C. vulgatum, 44, 85 Cercis canadensis, 44 Cermatia coleoptrata, 2 Chaetostichium, 120 Chamaecrista nictitans, 44, 86 C. fasciculata, 44 Chasmanthium latifolium, 52 C. laxum, 80, 88 Chelone glabra, 79, 90 Chemistry, 142, 153 CHEN, TAIPING, 142 CHENNUBHOTLA, 158 Chenopodiaceae, 45 Chenopodium album, 45 C. simplex, 45 CHERNOMORDIK, BORIS D., 155 Cherry, wild black, 29, 90 Chestnut, American, 86 Chickweed, clammy, 85 DAAAIAAMAQIA© SUSHMA, Index to Volume 64 common, 85 giant, 85 long-pediceled, 85 mouse-eared, 85 Chilopoda, 1-5 Chimaphila maculata, 48, 89 Chinese privet, 88 Chlorideae, 120 Chloridoideae, 120 Chloris, 120 Christmas fern, 82 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 42, 83 Chrysopsis mariana, 42 Chub, river, 8 Cichorium intybus, 42 Cicuta maculata, 80, 83 Cimicifuga racemosa, 48 Cinna arundinacea, 52, 80, 88 Cinnamon fem, 82 Cinquefoil, Canada, 90 Cinquefoil, common, 90 Circaea lutetiana, 48 C. lutetiana var. canadensis, 81, 88 Cirsium discolor, 42 C. vulgare, 42, 83 Cistaceae, 45 Cladoraphis, 120 Clammy chickweed, 85 Claytonia virginica, 48, 89 Clearweed, 90 Cleavers, common, 90 Clematis virginiana, 48, 89 Climbing fer, 82 Clitoria mariana, 45 Clover, pinnate hop, 86 Clover, red, 86 Clover, white, 86 Clubmoss, shining, 82 Club-spur orchid, 88 Clusiaceae, 45, 85 Cocculus carolinus, 47 Cocklebur, common,84 Cockroaches, 4 Coelachyropsis, 120 Coelachyrum, 120 Collatz conjecture rationalized, 154 Collinsonia canadensis, 47 Colorado potato bettle, 139 performance of methyl ketones against, 139 COMBS, MICHAEL S., 12 Commelina communis, 85 Commelinaceae, 50, 85 Common beakrush, 86 Common blackberry, 90 Common blue violet, 91 Common cattail, 90 Common cattail sedge, 85 Common chickweed, 85 Common cinquefoil, 90 Common cleavers, 90 Common cocklebur,84 Common elderberry, 84 163 Common goldenrod,84 Common grackle, 32 Common greenbrier, 90 Common hackberry, 32 Common mermaid-weed, 86 Common persimmon, 32 Common ragweed, 83 Common serviceberry, 90 Common speedwell, 90 Common velvet grass, 88 Common water-dropwort, 83 Common water-purslane, 88 Common woodreed, 88 Common yarrow, 83 Compositae, 135 Computer data transmission, long range wireless, 154 using passive repeaters in, 154 Computer Science, 143 Computer Science and Mathemat- ies, 154 Computer simulation of cell growth regulation, 143 Conformity, effect of information and threat on, 149 CONNER, GLEN, 144 Conopholis americana, 48 Convolvulaceae, 45 Conyza canadensis, 42, 83 COOPER, ANN SIMONE, 160 Copperleaf, rhombic, 86 Coreopsis auriculata, 83 C. major, 42, 81, 83 C. tripteris, 39, 42 Corn speedwell, 90 Comaceae, 45, 85 Cornus drummondii, 45 C. florida, 39, 45, 81, 85 Coronilla varia, 46 Corvus brachyrhynchos, 32 Corydalis flavula, 46 Corylus americana, 39, 43, 81 Costs to being dominant, 148 Cowbird, brown-headed, 32 COYLE, SHAWN D., 139-141 Crab grass, northem, 88 Crab grass, smooth, 88 Cranefly orchid, 88 Crassulaceae, 45 Crataegus coccinea, 49, 90 C. punctata, 49 Crayfish, dispersion and direction- ality in a moving stream, 160 Creeping bladderwort, 87 Crevice corrosion mitigation, 153 Crossvine, 84 Crow, American, 32 Crowded sedge, 85 Crypsis, 114, 115, 120 C. aculeatus, 115 C. schoenoides, 114-116 Cryptotaenia canadensis, 41, 83 Cucumber seedlings, heat-inactivat- ed stems of, 152 164 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) Cucumber-root, Indian, 87 Cudweed, purple, 84 Cunila origanoides, 47 Cupressaceae, 41, 82 Curcumin, and treatment of glio- blastoma, 159 Cuscuta cuspidata, 45 C. gronovii, 45 C. pentagona, 85 Cuscutaceae, 45, 85 Cyanocitta cristata, 32 Cynoglossum virginianum, 44 Cyperaceae, 36, 50, 75, 79, 85 Cyperus, 115 C. bipartitus, 85 C. brevifolioides, 79, 85 C. flavescens, 79, 85 C. strigosus, 51, 79, 85 Cypholepis, 120 Cypripedium acaule, 51 C. calceolus, 51 Dactylis, 114 D. glomerata, 52, 88, 114-116 Dactyloctenium, 114, 115, 120 D. aegyptium, 114, 115, 117 Daisy, ox-eye, 83 Daknopholis, 120 Danthonia spicata, 52, 81 Danthonieae, 119 Darter, eastern sand, 8 DASGUPTA, SIDDHARTHA, 128 Dasypoa, 120 Daucus carota, 41, 83 Dayflower, Asiatic, 85 Deer-tongue panicum, 88 Dendroctonus frontalis, 80 DENNEY, AMY, 12 Dennstaediaceae, 41 DONOEL, MATHIEU, 147 DERTING, TERRY L., 146-148 Desmodium glabellum, 46, 86 D. glutinosum, 46 D. nudiflorum, 46, 81, 86 D. paniculatum, 46, 86 D. rotundifolium, 46, 81, 86 Deutzia scabra, 47 Devil's beggar-ticks, 83 Dewberry, swamp, 90 Diarrhena, 114, 115, 120 Diarrhena japonica, 115 D. mandschurica, 115 D. obowata, 114, 115, 117 Diarrheneae, 120 Digitaria ciliaris, 52 D. ischaemum, 79, 81, 88 D. sanguinalis, 81, 88 Diodia teres, 49, 90 D. virginiana, 79, 90 Dioscorea quaternata, 51 D. villosa, 51, 86 Dioscoreaceae, 51, 86 Diospyros virginiana, 32, 45 Diplachne, 120 Disporum lanuginosum, 51 Dissolved oxygen levels, effect on chemical oxygen demand, 157 effect on fecal coliform, 157 effect on streptococci, 157 Ditch-stonecrop, 90 Dodder, field, 85 Dog violet, American, 91 Dogwood, flowering, 85 DOS SANTOS, ALISSA, 157 Dotted St. John’s-wort, 85 DOUGLASS, LARRY, 142 Dove, mourning, 32 Downy lobelia, 84 Downy skullcap, 87 Draba verna, 84 Drake-Brockmania, 120 Dregeochloa, 119 Drosophila melanogaster, 3 Dryopoa, 120 Dryopteris intermedia, 40 D. marginalis, 41 Duckweed, lesser, 87 removal of chromium from water, 158 Dwarf-dandelion, orange, 84 Early blue grass, 89 Earth and Space Science, 154 Eastern bluebird, 32 Eastern hemlock, 82 Eastern hophornbeam, 84 Eastern red-cedar, 82 Eastern sand darter, 8 Eastern willow-herb, 88 Ebenaceae, 45 Ebony spleenwort, 82 Echinochloa crusgalli, 52 E. muricata, 52, 79, 88 Eclipta prostrata, 79, 83 Elderberry, common, 84 Eleocharis obtusa, 79 E. ovata, 51, 85 E. tenuis, 51, 79, 85 Elephantopus carolinianus, 42, 83 Elephant'’s-foot, 83 Eleusine, 114, 115, 120 E. indica, 52, 88, 114, 115, 117 E. multiflora, 115 Elm, American, 32 red, 29, 32 Elymus hystrix, 52 E. virginicus, 52 Elytrophorus, 119 Enchanter’s nightshade, 88 Engineering, 155 English plantain, 88 Enteropogon, 120 Entoplocamia, 120 Environmental Science, 156 Epigaea repens, 45 Epilobium coloratum, 79, 88 Epipactis atrorubens, 66 E. helleborine, 55-74 in Kentucky, 55-74 overview of literature, 55-74 E. helleborine f. albina, 65 ©. helleborine f. monotropoides, 65 . latifolia, 59, 65 . leptochila, 66 . purpurata, 66 viridiflora, 68 Equisetaceae, 40 Equisetophyta, 40 Equisetum arvense, 40 Eragrostis, 120 E. pectinacea, 79, 88 Erechtites hieracifolia, 42, 83 Ericaceae, 45, 86 Erigeron annuus, 42, 83 E, philadelphicus, 42, 83 E. strigosus, 43 Escherichia coli, 150, 158 cold shock reponse of, 150 efficacy of a silver-ion compound in reducing, 158 Eulalia, Nepalese, $8 Euonymus americana, 80, 81, 85 E. atropurpureus, 44 E, fortunei, 44 Eupatorium, 79 . coelestinum, 43, 84 . fistulosum, 39, 43, 84 perfoliatum, 84 . pilosum, 43 . rotundifolium, 43, 81, 84 . rugosum, 43, 84 . serotinum, 43 . sessilifolium, 43 Euphorbia corollata, 45, 81, 86 E. maculata, 86 E. nutans, 45, 86 Euphorbiaceae, 45, 86 European starling, 32 Eustachys, 120 Euthamia graminifolia, 43 EVANS, MARC, 143 Everlasting-pea, 86 Eyebane spurge, 86 oMssic ico Bee ee & Fabaceae, 36, 45, 79, 86 Fabric strength, and elevated con- centrations of ozone, 159 Fabric texture, and elevated concen- trations of ozone, 159 Facaceae, 46, 79, 86 Fagus grandifolia, 46, 80, 86 Falcon peregrinus anatum, 21 Falcon, peregrine, 25 False memories of an event, 150 False nettle, 90 False pimpemel, 90 False Solomon’s seal, 87 False water-pepper, 89 Fern, broad beech, $2 Christmas, 82 cinnamon, $2 climbing, 82 lace-frond grape, 82 netted chain, 82 New York, 82 royal, 82 sensitive, 82 southem lady, 82 Fescue, tall, 88 Festuca arundinacea, 52 EF. elatior, 81, 88 FIEGER, SARAH, 153 Field dodder, 85 Field mustard, 84 Film dosimetry, measurement in high dose gradient field, 159 Fimbristylis autumnalis, 79, 85 Fimbry, slender, 86 Fire pink, 85 Fireweed, 83 FITZGERALD, WJ., JR., 75 Flatsedge, lean, 85 red brook, 85 small-leaved, 85 yellow, 85 Flax, ridge-stemmed yellow, 87 Fleabane, annual, 83 Philadelphia, 83 Flies, 4 Floweriang spurge, 86 Flowering dogwood, 85 Food selections of sixth-grade stu- dents, 145 Forest block delineation, 143 Forest muhly, 88 Forest tickseed, 83 Fowl manna grass, 88 Fox grape, 91 Foxtail, yellow, 89 Fragaria virginiana, 49, 90 Fragrant bedstraw, 90 Frasera caroliniensis, 46 Fraxinus americana, 32, 47 E. pennsylvanica, 47 E. profunda, 47 Free pericarps in grasses, 114-120 Freshwater prawn, 128-134 comparative efficiency of anes- thetics for, 140 compared with marine shrimp, 128-134 effect of tak coloration on, 141 Kentucky grown, 128-134 water quality in pond growout of, 140 Fringed sedge, 85 Fruit fly, 3 FRYE, ANDREA, 158 FULLER, CLAIRE, 146 Fumariaceae, 46 Functinalism of the knee, 150 Galium aparine, 49, 90 G. ciraezans, 49 G. tinctorium, 79-80, 90 G. triflorum, 49, 81, 90 Index to Volume 64 Gaultheria procumbens, 45 Gaylussacia baccata, 45 Genistin, and treatment of glioblas- toma, 159 Gentianaceae, 46 Geography, 144 Geoloarchaeological investigations, 100-107 of the Whitfield Site, 100-107 Geologic map, Scioto County Ohio, 143 Geology, 143 GEORGE, NATALIE R., 36 Geraniaceae, 46, 86 Geranium carolinianum, 46 G. maculatum, 46, 86 Geranium, wild, 86 Geum canadense, 49, 81, 90 Giant chickweed, 85 Ginger rhizomes, mass spectromet- ric analysis of, 138 GIS analysis of prime farmland, 142 GIS, raster analysis with, 143 Glabrous bead grass, 89 Glaucous greenbrier, 90 Gleditsia triacanthos, 32 Glioblastoma, curcumin and genis- tin for treatment of, 159 Glyceria striata, 52, 80, 88 Gnaphalium obtusifolium, 43, 84 G. purpureum, 43, 84 GODFREY, ANDREW, 154 Goldenrod, common, 84 old-field, 84 tall, 84 wrinkled-leaved, 84 Goodyera pubescens, 51, 81, 88 GORMELSKY, BORIS, 141 Graceful sedge, 85 Grackle, common, 32 Grape, fox, 91 summer, 91 Grass, autumn bent, 88 autumn blue, 89 blue-eyed, 87 Carolina love, 88 common velvet, 88 early blue, 89 fowl manna, 88 glabrous bead, 89 Kentucky blue, 89 Munro, 89 northern crab, 88 old witch, 88 orchard, 88 rice cut, 88 smooth crab, 88 spear, 89 spreading witch, 89 sweet vernal, 88 wedge, 89 white, 88 wiry witch, 89 yard, 88 165 Grasses, free pericarps in, 114-120 Gratiola virginiana, 90 Grayscale values and color hues, 151 Green sunfish, 9 Greenbrier, common, 90 glaucous, 90 Greslania, 119 Ground-cedar, southern, 82 Ground-nut, 86 Ground-pine, 82 Groundsel, Appalachian, 84 heart-leaved, 84 Guidelines for contributors, 95-96 Gypaetus barbatus, 25 Habenaria clavellata, 80, 88 HACETOGLU, DANIELLE, 149 Hackberry, common, 32 Hackelia virginiana, 44 Hairy bittercress, 84 Hairy hawkweed, 84 Hairy panicum, 89 Hairy-jointed meadow-parsnip, 83 Hakonechloa, 119 Halbard-leaved violet, 91 Haloragaceae, 86 Hamamelidaceae, 46, 87 Hamamelis virginiana, 46 HAMM, CHRISTINA M., 151 HARROD, WHITNEY, 152 HAWKINS, LISA M., 138, 139 Hawkweed, hairy, 84 HAWORTH, CHAEL, 150 Hawthorn, scarlet, 90. Health Sciences, 145 Hearing aid use, 149 Heart rate recovery and track mile times, 151 Heart-leaved groundsel, 84 Heavy metals in plant and soil sam- ples, 156 Hedeoma pulegioides, 47 Hedge-hyssop, round-fruited, 90 Hedyotis caerulea, 49, 90 H. canadensis, 49, 90 H. purpurea, 49, 90 Helenium flexuosum, 43 Heleochloa schoenoides, 114 Helianthus divaricatus, 43 H. hirsutus, 39 H. microcephalus, 43, 84 H. strumosus, 43 Helleborine, 55 Helleborus, 67 Hemerocallis fulva, 51 Hemlock, eastern, 82 HENAKU-LARBI, AKUA, 140 Heterocarpha, 120 Heuchera americana, 49 H. villosa, 49 Hexalectris spicata, 51 Hibiscus syriacus, 47 Hickory, mockernut, 87 pignut, 87 166 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) shagbark, 32, 87 Hieracium gronovii, 43, 84 H. venosum, 43 Highbush blueberry, 86 HILL, J.B., 121 Hoary mountain mint, 87 Hog-peanut, 86 Holcus lanatus, 88 Hollow-stemmed joe-pye-weed, 84 Holly, American, 83 Honewort, 83 Honey locust, 32 Honeysuckle, Amur, 96-99 Japanese, 84 Hooked buttercup, 89 Hop clover, pinnate, 86 Hophornbeam, eastern, 84 Hop-sedge, large, 85 Hombeam, Carolina, 84 Horse-nettle, 90 Horseweed, 83 House centipede, 1-5 HU, JANE, 153 HUNT, STEPHEN, 143 Hydrangea arborescens, 47 Hydrangeaceae, 47 Hydraulic car lift, 155 Hydrogen evolution for portable fuel cells, 153 Hypericum gentianoides, 45 H. mutilum, 45, 80, 85 H. punctatum, 45, 85 H. stragulum, 45, 81, 85, Hypoxis hirsuta, 51 Ilex opaca, 42, 81, 83 I. verticillata, 80, 83 Impatiens capensis, 43, 80, 84 Indian cucumber-root, 87 Indian-tobacco, 84 Invertase activity, impact of insecti- cide residues on, 138 impact of soil management on, 138 Ipomoea lacunosa, 45 I. pandurata, 45 