Sg 5 Volume 59 Number 2
25 July 2005
ISSN 0024-0966

Journal of the
Lepidopterists Society

Published quarterly by The Lepidopterists’ Society

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

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Cover illustration: Plutella vanella, 8 km NW of Winfield, Alberta, CANADA, 17 July 2003, Charles D. Bird. Photo by Charles Bird. See
“New records of microlepidoptera in Alberta, Canada”, this issue

JoURNAL OF

Tue LepriporrerRistTs’ SOCIETY

Volume 59 2005 Number 2

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society
59(2), 2005, 61-82

NEW RECORDS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA IN ALBERTA, CANADA

GREGORY R. POHL

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 - 122 St., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 385
email: gpohl@nrcan.ge.ca

CHARLES D. BIRD
Box 22, Erskine, Alberta, Canada TOC 1G0 email: cdbird@telus.net

JEAN-FRANCOIS LANDRY
Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6 email: landryjf@agr.ge.ca

AND

Gary G. ANWEILER
E.H. Strickland Entomology Museum, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H1 email: gganweiler@sprint.ca

ABSTRACT. Fifty-seven species of microlepidoptera are reported as new for the Province of Alberta, based primarily on speci-
mens in the Northern Forestry Research Collection of the Canadian Forest Service, the University of Alberta Stricdland Museum,
the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, and the personal collections of the first two authors. These
new records are in the families Eriocraniidae, Prodoxidae, Tineidae, Psychidae, Gracillariidae, Ypsolophidae, Plutellidae, Acrolepi-
idae, Glyphipterigidae, Elachistidae, Glyphidoceridae, Coleophoridae, Gelechiidae, Xyloryctidae, Sesiidae, Tortricidae, Schrecken-
steiniidae, Epermeniidae, Pyralidae, and Crambidae. These records represent the first published report of the families Eriocrani-
idae and Glyphidoceridae in Alberta, of Acrolepiidae in western Canada, and of Schreckensteiniidae in Canada. Tetragma gei,
Tegeticula corruptrix (Prodoxidae), Scythris mixaula (Xyloryctidae), Nemapogon acapnopennella (Tineidae), Plutella vanella (Plutel-
lidae) ), Acrolepiopsis liliitvora (Acrolepiidae), Glyphipterix montisella (Glyphipterigidae), Glyphidocera hurlberti (Glyphidoceridae).

Synanthedon culiciformis (Sesiidae), Epinotia albicapitana (Tortricidae), Schreckensteinia festaliella (Schreckensteiniidae), and
Epermenia lomatii (Epermeniidae) are reported for the first time in Canada. As well, further Alberta records of the rarely collected
species Blastodacna curvilineella (Elachistidae) and Wockia asperipunctella (Urodidae) are given.

Additional key words: distribution, faunistics.

Alberta is a large province (> 660,000 square km?) in Papilionoidea, Drepanoidea, Geometroidea, and
western Canada, comprising primarily boreal forest in Noctuoidea) and the microlepidoptera (primitive
the northern half, and aspen parkland and prairie in groups up to and including the Pyraloidea and
the southern half, with the Rocky Mountains and Thyridoidea).
foothills along the western border. Its lepidopteran The first checklist of Alberta Lepidoptera was
fauna contains elements from all of these ecoregions, published by Frederic Hova Wolley-Dod between
as well as some exotic introductions. Most of the 1901 and 1906 as a series of articles in The Canadian
province was covered by ice in the last glaciation; Entomologist (Wolley-Dod 1901a, b, 1904, 1905a-f,
consequently its fauna contains many post-glacial 1906a-c). It listed 613 species of macrolepidoptera,
immigrants and few endemic species. Nevertheless, it and a few of the larger microlepidoptera in the
has a large and diverse lepidopteran fauna, estimated families Hepialidae, Cossidae, and Sesiidae. In 1951,
to contain approximately 3000 species, almost evenly Edmonton Lepidoptera collector Kenneth Bowman
divided between the macrolepidoptera (sensu published a comprehensive list of Alberta
Kristensen 1999; the superfamilies Mimalonioidea, Lepidoptera, including 657 microlepidoptera and

Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Hesperioidea, 1168 macrolepidoptera species and varieties. Since

62

that time, many taxonomic revisions have been
published detailing new records for the province. In
recent years, the authors have collected
microlepidoptera extensively in Alberta and have
examined specimens in local public collections. The
current paper reports 57 new Alberta records resulting
from this work, and additional localities for two species

previously reported in single locations in the province.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This list is based on our examination of material
housed in the Northern Forestry Centre Research
Collection (NF RC), Edmonton; the Strickland Museum
of the University of Alberta (UASM), Edmonton; the
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and
Nematodes (CNC), Ottawa, Ontario; the Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada Research Lab collection
(AGRL), Lethbridge; the Olds College Insect
Collection (OLDS), Olds; and the personal collections
of the first two authors (POHL, BIRD) and of Douglas
Macaulay (DAM) of Barrhead, Alberta. Identities have
been confirmed via comparison with cited publications
and reference collections, and consultation with
appropriate taxonomic experts, as noted below. For the
more difficult species, the genitalia were dissected and
examined. When av ailable, published revisions were
used to make identifications; for groups which have not
been revised in the past 100 years; identifications were
made via comparison to authoritativ ely identified
specimens at the CNC. Voucher specimens of all
species are deposited at NFRC, except as noted. Unless
otherwise noted, all BIRD specimens were collected by
C.D. Bird, and all POHL specimens were collected by
G.R. Pohl.

Abbreviations used are as follows: N, north; S, south;
E, east; W, west; FIDS, Canadian Forest Service, Forest
Insect and Disease Surv ey; FW, forewi ing; HW,
hindwing; LT, light trap; MV, mercury vapour; UV,
ultraviolet: WS, wingspan.

Species are presented in taxonomic order based on
the higher phylogeny presented in Kristensen (1999),
and species-level arrangements in the taxonomic
revisions cited below.

For each species treated we provide a brief synopsis
of information under the following headings: ID:
diagnostic characters allowing identification of the
species in the context of other species known from
western Canada; AB REC: Alberta specimens examined
by the authors; DIST: general distribution of the
species, as represented in the literature; BIO: a
summary of known biological information including
host records: COM: any other comments.

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

SPECIES ACCOUNTS
ERIOCRANIIDAE

Eriocrania semipurpurella (Stephens, 1834)

ID: A small (12 to 14 mm WS) moth with dark brown
FW. The FW has a purplish metallic lustre, and a small
triangular white mark on the caudal margin,
immediately basad of the tornus. Davis (1978) provides
a full description and illustrations. Although it is very
similar to other species in the family, it is the only
species known to occur in western North America.

AB REC: Edmonton, 20 May 1948, K. Bowman
[UASM]. Edmonton, CFS Northern Forestry Centre
compound, 53.49138°N 113.54390°W, 28 April 1998,
G.R. Pohl [NFRC]. 8 km SE of Sherwood Park,
53.47792°N 113.22912°W, aspen forest, 21 April 2000,
diurnal [POHL]; 11 April 2001, diurnal [POHL]; 19
April 2001, diurnal [POHL]; 16 May 2002, at dusk,
A.J.P. Deneka [POHL]. 8 km NW of Winfield, 53.01°N
114.50°W, 900 m, 5 May 2001, UV LT [BIRD]; 12 May
2001, MV light [BIRD]: 12 May 2003, UV LT [BIRD].

DIST: Previously known to occur in eastern North
America as far W as Black Sturgeon Lake, Ontario
(subspecies semipurpurella (Stephens)), and in western
North America (subspecies pacifica Davis) in Alaska,
British Columbia (Vancouver Island), and Washington
(Davis 1978). It is widely distributed in southern and
central Alberta in boreal and mixedwood areas.

BIO: This species is an inhabitant of moist aspen
forests. Adults can be quite numerous on warm sunny
days in early spring. Larvae are leaf blotch miners.
Subspecies semipurpurella feeds on Betula
(Betulaceae); in British Columbia, pacifica may feed on
Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. (Betulaceae) (Davis
1978).

COM: All Alberta specimens examined by the
authors conform to the pacifica subspecies. This is the
first report of the family Eriocraniidae in Alberta.

PRODOXIDAE

Lampronia russatella (Clemens, 1860)

ID: A small (13 to 15 mm WS) moth with a
distinctive pattern of white or pale yellow marks on the
FW (Fig. 1), comprising a complete basal band, median
costal and dorsal patches, and a distal patch on the
costal margin which may be absent in some specimens.
The background color of the FW is bronzy brown with a
metallic lustre. Dietz (1905) provides a brief treatment
of the species, in the genus Incurvaria in the family
Tineidae.

AB REC: 8 km SE of Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N
113.22912°W, aspen forest, 20 June 2000, at dusk
[POHL]; 13 July 2000 [POHL]. 3 km W of Touchwood

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2 63

8

Fics. 1-8. Microlepidoptera new to Alberta. 1, Lampronia russatella, 13.5 mm WS, 3 km W of Touchwood Lake, 22 June 1994 J.-F. Landry;
2, Plutella vanella, 17.0 mm WS, 8 km NW of Winfield, 17 July 2003 C.D. Bird; 3, Acrolepiopsis lilitvora, 14.5 mm WS, 8 kn SE of Sherwood
Park, 21 April 2001 G.R. Pohl; 4, Blastodacna curvilineella, 16.3 mm WS, Rochon Sands Provincial Park, 1 May 2004 C.D. Bird; 5, Xenolechia
velatella, 14.1 mm WS, Rochon Sands Provincial Park, 3 May 2001 C.D. Bird; 6, Acleris paracinderella, 16.8 mm WS, Kananaskis, Elbow
Ranger Station, reared, emerged 29 August 1951; 7, Lozotaenia hesperia, 23.2 mm WS, 20 km NE of Zama City, 7 July 1997 G.R. Pohl: 8,
Gretchena semialba, 12.6 mm WS, Wandering River.

64

Lake, E of Lac La Biche, 22 June 1994, daytime
sweeping mosses and sphagnum in boggy swamp, J.-F.
Landry [CNC].

DIST: Previously known only from eastern North
America, from Montreal, Quebec, and Ithaca, New York
(Dietz 1905).

BIO: Unknown.

COM: The genus Lampronia is in need of revision.
The status of this and other species may need to be
revised in light of a full examination of genitalic
structures.

Lampronia capitella (Clerck, 1759)

ID: A small (13 to 15 mm WS) moth with a
distinctive pattern of white marks on the FW,
comprising an incomplete basal band, median costal
and dorsal patches, and a distal patch on the wingtip.
The background color of the FW is bronzy brown with a
metallic lustre. This species has not been treated in the
North American literature. Medvedev (1978) provides
genitalia illustrations, and Parenti (2000: Plate 33)
provides an excellent color BPECIeEE PL:

AB REC: Barrhead, 2 June 1997, D. Macaulay
[DAM]. Long Lake, eee forest at lakeshore, 17 June
1999, UV light [POHL].

DIST: A Holarctic species, reported in North
America only from Quebec (Handfield 2002). There are
specimens in the CNC from Ontario, Quebec, and
British Columbia.

BIO: In Europe this species feeds on shoots and buds
of Ribes (Grossulariaceae) (Medvedev 1978). Heath &
Pelham-Clinton (1976) provide an account of its life
history in Great Britain.

COM: Known in Europe as the Currant Shoot Borer.
See note on the genus Lampronia under L. russatella
above.

Tetragma gei Davis & Pellmyr, 1992

ID: A small to medium-sized (11 to 17 mm WS) light
grey moth, with a few scattered darker scales on the
FW. Females are larger than the males, and have an
extremely long abdomen ending in a sharp ovipositor.
Davis et al. (1992) provides a description and
illustrations.

AB REC: Porcupine Hills, Skyline Road, 49.93597°N
113.97926°W, montane pine/fir meadow, 3 July 2002,
diurnal, D.W. Langor & G.R. Pohl [NFRC] (2
specimens); [CNC] (2 specimens).

DIST: This is the first record of this species in
Canada. It was previously known from the northwestern
United Sates, in eastern Washington, Idaho, Wyoming,
and South Dakota, although it was expected to have a
broader distribution (Davis et al. 1992).

BIO: This species occurs in high elevation forb-rich

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

meadows, where it can be locally abundant. Larvae are
known to feed on Geum triflorum Pursh (Rosaceae)
(Davis et al. 1992),

Tegeticula corruptrix Pellmyr, 1999

ID: A relatively large (22 to 35 mm WS), stout-
bodied moth with immaculate white FW and brownish
grey HW. Pellmyr (1999) provides a description and
illustrations, including mouthpart and genital characters
for separation from other species of Tegeticula.

AB REC: Lost River Valley, 1 km N of the Montana
border, 49.01046°N 110.44424°W, 28 June 2001,
shortgrass prairie, hand collected from Yucca glauca
one Pohl, Macaulay & Machney [NFRC] (2
specimens). Onefour, 9 July 1950, A. Hewitt [AGRL].
Onefour, 9 July 1950, K. Bowman [UASM].

DIST: Although its occurrence in Alberta in
sympatry with T. yuccasella (Riley) has been noted in a
unpublished reports (Perry 2001; COSEWIC 2002),
this is the first published record of T. corruptrix in
Canada. It was previously reported from the western
USA, from California to Texas, north to southern
Montana. The Onefour area represents the northern
limit of Yucca glauca Nutt. (Liliaceae) and of Tegeticula
species in Canada.

BIO: The genus Tegeticula has a_ well-known
mutualistic relationship with Yucca plants (Pellmyr et al.

1996). Moth larvae are dependent on the plant for food,
and the plant is dependent on the moths for pollination.
Tegeticula corruptrix is a recently recognized species
that 'cheats' by ovipositing in the developing seeds
without pollinating the flowers (Pellmyr 1999). Larvae
are known to feed on a number of Yucca species
(Pellmyr 1999). Yucca glauca is the only Yucca species
occurring in Canada; it is restricted to several hundred
plants at two sites near Onefour.

TINEIDAE

Nemapogon acapnopennella (Clemens, 1863)

ID: A small (14 mm WS) dark brown and pearly
white mottled moth (Fig. 17). The wing pattern is rather
nondescript, but is subtly different from other species of
the genus known to occur in northwestern North
America. Dietz (1905) provides a_re-description.
Genitalia illustrations of this species have not been
published.

AB REC: Edmonton (edge of Fulton Ravine),
53.545°N 113.439°W, 21 July 2001, sesiid pheromone
trap, G.G. Anweiler [NFRC] (5 specimens). Touchwood
Lake, 30 km E of Lac La Biche, Rge. 10 Twp. 67 Sec. 32
W 4th Mer., 29 June 1994, UV trap M2-2, G.R. Pohl et
al. [NFRC]; Rge. 10 Twp. 68 Sec. 3 W 4th Mer., 14 July
1995, UV trap 04-5/6, D.W. Langor et al. [NFRC] (2

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

specimens).

DIST: This is the first record of this species in
Canada. It was previously known only in eastern USA,
in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Washington DC, and
Louisiana (Dietz 1905). Specimens in the NFRC from
Saskatchewan have recently been identified as this
species.

BIO: Unknown. Larvae of other members of the
genus feed on bracket fungi (Lawrence & Powell 1969).
Adults are rarely collected at lights.

COM: It is interesting that several adults were
collected in a sesiid trap; they were males, and were
observed in the trap performing complex behavior
consistent with courtship. The pheromones of this
species are not known, but may contain components
chemically similar to those in the sesiid bait. The
identity of the specimens listed above was confirmed by
D. R. Davis (National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA).
Another, possibly undescribed species of Nemapogon,
externally similar to N. acapnopennella but with
different genitalia, has been collected in sympatry with
N. acapnopennella at the Touchwood Lake site reported
above (Pohl et al. 2004). It may prove to be conspecific
with an undescribed species similar to N.
acapnopennella reported from Quebec (Handfield
1997).

PSYCHIDAE

Taleporia walshella (Clemens, 1862)

ID: A small (12 to 15 mm WS) nondescript moth.
Males have an indistinct FW pattern of chestnut brown
marks over a light brown background; females are
wingless and rarely collected. Davis (1964) provides a
detailed description and illustrations. The larvae and
females look very similar to those of Dahlica triquetrella
(see below); the larvae of these species are
indistinguishable, and the females are separable only via
microscopical examination of abdominal spines, as
described by Sauter (1956).

AB REC: Cypress Hills, Elkwater Lake, 17 June
1996, at light [POHL]. 29 km NE of Zama City, 59.33°N
118.43°W, boreal forest, 17 June 1997, UV trap, G.R.
Pohl et al. [NFRC] (5 specimens); 27 May 1998, UV
trap, H.E.J. Hammond et al. [NFRC] (4 specimens).

DIST: This is the first record of the species in
northwestern North America. It was previously
reported from eastern North America as far N as Sault
Sainte Marie, Ontario (Prentice 1965), and as far W as
Illinois (Davis 1964).

BIO: Larvae construct and live in elongate triangular
cases made of sand grains and debris, from which they
feed on lichens (Davis 1964). They have been reared

from several tree species in eastern Canada (Prentice
1965); presumably feeding on lichens on the boles.

COM: This species was originally placed in the genus
Solenobia, which is now considered a junior synonym of
Taleoporia (Karsholt & Razowski 1996).

Dahlica triquetrella (Hiibner, [1813])

ID: The adult female is a minute (3 to 5 mm length)
wingless moth which remains associated with the larval
case. Males have not been found in North America.
Larvae are the most often encountered life stage; they
can be found in distinctive three-sided cases
approximately 8 mm long, moving about on house walls.
Leech & Sugden (1967) provide a description and
illustrations of the larva, larval case, and adult female:
Medvedev (1978: Fig. 105) provides male illustrations.
The larvae and females look very similar to those of
Talporia walshella (see above); the larvae of these
species are indistinguishable, and the females are
separable only via microscopical examination of
abdominal spines, as described by Sauter (1956).

AB REC: vicinity of Blackfalds, June 2000, J. Broatch
[NFRC] (6 specimens). 8 km E-SE of Sherwood Park,
October 1998, exterior house walls [POHL] (3
specimens); May 1999, reared [POHL] (2 specimens). §
km SE of Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N 113.22912°W,
May 2000, exterior house walls [POHL].

DIST: This species has been introduced to North
America from Europe. It was established in Vernon,
British Columbia and Montreal, Quebec by 1927
(Leech & Sugden 1967). It was unknown in the
Edmonton area as recently as the 1980s, but has
become quite common since then.

BIO: Larvae feed on lichens, and can be found
actively moving about throughout the summer and on
warm winter days. They are abundant in the Edmonton
area, on the walls of buildings. Females are short-lived,
and lay eggs on their larval case.

COM: The North American population of this

Palaearctic species appears to be entirely composed of
parthenogenetic, wingless females. W ‘inged males are
known from Europe (Sauter 1956). Listed) under
Solenobia in Hodges et al. (1983), the species is now
placed in Dahlica (Karsholt & Razowski 1996).

GRACILLARIIDAE

Micrurapteryx salicifoliella (Chambers, 1872)

ID: A minute (9 to 12 mm WS) moth with very
narrow wings and a distinctive FW pattern of diagonal
white marks on a dark brown background (Fig. 18). Ives
& Wong (1988) provide a brief description and
illustrations of the adult, larva, and blotch mine.

AB REC: Junction of Ft. Chipewyan winter road and

66

Richardson River, 58.0079°N 111.0271°W, river margin,
12 June 2000, diurnal, G.R. Pohl et al. [NFRC] (2
specimens); 13 June 2000, UV trap, G.R. Pohl et al.
[NFRC] (2 specimens). Edmonton, Winterburn Road,
20 April 1983, G.D. Braybrook [CNC]. High Level, ex.
Salix sp., reared, emerged 2-7 August 1963 [NFRC] (7
specimens); [CNC] (2 specimens). High Level, ex. Salix
sp.. reared, emerged 27-29 July 1964 [NFRC] (3
specimens). 30 km S of High Level, ex. Salix leaf mines,
reared, 8 July 1993, D.W. Langor [NFRC] (7
specimens); [CNC] (4 specimens). Highway 35, 20 km S
of Indian Cabins, ex. Salix sp., reared, 15 July 1990
[NFRC]. Keg River, ex. Salix sp., reared, 27 July 1965
[NFRC] (3 specimens). Marguerite Crag & Tail
Provincial Wildland Park, 57, T1O7°N 110.3337°W,
stream margin, 15 June 2000, adults on Salix, G.R. Pohl
et al. [NFRC] (7 specimens). Maybelle River Provincial
Wildland Park, 58.2092°N 110.9234°W, sand dunes, 12
June 2000, at dusk, G.R. Pohl et al. [NFRC]. Paddle
Prairie, ex. Salix sp., reared, emerged 22-28 July 1964
[NFRC] (6 specimens). 8 km SE of Sherwood Park,
53.47792°N 113.22912°W, 28 October 2001, diurnal
[POHL]. Steen River, ex. Salix sp., reared, emerged 5-
13 August 1963 [NFRC] (6 specimens); [CNC] (3
specimens). 29 km NE of Zama City, 59.33°N 118.43°W,
boreal forest, 25 May 1997, 4 June 1997, 6 August 1997,
UV trap, G.R. Pohl et al. [NFRC] (8 specimens).

DIST: Ives & Wong (1988) report this species from
the Prairie Provinces, but give no specific provincial or
locality records other than the fact that it has been
abundant in north-central Saskatchewan. The NFRC
contains specimens from Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and
Northwest Territories.

BIO: Larvae are blotch miners on Salix (Salicaceae)
species. Adults emerge in August and remain active into
October. They overwinter as adults, and reappear on
warm days from March to May the following spring.
They tend to fly at dusk, but are sometimes collected at
lights.

YPSOLOPHIDAE

Ypsolopha dentella (Fabricius, 1775)

ID: A medium-sized (18 to 20 mm WS) moth with
falcate FW with a distinctive pattern; the costal three
fourths of the wing is chocolate brown, separated from
the yellow caudal area by a thin white line that extends
into the brown area at about two-thirds the distance
from the wing base. Parenti (2000: Plate 52) provides an
excellent color photograph.

AB REC: Mountainview County, Olds, 4 September
1995, 14 September 1995, 27 July - 4 August 1997, 25

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

July 1998, 14 August 1998, 18-25 August 2000, 14
Se Eee 2000, LT, E. Mengersen [BIRD] (2
specimens); [NFRC]; [OLDS] (12 specimens). Stettler
County, McKenzie Crossing, 13 km W of Big Valley, 15
September 2000, E. Mengersen [OLDS].

DIST: This introduced European species has not
been previously reported in western North America. It
is listed by Handfield (1997) as occurring in
Quebec/Labrador, and by Forbes (1923) as occurring in
northeastern USA (treated by the latter as "Cerostoma
[=Plutella] xylostella Linnaeus", a name that now refers
to the diamondback moth; however the description by
Forbes unmistakably refers to Y. dentella).

BIO: Larvae feed on Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae).
Agassiz (1996) provides a short account of the life
history.

COM: This species is known as the European
Honeysuckle Leafroller. It has probably been
introduced to our area within the last four decades.

PLUTELLIDAE

Plutella vanella Walsingham, 1881

ID: A medium sized (15 to 17 mm WS) moth with a
distinctive FW pattern, consisting of a chocolate-brown
background, two diagonal white bands which converge
on the caudal margin, and a white mark on the costal
margin between the diagonal bands (Fig. 2). This
species has not been treated in the Nearctic literature
since its original description.

AB REC: Banff, ex. white spruce, reared, 26 July
1952 [CNC]. 23 [miles?] W [of] Banff, ex. white spruce,
reared, 21 August 1953 [CNC]. Bearberry Creek near
Sundre, 23 July 1926, C.H. Young [C NC]. Belly River,
ex. white spruce, reared, 26 July 1954 [CNC]. Big Horn
River, ex. white spruce, reared, 18 July 1952 [CNC]. 20
miles W-SW Claresholm, ex. willow, reared, emerged 22
July 1956 [NFRC]. Clearwater County, 30 km W of
Sundre, NE 12 Twp. 34 Rge. 7 W 5th Mer., 1-14 August

1999, E. Mengersen [OLDS] (6 specimens). Clearwater
County, 10 km NW of Bearberry, 24 July 2001, 4 August
2001, 15 July 2002, 19 July 2002, E. Mengersen
[OLDS] (11 specimens). Entrance, 7 August 1963. LT
[NFRC]. Erskine, 52.32°N 112.88°W, 800 m, aspen
parkland, 20 July 2002, UV LT [BIRD]. Ft. McMurray,
Hangingstone River Valley off Highway 63, 56.68490°N
111. 35508°W, Populus, Picea, Abies & Alnus forest, 12
July 2001, MV light, A.D. Macaulay et al. [NFRC] (3
specimens). enmde Cache, 3 km N of South Smoky
River Campground, at river, 53.89029°N 119.15671°W,
953 m, aspen/spruce forest, 8 August 2003, UV trap, D.
Macaulay [DAM]. Grande Prairie, 16 July 1963, LT
[NFRC]. Holmes Crossing Staging Area, 7.3 km SE of
Fort Assiniboine, 54.29403°N 114.86665°W, pine forest,

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

18 July 2003, UV trap, D. Macaulay [DAM]. Jasper, 26
July 1926, J.-H. McDunnough [CNC]. La Butte Creek
Wildland Provincial Park, rock outcrop 13 km E of
junction of La Butte Creek and Slave River, 59.36549°N
111.12988°W, open Pinus banksiana/Picea, 9 July 2001,
UV trap, A.D. Macaulay et al. [NFRC]. La Butte Creek
Wildland Provincial Park, 3 km S of junction of La Butte
Creek and Slave River, La Butte Point, 59.40578°N
111.45251°W, Picea glauca forest, § July 2001, MV light,
A.D. Macaulay et al. [NFRC]. Medicine Lake
Recreational Area, 52.749°N 114.744°W, 950 m,
aspen/alder woods beside lake, 5 August 2003, UV LT
[BIRD]. 8 km SE of Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N
113.22912°W, aspen forest, 28 July 2003, MV light
[POHL]. Mountainview County, 3 km NE of Bergen,
17 July 1989, E. Mengersen [OLDS]; Camp Harmattan,
26 July 1997, E. Mengersen [OLDS]; SW 13 Twp. 33
Rge. 4 W 5th Mer., 26 June 1988, E. Mengersen
[OLDS]. 38 km NW of Sundre, bench above James
River, 51.80°N 115.21°W, 1360 m, lodgepole pine, 28
July 2002, UV LT [BIRD] (3 specimens). 8 km NW of
Winfield, 53.01°N, 114.50°W, mixed woods, 15 July
2000, 28 July 2000, 11 July 2001, 18 July 2001, 17 July
2003, UV LT [BIRD] (16 specimens); 17 July 2003, MV
light [BIRD] (2 specimens). 29 km NE of Zama City,
59.33°N 118.43°W, boreal forest, 28 July 1997, 6 August
1997, UV trap, G.R. Pohl et al. [NF RC] (3 specimens).

DIST: This species is reported for the first time in
Canada. It has been treated in the North American
literature only in California (Powell & Hsu 1998; Powell
1999).

BIO: Unknown, other than the rearing note on one of
the specimens listed above.

COM: It is odd that this common and distinctive
species was missed by Bowman (1951). It appears to be
generally distributed in the northern half of the
province and in the parkland and foothills.

ACROLEPIIDAE

Acrolepiopsis liliivora Gaedike, 1994

ID: A small (12 to 15 mm WS) moth with brown FW
with diffuse blackish irrorations and a small white
triangular oblique mark in the middle of the caudal
edge (Fig. 3). Gaedike (1994) provides a description and
genitalia illustrations, including characters for
distinguishing it from similar species of Acrolepiopsis.

AB REC: 8 km SE of Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N
113.22912°W, aspen forest, 2] April 2001 [POHL]; 20
June 2001, house light, G.R. Pohl [CNC]; 22 June 2002,
MV light, G.R. Pohl [CNC], 14 April 2003, at dusk
[POHL].

DIST: This is the first record of the species in
Canada. It was previously known from California and

67

Oregon (Gaedike 1994).

BIO: Some of the type material of this species was
reared from the bulbs of Lilium washingtonianum Kell.
(Liliaceae), which does not occur in Alberta. Several
other Liliaceae species occur in Alberta (Moss 1983). In
2003 the authors collected a larva of an Acrolepiidae
species which had been mining an unripened fruit of
fairy bells (Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H.
(Liliaceae)), from the site where the above specimens
were collected.