I. purpurea, 45 Iridaceae, 51, 87 Tris cristata, 51 I. virginica, 87 Iris southern blue, 87 Ironweed, tall, 84 Ischnurus, 120 Isoetopsida, 40 Ivy, poison, 83 JACKSON, CHAD R., 142 Japanese honeysuckle, 84 Japanese lespedeza, 86 Jay, blue, 32 JOBE, CASSIE, 148 Joe-pye-weed, hollow-stemmed, 84 JOHNSTONE, GUION, 148 JOLY, PIERRY, 147 JOSEPHS, RICHARD L., 100 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 121-127 availability, 121-127 indexing, 121-127 Juglandaceae, 47, 87 Juglans nigra, 29, 32, 47 Jumpseed, 89 Juncaceae, 51, 79, 87 Juncus acuminatus, 51, 80, 87 J. effusus, 51 J. effusus var, solutus, 79, 80, 87 J. marginatus, 51, 87 J. tenuis, 81 J. tenuis var. dudleyi, 51 . tenuis var. tenuis, 51, 87 Juniperus virginiana, 41, $2 ~~ Kalmia latifolia, 45 Kentucky blue grass, 89 Kentucky's climate during the Civil War, 144 Key West pink shrimp, 129 KIM, ARTHUR J., 155 KIM, JANE, 158 KOCHHAR, TEJINDER S., 138 Krigia biflora, 43, 84 KSP-32 protein, 150 KSP-32 protein, link to diabetes, 150 Labiatae, 135 Lace-frond grape fern, 82 Lactuca biennis, 43 L. canadensis, 43 L. floridana, 43, 84 Lady’s-thumb, 89 LALUDE, AKINWANDE, 150 Lamiaceae, 47, 87 Lance-leaved loosestrife, 89 Large hop-sedge, 85 Large-flowered skullcap, 87 Large-fruited panicum, 88 Largemouth bass, growth and body composition, 139 production and growth character- istics of, 141 Lathyrus latifolius, 86 Lauraceae, 47, 87 Lax panicum, 89 LAYNE, ANDREA, 143 TE HUIS od Lean flatsedge, 85 Lechea racemulosa, 45 Leersia oryzoides, 80, 88 L, virginica, 52, 80, 88 LEIBOWITZ, JUSTIN B., 155 Lemna, 158 L. minor, 79, 87 Lemnaceae, 87 Lentibulariaceae, 87 Lepidium virginicum, 44, 84 Lepomis cyanellus, 9 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 139 Leptochloa, 120 Leptothrium, 120 Lepturus, 120 Lespedeza cuneata, 46 L. hirta, 46 L. intermedia, 46, 81, 86 L. procumbens, 46 L. repens, 46, 51, 86 L. striata, 46, 81, 86 L. violacea, 46 L. virginica, 46 Lespedeza, Japanese, 86 smooth trailing, 86 wand, 86 Lesser duckweed, 87 Lesser water naiad, 88 Lettuce, blue, $4 Liatris spicata, 43 L. squarrulosa, 43 Ligustrum sinense, 51, 58 Liliaceae, 51, 87 Liliopsida, 50, 78 Lilium canadense, 51, 87 Lily, wild yellow, 87 Linaceae, 47, 87 Lindera benzoin, 39, 47, 80, 81, 87 Lindernia dubia, 79 L. dubia var. dubia, 90 LINTECUM, VIRGINIA, 146 Lintonia, 120 Linum striatum, 47, 87 Lion’s-foot, 84 Liparis liliifolia, 51 Liquidambar styraciflua, 39, 46, 80, 81, 87 Liriodendron tulipifera, 47, 80, 81, 87 Lithobius, 4 Lobed tickseed, 83 Lobelia cardinalis, 80, 84 L. inflata, 44, 84 L. puberula, 44, 84 L. spicata, 44 Lobelia, downy, 84 Locust, black, 32, 86 honey, 32 Longleaf pondweed, 89 Long-pediceled chickweed, 85 Lonicera japonica, 44, 80, 81, 54 L. maackii, 44, 96-99 Loose milkwort, 89 Looseflower sedge, 85 Loosestrife, lance-leaved, 89 Lophacme, 120 Lopseed, 91 Love grass, Carolina, 88 Ludwigia alternifolia, 48, 88 L, palustris, 79, 88 LUKEN, J. O., 97 Luziola, 120 Luzula echinata, 51, 81, 87 L. multiflora, 51 Lycopodiaceae, 40, 82 Lycopodiophyta, 40, 75, 78, 82 Lycopodiopsida, 40 Lycopodium digitatum, 40, 82 L. lucidulum, 82 L. obscurum, 40, 81, 82 Lycopus virginicus, 47, 80, 87 Lygodium palmatum, 82 Lysimachia lanceolata, 48, 89 L. quadrifolia, 48 Lythraceae, 87 Maclura pomifera, 32 Macrobrachium rosenbergii, 140, 141 Macroinvertebrates in dysaerobic Cave Run Lake fauna, 144 MADARASH-HILL, CHERIE, 121 Mad-dog skullcap, 87 Magnolia macrophylla, 87 Magnolia, big-leaved, 87 Magnoliaceae, 47, 87 Magnoliophyta, 41, 50, 75, 78, 81 Magnoliopsida, 41, 78 Malaxis unifolia, 51 Mallow, prickly, 87 MALPHRUS, BENJAMIN K., 12 Malvaceae, 47, 87 Manna grass, fowl, 88 Manslick Road cemetery, 108-113 Many-flowered panicum, 89 Maple, red, 82 silver, 32, 83 sugar, 32 Maple-leaved viburnum, 84 MARCUS, SARAH, 156 Margined rush, 87 Marine shrimp, compared with freshwater prawn, 128-134 MARLETTE, MARTHA A., 145 Marsh bedstraw, 90 Marsh St. John’s-wort, 85 Marsh violet, blue, 91 MASON, ADREA, 151 MASON, CHARLES E., 143, 144 May-apple, 84 MCKEE, SAYWARD B., 139 Meadow phlox, 89 Meadow spikemoss, 82 Meadow-beauty, wing-stemmed, 87 Meadow-parsnip, hairy-jointed, 83 Meadow-rue, tall, 89 Mealy bellwort, 87 Mean-mouth bass, production and growth characteristics of, 141 Medeola virginiana, 51, 87 Medic, black, 86 _ Medicago lupulina, 86 MEIGOONI, DAVID, 159 MEIGOONTI, JOHN, 159 Melastomataceae, 47, 87 Melilotus alba, 46 Menispermaceae, 47 Mermaid-weed, common, 86 Merostachys, 119 Metacalamus, 119 Index to Volume 64 Mice, white-footed, 146, 147 effects of testesterone on the im- mune system, 147 energy allocation in, 146 Michella repens, 90 Microbiology, 158 Micropterus salmoides, 139, 141 M. salmoides * M. dolimieu, 141 Microstegium vimineum, 52, 80, 81, 88 Mild spurge, spotted, 86 Milkwort, loose, 89 MILLER, DAVID, 149 Mimulus alatus, 80, 90 M. ringens, 50 Mimus polyglottos, 32 Minnow, bluntnose, 9 Mint, hoary mountain, 87 Mississippi arrowhead, 83 Mistflower, blue, 84 Mistletoe, American, 29-35, 91 Mitchella repens, 49, 81 Mockernut hickory, 87 Mockingbird, northern, 32 Molinia, 119 Molothrus ater, 32 Monarda fistulosa, 47 M. virgata, 47 Monkey-flower, winged, 90 Monotropa uniflora, 47 Monotropaceae, 47 MOORE, KENYARI, 138 MOOSE, ROBERT L., JR., 143 Moraceae, 47, 87 Morehead radio telescope, 12-20 astrometric measurements of, 12— 20 pointing accuracy of, 12-20 Morus alba, 81, 87 M. rubra, 47, 87 Moths, 4 MOTTER, CHELSEA, 157 MOUNIR, ANGY, 159 Mountain mint, hoary, 87 Mourning dove, 32 Mouse-eared chickweed, 85 Muhlenbergia capillaris, 52 M. frondosa, 52 M. sobolifera, 52 M. sylvatica, 52, 88 Muhly, forest, 88 Mulberry, red, 87 white, 87 Multiflora rose, 90 Munro grass, 89 Mustard, field, 84 Naiad, lesser water, 88 Najadaceae, 88 Najas minor, 79, 88 Naked tick-trefoil, 86 Nanatechnology, 135-137 Narcissus poeticus, 51 N. pseudonarcissus, 51 167 Narrow-leaf sedge, 85 Needle point design, 155 Neesiochloa, 120 Neohouzeaua, 120 Nepalese eulalia, 88 Netted chain fern, 82 Nettle, false, 90 New York fern, 82 Nightshade, black, 90 Nightshade, enchanter’s, 88 NIJHAWAN, SONIA, 154 Nocomis micropogon, 8 NOE, F. DALE, JR., 29 NOLAN, MEGHAN, 149 Northem cardinal, 32 Northem crab grass, 88 Northem mockingbird, 32 Norther red oak, 86 Nurse internet scheduler, 154 Nutrient intakes of sixth-grade stu- dents, 145 Nyssa sylvatica, 29, 32, 45, 80, 81, 85 Oak, black, 86 northern red, 86 pin, 86 post, 29, 86 shingle, 86 southern red, 86 swamp white, 86 white, 86 Oats, wild, 88 Ochthochloa, 120 Odyssea, 120 Oenothera biennis, 48 OKONNY, ESUGHANT, 145 Old witch grass, 88 Old-field balsam, 84 Old-field goldenrod, 84 Oleaceae, 47, 88 Onagraceae, 48, 8S Onoclea sensibilis, 41, 80, 82 Onocleaceae, 41, 82 Ophioglossaceae, 41, 82 Ophioglossum vulgatum, 82 Opizia, 120 Orange dwarf-dandelion, 84 Orbexilum pedunculatum, 46 Orchard grass, 88 Orchid, club-spur, 88 Orchid, cranefly, 88 Orchidaceae, 51, 55-74, 88 Oreobambos, 120 Ornithogalum umbellatum, 51 Orobanchaceae, 48 Oropetium, 120 Oryzeae, 120 Osage-orange, 32 Osmorhiza claytonii, 41 Osmunda cinnamomea, 41, 80, 82 O. regalis, 41 O. regalis var. spectabilis, 80, 82 Osmundaceae, 41, 82 168 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) Ostrya virginiana, 44, 84 OSUNDE, IMAZE MARIAN, 141 OUT, CHINADU, 156 Oval-headed sedge, 85 Oxalidaceae, 48, 88 Oxalis dillenii, 48, 88 O. grandis, 48 O. stricta, 48 O. violacea, 48 Ox-eye daisy, 83 Oxydendrum arboreum, 45, 80, 81, 86 Oxypolis rigidior, 83 Ozark tickseed-sunflower, 83 Pale Indian plantain, 83 Panax quinquefolius, 40, 42 Panicled tick-trefoil, 86 Panicum, 79 P. anceps, 52, 88 P. boscii, 52, 88 P. capillare, 52, 88 P. clandestinum, 52, 88 P. commutatum, 52 P. dichotomiflorum, 52, 79, 89 P. dichotomum, 52, 89 P, flexile, 89 P. lanuginosum, 52, 80, 89 P. laxiflorum, 81, 89 P. linearifolium, 52 P. microcarpon, 52 P. polyanthes, 52, 89 P. rigidulum, 52, 80, 89 P. scoparium, 52 P. sphaerocarpon, 52 Panicum, beaked, 88 bushy, 89 deer-tongue, 88 hairy, 89 large-fruited, 88 lax, 89 many-flowered, 89 Pansy, wild, 91 Parietaria pensylwanica, 50 PARKER, MAGGIE, 148 Paronychia canadensis, 44 PARTHASARATHY, K. NATHAN, 150 Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 50, 81, 91 Partridge-berry, 90 Paspalum laevae, 52 P. pubiflorum var. glabrum, 89 Passiflora lutea, 48 Passiflora lutea var. glabriflora, 88 Passifloraceae, 48, 88 Passion-flower, yellow, 88 PATTERSON, MATTHEW A., 138 Paulownia tomentosa, 44 Pawpaw, 83 Pea, wild sensitive, 86 Pedicularis canadensis, 50 Penaeus duorarum, 129 Penstemon hirsutus, 50 Pentameris, 119 Pentaschistis, 119 Penthorum sedoides, 49, 79, 90 Pepper-grass, Virginia, 84 Peregrine falcon, 21-28 Peregrine falcon, demographic in- fluences on, 21-28 reintroduction in Kentucky, 21-28 Perfoliate boneset, 84 Perilla frutescens, 47 Peristaltic pump, 155 Peromyscus leucopus, 146 Perrierbambus, 120 Persimmon, common, 32 Pesticide residues, mitigation of, 139 Pfaffia iresinoides, 135-137 Phaenosperma, 120 Phaenospermateae, 120 Pharmaceutical patient assistance programs, 149 Phaseolus vulgaris, 151, 154 effect of microgravity on, 154 effects of light wavelength on, 151 phototropism in, 151 Philadelphia fleabane, 83 Phleum pratense, 53 Phlox maculata, 48, 89 P, paniculata, 48 P. pilosa, 48 P. subulata, 48 Phlox, meadow, 89 Phoradendron flavescens, 29 P. leucarpum, 29-35, 91 P. serotinum, 29 Phormidium growth, and biodeter- iation, 156 Phryma leptostachya, 50, 91 Physalis pubescens, 50 Physics, 159 Physiology and Biochemistry, 146 Phytolacca americana, 48, 88 Phytolaccaceae, 88, 48 Phytoplankton and ultraviolet radi- ation, 157 Piezoelectrically actuated peristaltic pump, 155 Pignut hickory, 87 Pilea pumila, 50, 80, 90 Pimephales notatus, 9 Pimpemel, false, 90 Pin oak, 86 Pinaceae, 41, 82 Pine, Virginia, 82 Pink steeplebush, 90 Pinnate hop clover, 86 Pinophyta, 41, 75, 78, 82 Pinus echinata, 41 P. virginiana, 41, 80, 82 Pinxter-flower, 86 Piper cernuum, 135 Plant growth under drought condi- tions, 152 Plantaginaceae, 48, 88 Plantago lanceolata, 81, 88 P. rugelii, 48, 81, 88 P. virginica, 45, 88 Plantain, English, 88 pale Indian, 83 rattlesnake, 88 Rugel'’s, 88 Virginia, 88 Plantain-pussytoes, $3 Platanaceae, 48 Platanus occidentalis, 39, 48 Plate waster of sixth-grade students, 145 Pluchea odorata, 135 Poa annua, 52, 89 P. autumnalis, 53, 89 P. compressa, 53 P. cuspidata, 53, 89 P. pratensis, 89 P. sylvestris, 80 Poaceae, 36, 52, 75, 79, 88, 114 Podophyllum peltatum, 43, 81, 84 Poeae, 120 Poison ivy, 83 Pokeberry, 88 Polemoniaceae, 48, 89 Polyether, synthesis and metal-com- plexing of, 142 Polygala ambigua, 48, 89 P. sanguinea, 48 Polygalaceae, 48, 89 Polygonaceae, 48, 89 Polygonatum biflorum, 87 P. biflorum var biflorum, 51 P. biflorum var. commutatum, 51 Polygonum, 79, 115 P. cespitosum, 48 P. cespitosum var. longisetum, 89 P. hydropiperoides, 79, 89 P. persicaria, 89 P. punctatum, 48 P. sagittatum, 48, 80, 89 P. scandens, 48 P. spp., 79 P. virginianum, 48, 89 Polymnia uvedalia, 43 Polypodiacedae, 41 Polypodiophyta, 40, 75, 78, 82 Polypodium virginianum, 41 Polystichum acrostichoides, 41, 81, §2 Pondweed, longleaf, 89 snailseed, 89 Pooideae, 120 Populus deltoides, 40 P. grandidentata, 40, 49 Portable fuel cells, hydrogen evolu- tion for, 153 Porteranthus stipulatus, 49 Portulacaceae, 48, 89 Post oak, 29, 86 Potamogeton diversifolius, 79, 89 P. nodosus, 79, 89 Potamogetonaceae, 59 Potentilla, 115 P. canadensis, 49, 81, 90 P. norvegica, 49 P. simplex, 49, 81, 90 Powell County, Kentucky, 36-54 POWERS, STEVEN L., 6 Prawn, freshwater, comparative ef- ficiency of anesthetics for, 140 effect of tak coloration on, 141 water quality in pond growout of, 140 Prawns, acute toxicity of copper to, 141 production and population struc- ture during growout, 140 Prenanthes altissima, 43 P. serpentaria, 43 P. trifoliata, 84 Prickly mallow, 87 Primulaceae, 48, 89 Pringleochloa, 120 Privet, Chinese, 88 Procion MX Bright Blue 404 dye, 153 photocatalytic destruction of, 153 Proserpinaca palustris, 79, 86 Prunella vulgaris, 47, 87 Prunus americana, 49 P. cerasus, 49 P. mexicana, 49 P. serotina, 29, 32, 49, 81, 90 Psammagrostis, 120 Psammochloa, 119 Pseudocoix, 120 Pseudostachyum, 120 Pseudoxytenanthera, 120 Psilolemma, 120 Pteridium aquilinum, 41 Pterochloris, 120 Purple cudweed, 84 Purpletop, 89 Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides, 47, 81, 87 Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, 47 Pyrolaceae, 48, 89 Pyrrhanthera, 119 Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, 43 Pyrus calleryana, 49 P. coronaria, 49 Quercus, 79 Q. alba, 46, 80, 86 . bicolor, 80, 86 . coccinea, 46 . falcata, 46, 