COM: The type material of this species included only
six specimens and we are unaware of other published
records besides the original series and the specimens
reported here. This species was considered distinct
from A. californica Gaedike by Gaedike (1994) on the
basis of slight genitalic differences, and a different host
plant (A. californica was reared from Disporum
hookeri). Dr. J.A. Powell (pers. comm.) has reared A.
californica from both Lilium and Disporum in
California, and considers A. liliivora to be conspecific
with A. californica. This is the first report of the family
Acrolepiidae from western Canada.

GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE

Glyphipterix montisella Chambers, 1875

ID: A small (12 mm WS) moth with greenish brown
FW, with a series of white marks along the costal and
caudal wing margins. Heppner (1985) provides a
description and _ illustrations, including — genitalic
characters for separation from similar species of
glyphipterigids.

AB REC: Calgary, 17 August 1984, D. Lawrie
[NFRC].

DIST: This is the first report of this species in
Canada. It was previously known from western USA, as
far north as Glacier National Park, Montana (Heppner
1985). G.R. Pohl has seen a specimen from the vicinity
of Weyburn in SE Saskatchewan.

BIO: Larvae may feed on one or more species of
Juncus (Juncaceae) (Heppner 1985).

ELACHISTIDAE
Depressariinae

Semioscopis merriccella Dyar, 1902

ID: A relatively large (22 to 30 mm WS) grey moth
with grey FW extended into a blunt tip, and with an
interrupted, wavy black line through the center. It can
be separated from S. packardella (Clem.) by the wavy
black line through the FW, which is uninterrupted in
the latter species. Hodges (1974) provides a description
and photograph; Clarke (1941) provides genitalia
illustrations.

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, 52.49°N

68

112.22°W, chokecherry/saskatoon, 1 May 2002, UV LT
[BIRD]; 14 May 2003, UV LT [BIRD] (2 specimens).
Holmes Crossing, 7 km SE of Fort Assiniboine, 12 May
2001, mixedwood forest, D. Macaulay [NFRC]. Red
Deer, 3 May 1923, K. Bowman [UASM].

DIST: Hodges (1974) reports this species “from
Maine west through the northern tier of States and
southern Canada to British Columbia” but does not
specifically mention Alberta. Though expected, these
are the first records known from Alberta.

BIO: Unknown.

Depressaria atrostrigella Clarke, 1941

ID: A relatively large (22 to 25 mm WS) grey moth
with a series of straight black dashes along the veins of
the FW. It is similar in overall habitus to several other
species of Depressariinae, but no other North American
species has this FW pattern. Hodges (1974) provides a
description and photograph; Clarke (1941: Fig. 194)
provides male genitalia figures.

AB REC: Buffalo Lake Conservation Area, 52.53°N
112.70°W, aspen parkland, 17 September 2001, 24
September 2001, UV LT [BIRD] (2 specimens).
Edmonton, 5 September 1950, K. Bowman [UASM].
Tolman Bridge, 51.33504°N 113.01042°W, 707 m,
Stipa/Artemisia grassland, 24 August 2003, UV LT
[BIRD] (2 specimens). Tolman Bridge, 51.83461°N
113.01139°W, 706 m, chokecherry/aspen, 24 Aug 2003,
UV LT [BIRD].

DIST: Previously reported from Manitoba and
Colorado (Hodges 1974).

BIO: Unknown.

Elachistinae

Elachista maritimella McDunnough, 1942

ID: A small (10 mm WS) variably colored moth with
narrow wings. The FW is usually grey with two pairs of
white transverse patches on the leading and caudal
margins at one-third and two-thirds from the base.
Individual specimens may vary from very dark to
completely white. Kaila (1999) provides a description
and illustrations, including genitalic characters for
separation from many similar Elachista species.

AB REC: 8 km NW of Winfield, 53.01°N, 114.50°W,
mixed woods, 24 June 2000, UV LT [BIRD].

DIST: Previously known from eastern Canada and
from Saskatchewan (Kaila 1999).

BIO: Unknown.

Agonoxeninae

Blastodacna curvilineella (Chambers, 1872)
ID: A small (11 to 17 mm WS) moth with lanceolate
wings. The FW is cream colored with a dusting of

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

brown scales and two patches of black tufted scales (Fig.
4). A black dash is present on some specimens in the
center of the FW. Forbes (1923) provides a brief
description; we know of no published illustration of it.
AB REC: Cypress Hills, 49.57°N 110.35°W,
mixedwood hillside, 15 June 1996, UV trap [POHL].
Cypress Hills, 49.63°N 110.40°W, aspen hillside, 15 June
1996, UV trap [POHL] (2 specimens). Cypress Hills,
Elkwater Lake, 17 June 1996, at light, G.R. Pohl

[NFRC]; [POHL] (2 specimens). Rochon Sands
Provincial Park, 52.46°N 112.88°W, 720. m,

chokecherry/saskatoon, 1 May 2004, UV LT [BIRD]. §
km E-SE of Sherwood Park, wet meadow, 7 June 1996
[POHL]. 8 km SE of Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N
113.22912°W, aspen forest, 20 June 2000, MV light
[POHL].

DIST: This species was previously known from
eastern United States (Forbes 1923) and
Quebec/Labrador (Handfield 1997), and has recently
been reported from Touchwood Lake in east-central
Alberta (Pohl et al. 2005). The current records indicate
a broader distribution in Alberta.

BIO: Larvae are borers in the fruit of Crateagus and
related species of Rosaceae (Forbes 1923).

COM: This species is extremely similar to
Blastodacna bicristatella (Chambers) (not known from
northwestern North America), and may be conspecific
with it.

XYLORYCTIDAE
Scythridinae

Scythris mixaula Meyrick, 1916

ID: A medium-sized (18 mm WS), grey to dirty white
slender moth, in some specimens with paler streaks
highlighting the FW veins. Landry (1991) provides a
description and _ illustrations, including genitalic
characters for separation from similar species. The
coloration of $. mixaula varies across its range from
nearly immaculate ivory white in the South to darker
grey in the North. The Tolman Bridge specimen is
rather dark grey (though discolored by greasiness)
whereas the Buffalo Lake specimen is pale dirty white
with some pale brown dusting in the middle of the FW.

AB REC: Buffalo Lake Conservation Area,
52.4985°N 112.702°W, Artemisia grassland, 30 August
2003, UV LT [BIRD]. Tolman Bridge Recreation Area,
16 September 2000, LT, E. Mengersen [CNC].

DIST: This is the first record of the species in
Canada. It was previously known from southern
California to southwestern Texas and the western parts
of the Great Plains, N to Montana (Landry (1991).

BIO: Larvae have been reared from cactus, including
prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.) although details of

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

their life history are unknown (Landry 1991).

GLYPHIDOCERIDAE

Glyphidocera hurlberti Adamski, 2000

ID: A medium-sized (17 to 19 mm WS) moth with
greyish brown FW and pale brown HW. Adamski (2000)
provides a description and illustrations. It can be
separated from all known Lepidoptera in western
Canada by the combination of the evenly arcuate HW
terminal margin (separating it from all gelechiids except
Anacampsis spp.) and the unique pattern of four
indistinct dark brown spots on the FW. It can be
separated from other Glyphidocera species by the
unique shape of the genitalic structures, as described by
Adamski (2000).

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, 52.486°N
112.206°W, 692 m, meadow with aspen/buckbrush, 8
July 2003, UV LT [BIRD]. Edmonton, 24 July 1939, 4
July 1940, 20 June 1941, 2 July 1943, 11-27 July 1945,
24 June to 13 July 1950, K. Bowman [UASM] (15
specimens). Edmonton, Windsor Park area, 8 July 1998,
UV LT, F.A.H. Sperling [UASM]. Erskine, 52.32°N
112.88°W, 800 m, aspen parkland, § July 2000, 1 August
2000, 12 July 2001, 5 August 2002, UV LT [BIRD]. 12
km S-SE of Erskine, 52.20°N 112.83°W, 800 m, 24 July
2000, UV LT [BIRD]. Lowden Springs Conservation
Area, 17 km S of Stettler, 52.09°N 112.425°W, 830 m, 23
July 2002, UV LT [BIRD] (3 specimens). 3 km S of
Nevis, Allen Hall acreage, 52.31°N 113.05°W, 815 m,
aspen parkland, 15 September 2002, 16 July 2003, UV
LT [BIRD]. 8 km E-SE of Sherwood Park, wet meadow,
6 July 1999, at dusk [POHL]. 8 km SE of Sherwood
Park, 53.47792°N 113.22912°W, aspen forest, 19 July
2000, houselight [POHL]; 11 July 2002, MV light
[POHL] (2 specimens); 25 June 2003, houselight
[POHL]. Strathcona County, Strathcona Wilderness
Centre, aspen forest, 20 July 2001, MV light [POHL].

DIST: Previously known only from Colorado
(Adamski 2000).

BIO: Unknown. Adults are active at dusk and at
night, flying and running with rapid jerky movements.

COM: Prior to it being recognized as a distinct
species in 2000, G. hurlberti specimens were often
identified as G. septentrionella Busck. Specimens in the
Bowman collection were found scattered in
undetermined lots under several families. This is the
first published report of the family Glyphidoceridae in
Alberta.

COLEOPHORIDAE
Coleophorinae

Coleophora rosaefoliella Clemens, 1864
ID: A small (11 to 12 mm WS) cream-colored moth

69

with the distal third of the FW light rusty brown and
white, and with brown annulations on the antennae.
Landry (1998b) provides illustrations of the genitalia
and larval case, which allow separation from similar
species of Coleophora.

AB REC: Edmonton, 14-19 June 1940, 11-18 June
1946, K. Bowman [UASM] (5 specimens).

DIST: This species was described from Pennsylvania,
and has been reported from Nova Scotia, Ontario,
Quebec, and British Columbia (McDunnough 1946,
Landry 1998b).

BIO: Larvae are case-bearers, and feed attached to
the base of leaf buds of Rosa species (Rosaceae)
(McDunnough 1946).

GELECHIIDAE

Coleotechnites laricis (Freeman, 1965)

ID: A small (10 to 11 mm WS), narrow-winged black
and white moth, very similar to other species of
Coleotechnites which feed on conifers. Freeman (1965)
provides a description and illustrations. It can be
identified most easily by the mining habits of the larva
(see below); structural differences separating it from
other species are very slight.

AB REC: Edmonton, ex. Larix sp., reared, 3 June
1985 [NFRC].

DIST: Previously known from the type series,
collected at various localities in Ontario (Freeman
1965), and more recently from Quebec/Labrador
(Handfield 1997).

BIO: This species is known as the Orange Larch
Tubemaker. Larvae are needle miners in larch (Larix
spp. (Pinaceae)) (Freeman 1965).

COM: The specimen listed above was identified in
1985 by A. Mutuura.

Xenolechia velatella (Busck, 1907)

ID: A medium-sized (14 to 16 mm WS) dark grey
moth with a unique pattern on the FW; a pale tan costal
margin proximally, and a distinct pattern of raised
patches of black scales (Fig. 5).

AB REC: Big Knife Povincial Park, 52.494°N
112.222°W, 675 m, chokecherry/saskatoon, 14 May
2003, UV LT [BIRD] (3 specimens); MV light [BIRD]
(3 specimens). Buffalo Lake Conservation Area,
52.53°N 112.70°W, aspen parkland, 7 May 2001, UV LT
[BIRD]. Edmonton, 30 May 1946, 26 April 1949, 22
May 1951, K. Bowman [UASM] (3 specimens). Erskine,
52.322°N 112.883°W, 830 m, aspen woods, 20 May
2003, UV trap [BIRD]. Rochon Sands Provincial Park,
52.463°N 112.895°W, 830 m, chokecherry/saskatoon, 13
May 2003, UV LT [BIRD] (8 specimens). 8 km SE of
Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N 113.22912°W, aspen forest,
4 June 2000, houselight [POHL]; 2 June 2001, at dusk.

70

G.R. Pohl [NFRC]; 25 May 2003, houselight [POHL];
26 May 2003, MV light [POHL].

DIST: This species was described from Arizona
(Busck 1907). The only published record of it in
northwestern North America is its inclusion in a list of
Lepidoptera specimens collected by FIDS_ in

Saskatchewan and Manitoba, by Wong & Melvin (1969).

BIO: The specimens on which the Wong & Melvin
(1969) report is based are housed in the NFRC; they
were reared from Black Knot Fungus (Apiosporina
morbosa (Schw.) Arx on Prunus species (Rosaceae) tree
branches.

Caryocolum pullatella (Tengstrém, 1848)

ID: A small (11 mm WS) black moth, with two
median grey patches on the caudal margin of the FW,
and a white postmedial line. Huemer (1988) provides a
description and genital
characters for species of
Caryocolum.

AB REC: J. J. Collett Natural Area, 11 km NE of
Lacombe, 52. 33°N 113.28°W, 850 m, 27 August 2002,
UV LT [BIRD].

DIST: This holarctic species is known from Europe,
northern Asia, and Japan. In North America it has been
reported in the United States from New York to
Oregon, and from Canada in Nova Scotia (Huemer
1988).

BIO: Unknown. All hosts of other
Caryocolum species are in the family Caryophyllaceae
(Huemer 1988); the host plant of C. pullatella i is likely a
Caryophyllaceae species as well.

Caryocolum cassella (Walker, 1864)
ID: A small (12 to 13 mm WS) black moth, with two
median grey patches on the caudal margin of the FW,

illustrations, including

separation from other

known

and an interrupted white postmedial line. Huemer
(1988) provides a description and illustrations, including
genital characters for separation from other species of
Caryocolum.

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, 52.49°N
112.22°W, 8 August 2002, UV LT [BIRD]. 13 km W of
Big Valley, McKenzie Crossing, 52.375°N 112.96°W, 16
July 2000, UV LT [BIRD].

DIST: This Holarctic species has been reported from
British Columbia (Vancouver Island), and from Utah,
Oregon, Michigan, and Kentucky (Huemer 1988).

BIO: In Europe, this species feeds on Stellaria
nemorum L. (Caryophyllaceae) (Huemer 1988). The
larvae feed in webbed-together shoots, "particularly in
shadowy woodland" (Huemer 1988).

Dichomeris bilobella (Zeller, 1873)

ID: A medium sized (16 to 17 mm WS) blue-grey and
black moth with a triangular FW, featuring a distinctive

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

tan costal band bordered by a black mark. Hodges
(1986) provides a re- description and illustrations. It can
be separated from other species of Dichomeris by
details of the FW maculation, or by genitalic characters,
as detailed in Hodges (1986).

AB REC: 5 miles E Belloy, undisturbed young forest,
reared [host recorded as "probably Aster species"], larva
collected 8 June 1967, emerged 28 June 1967 [NFRC].
12 km S-SE of Erskine, 52.23°N 112.83°W, aspen
parkland, 15 August 2000, UV trap [BIRD]. 8 km SE of
Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N 113.22912°W, aspen forest,
5 August 2000, houselight [POHL].

DIST: Previously known from eastern North
America, as far W as Minnesota and eastern Kansas
(Hodges 1986). Handfield (1997) reported it from
Quebec/Labrador.

BIO: Larvae are leaf rollers on Solidago and Aster
species (Compositae) (Hodges 1986).

Dichomeris costarufoella (Chambers, 1874)

ID: A small (15 mm WS) moth with dark bluish
brown FW. Hodges (1986) provides a description and
illustrations, including characters for separation from
similar species of Dichomeris.

AB REC: 8 km E-SE of Sherwood Park,
meadow, 17 July 1998, at light, G.R. Pohl [NFRC].

DIST: Previously known from the central United
States, as far W as Nebraska and New Mexico. A single
record was previously known for Canada, at Riding
Mountain National Park, Manitoba (Hodges 1986).

BIO: At Riding Mountain National Park, D.
costarufoella was reared from Rudbeckia species
(Compositae) (Hodges 1986). In Michigan, this species
is commonly found in loose webs on the underside of

wet

Rudbeckia species leaves, especially in areas with sandy
soils (G. J. Balogh pers. com.). No Rudbeckia species is
present at the Sherwood Park locality, so it must have
other hosts as well.

SESIIDAE

Paranthrene robiniae (Edwards, 1880)

ID: A relatively large (28 to 35 mm WS) slender
moth with a wasp-like appearance. The wings have clear
areas and dark brown veins dusted with yellow scales.
Bichlin & Duckworth (1988) provide a description and
illustrations, including characters for separation from
similar species of sesiids.

AB REC: Calgary, poplar, 14 June 1970, C. Hergert
[CNC] (2 specimens). Calgary, 8 June 1988, A.B.
Nearling [OLDS]. Crowsnest, 29 June 1957, R.
Gooding [UASM]. Devon, 28 May 1976 [NFRC].
Frank, 18 June 1962, W.R.M. Mason [CNC].

DIST: Eichlin & Duckworth (1988) describe the

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

range of this species as the Rocky Mountains from
Alaska to California, with a single record from western
Kansas. No specific records are mentioned from
Alberta. The Kansas and Devon specimens are the only
known records from outside the Rocky Mountains.

BIO: Larvae are borers in Populus, Salix (Salicaceae)
and Betula (Betulaceae) species stems and branches,
preferring weak or damaged trees (Eichlin &
Duckworth 1988). They can cause damage to
ornamentals.

Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson, 1868)

ID: A relatively large (20 to 22 mm WS) clear-winged
moth with a bluish-black body and yellow markings on
the legs and body. Eichlin & Duckworth (1988) provide
a description and illustrations, including maculation and
genitalic characters for separation from other
Synanthedon species.

AB REC: Edmonton (edge of Fulton Ravine),
53.545°N 113.439°W, 12 July 2001, sesiid pheromone
trap, G.G. Anweiler [UASM]; 10-13 July 2003, sesiid
pheromone trap, G.G. Anweiler [UASM]; [CNC].

DIST: Ives & Wong (1988) report this species from
the Prairie Provinces, based on specimens from
Saskatchewan and Manitoba in the NFRC. It was
reported from eastern North America as far W as
Minnesota, by Eichlin & Duckworth (1988).

BIO: Larvae bore into stems and branches of
Rosaceae species, preferring sites of injury or disease
(Eichlin & Duckworth 1988). Series of specimens have
been reared in Saskatchewan and Manitoba from Black
Knot Fungus (Apiosporina morbosa (Schw.) Arx
infections on Prunus virginiana L. (Rosaceae) trees.

COM: This species is known as the Lesser Peach
Tree Borer, and is a serious pest in fruit-growing
regions. Identification of specimens listed above was
confirmed by Dr. T.D. Eichlin (CDFA/Entomology,
Plant Pest Diagnostics Centre, Sacramento, CA, USA).

Synanthedon fatifera Hodges, 1962
ID: A small to medium-sized (12 to 20 mm WS)
clear-winged moth with a bluish-black body. Eichlin &

Duckworth (1988) provide a description and
illustrations, including maculation and _ genitalic
characters for separation from other Synanthedon
species.

AB REC: 35 km NW of Dixonville, EMEND site,
56.733°N 118.333°W, 26 July 2000, pheromone trap, L.
Morneau [UASM] (3 specimens). Edmonton, Devon
Ravine, 20 July 1971, J. Belicek [UASM]. Edmonton, 21
July 1971, J. Belicek [UASM]. Edmonton (edge of
Fulton Ravine), 53.545°N 113.439°W, 6 July 2000, sesiid
pheromone trap, G.G. Anweiler [UASM]; [CNC]. Fort
McMurray, 56.73°N 111.38°W, 3 July 1999, sesiid

pheromone trap, D. Macaulay [DAM]. Gregoire Lake.
54.476°N 111.193°, 22 June 1998, B.C. Schmidt
[UASM]. Manning, 10-15 July 2001, Choristoneura
fumiferana pheromone trap, D. Macaulay [NFRC] (10
specimens); [UASM]. Ministik Lake, 15 km W of
Tofield, 19-26 May 1998, Malacosoma disstria
pheromone trap, B.C. Schmidt [UASM]; 30 July 1999.
B.C. Schmidt [UASM]. 8 km NW of Winfield, 53.01°N
114.50°W, 900 m, mixed woods, diurnal, 21 July 2003
[BIRD]. 29 km NE of Zama City, 59.33°N 118.43°W,
boreal forest, 10-15 July 2001, Choristoneura
fumiferana pheromone trap, D. Macaulay [NFRC].

DIST: Previously known from eastern North
America, as far W as Wisconsin and southern Ontario,
with a single record from Idaho (Eichlin & Duckworth
1988).

BIO: Larvae are borers in Viburnum species
(Caprifoliaceae) stems (Eichlin & Duckworth 1988).

COM: Synanthedon fatifera appears to be the most
common and widespread species of Synanthedon in the
boreal forest region of Alberta, and probably occurs
across the boreal forest of western Canada. It appears
that previous reports of S. viburni (Engel.) in Alberta
(Ives & Wong 1988) are actually misidentified S.
fatifera. The only confirmed Alberta specimens of S.
viburni are two specimens found in Forest Tent
Caterpillar pheromone traps at Gregoire Lake in 2002
by B.C. Schmidt (specimens in UASM). It is noteworthy
that adults of S. fatifera were collected in Spruce
Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) and
Forest Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hiibner)
pheromone traps.

Synanthedon culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1758)

ID: A medium sized (15 to 20 mm WS) clear-winged
moth with a black body and a red transverse band
around the abdomen. Eichlin & Duckworth (1988)
provide a description and _ illustrations, including
maculation and genitalic characters for separation from
other Synanthedon species.

AB REC: 35 km NW of Dixonville, EMEND site,
56.733°N 118.333°W, 19 July 2000, pheromone trap, L.
Morneau [UASM] (2 specimens). Ministik Lake, 15 km
W of Tofield, 19-26 May 1998, pheromone trap, B.C.
Schmidt [UASM] (6 specimens); [NFRC]. 80 miles NW
of Peace River, date unknown, pheromone trap, L.
Morneau |[UASM].

DIST: This is a holarctic species, previously known in
North America from Alaska to California and Utah, but
not specifically reported from Canada (Eichlin &
Duckworth 1988).

BIO: Larvae are borers in Alnus and Betula species
(Betulaceae). In North America they prefer the former,

—l
bo

while in Europe they prefer the latter (Eichlin &
Duckworth 1988). They prefer to attack trees that are
injured, or growing in disturbed or exposed areas.

COM: This species is known as the Large Red-Belted
Clearwing.

Synanthedon helenis (Engelhardt, 1946)

ID: A medium-sized (18-22 mm WS) clear-winged
moth with completely dark antennae and a blue-black
body with two narrow pale yellow bands on the
abdomen. Eichlin & Duckworth (1988) provide a
description and illustrations, including maculation and
genitalic characters for separation from other
Synanthedon species.

AB REC: Ministik Lake, 15 km W of Tofield, 29 June
1999, pheromone trap, B.C. Schmidt [UASM] (4

specimens). Wagner Fen Natural area, 15 km W of

Edmonton, 19 July 1999, pheromone trap, A. Ngui
[UASM] (2 specimens); 27 July 1999, pheromone trap,
A. Ngui [UASM] (5 specimens). Caribou Mountains,
Wentzel River near outlet, 7-9 July 2003, malaise trap,
G. Hilchie [UASM].

DIST: Previously known from three specimens
collected in Saskatchewan and Manitoba (Eichlin &
Duckworth 1988), and from a single locality in Quebec
(Handfield 2002).

BIO: Unknown.

COM: Identification of specimens listed above was
confirmed by T.D. Eichlin.

Synanthedon saxifragae (Edwards, 1881)

ID: A relatively large (20 to 25 mm WS) clear-winged
moth with a bluish-black body and orange legs. Eichlin
& Duckworth (1988) provide a description and
illustrations, including maculation and _ genitalic
characters for separation from other Synanthedon
species.

AB REC: Banff, 5 July 1922, C.B.D. Garrett [CNC].
Frank, 18 June 1962, K.C. Herrmann [CNC]. Prospect
Creek, 2000 m, open conifer willow subalpine at
treeline, on flower, 13 July 2001, G.G.
[UASM].

DIST: This is a transcontinental boreal species,
reported from Laborador to Alaska, and S at higher
altitudes to Colorado and California (Eichlin &
Duckworth 1988). It has not specifically been reported
from Alberta.

BIO: Nothing is known of the biology of this speelss,
except that its ost plant is "definitely not a saxifrage"
(Eichlin & Duckworth 1988).

COM: Identification of the specimens listed above
was confirmed by T.D. Eichlin.

Anweiler

Synanthedon proxima (Edwards, 1881)
ID: A medium-sized (17 to 22 mm WS) clear-winged

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

moth with a bluish-black body. Eichlin & Duckworth
(1988) provide a description and illustrations, including
maculation and genitalic characters for separation from
other Synanthedon species.

AB REC: Tolman Bridge Recreation Area,
51.8325°N 113.0106°W, 1 July 2001, pheromone trap,
G.G. Anweiler [UASM] (4 specimens).

DIST: Previously known from eastern and central
North America, (Eichlin &
Duckworth 1988).

BIO: Larvae are borers in stems of Salix species
(Salicaceae) (Eichlin & Duckworth 1988).

COM: Synanthedon proxima and S. albicornis are
sister species. Eichlin & Duckworth (1988) believed
that the former was restricted to eastern forests only as
far W as Manitoba, and that the latter was restricted to
the Rocky Mountains. Identification of the specimens
listed above was confirmed by T.D. Eichlin.

as far W as Manitoba

TORTRICIDAE
Tortricinae

Acleris paracinderella Powell, 1964

ID: A medium-sized (15 to 20 mm WS) moth with
bluish-grey FW and cream colored HW (Fig. 6). The
FW has a dusting of black scales, and a distinctive white
stripe on the costal margin, which may be poorly
developed in some specimens. Powell (1964) provides a
description and genitalia illustrations. It is very similar
to A. minuta (Robinson) and A. celiana (Robinson) form
albilineana Kearfott; A. minuta is without, or with a

vaguely suggested, white costal margin on the FW; A.
celiana form albilineana has the white stripe separated
from the costal margin by a grey fringe. The genitalia
have unique features, Ww hich can be used to ‘identify
doubtful specimens (Powell 1964, Razowski 1966). An
orange summer form, similar to the orange summer
form of A. minuta (Powell 1964) has been found in
California (J.-A. Powell pers. comm.).

AB REC: Kananaskis, Elbow Ranger Station, ex. 's.
birch" [=Betula pumilla L. (Betulaceae)], reared,
emerged 29 August 1951 [NFRC].

DIST: Powell (1964) reported this species from
"mountainous areas of the Pacific coast from south-
central British Columbia south to the northern Sierra
Nevada, California."

BIO: Powell (1964) reports the larval host as Prunus
species (Rosaceae); the rearing reported above from
Betula represents a new host record.

Sparganothis unifasciana (Clemens, 1864)

ID: A relatively large (20 to 25 mm WS) moth with
dark yellow FW with a unique pattern of brown marks.
Pogue & Lavigne (1981) provide a description and

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

illustration.

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, 52.49°N
112.22°W, 675 m, 9 July 2002, 26 August 2002, UV LT
[BIRD] (2 specimens). Buffalo Lake Conservation Area,
52.53°N 112.70°W, aspen parkland, 22 June 2001, 27
July 2002, 15 July 2001, UV LT [BIRD] (3 specimens).
Dominion Range Station, Manyberries [=Onefour], 3
August 1951, D.F. Hardwick [CNC] (2 specimens). Dry
Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park, 51.93°N 112.97°W,
12 July 2002, UV LT [BIRD] (2 specimens). Erskine,
52.32°N 112.88°W, 800 m, aspen parkland, 20 July 2002,
UV LT [BIRD]. Kneehill Co., Tolman Bridge
Recreation Area, 51.8325°N 113.01L06°W, 21 July 1989,
4 July 2000, 3 July 2001, UV light, E. Mengersen
[BIRD]; [OLDS] (5 specimens). 3 km S of Nevis, Allen
Hall acreage, 52.31°N 113.05°W, 815 m, aspen parkland,
0 July 2002, UV LT [BIRD]; 22 July 2002 [BIRD] (2
specimens). Olds, 23 July 1998, 20 August 1998, UV
light, E. Mengersen [OLDS] (2 specimens). Writing-
On-Stone Provincial Park, 20 July 1982, UV light in
riverine habitat with willows, J.-F. Landry [CNC].

DIST: Previously known from eastern North
America and W as far as Saskatchewan and Utah (Pogue
& Lavigne 1981).

BIO: A wide variety of host plants have been
reported for this species, including Trifolium species
(Leguminosae), Prunus virginiana L., Malus, Rhubus,
and C rataegus species (Rosaceae), Pinus species, Picea
glauca (Moench) Voss (Pinaceae), and Fraxinus species
(Oleaceae) (Pogue & Lavigne 1981).

Argyrotaenia quadrifasciana (Fernald, 1882)

ID: A small to medium-sized (14 to 17 mm WS)
moth with bright orange FW and grey-brown HW. The
FW has a unique pattern of two narrow diagonal bands
and a wide diffuse area at the wingtip; these markings
are purple in males, and dark orange in females.
Freeman (1958) and Pogue & Lavigne (1981) provide
descriptions and adult habitus images: the latter also
provides genitalia illustrations.

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, 52.49°N
112.22°W, 675 m, 26 August 2002, UV LT [BIRD].
Edmonton, ex. Cotoneaster, emerged 28 June 1971
[NFRC] (2 specimens).

DIST: Previously known from eastern North
America, as far W as eastern Wyoming in the South
(Pogue & Lavigne 1981), and Manitoba in the North
(Prentice 1965).

BIO: Larvae feed on Prunus, Malus, and Crataegus
species, and Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. (Rosaceae)
(Pogue & Lavigne 1981). The life history has been
studied by Chapman & Lienk (1971). It overwinters as a
third-instar larva, in a hibernaculum attached to host

tree branches.

COM: This species is known as the Fourlined
Leatroller. It is a conspicuous moth, and larval feeding is
quite noticeable on ornamental trees; if it were a native
species in Alberta, it likely would have been collected
more than once by FIDS rangers, or by Kenneth
Bowman. It has probably arrived within the past four
decades in Alberta.

Argyrotaenia mariana (Fernald, 1882)

ID: A medium-sized (18 to 22 mm WS) moth with
light greyish brown FW crossed by a diagonal band of
dark brown. Freeman (1958) provides a description and
adult illustration.

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, 52.49°N
112.22°W, 675 m, 3 June 2002, MV light [BIRD].
Medicine Lake Grazing Reserve, 9 km SW Winfield,
53.91°N 114.52°W, 975 m, 15 June 2002, UV LT
[BIRD]. Rochon Sands Provincial Park, 52.463°N,
112.895°W, 730 m, chokecherry/saskatoon, 28 May
2003, UV LT [BIRD] (4 specimens). 8 km SE of
Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N 113.22912°W, aspen forest.
4 June 2000, houselight [POHL] (2 specimens); 20 June
2000, MV light [POHL] (4 specimens); 13 June 2002
[POHL]. Wildwood, ex. Populus tremuloides, reared.
collected 1962, emerged 5 February 1963 [in lab]
[NFRC]. 8 km NW of Winfield, 53.01°N, 114.50°W,
mixed woods, 17 June 2000, MV light [BIRD]; 15 June
2002, UV LT [BIRD] (2 specimens).

DIST: Previously known from eastern North
America as far W as Saskatchewan (Prentice 1965).

BIO: This species is a pest of Malus species
(Rosaceae). It has also been reported from many other
species, including Vaccinium species (Ericaceae) and
possibly Quercus species (Fagaceae) (Freeman 1958),
and from Betula, Alnus (Betulaceae), Prunus
(Rosaceae), Salix, Populus (Salicaceae), Ulmus
(Ulmaceae), and Acer (Aceraceae) species (Prentice
1965).

COM: This species is known as the Grey-Banded
Leafroller. It is probably a recent arrival in Alberta. It is
now common in the Edmonton area: if it had been
present at current population levels when Kenneth
Bowman was collecting and the FIDS program was
active, it would have undoubtedly been collected
regularly.

Lozotaenia hesperia Powell, 1962

ID: A relatively large (22 to 24 mm WS) moth, with
maculation consisting of two dark brown spots on the
costal margin of the brownish-grey FW (Fig. 7). Powell
(1962) provides a description and genitalia illustrations.
It can be separated from other Lozotaenia species via
examination of the genitalia, and comparison to figures

in Powell (1962), Obraztsov (1962), and Franclemont
(1986).

REC: 8 km SE of Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N
113.22912°W, 25 July 2000, houselight [POHL]. Watson
Creek Campground, 5 km NE of Cadomin, 27 June
1982, morning in Myrica gale on river bank, J.-F.
Landry [CNC]. 29 km NE of Zama City, 59.33°N
118.43°W, boreal forest, 7 July 1997, 15 July 1997, UV
trap, G.R. Pohl et al. [NFRC] (5 specimens).

DIST: This species was described from specimens
collected in Yukon Territory and Alaska, and it has since
been reported from Quebec (Handfield 2002). The
NFRC and POHL collections also have specimens from
Saskatchewan. ;

BIO: Unknown.

Olethreutinae

Apotomis paludicolana (Brower, 1953)

ID: A medium-sized (15 to 1S mm WS) moth with
dark greyish brown on the distal two-thirds, and white
on the apical one-third of the FW. Adamski & Peters
(1986) provide a description and illustrations, including
maculation and genital characters for separation from
other Apotomis species.

AB REC: Edmonton, 15 June 1933, 20 June 1938, 11
June 1941, 7 June 1948, 6 June 1949, K. Bowman
[UASM] (5 specimens).

DIST: This species was described from Maine, and
has since been reported from New Brunswick (Adamski
& Peters 1986) and Quebec (Handfield 2002).

BIO: This species is known from bog habitats
(Brower 1953). Adamski & Peters (1986) state that
according to Brower (1953), the host is Myrica gale (L.)
(Myricaceae). However, Brower (1953) contains no such
information. M. gale is a bog species, but is not known
within 500 km of Edmonton (Moss 1983).

COM: The above specimens were likely identified by
Bowman (1951) as A. capreana (Hiibner) or A. tertiana
(McDunnough). They were determined by D, Adamski
in 1981 as A. paludicolana, but they were not
incorporated into Adamski & Peters! (1986) revision of
the genus. Their identity was confirmed by the first
author of the current paper.

Phaneta lapidana (Walsingham, 1879)

ID: A medium-sized (18 to 19 mm WS) brownish
grey moth with no markings on the FW. Wright et al.
(1997) provide habitus and genitalia illustrations, and
describe genital characters for separation from similar
species.

AB REC: Buffalo Lake Conservation Area, 52.53°N
112.70°W, aspen parkland, 24 September 2001, UV LT
[BIRD]. Rochon Sands Provincial Park, 52.463°N
112.895°W, 720 m, aspen parkland, 14 September 2001,

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

UV LT [BIRD].

DIST: Previously known from Oregon and the
Chilcotin Plateau in British Columbia. (Wright et al.
1997).

BIO: Unknown.

Zeiraphera hesperiana Mutuura & Freeman,
1966

ID: A medium-sized (14 to 18 mm WS) moth with a
mottled brown and white pattern on the FW. Mutuura
& Freeman (1966) provide a description and
illustrations. It is somewhat variable and extremely
similar to other Zeiraphera species; it can be identified
with certainty only via examination of the genitalia, or
host plant association (see below).

AB REC: Porcupine Hills, ex. Douglas-fir, reared,
emerged 7 August 1951 [NFRC].

DIST: Previously known from southern British
Columbia, from Vancouver Island to the Kootenay
district (Mutuura & Freeman 1966).

BIO: Larvae feed on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae)). It is the only
Zeiraphera species that is known to feed on Douglas-fir
(Mutuura & Freeman 1966).

Gretchena semialba McDunnough, 1925

ID: A small (12 to 13 mm WS) moth with distinctive
maculation consisting of mottled brown and grey FW
with a metallic tornal spot, and glossy white HW with a
brown fringe (Fig. 8). McDunnough (1925) provides a
description, but no published illustrations are known.

AB REC: 16 miles N of Wandering River, ex. Alnus
sp., reared, larvae coll. 15 July 1966, adults emerged 16-
23 January 1967 [in lab], Layton [NFRC] (5 specimens).

DIST: This species was described from specimens
collected in Ontario and Manitoba, and has not been
reported elsewhere since.

BIO: The rearing information accompanying these
specimens comprise the only known information on the
biology of this species.

Rhopobota naevana (Hibner, [1817])

ID: A small (11 to 12 mm WS) moth with a mottled
dark brown and white pattern on the FW, including a
dark basal patch with an angulate margin, and a
prominent diagonal dark bar at two-thirds to three-
quarters distance from the base. Parenti (2000: Plate
115) provides an excellent color photograph; Miller
(1987) provides a photograph and genitalia illustrations.
It is quite similar externally to species of Gypsonoma
and Ancylis, and is best separated via examination of the
genitalia.

AB REC: Vicinity of Barrhead, black spruce bog, 24
July 2000, MV light, D. Macaulay [NFRC]. Fidler-
Greywillow Provincial Wildland Park, 63 km NE of Ft.

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

Chipewyan, Fidler Point, 59.107°N 110.426°W, 210 m,
mixed birch/jack pine, 23 July 2001, UV trap, D. Lawrie
[NFRC].

DIST: This is a holarctic species known from eastern
North America as far W as Michigan (Miller 1987), and
in the West in Washington and British Columbia
(Heinrich 1923). The NFRC also has specimens from
Northwest Territories.

BIO: This species is a common pest of Vacciniwm
species (Ericaceae). Larvae feed on the leaves, flowers,
and fruit. They also feed on other Ericaceae, Rosaceae,
and Rhamnus species (Rhamnaceae) (Brown 1983).

COM: This species is known as the Black-headed
Fireworm. Many publications and collections refer to it
as R. unipunctana (Haworth), which is an invalid
homonym (Poole 1996).

Epinotia albicapitana (Kearfott, 1907)

ID: A medium-sized (20 mm WS) moth with a
striking and distinctive FW pattern; the black costal half
of the wing adjoins the white caudal half with a zigzag
margin (Fig. 9). Heinrich (1923) provides a description
and genitalia illustrations. It is similar externally to E.
lindana (Fernald) and E. crenana (Hiibner), but in the
latter two species the caudal half of the FW is mottled
light grey rather than white. It is also similar to
Chimoptesis pennsylvaniana (Kearfott), which does not
occur in northwestern North America.

AB REC: Milk River Ridge, vicinity of Cardston, 10
km N of junction of Highway $20 and Highway 501,
1310 m, 24 August 1998, houselight [POHL]. Rochon
Sands Provincial Park, 52.46°N 112.88°W, 720 m, aspen
parkland, 14 September 2001, 25 September 2001, UV
LT [BIRD] (4 specimens).

DIST: Previously known from California, Colorado,
and Utah (Heinrich 1923). The senior author has seen
specimens from southern British Columbia, although it
has not previously been reported from Canada.

BIO: Nothing has been published on the biology of
this species. However, a specimen in the CNC from
Oliver, British Columia was reared from Prunus
virginiana L. (Rosaceae) by FIDS. The Rochon Sands
locality contains numerous Prunus virginiana plants.

URODIDAE

Wockia asperipunctella (Bruand, [1851])

ID: A medium-sized (16 to 18 mm WS) grey moth
with a black transverse fascia of raised scales on the FW.
Landry (1998a) provides a description and illustrations.

AB REC: 8 km NW of Winfield, 53.01°N 114.50°W,
1000 m, 25 May 2001, 16 Jun 2001, 8 Jun 2002, 15 Jun
2002, UV LT [BIRD] (4 specimens).

DIST: This holarctic species was reported for the

first time in North America by Heppner (1997), and was
subsequently reported from Alberta and _ other
provinces by Landry (1998a). The latter reported the
species from central British Columbia to Maine, and
from Touchwood Lake in east-central Alberta. Here we
report a second locality for Alberta.

BIO: Larvae feed on Populus tremuloides Michx.
(Salicaceae); in Europe they have been reared from
Betula (Betulaceae) and Salix species (Salicaceae)
(Landry (1998a).

COM: As Landry (1998a) discussed, this species is
probably more common than the rarity of records
suggests. It is crepuscular, and does not often come to
lights.

SCHRECKENSTEINIIDAE

Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hiibner, [1819])

ID: A small (10 to 12 mm WS) narrow-winged moth
with a greenish-copper tinge to the wings, and a dark
line on the FW (Fig. 10). Forbes (1923) provides a brief
description, including characters for separation from
other species of Schreckensteinia.

AB REC: Caribou Mountains Wildland Provincial
Park, Wentzel Lake, marsh near mouth of Wentzel
River, 59.075°N 114.450°W, dry peat bog over
permafrost, 10 June 2003, G.R. Pohl [NFRC]. 8 km E-
SE of Sherwood Park, wet meadow, 30 April 1999, at
dusk, G.R. Pohl [NFRC]. 8 km SE of Sherwood Park,
53.47792°N 113.22912°W, aspen forest, 18 May 2002,
diurnal [POHL]. 8 km NW of Winfield, 53.01°N
114.50°W, 1000 m, 14 May 2000, UV LT [BIRD].

DIST: This is the first report of this holarctic species
in Canada. It was previously known from eastern North
America, as far west as Michigan (Forbes 1923). It is
also known from California (Powell 2002).

BIO: Larvae skeletonize the underside of leaves of
Rubus species (Rosaceae) (Emmet 1996). Adults tend
to fly during the day or at dusk, and are occasionally
attracted to lights.

COM: This is the first published report of the family
Schreckensteiniidae in Canada.

EPERMENIIDAE

Epermenia imperialella (Busck 1906)

ID: A small to medium-sized (13 to 1S mm WS)
moth with light brown head, thorax and FW, and raised
tufts of black scales and a diffuse dark longitudinal mark
in the discal cell of the FW (Fig. 11). Covell (1984)
provides a color photograph; Gaedike (1977) provides a
description (in German) and genitalia illustrations,
including characters for separation from other species of
Epermenia.

AB REC: 8 km SE of Sherwood Park, 53.47792°N

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

76

Fics. 9-16. Microlepidoptera new to Alberta. 9, Epinotia albicapitana, 20.0 mm WS, Milk River Ridge, 24 August 1998 G.R. Pohl; 10,
Schreckensteinia festaliella, 11.1 mm WS, Quebec, lac Bralé near Ste-Agathe, 10 July 1988 J.-F. Landry; 11, Epermenia imperialella, 14.4 mm
WS, 8 kin SE of Sherwood Park, 13 July 2002 G.R. Pohl; 12, Dasypyga alternosquamella, 20.9 mm WS, Gogo Lake, 16 June 2000 G.R. Pohl;
13, Pyla aenigmatica, 20 mm WS, 5 km S of Nevis, 7 July 2002 C.D. Bird; 14, Lipographis fenestrella, 23 mm, WS, Big Knife Provincial Park,
22 August 2003 C.D. Bird; 15, Platytes vobisne, 12 mm WS, Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park, 27 June 2002 C. D. Bird; 16, Pediasia

abnaki, Cooking Lake, Franck Farm, T50 R21 W4, 29 July 1997 D. Lawrie.

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

OD. i

i

20 4

‘Fics. 17-20. Microlepidoptera new to Alberta. 17, Nemapogon acapnopennella, 14.4 mm WS, Edmonton, 21 July 2001 G.G. Anweiler; 18,
Micrurapteryx salicifoliella, 10.6 mm WS, Steen River, 7 August 1963; 19, Epermenia lomatii, 12.1 mm WS, Edmonton, 16 June 1947 K.
Bowman; 20, Ochromolopis ramapoella, 13.7 mm WS, Kleskun Hills, 20 July 2003 J.-F. Landry.

113.22912°W, aspen forest, 13 July 2002, MV light, G.R.
Pohl [NFRC].

DIST: Previously known from Pennsylvania and
Manitoba (Gaedike 1977).

BIO: Unknown.

Epermenia lomatii Gaedike 1977

ID: A small (12 to 16 mm WS) brown and grey moth,
with raised tufts of black scales and a dark reddish
brown diagonal mark across the FW (Fig. 19). Gaedike
(1977) provides a description (in German) and genitalia
illustrations, including characters for separation from
other species of Epermenia.

AB REC: Edmonton, 16 June 1947, K. Bowman
[UASM].

DIST: This is the first report of this species from
Canada. It was previously known from California,
Oregon, and Washington (Gaedike 1977).

BIO: This species has been reared from Lomatium
and Velaea species (Gaedike 1977).

Ochromolopis ramapoella (Kearfott, 1903)

ID: A small (13 to 15 mm WS) moth with narrow
grey wings, with two patches of raised black scales on
the caudal margin of the FW (Fig. 20). The raised scales
are easily rubbed off, and are often indistinct in worn
specimens. Gaedike (1977) provides a description (in
German) and genitalia illustrations.

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, 52.486°N
112.206°W, 692 m, meadow with aspen/buckbrush, 17

June 2003, UV LT [BIRD]. Breed Creek, 3 km S of
Aden, 49.07°N 111.27°W, cottonwoods, creek bottom,
14 June 1996, UV trap [POHL]. Cypress Hills, Elkwater
Lake, 17 June 1996, at light [POHL] (2 specimens). Dry
Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park, 51.93°N 112.97°W,
27 June 2002 [BIRD]. Dunvegan, 19 July 2003, MV
light [POHL]. Kleskun Hills, 55°15'38"N 118°30'35"W,
20 July 2003, sweeping low prairie forbs at 21:30H, J.-F.
Landry [CNC] (2 specimens). 3 km S of Nevis, Allen
Hall acreage, 52.31°N 113.05°W, 815 m, aspen parkland,
25 June 2002, 7 July 2002, UV LT [BIRD] (2
specimens). Pinhorn Grazing Reserve, 49.10°N
110.82°W, prairie coulee on Milk River, 14 June 1996,
UV trap [POHL]. 18.5 km N of Stettler, 52.48°N
112.70°W, aspen parkland, 23 June 2002, UV trap
[BIRD]. Tolman Bridge Recreation Area, 51.8325°N
113.0106°W, Populus scrub and Artemisia, 15 June
2002, UV trap, G.G. Anweiler [NFRC] (3 specimens).

DIST: Previously known from eastern North
America, as far W as Manitoba, North Dakota, Utah,
and Colorado (Gaedike 1977).

BIO: Larvae feed on Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt.
(Santalaceae) (Gaedike 1977).

PYRALIDAE

Hypsopygia costalis (Fabricius, 1775)
ID: A medium-sized (20 mm WS) purple moth with
deep yellow costal marks and wing fringes on FW and

HW. It is superficially similar to Herculia thymetusalis
(Walker), but is easily distinguished By the wider yellow
wing fringes. Parenti (2000: Plate 132
photograph.

AB REC: Olds, 24 July 1998, UV LT, E. Mengersen
[OLDS] (2 specimens).

DIST: This is an extension of
introduced palearctic species.
reported in the published literature only as far W as
Kentucky and Texas (Covell 1984). J.A. Powell (pers.
comm.) reports specimens from Utah (1950s), Oregon
(1966), and California (1968). The OLDS collection also
has a specimen from British Columbia.

BIO: Larvae feed in stored hay, and are sometimes
pests.

COM: This species is known as the Clover Hayworm
in North America, and as the Gold Triangle Moth in
Europe. The Olds records may represent a very recent

2) provides a color

f the known range of this
It has previously been

and localized introduction of this moth in Alberta. Olds
is the home of the Olds College, which specializes in
agriculture. It is perhaps significant that no further
specimens have been encountered since the 1998
collections, even though the collector has trapped at the
same location frequently since that time.

Acrobasis betulella Hulst, 1890

ID: A medium-sized to large (17 to 25 mm WS) grey
and brown The FW
antemedial line, and a narrow zigzag postmedial line.

moth. has a wide, diffuse
Between the two bands are two small black spots on a
background of grey scales. Neunzig (1986) provides a
including

from other

description and illustrations, maculation
characters for

Acrobasis.

separation
There are no consistent differences in the
genitalia to distinguish this species. Identification is
easiest by food plant association; it is the only Acrobasis
species in Canada which feeds on Be tula species
(Betulaceae).

AB REC: Empress, reared, ex. Betula occidentalis,
collected as larvae 29 May 1962, adults emerged 4-12
July 1962, Gautreau [NFRC] (4 specimens).

DIST: According to Neunzig (1986), this species is
more common in the East, but it occurs across Canada
as far W as southeastern British Columbia. Although it
has been collected in Saskatchewan and_ British
Columbia, there are no previously published records for
Alberta.

BIO: Larvae of this species feed on several species of

Betula (Betulaceae).
overwinter

After hatching, they feed briefly,
in hibernacula on branches, and then
resume feeding the following spring, constructing a
silken tube of new foliage. Adult moths fly in July, and
eggs hatch later the same year (Neunzig 1986).

species of

Je JURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

COM: This species is known as the Birch Tubemaker.

Dasypyga alternosquamella Ragonot, 1887

ID: A medium-sized (20 to 21 mm WS)
distinctive FW,
streaked with longitudinal white and grey stripes on the
distal two-thirds (Fig. 12). Heinrich (1956) provides a
description and genitalia illustrations. No other species

moth with

grey on the basal third, and orange

of moth in northwestern North America has similar
maculation.

AB REC: Fidler-Greywillow Wildland Prov. Park, 20
July 2001, UV trap, D. Lawrie [NFRC]. 3 km NE of
ie Range Rd. 205, 3 km N of Victoria Trail, 670

, 20 July 1999, MV light, D. Lawrie [NFRC]. Gogo
ae 57.8827°N 111.0333°W, 16 June 2000, adult on
Pinus banksiana, G.R. Pohl et al. [NFRC].

DIST: Previously known from western United States
(California, Arizona, Colorado, Washington) and British
Columbia (Heinrich 1956). Prentice (1965) reports it
from several sites in southeastern British Columbia.

BIO: Mooney (2001) reports the host as mistletoe
(Arceuthobium species (Loranthaceae)), and provides
the following biological information, based on
observation in (Colao. Larvae initially feed externally,
and later mine into the mistletoe plants. Even a small
amount of larval feeding can kill the hosts. The moths
overwinter as pupae on the ground in a cocoon of silk,
frass, and soil. FIDS surveys report this species from
mistletoe on Larix, Tsuwga, Pseudotsuga, and Abies
species (Pinaceae) (Prentice 1965).

COM: Heavy Arceuthobium
americanum Nutt. occur on Pinus banksiana Lamb.
(Pinaceae) at all three Alberta collection sites listed
above.

infestations of

Pyla aenigmatica Heinrich, 1956

ID: A medium-sized (18 to 21 mm WS) moth with
black and white antemedial and postmedial lines and a
dusting of white scales on the FW (Fig. 13). Neunzig
(2003) provides a description and habitus illustration;
Heinrich (1956) provides genitalia illustrations. It is very
similar to several other Pyla species, but can be
separated via genitalic differences, as detailed by
Wilterding & Balogh (2002).

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, near Battle
River, 52.486°N 112.206°W, 683 m, meadow with
chokecherry, 8 July 2003, UV LT [BIRD]. Big Knife
Provincial Park, 52.492°N 112.211°W, 660 m, meadow
with chokecherry/aspen, 30 July 2003, UV LT [BIRD].
3 km S of Nevis, Allen Hall acreage, 52.31°N 113.05°W,
§15 m, aspen parkland, 7 July 2002. 1 July 2003, UV LT
[BIRD] (3 specimens).

DIST: According to Wilterding & Balogh (2002), this
species is distubuted across North Atmecites from the

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

Gaspé region of Quebec to Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, and as far S as Utah. However, no previous
records are known for Alberta specifically.

BIO: Unknown.

COM: Identity of the 7 July 2002 Nevis specimen
reported above was confirmed by G. Balogh.

Lipographis fenestrella (Packard, 1873)

ID: A relatively large (21 to 24 mm WS) moth with
FW ranging from ash gray to brownish yellow in color

(Fig. 14). The FW has narrow, white, nearly straight
antemedial and subterminal lines, and five dark dots
outside of the subterminal line. The HW is dull white to
pale bownish yellow, darkening toward the termen.
Heinrich (1956) provides a description and genitalia
illustrations; Neunzig (2003) provides illustrations. No
other moth in northwestern North America resembles
this species.

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, 52.493°N
112.220°W, 686 m, aspen/chokecherry/saskatoon, 22
August 2003 [BIRD]. Big Knife Provincial Park,
52.492°N 112.211°W, 660 m, meadow with chokecherry,
22 August 2003, UV LT [BIRD] (2 specimens). Lowden
Springs Conservation Area, 17 km S of Stettler, 52.09°N
112.425°W, 830 mm, prairie, 23 August 2002, 14 August
2003, UV LT [BIRD] (9 specimens).

DIST: Previously known from California, Utah, and
Manitoba (Neunzig 2003).

BIO: Unknown.

COM: Heinrich (1956) states that no features
separate Lipographis leoninella from L. fenestrella
except wing coloration. However, he felt they should not
be synonymized until details of their biology was known.
B. Scholtens (Biology Department,
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina), who identified
the 2002 material, noted that the full color range was
present in the Alberta specimens and that in his opinion
they are conspecific. (L. fenestrella is known only from
California).

CRAMBIDAE

Platytes vobisne Dyar, 1920

ID: A small (11 to 12 mm WS) moth with diffuse
brown longitudinal lines and a zigzag postmedial line on
the FW (Fig. 15). Landry (1995) provides a description
and illustrations. This species could be mistaken for a
tiny Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller), but in the latter the
postmedial line has only a single angle rather than two
conspicuous angles.

AB REC: Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park,
51.93°N 112.97°W, mixed grass with
Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Prunus virginiana and
Amelanchier alnifolia, 27 June 2002 [BIRD].

area

College of

DIST: Previously known from Connecticut to
western Ontario, S to Oklahoma and W to Colorado
(Landry 1995) and South Dakota (Forbes 1923).

BIO: Unknown.

COM: According to Landry (
very poorly TOTES in collections. This specimen
was identified by B. Scholtens (Biology Department.
College of Char leston, Charleston, South Carolina).

(1995), this species is

Catoptria maculalis (Zetterstedt, 1840)

ID: A medium-sized (17 mm WS)
chocolate brown wings, with two light blotches in the
center of the FW, and lacking distinct antemedial,
postmedial, and subterminal lines. Landry (1995: Figs.
168, 260, 317) provides illustrations of an adult, and of
the male and female genitalia. This species is
superficially similar to Agi -iphila biarmica (Tengstrém),
Catoptria trichostoma (Christoph)
centuriella (D. & S.), all of which have a zigzag
subterminal line in the FW.

moth with

and Gesneria

AB REC: 29 km NE of Zama City, 59.33°N
118.43°W, boreal forest, 15 July 1997, G.R. Pohl

[NFRC].

DIST: This holarctic species has previously been
reported from Quebec/Labrador (Handfield 1997) and
from Yukon Territory (Lafontaine & Wood 1997).

BIO: Unknown.

Pediasia abnaki (Klots, 1942)

ID: A large (23 to 27 mm WS) moth with grayish
white FW relatively
(approximately 1 mm diameter) dark spots dor. sally, and
with the distal one third of the wing along the costal
margin pale bluish gray (Fig. 16). Klots (1942) provides
el dlesoiation and illustrations. It can be separated from
other species of Pediasia by the bluish grey ground color
in the distal third of the FW, and by the coarse rather
than fine scattering of dark spots.

AB REC: Vicinity of Cooking Lake, 29 July 1997, UV
LT, D. Lawrie [NFRC]. McKenzie Crossing, 13 km W

of Big Valley, 16 July 2000, UV LT [BIRD]. Olds, 18
August 1989, § July 1984, 6 July 2002, E. Mengersen
[OLDS] (3 specimens). Tolman Bridge, 3 July 2000, 8
July 2000, E. Mengersen [OLDS] (3 specimens). 29 km
NE of Zama City, 59.33°N 118.43°W, boreal forest. 10
June 1998, UV trap, H.E.J. Hammond et al. [NFRC].

DIST: This species has been reported from Quebec.
Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick by Klots
(1942).

BIO: Unknown. In Michigan, it has been found very
localized in sedgy wetlands (G. J.

with a dusting of coarse

Balogh pers. com.).

Acentria ephemerella (Denis & Schiffermiiller
1775)
ID: A medium-sized (13 to 18 mm WS) moth with

80

semitransparent wings; the FW is light grey, and the

HW is white. Scholtens & Balogh (1 996) provide a brief

description; Parenti (2000: Plate 147) provides color
photographs. This species resembles no other moth
species in western North America, but could easily be
mistaken for a caddisfly (see comments below).