80, 86 . imbricaria, 46, 80, 86 . marilandica, 46 . montana, 46 . palustris, 80, 86 . rubra, 46, 81, 86 . spp., 81 . stellata, 29, 32, 46, 86 . velutina, 46, 80, 86 wiscalus quiscula, 32 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Index to Volume 64 Radiate sedge, 85 Ragweed, common, 83 Rain-gardens in nitrate and runoff reduction, 156 Ranunculaceae, 48, 89 Ranunculus, 115 R. abortivus, 89 R. bulbosus, 89 R. hispidus, 48 R. recurvatus, 89 Raspberry, black, 90 Raster analysis with GIS, 143 Rattlesnake plantain, 88 Rattlesnake-fern, 82 Red brook flatsedge, 85 Red clover, 86 Red elm, 29, 32 Red maple, 82 Red mulberry, 87 Red oak, northern, 86 southern, 86 Red-cedar, eastern, 82 Red-winged blackbird, 32 REYNOLDS, NICHOLAS, 155 Rhamnaceae, 49, 89 Rhamnus caroliniana, 49 R. fragula, 81, 89 Rhexia mariana, 47 R. virginica, 47, 80, 87 Rhizoctonia, 66 Rhododendron periclymenoides, 86 Rhombic copperleaf, 86 Rhus aromatica, 41 R. copallina, 41, 81, 83 R. glabra, 41, 81, 83 Rhynchospora capitellata, 86 Rice cut grass, 88 Richardsiella, 120 Ridge-stemmed yellow flax, 87 RIGHTMEYER, CAMPBELL, 157 River birch, 84 River chub, 8 Robin, American, 32 Robinia pseudoacacia, 32, 46, 81, 86 ROBINSON, ERIC D., 143 Rockcastle County, Kentucky, 29-35 Rockford limestone, 143 RODRIGUEZ, VERONICA, 158 Rosa carolina, 49 R. multiflora, 49, 90 R. setigera, 49 Rosaceae, 36, 49, 79, 89 Rose sedge, 85 Rose, multiflora, 90 Rosinweed, whorled, 84 Rotala ramosior, 79, 87 Rough buttonweed, 90 Round-fruited hedge-hyssop, 90 Round-leaved boneset, 84 Round-leaved tick-trefoil, 86 Royal fern, 82 Royal sage, 135 Rubiaceae, 49, 79, 90 Rubus allegheniensis, 49, 80, 90 169 R. argutus, 49 R. flagellaris, 49 R. hispidus, 49, 80, 90 R. occidentalis, 49, 90 Rudbeckia hirta, 43, 81, 84 Ruellia caroliniensis, 41 Rugel’s plantain, 88 Rumex acetosella, 48, 89 R. crispus, 48 Rush, margined, 87 sharp-pointed, 87 slender path, 87 soft, 87 Russell Fork, Big Sandy River Sys- tem, 6-11 Index of Biotic Integrity for, 6-11 Sabatia angularis, 46 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 158 temperature-UV dosage effects on, 158 Sage, royal, 135 Sagittaria australis, 79, 83 S. calycina, 79, 83 Salicaceae, 49, 90 Salix humilus, 49 S. nigra, 49, 80, 90 Salvia lyrata, 47, 81, 87 S. officinalis, 135 Sambucus canadensis, 44, 80, 84 Samolus floribundus, 89 SANCHEZ P., NATALIA, 135 Sand darter, eastern, 8 Sanicula canadensis, 41, 81, 83 S. gregaria, 41 S. smallii, 41, 83 SARGENT, CHRISTOPHER L., 12 Sassafras, 87 Sassafras albidum, 39, 47, 87 Saxifraga virginiensis, 49 Saxifragaceae, 49, 90 SCABETSBERGER, 147 Scarlet hawthorn, 90 Schizachyrium scoparium, 53 Schizaeaceae, 82 Schizostachyum, 120 Schoenefeldia, 120 School lunch program study, 145 Science Education, 146 Scirpus atrovirens, 51, 80, 86 S. cyperinus, 51, 79, 86 S. purshianus, 79, 86 S. validus, 86 Sclerodactylon, 120 Scolopendra coleoptrata, 2 Scrophulariaceae, 50, 90 Scullcap, large-flowered, 87 Scutellaria elliptica, 47 S. incana, 47, 87 S. integrifolia, 87 S. lateriflora, 80, 87 S. nervosa, 47 ROBERT, 170 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) Scutigera coleoptrata, 1-5 S. decipiens, 3 S. forceps, 2 Seadbox, 88 Sedge, bladder, 85 blue, 85 bristly cattail, 85 Carolina, 85 common cattail, 85 crowded, 85 fringed, 85 graceful, 85 looseflower, 85 narrow-leaf, 85 oval-headed, 85 radiate, 85 rose, 85 Swan's, 85 white-edged, 85 white-tinged, 85 whitish-yellow, 85 yellow-green, 85 Sedum ternatum, 45 Selaginella apoda, 40, 82 Selaginellaceae, 40, 82 Self-heal, 87 Selista forceps, 2 Senecio anonymus, 43, 81, 84 S. aureus, 43, 80, 84 S. obovatus, 43 Sensitive fern, 82 Sensitive pea, wild, 86 Serapias helleborine, 68 Serviceberry, common, 90 Sessile-leaved bellwort, 87 Setaria faberi, 53 S. glauca, 53, 89 S. viridis, 53 Shagbark hickory, 32, 87 Sharp-pointed rush, 87 Sheep sorrel, 89 SHIBER, JOHN G.,, 145 Shingle oak, 86 Shining clubmoss, 82 Shrimp, Key West pink, 129 Sialia sialis, 32 SICARD, RAYMOND E., 143 Sida spinosa, 47, 87 Silene caroliniana, 44 S. rotundifolia, 44 S. stellata, 44 S. virginica, 85 Silphium trifoliatum, 84 Silver maple, 32, 83 Silverfish, 4 SIMMONS, ALVIN M., 139 SINGER, NATALIE, 142 Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 51, 87 Skullcap, downy, 87 mad-dog, 87 Slender fimbry, 86 Slender path rush, 87 Slender spikerush, 85 Small mammal fauna of Terrapin Creek State Nature Preserve, 147 Small-flowered buttercup, 89 Small-flowered St. John’s-wort, 85 Small-headed sunflower, 84 Small-leaved flatsedge, 85 Smilacaceae, 53, 90 Smilacina racemosa, 51, 81, 87 Smilax, 39 S. bona-nox, 53 S. ecirrata, 53 S. glauca, 53, 90 S. hispida, 53 S. rotoundifolia, 53, 80, 81, 90 SMITH, ADAM, 148 Smooth agalinis, 90 Smooth alder, 84 Smooth crab grass, 88 Smooth sumac, 83 Smooth tick-trefoil, 86 Smooth trailing lespedeza, 86 Snailseed pondweed, 89 Snakeroot, black, 83 southern, 83 Virginia, 83 white, 84 Snow rollers, 93 in northern Kentucky, 93 Soft rush, 87 Soft-stemmed bulrush, 86 Soil arthropods in lawns, 156 Solanaceae, 50, 90 Solanum carolinense, 50, 90 S. nigrum, 50 S. nigrum var. virginicum, 90 Solidaga rugosa, 43 S. caesia, 43 S. canadensis, 43 S. canadensis var. scabra, 84 S. erecta, 43 S. hispida, 43 S. gigantea, 84. S. nemoralis, 43, 81, 84 S. odora, 43 S. rugosa, 84 S. ulmifolia, 43 Solomon’s seal, 87 false, 87 Southern snakeroot, 83 SOMERLOT, KELLY E., 147 SOPER, LISA, 152 Sorghastrum nutans, 39, 53 Sorrel, sheep, 89 Sourwood, 86 Southern aconite, 89 Southern agrimonia, 89 Southern blue iris, 87 Southem ground cedar, 82 Southern lady fern, 82 Southern red oak, 86 Southern waterplantain, $3 Sowbugs, 4 Sparganiaceae, 90 Sparganium americanum, 79, 90 Spartina, 120 Spear grass, 89 Speedwell, common, 90 corn, 90 thyme-leaved, 90 SPENCE, DAN, 93 SPENCER, SUSAN D., 108 SPENCER, WILLIAM, 146 Sphenopholis obtusata var. major, 89 Spicebush, 87 Spiders, 4 Spikemoss, meadow, 82 Spikenard, American, 83 Spikerush, blunt-lobed, 85 slender, 85 Spiraea tomentosa, 50, 90 Spleenwort, ebony, $2 Sporobolus, 114, 115, 120 S. giganteus, 114, 115, 116 Spotted milk spurge, 86 Spotted touch-me-not, $4 Spotted-wintergreen, 89 Spreading witch grass, 59 Spring beauty, $9 Spring bluets, 90 Spurge, eyebane, 56 flowering, 86 spotted milk, 86 SRINIVASAN, HARISH, 153 St. Andrew’s-cross, 85 