AB REC: Big Knife Provincial Park, near Battle
River, 52.492°N 112.211°W, 660 m, meadow with
chokecherry, 26 August 2002, 11 September 2002, 8
July 2003, 30 July 2003, 22 August 2003, UV LT [BIRD]
(11 specimens). Big Knife Provincial Park, near Battle
River, 52.486°N 112.206°W, 683 m, meadow with
aspen/buckbrush, 22 August 2003, UV LT [BIRD].
Calgary, Edgemont, 28 July 2003, T. Pike [T.M. Pike
COLLECTION]. Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial
Park, near Red Deer River, 51.93°N 112.97°W, 12 July
2002, 10 September 2002, UV LT [BIRD] (2
specimens). Holmes Crossing Staging Area, 7.3 km SE
of Fort Assiniboine on Highway 33, 54.29403°N
114.86665°W, pine forest, 22 August 2003, a trap, D.
Macaulay [DAM] (4 specimens); [NFRC]. J. J. Collett
Natural Area, 52.552°N 113.640°W, 895 m, aspen
woods, 9 August 2003, UV LT [BIRD]. Je: Collett
Natural Area, 52.551°N 113.640°W, 866 m, Picea glauca
woods, 9 August 2003, UV LT [BIRD]. Lowden Springs
Conservation Area, 17 km S of Stettler, 52.09°N
112.425°W, 830 m, 23 July 2002, UV LT [BIRD].
Medicine Lake Recreational Area, 52.749°N 114.744°W,
950 m, aspen/alder woods beside lake, UV LT [BIRD].
Mountainview County, Olds, 28 July 1995, 6 August
1997, 20 August 1998, 6 September 1998, 10 July 1999,
23 July 2002, 24 August 2002, UV trap, E. Mengersen
[NFRC] (4 specimens); [OLDS] (8 specimens). 3 km S
of Nevis, Allen Hall acreage, 52.31°N 113.05°W, 815 m,
aspen parkland, near pond, 7 July 2002, UV LT [BIRD].
Red Deer, Gaetz Lakes Sanctuary, 52.284°N 113.735°W,
841 m, meadow with Artemisia, 13 August 2003, UV LT
[BIRD]. Red Deer, Gaetz Lakes Sanctuary, 52.285°N
113.791°W, 858 m, balsam poplar/white spruce woods,
13 August 2003, MV light [BIRD]. Tolman Bridge
Recreation Area, E side of river, 51.83461N
113.01139W, 706 m, chokecherry/aspen, 24 August
2003, UV LT [BIRD].

DIST: Scholtens & Balogh (1996) report that this
European species was introduced to North America,
and first reported in Montreal, Quebec, in 1927. By
1996 it was well established in the Great Lakes region,
and as far W as the Missouri River in Iowa.

BIO: The aquatic larvae of this species feed on Water
Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum (Haloragaceae)) and
other aquatic plants (Scholtens & Balogh 1996). They
obtain oxygen from their hostplants, and possibly via
diffusion through the skin (Watson & Whalley 1975).

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

COM: Watson & Whalley (1975) comment that when
members of this genus were first discovered, they were
described as caddisflies (Trichoptera) rather than moths.
This species is listed as A. nivea, (Olivier, 1791) in
Hodges et al. (1983).

Munroessa icciusalis (Walker, 1859)

ID: A medium-sized (18 to 20 mm WS) straw-
colored moth with a unique pattern of white marks and
curved black lines on the wings. Munroe (1972)
provides a description and illustrations.

AB REC: Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park,
lake 3 km E of dunes, 58.165°N 110.844°W, pitcher
plant bog, 1050 m, 24 August 2000, D. Macaulay and D.
Lawrie [NFRC]. 10 km NE of Bearberry, 15 July 2002,
E. Mengersen [OLDS]. 8 km NW of Winfield, 53.01°N
ee 50°W, mixed woods near East Poplar Creek, 1000
m, 22 July 2000, UV LT [BIRD].

DIST. Munroe (1972) reports this species from
Newfoundland and W to Nebraska, and in British
Columbia in the Fraser and Okanagan valleys. Besides
the Alberta specimens, the NFRC has specimens from
Saskatchewan and Manitoba.

BIO: The larvae of this species are aquatic, and feed
primarily on Potamogeton species (Potamogetonaceae),
and also on other aquatic plants (Munroe 1972). They
construct oblong biconvex cases of parts of their host
plants.

COM: Munroe (1972) thought this species may have
been introduced in British Columbia, as there was no
evidence at that time that the range was continuous. It
is clearly transcontinental.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the following people for assistance with identifica-
tion of specimens, and for providing biological and taxonomic
information: George J. Balogh, John W. Brown, Don R. Davis,
Thomas D. Eichlin, Jerry A. Powell, Brian G. Scholtens, and
Alma Solis. We also thank Tracy Dickinson of AAFC Leth-
bridge, Doug Macaulay, Emest Mengersen of Olds College, and
Ted Pike for allowing access to specimens; Elfriede A. Pohl for
translating a German publication; and Laura DeHaas for
preparing several images. We also thank the Alberta Lepi-
dopterists' Guild for providing a supportive community which
helped us in many ways. James Hammond, Brenda Laishley, and
Daryl Williams of the Canadian Forest Service (Edmonton),
James Troubridge of AAFC (Ottawa), and Jerry A. Powell of the
University of Gatlraitin (Berkeley) provided valuable comments
on the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the
Canadian Forest Service, and an NSERC grant to Dr. F. A. H.
Sperling.

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Received for publication 12 March 2004; revised and accepted 26
January 2005

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society
59(2), 2005, 83-SS

NEW ADDITIONS TO THE BUTTERFLY FAUNA OF BELIZE

JOHN A. SHUEY

The Nature Conservancy, 1505 North Delaware Street, Suite 200Indianapolis, IN 46202

VALERIE GILES
HCR-71 Box 583, Orbisonia, PA 17243

JAN MEERMAN
P.O.Box 208, Belmopan, BELIZE

PAUL LaBus
The Nature Conservancy, 2400 New York Ave., Room 269, Calumet College of Saint Joseph, Whiting, IN 46394

CAROL W. SCHUTTE
North Iowa Area Community College, 500 College Drive, Mason City, Iowa 50401

AND

PETER KOVARIK

Research Associate of the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, 239 Crestview Road, Columbus, OH 43202

ABSTRACT: We present records for 85 butterfly species new to Belize and discuss an additional seven species that were previ-
ously known from vague literature records. These records represent a 19% increase in the number of butterflies (excluding Hes-
periidae) known from the country. New records include 10 new Nymphalidae, and 75 new Lycaenidae (including Riodininea). A
total of 521 species of true butterflies are now known from Belize. Using the nonparametric estimator Chao 2 in conjunction with
our comprehensive database of Belize butterfly records, we estimate total species richness to be 633.

Faunal lists of invertebrate groups from tropical
regions are potentially valuable to workers pursuing a
wide variety of biological including
biogeography analysis and community — ecology.
Although Belize has earned a growing reputation as a
favored destination for such investigations, much
remains to be learned about the composition and
distribution of the Belize butterfly fauna. Older
literature, such as Davis (1928), is either badly dated, or
else represents the results of rather limited field efforts.
Davis' (1928) account of the fauna, while providing
interesting reading, reflected an era when
transportation through the country was extremely
limited, and butterfly taxonomy was badly confused.
Although far from a comprehensive faunal review, his
accounts of some 200+ species are still intriguing and
provide valuable insights into the ecology of Belize 100
years ago. Ross (1961) provided a_ significant
contribution by publishing an annotated list of species
collected during a month stay in the country. More
recently, Meerman (1999) produced the most complete
summary of butterfly records to date based on field
work throughout the country, making a significant
contribution to butterfly faunal studies in the region.
Meerman reported a total of 436 species of true
butterflies from Belize and includes a thorough
treatment of historical records as well.

Over the past 10 years, we have sampled butterflies

studies

extensively throughout Belize and have documented the
occurrence of numerous species not previously reported
for the country. Although we have tried to distribute
our sampling effort as widely as possible across habitats
and geographic areas, the bulk of our most recent field
work has been concentrated at a few key representative
sites located primarily in the northern half of the
country. Table 1 summarizes the most important
ecosystems types (Meerman and Sabido 2001) present
at each of these sites.

Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area,
Orange Walk District. Hill Bank Camp, located on
the New River Lagoon, provides access to northerm
Belize limestone-substrate broadleaf forests, bajo
forests (see Austin et. al., 1996), lake edge marsh, and
pine-ridge savanna habitats. La Milpa Camp, located in
extreme north-west Belize, provides access to vast
swaths of broadleaf forest and bajo forest.

Maya Mountains, Cayo District. Guacamallo
Bridge area at the Macal River - located on the road to
Carocol Ruins. Due to an abrupt change in geologic
substrates, this river defines the boundary between two
important habitat types in the Maya Mountains.
Broadleaf forest (limestone substrates) dominate the
south side of the river, while pine/oak scrub on granite
substrates dominates the north.

Chiquibul Forest Reserve, Cayo District. The
Las Cuevas Research Station, at an altitude o

84

approximately 500m, is nestled in second-growth pre-
montane, limestone-substrate broadleaf forest.
Succotz, Cayo District. Located in extreme west
central Belize, this is a densely populated area. Habitats
around the town and adjacent Xunantunich Ruins are
highly disturbed and range from pasture and recently

abandoned milpa, to young second-growth broadleaf

forest.

Mayflower Valley in Mayflower-Bocawina
National Park, Stann Creek District. Located at
the foot of the Maya Mountains, this site provides access
to second-growth granite-substrate broadleaf forest
habitats.

Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, Stann
Creek District. Located at the foot of the Maya
Mountains, this site provides access to second-growth
and mature granite-substrate broadleaf forest habitats.

Blue Creek Cave and Village, Toledo District.
Although not well sampled, this site provides access to
extreme southern Belize forests. Both second growth
and primary forest are accessible at the site.

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

During the period of 1995 to the present we spent at
total of approximately 29 person/months collecting a
total of over 7000 records from Belize. These records
represent over half of the data managed in a
comprehensive database of Belize butterflies. In
addition to opportunistic capture with hand nets, we
trapped butterflies using fruit bated traps (Shuey, 1997).
The extensive “photographic collections” of Belizean
butterflies of James Young and Jane Ruffin were also
reviewed and incorporated into this analysis. All
identifications of photographic records incorporated
into the database are made by the senior author.

In this paper, we present a list of 85 species not
recorded from Belize by Meerman (in bold), a 19%
increase in the number of species known for the
country. We also provide specimen-based records for
an additional seven species for which Meerman (1999)
had only non-specific literature records available for
Belize. All records based solely on photographs are
noted in the text. Nomenclature follows Lamas (2004).

These new additions to the fauna substantiate

TABLE 1. Primary habitat types present in the sample areas. Ecosystem types are defined and mapped in Meerman & Sabido (2001).

Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest on calcareous soils

Evergreen broad-leaved lowland shrubland (=bajo)

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest

Tropical lowland tall herbaceous swamp
Short-grass savanna with shrubs
Short-grass savanna with needle-leaved trees

Caribbean mangrove forest; freshwater mangrove scrub

Guacamallo Bridge area on the Macal: Southside

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland hill forest on steep karstic terrain

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest on steep karstic terrain

Guacamallo Bridge area on the Macal: Northside

Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland hill forest

Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved submontane forest

Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed submontae forest

Las Quevas
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest on steep karstic terrain
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest on rolling karstic terrain
Succotz/Xunatunich

Agriculture (milpa), secondary growth and remnants of:

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland hill forest, on rolling karstic terrain

Mayflower Bocawina National Park:

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland hill forest, Simarouba-Terminalia variant

Cockscomb Basin

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland hill forest, Simarouba-Terminalia variant

Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest on poor or sandy soils

Blue Creek

Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland hill forest on steep karstic terrain

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

Meerman's assessment of his annotated checklist. He
felt that the “big three” families, Papilionidae, Pieridae,
and Nymphalidae were very well sampled. We strongly
concur, and add only 10 additional species to the
country, all Nymphalidae. Meerman felt less sure that
the Lycaenidae (including Riodininea) had been as well
sampled, noting that only 9.9% of the data in his
database pertained to this family. We add 75 species of
Lycaenidae to the country, a 54% increase in the known
fauna. Based on our recent field experience, we expect

to add a substantial number of additional species of

Lycaenidae to the fauna of Belize as we increase our
sampling efforts in southern Belize over the next few
years. A total of 521 species of true butterflies are now
known from Belize: Papilionidae - 37species; Pieridae -
39 species; Nymphalidae - 233 species; and, Lycaenidae
- 212 species. Using the nonparametric estimator Chao
2 (Young, et. al 2004) in conjunction with the
comprehensive database, we estimate total species
richness to be 633 for Belize.

LYCAENIDAE - RIODININAE

Apodemia hypoglauca wellingi Ferris. Known
from two specimens collected from Consejo, Corozal
District. (Jul 1988)

Apodemia walkeri Godman and Salvin.
from scattered localities in Stann Creek and Cayo
Districts. (May, Jun and Oct)

Argyrogrammana holosticta (Godman and Salvin).
We have numerous records of this species, centered
around Hill Bank, Orange Walk District and Succotz,
Cayo District. (Feb, Mar, and Nov)

Baeotis barce Hewitson. A single photographic
record from Jane Ruffin taken at Crooked Tree Reserve,
Belize District. (Feb 2003)

Calospila cilissa (Hewitson). Known only from
Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek District, where it is
seasonally common. (May and Oct)

Calephelis browni McAlpine. We have numerous
records from Orange Walk and Cayo districts. (Apr,
June, July and Sept)

Calephelis clenchi McAlpine. Common in Toledo,
Stann Creek, Belize and Orange Walk districts. (May,
June and Sept)

Calephelis maya Clench. We have numerous
records from Toledo, Orange Walk and Cayo districts.
(July and Sept)

Calephelis stallinsgi McAlpine. Reported without
details in Meerman 1999 based on McAlpine's (1971)
revision. We have many records from Cayo, Corozal
and Orange Walk districts. (July and Sept)

Calephelis tikal Austin. Known from scattered sites
in Cayo, Orange Walk and Corozal districts. Otherwise,

Known

this species is known only from two specimens from
Tikal, Guatemala (Austin, 1991). (July and Sept)

Calephelis wellingi wellingi McAlpine. Reported
without details in Meerman 1999 based on McAlpine's
(1971) revision. We have numerous records from Cayo,
Stann Creek, Toledo and Orange Walk districts. (May,
July, Sept, Nov and Dec)

Caria ino Godman and Salvin. Known from a single
specimen collected by Ron King at Succotz, Cayo
District. (Sept 2002)

Caria rhacotis (Godman and Salvin). Known from
two records from Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (July and
Sept)

Emesis ocypore (Geyer). One record from
Lubantun Ruins, Toledo District. (July 1988)

Eusalasia eubule (Felder). A single specimen
collected at Succotz, Cayo District. (Sept 2002)

Eusalasia hieronymi (Salvin and Godman). Ron
King collected a specimen at Shipstern, Corozal
District. We have an additional records from Blue
Creek Cave, Toledo District and Las Cuevas, Cayo
District. (May and Sept)

Eusalasia procula (Godman and Salvin).
from four specimens collected at Hill Bank, Orange
Walk District, and an additional specimen from the
Macal River, Cayo District. (Jan, Mar and Sept)

Eusalasia pusilla (Felder). Reported from Corozal by
Godman and Salvin (1879-1901), we found it to be
locally common in and around Succotz and
Xunantunich Ruins, Cayo District (Sept and Nov 2003.)

Pheles melanchroia (Felder and Felder). Known
from a single record from Blue Creek Village, Toledo
District. (May 1999)

Menander menander purpurata (Godman and
Salvin). Known from specimens collected at Las
Cuevas and Mollejon, Cayo District, and a photograph
taken by James Young at Cockscomb Basin Stann Creek
District. (July and Dee)

Notheme erota (Cramer). Known from three
records, all from Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (July and
Sept)

Periplacis glaucoma Geyer. Known from a lone
hindwing collected at Hill Bank, Orange Walk District.
(Feb 1996)

Rhetus periander (Cramer). Reported by Meerman
(1999) based on records by Godman and Salvin (1879-
1901). We have encountered this species at sites near
Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (Sept 2002)

Sarota craspediodonta (Dyar). Known from Las
Cuevas and the oak - pine habitat at the Macal River,
Cayo District. (Sept)

Sarota myrtea Godman and Salvin. Known from a
specimen collected at Las Cuevas, Cayo District and a

Known

56

Pee record taken by Jane Ruffin at Blue Hole
National Park, Cayo District. (Sept and Dec)

Pirascca sagaris (Cramer). <A single record
collected at Rio On Falls, Cayo District. (June 1988)

Symmachia accusatrix Westwood. Known from a
single record from Mayflower-Bocawina Valley, Stann
Creek District. (May 1999)

Symmachia rubina Bates. Known from two records
taken in oak-pine scrub near the Macal River, Cayo
District. (July and Sept)

Theope eupolis Schaus. Numerous records
Cayo, Corozal and Stann Creek districts. (May, July and
Sept)

Theope pedias Herrich-Schaffer. Known from
Succotz and Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (July and Sept)

from

LYCAENIDAE - LYCAENINAE

Arawacuss hypocrita (Schaus). A single record
collected by Mike McInnis from San Ignacio, Cayo
District. (Mar 1994)

Arawacus jada (Hewitson). Known from scattered
localities in Cayo, Toledo and Corozal districts. (July and
Sept)

Arcas cypria (Geyer). Known from Las Cuevas,
Green Hills and the Macal River, Cayo District, and La
Milpa, Orange Walk District. (July, Sept and Oct)

Atlites carpasia (Hewitson). A single record from
Succotz, Cayo District. (Sept 2002)

Atlites gaumeri (Godman) Known from 2
collected from a tree-lined ditch in savanna east of
Belmopan, Cayo District. (Sept 2002)

Atlites inachus (Cramer). A single photographic
record from Jane Ruffin taken at Crooked Tree Reserve,
Belize District. (Feb 2003)

Aubergina paetus (Godman and Salvin). Known
from Gren Hills and Xinantunich Ruins, Cayo District
and Consejo, Corozal District. (June and July)

Calycopis atnius (Herrich-Schaffer). Known from
Blue Creek Cave, Toledo District, and Mayflower
Valley, Stann Creek District. (Apr and May)

Calycopis cerata (Hewitson). Known from two
specimens from Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek District
and Blue Creek Cave, Toledo District. (Sept and Oct)

Calycopis drusilla Field. Known from five records,
all from Hill Bank, Orange Walk District. (Mar and Apr)

Calycopis pisis (Godman and Salvin).

females

A single

record from Hill Bank, Orange Walk District. (Mar
1995)
Calycopis quintana Johnson. Known from

Consejo, Corozal District and La Milpa, Orange Walk
District. The type locality is Consejo, Corozal District.
(July) This taxon is synonomised under Calycopis
isobeon (Butler and Druce) in Lamas (2004), but

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

ecologically behaves as a distinct entity in northern
Belize and much of the Yucatan Peninsula.

Camissecla vespasianus (Butler and Druce).
Known from a single record from Hill Bank, Orange
Walk District. (Apr 1994)

Celmia conoveria (Schaus). Known from numerous
records from scattered localities within the Rio Bravo
Conservation Area, Orange Walk District. (Apr and
July)

Chlorostrymon simaethis (Drury). A single record
collected by Mike McInnis from San Ignacio, Cayo
District. (Mar 1994)

Contrafacia imma (Prittwitz). Known from a single
record from Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek District.
(May 1999)

Dicya carnica (Hewitson). Known from La Milpa,
Orange Walk District and Blue Creek Cave, Toledo
District. (June and July)

Electrostrymon joya (Dognin). Known from
Succotz, Rio On Falls and Douglas de Silva, all in
northern Cayo District. (Sept 2002)

Electrostrymon mathewi (Hewitson). Known from
a single record from Xunantunich Ruins, Cayo District.
(July 2003)

Electrostrymon sangala (Hewitson). Known from
numerous records from Toledo, Cayo, Corozal and
Orange Walk districts. (Mar, Apr, May, June, July and
Sept)

Enos nx. falerina (Hewitson). Locally common at La
Milpa, Rio Bravo Conservation Area, Orange Walk
District in July 1996.

Erora gabina (Godman and Salvin). Known from
Las Cuevas, Cayo District and Mayflower Valley, Stann
Creek District. (May and July)

Eumaeus_childrenae (Gray). Jan Meerman
discovered a population of this species at a site near the
Raspaculo River, along the west side of the Maya
Mountains, Cayo District, which will soon be flooded by
a hydroelectric reservoir. We have additional records
from Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (Sept)

Gargina thoria (Hewitson). Known from Las
Cuevas and the Macal River, Cayo District. (July 2002)

Iaspis nr. castitas (Druce). A single record from
Blue Creek Village, Toledo District. (Apr 1996)

Ignata gadira (Hewitson). Known from a single
record from Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek District.
(May 1999)

Ignata norax (Godman and Salvin). A_ single
specimen collected from Chaa Creek, Cayo District.
(June 1994)

Janthecla janthina (Hewitson). Known from a
single record from Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (Sept
2002)

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

Lamprospilus nr. arza (Hewitson). Known from a
single record from Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (July
2003)

Lamprospilus collucia (Hewitson). Known
primarily from Hill Bank, Orange Walk District, with an
additional record from Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (Feb,
Mar, Apr and Sept)

Ministrymon arola (Hewitson). <A single record
collected by Mike McInnis from San Ignacio, Cayo
District. (Mar 1994)

Ministrymon zilda_(Hewitson). A single
photographic record taken by James Young at the Belize
Botanical Gardens, Cayo District. (Apr 2003)

Nicolaea heraldica (Dyar). Known from a single
record from Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek District.
(May 1999)

Ocaria ocrisia (Hewitson). Known from Rio On
Falls, San Ignacio and Las Cuevas, Cayo District. (Mar,
June and July)

Ocaria thales (Fabricius). Known from Las Cuevas,
Cayo District and Hill Bank, Orange Walk District.
(Feb, July and Sept)

Ostrinotes keila (Hewitson). Known from scattered
localities in Cayo, Corozal, Stann Creek and Belize
districts. (April and Sept)

Paiwwarria antinous (Felder and Felder). First
reported by Owen (2000) from Las Cuevas, Cayo
District, as collected in bait traps. We have additional
Cayo records from Las Cuevas, northern Pine Ridge
and Succotz. (July, Sept, Oct and Nov)

Panthiades phaleros (Linnaeus). Originally reported
without specific data by Nicolay (1976). We have
records from Succotz, Cayo District and La Milpa,
Orange Walk District. (Sep and Dec)

Semonina semones (Godman and Salvin). Known
from a single record from the Macal River, Maya
Mountains, Cayo District. (July 2003)

Siderus philinna (Hewitson). Known from six
records from the area around Succotz, Cayo District as
well as a single record from Rio Frio Cave, Cayo
District. (Jan and Sept)

Strephonota sphinx (Fabricius). Known from
Succotz, Cayo District, Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek
District and Blue Creek Cave, Toledo District. (May
and Sept)

Strephonota syedra (Hewitson). Known from a
single record from Blue Creek Cave, Toledo District.
(May 1999)

Strymon rufofusca (Hewitson). Known from
numerous records from Cayo, Corozal and Toledo
districts. (June, July Sept, Oct and Nov)

Theclopsis demea (Hewitson). Known from a single
record from Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek District.

(May 1999)

Theclopsis mycon (Godman and Salvin). Known
from two records from Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek
District. (May 1999)

Thereus citonius cambes (Godman and Salvin).
Known from a single record from Consejo, Corozal
District. (July 1988)

Thereus lausus (Cramer).Known from a single
record from Consejo, Corozal District. (July 1988)

Thereus oppia (Godman and Salvin). Known from
the Macal River, Maya Mountains, Cayo District and
Sarteneja, Corozal Distrct. (July and Sept)

Thestius nr. lyeabas (Cramer). A single record from
oak-pine forest along the Macal River, Cayo District.
(July 2003)

Tmolus mutina (Hewitson). Known from a single
record from Blue Creek Cave, Toledo District. (May
1999)

Ziegleria syllis Druce.
localities in Belize, Orange Walk and Cayo districts.
(Feb, Mar, July and Sept)

Known from numerous

NYMPHALIDAE - LIMENITIDINAE

Adelpha boeotia oberthurii (Boisduval). Known
from a single record from Las Cuevas, Cayo District.
(July 2003)

Adelpha paraena massilia (Felder and Felder).
Initially attributed to Belize by Willmont (2003) based
on his miss-interpretation of literature records
(Meerman 1999) of Adelpha nea sentia Godman and
Salvin. Despite this, we have three specimen-based
records of A. paraena massilia from Las Cuevas, Cayo
District and Blue Creek, Toledo District. (May and
Sept)

Adelpha leuceria (Druce). Locally common at
Doyle's Delight (elev. 1124m), located on the Toledo
and Cayo districts border. (August 2004)

NYMPHALIDAE - CHARAXINAE

Agrias amydon Hewitson. Based on a single sight
record at Las Cuevas, Cayo District.
species landed on a bait trap as we were setting bait
inside the trap. Unfortunately, it flew off without
entering the trap. (Sept 2002)

Agrias aedon rodriguezi Shaus.
from Cockscomb Basin, Stann Creek District.
2004).

Memphis proserpina ( Salvin) . 1
around the base camp at Cockscomb Basin, Stann
Creek District and from Doyle's Delight (elev. 1124),
located on the Toledo and Cayo districts border. (Feb.
Mar, Aug and Sept)

A male of this

A single record
(Mar

Locally common

NYMPHALIDAE - BRASSOLINAE

Opoptera staudingeri (Godman & Salvin) Locally

common at Doyle's Delight (elev. 1124m), located on
the Toledo and Cayo districts border. (August 2004)

NYMPHALIDAE - ACREIINAE

Actinote anteas (Doubleday). One specimen was
caught (Meerman) near Placencia, Stann Creek Distict
on (February 2000).

NYMPHALIDAE - SATYRINAE

Cissia labe (Butler). Although Meerman (1999)
includes the species based on Davis' (1928) report, he
had no personal experience with it in Belize. Meerman
notes the historical confusion associated with the
identification of this species relative to Cissia confusa
(Staudinger) and Cissia pseudoconfusa DeVries and
Ehrlich and the high probability that Davis was in fact,
referring to one of these two common species. We have
a single specimen-based record of C. labe from Las
Cuevas, Cayo District. (Sept 2002)

Cissia terrestris (Butler). Initially reported by Owen
(2000) from Las Cuevas, we hereve that this is also the
“Cissia with distinctive orange lines on the hindwings”
referred to as Cissia sp. by Neeser (1999) from Slate
Creek Preserve (Cayo Dice), We have three additional

records from Hill Bank, Orange Walk District. (Feb,
Mar and Oct)
Euptychia mollis Staudinger. Known from

Mayflower Valley and Cockscomb Basin, Stann Creek
District. (Mar and May)

Megeuptychia antonoe (Cramer). Known from
Mayflower Valley, Stann Creek District and Green Hills,

Cayo District.(May, Oct and Dec)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We owe a debt of gratitude to many people for supporting
this work. For help with identifications: Robert Robbins,
George Austin, Kurt Johnson and Jason Hall. For access to their
extensive photo archives from Belize: James Young and Jane
Ruffin. Mike McInnis and Ron King provided access to speci-
mens and data in their care. Much of the field work reported
here was supported by The Nature Conservancy's Hoosier Sci-
ence Fund. V.Giles field work was funded by Manomet Obser-
vatory for Conservation Sciences and The Programme for Be-
lize. C. Schutte was supported in part by the Iowa Science
Foundation and Belize Audubon Society. We are also grateful to
the following institutions for providing access to the collections
in their care: The American Museum of Natural History and
United State National Museum of Natural History. We also wish
to thank Kim Kovarik for critical review of this manuscript.

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

LITERATURE CITED

AusTIN, G. T. 1991 (1993). A New Species of Calephelis from
Guatemala (Lycaenidae: Riodininae). J. Research Lepidoptera
30: 245-247.

AusTIN, G. T., N. M. Happab, C. MENDEZ, T. D. Sisk, D. D. Mur-
pHy, A. E. LAUNER, & P. R. EnRLICH. 1996. Annotated checklist
of the butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Tikal National Park and vicin-
ity (Peten , Guatemala). Tropical Lepidoptera 7: 21-37.

Davis, F. L. 1928. Notes on the Butterflies of British Honduras.
London, Old Royalty Book Publishing. 102p.

GopMaN, F. C. & O. SALVIN 1879-1901. Biologia Centrali Americana.
Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. London. 1269p.

Lamas, G. 2004. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, Checklist: part 4A.
Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville,

FL. 439p.
MCALPINE, W. S 1971. A revision of the Butterfly Genus Calephelis
(Riodinidae). Jour Res. Lepid. 10: 1-125.

MEERMAN, J. C. 1999. Lepidoptera of Belize. Tropical Lepidoptera,
Volume 10, Supplement 1, 61p.

MEERMAN, J.C. & W. Sapipo. 2001. Ecosystems Map of Central
America: Belize. 2 vols + map. Programme for Belize.

Nico1ay, S. §. 1976. A review of the Hubnerian genera Panthiades
and Cycnus (Lycaenidae: Eumaeini). Bull. Allyn Mus. (Sarasota)
35:1-30.

Ross, G.N. 1964. An annotated list of butterflies collected in British
Honduras in 1961. J. Lepid Soc. 18:11-26.

SHuEY, J. A. 1997. An optimized portable bait trap for quantitative
sampling of butterflies. Tropical Lepidoptera 8(1): 1-4.

WILLMOTT, K. R. 2003. The Genus Adelpha: Its systematics, Biology
and biogeography (Lepidoptera: Nymphe alidae: Limenitidini).Sci-
entific Publishers, Gainesville. 322p.

Youn, C. A., D. P. Larson & D. WuiTe, 2004. Estimating regional
species richness using a limited number of survey units.
Ecoscinece 1]: 23-35.

Received for publication 7 April 2004; revised and accepted
15 January 2005

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2 89

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society
59(2), 2005, 89-95

BIODIVERSITY PATTERNS OF SPRING-ASSOCIATED BUTTERFLIES IN A MOJAVE DESERT
MOUNTAIN RANGE

ERICA FLEISHMAN

Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA (650) 725-9914.
FAX (650) 723-5920. email: efleish@stanford.edu

DENNIS D. MurPHY
Department of Biology / 314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0015, USA

AND

GEORGE T. AUSTIN
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, P.O. Box 112710, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

ABSTRACT: We examined whether species richness (number of species), abundance, and species composition (identity) of but-
terflies at 23 springs in the Spring Mountains, an isolated mountain range in the eastern Mojave Desert (Nevada, USA), had a pre-
dictable response to presence of riparian vegetation. The Spring Mountains are the focus of regional conservation planning, and
managers are charged with prioritizing its springs for conservation and rehabilitation. We therefore used butterflies to help provide
information on faunal responses to potential changes in land cover. Species richness and abundance of butterflies in locations with
riparian vegetation consistently was higher than in locations with non-riparian vegetation across several levels of spatial resolution.
Similarity of species composition of butterflies decreased as the linear cisence between springs increased. Neither local presence
of larval hos eats nor vegetation association (riparian or non-riparian) of larval hostplants had a significant effect on occurrence
rate or abundance of individual species of Bubenice Nestedness analyses demonstrated that species present in locations with few
species of butterflies tended to be subsets of the species present in locations that were richer in species, but that pattern did not ae
pear to be driven by the availability of riparian habitat. The species that were present at the greatest number of springs tended to be
geographically widespread taxa that can exploit human and natural disturbances. Our results suggest that reduction in water avail-
ability and the extent of riparian vegetation at montane springs in the Mojave Desert is likely to reduce local species richness and
abundance of butterflies. The ability of broad categories of vegetation to serve as a predictor of species richness and composition of

butterflies, however, may be relatively low.

ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS. conservation, isolation, nestedness, riparian, Spring Mountains.

Springs and spring-fed aquatic systems support a
substantial proportion of aquatic and riparian species in
the arid western United States (Williams & Koenig
1980, Gubanich & Panik 1986, Myers & Resh 1999).
Not only do several hundred endemic species and
subspecies of aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates, and
plants depend on springs, but springs provide resources
for as many as 80% of terrestrial species (Hubbs &
Miller 1948, Thomas et al. 1979, Hershler et al. 2002).

Because springs are the only reliable source of water
across much of the western United States, human land
uses also have tended to concentrate around springs.
These uses include diversion of water for domestic and
municipal use, livestock grazing, and_ recreation
(Shepard 1993). Moreover, both intentionally and
inadvertently, humans have introduced numerous non-
native species of animals and plants to springs
(Hendrickson & Minckley 1984, Sada & Vinyard 2002),
leading to changes in biodiversity patterns and
ecological processes (Mills et al. 1993, Kinzig et al.
2001, Soulé et al. 2003). Rates of extinction in the
western United States currently are higher for native
species that occur at springs and spring-fed aquatic
systems than for species associated with any other
category of landscape features (Sada & Vinyard 2002).
As a result, restoration and rehabilitation of aquatic and

riparian areas, often with a focus on vegetation
communities, has become a top management priority.

Understanding how native faunal assemblages
respond to availability of water and composition of
vegetation in spring-fed riparian systems is critical to
development of effective, practical strategies for
ecological restoration and maintenance. The Clark
County Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan
(MSHCP), issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
in 2001, illustrates why this information has become so
important. Thanks to explosive growth of the Las Vegas
metropolitan area, Clark County is the most rapidly
urbanizing municipality in the United States. The
MSHCP, which covers 79 species, is intended to
mitigate the cumulative effects of urbanization while
giving participants greater security about future
regulatory restrictions. Among the requirements of the
30-year MSHCP is development of a Conservation
Management Plan for springs in the permit area. The
Spring Mountains, an isolated mountain range in the
eastern Mojave Desert, cover about 4000 km?, contain
approximately 300 springs, and are largely public land.
They have become a principal focus of these planning
efforts.

Few standardized biological surveys have been
conducted at springs in the Spring Mountains. Among

90

several well-known taxonomic groups,
are thought to be

invertebrates,
including tiger beetles and butterflies,
associated strongly with changes in land cover (Kremen
et al. 1993, New et al. 1995, Carroll & Pearson 1998,
Rodrigues et al. 1998S).
relatively short generation times, they may be useful for

Because invertebrates have

exploring how expansion or contraction of riparian cover
affects native fauna. In this paper, we present the early
results from an ongoing study that uses butterflies as a
changes in water

case- study group to infer how

availability and land cover at springs may affect native

fauna. As a first step, we have examined patterns of

species richness and abundance of butterflies associated
with broadly categorized riparian and non-riparian
vegetation. We are in the process of collecting detailed
data on
increase understanding of potential mechanisms driving
the patterns reported here and to help guide regional
conservation and restoration efforts.

vegetation composition and structure to

METHODS

Study system. The Spring Mountains are ca 125 km
in length and span an elevational gradient from 1500 m
in Las Vegas Valley to 3632 m on Charleston Peak. As
elevation increases, annual precipitation increases from
less than three cm to more than 55 cm. Summer
temperatures may reach 46° C at the lower end of the
elevational gradient, decreasing to -9° C at higher
elevations during the winter (Hidy & Klieforth 1990).

Most of the springs in the Spring Mountains are small
and
otherwise developed. Diversion structures, such as

isolated, and many have been excavated or
spring boxes to collect water and pipes to transport

water to nearby troughs or tanks, are common.
Numerous non-native species (mostly plants and fishes)
have colonized these springs, and many springs are
impacted by stochastic environmental phenomena such
as fire, avalanche, and flood. Nonetheless, some springs
appear to be in good condition and have been minimally
affected by either natural or anthropogenic disturbance.
The butterfly fauna of the Spring Mountains is
particularly w ell known and has been subject to
intensive sampling for more than four decades (Austin
& Austin 1980, Austin 1981).
Field Methods. Between April and August 2003, we
conducted surveys of butterflies at 23 springs that
collectively span major environmental and land-use
gradients in the Spring Mountains. Visits were
conducted once per month for a total of five visits per
spring. Phenologies of butterflies and plants were
similar among springs. Surveys were conducted ee
weather conditions were most conducive to flight (e.
mostly light

sunny, winds, warm temperatur ee

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

Although stronger inferences could be drawn if more
than one year of data were available, weather conditions
in 2003 were representative-neither particularly dry nor
particularly wet. Annual precipitation for 2003 at Red
Rock Canyon State Park in the Spring Mountains was
24.2 cm; the mean for the 17-year period of record is
29.4 cm (+ 13.6 SD) (Western Regional Climate Center
2004).

Sampling effort was roughly proportional to length of
the springbrook (i.e., sampling effort was approximately
equal per unit area). We established sampling points at
the spring source; 30 m from the source at 0°, 90°, and
270°; and at 100 m intervals downstream from the
source along the length of the springbrook. Vegetation
at each sampling point was categorized as either riparian
or largely non-riparian. Riparian taxa were defined as
those that almost always or usually occur in wetlands
with permanent water (Reed 1988). Examples of local
riparian taxa include Eleocharis, Equisetum, Juncus, and
Muhlenbergia. Although the existence of non-riparian
vegetation at a spring may seem to be a contradiction in
terms, many springs are ephemeral, with flow rates that
fluctuate seasonally or annually. As a result, plants that
do not depend on permanent sources of water (e.g.,
Bromus, Penstemon, Poa) often become established
near the spring source and along the springbrook. As
categorizations were
intentionally broad; categorizations vill be refined and
quantified following collection of additional data.

We established a circle with a 10 m radius at the
center of each sampling point. During each visit to each

noted above, our vegetation

spring, using methods that have proven effective in
other riparian areas in the Mojave Desert and Great
Basin (Fleishman et al. 1999, Mac Nally et al. 2004), an
experienced observer identified and recorded all
butterflies seen during a 10 min period within the circle.
In preliminary “mock” surveys, more than 10 min in a
sampling point almost never resulted in the detection of
additional species of butterflies. Because sampling
effort was approximately equal per unit area of the
spring, the risk of sampling error was relatively uniform.
Individual butterflies typically did not appear to move
among sampling points during each visit to each spring.
We calculated species richness (number of species) and
abundance (number of individuals) of butterflies over
the five-month sampling period for each spring. Where
applicable, we also calculated separately species
richness and abundance of butterflies associated with
ee and non- riparian vegetation at each spring.
Larval hostplants have been identified for virtually all
species of butterflies that inhabit the Spring Mountains
(G. T. Austin unpublished data). For each species of
butterfly that we recorded, we categorized the

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

occurrence and vegetation association of its larval
hostplant(s) across the suite of springs we surveyed as
present, riparian; present, non-riparian; or absent.

Analyses. We used analysis of variance to test
whether species richness and abundance of butterflies
varied as a function of vegetation association (riparian
versus non-riparian) across all springs. We also used
paired t-tests to compare species richness and
abundance of butterflies associated with riparian versus
non-riparian vegetation at the 18 springs with both types
of plant communities.

We calculated similarity (Canberra distances) of
species composition (i.e., species identity) of butterflies
among all springs, among the riparian component of
springs, and among the non-riparian component of
springs. We used Mantel tests (Mantel 1967, Douglas &
Endler 1982) to evaluate whether similarity of species
composition of butterflies decreased as linear distance
between springs increased. Canberra distances and
Mantel tests were calculated using the R Package
(Casgrain & Legendre 2001).

We used analysis of variance to examine whether
occurrence rate (i.e., the number of springs at which
each species was present) or abundance of butterflies
varied as a function of the occurrence or the vegetation
association of their larval hostplants in the study system.

To test whether predictability of patterns of species
richness and composition varied between riparian and
non-riparian vegetation, we used nestedness analyses.
Nestedness analyses have greatly expanded our capacity
to understand biotic patterns across networks of
terrestrial or aquatic islands of resources or habitat
(Wright et al. 1998). Nestedness analyses test the
degree to which species present in relatively species-
poor locations are proper subsets of species present in
relatively species-rich locations (Patterson & Atmar
1986, Wright et al. 1998). Nestedness is a property of
assemblages, not of individual species, and has been
interpreted as a measure of biogeographic order in the
distribution of species (Atmar & Patterson 1993).

Numerous studies have demonstrated that nested
distributional patterns are common across taxonomic
groups and ecosystems. The accuracy of predictions of
the sequence in which species will be extirpated from or
colonize a set of locations occupied by a nested
assemblage is positively correlated with the degree of
Herat ines Assemblages can be nested by multiple
phenomena, meledine but not limited to species-
specific probabilities of extinction, species-specific
probabilities of colonization, and nestedness of
resources or habitat types (Darlington 1957, Cook &
Quinn 1995, Lomolino 1996).

Nestedness effective tools for

analyses are

9]

management because they can suggest, albeit via

correlation, whether virtually any environmental
variable of interest is likely to affect distributional
patterns in an array of locations (e.g., Kadmon 1995,
Fleishman & Mac Nally 2002). Differential nestedness
among groups of species (e.g., functional groups or
guilds) that vary in sanctiivitsy to the extent of a
particular type of land cover, for example, suggests that
the processes affecting the occurrence and extent of
that land cover type are driving local extinctions or
colonizations (Hecnar & M'Closkey 1997, Fleishman &
Murphy 1999, Jonsson & Jonsell 1999). It may not
always be possible to establish a causal relationship
between environmental variables and species
occurrence, but strong correlations can, at minimum,
help refine process-based hypotheses that can be tested
with more intensive experiments or observations.
Nestedness analyses have realistic application because
they provide information on patterns and suggest
mechanisms affecting not only species richness but also
species composition. These data can inform decisions
about how to maximize richness of native species across
a multiple-use landscape (Margules & Pressey 2000).

To test whether assemblages were nested with
respect to vegetation type, we computed the relative
nestedness index C (Wright et al. 1990, Wright &
Reeves 1992). We estimated statistical significance using
Cochran's Q statistic (Wright & Reeves 1992). Values of
C vary between 0 and 1.0, approaching 1.0 for perfectly
nested matrices. Key advantages of this metric are that
it allows for statistical comparison of degree of
nestedness among matrices or data sets and is not highly
sensitive to matrix size (Wright & Reeves 1992, Bird &
Boecklen 1998). We used Z scores (standard-Normal
variates) to test whether degree of nestedness was
significantly different between assemblages — of
butterflies associated with riparian versus non-riparian
vegetation (Wright & Reeves 1992).

RESULTS
Of the 23 springs in the Spring Mountains that we
surveyed, 21 included riparian vegetation and 20

included non-riparian vegetation. Eighteen springs
included both riparian and non-riparian vegetation.

We observed a total of 55 species of butterflies at
plots, at springs, and along springbrooks (Figure 1). All
of the species were recor ded in association with riparian
vegetation; 37 species were recorded in association with
non-riparian vegetation. Many of the 18 species that we
recorded only in association with riparian vegetation are
known to occur in non-riparian vegetation elsewhere in
their distributional ranges, including within the Spring

Mountains. No species was recorded in association with

92

1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13:14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22.23 24 25 26 27 28 2930 31 32 93 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

Fic. 1. Species of butterflies present at 23 springs in the Spring Mountains. Springs are listed in decreasing order of species richness;
species are listed in decreasing order of number of springs ape * indicates butterflies found only in association with riparian vegetation

in this study (may occur in non-riparian vegetation elsewhere)

. Springs: A, Sawmill Spring; B, Willow Creek; C, Switchback Spring; D, Pine

Creek; E, Cold Creek; F, La Madre Spring: G, Ash Creek; H, Lost rer I, Mountain Springs; J, Ice Box Canyon; K, Oak Creek; L, Bonanza-

f; M, Bonanza-u; N, Calico Spring; O, Mud Spring 1; P, Mud Spring 2

; Q, First Ores R, Red Spring; S, Willow Spring; T, Wheeler Spring; U,
White Rock Spring; V, Willow Seep; W, Calico Tanks. Butterflies: 1, Leptotes marina;

2, Vanessa cardui; 3, Pontia protodice; 4, Danaus

gilippus; 5, Anthocharis sara; 6, Hemiargus isola; 7, Eurema nicippe; 8, Coa eth me; 9, Junonia coenia; 10, Nathalis iole; 11, Pontia
sisymbrii; 12, Danaus plexippus; 13, Vanessa annabella; 14, Adelpha bredowii; 15, Celastrina basen 16, Erynnis brizo; 17, Incisalia fotis; 18,

Pyrgus communis®; 19, Cercyonis sthenele;
cesonia; 24, !
meridianus®;

Euchloe hyantis®: ; 36, Hesperia comma®; 37, Icaricia acmon®

robusta®; 48, Chlosyne californica*; 49, Copaeodes aurantiaca®
spinetorum®; 53, Nymphalis milberti®;

non-riparian only.
butterflies at the spring level ranged from 7 to 30 (16.2
+ SD). Species richness of butterflies in
riparian vegetation fell between 6 and 30 (15.6 + 6.5),
and species richness in non-riparian vegetation ranged
from 1 to 14 (8.2 + 3.2).

We recorded a total of 4357 individual butterflies.
Abundances of butterflies at the spring level ranged
from 40 to 456 (189.0 + 125.0, mean + SD).
Abundances of butterflies in riparian vegetation fell
between 13 and 383 (154.4 + 115.0), and abundances in
non-riparian vegetation ranged from 3 to 136 (55.2 +
Soe)

Across all springs, species richness of butterflies was
significantly higher in riparian vegetation than in non-
riparian vegetation (iiss = 21.1, P < 0.001). Within
spring sites that had both riparian and non-riparian
vegetation, the effect of vegetation category was
significant as well (t = 4.119, df = 17, P < 0.001). Mean
abundance of butterflies in riparian vegetation was
significantly higher than in non-riparian vegetation, both
across all sites (F, ,. = 13.7, P < 0.001) and within the 18
spring sites that contained both categories of vegetation
(t = 3.788, df = 17, P < 0.01).

At the level of individual sampling points, species

vegetation

+ 6.2, mean

20, Limenitis weidemeyerii; 21, Papilio polyxenes; 2
Nymphalis antiopa®; 25, Papilio indra; 26, Nymphalis californica; 27, Pontia ee 28, Strymon melinus; 29, “Erynnis

30, Heliopetes ericetorum? ; 31, Megathymus yuceae; 32, Brephidium exile; 33, Hemiargus ceraunus; 34, Atlides halesus; 35,

; 38, Pieris rapaes; 39, Speyer “ia carolae; 40, Vanessa virginiensis®; 41, Apodemia
mormo; 42, Apodemia palmerii; 43, isa nilbics anella® 44, Mitoura siva®
; 50, Erynnis funeralis
54, Polygonia satyrus; 55, Satyrium behrii

Species richness of

2, Chlosyne acastus neumoegeni; 23, Colias

; 45, Polygonia zephyrus; 46, Vanessa atalanta; 47, C hosyne acastus
°: 51, Everes amyntula; 52, Loranthomitoura

richness and abundance of butterflies also were
significantly higher in locations with riparian vegetation
than in locations with non-riparian vegetation (species
richness: F, ,,, = 40.43, P < 0.001; abundance: F, ,,; =
41.52, P < 0.001). Thus, although vegetation in a higher
proportion of the sampling points (sampled area) was
categorized as riparian (0.55) than as non-riparian
(0.45), this difference did not appear to explain the
discrepancy in species richness and abundance of
butterflies and — non-riparian
vegetation.

Similarity of species composition of butterflies
decreased as the linear distance between springs
increased (Table 1). Neither local presence of larval
hostplants nor vegetation association of larval hostplants
had a statistically significant effect on occurrence rate or
abundance of individual species of butterflies.

The distributional pattern of butterflies at all springs,
at riparian portions of springs, and at non-riparian
portions of springs was significantly nested (Table 2);
therefore, the butterfly faunas at relatively depauperate
springs were statistically proper subsets of the species
present at relatively species-rich springs. Relative
nestedness of assemblages associated with riparian
versus non-riparian vegetation was not significantly

between _ riparian

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

TABLE 1. Correlations between distance between springs and simi-
larity of species composition of butterflies at all springs, the riparian
component of springs, and the non-riparian component of springs.
Values are Mantel r statistics. For all values, P < 0.001.

Mantel's r P
All springs 0.27 0.01
Riparian vegetation 0.14 0.06
Non-riparian 0.30 0.003

different, suggesting that vegetation type as categorized
in this study to date Aes not have an important
influence on the ability to predict the order of butterfly
colonizations or extirpations (i.e., the order of species
associated with riparian vegetation is no more or less
predictable than the order of species associated with
non-riparian vegetation).

DISCUSSION

Our results suggest that reductions in water
availability and the extent of riparian vegetation at
montane springs in the Mojave Desert are likely to
reduce local species richness and abundance of
butterflies. Across several levels of spatial resolution,
species richness and abundance of _ butterflies
consistently were higher in riparian vegetation than in
non-riparian vegetation. This is not surprising given the
importance of water, especially in xeric systems, for
sustaining larval hostplants, adult nectar sources, and
moist soil from which some species of butterflies draw
water and nutrients (Nelson & Andersen 1999, Mac
Nally et al. 2004). In semi-arid and arid environments,
butterflies, like many other terrestrial taxa, rely heavily
on resources provided by springs, spring-fed riparian
systems, and other isolated wetlands (Shapiro 1984,
Austin 1985, Murphy & Wilcox 1986, Schlicht & Orwig
1998). In addition, the structurally complex vegetation
often characteristic of riparian areas creates refugia for
many species of butterflies that cannot tolerate
relatively hot or dry microclimates (Galiano et al. 1985).

Financial and logistic obstacles make it impossible to
inventory terrestrial and aquatic taxonomic groups at
each spring in the Spring Mountains. Accordingly, land
managers would like to develop a method to predict
measures of biodiversity as functions of readily
categorized attributes such as land cover. Although
species richness and abundance of butterflies appears to
benefit from maintenance of riparian vegetation, our
results indicate that the ability of broad categories of
vegetation to serve as a predictor of species richness and
composition of butterflies may be relatively low. In our
study system, for example, neither local presence of

93

TABLE 2. Size and values of the relative nestedness index C for ma-
trices that naatiatad all springs, the riparian component of springs, and
the non-riparian component of springs. Degrees of freedom are (num-
ber of species - 1). All P-values < 0.0001.

Sites Species C
All springs 23 55 0.366
Riparian 21 55 0.367
Non-riparian 20 37 0.352

larval hostplants nor vegetation association of larval
hostplants was an effective predictor of occurrence rate
(proportion of locations in which the species was
present) or abundance of individual species of
butterflies. We suspect that observation at least in part
reflects a relatively high degree of polyphagy among the
butterfly species encountered in this study, which may
serve to reduce effective differences in the suitability of
springs that differ substantially in the composition of
their vegetation. Nonetheless, species present in
relatively depauperate locations tended to be subsets of
the species present in locations that are richer in
species, but the degree of order in species composition
(ie., the predictability of local extirpations and
colonizations) did not appear to be affected by whether
riparian habitat was available.

We recognize that conclusions drawn from one year
of data on butterfly occurrence and abundance may not
be definitive. We also acknowledge that the estimates of
resource quantity and quality presented here are
relatively coarse; we currently are collecting data on
more-detailed measures of vegetation structure and
composition that may have greater ability to predict the
order of butterfly colonizations or extirpations.
Nonetheless, absence of a tight link between
occurrence of butterflies and occurrence of larval
hostplants is not uncommon (Holl 1996, Waltz &
Covington 2004). Although adults that are facultative or
obligate nectarivores may be drawn to the high
concentrations of flowering plants that can be
characteristic of riparian areas, considerable proportions
of the distributions of primary larval hostplants in arid
environments, as well as entire distributions of potential
alternative hosts, may occur beyond riparian boundaries
(Galiano et al. 1985).

To some extent, the apparent inability of vegetation
type to serve as an effective predictor ‘of biodiv ersity
patterns of butterflies may reflect the tremendous

variation in abiotic and biotic attributes of springs in the
Spring Mountains, including but not limited to area and
morphology of the spring head and springbrook; water
volume, chemistry, and seasonal variability; and histor

94

of disturbance from all sources (Wettstein & Shmid
1999). We have observed similarly weak relationships
between species richness and composition of aquatic
invertebrates in the Spring Mountains and gradients in
disturbance intensity and major environmental variables
(Sada et al. 2005). The isolation of an individual spring
also appears to play a important role in determining its
butterfly species composition; springs that are closer
together tend to have more similar assemblages of
butterflies than springs that are further apart.

One of several useful considerations in establishing
location-specific priorities for conservation and
rehabilitation is presence of ubiquitous or “weedy”
species-in any taxonomic group-that are characteristic of
biotic homogenization or are able to exploit specific
natural and human disturbances as opposed to species
characteristic of less disturbed locations (Noss 1990,
Lockwood & McKinney 2001, McKinney 2002). In our
study system, individual species of butterflies were
present in one to 23 springs, with a median occurrence
rate of six springs (6.8 + 5.6, mean + SD). The two
species of butterflies present at all 23 springs surveyed,
Leptotes marina and Vanessa cardui, are highly vagile as
adult individuals, are geographically widespread, and
often occur in locations subject to relatively intensive
human land uses (Scott 1986). The third and fourth
most prevalent species among the springs we surveyed,
Pontia protodice and Danaus gilippus, likewise are fairly
opportunistic. Our results, therefore, reinforce the
principle that protection of locations that currently
support a large number of species, while desirable and
necessary for protection of biodiversity, may not be
sufficient to meet all conservation goals. Even in a
significantly nested system, some species that are absent

from relatively species-rich locations are present in

locations with equal or lower species richness.
Establishment of conservation priorities and strategies
requires not only information on species richness and
abundance but also complementary measures of
ecological condition and function (Kinzig et al. 2002).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Bruce Boyd for collecting the field data used in this
study. This work was supported in part by the Clark County
Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan and by the Nevada
Biodiversity Research and Conservation Initiative.

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Received for publication 11 June 2004; revised and accepted 23
March 2005

96

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society
59(2), 2005, 96-106

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF FRUGIVOROUS BUTTERFLIES IN A FRAGMENTED AND A
CONTINUOUS LANDSCAPE IN THE SOUTH BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST

Marcio UEHARA-PRADO !?

KEITH S. BROWN Jr. >?

AND

ANDRE VICTOR LUCCI FREITAS ?'4

ABSTRACT. We test whether five biological traits of frugivorous butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) of the Brazilian Atlantic
Forest differ between a continuous forest and an adjoining fragmented landscape. Possible fragmentation effects were detected in
sex ratio and age structure, but we found no evidence that recapture rates, wing size, or damage in frugivorous butterflies were re-
lated to forest fragmentation. Among the possible explanations for the observed patterns, we suggest that 1) the landscape is suffi-
ciently permeable and suitable for maintaining most general biological patterns in butterflies, 2) non-effects might be statistical ar-
tifacts, 3) the traits examined are usually not Aes cted_ by this level of fragmentation, or 4) the most abundant frugivorous butterflies

demonstrate some resistance to habitat. fragmentation.

Additional key words: fruit-feeding butterflies, forest fragmentation, population biology.

An inevitable result of the expansion of human
activities in forested habitats is the reduction of native
vegetation and the creation of mosaics of forest
remnants within an anthropic matrix. Consequently,
severe ecological outcomes in the landscape may be
predicted, and have been observed (Bierregaard et al.
2001). Forest fragmentation is currently one of the
processes that most contributes to the increasing rates
of species extinction and loss of biodiversity (Saunders
et al. 1991, Tscharntke et al. 2002).

To help ensure the success of biological conservation,

biologists need to understand patterns and processes of

changing landscapes, as well as population responses to
these large-scale modifications (Collinge 2001).
Although many studies treat habitat fragmentation
effects in Neotropical environments (reviews in
Saunders et al. 1991, Turner 1996, Debinski & Holt
2000, Laurance et al. 2002, Tscharntke et al., 2002), few

data exist for the most rich and abundant group of
animals in these environments, the insects. Effects of

forest fragmentation on populations of insects are still
little understood, and the empirical data are diffuse and
contradictory (Didham et al. 1996). Bierregaard et al.
(1997) point out that basic natural history information is
absent for a majority of the Neotropical fauna and is
deficient even for groups considered “charismatic”, such
as butterflies. amis) scenario is even worse when focueed

"Curso de Pés-Graduacao em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas CP 6109 CEP 13083-970,
Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil email: muprado@yahoo.com;
corresponding author

*Museu de Histéria Natural e Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto
de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109 CEP
13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

$ email: ksbrown@unicamp.br

* email: baku@unicamp.br

on one of the most endangered Neotropical ecosystems,
the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where only few studies on
fragmentation effects on insects have been done (eg.
Tonhasca et al. 2002, Brown & Freitas 2003).