St. John’s-wort, dotted, 85 St. John’s-wort, marsh, 85 St. John’s-wort, small-flowered, 85 Stachys cordata, 47 Starling, European, 32 Steeplebush, pink, 90 Stellaria media, 44, 85 S. pubera, 44, 85 STEMPLETON, SUSAN B., 145 Stiburus, 119 STILLWELL, WILLIAM, 141 STOVER, EMILY, 154 Strawberry beggars-ticks, 83 Strawberry, Virginia wild, 90 Strawberry-bush, 85 STREETER, STACEY, 142 Streptochaeta, 120 Streptochaeteae, 120 Strophostyles helvula, 46 S. umbellata, 46 Sturnus vulgaris, 32 SUAREZ, ALIRICA L., 135 Sugar esters in wild tomato, quan- tification of, 138 Sugar maple, 32 SULYEVICH, ALEXANDER, 155 Sumac, smooth, $3 winged, 83 SUMME, MONICA, 153 Summer bluets, 90 Summer grape, 91 Sunfish, green, 9 Sunflower, small-headed, 84 Susan, brown-eyed, 54 Swamp dewberry, 90 Swamp white oak, 86 Swan's sedge, 85 Sweet potato whitefly, 139 Sweet potato whitefly, performance of methyl ketones against, 139 Sweet vernal grass, 88 Sweetgum, 87 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, 44 Taenidia integerrima, 41 Tall beggars-ticks, 83 Tall fescue, 88 Tall goldenrod, 84 Tall ironweed, 84 Tall meadow-rue, 89 Taraxacum, 115 T. officinale, 43 TBETAF-1 gene, association with bladder carcinomas, 142 Tear-thumb, arrow-leaved, 89 Teinostachyum, 120 TEMPLETON, SUSAN, 128 Tephrosia virginiana, 46 Termites, 4 Terrapin Creek State Nature Pre- serve, small mammal fauna of, 147 Tetrachne, 120 Tetrapogon, 120 Thalictrum pubescens, 48, 80, 89 T. revolutum, 49 Thaspium barbinode, 41, 81, 83 T. trifoliatum, 41 Thellungia, 120 Thelypteris hexagonoptera, 41, 81, 82 T. noveboracensis, 80-82 Thermoluminescent dosimetry, 159 measurement in high dose gradi- ent field, 159 THIERET, JOHN W., 55 Thimble-weed, 89 Things Granny taught me, 135-137 Thistle, bull, 83 THOMPSON, BRETT M., 152 THOMPSON, RALPH L., 29, 75 Thyme-leaved speedwell, 90 Tickseed, forest, 83 lobed, 83 Tickseed-sunflower, Ozark, 83 Tick-trefoil, naked, 86 panicled, 86 round-leaved, 86 smooth, 86 TIDWELL, JAMES H., 139-141 Tilia heterophylla, 40 TILLETT, STEPHEN S., 135 Tipularia discolor, 52, 81, 88 Tootheup, 87 Tornados in Kentucky, 155 Touch-me-not, spotted, 84 Toxic air compounds, 157 Index to Volume 64 Toxicodendron radicans, 41, 80. 81, 83 Tradescantia virginiana, 50 Triadenum tubulosum, 85 Tribolium, 119 Tridens flavus, 53, 59 Trifolium campestre, 86 T. pratense, 46, 86 T. repens, 46, 81, 86 Trigurus alpestris, 147 feeding specialization in, 147 Triodanis perfoliata, 44 Triosteum aurantiacum, 44 Triticum aestivum, 114, 116 TRUONG, DAVID, 157 Tsuga canadensis, 41, 80, 82 Turdus migratorius, 32 TURNEY, SHANNON, 150 Turtlehead, white, 90 Tussilago farfara, 43, 53, 79, 90 Typhaceae, 53, 90 Ulmaceae, 50 Ulmus americana, 32, 50 U. rubra, 29, 50 Ultraviolet radiation and phyto- plankton, 157 Uniola, 120 Upper Big Sandy Rivers System, 6— i Urease activity, impact of insecticide residues on, 138 Urease activity, impact of soil man- agement on, 138 Urochlaena, 120 Urochondra, 120 Urticaceae, 50, 90 Utricularia gibba, 79, 87 Uvularia perfoliata, 51, 87 U. sessilifolia, 87 Vaccinium, 39 V. corymbosum, 45, 80, 86 V. pallidum, 45 V. stamineum, 45 Valeriana, 135 V. officinalis, 61, 135 Valerianaceae, 135 VANARNUM, AARON, 141 Vascular flora, 36-54 Feltner Lake, 75-92 Laurel County, 75-92 Pilot Knob State Nature Preserve, 36-54 Velvet grass, common, 88 Veratrum, 68 Verbena urticifolia, 50, 91 Verbenaceae, 50, 91 Vernal grass, sweet, 88 Vernonia gigantea, 43, 84 Veronica arvensis, 50, 90 V. officinalis, 50, 90 V. serpyllifolia, 90 Vertebrate distributions, 148 171 Vervain, white, 91 Vespa arenaria, 60 Vespula arenaria, 60 V. vidua, 60 Viburnum acerifolium, 44, 81, 84 V. dentatum, 80, 85 V. prunifolium, 44 V, rufidulum, 44 Viburnum, maple-leaved, 84 Vicia caroliniana, 46 Viola arvensis, 50 V. conspersa, 81, 91 V. cucullata, 80, 91 V. hastata, 91 V. palmata, 50 V. pedata, 50 V. rafinesquii, 91 V. sororia, 50, 91 Violaceae, 50, 91 Violet, American dog, 91 blue marsh, 91 common blue, 91 halbard-leaved, 91 Virginia bugle-weed, 87 Virginia buttonweed, 90 Virginia creeper, 91 Virginia pepper-grass, 84 Virginia pine, 82 Virginia plantain, 88 Virginia snakeroot, 83 Virginia wild strawberry, 90 Virgin's bower, 89 VIRK, MANINDER K., 146, 147 Viscaceae, 29-35, 91 Vitaceae, 50, 91 Vitis aestivalis, 50, 81, 91 V. labrusca, 91 V. vulpina, 50, 91 Vultures, bearded, 25 Walnut, black, 29 Wand lespedeza, 86 Wasps, 4 Water naiad, lesser, 88 Water-dropwort, common, 83 Water-hemlock, 83 Water-pepper, Asiatic, 89 false, 89 Water-pimpemel, 89 Waterplantain, southern, 83 Water-purslane, common, 88 Water-shield, 84 Waxwing, cedar, 32 Weak-stalked bulrush, 86 WECKMAN, JUDITH E., 36 WECKMAN, TIMOTHY J., 36 Wedge grass, 89 WEIS, ADAM, 151 WELCH, MARSHALL, 146, 147 White ash, 32 White avens, 90 White clover, 86 White grass, 88 White heart-leaved aster, 83 172 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) White heath aster, 83 White mulberry, 87 White oak, 86 White oak, swamp, 86 White snakeroot, 84 White turtlehead, 90 White vervain, 91 WHITE, RUTH, 156 White-edged sedge, 85 Whitefly, sweet potato, 139 performance of methyl ketones against, 139 White-footed mice, 146, 147 effects of testesterone on the im- mune system, 147 energy allocation in, 146 WHITEMAN, HOWARD, 148 White-tinged sedge, 85 Whitish-yellow sedge, 85 Whitlow-grass, 84 Whorled rosinweed, 84 Wild black cherry, 29, 32, 90 Wild carrot, 83 Wild geranium, 86 Wild oats, 88 Wild pansy, 91 Wild sage, 87 Wild sensitive pea, 86 Wild strawberry, Virginia, 90 J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 64(2):172. 