Because butterflies are short-lived organisms whose
populations respond rapidly to changes in habitat
quality (Brown 1991), our objective is to determine if
biological traits of Atlantic Forest frugivorous butterflies
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (sex ratio, recapture rates,
size, incidence of damage, and age structure) differ
between a continuous forest and an adjoining
fragmented landscape (data on abundance distribution
as well as community patterns will be reported
elsewhere). These traits were chosen because they were
reported in other population studies on Neotropical
butterflies (e.g. Ehrlich & Gilbert 1973, Ehrlich 1984,
Freitas 1993, Ramos & Freitas 1999) and are easily
recorded, even if their relations to habitat fragmentation
are either ambiguous (e.g. Thomas et al. 1998, Davies et
al. 2000) or were not evaluated.

METHODS

Study area. The study area is located in the town of
Cotia, SA0o Paulo State, SE Brazil (23°35'S - 23°50'S,
46°45'W - 47°15'W). The altitude in the region varies
from 800 to 1,000 m, with climate Cwa (humid
subtropical with a dry winter, Képpen 1948). The
annual mean temperature is 20.4°C, ranging from
16.5°C in July to 23.6°C in February; mean annual
rainfall is 1,339 mm (meteorological data for 1962-
1992).

The site was originally covered with Atlantic Forest
vegetation, classified as montane rainforest (Ururahy et
al. 1997). Field work was done in two landscapes (Fig.
1): a continuous forest block (Morro Grande State

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

Reserve) and a mosaic of forest fragments immediately
to the west. The Morro Grande State Reserve ie S

- 23°50'S, 46°55'W - 47°01'W) is a large block of forest
(> 10,000 ha) mostly in advanced stages of succession,
containing patches of well-preserved original forest. The
fragmented landscape consists of a matrix formed
mostly of small farms and orchards, mixed with
vegetation in initial stages of regeneration (2to8 years)
and reforestation of Eucalyptus and pine plantations,
interspersed with about 35% natural vegetation (data
from 1:10,000 aerial photographs from April, 2000).

Frugivorous butterflies. Butterflies can be
separated into two main guilds, considering the feeding
habits of adults (DeVries 1987): 1) nectar-feeding:

Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae, and
some subfamilies of Nymphalidae; 2) “frugivorous”
nymphalid butterflies, mostly in the satyroid lineage
(sensu Freitas & Brown £ 2004): Satyrinae, Brassolinae,
Morphinae, Charaxinae, Biblidinae, and the tribe
Coeini (Nymphalinae). The so-called “frugivorous
butterflies”, besides feeding on fermented fauitel also
feed on mammal excrement, plant exudates, and carrion
(DeVries 1987).

Sampling frugivorous butterflies presents some

practical advantages. They can be easily captured in
traps containing rotting fruit, which permits

simultaneous sampling with standardized effort at
different sites. After identification, the majority of the
butterflies can be released unharmed and marked, so
that recaptures can be evaluated with minimum
handling. Moreover, the attraction of butterflies to a
food resource reduces the possibility of chance capture,

present in other methods (DeVries & Walla 2001,

Freitas et al. 2003).

Several nymphalid species in the nectar-feeding guild
(including Apaturinae, Limenitidinae and Ithomiinae
are occasionally captured with fermenting — baits
(DeVries et al. 1999). Since they belong to another guild
and may suffer influence from flowers next to the traps,
such species have not been considered in this work. A
complete illustrated list of the frugivorous butterflies
observed in the study area is presented by Uehara-
Prado et al. (2004).

Sampling procedures. This study was carried out at
nine sites in the two landscapes: four sites inside the
Morro Grande State Reserve (called “control”, Fig. 1 A-
D) and five forest fragments of approximately 14, 29, 52,

99 and 175 ha (Fig. 1 E-I, respectively). Each site
received a sampling unit (hereafter SU) of five portable
bait traps. Bait traps consisted of cylinders 110 cm high
x 35 cm diameter made with dark netting, with an
internal cone (22 cm wide at the opening) to prevent

Fic. 1. Location of the study areas in the Morro Grande Reserve (A-D) and in the fragmented landscape (E-I). Source: Kronka et al. (1993).

Y al

98

butterflies from escaping. The cylinder was attached ca.
4 cm above a plywood base, on which the bait was
placed (adapted from Shuey 1997).

The traps were placed linearly along pre-existing
trails in the understory of each site, suspended 1,8-2.2
m above the ground, with a distance of at least 20 m
between adjacent traps and at least 50 m from the forest
edge. Each trap was placed in a small, partly sunny
clearing large enough to allow butterflies to circle and
enter catihamnt exposing the bait and butterflies to
extreme heat. The average distance between traps did
not differ between SUs (Kruskal-Wallis H = 12.75, p =
0.121, df = 8). The use of five spaced traps per SU
aimed to average the effects of trap position and bait
attractiveness on the probability of butterfly capture
(DeVries & Walla 2001).

A standard mixture of mashed banana and sugar cane
juice, fermented for at least 48 hours, was used as
attractant. The bait was placed inside the traps in plastic
pots with a perforated cover to prevent butterflies from
drowning in the liquid, to avoid feeding by other insects,
and to reac nrg evaporation (Hughes et al. 1998). The
traps were checked every 48 hours, permitting an
increase in the number of sample sites (Hughes et al.
1998). The baits were replaced at each visit. The traps
were kept in the field 12-14 days for a total of 36,000
trap/hours, with about 10 hours of effective sampling
per day. Six samplings were carried out between
November 2001 and May 2002, the period most
favorable for the capture of frugivorous butterflies in SE
Brazil (Brown 1972).

Sampling was done with minimal collecting events to
reduce the effect of individual removal over time.
Before release, each butterfly received an individual
alphanumeric mark made with a felt-tipped pen on the
ventral surface of each hind wing (as in Freitas 1993,
1996). We registered the following data for each
captured individual: sex, forewing length, wing damage
(present or absent), and wing wear (a measure of age:
new, intermediate or old; modified from Freitas 1993).

We used G-tests for comparing proportions and
Student's t-tests for comparing wing sizes. Data for
males and females of each species were analyzed
separately when the sample size of each sex allowed
this. When multiple comparisons were made, critical
values were corrected using the sequential Bonferroni
method (Rice 1989).

RESULTS

Seventy species in six subfamilies of Nymphalidae
were included in the 1,810 butterflies captured (Table 1,
Appendix I). In 14 species (representing 76.6 % of the
sampled individuals), the sample was large enough (N >
30) to describe the chosen population measures
(Appendix I). Similar analyses with the remaining
species were done only when the data were pooled by
subfamily.

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

TABLE 1 Species richness and abundance (individuals captured) of
frugivorous butterflies subfamilies (Nymphalidae) sampled in the
Morro Grande Reserve (MG) and in the fragmented landscape (FR)
from November 2001 to May 2002.

Subfamily Species richness Individuals captured

MG FR MG FR
Satyrinae 17 20 201 309
Biblidinae 14 17 292 583
Charaxinae 10 14 56 172
Brassolinae 10 9 105 62
Morphinae 2 2 6 15
Nymphalinae: 1 2 l 8

Coeini
TOTAL 54 64 661 1,149
After Bonferroni's correction the sex ratio was

significantly different from 1:1 in three species in the
reserve and in one species in the f fragments (Fig. 2). In
the fragments, only Hamadryas epinome (Biblidinae)
had a aint biased sex ratio. In the reserve, males were
more abundant than females in H. epinome, H. fornax,
and Dasyophthalma creusa_ (Brassolinae). When
compared between landscapes, females were
proportionally more abundant in the fragments (16%)
than in the reserve (8%) for H. epinome (G = 7.31, df =
1, p = 0.007, N = 538) and proportionally more
abundant in the reserve (74%) than in the fragments
(50%) for Myscelia orsis (Biblidinae) (G = 8.07, df = 1,
p = 0.005, N = 158) (critical p value = 0.007).

For both sexes of the four most abundant species and
for Dasyophthalma creusa males, the recapture rate was
similaramong landscapes (Table 2A), varying from 7.5 to
25.8 % in the fragments and from 0 to 28.2 % in the
continuous landscape. When compared between
landscapes (excluding Euptychoides castrensis, whose
males were not captured in the reserve), these rates did
not differ significantly (Table 2A). Likewise, there were
no differences in recaptures between sexes, when each
landscape was analyzed separately (Table 2B). Although
individuals of some species were observed flying
through the matrix in the fragmented landscape and
along large roads of the Morro Grande Reserve,
recaptures between SUs were not observed in any
species in this study.

There were no differences in wing size between
landscapes for any analyzed species (Table 3). When
wing size was compared between sexes, females were
significantly larger than males in 8 of the 14 analyzed
species (pooled ara from the two landscapes) (Table 4).

Most species showed a homogeneous age structure in
both landscapes; that is, there was no predominance of

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

FIG. 2. Sex ratio of frugivorous butterflies (Nymphalidae) at the Morro Grande Reserve (MG)
November 2001 to May 2002. ° = Sex ratio significantly different from 1:1 (corrected critical P-

100

individuals in any age category. The exceptions to this
pattern, all “new as eeeenl were males of Hamadryas
epinome and Taygetis ypthima in the reserve, and males
of H. epinome, Godartiana muscosa, and Memphis
appias, and both sexes of Myscelia orsis in the
fragments (Table 5A). Godartiana muscosa (males) was
the only species that showed age structure significantly
different between |: indscapes, with more savas in
“intermediate” and “new” categories in the fragments
(G = 11.29, p = 0.004, df = 2, N = 58, corrected critical
p- -value = 0.013). Conversely, when species were
grouped by subfamily, the Satyrinae showed a
predominance of individuals in “intermediate” and “old”
categories in the fragments (Table 5B).

The percentage of individuals with wing damage for
the nine most abundant species ranged from 0 to 30.8%
in the reserve and from 4.6 to 37.5% in the fragments.
Damage frequency was not different between
landscapes, either when species were considered
separately or grouped by subfamily (Table 6 A, B). The
subfamilies showed different damage ratios, both in the
reserve (G = 26.61, ie < 0.001, df = 3, N = see) and in
the fragments (G = 27.83, p < 0.001, ‘df - = 3, N = 1,106),
with the highest damage ratios in chee in both
landscapes (corrected critical p-value = 0.013)

and at the fragmented landscz ape (FR) from
value = 0.004).

Gi males
(“1 females

MG

FR

DISCUSSION

Population Biology. Contrary to many field studies
carried out with butterfly populations (e.g., Gilbert &
Singer 1975, Ehrlich 1984, Tyler et al. 1994). the sex
ratio observed for most species in this study was not
male-biased; recapture rates also did not differ between
sexes. In most studies that sampled butterflies with nets,
male-biased sex ratios result in part from differences in
butterfly behaviors, with males flying in the same places
frequented by lepidopterists (open Halts, with elevated
light incidence and lar ge space for flight), and females
more dispersed in the habitat searching for host plants
(e.g. Ehrlich 1984, Freitas 1996, Ramos & Freitas
1999). The use of traps in the present study may
minimize this bias due to the use of a food resource
attractive to both sexes and independence from
collector efficiency. Nonetheless, more mark-recapture
studies are necessary to evaluate if, and by how much,
the sex ratio is biased in different butterfly species

The recapture rates found in this study - always Bless
than 30% in both landscapes - might be attributed to
particular characteristics of each species, such as large
population size, flight ability, relatively short life span, or

100

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

TABLE 2 Recapture of frugivorous butterflies species (Nymphalidae) in the Morro Grande Reserve (MG) and in the fragmented landscape

(FR) from November 2001 to May 2002. A. Comparisons among landscapes. B. Comparisons among sexes. BRA =

nae, BIB = Biblidinae, Subf = Subfamily.

Brassolinae, SAT = Satyri-

A) Species Subf. Sex Morro Grande Reserve — Fragmented landscape MGxFR
Capture Recapture Capture — Recapture G-test 1?
(%) (%)
Dasyophthalma creusa BRA 33 (3.03) 18 3 (16.7) 2.50 0.114
Godartiana muscosa SAT ro} 26 6 (23.1) 31 8 (25.8) 0.06 0.815
Q 9 2 (22.2) 18 2 (11.1) 0.02 0.899
Hamadryas epinome BIB re} 163 46 (28.2) 283 60 (21.2) 2.76 0.097
2 15 2 (13.3) 48 8 (16.7) 0.09 0.763
Myscelia orsis BIB 2 28 1 (3.6) 51 4 (7.8) 0.55 0.460
B) Species Subf. Morro Grande Reserve Fragmented landscape
G-test P. G-test P
Godartiana muscosa SAT 0.00 0.960 1.54 0.215
Euptychoides castrensis SAT - - 0.02 0.876
Hamadryas epinome BIB 1.69 0.194 0.53 0.467
Myscelia orsis BIB - - 1.39 0.239

TABLE 3 Wing size of frugivorous butterflies (Nymphalidae) sampled in the Morro Grande Reserve and in the fragmented landscape from
November 2001 to May 2003: comparisons among landscapes. Abbreviations as in Table 2 legend. CHA = Charaxinae. ° Corrected critical P-

value = 0.004
Species Subty = Sex Morro Grande Reserve Fragmented landscape MGxFR
x (mm) SE N x (mm) SE N t-test df Be

Dasyophthalma creusa BRA 45.44 0.24 39 45.44 0.27 25 0.02 55.4 0.991
Forsterinaria necys SAT 24.00 0.62 7 24.04 0.28 26 0.06 8.6 0.956
Forsterinaria quantius SAT 25.19 0.22 26 25.13 0.69 8 0.09 8.5 0.95
Godartiana muscosa SAT 3 22.33 0.35 30 23.58 0.37 36 2.45 63.9 0.017
9 23.91 0.60 11 25.87 0.34 23 2.86 16.8 0.011
Taygetis ypthima SAT 36.65 0.27 31 35.78 0.28 9 2.23 24.7 0.035
Euptychoides castrensis | SAT 20.20 0.37 5 19.51 0.19 47 1.64 6.3 0.151
Hamadryas epinome BIB 3 36.06 0.15 156 395.95 0.09 262 0.62 258.8 0.534
. 37.67 0.29 15 36.96 ).20 47 2.03 28.7 0.052
Hamadryas fornax BIB 3 36.62 0.26 26 36.46 0.25 28 0.42 51.8 0.680
Q 37.75 0.48 4 36.80 0.20 5 1.83 4.1 0.140
Myscelia orsis BIB 3 24.60 0.65 10 25.58 0.15 57 1.46 9.9 0.178
g 27.27 0,29 30 27.13 0.26 53 0.35 58.5 0.730

territoriality. In the present work, it is not possible to
identify which of these factors could account for the
observed pattern. Recapture rates may also be a result
of the capture method employed, which may have been
“traumatic” for certain species. Morton (1982) found
that handling changed recapture rates in four of the five
species studied, all captured with nets. Mallet et al.

(1987) demonstrated that capture and handling reduce
the tendency of Heliconius butterflies to return to the
capture site in the days following marking, while
maintaining their presence in another part of their living
area. However, Hughes et al. (1998) found no evidence
for either 'trap-happiness' or 'trap-recognition' for
frugivorous butterflies in Costa Rica. In the present

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

101

TABLE 4. Wing size of frugivorous butterflies (Nymphalidae) sampled in the Morro Grande Reserve and in the fragmented landscape from
November 2001 to May 2002: comparisons among sexes (both landscapes pooled). Bold numbers represent significant p values (after Bonfer-
roni's correction). Abbreviations as in Table 2 legend. CHA = Charaxinae. °Corrected critical P-value = 0.004

Subf 3

Species g 3x9
x (mm) SE N (mm) SE N t-test df Be
Dasyophthalma creusa BRA 45.44 0.17 64 52.25 0.47 8 14.01 9.3 < 0.001
Moneuptychia paeon SAT 19.89 0.36 12 18.79 0.18 19 0.32 16.65 0.378
Forsterinaria necys SAT 24.03 0.25 33 25.47 0.31 15 3.62 32.7 0.001
Forsterinaria quantius SAT 25.09 0.26 34 26.55 0.37 11 3.25 20.9 0.004
Godartiana muscosa SAT 23.02 0.27 66 25.24 0.34 34 5.18 73.3 < 0.001
Taygetis ypthima SAT 36.70 0.38 40 37.89 0.34 18 2.32 51.22 0.012
Euptychoides castrensis SAT 18.63 0.26 27 19.58 0.18 52 3.04 50.6 0.004
Ectima thecla BIB 21.68 0.24 25 21.56 0.34 9 0.30 16.41 0.383
Hamadryas epinome BIB 35.99 0.08 418 37.13 0.17 62 6.08 90.7 < 0.001
Hamadryas fornax BIB 36.54 0.18 54 37.22 0.28 9 2.07 15.8 0.055
Myscelia orsis BIB 25.43 0.16 67 27.30 0.23 83 6.57 139.8 <0.001
Memphis appias CHA 29.95 0.47 19 31.40 1.06 10 1.26 12.64 0.116
Memphis otrere CHA 30.00 0.81 16 32.27 0.53 15 2.34 25.5 0.027
Memphis ryphea CHA 29.82 0.62 22 31.88 0.28 17 3.03 29.02 0.003

study, the long time between visits to the traps (48
hours) along <a butterfly handling might have
contributed % many individuals acquiring aversion to
the trap (‘trap shyness’).

In many cases, we observed frugivorous butterflies
flying through the matrix and along the main open roads
in the Reserve. Thus, the lack of recaptures between
SUs could be a result of large numbers of butterflies
present in the study area together with the small
probability of recaptures of the individuals, not a result
of the impermeability of the matrix or low mobility of
these butterflies.

The regularity of age structure probably reflects
continuous reproduction with overlapping generations
in the majority of the analyzed species (unpublished
data). As new individuals are continuously being added
to the population, the presence of all ages, from 'new'! to
‘old! is expected. For species in satan sadhana are
added at a greater rate, the accumulation of individuals
of the 'new' category would be proportionally greater
than the others, as observed in some cases (Table 5; see
also Freitas 1993).

The higher wing damage rates of the subfamily
Brassolinae may reflect only their large _ size,
characteristic of many species of this subfamily. A
simple explanation would be that these individuals are
more damaged because they collide more often with the
vegetation. The same trait may make them both
conspicuous targets for predators and more likely to
escape a predator attack. Another explanation for the
large damage rates would be the aggressiveness of some

species (Brown 1992, Freitas et al. 1997, Srygley & Penz
1999).

Fragmentation effects. The sex ratio of the two
most abundant species in both landscapes, Hamadryas
epinome and Myscelia orsis, showed different patterns
between the landscapes; H. epinome showed a higher
proportion of females in the fragments, whereas in M.
orsis more females were recorded in the reserve. Some
studies have shown that density of males, quantity of
host plant, and reduction or increase of competitors and
predators can result in biased sex ratios (Shapiro 1970,
Blau 1980, Peterson 1997).

The large number of Satyrinae in 'intermediate' and
‘old! age categories in the fragments indicates some
fragmentation effect on the wing wear in this subfamily.
Possible explanations could be that individuals in the
fragments age faster, live longer, or both. Another
explanation could be the increase in individual activity
in fragmented landscapes. This increase may be related
to a higher light incidence and consequently higher
temper ere in the fragments, a_ well- lean
fragmentation effect (see Turton & Freiburger 1997).
Because most satyrines in the study sites fly in the lower
forest strata, an increase in temperature and light level
associated with fragmentation could be more important
for the individuals of this subfamily. The pattern
observed in G. muscosa, with individuals tending to
'new' in the fragments is divergent in the subfamily
Satyrinae, and should be studied in more detail.

We detected possible effects of forest fragmentation
only in sex ratio and age structure; we found no

102 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

TaBLe 5. Age structure of frugivorous butterflies (Nymphalidae) sampled in the Morro Grande Reserve and in the fragmented landscape
from November 2001 to May 2002. A, Males vs. females. B. Comparison among landscapes, pooled by subfamilies. Bold numbers represent
significant p values (after Bonferroni's correction). Abbreviations as in Tab. 2 legend. Int = Intermediate, CHA = Charaxinae. ° Corrected criti-
cal P-value: Fragments = 0.01; Reserve = 0.005; °° Corrected critical P-value = 0.013

A) Species Subf. Sex Morro Grande Reserve Fragmented landscape

New Int Old G-test ‘Be New Int Old G-test Re

Dasyophthalma creusa BRA ) 8 22 9 4.27 0.115 u 13 if 1.23 0.540
6 0 0 - - - - - - -
Moneuptychia pacon SAT 3 l 0 0 . . 2 4 7 1.53 0.466
2 F : > E 10 8 1 5.35 0.069
Forsterinaria necys SAT ) 4 2 2 - - 9 13 4 2.64 0.267
Q - = 5 - - 10 fe) 0 - -
Forsterinaria quantius SAT 3 19 6 2 9,07 0.011 2 5 1 - -
1 6 2 . - 2 0 0 - -
Godartiana muscosa SAT 3 4 13 5 2.78 0.249 20 15 1 13.33 0.001
4 7 0 - - ii 12 3 3.02 0.221
Taygetis ypthima SAT <) iT 2 6 15.67 <0.001 tf 3 0 - -
13 4 1 7.01 0.030 0 0 0 - -
Euptychoides castrensis = SAT 3) - - - - - Gi 11 15 1.51 0.469
2 2 1 - - 13 26 0 35.44 < 0.001
Memphis appias CHA 3 0 0 1 - . 18 2 1 13.01 0.002
2 : d ‘ : 3 5 2 5 P
Memphis otrere CHA ) il 0 3 - - 7 7 1 3.58 0.167
y 1 0 0 - - 9 3 2 2.86 0.239
Memphis ryphea CHA <) - - - - . 15 4 3 5.56 0.062
il 0 0 - - 14 3 1 8.27 0.016
Ectima thecla BIB <) 0 0 0 - - 23 2 0 - -
) 2 0 0 - - 7 0 0 - -
Hamadryas epinome BIB 3 99 46 28 22.84 <0.001 197 61 36 72.38 <0.001
14 1 0 - - 46 2 0 - -
Hamadryas fornax BIB 3 23 3 0 - . 17 11 0 - -
2 0 0 0 - - 3 3 0 - -
Myscelia orsis BIB 3 8 1 1 - - 43 12 2 27.04 < 0.001
o) 16 12 4 4.30, 0.117 30 21 4 12.99 < 0.001
B) — Subfamily Morro Grande Reserve Fragmented landscape MGxFR
New Int Old New Int Old G-test IP
Brassolinae 39 39 18 15 95 17 4.11 0.125
Satyrinae 114 57 26 116 137 48 18.77 < 0.001
Charaxinae 39 5 9 103 40 24 5.93 0.052
Biblidinae 180 70 35 403, 125 AT 5.27 0.072

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

TABLE 6 Wing damage in frugivorous butterflies (Nymphalidae) in the Morro Grande Reserve and in the fragmented landscape sampled from
November 2001 to May 2002. A. Most abundant species. B. Data pooled by subfamily. Abbreviations as in Tab. 2 legend. ° Corrected critical

P-value = 0.004. °° Corrected critical P-value = 0.013

A) Species Subf Sex % damaged (n) MG x FR
MG FR G-test Pe
Dasyophthalma creusa BRA 5.9 (39) 5.9 (27) 0.00 0.982
Forsterinaria necys SAT d 25.0 (8) 7.7 (26) 1.53 0.216
Forsterinaria quantius SAT J 11.1 (27) 37.5 (8) 2.65 0.104
Godartiana muscosa SAT 3 18.2 (33) 13.9 (36) 0.24 0.627
Q 10.0 (11) 4.6 (22) 0.25 0.616
Taygetis ypthima SAT 5 5.7 (35) 30.0 (10) 3.85 0.500
Euptychoides castrensis SAT g 20.0 (5) 12.5 (48) 0.20 0.6355
Hamadryas epinome BIB 3 28.0 (175) 21.0 (296) 2.99 0.084
Q 13.3 (15) 8.3 (48) 0.31 0.580
Hamadryas fornax BIB Jd 30.8 (26) 25.0 (28) 0.22 0.636
Myscelia orsis BIB } 0.0 (10) 13.8 (58) 2.72 0.099
Q 21.9 (32) 19.3 (57) 0.08 0.772
B) Subfamily % damaged (n) MGxFR
MG FR G-test Ps
Brassolinae 41.7 (96) 45.6 (57) 0.23 0.634
Satyrinae 14.2 (197) 14.4 (306) 0.00 0.959
Charaxinae 19.0 (58) 24.0 (167) 0.63 0.428
Biblidinae 23.5 (285) 18.4 (576) 3.04 0.081

evidence that recapture rates, wing size, or damage in
frugivorous butterflies are albieal to fragmentation.
Among the possible explanations for fe observed
pattern, we suggest that 1) even though the
environment was modified more than 100 years ago,
due to land-use rules of the region the landscape
continues to be sufficiently permeable and suitable for
maintaining most general biological patterns for long
periods of time in butterflies; 2) many of the non-effects
found in this study could be statistical artifacts, due to
the conservative analyses we used; 3) most of the traits
chosen in this study are usually not affected by this level
of fragmentation, or 4) the commonest frugivorous
butterflies could be in some degree resistant to habitat
fragmentation (at least for the traits used in this study).

Frugivorous butterflies are easy (and inexpensive) to
sample and identify, are potentially ‘charismatic! to
nonscientists and could be used in monitoring programs
by nonspecialists. However, basic natural history studies
on this group are virtually absent for the Brazilian
Atlantic Forest species. The data presented here should
serve as a guideline for future work, either with

population biology or with fragmentation effects in this
butterfly group.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was conducted as part of an MSc project on Ecol-
ogy in the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). We
would like to thank W. W. Benson for critically reading the man-
uscript. The Companhia de Saneamento Basico do Estado de
Sao Paulo (Sabesp), represented by José Roberto Nali, and the
Instituto Florestal de Sao Paulo facilitated field work in Morro
Grande. We would like to thank Jean Paul Metzger for the op-
portunity to take part in his project and Jean Paul Metzger and
Luciana Alves for helping in diverse phases of the work and pro-
viding data on landscape and vegetation of the region. The Me-
teorological station of Eletr opaulo - Eletricidade de Sao Paulo
S.A. provided climatic data. MU-P and AVLF also thank the
Fundagao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo
(FAPESP) for fellowships (00/14717-4 to MU-P; 00/014S4-1
and 04/05269-9 to AVLF), and the United States National Sci-
ence Foundation (NSF DEB-0316505 to AVLF). This research
is part of two Biota/FAPESP thematic projects: 98/05101-S and
99/05123-4.

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March 2005

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2 105

APPENDIX I. Frugivorous butterfly (Nymphalidae) sampled in the Morro Grande Reserve and in the fragmented landscape from November
2001 to May 2002. MOR = Morphinae, BRA = Brassolinae, SAT = Satyrinae, BIB = Biblidinae, CHA = Charaxinae, COE = Nymphalinae, Co-
eini. nd = individuals whose sex could not be determined (abdomen missing due to predation in traps).

Morro Grande Reserve Fragmented landscape
Species Subf. 3 g nd Total 3 2 nd Total
Morpho achilles MOR 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 5
Morpho catenarius MOR 3 1 1 5 W 1 2 10
Caligo arisbe BRA 1 4 1 6 3 0 0 3
Caligo beltrao BRA 3 0 0 3 1 0 0 1
Caligo eurilochus BRA 1 0 0 1 4 0 0 4
Caligo illioneus BRA 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Dasyophthalma creusa BRA 42 8 0 50 29 0 2 31
Dasyophthalma rusina BRA 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Eriphanes reevesi BRA 12 7 1 20 2 3 0 5
Narope cyllarus BRA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Opoptera aorsa BRA 1 2 0 3 2 1 0 3
Opoptera syme BRA 10 0 1 11 10 2 1 13
Opsiphanes invirae BRA 7 0 2 9 1 0 0 1
Archeuptychia cluena SAT 11 2 1 14 5 2 1 8
Moneuptychia griseldis SAT 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Moneuptychia paeon SAT 1 0 0 1 13 19 3 35
Eteona tisiphone SAT 1 1 0 2 1 5 0 6
“Euptychia” pronophila SAT 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Forsterinaria necys SAT 8 0 0 8 26 15 3 44
Forsterinaria quantius SAT 27 9 2 38 8 2 0 10
Godartiana muscosa SAT 31 ll 2 44 23 36 1 60
Hermeuptychia hermes SAT 1 0 0 1 6 0 1 i
Moneuptychia soter SAT 0 1 0 1 6 2 2 10
Pareuptychia ocirrhoe SAT 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Paryphthimoides phronius SAT 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Splendeuptychia ambra SAT 6 1 0 if 0 0 0 0
Splendeuptychia doxes SAT 2 1 0 3 ll 7 2 20
Splendeuptychia hygina SAT 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
Taygetis acuta SAT 8 i 0 9 1 0 0 1
Taygetis ypthima SAT 35 19 2 56 10 2 1 13
Taygetis laches SAT 3 0 1 4 1 0 0 1
Taygetis virgilia SAT 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Yphthimoides angularis SAT 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Euptychoides castrensis SAT 0 5 0 5 33 48 5 S6
Callicore sorana BIB 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Catonephele acontius BIB 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Catonephele numilia BIB 3 3 0 6 6 1 0 7

106 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

APPENDIX |. continued

Morro Grande Reserve Fragmented landscape

Species Subf. ) 2 nd Total ) : nd Total
Diaethria candrena BIB 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Diaethria clymena BIB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3
Ectima thecla BIB 0 2 0 2 25) wl 1 33
Epiphile huebneri BIB 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4
Epiphile orea BIB 0 4 0 4 4 4 0 8
Eunica eburnea BIB 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Hamadryas amphinome BIB 3 0 0 3 10 2 0 12
Hamadryas arete BIB 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 5
Hamadryas epinome BIB 174 15 5 194 294 4S 4 346
Hamadryas februa BIB 3 0 0 3 4 l 0 5
Hamadryas feronia BIB 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 3
Hamadryas fornax BIB 26 4 0 30 28 6 0 34
Hamadryas iphthima BIB 2 0 0 2 3 0 0 3
Myscelia orsis BIB 11 32 0 43 58 55 2 115
Paulogramma pyracmon BIB 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2
Temenis laothoe BIB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Consul fabius CHA 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2
Hypna clytemnestra CHA 3 5 1 9 8 9 0 If
Memphis appias CHA 1 0 0 1 21 10 0 31
Memphis arginussa CHA 3 0 0 3 4 3 0 7
Memphis morvus CHA 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 4
Memphis otrere CHA 4 1 0 5 15 14 0 29
Memphis philumena CHA 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Memphis ryphea CHA 0 1 0 1 22 19 1 42
Prepona amphimachus CHA 14 2 0 16 5 0 1 6
Prepona chalciope CHA 1 1 1 3 if 8 0 15
Prepona demophon CHA 5 1 0 6 6 2 0 8
Prepona demophoon CHA 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3
Prepona pylene CHA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Zaretis itys CHA 3 « 1 ll 1 5 0 6

GENERAL NOTES

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society
59(2), 2005, 107-109

IDENTIFICATION OF THE LARVAE DESCRIBED BY CRUMB AS CUCULLIA “SPECIES N° 8” AND
CUCULLIA SPEYERI RACE DORSALIS (NOCTUIDAE, CUCULLIINAE)

Additional key words: life cycle, host plant, purpule aster, Machaeranthera.

The identities of the larvae of Cucullia dorsalis Smith
and Cucullia speyeri Linter have remained in question
for some time. In his cuculliine monograph, Poole
(1995) stated that “the larva of dorsalis has not been
described” even though he considered the possibility
that Crumb's (1956:61) “Cucullia #8°may be this
species. The uncertainty concerning the identity of this
larva is complicated up by the description made by
Crumb of another larva, under the name of C. speyeri
race dorsalis. The unique adult obtained from this larva
was a female preventing identification by genitalic
examination. Concerning C. speyeri, Poole (1995)
stated: “the larva has not been unequivocally
described.... There are larvae from Illinois that have
been reared from Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.
(Asteraceae)”. Poole then offered a short description of
these larvae. However, Poole's description is not
completely consistent with that given by Crumb under
the name C. speyeri race dorsalis. Handfield (1995),
citing Crumb, states the food-plant of C. speyeri is C.
canadensis, implicitly recognizing, that the species
described as C. speyeri race dorsalis is C. speyeri. Here
we present rearing data to help clarify this situation.

In August 1992, near Cedar City, Utah, we found four
brightly colored mature Gueulliine larvae on a flowering
blue-violet aster which we later identified as
Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh) Gray (Asteraceae).
Our larvae strongly differed from those described by
Crumb (1956) as C. speyeri race dorsalis, and more
closely resembled larvae of the three taxa “Cucullia sp.
No. 8,” C. laetifica (Linter) and C. alfarata (Strecker).
These latter three taxa all have a last instar with
red/orange (sometimes yellow) middorsal and
subventral stripes, and variable black markings on a
white or green ground color. The subventral stripes
appear continuous in all three taxa. The middorsal stripe
is continuous only in C. alfarata, being broken into
separate spots by black transverse stripes in “Cucullia
sp. No 8,” and C. laetifica, as well as in our Cedar City
larvae (a photo of a C. alfarata larva is available at
http://troyb.com/photo/gallery/). We exclude C. alfarata
as a possibility for our larvae because that species is
south-eastern in distribution (Poole1995). We felt our
larvae were not C. laetifica because they had a white
rather than green ground color, a different shape of the
black markings surrounding the middorsal stripe, and

fed mainly on M. canescens (the foodplant reported by
Crumb for his Cucullia No. 8 collected near Tieton.
central Washington) rather than on C. laetifica food
plants. C. laetifica is recorded, according to Crumb
1956, on Chrysothamnus (Asteraceae), Boherhavia
(Verbenaceae), and Hedera (Araliaceae) and according
to Poole 1995 on Baccharis neglecta Britton
(Asteraceae). We obtained two adults in late August and
early September 1992 from the four larvae, showing
that our species was double brooded. However, at the
time, we were unable to identify the adult moths with
certainty using the figures in Hampson (1906) and Seitz
(1919-1944).

We returned in August 1993 to search again for more
larvae. We found them in abundance in four north-
western states, including: Utah (Brighton; Cedar City;
Dixie National Forest; Rte. 211 nr. fork leading to
Canyon Land National Park), Colorado (Dove Creek:
Clear Creek River nr. Idaho Springs; Estes Park),
Wyoming (Rte. 187 N of Rock Springs; Landers:
Roverton), and Montana (20 km. SW of Missoula). At
low elevation the larvae were feeding on M. canescens
and similar asters. At higher elevations (2500-3000 m)
in Utah they were feeding on low growing plants
tentatively determined by us as Erigeron asperugineus
(D. C. Eat.) Gray (Asteraceae) (the online USDA Plants
Database at http://plants.usda.gov only reports E.
asperugineus from Nevada, Idaho, and Montana).
Similarly, M. canescens is not reported from Washington
in this database but is cited by Crumb (1956) as
occurring at Tieton, Washington. It is interesting to note
that Poole (1995) lists the following food plants for C.
dorsalis: Helianthus sp.(Asteraceae) and M. shastensis
Gray, a synonym of M. canescens according to the
USDA plants database. All these food plants are similar
in the sticky properties of their flower buds. In
Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana, the only other
lepidopteran species we found on M. canescens
included a species of Cucullia in the asteris group and
an unidentified heliothine, neither
common.

of which were

DESCRIPTION OF C. DORSALIS AND C. SPEYERI LARVAE

Cucullia dorsalis: Using information provided by J.
D. Lafontaine later confirmed in Poole's
monograph, we were subsequently able to identify our

and

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sal view), last instar, on M. can ns, a fashing 5 IDS ”), penultimate ins Km South
West of Missoula, ( ane >t A ateral vie third ins ; , (Utah, . 6, C. dorsalis (lateral
iew), second inst ar Cit) ah,V . 7, C. dorsalis (enlarged dorsal (Utah, VIII-93). 8, C.
spey lateral view), penultima ron C. canadensis, 10 Km West of { VIII-93). 9, C. speyeri
(dorsal view), penultimate instar on C. canadensis, 10 Km West of Clarkston ( nington, VIII-93).

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

August 1992 reared adults as C. dorsalis. Although we
failed to locate larvae in 1993 at Crumb's original
Tieton, Washington locality, we were successful on a
subsequent trip in September 2002 along the Yakima
River between Yakima and Ellensburg. Our work

therefore confirms that Crumb's (1956) description of

“Cucullia sp. No. 8” is in fact Cucullia dorsalis.

The ground color of the larva is white, with intricate
black, red, and orange patterning, giving the larva a
harlequin-like appearance. The typical fon m (Figs.1, 3)
of the last instar has a prominent dorsal stripe consisting
of a succession of two orange-red spots on each
abdominal segment followed by a smaller spot of the
ground color partially invaded with yellow (Fig. 7); all
the orange-red spots are separated from each other and
from the previous segments by black markings which
are wider on the Sales creating an angled, sinuous
longitudinal stripe. The resiilt is a distinctive
red/orange/yellow middorsal stripe. In the area between
the black subdorsal stripe and the red subventral stripe
(margined with black) there are two transverse black
stripes on each segment, the second one including the
spiracles, which are black. Generally, due to the absence
of yellow shading, the subventral stripe is a more
intense red/orange color than the middorsal one. Color
variants occur in which the dorsal stripe is either yellow
(Fig. 2) or red (Fig. 4) with the latter appearing in our
Washington samples. In the first instars, the stripes are
yellow/ochre (instead of red/orange) and two or three
additional thin longitudinal black lines combine with the
vertical lines to create a conspicuous reticulation (Figs.
5, 6), a feature that is absent in the last instar. The
subdorsal black line is not as prominent as in the last
instar.

Cucullia speyeri: | We also offer additional
information on the identity of the larva of C. speyeri. In
1993, we collected fourth instar cuculliine larvae (Fig.8,
9) in eastern Washington (10 Km W of Clarkston) on
Conyza canadensis. The appearance of these larvae is
consistent with the description Crumb (1956) gave of a
fifth instar larva from Puyallup, in Western Washington,
under the name C. speyeri race dorsalis.

There are two lemon-yellow longitudinal stripes on a
white ground color: the first is middorsal and
discontinuous, consisting of two yellow spots on each
segment separated by two irregular transversal black
lines; the second, located under the black spiracles, is
continuous and sinuous. We did not obtain adults from
these 1993 rearings, so it was not possible to positively
identify the larvae as C. speyeri. However, now that the
larva of C. dorsalis is known, it becomes clear that the
species described by Crumb (1956) as C. speyeri race
dorsalis is true C. speyeri and not C. dorsalis, which was

109

formerly treated as the western subspecies of C. speyeri
(see Forbes 1954).

At first glance the description of the larva given by
Crumb does not seem completely consistent with that
of Poole (1995) who describes USNM specimens of C.
speyeri collected in Illinois and reared on C. canadensis
with the statement “the general larva pattern is a
complicated series of yellow markings on a black
background” (our italics). Our Figures § and 9 show
clearly (for the fourth instar) a white ground color in
agreement with Crumb's description of the fifth instar.
We e think that a “lapsus calami” may be the origin of this
difference since in the same text Poole says “The dorsal
(yellow) triangles are extensively connected and the
black occurs as isolated patches running in a
dorsoventral direction” (our italics). However, this may
also suggest that the larvae collected in Illinois had
heavier black markings than those collected in
Washington. There is also another difference quoted by
Poole concerning the color of the prolegs which are
black according to Crumb but “black with large yellow
patch on the apex of leg” according to Poole. Additional
material of C. speyeri will be needed to determine if
there is any geographical variation in the larvae, or if
individual variation is greater than we observed in our
material.

We thank J. D. Lafontaine, Centre for Land & Biological Re-
sources Research, Agriculture Canada, (Ottawa) for his assis-
tance in identifying the larva of C. dorsalis, C. Penz, and two re-
viewers for comments and suggestions improving the
manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Crump, S.E. 1956. The larvae of the Phalaenidae. U.S. Dept. Agric.
Tech. Bull. 1135: 59-63.

Forbes, W.T.M. 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring
States. Part III, Noctuidae. Cornell Univ. Agric. Experiment Sta-
tion, Mem., 68 : 1-433.

Hampson, G. F. 1906. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
British Museum 6: 1-689, pls. XCVI, XCVII.

HANDFIELD, L. 1999. Le guide des papillons du Québec, Broquet ed..
Boucheville, Canada.

POOLE, R.W.1995. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part), Fascicle 26.1 In Do-
minick, R.B. et al., The Moths of America North of Mexico.
SEITZ, A. 1919-1944. Die Grof-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Abteilung.
Amerikanischen Faunengebietes 3, vol.7, Pars II , plate 25, Ver-

lag A. Kernen, Stuggart, Germany.

C. PeTir & M. C. PETIT, 2
Juin, F-45100 — Orléans,
jem.petit @tele2.fr

2 Rue du Maréchal
France, email:

Received for publication 29 November 2003, revised and ac-
cepted 28 February 2005

110

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society
59(2), 2005, 110-112

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

AN INLAND POPULATION OF POANES VIATOR (HESPERIIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH PHRAGMITES
AUSTRALIS, THE COMMON REED

Additional Key Words: Host plant switching, invasive plants, evolution, Ancyloxypha numitor

Shapiro (1971a) showed that “inland” and “coastal”
populations of Poanes viator (Edwards) differ not only
in the range of larval host plants but also in superficial
adult char: acters to warrant separate subspecific status,
ie., inland P viator viator (Edwards), a Carex
(Cyperaceae)-feeder and coastal P. viator zizaniae
Shapiro, a Zizania/Phragmites (Poaceae)-feeder,
respectively. Shapiro paesected (1971b) that inland
populations in the Great ‘Lakes region were derived
from coastal refugia following glacial retreat, and that
they were subsequently cut off from the coastal
populations when the opening of St. Lawrence River
disrupted the wetland system that connected both
The possibility was later
raised that the northward expansion may have occurred
along the Mississippi valley as well (Shapiro 1977). A
potentially important issue not addressed in his thesis is
the role of host plant switching that must have taken
place at some point. For example, isolation of the
inland populations might not have occurred without
host plant switching from Poaceae to Carex, or vice
versa in the coastal populations. Regardless of the exact
cause and history of current status, an ability to shift
host plants is likely to have played a significant role in
the evolutionary success of this skipper.

This note describes two inland populations of P.
viator in Western New York State (WNY). One uses

populations until that time.

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. in the absence of

appropriate Carex, and the other is suspected to do so in
spite of accessibility to Carex. Implications of the
finding will be discussed in the light of our current
understanding of the plant P. australis (henceforth
referred to as Phragmites).

Poanes viator is a highly localized, but not necessarily
rare species in WNY. More than a dozen widely
separated colonies are known to us in this area; but, with
the exception of at least one described below, all are
associated with broad-leaved sedges, such as Carex
lacustris Willd. which often form chest-high
monocultures in partially wooded swamps. The first

Phragmites-associated colony is located in the Town of

Porter, Niagara County, and occupies a portion of a 21-
acre open area with artificial ponds. Dense secondary

woods surround the open area. The open space and the
ponds were created in early 1980s by clearing the woods
and are currently maintained by the Niagara River
Anglers Association (NRAA) as its preserve. Phragmites
was not present initially, and may have been introduced
by bulldozers used for pond excavation. Poanes viator
was discovered in this location by one of us in 2001
when a small number of adults was found nectaring on
Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.). In July 2003,
after failing to find broad-leaved sedges in the open area
or surrounding woods, we by chance came across
several adult males flitting among Phragmites, just as
one often sees them on the. Atlantic coast. The stands of
Phragmites were small but expanding, occupying an
area of about an acre. A short series of specimens of
both sexes was collected and compared with longer
series from other WNY colonies as well as a series from
the Atlantic coast. They were indistinguishable from
the former in terms of wing markings and the average
size (forewing length + s.d. ind [n=7], 17.29 + 0.34mm;
2 [n =3], 19.60 + 0.53mm, vs. other WNY ¢ [n=35],
16.94 + 0.64mm; 2 [n=7], 19.96 + 0.68mm; p < 0.25 and
p < 0.50 for same sex comparisons by Student's t-test in
é and 8, respectively; the null hypothesis is not rejected
in either). John M. Burns kindly confirmed the
identification. He was asked to identify the series in a
blind fashion, i.e., with the data labels replaced by code
numbers and without prior knowledge why he was
being asked to do so. Therefore the obvious possibility,
that the population simply represents an accidentally
transplanted colony of the coastal subspecies, could be
ruled out. A single larva was found on Phragmites in
this colony in late May 2004, but it srorsennatcly died of
an unknown cause. However, its identity was affirmed
by a comparison with several P. viator larvae obtained in
early June 2004 at two Rhode Island colonies, where
they fed on Phragmites, as previously reported
(Tewksbury et al. 2002). We believe that the founders
of this small population in WNY switched their host
plant from Carex to Phragmites.

In July 2004, another colony of P. viator was located
in the Town of Lewiston, Niagara County, about 6 miles
(9.6 km) southeast of the Town of Porter locality. In

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

contrast to the first, this colony is associated with a large
Typha marsh of at least two thousand acres, and the
sedges occur mostly as undergrowth of the taller Typha.

Stands of Breer occur in disturbed sections of the
marsh, i.e., alone a high voltage power line, with
ec oacicn Typha and broad-leaved sedges still
present as undergrowth. Poanes viator was observed
flying in and out of dense Phragmites to visit flowers of
Sw amp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata L.) in a small
opening in the middle of a stand. Portions of the marsh
are bordered by woods in which the broad-leaved Carex
grew in the absence of Typha or Phragmites. Poanes
viator could be found among those sedges within the
woods as well, at least a quarter of a mile (400 m) away
from the nearest stands of Phragmites. This colony is of
interest as an example of circumstances that may
encourage Carex to Phragmites shifting. Indeed,

shifting may have already taken place in a part of the
population. The colony nearest to the above is located
on Grand Island in the Niagara River, Erie County, 6
miles (9.6 km) further south, where the skipper seems

to be restricted to sedge meadows. However, it is
possible, perhaps likely, that other Phragmites-

associated colonies of the inland subspecies have been
overlooked in WNY and elsewhere in the Great Lakes
region.

e do not know what causes host plant shifting in P.
viator from Carex to Phragmites. Possibly, the choice
between these host plants in P. viator has always been
relatively unrestricted, but lack of opportunities
prev ented it from happening until recently. Another
possibility, which is not mutually exclusive with the one
above, is that the exotic variant of Phragmites is more
palatable to P. viator than the native varieties which are
being replaced by the former, as we discuss below.

Phragmites australis is an invasive plant rapidly
expanding i in inland as well as coastal wetlands. It has
been a part of the native flora at least since the late
Pleistocene in southwestern North America (Hansen
1978). Holocene records are available from both the
Pacific and Atlantic coasts (Orson 1999: Goman and
Wells 2000). However, the plant was apparently
uncommon until an aggressive genetic variant was
introduced, probably from Europe, sometime in early
1800s on the Atlantic seaboard and began to expand in
the late 19th century and replace less aggressive native
genotypes (Saltonstall 2002, 2003). Interestingly, only
5 native herbivores of Phragmites have been identified
in North America, in contrast to over 150 in Europe,
according to Tewksbury et al. (2002). Yet, chloroplast
DNA sequences indicate that historical North American
specimens from herbaria as well as existing stands of
native plants form an isolated cluster of unique

111

genotypes. They are not closely related to those found
elsewhere in the world (Saltonstall 2002), suggesting a
long period of isolation on this continent. To what
extent the present day coastal populations of P. viator
had been affected by this botanical event is not obvious.
Nevertheless, it is generally acknowledged that the
coastal P. viator is spreading along with the expanding
Phragmites (e.g., Gochfeld & Burger 1997; Tewksbury
et al. "20002). In coastal New England, most if not all P
viator populations are now associated with the exotic
plant, even though the larvae readily accept the native
ones in the laboratory (A. Lambert, L. Tewksbury and
R. Casagrande, pers. com.).

It remains unclear whether the genetic variations in
Phragmites, with potential differences in plant
chesiitian are a factor in host plant selection by the
herbivorous arthropods, including P. viator. Host plant
shifting in P. viator could have been facilitated if the
spreading exotic Phragmites is more palatable than a
native plant. It turns out, however, that the Phragmites
associated with the Town of Porter population is a native
plant (A. Lambert, pers. com.), presumably of the
widespread haplotype E. Thus, native Phragmites does
serve as a natural host plant for the inland P. viator.
However, the possibility remains open that the exotic
genotype made it easier to shift initially and that, once
the shift had taken place, native as well as exotic plants
could be used. Aside from palatability, invasiveness
itself is relevant for creating situations favorable for host
plant shifting. In fact, some populations of the native
haplotype E seem to be invasive (Saltonstall 2003).

To conclude, we may be witnessing another landmark
event in the evolution of this species: Given
opportunities and time, the inland P. viator with the
newly acquired adaptability may one day become a
common species of disturbed wetlands and roadside
ditches. This is good news for the inland populations,
since their native habitat is disappearing from many
areas. Indeed, diminishing native habitats and
concurrent spreading of Phragmites would be a potent
selective pressure favoring Phragmites as a host plant. A
recent precedent for range expansion in Eastern North
America as a direct consequence of host plant
adaptation to a spreading alien plant is the skipper
Erynnis baptisiae (Forbes), as initially reported by
Shapiro (1979).

During the course another
skipper, Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius), was found to
be using Phragmites australis as a larval host plant at the
Town of Porter locality: Several larvae were found in
2003 and 2004 in typical shelters of folded leaf, with
feeding damage above and below the folded portion:
they were reared to adults. Thus, at least three native

of our observation,

North American skippers use Phragmites as a larval
host, i.e., the above two and Ochlodes yuma (Edwards).

Note: The NRAA preserve in the Town of Porter is not open
to public. Those who wish to observe the colony are welcome to
contact the Association or one of the authors. The colony is
small and should be protected. The NRAA has a web site
(www.niagarariveranglers.com) that includes a brief description
of the preserve, an aerial photograph, directions and contact in-
formation.

We thank John M. Bums at the National Museum of Natural His-
tory, Smithsonian Institution, for identification and a discussion, We
also thank the NRAA for allowing us to study P. viator in their pre-
serve, and John Long, the original owner of the property, for the his-
torical information on the preserve. Adam Lambert kindly showed
one of the authors the P. viator habitats in Rhode Island, how to find
the larvae in daytime hours, and shared his unpublished data. He also
identified the Phragmites samples from the Town of Porter colony as
a native plant on the basis of morphology and restriction fragment
length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the chloroplast DNA. The
generous assistance by him and his colleagues at the University of
Rhode Island made the documentation of our observation far more
complete than otherwise possible. Adam Lambert and Vita Mil-
isauskas critically read the manuscript and provided helpful com-
ments.

LITERATURE CITED

GOCHFELD, M. & J. BURGER. 1997. Butterflies of New Jersey.
guide to their status, distribution, conservation, and appreciation.
Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey. xxvii +
327 pp.

Goman, M. & L. WELLS. 2000. Trends in river flow affecting the
northeastern reach of the San Francisco Bay estuary over the past
7000 years. Quatemmary Research 54:206-217.

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society

59(2), 2005, 112-115

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

HANSEN, R. M. 1978. Shasta ground sloth food habits, Rampart Cave,
Arizona. Paleobiology 4:302-3 319.

ens in aINew England tidal senha 28: ea in ee int community
structure during the last few millennia.
1;149-158.

SALTONSTALL, K. 2002. Cryptic invasion by a non-native genotype of
the common reed, Phragmites australis, into North America.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 99:2445-2449,

——. 2003. Genetic variation among North American populations of
PRvnomnite s australis: Implications for management. Estuaries
26: 444-451.

SHaprRro, A, M, 1971a. Notes on the biology of Poanes viator (Hes-
periidae) with the description of a new subspecies. J. Res. Lepid.
9:109-123.

——. 1971b. Postglacial biogeography and the distribution of Poanes
viator (Hesperiidae) and other marsh butterflies. J. Res. Lepid.
9:125-155.

——.. 1977. Evidence for two routes on post-Pleistocene dispersal in
Poanes viator (Hesperiidae). J. Res. Lepid. 16: 173-175.

——. 1979. Erynnis baptisiae (Hesperiidae) on Crown Vetch (Legu-
minosae). J. ies Soc. 33:258.

Tewksbury, L., R. CASAGRANDE, B. BLOssEy, P. HAFLIGER & M.
See 2002. Potential for biological control of Phrag-
mites australis in North America. Biological Control 23:191-212.

Biological Invasions

IcHtRO NAKAMURA, 41 Sunrise Blvd, Williamsville,
NY 14221, USA; e-mail: inakamur@buffalo.edu, AND
Davip R. Cooper, 5065 Woodland Dr., Lewiston, NY
14092, USA; e-mail: coopdoc@aol.com

LIFE HISTORY AND MYRMECOPHILY OF NEOMYRINA NIVEA PERICULOSA (LYCAENIDAE:
THECLINAE)

Additional key words: Crematogaster, Dipterocarpaceae, Malaysia, Tapinoma, White Imperial.

The life histories of many species of Lycaenidae have
been described and of these, a large percentage are
commonly associated with ants (B Ballmer and Pratt,
1989: Fiedler, 1991; Eastwood and Fraser, 1999; Pierce

t al., 2002). While most descriptions are for temperate
species, fauna from the Malaysian tropics are becoming
more well-represented in the literature (Fleming, 1975;
Fiedler, 1991; Corbet and Pendlebury, 1992; Fiedler et
al, 1996). One species that remains poorly known
though, is the White Imperial butterfly, Neomyrina
nivea periculosa Fruhstorfer (Lycaenidae: Theclinae).

The genus Neomyrina Distant is represented by only
a single species nivea with additional described
subspecies (Corbet and Pendlebury, 1992). N.
hiemalis Godman and Salvin occurs in mainland
Thailand and Malaysia and is considered rare
(Fleming, 1975; Pinratana, 1992) . N. nivea periculosa
has been recorded from southern Burma to Thailand,
throughout peninsular Malaysia including Langkawi
Island, and into Sumatra.

nivea

N. nivea periculosa is

considered more common than N. nivea hiemalis
(Pinratana, 1992; D'Abrera, 2001). This butterfly is still
typically rare, but may be locally common when
encountered (Corbet and Pendlebury, 1992). N. nivea
were observed in Thailand and central Laos by Igarashi
and Fukuda (2000) and they have published aspects of
the life history of the species.

Eggs and Early Instars (Fig. la-b). Eggs of N.
nivea periculosa (n=7) were found in December 2002
on 2 m_ tall Balanocarpus heimii (King)
(Dipterocarpaceae) trees in a shady area of the 1600-ha
Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) nursery,
15 km northwest of Kuala Lumpur in the southern
peninsula of Malaysia. The eggs were deposited in
small groups around the stems and leaf buds of the
terminal growth. Several Crematogaster sp. ants
(Formicidae: Myrmicinae) were observed to be in close
proximity to the eggs at the time of collection and to the
extrafloral nectaries of the hostplant. The eggs, plant
material, and approximately 20 ants were transported to

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2 113

Fic. 1 Life stages of Neomyrina nivea periculosa; a, eggs; b, young instars; c,d, late instars tended by ants; e, late instar with everted TOs and
DNO visible; f, pupa and last larval skin; g,h, adults; i, male genitalia. All photos and drawings by E.V. Saarinen.

114

the FRIM Entomology Laboratory and placed in a clear
plastic box. Young flush from B. heimii was cut from the
FRIM nursery trees where the eggs were initially found.
The cut-ends of the plant were wrapped in wet cotton
batting and placed in the plastic boxes with the eggs and
ants. The eggs hatched within 24 hours and the young
larvae began to feed immediately on the young leaves.
All containers were cleaned daily and new host material
was added.

First instar larvae were observed elevating their
anterior and posterior ends simultaneously, which was
followed by the attendance of Crematogaster sp. ants.
This behavior caused ants in attendance to cease
tending in one area of the larva and instead to cover the
entire Tecwve by running along the length and over the
top of the young larva. Additional ants were summoned
to the larva when this behavior was exhibited. After
three days, all confined ants had either died or escaped
when the boxes were cleaned, but second instar larvae
continued the signaling behavior in their absence.
Larvae didnot continue feeding as much as they had
when the ants were present, and no larvae lived past the
second instar. Larvae were not observed building any
sort of nest, as described in Igarashi and Fukuda (2000).

Eggs dorso-laterally flattened,
uniformly sculpted with ridges of spikes, giving the eggs

55°

are white, and
a rough exterior. Young haves are pale \ yellow to pale
green, onisciform, and dorso- laterally covered with fine
setae that persisted in later instars.