2003. Wild tomato accessions, seasonal variation in contents in, 139 seasonal variation in trichome counts, 139 Wild tomato extracts, mass spectro- metric analysis of, 138 Wild yam, 86 Wild yellow lily, 87 Willow, black, 90 Willow-herb, eastern, 88 Winged monkey-fower, 90 Winged sumac, 83 Wing-stemmed meadow-beauty, $7 Winogradsky columns, potential to generate electric potential dif- ferences, 153 Winterberry, 83 Wiry witch grass, 89 Witch grass, old, 88 Witch grass, spreading, 89 Witch grass, wiry, 89 Woodland agrimonia, 89 Woodreed, common, 88 Woodrush, 87 Woodsia obtusa, 41 Wood-sorrel, yellow, 88 Woodwardia areolata, 82 Woolgrass, 86 Wrinkled-leaved goldenrod, 84 List of Recent Reviewers Xanthium strumarium, 79, 84 Yam, wild, 86 YAN, HONG Y., 146 Yard grass, 88 Yarrow, common, 83 YASHARIAN, DAVID, 140, 141 Yellow flax, ridge-stemmed, 87 Yellow flatsedge, 85 Yellow foxtail, 89 Yellow lily, wild, 87 Yellow passion-flower, 88 Yellow wood-sorrel, 88 Yellow-green sedge, 85 Yellow-poplar, 87 Yerba-de-tajo, 83 YOUNG, CHRISTOPHER E., 12 Yucca filamentosa, 50 Zea mays, 151 effects of light wavelength on, 151 phototropism in, 151 Zenaida macroura, 32 Zingeria, 120 Zizaniopsis, 114, 115, 118, 120 Z. miliacea, 114, 115, 117 Zizia aptera, 41 Zoology, 147, 160 ZOURARAKIS, DEMETRIO P., 142, 143 We gratefully acknowledge the generous contribution of time and expertise provided by the following individuals in reviewing manuscripts submitted for consideration by the Jowrnal: Charles A. Acosta Wayne Besser Richard Boyce David M. Brandenburg Kenneth C. Karstens Deborah Dempsey David J. Eisenhour Richard Gelderman Gerald P. Grove P.J. Harmon Ronald E. Jones Shawn A. Laatsch Robert F.C. Naczi Bruce Parfitt Thomas C. Rambo Gary Ritchison Michael Simonton David D. Taylor Matthew R. Thomas Ralph L. Thompson Michael A. Vincent Stephen B. White Guidelines for Contributors to the Journal 1. GENERAL . Original research/review papers in science will be con- sidered for publication in JKAS; at least the first author must be a member of the Academy. Announcements, news, and notes will be included as received. . Acceptance of papers for publication in JKAS depends on merit as evaluated by each of two or more review- ers. . Papers (in triplicate) may be submitted at any time to the editor. John W. Thieret Department of Biological Sciences Northem Kentucky University Highland Heights, KY 41099 Phone: (859) 572-6390; Fax: (859) 635-3490 E-mail: thieretj@exchange.nku.edu List in the cover letter your telephone/FAX numbers, your E-mail address, and the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of two persons who are potential reviewers. . Format/style of papers must conform to these guide- lines and also to practices in recent issues of JKAS, which are, in effect, a style manual. . Papers should be submitted in hard copy. Do not sta- ple pages together. . Indent the first line of each paragraph (but not the first line of entries in the Literature Cited). . FORMAT Papers should be in 12-point type on white paper 8.5 X 11 inches, with margins at least 1 inch all around. Double-space throughout the paper (i.e., one full line of space between each two lines of text, literature cit- ed, or tabular data). Do not justify right margins. . Except for scientific names of genera and of infrage- neric taxa, which should be typed in italics, the same type (roman) should be used throughout (i.e., one type size only; bold only for paper title). . Sequence of sections in papers should, where appro- priate, be as follows: title of paper, name/address of author(s), abstract, body of paper, footnotes, table cap- tions, figure captions (all the preceding on consecu- tively numbered pages), tables, and figures. . The running head (top right) should give name(s) of author(s), a short version of paper title, and page num- ber of total. . The first page should include the running head and, centered near the top of the sheet, the paper's title and the name and address of author(s). These should be followed immediately by the abstract. (The first page should look as much as possible like the first page of articles in JKAS.) . The abstract, not to exceed 200 words, should be con- cise, descriptive, and complete in itself without refer- ence to the paper. G. The body of the paper should, where appropriate, in- clude the following sections: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Summary, Acknow1- edgments, and Literature Cited. . No more than three levels of headings should be used: level 1, in capitals, centered; level 2, in capitals/low- ercase, flush left; level 3, in italics, a paragraph indent, with initial capital only (except proper nouns and ad- jectives), and followed by a period, the text then start- ing after one blank space. Personal communications (avoid if possible) should be indicated in the text as follows: (name, affiliation, pers. comm., date), e.g., (O.T. Mark, Wainwright College, pers. comm., 5 Jun 1995). 3. STYLE 4, A. 173 . In text, spell out one-digit numbers unless they are used with units of measure (four oranges, 4 em) and use numerals for larger numbers; do not begin any sentence with a numeral. . Use no footnotes except those for title page and tables. Footnotes, identified by consecutive superscript num- bers, should be entered on a separate sheet. . Measurements should be in metric and Celsius units. Define lesser-known symbols and give the meaning of acronyms at first use. Express time of day in the 24- hour system. Dates should be written day, month (ab- breviated to three letters), year without internal punc- tuation. Units with multiple components should have individual components separated by a virgule (e.g., g/ m? or g/m?/yr). . Names of authors of binomials may be included but only at the first mention of the binomial. Cultivar names are not italicized but are enclosed in single quotes. . Useful guides for contributors to JKAS are the follow- ing: Scientific style and format: the CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers, 6th ed., Cambridge University Press, 1994; The Chicago manual of style, 14th ed., University of Chicago Press, 1993; The ACS style guide, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1986; and AIP style manual, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1990. IN-TEXT CITATION OF LITERATURE Cite publications in the text by author(s) and date— e.g., (Readley 1994); multiple citations should be in alphabetical order and separated by semi-colons—e.g., (Ashley 1987; Brown 1994; Foster 1975); multiple ci- tations of works by one author(s) should be in chro- nological order—e.g., (Jones 1978, 1983); publications by one author(s) in the same year should be distin- guished by a, b, c, ete.—e.g., (Smith 1994a, 1994b). For in-text references to works with one or two authors use names of both authors—e.g., (Jones and Williams 1991): for works with three or more authors use name 174 of the first author followed by et al.