Late instars (Fig. lc-e). Late instar larvae (1.0-1.5
cm long) of N. nivea periculosa (n=6) were found on
young shoots of B. heimii at the FRIM nursery on four
separate occasions throughout October 2002. All
individuals were collected with the ants that tended
them and were brought to the FRIM Entomology
Laboratory. On two occasions late instars were found
tended by Tapinoma sp. ants and the larvae (n=3) were
brought into the lab with the 5-10 attendant ants. In
one instance Crematogaster sp. ants were tending a
larva, and this larva (n=1) was brought into the lab with
approximately 40 attendant ants. In one instance, no
ants were observed with larvae in the field, and these
larvae (n=2) were reared in the lab in the absence of
ants. Each time larvae were collected, they were
maintained in plastic boxes on young B. heimii leaves.
All frass was removed and new host material was added
on a daily basis and care was taken to keep ants in the
boxes. N. nivea periculosa larvae exhibited a wide range
of colors ranging from pale green to light red,
depending on the color of leaf flush upon w hich they
were feeding (Fig. 1d-e).

Ants, when present, congregated at the posterior
ends of the larvae (Fig. 1c). Up to 30 Crematogaster sp.

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

ants were found actively and constantly attending a late
instar larva. There were at least 10 Cre matogaster sp.
ants in attendance of this larva at all observed times.

This behavior persisted until pupation four days later.

Tapinoma sp. ants exhibited a very different behavior,
typically observed walking ar ound the interior of their
plastic boxes. On occasion, 1-3 ants were observed
tending larvae for up to ten minutes. Individual ants
3 minutes at a time
before wandering around the box. These larvae were

were observed tending larvae for 2-

left unattended for up to one hour at a time. A
maximum of six Tapinoma sp. ants were observed
tending the larvae (Fig. 1d).

Older larvae did not display the exaggerated signaling
behavior observed in the first two instars. They instead
have paired tentacle organs (TOs) on the dorsal surface
of the Sth abdominal segment (Fig. le). It is unknown
when these organs become active, but they are not
observed in first and second instars. When these organs
are extruded, additional ants are attracted to the larvae
and ants already in attendance walk on and over the
entirety of the larvae. The TOs are hypothesized to
release semiochemicals that mimic ants' own
pheromones (Henning, 1983). The TOs are also
observed to act independently from one another, with
only one extruded at a time in some instances. The TOs
only remained everted for a few seconds before being
withdrawn. Older larvae also have an active honey
secreting gland, or dorsal nectary organ (DNO) on the
7th abdominal segment (Fig. le). Ants were observed
imbibing secretions from this gland, which likely
influenced the concentration of ants at the posterior
end.

Pupae (Fig. 1f). Pupae are uniformly light tan in
color and may exhibit a reddish tint. Final instars affix
to host plant leaves and pupate within loosely assembled
leaf shelters. Pupae exhibit a scar on the 7th abdominal
segment in place of the DNO. Pupae are not attractive
to ants 24 hours after pupation. Pupae were transferred
to larger plastic boxes, 25 x 25 x 30-cm in size. Pupation
lasted 11.5 days +1.05 (u+SD) for all pupae (n=6).

Adults (Fig. 1g-h). A total of four adults successfully
emerged, resulting in an even sex ratio (2M:2F). As
larvae were field collected at different times, it is
unknown which sex typically emerges first. Of the three
individuals that pupated at the same time, a male
eclosed first. This male was observed to stay in close
proximity to the two female pupae. He was observed
alighting on the pupae and flapping his wings
continuously upon contact with the pupae. Once all the
adults had emerged, attempts to induce copulation were
carried out by into a light on the plastic box with
butterflies for six hours a day for four days. A cotton ball

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

with a 50% sugar solution was given as a nutrient source
and was replaced daily There werealso sprigs of cut
host plant in small plastic water bottles placed in the box
with the butterflies. All butterflies were observed
feeding from the sugar ball but no captive mating was

observed despite the light and heat stimulation. Adults
lived for 6-19 days in captivity. Following death, the
genitalia of the first eclosed male was dissected (Fig. i).
Only one tattered adult female was ever observed in the
field (Fig. 1g).

This report indicates evidence of a facultative
symbiotic relationship between the larvae of N. nivea
periculosa and ants of two genera, Tapinoma and
Crematogaster. Igarashi and Fukuda (2000) also found
larvae in Thailand tended by Lasius sp. The
relationship with ants is clearly unspecific and
facultative as now three genera, each belonging to a
different subfamily of ants, have been found associating
with N. nivea larvae to varying degrees of intimacy. The
relationship is deemed facultative as larvae were able to
pupate and adults successfully eclose in the absence of
ants. The ant genera associating with N. nivea are very
typical ant associates of lycaenid larvae (Eastwood and
Fraser, 1999). This loose association supports the idea
that non-specific, facultative relationships prevail among
Southeast Asian lycaenids (Fiedler, 1997).

Of the three larvae that were maintained with
Tapinoma sp. ants, only one adult (male) resulted. One
larva was maintained with C rematogaster sp. ants, and
the adult (female) successfully eclosed. The two larvae
collected and maintained in the absence of ants
successfully eclosed as a small adult male and a normal-
sized female. In the plastic boxes, Crematogaster sp.
ants were always found tending their larva, while
Tapinoma sp. ants left their larvae unattended while
they walked around the interior of the box. Igarashi and
Fukuda (2000) noted that Lasius sp. were sometimes
found with a larva in such great numbers as to hide the
larva from view. This indicates that C rematogaster sp.
and Lasius sp. ants would be more effective at
protecting larvae from predators and parasitoids in the
field than Tapinoma sp.

Balanocarpus heimii (Dipterocarpaceae) a resinous,
timber tree found in Southeast Asia is noted as a host
plant for N. nivea periculosa. In Thailand, larvae were
observed feeding on Kurrimia paniculata (Celastraceae)
and were observed ovipositing on Fissistigma wallichii
(Annonaceae) in Laos (Igarashi and Fukuda, 2000).
These host plant records are of importance as they
demonstrate N. nivea feeding on at least two different
and unrelated plant families. It is additionally important
as most lycaenid larvae feed on plants in the family
Leguminosae or members of the subclass Rosidae. It

should be noted that representatives of the Theclini
show a more diverse host plant preference and that
polyphagy is pronounced in Southeast Asian lycaenids
as a whole (Fiedler, 1995; 1997).

This research was funded by a Fulbright Fellowship from the
U.S. State Department and has been approved for publication as
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-
10590. I thank Laurence Kirton of FRIM for verification of but-
terflies and trees and invaluable knowledge of local species.
Seiki Yamane additionally aided in local ant identifications. I
also thank Jaret Daniels for comments on an earlier draft, and
Konrad Fiedler and an anonymous viewer for their valuable
comments.

LITERATURE CITED

BALLMER, G.R. AND G.F. Pratt. 1989. A survey of the last instar lar-
vae of the Lycaenidae of California. J. Res. Lep. 27(1):1-S1.
CorBET, A.S., AND H.M. PENDLEBURY. 1992. The Butterflies of the
Malay Peninsula, ed. JN Eliot. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Nature

Society.

D'AsrERA, B. 2001. The Concise Atlas of Butterflies of the World.
Victoria: Hill House.

Eastwoop, R., & A.M. FRASER. 1999. Associations between lycaenid
butterflies and ants in Australia. Austr. J. Ecol. 24:503-537.
FIEDLER, K. 1991. Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implica-
tions of myrmecophily y within the Ly caenidae (Insecta: Lepi-

doptera: Papilionoidea). Bonn. Zool. Monogr. 311-157.

—. 1995. Lycaenid butterflies and plants: is myrmecophily associ-
ated with particular hostplant preferences? Ethol., Ecol., and
Evol. 7:107-132.

——. 1997. Geographical patterns in life-history traits of Lycaenidae
butterflies — ecological and evolutionary implications. Zoology
— Analysis of Complex Systems 100(4): 336-347.

—— B. HOLLposLer, & P. SEUFERT. 1996. Butterflies and ants: the
communicative domain. Experientia 52:14—24.

FLEMING, W.A. 1975. Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore.
Kuala Lumpur: Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad.

HENNING, S.F. 1983. hemes communication between lycaenid lar-
vae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formici-
dae). J. Ent. Soc. Sth. Afr. 46:341-366.

IcaRasHI, S. & H. Fukupa. 2000. Life Histories of Asia Butterflies
Vol. 2. Tokyo: Tokai University Press.

Pierce, N.E., M.F. Brapy, A. HEATH, D.J. LOHMAN, J. MATHEW, D.B.
Ranp, & M.A. Travassos. 2002. The ecology and evolution of
ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera). Annu. Rev. En-
tomol. 47:733-771.

PINRATANA, A. 1992. Butterflies in Thailand. 4. Lycaenidae. Bangkok:
Viratham Press.

EMILY V. SAARINEN, Department of Entomology and
Nematology, P.O. Box 110620, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 and The McGuire Center
for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of Florida,
Florida Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 112710.
Gainesville, FL 32611-2710, USA

Received for publication 16 June 2004; revised and accepted 13
December 2004

116

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society
59(2), 2005, 116-117

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

SALVAGE OF INDIVIDUAL PUPAE AS A MITIGATION MEASURE FOR LOSS OF PALOS VERDES
BLUE BUTTERFLY HABITAT

Additional key words: Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis, Lycaenidae, environmental impact assessment, endangered

species

The federally endangered Palos Verdes blue butterfly
(Glaucopsyche lyg ed ainus palosverdesensis) had been
presumed extinct for 10 years when Mattoni (1994)
rediscovered it on the Defense Fuel Support Point
(DFSP) in San Pedro, California. This single military
installation constitutes the only consistently occupied
locality for the species. G. |. lygdamus is vulnerable to
extinction. The population is exceedingly small; we
estimate that the brood of adult butterflies each year
since 1994 is fewer than 300, with some years fewer
than 50 (Longcore and Mattoni 2003).

Surveyors located Glaucopsyche — lygdamus
palosverdesensis on a U.S. Navy-owned housing
development adjacent to DFSP while negotiations were
under way to dispose the housing property as surplus to
allow redevelopment. The recipient of the property
(U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(USFWS) reached an agreement to protect most of

those areas on the housing property occupied by the
butterfly (“Biological Opinion on the Formal Section 7
Consultation for the Proposed Disposal and Reuse of
the Palos Verdes and San Pedro Navy Housing Areas,

Los Angeles County, CA between the Department of

Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the
USFWS, September 4, 2002”). Outside of the protected
area, however, patches and individuals of deerweed
(Lotus scoparius), one of the butterfly's larval
eee remained. The agreement therefore
specified that efforts be made to locate and salv: age any
pupae under these foodplants before transferring the
property. The disposition of the pupae was to a captive
rearing program, so the term “salvage” is more
appropriate than “translocation,” which is defined as
“deliberate and mediated movement of wild individuals
or populations from one part of their range to another”
(IUCN 1998:6, see also Oates 1992, New 1997). This
short note documents the logistics and results of
locating and salvaging pupae of this sensitive taxon as a
mitigation measure, which we implemented at the
direction of the U.S. Navy, consistent with the
Biological Opinion. We have been unable to locate
published reports of the salvage of individual butterfly
pupae as a mitigation measure.

Female Palos Verdes blue butterflies oviposit on
either Lotus scoparius or Astragalus trichopodus.
Larvae pupate in the duff and soil beneath the plants
(Mattoni 1994, Mattoni and George 2002), which is
similar to that reported for many other lycaenids (see
New 1993, Wagner 1995, Weeks 2003). Earlier we
recovered six pupae from a search under foodplants in a
0.5 ha area to be destroyed as part of fuel pipeline
repairs at DFSP (Mattoni 1999), and also have
recovered hundreds of pupae from the duff and soil in
outdoor cages used for captive rearing (Mattoni and
George 2002, Mattoni et al. 2003).

At the housing site, we inspected the duff and top 10
cm of soil under all Lotus scoparius plants in patches
(three or more plants together), all plants within 30 m of
recorded observations of adult Palos Verdes blue
butterflies, and a random subsample of all remaining
plants. If pupae were located under any plant, we
searched all other foodplants within 30 m. For each
plant, duff was swept gently into a dustpan and
inspected by hand. Soil and duff were shaken lightly,
which causes lighter items to rise to the curtices and
sifted through screens. We removed dead plants, and
plants that inhibited access to soil and duff around the
base. We recorded the size of all plants, and when
pupae were documented _ local
vegetation.

We searched 1,078 plants, representing 162 m? of
vegetative cover, between November 2002 and
February 2003. We located only two Palos Verdes blue
butterfly pupae during 200+ hours of searching. We
found the first adjacent to a dense patch of deerweed
where we had seen adult G. l. palosverdesensis and the
second under a lone deerweed plant. These represented
quite different conditions, one with over 50% deerweed
cover within 20 m of the plant, the other with less than
5% deerweed cover within the same area. We deduce
from this that single plants outside of patches can serve
as oviposition sites for Palos Verdes blue butterflies. The
first pupa was considered dead (> 50 mg; Mattoni et al.
2003). The second pupa (presumed viable at ~100 mg)
was collected for inclusion in the captive rearing
program for the species (Mattoni et al. 2003). While
only two G. l. palosverdesensis pupae were located, we

discovered we

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

found hundreds of pupae of other — species,
predominantly moths. We believe that it is unlikely that
pupae were missed, given previous success at locating
pupae under plants (Mattoni 1999) and the hundreds of
other lepidopterous pupae found, unless pupae were
located deeper than 10 cm and far outside the canopy of
the larval foodplant. In outdoor tent rearing cages,
pupae are found near the plant, not at the edges of the
cage as would occur if last instar larvae were dispersing
to pupation sites away from the plant.

The effort to locate and recover individual pupae is
time-consuming and tedious, with limited long-term
benefit. We do not believe that it is an efficient form of
mitigation, and propose two alternatives. If endangered
sites are within dispersal distance of suitable habitat for
a species, one alternative would be to remove the
foodplants by hand before the adult flight period,
leaving the pupae in the duff and soil. Eclosing adult
butterflies would then be forced to disperse to find
nectar sources and foodplants. The resources that would
have been consumed locating individual pupae could be
used to create or enhance more habitat, a strategy that
has been demonstrated to be successful for this and
other lycaenids (New 1997, Longcore and Mattoni
2003, Mattoni et al. 2001). Because a proportion of
pupae may diapause for multiple years in this species
(Mattoni et al. 2003) and many others (Scott 1986), a
site could be kept clear of foodplants for more than one
year to increase the number of adults that emigrate. A
second alternative would be to translocate the plants,
along with the duff and soil, without searching for
pupae, to a site either occupied by the butterfly or
targeted for reintroduction. Twelve pupae were
sufficient to establish a new population of the lycaenid
Hamearis lucina (Oates 1992), so such an approach
could be successful. In this manner all pupae could be
removed from the development site, meeting the goal of
the Biological Opinion that “take” be minimized.
Salvage of plants from development sites and their
translocation to restoration sites would have the
additional benefit of stocking newly-created habitats
with many epiphytic species that are otherwise slow to
colonize restorations (Bowler 2000).

We conclude that the survival and recovery of the
Palos Verdes blue butterfly would be better served by
another form of mitigation than recovery of individual
pupae, even if more pupae were located per unit effort.
Ongoing habitat enhancement is essential to the survival
of this butterfly. Its microdistribution fluctuates from
year to year with the maturation and senescence of
patches of foodplant (Longcore and Mattoni 2003).
Mitigation should be directed more toward the
provision of future habitat, while minimizing loss of

117

individuals at sites allowed to be destroyed either by 1)
removing foodplant before the flight season and forcing
emigration of eclosing butterflies if suitable habitat is
adjacent, or 2) teeciociine pupae en masse by
carefully moving plants, soil, and duff to a new site.

The U.S. Navy funded the work described here. We thank Je-
remiah George and Arthur Bonner for their efforts locating Pa-
los Verdes blue butterfly pupae, Catherine Rich for editorial
comments, and two reviewers for constructive suggestions.

LITERATURE CITED

Bow er, P. A. 2000. Ecological restoration of coastal sage scrub and
its potential role in habitat conservation plans. Env. Manage. 26:
$85-S96.

IUCN. 1998. Guidelines for Re-introductions. Prepared by the
IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland.
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Lonccore, T., & R. Matronr. 2003. Final report for 2003 Palos
Verdes blue butterfly year 2002 adult surveys on Defense Fuel
Support Point, San Pedro, California. The Urban Wildlands
Group (Defense Logistics Agency Agreement #N68711—03-LT-
C3003), Los Angeles.

MartTonl, R. H. T. 1994. Rediscovery of the endangered Palos Verdes
blue butterfly, Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis Perkins
and Emmel (Ly caenidae). J. Res. Lep. 31: 180-194.

——. 1999. Summary report, 1995-1999: Mitigation and five year
management of the Chevron pipeline maintenance project at
DFSP. UCLA Department of Geography, Los Angeles.

——, & J. GeorGE. 2002. Palos Verdes blue butterfly captive rearing:
insurance against extinction, pp. 16-21. In R. Mattoni (ed.), Sta-
tus and trends: habitat restoration and the endangered Palos
Verdes blue butterfly at the Defense Fuel Support Point, San Pe-
dro, California, 1994-2001. The Urban Wildlands Group, Los
Angeles.

——., T. Lonccorg, Z. KRENovA, & A. LipMan. 2003. Mass rearing of
the endangered Palos Verdes blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche lyg-
damus palosverdesensis: Lycaenidae). J. Res. Lep. 37: 55-67.

——., T. Lonccore, C. ZONNEVELD, AND V. Novotny. 2001. Analysis
of transect counts to monitor population size in endangered in-
sects: the case of the El Segundo blue butterfly, Euphilotes
bernardino allyni. J. Ins. Cons. 5: 197-206.

New, T. R. (ed.). 1993. Conservation biology of Lycaenidae (Butter-
flies). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commis-
sion No. 8.

New, T. R. 1997.
Melbourne.

Oates, M. R. 1992. The role of butterfly releases in Great Britain &
Europe, pp. 204-212. In Future of butterflies in Europe; pro-
ceedings of an international congress. Department of Nature
Conservation, Agricultural University, Wageningen.

Scorr, J. A. 1986. The butterflies of North America: a natural history
and field guide. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

Wacner, D. 1995. Pupation site choice of a North American lycaenid
butterfly: the benefits of entering ant nests. Ecol. Ent. 20:
384-392.

WEEKS, J. A. 2003. Parasitism and ant protection alter the survival of
the lycaenid Hemiargus isola. Ecol. Ent. 28: 228-232.

Travis LonccoreE, The Urban Wildlands Group, P.O.
Box 24020, Los Angeles, CA 90024, RupI Mattont, The
Urban Wildlands Croup, P.O. Box 24020, Los Angeles,
CA 90024 and Lepidoptera Research Foundation, P.O.
Box 5051, Santa Monica, CA 90409, AND ADRIANO
Matton, The Urban Wildlands Group, P.O. Box 24020.
Los Angeles, CA 90024

Butterfly conservation. Oxford University Press,

118

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society
59(2), 2005, 118-119

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

A NEW PARASITOID OF DANAUS GILIPPUS THERSIPPUS (NYMPHALIDAE: DANAINAE) IN
SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA

Additional key words: Brachymeria, Chalcididae, Museum Collection, Voucher

The queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus thersippus
(Bates) (Nymphalidae: Danainae) inhabits open
woodland, grassland, and desert in the southwest
United States. The larval host-plants in southeast
Arizona include many members of Asclepiadaceae, but
mostly Asclepias spp. and Sarcostemma spp. In general,
D. gilippus is unpalatable to avian predators (Brower
1958) and sequesters cardiac glycosides from its larval
host-plants (Cohen 1985), acheueh investigations with
the subspecies thersippus are lacking. There remains
little published information on frequency and types of
parasitism in the queen butterfly. Brachymeria
annulata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae)
(d'Aratijo e Silva et al. 1968) and Lespesia archippivora
(Riley) (Diptera: Tachinidae) (Arnaud 1978) are the two
recorded queen parasitoids. In this study, we reared
and identified Brachymeria ovata (Say) (Hymenoptera:
Chalcididae) from five queen pupae.

Brachymeria ovata is around 5mm long with a black
and yellow body. Its hind femora are black with a distal
re or yellow spot. This species occurs across North
and South America and is a primary parasite of over 100
lepidopteran species (Noyes 2004). Brachymeria ovata
is commonly characterized as a larval-pupal parasitoid,
ovipositing in a late stage larval host and emerging as an
adult from the host pupa (Noyes 2004). In certain
populations, B. ovata parasitizes over 55% of a single
lepidopteran host species (Pemberton and Cordo 2001).
Many B. ovata host species are chemically defended,
although parasitism levels in these host species are
poorly ilbcurmented: For example, B. ovata parasitizes
Battus philenor (L.) (Papilionidae: Papilioninae), which
sequesters both alkaloids and aristilochic acids (Sims
and Shapiro 1983); Danaus plexippus (L.)
(Nymphalidae: Danainae), which sequesters cardiac
glycosides (Halstead 1988); and Utetheisa ornatrix (L.)
(Greridae: Arctiinae), which sequesters alkaloids
(Rossini et al. 2000). Given the ability of B. ovata to
circumvent host chemical defenses and observed high
level of host parasitism, future research could
investigate the relative tradeoffs of parasitism and
predation in chemically defended butterfly species.

Five discolored pupae were collected from a garden
of Asclepias currasavica (L.) (Asclepiadaceae) on the
University of Arizona campus (USA, Arizona, Pima

County, Tucson) in September 2003. The unpar asitized
pupal color of D. gilippus is light green; however, these
parasitized pupae were dark brown. All five pupae were
reared in separate containers in the laboratory exposed
to natural daylight. Each pupa yielded a single adult of
B. ovata killing “the host.
Brachymeria ovata was previously unreported in
Arizona, although it is known from New Mexico (Peck
1963). We also searched the University of Arizona
Entomology Research Collection for other examples of
B. ovata parasitism. We found B. ovata records for five
lepidopteran host species in Arizona:

1) Host: Danaus gilippus therippus (Bates)

(Nymphalidae: Danainae) USA, Arizona, Pima County,
Tucson, Arizona “A” Mountain, Roger Road, July 1969,
Collected by R. Staciak (1 specimen associated with D.
gilippus pupa):

2) Host: Malacosoma californicum — (Pack)
(Lasiocampidae: Lasiocampinae) USA, Arizona, Pima
County, Sabino Canyon, April 06, 1957, Collected by
Floyd Werner and George Butler, ae from pupae

(16 specimens associated with M. californicum pupae,
another 56 specimens not associated with pupae);

3) Host: Phaeostrymon alcestis (Edwards)
(Lycaenidae: Theclinae) USA, Arizona, Pima County,
Santa Rita Experimental Range, Florida Canyon, May

1968, Collected by J. Hessel, Reared from pupae found
on Sapindus (L.) (Sapindaceae), Specimens emerged
June 02, 1968 (2 specimens associated with P. alcestis
pupae);

4) Host: Pontia protodice (Boisduval & Leconte)
(Pieridae: Pierinae) USA, Arizona, Maricopa County,
Goodyear, October 07, 1955, collected by FF. Bibby,
Reared from pupae (5 specimens associated with P.
protodice pupae);

5) Host: Simyra henrici (Grote) (Noctuidae:
Acronictinae) USA, Arizona, Cochise County, Saint
David, Pond on Apache Powder Road, September 1998,
collected by C. Olson, Reared from pupae by M. Singer
and J.O. Stireman III (2 specimens associated with S.
henrici pupae). These specimens are currently housed
in J.O. Stireman III's personal collection.

Phaeostrymon alcestis, P. protodice, and S. henrici are
new host species records, and P. alcestis is a new host
family record (Lycaenidae) for B. ovata (Noyes 2004).

lana three weeks,

VOLUME 59, NUMBER 2

This combined approach of field observations,
laboratory rearing, and collection research was a simple
yet fruitful method for documenting parasitoid host
records. It exemplifies the importance not only of
maintaining and utilizing museum collections, but also
of vouchering parasitoids from butterfly rearing in
museum collections (Peigler 1996). Our voucher
specimens were deposited in the Entomology Research
Collection at the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.

We would like to thank M. Toliver and two anonymous re-
views for helpful comments on this manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

ARNAUD, P.H. Jr. 1978. A host-parasite catalog of North American Ta-
chinidae (Diptera) United States Department of Agriculture,
Miscellaneous Publication Number 1319. ii + 860 pp.

Browen, J.V.Z. 1958. Experimental studies in some North American
butterflies. Part 3. Danaus gilippus bernice and Limenitis
archippus floridensis. Evolution 12:273-285.

COHEN, J.A. 1985. Differences and similarities in cardenoloid con-
tent of queen and monarch butterflies in Florida and their eco-
logical and evolutionary implications. J. Chem. Ecol. 11:85-103.

D'ARAUJO E Sttva, A.G., C.R. GONGLAVES, D.M. GaLvAo, A,J.L.
GONGLAVES, M. DO NASCIMENTO SILVA & L. DE SIMONI. 1968.
Quarto catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil. Rio
de Janeiro. 1: xxvii + 622 pp.

119

HALSTEAD, J.A. 1988. First records of Platychalcis in North America
and new host records of Ceratomicia spp. and Brachymeria ovata
(Hymenoptera, Chalcidae). Entomol. News 99(4):193-198.

Noyes, J.S. 2004. Universal Chalidoidea database.
http://www.nhm.uk/entomology/chalcidoids. Natural History Mu-
seum. Department of Entomology. Cromwell Road, London
SW7 5BD UK

PECK, O. 1963. A catalogue of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hy-
menoptera). Can, Entomol. (Suppl.) 30:859-863.

PEMBERTON, R.W. & H.A. Corpo. 2001. Potential and risks of bio-
logical control of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae
in North America. Flor. Entomol. 84(4):513-526.

PEIGLER, R.S. 1996. Catalog of parasitoids of Saturniidae of the
world. J. of Res. Lepid. 33:1-121.

Rossini, C., E.R. HOEBECK & V.K. IyYENGAR. 2000. Alkaloid content
of parasitoids reared from pupae of an alkaloid sequestering moth
(Utetheisa ornatrix). Entomol. News 111(4):287-290.

Sims, S.R. & A.M. SHAPIRO. 1983. Pupal color dimorphism in Cali-
fornia Battus philenor (L.)(Papilionidae): mortality factors and se-
lective advantage. J. Lep. Soc. 37(3):236-243.

KATHLEEN L. PRrupIc, Department of Ecology &
Evolutionary Biology and Bio5: the Institute for
Collaborative Bioresearch; — Email: _klprudic
@email.arizona.edu AND CARL OLSON, Department of
Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
85721

Date of Issue (Vol. 59, No.2): 25 July 2005

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CONTENTS

New Recorps or MicrovepipopTerA IN ALBERTA, Canapa Gregory R. Pohl, Charles D. Bird,
Jean-Frangois Landry and Gary G. Anweiler ---------------------------------------------------- 61

New AppitTIons To THE ButrerFLy Fauna oF BELIZE John A. Shuey, Valerie Giles, Jan Meerman,
Paul Labus, Carol W. Schutte and Peter Kovarik -------------------------=====--====-===-= = 83

Bropiversity PATTERNS OF SPRING-ASSOCIATED BUTTERFLIES IN A MoyavE Desert Mountain RANGE

Erica Fleishman, Dennis D. Murphy and George T. Austin ----------------------------------- 89

BrotocicaL Traits or FRucivorous BUTTERFLIES IN A FRAGMENTED AND A Continuous LANDSCAPE
IN THE SoutH Brazitan ATLANTIC Forest Marcio Uehara-Prado, Keith S. Brown Jr. and
André Victor Lucci Freitas --------------------------------------------------=+----------~-------=-- 96

GENERAL NOTES

IDENTIFICATION OF THE Larvae DescripeED BY CrumMB as CucuLLiA “Species N° 8” anpD
CucuLiia speyer! Race porsauis (Nocrurar, CucutinaE) J. C. Petit and M. C. Petit - 107

An IntAND PopuLation oF Poanes viAToR (HESPERIDAE) AssociATED Wits PHRAGMITES
AUSTRALIS, THE ComMon REED Ichiro Nakamura and David R. Cooper ---------------------- 110

Lire History snp Myrmecopnity of NEOMYRINA NIVEA PERICULOSA (LYCAENIDAE:
TueciinaE) Emily V. Saarinen ---------------------------------------------------=--=---=--=----- 1)

SALVAGE OF INDIvipUAL Pupak as A Mitication Measure For Loss or Patos VERDES BLUE
Burrerrry Hasrrat Travis Longcore, Rudi Mattoni and Adriano Mattoni ----------------- 116

A New Parasiroip oF Danaus ciippus THERSIPPUS (NYMPHALIDAE: DANAINAE) IN SOUTH-
Eastern Arizona Kathleen L. Prudic ------------------------------------------------------------- 118

_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITI

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@ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanance of Paper).