—e.g., (Lee et al. 1985). B. Do not include any reference unless it has been pub- lished or accepted for publication (“in press”; see be- low). LITERATURE CITED A. List all authors of each entry. Do not abbreviate jour- nal titles; abbreviations for these will be supplied by the editor. B. The first line of each reference should be typed flush left; the remaining lines should be indented. C. Examples of common types of references are given below. JOURNAL ARTICLE Lacki, M.J. 1994. Metal concentrations in guano from a gray bat summer roost. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 55:124-126. BOOK Ware, M., and R.W. Tare. 1991. Plains life and love. Pi- oneer Press, Crete, WY. PART OF A BOOK Kohn, J.R. 1993. Pinaceae. Pages 32-50 in J.F. Nadel (ed). Flora of the Black Mountains. University of Northwestern South Dakota Press, Utopia, SD. WORK IN PRESS Groves, S.J., I-V. Woodland, and G.H. Tobosa. n.d. De- serts of Trans-Pecos Texas. 2nd ed. Ocotillo Press, Yucca City, TX. 6. ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES (LINE DRAWINGS, MAPS, GRAPHS, PHO- TOGRAPHS) Figures must be camera-ready, glossy, black-and-white prints of high quality or laser prints of presentation qual- ity. These should be designed to use available space ef- fectively: a full page or part of one, or a full column or part of one. They should be mounted on heavy white board and covered with a protective sheet of paper; pho- tographs to be grouped as a plate should have no space between them. Dimensions of plates must observe page proportions of the journal. Each illustration in a plate may be numbered as a separate figure or the entire plate may be treated as one figure. Include scale bars where appro- Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 64(2) priate. Lettering should be large enough to be legible after reduction; use lowercase letters for sections of a figure. Figure captions should be self-explanatory without refer- ence to the text and should be entered on a page separate from the text. Number figures in Arabic numerals. Statis- tics presented in figures should be explained in the caption (e.g., means are presented + SE, n = 7). TABLES Each table and its caption must be double-spaced, num- bered in Arabic numerals, and set on a sheet separate from the text. The caption should begin with a title relat- ing the table to the paper of which it is a part; it should be informative of the table’s contents. Statistics presented in the table should be explained in the caption (e.g., means are presented + SE, n = 7). Table should be sub- mitted in hard copy only; they need not be included on a disk. 7. ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS AS RE- SEARCH SUBJECTS If vertebrate or invertebrate animals are involved in a re- search project, the author(s) should follow those guide- lines for ethical treatment of animals appropriate for the subjects, e.g., for mammals or for amphibians and reptiles. Papers submitted to JKAS will be rejected if their content violates either the letter or the spirit of the guidelines. 8. PROOFS Authors are responsible for correcting proofs. Alterations on proofs are expensive; costs will be assessed to authors. Proofs must be returned to the editor within 3 days after the author receives them; delay in return may result in delay of publication. 9. REPRINTS Forms for ordering reprints will be sent to the author when the proofs are sent. They are to be returned directly to Allen Press, not to the editor. 10. PAGE CHARGES Pages charges are assessed to authors of papers published in Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. 11. ABSTRACTS FOR ANNUAL MEETINGS Instructions on style of abstract preparation for papers presented at annual meetings may be obtained from the editor. Copies will be available also at each annual meet- ing of the Academy. INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATES Fellow University of Kentucky University of Louisville Sustaining Member Campbellsville University Eastern Kentucky University Kentucky State University Morehead State University Murray State University Northern Kentucky University Western Kentucky University Member Bellarmine University Berea College Centre College Cumberland College Kentucky Wesleyan College West Kentucky Community & Technical College Associate Member Pikeville College Transylvania University INDUSTRIAL AFFILIATES Associate Patron Touchstone Energy Associate Member Hoffman Environmental Research Institute Third Rock Consultants Woods Hudson Cancer Research Lab Wi 3 9088 01325 6938 CONTENTS ARTICLES The Invasion of Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii; Caprifoliaceae): A Chronicle of Questions. James O. Luken ..............cccccceeeeccececcececcececcneees 97 Geoarchaeological Investigations at the Whitfield Site (15HL21): A Buried, Multicomponent Habitation Site in Southeastern Kentucky. Richard L. SOSEPIS ties esas eec chai wcaoNd ledake eden scl autecnaas Goud deocseedlee de unde adaeeke uaa aaieaaae ea aene 100 Manslick Road Cemetery, Burial 34, Louisville, Kentucky. Susan D. Spencer Vi2s80 0 eee eee eects sans shSeusasivots bene decaeanlacatrceperssy cea necemeney 108 Notes on Free Pericarps in Grasses (Poaceae). David M. Brandenburg .. 114 The Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science: Indexing and Availability of a Kentucky-Based Resource. J. B. Hill and Cherie Madarash Hille c yes cco ccso soe deacn tic oss Causes Sandan doapnedalad sleetee selina) Rate aea ane eee 121 Comparing Kentucky-grown Freshwater Prawn with Marine Shrimp: Results of a Taste Test. Siddhartha Dasgupta and Susan Templeton.... 128 Nanatechnology, or Things Granny Taught Me. Stephen S. Tillett, Alirica I. Suarez, and Natalia Sdnchez P. .............cccccccececcccsacecccceccacsccececcecscence 135 Abstracts of Some Papers Presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences ..:2...2./.2.22.00sccsoscascdscdssoscevuancbusdecvasucstnescaseteus 138 Some Abstracts Submitted from the 2002 Meeting of the Kentucky Junior Academy’ of Science is ..5.c.cectvacaswcceseGunautuecescauee teste tbaecddcata enone taucee ee pee ecenaeee 149 Index’ to: Volume (64) 3222.5 ooccc5eccscc st ccnconcsenescuseadohe dp oacgantocetedeerahspesacnentecetneetene 161 List: of Recent Reviewers)... cicc. sccedhcicucouva ce yuo ccees be povavaaecuceseusay ce necaaseeneanaeeae 172